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LIBRARY
REGION 6

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LIBRARY

BoOK NUMBER
no.200(1935)

COG8E
462 oy

ero 8—7671L

———

_ LIBRARY
REGION

EROSION CONTROL NURSERY,
Elsberry, Missouri.

Seil Conservation Novaery,
Bleberry, Missouri.

U. S. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

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UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Miscellaneous Publication No. 200

Washington, D.C. Issued February 1935

| MANUAL OF THE GRASSES
OF THE UNITED STATES

By
moe. st CHACOCK.

Principal Botanist
Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction
Bureau of Plant Industry

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UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1935
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For sale by the Superintendent-of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - - - Price $1.75 (Buckram)

U. S. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
LIBRARY
' REGION 5

=“ I5-S~
6 203F

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE
UNITED ISP A TES

By A. S. Hircucock, principal botanist, Division of Plant Exploration and
Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry

CONTENTS

Page Page

RHETOGECHION en tao oo ke Nk 1 | Descriptions of the tribes and keys to the

ISeSTOMETASSES 9 2) Seei a Bee yee 1 genera—Continued.
Distribubionsof grasses_.-. = 200) 22 2224 2 5 Tribe, l2iPanicedes ses Le eee sere bases 26
Morphology: of grasses_--22. 2.2! 2 52222. 6 Tribe. l3) Andropogoneae.- 292022922 27
@lassification of grasses --_2..----_2_25.-- 10 ‘TID esl 4 ETI PSACCAG y= 222 nee ee ee 29
INWomonclattimes 32 ei Pa ee ee ee 12 | Descriptions of genera and species___________ 29
Wommeonmames: Piso wee ee Ses 14 ‘Tribert: Bamibuseaes fess 2 oe oe 29
Neapeoruhe manual: =.22 02 2s 5-22 So 14 rabey2) Hestucese= <b. ees eee se 31
Gramineae (Poaceae), the grass family______- 15 Tribeise ordedess 2s ss fhe se 229
Descriptions of the subfamilies and keys to the Mriberas vAVeneAe= ass Lee ee Bs yn 275
LES eee ee eh rate es OS 16 (PribeDarAerosuldene! ia eo ee 306
Subfamily 1. Festucoideae____-__________ 16 SPrIDCIGheZOVSIGAC ses. See a Pee Be 462
Subfamily 2. Panicoideae___-_____.----- ae 17 ribeye Chioridedess- = 26 1.264 sae 469
Descriptions of the tribes and keys to th Tribes: ehalandedeee so. 2e ae 526
Eva RT ee EE es Se Se 17 AErIpeOs Ory 7eaewe ase Skee Pe 535
Mripewls Hambuseae. 8-25 Fie 2 Se 17 ‘Dribe Os Zizamieaee =. =: ss 2 oh eS 540
pitripeic. westuceaeMmey 22: 0 fe Ilr ribertte ;Mielinidege: 2.2 a eles a 546
rapes el OLGGAG we te se ot ee 20 Rriberi2vibamicede: £20 sire. Ar ee ees 549
PERI DB pAVENGROEs 2.0 oe ao! ee 21 Tribes. Andropogoneses- =" 42- -s 715
Beripeio. A Prostideae. =... 2-2 1 =-- 222. 22 iTribew4t hripsacedes Se 5) Bee bee es 764
Prine Ge 7OVsiede 228 2. Poe ea DAD PS VTTON VAN Vers seen oe et ee ee ese 772
aaper-ne blorideae: =). 222 ea 8 24g | BUMidentinedmamesie suas 5 alee Eee 979
fEribe se: te nalarideae. .. 2... 2.22222 2.5-42 25 | Persons for whom grasses have been named__ 982
MEpOlg WOTVZeAG yb ee i Dorey GLOSSARY ee eens aan FERRE Fo de mage ss 987
MnibewmOs Zizanieaes. 2s 62 ee 26) “Additions and) corrections»-2—_-- == es 993
maimed. Welinideae.....°.- -.-.....-.=.- 26m nex: a beee ei nao Veh oe Soe a 994
INTRODUCTION

Of all the plants of the earth the grasses are of the greatest use to
the human race. To the grasses belong the cereals, sugarcane, sor-
ghum, and the bamboos; and, since they furnish the bulk of the
forage for domestic animals, the grasses are also the basis of animal

industry.
USES OF GRASSES

The grasses furnish the principal breadstuffs of the world and a
large part of the food of domestic animals; they are also used in the
industrial arts and extensively as greensward and ornamentals in

parks and gardens.
FOOD GRASSES

The most important food plants for the human race are the cereals»
including wheat, corn (maize), rice, barley, rye, oats, and many kinds
of grain sorghums. For primitive peoples the seed of certain other
grasses, such as pearl millet, common millet, broomcorn millet,
Japanese millet, and African millet (ragi), have played an important
role. The seeds of the cereals are also extensively used as feed for

domestic animals.
FORAGE GRASSES

: ae grasses are used for hay, for pasturage, for soiling, and for
silage.

1

2 MISC.. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
HAY GRASSES

The grasses together with the clovers and alfalfa are the basis of
permanent meadows. The most important perennial grasses used
for tame hay are: Timothy (Phleum pratense), redtop (Agrostis alba),
orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), meadow fescue (Festuca elatior),
smooth brome (Bromus inermis), and Johnson grass (Sorghum
halepense). A few other species are used occasionally or rarely: Rhodes
grass (Chloris gayana), Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), crested
wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), Natal
erass (Tricholaena rosea), tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius), and
slender wheatgrass (Agropyron pauciflorum). Some of the grasses
used primarily for pasture are also occasionally used for hay.

Market hays from grasses usually consist of timothy, prairie
grasses, Johnson grass, or grain (wheat, oats, and wild oats). The
prairie hays are divided into upland prairie and midland prairie.
The species of most importance in the upland prairie are Agropyron
smithvi and Stipa comata (northern Great Plains), Andropogon furcatus
and A. scoparius (eastern Great Plains), A. saccharoides (Texas), and
Panicum virgatum (Kansas to Texas). Midland prairie is invariably
composed of Spartina pectinata. ‘Tussock sedge (Carex stricta) is
harvested in large quantities on the marshes of Wisconsin for use as
packing hay.

For temporary meadows the grasses most used are the cereals,
which, with wild oats, furnish the grain hay of the Pacific coast, the
sorghums, including Sudan grass, and millet (Setaria italica).

PASTURE GRASSES

The more common grasses used for permanent pasture are: Ken-
tucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon),
redtop (Agrostis alba), colonial bent (A. tenuis), orchard grass (Dac-
tylis glomerata), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), Italian ryegrass
(Lolium multiflorum), perennial ryegrass (L. perenne), meadow fescue
(Festuca elatior), Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), carpet grass
(Azronopus compressus), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), and sheep
fescue (Festuca ovina). Many of the meadow grasses mentioned
above are also used for pasture.

Temporary pasture is furnished by the cereals and by rescue grass:
(Bromus catharticus), Italian ryegrass, and Sudan grass.

Two grasses, important in the Tropics but in the United States:
grown only in southern Florida and southern Texas, are Guinea grass:
(Panicum maximum) and Para grass (P. purpurascens).

SOILING GRASSES

Grasses used for soiling are for the most part the cereals, millet,
and other annual grasses used for temporary meadows, and in addi-
tion but only locally, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), teosinte
(Huchlaena mexicana), and Napier grass (P. purpureum).

SILAGE GRASSES

Any grass may be cut and stored in silos, but corn (maize) and
sorghum are the ones most used.

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 3
RANGE GRASSES

A large number of grasses make up much of the wild pasture, known
in the West as the range, only the more abundant and valuable of
which are recognized by stockmen as important. Probably the best
known range grass is buffalo grass (Buchloé dactyloides), a sod-forming
“‘short grass’? dominant over much of the Great Plains. Throughout
the same region two tufted short grasses, blue grama (Bouteloua
gracilis) and hairy grama (2. hirsuta), are abundant. In Texas the
dominant grass over much of the range is curly mesquite (Hilaria
belangeri) a sod-former similar to buffalo grass.

In the prairie region of the Mississippi Valley and in the eastern
part of the Great Plains certain ‘‘tall grasses”’ in earlier days furnished
excellent hay and pasture, but in recent times these fertile grasslands
have been broken up for cultivated fields. The more important tall
grasses are bluejoint turkeyfoot (Andropogon furcatus), prairie beard-
grass (A. scoparius), switch grass (Panicum virgatum), side-oats grama
(Bouteloua curtipendula), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans).

The marsh hay of the northern Mississippi Valley consists of blue-
joint (Calamagrostis canadensis), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundin-
acea), and a few other wet-land species.

The forage grasses of the Great Basin include species of Poa,
Festuca, Bromus, Aristida, and Stipa. In the Southwest, the gramas,
species of Bouteloua, dominate the range. A large bunchgrass,
sacaton (Sporobolus wrightii), and alkali sacaton (S. airoides) furnish
much forage.

A few of the many nutritious species found in the Northwestern
States are greenleaf fescue (Festuca viridula), bluebunch fescue
(F. idahoensis), pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), slender wheat-
grass (Agropyron pauciflorum), California bromegrass (Bromus carina-
tus), and in the semiarid regions bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron
spicatum).

GRASSES IN THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS

The most important species of the industrial arts group is the sugar-
cane (p. 718). This might be included among grasses that furnish
food, but sugar is a manufactured product.

The chief fiber-producing grasses are esparto (Lygeum spartum and
Stipa tenacissima) also known as alfa, natives of Spain and north
Africa. The leaves and stems are utilized in paper making. The
pub of the cornstalk and the oil of the corn grain find many uses in
the arts.

Certain aromatic grasses furnish essential oils used in perfumery.
The best known are the lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella
grass (C. nardus), and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides).

The bamboos, the largest of the grasses, are of vast importance
in the Indo-Malay region and are receiving increasing attention in
the United States. The larger kinds reach a height of 30 meters and
are 15 to 25 or 30 centimeters thick below, tapering to the summit.
The culms or stems are very strong and are used in building houses
and bridges. When the stems are split, flattened out, and the parti-
tions at the joints removed they make very durable boards, a foot or
more wide, for floors and walls. Rafts and floats are made of the
hollow stems closed at the joints by natural airtight partitions.
With the partitions removed bamboo stems furnish water pipes or

4 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

conduits. Sections of the stem closed at one end by the partition
form convenient vessels for holding water. Much of the furniture
and many of the utensils and implements used by the Malays are
made wholly or in part of bamboo. Slender bamboo stems are famil-
iar to us in the form of fishing rods and walking canes. Shoots of
Phyllostachys edulis, Bambusa beecheyana, and other species of bamboo
are a choice vegetable in the Orient and an expensive dainty in the
United States.

Brooms are made from the seed heads of broomcorn, a variety of
sorghum. Leghorn hats are made of a kind of wheat straw cut young
and bleached. Straw of rice and oats is used for matting and for
hats.

Starch and alcohol are made from the grain of maize, wheat, and
other cereals. The stalks, grain, and cobs of maize furnish a great
variety of products, such as wallboard, glucose, oil, red rubber, and
corncob pipes.

SOIL-HOLDING GRASSES

Grasses used to hold soil in place and prevent erosion by wind or
water possess strong creeping rhizomes.

Sand-binding grasses in addition are able to grow up through the
deepening sand. The most effective sand binders for seacoast
drifting sand are the European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria)
and its American relative (A. breviligulata). - The dunes of the Nether-
lands, southwestern France, northern and western Denmark, and other
parts of Europe and areas on Cape Cod are planted with beachgrass.
These fixed dunes act as barriers, protecting the land behind them.
The land now occupied by Golden Gate Park, once an area of drifting
sand, was first held in place with beachgrass and later planted to
shrubs and trees. Calamovilfa longifolia and Redfieldia flexuosa are
effective native sand binders on sand dunes of the interior.

Grasses with strong rhizomes are used to hold the sides of cuts and
banks and to protect them against erosion: Bermuda grass in the
South and quackerass (Agropyron repens) in the North have been
used successfully for this purpose. Rhizome-bearing species of
Elymus and Agropyron have been used in the Northwest to hold
railway embankments along the Columbia River.

Shallow-water marshes and lagoons are in many places being
converted into dry land by native plants growing therein that accumu-
late soil and gradually raise the level of the bottom. Grasses, espe-
cially species of Spartina, play an important part in the process.
Recently artificial plantings of S. townsendii have been used with
ereat success in the south of England, northern France, and in parts
of the Netherlands to convert marshes and mud flats along the coast
into dry land.

GRASSES FOR LAWNS AND GOLF COURSES

The lawn is a most important part of a well-planned landscape,
park, or garden. For the humid regions of the Northern States,
Kentucky bluegrass, also used for pasture, is the best-known lawn
crass. Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis) is often used as a lawn grass
in shady places. In the Southern States Bermuda grass takes the
place of bluegrass. Two other species are becoming prominent as
grasses for lawns and putting greens, creeping bent (Agrostis palus-
tris), and colonial bent (A. tenuis). Along southern coasts St.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 5

Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and centipede grass
(Eremochloa ophiuroides) are planted, being propagated by cuttings.
Some of the fescue grasses are used in mixtures for lawns. These
are red fescue (Festuca rubra), sheep fescue (Ff. ovina), hard fescue
(F. ovina var. duriuscula), and shade fescue (f. rubra var. hetero-
phyla).
ORNAMENTAL GRASSES

Among typical ornamentals the plumegrasses, giant reed (Arundo
donax), Ravenna grass (EHrianthus ravennae), eulalia (Miscanthus
sinensis), and pampasgrass (Cortaderia selloana) are the most popular
for parks and large areas. Dwarf bamboo (Bambusa nana) is used
for hedges in the South, and the smaller species of Phyllostachys for
masses of evergreen foliage. Sasa japonica, an aggressively spread-
ing hardy bamboo, is rather common in parks. Fountain grass
(Pennisetum ruppelii) and blue fescue (Festuca ovina var. glauca) are
used for borders. Ribbon grass (Phalaris arundinacea var. picta) is
a familiar grass in old gardens. Basket grass (a variegated form of
Oplismenus hirtellus) will fall in long festoons from hanging baskets.

DISTRIBUTION OF GRASSES

One of the most widely distributed of the families of flowering
plants, the grasses are found over the land surface of the globe, in
marshes and in deserts, on prairies and in woodland, on sand, rocks,
and fertile soil, from the Tropics to the polar region and from sea
level to perpetual snow on the mountains.

The different grasses, like other kinds of plants, thrive best under
certain conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, exposure, and alti-
tude. The conditions under which a plant normally grows is its
habitat. Some species are narrowly restricted in their habitat—
being found only in sand or on rocks, in salt marshes or on alpine
summits, for example, whereas others are tolerant of wide variations
of habitat. Red fescue (Festuca rubra) is an example of wide dis-
tribution of a species tolerant of a variety of habitats. It is found
from the arctic regions south at low altitudes to Georgia and central
California and in the mountains farther south, and from the seacoast

marshes to mountain tops.

Each species is found growing over a rather definite geographic
area but within this area it is confined to its particular habitat.

In mountain regions altitude is an important factor in modifying
range, each species thriving within certain limits of altitude. Species
found at high altitudes in one range of mountains may reappear at
about the same altitude on other ranges. Certain grasses growing at
low levels in the north are found in the mountains and at increasingly
higher elevations southward.

The geographic range is of importance and is given in some detail
for each species in the manual. The range as given is based upon
the study of a vast amount of material, both in the herbarium and
in the field. For convenience in keeping the records of distribution
a series of outline maps, one for each species or variety, has been
prepared in the grass herbarium of the United States National
Herbarium. The known range of each species is indicated upon
these maps by a dot on each State from which specimens are in the
herbarium or have been examined by the author. (A few extensions

6 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

of range have been found since the maps were engraved. These are
included in the text.) Local floras, lists, and records of distribution
have been checked and efforts have been made to verify the records
that seemed to indicate an extension of range. Other herbaria have
been visited or have lent specimens, and many correspondents have
submitted specimens for verification. No additions have been made
without a study of the specimens.

The ranges of native species are usually fairly well defined and
continuous. <A species of the Coastal Plain extends, for example,
from New Jersey to North Carolina or from Virginia to Florida and
Texas, without a conspicuous break. Mountain plants extend along
mountain ranges where similar conditions prevail. Some species have
in the main a continuous range but are found also in isolated and
distant localities. Bouteloua hirsuta extends over the Great Plains
east to Wisconsin and Louisiana, and again occurs abundantly and
apparently native on Sanibel Island, Fla. Some Coastal Plain species
appear again around the head of Lake Michigan. In these cases it is
probable that the species do not occur in the intermediate areas.

Certain arctic or northern species also show interrupted range,
being found within the limits of the United States only on isolated
mountain tops. The arctic grass, Phippsia algida, for example, is
known within the United States only from alpine summits in Colo-
rado. What appear to be interrupted ranges along the northern or
southern borders are mostly due to extensions into this country from
the main ranges in Canada or Mexico.

The distribution of recently introduced species is often very erratic.
A single introduction may maintain itself or even spread consider-
ably for several years before coming to the notice of botanists. In-
troduced species often travel rapidly along railroads by means of
cattle cars, or they spread as impurities in the seed of crop plants.
That seeds may travel great distances through the air has been
shown by experiments in which airplanes have collected seeds,
insects, and other objects at varying heights in the atmosphere.
For example, spikelets of Paspalum dilatatum and P. urviller were
taken at altitudes up to 5,000 feet in Louisiana.

Grasses introduced into cultivation may spread or “‘escape”’ from
cultivation and become established over wide areas. Kentucky
bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and the ryegrasses (Lolium perenne and L.
multiflorum) are familiar examples. Johnson grass is an excellent
forage grass, but if it escapes into cultivated fields may become a
troublesome weed

Other cultivated grasses, such as the grains, frequently spread
from fields but are unable to maintain themselves for long. Eulalia
(Miscanthus sinensis) has been cultivated for ornament in the east-
ern part of the United States for many years. Only recently has it
shown a tendency to spread by seed. It is now becoming a nuisance
in some localities because of its aggressiveness in old fields.

MORPHOLOGY OF GRASSES

The organs of grasses undergo many modifications or departures
from the usual or typical structure. A knowledge of the structure
and modifications of the organs, especially of the parts of the spikelet,
is essential for the interpretation of relationships.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 7
VEGETATIVE ORGANS

In size grasses vary from minute species only 2 or 3 cm high to
the giant bamboos 30 m tall. The vegetative organs, however,
consist, in all cases, of root, stem, and leaves. A single unbranched
stem with the attached leaves, is a shoot.

ROOT

The roots of grasses are fibrous with little modification. The pri-
mary root persists only a short time after germination, its place
being taken by secondary roots produced from the nodes of the young
culm. Besides the original root system at the base of the plant,
secondary roots are often formed from nodes above the ground as in
maize (prop roots), or from the nodes of creeping culms (rhizomes or
stolons). Roots are never produced from the internodes of the culms,

STEM

The jointed stem of a grass, called a culm, is made up of a series
of nodes and internodes. The internode is hollow (wheat), or solid
(maize); the node or joint is always solid. The culm may branch at
the base as in wheat (stools) or above the base as in Muhlenbergia.
Creeping culms, modified for propagation, may be below ground
(rhizomes) or above ground (stolons). The lower internodes may
thicken into corms (timothy, species of Melica, Arrhenatherum elatius
var. bulbosum), sometimes referred to as bulbs. Perennial grasses
may form a sod or mass of individuals by means of rhizomes or
stolons, or they may form a crown or tuft by the continual formation
of upright branches within the lower sheaths.

LEAF

The leaves are borne on the culm in two ranks, one at each node
The leaf consists of sheath and blade. The sheath envelops the culm
above the node, the margins overlapping (open) or infrequently
-united into a cylinder for a part or a whole of the distance to the
summit (closed).

The blades are typically flat, narrow, and sessile. In dry regions
they are usually involute or convolute; in tropical shade they are often
comparatively short and wide (lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic); in most
of the bamboos they are narrowed into a short petiole articulate with
the sheath.

Some grasses (especially the Hordeae) bear, one on either side at
the base of the blade, appendages known as auricles. At the junction
of the blade and sheath on the inside is a membranaceous or ciliate
appendage called the ligule. The region on the back of the leaf at
the junction of the sheath and blade is called the collar.

PROPHYLLUM

At the point where a branch shoot originates from a main shoot,
(in the axil of a sheath) there is produced on the side next to the
parent shoot a two-keeled organ (the first leaf of the shoot) called the
prophyllum. At first the prophyllum completely covers the bud but
later opens as the shoot develops. The organ is usually concave
toward the parent shoot but clasps the new shoot by its margins.

8 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
FLORAL ORGANS

The floral organs of all flowering plants are modified shoots. The
flowers of grasses consist of stamens and pistils with no floral envelops
or perianth, except as they are represented by the lodicules.

THE INFLORESCENCE

The unit of the grass inflorescence is the spikelet. The spikelets
are nearly always aggregated in groups or clusters which constitute
the inflorescence. The tassel of maize, the spike or head of wheat or
timothy, and the panicle of the oat or bluegrass are examples of
inflorescences.

The simplest inflorescence is the raceme, in which the spikelets are
pediceled along an axis. The typical raceme, as in Pleuropogon, is
rare in grasses. Modified spikelike racemes are characteristic of
Paspalum, Digitaria, and alhed genera, in which the spikelets are
paired and short-pedicellate, and of most Andropogoneae, in which
the spikelets are paired, one sessile the other pedicellate. The
inflorescences of the groups mentioned may best be considered as
specialized panicles.

The spike differs from the raceme in having sessile spikelets. In
the Hordeae the spikes are symmetrical, in the Chlorideae they are
one-sided.

The panicle is the commonest kind of grass cluster. In this the
spikelets are pediceled in a branched inflorescence. The panicle may
be open or diffuse as in Panicum capillare or contracted as in millet.
Compact panicles, especially if cylindric like timothy, are called
spikelike panicles.

Numerous small inflorescences may be aggregated into a large or
compound inflorescence. Many Andropogoneae have compound
inflorescences, for example, the broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus).

Panicles often expand at the time of flowering (anthesis). Such
expansion or spreading of the branches and branchlets is brought
about by the swelling of motor organs (pulvini) in the axils of the
inflorescence.

Sometimes the ultimate branches of an inflorescence are sterile
instead of bearing spikelets. The sterile branchlets of Setaria,
Pennisetum, and Cenchrus are modified into bristles around the
spikelets.

THE SPIKELET

A typical spikelet consists of a short axis (rachilla) on which the
flowers are borne in the axils of two-ranked imbricate bracts. The
spikelet is, therefore, a reduced modified shoot in which the rachilla is
a stem bearing at each node a reduced leaf (bract). The flowers are
secondary reduced shoots borne in the axils of the bracts, the first
bract (palea) on the secondary shoot being a modified prophyllum
and the stamens and pistil being modified leaves or bracts. The
bracts of the lowest pair on the rachilla, being always empty, are
distinguished as glumes. The succeeding bracts are called lemmas
(flowering glumes of some authors). The glumes and lemmas repre-
sent the sheath of the leaves, the blades not developing (in proliferous
spikelets the parts are partially developed into typical leaves). The
lemma, palea, and included flower are called the floret. The
branchlet bearing the spikelet is the pedicel.

Core +

per te pars

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 9

The spikelet may be reduced to a single floret (Agrostideae), some-
times with a prolongation of the rachilla behind, as in Calamagrostis.
In Andropogon a fertile spikelet is paired with a sterile one in which
the pistils or both pistils and stamens are absent. The upper florets
of the spikelet are often reduced in Festuceae and the lower lemmas
may be empty in some genera (Uniola, Distichlis). In Melica and
Chloris the upper florets may be reduced and form a club-shaped
body. In Phalaris there is one fertile floret with a pair of sterile
florets below, each reduced to a small appressed scale. In Lamarckia
and Cynosurus there are prominent sterile spikelets mixed with the
fertile ones.

In Paniceae the spikelet has a perfect terminal floret and below
this a sterile floret, consisting of a sterile lemma similar to the glumes,
either empty or with a hyaline palea or sometimes with a staminate
flower.

In a few grasses (Amphicarpum, Chloris chloridea) there are, in
addition to the usual inflorescence aboveground, cleistogamous spike-
lets borne on underground culms.

RACHILLA

The axis bearing the florets, the rachilla, usually disarticulates
between the florets when the spikelet is more than one-flowered. In
many species of Eragrostis it is continuous, usually bearing the per-
sistent paleas, after the remainder of the florets have fallen. When
the rachilla disarticulates the break is usually just below the florets
so that the rachilla joint remains attached as a little stipe back of the
palea. The disarticulation is near the middle of the internode in
Trichoneura and Festuca subuliflora. The rachilla disarticulates just
above the floret in Phragmites, the rachilla remaining as a plumose
stipe below it. The rachilla is short-villous or pilose in many genera
of Aveneae (the callus of the floret often pilose also).

In some genera with one-flowered spikelets (Calamagrostis, Cinna,
Cynodon) the rachilla is prolonged behind the floret as a slender, often
villous, joint or bristle, and in several genera with several- flowered
spikelets (Koeleria, Poa) it is prolonged beyond the uppermost floret.

GLUMES

The glumes are usually similar in shape and texture, the first often
smaller and with fewer nerves. Rarely the first glume is longer than
the second (species of Aristida). The first may be much reduced or
wanting (Azonopus, Paspalum, Digitaria). Rarely both glumes are
wanting (Leersia, Reimarochloa). In Eriochloa the first glume is re-
duced or wanting, the first rachilla joint being a hard ring below the
spikelet. In Andropogoneae the first glume is usually indurate,
sometimes strongly so. In some Hordeae the glumes are bristlelike.

LEMMAS

The lemmas in the more primitive grasses are typically similar to
the glumes but may be variously modified. In Panicum the fertile
lemma is much harder than the glumes; in Andropogoneae they are
much thinner than the glumes, often hyaline. The indurate cylindric
lemma of Stipa and Aristida bears a sharp callus at base, formed by
the oblique articulation with the rachilla.

10 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
PALEA

The palea is mostly two-keeled and often concave between the keels.
It is homologous with the prophyllum. Sometimes the two nerves
of the palea are so close together as to appear like a single nerve
(Cinna); sometimes the two nerves are marginal and widely separated
asin rice. The keels may be ciliate (Eragrostis), bearded (Triplasis),
or winged (Pleuropogon). The palea is much reduced or wanting in
species of Agrostis. Usually the palea falls with its lemma but in
many species of Hragrostis it persists upon the rachilla after the fall

of the lemma.
FLOWER

The flower proper consists of the stamens and pistil. The stamens
are usually 3 but may be 1 to 6, rarely more. The slender filaments
bear two-celled anthers which are basifixed but so deeply sagittate as
to appear versatile. The pistil is one-celled, with one ovule; the
styles are usually 2 but may be 1 or 3; the stismas may arise from a
single style or directly from the ovary. The style of Zea is greatly
elongate and stigmatic over much of the exserted surface.

The lodicules are small organs found at the base of the floret outside
the stamens. There are usually two, rarely three, the function of
which is to open the floret at anthesis by their ‘turgidity. They
probably represent much reduced divisions of a perianth.

Typically the grasses are adapted to cross-pollination, but many
species are cleistogamous in part. The axillary inflorescences of
some species (Panicum clandestinum and allies, Leersia oryzoides) are
enclosed in the sheaths and are self-pollinated. The florets of wheat
expand for only a short time, when cross-pollination may take place,
but for the most part are self-pollinated.

The fruit of the grasses is usually a caryopsis, in which the single
seed is grown fast to the pericarp, forming a seedlike grain. In a few
genera (Sporobolus, Eleusine), the seed is free from the pericarp. The
caryopsis may be free from the lemma and palea, as in wheat, or it
may be permanently enclosed, as in the oat and in the Paniceae.
The grain (caryopsis) may enlarge during ripening and greatly exceed
the glumes, lemma, and palea, as in maize and Pennisetum glaucum.

The embryo lies on the side of the caryopsis next to the lemma, and
can be easily seen as an oval depression (the “germ” of maize and
wheat). The hilum is the dot or line opposite the embryo which
marks the point of attachment of the seed to the pericarp. The part
of the caryopsis not occupied by the embryo is the endosperm or
nourishment for the germinating seed.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRASSES

A natural classification of plants is one in which the different kinds
or species are arranged in groups according to their resemblances as
shown by their structure, especially (in the grasses and other flowering
plants) by the structure of their flowers. The plants of today repre-
sent a cross section of the lines of descent from countless generations
that have preceded them. It is generally accepted that there has
been much variation during the evolutionary process, and that all
living plants are genetically connected through their lines of descent. .
Some of the gaps in present-day knowledge of relationship are filled ©
by fossil remains but relatively few of the ancestors of living plants. .

i eB es | ey,

—e

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES ll

are represented by fossils. Knowledge of the ancestry of the kinds
of plants now on the globe is necessarily very incomplete. Hence,
ideas of the relations of groups to each other are largely inferences
based upon morphological resemblances. Those individuals which
are so much alike as to appear to be of one kind, with, presumably, a
common ancestor in recent geological times, are regarded as elcongeseie
to the same species. The species is the unit of classification. For
convenience, species are grouped into genera and genera into families.
For example, the white oak, red oak, black oak, and other kinds or
species of oak belong to the oak genus (Quercus), all the species of
which have one character in common—the fruit is an acorn. The oak
genus, the beech genus, the chestnut genus, and a few allied genera
are grouped together as a family.

The grass family (Gramineae or Poaceae) is one of the largest in
number of genera ‘and species, and, among flowering plants, is prob-
ably the largest in the number of individuals and is one of the most
widely distributed. Some genera, such as the bluegrasses (Poa),
the bromegrasses (Bromus), and the immense genus Panicum, contain
numerous often closely allied species. Some genera contain but a
few species or even but one.

en an attempt is made to classify a group of related variable
species the question always arises whether there are several closely
related but distinct species or a few distinct species, each of which
shows great variation. It is but natural that botanists should differ
in their conclusions. This explains in part the different classifica-
tions of the same group given by botanists of different periods or even
of the same period. A satisfactory classification depends upon the
study of abundant material both in the field and in the herbarium.
By observation in the field one learns the range of variability of a
species, while in the herbarium one can compare plants from different
localities, interpreting the dried specimens in the light of field experi-
ence.

In the classification of variable species it is found convenient some-
times to separate variants as varieties. A variety comprises those
individuals of a species that show a definite tendency to vary in a
certain direction, but which are connected with the species by rather
numerous intergrades. Sometimes a variety is founded on a single
variation which is distinct but trivial, for example, pubescent speci-
mens of a glabrous species. A variation supported by a distinct
geographical range or even by a distinct habitat is given greater
weight than is a variation found in a few individuals growing among
plants of the typical form.

The study of a vast amount of material in field and herbarium
during some 30 years has resulted in the recognition of relatively few
varieties, the intergrades proving to be more numerous than fairly
clear-cut variants. Well-marked varieties are given a separate
paragraph in the text, but are not usually given in the keys. Less
well-marked varieties are given in the paragraph with the species.
Many additional forms are indicated in a descriptive statement
without being formally recognized as species or varieties. For
example, under Digitaria gracillima appears, ‘“‘A tall plant with
* +* * has been called D. bakeri (Nash) Fernald”; and under
Eriochloa michauzii, ‘‘a form with *~* * has been described as
E. mollis var. longifolia Vasey.” 3 zx |

12 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The arrangement of the genera in this manual is, in general, from
the simple to the complex. It is, of course, impossible to arrange all
the genera in linear sequence and at the same time represent a gradual
increase in complexity because plants have not developed in a single
line, but have diverged in all directions, their relationships being a
complex network. The highest genus of one tribe may be much more
complex than the lowest genus of the next tribe above. On the
average the Bambuseae seem to be the most primitive and the
Tripsaceae the most complex. A grass with a spikelet consisting of
olumes and several florets, the lemmas and glumes being similar and
resembling bracts, is a primitive form. Grasses with spikelets in
which the parts are reduced, enlarged, or much differentiated, are
derived or complex forms. Derived forms may be simple from the
reduction of parts and yet not be primitive. In the main the genera
of grasses fall readily into a few large groups or tribes, but several
genera of uncertain affinities are, for convenience, placed in the recog-
nized tribes on artificial characters, with the hope that further study
and exploration will bring to light their true relationships.

The grasses of the world (about 510 genera) have been grouped into
14 tribes, all of which are represented in the United States.

The sequence of tribes and genera in the manual with a few minor
changes, is that found in The Genera of Grasses of the United States.

NOMENCLATURE

The cooperative study of botany depends for progress and success on
definiteness in the application of the names of plants. Research
workers in all branches of botany must use the names of plants in the
same sense or serious misunderstandings will result. One of the
functions of systematic botany is to determine the correct names of
plants. The study of the application of plant names is nomenclature.
By common consent of the botanists of the world Latin has been
accepted as the language for technical plant names.

Modern nomenclature commences with the publication in 1753 of
Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum in which the binomial system of naming
plants was first proposed. During the nearly 200 years following that
date many thousands of plants have been described. During this
time there has been a lack of uniformity in the use of names, causing
much confusion, and resulting in frequent changes. The same
species has been described under different names at different times,
and the same name has been given to different plants. This con-
fusion has been especially embarrassing to the agriculturist, ranger,
seedsman, pathologist, entomologist, and to all others interested in
plants, but not familiar with nomenclature and the history of the
names used.

The difference in the Latin names applied in different books to the
same kind of grass is due to several causes.

(1) A species is described as new by one author without knowing that the same
species had been previously described by another author. ‘The second name is
_known as a synonym.

(2) An author applies a new name to a variant of a species already described.
The author recognizes the variant as a distinct species. Other botanists may

consider it to be only a variety of the older species or may consider it as a variant
not sufficiently distinct to be worthy of varietal rank.

1 Hitcucock, A.S. THE GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
ECONOMIC SPECIES. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772, 307 pp., illus. 20.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 13

(3) Authors have different concepts of the limits of genera. The genus
Triticum was described by Linnaeus. A later botanist thought that many of the
species of this genus were different enough to constitute a distinct genus, Agro-
pyron, and transferred quackgrass, first described as Triticum repens to Agropyron,
as A. repens.

(4) Authors sometimes misidentify species. Linnaeus described one of the
cordgrasses as Spartina cynosuroides. Later, Michaux used the specific name for a
different species, (Trachynotia cynosuroides, based on S. cynosuroides L.) This
error was corrected and the species described by Michaux was given a new name,
S. michauxiana. Only recently the loan of the type of Spartina pectinata Link,
poorly described many years earlier, shows that that name is the valid one for
the species.

It will be seen that the differences in names are due in part to
differences of opinion as to the generic, specific, or varietal distinctness
of forms; in part to lack of knowledge as to what plants have been
described previously; and in part to errors of identification.

All the preceding shows the need of rules of nomenclature. To
enable users of this manual to coordinate the names published to
date a synonymy ” has been appended in which all the names pub-
lished for grasses in the United States have been arranged under the
names here adopted, that is, under the oldest valid name for each
species. In determining the valid names of the species the Inter-
national Rules of Botanical Nomenclature have been followed.
Under these rules certain generic names are conserved though they
are not the earliest. The names of genera of grasses on the conserved
list are as follows: Tragus, Zoysia, Leersia, Hierochloé, Crypsis,
Coleanthus, Corynephorus, Cynodon, Ctenium, Buchloé, Diarrhena,
Lamarckia, Glyceria.

Certain other names of genera are used for different reasons.
Digitaria antedates Syntherisma with which it is synonymous.
Setaria was proposed as a conserved name at the Cambridge Inter-
national Botanical Congress and was referred to a committee along
with other names. It was also proposed at the Cambridge Congress
(and referred to a committee) that the standard species of Holcus be
H. lanatus and of Aira be A. praecox, thus validating Sorghum and
Deschampsia.

The synonymy attempts to record all the effectively published
names given to species and varieties described from the United States
or known to grow in the United States. In addition many names are
given which have been published as synonyms or without sufficient
description (nomina nuda). Whether such names have been included
depends upon whether they have appeared in such works as the Index
Kewensis or have some connection with effectively published names.
When a species is transferred from one genus to another, a new name
results. The basis of the transfer is given in each case. If the name
was published as new the original published locality is given. State-
ments enclosed in brackets following the original locality are based
upon unpublished evidence.

Forms (formae) are included in the synonymy so far as they have
been indexed in the grass herbarium. The index includes all forms
recently published in this country. Misapplied names have not been
included among the synonyms but are mentioned in a paragraph at
the end of the synonymy of the valid species, and then only names
that have appeared in recent manuals are given.

? For convenience the names of the genera are arranged alphabetically and under each genus the valid

names of the species are given in alphabetic order in boldface type, the synonyms of each species (in italics)
being arranged chronologically under the valid name.

14 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

So far as possible the names have been confirmed or identified by
examination of the types. The type of a species or variety is the
specimen which an author had chiefly in mind when he wrote the
original description. ‘The type specimen determines the application
of the name. The type specimens of the early American botanists
are mostly in European herbaria. ‘The types of species described by
Vasey and other botanists connected with the Department of Agricul-
ture are mostly in the United States National Herbarium. Types not
in Washington have been studied in other herbaria and photographs
and drawings made of them by the agrostologists of the Department
of Agriculture, or have been lent by the curators of the herbaria in
which they are deposited. Through the courtesy of these curators
many fragments of types have been deposited in the United States
National Herbarium. <A few type specimens have not been located,
and doubtless in some of these cases there are no types in existence to
confirm original descriptions. A relatively small number of published
names still remain unidentifiable. These names are listed following
the synonymy. Certain exotic species, mentioned by horticultural
writers as being occasionally cultivated for ornament, have been
included in notes appended to the genera to which they belong. It
has not been practicable in all cases to verify the application of the
names on a type basis, and the species are admitted under the names
they bear in cultivation.

COMMON NAMES

The common or English names of plants are often uncertain in their
application, different plants bearing the same name or the same plant
bearing different names in different localities. A recent work,
Standardized Plant Names,® has coordinated and standardized the
common names. One of the authors of this work, Frederick V.
Coville, has standardized the common names of the grasses for this

manual.
SCOPE OF THE MANUAL

The manual includes descriptions of all grasses known to grow in
the continental United States, excluding Alaska. There are 159
numbered genera and 1,100 numbered species. Of these, 44 genera
and 151 species are introduced, mostly from the Eastern Hemisphere.

In addition to the numbered species, which may be considered per-
manent constituents of the flora of the United States, there are a
number of species which are known only as ballast plants or as waifs
in the interior, or are only rarely cultivated. ‘These appear not to be
established and are mentioned, without numbers, in paragraphs
appended to their nearest allies. ‘They are not included in the keys.

The manual is based mainly on the material in the United States
National Herbarium, the grass collection of which is the largest in
the world, numbering more than 210,000 sheets. In addition all the
larger collections of grasses in the United States have been consulted
and the curators have lent specimens for study and have aided in
other ways. Many smaller collections have contributed information,
especially on the ranges of species. The cooperation of the Forest
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, has been invalu-

3 AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON HORTICULTURAL NOMENCLATURE. STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES.
Prepared by F, L. Olmsted, F. V. Coville, and H. P. Kelsey. 546pp. Salem, Mass. 1923

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 15

able. The Forest Service maintains in its Washington office, a range-
plant herbarium, consisting of the collections made by forest officers,
especially those located in western national forests and forest experl-
ment stations. The grasses of this range-plant herbarium have been
placed at the disposal of the writer and have furnished important
data on distribution.

Many botanists throughout the country have rendered valuable
assistance in recent years by contributing specimens which have
added species previously unknown from the United States, have
extended ranges, and have helped to solve the position of puzzling
species and varieties.‘

Nearly all the species have been illustrated.

To aid the users of this work in pronouncing the Latin names the
accented syllable is indicated. The accent mark is used to show the
accented syllable without reference to the length of the vowel.

GRAMINEAE (POACEAE), THE GRASS FAMILY

Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), small, with no distinct perianth,
arranged in spikelets consisting of a shortened axis (rachilla) and 2 to
many 2-ranked bracts, the lowest two being empty (the glumes, rarely
one or both obsolete), the one or more succeeding ones (lemmas)
bearing in their axils a single flower, and, between the flower and the
rachilla, a second 2-nerved bract (the palea), the lemma, palea, and
flower together constituting the floret; stamens 1 to 6, usually 3, with
very delicate filaments and 2-celled anthers; pistil 1, with a 1-celled

1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely 1 or 3) styles, and usually plumose stigmas;
fruit a caryopsis with starchy endosperm and a small embryo at the
base on the side opposite the hilum.

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with hollow or solid stems (culms)
closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked usually parallel-veined leaves, these
consisting of two parts, the sheath, enveloping the culm, its margins
overlapping or sometimes grown together, and the blade, usually
flat; between the two on the inside, a membranaceous hyaline or
hairy appendage (the ligule).

The spikelets are almost always aggregated in spikes or panicles at
the ends of the main culms or branches. The perianth is usually repre-
sented by 2 (rarely 3) small hyaline scales (the lodicules) at the base
of the flower inside the lemma and palea. The grain or caryopsis (the
single seed and the adherent pericarp) may be free, as in wheat, or
permanently enclosed in the lemma and palea, as in ‘the oat. Rarely
the seed is free from the pericarp, as in species of Sporobolus and
Eleusine. ‘The culms of bamboos are woody, as are also those of a

4The more important are: Brother G. Arséne, Sacred Heart Training College, Las Vegas, N.Mex.,
collections from Louisiana and New Mexico; H. L. Blomquist, Duke University, Durham, N.C., collec-
tions from North Carolina; B. F. Bush, Courtney, Mo., collections from Missouri and Texas; V. H. Chase,
Peoria, Il., collections from Llinois; Charles C. Deam, research forester, Indiana, collections from Indiana;
H. I. Featherly, Agricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater, Okla., collections from Oklahoma; the
late William C. Ferguson, Hempstead, N.Y., collections from Long Island; A. O. Garrett, East High School,
Salt Lake City, collections from glee James E. Nelson, Salem, Oreg., collections from Oregon including
ballast plants near Portland; J. B. S. Norton, University of Maryland, collections from Maryland; W.
Silveus, San Antonio, Tex., collections from Texas, especially in the vicinity of San Antonio, Sleds
several novelties; B. C. Tharp, University of Texas, collections from Texas.

5 The drawings illustrating the genera (previously published in U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin
772, The Genera of Grasses of the United States .. .) and nearly half of the others were made by Mary
Wright Gill; the remainder were drawn by Edna May Whitehorn; the spikelet drawings are by Agnes

re In each case the specimen from which the drawing was made is cited, for example (Nash 2198,
a.).

55974°—35——2

16 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

few genera, such as Olyra and Lasiacis, belonging to other tribes.
The culms are solid in our species of the tribes Tripsaceae and Andro-
pogoneae and in several other groups. The margins of the sheaths
are grown together in species of Bromus, Danthonia, Festuca, Melica,
Glyceria, and other genera.

The parts of the spikelet may be modified in various ways. The
first glume, and more rarely also the second, may be wanting. The
lemmas may contain no flower, or even no palea, or may be reduced
or rudimentary. Rarely, as in species of Agrostis and Andropogon,
the palea is obsolete.

The division of the family into two subfamilies is somewhat arti-
ficial. The tribes Zoysieae, Oryzeae, Zizanieae, and especially Phala-
rideae, do not fall definitely into either of the recognized subfamilies.
They are placed as indicated largely for convenience.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND KEYS TO THE
TRIBES

SUBFAMILY 1. FESTUCOIDEAE

Spikelets 1- to many-flowered, the reduced florets, if any, above
the perfect florets (except in Phalarideae; sterile lemmas below as
well as above in Ctenium, Uniola, and Blepharidachne); articulation
usually above the glumes; spikelets usually more or less laterally

compressed.
Key to the tribes of Festucoideae

Plants woody, the culms perennial. Spikelets several-flowered.
1. BAMBUSEAE (p. 17)
Plants herbaceous, the culms annual (somewhat woody and persistent in Arwndo).
Spikelets with 2 (rarely 1) staminate, neuter, or rudimentary lemmas unlike and
below the fertile lemma; no sterile or rudimentary floret above.
8. PHALARIDEAE (p. 25)
Spikelets without sterile lemmas below the perfect floret (or these rarely present
and like the fertile ones, a dissimilar pair below and a rudimentary floret
above in Blepharidachne).
Spikelets unisexual, falling entire, 1-flowered, terete or nearly so.
; 10. ZIzANIEAE (p. 26)
Spikelets perfect (rarely unisexual but then not as above), usually articulate
above the glumes.
Spikelets articulate below the glumes, 1-flowered, very flat, the lemma and
palea about equal, both keeled. Glumes small or wanting.
ORYZEAE (p. 25)
Spikelets articulate above the glumes (rarely below, but the glumes, at
least one, well developed).

Spikelets 1-flowered (or the staminate 2-flowered) in groups (short
spikes) of 2 to 5 (single in Zoysza), the groups racemose along a
main axis, falling entire; lemma and palea thinner than the glumes.

6. ZOYSIBAE (p. 24)

Spikelets not as above.

Spikelets sessile on a usually continuous rachis (short-pedicellate in
Leptochloa and Trichoneura; the rachis disarticulating in Lep-
turus, Pholiurus, Hordeum, Sitanion, and in a few species of
allied genera).

Spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis; spike terminal, solitary.
Horp2Eak (p. 20)
Spikelets on one side of the rachis; spikes usually more than 1,
digitate ornracemose.)) 252 pee 7. CHLORIDEAE (p. 24)

Spikelets pedicellate in open or contracted, sometimes spikelike,
panicles, rarely racemes.

Spikelets 1-flowered (occasionally some of the spikelets 2-flowered in
Muhlenbergia asperifolia and M. arenacea).
5. AGROSTIDEAE (p. 22)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 17

Spikelets 2- to many-fiowered.

Glumes as long as the lowest floret, usually as long as the spikelet
(sometimes shorter in Sphenopholts) ; lemmas awned from the
back (spikelets awnless in species of Trisetum, Koeleria,
Sphenopholis; and Schtsmus) --__----- 4. AVENEAE (p. 21)

Glumes shorter than the first floret (except in Dissanthelium with
long rachilla joints); lemmas awnless or awned from the tip
on frame; piid apexes os. 2. 2. FESTUCEAE (p. 17)

SUBFAMILY 2. PANICOIDEAE

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret (disregarding those of the
few monoecious genera and the staminate and neuter spikelets) and
a sterile or staminate floret below, usually represented by a sterile

_ lemma only, one glume sometimes (rarely both glumes) wanting;

articulation below the spikelets, either in the pedicel, in the rachis, or
at the base of a cluster of spikelets, the spikelets falling entire, singly,
in groups, or together with joints of the rachis; spikelets, or at least
the fruits, more or less dorsally compressed.

Key to the tribes of Panicoideae

Glumes membranaceous, the sterile lemma like the glumes in texture.

Fertile lemma and palea thinner than the glumes. Sterile lemma awned from
anes RISER EMCEE RUDTNIBIAE SS 04 5 5 22) fs ae 11. MELINIDEAE (p. 26)

Fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least firmer than the glumes.
12. PANICEAE (p. 26)
Glumes indurate; fertile lemma and palea hyaline or membranaceous, the sterile

lemma like the fertile one in texture.

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate below, the staminate above, in the same
inflorescence or in separate inflorescences_ ----_- 14. TRIPSACEAE (p. 29)
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and usually
staminate or neuter (the pedicellate one sometimes obsolete, rarely both
pedicellate). Lemmas hyaline__________- 13. ANDROPOGONEAE (p. 27)

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TRIBES AND KEYS TO THE GENERA
TRIBE 1. BAMBUSEAE

Culms woody, perennial, usually hollow; spikelets 2- to several-
flowered, in panicles or racemes, or in close heads or fascicles; often 1
or more sterile lemmas at base of spikelet; lemmas usually awnless;
blades usually articulated with the sheath, flat, rather broad. Only
one genus, Arundinaria, is native within our limits. Several species
of this and other genera are cultivated in the Southern States.

TRIBE 2. FESTUCEAE

Spikelets more than 1-flowered, usually several-flowered, in open,
narrow, or sometimes spikelike panicles (rarely in racemes) ; lemmas
awnless or awned from the tip, rarely from between the teeth of a
bifid apex; rachilla usually disarticulating above the glumes and
between the florets.

A large and important tribe, mainly inhabitants of the cooler
regions. The lemma is divided into several awns in Pa ppophorum and
its allies, is deeply 2-lobed in Triplasis and in a few species of Triodia,

3-lobed in Blepharidachne, several-toothed in Orcuttia, and slightly
2-toothed in Bromus and in a few other genera, the awn, when single,
arising from between the teeth. The paleas are persistent upon the
continuous rachilla in most species of Eragrostis. Scleropogon,

18 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Monanthochloé, Distichlis, and a few species of Poa and Eragrostis are
dioecious. Gynerium, Cortaderia, Arundo, and Phragmites are tall
reeds. In Blepharidachne there is a pair of sterile florets at the base of
the single fertile floret, and a rudiment above. In some species of
Melica there is, above the fertile florets, a club-shaped rudiment con-
sisting of one or more sterile lemmas. In Uniola there are one to four
sterile lemmas below the fertile ones. In Melica imperfecta and
M. torreyana there may be only one perfect floret.

Key to the genera of Festuceae

la. Plants dioecious, (sometimes monoecious), the sexes very dissimilar, the
pistillate lemmas with 3 long twisted divergent awns, the staminate lemma

awnless:Or mUCrOMatess 1) ees Seer eae ieee ae ageae 38. SCLEROPOGON.
1b. Plants with perfect flowers, or, if dioecious, the sexes not dissimilar in ap-
pearance.

2a. Lemmas divided at the summit into 5 to several awns or awnlike lobes.
Awnlike lobes 5. Inflorescence an erect raceme or simple panicle.
34. ORCUTTIA.
Awns 9 or more.
Awns unmixed with awned teeth; all the florets falling attached, their
awns forming a pappuslike crown, the lower 1 to 3 fertile; panicles
MAT PO Ws oh) NG eh ME Re ee AU fas ad) 37. PAPPOPHORUM.
Awns mixed with awned teeth; florets not falling attached, the rachilla
disarticulating between them; panicles somewhat open_ 36. CorTrTsEa.
2b. Lemmas awnless, with a single awn, or, if with 3, the lateral awns minute.
3a. Tall stout reeds with large plumelike panicles. Lemmas or rachilla with
long silky hairs as long as the lemmas.

Leaves crowded at the base of the culms___________~- 25. CORTADERIA.
Leaves distributed along the culms.
Lemmas’ naked. ,,.Rachilla haimy 422. 22. ae ae 26. PHRAGMITES.
Lemmas hairy.
Raiechilla nakede 2 ee. Cube Sie ee ee 24. ARUNDO.
Raeh ies daary oe ssa 2 NE ate a eae! 27. N®YRAUDIA.

3b. Low or rather tall grasses, rarely more than 1.5 m tall.
4a. Plants dioecious, perennial. Lemmas glabrous; grasses of salt or
alkaline soils.
Plants low, creeping; spikelets obscure, scarcely differentiated from the

short crowded rigid leaves______-----__- 18. MoNANTHOCHLO#.
Plants erect from creeping rhizomes; spikelets in a narrow simple ex-
serted pamlelesue 0) ke: a ATs ce nee eee ecg 19. DistTicHLis.

4b. Plants not dioecious (except in a few species of Poa with villous lem-
mas and in an annual species of Hragrostis).
5a. Spikelets of two forms, sterile and fertile intermixed. Panicle dense,
somewhat one-sided.
Fertile spikelets 2- or 3-flowered; sterile spikelets with numerous rigid
awn-tipped glumes; panicle dense, spikelike-__ 22. CyNosuRus.
Fertile spikelets with 1 perfect floret, long-awned; sterile spikelets
with many obtuse sterile lemmas; panicle branchlets short,
MOC ing Stes eek ia hae Apa uN lala ee 23. LAMARCKIA.
5b. Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence.
6a. Lemmas 3-nerved, the nerves prominent, often hairy.
7a. Inflorescence a few-flowered head or capitate panicle overtopped
by the leaves or partly concealed in them. Lemmas toothed
or cleft; low plants of the arid regions.
Inflorescence hidden among the sharp-pointed leaves, not woolly;

plants annual (Chioridede) 9. 22s rare 106. Munroa.
Inflorescence a capitate woolly panicle, not concealed; plants
perennial.

Lemmas cleft either side of the midnerve to near the base, the
lower two sterile, the third floret fertile, the fourth reduced
to a 3-awned rudiment________-_-_ 35. BLEPHARIDACHNE.

Lemma 2-lobed but not deeply cleft, all fertile but the upper-
MOsbs 4 2 se OC paige Woe wih ea ale pi IN ela 31. TRiopia.-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 19

7b. Inflorescence an exserted open or spikelike panicle.
8a. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves or callus (except in Triodia
albescens), the midnerve usually exserted as an awn or mucro.
Nerves glabrous. Callus densely hairy; lemmas firm; panicle

Bere peritese *. oon beesle oe 17. REDFIELDIA.
Nerves hairy at least below, the lateral ones often conspicu-

ously so.
Palea long-ciliate on the upper half__-----_-- 32. TRIPLASIS.
Palea sometimes villous but not long-ciliate on the upper
bale, perennial Ue). 27 2 3 31. TRIopIA.

8b. Lemmas not pubescent on the nerves nor callus (the inter-
nerves sometimes pubescent), awnless.
Glumes longer than the lemmas; lateral nerves of lemma margi-
nal, the internerves pubescent : eae 16. DISSANTHELIUM.
Glumes shorter than the lemmas; lateral nerves of lemma not
marginal, the internerves glabrous.
Lemmas chartaceous; grain large, beaked, at maturity forc-
ing the lemma and palea open-_------ 15. DIARRHENA.
Lemmas membranaceous; if firm, the grain neither large nor
beaked.
Spikelets subterete; palea longer than the lemma, bowed
ree AS 0 aes a oe aes OR eo en 14. Mo.inta.
Spikelets compressed; palea not longer than the lemma, not
bowed out below.
Lemmas truncate; spikelets 2-flowered
13. CATABROSA.

Lemmas acute or acuminate; spikelets 3- to many-
flowered. Rachilla continuous, the paleas persistent
after the fall of the lemmas (rachilla disarticulat-
ing in Sect. Cataclastos) -_------ 12. ERAGROSTIS.

6b. Lemmas 5- to many-nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure.
Spikelets with 1 to 4 empty lemmas below the fertile florets; nerves
pbeetre lemming finns Oh ae ee ee 20. UNtIoLa.
Spikelets with no empty lemmas below the fertile florets; nerves
usually prominent; lemmas membranaceous (firm in a few
species of Bromus and Festuca).
Lemmas fliabellate; glumes wanting; inflorescence dense, cylin-
P Be gr ach, 1 See a oe a 33. ANTHOCHLOA.
Lemmas not flabellate; glumes present; inflorescence not cylin-
dric.
Lemmas as broad as long, the margins outspread; florets closely
imbricate, horizontally spreading_______-_-- 11. Briza.
Lemmas longer than broad, the margins clasping the palea;
florets not horizontally spreading.
Callus of florets bearded.
Lemmas erose at summit, awnless______- 8. FLUMINEA.
Lemmas bifid at summit, awned___-_-_-_ 29. ScHIZACHNE.
Callus not bearded (lemmas cobwebby at base in Poa).
Lemmas not erose (slightly in Puccinellia).
9a. Lemmas keeled on the back (somewhat rounded in

Poa scabrella and its allies).

Spikelets strongly compressed, crowded in one-sided
clusters at the ends of the stiff, naked panicle
SS nL) OST, Eee ee ee ee ee 21. DactTyY.Lis.

Spikelets not strongly compressed, not crowded in one-
sided clusters.

Lemmas awned from a minutely bifid apex (awnless
or nearly so in Bromus catharticus and B. brizae-
formis); spikelets large_--__._-_-- 2. Bromus.

Lemmas awnless; spikelets small_________ 10. Poa.

9b. Lemmas rounded on the back (slightly keeled toward
the suramit in Festuca and Bromus).

Glumes papery; lemmas firm, strongly nerved, scarious-
margined; upper florets sterile, often reduced to a
club-shaped rudiment infolded. by the broad upper
lemmas. Spikelets ew or purplish, usually not
Ni eee eee et 28... MELICA.

20 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Glumes not papery; upper florets not unlike the others.
Nerves of lemma parallel, not converging at summit or
but slightly so.
Spikelets in racemes.
Racemes short, dense, overtopped by the leaves;

spikelets awnless____-_-- 7. SCLEROCHLOA.
Racemes elongate, loose, exserted; spikelets awned
or: mucronaite.4... 6 esa 9. PLEUROPOGON.

Spikelets in open or contracted panicles.
Nerves prominent; plants usually rather tall,
growing in woods or fresh-water marshes.
6. GLYCERIA.
Nerves faint; plants low, growing in saline soil.
5. PUCCINELLIA.
Nerves of lemma converging toward summit, the
lemmas narrowed at apex.
Lemmas awned or awn-tipped from a minutely
bifid apex (awnless in B. brizaeformis).
BRoMvs.
Lemmas entire, pointed, awnless or awned from
the tip (minutely toothed in Festuca elmeri and
F. gigantea).
Spikelets awned (awnless in a few perennial
species) ; lemmas pointed_-_-_-_-_ 3. FESTUCA.
Spikelets awnless.
Second glume 5- to 9-nerved; spikelets mostly
1 cm or more long; lemmas broad, many-
nerved;) firm® 2252452 30. VASEYOCHLOA.
Second glume 1- to 3-nerved; spikelets smaller;
lemmas 5-nerved, membranaceous, not
pointed.
Spikelets on slender pedicels in compound
panicles: perennials nn wee 10: «Boa.
Spikelets on thick short pedicels in simple
panicles; annual____-_- 4, SCLEROPOA

TRIBE 3. HORDEAE

Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a jointed
or continuous axis forming symmetrical spikes (not one-sided, but
spikelets sometimes turned to one side in some species).

This small but important tribe, found in the temperate regions of
both hemispheres, includes our most important cereals, wheat, barley,
and rye. The rachis is flattened or concave next to the spikelets, or
in some genera is thickened and hollowed out, the spikelets being
more or less enclosed in the hollows. In Zriticwm and its allies there is
one spikelet at each node of the rachis; in Hordeum and its allies there
are 2 or 3 at each node. In Lolium and its allies the spikelets are
placed edgewise to the rachis, and the first or inner glume is suppressed
except in the terminal spikelet. The rachis of the spikes disar-
ticulates at maturity in several genera. In some species of Elymus
and especially in Sitanion the glumes are very slender, extending into
long awns, in the latter genus sometimes divided into several slender
bristles. The spikes are rarely branched or compound, especially
in Hlymus condensatus. In this tribe the blades of the leaves bear on
each side at the base a small appendage or auricle.

Key to the genera of Hordeae

la. Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis (rarely 2 in species of Agropyron,
but never throughout).
2a. Spikelets 1-flowered, sunken in hollows in the rachis. Spikes slender,
cylindric; low annuals.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 21

Lemmas awned; florets lateral to the rachis__-_------ 50. ScRIBNERIA.
Lemmas awnless; florets dorsiventral to the rachis.
yo AS a es ae eee eo a 48. LEPTURUS.
First glume present, the pair standing in front of the spikelet.
49. PHOLIURUS.

2b. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, not sunken in the rachis.
Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis. First glume wanting except in the

PSUR Lo a a 2 ae ee 47. LoLium.
Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis.
Perera 25 A ee ce lw 39. AGROPYRON.
Plants annual.
Bemeleis. LEreid (Or, Cyludrr = 2 te 41. AZEGILOPsS.
Spikelets compressed.
(Gamer OVAiG, O-NEIVEN = 3 Soca es ee eet ee 40. TRITICUM.
Chimes sonsinee, 4 —neryeds tpt ee ee 42. SECALE.

1b. Spikelets more than 1 at each node of the rachis (solitary in part of the spike
in some species of Elymus).
Spikelets 3 at each node of the rachis, 1-flowered, the lateral pair pediceled,
Mewntly fetuecd Wir aw es ge ee eR 46. HorpEvumM.
Spikelets 2 at each node of the rachis, alike, 2- to 6-flowered.
Glumes wanting or reduced to 2 short bristles; spikelets horizontally spread-
ing at maturity. Spikes very loose______________~- 45. HystTrrix.
Glumes usually equaling the florets (reduced in Elymus interruptus) ; spikelets
appressed or ascending.
Rachis continuous (rarely tardily disarticulating) ; glumes broad or narrow,
So Ee ee ee Ae ee ee ee 43. ELymus.
Rachis disarticulating at maturity; glumes subulate, extending into long
awns, these and the awns of the lemmas making the spike very
ee ee et ee Ss etl 44, SITANION.

TRIBE 4. AVENEAE

Spikelets 2- to several-flowered in open or contracted panicles,
or rarely in racemes (solitary in Danthonia unispicata) ; glumes usually
as long as or longer than the first lemma, commonly longer than all the
florets; lemmas usually awned from the back or from between the
teeth of a bifid apex, the awn usually bent, often twisted, the callus
and rachilla joints usually villous.

A rather small tribe widely distributed in both warm and cool
regions. In our genera the rachilla is prolonged beyond the upper
floret as a slender stipe (except in Aira). The lemma is awnless or
nearly so in Schismus, two species of Trisetum, one species of Koeleria,
and in most of the species of Sphenopholis. Koeleria and Spheno-
pholis are placed in this tribe because they appear to be closely allied
to Trisetum with which they agree in having oblanceolate glumes
about as long as the first floret.

Key to the genera of Aveneae

Florets 2, one perfect, the other staminate.
Lower floret staminate, the awn twisted, geniculate, exserted.
58. ARRHENATHERUM.
Lower floret perfect, awnless; upper floret awned________-___~_ 59. Hotcus.
Florets 2 or more, all alike except the reduced upper ones.
Articulation below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire.
Lemmas, at least the upper, with a conspicuous bent awn; glumes nearly

1 al Gl chee eli eabetince ST poly ah Ae eeaey meee ee pee manager a 54. TRISETUM.
Lemmas awnless or (in S. pallens) the upper with a short awn; second glume
Se WIRY Glatt Lae Ntnb 2 53. SPHENOPHOLIS.

Articulation above the glumes, the glumes similar in shape.
Spikelets several-flowered. Lemmas bifid at apex, awned or mucronate
between the lobes,

De MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Spikelets 1 cm or more long; awns conspicuous, flat, bent.
60. DANTHONIA.
Spikelets not more than 5 mm long; awns minute or nearly obsolete.
51. ScHIsMuUs.
Spikelets 2-flowered, sometimes with a rudimentary third floret.
Spikelets large, the glumes more than 1 cm long__________- 57. AVENA.
Spikelets less than 1 cm long.
Lemmas keeled, the awn when present from above the middle.
Rachilla joints very short, glabrous or minutely pubescent; lemmas
awnless or with a straight awn from a toothed apex.
52. KOELERIA.
Rachilla joints slender, villous; lemmas with a dorsal bent awn
(awnless or nearly so in 2 species) ___________- 54. TRISETUM.
Lemmas convex, awned from below the middle.
Rachilla prolonged behind the upper floret; lemmas truncate and
érose-dentate at summit] 2 2) ee 55. DESCHAMPSIA.
Rachilla not prolonged; lemmas tapering into 2 slender teeth.

56. ATRA.
TRIBE 5. AGROSTIDEAE

Spikelets 1-flowered, usually perfect, in open, contracted, or spike-
like panicles, but not in true spikes nor in 1-sided racemes.

A large and important tribe, inhabiting more especially the tem-
perate and cool regions. The articulation of the rachilla is usually
above the glumes, the mature floret falling from the persistent glumes,
but in a few genera the articulation is below the glumes, the mature
spikelet falling entire (Alopecurus, Cinna, Polypogon, Lycurus, and
Limnodea). ‘The palea is small or wanting in some species of Agros-
tis. In a few genera the rachilla is prolonged behind the palea as a
minute bristle, or sometimes as a more pronounced stipe (Brachyely-
trum, Limnodea, Cinna, Gastridium, Calamagrostis, Ammophila,
Lagurus, and a few species of Agrostis). In some genera the rachilla
joint between the glumes and the lemma is slightly elongated, forming
a hard stipe which remains attached to the mature fruit as a pointed
callus. The callus is well marked in Stipa (especially in S. spartea
and its allies) and in Aristida, the mature lemma being terete, in-
durate, and convolute, the palea wholly enclosed. In many genera
the lemma is awned either from the tip or from the back, the awn
being trifid in Aristida.

Key to the genera of Agrostideae

Glumes wanting.) Tow annuals 2s Se eee 66. COoOLEANTHUS.
Glumes present (the first obsolete in Muhlenbergia schrebert and sometimes in
Brachyelytrum and Phippsia).
la. Articulation below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire.
Spikelets in pairs in a spikelike panicle, one perfect, the other staminate or

neuter, the pair falling together.) 22 eee eee 71. Lycurus.
Spikelets all alike.
Glumres Long saw eee 55 Sardi oa rae eae pe ee 70. PoLyPoGon.

Glumes awnless.
Rachilla not prolonged behind the palea; panicle dense, spikelike;
glumes united toward the base, ciliate on the keel.
69. ALOPECURUS.
Rachilla prolonged behind the palea; panicle narrow or open, not dense;
glumes not united, not ciliate on the keel.
Panicle narrow; lemma with a slender bent twisted awn from the

|9) 80 Gr2y of zy. camplimasf Am eatin Neh oi Ai and An A! dos a ig 0 bia ig) 68. LIMNODEA.
Panicle open, drooping; lemma with a minute straight awn just below
the entire apex (carely awnless) "2-222 2) ee 67. CINNA.

1b. Articulation above the glumes.
Fruit dorsally compressed, indurate, smooth and shining, awnless.
81. MiuLivum.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 23

Fruit laterally compressed or terete, awned or awnless.
2a. Fruit indurate, terete, awned, the nerves obscure; callus well de-
veloped, oblique, bearded.

Awn trifid, the lateral divisions sometimes short, rarely obsolete (when
obsolete no line of demarcation between awn and lemma as in the
Ree eee oe Se eee) ks 85. ARISTIDA.

Awn simple, a line of demarcation between the awn and the lemma.

Awn persistent, twisted and bent, several to many times longer than
the fruit.
Edges of lemma overlapping (rarely only meeting), enclosing the
palea; callus sharp-pointed, usually narrow and acuminate.
84. Sripa.
Edges of lemma not meeting, exposing the indurate sulcus of the
palea, this projecting from the summit as a minute point;
onliee Bhat. acwene Ah eT i oe 83. PIPTOCHAETIUM.
Awn deciduous, not twisted, sometimes bent, rarely more than 3 or 4
times as long as the plump fruit; callus short, usually obtuse.
82. ORyYZoPsIs.
2b. Fruit thin or firm, but scarcely indurate, if firm, the nerves prominent
or evident; callus not well developed.

3a. Glumes longer than the lemma (lemma equaling the glumes in cer-

tain species of Agrostis.)
Panicle feathery, capitate, nearly as broad as long; spikelets woolly.
LaGURUS.
Panicle not feathery; spikelets not woolly.
Glumes compressed-carinate; panicle dense, cylindric or ellipsoid.
PHLEUM.
Glumes not compressed-carinate, not ciliate.
Glumes saccate at base; lemma long-awned; panicle contracted,
TERT AS sey ay Se eee Tr ee 73. GASTRIDIUM.
Glumes not saccate at base; lemma awned or awnless; panicle
open or contracted. .
Florets bearing a tuft of hairs at the base from the short callus,
the hairs at least half as long as the lemma; palea present.
61. CALAMAGROSTIS.
Florets without hairs at the base or with short hairs, rarely
as much as half the length of the lemma (Agrostis hallit) ;
palea usually small or wanting__________ 64. AGROSTIs.
3b. Glumes not longer than the lemma, usually shorter (the awn tips
longer in Muhlenbergia racemosa).
Lemma awned from the tip or mucronate, 3- to 5-nerved (lateral
nerves obscure in Muhlenbergia repens).
Rachilla prolonged behind the palea; floret stipitate.
80. BRACHYELYTRUM.
Rachilla not prolonged; floret not stipitate.__ 75. MUHLENBERGIA.
Lemma awnless or awned from the back.
Florets bearing a tuft of hairs at the base from the short callus;
lemma and palea chartaceous, awnless.

Panicles spikelike; rachilla prolonged_______-_ 62. AMMOPHILA.

Panicles open; rachilla not prolonged_-___-- 63. CALAMOVILFA.
_ Florets without hairs at base.

Nerves of lemma densely silky_____--- 77. BLEPHARONEURON.

Nerves of lemma not silky.

Caryopsis at maturity falling from the lemma and palea;
seed loose in the paricarp, this usually opening when ripe;
lemma 1-nerved.

Inflorescence capitate in the axils of broad bracts.
78. CryYpsis.
Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle.
76. SPOROBOLUS.

Caryopsis not falling from the lemma and palea, remaining
permanently enclosed in them; seed adnate to the peri-
carp.

Panicles few-fiowered, slender, rather loose; glumes minute,
unequal, the first often wanting. Low arctic-alpine
EAI a 8 i og bey te ee ta, 65. PHIPPSIA.

24 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicles many-flowered, spikelike; glumes well developed,
about equal.

Panicle short, partly enclosed in the sheath; low annual.

79. HELEOCHLOA.

Panicle elongate; perennial______- 75. MUHLENBERGIA.

TRIBE 6. ZOYSIEAE

Spikelets subsessile in short spikes of 2 to 5 (single in Zoysia),
each spike falling entire from the continuous axis, usually 1-flowered,
all perfect, or perfect and staminate together in the same spike;
glumes usually firmer than the lemma and palea, sometimes awned,
the lemma awnless.

This small and unimportant tribe is known also as Nazieae. In
Zoysia the spikelets are single and have only one glume, this coriaceous,
much firmer than the lemma and palea, the palea sometimes obsolete.

Key to the genera of Zoysieae

Spikelets single; first’ glume wanting: === 2s ee eee eee 87. Zoysia.
Spikelets in clusters of 2 to 5; first glume present.
Spikelets bearing hooked spines on the second glume, the group forming a

Ittle: bur: — 2. - 22 os 2 ile eS eee eee eee 86. Tracus.
Spikelets not bearing hooked spines, mostly cleft and awned.
Groups of spikelets erect, the inflorescence not 1l-sided_-_-____ 88. HiILARIA.

Groups of spikelets nodding along one side of the delicate axis.

89. AEGOPOGON.
TRIBE 7. CHLORIDEAE

Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, in 2 rows on one side of a continuous
rachis, forming 1-sided spikes or spikelike racemes, these solitary,
digitate, or racemose along the main axis.

A large and rather important tribe, confined mostly to warm
regions. The group is heterogeneous, the only common character
of the genera (aside from the characters that place themin Festucoideae)
being the arrangement of the spikelets in 1l-sided spikes. Chloris
and the allied genera form a coherent group, in which the spikelet
consists of 1 perfect floret and, above this, 1 or more modified or
rudimentary florets. Leptochloa, Hleusine, and their allies, with
several-flowered spikelets, are more nearly related to certain genera
of Festuceae. The spike is reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets or even to 1
spikelet and is sometimes deciduous from the main axis (Cathestecum
and Sect. Atheropogon of Bouteloua). In Cteniwm there are 2
sterile florets below the perfect one.

Key to the genera of Chlorideae

Plants monoecious or dioecious. Low stoloniferous perennial__ 107. BucHuio#.
Plants with perfect flowers.
la. Spikelets with more than 1 perfect floret.
Inflorescence a few-flowered head or capitate panicle hidden among the sharp-
pointed leaves. Low spreading annual______-___-_-- 106. Munroa.
Inflorescence exserted.
Spikes solitary, the spikelets distant, appressed, several-flowered.
92. TRIPOGON.
Spikes more than 1 (sometimes 1 in depauperate EHleusine).
Spikes numerous, slender, racemose on an elongate axis.
Rachilla and callus of floret glabrous or nearly so; glumes acute,

less: than-5 "mint long! 2 oe ae ee 90. LEPTOCHLOA.
Rachilla and callus of floret strongly pilose; glumes long-acuminate,
about: Tem Mong tacks Suny ye aa eee ae 91. TRICHONEURA.

Spikes few, digitate or nearly so.
Rachis of spike extending beyond the spikelets.
94. DacTYLOCTENIUM.
Rachis not) prolonme ed 00 ey 2 1 eee agen a 93. ELEUSINE.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 25

1b. Spikelets with only 1 perfect floret, often with additional imperfect florets
above or below.
2a. Spikelets without additional modified florets, the rachilla sometimes

prolonged.
Rachilla articulate below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire.
Crete mnegual nar 22 oe Seeger Te 8 99. SPARTINA.
Glumes equal, broad, boat-shaped_______-_---_-_- 98. BECKMANNIA.
Rachilla articulate above the glumes.
Spikes digitate; rachilla prolonged___________-_---~-- 95. CYNODON.

Spikes racemose along the main axis; rachilla not prolonged.
Spikes slender, divaricate, the main axis elongating and becoming
ipgscly spiratan fruits 2 oe 97. SCHEDONNARDUS.
Spikes short and rather stout, appressed, the axis unchanged in fruit.
96. WILLKOMMIA.
2b. Spikelets with 1 or more modified florets above the perfect one.
Spikelets with 2 sterile florets below the perfect one; second glume
bearing a squarrose spine on the back; spike single, arcuate.
100. CrENnrIUM.
Spikelets with no sterile florets below the perfect one; second glume
without a squarrose spine; spikes usually several.
Spikes digitate or nearly so.
Fertile lemma 1-awned or awnless______________-- 102. CHtLorRts.
Herpecpeming -awacd!! 2 0)) ae A 8). 103. 'TRICHLORIs.
Spikes racemose along the main axis.
Spikelets distant, appressed; spikes slender, elongate.
101. GyYMNOPOGON.
Spikelets approximate or crowded, not appressed; spikes usually
short and rather stout.
Spikelets 3 in each spike, the 2 lateral staminate or rudimentary;
apie fatling entire +). e)) tts) ak 105. CATHESTECUM.
Spikelets 2 to many (rarely 1) in each spike, all alike; spikes
falling entire or persistent, the florets falling.
104. BouTELovA.

TRIBE 8. PHALARIDEAE

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a pair of
staminate or neuter florets (one sometimes obsolete in Phalaris).

A small tribe of about six genera, only three of which are found
in the United States. In Phalaris the lower florets are reduced to
minute scalelike lemmas closely appressed to the edges of the fertile
floret. In HMierochloé the lateral florets are staminate and as large
as the fertile floret.

Key to the genera of Phalarideae

Lower florets staminate; spikelets brown and shining_____-_ 108. HirbROcHLO#.
Lower florets neuter; spikelets green or yellowish.
Lower florets reduced to small awnless scalelike lemmas; spikelets much

ESET UE 2 ery | OR ay oe Oy ge eee 110. PHALARIS.
Lower florets consisting of awned hairy sterile lemmas exceeding the fertile
floret; spikelet subterete______._._____________ 109. ANTHOXANTHUM.

TRIBE 9. ORYZEAE

Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, strongly laterally compressed, pani-
culate; glumes reduced or wanting; palea apparently 1-nerved;
stamens 6.

A small tribe whose affinities are not evident. It includes rice,
the important food plant.

Key to the genera of Oryzeae

Glumes minute; lemma often awned__________________________ 111. Oryza.
Glumes wanting; lemma awnless_-_______________________=__ 112. Leprsta.

26 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TRIBE 10. ZIZANIEAE

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate terete or nearly so; glumes
shorter than the lemma, usually one or both obsolete, the pedicel
disarticulating below the spikelet. Glumes well developed in Pharus,
a tropical genus placed in this tribe provisionally.

A small tribe of uncertain affinities, aquatic or subaquatic grasses
(except Pharus) of no economic importance except the Indian rice
(Zizania).

Key to the genera of Zizanieae

Blades'‘elliptic;2 to'4cm wide S22 fir Tis ee eee 117. PHARUs.
Blades much longer than wide.
Culms slender; plants low; staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in
separate inflorescences.
Inflorescence a few-flowered raceme; plants not stoloniferous
116. HyprocHLoa.
Inflorescence a panicle; plants stoloniferous_____________- 115) > So ZzrOwAS
Culms robust; plants tall; staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in the
same panicle.
Pistillate spikelets on the ascending upper branches, the staminate on the
spreading lower branches of the panicle; plants annual or perennial.
ITS" ZIZANEA.
Pistillate spikelets at the ends, the staminate below on the same branches
of. the panicle; : plants perennial... {oe ee 114. ZIzANIOPsIs.

TRIBE 11. MELINIDEAE

Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, these very unequal, the
first minute, the second and the sterile lemma equal, membranaceous,
strongly nerved, the latter bearing a slender awn from the notched
summit; fertile lemma and palea thinner in texture, awnless.

A tribe of about a dozen genera represented in the United States
by an introduced species, Melinis minutiflora.

TRIBE 12. PANICEAE

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret and below this a sterile
floret and two glumes; fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least
firmer than the glumes and sterile lemma, a lunate line of thinner
texture at the back just above the base, the rootlet protruding through
this at germination; articulation below the spikelet.

A large tribe, confined mostly to warm regions, and containing
relatively few economic species. The first glume is wanting in some
genera, such as Paspalum, and rarely the second glume also (Rewmar-
ochloa). The spikelets are usually awnless, but the glumes and sterile
lemma are awned in Echinochloa and Oplismenus, and the second
glume and sterile lemma in Tricholaena. In Eriochloa and in some
species of Brachiaria the fertile lemma is awn-tipped. In Setaria
there are, beneath the spikelet, one or more bristles, these representing
sterile branchlets. In Pennisetum similar bristles form an involucre,
falling with the spikelet. In Cenchrus the bristles are united, forming
a bur. The spikelets are of two kinds in Amphicarpum, aerial and
subterranean. The culms are woody and perennial in Lasiacis and —
Olyra.

Key to the genera of Paniceae
Spikelets of two kinds.

Spikelets all perfect, but those of the aerial panicle not perfecting grains, the

fruitful spikelets borne on subterranean branches__ 138. AMPHICARPUM.

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate above, the staminate below on the branches of
the same panicle, Blades broad, elliptic! 23-2 2222322 139. OnyRa.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES Ps |

Spikelets all of one kind.
Spikelets sunken in the cavities of the flattened corky rachis.
123. STENOTAPHRUM.
Spikelets not sunken in the rachis.
la. Spikelets subtended or surrounded by 1 to many distinct or more or
less connate bristles, forming an involucre.
Bristles persistent, the spikelets deciduous____--------- 135. SETARIA.
Bristles falling with the spikelets at maturity.
Bristles not united at base, slender, often plumose__ 136. PENNISETUM.
Bristles united into a burlike involucre, the bristles retrcrsely barbed.
137. CENCHRUS.
1b. Spikelets prot subtended by bristles.
lumes or sterile lemma awned (awn short and concealed in the silky
hairs of the spikelet in Tricholaena; awn reduced to a point in
Echinochloa colonum).
Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets silky___------ 134. TRICHOLAENA.
Inflorescence of unilateral simple or somewhat compound racemes along
a common axis; spikelets smooth or hispid, not silky.
Blades lanceolate, broad, thin; culms creeping__-_ 132. OPLISMENUS.
Blades long, narrow; culms not creeping- -_---- 133. EcHINOCHLOA.
Glumes and sterile lemma awnless.
2a. Fruit cartilaginous-indurate, flexible, usually dark colored, the
lemma with more or less prominent white hyaline margins, these
not inrolled.
Spikelets covered with long silky hairs, arranged in racemes, these
“PTT TG et NARs ARs OSE ene ee ae Cee 120. TRICHACHNE.
Spikelets glabrous or variously pubescent but not long-silky (some-
what silky in Digitaria villosa).
Spikelets in slender racemes more or less digitate at the summit of

CUS EIPC TT by CENA AN One Baek hae PM Gee ne OR ey Bete eee CORE 121. DieirTaRtia.
Spikelets in panicles.

Fruiting lemma boat-shaped; panicles narrow.
119. ANTHAENANTIA.
Fruiting lemma convex; panicles diffuse__._._ 122. LEpToLoma.
2b. Fruit chartaceous-indurate, rigid.
Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned away from the
rachis of the racemes, usually solitary (not in pairs).
First glume and the rachilla joint forming a swollen ringlike callus
below thewpikelet.... 2224 2.5 2 ee 124. ERIOCHLOA.
First glume present or wanting, not forming a ringlike callus below
the spikelet.
First glume present (next to the axis) ; racemes racemose along the
Bia aa 8 go 8 ae pe 5 125. BRACHIARIA.
First glume wanting; racemes digitate or subdigitate.
126. AXONOPUS.
Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned toward the rachis
(first glume, when present, away from the axis) of the spikelike
racemes, or pedicellate in panicles.
Fruit long-acuminate; both glumes wanting. 127. REIMAROCHLOA.
Fruit not long-acuminate; at least one glume present.
First glume typically wanting; spikelets plano-convex, subsessile
We pce, racemes: oto 0 128. PaspaLuM.
First glume presert; spikelets usually in panicles.
Second glume inflated-saccate, this and the sterile lemma much
exceeding the stipitate fruit_______-_- 131. SaccIoLeris.
Secona glume not inflated-saccate.
Culms woody, bamboolike; fruit with a tuft of down at the
SV OSes bls a te a a Ade te na 130. Lasractis.
Culms herbaceous; no tuft of down at the apex of the fruit.

129. PANICUM.
TRIBE 13. ANDROPOGONEAE

Spikelets in pairs along a rachis, the usual arrangement being one of
the pair sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and staminate or
neuter, rarely wanting, only the pedicel present; fertile spikelet con-
sisting of one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a staminate or
neuter floret, the lemmas thin or hyaline, and two awnless glumes, one
or usually both firm or indurate.

28 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A large tribe, confined mostly to warm regions. The rachis is
usually jointed, disarticulating at maturity, with the spikelets at-
tached to the joints. In a few genera it is thickened. Sometimes the
racemes are shortened to 1 or 2 joimts and borne on branches, the
whole forming a panicle (as in Sorghum and Sorghastrum) instead of a
series of racemes. In a few genera the spikelets of the pair are alike.
In Trachypogon the fertile spikelet is pedicellate and the sterile one
nearly sessile. The most important economic plants in this tribe are
sugarcane and sorghum.

Key to the genera of Andropogoneae

la. Spikelets all perfect, surrounded by a copious tuft of soft hairs.
Rachis continuous, the spikelets falling; the spikelets of the pair unequally
pedicellate.
Racemes in a narrow spikelike panicle; spikelets awnless___ 140. ImpErata.
Racemes in a broad fan-shaped panicle; spikelets awned.
141. MuiscantTuus.
Rachis breaking up into joints at maturity with the spikelets attached; one
spikelet sessile, the other pedicellate.
Spikelets awnless: 2 Gee le ee ie ee 142. SaccHARuM.
spikelets -aiwned a4 =e Be eee a ee ee ee ee 1438. ERIANTHUS.
1b. Spikelets unlike, the sessile perfect, the pedicellate sterile (sessile spikelet
staminate, pedicellate spikelet perfect in Trachypogon).
2a. Pedicel thickened, appressed to the thickened rachis joint (at least parallel
to it) or adnate to it; spikelets awnless, appressed to the joint.
Rachis joint and pedicel adnate. Annuals.
Perfect spikelet globose; sterile spikelet conspicuous.
155. HAcKELOCHLOA.
Perfect spikelet oblong; sterile spikelet minute___-_-_ 158. RorTrTBoE.Liia.
Rachis joint and pedicel distinct, the sessile spikelet appressed to them, its
first glume lanceolate.
Racemes subcylindric; rachis joints and pedicels glabrous, much thicker
at the summit, the spikelets sunken in the hollow below; sterile

spikelet. rudimentary4 4 faa roan Ye ata 154. MANISURIS.
Racemes flat; rachis joints and pedicels woolly, not much thicker at the
summit; sterile spikelet staminate or neuter_____ 152. ELYONURUS.

2b. Pedicel not thickened (if slightly so the spikelets awned), neither ap-
pressed nor adnate to the rachis joint, this usually slender; spikelets
usually awned.
3a. Fertile spikelet with a hairy-pointed callus, formed of the attached sup-
porting rachis joint or pedicel; awns strong.
Racemes reduced to a single joint, long-peduncled in a simple open
panicle. 222 7e cg RUE I NNT Laka ERE | Arete 149. RHAPHIS.
Racemes of several to many joints, single.
Primary spikelet subsessile, sterile, persistent on the continuous axis
after the fall of the fertile pedicellate spikelet_ 151. TRAcHYPOGON.
Primary spikelet sessile, fertile; pedicellate spikelet sterile. Lower
few to several pairs of spikelets all staminate or neuter.

150. HrtTEROPOGON.
3b. Fertile spikelet without a callus (a short callus in Hyparrhenia), the
rachis disarticulating immediately below the spikelet; awns slender.
Blades: ovate. Annuals 220 Onlin eer ee a 144. ARTHRAXON.

Blades narrow, elongate.
Racemes of several to many joints, solitary, digitate, or aggregate in
panicles.
Lower pair of spikelets like the others of the raceme.
145. ANDROPOGON.
Lower pair of spikelets sterile, awnless. Racemes in pairs on slender
flexuous, peduneles:-):- 2b) eau uers ee ae 146. HyYPARRHENIA.
Racemes reduced to one or few joints, these mostly peduncled in a
subsimple or compound panicle.
Pedicellate spikelets staminate. © 22222" = 252 = 147. SorcHum.
Pedicellate spikelets wanting, the pedicel only present.
148. SoRGHASTRUM.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 29

TRIBE 14. TRIPSACEAE

Spikelets unisexual, the staminate in pairs, or sometimes in threes,
2-flowered, the pistillate usually single, 2-flowered, the lower floret
sterile, embedded in hollows of the thickened articulate axis and fall-
ing attached to the joints, or enclosed in a thickened involucre or
sheath or, in Zea, crowded in rows on a thickened axis (cob); glumes
membranaceous or thick and rigid, awnless; lemmas and palea
hyaline, awnless. Plants monoecious.

This small tribe of seven genera is scarcely more than a subtribe
of Andropogoneae, differing chiefly in the total suppression of the
sterile spikelet of a pair, the fertile spikelet being pistillate only and
solitary; staminate spikelets paired. It is also known as Maydeae.

Key to the genera of Tripsaceae

Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate inflorescences, the first in a terminal
tassel, the second in the axils of the leaves.
Pistillate spikes distinct, the spikelets embedded in the hardened rachis, this

mrariculsime at maturity 222 32) =p ee = 158. EUCcHLAENA.
Pistillate spikes grown together forming an ear, the grains at maturity much
SU TPS Tin Se SS ee ee ee, ee eee ee 159. ZEA.

Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate portions of the same spike, the
pistillate below.
Spikes short, the 1- or 2-flowered pistillate portion enclosed in a beadlike

- TER To ae ae ar as CE Pee ee hate ee ee 156. Corx.
Spikes many-flowered, the pistillate portion breaking up into several 1-seeded
joints; no beadlike sheathing bract___-_------_------ 157. TRIPSACUM.

DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES
TRIBE 1. BAMBUSEAE
1. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Cane

Spikelets few- to many-flowered, large, compressed, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes
unequal, shorter than the lemmas, the first sometimes wanting;
lemmas acute, acuminate, or mucronate, faintly many-nerved; palea
about as long as the lemma, prominently 2-keeled; stamens 6.
Shrubs or tall reeds, with woody perennial branching culms, flat
petiolate blades, articulate with the sheaths, and loose racemes or
panicles. Type species, Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. (A.
gigantea.) Name from Latin Arundo, a reed.

Panicles on leafy branches; culms as much as 10 m tall_____-_ 1. A. GIGANTEA.
Panicles on leafless shoots from creeping rhizomes______-_------ 2. <A. TECTA.

1. Arundinaria gigantéa (Walt.) Chapm. SouTHEeRN cANE. (Fig.
1.) Culms as much as 10 m tall, erect from stout rhizomes; sheaths
bearing several bristles at the summit on each side, these disappear-
ing with age, the collar prominent, pubescent; blades oblong-lanceo-
late to linear-lanceolate, rounded to a somewhat cuneate petiole,
acuminate, finely tessellate with numerous cross veins, sharply
serrulate on the margin, 10 to 20 cm long, mostly 1 to 2 em wide or on
vigorous shoots as much as 3 cm wide; flowering branchlets in
fascicles on the main culm or short branches, their sheaths bladeless
or nearly so, the racemes or simple panicles 1- to several-flowered;
spikelets 3 to 7 cm long, mostly 8- to 12-flowered; glumes distant;
lemmas pubescent, at least toward base, or glabrescent, acuminate,
about 2cmlong. 2% (A. macrosperma Michx.)—Growing in colonies,

30 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1.—Arundinaria gigantea, X 1. (Chase 5880, Va.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 31

sometimes over large areas called canebrakes, common in the low-
lands of the larger rivers, Virginia to southern Ohio and Illinois,
south to Florida, eastern Texas, and Oklahoma (fig. 2). The species
flowers at infrequent intervals and then over a wide area simulta-
neously. Livestock eagerly eat the young plants, leaves, and seeds,
and canebrakes furnish much forage. The young shoots are some-
times used as a pot herb. The culms are used for fishing rods, pipe-
stems, baskets, mats, and a variety of other purposes. Early travy-
elers speak of the abundance of this species and state that the culms
may be as much as 2 or even 3 inches in diameter. It is said that
the plants are easily destroyed by the continuous grazing of cattle
and by the rooting of swine.

-*2. Arundinaria técta (Walt.) Muhl. Smatu cane. (Fig. 3.)
Culms usually not more than 2 m tall, from stout rhizomes; racemes
produced on leafless or nearly leafless shoots from the base of the
plant or from creeping rhizomes; otherwise like the preceding. 2%
—Coastal Plain, Maryland (Stony Run) to Florida and Louisiana
(fig. 4). Nuttall reports this (under the name Miegia pumila) from
what is now southeastern Oklahoma. Also called switch cane. This
species may be only a small form or variety of A. gigantea.

Several species of bamboos are cultivated for ornament in parks
and gardens, especially in Florida and Califor-
nia. Descriptions of these may be found in
L. H. Bailey’s Standard Cyclopedia of Horti-
culture and in Hortus (Hortus, L. H. and E. Z.
Bailey, 1930). They belong to the genera
Arundinaria, Bambusa, Cephalostachyum, Chus-
quea, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Sasa, and
Thamnocalamus. One of the commonest of gee 2S ae
the cultivated species is Sasa japonica (Sieb.
and Zuce.) Makino (Arundinaria japonica Sieb-. and Zucc.). Grow-
ing in dense colonies, 2 to 3 m tall with vigorous rhizomes; branches
cylindric; blades evergreen, 10 to 20 cm long, 2 to 5 em wide.

The genus Phyllostachys may be distinguished by the branches
flattened on one side. P. aurea A. and C. Riviere is frequent;
branches yellowish, often bright yellow, the lower internodes very
short; plant 3 to 5 m tall.

TRIBE 2. FESTUCEAE
2. BROMUS L. Bromecrass

Spikelets several- to many-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, acute, the
first 1- to 3-nerved, the second usually-3- to 5-nerved ; lemmas convex on
the back or keeled, 5- to 9-nerved, 2-toothed, awned from between the
teeth or awnless; palea usually shorter than the lemma, ciliate on the
keels. Low or rather tall annuals or perennials with closed sheaths,
usually flat blades, and open or contracted panicles of large spikelets.
Standard species, Bromus sterilis (type species, B. secalinus). Name
from bromos, an ancient Greek name for the oat, from broma, food.

The native perennial species of bromegrass form a considerable
portion of the forage in open woods of the mountain regions of the
Western United States. Bromus carinatus, California brome, and

55974°—35 —3

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

32

/

Hi ii

_it

FIGURE 3.—Arundinaria tecta. Flowering shoot ane ¥ a shoot, X 44; spikelet and floret, X 2. (Chase
2 Ya

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 33

its more eastern form, B. marginatus, are abundant from the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific coast. Before maturity, they are relished
by all classes of stock. Horses and sheep are particularly fond of the
seed heads. Bromus anomalus, B. pumpellianus, and B. ciliatus, of
the Rocky Mountain region, are abundant up to 10,000—11,000 feet
altitude, and are of first rank for all classes of stock. Several other
species are nutritious but are usually not abundant enough to be of
importance in the grazing regions. The most important species
agronomically is smooth brome, B. inermis, a native of Europe, which
is cultivated for hay and pasture in the northern part of the Great
Plains. (See p. 39.) It is more drought-resistant than timothy and
can be grown farther west on the plains, but does not thrive south of
central Kansas. It is recommended for holding canal banks. Also
called smooth, awnless, and Hungarian brome. Rescue grass, B.
catharticus, is cultivated for winter forage in the Southern States from
North Carolina to Texas and in the coast district of southern California.
The annuals are weedy species introduced mostly from Europe.
The best known of these is chess, Bromus secalinus, a weed of waste
places sometimes infesting grain fields. Formerly it was believed
by the credulous that under certain conditions wheat changed into
chess or ‘‘cheat.’’ Chess in a wheat field is due to chess seed in the
soil or in the wheat sown. This species is uti-
lized for hay in places in Washington, Oregon,
and Georgia. On the Pacific coast the annual
bromegrasses cover vast areasof openground at
lower altitudes where they form a large part
of the forage on the winter range. They
mature in spring or early summer and become =" 5
unpalatable. Those of the section Eubromus '°°z 4. Distribution of
are, at maturity, a serious pest. The narrow, ;
sharp-pointed minutely barbed florets (or fruits) with their long
rough awns work into the eyes, nostrils, and mouths of stock, causing
inflammation and often serious injury. Sometimes the intestines are
pierced, and death results. On the Pacific coast, B. rigidus, the
chief offender, is called ripgut grass by stockmen, and the name is
sometimes applied to other species of the section.
Spikelets strongly flattened, the lemmas compressed-keeled.
Section 1. CERATOCHLOA.
Spikelets terete before anthesis or somewhat flattened, but the lemmas not com-
pressed-keeled.
ACTIVE ee ek 3 ee Section 2. Bromopsis.
Plants annual. Introduced, mostly from Europe.
Awn straight or divaricate, sometimes minute or obsolete, not twisted and
geniculate; teeth of the lemma sometimes slender but not aristate.
Lemmas broad, rounded above, not acuminate, the teeth mostly less than
Lae ievi ilo tat © nee eee od oe oe een cage Sennen Section 3. Bromium.
Lemmas narrow, with a sharp callus, gradually acuminate, bifid, the teeth
2to 5mm long. Awns usually more than 1.5 cm long.
Section 4. EuvusBromus.

Awn geniculate, twisted below; teeth of the lemma aristate. Approaches
Nine 3 Se ee ek Section 5. NEOBROMUS.

Section 1. Ceratochloa

Peramiad aywiless or mearly 0.2 = ee ee 1. B. caTHaARTIcUs.
Lemmas awned, the awn more than 3 mm long.
Panicle branches elongate, slender, drooping, bearing 1 or 2 large spikelets at
the end, the lowermost naked for as muchas 10 to 15cm. Sheaths smooth;
SLE Sie Se eae cee 2. 3B. SITCHENSIS.

34 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicle branches not greatly elongated.
Panicle branches ascending, rather stiff, naked below, bearing 1 or 2 large
spikelets. _ Washington. __ 2. o9. eee 3. B. ALEUTENSIS.
Panicle branches short and ascending or longer and drooping, with some
short branches at the base.

Blades canescent, densely pilose, narrow, often involute
4. B. BREVIARISTATUS.
Blades not canescent, glabrous or somewhat pilose, usually more than
o-mny wide?! S28. 22 2 seen end el ee 5. B. CARINATUS.

Section 2. Bromopsis

la. Creeping rhizomes present; lemmas awnless or short-awned; panicle erect;
somewhat open, the branches ascending.
Lemmas glabrougu.c: i228 3520 eee ee eek yale eet 6. B. INERMIS.
Lemmas pubescent near the margins_______________- 7. B. PUMPELLIANUS.
1b. Creeping rhizomes wanting (base of culm decumbent in B. laevipes).
2a. Panicle narrow, the branches erect.
Lemmas glabrous or evenly scabrous_____________-____- 8. B. ERECTUS.
Lemmas appressed-pubescent on the margins and lower part.
B. SUKSDORFI.
2b. Panicle open, the branches spreading or drooping.
3a. Lemmas glabrous.
Blades broad and lax, more than 5 mm, at least some of them 10 mm,
wide. * (var. laenighnmas))o2 252 ey so eee 15. B. criuratvs.
Blades narrow, not more than 6 mm wide____----_-- 18. B. TEXENSIS.
3b. Lemmas pubescent.
4a. Lemmas pubescent along the margin and on lower part of the back,
the upper part glabrous.
First glume 3-nerved; plant pale or glaucous. Culms decumbent at base.
B. LAEVIPES.
First glume 1-nerved, or only faintly 3-nerved near the base; plants
dark green.
Ligule prominent, 3 to 5 mm long; lemmas narrow; awn usually
more than 5 mimiJeng. 9. Byes eee aa 14. B. VULGARIS.
Ligule inconspicuous, about 1 mm long; lemmas broad; awn 3 to 5mm
long. oj22 Se Re. See ee ee ee 15..' (Bo GrLIATus.
4b. Lemmas pubescent rather evenly over the back, usually more densely
so along the lower part of the margin.
Panicle branches short, stiffly spreading; blades short, mostly on lower
part, of culm? 2 ee A ee ee 10. B. oRcUTTIANUS.
Panicle branches lax or drooping; blades along the culm, mostly elongate.
Panicle small, drooping, usually not more than 10cm long. Spikelets
densely and conspicuously pubescent.
Sheaths and blades sparsely pilose to subglabrous; blades mostly

2 to 4 mm wide (rarely 5 to 6 mm)-_-_-_-_-- 19. B. ANOMALUS.
Sheaths and blades (except uppermost in some) conspicuously pu-
bescent; blades 5 to 10 mm wide___-__------ 20. 3B. KALMII.

Panicle larger, erect, the branches more or less drooping. Blades
mostly wide and lax.

Ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades pilose above, scabrous or smooth
beneath; panicle large, open, the slender branches long,
drooping 22h) SUN ak ee ea eae eee 12. B. PAcIFIcus.

Ligule short; blades pubescent or pilose on both surfaces, or
glabrous or scabrous.

Blades densely short-pubescent on both surfaces.
1 B. GRANDIS.
Blades more or less pilose or glabrous.
Sheaths, at least the lower, retrorsely pilose; blades mostly
more than 5 mm wide.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes; nodes 4 to 6.
16. B. PURGANS.
Sheaths longer than the internodes; nodes 10 to 20.
17. B. LATIGLUMIS.

Sheaths glabrous; blades mostly less than 5 mm wide.

21. 3B. FRONDOSUS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 30

vibes =

Section 3. Bromium

Panicle contracted, rather dense, the branches erect or ascending.
ES Te Ts eee ae 27. B. RACEMOSUS.
Lemmas pubescent.
Spikelets compressed; lemmas rather thin and narrow_ 26. B.MOLLIFORMIS.
Spikelets turgid; lemmas rather thick, broader_________-__~- 25. B. MOLLIS.
Panicle open, the branches spreading.
Awn short or wanting; lemmas obtuse, inflated (see also short-awned forms of

Pe SEO Cae a See a 22. 3B. BRIZAEFORMIS,
Awn well developed. :
pe Sig oy 0 a let ee 2 ci i) ee oe 23. 3B. SECALINUS.

Sheaths pubescent.
Branches of the panicle rather stify spreading or drooping, not flexuous;
SORTS SC a "aS Se Sg al aS ag ce 24. B. COMMUTATUS.
Branches slender, lax or flexuous.
Panicle 8 to 11 em (rarely to 15 em) long; branches and pedicels conspic-
uously flexuous or curled; lemmas pubescent_ 30. B. ARENARIUS.
Panicle 15 to 25 em long (smaller in depauperate specimens), the long
branches spreading or drooping, somewhat flexuous but usually not
curled; lemmas glabrous or scaberulous.
Palea distinctly shorter than its lemma; awn flexuous, somewhat
divergent in drying; spikelets rather turgid. 28. B. JAPONICUS.
Palea about as long as its lemma; awn straight or nearly so in drying;
spikelets thinner and flatter, scarcely turgid. 29. B. ARVENSIS.

LI
Y; /, 4
iy w,

Reh

FIGURE 5.—Bromus catharticus, X 1. (Peebles, Harrison, and Kearney 1271, Ariz.)

Section 4. Eubromus

Panicle contracted, erect; awn 12 to 20 mm long.

Culms pubescent below the dense panicle_________________ 33. B. RUBENS.

Culms glabrous below the scarcely dense panicle_______ 34. B. MADRITENSIS.
Panicle open, the branches spreading.

Second glume usually less than 1 cm iong; pedicels capillary, flexuous.

35. B. TECTORUM.
Second glume more than 1 em long; pedicels sometimes flexuous but not

capillary.
Awn about 2 cm long; first glume 8 mm long__________ 32. B. STERILIS.
Awn 3 to 5 cm long; first glume about 15 mm long_. ____ 31. B. RIGrpus.

: Section 5. Neobromus
2 SS Se SESS 50 eee 5 tis ieee ee ane 36. B- TRINH.

Section 1. Ceratécuioa (Beauv.) Griseb.

Annuals, biennials, or perennials; spikelets large, distinctly eom-
pressed; glumes and lemmas keeled, rather firm.

y ONG Ee

36 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Bromus catharticus Vahl. Rescur crass. (Fig. 5.) Annual or
biennial; culms erect to spreading, as much as 100 cm tall; sheaths
glabrous or pubescent; blades narrow, glabrous or sparsely pilose;
panicle open, as much as 20 cm long, the branches as much as 15 cm
long, naked at base, in small plants the panicles reduced to a raceme
of a few appressed short-pediceled spikelets; spikelets 2 to 3 cm long,

FIGURE 6.—Distribution of
Bromus catharticus.

6- to 12-flowered; glumes acuminate, about 1
cm long; lemmas glabrous, scabrous, or some-
times pubescent, acuminate, 1.5 cm long, closely
overlapping, concealing the short rachilla joints,
awnless or with an awn 1 to 3 mm long; palea
two-thirds as long as the lemma. © (B. un-
voloides H. B. K.)—Cultivated in the Southern
States as a winter forage grass. Escaped from
cultivation or sparingly introduced in waste

places throughout the Southern States and rarely northward (fig. 6).
Known also as Schrader’s bromegrass.

FIGURE 7.—Bromus sitchensis, X 1. (Piper 3013, Alaska.)

2. Bromus sitchénsis Trin. (Fig. 7.) Stout smooth perennial;
culms 120 to 180 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades elongate, 7 to 12 mm
wide, sparsely pilose on the upper surface; panicles large, lax, droop-
ing, 25 to 35 cm long, the lower branches (2 to 4) as much as 20 cm

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 37

long, naked below for as much as 10 or 15 cm, few-flowered; spikelets
2.5 to 3.5 em long, 6- to 12-flowered, the rachilla joints longer than in
B. catharticus, exposed at anthesis; lemmas scabrous, sometimes
hirtellous toward base; awn 5 to 10 mm long. 2 —Woods and
banks near the coast, Washington to Alaska.

3. Bromus aleuténsis Trin. (Fig. 8.) Culms rather stout, erect
from a usually decumbent base, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths sparsely
retrorse-pilose or glabrous; blades sparsely pilose, 5
to 10 mm wide; panicle erect, loose, 10 to 20 cm long,
the branches rather stiffly ascending, bearing 1 or 2
(rarely 3) spikelets, the lower as much as 10 cm long;
spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 3- to 6-flowered; glumes
subequal, the first 3-nerved, the second 5- or indis-
tinctly 7-nerved;
lemmas _ broadly
lanceolate, 7-
nerved, scarious-
margined, smooth
to scabrous-pu-
bescent, about 15
mm long; awn
mostly about 1
cmlong. 2 —
Open ground,
Aleutian Islands
to the Olympic
Mountain region.

4. Bromus bre-
viaristatus Buckl.
(Fig. 9.) Erect
tufted perennial;
culms 25 to 50 cm
tall; sheaths ca-
nescent to dense-
ly retrorse-pilose;
blades narrow,be- RiSuRe dP "gnue
coming involute, Ais,sPRCh, i
canescent and ;
also pilose with spreading hairs, mostly erect or ascending, often only
1 to 2 mm wide; panicle narrow, erect, 5 to 15
cm long, the branches short, appressed, often
bearing only one spikelet; spikelets 2 to 3 cm
long; lemmas appressed-puberulent; awn 3 to
10 mm long. 2 (B. subvelutinus Shear.)—
Dry wooded hills and meadows, Wyoming to
eastern Washington, California, and Arizona
Prowse 10--Distubutionot (fig, 10).

5. Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn. Catt-
FORNIA BROME. (Fig.11.) Erect annual or biennial; culms 50 to 100
cm tall; sheaths retrorsely pilose to nearly glabrous; blades flat, sparsely
pilose or nearly glabrous, mostly 3 to 8 mm wide; panicle as much as 20
cm long with spreading, often deflexed, branches, in small plants reduced

FIGURE 8.—Bromus aleutensis, X 1. (Evans 550,
Alaska.)

38 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to a raceme; spikelets (excluding awns) 2 to 3 cm long, mostly 5- to 10-
flowered, the florets in anthesis little or not at all overlapping, exposing
the rather long rachilla joints; glumes acuminate, 10 to 15 mm long;
lemmas more or less appressed-pubescent, rarely glabrous, about
2mm wide as folded, 10 to 20 mm long; awn 7 to 15 mm long; palea
gradually acuminate, nearly as long as the lemma, the teeth short-
awned. 21 -—Open ground, open woods, and waste places, at low
and middle altitudes, common on the Pacific coast, extending into

a

FIGURE 11.—Bromus carinatus, X 1. (Hitchcock 2704, Calif.)

British Columbia, Idaho, through Montana to New Mexico and
northern Mexico; introduced in Indiana (fig. 12).

Closely allied to Bromus carinatus are the following forms which
may be considered members of a variable and polymorphous species.
These forms are by some given the rank of species, but they are con-
nected by numerous intergrades which can be distinguished only
arbitrarily.

Bromus MARGINATUS Nees. Mostly perennial; spikelets on the aver-
age broader than in B. carinatus, the awn usually less than 7 mm long;
panicles large and open with spreading or
drooping but not deflexed branches, or reduced
to racemes with a few appressed spikelets;
glumes often pubescent; lemmas usually pu-
bescent. 2 —Open woods, open ground,
and waste places, common on the Pacific coast,
extending north to British Columbia, east to ae
South Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas, 7 °"Sromus comune
and south into northern Mexico; introduced
in Alaska, Iowa, Illinois, Maine, and sparingly at other points.

Bromus maritimus (Piper) Hitche. Perennial; culms robust,
mostly less than 60 cm tall, more or less geniculate at base with
numerous leafy basal shoots; sheaths smooth or minutely scaberulous;
blades 12 to 30 cm long, mostly 6 to 8 mm wide, scabrous; panicle
mostly: 10 to 20 cm long, strict, the branches short, erect; spikelets
3 to 4 cm long. 2 (B. marginatus maritimus Piper.)—Near the
coast from Sonoma County to Monterey County, Calif.

Bromus poLtyAntTHUus Scribn. Stout perennial as much as 100 cm
tall, with smooth sheaths, scabrous blades, erect or somewhat spread-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 39

ing panicles, and smooth or somewhat scabrous lemmas; awns 4 to 6
mmlong. 2 Montana to eastern Washington, south to Colorado,
Arizona, and (rarely) California. A larger laxer form with more
spreading panicles, the upper part somewhat nodding, has been called
B. polyanthus paniculatus Shear; mountains of Colorado, whence
originally described, to Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona.
BroMvs LAcINIATus Beal. Tall slender per-

ennial; blades flat; panicles 20 to 30 cm long, » hh

open, drooping; spikelets flattened, about 3 cm VW By
long, mostly purplish; lemmas keeled, awned.
Y% (B. pendulinus Sessé.)—Occasionally culti-
vated for ornament; Mexico.

Section 2. Bromoépsis Dum:

Perennials; panicles mostly open; spike-
lets rather elongate, subterete or
slightly compressed before flowering;
florets closely overlapping.

6. Bromus inérmis Leyss. SmootH
BROME. (Fig. 13.) Culms erect, 50 to
100 cm tall, from creeping rhizomes; ligule
1.5 to 2 mm long; blades smooth or nearly
so, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm
long, erect, the branches whorled, spread-
ing in flower, contracted at maturity;
spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm long, subterete
before flowering; first glume 4 to 5 mm
long, the second 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas
9 to 12 mm long, glabrous or somewhat
scabrous, rarely villous, obtuse, emargi-
nate, mucronate, or withanawn1 to2mm
long. 2 Cultivated as hay and pas-
ture grass, especially from Minnesota
and Kansas to eastern Oregon and
Washington, occasionally eastward to
Michigan and Ohio, now running wild in
these regions; introduced along roads
and in waste places in the northern half
of the United States. Also used for re-
seeding western mountain ranges.

7. Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. (Fig.
14.) Resembling B. inermis; culms 50 to
= = oe from creeping rhizomes; ;
sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades FievRe13.—Bromusinermis. Plant, x 4%
rather short, mostly glabrous beneath, Sia ee pe mai create
scabrous or somewhat pubescent on upper surface; panicle 10 to 20 em
long, rather narrow, erect, the branches short, erect, or ascending; spike-
lets 7-to 11-flowered, 2 to 3 cm long; first glume 1-nerved, the second 3-
nerved ; lemmas 10 to 12 mm long, 5- to 7-nerved, pubescent along the
margin and across the back at base, slightly emarginate; awn mostly 2 to
3mmlong. 2 —Meadows and grassy slopes, Colorado to the Black

40 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Hills of South Dakota, Idaho, and Alaska; introduced in Michigan
(fig. 15). Bromus PUMPELLIANUS Var. TWEEDYI Scribn. Differing in
having lemmas more densely pubescent. 2 Alberta to Colorado.

8. Bromuseréctus Huds. Culms tuft-
ed, erect, 60 to 90 cm tall, slender;
sheaths sparsely pilose or glabrous; ligule
1.5 mm long; blades narrow, sparsely
pubescent; panicle 10 to 20 cm long,
narrow, erect, the branches ascending or
erect; spikelets 5- to 10-flowered; glumes
acuminate, the first 6 to 8 mm, the second
8 to 10 mm long; lemmas 10to12mmlong,
glabrous or evenly scabrous-pubescent
over the back; awn 5 to 6 mm long.
21 —Established in a few localities from
Maine to New York; also in Washington
and Alabama; introduced from Europe.

9. Bromus suksdorfii Vasey. (Fig. 16.)
Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; panicle 7 to 12
em long, the branches erect or ascend-
ing; spikelets about 2.5 cm long, longer
than the pedicels; first glume mostly
l-nerved, 8 to 10 mm long, the second
3-nerved, 8 to 12 mm long; lemmas

FIGURE 14.—Bromus pumpellianus, X1. (Umbach 453, Mont.)

12 to 14 mm long, appressed-pubescent near the margin and
on the lower part of midnerve; awn 2 to 4mm long. 2% —Rocky
woods and slopes, Washington to the southern Sierra Nevada of
California.

10. Bromus orcuttianus Vasey. (Fig. 17.)
Culms 80 to 120 cm tall, erect, leafy below,
nearly naked above, pubescent at and below
the nodes; sheaths pilose or more or less
velvety or sometimes glabrous; blades rather
short and erect; panicle 10 to 15 cm long,
narrow-pyramidal, the few rather rigid short Ficure 15.—Distribution of
branches finally divaricate; spikelets about wih st
2 cm long, not much flattened, on short pedicels; glumes
narrow, smooth, or scabrous, the first 6 to 8 mm long, acute,
l-nerved, or sometimes with faint lateral nerves, the second 8 to 10
mm long, broader, obtuse, 3-nerved; lemmas 10 to 12 mm long,
narrow, inrolled at margin, obscurely nerved, scabrous or scabrous-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 4]

pubescent over the back; awn 5 to 7 mm long. 2 —Open woods,
Washington to California; Arizona (Huachuca Mountains).

q BROMUS ORCUTTIANUS var. HALLII Hitche. Blades soft-pubescent
; on both surfaces; glumes and lemmas pubescent. 2 —Dry, mostly
: wooded ridges and slopes, 1,500 to 3,000 m elevation, California.
f
2
z
7
3
;
j
FIGURE 16.— i
Bromus suksdor- ‘
fui X1. (Type.) FIGURE 17.—Bromus orcuttianus, X 1. (Type.)
; 11. Bromus grandis (Shear) Hitche. (Fig. 18.) Culms 1 to
= 1.5 m tall; sheaths softly retrorsely pubescent; blades elongate,

rather lax, spreading, densely short-pubescent on both surfaces;
' panicle 15 to 20 cm long, broad, open, the branches slender, drooping,
fF naked below, the lower usually in pairs, as much as 15 cm long; spike-
lets 2 to 2.5 cm long, on subflexuous pedicels; first glume usually

42 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

distinctly 3-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas 12 to 15 mm long,
densely pubescent all over the back; awn 5 to7 mmlong. 2 —Dry
hills at moderate altitudes, Monterey and Madera Counties, Calif.,
south to San Diego.

FIGURE 19.—Bromus pacificus, X 1. (Elmer 1957, Wash.)

FIGURE 20.—Bromus laevipes, X 1. (Amer. Gr. Natl. Herb. 866, Calif.)

12. Bromus pacificus Shear. (Fig. 19.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall,
stout, erect, pubescent at the nodes; sheaths sparsely pilose; ligule 3
to 4 mm long; blades sparsely pilose on upper surface, scabrous or
smooth beneath, 8 to 10 mm wide; panicle very open, 10 to 20 cm

Kai r ee see my ly ~~

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 43

long, the branches slender, drooping; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm long,
coarsely pubescent throughout; lemmas 11 to 12 mm long, the
pubescence somewhat dense on the margin; awn 4 to 6 mm long.
2 —Moist thickets near the coast, southern Alaska to Western
Oregon.

13. Bromus laévipes Shear. (Fig. 20.) Light green or glaucous;
culms 50 to 100 cm tall, from a decumbent base, often rooting at the
lower nodes; ligule 2 to 3 mm long;
blades 4 to 7 mm wide; panicles
broad, 15 to 20 cm long, the branches
slender, drooping; first glume 3-
nerved, 6 to 8 mm long, the second
5-nerved, 10 to 12 mm long; lemmas
obtuse, 7-nerved, 12 to 14 mm long,
densely pubescent on the margin
nearly to the apex and on the back
at base; awn 3 to 5 mm long. 2 —
Moist woods and shady banks, south-
ern Washington to California, Nevada
(Charleston Mountains), and Arizona
(Tanner Canyon).

14. Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear.
(Fig. 21.) Culms slender, 80 to 120
em tall, the nodes pubescent; sheaths
pilose; ligule 3 to 5 mm long; blades
more or less pilose; panicle 10 to 15cm
long, the branches slender, drooping;
spikelets narrow, pete on long;

lumes narrow; sparsely pubescent,

= first acute, 1-nerved, 5 to 8 mm ey elnse IS Wada
long, the second broader, longer,

obtuse to acutish, 3-nerved; lemmas 8 to 10 mm long, sparsely pube-
scent over the back, more densely near the margin, or nearly glabrous;
awn6to8mmlong. 2 —Rocky woods and shady ravines, western
Montana and Wyoming to British Columbia and California (fig. 22).
Two scarcely distinct robust varieties have been described: B. vul-
garis var. eximius Shear, a form with glabrous
sheaths and nearly glabrous lemmas, Washington
to Mendocino County, Calif.; and B. vulgaris
var. robustus Shear, with pilose sheaths and
large panicle, British Columbia to Oregon.

15. Bromus ciliatus L. FRINGED BROME. (Fig.
23, A.) Culms slender, 70 to 120 cm tall,
FIGURE 22.7 Distribution of glabrous or pubescent at the nodes; sheaths

glabrous or the lower short-pilose, mostly shorter
than the internodes; blades rather lax, as much as 1 cm wide, sparsely
pilose on both surfaces to glabrous; panicle 15 to 25 cm long, open,
the branches slender, drooping, as much as 15 cm long; first glume
1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas 10 to 12 mm long, pubescent
near the margin on the lower half to three-fourths, glabrous or nearly
so on the back; awn 3 to5 mm long. 2 —Moist woods and rocky
slopes, Newfoundland to Washington, south to New Jersey, Tennessee,
Iowa, western Texas, and southern California (San Bernardino

44 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

——

a= Z

LLB
Ree eee

2 ———
FE

—L
SE Fax
7S

ZA

LF
= a
LEE aa
z ZBI een Co

EEE
PEE

aF

FIGURE 23.—A, Bromus ciliatus. Plant X %; spikelet and floret X 5. (Hitchcock, Vt.) B, B. purgans.
Floret, X 5. (Deam 27982, Ind.) C, B. latiglumis. Base of blades, X 1.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 45

Mountains) (fig. 24). B. richardsoni Link is a form that has been
distinguished by its larger spikelets and lemmas and more robust
habit, but it grades freely into B. ciliatus and can scarcely be ranked
even as avariety. This is the common form in the Rocky Mountains.

BROMUS CILIATUS Var. LAEVIGLUMIs Scribn. Culms stout, leafy,
mostly more than 1 m tall; sheaths shorter or longer than the inter-
nodes, glabrous to pubescent, not strongly pilose; blades elongate,

FIGURE 24.—Distribution of FIGURE 25.—Distribution of FIGURE 26.—Distribution of
Bromus ciliatus. Bromus purgans. Bromus latiglumis.

as much as 1 cm wide or even wider; panicle large, open; lemmas
glabrous or nearly so.—Woods and river banks, rare. Known from
Maine, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Michigan, North Dakota,
Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kansas.

16. Bromus pirgans L. Canapa Brome. (Fig. 23, B.) Resem-
bling B. ciliatus; nodes mostly 4 to 6; sheaths, except the lower 1 or 2,
shorter than the internodes, more or less retrorsely pilose, or some-
times all glabrous; blades narrowed at base, and without flanges or
auricles; pubescence of lemma nearly uniform, sometimes more dense
on the margins, sometimes sparse and short on the back or scabrous
only. 2 —Moist woods and
rocky slopes, Massachusetts to
Alberta, south to northern Florida
and Arizona (fig. 25).

17. Bromus latiglimis (Shear)
Hitche. (Fig. 23, C.) Differing
from B. purgans in having usually
10 to 20 nodes; sheaths overlap-
ping, longer than the internodes,
more or less pilose, especially about
the throat and collar; base of blades
with prominent flanges on each
side, these usually prolonged into
auricles. Where the ranges of B.
purgans and B. latiglumis overlap,
a latter flowers several aay later 7
than the other. ak ee! uvial FIGURE 27.— Bromus cera X 1.
banks of streams, Maine to eastern 5. ae ipa
Montana, south to North Carolina and Oklahoma (fig. 26). A form
with densely canescent sheaths has been called B. incanus (Shear)
Hitche.—Vermont to North Dakota, south to Pennsylvania, Dela-
ere Maryland, Ohio, and lowa; western Texas, Colorado, and New

exico.

18. Bromus texénsis (Shear) Hitche. (Fig. 27.) Culms slender,
mostly solitary, 40 to 70 cm tall; sheaths much shorter than the

46 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

internodes, softly retrorsely pilose; blades pubescent on both sur-
faces, mostly 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle mostly not more than 10 cm
long, few-flowered, drooping; lemmas scabrous to nearly smooth;

FIGURE 28.—Bromus anomalus, X 1. (Pammel, Colo.)

awn 5 to 7 mm long. 2 -—Among brush, Texas (Bexar County
and Corpus Christi) apparently rare; northern Mexico.

19. Bromus anomalus Rupr. Noppine Brome. (Fig. 28.) Culms
slender, 30 to 60 cm tall, the nodes pubescent; sheaths sparsely
pilose to glabrous; ligule about 1 mm long; blades scabrous, mostly
2 to 4 mm wide; panicle about 10 cm long,
often less, few-flowered, drooping; first glume
3-nerved, the second 5-nerved, lemmas about
12 mm long, evenly and densely pubescent over
the back; awn 2to4mmlong. 2 (B. porteri
Nash.)—Open woods, Saskatchewan and Idaho,
to western Texas, southern California, and
Mexico (fig. 29). FIGUER 20.— Diskin

BROMUS ANOMALUS var. LANATIPES (Shear)
Hitche. More robust, with woolly sheaths and usually broader
blades. 2 (B. porterr lanatipes Shear.)—Colorado to western
Texas and Arizona.

20. Bromus kalmii A. Gray. (Fig. 30.) Culms slender, 50 to
100 em tall, usually pubescent at and a little below the nodes; sheaths
usually shorter than the internodes, pilose or the upper glabrous;

PeeeR AS Se | Ti! ee

AARP YS ae

f LF

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 47

blades usually sparsely pilose on both sides, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle

FIGURE 30.—Bromus kalmii, X 1. (Chase 186644, Ind.)

rather few-flowered, drooping, mostly 5 to 10 cm long, the branches

slender, flexuous, bearing usually 1 to 3 spike-
lets; first glume 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved ;
lemmas 7 to 10 mm long, pubescent over the
back, more densely so near the margins; awn
2 to 3 mmliong. 2 W—Dryor sandy ground
and open woods, Maine to Minnesota and
South Dakota, south to western Maryland

FIGURE 31.—Distribution of
romus kalmii

and Iowa (fig. 31). Called wild chess.

21. Bromus frondésus (Shear) Woot. and Standl. (Fig. 32.)

FIGURE 32.—Bromus frondosus, X 1. (Hitchcock 13282, N.Mex.)

FIGURE 33.—Distribution of
Bromus frondosus.

y reclining, 80 to 100 cm tall; sheaths gla-
brous or the lower pilose; blades pale green,
scabrous, mostly less than 5 mm wide, oc-
casionally to 10 mm, rarely wider; panicle
open, drooping, the slender lower branches
naked below; first glume 2- to 3-nerved;
lemmas pubescent all over, rarely nearly
glabrous. 2% (B. portert frondosus Shear.)—
Open woods and rocky slopes. Colorado,

Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig. 33).

55974°—35——4

48 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Section 3. Brémium Dum.

Annuals; spikelets subcompressed; glumes and lemmas compara-
tively broad, elliptic or oblong-elliptic.
from Europe.

22. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. and Mey.

(Fig. 34.)

Introduced, mostly

RATTLESNAKE CHESS.

Culms 30 to 60 em tall; sheaths and blades pilose-pubes-

cent; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, lax, secund,
drooping; spikelets rather few, oblong-ovate,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long, about 1 cm wide; glumes
broad, obtuse, the first 3- to 5-nerved, the
second 5- to 9-nerved, about twice as long as
the first; lemmas 10 mm long, very broad,
inflated, obtuse, smooth, with a broad scarious
margin, nearly or quite awnless. © -—Sandy
fields and waste ground, occasional from Wash-
ington and Idaho to California, rare eastward
to Massachusetis and Delaware (fig. 35); intro-
duced from Europe. Sometimes cultivated for
ornament.

23. Bromus secalinus L. Cuzss. (Fig. 36.)

Culms erect, 30 to 60 em tall; sheaths glabrous
or the lower sometimes puberulent; panicle
pyramidal, nodding, 7 to 12 cm long, the lower
branches 3 to 5, unequal, drooping; spikelets
ovoid-lanceolate, becoming somewhat turgid at
maturity, 1 to 2 cm long, 6 to 8 mm wide;
glumes obtuse, the first 3- to 5-nerved, 4 to 6
mm long, the second 7-nerved, 6 to 7 mm long;
lemmas 7-nerved, 6 to 8 mm long, elliptic, ob-
tuse, smooth or scaberulous, the margin strongly
involute at maturity, shortly bidentate at apex, the undulate awns
usually 3 to 5 mm long, sometimes very short or obsolete; palea
about as long as lemma. © —Introduced
from Europe, a weed in grainfields and waste
places, more or less throughout the United
States. Also called cheat. Occasionally uti-
lized for hay in Washington and Oregon. In
fruit the turgid florets are somewhat distant so
that, viewing the spikelet sidewise, the light
passes through the small openings at base of
each floret. BRoMUS SECALINUS Var. VELUTINUS
(Schrad.) Koch. Spikelets pubescent. ©
Dalles). Europe.

The species of the group containing Bromus secalinus, B. commu-
tatus, B. mollis, and B. racemosus are closely allied, differentiated only
by arbitrary characters. The forms are recognized as species in most
recent European floras and this disposition is here followed.

FIGURE 34.—Bromus brizae-
formis, X %. (Leckenby 40,
Wash.)

FIGURE 35.—Distribution of
Bromus brizaeformis

—Oregon (Corvallis,

af jae ae

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 36.—Bromus secalinus. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, x 5. (Chase, Il.)

49

50 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

24. Bromus commutatus Schrad. Harry cuxss. (Fig. 37.) Re-
sembling B. secalinus, but the sheaths retrorsely pilose; lemmas at
maturity less plump and more overlapping; awn commonly somewhat
longer. © —Introduced from Europe,
a weed in fields and waste places, Wash-
ington to California and Montana and
eastward through the Northern States,
thencelesscommonly southward. Bromus
COMMUTATUS var. APRIC6RUM Simonkai.
Lemmas pubescent. © —Washingtonto
California; rare. Introduced from Europe.

25. Bromus mollis L. Sorr cugss.
(Fig. 38.) Softly pubescent throughout;
culms erect, 20 to 80 cm tall; panicle
erect, contracted, 5 to
10 cm long, or, in de-
pauperate plants, re-
duced to a_ few
spikelets; glumes
broad, obtuse, coarse-
ly pilose or scabrous-
pubescent, the first
3- to 5-nerved, 4 to6
mm long, the second
5- to 7-nerved, 7 to8
mm long; lemmas
broad, soft, obtuse,
7-nerved, coarsely
pilose or scabrous-
pubescent, rather
deeply bidentate, 8
to 9 mm long, the
margin and apex hy-
aline; awn rather
stout, 6 to 9 mm long;
palea about three- i
FIGURE 37.—Bromus commutatus, X 5 fourths 2 long aS FIGURE 38.—Bromus_ mollis

(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 890, Va) lemma. © Weed ~— x1. (Hall 258, Calif.) '

in waste places and
cultivated soil, introduced from Europe, abundant on the Pacific
coast, occasional eastward to Nova Scotia and south to North
Carolina (fig. 39). This has been referred to B. hordeaceus L., a
distinct European species.

26. Bromus molliférmis Lloyd. (Fig. 40.)
Culms erect, mostly 10 to 20 cm tall, some-
times taller; lower sheaths felty-pubescent,
the upper glabrous; blades narrow, the upper
surface with scattered rather stiff hairs; panicle’

——~-—/ 2 to 4 cm long, ovoid, dense, few-flowered;

FTO i in «6% ~=«spikelets oblong, compressed, 12 to 18 mm
long; glumes about 6 mm long, the second

broader, loosely pilose, the hairs spreading; lemmas thinner and
narrower than in B. mollis, closely imbricate, about 8 mm long,

2

é c SA iB th aabiiog

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 51

pilose with appressed hairs, the margin whitish; awn from below

the entire apex, 5 to 7 mm long; palea a little shorter than the lemma;

anthers 0.4 mm long, about as broad. © —Open ,

ground, southern California; introduced from Europe. Al

27. Bromus racemésus L. (Fig. 41.) Differing from
B. mollis in the somewhat more open panicle and gla-
brous or scabrous lemmas. © (Including what in
this country has been called B. hordeaceus glabrescens
Shear, B. hordeaceus var. leptostachys Beck, and B.
mollis f. leiostachys Fernald.)—-Weed in waste places,
chiefly on the Pacific coast and east to Idaho,
Colorado, and Arizona; a few points from
Illinois to Maine and North Carolina (fig. 42);
introduced from Europe.

Bromus scoparius L. Resembling B.
molliformis; culms 20 to 30 cm tall; sheaths
soft-pubescent; blades glabrous, scabrous or .
sparingly pilose; panicle contracted, erect, "us mollijornis
3 to 7 cm long; spikelets about 1.5 cm long, &};, (Chases564,
3 to 4 mm wide; lemmas about 7 mm long,
narrow, glabrous; awn 5 to 8 mm long, finally divaricate.
© —Introduced from Europe in California (Mariposa)
and Virginia (Newport News, on
/ ballast).

Ficure 41 Bromus macréstachys L. Annual;
Bromus. rac- culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; panicle
(Hitcheock Narrow, compact, consisting of a few
2667, Calif’) large spikelets about 3 cm long.

© —Wool waste, Yonkers, N.Y. Sometimes eRe]

cultivated for ornament. Mediterranean region. *°%Be 427 Distribution of

/

FIGURE 43.—Bromus japonicus, X 1. (Deam 6833, Ind.)

28. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese cHxEss. (Fig. 43.)
Culms erect or geniculate at base, 40 to 70 cm tall; sheaths and

52 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

blades pilose; panicle 12 to 20 cm long, broadly pyramidal, diffuse,
somewhat drooping, the slender lower branches 3 to 5, all the branches
flexuous; glumes rather broad, the first acute, 3-nerved, 4 to 6 mm
long, the second obtuse, 5-nerved, 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas broad,
obtuse, smooth, 7 to 9 mm long, 9-nerved,
the marginal pair of nerves faint, the hya-
line margin obtusely angled above the mid-
dle, the apex emarginate; awn 8 to 10 mm
long, somewhat twisted and strongly flexu-
ous at maturity, those of the lower florets
; shorter than the upper; palea 1.5 to 2 mm
FTO ib eet. shorter than: “the ‘lemma. @r(. “parulas
Mert. and Koch)—Weed in waste places,
Vermont to Washington, south to North Carolina and California (fig.
44); widely distributed in the Old World.
29. Bromus arvénsis L. (Fig. 45.) Resembling B. japonicus,
foliage downy to subglabrous; spikelets thinner, flatter (less turgid),

FIGURE 45.—Bromus arvensis, X 1. (Gray, Md.)

often tinged with purple; awn straight or nearly so in drying; palea

as long as the lemma or only slightly shorter. © —Open ground,

cultivated soil, rare, eastern Maryland; introduced from Europe.
30. Bromus arenarius Labill. AusTrRaLIAN cHEss. (Fig. 46.)

FIGURE 46.—Bromus arenarius, X 1. (Pendleton 1459, Calif.)

Culms slender, 15 to 40 cm tall, sheaths and blades pilose; panicle
open, pyramidal, nodding, 8 to 11 (rarely 15) cm long, the spreading
branches and pedicels sinuously curved; glumes densely pilose, acute,
scarious-margined the first narrower, 3-nerved, 8 mm long, the

‘ade ey,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 53

second 7-nerved, 10 mm long; lemmas densely pilose, 7-nerved, 10 mm
long; awn straight, 10 to 16 mm long. © -—-Sandy roadsides,
gravelly or sterile hills, Oregon, California, and Nevada; introduced

from Australia.
Section 4. Eusprémus Godr.

Tufted annuals; spikelets compressed; glumes and lemmas narrow,
long-awned; first glume 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma
5- to 7-nerved, cleft at the apex, the hyaline teeth 2 to 5 mm
long; floret at maturity with a sharp hard point or callus. Intro-
duced from Europe.

FIGURE 47.—Bromus rigidus, X 1. (Tracy 4702, Calif.)

31. Bromus rigidus Roth. Rrecut crass. (Fig. 47.) Culms 40
to 70 cm tall; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle open, nodding, rather
few-flowered, 7 to 15 cm long, the lower branches 1 to 2 cm long;
spikelets usually 5- to 7-flowered, 3 to 4 cm long; glumes smooth, the
first 1.5 to 2 cm long, the second 2.5 to 3 cm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 em
long, scabrous or puberulent, the teeth 3 to 4 mm long; awn stout,
3.5to5cmlong. © (B. villosus Forsk. not Scop.; B. maximus Desf.
not Gilib.)—Common weed in open ground
and waste places in the southern half of Cali-
fornia, forming dense stands over great areas in
the lowlands, occasional north to British Colum-
bia and east to Idaho, Nevada, and Arizona;
rare in the Eastern States, Maryland, Virginia,
Texas (fig. 48). Distinguished from the other ——-——
species of the section by the long awns. 75,28 Distribution of
BROMUS RIGIDUS var. GUSSONEI (Parl.) Coss.
and Dur. Differing in having more open panicles, the stiffer, more
spreading lower branches as much as 10 to 12 cm long. © —Weed
like B. rigidus, growing in similar places, Washington to California,
and Arizona: more common than the species in middle and northern
California,

54 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

32. Bromus stérilis L. (Fig. 49.) Resembling B. rigidus, less
robust; culms 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths pubescent; panicle 10 to 20

>

FIGURE 49.—Bromus sterilis, X 1. (Boettcher 2423, D.C.)

em long, the branches drooping; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 6- to
10-flowered; glumes lanceolate-subulate, the first about 8 mm long;
lemmas 17 to 20 mm long, sca-

brous or scabrous-pubescent, the

teeth 2 mm long; awn 2 to 3 cm Nt

long. © —Fields and waste
places, introduced in a few locali-
ties from British Columbia to Cali-
fornia and Colorado, and the East-
ern States from New England and
linois to Virginia and Alabama
(fig. 50).

FIGURE 50.—Distribution of Bromus sterilis.

33. Bromus riibens L. fFox-
TAIL CHESS. (Fig. 51.) Culms 15
to 40 cm tall, puberulent below
the panicle; sheaths and blades
pubescent; panicle erect, compact,
ovoid, usually 4 to 8 cm long,
usually purplish; spikelets 4- to 11-
flowered, about 2.5 cm long; first
glume 7 to 9 mm long, the second

10 to 12 mm long; lemmas, sca- Hw
FIGURE 51.—Bromus rubens, X 1.
brous, 12 to 16 mm long, the teeth Re ne

4 to 5 mm long; awn 18 to 22 mm

long, somewhat spreading at maturity. © —Dry hills and in
waste or cultivated ground, Washington to southern California, very
abundant over extensive areas, and east to Utah and Arizona;
Massachusetts (fig. 52),

a
i MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES a3
a
+

34. Bromus madriténsis L. (Fig. 53.) Resembling B. rubens but
the culms smooth below the less dense panicles;
“ sheaths mostly smooth; blades puberulent or
glabrous; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, oblong-ovoid
(in dried specimens more or less fan-shaped) ;
lemmas a little longer than in B. rubens, the
teeth 2 to 3 mm long; awn rather stout, 16 to
22 mm long. © —Open ground and waste — revere 52.—Distribution of

places, Oregon and California; less common Eras Meee

than B. rubens. Occasionally cultivated for ornament.

35. Bromus tect6érum L. Downy cuess. (Fig. 54.) Culms erect
or spreading, slender, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths and blades pubescent;
panicle 5 to 15 cm long, rather
dense, soft, drooping, often pur-
/ ple; spikelets nodding, 12 to 20
mm long; glumes villous, the
first 4 to 6 mm long, the second
8 to 10 mm long; lemmas lance-
olate, villous or pilose, 10 to 12
mm long, the teeth 2 to 3 mm
long; awn 12 to 14 mm long.
© —Along roadsides, banks,
and waste places, common on
the Pacific coast, especially in
Washington and Oregon, and
here and there throughout the
United States as far south as
Virginia and Mississippi (fig.55).
BROMUS TECTORUM Var. GLA-
BRATUS Spenner. Differing in
having glabrous spikelets. ©
(B. tectorum var. nudus Klett
and Richt.)—About the same
range as the species, less common.

Section 5.—Nerosr6mus Shear, as
subgenus

Annual; lemmas lanceolate,
deeply bifid, the teeth aris-
tate; awn twisted, genicu-
late. Approaches Trisetum.

36. Bromus trinii Desv.

CHILIAN CHESS. (Fig. 56.)

Culms 30 to 60 cm or even 100

em tail, erect or branched and

spreading below, often pubescent
at the nodes; sheaths and blades
pilose-pubescent to nearly smooth; panicle 8 to 20 cm long, narrow,
rather dense, erect, the branches erect or the lower more or less

W.
FIGURE 53.—Bromus madritensis, X 1. (Eastwood, Calif.)

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

56

{

\\:

\

Y Y

WS Ny 6

.——— :
Ae

4

iy,

A

(Chase 2051, Ind.)

FIGURE 54.—Bromus tectorum. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5.

rr,

Se

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 57

spreading or flexuous; spikelets narrow, 1.5 to 2 cm long, 5-to 7-
flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first mostly 1-nerved, 8 to
10 mm long, the second mostly 3-nerved, 12 to 16 mm long; lemmas
5-nerved, 12 to 14 mm long, pubescent, acumi-
nate, with narrow teeth 2 to 3 mm long, the
teeth aristate; awn 1.5 to 2 cm long, twisted
below, bent below the middle and strongly
divaricate when old. © (Including B. triniz
var. pallidiflorus Desv.)—Dry plains and rocky
or wooded slopes, Oregon, California, and
Baja California, rarely eastward to Colorado; P!¢vBE 55. “Distribution of
introduced from Chile (fig. 57). :

BROMUS TRINII var. ExchLsus Shear. Differing in having larger
spikelets, 7-nerved lemmas, and divaricate but not twisted or bent
awns; teeth of the lemma acuminate, but not aristate. © —A little-
known form from the Panamint
Mountains, Calif.

The genus Brachypédium Beauv. is
represented in the United States by
one species found only on ballast, and
another occasionally cultivated. The
genus is placed in Festuceae though
it resembles Agropyron, differing from
it in having short-pediceled spikelets.
Lemmas rounded on _ the _ back.
BRACHYPODIUM DISTACHYON (L.)
Beauv. (Bromus distachyos L.) is an
annual 10 to 20 cm tall, with short
flat blades and an erect stiff raceme of
1 to few appressed almost sessile awned
spikelets. © —On ballast, New Jer-

Y sey (Camden) and Oregon (Portland).
FIGURE 56.—Bromus trinii, X 1. (Eastwood, Calif.) Adventive from Europe. Bracuy-

tH

PODIUM SYLVATICUM (Huds.) Beauv.
is a perennial with usually several spikelets in a raceme. 2 —Occasionally

cultivated for ornament. Europe.

3. FESTUCA L. Ferscur

Spikelets few- to several-flowered (rarely 1-flowered in some of the
spikelets of a panicle), the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes
and between the florets, the uppermost floret
reduced; glumes narrow, acute, unequal, the
first sometimes very small; lemmas rounded on
the back, membranaceous or somewhat indu-
rate, 5-nerved, the nerves often obscure, acute
or rarely obtuse, awned from the tip, or
rarely from a minutely bifid apex, sometimes
awnless. Low or rather tall annuals or peren-
nials, the spikelets in narrow or open panicles.
The blades are sometimes somewhat auriculate as in the Hordeae.
Standard species, Festuca ovina. Name from Festuca, an old Latin
name for a weedy grass.

Many of the perennial species of fescue are important forage grasses
in the grazing regions of the West. Festuca arizonica, Arizona fescue,

Bromus trinii.

58 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

of northern Arizona and F’. idahoensis, bluebunch fescue, of the
region from Colorado to central California and northward, are 1m-
portant, though they become rather tough with age. F. ‘ viridula,
greenleaf fescue, locally called mountain bunchgrass, is an outstanding
erass in subalpine regions of the Northwestern States, and F’. thurber,
Thurber fescue, is important in similar regions from Colorado to
Montana. F’. ovina, sheep fescue, is a good grazing grass though not
abundant, but its variety brachyphylla, alpine fescue, furnishes much
of the forage above timber line from the Rocky Mountains westward.
F. occidentalis, western fescue, in open woods up to 10,000 feet in the
Northwest, and F. rubra, red fescue, widely distributed at various
altitudes in the West, are valuable in proportion to their abundance.

The most important cultivated species is F’. elatior, meadow fescue,
a native of Europe, used for hay and pasture in the humid region,
especially in Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas. F. ovina, and its
allies, and F. rubra, are cultivated to a limited extent in the Eastern
States as lawn or pasture erasses, usually in mixtures.

Plarits dantals2 25 oe ie Se Section 1. VuupIa.
Plants perentnal 02 oo eS a et ee SEcTION 2. HUFESTUCA.

Section 1. Vulpia

la. Spikelets mostly more than 5-flowered. Lowest lemma 4 to 5 mm long, the
mare inrolied; not Scarious= "= 22-22 gees se ee 1. F. ocToFrtora.
ib. Spikelets mostly less than 5-flowered (sometimes 6-flowered in F. dertonensis
and F. sciurea). Lemmas usually scarious-margined.
2a. Panicle narrow, the branches appressed.
Lemmas appressed-pubescent over the back, about 3 mm long.
2. F. ScIuRBA.
Lemmas glabrous, scabrous or ciliate, not pubescent over the back.
Lemmas ciliate toward the apex ._.____....-._.--_-- 3. F. MEGALURA.
Lemmas not ciliate.
First glume two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the second.
4. F. DERTONENSIS.
First glume much shorter than the second, 1 to 2 mm long.
5. F. Myuros.
2b. Panicle rather short, the branches and often the spikelets spreading
(scarcely spreading in F. arida).
3a. Spikelets glabrous.
Pedicels appressed; lower branches of the panicle usually finally reflexed;
spikelets usually 3- to 5-flowered____-_------------ 6. F. PAcIFICcA.
Pedicels or nearly all of them finally reflexed, notably those of the upper
part of the main axis; branches of the panicle reflexed; spikelets
mostly 1- or 9 flowerddal” 1): 0 ae eee 10. F. REFLEXA.
3b. Spikelets pubescent, the pubescence on glumes or lemmas or on both.
4a. Pedicels appressed or slightly spreading; lower branches of panicle
usually spreading or reflexed.
Lemmas glabrous; glumes pubescent_-_---_---------- 7. EF. CONFUSA.
Lemmas pubescent.
Lemmas hirsute; glumes glabrous or pubescent; lower branches of

panicle:spreading, or: reflexeds2- =! = =". 5 ee es 8. F. GRAYI.
Lemmas woolly-pubescent; glumes glabrous; panicle nearly simple,
the branches scarcely spreading._______________- 9. F. ARIDA.

4b. Pedicels and panicle branches all finally spreading or reflexed.
Glumes glabrous; lemmas pubescent --_-_-_-_----- 11. F. MIcROSTACHYS.
Glumes pubescent; lemmas pubescent.-_-~------ 12. F. EASTWOODAE.

Glumes pubescent; lemmas glabrous.___------------~ 13.2", TRACY,

‘
‘

te SOE AR es Speer

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 59

Section 2. Eufestuca

la. Blades flat, rather soft and lax (except in F. kingiz), mostly more than 3 mm
wide.
Lemmas awned, the awn usually more than 2 mm long.
Floret long-stipitate, the rachilla appearing to be jointed a short distance
Rolgw tue Hofer. 2S) 2202 See 8 14. F. SUBULIFLORA.
Floret not stipitate.
Lemmas indistinctly nerved; awn terminal; blades 3 to 10 mm wide.
15. F. SUBULATA.
Lemmas distinctly 5-nerved; awn from between 2 short teeth; blades 2 to
AHIR, WOR OMe ees es Se em Me Fe eee 16. F. ELMERI.
Lemmas awnless or with an awn rarely as much as 2 mm long.
Spikelets oblong to linear, mostly 8- to 10-flowered and more than 10 mm

2p) SE Sk Sa Oe a ak eee eee peg Se L7s) Ha BEATIOR:
Spikelets ovate or oval, mostly not more than 5-flowered, less than 10 mm
long.

Panicles narrow, the branches short, appressed; blades firm, erect.
18. F. KINGII.
Panicles open, the branches spreading, naked below; blades lax, spreading.
Lemmas acuminate, sometimes with an awn as much as 2 mm long,
membranaceous, distinctly nerved, 6 to 9mm long. 19. F.sSORORIA
Lemmas awnless, obtuse to acutish, rather firm, indistinctly nerved.
hemmas 5 40+( mm long, acutisit.- 220 2-225 25560. 20. F. VERSUTA.
Lemmas about 4 mm long, relatively blunt, rather turgid.
Spikelets loosely scattered in a very open panicle with long slender

Ties TTP cy OPN Ms ES Sh A Bs ee OE ene (ORE Se 2f. -¥ .. OBTUSA.
Spikelets somewhat aggregate toward the ends of rather short
branches of a less open nodding panicle_-___-_ 22. FE. SHORTII.

1b. Blades involute or if flat less than 3 mm wide (sometimes flat in F. californica
but firm and soon involute).
Ligule 2 to 4 mm long or longer. Lemmas awnless or cuspidate.
Degree tin long. 2 oie a Ne ee Bat oe 23. F. THURBERI.
iemniel arse © aetan louie Sy eee omega ee oP 24. F. LIGULATA.
Ligule short. ;
Collar and mouth of sheath villous. Culms tall and stout (rather short in
aap PRIN ee ee ee 26. F. CALIFORNICA.
Collar and mouth of sheath not villous.
Panicle branches densely ciliate on the angles. Blades about 1 mm wide,
CES Per "a5 | oi oa RecA BC 27. F. DASYCLADA.
Panicle branches not ciliate on the angles.
Culms decumbent at the usually red, fibrillose base, in loose tufts. Awn
of lemma shorter than the body; blades smooth___ 29. F. ruBRa.
Culms erect.
Lemmas 7 to 10 mm long, scabrous. Culms densely tufted, rather
stout, usually scabrous below the panicle; lemmas acute, rarely
SU VOTE S25 7g 01 2) 5 | hs a em orm atin, Se fe hee 25. F. SCABRELLA.
Lemmas mostly not more than 7 mm long.
Lemmas awnless (see also F. arizonica).
Lemmas 6 to 7 mm long; culms slender, loosely tufted.
28. F. VIRIDULA.
Pemmassooue oo min long. S22 5 he 32. F. CAPILLATA.
Lemmas awned.
Awn as long as or longer than body of the lemma; blades soft,
glabrome-snuleates 2 <2 20S 2 30. F. occIDENTALIS.
Awn shorter than body of the lemma; blades slender, numerous,
usually scabrous.

Blades mostly not more than half as long as the culms; pan-
icle narrow, often almost spikelike, few-flowered, mostly
less than 10 cm long; culms mostly less than 30 em tall.

31. F. ovina.

Blades elongate; panicles 10 to 20 em long, somewhat open;
culms 30 to 100 em tall.

Ama 2ite-4 mm Jongecs 2) s. 22a. 225 33. F. IDAHOENSIS.
Awn short or obsolete___.__-_...._- 34, F, ARIZONICA.

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

60

SS

\
NE
SX

Sy AQ &
AN NS

Sar

SS

ee

SSS
_— SS et
SSS ee ee
a ree,

ee

t —=—
SS ——
— =
=A = SS
Fi. Ss
SS a
=
GP
=>
ee”
——
=
4

———

——— SS

Panicle

X \%; spikelet, X 5. (Reverchon, Tex.)

FIGURE 58.—A, Festuca octoflora. Plant, x 4%; spikelet, X 5. (Chase 1776, Ind.) B, F. sciwrea.

; MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 61
f

Section 1. Vturr1a (Gmel.) Reichenb.

Slender annuals; lemmas awned; stamens usually 1, sometimes 3;
flowers usually self-pollinated. Some of the species, especially
numbers 7 to 13, resemble each other closely. The differences,
though small, appear to be constant, hence the recognizable
forms are maintained as species, rather than reduced to varieties
under leading species.

1. Festuca
octofloéra
Walt. Six-
WEEKS FES-
GUE eA lie.
58, A.) Culms
erect, usually FicuRe 59. Distribution of
15 to 30 cm ‘Al
tall, sometimes as much as 50 cm;
blades narrow, involute, 2 to 10 cm
long; panicle narrow, the branches
short, appressed, rarely spreading;
spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, densely 5-
to 13-flowered; glumes subulate-
lanceolate, the first 1-nerved, the
second 3-nerved, 4mm long; lemmas
firm, convex, lanceolate, glabrous or
scabrous, 4 to 5 mm long, the mar-
gins not scarlous; awn commonly
2to a. mim ong ©° ((F. itenella
Willd.)—Open sterile ground,
throughout the United States and
southern Canada at low altitudes,
extending into Baja California. Fxs-
TUCA OCTOFLORA Var. HIRTELLA Piper.
Plants low and spreading; foliage
sometimes pubescent; lemmas _hir-
tellous or pu- —<—— .
bescent. ©
—Texas to
southern Cali-
fornia, south-
ward in Baja
California and ficure 61—Distribution of
northward to Festuca megalura.
Nevada, Montana, and Washington.
2. Festuca scifirea Nutt. (Fig. 58,
FIGURE 60.—Festuca megalura. Panicle, X 1; ‘B:) Culms erect, 15 to 50 cm tall;

pee Oaae) (eel bere7t Oty Cree blades less than 1 mm wide, often
capillary, soft, mostly involute, 1 to 10 cm long; panicle narrow, 5 to
20 cm long; spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long; first glume
2 mm long, the second 3.5 mm long; lemmas 3 to 3.5 mm long,
sparsely appressed-pubescent; awn 6 to 11 mm long. © —Open
ground, Maryland to Florida, west to Oklahoma and Texas (fig. 59).

3. Festuca megalira Nutt. Foxrart rescun. (Fig. 60.) Culms
20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths and narrow blades glabrous; panicle narrow,

62 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

7 to 20 cm long, the branches appressed; spikelets 4- or 5-flowered;
first glume 1.5 to 2 mm long, the second 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas

FIGURE 62.—A, Festuca myuros, spikelet, X 5. (Chase 2393, D.C.) B, F.dertonensis. Plant, X 14; spike-
let, X 5 (Palmer 2041, Calif.)

linear-lanceolate, scabrous on the back especially toward the apex,
ciliate on the upper half; awn 8 to 10 mm long. © -—Open sterile

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 63

eround, British Columbia to Baja California, common in the Coast
Ranges of California, east to Idaho and Arizona and a few localities
eastward; Pacific slope of South America (fig. 61). In mature lem-
mas the cilia may be obscured by the inrolling of the edges; moistening
the floret will bring the cilia to view. ;

4, Festuca dertonénsis (All.) Aschers. and Graebn. (Fig. 62, B.)
Resembling F. Z
megalura, the pani-
cles on the average |
shorter, usually \
less dense; glumes \
longer, the first \

about 4 mm long, W NY
FicuRrE 63—Distribution of the second 6 to 7 N(

Festuca myuros. mm long; lemma

lanceolate,scabrous

Th on the back toward
y | the apex, 7 to8 mm
\w long; awn 10 to 13
\/ mm jong. @¢
1 Dry hills and mead-

i ows, British Co-

= \ lumbia to southern
; | California; rare as
\\ a waif in the EKast-

| ern States; intro-

“ duced from Europe.

This species has

) ML ne been referred to F.
i bromoides L. by

i) American authors.

5. Festuca myi-

FicureE 64.—Festuca pacifica. ros L. (Fig. 62)A))

Panicle, X %; floret, X 5. = =
(ype } Differing from F.

megalura chiefly in
the absence of cilia
on the lemma; pan-
icle usually smaller,
first glume 1 to 1.5
mm, the second 4
to 4.5 mm, long.
© —Open ground,
i pa a of Coastal Plain, aS ee
Massachusetts to

Texas; Ohio; Pacific coast, Washington to southern California (fig. 63);
introduced from Europe.

6. Festuca pacifica Piper. (Fig. 64.) Culms erect or geniculate
at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades soft, loosely involute, glabrous, 3 to 5
em long; panicle 5 to 12 em long, the lower branches solitary, some-
what distant, subsecund, spreading, 1 to 3 cm long; spikelets 3- to
6-flowered; first glume subulate-lanceolate, about 4 mm long, the
second lanceolate-acuminate, about 5 mm long; lemmas lanceolate,
glabrous or scaberulous, 6 to 7 mm long; awn 10 to 15 mm long.

55974°—35——5

‘ |
ee \
oe AH) VILA SS SS

eee ee, LAS ewes

- ISS iss SS =,

\
\

Plant, X 4;

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

64

Ss |
a, aK a)
= 5 ——— ay!

of Ad J ~ i

(Pringle, Ariz.) B, F. arida.

FIGURE 67.—A, Festuca grayi.

Plant, x; spikelet, X 5.

(Type.)

spikelet, X 5.

i
E

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 65

© —Open ground, mountain slopes, and open woods, British
Columbia to Baja California, east to western Montana and New
Mexico (fig. 65).

7. Festuca confiisa Piper. (Fig.66.) Resembling F’. pacifica; sheaths
retrorsely pilose; foliage pubescent; spikelets usually 2- or 3-flowered;
glumes hirsute with long
spreading hairs; lemmas
glabrous. .© —Dry
hillsides, Washington to
southern California.

8. Festuca grayi
(Abrams) Piper. (Fig.
ee of 67, A.) Resembling ie FIGURE 60. Dibieibubien of
pacifica, often somewhat
stouter; sheaths and sometimes blades pubescent; glumes glabrous
to sparsely villous; lemmas pubescent, puberulent or sometimes
walous. © (F- microstachys var. grayt Abrams.)—Open ground
and rocky slopes, Washington to
southern California and Arizona

(fig. 68).

9. Festuca 4rida Elmer. (Fig.
67, B.) Culms erect or spread-
ing, mostly less than 15 cm tall;
sheaths and blades glabrous, the
blades loosely involute, mostly
less than 4 cm long; panicle
narrow, 2 to 5 cm long, the
branches appressed or the lower-
most somewhat spreading;
glumes about equal, glabrous, 5
to 6 mm long; lemmas densely
woolly, about 5 mm long; awn 5
to 10 mm long. © —Sandy
or dry ground, rare, eastern
Washington and Oregon, south-
western Idaho, northeastern Cal-
ifornia, and western Nevada (fig.
69).

10. Festuca refléxa Buck.
(Fig. 70, B.) Culms 20 to 40
em tall; sheaths glabrous or
pubescent; blades narrow, flat to
subinvolute, 2 to 10 cm long;
panicle 5 to 12 cm long, the Ficure 70.—A, Festuca microstachys. Spikelet, X 5.
solitary branches and the spike- ialen, Calls) tbe ee ee eee
lets all at length divaricate;
spikelets mostly 1- to 3-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long; first glume 2 to 4mm
long, the second 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas glabrous or scaberulous, 5 to
6 mm long; awn usually 5 to8 mm long. © -—Mesas, rocky slopes,
and wooded hills, Washington to southern California, east to Arizona
and Utah (fig. 71).

66 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

11. Festuca micréstachys Nutt. (Fig. 70, A.) Resembling F.
reflera; glumes glabrous; lemmas pubescent. © 2 4
—Open ground, Washington to California; rare. , \

FIGURE 71.—Distribution of FIGURE 72.— Festuca eastwoodae. Pan- Panicle, X 14; glumes.
Festuca reflexa. icle, X 14; glumes, X 5. (Type.) xX 5; floret, X 5. (Type.)
12. Festuca eastwoddae Piper. (Fig. 72.) Resembling F. reflexa;
glumes hirsute; lemmas hirsute, theawn4 to 5mmlong. © —Open
ground, Oregon, Arizona,
and California; rare.

(Fig. 73.) Resembling F.
reflera; glumes rather

13. Festuca tracyi Hitche. \
sparsely hispid-villous, the \
first -1.5" to) 27 mm Mone, SS
acute, the second 3 to 4 mm NA \
long, obtusish or abruptly NN \

acute; lemmas glabrous,
about 4mm long; awn 4 to7
mmlong. © —Open rocky
ground, Washington (Bingen)
and California (Kings and
Napa Counties).

Section 2. Euresttca Griseb.

Perennials; culms simple;
stamens 3.

14. Festuca subulifléra
Scribn. (Fig. 74.) Culms
erect, slender, 60 to 100 cm
tall; blades flat (or loosely
involute in drying), lax,
pubescent on the upper sur-
face, those of the culm
mostly 2 to 4 mm wide,
those of the innovations
narrower; panicle loose, lax,
10 to 20 cm long, nodding,
the branches drooping, the
lower naked at base; spike-
lets loosely 3- to 5-flowered,
the rachilla pubescent or
hispid, the internodes of the
rachilla as much as 2 mm _ fFicure 74.— Festuca subuliflora. Panicle, X 14; spikelet,
long; floret long-stipitate, ins Howell 1 Ores)
the rachilla appearing to be jointed a short distance below the floret;
glumes very narrow, acuminate, the first 3 to 4 mm, the second 4 to

|
|
|

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 67

5 mm, long; lemmas scaberulous toward the apex, 6 to 8 mm long; awn
somewhat flexuous, 10 to 15mm long. 2 — Moist shady places
from sea level to 1,000 m, British Columbia to northern California,
mostly near the coast. Peculiar
in the stipitate base of the lem-
ma. Aspect of F. subulata.

15. Festuca subulata Trin.
BEARDED FESCUE. (Fig. 75.)
Culms erect, mostly 50 to 100
em tall; blades flat, thin, lax, 3 to
10 mm wide; panicle loose, open,
drooping, 15 to 40 cm long, the
branches mostly in twosor threes,
Saeeebelaw, dally spreading or . | StCURs!& Keiues eaaie eos ee
reflexed, the lower as much as
15 em long; spikelets loosely 3- to 5-flowered; glumes narrow, acu-
minate, the first about 3 mm, the second about 5 mm, long; lemmas
somewhat keeled, scaberulous toward the apex, the intermediate nerves
ons eu re:
the tip at-
tenuate into
an awn 9d to 20
mmlong. 2
—Shady banks
and moist —
eae ae iets tea a eavation of
southeastern Alaska to Wyoming,
Utah, and northern California (fig.
76).

16. Festuca elméri Scribn. and
Merr. (Fig. 77.) Culms loosely
tufted, slender 40 to 100 cm tall, or
even taller; blades flat, scabrous or
pubescent on upper surface, 2 to 4
mm wide, those of the innovations
narrower, more or less involute; pan-
icle loose, open, 10 to 20 cm long, the
branches slender, somewhat droop-
ing, naked below, the lower as much
as 10 cm long; spikelets 3 or 4-flow-
ered; glumes lanceolate-acuminate,
the first 2 to 2.6 mm, the second 3 to
4mm, long;lemmas membranaceous,
hispidulous, about 6 mm long, the
nerves rather prominent, the apex
minutely 2-toothed; awn 2 to 8mm
FIGURE 77.—Festuca elme Panicl ea ew Wooded hillsides, uP

Pat ee tips ae x *% to 500 m, mostly in the Coast

Ranges, Or egon to central California.

FESTUCA ELMERI var. CONFERTA (Hack.) Hitche. More luxuriant;

spikelets often 5- or 6-flowered and somewhat congested on the panicle

branches. 2 (F. jonesii var. conferta Hack. )—Coast Ranges of
California. |

68 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

17. Festuca elatior L. Mzeapow rescuer. (Fig. 78.) Culms 50
to 120 cm tall; blades flat, 4 to 8 mm wide, scabrous above;
panicle erect, or nodding at summit, 10 to 20 cm long, contracted

FIGURE 78.—Festuca elatior. Plant, X %; spikelet and floret, x 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 488.)

after flowering, much-branched or nearly simple, the branches
spikelet-bearing nearly to base; spikelets usually 6- to 8-flowered, 8
to 12 mm long; glumes 3 and 4 mm long, lanceolate ;lemmas oblong-lan-

x

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 69

ceolate,coriaceous, 5 to 7mm long, thescarious apex acutish, rarely short-
awned. 2 (Festuca pratensis Huds.)—Meadows, roadsides, and
waste places; introduced throughout the cooler parts of North Amer-
ica; native of Eurasia.
Cultivated for meadow
and pasture. Sometimes
called English bluegrass.
FrEsTucA ELATIOR var.
ARUNDINACEA (Schreb.)
Wimm. Larger form with
open panicles and spike-
lets usually with 4 or 5
florets. 21 —Introduced
sparingly from Europe,
New York to Washington.

Festuca gigantéa (L.)
Vill. Blades broad, flat,
thin; panicles open; lem-
mas long-awned, the awn
flexuous and two or three
times as long as the lem-
ma. 2 Dobbs Ferry,
N.Y.; adventive from
Europe.

18. Festuca kingii (S.
Wats.) Cassidy. SPIKE
FESCUE. (Fig. 79.) Culms
in large dense bunches,
stout, erect, 40 to 100 cm \
tall, occasionally produc-
ing short rhizomes, these ~~~ |
usually wanting in herba- _—_ Ficure 79.—Festuca kingii. Plant, X 14, spikelet, X 5.
rium specimens; sheaths (Osterhout 1897, Colo.)
smooth, striate; blades firm, flat or becoming loosely involute,
coarsely striate, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle narrew, erect, 7 to 20 cm
long, the branches short, appressed, floriferous nearly to base; spike-
lets mostly 10 to 12 mm long; glumes broadly
lanceolate, subscarious, nearly smooth, the first
3 to 4 mm long, the second a half longer; lem-
mas ovate, acuminate, convex, faintly nerved,
scabrous, 5 to 8 mm long, awnless. 2 (Ff.
confinis Vasey; Hesperochloa king Rydb.)—
“ = at ae Dry mountains and hills, 2,000 to 3,500 m,

(GURE Testu kigin ~~ Oregon to southern California, east to Montana

and Colorado (fig. 80). FErsTucA KINGII var.

RABIOSA (Piper) Hitche. Blades involute; lemmas short-awned. 2

—Known only from Wyoming (Crazy Womans Creek) and Montana
(Beaverhead Forest).

19. Festuca sor6éria Piper. (Fig. 81.) Culms erect, loosely tufted,
60 to 90 cm tall; blades flat, thin, smooth except the scabrous margins,
3 to 6 mm wide; panicle loose, open, nodding, or sometimes somewhat
condensed, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches solitary or in twos, naked
below; spikelets rather loosely 3- to 5-flowered; glumes lanceolate,
the first about 3 mm, the second about 5 mm long; lemmas membrana-

70 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ceous, somewhat keeled, scaberulous or nearly smooth, the nerves
evident but not prominent, the
apex tapering into a fine point or
an awn as much as 2 mm long.
2 —Open woods, 2,000 to
3,000 m, southern Colorado and
Utah to New Mexico and Ari-
zona (fig. 82).

20. Festuca versita Beal.

(Fig. 83.) Culms slender, 50 to

Be A Paueine. i 100 cm tall; blades flat, mostly

URE ea teers Cae 2 tO) mm fides pamicleopems

: 10 to 15 em long, the spreading

lower branches bearing a few spikelets above the middle;

spikelets 2- to 5-flowered; glumes narrow,

acuminate, nearly equal, 5 to 6 mm long;

lemmas firm, obscurely nerved at maturity, 5

to 7 mm long, acute, awnless. 2 (Ff. texana

Vasey; Ff. johnson. Piper.)—Shady banks,
Texas and Oklahoma.

21. Festuca obtisa Spreng. Noppine
Fescurn. (Fig. 84.) Culms’solitary or few,im), "Stes. Dee
a tuft, mostly 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 4 Ces
to 7 mm wide; panicle very loose and open, the branches spreading,
spikelet-bearing toward the ends, the lower usu-
ally reflexed
at maturity;
\ fi, spikelets 3-
vi} | to 5,flowered ;

/| glumes about

Hi} 3 and 4 mm
Hit long; lemmas
//| coriaceous,
rather turgid,
about 4 mm
long, obtuse
or acutish , Mavarst Fetes see anid ip tmeh xe
the nerves
very obscure. 2 (F. nutans Spreng.)—Low or
YAY rocky woods, Quebec to
Manitoba, south to north-
ern Florida and eastern fp! 7 PENILE
Texas (fig. 85). \ PSN

22. Festuca shortii Kunth. Lf Puen
(Fig. 86.) Resembling F.
Figure, 83.—Festuen versuta, obtusa; culms tufted; pani- i Wee

i Goinon res) Cle nodding, less opem than {))ienen coats pea
in F. obtusa, the branches

arched-drooping, the spikelets somewhat crowded toward the ends;

spikelets 3- to 6-flowered. 2 —Prairies, low, open ground, and

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 71

thickets, Pennsylvania and South Carolina to lowa and eastern
Texas (fig. 87.)

23. Festuca thurbéri Vasey. THurBEeR FESCUE. (Fig. 88.) Culms
densely tufted, rather stout, erect, 60 to 90 cm tall; ligule 2 to 4 mm
long; blades involute, scabrous, firm, erect; xy
panicle 10 to 15 cm long, the branches usually
solitary, somewhat remote, ascending or spreading,
naked below; spikelets 3- to 6 -flowered; glumes
rather broad, about 4
and 5 mm long; lemmas
rather firm, faintly
nerved, glabrous or
nearly so, acute or cus-
pidate, 7 ‘to 8 mm long. :

FIGURE 87.—Distribution of % Ee a aieeee a Panicle, oC 0G Bole 8.

GURE Ba istribution o rocky ills O anicle, Jue :
Festuca shortii. 3,500 m, Wyoming fc (Palmer 34672, Mo.)
New Mexico and Utah (fig. 89). :

24. Festuca ligulata Swallen. (Fig. 90.) Culms slender, loosely
tufted, erect from a decumbent often rhizomatous base, scabrous
below the panicle; sheaths elabrous; blades
6 to 20 cm long, those of the innovations
as much as 30 cm long, flat and 1 to 2mm
wide or mostly involute, scabrous, rather
firm; ligule 3 to 3.5 mm long; panicle 6 to
10 cm long, the 1 or 2 scabrous branches
stiffly ascending or spreading, few-flowered,
naked below; spikelets 6 mm long, 2- to
3-flowered, the pedicels (mostly shorter
than the spikelets) appressed; glumes acute
or acutish, scabrous, the first 3 mm long,
1-nerved, the second 4 mm long, 3-nerved;
lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, acutish, scabrous,
obscurely nerved, awnless, the palea slightly
exceeding it.
—Moist shady
slopes, Guadalupe
and Chisos Moun-

tains, Tex.
25. Festuca scab-
FIGURE 88. Festuca thurber. rélla Torr. RovucuH 2
anicle, ;, Spikelet,; xX 5. : IGURE 89.—Distributi f
(Pammel, Golo.) FESCUE. (Fig. a * Festuca thnrbert. es

Culms densely
tufted, erect, 30 to 90 cm tall; ligule very short; blades firm, erect,
scabrous, involute, or those of the culm sometimes flat but narrow;
panicle narrow, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches solitary or in pairs, the
lowermost sometimes in threes, appressed or ascending, naked below;
spikelets 4- to 6-flowered ; olumes somewhat unequal, lanceolate, 7 to
9 mm long; lemmas firm, rather strongly nerved, scaberulous, acute
to cuspidate or short-awned, 7 to 10 mm long. 2 (F, hallii

iz MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Piper.)—Prairies, hillsides, and open woods, up to about 2,000 m (prob-
ably alpine in Colorado), Newfoundland to British
Columbia, south to Oregon, North Dakota, and Colo-
rado (fig. 92.) FEsTUCcA SCABRELLA var. MAJOR Vasey.
Culms on the average taller; panicle larger and more
spreading; lemmas more strongly nerved. 2 (F. cam-
pestris Rydb.)—Hills and dry woods, Michigan (Ros-
SO Montana to Washington.

26. Festuca californica Vasey. Ca t-
FORNIA FESCUE. (Fig. 93.) Culms
tufted, rather stout, 60 to 120 cm tall;
sheaths somewhat scabrous, the collar
pubescent or pilose; blades firm, usually
involute, sometimes flat, scabrous; pan-
icle open, 10 to 30 cm long, the rather
remote branches usually in pairs, spread-
ing or drooping, naked below; spikelets
mostly 4- or 5-flowered; glumes some-
what unequal, 5 to 8 mm long; lemmas
firm, faintly nerved, scaberulous, acu- gop 91—Fes-
abel hema minate or short-awned. 2 (F'.. aristu- tuca ee

laulte Plants lata Shear.)—Open dry ground, thickets fie.” < #

Giypoy’ * ® and open woods, up to about 1,500 m, (Rydberg a
Oregon and California, west of the Sierra

Nevada. A smaller form with pubescent lower sheaths, and shorter

FIGURE 92.—Distribution of Festuca scabrella.

mostly glabrous blades, has been called F. californica var. parishi

FIGURE 93.—Festuca californica. Panicle, X 4; floret, x 5. (Elmer 4431, Calif.)

(Piper) Hitche.—Oregon and California (San Bernardino Mountains).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 73

97. Festuca dasyclada Hack. (Fig. 94.) Culms 20 to 40 cm tall;
blades folded, about 2 mm wide when spread, those of the culm 4 to
6 cm long, those of the innovations 10 to 15 cm long; panicle open,
7 to 12 cm long, the branches rather
stiffly and divaricately spreading,
softly pubescent; angles ciliate ; spike-
lets pale, long-pediceled, 2-flowered ;
elumes lanceolate, acuminate, the
first about 4mm, the second about
6 mm long;lemmas rather thin, some-
what keeled, rather strongly nerved,
scaberulous, about 6 mm long; awn
about 2 mm long, from between 2 }|:
minute teeth. 2 —Rocky slopes, ‘al |
rare, Utah. =S\\ 5

Festuca rickscens (Presl) Kunth: f
Densely tufted, about 30 cm tall; blades
firm, involute, sharp-pointed; panicle nar-
row, few-flowered, 5 to 10 cm long; spike-
lets about 3-flowered, 6 to 7 mm long; lem- ii
mas ovate, thick, convex, awnless or mucro- FicurRE 94.—Festuca dasyclada. Panicle, X }4;.

nate, 4 to 4.5mm long. 2 -—There is a glumes and floret, x 5. (Dupl. type.)
single specimen of this species in the United

States National Herbarium, labeled “Arizona, Tracy?’’? On the sheet is a note
made by Professor Piper (Feb. 12, 1904) quoting Tracy, ‘‘In open pine woods
4 miles southeast of Flagstaff, about June 20,
1887.” This agrees exactly with specimens of this
species from Peru, whence originally described.
Since the species is not known north of Peru, ex-
cept from this specimen, it seems probable that the
label has been misplaced.

28. Festuca viridula Vasey. GRrEEN-
LEAF FESCUE. (Fig. 95.) Culms rather
loosely tufted, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall;
blades soft, erect, those of the culm flat or
loosely involute, those of the innovations
slender, involute; panicle open, 10 to 15 cm
long, the branches mostly in pairs, ascend-
| ing or spreading, slender, somewhat re-
FIGURE 95.—Festuca viridula. Panicle, mote, naked below; spikelets 3- to 6-

x 3s floret, X 5. (Cusick 2431, flowered; glumes lanceolate, somewhat un-
8. __ equal, 5 to 7 mm long; lemmas membra-
naceous, acute or cuspidate, glabrous, 6 to 8mm long. 2 —Moun-
tain meadows and open slopes, 1,000 to 2,000 :
m, British Columbia to Alberta, south to cen-
tral California and Idaho (fig. 96). An im-
portant forage grass in the mountains of the
Northwestern States. Festuca howellii Hack.,
differing from F’. mridula in having more sca-
brous lemmas and awns 2 mm long, does

i stormy : FIGURE 96.—Distribution of
not seem sufficiently distinct to be recognized Festuca viridula.

as a species. 2 —Known from a single collecti ae
County, Oreg.). gle collection (Josephine

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

74

\ EA
SAA

ak.

SY
wy
* 4

B

ee

(Hitchcock 4201, Alaska.)

Plant, X 4%; spikelet and floret, X 5.

FIGURE 97.—Festuca rubra.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES rs

29. Festuca ribra L. Rep rescuze. (Fig. 97.) Culms usually
loosely tufted, bent or decumbent at the red- “by iid
dish or purplish base, occasionally closely
tufted, erect to ascending, 40 to 100 em tall;
lower sheaths brown and _ fibrillose; blades
smooth, soft, usually folded or involute; panicle
3 to 20 cm long, usually contracted and narrow,
the branches mostly erect or ascending; spikelets aes
4- to 6-flowered, pale green or glaucous, often F1608# 98." Distribution of
purple-tinged ; lemmas 5 to 7 mm long, smooth,
or scabrous toward apex, bearing an awn about half as long. 24 —
Meadows, hills, bogs, and marshes,
in the cooler parts of the northern
hemisphere, extending south in the
Coast Ranges to Monterey, in the
Sierra Nevada to the San Ber-
nardino Mountains, in the Rocky
Mountains to Colorado, San Fran-
cisco Mountains of Arizona, in
the Allegheny Mountains and in
the Atlantic coastal marshes to
Georgia (fig. 98); Eurasia, North
Africa. Occasionally used in grass
mixtures for pastures in the North-
ern States. FESTUCA RUBRA var.
LANUGINOSA Mert. and Koch.
Lemmas pubescent. 2 —Oregon
to Wyoming and northward; Mich-
igan, Vermont to Connecticut;
Europe. A proliferous form (F.
rubra var. prolifera Piper, F. pro-
lifera Fernald) is found in the White
Mountains of New Hampshire, in
Maine and northward. Frstruca
FIGURE 99.-—Festuca occidentalis. Panicle, X 14; Pe a i COMMU TATA Gaud.
spikelet, X 5. (Piper 4908, Wat) # EB St allax Thuill.) CHEWIN GS
; FESCUE. A form with more erect
culms, producing a firmer sod, commonly cultivated in New Zealand
and occasionally in the United States. 2
FESTUCA RUBRA var. HETEROPHYLLA (Lam.)
Mut. Ssaprerescur. Densely tufted; basal
blades filiform; culm blades flat. 2 Used for
lawns in shady places. Europe.

30. Festuca occidentalis Hook. Wuxrstrrern
FESCUE. (Fig. 99.) Culms tufted, erect, slen-
der, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades mostly basal, slen- poo ae DE anos ce
der, involute, sulcate, soft, smooth or nearly so;
panicle loose, 7 to 20 cm long, often drooping above, the branches soli-
tary or in pairs; spikelets loosely 3- to 5-flowered, 6 to 10 mm long, mostly

76 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

on slender pedicels; lemmas rather thin, 5 to 6 mm long, scaberulous
toward the apex, attenuate into a slender awn about as long or longer.
2 —Dry rocky wooded slopes and banks, British Columbia to cen-

tral California, east to Wyoming, northern Michigan,
and western Ontario (fig. 100).

31. Festuca ovina L. SnHerxp rescun. (Fig. 101.)
Culms densely tufted, usually 20 to 40 cm tall; blades
slender, involute, from very scabrous to glabrous, the
innovations numerous in a basal cluster, 5 to 10 em long
or sometimes longer; panicle narrow, sometimes almost
spikelike, 5 to 8 cm long, sometimes longer; spikelets
mostly 4- or 5-flowered; lemmas about 4 to 5 mm
long, short-awned. 2 (fF. sarimontana Rydb.; F.
riever i. Cllligera Rydb.; F. minutiflora Rydb., a rare form with

Festuca ona. small florets; Ff. ovina var. pseudovina Hack. of Piper’s

hance X revision of Festuca.)—Open woods and stony slopes, North
eopbEs ee -Dakotay Lo Washington and Alaska, south to Arizona
and New Mexico; introduced eastward through Michigan,
Maine, Illinois, and South Carolina (fig. 102). Eurasia. Festuca
ovina, F. ovina var. duriuscula, and F. capillata are occasionally
cultivated in lawn mixtures.

FEsTucA OVINA var. pDURIUSCULA (L.) Koch. Harp FESCUE.
Blades smooth, wider and firmer than in F.
ovina. 21 —Maine to Iowa and Virginia;
introduced from Europe.

FESTUCA OVINA Var. BRACHYPHYLLA (Schult.)
Piper. ALpIne FescurE. An alpine and high
northern form differing in the lower culms,
mostly 5 to 20 cm tall, and the smooth short ———
ratherlaxblades. 2 (Ff. brachyphylla Schult. ; Ee EE EG mii ee
F. ovina var. supina Hack. of Piper’s re-
vision of Festuca.)—Rocky slopes, at high altitudes, mostly above

: timber line in the United States, arctic regions south to San
Bernardino Mountains, San Francisco Mountains and, in
the Rocky Mountains, to northern New Mexico; also in
the high mountains of Vermont, New Hampshire, and
New York.

FrEesTUCcA OVINA var. GLAUcA (Lam.) Koch. BLusE
FESCUE. Bladeselongate, glaucous. 2 (F. glauca Lam.)—
Cultivated as a border plant.

32. Festuca capillata Lam. Harr Fescur. (Fig. 103.)
Densely tufted, more slender and lower than F’ ovina; blades
capillary, flexuous, usually more than halfas long as the culm;
< V spikelets smaller; lemmas about 3 mm long, awnless. 2
FicurE 103.- —-Lawns and waste places, Newfoundland and Maine to
Festuca, capi- North Carolina and Illinois; Oregon; introduced from
x 44; floret, X Europe.

Sago Newt) © 33. Festuca idahoénsis Elmer. BuiurBuNncH FESCUE.

(Fig. 104.) Culms usually densely tufted in large bunches,
30 to 100 cm tall; blades numerous, usually elongate, very scabrous,
rarely smooth, filiform, involute; panicle narrow, 10 to 20 cm long, the
branches ascending or appressed,somewhat spreading in anthesis; spike-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES raf

lets mostly 5- to 7-flowered; lemmas nearly terete, about 7 mm long;
awn usually 2 to 4 mm long. Q (Ff. ovina var. ingrata Beal.)—
Open woods and rocky slopes, British Columbia to Alberta, south

to northern New Mexico and Arizona and central
California (fig. 105).

34. Festuca arizOnica Vasey. ARIZONA
FESCUE. (Fig.106.) Resembling Ff. zdahoensis;
differing in the stiffer glaucous foliage, some-
what smaller awnless or nearly awnless lemmas.
2, —Open pine woods, Arizona, Nevada, New
Mexico, and Colorado (fig. 107). Often called
pinegrass.

FESTUCA AMETHYSTINA L.

Slender tufted perennial;
blades filiform, 15 to 25 cm

as in F. ovina, often purplish.

FIGURE 105.—Distribution of
Festuca idahoensis

long, rather compact; spikelets awned.
times cultivated for ornament. Portugal.

4. SCLEROPOA Griseb.

Spikelets several-flowered, linear, somewhat compressed,
the thick rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and
between the florets; glumes unequal, short, acutish,
strongly nerved, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved;
lemmas nearly terete, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, slightly
scarious at the tip. Annuals with slightly branched 1-sided
panicles. Type species, Scleropoa rigida. Name from
Greek skleros, hard, and poa, grass, alluding to the stiff
panicle.

1. Scleropoa rigida (L.) Griseb. (Fig. 108.) Culms
erect or spreading, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 2mm
wide; panicles narrow, stiff, condensed, 5 to 10 cm long,
the branches short, floriferous to base, these and the thick
pedicels somewhat divaricately spreading in anthesis;
spikelets 4- to 10-flowered, 5 to
8 mm long; glumes about 2 mm
long; lemmas about 2.5 mm long.
© —Waste places and fields,
sparingly introduced from Europe,
Massachusetts; Florida to Missis-
FiguRE 107.—Distribution of | Sippi; South Dakota; Washington

Festucu arizonica. to California.

5. PUCCINELLIA Parl. ALKALI-GRASS

2} —Sometimes cultivated for ornament.
FESTUCA GENICULATA (L.) Cav. Annual; culms slen-
der, geniculate below, 20 to 50 cm tall; panicle 3 to 6 cm

long; panicle 5to 10 cmlong, FIGURE 104.— Festuca idahoen-

EA ee sis. Plant, X 14; floret, X 5.
rather narrow; spikelets about (Heller 3318, Idaho.)

Europe.

—Some-

FIGURE 106.—
Festuca ari-
zonica. Pani-
cle, X34
Hore, “<oob:
(Leiberg 5685,
Ariz.)

Spikelets several-flowered, usually terete or subterete, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes
unequal, shorter than the first lemma, obtuse or acute, rather firm,

78 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

often scarious at tip, the first 1-nerved or sometimes 3-nerved, the
second 3-nerved; lemmas usually firm, rounded on the back, obtuse
or acute, rarely acuminate, usually scarious and often erose at the
tip, glabrous or puberulent toward base, rarely pubescent on the
nerves, 5-nerved, the nerves parallel, indistinct, rarely rather promi-
nent; palea about as long as the lemma or somewhat shorter. Low

Plant, X 1; two views of floret, X 10. (Cocks, Miss.)

FIGURE 108.—Scleropoa rigida.

pale smooth tufted annuals or perennials with narrow to open panicles.
Type species, Puccinellia distans. Named for Prof. Benedetto
Puccinelli.

The species of the interior are grazed by stock. One, P. nutialliana,
furnishes considerable forage in the regions where it is common. A
form of this, called Zawadke alkali-grass, is cultivated in Montana.

SS ee a ee ee ST hh ee >

sa Pe ee a. ee eT — a. a ee

on wn

. ied leh wl Bal ale | Sede - —— »

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 79

Lemmas obtuse, pubescent on the nerves for half or three-fourths their length.
aE ao aa ele ee ET RS Te eas Benes ne 1. P. PARISHII.
Lemmas glabrous or, if pubescent, the hairs not confined to the nerves.

Panicles narrow, strict, the branches appressed, mostly with one spikelet;
annual, mostly less than 20 cm tall; lemmas acute, more or less pubes-
Cn AES eS iad 2s hot es ee a es 0 oe ee Oe 2. P. SIMPLEX.

Panicles narrow or open, not strict; annual or perennial; lemmas glabrous or
pubescent only at base.

Panicles ellipsoid, rather compact, less than 10 cm long, the branches flor-
iferous nearly to base. Lemmas rather coriaceous; culms rather stout.

Spikelets 5 to 8 mm long; lemmas 3 to 3.5 mm long __ 3. P. RUPESTRIS.

Spikelets 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas 2 to 2.5 mm long.

4. PP. FASCICULATA.
Panicles pyramidal or elongate, some of the branches naked below, or
reduced, narrow, and few-flowered.

Leaves mostly in a short basal tuft, the blades involute, 5 to 10 cm long.
Panicle 5 to 10 em long, open and spreading; lemmas 3.5 mm long,
TER ee te fl) Do ee ee is ee neds 8 SEO eee 25 5. P. LEMMONI.

Leaves distributed, not in a basal tuft.

Anthers about 2 mm long. Lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, pubescent at
DON Sk a See 8 ee See Ee eee eee, 4 6. P. MARITIMA.
Anthers 1 mm long or less.
Lemmas about 2 mm long; panicle open; the slender branches spread-
ing or reflexed.
Lemmas broad, obtuse or truncate, not narrowed above; lower

panicle branches usually reflexed__________- 7. P. DISTANS.
Lemmas narrow, narrowed into an obtuse apex; panicle branches
spreading, usually not reflexed_______-- 8. P. NUTTALLIANA.

Lemmas 3 to 4 mm long; panicle narrow, the branches ascending or
finally spreading.
Plants lax, usually 10 to 30 cm tall; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, the

branches finally spreading___._____-.._-_-_-- 9. P. PUMILA.
Plants usually 40 to 60 cm tall; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, the
branches ascending or appressed_-___-_-- 10. P. NUTKAENSIS.

1. Puccinellia parishii Hitche. (Fig. 109.) Annual; culms 3 to
10 cm tall; blades flat to subinvolute, less than 1 mm wide; panicle
narrow, few-flowered, 1 to 4 cm long; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 3 to
5 mm long; lemmas about 2 mm long, obtuse to truncate,
scarious and somewhat erose at the tip, pubescent on the
mid and lateral nerves nearly to the apex, and on the inter-
mediate nerves about half way. © —Known only from
Rabbit Springs, San Bernardino County, Calif.

2. Puccinellia simplex Scribn. (Fig. 110.) Annual;
culms 7 to 20 cm tall; blades narrow, soft, flat; panicle nar-
row, about half the length of the entire plant, the branches
few, short, appressed, mostly with 1 spikelet; spikelets 6 to
8 mm long, appressed; glumes strongly 3-nerved, 1 and 2
mm long; lemmas 2.5 mm long, tapering from below the
middle to the acute apex, more or less pubescent over the |
back. © —Alkaline soil, California; rare.

3. Puccinellia rupéstris (With.) Fern. and Weath. (Fig. Figure 109—
111.) Annual; culms rather stout, mostly 10 to 20 cm tall; parishii.
blades flat, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle ellipsoid, glaucous, f°4c%
rather dense, mostly 3 to 6 em long, the branches mostly 1 (Type)
not more than 1.5 cm long, stiffly ascending, floriferous nearly to
base; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 5 to 8 mm long, sessile or nearly so;
glumes 3- to 5-nerved, 1.5 and 2.5 mm long; lemmas 3 to 3.5 mm

55974°—35——6

80 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

long, firm, obscurely nerved, glabrous, obtuse, the apex entire or
nearly so. © Ballast near New York and Philadelphia. Europe.

4. Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell. (Fig. 112.) Appar-
ently perennial; culms rather stout, 20 to 50 cm tall, sometimes taller;
blades flat, folded, or subinvolute, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle ellipsoid,
5 to 15 cm long, the branches fascicled, rather stiffly ascending,

FIGURE 111.—Puccinel-
lia rupestris. Panicle,
dS floret,7 a. 0!

FIGURE 110.—Puccinellia simpler. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.) (Martindale, N.J.)

some naked at base but with short basal branchlets, all rather densely
flowered; spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long; glumes ovate, 1
and 1.5 mm long; lemmas 2 to 2.5 mm long, firm, obtuse. 2 (P.
borrert Hitche.)—Salt marshes along the coast, Nova Scotia to Dela-
ware; Utah (fig. 113); Europe.

5. Puccinellia lemmoéni (Vasey) Scribn. (Fig. 114). Perennial;
culms erect, slender, 15 to 30 cm tall; leaves mostly in an erect basal

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 81

tuft, the slender blades involute, 5 to 10 cm long; panicle pyramidal,
open, 5 to 10 cm long, the slender flexuous branches fascicled, the
lower epreagng the longer ones naked on the lower half; spikelets
narrow, 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla often exposed ;
glumes ‘about 1 and 2mm long; lemmas narrow, acute,
glabrous, about 3.5 mm long; anthers 1.5 mm long. o
—Moist alkaline soil, southern Idaho and Washington
to Utah and California (fig. 115).

6. Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. (Fig. 116).
Perennial; culms erect, rather coarse, 20 to 40 cm tall,
sometimes taller; blades 1 to 2 mm wide, usually be-
coming involute; panicle mostly 10 to 20 cm long, the
branches ascending or appressed, or spreading in anthe-
sis; spikelets 4- to 10-flowered; glumes 3-nerved, 2 to
3 and 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, pubes-
cent on the base of the lateral nerves and sometimes
sparingly between the nerves; anthers 1.5 to 2 mm
long. 2 —Salt marshes and brackish shores, Nova
Scotia to Rhode Island; Washington; on ballast, Phila-
delphia (fig. 117); Europe.

7. Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. (Fig. 118.) Per-
ennial; culms erect or decumbent |
at base, 20 to 40 cm tall, some-
times taller; blades flat or more
or less involute, mostly 2 to 4
mm wide; panicle pyramidal,
Figure 112—Pucci- loose, 5 to 15 em long, the

Panicle settee, Pranches fascicled, rather distant, ee

X 10. (Stebbins, the lower spreading or finally PORE De en
reflexed, the longer ones naked

half their length or more; spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long;

glumes 1 and 2 mm long: lemmas rather thin, obtuse or truncate, 1.5

or usually about 2 mm long, with a few short hairs at base; anthers

FIGURE 114.—Puccinellia lemmoni. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Jones 4115, Nev.)

about 0.8 mm long. 2 —Moist, more or less alkaline soil, Quebec
to Alaska, epithe to Maryland, Michigan, Wisconsin, and North

S2 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dakota; Washington, south to New Mexico and California (fig. 119);
introduced from Eurasia. The more slen-
der specimens are the form described as
P. distans var. tenwis (Uechtritz) Fern. and
Weath.

8. Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schult.)
Hitche. NutraLL ALKALI-GRAss. (Fig.
120.) Perennial;
culms usually erect,
slender, rather stiff
and firm at base,
mostly 30 to 60 cm
rarely to 1 m tall;
apat a blades 1 to 3 mm
PiovgE 118, Disibation of wide, flat, or becom

ing involute; panicle
pyramidal, open, mostly 10 to 20 cm long,
the distant scabrous branches fascicled,
spreading, naked below, as much as 10 cm
long; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 4 to 7 mm
long, the florets rather distant, the rachilla
often exposed; pedicels scabrous; glumes
1.5and 2 mm long;
lemmas 2 to 3 mm
i long, rather nar-
x ie row, somewhat FIGURE 116.—Puccinellia maritima.

7 Plant, X 1; floret, * 10. (Fernald
narrowed into an and Long 20051, Nova Scotia.)

obtuse apex; an-
thers about 0.7 mm long. 2 (P. airordes

| Wats. and Coult.)—Moist, usually alkaline
wot soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south to
Kansas, New Mexico, and California; intro-
duced in Maine and Vermont (fig. 121). The
form with lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long has been
called P.\custch.1
Weatherby.—Alberta
to Wyoming and Ore-
gon.

9. Puccinellia pamila
(Vasey) Hitche. (Fig.
122.) Perennial;
culins | lax, | erect or | See, 2 mea
ascending from a de-
cumbent base, 10 to 30 em tall; blades rather
soft, mostly flat, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle
pyramidal, open, mostly 5 to 10cm long, the
* lower branches naked below, usually finally

spreading or even reflexed; spikelets 4- to
FIGURE 118.—Puccinellia distans. 6-flowered; glumes 1.5 and 2.5 mm_ long;
tgonaerte wie) re =X 1° lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, rather broad, nar-
rowed toward the obtuse nearly entire apex,

obscurely pubescent near base or glabrous; anthers 0.8 to 1 mm

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 83

long. 2 (P. paupercula Fern. and Weath., P. paupercula var.
alaskana Fern. and Weath.)—Salt ‘

marshes and shores, Labrador to {i

FIGURE 119.—Distribution of
Puccinellia distans.

Alaska, south to Connecticut and P er) : if?
Oregon (fi : 1233). IGURE 120.—Puccine wieees tana. Panicle, X
10. Pac auliie nutkaénsis (Presl) Age an ok ae ek
Fern. and Weath. (Fig. 124.) Perennial; culms rather stout, 40 to
70 cm tall; blades 1 to 2 mm wide,
subinvolute; panicle narrow, 10
to 20 cm long, usually included at
base, the lower branches usually
as much as 7 cm long; spikelets
4- to 9-flowered, 6 to 10 mm

|

FIGURE 121.—Distribution of
Puccinellia nutialliana.

long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, nar-
rowed to an obtuse apex, the tip
minutely fimbriate, the base with
a few hairs; anthers about 0.7 mm
long. 2 —Salt marshes and
saline soil near the coast, Alaska
to central California.

6. GLYCERIA R. Br.
MANNAGRASS

(Panicularia Heist.)

Spikelets few- to many-flow-
ered, subterete or slightly com-
pressed, the rachilla disarticulat-
ing above the glumes and between
the florets; glumes unequal, short,
obtuse or acute, usually scari-
FIGURE 122.— Puccinellia pumila. Plant,X1; ous, mostly. 1-nerved; lemmas

floret, X 10. (Type.)
$. broad, convex on the back, firm,
usually obtuse; scarious at the apex, 5- to 9-nerved, the nerves

84 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

parallel, usually prominent. Usually tall aquatic or marsh perennials,
with creeping and rooting bases or with
creeping rhizomes, simple culms, closed or
partly closed sheaths, flat blades, and open
or contracted panicles. Type species, Gly-
ceria fluitans. Name from the Greek glukeros,
sweet, the seed of the type species being
sweet.

The species are all palatable grasses but
are usually of limited distribution and most
of them are confined to marshes or wet land.
Glyceria elata, tall mannagrass, is a valuable
component of the for-
age in moist woods of
the Northwestern
States. G. striata,
fowl mannagrass,
widely distributed, G.
grandis, American :
mannagrass, in the FIGURE 123.—Distribution of
Nosthees States, ae Puccinellia pumila.
G. pauciflora, weak mannagrass, of the North-
west, are marsh species but are often grazed.
Spikelets linear, nearly terete, usually as much as 1

cm long, appressed on short pedicels; panicles nar-

TOW, CreChso es SAS SecTION 1. EUuGLYCERIA.

ange _ Spikelets ovate or oblong, more or less compressed,
FIGURE 124.—Puccinellia nutkaensis.

Panicla <i floret 10 usually not more than 5mm long; panicles usually
(Macoun 66, Br. Col.) 10 (69 Pha egw neat a VL SECTION 2. Hypropoa.

Section 1. Euglyceria

Lemmas acute, much exceeded by the palea______________- 1. G. ACUTIFLORA.
Lemmas obtuse; palea about as long as the lemma (or longer in G. septentrionalis
and G. fluitans).

Lemmas glabrous between the slightly scabrous nerves-__-_--_-_-_ 2. G. BOREALIS.
Lemmas scaberulous or hirtellous between the usually distinctly scabrous
nerves.
Lemmas about 3 mm long, broadly rounded at the summit.
First glume 1.5 mm long; lemmas scaberulous____ 3. G. LEPTOSTACHYA.
First glume 2 to 2.5 mm long; lemmas hirtellous_-_--_-_ 4. G. ARKANSANA.

Lemmas 4 to 7 mm long.

Lemmas pale or green, not tinged with purple, about 4 mm long; palea

usually exceeding the lemma; Eastern States.
5. G. SEPTENTRIONALIS.
Lemmas usually tinged with purple near the tip, 4 to 6 mm long; palea
rarely exceeding the lemma; Western States__ 7. G. OCCIDENTALIS.
Lemmas slightly tinged with purple near the tip, 5 to 6 mm long; palea
about as long as the lemma, sometimes slightly exceeding it; North-
eastern States. 4014 sees eee ew Oe ee eee 6. G. FLUITANS.

Section 2. Hydropoa

Lemmas with 5 prominent nerves.
Panicle ovate or pyramidal open wo. =. ee ae 8. G. PAUCIFLORA.
Panicle narrow, the; branches ascending 2+ 2 fe Be eee 9. G. ERECTA.
Lemmas with 7 usually prominent nerves.
Panicle contracted, narrow.
Lemmas about 3 to 4mm long; panicle oblong, dense, usually not more than
LOvem long See 3 ope pe eR ON Ae ro eee 10. G. OBTUSA,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 85

Lemmas 2 to 2.5 mm long; panicle rather loose, nodding, 15 to 25 cm

GEL Sek Rum ie Oe Pi Ra) Pe Pte pices 11. G. MELICARIA.
Panicle open, lax.
Nerves of lemma evident but not prominent__-_-_-_-_-_- 12. G. CANADENSIS.

Nerves of lemma prominent.
Culms decumbent, weak.
Blades 4 to 8 mm wide; anthers 1 mm long_____-__-- 17. G. PALLIDA.
Blades 1 to 3 mm wide; anthers 0.2 to 0.5mm long__ 18. G. NEOGABA.
Culms erect, usually stout.
First glume 1 mm long or less.
Blades 2 to 4 mm wide, sometimes to 8 mm, rather firm, often folded;
first elume OS mam: longs 4 fo ae 2 eo bod 13. G. STRIATA.
Blades 6 to 12 mm wide, flat, thin, lax; first glume about 1 mm long.
Lemma narrowed into a hyaline tip with no colored border.
14. G. ELATA.
Lemma broad at summit with a purple zone just below.
15. G. ortsit.
First glume 1.5mm long. Panicle large, compound__ 16. G. GRANDIS.

4 Section 1. Euaguyceria Griseb.

Spikelets linear, nearly terete, usually more than 1 cm long, appressed
on short pedicels; panicles narrow, erect, the branches appressed
or ascending after anthesis. The species = a
of Euglyceria, with the exception of Gly- |/_ {\—}- y
ceria acutiflora, are very closely allied and Oa ee
appear to intergrade. ars.
yy _ 1. Glyceria acutiflora Ounce
Peberrs) CRis. \b25).) \
Culms compressed, lax, Figure 126.—Distribution of
s : Glyceria acutiflora.
creeping and rooting
below, 50 to 100 cm long;
blades flat, lax, 10 to 15 cm
long, 3 to 6 mm wide, sca-
brous on the upper surface;
panicle 15 to 35 cm long, often
partly included, the branches
rather stiff, bearing 1 or 2
spikelets, or the lower 3 or
more; spikelets 5- to 12-flow-
ered, 2 to4 cm long, 1 to 2mm
wide, the lateral pedicels 1 to 3
mm long; glumes about 2 and
5 mm long; lemmas 7-nerved,
acute, scabrous, 6 to 8 mm
long, exceeded by the acumi-
nate, 2-tdothed paleas. 2
(Panicularia acutifiora
Kuntze.)—Wet soil and shal-
low water, New Hampshire to
Delaware, west to Michigan
and Tennessee (fig. 126); also
northeastern Asia.

2. Glyceria borealis (Nash)
Batchelder. NortTHERN
Fravan 125,—Glyceria rntifora, MANNAGRASS. (Hig. 127.) migvat lars olsene

Panicle, i Horet, x 10. Culms erect or decumbent at 1: floret, x 10.
Ee base alonder) 60° to 100..om.°°"

tall; blades flat or folded, usually 2 to 4 mm wide, sometimes

=
| =

86 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

wider; panicle mostly 20 to 40 cm long, the branches as much as 10
cm long, bearing several appressed spikelets; spikelets mostly 6- to
12-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long; glumes about 1.5 and 3 mm long;
lemmas rather thin, obtuse, 3 to 4 mm long,
strongly 7-nerved, scarious at the tip, glabrous
between the hispidulous nerves. 2 (Panic-
ularia borealis Nash.)—Wet places and shallow
water, Newfoundland to southeast Alaska,
south to Connecticut, northwestern Indiana,

; ia, TO Iowa, South Dakota, and in the mountains
GURY TS truis ~=—6 to New Mexico and central California (fg.

128).

3. Glyceria leptostachya Buckl. (Fig. 129.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m
tall, rather stout or succulent; sheaths slightly rough; blades flat,
scaberulous on the upper surface, 4 to 7 mm wide, rarely 1 cm wide;

panicle 20 to 40 cm long, the branches ascending,
1 mostly in 2’s or 3’s, several-
flowered, often bearing sec- yy)
NG ondary branchlets; spikelets
1 to 2 cm long, 8- to 14-
flowered, often purplish;
glumes 1.5 and 3 mm long;
lemmas firm, broadly round-
ed toward apex, about 3
mm long, 7-nerved, scaberu-
lous on the nerves and be-
tween them. 2 (Panicu-
~~. laria davyi Merr.)—Shallow
“'f-4] water, up to 1,200 m, rare,

1; 1-11 Washington to central Cali-
fi fornia.

|| 4. Glyceria arkansana

! Fernald. (Fig. 130.) Re-

sembling G. septentrionalis;

| first glume 2 to 2.5 mm long;

- oy
Mg oy
and

+\ fon
AVA ate
AVE
Mel ho]
a iF
\ |
i) We

\ Yf lemmas 3 mm long, hirtel-
. lous rather than scaberulous. Ficure 130—Glyceria arkan-
Movin Pane st, 2 Wet ground, Louisiana, {0 “(wail'3s'ta)
floret, x10. (Heller 5606, Arkansas, and Texas (fide
Fernald). There is a specimen labeled ‘‘western
New York’’; this locality should be confirmed.

5. Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. EasTrerN MANNAGRASS. (Fig.
131.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall, somewhat succulent; sheaths smooth;
blades flat, mostly 10 to 20 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, usually
smooth beneath, slightly scaberulous on the upper surface and margin;
panicle 20 to 40 cm long, somewhat open, the branches as much as 10
cm long, several-flowered, often spreading at anthesis; spikelets 1 to 2

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 87

cm long, 6- to 12-flowered, the florets rather loosely imbricate ; glumes
2 to 3 and 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas green or pale, about 4 mm long,

narrowed only slightly at the summit, scaberulous,
the paleas usually exceeding them. 2 (Panicu-
laria septentrionalis
Bickn.)—S hallow
iwater and wet
places, Quebec to
Minnesota, south to
South Carolina and
eastern Texas (fig.
132).

6. Glyceria flui-
tans) (L:) oR. or:
Mannagrass. (Fig.
133.) | Resembling
G. septentrionalis in
habit; first glume
usually only one-
third as long as the
first lemma; lemmas
scaberulous, the
nerves distinct but
not raised promi-
nently above the
tissue of the inter-
nerves; tip of palea

; usually exceeding its
FIGURE 131.—Glyceria septentrionalis. Famicle: lemma. J (Panic-

X 1; floret, X 10. (Deam 3184, Ind.) 5 -
ularia flurtans
Kuntze; P. brachyphylla Nash.)—Shallow water,
Newfoundland to Quebec and New York; South
Dakota; Eurasia.

7. Glyceria occidentalis (Piper) J.C. Nels. (Fig.
134.) Culms flaccid, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades 3 to
12 mm wide, smooth beneath, somewhat scabrous
on the upper surface; panicle loose, spreading at
anthesis, 30 to 50 cm long;
spikelets, 1.5 to 2 cm long;
first glume mostly about 2
mm long; lemmas usually
tinged with purple near the
tip, 4 to 6 mm long, rather
strongly scabrous, 7- to 9-
ihn En | nerved, thenerves prominent,

raised above the tissue of the

FIGURE 133.—Glyceria
fluitans. Panicle, X 1;
floret, X 10. (MclIn-
tosh 1076, S.Dak.)

internerves; palea about as long as its lemma, sometimes slightly
exceedingit. 2 (Panicularia occidentalis Piper.)—Marshes, shallow
water, and wet places, Idaho to British Columbia and northern Cali-
fornia (fig. 135). The seeds are used for food by the Indians.

88 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Section 2. Hyprérpoa Dum.

Spikelets more or less laterally compressed, ovate to oblong, usually
not more than 5 mm long; panicles open or condensed but not
long and narrow (except in G. melicaria).

8. Glyceria paucifléra_ Presl.
WEAK MANNAGRASS. (Fig. 136.)
Culms 50 to 120 cm tall; sheaths
smooth or scaberulous; blades
thin, flat, lax, scaberulous, mostly
10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 15 mm
wide; panicle open or rather
dense, nodding, 10 to 20 cm long,

°} Cs

Home
a
Hi
e

FIGURE 135.—Distribution of
Glyceria occidentalis.

the branches ascending or spread-
ing, rather flexuous, the spikelets
crowded on the upper half, the
lowermost usually 2 to 4; spike-
lets mostly 5- or 6-flowered, 4
ee to 5 mm long, often purplish;

MCU er ace Ie ee) lumes broadly somate soneaxal:
about 1 and 1.5 mm long, the

margins erose-scarious; lemmas oblong, about 2 mm long, with 5
prominent nerves and an outer short faint pair near the margins,
scaberulous on the nerves and somewhat so between them, the tip
rounded, scarious, somewhat erose.
4 (Panicularia pauciflora Kuntze.)—
Shallow water, marshes and wet
meadows, Alaska to South Dakota,

FIGURE 137.—Distribution of
Glyceria paucifiora.

south to California and New Mexico,
rising in the mountains to timber line
(fig. oe): meee 136.— Glyceria BELO Panicle, XI
9. Glyceria erécta Hitche. (Fig. Dougai‘es, Idaho) ee ne Me
138.) Differing from G. pauciflora
in the smaller size, mostly 30 to 40 cm tall, and in the narrow erect
panicles, 3 to 8 cm long, with ascending or appressed few-flowered
branches; lemmas about 3 mm long. 2 (Panicularia erecta
Hitche.)—Springy or boggy places, mostly near or above timber line,
Crater Lake, Oreg., to Mount Whitney, Calif., and Glenbrook, Nev.
Passes into the preceding species, of which it may be an alpine variety.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 89

10. Glyceria obtisa (Muhl.) Trin.

(Fig. 139.) Culms erect, often

decumbent at base, 50 to 100 cm tall, rather firm; blades elongate,
erect, mostly smooth, flat or folded, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle erect,
oblong or narrowly elliptic, dense, 5 to 15 em long, the
branches ascending or appressed; spikelets mostly 4- to

FIGURE 138.—
Glyceria erecta.
Panicle, X 1;

(Hitchcock
3059, Oreg.)

7-flowered, 4 to 6 mm long,
green or tawny, the rachilla
joints very short; glumes broad,
scarious, 1.5 and 2 mm long;
lemmas firm, faintly nerved,
smooth, 3 to 4mm long, obtuse,
the scarious tip narrow, often
revolute. 2 (Panicularia obtusa
Kuntze.)—Bogs and marshy
places, Nova Scotia to North
Carolina, near the coast (fig.
140).

11. Glyceria melicaria
(Michx.) F. T. Hubb. (Fig.
141.) Culms slender, solitary
or few, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades
elongate, scaberulous, 2 to5mm
wide; panicle narrow but rather
loose, nodding, 15 to 25cm long,
the branches erect, rather dis-
tant; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered,
about 4 mm long, green; glumes
about 1.5 and 2 mm long, acut-

. ish; lemmas firm, 2 to 2.5 mm

long, acutish, smooth, the nerves
rather faint. 2 (G. torreyana

Hitche.; Panicularia torreyana Merr.; P.
melicaria Hitche.)—Swamps and wet woods,
New Brunswick to Ohio, south to the
mountains of North Carolina (fig. 142).

12. Glyceria canadénsis (Michx.) Trin.
RATTLESNAKE MANNAGRASS. (Fig. 143.)
Culms erect, solitary or few in a tuft, 60 to
150 cm tall; blades scabrous, 3 to 7 mm
wide; panicle open, 15 to 20 cm long, nearly as wide, the branches
rather distant, drooping, naked below; spikelets ovate or oblong, 5- to

FIGURE 140.—Distribution of
Glyceria obtusa.

Michigan.

*

5
S Til a dh
¢- * _ “‘e7 lf -" 2
A, = ——S - =
— 5 = 0 es Os
= ; ” =a = 4 3 a =
a er = 2 os Li Pal
=a oN 2 ae — 2 ce
tle. — J - .. . >. =
a “ = =a
. as - e a % 2 =a = ~ -
= N mys NSN a, AS ~~
S S33 e

FIGURE 139.—Glyceria obtusa. Pan
icle, X 1; 2 views of floret, X 10.
(Miller, N.Y.)

10-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long, the florets crowded,
spreading; glumes about 2 and 3 mm long;
lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, the 7 nerves obscured
in the firm tissue of the lemma; palea bowed
out on the keels, the floret somewhat tumid.
2 (Panicularia canadensis Kuntze.)—Bogs
and wet places, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
south to Maryland and Illinois (fig. 144).

GLYCERIA CANADENSIS var. LAXxA (Scribn.)
Hitche. On the average taller, with looser panicles of somewhat
smaller 3- to 5-flowered spikelets. 2 (Panicularia lara Scribn.)—
Wet places, Nova Scotia to New York, Maryland, and West Virginia;

O() MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

13. Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitche. Fowt mMannaarass. (Fig.
145.) Plants in large tussocks, pale green; culms
erect, slender, rather firm, 30 to 100 cm tall, some-
times taller; blades erect or ascending, flat or folded,
moderately firm, usually 2 to 6 mm wide, sometimes
to 9 mm; panicle ovoid, open, 10 to 20 cm long, nod-
ding, the branches ascending at base, drooping, naked
below; spikelets ovate or oblong, 3- to 7-flowered, 3 to
4 mm long, often purplish, somewhat crowded toward
the ends of the branchlets; glumes about 0.5 and 1 mm
long, ovate, obtuse; lemmas ob-
long, prominently 7-nerved,
about 2 mm long, the scarious
tip inconspicuous; palea rather
firm, about as long as the lemma,
the smooth keels prominent,
bowed out. 3 (G. nervata i Be
‘Tr: Panivealarie Bervdie) er eG
Kuntze.)—Moist meadows and pig anae |

wet places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south
to northern Florida, Texas, Arizona, and northern Cal-
ifornia. A low strict northern form has been called G.
striata var. stricta Fernald (G. nervata var. stricta

FIGURE 141.—Glyce- :
ria melicaria. Seribn.)

vale iret’ xe = 4. Gllyceria eldta (Nash) Hitche. TaLu MANNa-
10. Garvey 1822, Grass. (Fig. 146.) Resembling G. striata; plants

dark green; culms 1 to 2 m tall, rather succulent;
blades flat, thin, lax, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle oblong, 15 to 30 cm long,

HW
CN

LG
NN

FIGURE 143.—Glyceria canadensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Kneucker, Gram. 464, Conn.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 144.—Distribution of
Glyceria canadensis.

FIGURE 145.—Glyceria striata.

Plant, X 14; spikelet, < 5; floret, X 10.

(V. H. Chase 60, Il.)

92 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the branches spreading, the lower often reflexed; spikelets 6- to 8-

; flowered, 3 to 5 mm long;
glumes and lemmas a little
longer than in G. striata.
2 (Panicularia elata Nash;
P. nervata elata Piper.)—Wet
meadows, springs, and shady
moist woods, Montana to
British Columbia, south in
= the mountains to New Mexico
KS and southern California.

15. Glyceria otisii Hitchc.
(Fig. 147.) Resembling G.
elata; spikelets broader, ob-
long, with on the average
more florets, the glumes
broader; lemmas _ broader,
especially at the summit,
very scabrous, the prominent
hyaline tip contrasting with
the purple zone just below,
the lower part of the lemma
ereen. 2 —Timber, Jeffer-
son County, Wash. Known
only from the type collec-
tion.

16. Glyceria grandis S.
Wats. AMERICAN MANNA-
FIGURE 146.—Glyceria elata. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. GRASS. (Fig. 148.) Culms

ee ee, tufted, stout, 1 to 1.5 m tall;
blades flat, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle large, very compound, 20 to 40

FIGURE 147.—Glyceria otisii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.)

em long, open, nodding at summit; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, 5 to 6
mm long, glumes whitish, about 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas purplish,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 93

about 2.5 mm long; palea rather thin, about as long as. the lemma.
) A (Panicularia americana MacM.)—Banks of streams, marshes, and

FIGURE 148.—Glyceria grandis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Pearce, N.Y.)

wet places, Prince Edward Island to Alaska,
south to Tennessee, Ohio, lowa, Nebraska, New

Mexico, and eastern Oregon (fig. 149).
Glyceria nubigena W.A. Anderson. Similar
to G. grandis; culms more slender and less suc-
culent; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered; glumes
FIGURE 149.—Distribution of | PuUrplish, not pale and translucent as in G.
2 alae ta grandis; lemmas on the average longer and

wider, the nerves farther apart and less prominent; palea firmer,
rather coriaceous. 2 —Boggy openings in forest, Clingmans

94. MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dome, Great Smoky Mountains, Tenn. A rare and apparently
distinct species based upon fragmentary material. More specimens
are needed.

17. Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin. (Fig.
150.) Culms slender, lax, ascending from a
decumbent rooting base, 30 to 100 em long;
blades mostly 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle pale
green, open, 5 to 15 cm long, the branches

FiuRE 151—Distribution of | ascending, flexuous, finally more or less spread-
IDRC PERAEE ing; spikelets somewhat elliptic, 4- to 7-
flowered, 6 to 7 mm long; glumes 1.5 to 2 and 2 to 2.5 mm long;
lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, scaberulous, obtuse, the scarious tip erose;
anthers linear, about 1 mm long. 2 (Pan- :
icularia pallida Kuntze.)—Shallow cold water,
Maine to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina
and Missouri (fig. 151). Resembles species of
(Fog.

18. Glyceria neogaéa Steud. (Fig. 152.)
Resembling G. pallida and appearing to grade
into it; culm more slender, 20 to 40 cm long;
blades 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle on the average
smaller, the branches finally spreading or re-
flexed; spikelets mostly 3- to 5-flowered, 4 to
5 mm long; glumes and lemmas a little
shorter than in G. pallida; anthers globose,
0.2 to 0.6 mm long. & (G. fernaldii St.
John.)—Shallow water, Newfoundland — to
Minnesota, south to Connecticut (fig. 153).

7. SCLEROCHLOA Beauv.

Spikelets 3-flowered, the upper floret ster-
ile; rachilla continuous, broad, thick, the iiisark! aco Uae
spikelet falling entire; glumes broad, obtuse, ~ Plant, x1; floret, % 10.
rather firm, with hyaline margins, the first 7047S. Penal, aud Feare,
3-nerved, the second 7-nerved ; lemmas rounded
on the back, obtuse with 5 prominent parallel nerves and hyaline
margins; palea hyaline, sharply keeled. Low tufted annual, with
broad upper sheaths, folded blades with boat-
shaped tips, and dense spikelike racemes,
the spikelets subsessile, imbricate in two rows
on one side of the broad thick rachis. Type
species, Sclerochloa dura. Name from Greek
skleros, hard, and chloa, grass, alluding to the
FIGURE 153.—Distribution of | firm glumes.

ee a edi 1. Sclerochloa dira (L.) Beauv. (Fig. 154.)
Culms erect to spreading, 2 to 7 cm long; foliage glabrous, the
lower leaves very small, the upper increasingly larger, with broad
overlapping sheaths; blades 7 to 18 mm long, 1 to 3 mm wide,
the upper exceeding the raceme, the junction with the sheath ob-
scure; raceme 1 to 2 cm long, nearly half as wide; spikelets 6 to 7

q
:
4

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 95

mm long on very short thick pedicels; first glume about one-third,
the second half as long as the spikelets; lower lemma 5 mm long.

TB

FIGURE 154.—Sclerochloa dura. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.)

© —Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Washington, Idaho, Colorado,
and Utah (fig. 155); introduced from southern Europe.

8. FLUMINEA Fries
(Scolochloa Link)

Spikelets 3- or 4-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes nearly equal, somewhat
| scarious and lacerate at summit, the first
3-nerved, the second 5-nerved, about as long
as the first lemma; lemmas firm, rounded on
the back, villous on the callus, 7-nerved, the
nerves rather faint, unequal, extending into
a scarious lacerate apex; palea narrow, flat,
benaaee about asleng asthelemma. ‘Tall perennials,
FIGURE eon of ~=6hwwith succulent rhizomes, flat blades, and
spreading panicles. ‘Type species, Fluminea
festucacea. Name from Latin flumen, a river, the grass commonly
growing along river margins.
The single species has some value for forage and is often a con-
stituent of marsh hay.
1. Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitche. (Fig. 156.) Culms erect,
stout, 1 to 1.5 m tall, from extensively creeping, succulent
rhizomes; blades elongate, scabrous on the upper surface, mostly 5 to

55974°—35——7

96 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGuRE 156.—Fluminea festucacea. Plant, X %; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Griffiths 870, S.Dak.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED’ STATES 97

10 mm wide, extending into a fine point; panicle 15 to 20 cm long,
loose, the distant branches fascicled, ascending, naked below, the
lowermost nearly as long as the panicle; spikelets about 8 mm long,
the florets approximate; lemmas about 6 mm long. 2 —Shallow
water and marshes, Manitoba to British Columbia, south to northern
Iowa, Nebraska, and eastern Oregon (fig. 157); northern Eurasia.

9, PLEUROPOGON R. Br. SEMAPHORE-GRASS

Spikelets several- to many-flowered, linear, the rachilla disarticu-
lating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal,
membranaceous or subhyaline, scarious at the somewhat lacerate tip,
the first 1-nerved, the second obscurely 3-nerved; lemmas mem-
branaceous, 7-nerved, with a round indurate callus, the apex entire
or 2-toothed, the midnerve extending into a
short mucro or into an awn; keels of the palea
winged on the lower half. Soft annuals or
perennials, with simple culms, flat blades, and
loose racemes of rather large spikelets on a
slender flexuous axis. Type species, Pleuro-
pogon sabinii R. Br. Name from Greek pleura, oa
side, and pogon, beard, the palea of the type "OG iva penmeaca
species having a bristle on each side at the base.

Palatable grasses, but too infrequent to be of economic value.

Lemmas about 6 mm long; plants annual; spikelets ascending.
. P. CALIFORNICUS.
Lemmas about 8 mm long; plants perennial; spikelets finally reflexed or drooping.
P. REFRACTUS.

1. Pleuropogon califérnicus (Nees) Benth. (Fig. 158.) Annual;
culms tufted, erect or decumbent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades
flat or folded, seldom more than 10 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide; raceme
10 to 15 cm long, with 5 to 10 rather distant short-pediceled spikelets;
spikelets 6- to 12-flowered, mostly about 2.5 cm long, erect, or some-
what spreading; glumes obtuse, erose, 4 to 6 mm long; lemmas
scabrous, 5 to 6 mm long, the nerves prominent, the tip obtuse,
scarious, erose, the awn usually 6 to 12 mm long; wings of palea
prominent, cleft, forming a tooth about the middle. © —Wet
meadows and marshy ground, Mendocino County to the San Fran-
cisco Bay region, Calif.

2. Pleuropogon refractus (A. Gray) Benth. Noppina sEMAPHORE-
Grass. (Fig. 159.) Perennial; culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades elon-
gate, the uppermost nearly obsolete, 3 to 7 mm wide; raceme about
as in P. californicus, the spikelets as many as 12, about 3 cm
long, finally reflexed or drooping; lemmas about 8 mm long, less
scabrous and the nerves less prominent than in P. californicus; awn
from 12 mm long to nearly obsolete; palea narrow, keeled to about
the middle, scarcely or minutely toothed. 2 —Bogs, wet meadows,
and mountain streams, Washington to Mendocino County, Calif.,
west of the Cascades.

98 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Z
i ts oe ni tas am a a

FIGURE 158.—Pleuropogon californicus. Plant, X 1%; spikelet, < 3; floret, X 5. (Bolander 6075, Calif.)

are

—_—
x

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 99

10. POA L. Buvrcrass

Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets, the uppermost floret reduced or
rudimentary; glumes acute, keeled, somewhat unequal, the first
usually 1-nerved, the second usually 3-nerved; lemmas somewhat
keeled, acute or acutish, rarely obtuse, awnless, membranaceous, often
somewhat scarious at the summit, 5-nerved (intermediate nerves,
that is, the pair between the keel and the marginal nerves, rarely
obsolete), the nerves sometimes pubescent. Low or rather tall
slender annuals or usually perennials with spikelets in open or con-
tracted panicles, the relatively narrow blades flat,
folded, or involute, ending in a boat-shaped tip.
Standard species, Poa pratensis. Name from
Greek, pod, grass.

There are several groups of Poa that present
many taxonomic difficulties. In the groups con-
taining, for example, P. nervosa, P. arctica, P.
scabrella, and P. nevadensis, many species have
been proposed which are not here recognized as
valid, because they were based upon trivial or
variable characters. The keys are based upon
average specimens but the student may find oc-
casional intermediates between the valid species.

The bluegrasses are of great importance because
of their forage value, some species being cultivated
for pasture and others forming a large part of the
forage on the mountain meadows of the West.
The most important is Poa pratensis, commonly
known as bluegrass or Kentucky bluegrass. In
the cooler parts of the United States it is culti-
vated for lawns and is the standard pasture grass
in the humid regions where the soil contains
plenty of lime. It has been extensively used in
the improvement of badly depleted western moun- ~
tain ranges. P. compressa, Canada bluegrass, is
cultivated for pasture in the Northeastern States
and Canada, especially on poor soils. P. trivialis
and P. palustris, ee Ea seo erown in meadow !
mixtures but are of little agricultural importance. care
P. arachnifera, Texas fsldectins has been used in PrgunE "Plant, 1s Aoret
some parts of the South for winter pasture and as fare 731" Wang mt
alawn grass. P. annua is a common weed in
lawns and gardens. P. bulbosa is cultivated about Medford, Oreg.,
and elsewhere.

With very few exceptions the bluegrasses are palatable and nu-
tritious and are often the most important grasses in many parts of the
West. At high altitudes, P. alpina, P. arctica, P. epilis and P. rupicola
are important. In the mountains mostly below timber line are found
P. fendleriana (mutton grass), P. longiligula, P. nervosa, P. secunda
(Sandberg bluegrass), P. canbyi, and P. juneifolia, all of wide distri-
bution. P. interior is mostly in the Rocky Mountains; P. scabrella

100 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

is probably the most important forage grass of the lower elevations
in California; P. gracillima and P. ampla are mostly in the North-
western States; P. arida is the most valuable bluegrass of the Plains.
P. bigelovii, an annual, is important in the Southwestern States.
P. macrantha and P. confinis are native-sandbinders of the sand
dunes on the coast of Washington and Oregon, but are not cultivated.
Spikelets little compressed, narrow, much longer than wide, the lemmas convex on

the back, the keels obscure, the marginal and intermediate nerves usually

faint. All bunchgrasses.
Lemmas crisp-puberulent on the back toward the base (the pubescence some-

times obscure or only at the very base) -_.___-_-_+_--_-- 6. ScABRELLAE.
Lemmas glabrous or minutely scabrous, but not crisp-puberulent.
7. NEVADENSES.
Spikelets distinctly compressed, the glumes and lemmas keeled.
Plants annitial 2 2 oe 2 2 se 8 eee a. So oe 1. ANNUAE.
Plants perennial.
Creeping rhizomes presents" 32] ees 2 ee 2. PRATENSES.
Creeping rhizomes wanting.
Lemmas webbed at base ssc Ves: ESS 3. PALUSTRES.

Lemmas not webbed at base (sometimes sparsely webbed in P. laxa and
P. pattersont).
Lemmas pubescent on the keel or marginal nerves or both, sometimes

pubescent also on the internerves___________---_--- 4. AULPINAE.
Lemmas glabrous (minutely pubescent at base in P. wnilateralis).
5. EPImLes.
1. Annuae

Lemmas glabrous, except the scabrous keel, webbed at base. Sheaths glabrous.
P. BOLANDERI.
Lemmas pubescent.

Lemmas pubescent on the back especially toward the base, but not distinctly
villous on the keel and nerves, slightly webbed at base. Sheaths usually
scabrous; panicle open: .2o-_ 50 2 le ee ee 2. P. HOWELLII.

Lemmas pubescent on the nerves, sometimes also on the internerves.

Panicle narrow, contracted, usually interrupted; sheaths scabrous. Lemmas

webbed, pubescent on the internerves below_------- 3. P. BIGELOVII.
Panicle oblong or pyramidal, the branches spreading; sheaths glabrous.

Lemmas with webby hairs at base, distinctly 3-nerved, the intermediate

nerves obscure; anthers 0.1 to 0.2 mm long-_-_ 4. P. CHAPMANIANA,
Lemmas not webbed at base, distinctly 5-nerved; anthers 0.5 tore long.
; . ANNUA,

2. Pratenses

ta; Culms strongly. fattened; 2-edged-_-=_=-=2"= S222 = 6. P. cOMPRESSA.
1b. Culms terete or slightly flattened, not 2-edged.
2a. Plants dioecious.
Panicle oblong, the two sexes unlike in appearance, the pistillate spikelets
woolly, the staminate glabrous or nearly so. Plains of Texas.
. P. ARACHNIFERA.
Panicle oblong or ovoid, the two sexes similar. Seacoast, California and
northward.
Glumes and lemmas about 8 mm long_-_------------ 8. P. MACRANTHA.
Glumes and lemmas not more than 6 mm long.
Panicle densely ovoid; lemmas 6 mm long, slightly villous below.
9. P. DOUGLASII.

Panicle somewhat open; lemmas 3 mm long, scaberulous.
1 P. CONFINIS.
2b. Plants not dioecious, the florets perfect.
3a. Blades involute. Glumes and lemmas 4 to 5 mm long.
1 P. RHIZOMATA.
3b. Blades flat or folded.
4a. Lemmas not pubescent nor webbed.

Panicle almost spikelike, erect; glumes 2 mm long.
12. P. ATROPURPUREA.

oe ee ET Se ee ed ere

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 101

< Panicle open, nodding; glumes 3 to 4 mm long.
Blades broad and short; lower panicle branches reflexed.
13. - Pl ecurra.
Blades elongate; panicle branches ascending- ------ 14. P. NERVOSA.
4b. Lemmas pubescent.
5a. Lemmas glabrous except for the web at the base.
15. P. KELLOGGII.
5b. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves or back, sometimes also webbed
at base.
6a. Internerves glabrous, the keel and marginal nerves pubescent.
Lower sheaths retrorsely pubescent, purplish; lemmas pubescent
on keel and marginal nerves, not webbed_ 14. P. NERVOSA.
Lower sheaths glabrous (scaberulous in P. lazzflora); lemmas
webbed at base.
Calms retrorsely scabrouss- 2.2 ===. ..- 16. P. LAXIFLORA.
Culms glabrous.
Lower panicle branches in a whorl of usually five; blades
mostly shorter than the culm__-__-_-_-~- 17. P. PRATENSIS.
Lower panicle branches usually in twos, spreading, spikelet-
bearing near the ends; blades about as long as the culm.
18. P. cUSPIDATA.
6b. Internerves pubescent near base, the keel and marginal nerves
pubescent.
Panicle contracted, the branches appressed; blades folded, firm and
stiff. Plains and alkali meadows at medium altitudes.
19. P. ARIDA.
Panicle open, the branches spreading.
Plants mostly more than 50 cm tall; panicle narrow, 10 to 20 em
long, the lower branches mostly in threes.
20. P. GLAUCIFOLIA.
Plants mostly less than 50 em tall; panicle pyramidal, 5 to 10 em
long, the lower branches mostly in twos. Alpine meadows.
21. P. ARCTICA,
3. Palustres

la. Lemmas glabrous, or the keel sometimes pubescent.
Sheaths retrorsely scabrous. Culms decumbent and often rooting at base;
keel of lemma glabrous or slightly pubescent______--_- 22. PP. TRIVIALIS.
Sheaths glabrous.
Panicle narrow, drooping, the branches appressed or ascending.
23. P. MARCIDA.
Panicle very open, the few branches slender, naked below, spreading or
drooping.
Lemmas villous on the keel; panicle branches mostly in fours or fives.
24. P. ALSODES.
Lemmas glabrous on the keel; panicle branches mostly in twos or threes.
LEER E SS SETS Sales Si ad D8 SRE ae en ee oe 25. P. LANGUIDA.
Reminisce be = On SU ee 26. P. SALTUENSIS.
1b. Lemmas pubescent on keel and marginal nerves.
2a. Sheaths distinctly retrorse-scabrous (sometimes faintly so). Culms
usually stout, 40 to 120 cm tall; panicle usually large and open, mostly
SRI ey ene Ian 8 Oe 27. P. OCCIDENTALIS.
2b. Sheaths glabrous or faintly scaberulous.
3a. Lower panicle branches distinctly reflexed at maturity.
Panicle oblong, erect, mostly more than 15 em long, the branches several
(usually more than 3) in a whorl____-___--__-- 29. P. SYLVESTRIS.
Panicle nodding, mostly less than 15 em long, the branches 1 to 3 together.
30. P. REFLEXA.
: 3b. Lower panicle branches not reflexed.
4a. Panicle narrowly pyramidal, erect, 15 to 20 cm long. Lemmas 4 mm
long, pubescent on nerves and internerves; webbed at base; New

‘ Oa Pe ee eR ts yet ro ie 28... P-FRACYI.
; 4b. Panicle broadly pyramidal, usually nodding.
5a. Intermediate nerves of lemma distinet________ ____- 31. P. WOLFII.

. 5b. Intermediate nerves of lemma obscure.
6a. Lower panicle branches in pairs, elongate, capillary, bearing a
few spikelets near the ends.

102 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Spikelets rather broad, the rachilla joints short, hidden by the
florets; sheaths smooth; culms in dense tufts; alpine rocky
slopes s 2.20.8 2s ee gee en, ae eee 32. P. PAUCISPICULA.

Spikelets narrow, the rachilla joints slender, somewhat elongate,
usually not hidden by the florets; sheaths minutely roughened;
culms solitary or in small tufts; ‘shady bogs.

Intermediate nerves of lemma distinct: uppermost ligule acute,
3 to 4 mm long; western mountains below timber line.
30. P. LEPTOCOMA.
Intermediate nerves of lemma obscure; uppermost ligule truncate,
0.3 to 1.5 mm long; Great Lake region at low altitudes.
34. P. PALUDIGENA.
6b. Lower panicle branches often more than 2, if only 2 not capillary
and elongate.

Florets usually converted into bulblets with dark purple base;
culms swollen and bulblike at base.____--_ 35. P. BULBOSA.

Florets normal; culms not bulblike at base.

Glumes narrow, acuminate, about as long as the first lemma;
ligule very shares wrt wey aie San 36. P. NEMORALIS.
Glumes lanceolate, acute, shorter than the first lemma; ligules
rather prominent, those of the culm leaves 1 to 3 mm or
more long.
Spikelets about 6 mm long; lemmas 4 mm long.
37. P. MACROCLADA,
Spikelets about 4 mm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long.
Culms decumbent at the purplish base; panicle 10 to 30 cm
long, large’ and open 2. 225 Se 38. P. PALUSTRIS.
Culms erect from a green or tawny base; panicle mostly less
than 10 cm long, comparatively small and few-flowered.

39. P. INTERIOR.
4. Alpinae

Blades folded or invouute, firm, rather stiff.
Ligule very short, not noticeable when viewed from the side of sheath.

P. FENDLERIANA.
Ligule prominent, easily seen in side view, 5 to 7 mm long.

41. P. LONGILIGULA.
Blades flat or, if involute, rather lax or soft.
Panicle branches slender, spreading or drooping, the lower naked and simple
for 3"to-4cm-or mores. Peal 2 eis ey eae 42. P. AUTUMNALIS.
Panicle branches not long and spreading.
Panicle broadly pyramidal, condensed, about as broad as long, the lower
branches spreading or reflexed. Spikelets broad, subcordate.

43. P. ALPINA.
Panicle longer than broad.

Panicle nodding, the lower branches slender, arcuate-drooping.
44, P. STENANTHA.
Panicle erect, the lower branches short.
Panicle rather loose, lower branches naked below, ascending (see also
P. macroclada).
Plants: glaucous; culmes'stifily, ereeti 22s. ee eeee 45. P. GLAUCA.
Plants not glaucous; culms rather lax____________-- 46.) Pa
Panicle narrow, condensed, the branches short (see also P. unilateralis).
Culms rather lax, not much longer than the numerous basal leaves.

47. PP. PATTERSONI.
Culms stiff, much longer than the basal leaves__ 48. P. RUPICOLA.

5. Epiles
Panicle open, 10 to 15 cmlong. Blades involute, slender____ 49. P. INVoLUTA.
Panicle contracted, or if open less than 10 cm long.
Blades:scabrous, filiform wu 62-00) Mee ee eee ee ee 50. P. cusicKi.
Blades glabrous.
Lemmas minutely pubescent at base_____________- 51. P. UNILATERALIS.

Lemmas glabrous.
Blades of the culm 2 to 3 mm wide, flat, those of the innovations slender or
filiform a 2S a Se ee ee ee ce re 52. P. EPILIS.

eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee

=

a

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 103

Blades of the culm and innovations similar. Panicle few-flowered.
Panicle short, open, the capillary branches bearing 1 or 2 spikelets.
Ue re a | 53. P. VASEYOCHLOA.
Panicle narrow.
Lemmas 5 to 6 mm long; panicle usually pale or silvery.
54. P. PRINGLEI.
Lemmas less than 4 mm long; panicle usually purple.
Glumes about as long as the first and second florets; panicle mostly

not exceeding the short soft blades____ 55. P. LETTERMANI.
Glumes shorter than the first floret; panicle usually much longer
than the usually stiff blades._._...--_- 56. P. LEIBERGII.

6. Scabrellae

pacushe BomMmewhaL SCHbrOuUs.=. 225-02 2 tae 57. P. SCABRELLA.
Sheaths glabrous.
Panicle rather open, the lower branches naked at base, ascending or somewhat
spreading; culms usually decumbent at base__------- 58. P. GRACILLIMA.
Panicle contracted, the branches appressed or at anthesis somewhat divergent.
Culms slender, on the average less than 30 cm tall; numerous short innova-

tions at base. Blades usually folded_____________-_ 59. P. SECUNDA.
Culms stouter, on the average more than 50 cm tall; innovations usually
Nga iTS Se Nee a a ee ree 60. P. cANBYI.

“ 7. Nevadenses

Sheaths seaberulous. Ligule long, decurrent___________- 61. P. NEVADENSIS.
Sheaths glabrous.
Ligule prominent; blades broad and short______-_-_------- 62. P. CURTIFOLIA.
Ligule short; blades elongate.
iiss SU ee ee See ee 63. P. JUNCIFOLIA,
LA LEU ae ek: Ree Se ee ee ee 64. P. ampLa,

1. Annuae.—Annuals; culms seldom more than 50 em tall; panicles
open (contracted in P. bigelovii).

1. Poa bolandéri Vasey. (Fig. 160.) Culms erect, 15 to 60
em tall; sheaths glabrous; blades relatively short, 3 to 5 mm wide,
abruptly narrowed at tip; panicle about half the length of the entire
plant, at first contracted, finally open, the branches few, distant,
glabrous, stiffly spreading, naked below; spikelets usually 2- or 3-
é flowered, the internodes of the rachilla long; glumes broad, 2 and 3
mm long; lemma scantily webbed at base, acute, the marginal nerves
_ rather indistinct, the intermediate nerves obsolete. © -—Open
_ ground or open woods, 1,500 to 3,000 m, Washington and Idaho to
western Nevada and the southern Sierras in California (fig. 161).

2. Poa howéllii Vasey and Scribn. Howrtu BLurGRAss. (Fig.
162.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths retrorsely scabrous to glabrous;
blades narrower than in P. bolanderi, gradually acuminate; panicle
one third to half the entire height of the plant, open, the branches in
rather distant fascicles, spreading, scabrous, naked below, some short
branches intermixed; spikelets 3 to 5 mm long, usually 3- or 4-flowered ;
glumes narrow, acuminate, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas webbed at
base, 2 to 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent on the lower part,
the nerves all rather distinct. © —Rocky banks and shaded
slopes, mostly less than 1,000 m, Vancouver Island to southern Cali-
fornia, especially in the Coast Ranges.

3. Poa bigelévii Vasey and Scribn. BiagreLow BpiurGrRass. (Fig.
163.) Culms erect, 15 to 35 cm tall; blades 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle
narrow, interrupted, 7 to 15 cm long, the branches short, appressed;
spikelets about 6 mm long; glumes acuminate, 4 mm long, 3-nerved;
Jemmas about 3 mm long, sometimes 4 mm, webbed at base, conspicu-

104 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE |

e f 5
\*

FIGURE 161.—Distribution of ;
Poa bolandéri. 4

FIGURE 160.—Poa holanderi. Panicle, X
1; floret, X 10. (Swallen 799, Calif.)

Y

FIGURE 162.—Poa howellii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10.
(Suksdorf 10464, Wash.)

7]
MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 105

ously pubescent on the lower part of keel and lateral nerves, sometimes

sparsely pubescent on lower part of

internerves.

© —Open

ground, at medium altitudes, Oklahoma and western Texas to Colo-
rado, Nevada, and southern California; northern Mexico (fig. 164).

4. Poa chapmaniana Scribn.

(Fig. 165.)

Plant drying pale or

tawny; culms densely tufted, slender, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades 1 to
1.5 mm wide; panicle oblong-pyramidal, 3 to 8 cm long, open, the

EG
SS rans ace re \
<I Qs A
SS .

IE:
Is

SAN

ae

“Ss
AS

KS
wes
is

AL \

FIGURE 163.—Poa bige-
lovii. Panicle, XK 1;
floret, X 10. (Fendler
931, N.Mex.)

lower branches _ spreading;
spikelets 3 to 4 mm long,
mostly 3- to 5-flowered;
glumes 2 and 2.5 mm long;
lemmas about 2 mm long,
webbed at base, strongly pu-
bescent on the keel and lat-
eral nerves, the intermediate
nerves obscure; anthers 0.1 to
0.2mmlong. © — Open
ground and cultivated fields,
Delaware to lowa, south to
Georgia and Texas (fig. 166).

5. Poa annua L. ANNUAL
BLUEGRASS. (Fig.167.) Tuft-
ed, bright green, erect to
spreading, sometimes rooting
at the lower nodes, usually
5 to 20 cm tall, sometimes
taller, forming mats; culms
flattened; blades soft, lax,
mostly 1 to 3 mm wide; pan-
icle pyramidal, open, 3 to 7
cm long; spikelets crowded,
3- to 6-flowered, about 4 mm
long; first glume 1.5 to 2, the
second 2 to 2.5 mm long;
lemma not webbed at base,
distinctly 5-nerved, more or
less pubescent on the lower
half of all the nerves, the
long hairs on the lower part
of the keel sometimes simulat-
ing a web; anthers 0.5 to 1
mm long. © —Open ground,
lawns, pastures, waste places,
and openings in woods, New-
foundland and Labrador to
Alaska, south to Florida and

FIGURE 164.—Distribution of

Poa bigelovii.

FIGURE 165.—Poa chapman-

Panicle, X 1; floret,

X10. (V. H. Chase 3557,
Ii.)

FIGURE 166.—Distribution of
‘oa chapmaniana.

California; tropical America at high altitudes; introduced from Europe.
In warmer parts of the United States the species thrives in the winter;
in intermediate latitudes it is a troublesome weed in lawns, growing
luxuriantly in spring, drying in early summer and leaving unsightly

patches,

: Q
106 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

2. Praténses.—Perennials with slender creeping rhizomes. Several
species dioecious.

6. Poa compréssa L. Canapa BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 168.) Culms
solitary or few together, often gregarious, strongly flattened, wiry,
decumbent at base, bluish green, 15 to 50 cm
tall; blades rather short, mostly 1 to 4 mm wide;
panicle narrow, 3 to 7 cm long, the usually
short. branches in pairs, spikelet-bearing to the
base; spikelets crowded, subsessile, 3- to 6-flow-
ered, 4 to 6 mm long; glumes 2 to 3 mm long;
lemmas firm, 2 to 3 mm long, the web at base
scant or wanting, the keel and marginal nerves
slightly pubescent toward base, the intermediate
nerves obscure. 2| —Open ground, open woods,
meadows, and waste places, Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama,
Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California; intro-
duced from Europe. Cultivated for pastures in
poor soil.

7. Poa arachnifera Torr. TExas BLUEGRASS.

| : (Fig. 169.) Plants dioecious; culms tufted, 30
Figure 167—Poa annua. to 50 cm tall; blades mostly 2 to 4 mm wide,
(a wock, b.Co” * * scabrous above; panicle narrow,
compact, more or less lobed or
interrupted, 5 to 12 cm long; spikelets mostly 5- to
10-flowered, the pistillate conspicuously cobwebby, the
lemmas 5 to 6 mm long, acuminate, copiously long
webby at base, the strongly compressed keel and lateral
nerves ciliate-fringed along the lower half; staminate
lemmas glabrous or with a scant web at base. 2
—Prairies and plains, southern Kansas to Texas and
Arkansas; introduced eastward to South Carolina and
Florida; Idaho (fig. 170). Sometimes cultivated for
winter pasture.

8. Poa macrantha Vasey. (Fig.171.) Plants dioe-
cious; culms erect from a decumbent base, with exten-
sively creeping rhizomes, and also long runners creep-
ing over the sand, 15 to 40 cm tall; sheaths tawny,
papery; blades involute, subflexuous; panicle contrac-
ted, sometimes dense and spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long,
pale or tawny; spikelets about 12 mm long, about 5-
flowered; glumes 3-nerved, or the second indistinctly
5-nerved, about 8 mm long; lemmas about 8 nm long,
short-webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and mar-
ginal nerves below, slightly scabrous on the keel above; |
pistillate florets with abortive stamens. 2 —Sand Ficurx168.—Poa
dunes along the coast, Washington to northern oe eae

S 7 10. (Gayle 750,
California. Maine.)

9. Poa douglasii Nees. (Fig. 172.) Plants dioecious,
the two kinds similar; culms ascending from a decumbent base, usually
less than 30 cm tall; rhizomes slender; sheaths glabrous, tawny and pa-
pery; blades involute, some of them usually exceeding the culm; panicle

Pe ne en

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 107

ovoid, dense, spikelike, 2 to 5 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, pale or pur-

plish; spikelets 6 to 10 mm long, about 5-flowered; glumes broad,

re

alla te Da ke ae a a bh Le

= NS Sy
oS

— SS SS >

A - < z = .
— = 2S
SF a —-, 3a.
~S3 . a 2 ———— 2 ee bs =
ye ‘ => 7 A - —== Z Ss
~ Chis4 = f i & =
ANY iy? } os Z D> SF

:
-
a = 3 = r
FiGuRE 169.—Poa arachnifera. Plant and pistillate (2) and staminate (<) panicles, X 1; pistillate (2)
4
a

and staminate (3) florets, X 10. (Blackman, Tex.)

3-nerved,4 to 6 mm long; lemmas 6 to 7 mm long, slightly webbed at
base, pubescent on the lower part of the keel and marginal nerves,
scabrous on the upper part of the keel, usually
with 1 to 3 pairs of intermediate nerves. 2
—Sand dunes near the coast, California, Point
Arena to Monterey.
10. Poa confinis Vasey. (Fig. 173.) Plants
dioecious, the two kinds similar; culms often
geniculate at base, usually less than 15 cm tall,
Fee eusibution of sometimes as much as 30 cm; blades involute,
those of the innovations numerous; panicle
narrow, 1 to 3 cm long, tawny, the short branches ascending or
appressed ; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, mostly 3- or 4-flowered; glumes

108 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

unequal, the second 3 mm long; lemmas 3 mm long, scaberulous,
sparsely webbed at base, the nerves faint; pistillate florets with minute
abortive anthers, the staminate often with rudimentary pistil. 2
—Sand dunes and sandy meadows near the coast, British Columbia
to Mendocino County, Calif.

11. Poarhizomata Hitche. (Fig. 174.) Culms tufted with numer-
ous innovations, 40 to 60 cm tall; lower sheaths usually scaberulous
with a puberulent collar; ligule rather prominent on the culm leaves,
inconspicuous on the leaves of the innovations; blades involute or
sometimes flat, firm, less than 1 mm thick, flexuous, mostly basal, 2 on
the culm, usually puberulent on the AW

upper surface; panicle open, 5 to 8 iy ie Ai ii
if «\ AM |

We AN

NW AA

cm long, the lower branches mostly
in pairs, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets, i)

ees SZ
SS :

eS

SSS

Sa

i ms ( q.. « K. . \. i, SES ay, ; fs
FIGURE 171.—Poa macrantha. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. FIGURE 172.—Poa douglasii. Plant, X 1;
(Hitchcock 2822, Oreg.) floret, X 10. (Bolander 6074, Calif.)

3- to 5-flowered, 6 to 10 mm long; glumes 3 to 5 mm long; lemmas 4
to 5 mm long, with a rather short web at the base, scaberulous at
least on the rather distinct nerves, pubescent on the lower part of
keel. 2 —Dry slopes, southwestern Oregon and northwestern
California; apparently rare.

12. Poa atropurptrea Scribn. (Fig. 175.) Culms erect, 30 to
40 cm tall; blades mostly basal, the uppermost culm leaf below the
middle of the culm, folded or involute, firm; panicle contracted,
almost spikelike, purple-tinged, 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets 3 to 4 mm
long, rather thick; glumes broad, less than 2 mm long; lemmas about

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 109

2.5 mm long, broad, glabrous, not webbed at base, the nerves faint.
2, —Known only from Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains,
Calif.

13. Poa cirta Rydb. (Fig. 176.) Culms few in a loose tuft, 40 to
80 cm tall, rather lax; sheaths glabrous or minutely roughened; ligule
truncate, about 1 mm long; blades 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle open, 5 to
15 em long, nodding, the rather distant branches spreading or reflexed,

FIGURE 173.—Poa confinis. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. FIGURE 174.—Peoa rhizomata. Plant, X 1;
(Piper 4910, Wash.) floret, X 10. (Type.)

naked below; spikelets 5 to 10 mm long, 2- to 6-flowered; lemmas lan-
ceolate, subacute, slightly scaberulous, sometimes slightly pubescent
on the back at base, without a web, 4 to 5.5 mm long, rather strongly
nerved or intermediate nerves faint. 2 —Moist shady places at
medium altitudes, western Wyoming, southern Idaho, and Utah.
14. Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. WHEELER BLUEGRASS. (Fig.
177.) Culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the lower

\

110 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

retrorsely pubescent, often purple, the collar often puberulent; ligule 1
to 2 mm long; blades sometimes folded; panicle open, usually 5 to 10
cm long, the apex nodding, the branches mostly in twos or threes,
naked below; lemmas rather strongly nerved, glabrous or pubescent
on the lower part of the nerves. 2 (P. wheeleri Vasey; P. olneyae
Piper.)—Open woods at medium altitudes, Alberta and British
Columbia, south in the mountains to Colorado, New Mexico, and
California (fig. 178). Typical P. nervosa (including P, olneyae), found
mostly in Washington and
Oregon, has glabrous to
scaberulous strongly
nerved lemmas and gla-
brous sheaths, and a loose
open panicle, the capillary
lower branches in whorls
of 3 or 4, drooping, as
much as 8 em long; typi-
cal P. wheeleri, originally

y
i,
NS a
23

Wes

\}
i

t

[WEP
FIGURE 175.—Poa atropurpurea. FIGURE 176.—Poa curta. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Jones
Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.)! 5573, Utah.)

described from Colorado, has firmer, less strongly nerved lemmas,
more or less pubescent on the lower part of the keel and marginal
nerves, and purplish retrorsely pubescent lower sheaths. These
characters are not coordinated and the forms grade into each other,
both as to characters and range.

15. Poa kelloggii Vasey. (Fig. 179.) Culms 30 to 60 ecm tall;
sheaths slightly scabrous; blades flat or folded, 2 to 4 mm wide;
panicle pyramidal, open, 7 to 15 cm long, the branches mostly
solitary or in twos, spreading or reflexed, bearing a few spikelets
toward the ends; spikelets rather loosely flowered, 4 to 6 mm long;
glumes 3 and 4 mm long; lemmas acute or almost cuspidate, 4 to 5

0

Se Py eee ale es

ee ee ee ge WO”

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES Ti4

mm long, glabrous, rather obscurely nerved, conspicuously webbed
at base. 2 -—Moist woods and shady places, Coast Ranges from

RQ\
“\

AN
J | WR

Mey) '
pals 7¢)
WF <=

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We

————S—
is

(

WW. ie IF 2 \
FIGURE 177.—Poa nervosa. A, Plant, X 1. (Suksdorf 10364, Wash.) B, Floret, X 10. (Type
of P. wheeleri.) C, Floret, X 10. (Type of P. nervosa.)
Corvallis, Oreg., to Santa Cruz County, Calif.
16. Poa laxiflora Buckl. (Fig. 180.)
Culms retrorsely scabrous, 100 to 120 em tall;
sheaths slightly retrorse-scabrous; ligule 3 to
5 mm long; blades lax, 2 to 4 mm wide;
panicle loose, open, nodding or drooping,
Figure 178.—Distribution op 10 to 15 em long, the lower branches in
ee whorls of 3 or 4; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered,
aut

AA

i |

yl

wr

14, Calif.)
5 to 6 mm long; lemmas about 4 mm long, webbed at base, rather
sparsely pubescent on lower part of the nerves. 2 —Moist

55974°—35——_8

112 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

woods, southeastern Alaska (Cape Fox, Hot Springs), Sol Duce
Hot Springs, Olympic Mountains, Wash. Sauvies Island (near

Portland), Oreg.

FIGURE 180.—Poa laziflora. Plant, X 1; floret, x 10. (Hitchcock 23468, Wash.)

17. Poa praténsis L. Kentucky pLurnGRAss. (Fig.181.) Culms
tufted, erect, slightly compressed, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths some-
what keeled; ligule about 2 mm long; blades soft, flat or folded, mostly

ee ae ee

/

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 181.—Poa pratensis. Plant, X 4; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Williams, S.Dak.)

113

\

114 Misc. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

2 to 4 mm wide, the basal often elongated; panicle pyramidal or
oblong-pyramidal, open, the lowermost branches usually in a whorl
of 5, ascending or spreading, naked below, normally 1 central long
one, 2 shorter lateral ones and 2 short intermediate ones; spikelets
crowded, 3- to 5-flowered,3 to 6 mm long;
lemmas copiously webbed at base, silky-
pubescent on lower half or two-thirds of
the keel and marginal nerves, the inter-
mediate nerves distinct, glabrous. 21 —
Open woods, mead-
ows, and open
eround, widely dis-
tributed through-
out the United
States and north-
ward, except in ae ie
arid regions, found) eadiapmas ed
in all the States
(but not common in the Gulf States)
and at all altitudes below alpine re-
gions; introduced from Europe. Blue-
_ grass is commonly cultivated for lawns
eT hore X10. mith a7.Pa)” and pasture in the humid northern
parts of the United States. |
18. Poa cuspidata Nutt. (Fig. 182.) Culms in large lax tufts
30 to 50 cm tall, scarcely longer than the basal
blades; blades lax, 2 to 3 mm wide, abruptly cus-
pidate-pointed; panicle 7 to 12 cm long, open, the
branches mostly in pairs, distant, spreading, spikelet-
bearing near the ends; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered;
lemmas 4 to 6 mm long, tapering to an acute apex,
webbed at base, sparingly pubescent on the keel
and marginal nerves, the in-
termediate nerves distinct,
elabrous. 2 (P. brachyphylla
Schult.)—Rocky woods, {, ~N
New Jersey to Ohio, south | \\WWANk
to Georgia and eastern Ten- }, =
nessee (fig. 183). Mi
EE Paes 19. Poa arida Vasey. Pains :
BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 184.) Culms 3
erect, 20 to 50 cm tall; blades mostly basal, firm, 4;
folded, usually 2 to 3 mm wide, a single culm
leaf usually below the middle of the culm, its blade
short; panicle narrow, somewhat contracted, 2 to
10 cm long, the branches appressed or ascending; pgurn is4.— Poa
spikelets rather thick, 5 to 7 mm long, 4- to 8-flow- arida. Panicle, x
ered; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, densely villous on the Uenss Cai ae
keel and marginal nerves and more or less villous
on the lower part of the intermediate nerves. 2 (P. sheldom
Vasey.)—FPrairies, plains, and alkali meadows, up to 3,000 m,
Manitoba to Alberta, south to western Iowa, Texas, and northern
Arizona (fig, 185).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 115

; 20. Poa glaucifélia Scribn. and Will. (Fig. 186.) Plants glau-
cous; culms in loose tufts, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide;
panicle narrow, open, mostly 10 to
; 20 em long, the branches usually in
somewhat distant whorls, mostly
: in threes, ascending, very scabrous,
naked below; spikelets 2- to 4-
flowered; glumes 4 to 5 mm long;
lemmas about 4 mm long, villous
on the lower half of the keel and
marginal nerves and more or less
so on the intermediate nerves below.
2 —Moist places, ditches, and
open woods at medium altitudes,
: British Columbia and Alberta
: through
Montana to
Nebraska,
New Mex-
ico, Arizona,
and Nevada

(fig. 187) ie :
; LF : 3 2 . FIGURE 186.—Poa glaucifolia. Panicle, X 1; floret,
FIGURE 187.—Distribution of 7

ee Giger: ‘ 21. Poa X10. (Rydberg 3288, Mont.)
arcticak:
Br. Arctic BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 188.) Culms loosely tufted, erect

from a decumbent base, 10 to 30 cm tall;ligule pointed, up to 4 mm
long; blades mostly basal, flat or
folded, mostly 2 to 3 mm wide, one
short blade about the middle of the
culm; panicle open, pyramidal, 5 to
10 cm long, the lower branches usually
2, spreading, sometimes reflexed,
bearing a few spikelets toward the
tip; spikelets 5 to 8 mm long, 3- or
4-flowered; lemmas densely villous
on the keel and marginal nerves and
pubescent on the lower part of the
internerves,
the base often
webbed. 2
(P. grayana
Weaey >
aperta Scribn.

and Merr., a
FIGURE 188.—Poa arctica. Panicle, X 1; floret» ; FIGURE 189.—Distribution of
X 10. (Bell 64, Hudson Bay.) form wit h Poa arctica.

pale, rather

lax panicles longer than wide.)—Meadows, mostly above timber line,
arctic regions, south to Nova Scotia, in the Rocky Mountains to
northern New Mexico, and in the Cascades to Oregon (fig. 189).

116 = MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1 W/.
FIGURE 190.—Poa trivialis Panicle, X 1; floret, X10. (Coville, N.Y.)

3. Palistres.—Perennials without creeping rhizomes; lemmas webbed
at base, glabrous, or pubes-
cent on the nerves.

22. Poa trivialis L. Rovucu
BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 190.) Culms
erect from a decumbent base,
often rather lax, scabrous below
the panicle, 30 to 100 cm tall;
sheaths retrorsely scabrous or
scaberulous, at least toward the
summit; ligule 4 to 6 mm long;
blades scabrous, 2 to 4 mm wide;
panicle oblong, 6 to 15 mm long,

FIGURE 191.—Distribution of
Poa trivialis.

the lower branches about 5 in a
whorl; spikelets usually 2- or 3-
flowered, about 3mm long;lemma
2.5 to 3 mm long, glabrous except
the slightly pubescent keel, the
web at base conspicuous, the
nerves prominent. 2 —Moist
places, Newfoundland and On-
tario to Virginia, West Virginia,
Michigan, South Dakota, and on
the Pacific coast from southern
Alaska to northern California; on Ficure 192.—Poa marcida. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10.
ballast, Louisiana (fig. 191) ;imtro- Se

duced from Europe. Sometimes used in mixtures for meadows and
upastures der the name rough-stalkedn meadow grass. :

“MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 117

23. Poa marcida Hitche. (Fig. 192.) Culms erect, in small tufts,
40 to 100 cm tall; ligule very short; blades thin, 1 to 3 mm wide;
panicle drooping, narrow, 10 to 18 cm long, the capillary branches

Ny
‘ ”, 4A 2 at
> 2.9) ae aS
WA 3 ay a
3 iQ if AS
7
WN wW.

FIGURE 193.—Poa alsodes. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Wilson, N.Y.)

somewhat distant, solitary or in pairs, ascending or appressed;
spikelets mostly 2-flowered; glumes about 3 mm long; lemmas nar-
rowly lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 5 mm long, glabrous, long-webbed at
base. 2 —Bogs and wet shady places, Van-
couver Island to the coast mountains of Oregon.
24. Poa alsédes A.Gray. (Fig. 193.) Culms
in lax tufts, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades thin, lax,
2 to 5mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, very
open, the slender branches in distant whorls
of threes to fives, finally widely spreading,
FIGURE 194-—"Distribution of naked below, few-flowered; spikelets 2- or 3-
flowered, about 5 mm long; lemmas gradually
acute, webbed at base, pubescent on the lower part of the keel, other-
wise glabrous, faintly nerved. 2 Rich or moist woods, Maine
to Minnesota, south to Delaware and the mountains of North Carolina
and Tennessee (fig. 194).

\!

\
FIGURE 195.—Poa languida. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Chase 7511, N.Y.)

25. Poa languida Hitche. (Fig. 195.) Culms weak, in loose tufts,

30 to 60 or even 100 cm tall; ligule about 1 mm long; blades lax, 2 to
4mm wide; panicle nodding, 5 to 10 em long, the few slender branches

118 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mostly in twos,or threes, ascending, few-flowered toward the ends;
spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas 2 to 3 mm long,
elabrous except the webbed base, oblong, rather obtuse, at maturity
frm. 2 (P.debilis Torr., not Thuill.)—Dry
or rocky woods, Newfoundland and Quebec to
Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky,
and Iowa (fig. 196).

26. Poa saltuénsis Fern. and Wieg. (Fig.
197.) Resembling P. languida; differing in
ae the thinner, acute, somewhat longer lem-
FICO nol mas. Woodland thiekets: Owebee

and Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to
Connecticut and Maryland (fig. 198).

27. Poa occidentalis Vasey. New Mexican BLUEGRASS. (Fig.
199.) Culms erect, few in a tuft, usually rather stout, scabrous, as
much as 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths somewhat keeled, retrorsely
scabrous (sometimes faintly so); ligule 2 to 8 mm long; blades sca-
brous, 10 to 20 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle open, 15 to 30 em
long, the branches
in distant whorls
of threes to fives,
spreading to re-
flexed, the lower as
much as 10 cm long,
spikelet-bearing to-
ward the ends;
spikelets 3- to 6-
flowered; lemmas
4.5 to 5 mm long,
conspicuously web-

bed at base, villous

FIGURE 197.—Poa saltuensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Fernald and
on the lower part of PEuaouee Gnas

the keel and the
marginal nerves and sometimes sparingly pubescent on the inter-
nerves below. 2 —Open woods and moist banks at medium alti-
tudes, Colorado and New Mexico (fig. 200).

28. Poa tracyi Vasey. (Fig. 201.) Culms erect, 60 to 80 cm tall;
sheaths glabrous, keeled; ligule truncate, about 2 mm long; blades
3 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrowly pyramidal, 15 to 20 cm long, the
branches in distant whorls of 2 to 5, spreading, naked on the lower
half or two-thirds; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered;
lemmas about 3.5 mm long, oblong-lanceolate or
the upper lanceolate, webbed at base, villous on
keel and marginal nerves, and more or less so on
the internerves below, the intermediate nerves
distinct. 2 —Known only from Raton,
N.Mex. May be a form of P. occidentalis.
PIGUEE 1005.2 sebution of 29. Poa sylvéstris A. Gray. (Fig. 202.)

Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths
glabrous or rarely pubescent, the lower usually antrorsely scabrous;
ligule about 1 mm long; blades lax, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle erect, 10
to 20 cm long, much longer than wide, the slender flexuous branches
spreading, usually 3 to 6 at a node, the lower usually reflexed;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 119

spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long,
webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves and more
or less pubescent on the internerves. 2 Rich, moist, or rocky
woods, New York to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 203).
Sheaths pubescent in a specimen from St. Louis, Mo.
30. Poa refléxa Vasey and Scribn. Noppine BLueGrRass. (Fig.
204.) Culms solitary or in small tufts, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades

FIGURE 199.—Poa occidentalis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Standley 4344, N.Mex.)

rather short, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle nodding, 5 to 15 cm long, the
branches naked below, solitary, in pairs, or in threes, the lower usually
reflexed, sometimes strongly so; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered; lemmas
about 3 mm long, oblong-elliptic, webbed at
base, villous on keel and marginal nerves,
sometimes on intermediate nerves. 2 —
Open slopes and alpine meadows, 2,000 to 4,000
~m, Montana to eastern British Columbia, south
in the mountains to New Mexico and Arizona
(fig. 205).
oe aoe ee 31. Poa wolfii Scribn. (Fig. 206.) Culms
tufted, erect, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths shghtly
scabrous; blades crowded toward the base of the culms, mostly 1 to 2
mm wide; panicle drooping, 8 to 15 cm long, the branches ascending,
bearing afew spikelets toward the ends, the lower mostly in pairs;
spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas 3.5 to 4.5 mm
long, acute, webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and marginal
nerves, the intermediate nerves distinct. 2 —Moist woods, Ohio
to Minnesota and Missouri (fig. 207).

120 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

32. Poa paucispicula Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 208.) Culms tufted,
leafy, rather lax, 10 to 30 cm tall, the base often decumbent; blades
1 to 2 mm wide; panicle lax, few-flowered, 2 to 8 cm long, the branches

FIGURE 203.—Distribution of Poa
sylvestris.

FIGURE 201.—Poa tracyi. Panicle, X 1; floret,
X10. (Type.)

FIGURE 202.—Poa sylvestris. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 204.—Poa reflera. Panicle, X 1;
floret, X 10. (Wheeler 6, Mich.) floret, X 10. (Clokey 11330, Colo.)

in pairs or solitary, naked below; spikelets ovate, purple, 4 to 6 mm
long, 2- to 5-flowered; glumes rather broad, acute, 3 to 4 mm long;
lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, oblong, obtuse, webbed at base (the web
sometimes scant) pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves below.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES iRAT

2 —Rocky slopes, Alaska to Washington (alpine slopes, Mount
Rainier, Mount Baker); Glacier National Park, Mont. More leafy
than P. leptocoma, more tufted, the panicle
branches not so long; spikelets broader.

33. Poa leptoc6éma Trin. BoG BLUEGRASS.
(Fig. 209.) Culms slender, solitary, or few in
a tuft, 20 to 50 em tall, often decumbent at
base; sheaths usually slightly scabrous; ligule
acute, the uppermost 3 to 4 mm long; blades
short, lax, mostly 2.to 4 mm wide; panicle *790™™ 6. Distzibution of
nodding, delicate, few-flowered, the branches
capillary, ascending or spreading, subflexuous, the lower mostly in

. \\)

SY
Wi
(A
tt ?
YY
! Y,
Ny
N DN\\
SN | NY
= Nn
SEN IZ
\\ \ ay

Va - = Ee ree
pee NAT en

weWEZ

FIGURE 206.—Poa wolfit. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Deam 33821, Ind.)

pairs; spikelets narrow, 2- to 4-flowered; glumes narrow, acuminate;
lemmas 3.5 to 4.5 mm long, acuminate, webbed at base, pubescent on

122 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the keel and marginal nerves or sometimes nearly glabrous, the inter- ~
mediate nerves distinct. 2 —Bogs, Alaska, south in the mountains
to northern New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and California (Mount
Dana) (fig. 210).

34. Poa paludigena Fern. and Wieg. (Fig. 211.) Culms slender,
solitary or in small tufts, 15 to 70 cm tall; sheaths minutely scabrous;
ligule short, truncate, the uppermost as much as 1.5 mm long; blades

FIGURE 207.— Distribution of
Poa woljii.

FIGURE 208.—Poa paucispicula. Panicle, FIGURE 209.—Poa leptocoma. Panicle, X 1; floret X, 10.
X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 11711, Wash.) (Arséne and Benedict 15562, N. Mex.)

rather lax, mostly erect, 0.3 to 2 mm wide; panicle loose and open,
mostly 5 to 10 cm long, the branches long and slender, distant, the
lower mostly in twos, spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets
mostly 4 to 5 mm long, narrow, 2- to 5-flowered; lemmas 2.5 to 3.5 mm
long, webbed at base with a few long hairs, the keel and lateral nerves
pubescent on the lower half or two-thirds, the intermediate nerves
glabrous, obscure. 2 -—Bogs and springy places, New York and
Pennsylvania to Illinois and Wisconsin (fig. 212).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 123

35. Poa bulbésa L. Buxisovus BLuEGRAsS. (Fig. 213.) Culms
densely tufted, more or less bulbous at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades
flat or loosely involute, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle ovoid, mostly 5 to
8 cm long, somewhat contracted, the branches ascending or appressed,
some floriferous to base; spikelets mostly proliferous, the florets
converted into bulblets; bulblets with a dark purple base (about
2 mm long), the bracts extending into slender green tips 5 to 15 mm

FIGURE 211.—Poa paludigena. Panicle, X 1;
floret, X 10. (Eamesand Wiegand 9250, N.Y.)

(Henderson 6136, Idaho.)

FIGURE 212.—Distribution of Poa paludigena.

long; unaltered spikelets about 5-flowered; lemmas 2.5 mm long,
webbed at base, densely silky on the keel and marginal nerves, the
intermediate nerves faint. 2 —Fields and meadows, Virginia and
North Carolina; North Dakota; Idaho to British Columbia, and
California; Utah; Oklahoma (fig. 214); introduced from Europe.

36. Poa nemoralis L. Woop siurGrRass. (Fig. 215.) Culms
tufted, 30 to 70 cm tall; ligule very short; blades rather lax, about
2 mm wide; panicle 4 to 10 cm long, the branches spreading; spikelets
2- to 5-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long; glumes narrow, sharply acuminate,

124 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

about as long as the first floret; lemmas 2 to 3 mm long, sparsely
webbed at base, pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, the inter-
mediate nerves obscure. 2 —Occasional in meadows from New-
foundland to Delaware and Michigan; Oregon
(ballast, near Portland) (fig. 216); introduced
i from Europe. Differing from P. palustris and
Kelea, P. interior in the very short ligule and the nar-
a row acuminate glumes.
\Y 37. Poa macroclada Rydb. (Fig.217.) Culms
+ 50 to 80 cm tall, glabrous; ligule prominent,
Figure 214. Distribution of 2 to 3 mm long; blades 2 to 3 mm wide; pan-
icle open, 10 to 20 ecm long, pyramidal, the
branches spreading, distant, in twos or threes, as much as 8 cm long,
naked on the lower half or two-thirds; spikelets about 6 mm long, 2-
or 3-flowered, purple; glumes 3.5 to 4 mm long; lemmas 4 to 4.5 mm
long, pubescent on the keel and
marginal nerves, the web scant
or wanting. 2 —Moist places,
at medium altitudes, Colorado,

FIGURE 216.—Distribution of
‘oa nemoralis.

Montana, and Idaho; a little
known species, allied to P. pa-
lustris, but with larger spikelets.
FIGURE 215.— Poa nemoralis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. 388. Poa palistris L-. hows

(Hitchcock 23662, Newfoundland.) BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 21 8.) C ulms
loosely tufted, glabrous, decumbent at the flattened purplish base, 30
to 150 cm tall; sheaths keeled, sometimes scaberulous; ligule 3 to 5mm
long, or only 1 mm on the innovations; blades 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle

/
———+~ <—<
SQV

25=
SO

pa

ADSL,
eS

YAW

FIGURE 217.—Poa macroclada. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Dupl. type.)

pyramidal or oblong, nodding, yellowish green or purplish, 10 to
30 cm long, the branches in rather distant fascicles, naked below;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 125

spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, about 4 mm long; glumes lanceolate, acute,
shorter than the first floret; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, usually bronzed
at the tip, webbed at base, villous on the keel and marginal nerves,
the intermediate nerves faint. 2 —Meadows and moist open

FIGURE 218.—Poa palustris. Panicle, Xx 1; floret, X 10. (Suksdorf 7022, Wash.)

ground, at low and medium altitudes, Newfoundland and Quebec,

south to Virginia, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California

(Sierra Valley) (fig. 219); Eurasia.

39. Poa intérior Rydb. INLAND BLUEGRASS.
(Fig. 220.) Culms erect from a usually densely
tufted erect base, commonly rather stiff, often
scabrous below the panicle, 20 to 50 cm tall;
sheaths slightly keeled or terete; ligule evident
but usually less than 1 mm long; blades 1 to 2
mm wide; panicle narrowly pyramidal, 5 to 10
cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets
about as in P. palustris. 2 —Grassy slopes
"and open woods at me-
dium altitudes, usually
not extending much
above timber line, Quebec
to British Columbia and
Washington, south to
; Vermont, Michigan,
FIGURE 219.—Distribution of Minnesota, western

aes Nebraska, New Mexico,

and Arizona (fig. 221).

4, Alpinae.—Perennials without creeping rhi-
zomes; lemmas not webbed at base, pubes-
cent on the keel or on the marginal nerves, j
or both, sometimes also pubescent on weve 220—Poa interior.
PRS YCS: (Clements 207, Colo)’ *

40. Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. Murron Cpr
Grass. (Fig. 222.) Incompletely dioecious; culms erect, tufted, sca-
brous below the panicle, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths somewhat scabrous;
ligule less than 1 mm long, not noticeable viewed from the side of the
sheath; blades mostly basal, folded or involute, firm and stiff; panicle
long-exserted, oblong, contracted, pale, 2 to 7 cm long; spikelets 5-

126 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

or 6-flowered, about 8 mm long; glumes broad, 3 mm long; lemmas 4
mm long, villous on lower part of keel and marginal nerves, the inter-
mediate nerves obscure; pistillate spikelets with minute stamens, the
anthers about 0.2mmlong. 2 —Mesas, open dry woods, and rocky
hills at medium altitudes, Manitoba to British Columbia,south through
western South Dakota (Black Hills) and Idaho to western Texas
(Chisos Mountains) and j

California; northern ‘
Mexico ~Gie, 223). 28
very small proportion
of specimens have been
found with well-devel-
oped stamens having
Figure 221.—Distribution of Jarge anthers, the pistil "°"= 7? inion”

nc also developed.

41. Poa longiligula Scribn. and Will. LoneronGuE MUTTON GRASS.
(Fig. 224.) Differing from P. fendleriana in the prominent ligule, as

much as 5 to 7 mm long and
in the looser, often longer
usually greenish panicle. 2
—North Dakota to Oregon,
south to New Mexico and Cal-
ifornia (fig. 225).

42. Poa autumnalis Muhl.
(Fig. 226.) Culms im rather
large lax tufts, 30 to 60 cm
tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide,
numerous at base; panicle 10
to 20 cm long, about as broad,
very open, the capillary flex-
uous branches spreading, bear-
ing a few spikelets near the
ends;spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, Ficure 224—

: Poa longiligula.
FIGURE 222—Poa fendleriana. Panicle, about 6 mm long; lemmas ob- Teale st

ioe xX 10. (Eggleston 6463, long, obtusely rounded at the ee 5149,
scarlous compressed apex, vil-
lous on the keel and marginal nerves, pubescent on the internerves
below or sometimes nearly to apex. 2 —Moist woods, New Jer-
sey to Michigan and Illinois, south to Florida
and Texas (fig. 227).

43. Poa alpina L. ALPINE BLUEGRAss. (Fig.
228.) Culms erect from a rather thick ver-
tical crown, rather stout, 10 to 30 em tall;
blades short, 2 to 5 mm wide, the uppermost
ee about the middle of the culm; panicle ovoid or
FIGURE eh ~©short-pyramidal, rather compact, 1 to 8 cm

long, the lower branches often reflexed; spike-
lets broad, purple or purplish; glumes broad, abruptly acute; lemmas
3 to 4 mm long, strongly villous on the keel and marginal nerves,
pubescent on the internerves below, the intermediate nerves faint.
21 —Mountain meadows, arctic regions of the Northern Hemi-
sphere, extending south to Quebec, northern Michigan (Keweenaw
Point), and the alpine summits of Colorado, Utah, and Oregon
(Wallowa Mountains); Mexico (fig. 229).

\“"

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 127

44, Poa stenantha Trin. (Fig. 230.) Culms tufted, 30 to 50 cm
tall; ligule prominent, as much as 5 mm long; blades flat or loosely
involute, rather lax, mostly basal, 1 to 2 mm wide, the uppermost
culm leaf below the middle of the culm; panicle nodding, 5 to 15 cm
long, the branches in twos or threes, arcuate-drooping, naked below,
with a few spikelets at the ends; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 6 to 8 mm
long; lemmas about 5 mm long, pubescent on the lower part of keel

FIGURE 227.—Distribution of Poa
autumnalis,

ZZ Sp
FIGURE 228.—Poo0 alpina. Panicle, X 1;
— floret, X 10. (Eggleston 11824, Colo.)
SP
SI EP

FIGURE 226.—Poa autumnalis. Panicle, X 1; :
floret, X 10. (Curtiss 6787, Ga.) FIGURE 229.—Distribution of Poa alpina.

and marginal nerves, sparsely pubescent on the internerves below.
2 —Moist open ground, Alaska, Alberta, and British Columbia,
extending into Montana, Colorado (White River Forest), Idaho,
Washington (Nooksack River), and Oregon (Crater Lake) (fig. 231).

45. Poa glafica Vahl. (Fig. 232.) Plants glaucous, in close or
loose tufts; culms erect, stiff, 10 to 30 cm tall, sometimes taller, naked
above, the uppermost leaf usually much below the middle; ligule of
uppermost leaf about 2 mm long; blades mostly basal, 3 to 5 cm long,
1 to 2 mm wide; panicle 3 to 7 cm long, narrow, rather compact, the

55974°—35—9

~

128 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

branches erect or ascending, few-flowered; spikelets mostly 2- or 3-
flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, strongly pubescent
on the lower half of the keel and marginal nerves and slightly pubes-
cent on the faint intermediate nerves. 2 Rocky slopes, arctic
regions south to the alpine summits of New
Hampshire and Vermont. Common in
Greenland.

46. Poa laxa Haenke. (Fig. 233.)
Plants in loose lax bunches; culms weak
and slender, 10 to 20 or sometimes 30
cm tall; ligule truncate, about 1 mm long;
blades mostly basal, lax, mostly about 1
mm wide; panicle narrow but loose, few-
flowered, 2 to 6 cm
long, the branches
ascending, naked
below; spikelets 2-
to 4-flowered, about
5 mm long; lemmas
5210355 ae long, STEN Oh
densel villous on GURE 231.—Distribution of
thelower Walt eHcke aS.
keel and marginal nerves, sometimes
sparsely webbed at base. 2 —Rocky
slopes, Newfoundland and Quebec to the
alpine summits of Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, and New York (fig. 234) ; Europe.
Common on the upper cone of Mount

GURE 230.—Poa stenantha. Panic Washington.
OT fore <i. (lankinenip, | AT Boa pattersoni Vasey. PaTTreRson

fees: BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 235.) Culms in dense
tufts with numerous basal leaves, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades usually
folded, rather lax, mostly less than 10 cm long, about 1 mm wide;

FIGURE 233.—Poa

FIGURE 232.—Poa glauca. laxa. Panicle, X 1; a ER ;
Panicle, X 1; floret, < 10. floret, X 10. (Fer- FIGURE 234.—Distribution of
(Hitchcock 16053, N.H.) nald, Maine.) Poa laza.

panicle narrow, condensed, purplish, 1 to 4 cm long; spikelets 2-
or 3-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; lemmas about 4 mm long, strongly
pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves, short-pubescent on the
internerves, sometimes sparsely webbed at base. 2 -Alpine

“ety po ee Sere Ll eee ee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 129

regions, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado; Oregon (Mount
Hood) (fig. 236).

48. Poa rupicola Nash. TimBrerLINE BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 237.)
Culms densely tufted, erect, rather stiff, often
scaberulous below the panicle, 10 to 20 cm tall;
blades short, 1 to 1.5 mm wide; panicle narrow,
purplish, 2 to 4 cm long, the short branches as-
cending or appressed; spikelets usually purple,
about 3-flowered; lemmas villous below on keel
and marginal nerves
and sometimes pubes-
cent on the internerves
below. 2 —Rocky
{ slopes, British Colum-

; bia, south.in the moun-
if tains, at high altitudes e
through Montana to IGURE 236.—Distribution of
Sh New Mexico, 55 ea
Arizona, Oregon (Mount Hood and Wallowa
Mountains), and California (Mono Pass, Sheep

ih Mountain) (fig. 238). Small specimens of P.
iW | MA. interior, which resemble this, differ in having a
= OLeMY iN small web at the base of the lemma.

a 07 4) IN 5. Epiles.— Perennials without rhizomes; lem-

SSE
~— =< mle
SSS ASS
WS INS
- 2 Sa =e

FIGURE 235.—Poa pattersoni. mas not webbed at base, glabrous or sca-
an , x ils oret, Xx 10. 3 = . .
GeatOn IA Cale) brous (minutely pubescentin P. unilateralis).

49. Poa involita Hitche. (Fig. 239.) In
dense pale tufts; culms slender, 30 to 40 cm tall;
ligule very short; blades involute, slender, 15 to 25
cm long, glabrous or slightly scabrous; panicle open,
10 to 15 cm long, the branches in pairs, few-flowered
near the ends; spikelets mostly 3- or 4-flowered, 5
to 6 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, scabrous.
21 —Known only from the Chisos Mountains, Tex.
50. Poa cusickii Vasey. ,/
Cusick BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 240.) //; (RR,
Culms in dense often large |/, jf
tufts, erect, 20 to 60 cm tall; |: |
ligule very short; blades fili- |): i
form, erect, scabrous, mostly ‘| } jI/
basal; panicle usually pale or
FIGURE Pepi " % ~=6tawny, narrow, oblong, con-
tracted, or somewhat open at
anthesis, 3 to 8 cm long; spikelets 7 to 9 mm long;
lemmas 4.5 to 6 mm long, smooth or scabrous. 2
—Dry or rocky slopes at medium and high alti-
tudes, Alberta to British Columbia, south to Col-
orado, Nevada, and the central Sierras of California orp ey pt Pe
(fig. 241). pore ae (Swal-
51. Poa unilaterdlis Scribn. (Fig.242.) Culmsin
dense tufts, 10 to 40 cm tall, sometimes decumbent at base; sheaths

130 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tawny, papery; blades flat or folded, shorter than the culms; panicle

FIGURE 239.—Poa involuta. Plant, X 1; floret, X 10. (Swallen 1110, Tex.)

oblong, dense and spikelike or somewhat interrupted below, 2 to 6 em
long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; glumes
broad, acute; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, gla-
| brous except for a few short hairs on the
nerves below. 2 (P. pachypholvs Piper.)

FIGURE 241.—Distribution of
Poa cusickii.
—Cliffs, bluffs, and rocky meadows near
the seashore, Washington (I]waco); Cali-
FicuRE 240.—Poa cusickii. Panice,x fornia (Humboldt Bay to Monterey).
NA Rie er an 52. Poa épilis Scribn: SKYLINE BLUE-
Grass. (Fig. 243.) Culms erect from a rather loose base, solitary or

i ee |

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 131

few in a tuft, 20 to 40 cm tall; ligule about 3 mm long; blades of
the culm about 3, flat, 3 to 6 cm long, 2 to 3 mm
wide, of the innovations nar-
row, longer and usually folded
or involute; panicle usually
condensed, ovoid, 2 to 6 cm
long, long-exserted, usually
purple, the lower branches
naked below, ascending or
appressed; spikelets 3-flow-
ered, about 5 mm long; lem-
mas 4 to 5 or even 6 mm long,
Ml! Ae glabrous or minutely sca-
NY VF / iid brous. 2 —Mountain mead-
cy) ae ows, mostly above timber
line, Alberta to British Co-
lumbia, south to Colorado,
Utah, Nevada, and Califor-
| nia (fig. 244).
pea ee 53. Poa vaseyéchloa Scribn.
lateralis. Panicle, X (Fig. 245.) In small dense fFicure 2%43—Poa epilis
tes cali). ° ~—s soft lax tufts; culms erect, 10 ina ee
to 20 cm tall; ligule acute,
about 3 mm long; blades lax, mostly folded or involute, in a basal
tuft, mostly less than 5 cm long, with one or
two short ones on the culm, narrow or filiform;
panicle ovate, 2 to 4cm long, few-flowered,
open, the slender branches spreading, bearing
1 or 2 spikelets; spikelets purple, 3- to 6-
flowered; glumes 2 to 3 mm long, rather broad;
lemmas smooth or minutely scabrous, 3 mm
long. A —Rocky
slopes, Cascade Moun-
tains of Washington
and Oregon in the vi-
cinity of Columbia
River, and the Wallowa
: Mountains of Oregon.
FIGURE > ee ution of 54. Poa pringlei
eee Scribn. (Fig. 246.)
Densely tufted; culms 10 to 20 cm tall; lower
sheaths loose, papery; blades mostly basal,
involute, mostly 2 to 5 em long, sometimes
longer, glabrous on the exposed surface, pu-
berulent on inner surface; panicle narrow,
condensed, usually pale or silvery, few- to Gipfoayt X 1 florets X
several-flowered, 1 to 5 em long; spikelets 3-
to 5-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long; glumes equal, broad, 4 to 5 or rarely
7 mm long; lemmas 5 to 6, rarely 8 mm long, smooth or scabrous.

132 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE -

2 —Rocky alpine summits, Montana to Washington, south to
Nevada (Mount Rose) and California (fig. 247).

55. Poa lettermani Vasey. (Fig. 248.) In low lax tufts; culms
mostly less than 10 cm tall, usually scarcely exceeding the blades;
ligule 1 to 2 mm long; blades
lax, usually not more than 1
mm wide; panicle narrow, con-
tracted, 1 to3 cmlong; spikelets
3- or 4-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long;
glumes equal, somewhat acumi-
nate, about as long as the first
and second florets ; lemmas erose
at summit, 2.5 to 3 mm long.
2 —Rocky alpine summits,
British Columbia, Washington,
Colorado (fig. 249).

56. Poa leibérgii Scribn.
LEIBERG BLUEGRASS. (Fig.250)
Usually densely tufted; culms
10 to 30 cm tall, erect; ligule 1
to 2 mm long; blades mostly
(AN basal, firm, involute, usually
FIGURE 246.—Poa pring. less than 10 em long; panicle

Flant, Xn 3080, Idebo) arrow, 2 to 5 cm long, often

purple, the branches short, ap-

pressed or ascending; spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, 4 to

6 mm long; lemmas 3 to 4 mm long, smooth or
scaberulous. 2 -—Alpime meadows and sterile ,.0 ous Por |

° ° : etter-

eravelly alpine flats, eastern Oregon and the Sierras mari. Plant, x 1; floret,

of Califor nia. X10. (Letterman, Colo.)

6. Scabréllae.—Perennials, without rhizomes, tufted, with numerous

basal leaves; spikelets little compressed, narrow, much longer

than wide; lemmas convex, crisp-puberulent

on the back towards the base, the keels ob-

scure, the marginal and intermediate nerves

usually faint. The whole group of Scabrellae

is made up of closely related species which >

appear to intergrade. |

57. Poa scabrélla (Thurb.) Benth. Pine BuueE- |
Grass. (Fig. 251.) Culms erect, 50 to 100 cm
tall, usually scabrous at least below the panicle;

oi ae FIGURE 250.—Poa leibergii.
FIGURE 247.— Distribution FIGURE 249.—Distribution Plant, < 1; floret, X 10.
of Poa pringlei. of Poa lettermani. (Type.)

sheaths scaberulous; ligule 3 to 5 mm long; blades mostly
basal, 1 to 2 mm wide, lax, more or less scabrous; panicle narrow,
usually contracted, sometimes rather open at base, 5 to 12 cm long;

133

ee eee
eget SAUER
IR ra py aL

So

(Chase 5697, Calif.)

== S
~~ Sh Ee
SS NEA = Pa

Sot =
SN
~~
mS . — Sane SS <a.
SS SSN SS ESS ~ Sa >

x ~~ —— =>

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 251.—Poa scabrella. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10.

134 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

spikelets 6 to 10 mm long; glumes 3 mm long, scabrous; lemmas 4 to
5 mm long, crisp-puberulent on the back toward base. 2 —Mead-
ows, open woods, rocks, and hills, at low and medium altitudes,
western Montana and southern Washington to California; Baja
California (fig. 252). A form, like P. scabrella in other respects
but with smooth lemmas, has been differentiated as P. limosa Scribn.
and Will.—California (Mono Lake and Truckee).

58. Poa gracillima Vasey. SLENDER BLUEGRASS, (Fig, 253.)
Culms rather loosely tufted, 30 to
60 cm tall, usually decumbent at
base; ligule 2 to 5 mm long, shorter
on the innovations; blades flat or
folded, lax, from filiform to 1.5
mm wide; panicle pyramidal, loose,

FIGURE 252.—Distribution of Poa
scabrella.

rather open, 5 to 10 cm long, the
branches in whorls, the lower in
twos to sixes, spreading or some-
times reflexed, naked below; spike-
lets 4 to 6 mm long; second glume
3 to 4 mm long; lemmas minutely
scabrous, crisp-pubescent near

FIGURE 254. Distribution of Poa
gracillima.

base, especially on the nerves.
2 —Cliffs and rocky slopes,
Alberta to Alaska, south to Wyo-
ming, northern Nevada, and the
southern Sierras of California (fig.
254). Poa tenerrima Scribn. is a x
form with open few-flowered pan- "Sip "Sandped and Lobers 47; Wacky
icles; Southern Coast Ranges,
California; P. multnomae Piper is a loose lax form in which the
ligules on the innovations are short and truncate; wet cliffs, Mult-
nomah Falls, Oreg.

59. Poa seciinda Presl. SANDBERG BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 255.) Culms
erect from a dense often extensive tuft of short basal foliage, commonly
not more than 30 cm, but sometimes up to 60 cm tall; ligule acute,

—

- = 77
Cy, A
Lies == <f,
Ls :

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 135

rather prominent; blades rather short, soft, flat, folded, or involute;
panicle narrow, 2 to 10 cm long, the branches short, appressed, or
somewhat spreading in anthesis; spikelets about as in P. gracillima.
2 (P. sandbergii Vasey.)—Plains, dry woods, rocky slopes, at me-
dium and upper altitudes, but not strictly alpine, North Dakota to
Yukon Territory, south to Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada,
and southern California; Chile (fig. 256).

60. Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Piper. CAanpy BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 257.)
Green or glaucous; culms 50 to 120 cm tall; ligule 2 to 5 mm long;
blades flat or folded; panicle narrow, compact or rather loose, 10 to
15 cm long, sometimes as
much as 20 cm, the branches
short, appressed; spikelets
3- to 5-flowered; lemmas
more or less crisp-pubescent
on lower part of back. 2
(P. lucida Vasey; P. laevi-

gata Scribn.)—Sandy or dry — F1608# 236-" Distribution of

WAY fe: ) ground, Michigan (Isle
Sh, Eee ~—- Royal) and Minnesota to
WW, EF Yukon Territory, south to

| A western Nebraska, Colo-

rado, Arizona, eastern Ore-
gon, and eastern Washing-
ton; Quebec (fig. 258). Poa
lucida has a slender but
somewhat loose pale or shin-
ing panicle; P. canbyi has

a denser, compact, dull

green panicle, but the two

forms grade into each other.

Poa lucida is more common

Y in Colorado and Wyoming;

AZT NS fg canbyi more common in FIGURE 257.—Poa can byi.

Figuae 255. Poa seeunda. Montana. Thepubescence — (Wiltiama27s7, Wyo)

ee oe OR the lemma may be obvi-
ym?’ ous or obscure.

7. Nevadénses.— Perennials, without rhizomes,
tufted; spikelets little compressed, narrow,
much longer than wide; lemmas convex
on the back, glabrous or minutely sca-
brous, not crisp-puberulent; keels obscure,
marginal and intermediate nerves usu- FI@URE %8.-Distribution of
ally faint. ;

61. Poa nevadénsis Vasey. NEVADA BLUEGRASS. (Fig. 259.)
Culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths scabrous, sometimes only
slightly so; ligule about 4 mm long, shorter on the innovations, decur-
rent; blades usually elongate, narrow, involute, sometimes almost
capillary, rather stiff; panicle narrow, 10 to 15 cm long, pale, rather
loose, the branches short-appressed; spikelets 3 -to 5-flowered, 6 to 8
mm long; glumes narrow, the second about as long as the lowest floret;
lemmas 4 to 5 mm long, rather obtuse at the scarious tip. 2 —Low

a
>

—

— ee
—_

Sa —_

or

=)
Lae)

ane ahaa

136 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

meadows and wet places, Montana to eastern Washington and Yukon
Territory, south to Colorado and the Sierras and
San Bernardino Mountains, California; on wool
waste in Maine (North Berwick) (fig. 260).

62. Poa curtifdlia Scribn. (Fig. 261.) Culms
several in a tuft from firm branched crowns, 10 to ‘
20 cm tall; ligule prominent, the uppermost as
much as 5 mm long; blades short, the lower 1.5 |
to 2 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide,
the upper successively smaller,
the uppermost near the panicle,
much reduced; panicle narrow,
3 to 6 cm long; spikelets about
3-flowered; glumes equal, 5 mm
long, the first acuminate, the
second broad,rather,,obtuse;; 2cu"™20— Dea
lemmas 5 to 5.5 mm _ long.

2 —Known only from central Washington.

63. Poa juncifolia Scribn. ALKALI BLUEGRASS.
(Fig. 262.) Pale; culms erect, 50 to 100 em tall; ligules
short, those of the innovations not visible from the
sides; blades involute, smooth, rather stiff; panicle
narrow, 10 to 20 em long, the branches appressed;
spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, 7 to 10 mm long; glumes
about equal; lemmas about 4 mm
long. 2 (P. brachyglossa Piper.)
—Alkaline meadows, Montana to
British Columbia, south to Colorado
and east of the Cascades to north-
eastern California (fig. 263).

64. Poa ampla Merr. Bic BLUE-
Grass. (Fig. 264.) Green or glau-
cous; culms 80 ‘to 120 em tall;
sheaths smooth, rarely scaberulous;
ligule short, rounded; blades 1 to 3
mm wide; panicle narrow, 10 to 15
em long, usually rather dense;
spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, 8 to 10
mm long; lemmas 4 to 6 mm long.
2 —Meadows and moist open
eround or dry or rocky slopes,
Montana to Yukon Territory, south
to New Mexico, Arizona, and Cal-
ifornia (fig. 265). The typical form

FIGURE 259.—Poa j :
Cudnsis Pace is robust and more or less glaucous:

i

|

x 1; floret, x 10. this grades into a smaller green wevre 261.—Poa curt
2"

SY

LLEZ
SS
WES

SS

(Parish Bros. 1543, 5 folia. Panicle, X 1; floret,
Calif.) form, more common in the eastern 2% "unt type)

part of the range (P. confusa Rydb.).
Occasional specimens of the typical form have short rhizomes.

11. BRIZA L. Qvuaxine crass

Spikelets several-flowered, broad, often cordate, the florets crowded
and spreading horizontally, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, broad, papery-
chartaceous, with scarious margins; lemmas papery, broad, with scari-
ous spreading margins, cordate at base, several-nerved,
the nerves often obscure, the apex In our species obtuse
or acutish; palea much shorter than the lemma. Low
annuals or perennials, with erect culms, flat blades,
and usually open, showy panicles, the pedicels in our
species capillary, allowing the spikelets to vibrate in
the wind. Standard species, Briza media. Name from
Greek, Briza, a kind of grain, from brizein, to nod.

The three species found in this
country are introduced from
Europe. They are of no impor-
tance agriculturally except inso-
far as B. minor occasionally forms
an appreciable part of the spring
forage in some parts of Califor- revere 253—Distribution of
nia. B. maxima is sometimes Poa juncifolia.
cultivated for ornament, because of the large showy
spikelets.

Panicle drooping; spikelets 10 mm wide______- 1. B. Maxima.
Panicle erect; spikelets 4 to 5 mm wide.

Plants perennial; upper ligule 1 mm long; spikelets about 5

cieiae ape fw) a Meee ee ee a 3. B. MEDIA.

Plants annual; upper ligule 5 mm or more long; spikelets
TLC PSU os) age OG ln ak Sa I ahs 2. 3B. mrnor.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 137
.
|

1. Briza maxima L. Bic
QUAKING GRASS. (Fig. 266, B.)

—
——

Annual; culms erect or decum- i \W V/
bent at base, 30 to 60 cm tall; \ Ny "7
panicle drooping, few-flowered; Ny | NM

_ FIGURE 262.—Poa A
juncifolia. Pan- Spikelets ovate, 12 mm long or

VEE mas
Pa

Scio (ipo) more, 10 mm broad, the pedi- ANY? Ki)
cels slender, drooping; glumes NW \ Wy

and lemmas usually purple or brown margined. j iS NW Vy
© —Sometimes cultivated for ornament; : i \i/ Wi
sparingly escaped in J ‘\' \\ Ay
gait “Sees |) NG)

oun y a , I) A\\\ 1) Wy,

2. Briza minor L. Way

LITTLE QUAKING GRASS. ii N\\\\Y fy Yy

(Fig. 266, A.) Annual; hy WW hj Vy

ae culms erect, 10 to 40 i

oe ne cm tall; lioole of the wae, X 1s Hore, X10.” (Crane
upper leaf 5 mm long 92% Colo.)

or more, acute; blades 2 to 10 mm wide; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, the

branches stiffly ascending, the spikelets pendent, triangular-ovate,

3- to 6-flowered, about 3 mm long. © -—Introduced at several

138 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

fa
(es

(Oakes, Mass.)

ikelet and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 2597, Calif.) B, B. mazima,
Panicle, x 4.

19)
C, B. media.

Plant, X 4s

(Baenitz, Dalmatia.)

FIGURE 266.—A, Briza minor.
xX .

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 139

localities in the Eastern States from Canada to Alabama and
Arkansas, becoming common on the Pacific coast. especially in
California (fig. 267).

3. Briza média L. (Fig. 266, C.) Perennial; culms 15 to 60 cm
tall; ligule of the upper leaf about 1 mm long, truncate; blades 2 to 5
mm wide; panicle erect, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches rather stiff,
ascending, naked below; spikelets 5- to 12-flowered, orbicular, about
5 mm long. 2 —Fields and waste places, sparingly introduced,
Ontario to Connecticut and Michigan (fig. 268).

FIGURE 267.—Distribution of FIGURE 268.—Distribution of
Briza minor. Briza media.

DEsM4ZERIA SicuLA (Jacq.) Dum. Low annual; culms spreading with
ascending ends; panicles simple, 3 to 5 cm long, with large flat 2-ranked spike-
lets. © —Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Europe. (Name _ some-
times spelled Demazeria.)

12. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Lovecrass

Spikelets few- to many-flowered, the florets usually closely imbri-
cate, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the
florets, or continuous, the lemmas deciduous, the paleas persistent;
glumes somewhat unequal, shorter than the first lemma, acute or
acuminate, 1-nerved, or the second rarely 3-nerved; lemmas acute or
acuminate, keeled or rounded on the back, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves sometimes obscure; palea usually about as long as the lemma,
the keels sometimes ciliate. Annuals or perennials of various habit,
the inflorescence an open or contracted panicle. Type species,
Eragrostis eragrostis Beauv. (EH. poaeoides). Name from the Greek
eros, love, and agrostis, a kind of grass.

Although the species are numerous, they in general appear to have
little forage value. Fragrostis intermedia is said to furnish forage
on the grazing lands of Arizona and New Mexico.

la. Plants annual.
2a. Plants creeping, rooting at the nodes, forming mats.
Plants with perfect flowers; anthers 0.2 mm long------ 11. E. HYPNOIDEs.
Plants dicecious; anthers 2 mm long_-—-.-_......---.-2 10. E. REPTANS.
2b. Plants often decumbent at base but not creeping and forming mats.
3a. Palea prominently ciliate on the keels, the cilia usually as long as the
width of the lemma.
Panicle interruptedly spikelike, rarely somewhat open; spikelets usually
Pebece teaTbne ge eee ee te Ss 7. E. cIuiaRis.
Panicle narrow but open, the pedicels ascending or spreading; spikelets
2 mm long 8. E. AMABILIS.
3b. Palea scabrous to short-ciliate.
4a. Panicle long, narrow, rather dense, tawny or stramineous; spikelets

ee ee

Lig UES TOPE 6 Se NIRS Sy A 2 A 9. E. GLOMERATA.
4b. Panicle more or less open; spikelets usually more than 3 mm long.
5a. Spikelets sessile or nearly so___________-_-___-- 12. E. sIMmPLExX.

5b. Spikelets pediceled.

6a. Spikelets mostly less than 5-flowered; lemmas obscurely nerved,
scarcely keeled.

140 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicles two-thirds the entire length of the plant or more, diffuse;
pedicels more than 5 mm long; culms erect, closely tufted.
. HE. CAPILLARIS.
Panicles less than half the entire length of the plant, oblong, open
but scarcely diffuse; pedicels mostly less than 5 mm long; culms
spreading or decumbent at base_____-____- 15. EK. FRANKII.
6b. Spikelets mostly more than 5-flowered.
va. Spikelets ovate to oblong, flat, the florets spreading, closely
Tor kee be ee eee ws A ak SS 13. EH. UNIOLOIDES.
7b. Spikelets oblong to linear, the florets appressed.
8a. Plants with minute glandular depressions on the branches
and often on the keels of the lemmas.
Lemmas not glandular on the keel.
Panicle narrow, rather dense, the branches with scattering
glandular depressions______~_--_ 22. EH. LUTESCENS.
Panicle open, the branches and pedicels widely spreading,
the latter with a glandular depression below the spikelet.
2 EK. SUAVEOLENS.
Lemmas glandular on the keel.
Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm wide; panicle usually rather dense;

anthers 0.5 mm long_________- 23. EK. CILIANENSIS.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm wide; panicle open; anthers 0.2
TN: OTA RE ca 24. EK. POABEOIDES.

8b. Plants not glandular on the branches nor lemmas, sometimes
glandular on the sheaths (H. neomexicana) and below the
nodes (H#. barrelierz).
Spikelets about 1 mm wide, linear, slender.
Plant delicate; spikelets 3 to 5 mm long; lemmas 1 to 1.5

mum Jong toaks te eee ee ae ae 16. E. PILOsaA.
Plant rather stout; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long; lemmas about
2 AUNT Wn NE a OS a a 21. E. ORCUTTIANA.

Spikelets 1.5 mm wide or wider, ovate to linear.

Panicle narrow, the branches ascending, spikelet-bearing
nearly to base, few-flowered; spikelets linear, mostly
10- to 15-flowered_____.-_---_-- 25. KE. BARRELIERI.

Panicle open, often diffuse.

Spikelets linear, mostly 8- to 15-flowered, on slender spread-
ing pedicels mostly longer than the spikelets.
29. E. ARIDA.
Spikelets ovate to linear, if linear not on spreading
pedicels.

Spikelets linear at maturity, appressed along the pri-
mary panicle branches, these naked at the base for
usually 5 to 10 mm. Lower lemmas 1.5 mm long.

Primary panicle branches simple or the lower with a
branchlet bearing 2 or 3 spikelets; spikelets
loosely imbricate or sometimes not overlapping;
plants slender, mostly less than 30 cm tall, the
culms slender at base. Chiefly east of the 100th
Mera’ hin. See ee 17. E. PECTINACEA.

Primary panicle branches usually bearing appressed
branchlets with few to several-spikelets, the
spikelets thus appearing imbricate or crowded
along the primary branches; plants more robust,
mostly more than 30 cm tall, the culms stouter
at the base. Chiefly from Texas to southern
@aghifornia {3 W. se* bee i ele 18. E. DIFFUSA.

Spikelets ovate to ovate-oblong, rarely linear, if linear
not appressed along the primary panicle branches.

Plants comparatively robust, usually more than 25
em tall. Texas to southern California.

Panicle large, the branches many-flowered, ascend-
ing or drooping. Plant as much as 1 m tall,
with blades as much as 1 em wide, but often
smaller. 2 os ee ge 26. E. NEOMEXICANA.

Panicle smaller and more open, the spreading
branches few-flowered. Plant usually less
than: 30cm tale ee 27. E. MEXICANA.

= ~~ =— “=” a ne :s

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 141

Plants delicate, mostly less than 25 cm tall; blades
mostly not more than 2 mm wide (see also
E. frankii var. brevipes).

Panicle lax, the branches usually naked at base;

spikelets 4 to 7 mm long.
19. E. TEPHROSANTHOS.
Panicle rather stiff, the branches often floriferous
nearly to the base; spikelets mostly not more

than 3 mm long__.--- 20. E. PEREGRINA.
1b. Plants perennial.
9a. Panicle elongate, slender, dense, spikelike__-.___--___-- 6. E. sSPICATA.
9b. Panicle open or contracted, not spikelike.
10a. Plants with stout scaly rhizomes__------~---- 1. E. OBTUSIFLORA.

10b. Plants without rhizomes.
lla. Spikelets subsessile or nearly so, the lateral pedicels not more than
1 mm long.
Spikelets subsessile, distant along the few stout panicle branches
E. SESSILISPICA.
Spikelets short-pediceled.
Panicle large, becoming a tumble weed, the axis and branches viscid.
. E. CURTIPEDICELLATA.
Panicle narrow (rarely open in F. secundiflora), not a tumble weed
nor viscid; keels of palea forming a thick white band.
Lemmas 3 mm long, somewhat abruptly narrowed to the acute
apex; panicle usually red-brown; anthers 0.2 to 0.3 mm long.
4, E. SECUNDIFLORA.
Lemmas 3.5 mm long, tapering to the acuminate apex; panicle pale
or slightly pinkish; anthers 0.4 to 0.5 mm long.
5. E. BEYRICHI.
11b. Spikelets with pedicels more than 1 mm long (appressed along the
branches in EF. refracta; sometimes scarcely more than 1 mm long in
E. chariis and E. bahiensis). Panicles large and open (sometimes
condensed in E. bahiensis).
12a. Nerves of lemma obscure; lemma rounded on back, sometimes
slightly keeled toward apex.
Axils of main panicle branches usually strongly pilose (rarely glabrous
in E. intermedia).

Sheaths pilose or hirsute.
Culms mostly more than 50 em tall; blades elongate, flat, not
crowded at base of culm_____-_-_--_~- 30. E. HIRSUTA.
Culms mostly less than 50 em tall; blades rather short and
crowded at base of culm__________- 32. E. TRICHOCOLEA.

Sheaths glabrous or nearly so, except the pilose summit.
Spikelets about 1 mm wide, 3- to 7-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long;

lemmas 1.3 to 1.5 mm long______--_--- 31. E. LUGENS.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm wide; 3- to 8-flowered, 3 to 10 mm long;
lemmas 1.8 to 2 mm long___________ 35. E. INTERMEDIA.

Axils of main panicle branches glabrous or the lower sparsely pilose.
Pedicels bearing above the middle a glandular band or spot; axils

pres Urea reese ey 28 ky one IS Re 36. E. SWALLENI.
Pedicels without glandular band; lower axils sparsely pilose to
glabrous.
Lemmas about 3 mm Jong__.-___._._...___- 33. E. EROSA.
Lemmas about 2 mm long_-______________- 34. E. PALMERI.

12b. Nerves of lemma evident, usually prominent; lemmas keeled.
Spikelets approximate in a somewhat condensed panicle, or along the
rent res of a somewhat spreading panicle; florets mostly
to 30.
Paleas readily deciduguss ic 22.12. 425.22. 45. E. cuarus.
Lich ER eg TS PET Sp ee a ee SS 46. E. BAHIENSIS.
Spikelets in an open panicle.
Panicle longer than broad, the branches not horizontally spreading.
Culms not more than 60 em tall.
Spikelets 9- to 15-flowered; panicle less than one-third the entire
length of culm, the branches not viscid___ 37. E. TRacyr.
Spikelets 4- to 8-flowered; panicle more than half the entire
length of culm, the branches viscid___ 38. E. sILVEANA.

142 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Culms usually 1 m or more tall.
Spikelets mostly not more than 6-flowered, purplish.
39. E. TRICHODES.
Spikelets mostly 8- to 15-flowered, stramineous to bronze.
40. E. PILIFERA.
Panicle at maturity about as broad as long.
Panicle purple, the branches slender but rigid.
41. E. sPECTABILIS.
Panicle green to leaden, the branches capillary, fragile.
Spikelets appressed and distant along the nearly simple panicle

branches. 220250) sa ee a see ee 44. E. REFRACTA.
Spikelets on long pedicels.

Lenimas.2..mim lene sat) ee ee ae 42. EK. BLLIOTTII.

Lemmas; o mm lon elic! sponse 43. E. acuta.

FIGURE 269.—Hragrostis obtusiflora. Plant, X 44, two views of floret, X 10. (Toumey, Ariz.)
Section 1. CaracuiAstos Doell

Rachilla of spikelets disarticulating between the florets at maturity.

1. Eragrostis obtusifléra Scribn. (Fig. 269.) Culms erect or
ascending, firm, wiry, 30 to 50 cm tall, from stout creeping rhizomes
with closely imbricate hard spiny-pointed scales; sheaths pubescent
or pilose at the throat; blades firm, glaucous, flat, becoming involute
at least toward the spiny-pointed tip, 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 143

at base; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, the rigid simple branches ascending,
loosely flowered, 5 to 8 em long; spikelets pale or purplish, 6- to 12-
flowered, 8 to 12 mm long, the pedicels about 1 mm long; glumes
acute, 3 and 5 mm long; lemmas rounded on the back, rather loosely
imbricate, obtuse, somewhat lacerate, about 4 mm long. 2% —
Alkali soil, Arizona (Sulphur Springs Valley and Wilcox), New Mexico
(Las Playas); Mexico.

Scribner ® quotes Toumey as follows: ‘‘This species is one of the
most abundant grasses in the extreme alkaline portions of Sulphur
Springs Valley, where the large rootstocks in many places bind the
shifting sands. It rarely flowers, and its superficial appearance,

FIGURE 270.— Eragrostis sessilispica. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Swallen 1791, Tex.)

without flowers, is much the same as our common salt grass (Distichlis
spicata). It is a hard, rigid grass, but furnishes a large part of the
forage of Sulphur Springs Valley, when other grasses are eaten off or
are cut short by drought.”

2. Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. (Fig. 270.) Perennial; culms
tufted, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall, with 1 node above the basal cluster of
leaves; sheaths glabrous, strongly pilose at the throat; blades flat to
rather loosely involute, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle loose, open, pilose
in the axils, at first about half the entire length of the culm, elongating
toward maturity, the axis curving or loosely spiral, as much as 40 em
long, the distant branches stiffly spreading, 5 to 15 cm long, florifer-
ous to base, sometimes bearing below a few secondary branches, the

6 LAMSON-SCRIBNER, F. NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN GRASSES. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bull. 8, pt. I:
5-11, illus. 1897. (See p. 10.)
55974°—35——10

144 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

whole panicle finally breaking away and tumbling before the wind;
spikelets distant, nearly sessile, appressed, linear, 5- to 12-flowered,
8 to 12 mm long; glumes acute, about 3 mm long; lemmas loosely
imbricate, acuminate, becoming somewhat in-
durate, 3 to 3.5 mm long, the lateral nerves
prominent; palea prominently bowed out below.
1 (Acamptoclados sessilispica Nash.)—Plains
and sandy prairies, Kansas to Texas, New
Mexico, and northern Mexico (fig. 271).
3. Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckl. (Fig.
HecEe 271 Distbutomot 272.) | Perenuial;” colme twtted) erect 20nus
. 40 em tall; sheaths pilose at the throat;
blades flat or loosely involute, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle open, spreading,
at first 15 to 20 cm long, the axis and branches viscid, rather sparingly
pilose in the axils, finally elongating, breaking away and tumbling

=
SS
FT SS

<7

——

> —

=>
a SSS
SE ee SS

WS SSS aaa =

=

FIGURE 272.—Eragrostis curtipedicellata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Ball 898, Tex.)

before the wind, the branches stiffly ascending or spreading; spikelets
oblong or linear, short-pediceled, somewhat appressed on the primary
and secondary branches, 6- to 12-flowered, 3
to 6 mm long; glumes about 1.5 mm long;
lemmas rather closely imbricate, oblong,
acute, about 1.5 mm long; palea ciliate on
the keels, not bowed out; grain 0.7 mm
long. 2 Plains, open woods, and dry
FIGURE 273-_Distribution of Slopes, southern Kansas to Texas and New

Eragrostis curtipedicellata. Mexico (fig. DATE

4. Eragrostis secundifléra Presl. (Fig. 274.) Perennial; culms
tufted, suberect, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths pilose at the throat; blades ~
flat, more or less involute in drying, 1 to 4 mm wide, tapering to a

«SSS

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 145

fine point; panicle condensed, more or less interrupted or with stiff

ascending rather densely flowered branches,
rarely somewhat open, 5 to 15 cm long, some-
times as much as 40 cm long, rarely sparsely
pilose in the axils; spikelets usually red-
brown, strongly compressed, subsessile, linear,
mostly 10- to 40-flowered, 8 to 15 mm long;
glumes acute, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas
closely imbricate, 3 mm long, somewhat
abruptly narrowed to
an acute apex, the
tip slightly spreading;
palea bowed out below,
the keels prominent;
anthers 0.2 to 0.8 mm
; long, gray; grain 1 mm
oe a tone Sand y

Br ae a fy soil, northern Florida
to Kansas and New Mexico, south to Oaxaca;
also California (San Diego) (fig. 275).

5. Eragrostis beyrichii J. G. Smith.
(Fig. 276.) Resembling /. secundiflora and
possibly only a variety of that species;
differing in the softer foliage and panicle,
the plant on the average smaller, the panicle
pale or slightly pinkish; lemmas 3.5 to 4mm

long (the lower shorter),

YK
Ue

\\
}

Si)

Sy

SS
SW

y Ly}
SIE N wy
<a AN AY, |
WAN Ys |
AG INAE j
4 } Veg a iif
iy || MEN, || J
WH VS 0
SW
WWY

FIGURE 274.—Eragrostis secundi=
flora. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10.
(Reverchon 3501A, Tex.)

NYY less firm, tapering to an acuminate apex; palea
AY? broader and longer; anthers 0.4 aye
NV, Y to 0.6 mm long, yellowish. 2 NZ
NJ iY Z —Sandy soil, Texas and Okla- S
SW homa (Wichita Mountains). i.
: WY) 6. Eragrostis spicata Vasey. x
) (Fig. 277.) Perennial; culms Ne
— tufted, erect, about 1 m tall; Si
itn blades flat, elongate, more or Sy
: less involute in drying, tapering \

to a slender _ point;

FIGURE 276.—Eragrostis

Tex.)

panicle
pale, slender, dense, spikelike,
10 to 30 cm long, 3 to 4 mm
thick; spikelets strongly com-
pressed, 2- or 3-flowered, 2 mm
long, the somewhat pubescent
pedicels less than 1 mm long;
glumes rather broad, obtuse, un-
equal, the second about 1 mm
long; lemmas about 2 mm long,
all rising to about the same
height, the lateral pair of nerves /
beyrichii. Panicle, x 1; faint. 2 —-Dry ground, Laredo /lv
floret, X 10. (Tracy 7924, and-Brownsville, Pex: Baja Cali- FIGURE 277.—Eragrostis

SY.

EE
=z

WP LAA HY MS,

ese, 2
DLILEME GC
tte Le
=

_<ES

Neal
iS)

ye oapp
CER
SE

x.
~

spicata. Panicle, X 1;

fornia; Paraguay, Argentina. spikelet, X 10. (Swallen
7. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 278.) An-

1086, Tex.)

nual; culms branching, erect to spreading, slender, wiry, 15 to 30cm tall;

146 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

blades flat to subinvolute, mostly less than 10 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide;
panicle often purplish, condensed, interruptedly spikelike, 3 to 10 cm
long, sometimes looser with stiffly ascending short branches; spikelets
6- to 12-flowered, 2 to 4 mm long; glumes about 1 mm long; lemmas
oblong, 1 to 1.5 mm long, obtuse, the midnerve slightly excurrent;

i
- .
} ig ;

y ie) x

ae a

4s %

Af ts , ag.
M4 Me ees
s3¢ % B BES
hy e% \ . {
We Se Bo est W
4 ar \ SA ‘4
NE a4, \\ 3) NK
sy oF ay)
te a ‘ ; x »
of % wy \ WY
I R S

1 he 4 A

\ x Yi

| ‘

2
3%

G25,

SRT PS aS.

9 Let.

Ai

ni
Wt)
|

SSS
WN

FiGuReE 278.—Eragrostis ciliaris. Plant <X; 14; spikelet, < 5; floret, *X 10. (Nash 2104, Fla.)

keels of the palea conspicuously stiffly long-ciliate, the hairs 0.5 to
0.7 mm long; grain 0.5mm long. © —Sandy shores, rocky soil, and
open ground, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi; Texas; New Jersey
(ballast); West Indies and Mexico to Brazil and Peru (fig. 279);
Africa; Asia. Specimens with laxer panicles of more spreading

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

147

loosely flowered branches have been differentiated as E. ciliaris var.

lara Kuntze.

8. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight and Arn.

(Fig. 280.) Annual,

resembling E. ciliaris; blades as much as 5 mm wide; panicle oblong

FIGURE 279.—Distribution of
Eragrostis ciliaris.

FIGURE 280.— Eragrostis amabilis.
Panicle, X %; spikelet, x 10.

(Meislahn 10, Fla.)

FIGURE 282.—Distribution of
Eragrostis glomerata.

ferta Trin.)—Banks of ponds an
Carolina to Florida, Arkansas,

or oblong-lanceolate,
2 to4cm wide,rather
open; spikelets 4- to
8-flowered, about 2
mm long; glumes
less than 1 mm long;
lemmas ovate, ob-
tuse, 1 mm long;
keels of palea long-
ciliate, the hairs
about 0.3 mm long.
© (EL. plumosa
Link.)—Gardens
and waste places,
Georgia and Flor-
ida; Texas; tropical
America; appar-
ently introduced
from the Old World.

9. Eragrostis
glomerata (Walt.)
L. H. Dewey. (Fig.
281.) Annual; culms
erect, 20 to 100 cm
tall, branching be-
low, the branches
erect; blades flat, 3
to 8 mm wide, taper-
ing to a fine point;
panicle narrow,
erect, densely flow-

ered, somewhat in- ¥

terrupted, 5 to 50
cm long, greenish or
tawny, the branches
ascending or ap-
pressed, floriferous
to base, many-flow-
ered ; spikelets short-
pediceled, mostly 6-
to 8-flowered, 2 to
3 mm long; glumes
minute; lemmas
very thin, about 1
mm long; grain
about 0.3 to 0.4mm
long. © (E. con-

FIGURE 281.—Eragrostis glomerata.
Panicle, X 14; spikelet and floret,

X10. (Eggert, Ark.)

d streams, and low ground, South
and eastern Texas, south through

Mexico and West Indies to Uruguay (fig. 282).

148 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SEcTION 2. PrtrerRotssa Doell

Rachilla of spikelet contimuous, not disarticulating at maturity;
palea usually persistent for a short time after the fall of the
lemma (sometimes falling with it in EL’. wnioloides and E. charvis).

10. Eragrostis réptans (Michx.) Nees. (Fig. 283.) Annual,
dioecious; culms branching, creeping, rooting at the nodes, forming
mats; blades flat, usually pubescent, mostly 1 to 3 cm long; panicles
numerous, ovoid, usually rather dense or capitate, few- to several-

(Bush

1306 (2) and 1307 (o*), Tex.)

flowered, rarely many-flowered, mostly 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets
several- to many-flowered, linear, at length elongate and more or less
curved; lemmas closely imbricate, often sparsely villous, acuminate,
about 3 mm long; palea of pistillate floret about half as long as the
lemma, of the staminate floret as long as the lemma; grain ovoid,
about 0.5 mm long; anthers before dehiscing, 1.5 to 2mm long. ©
(E. capitata Nash.)—River banks, sandy land, and open ground,
Kentucky to South Dakota and Texas (fig. 284).

11. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P.
(Fig. 285.) Annual, branching, creeping, and
matlike as in the preceding; blades scabrous or
pubescent on the upper surface; panicles el-
liptic, loosely few-flowered, 1 to 5 cm long,
sometimes somewhat capitate; spikelets =
several- to many-flowered, linear, mostly 5 to ade ie of
10 mm long, sometimes as much as 2 cm long
in a dense cluster; flowers perfect; lemmas glabrous, acute, 1.5 to 2mm
long; palea about half as long as the lemma; grain 0.5 mm long; anthers
about 0.2mmlong. © —Sandy river banks and wet ground, Quebec
to Washington, south through Mexico and the West Indies to Argen-
tina; not found in the Rocky Mountains (fig. 286).

12. Eragrostis simplex Scribn. (Fig. 287.) Annual; culms spread-
ing to suberect, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle
narrow, 5 to 20 cm long, the main axis often curved, the branches

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 149

solitary, distant, ascending or spreading, sometimes reflexed, floriferous
to base, short, with a few crowded spikelets or as much as 5 cm long,
with short branchlets; spikelets nearly sessile, linear, mostly 20- to 50-
flowered, 5 to 20 mm long; lemmas closely imbricate, ovate, acute, 1.5
to2mm long,thelateral nerves ¢ near the margin; grain about
0.6 mm long anthers about [ 0.1mmlong. © —Sandy woods,
dooryards, and waste places, ye comet Georgia and Florida.
bv

= aE

ge
oN / a

FIGURE 285.— Eragrostis hypnoides. Plant, X %; florets, X 10. (Mearns 741, Minn.)

13. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees. (Fig. 288.) Annual;
culms erect or ascending, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades flat, 2 to 4 mm wide;
panicle elliptic, open, 10 to 15 cm long, about half as wide, the branches
ascending; spikelets ovate-oblong, strongly compressed, truncate at
base, obtuse, 15- to 30-flowered, 5 to 10 mm
long, 3 mm wide, often pink or purplish; lem-
mas closely imbricate, nearly horizontally
spreading, strongly keeled, acute, 2 mm long,
the lateral nerves prominent; palea falling
with the lemma or soon thereafter; grain about
0.7 mm long. © —Waste ground, Georgia
and Florida; introduced from southern Asia.

14. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Lacer-
Grass. (Fig. 289.) Annual; culms erect, 20 to 50 cm tall, much-
branched at base, the branches erect; sheaths pilose, at least on the
margin, long-pilose at the throat; blades flat, erect, pilose on upper
surface near the base, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle oblong or elliptic, open,

FIGURE 286.—Distribution of
Eragrostis hypnoides.

150 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

diffuse, usually two-thirds the entire height of the plant, the branches
and branchlets capillary; spikelets long-pediceled, 2- to 4-flowered,
2 to 3 mm long; glumes acute, 1 mm long;

oN lemmas acute, about 1.5 mm long, obscurely
WA ag nerved, rounded on the back, minutely
We scabrous toward the tip; grain 0.5 mm long,
somewhat roughened. © -—Dry open

ground, open woods, and
fields, Maine to Wisconsin,
a south to Georgia, Kansas,
and eastern Texas (fig. 290).
15. Eragrostis frankii
©. A.) Meyer) (ig: 2918)
Resembling E. capillaris;
culms usually lower, spread-
ing to erect; sheaths gla-
brous except the pilose
throat; blades glabrous;
panicle less than half the
entire height of the plant,
open but not diffuse, mostly ¥
less than half as wide as it
long, the branches ascend-
ing, the shorter pedicels not
much longer than the spike-
lets; spikelets 3- to 5-
flowered, 2 to 3 mm long. a
© —Sandbars, river V
pe aug moist open t
: aif _ . ground, New Hampshire to ee i ee
ree Panicoss x ies floret, eae south to Florida * oloides. Spike fet, Xu

10. (Curtiss, Fla.) and Kansas (fig. 292). Era- (Curtiss 6898, Fla.
GROSTIS FRANKII var. BREVIPES Fassett. Spikelets 5- to 7-flowered,
3to4mmlong. © —Wisconsin

(Glenhaven), and Illinois.

16. Eragrostis pilosa (L.)
Beauv. InpIA LoveGRAss. (Fig.
293.) Weedy annual; culms
slender, erect or ascending from

FIGURE 290.—Distribution of
Eragrostis capillaris.

a decumbent base, 10 to 50 cm
tall; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide;
panicle delicate, open, becoming
ay somewhat diffuse, 5 to 20 cm long,
FIGURE 289,—Hragrostis capillaris. Panicle, x1; the branches capillary, flexuous,

I A NU MOD Fea BN ascending or spreading, finally
somewhat implicate, the lower fascicled, sparsely long-pilose in the

)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 151

axils; spikelets gray to nearly black, linear, scarcely compressed,
3- to 9-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long, about 1 mm wide, the pedicels
spreading, mostly longer than the spikelets: glumes acute, the first a
little less than, the second a little more than, 1 mm long; lemmas
loosely imbricate, the rachilla more or less exposed, rounded on the
back, acute, 1.2 to 1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide from keel to margin, the
nerves obscure; grain 0.6 mm long. © -—Moist open ground and
waste places, Massachusetts to Colorado, south to Florida and Texas,
south through Mexico and West Indies
to Argentina; California (fig. 294);
introduced from Europe.

Eragrostis viréscens Presl. Annual;
culms slender, 50 to 60 cm tall; blades
3 to 6 mm wide; panicle open, about one
third the entire height of the culm, the
lower branches
mostly solitary,
the axils glabrous
or nearly so;
branchlets and
spikelets some-

: =" ™ what appressed

FIGURE 291.—Eragrostis frankii. Panicle, FIGURE 292.—Distribution of

X 1; floret, X 10. (Chase 2005, Il.) along the pr unary Eragrostis frankii.
branches; spike-

lets linear, mostly 7- to 9-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long, pale or greenish,
about 1 mm wide; lower lemmas scarcely 1.5mm long. © —Ballast,
Apalachicola, Florida; Chile. Resembling FE. diffusa; spikelets smaller.

17. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. (Fig. 295.) Resem-
bling /. pilosa; panicles less delicate, the axils glabrous or obscurely
pilose, the somewhat larger spikelets appressed along the branches
and branchlets, often longer than the pedicels; spikelets at maturity
mostly linear, 5 to 8 mm long; lemmas 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, the
rachilla not or scarcely exposed,
the nerves evident; grain 0.8 mm

FIGURE 294.—Distribution of
Eragrostis pilosa.

FIGURE Tie ee long. © (LF. caroliniana (Spreng.)

Seribn.; FE. purshit Schrad.)—
Fields, waste places, open ground, moist places, Maine to North
Dakota, south to Florida and eastern Texas, rare in the Western
States (fig. 296). The name EF. pectinacea has been misapplied to
E.. spectabilis.

18. Eragrostis difffsa Buckl. (Fig. 297.) More robust than
E.. pectinacea, usually 30 to 50 cm tall, sometimes taller: panicle
larger, the primary branches bearing appressed secondary branches
with few to several spikelets, the main panicle branches thus more

152 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

densely flowered. © —A

common weed in fields and open ground,

Oklahoma and Texas to Nevada and southern California; introduced

FIGURE 295.—Eragrostis pectinacea. Pani-
cle, X 1; floret, X 10. (V. H. Chase
84, Il.)

in Missouri, South Carolina, Alabama,
and Louisiana; Mexico (fig. 298). In
some specimens the spikelets are ascend-
ing rather than appressed, thus making
the panicle more open.

19. Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schult.
(Fig. 299.) Annual, rather soft and lax;
culms branching at
base, erect to de- | ‘*:
cumbent-spreading, |--~*y
5to 2Oiiom, tall,
sometimes taller;
blades flat, usually
5 to 10 cm long, 1
to 2 mm wide; pan- MSuRE 26 Distribution of
icle open, mostly 4 Ve
to 10 cm long, about half as wide, the
branches ascending or spreading, naked
below, the spikelets appressed or ascend-
ing along the upper part, the lower axils
pilose; spikelets 6- to 12-flowered, 4 to 7
mm long, about 1.5 mm wide; glumes

about 1 and 1.3 mm long; lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, the lateral nerves
distinct. © -—Open ground, fields, and waste places, Florida to south-

ern Texas and south through the lowland tropics to Brazil (fig. 300).
20. Eragrostis peregrina Wiegand. (Fig. 301.) Annual; _ re-

FIGURE 298.— Distribution of
Eragrostis diffusa.

FIGURE 299.—Hragrostis tephrosanthos.
Panicle, X 1; floret, x 10. (Curtiss
5930, Fla.)

sembling FE. tephrosanthos but the axils of the panicle glabrous;
panicle branches spikelet-bearing nearly to base; spikelets mostly

Dien tel tel oe Pe

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 153

4- to 8-flowered, mostly 3 to4mmlong. © —Waste places, Maine
to Michigan, south to Pennsylvania and Maryland: ballast, Portland,
Oreg. (fig. 302); introduced from Europe.

FIGURE 300.—Distribution of FIGURE 301.—Hragrostis peregrina. FIGURE 302.—Distribution of
Eragrostis tephrosanthos. Panicle, a ae x10. (Hotch- Eragrostis peregrina.
kiss 1708, N.Y.

21. Eragrostis orcuttiana Vasey. (Fig. 303.) Annual; culms
ascending from a decumbent base, rather stout, 60 to 100 cm tall;
blades flat, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicle open, 15 to 30 cm long, the

FIGURE 303.—EFragrostis orcuttiana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 3063, Calif.)

branches, branchlets, and pedicels slender, spreading, flexuous,
finally implicate, the axils glabrous; spikelets linear, 6- to 10-flowered,
sometimes a little faleate, 5 to 7 mm long, about 1 mm wide; second
glume a little more than 1 mm long; lemmas loosely imbricate, the

154 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ae

aa ae
a a
oi eS Sa SSS =
2 = z =
2 _

rachilla often exposed, narrow, acutish, the lower 1.8 mm long; grain
0.8 mm long. © -—Fields, waste places, and sandy river banks,
Oregon (ballast, Portland) and Nevada to Ari-
zona and California (fig. 304).
22. Eragrostis lutéscens Scribn. (Fig. 305.)
Ay Annual; culms freely branching at base, erect or
ascending, 5 to 20 cm tall; sheaths and blades
with numerous glandular depressions; blades
flat; panicles numerous, narrow, erect, pale or
Praune (304. Distribution of yellowish green, 2 to 10 cm long, the branches
ascending or appressed, beset with glandular
depressions; spikelets 6- to 10-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long, compressed ;
elumes acute, 1.5 and 2 mm long; lemmas about 2 mm long, acute,
the nerves prominent;
palea 1.5 mm long. ©
—Sandy shores, Idaho
to Washington, south to
Arizona and California
(fig. 306).
23. Eragrostis cili-
anénsis (All.) Link.
STINKGRASS. (Fig. 307.)
Weedy annual with dis-
agreeable odor when
fresh; culms ascending or
spreading, 10 to 50 cm
tall, with a ring of glands
below the nodes; foliage
sparsely beset with glan-
dular depressions, the
sheaths pilose at the
throat; blades flat, 2 to 7
mm wide; panicle erect,
dark gray-green to tawny,
usually rather condensed,
sometimes, especially in
the Southwest, open, 5 to
20 cm long, the branches
ascending ; spikelets ob-
long, compressed, 10- to
40-flowered, 5 to 15 mm
long, 25 to 3 mm wide; FIGURE 305.—Eragrostis es ee X 1%; floret, X 10.
lemmas in side view
ovate, acutish, about 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide from keel to
margin, the keel scabrous toward apex and
beset with a few glands, the lateral nerves
prominent; palea about two-thirds as long as
the lemma, minutely ciliate on the keels; grain
ovoid, plump,0.7 mm long; anthers 0.5 mm long. |
© (EL. major Host; E. megastachya Link.)— |
Cultivated ground, fields, and waste places,
FIGURE 306." Distribution of Maine to Washington, south throughout the
United States, sparingly in the Northwest,
absent from the higher mountains; Mexico and West Indies, south to
Argentina; introduced from the Old World.

ne

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 1

5

FIGURE 307.—Eragrostis cilianensis. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Schuette 155, Wis.)

156 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

24. Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. (Fig. 308.) Annual; resembling
E. cilianensis, mostly more slender; panicles rather more open, the
spikelets smaller, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, the lemmas about 2 mm long, the
glands sometimes obscure; an-
thers about 0.2 mm long. ©
(EL. minor Host; E. eragrostis
Beauv.)—Waste places, spar-
ingly introduced from Europe,
Vermont to Iowa, south to
Georgia and Texas; Arizona and
California (fig. 309).

25. Eragrostis barreliéri Da-
veau. (Fig. 310). (Annual:
culms erect or decumbent at
FIGURE ae Ue aes BE oR VEN X 1; floret, base, 20 to 50 cm tall, branching

at base, sometimes with a glan-
dular band below the nodes; sheaths pilose at the summit; blades
flat, rather short, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle erect, open but narrow, 8
to 15 cm long, the branches ascending or stiffly spreading, few-flowered,
spikelet-bearing nearly to base, the axils gla-
brous; spikelets linear, usually 12- to 15-
flowered, mostly about 1 cm long, and 1.5mm
wide; lemmas 2 mm long or slightly longer. ©
—Waste places, Kansas, Texas; Arizona (l‘omb-
stone); California (Fresno); introduced from
southern Europe.

26. Eragrostis neomexicana Vasey. (Fig. Psvue 300 Distuburion of
311.) Annual; culms usually rather stout,
often widely spreading, as much as 1 m tall; sheaths glabrous, pilose
at the throat, often with glandular depressions along the keel or nerves;
blades flat, often elongate, 5 to 10
mm wide; panicle 20 to 40 cm long,
smaller in depauperate specimens,
open, the branches ascending or
spreading but not divaricate, the
branchlets at first appressed along the
main branches, finally usually spread-
ing, the axils glabrous; spikelets mostly
dark grayish green, ovate to ovate-ob-
long, or rarely linear, mostly 8- to 12-
flowered, 5 to 8 mm long, about 2
mm wide; lemmas 2 to 2.3 mm long.
© —Fields, waste places, and wet
eround, Texas to southern California,
south through Mexico; introduced in
Maryland, Indiana, Iowa, and Muis-
sour, (ig. Sil2)

27. Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.)
FIGURE 310.—Eragrostis barrelieri. Panicle, Link. MMmxXICAN LOVEGRASS. (Fig.

ts Borel, % 10 Citoheotk ot) Tee) 0819.) Resembuine i neamencana le
lower, erect or spreading, often simple; panicle erect, comparatively
small and few-flowered, less compound, the branches and pedicels

= >>
SS
Sv

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 157

spreading; spikelets usually not more than 7-flowered. © -—Open
ground, Texas to Arizona; introduced in Delaware and Iowa.

28. Eragrostis suavéolens Becker. (Fig. 314.) Annual culms
spreading, 20 to 50 cm tall, a ring of glands below the nodes; sheaths
with numerous small glandular
depressions on the nerves; blades
flat, sparsely long-pilose, 2 to 3
mm wide; panicles open, less than
half the entire height of the culm,
10 to 15 cm or more long, the
branches and pedicels spreading,
the axils glabrous, the branchlets
and pedicels bearing near the sum-
mit a glandular depression; spike-
lets linear-oblong, 5 to 7 mm long,

FIGURE 312.—Distribution of
Eragrostis neomezicana.

I: =z q

A 42 7 i
ME | 7 - PaSae
= WL.
KF + ZGEF
eS
KEEFE TRE <2
Cig J

mostly 7- to 9-flowered, rather
soft; lemmas keeled, the lower
about 2 mm long, the lateral |
nerves distinct. © —Intro-
duced in the vicinity of Las |

Cruces, N.Mex.; southern Russia.
29. Eragrostis arida Hitche. |
Vi

—<“F

(Fig. 315.) Annual; culms ° } : 7
branching at base, erect or more g A AEE
or less decumbent at base, 20 to

mi euttpall ceheains net. clandu— i280 * es le teomencana.. Panicle, x 1s
lar, the hairs at summit in a

dense line part way along the collar; blades mostly flat, glabrous,
tapering to a fine point, mostly 4 to 8 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide;
panicle mostly one-third to half the entire length of the plant, open,

SS

¢3

FIGURE 313.—Eragrostis mericana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Smith, N.Mex.)

the branches, branchlets, and pedicels flexuous, spreading, the lower
axils sparsely pilose, the branches solitary or the lower in pairs;
spikelets oblong to linear, stramineous or drab, mostly 8- to 15-
flowered, 5 to 10 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, somewhat compressed,

158 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the lateral pedicels 2 to 3 mm long; glumes acute, the first narrow,
scarcely 1 mm long, the second a little longer and wider; lemmas 1.6
to 1.8 mm long, acut-
Ishi) 4@) 9 Dry sou.
Arkansas and Texas SD —
to Arizona and central Uf
Mexico. , a 7
30. Eragrostis _hir-
sita (Michx.) Nees.
(Fig. 316.) Perennial;
culms erect, tufted, 50
to 120 cm tall; sheaths
hirsute to glabrous, 2
pilose at the throat “= fis
and especially along #
the collar at each side; Are | ieee | |

S
=
—
Sy
a
?

blades flat, elongate, 5
to 10 mm wide, becom-
ing more or less invo-
: ____Tute, tapering to a fine PvRR215, Dragos aria. Panicle,
LEE ew point, scabrous on the
(Hitchcock 3812, N. upper surface; panicle diffuse, more than half the
sis entire height of the plant, pilose in the axils,
branching 4 or 5 times; spikelets on long
flexuous pedicels,
ovate to ovate-
oblong, 2- to 6-flow-
ered (rarely to 8-flow-
ered), 3 to 4 mm long;
glumes acuminate, 1.5 and 7 cA
2 mm long: lemmas rather (7 ""acpedetne ee
turgid, 2 mm long, acute,
the nerves obscure; grain oblong, 1 mm long,
minutely striate and pitted. 2 —Dry soil,
fields and open woods, Maryland to Missouri,
Ficure 316. Bragrostis hire South to Florida and eastern Texas; introduced
X10. (Curtiss 3499, Fla) 10 Maine and Massachusetts (fig. 317).

FIGURE 318.—Eragrostis lugens. Plant, X 1; floret, K 10. (Reverchon 16, Tex.)

31. Eragrostis ligens Nees. (Fig. 318.) Perennial; culms tufted,
rather wiry, sometimes geniculate below, sparingly branching; sheaths

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 159

pilose in the throat, sometimes along the margin and on sides at
summit; blades subinvolute, 10 to 25 cm long, 1.5 to 3 mm wide,
pilose on the upper surface toward base, rarely beneath; panicle
rather diffuse, 15 to 30 cm long, about two-thirds as wide, the axis
and ascending to spreading branches capillary, flexuous, the lower
branches in pairs or verticils, the axils except upper, conspicuously
long pilose; spikelets on long pedicels, mostly glossy drab, 3- to
7-flowered, 3 to 5 mm long, 1 to 1.2 mm wide; glumes thin, 0.7 and
1.2 mm long, falling early; lemmas
closely imbricate, 1.3 to 1.5 mm long,
abruptly acute; grain about 0.7 mm
long. 2 —Dry prairie, Texas; also
on ballast, Mobile, Alabama; Vene-
zuela to Argentina.

32. Eragrostis trichocélea Hack. and
eee ei 299) perennial, cubis | MeueE ste Hrogrometichocolen. “Panicle,
erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, the leaves
rather short, mostly crowded at the base; sheaths, at least the lower,
spreading, pilose; blades spreading, flat or, especially on the innova-
tions, involute, mostly 8 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, pilose;
panicle diffuse, 15 to 20 cm long, nearly or quite as wide, the branches

ry

FIGURE 320.—Eragrostis erosa. Panicle, X 1. (Skehan 58, N.Mex.); floret, x 10. (Type.)

stiffly and widely spreading, pilose in the axils; pedicels 2 or 3 times
as long as the spikelets; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 3 to 4 mm long,
about 1.5 mm wide; glumes 1 to 1.2 and 1.3 to 1.5 mm long; lemmas
about 1.5 mm long. 2 -—Sandy woods, Florida (Tampa, Lake-
land); Mexico to Uruguay.

33. Eragrostis erésa Scribn. (Fig. 320.) Perennial; culms tufted,
erect, 50 to 90 cm tall; blades mostly involute; panicle diffuse, less
than half the entire height of the plant, usually about one-third,

55974°—35——11

160 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mostly more than half as wide as long, branching 2 or 3 times, sparsely
pilose or glabrous in the axils; spikelets mostly 8- to 9-flowered, 5 to 10
mm long, 1.8 to 2 mm wide; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm long, hyaline-mar-
gined toward summit, the tip erose. 2 —Rocky hills, western Texas
to New Mexico and northern Mexico.
34. Eragrostis palméri S. Wats.
(Fig. 321.) Perennial; culms tufted,
erect, about 70 cm tall; blades involute,
elongate, erect; panicle open, oblong, 15
to 20 cm long, 5 to 7 cm wide, glabrous
in the axils; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long,
mostly 7- to 9-flowered, brownish; first
glume about 1mm long; second glume
1.5 to 2 mm long; lemmas rounded on
the back, bronze-tipped, about 2 mm
long. 2 Alkaline banks, Texas
(Harlingen) ; Mexico (Juarez, Coahuila).
Differs from F. erosa in the oblong pan-
icle and smaller spikelets and lemmas.
35. Eragrostis intermédia Hitchc.
PuLaIns Lovecrass. (Fig. 322.) Per-
ennial; culms erect, tufted, mostly 40 to
SS Roe nie haar free La igs Ua IL tall; sheaths glabrous or the
lowermost sparsely pilose, conspicuously

pilose at the throat, the hairs extending in a line across the collar;
blades flat to subinvolute, pilose on the upper surface near the base,
otherwise glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, 10 to 25 cm long,
1 to 3 mm wide; panicle erect, open, often diffuse, 15 to 35 cm long,

FIGURE 322.—Eragrostis intermedia. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.)

at maturity mostly about three-fourths as wide, the axils pilose, some-
times sparsely so or rarely glabrous, the branches slender but rather
stiff, the lower in pairs or verticils, all spreading, often horizontal;
spikelets usually 3- to 8-flowered, 3 to 10 mm long, about 1.5 mm
wide, grayish or brownish green, the pedicels somewhat flexuous, 1 to

7

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 161

3 times as long as the spikelet; glumes acute, 1 to 1.2 and 1.2 to 1.4
mm long; lemmas turgid, obscurely nerved, 1.8 to 2 mm long, usually
bronze-tipped, not hyaline margined; grain oblong, about 0.7 mm
long. 2 —Dry or sandy prairies, Georgia; Louisiana and Missouri
to southern California and south to Central America (fig. 323).
A few specimens from New Mexico have long spikelets (as much as
13-flowered) and glabrous axils.

36. Eragrostis swalléni Hitche. (Fig. 324.) Perennial; culms in
dense tufts, erect, 20 to 50 cm tall, an obscure :
glandular band below the nodes; sheaths spar-
ingly pilose at the throat; blades involute,
glabrous, arching-recurved, 10 to 30 cm long;
panicle erect, open, 10 to 20 cm long, the
branches ascending or spreading, glabrous,
stifly flexuous; spikelets oblong to linear,
stramineous or grayish-green, 7 to10mm long, *60RF 383 Distribution of
about 2 mm wide, mostly 8- to 12-flowered, the
slender pedicels bearing above the middle a glandular band or spot;
glumes acutish, rather broad, about 1.2 and 1.8 mm long; lemmas
rather closely imbricate, acutish, about 2 mm long; palea minutely
scabrous on the keels; grain nearly smooth, slightly narrowed toward
the summit, 1 mm long. 2 — Sandy prairies, southern Texas.
Known only from Sarita and nearby Riviera.

37. Eragrostis tracyi Hitche. (Fig. 325.) Apparently perennial;
culms erect, tufted, 30 to 80 cm tall; sheaths rather sparsely pilose

QQ, . == Wy
y . | ! Zz

\ iy LES
Y Ss

FIGURE 324.—Hragrostis swalleni. Plant and panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Type.)

at the throat; blades flat or, especially of the innovations, involute,
5 to 25 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle erect, open, 10 to 15 cm long,
5 to 8 cm wide, the axils glabrous or nearly so, the branches ascending
to spreading, flexuous; spikelets linear, mostly 9- to 15-flowered, 5 to 10
mm long, about 1.5 mm wide, pinkish or purplish, the flexuous pedicels
spreading, 2 to 5 mm long; glumes acutish, about 1 mm and 1.5 mm
long; lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, rather soft, loosely imbricate, the
lateral nerves distinct; palea somewhat persistent; grain about 0.7
mm long. 2 Sandy soil, known only from Sanibel Island, Fla.

162 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

38. Eragrostis silveana Swallen. (Fig. 326.) Perennial; culms
densely tufted, erect from a knotty base, 40 to 50 cm tall; sheaths

[FIGURE 325.—Eragrostis tracyi. Panicle, X 1; floret, x 10. (Type.)

glabrous; blades flat or loosely involute in drying, elongate, 3 mm
wide, attenuate to a fine point, glabrous; panicle 25 to 35 cm long,

FIGURE 326.—Eragrostis silveana. Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 10. (Type.)

10 to 15 em wide, the viscid scabrous branches stiffly ascending or
spreading, naked at base, sparsely pilose in the axils; spikelets pur-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 163

plish, 4- to 8-flowered, 2.5 to 4 mm long, the ultimate pedicels short,
usually appressed; glumes about 1 mm long; lemmas acute, about
1.3 mm long, the lateral nerves prominent. 2 -—Open ground,
southern Texas.
39. Eragrostis trichédes (Nutt.) Nash. (Fig. 327.) Perennial;
culms tufted, erect, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths pilose at the summit,

sometimes on the upper half; blades flat to subinvolute, elongate, 2
to 6 mm wide, tapering to a slender point, scabrous on the upper
surface; panicle usually purplish, diffuse, oblong, usually about half
the entire height of the culm, branching 3 or 4 times, the branches
capillary, loosely ascending, sparsely pilose in the axils; spikelets long-
pediceled, lanceolate to ovate-oblong, mostly 4- to 6-flowered, 4 to 7
mm long; glumes acuminate, nearly equal, 2.5
to 3 mm long, about as long as the first floret;
lemmas 2.5 to3 mm long, acute, subcompressed,
the keel and lateral nerves strong; grain 1 mm
long, minutely pitted ; anthers a little more than
1 mm long. 2 — Sand barrens and open
— sandy woods, Illinois and Nebraska to Texas
——— Lotro of (fig. 328).

40. Eragrostis pilifera Scheele. (Fig. 329.)
Resembling FE. trichodes, often in smaller tufts and taller; panicle
stramineous or golden-bronze; spikelets linear, 8- to 15-flowered, 8 to
12mm long;glumesand lemmasabout3mmlong. 2 (E. grandiflora
Smith and Bush.)}—Sand hills and sand barrens, Illinois and Nebraska
to Texas (fig. 330). Probably only a variety of E. trichodes.

41. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple LovecrRass.
(Fig. 331.) Perennial; culms in dense tufts, stiffly erect to spreading,
20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or pilose, conspicuously hairy at
the throat; blades fiat or folded, rather firm, stiffly ascending, tapering
to a fine point, glabrous or rarely pilose, mostly 3 to 8 mm wide; panicle
at first included at base, two thirds the entire height of the culm,
diffuse, bright purple, rarely pale, branching 3 or 4 times, the axis
stiff, the branches stiffly spreading toward maturity, rarely pilose,

ie i eee A

164 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

strongly pilose in the axils, the lower shorter than the middle ones,
finally reflexed, the whole panicle finally breaking away and tumbling
before the wind; spikelets long-pediceled, short-pediceled toward the
ends of the branches, oblong to linear, 6- to 12-flowered, 4 to 8 mm
long; glumes acute, a little more than 1 mm long; lemmas acute, about
1.5 mm long, slightly scabrous toward the tip, the lateral nerves
prominent toward the base; palea somewhat bowed out, exposing the
rather prominently short-ciliate keels; grain oval, dark-brown, 0.6

ee
ALE Be
: i

FIGURE 329.—Eragrostis pilifera. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Rydberg 1831, Nebr.)

mm long. 2 —Sandy soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida,
Kansas, Colorado, and Arizona; Mexico (San Luis Potosi) (fig. 332).
This species has been generally referred to E. pectinacea.

42. Eragrostis ellidttii S. Wats. (Fig. 333.) Perennial; culms
tufted, stiffly erect or spreading, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous,
pilose at the throat; blades flat, elongate, scabrous on the upper
surface, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle diffuse, fragile, usually more than
half the entire height of the plant, branching 3 or 4 times, the branches
capillary, spreading; spikelets on long capillary
spreading pedicels, linear, mostly 8- to 15-
flowered, 5 to 12 mm long, about 2 mm wide,
pale or gray; glumes acute, 1 and 1.5 mm long;
lemmas closely imbricate, acute, about 2 mm
long, bowed out below, fitting into the angles of
the zigzag rachilla; grain oval, 0.7 mm long.
2} —Low ground, wet meadows, and low gehts eee pase of
pine woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to
Florida and eastern Texas; West Indies and eastern Mexico (fig. 334).

43. Eragrostis actta Hitche. (Fig. 335.) Perennial; culms erect,
40 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, pilose at the throat; blades flat,
becoming more or less involute, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle diffuse, more
than half the entire height of the plant, branching 3 or 4 times, the
branches less fragile than in EL. elliottii; spikelets on long spreading
pedicels, oblong-elliptic, 10- to 20-flowered, 8 to 14 mm long, 3 mm
wide, pale or stramineous; glumes acuminate, 2.5 and 3 mm long;
lemmas acuminate, 3 mm long; grain 0.8 mm long. 2 —Low
pine woods and moist sandy soil, peninsular Florida

165

THE UNITED STATES

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF

Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 7849, Md.)

FIGURE 331.—Eragrostis spectabitis.

166 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

44. Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. (Fig. 336.) Resembling
E. elliott; blades more or less pilose on the upper surface near base;
lower panicle branches usually finally reflexed, long-pilose in the
axils; spikelets short-pedicelled, appressed and distant along the
nearly simple panicle branches, the lemmas
on the average shorter than in E. elliottii.
21 —lLow sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Del-
aware to Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 337).

45. Eragrostis chariis (Schult.) Hitche.
(Fig. 338, B.) Perennial; culms erect or as-

aa i cending at base, 60 to 120 cm tall; panicle
PEE An open, 7 to 15 em long, nodding, “the jeramene

es glabrous or with a few hairs in the axils,
ascending, solitary, rather distant, naked below, rather closely
flowered with ascending or appressed branchlets; spikelets linear, 5
to 10 mm long, 8- to 20-flowered; glumes about 1.3 and 1.7 mm long;

FIGURE 333.—Eragrostis elliottii. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Tracy 7384, Fla.)

lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, imbricate; palea persistent only a short
time after the fall of the lemma, the naked rachilla persisting. 2
—Sandy roadsides, Florida (St. Petersburg); introduced from south-
eastern Asia.

46. Eragrostis bahiénsis Schrad. (Fig. 338,
A.) Resembling EF. chariis; panicle often
more or less condensed; spikelets as much
as 30-flowered; lemmas about 2 mm long;
palea persistent. 2 Introduced,
. Florida (Milton, Pensacola), Alabama
Figlone 234 Distibution of (Mobile), and Louisiana (Avery Island);

ragrostis elliottit. Buse

Eragrostis stenophylla Hochst. Erect smooth annual, 30 to 40 cm
tall, with loosely involute blades and rather loose panicle with as-
cending branches, the linear spikelets several-flowered, the lemmas 1.3

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 167

NY)

FIGURE 335.—Eragrostis acuta. Panicle, X 1; floret, < 10. (Type.)

=—
= 2
S bs
SSS
\
SS
\ =
SS
i,
aaa
Ns
S
=
ms
‘cs
its
Ke,
Ys
a.
~
~
i
Z TS
iY WS a7,
uZ i = a
WT s yp
Me aN ve
i \ i=
AE
~ ye
SA
iS
Ss
ww
Ss

Ss Ji

I S

“of

iS ae 7. 7
rs We Ss
AL i
is i
NS 7

Vw

FIGURE 336.—Eragrostis refracta. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Kearney 1922, N. C.)

168 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mm long. © Mississippi (Biloxi), probably escaped from grass
garden. India.

Eragrostis cyperoides (Thunb.) Beauv. Stiff stout stoloniferous
perennial with sharp-pointed blades and narrow elongate interrupted
panicles, the distant branches with naked thorn like tips; spikelets
coriaceous, crowded. 2 —Oregon (Linnton),
on ballast. South Africa.

ERAGROSTIS ABYSSINICA (Jacq.) Link. TEFF.
Annual; culms branching and spreading, 30 to 100 em
tall; panicle large and open; spikelets 5- to 9-flowered,
6 to 8 mm long. © —Occasionally cultivated for
ornament. Africa, where the seed is used for food.
icin 7 La inter ERAGROSTIS TENELLA (L.) Beauv. Tall branching

Eragrostis refracta. annual; blades long, lax; panicles numerous, pale, 20
to 50 cm long, narrow but loose; spikelets minute. ©
(E. japonica Trin.)—Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Asia.

ERAGROSTIS OBTUSA Munro. Low branching perennial; panicles open, 5 to 10
em long; spikelets gray-olivaceous, broadly ovate, the lemmas almost horizontally
spreading. 2 —Occasionally cultivated for ornament. South Africa.

ERAGROSTIS CHLOROMELAS Steud. Branching perennial, 40 to 65 cm tall with

Se '

a
~

FIGURE 338.—A, Eragrostis bahiensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, * 10. (Hitchcock 19862, La.) B, EH. chariis,
x 10. (Weatherwax 822, Fla.)

hard tufted base; blades involute; panicle loose, 8 to 12 em long; spikelets dark
olivaceous. 2 —Occasionally cultivated for ornament. South Africa.

ERAGROSTIS CURVULA (Schrad.) Nees. Tufted perennial, 60 to 120 cm tall;
blades elongate, subinvolute with long flexuous setaceous tips; panicle 20 to 30
em long, loose; spikelets dark olivaceous. 2 —Occasionally cultivated for
ornament. South Africa.

13. CATABROSA Beauv.

Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the florets rather distant, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes
unequal, shorter than the lower floret, flat, nerveless, irregularly
toothed at the broad truncate apex; lemmas broad, prominently
3-nerved, the nerves parallel, the broad apex scarious; palea about as
long as the lemma, broad, scarious at the apex. Aquatic perennials,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 169

with creeping bases, flat soft blades, and open panicles. Type species,
Catabrosa aquatica. Name from Greek katabrosis, an eating up or
devouring, referring to the toothed or eroded glumes.

1. Catabrosa aquatica (L.)
Beauv. Brooxerass. (Fig.
339.) Glabrous throughout;
culms 10 to 40 cm long; blades
mostly less than 10 cm long, 2
to 8 mm wide; panicle erect, 10
to 20 em long, oblong or pyrami-
dal, yellow to brown, the
branches spreading in some-
what distant whorls; spikelets
short-pediceled, about 3 mm
long; glumes about 1.5 and 2
mm long; lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm
long. 2 —Mountain mead-
ows, around springs and along
streams, Newfoundland and
Labrador to Alberta, south
through North Dakota and
eastern Oregon to northern
Arizona (fig. 340); Eurasia.

Cutandia memphitica
(Spreng.) Richt. Low annual;
blades flat; panicle few-

FIGURE 339.— Catabrose aquatica. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Williams and Fernald, Que.)

flowered ; spikelets on short pedicels, finally divergent on the zigzag
branches. © —San Bernardino Mountains, Calif.; introduced from

the Mediterranean region.

170 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 340.—Distribution of
Catabrosa aquatica.

—> Z as
ey ee 2G ao
53 SA < ‘

FIGuRE 341.—Molinia caerulea. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Kirk 157, Vt.)

.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 171

14. MOLINIA Schrank

Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, the florets distant, the rachilla disarticu-
lating above the glumes, slender, prolonged beyond the upper floret
and bearing a rudimentary floret; glumes somewhat unequal, acute,
shorter than the first lemma, 1-nerved; lemmas membranaceous,
narrowed to an obtuse point, 3-nerved; palea bowed out below,
equaling or slightly exceeding the lemma. Slender tufted perennials,
with flat blades and narrow, rather open panicles. Type species,
Molinia caerulea. Named for J. I. Molina.

1. Molinia caerfilea (L.) Moench. (Fig. 341.) Culms erect, 50
to 100 cm tall; blades 2 to 7 mm wide, erect, tapering to a fine point;
panicle 10 to 20 em long, purplish, the branches ascending, rather
densely flowered, mostly floriferous to the base; spikelets short-
pediceled, 4 to7 mm long; lemmas about 3mm long. 2 —Meadows
and fields, introduced in a few localities, Maine to Pennsylvania
(fig. 342); Eurasia.

FIGURE 342.— Distribution of Molinia caerulea

15. DIARRHENA Beauv.
(Diarina Raf.)

Spikelets few-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes
and between the florets; glumes unequal, acute, shorter than the
lemmas, the first 1-nerved, the second 3- to 5-nerved; lemmas char-
taceous, pointed, 3-nerved, the nerves converging in the point, the
upper floret reduced; palea chartaceous, obtuse, at maturity the
lemma and palea widely spread by the large turgid beaked caryopsis
with hard shining pericarp; stamens 2 or 3. Perennials, with slender

‘ rhizomes, broadly linear, flat blades, long-tapering below, and narrow,

few-flowered panicles. Type species, Diarrhena americana. Name
from Greek dis, twice, and arren, male, alluding to the two stamens.
1. Diarrhena americana Beauv. (Fig. 343.) Culms slender,
about 1 m tall; leaves approximate below the middle of the culm;
sheaths pubescent toward the summit; blades elongate, 1 to 2 cm wide,
scabrous to pubescent beneath; panicle long-exserted, drooping, 10 to
30 cm long, the branches few, appressed, the lower distant; spikelets
10 to 18 mm long, at first narrow, the florets expanded at maturity;
lemmas 6 to 10 mm long. 2 (Diarina festucoides Raf.)—Rich or
moist woods, West Virginia to Michigan and South Dakota, south to
Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas (fig. 344),

172 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 344.—Distribution of
Diarrhena americana.

(Wilcox 66, Ill.)

FIGURE 343.—Diarrhena americana. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 173

16. DISSANTHELIUM Trin.

Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the rachilla
slender, disarticulating above the glumes
and between the florets; glumes firm, near-
ly equal, acuminate, much longer than the
lower floret, mostly exceeding all the florets,
the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lem-
mas strongly compressed, oval or elliptic,
acute, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the
margin; palea somewhat shorter than the
lemma. Annuals or perennials with narrow
panicles. Typespecies, Dissanthelium supin-
um Trin. Name from Greek, dissos, double,
and anthelion, a small flower, alluding to
the two small florets.

1. Dissanthelium calif6érnicum (Nutt.)
Benth. (Fig. 345.) Annual, lax; culms
more or less decumbent or spreading, about
30 cm tall; blades flat, 10 to 15 cm long, 2 to
4 mm wide; panicle 10 to 15 em long, narrow
but rather loose, the branches in fascicles,
ascending, slender, flexuous, some of them
floriferous to base; glumes narrow, acute,
nearly equal, about 3 mm long; lemmas
pubescent, nearly 2mm long. © —Open
sround, islands off the southern coast of
California and of Baja California.

17. REDFIELDIA Vasey

Spikelets compressed, mostly 3- or 4-
flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets; glumes
somewhat unequal, i-nerved, acuminate;
lemmas chartaceous, 3-nerved, the nerves
parallel, densely villous at base; palea as
long as the lemma; grain free. A rather tall
perennial, with extensive rhizomes, and a
large panicle with diffuse capillary branches.
Type species, Redfieldia flexuosa. Named for
J. H. Redfield.

1. Redfieldia flexuésa (Thurb.) Vasey.
Biowovut Grass. (Fig. 346.) Culms tough,
60 to 100 cm tall, the rhizomes long,slender;
blades glabrous, involute, elongate, flexu-
ous, tapering to a fine point; panicle oblong,
one-third to half the entire length of the
culm; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, broadly V-
shaped, the glumes acuminate, about half
as ee as the spikelet; lemmas oy kit + Ss a :
Sometimes mucronate, 4 to 5 mm long. “Ont 3) ppieanikelium. cali.
3 —Sand hills, South Dakota to Okla. sed foret, x 10.” (fratk 324
homa, west to Colorado (Fort Garland) ae
and Arizona (Moki Reservation) (fig. 347). A sand-binding grass.

174. MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 346.—Redfieldia fleruosa. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Over 2429, S.Dak.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 175

18. MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. ’

Plants dioecious; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, the uppermost florets
rudimentary, the rachilla disarticulating tardily in pistillate spike-
lets; glumes wanting; lemmas rounded on the back, convolute, nar-
rowed above, several-nerved, those of the pistillate spikelets like the
blades in texture; palea narrow, 2-nerved, in the pistillate spikelets
convolute around the pistil, the rudimentary uppermost floret en-
closed between the keels of the floret next below. A creeping wiry
perennial, with clustered short subulate blades, the spikelets incon-
spicuous at the ends of the short branches, only a little exceeding the
leaves. Type species, Monanthochloé littoralis.
Name from Greek monos, single, anthos, flower,
and chloe, grass, alluding to the unisexual
flowers.

1. Monanthochloé littoralis Engelm. (Fig. re bop ery y
348.) Culms tufted, extensively creeping, the | ee ia
short branches erect; blades falcate, mostly less = a
than 1 cm long, conspicuously distichous in| PCC) HT Pie of
distant to approximate clusters; spikelets 1 to
few, nearly concealed in the leaves. 2 —Muddy seashores and
tidal flats, southern Florida, especially on the keys; Texas (Galveston
and southward); southern California (Santa Barbara and south-
ward); Mexico, Cuba.

19. DISTICHLIS Raf. Satterass

aS feta Sm « ei y
I i Cra cas OFA ae T aS

Plants dioecious; spikelets several to many-fiowered, the rachilla
of the pistillate spikelets disarticulating above the glumes and between
the florets; glumes unequal, broad, acute, keeled, 3- to 7-nerved, the
lateral nerves sometimes faint; lemmas closely imbricate, firm, the
pistillate coriaceous, acute or subacute, with 9 to 11 mostly faint
nerves; palea as long as the lemma or shorter, the margins bowed out
near the base, the pistillate coriaceous, enclosing the grain. Low
perennials, with extensively creeping scaly rhizomes, erect, rather
rigid culms, and dense, rather few-flowered panicles. Type species,
Distichlis spicata. Name from Greek distichos, 2-ranked, alluding to the
distichous leaves.

_ The species of Distichlis in general have little value for forage but

in the interior basins, such as the vicinity of Salt Lake, D. stricta is

grazed when better grasses are not available.

Plants mostly more than 30 ecm tall; blades not conspicuously distichous,
mostly 20 to 40 em long; panicle more than 10 ecm long; stolons present,
RTE BPE OS Ey al dE nb ee aon hy CA

Plants mostly less than 30 cm tall; blades conspicuously distichous, mostly less
than 10 cm long; panicle rarely more than 5 em long; stolons wanting.

Palea as long as the lemma, firm, broad below, the broad wings of the keels

Oy ESTE Sa Ns Si oh ine 2 eR pal 3. D. DENTATA.
Palea shorter than the lemma, rather soft, not much broader below, the
narrow wings of the keels entire.
Panicles condensed, the spikelets imbricate, mostly 5- to 9-flowered.
. ID. APIGAPRA.
Panicles looser, the spikelets less imbricate, the individual spikelets
plainly visible, mostly 9- to 15-flowered____________ 2.. D. STRICTA.

55974°—35——12

176 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 4
{

Plant, X 14; pistillate spikelet and floret, x 5.

(Hitchcock 623 Fla.)

FIGURE 348.—Monanthochloé littoralis.

thy

Se —S SN PLT

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 177

1. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. SrAsHoRE SALTGRASS. (Fig.
349.) Culms 10 to 40 cm tall, sometimes taller; leaves numerous,
the sheaths closely overlapping, the spreading blades conspicuously
distichous, flat to involute, sharp-pointed, mostly less than 10 cm
long; panicle usually pale or
greenish, 1 to 6 cm long, rarely
longer; spikelets mostly 5- to 9-
flowered, mostly 6 to 10 mm |¥y
long, compressed; lemmas 3 to |
6 mm long, the pistillate more —
coriaceous and more closely im-
bricate than the staminate; palea
rather soft, narrow, the keels
narrowly winged, entire; anthers
about 2 mm long. A —
Seashores, forming dense col-
onies, Nova Scotia to Florida and
Texas; British Columbia to Cal-
ifornia, Mexico and Cuba; Pacific
slope of South America (fig. 350).

2. Distichlis stricta (Torr.)
Rydb. DESERT SALTGRASS.
(Fig. 351.) Resembling D.
spicata; panicles less congested,
the individual spikelets easily
distinguished; spikelets, espe-
cially the staminate, with more
florets. 2 —Alkaline soil of
the interior, Saskatchewan to
eastern Washington, south to
Texas and California; Mexico
(fig. 352). Staminate spikelets
usually stramineous.

3. Distichlis dentata Rydb.
(Fig. 353.) Culms usually low,
10 to 20 em, much-branched,
rather stout; blades on the aver-
age wider than in D. spicata; FIGURE a ec pipaeele ion sy X 1; floret, x 5.
panicles usually overtopped by : or
the leaves; spikelets usually many-flowered, the florets firm, closely
imbricate ; palea about as long as the lemma, firm, much broader below,
the keels with wide finely dentate wings.
—Alkaline soil in the interior, western Colorado
(Delta) to Washington, northern Arizona, and
California (fig. 354). This and the two preced-
ing species appear to be distinct for the most part
ay Ce ees are intermediate.
eT a, - Distichlis texana (Vasey) Scribn. (Fig.
ere eile caution of 355.) Culms erect from a decumbent base, 30

to 60 cm tall, producing extensively creeping
rhizomes and long stout stolons; blades flat, firm, glabrous beneath,
scabrous on the upper surface, mostly 20 to 40 cm long, 2 to

178 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pf, <

my /. i

Ae )
v3 :

>t 4 te

re .

44) dp,
ey,
1S she
SS

‘4
v
ee
ey
et
i

=

FIGURE 351.—Distichlis stricta. Staminate plant and pistillate panicle, X 14; pistillate spikelet and floret,
x 5. (Mearns 3132, Calif.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 179

6 mm wide; panicle narrow, pale, 10 to 25 cm long, somewhat inter-
rupted, the branches appressed; spikelets somewhat compressed, 4-
to 8-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long; glumes 5 and
7 mm long, acute; lemmas of pistillate spike-
lets closely imbricate and appressed, about 8
mm long with 3 strong nerves, the inter-
mediate nerves obscure, acute, the margins
broad, hyaline; palea of. pistillate spikelets
shorter than the lemma, strongly bowed out aa
below, closely convolute around the pistil, the = P¥¢VR#,352.” Distribution of
keels with narrow erose or toothed wings;

lemmas of staminate spikelets more spreading, about 6 mm long;
palea about as
long as the
lemma, not
bowed out, not
convolute, the
keels minutely
scabrous, not

: ‘ FIGURE 354.—Distribution of
winged ; anthers Distichlis dentata.

3mm long. 2 ah
—Sand flats, Presidio, Tex., and
northern Mexico.

20. UNIOLA L.

Spikelets 3- to many-flowered, the
lower 1 to 4 lemmas
empty, the rachilla
I) disarticulating above
I the glumes and_ be-
FIGURE 353. —Distichlis dentata. Panicle, tween the florets;

X 1; floret, X 5. (Dupl. type.)
glumes compressed-
keeled, rigid, usually narrow, 3- to 7-nerved, acute
or acuminate, rarely mucronate; lemmas compressed,
sometimes conspicuously flattened, chartaceous,
many-nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure, acute
or acuminate, the empty ones at the base and the

tlw

\ MN fF i)
y Ҥ |
j !
\ |

r
y

/

i lemma and palea,

Rhizomes extensively creeping; blades firm, flat at base, taper- Sea aoa viene

ing into a long flexuous involute point; empty lemmas about 4; coastal dunes.
1

U. PANICULATA.

180 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Rhizomes wanting or short and knotty; blades thin, flat; empty lemma 1 (2 or 3
in U. ornithorhyncha); rich or moist woods.
Spikelets 8- to 12-flowered on slender pedicels; panicle nodding or drooping.
en 2. U. LATIFOLIA.
‘Spikelets 3- to 7-flowered, nearly sessile; panicle erect, nearly simple, the
branches stiff.
Spikelets more than 10 mm (usually more than 12 mm) wide, with 5 to 7
fertile florets. j
Sterile lemma 1; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, the lower branches with 2 to 5
rather distant spikeletsts is = esr ee Bee sek See eee 3. Urea
Sterile lemmas 2 or 3; panicle 3 to 8 cm long, the branches very short with
Approximate spikelets. 3 62 ee ee ees 4. U. ORNITHORHYNCHA.
Spikelets rarely as much as 8 mm wide at maturity, V-shaped, with 1 to 4
fertile florets (rarely more), and 1 sterile lemma.
Collar of sheath pubescent, the sheaths commonly loosely long-pubescent,
rarely glabrous... 2 Fe aes Ce 5. U. SESSILIFLORA.
Collar and sheaths glabrous or nearly so. ___..___________- 6.) Wi. AAS

1. Uniola paniculata L. Sea oats. (Fig. 356.) Culms stout,
about 1 m tall, from extensively creeping rhizomes; blades flat,
firm, elongate, becoming invo-
lute toward the long, fine flexu-
ous point; panicle pale, narrow,
condensed, heavy and nodding,
20 to 40 cm long, the branches
arching and drooping, as much
as 12 cm long; spikelets very
flat, 10- to 20-flowered, mostly
2 to 2.5 em long, 1 cm wide,
the first 4 or 5 lemmas empty,

FIGURE 357.—Distribution of
Uniola paniculata.

the slender pedicels shorter
than the spikelets; lemmas
about 9-nerved, strongly com-
pressed-keeled, about 1 cm
long, acute; palea acute, as long
as the lemma, the strong wings
of the keels ciliate. 21 —Sand
dunes of the seaton ue
Fhe es _ Henry to Florida and Texas;

MIGUEN ikelets, SCL CRearney 2134 Va) ~~ northern West Indies; eastern

Mexico (fig. 357).

2. Uniola latifélia Michx. BroapLear unions. (Fig. 358.) Culms

1 to 1.4 m tall, with short strong rhizomes, forming colonies;
blades flat, narrowly lanceolate, 10 to 20 cm long, mostly 1 to
2 em wide; panicle open, drooping, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches
bearing a few large, very flat spikelets, the pedicels capillary; spike-
lets 8- to 12-flowered, 2 to 3.5 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide, green or
finally tawny, the first lemma empty; lemmas lanceolate, strongly
compressed-keeled, acute, about 1 cm long, striate-nerved, the keel

-. ee)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 358.—Uniola latifolia. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Chase 5874, Md.)

181

182 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ciliate with soft ascending hairs, the callus pilose; palea shorter than
the lemma, wing-keeled; caryopsis flat, oval, black, 5 mm long.
2 —Rich woods, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Illinois and
Kansas, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 359).

3. Uniola nitida Baldw. (Fig. 360.) Culms slender, 50 to 75 cm
tall, erect, loosely tufted, with short rhizomes; blades flat, spreading,
mostly less than 15 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide;
panicle open, few-flowered, 10 to 15 cm long,
with a few spreading branches 3 to 8 cm long,
bearing 2 to 5 nearly sessile spikelets; spikelets
4- to 7-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, about 1 cm
wide, the first lemma empty; lemmas spread-
ing, 7 to 10 mm long, compressed-keeled, grad-
FeO od afin = ually acuminate, striate-nerved ; palea equaling

the lemma, acuminate, 2-toothed, the keels
prominently winged. 2 —Moist woods, South Carolina to Florida.

4. Uniola ornithorhyncha Steud. (Fig. 361.) Culms slender,
30 to 50 cm tall, loosely tufted with short rhizomes; sheaths pubes-
cent on the collar; blades flat, thin, mostly less than 15 em long, 3 to
6 mm wide; panicle narrow, 3 to 9 em long, the short approximate
branches with 1 to 3 nearly sessile spikelets or the lower somewhat

\ | Y i

ZN

Li

Sys

FIGURE 360.— Uniola nitida. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Curtiss 3521, Fla.)

distant with 4 to 6 spikelets, pubescent in the axils; spikelets very
flat, with 3 or 4 widely spreading fertile florets, the 2 or 3 lower lemmas
empty, appressed ; fertile lemmas about 8 mm long, narrow, gradually
acuminate, striate-nerved ; palea as long as or longer than the lemma,
acuminate, 2-toothed, strongly bowed out below, the keels rather
narrowly winged. ay —Low woods or hummocks in swamps, Ala-
bama to Louisiana.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 183

5. Uniola sessilifléra Poir. (Fig. 362.) Culms erect, 0.5 to 1.5
m tall, in loose tufts with short rhizomes; sheaths pilose, at least
toward the summit; blades elongate, firm, mostly sparsely pilose on
the upper surface toward the base, 5 to 10 mm wide. tapering to base;
panicle long-exserted, 20 to 50cm long, narrow, the branches distant,
stifiy ascending or appressed,
the lower as much as7 cm long,
the upper short, somewhat capi-
tate; spikelets nearly sessile,
aggregate in clusters, flat, usu-
ally 3- to 5-flowered, broadly
V-shaped at maturity, the first

FIGURE 361.— Uniola ornithorhyncha. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 362.—Uniola sessiliflora. Plant, X 1;
floret, X 5. (Tracy and Lloyd 448, Miss.) floret, X 5. (Tracy, Miss.)

lemma empty; glumes about 2 mm long; lemmas spreading, about &
mm long, acuminate, beaked, especially before maturity, striate
nerved; palea shorter than the lemma, acute, broad, the keels narrowly
winged ; grain black, 3 mm long, at maturity spreading the lemma and
palea. 2 (U. longifolia Scribn.)—Rich woods, southeastern
Virginia to Tennessee and Oklahoma, south to Florida and eastern
Texas (fig. 363).

184 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

6. Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P. (Fig. 364.) Culms slender, 60 to 100
cm tall, erect to nodding from a loosely tufted sometimes knotty base;
blades elongate, flat to sometimes loosely involute, 3 to 6 mm wide;
panicle narrow, slender, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches short, appressed,
approximate, the lower sometimes 3 cm long
and distant; spikelets nearly sessile, approxi-
mate, flat, usually 3- to 4-flowered, the first
lemma empty; lemmas spreading, 4 to 5 mm
long, gradually acuminate, striate-nerved;
palea broad, the keels narrowly winged; grain
Een black, 2.5 mm long, at maturity spreading
FIGURE ae ioo es % ~=©6the lemma and palea. 2 —Moist woods,

Coastal Plain, Long Island to Florida and
Texas, extending to western North Carolina, Kentucky, and Arkan-
sas (fig. 365).

291. DACTYLIS L. Orcuarp GRASS

Spikelets few-flowered, compressed, finally disarticulating between
the florets, nearly sessile in dense 1-sided fascicles, these borne
at the ends of the few branches of a panicle; glumes unequal, carinate,
acute, hispid-ciliate on the keel; lemmas compressed-keeled, mucro-
nate, 5-nerved, ciliate on the keel. Perennials, with
flat blades and fascicled spikelets. Type species,
Dactylis glomerata. Name from Greek dactulos, a finger,
alluding to the stiff branches of the panicle.

1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orcuarp Grass. (Fig.
366.) Culms in large tussocks,
60 to 120 cm tall; blades elongate,
2 to 8 mm wide; panicles 5 to 20
cm long, the few distant stiff soli-
tary branches ascending, or
spreading at anthesis, appressed
at maturity, the lowermost some-
times Yas muchas 10> em lonp. yOteueE 35, Dat eabec
lemmas about 8 mm long, mucro-
nate or short-awned. 2 —Fields, meadows, and waste
places, Newfoundland to southeastern Alaska, south to
Florida and central California; Eurasia. Commonly
cultivated as a meadow and pasture grass. In Eng-
land called cocksfoot. A variegated form (called by
gardeners var. variegata) is occasionally cultivated for
borders.

eee aN 22 CYNOSURUS ly Moca

iola pee Plant,
Wan weolting Spikelets of two kinds, sterile and fertile together,
mpc). the fertile sessile, nearly covered by the short-pediceled
sterile one, these pairs imbricate in a dense 1-sided
spikelike panicle; sterile spikelets consisting of 2 glumes and several
narrow, acuminate, l-nerved lemmas on a continuous rachilla; fertile
spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, the glumes narrow, the lemmas broader,

rounded on the back, awn-tipped, the rachilla disarticulating above

= a
SNS i) <
SS 4 ‘

185

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, x 5. (Wilson 1334, Conn.)

FIGURE 366.—Dactylis glomerata.

186 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the glumes. Annuals or perennials with narrow flat blades and
dense spikelike or subcapitate panicles. Type species, Cynosurus

cristatus. Name from Greek kuon
(kun-) dog, and oura, tail.
Plants perennial; panicles narrow, spike-
like; awns inconspicuous
C. CRISTATUS.
Plants annual; panicles subcapitate;
awns conspicuous. 2. C.ECHINATUS.

1. Cynosurus cristatus L.
CRESTED DoGTAIL. (Fig. 367, A.)
Perennial; culms tufted or genicu-
late at base, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall;
panicle spikelike, linear, more or
less curved, 3 to 8 cm long; pairs
of spikelets about 5mm long; lem-
FIGURE 367.—A. Cynosurus cristat Plant, X TEE a eae coy nee es

1: fertile spikelet and floret, <5. (Waghorne than 1 mm long . 4 —Fields and

floret, x3. “(Macoun 80976, Vancouver.) Waste Places, Newfoundland to

Michigan and Virginia; Washine-

ton and Oregon (fig. 368); introduced from Europe. Occasionally
cultivated in mixtures for meadows but of little value.

i
\"

aa ~~ =
=.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 187

2. Cynosurus echinatus L. (Fig. 367, 6.) Annual; culms 20 to
40 cm tall; blades short; panicle subcapitate, 1 to 4 cm long, bristly;
pairs of spikelets 7 to 10 mm long; lemmas with awns 5 to 10 mm
long. © —Open ground, British Columbia; Oregon to central
California; introduced from Europe.

23. LAMARCKIA Moench
(Achyrodes Boehmer)

Spikelets of two kinds, in fascicles, the terminal one of each fascicle
fertile, the others sterile; fertile spikelet with 1 perfect floret on a
slender stipe and a rudimentary floret on a long rachilla-joint, both
awned, the glumes narrow, acuminate or short-awned, 1-nerved;
lemma broader, scarcely nerved, bearing just below the apex a deli-
cate awn; sterile spikelets linear, 1 to 3 in each fascicle, consisting of
2 glumes similar to those of the fertile spikelet, and numerous im-
bricate, obtuse, awnless, empty lemmas, a reduced spikelet similar to
the fertile one borne on the pedicel with one of the sterile ones.—
Low annual with flat blades and oblong, 1-sided, dense panicles,
the crowded fascicles drooping, the fertile being hidden, except the
awns, by the numerous sterile ones; fascicles
falling entire. Type species, Lamarckia aurea.
Named for J. B. Lamarck.

1. Lamarckia atirea (L.) Moench. GoLpEn-
top. (Fig. 369.) Culms erect or decumbent
at base, 10 to 40 cm tall; blades soft, 3 to 7 mm
wide; panicle dense, 2 to 7 cm long, 1 to 2 cm
wide, shining, golden-yellow to purplish, the POPE 368. Distribution of
branches short, erect, the branchlets capillary,
flexuous; pedicels fascicled, pubescent, with a tuft of long whitish hairs
at the base; fertile spikelet about 2 mm long, the awn of lemma about
twice as long as the spikelet; sterile spikelet 6 to 8 mm long. ©
—QOpen ground and waste places, Texas, Arizona, southern California,
and northern Mexico; introduced from the Mediterranean region.
Sometimes cultivated for ornament.

24, ARUNDO L.

Spikelets several-flowered, the florets successively smaller, the
summits of all about equal, the rachilla glabrous, disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets; glumes somewhat unequal,
membranaceous, 3-nerved, narrow, tapering into a slender point,
about as long as the spikelet; lemmas thin, 3-nerved, densely and
softly long-pilose, gradually narrowed at the summit, the nerves
ending in slender teeth, the middle one extending into a straight awn.
Tall perennial reeds, with broad linear blades and large plumelike
terminal panicles. Typespecies, Arundo donar. Arundo, the ancient
Latin name.

1. Arundo dénax L. Grant REED. (Fig. 370.), Culms stout, in
large clumps, 2 to 6 m tall, sparingly branching, from thick knotty
rhizomes; blades numerous, elongate, 5 to 7 em wide on the main
culm, conspicuously distichous, spaced rather evenly along the culm,
the margin scabrous; panicle dense, erect, 30 to 60 em long; spikelets
12 mm long. 2 W—Along irrigation ditches, Texas to southern

188 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE >

FIGURE 369.—Lamarckia aurea. Plant, X 4; fertile spikelet and floret, X 5. (Baker 5275, Oalif.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 189

x< BN

SS

> SS WSS
Sa SSS

SSS RNS
Ss.) PS
i! =

—— SS

~~ ‘
SS
SSS eS
aS -
SIs Ey
W

FPS x ,
<a 4, . = Saray A
% - y = I “a in L Z
fi Z pe - w
fi = = 7 a
S EF. i, . =

NS

SST
S53 ERS
- S\
=
SS
>

“% =
KL
ZS

i.
EZ
Sr iY
y W/L “e LA 7;

Wj yy.
t Ls A Gah "9 { /
ie Mabe
4 Lang, fp
uA } iy Nf —
f f if MZ S
mh 4% M7 Y=
a : V5
Wf (hay be
i y

i y} Mig
NY \y 1)

My LA
Ae
A My

aaa
SE Es

Wy
YN VAN
INS iy

Whee Nal Sn i
P ARN

FIGURE 370.—Arundo donar. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Biltmore Herb. 7514, N.C.)

190 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

California, occasionally established eastward; tropical America; intro-
duced from the warm regions of the Old World. Frequently culti-
vated for ornament, including var. vERsicotor (Miller) Stokes,
with white-striped blades. In the Southwest the culms are used for
lattices, mats, and screens, and in the construction of adobe huts. In
Europe the culms are used for making the reeds of clarinets and
organ pipes.

GYNERIUM Humb. and Bonpl.

Plants dioecious; spikelets several-flowered, the pistillate with
long-attenuate glumes and smaller long-silky lemmas, the staminate
with shorter glumes and glabrous lemmas. ‘Tall perennial reeds with
plumelike panicles. Type species, Gyneriwm saccharoides (G. sagitta-
tum). Name from Greek gune, female, and erion, wool, referring to
the woolly pistillate spikelets.

Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. Uva Grass. Culms as much
as 10 or 12 m tall, clothed below with the overlapping old sheaths,

3

\

val

—— = SS
NX SSS

Ny

>
cl Ys

ye cay
INS NAT
N De Oke Vany ans
oA: X if

FIGURE 371.—Cortaderia selloana. Pistillate (2) and staminate (co) panicles, X 1. (Silveus 308, Tex.)

the blades having fallen; blades sharply serrulate, commonly 2 m long,
4 to 6 cm wide, forming a great fan-shaped summit to the sterile culms,
panicle pale, plumelike, densely flowered, 1 m or more long, the main
axis erect, the branches drooping. 2 W—Occasionally -cultivated
for ornament in greenhouses. River banks and wet ground, tropical
America. i

25. CORTADERIA Stapf. Pampascrass

Spikelets several-flowered; rachilla internodes jointed, the lower
part glabrous, the upper bearded, forming a stipe to the floret;
glumes longer than the lower florets; lemmas of pistillate spikelets
clothed with long hairs. Large tussock grasses, with leaves crowded
at the base, the blades elongate, narrow, attenuate, the margins
usually serrulate; panicle large, plumelike. Type species, Cortaderia

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 191

argentea (C. selloana). Name from the Argentine native name
cortadera, cutting, because of the cutting edges of the blades.

1. Cortaderia selloAna (Schult.) Aschers. and Graebn. PAmpPaAs-
Grass. (Fig. 371.) Dioecious perennial reed, in large bunches;
culms stout, erect, 2 to 3 or more m tall; panicle feathery, silvery white
to pink, 30 to 100 cm long; spikelets 2- to 3-flowered, the pistillate
silky with long hairs, the staminate naked; glumes white, papery,
long, slender; lemmas bearing a long slender awn. 2 (Gynerrwm
argenteum Nees.)—Plains and open slopes, Brazil to Argentina and
Chile. Cultivated as a lawn ornamental in the warmer parts of
the United States; in southern California grown commercially for the
plumes which are used for decorative purposes, the culms here being
sometimes as much as 7 m tall.

CorTADERIA RUDIUSCULA Stapf. Differing from C. selloana in the looser
yellowish or purplish panicle; spikelets somewhat smaller. 2 -—Occasionally
cultivated for ornament; Argentina. Has been called C. quila Stapf, but that

name is ultimately based on Arundo quila Molino, which is a bamboo, Chusquea
quila (Molino) Kunth.

AMPELODESMOS MAURITANICUS (Poir.) Dur. and Schinz. Tall slender reed;
blades with a half twist at base, elongate, thick, narrow, ending in a long scabrous
setaceous tip; panicle 30 to 50 cm long, the slender branches drooping, naked at
base, with large crowded spikelets toward the ends. 21 —Grown for ornament
in California. Mediterranean region. Generic name often incorrectly spelled
Ampelodesma.

26. PHRAGMITES Trin.

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla clothed with long silky
hairs, disarticulating above the glumes and at the base of each joint
between the florets, the lowest floret staminate or neuter; glumes
3-nerved, or the upper 5-nerved, lanceolate, acute, unequal, the first
about half as long as the upper, the second shorter than the florets;
lemmas narrow, long-acuminate, glabrous, 3-nerved, the florets suc-
cessively smaller, the summits of all about equal; palea much shorter
than the lemma. Perennial reeds, with broad, flat, linear blades and
large terminal panicles. Type species, Arundo phragmites L. (Phrag-
mites communis). Name from Greek in reference to its growth like
a fence (phragma) along streams.

1. Phragmites communis Trin. ComMMoNn REED. (Fig. 372.)
Culms erect, 2 to 4 m tall, with stout creeping rhizomes and
often also with stolons; blades flat, 1 to 5 cm wide; panicle tawny,
15 to 40 cm long, the branches ascending, rather densely flowered;
spikelets 12 to 15 mm long, the florets exceeded by the hairs of the
rachilla. 2 (P. phragmites Karst.)—Marshes, banks of lakes and
streams, and around springs, Nova Scotia to British Columbia,
south to Delaware, Lilinois, Louisiana, and California; Florida;
Mexico and West Indies to Chile and Argentina (fig. 373); Eurasia,
Africa, Australia.

In the Southwest this, in common with Arundo donaz, is called by
the Mexican name carrizo and is used for lattices in the construction
of adobe huts. The stems were used by the Indians for shafts of
arrows, and in Mexico and Arizona for mats and screens, for thatching,
cordage, and carrying nets.

55974°—35——13

192 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

/ 4

Sh
Pe
= 4 = ‘

j
FS

(Hitcheock 5078, N.Dak.)

Plant, X %; spikelet and floret, x 3.

FIGURE 372.—Phragmites communis.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 193

27. NEYRAUDIA Hook. f.

Spikelets 4- to 8-flowered; rachilla jointed about half way between
the florets, the part below the joint glabrous, the part above bearded,
forming a stipe below the mature floret; glumes
unequal, 1-nerved; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved,
acuminate, conspicuously long-pilose on the
margins, awned from between 2 fine teeth,
the awn recurved. A tall perennial with large
open many-flowered panicles. Type species,
Neyraudia madagascariensis (Kunth) Hook. f.

: FIGURE 373.— Distribution of
(N. arundinacea (L.) Henr.) Name an ana- Phragmites communis.

gram of Reynaudia, a genus of Cuban grasses. __
1. Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng. (Fig. 374.) Reed-like
perennial, 1 to 3 m tall, resembling Phragmites communis; sheaths

woolly at the throat and on the collar;
blades flat, 1 to 2 em wide or sometimes
\ narrow and subinvolute; panicle nod-
; We ding, 30 to 60 cm long, rather densely
J | u //,, flowered; spikelets 4- to 8-flowered, the
My) //, \owest 1 or 2 lemmas empty, 6 to 8mm
W/Z long, rather short-pedicled along the
W// numerous panicle branches; lemmas
Y, somewhat curved, slender, the awn flat,
recurved. 2 Planted in testing gar-

den at Coconut Grove, Fla., and occa-
sionally escaped; native of southern Asia.

28. MELICA L. Meticerass

Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes
and between the fertile florets (in some
species spikelets falling entire) , prolonged
beyond the perfect florets and bearing 2

VSNIN \ \B : \ ‘ aN
WA AIS NAGS NBN
Tn sr°yv4
hs" Nites .

NV SN ee Ws We
\ Vy HAs Y

I WN BFR N i
us Ni NASI

UX R\ ZAYED

N) Z VER
a4)
id

Y | EZ
| )/,
VN
| 4

Asa Nt UP \Y e% SN
Y SSS = vag Ww: VENA , 1 ea Xs |
ANS et OR WA 78

Dy a
‘

ae
tN) ~

SS N 5 ‘ | ooo : , Ix
IN ANG: ze Rit AY
FIGURE 374.—Neyraudia reynaudiana. Panicle, <1; spikelet, X 5; floret, X 10. (Moldenke 432, Fla.)

or 3 approximate gradually smaller empty lemmas, each enclosing
the one above; glumes somewhat unequal, thin, often papery,
scarlous-margined, obtuse or acute, sometimes nearly as long as the

—— ~<a

194 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lower floret, 3- to 5-nerved, the nerves usually prominent; lemmas
convex, several-nerved, membranaceous or rather firm, scarious-
margined, sometimes conspicuously so, awnless or sometimes awned
from between the teeth of the bifid apex, the callus not bearded.
Rather tall perennials, the base of the culm often swollen into a
corm, with closed sheaths, usually flat blades, narrow or sometimes
open, usually simple panicles of relatively large spikelets. Type
species, Melica nutans L. Melica, an Italian name for a kind of sor-
ghum probably from the sweet juice (mel, honey).

The species are in general palatable grasses but, not being gregarious,
do not furnish much forage. Important species are M. porteri,
M. imperfecta, and M. subulata.

Spikelets narrow; lemmas acute (obtuse in M. harfordii) or awned.
; SecTIon 1. BROMELICA.
Spikelets broad; lemmas obtuse, awnless__-__- -_---- SEcTION 2. EUMELICA.

Section 1. Bromelica

Lemmas long-awned from a bifid apex.
Branches of panicle few, distant, spreading, naked on the lower half.
1. M. smirutt.
Branches of panicle short, appressed, spikelet-bearing from near the base.
2. “M. ARISTATA,
Lemmas awnless or minutely awned.
Culms not bulbous at base; lemmas obtuse___________- 3. M. HARFORDII.
Culms bulbous at base; lemmas acute or acuminate.
Lemmas acuminate, usually pilose; panicle narrow, the branches short,
usualy: sSOMRESSEG x 2g! ATES) Re Fuse ee eee ee 4. M. sSuUBULATA.
Lemmas acute; panicle broad, the branches long and spreading.
5. M. GEYERI.
Section 2. Eumelica

la. Culms bulbous at base (see also M. californica).
Pedicels capillary, flexuous or recurved; panicle narrow___- 6. M. SPECTABILIS.
Pedicels stouter, appressed.
Rachilla soft, enlarged, wrinkled in drying, usually brownish__ 8. M.Fruaax.
Rachilla firm, whitish, not wrinkled.
Panicle rather dense, the branches short, appressed, usually imbricate;
glumes thin, indistinctly nerved_..._____---=-_-- 7. M. BULBOSA.
Panicle loosely flowered, the branches, or some of them, stiffly ascending-
spreading in anthesis, usually somewhat distant, scarcely imbricate;
slumeés firm, distinctly nerved.. So). 22 ae 9. M. INFLATA.
1b. Culms not distinctly bulbous at base (somewhat swollen in M. californica).
2a. Spikelets falling entire, nodding to pendulous on capillary pedicels.
Panicle narrow; spikelets 4- or 5-flowered.
Spikelets reflexed; glumes 1 to 1.5 em long____------ 10,. .M. s@rirerA:
Spikelets not reflexed; glumes less than 1 cm long-_----- 11. M. PoRTERI.
Panicle open, the lower branches spreading; spikelets mostly 2- or 3-flowered.
Glumes nearly as long as the usually 2-flowered spikelet; apexes of the 2
florets about the same height; panicle simple or nearly so.
12.. M. MuTtiex:
Glumes shorter than the usually 3-flowered spikelet; apex of second floret
a little higher than that of the first; panicle compound.
13. M. NITENS.
2b. Spikelets not falling entire, not pendulous.
Spikelets 4 to 6 mm long; fertile florets 1 or 2.
Fertile lemmas pubescent; fertile florets often 2__-_-_- 14. M. TORREYANA.
Fertile lemmas glabrous; fertile floret usually 1__--_- 15. M. IMPERFECTA.
Spikelets 8 to 15 mm long; fertile florets 2 to several.
Spikelets silvery white; glumes about as long as the spikelet; plant tall,
somewhat; wood ye). oe ae ee eee eee 16. M. FRUTESCENS.
Spikelets tawny to purplish; glumes shorter than the spikelet; plant lower,
herbaceous 17. M. CALIFORNICA.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 195

Section 1. Bromética Thurb.

Spikelets narrow; glumes usually narrow, scarious margined (papery
in M. geyeri); sterile lemmas similar to the acute (obtuse in M.
harfordii) or awned fertile lemmas.

1. Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey. SmitH metic. (Fig. 375.)
Culms slender, 60 to 120 em tall; sheaths retrorsely scabrous; blades
lax, scabrous, 10 to 20 cm long,
6 to 12 mm wide; panicle 12 to
25 cm long, the branches soli-
tary, distant, spreading, naked
below, sometimes reflexed, as
much as 10 cm long; spikelets
3- to 6-flowered, 18 to 20 mm
long, sometimes purplish;
glumes acute; lemmas about
10 mm long, with an awn 3 to 5
mm long. 2 (Avena smithir
Porter.)—Moist woodlands,
western Ontario and northern
Michigan to British Columbia,
south to Wyoming (Teton Moun-
tains) and Oregon (Wallowa
Mountains) (fig. 376).

2. Melica aristata Thurb.
(Fig. 377.) Culms erect or de-
cumbent below, 60 to 100 cm
tall; sheaths scabrous to pubes-
cent; blades 3 to 5 mm wide,
more or less pubescent; panicle
narrow, 10 to 15 cm long, the
branches short, mostly appressed
or ascending; spikelets, exclud-
ing awns, about 15 mm long;
glumes 10 to 12 mm long; lem-
mas 7-nerved, scabrous, awned,
the awn 6 to 10 mm long. Al FIGURE 375.—Melica smithii. Panicle, X 1; floret,
—Dry woods, meadows, and X 5. (Robbins, Mich.)
open slopes, Washington to the central Sierras of California.

3. Melica harférdii Boland. Harrorp metic. (Fig. 378.) Culms
tufted, 60 to 120 cm tall, often decumbent
below; sheaths scabrous to villous; blades
scabrous, firm, flat to subinvolute, 1 to 4
mm wide; panicle narrow, 10 to 15 cm long,
the branches appressed; spikelets 1 to 1.5
cm long, short-pediceled; glumes 7 to 9 mm
long, obtuse; lemmas rather faintly 7-nerved,
Fieure 376.” Distribution of ~~ hispidulous below, pilose on the lower part of the

margin, the apex emarginate, mucronate, or with
an awn lessthan2mmlong. 2 -—Open dry woods and slopes, British
Columbia to the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, south to Monterey

196 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

= SZ
- a Z :

aoe ae

FIGURE 377.—Melica aristdta. Plant, X 4%; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Cusick 2888, Oreg.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 197

County and the Yosemite National Park, Calif. A smaller form with
narrow involute blades has been called M. harfordii var. minor Vasey.
4, Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. ALASKA ONIONGRASS. (Fig.
379.) Culms 60 to 125 cm tall, mostly bulbous at base; sheaths re-
trorsely scabrous, often pilose;
blades thin, usually 2 to 5 mm
wide, sometimes wider; panicle
usually narrow, mostly 10 to
15 cm long, the branches ap-
pressed or sometimes spread-
ing;spikelets narrow, 1.5 to2cm
long, loosely flowered; glumes
narrow, obscurely nerved, the
second about 8 mm long; lem-
mas prominently 7-nerved, ta-
pering to an acuminate point,
awnless, the nerves more or less
pilose-ciliate. 2 —Meadows,
banks, and shady slopes, west-
ern Wyoming and Montana to
Alaska, south in the mountains
to Mount Tamalpais and Lake
Tahoe, Calif. (fig. 380); Chile.
5. Melicagéyeri Munro.
GEYER oONIONGRASS. (Fig.
381.) Culms 1 to 1.5 m tall,
bulbous at base; sheaths usual-
ly glabrous, sometimes slightly
scabrous or pubescent; blades
scabrous (rarely puberulent),
mostly less than 5 mm wide;
panicle 10 to 20 cm long, open,
the branches slender, rather dis-
tant, spreading, bearing a few
spikelets above the middle;
Fieune 278! ie. see a to 20 ae long;
ica harfordii. Pan- glumes broad, smooth, papery, Ficure 379.—Melica subulata.
5 "(yates 43%, the second about 6 mm long: MGW
Calif.)
lemmas 7-nerved, scaberulous
or nearly glabrous, narrowed to an obtuse point, awnless. 2 —Open
dry woods and rocky slopes, at medium altitudes, western Oregon to
central California in the Coast Range; infre-
quent in the Sierras to Placer County; Yellow-
stone Park, Wyo.

Section 2. Eumeéuica Aschers.

mas awnless; sterile lemmas small, aggre-

Ree A aon ot gate in a rudiment more or less hidden in
the upper fertile lemmas.

6. Melica spectabilis Scribn. PurRPLE onrIOoNGRASS. (Fig. 382.)

Culms 30 to 100 cm tall, bulbous at base; sheaths pubescent; blades

flat to subinvolute, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle mostly 10 to 15 cm long,

Spikelets broad; glumes broad; papery; lem-—

198 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrow, the branches appressed ; spikelets purple-tinged, rather turgid,
10 to 15 mm long, the pedicels capillary, flexuous; glumes broad,
papery; lemmas strongly 7-nerved, obtuse, scarious-margined, im-
bricate. 2 —Rocky or open woods and thickets, Montana to

FIGURE 381.—Melica geyeri. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 382.—Melica spectabilis. Plant,
floret, X 5. (Heller 11932, Calif.) X 1; floret, X 5. (Tweedy 85, Wyo.)

British Columbia, south to Colorado and northern California (fig.
383).

7. Melica bulbésa Geyer. Onrtoncrass. (Fig. 384.) Culms 30
to 60 cm tall, bulbous at base, resembling M. spectabilis; sheaths and
blades flat to involute, 2 to 4 mm wide, glabrous, scabrous, or pubescent;
panicle narrow, rather densely flowered, the branches short, appressed,
rather stiff, mostly imbricate; spikelets papery with age, mostly 7 to
15 mm long, the short pedicels stiff, erect; lemmas obscurely nerved,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

199

obtuse or slightly emarginate. 2 (MM. bella Piper.)—Rocky woods

FIGURE 384.—Melica
bulbosa. Plant, X 1;
floret, X 5. (Tide-
strom 1252, Utah.)

FIGURE 385.—Distribution of
Melica bultosa.

and hills, Montana to
British Columbia,south
to Colorado and Cali-
fornia; western ‘Texas
(Jeff Davis County)
(fig. 385). Specimens
with pubescent foliage
have been differenti-
ated as M. bella intonsa
Piper.

8. Melica faigax Bo-
land. LirrLeE ONION-
GRASS. (Fig. 386.)
Culms mostly 20 to 40
em tali, in loose tufts,
the bulbs prominent;
sheaths retrorsely sca-
brous; blades 1.5to4mm
wide, scabrous, usually
pubescent on the up-
per surface; panicle 8
to 15 ecm long, the
branches stiffly spread-
ing or reflexed at an-
thesis, the lower 2 to
4 cm long; spikelets 8
to 14 mm long, the

~ florets somewhat dis-

tant, usually purple-
tinged, the rachilla
soft, wrinkled in dry-
ing, often brownish;
second glume nearly
as long as the lower
lemma; lemmas ob-
scurely nerved, obtuse
or emarginate. 2 —
Dry hills and open
woods, Washington to
Nevada and _ central
California (fig. 387).
9. Melica inflata
(Boland.) Vasey.
Gites: 388°)
Culms 60 to 100
em tall, bulbous
at base; sheaths
glabrous or pu-
bescent; blades
flat, 2 to 4 mm
wide; panicle 15

FIGURE 383.— Distribution of
Melica spectabilis.

<ap

sip men ne eerie,
=

FIGURE 386.—Melica fugar. Plant, X 1;

floret, X 5.

(Vasey 9, Wash.)

to 20 cm long, narrow, the rather distant branches, or some of them,

900 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

stiffly ascending-spreading, in anthesis the lower as much as 5 cm

long; spikelets somewhat inflated, 12 to
20 mm long, pale green; glumes scabrous
on the strong nerves; lemmas strongly

| nerved, scabrous,
HGUtESH yeohne
California (Yosem-
ite National Park
and Mount Shasta),
Washington (Che-
lan County, the
MIGUEE iia ~~ Sheaths and blades

pubescent).

10. Melicastricta Boland. Rock MELICc.
(Fig. 389.) Culms 15 to 50 em tall,
densely tufted, the base somewhat thick-
ened but not bulbous; sheaths scaberulous,
sometimes pubescent; blades mostly 1 to
3 mm wide, scabrous, pubescent on the
upper surface; panicle narrow, simple or
with 1 or 2 short branches at base; spike-
lets 12 to 16 mm long, 4- or 5-flowered,
broadly V-shaped, reflexed on capillary
pedicels, falling entire; glumes thin, shin-
ing, nearly as long as the spikelet;
lemmas faintly nerved, scabrous, obtuse.
2 —Rocky slopes and banks, at medi-
um altitudes, Utah (Cottonwood Can-
yon) to Oregon (Steins Mountains), the
Sierras, and the mountains of southern
California.

11. Melica portéri Scribn. Porter
MELIC. (Fig. 390.) Culms 50 to 100 cm
tall, tufted; sheaths smooth or scabrous;
blades 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle green or
tawny, narrow, l-sided, 15 to 20 cm long,
the branches short, appressed, few-
flowered; spikelets 10 to 15 mm long, 4-
or 5-flowered, narrow, reflexed on capillary
pubescent pedicels, falling entire; glumes
less than 1 cm long, shorter than the
spikelet; lemmas with 5 strong nerves
and several faint ones, scaberulous.
2} —Canyons, open woods, and moist
places,- mostly at 2,000 to 3,000 m,
western Missouri (Jackson County);
Nebraska to Texas and Arizona (fig.
391).

12. Melica mitica Walt. Two-FLOWER
MELIC. (Fig. 392.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall,
erect, loosely tufted; sheaths scabrous or

FIGURE 388.—Melica inflata. Plant, X
1; floret, X 5. (Hall and Babcock
3334, Calif.)

somewhat pubescent; blades flat, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20
cm long, nearly simple, with 1 to few short, spreading, few-flowered

201

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

a REA os SS rz

——$

‘i
we

WN

\

/

Wes,
vat

Y

ooh!
——

YAR sesetememee

(Shear 726, Colo.)

floret, X 5.
FIGURE 391.—Distribution of Melica
porteri.

FIGURE 390.—Melica porteri. Plant, X 1;

FIGURE 389.—Melica stricta. Plant, X 1; floret, X 5.

(Swallen 720, Calif.)

202 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 392.— Melica mutica. Plant, X 1%; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Chase 3695, Va.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 203

branches below; spikelets broad, pale, 7 to 10 mm long, usually 2-
flowered, the florets spreading, pendulous on slender pedicels, pubes-
cent at the summit, the spikelets falling entire; glumes nearly as
long as the spikelet; lemmas scaberulous, strongly nerved, the two
florets about the same height; rudiment ob-
conic. 2 Rocky woods, Maryland to lowa,
south to Florida and Texas (fig. 393).

13. Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. THRrEr-
FLOWER MELIC. (Fig. 394.) Resembling M.
mutica; on the average culms taller; sheaths
glabrous or scabrous; blades 7 to 15 mm wide;
panicle more compound with several spreading !608# 393." Distribution of
branches; glumes shorter than the usually 3- Nhe:
flowered narrower spikelet; apex of the second floret a little higher
than that of the first; lemmas acute. 2 —Rocky woods, Penn-
sylvania to Iowa and Kansas, south to Kentucky, Arkansas, Texas,

and Arizona (fig. 395).
\

FIGURE 394.—-Melica nitens. Plant, X 1; floret, * 5. (McDonald 15, Ill.)

14. Melica torreyana Scribn. Torrey metic. (Fig. 396.) Culms
30 to 100 em tall, ascending from a loose decumbent not bulbous
base; blades lax, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle narrow, rather loose, 8 to 20
cm long, the branches more or less fascicled, appressed or ascending,
the lower fascicles distant; spikelets 4 to 6 mm
long, with 1 or 2 perfect florets and a minute
obovoid, long-stiped rudiment; glumes strongly
nerved, as long as the spikelet or nearly so;
lemmas pubescent, subacute. 2 —Thickets
and banks at low altitudes, central California,
especially in the Bay region.

15. Melica imperfécta Trin. Ca tirornra P!CUR® 3037 Distribution of

MELIC. (Fig. 397.) Resembling M. torreyana;

culms erect or ascending; the base sometimes decumbent or
stoloniferous; panicle 5 to 30 cm long, the lower branches commonly
ascending to spreading; spikelets usually with 1 perfect floret and
an oblong, short-stiped rudiment appressed to the palea; glumes

i ee 2

204 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

indistinctly nerved; lemma a little longer than the glumes, glabrous,
indistinctly nerved, obtuse. 2 —Dry open woods and rocky hill-
sides, at low and medium altitudes, central and southern California,
especially in the Coast Ranges; Baja California. A few
forms have been distinguished as varieties: MeEtica
IMPERFECTA var. REFRACTA Thurb. Lower branches
of panicle spreading or reflexed; blades pubescent.
2 —Southern California. MrLIcA IMPERFECTA var.
FLExuUOSA Boland. Like the preceding but blades
glabrous. 2 —Central and southern California.
MELICA IMPERFECTA var. MINOR Scribn. Culms less
than 30 cm tall; blades glabrous, 1 to 2 mm wide.
—Southern California.

16. Melica frutéscens Scribn. (Fig. 398.) Culms
0.75 to 2 m tall, sparingly branching, rather woody
below, not bulbous at base; sheaths retrorsely scabrous;
blades rather firm, 2 to 4 mm wide, those of the inno-
vations, 1 to 2 mm wide, subinvolute; panicle silvery-
shining, narrow, rather dense, 10 to 30 cm long, the
branches short, appressed; spikelets short-pediceled,
12 to 15 mm long; glumes nearly as long as the spike-
let, prominently 5-nerved; lemmas subacute, faintly
7-nerved. 2 Hills and canyons, at low and
medium altitudes, southern California (Inyo County
and southward); Baja
California. Z

17. Melica californica ;
Seribn. (Fig. 399.) Culms
60 to 120 cm tall, the base
usually Ledenacee oe

, ‘ae more! ‘or~ less" bulbous;
torreyana. Panicle, sheaths glabrous or pu-

Ccnuse 4098’ Cait) Descent, the lower persist-

ent, brown and shredded;

blades 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow,
rather dense, 10 to 20 cm long, tawny
to purplish, not silvery; spikelets short-
pediceled, 10 to 12 mm long (rarely
shorter) with 2 to 4 florets besides the
rudiment; glumes scaberulous, a little
shorter than the spikelets; lemmas
rather prominently 7-nerved, scaberu-
lous, subacute to obtuse, often emar-
ginate. 2 (MM. bulbosa Geyer; Thurb.,
not M. bulbosa of this work.)—Moun-
tain meadows and rocky woods, at
low and medium altitudes, Oregon Ficurx 397.—Melica imperfecta. Panicle,
(Malheur County) and California. X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Elmer 4710, Calif.)

Me.ica ALTissima L. Tall perennial; blades 15 to 20 cm long, 5 to 10 mm
wide; panicle narrow, dense, tawny to purple; spikelets about 12 mm long;

glumes and lemmas broad, papery. 2 —Sometimes cultivated for ornament.
Eurasia.
Meuica ciu1ATa L. Panicle pale, narrow, condensed, silky. 2 —Occasion-

ally cultivated for ornament. Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 205

29. SCHIZACHNE Hack.

Spikelets several-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and
between the florets, the rachilla glabrous; glumes unequal, 3- and 5-
nerved ; lemmas lanceolate, strongly 7-nerved, long-pilose on the callus,
awned from just below the teeth of the prominently bifid apex; palea with
softly pubescent, thickened submarginal keels, the
hairs longer toward the summit. Rather tall peren-
nial with simple culms and open rather few-flowered
panicles. Type species, Schizachne fauriei Hack.

(S. purpurascens).

Name from Greek schizein, to

split, and achne, chaff, alluding to the bifid lemma.
1. Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen.

WZ
=

\y
\
IA S<
\

FIGURE 399.— Melica californica.
Plant, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hoff-
man 37, Calif.)

Fause metic. (Fig. 400.)
Culms erect from a loosely
tufted decumbent base, 50 to
100 cm tall; sheaths closed;
blades flat, narrowed at the
base, 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle
about 10 cm long, the branches
single or in pairs, more or less

: drooping, bearing 1 or 2 spike-

lets; spikelets 2 to 2.5 cm long;
glumes purplish, less than half
as long as the spikelet; lem-
mas about 1 cm long, the awn
as long as the lemma or longer.
2 (Melica striata Hitche.;
M. purpurascens Hitche.;
Avena torreyi Nash.)—Rocky
woods, Newfoundland to
southern Alaska, south to
Pennsylvania, Kentucky,
South Dakota, and Montana,
and in the mountains from
British Columbia to New
Mexico (fig. 401); Siberia and
Japan.

30. VASEYOCHLOA
Hitche.

Spikelets subterete or
slightly compressed, several-
flowered, the rachilla disar-

FIGURE 398.—Melica fru-
tescens. Plant, X 1;
floret, X 5. (Munz,
Johnston, and Harwood
4143, Calif.)

ticulating above the glumes and between the

florets, the joints very short; glumes rather ~

firm, unequal, much shorter than the lemmas,

the first 3- to 5-nerved, the

second 7- to 9-

nerved; lemmas rounded on the back, firm, closely imbricate, 7- to
9-nerved, broad, narrowed to an obtuse entire apex, and with a
stipelike hairy callus, pubescent on the lower part of the back and
margins; palea shorter than the lemma, splitting at maturity, the

SS =

206 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 400.—Schizachne purpurascens. Plant, X 44; lemma, palea, and caryopsis, X 5. (Chase 7444, N.Y.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 207

arcuate keels strongly wing-margined ; caryopsis concavo-convex, oval,
black, the base of the styles persistent as a 2-toothed crown. Slender
perennial with elongate blades and somewhat open panicles. Type
species, Vaseyochloa multinervosa. Named from Vasey and Greek,
chloa, grass.

1. Vaseyochloa multinervésa (Vasey) Hitche. (Fig. 402.) Culms
erect, loosely tufted, 40 to 100 cm tall, with slender rhizomes; sheaths
scaberulous, pilose at the throat; blades flat to loosely involute, 1 to
4 mm wide; panicle narrow, loose, 5 to 20 cm long, the branches few,
at first appressed, later spreading, the lower as much as 8 cm long,
bearing a few spikelets from about the middle; spikelets 12 to 18 mm
long, 6- to 12-flowered, purple tinged; glumes ;
acute, the first narrow, 4 mm long, the second
broad, 5 mm long; lemmas narrowed to an
obtuse point, about 6 mm long, the nerves
becoming rather obscure toward maturity;
grain 2.5 to 3 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide,
deeply concave on the ventral side. 2
(Melica multinervosa Vasey; Distichlis multi- Se eee
nervosa Piper.)—Sandy open woods or open
ground, southeastern Texas; rare. The rhizomes appear to break off
readily, most herbarium specimens being without them.

31. TRIODIA R. Br.
(Tridens Roem. and Schult.)

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes membranaceous, often thin,
nearly equal in length, the first sometimes narrower, l-nerved, the
second rarely 3- to 5-nerved, acute to acuminate; lemmas broad,
rounded on the back the apex from minutely emarginate or toothed
to deeply and obtusely 2-lobed, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the
margin, the midnerve usually excurrent between the lobes as a
minute point or as a short awn, the lateral nerves often excurrent as
minute points, all the nerves pubescent below (subglabrous in one
species), the lateral ones sometimes conspicuously so throughout;
palea broad, the two nerves near the margin, sometimes villous;
grain concavo-convex. Erect, tufted perennials, rarely rhizomatous
or stoloniferous, the blades usually flat, the inflorescence an open to
contracted or capitate panicle. Type species, Triodia pungens R.
Br. Name from Greek tri, thrice, and odous, tooth, referring to the
3-toothed lemma.

In general the species of TJriodia are of little importance economi-
cally, T. grandiflora, T.elongata, and T. pilosa being the most useful on
the range. Triodia pulchella is often abundant, but is not relished by
stock, the little dry plants seldom being eaten.

la. Panicle capitate, exceeded by fascicles of leaves; low stoloniferous plants.
T. PULCHELLA.

lb. Panicle exserted, open or spikelike; plants not stoloniferous.
2a. Panicle open, or loose, not dense or spikelike.
Pedicels of the lateral spikelets less than 1 mm long____ 7. T. LANGLOISII.
Pedicels all slender, more than 1 mm long (some short in T. buckleyana).

55974°—35——14

208 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 402.—Vaseyochloa multinercosa. Plant, X 4%; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Swallen 1854, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 209

Lateral nerves not excurrent.
Spikelets not more than 5 mm long; lemmas 2 mm long.
8. T. ERAGROSTOIDES.
Spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas 4 to 5mm long__-5. T. BUCKLEYANA.
Lateral nerves excurrent as short points.

Rhizomes present, scaly and creeping---------- 6. T. DRUMMONDII.

Rhizomes wanting.
Panicle 5 to 15 cm long; blades 1 to 3mm wide__-- 10. T. TEXANA.
Panicle 15 to 30 cm long, the branches viscid; blades 3 to 10 mm
Wr Cee ee wee eh eee ee te ON) srry A.

2b. Panicle narrow, contracted or spikelike, the branches appressed (see also
T. drummondit).
Panicle dense, oval or oblong, mostly less than 10 cm long.
ihemmamoceply 2 loped = 2.) a Ate o_O Be Se K 2. T. GRANDIFLORA.
Lemmas minutely notched, not lobed.
Panicle 1 to 2 cm long; lemma margins densely long-ciliate; palea half

as) LONG anime. FCnmiMra sy fers EO ei 3. T. PILOSA.
Panicle 4 to 10 cm long; lemma margins short-pilose near base; palea
about as long as the lemma. 2.222. 4. 'T. CONGESTA.
Panicle slender, spikelike (long and dense in T. stricta).
Lemmas glabrous. Panicle whitish_---__---=-_---- 12. T. ALBESCENS.
Lemmas pilose on the margins.
Lemmas mucronate; panicle dense-_------.-.------- Li CP stRIeTA.
Lemmas not mucronate (rarely lowest lemma obscurely so); panicle not
dense.
Glumes acuminate, longer than the lowest floret; blades mostly flat,
some of them 2 to 4 mm wide_-_----------- 14. T. ELONGATA.
Glumes obtuse, short; blades mostly folded or involute, mostly about
SOTA ets eS hey Bl BN 13:. (Ts MUTICA.

1. Triodia pulchélla H.B.K. Fuurrerass. (Fig. 403.) Low,
tufted, usually not more than 15 cm high; culms slender, scabrous or
puberulent, consisting of 1 long internode, bearing at the top a
fascicle of narrow leaves, the fascicle finally bending over to the
ground, taking root and producing other culms, the fascicles also
producing the inflorescence; sheaths striate, papery-margined, pilose
at base; blades involute, short, scabrous, sharp-pointed; panicle
capitate, usually not exceeding the blades of the fascicle, consisting
of 1 to 5 nearly sessile relatively large white woolly spikelets; glumes
glabrous, subequal, broad, acuminate, awn-pointed, 6 to 8 mm long,
nearly as long as the spikelet; lemmas 4 mm long, conspicuously long-
pilose below, cleft about halfway, the awn scarcely exceeding the
obtuse lobes, divergent at maturity. 2 (Dasyochloa pulchella
Willd.; Tridens pulchellus Hitche.)—Mesas and rocky hills, especially
in arid or semiarid regions, Texas to Nevada and southern California
to southern Mexico (fig. 404).

2. Triodia grandiflora Vasey. SHORTLEAF TRIODIA. (Fig. 405.)
Culms densely tufted, erect or geniculate below, 10 to 50 cm tall,
often pubescent at the nodes; blades flat or folded, rather firm, white-
margined, appressed-pubescent, 1 to 2 mm wide, those of the culm
less than 10 cm long; panicle dense, oblong, pale or sometimes pur-
plish, 2 to 6 cm long, cleistogamous spikelets borne in the lower
sheaths; spikelets 4- to 8-flowered, 5 to 12 mm long; glumes acuminate,
about as long as the first floret; lemmas 4 to 6 mm long, conspicuously
long-pilose on the margins, densely pilose on the back below, deeply
lobed, the awn as long as the lobes, or exceeding them. 2—Rocky
slopes, western Texas to southern Arizona and northern Mexico.
This has been referred to T. avenacea H.B.K., a Mexican species with
stolons and shorter purple panicles.

210 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(Chase 5511, Ariz.)

SAWN SSS 09
ES SS Jy res 4)
Y

Se IN 2
Ss =\ 5 j

ae aS Sp a
BAF GN

LE = iff 1
Ans aw,

‘Plant, xX \%; spikelet and floret, x 5.

Figure 403.—Triodia pulcheila.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 211

3. Triodia pilésa (Buckl.) Merr. Hairy rriopia. (Fig. 406.)
Culms erect, densely tufted, 10 to 30 cm tall, usually only 1 node
showing, the tufts easily pulled up; sheaths
pilose at the throat; blades 1 to 1.5 mm wide,
flat or folded, mostly in a short basal cluster,
somewhat pilose, the margins thick, white, the
culm blades 1 to 2 cm long; panicle long-
exserted, ovoid, 1 to 2 cm long, pale or pur-
plish, of 3 to 10 large short-pediceled spikelets; 7 ao 3
spikelets 6- to 12-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, #"60R5,{01. ine
compressed, glumes about two-thirds as long
as the lower florets; lemmas about 6 mm long, densely pilose toward
the base, pilose on the margin toward the tip,
acute, minutely 2-toothed, the awn 1 to 2 mm
long; palea half as long as the lemma, pilose
on the back and margins below. 2 (Triodia
acuminata Vasey; Tricus-
pis pilosa Nash; Eri-
neuron pilosum Nash.)—
Plains and rocky hills,
western Kansas to Ne-
vada, south to Texas, Ar-
izona, and central Mexico
(fig. 407).

4, Triodia congésta (L.
H. Dewey) Bush. (Fig.
408.) Culms erect, tufted,
30 to 60 em tall; blades
flat, 2 to 3 mm wide, ta-
pering to a fine point;
panicle mostly dense, pale
or pinkish, 4 to 10 cm long,
sometimes interrupted be-
low; spikelets rather tur-
gid, 6- to 12-flowered, 5
to 10 mm long; lemmas 3
to 4 mm long, broad, ob-
tuse, short-pilose on the
midnerve and margin be-
A low, the apex slightly
ea aie! abet notched, the awnlessthan Ficvre 406.—Triodia pilosa.

5. (Eggleston 10973, Ariz) 1 mm long; palea about (Guutithe 6437, Tees <=
as long as the lemma,
broad, abruptly bowed out below. 2 (Zridens congestus Nash.)—
Sandy or dry plains, southern Texas.

5. Triodia buckleyana (L. H. Dewey) Vasey.
(Fig. 409.) Culms erect, tufted, 30 to 60 cm
tall; sheaths, scaberulous, sometimes sparsely
pilose; blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide, tapering
to a fine point; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, the
few branches distant, ascending to spreading,

FIGURE 407.—Distributi °
idiewiee of as much as 7 cm long; spikelets pale to dark

urple, short-pediceled, appressed, rather few
and somewhat distant along the simple branches, 3- to 5-flowered, 6
to 8 mm long; glumes slightly shorter than the lower florets; lemmas

—

aS eee

212 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4 to 5 mm long, pubescent on the callus and on the lower two-thirds
of the midnerve and margin, the apex obtuse, entire, the midnerve not
or scarcely excurrent; palea a little shorter than
the lemma, pubescent along the margins; grain
elliptic, 3 mm long. 2 (Zridens buckleyanus
Nash.)—Rocky wooded slopes, southern Texas.

6. Triodia drummondii Scribn. and Kearn.
(Fig. 410.) Culms slender, erect, 1 to 1.5 m
tall, with creeping scaly rhizomes; sheaths glabrous
or the lower pubescent; blades flat, elongate, 2 to
7 mm wide; panicle purplish, narrow, rather loose,
nodding, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches appressed
or narrowly ascending; spikelets short-pediceled,
3- to 5-flowered, 7 to 10 mm long; glumes
broad, mucronate from a notched apex; lemmas
about 5 mm long, pilose on the callus and on the
lower half of the midnerve and margins, the sum-
mit lobed, the 3 nerves excurrent less than 1 mm;
palea glabrous, a little shorter than the lemma,
bowed out below. 2 (Zrdens drummondir
Nash.)—Sandy woods, Coastal Plain, South
Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 411).

7. Triodia langloisii (Nash) Bush. (Fig. 412.)
| Culms slen-
if der, erect, 60
i? to 100 cm
tall; blades
Te WN Te al: flat or loose-
gesta. Panicle, x1; ly involute,
floret, X 5. (Tracy 8879, ] to 5 mm
oe wide; panicle
open, ovoid, pale or purplish,
8 to 20 cm long, the branches
ascending, 3 to 8 cm long; spike-
lets short-pediceled (pedicels
less than 1 mm) along*the sim-
ple branches, 4- to 7-flowered,
4 to 6 mm long, nearly as broad,
the florets crowded; glumes
broad, subacute; lemmas 3 to
4 mm long, mucronate from a
minutely lobed apex, the lateral
nerves scarcely or barely ex-
serted, pilose on the midnerve
ae margins on the pots oe :
alea nearly as long as the lem- FIGURE 409.—Triodia buerieugnd. Fantele, Dil
ae the keels bowed out below. ices heii es
2 (T. ambigua Benth., not R. Br.; Tridens ambiguus Schult.)—
Wet pine barrens, on the coast, South Carolina to Florida and Texas
(fig. 413). Plants of the Atlantic Coast (Zriodia elliott Bush)
mostly have smaller spikelets with shorter lemmas than those of the
Gulf region (7. langloisi2), but there are numerous intergrades through-
out the range.

IW

4

)

\
. Wy
Ly
) Z
N sy UY, é-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES PA

8. Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn. (Fig. 414.) Culms
slender, erect, densely tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 1 to 4 mm
wide, setaceous-tipped; panicle open, 10
to 30 cm long, the branches rather dis-
tant, slender, flexuous, spreading or
drooping, 5 to 15 cm long, nearly simple,
rather few-flowered; spikelets on slender
pedicels 1 to 10 mm long, oblong, mostly
6- to 10-flowered, scarcely 5 mm long;
glumes acuminate; lemmas about 2 mm
long, obtuse, ob-
scurely pubescent
along the midnerve
on the lower half,
the margins pubes-
cent, the midnerve
minutely excur-
rent. 1 (Tridens Povye Distribution o
eragrostoides
Nash.)—Dry ground among shrubs, Flor-
ida Keys, Texas, and northern Mexico;

« Cuba:

Yes

SS GS iieaudie atava | (i) eme-au.
4 WN) PurpLetop. (Fig. 415.) Culms erect,

- ae ete solitary, tufted, 1 to 1.5 m tall; basal
Nl floret, X 5. (Bartlett 3224, Ala)’ Sheaths compressed-keeled; blades elon-
gate, 3 to 10 mm wide, very smooth; pan-

icle open, 15 to 35 cm long, usually purple or finally nearly black, rare-
ly yellowish, the branches distant, spreading to drooping (sometimes

FIGURE 413.—Distribution of
Triodia langloisii.

FIGURE 412.—Triodia langloisii. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 414.—Triodia eragrostoides. Panicle, X 1;
floret, X 5. (Curtiss 5020, Fla.) two views of floret, X 5. (Swallen 1471, Tex.)

shorter and stiffer), naked below, as much as 15 cm long with diver-
gent slender branchlets, the axils pubescent, the axis, branches, branch-

214 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 415.—Triodia flava. Plant, X 44; Spikelet and floret, X 5. (Dewey 350, Va.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 215

- lets, and pedicels viscid; spikelets oblong, mostly 6- to 8-flowered, 5 to
8 mm long; glumes subacute, mucronate; lemmas 4 mm long, obtuse,
pubescent on the callus and lower
half of keel and margins, the 3
nerves excurrent; palea a little
shorter than the lemma, some-
what bowed out below. 2 (Jr-
cuspis seslerioides Torr.; Tridens
seslerioides Nash; Tridens flavus
Hitche.)—Old fields and open
woods, New Hampshire to Ne-

FIGURE 416.—Distribution of
Triodia flava.

braska, south to Florida and
Texas (fig.416). The type speci-
men is the rare form with yellow-
ish panicle. In some Florida
specimens the excurrent nerves of
the lemma are as much as 1 mm
long.
10. Triodia texanaS. Wats. (Fig.

. Ay ) © ulms FIGURE 417.—Triodia terana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X
erec - densely 5. (Wooton, Tex.)
tufted, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths pubescent at throat
and collar; blades flat or subinvolute, 1 to 4 mm wide,
tapering to a slender point; panicle open, 5 to 15 cm
long, nodding, the branches rather distant, flexuous,
drooping, few-flowered; spikelets oblong, 6- to 10-
flowered, 6 to 10 mm long, rather turgid, pink or
purplish, more or less nodding on short pedicels;
glumes broad, acute to obtuse; lemmas 4 to 5 mm
long, obtuse, minutely lobed,
the margins densely pilose
near the base, the keel gla-
brous or sparsely pilose be-
low, the 3 nerves short-ex-
current; palea about as long
as the lemma, strongly
Dowedeuvet basen Wicd rua: MCoRE AO Dist bation of
dens texana Nash.)—Plains
and dry slopes, central and southern Texas, and
Ficure 418.—Triodia northern Mexico.

stricta: Panicle X11. Triodia stricta (Nutt.) Benth. (Fig. 418.)

5. (Newlon, Kans.) Cylms rather stout, erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades
elongate, flat or loosely involute, 3 to 8 mm wide; panicle dense,
spikelike, more or less interrupted below, narrowed above, 10 to

216 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

30 cm long; spikelets short-pediceled, 4- to 6-flowered, about -
5 mm long, the florets closely imbricate; glumes as long as the
spikelet, or nearly so, the apex spreading, the keel
glandular-viscid toward maturity; lemmas about 3
mm long, obtuse, the keel and margins pilose on the
lower half to two-thirds, the midnerve excurrent as a
minute awn; palea about as long as the lemma, short-
ciliate on the sharp keels, not strongly bowed
out. 2 (Tricuspis stricta A. Gray; Tridens strictus
Nash.)—Low moist ground and
low woods, Tennessee, Missouri,
and Kansas to Alabama and
Texas (fig. 419).

12. Triodia albéscens Vasey.
WuiTe tTrRiopia. (Fig. 420.)
Culms erect, tufted, 30 to 80 cm .
tall; blades flat to loosely invo-s Psvse tO mpunom ye:
lute, elongate, 2 to 4 mm wide,
tapering to a fine point; panicle narrow, rather dense,

eT greenish to nearly white, 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets
FIGURE 420.— Tri short-pediceled, 8- to 12-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long, the
Panicle, x 1. florets closely imbricate; glumes a little longer than the
two views of first lemma, subacute; lemmas 3

floret, X 5. NW

(Ball 1652, mm long, obscurely pubescent on \\

ex.) the callus, otherwise glabrous, NAW
obtuse, the midnerve minutely or not at all ex- a,

current; palea a little shorter than the lemma,
bowed out below. 2 (Rhombolytrum albescens
Nash.)—Plains and open woods, Kansas and
Colorado to Texas and New Mexico; northern
Mexico (fig. 421).

13. Triodia mitica (Torr.) Scribn. Sum
TRIoDIA. (Fig. 422.) Culms slender, densely
tufted, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths and blades
scaberulous, the sheaths usually loosely pilose,
more densely so at the summit; blades flat or
subinvolute, 1 to 3 mm wide, sometimes sparsely
pilose; panicle narrow, rather dense, interrupted,
the branches short, appressed; spikelets 6- to 8-
flowered, about 1 cm long, pale to purplish, nearly
terete; glumes scaberu-
lous, about as long as the
lower florets; lemmas
about 5 mm long, densely
pilose on the lower half of
the nerves and on the cal-
lus, obtuse, entire or mi- Ficure 422.—Triodia mutica.
FicuRE 423. Distribution of mnutely notched, the mid- floret, 5.) (Chase 5002,

Triodia mutica. , ; Tex.) :
nerve not exserted; palea

half or two-thirds as long as the lemma, densely pilose on the keels

and puberulent on the back. 2 (Zridens muticus Nash.)—Plains

and rocky slopes, Arkansas and Texas to southeastern California,
north to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado (fig. 423).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 2X7

14. Triodia elongata (Buckl.) Scribn. Rouautriopia. (Fig. 424.)
Culms erect, tufted, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths and blades scaberulous,
sometimes sparsely pilose, the blades mostly flat, 2 to 4 mm wide,
tapering to a fine point; panicle elongate, erect, pale or purple tinged,
loosely flowered, 10 to 25 cm long, the branches
rather distant, appressed, scarcely or not at all over-
lapping; spikelets similar to those of T. mutica, the
glumes longer, the hairs on the florets not so long.
4 (Tridens elongatus Nash; Tricuspis elongata
Nash.)—Plains, sandy prairies, and rocky slopes,
Missouri and Kansas to Texas and Arizona (fig. 425).

32. TRIPLASIS Beauv.

Spikelets few-flowered, V-shaped, the florets re-
mote, the rachilla slender, disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes nearly equal,
smooth, l-nerved, acute; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved,
2-lobed, the nerves parallel, silky-villous, the lateral
pair near the margin, the midnerve excurrent as an
awn, as long as the lobes or longer; palea shorter
than the lemma, the keels densely long-villous on
the upper half. Slender tufted annuals or perennials,
with short blades, short, open, few-flowered purple
terminal panicles and cleistogamous narrow panicles
in the axils of the leaves. Both species, have, in
addition to the small panicles of cleistogamous spike-
lets in the upper sheaths, additional cleistogamous
spikelets, reduced to a single large floret, at the
bases of the lower sheaths. The culms break at the mie

- ote ee FIGURE 424.—Triodia
nodes, these mature cleistogenes remaining within ~ ¢eongata. Panicle, x
the sheaths. Type species, Yriplasis americana. ,°%° Verh ot floret,
Name from Greek triplasios, triple, alluding to the _ Tex.)
awn and the two subulate lobes of the lemma.
a species are of no importance except as they tend to hold sandy
soil.
Lobes of lemma not subulate-pointed; awn shorter than the lemma; annual.

1. T. PURPUREA.

Lobes of lemma subulate-pointed; awn longer than the lemma; perennial.
2. T. AMERICANA.

1. Triplasis purptrea (Walt.) Chapm. (Fig.
426, A.) Annual, often purple; culms ascend-
ing to widely spreading, pubescent at the
several to many nodes, 30 to 75 cm tall; blades
flat or loosely involute, 1 to 3 mm wide, mostly
4 to 8 cm long; panicle 3 to 5 em long, with

Broueg 425. Distribution of few spreading few-flowered branches, the

axillary more or less enclosed in the sheaths;
spikelets short-pediceled, 2- to 4-flowered, 6 to 8 mm long; lemmas
3 to 4 mm long, the lobes broad, rounded or truncate, the nerves
and callus densely short-villous, the awn about as long as the lobes

218 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

=

FIGURE 426.—A, Triplasis purpurea. Plant, X 4; spikelet, floret, and cleistogamous spikelet, X 5. (Com-
mons 255, Del.) B, T. americana. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Curtiss 5570, Fla.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 219

or somewhat exceeding them; palea conspicuously silky-villous
on the upper half of the keels; grain about 2 mm long. © —
Dry sand, New Hampshire to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to
Florida and Texas (fig. 427). In autumnal culms the numerous short
joints with sheaths swollen at the base, containing cleistogenes, are
conspicuous. Plants with awns exceeding the lobes of the lemma
have been differentiated as 7. intermedia Nash.

2. Triplasis americana Beauv. (Fig. 426, B.) Perennial; culms
slender, tufted, mostly erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat or subinvolute,

FIGURE 427.—Distribution of FIGURE 428.—Distribution of
Triplasis purpurea. Triplasis americana.

mostly 15 to 18 cm long; panicle 2 to 5 cm long, the few slender
ascending branches with 1 or 2 spikelets; spikelets mostly 2- or 3-
flowered, about 1 cm long; lemmas 5 to 6 mm long, the lobes about
half as long as the entire lemma, subulate-pointed, the nerves with a
narrow stripe of silky hairs, the awn 5 to 8 mm long, pubescent below;
keels of the palea long-villous, the hairs erect. 2 —Dry sand,
Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 428).

33. ANTHOCHLOA Nees

Spikelets few-flowered, subsessile, imbricate on a simple axis, the
rachilla disarticulating: above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes (in our species) wanting; lemmas thin-membranaceous,
flabelliform, whitish, petallike, many-nerved; palea narrower than the
lemma, hyaline. Low annuals or perennials, with soft dense cylindric
panicles. Type species, Anthochloa lepidula Nees. Name from
Greek anthos, flower, and chloa, grass, alluding to the flowerlike
appearance of the inflorescence.

1. Anthochloa colus4ana (Davy) Scribn. (Fig. 429.) Annual;
culms ascending from a decumbent base, 7 to 30 cm long; leaves
overlapping, pale green, scarious between the nerves, loosely folded
around the culm, not differentiated into sheath and blade, about 12
mm wide at the middle, tapering to each end, 5 to 10 cm long, keeled
on the back above, plicate, minutely ciliate, with raised glands on the
margins and nerves; panicle pale green, at first partly included, never
much exserted, 3 to 7 cm long, 8 to 12 mm wide, the upper part of the
axis bearing, instead of spikelets, lanceolate-linear empty bracts 8
mm long; spikelets subsessile, usually 5-flowered, 6 to 7 mm long,
imbricate; glumes wanting; lemmas flabellate, very broad, many-
nerved, 5 mm long, ciliolate-fringed. © —Known only from “‘near
Princeton, Colusa County, Calif., bordering rain-pools on the hard
uncultivated alkali ‘goose-lands,’ beside the stage road to Norman.”
Region now in rice culture,

220 = Misc.

Spikelets

PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

34. ORCUTTIA Vasey

several-flowered, the upper florets reduced; rachilla

persistent, continuous, the florets falling away, or tardily disarticu-

SLE

ZB
as

PIT Ce?
ot SA

LL
ZF} f
EN eRe RSth
= (rN

EZ > mee
Ss NS : 5 -
Ss =A
SS
NY ry

FIGURE 429.—Anthochloa colusana. Plant, X \%; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Type.)
lating; glumes nearly equal, shorter than the lemmas, broad, irregu-

FIGURE 430.—
Orcuttia greene.

Spikelet, xX
(Type.)

larly 2- to 5-toothed, many-nerved, the nerves extend-
ing into the teeth; lemmas firm, prominently 13- to 15-
nerved, the broad summit toothed; palea broad, as long
as the lemma. Low tufted annuals, with short blades
and solitary spikes or spikelike racemes, the subsessile
spikelets relatively large, the upper aggregate, the lower
more or less remote. Type species, Orcuttia californica.
Named for C. R. Orcutt.

Lemmas with 7 to 11 short teeth.________--_-- 1. O. GREENEI.
Lemmas with 5 awn-tipped teeth.
Blades ‘iliformiplabrous. 22010 Uae Pees 2; O) TENUIS,
Blades flat, 1.5 to 3 mm wide, pilose____ 3. O. CALIFORNICA.

1. Orcuttia greénei Vasey. (Fig. 430.) Culms 15
to 20 cm tall, suberect; blades 2 to 3 cm long, sub-
involute; raceme 3 to 7 cm long, pale; spikelets 10 to
15 mm long, loosely papillose-pilose; glumes 4 to 5 mm
long; lemmas 6 mm long, the obtuse or truncate tip
spreading, 7- to 11-toothed, the teeth mucronate but

5 not awned. © —Known only from moist plains of

the upper Sacramento near Chico, Calif.

2. Orcuttia ténuis Hitche. (Fig. 431.) Culms in small tufts,
slender, erect, 5 to 12 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the blades firm,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES Papa

strongly nerved, filiform, 1 to 2 cm long; raceme more than half the
entire height of the plant, the lower spikelets distant, the upper
approximate but not crowded; spikelets purple-tinged, 12 to 15 mm
long, the rachilla joints pubescent; glumes and lemmas scabrous,
sometimes with a few hairs toward the base of the lemmas; glumes 3
to 4 mm long, sharply toothed; lemmas 5 mm long, 5-toothed, the
teeth acuminate, awn-tipped, the rigid tips spreading or slightly
recurved. © -—Known only from sandy open ground, Goose
Valley, Shasta County, Calif.

3. Orcuttia califérnica Vasey. (Fig. 432.) Culms 5 to 15 cm
long, spreading with ascending ends, forming little mats; foliage thin,
pilose, the sheaths loose, the blades 2 to 4 cm long; raceme loose below,

WY | FIGURE 432.—Or-

3 cuttia californica.

A Panicle —x<xl:

Lilo peeing §e< uy

FIGURE 431.—Orcuitia tenuis. Plant, & %; spikelet and (Munz_ 10804,
floret, X 5. (Type.) Calif.)

dense or subcapitate at the summit; spikelets 8 to 12 mm long,
densely to sparsely pilose; glumes sharply-toothed; lemmas about 6
mm long, deeply cleft into 5 awn-tipped teeth. © —Drying
mudflats, near Murietta, Hot Springs, Riverside County, Calif.;
Baja California.

35. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack.

Spikelets compressed, 4-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes but not between the florets; glumes nearly equal, com-
pressed, l-nerved, thin, smooth; lemmas 3-nerved, the nerves ex-
tending into awns, deeply 3-lobed, conspicuously ciliate, the first and
second sterile, containing a palea but no flower, the third fertile, the
fourth reduced to a 3-awned rudiment. Low annuals or perennials,
with short, dense, few-flowered panicles scarcely exserted from the

222 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

subtending leaves. Type species, Blepharidachne kingii. Name
from Greek blepharis (blepharid-), eyelash, and achne, chaff, alluding
to the ciliate lemma.

Glumes a little longer than the florets, acuminate; foliage scaberulous.
1

; .. Be RINGH:
Glumes a little shorter than the florets, subacute; foliage densely grayish narsh-
puberulemt 2.22 Reeve iyee Wake y ) reve bs eae aparece ya retrial ra 2. B. BIGELOVII.

1. Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.) Hack. (Fig. 433.) Low
tufted perennial with the aspect of Triodia pulchella, but not rooting
at upper nodes; culms mostly less than 10 cm tall; sheaths with
broad hyaline margins; blades less than 1 mm wide, involute, curved,
sharp-pointed, 1 to 3 cm long; panicles subcapitate, pale or purplish,
1 to 2 cm long, exceeded by the upper blades; spikelets flabellate;
glumes about 8 mm long, acuminate, exceeding the florets; sterile
lemmas about 6 mm long, all the lemmas about the same height,
long-ciliate on the margins, pilose at the base and on the callus,
cleft nearly to the middle, the lateral lobes narrow, obtuse, the
nerve at one margin, awn-tipped, the central lobe consisting of the

> : \ WA
Md,

FIGURE 433.—Blepharidachne kingii. Plant, X 1;-spikelet and perfect floret, X 5. (Jones 4094, Nev.)

awn, ciliate below, somewhat exceeding the lateral ones; palea much
narrower and somewhat shorter than the lemma; fertile lemma
similar to the sterile ones, the palea broad and as long as the lemma;
upper sterile lemma on a rachilla joint about 3 mm long, reduced to
3 plumose awns; grain compressed, 2 mm long. 2 —Deserts,
Nevada and California (Death Valley), apparently rather rare.

2. Blepharidachne bigelévii (S. Wats.) Hack. (Fig. 434.) Peren-
nial; culms stiff, 10 to 20 cm long, the culms and foliage harsh-
puberulent; sheaths broad, firm; blades coarser than in B. kingia;
panicles dense, oblong, 1 to 3 cm long, the blades not exceeding the
panicle; glumes about 6 mm long, subacute, shorter than the florets;
sterile lemmas ciliate and awned as in B. kingii, cleft about 1 mm.
2} —Known only from rocky hills, Frontera, above El Paso, Tex.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 223

36. COTTEA Kunth

Spikelets several-flowered, the uppermost reduced, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes
about equal, nearly equaling the lower lemma, with several parallel
nerves; lemmas rounded on the back, villous below, prominently 9-
to 1l-nerved, some of the nerves extending into awns of irregular
size and some into awned teeth; palea a little longer than the body
of the lemma, the keels near the margin. An
erect tufted branching perennial with flat blades
and oblong loose panicle. Type species, Cottea
pappophoroides. Named for Heinrich Cotta.

1. Cottea pappophoroides Kunth. (fig. 435.)
Softly pubescent throughout; culms 30 to 50 cm
tall; blades 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle 8 to 15 cm
long, the branches loosely ascending; spikelets
4- to 7-flowered, 5 to 7 mm long, about 5 mm
wide, green or purplish; glumes 4 to 5 mm long;
lemmas 3 to 4 mm iong, the basal hairs con-
spicuous, at least the middle awn spreading.
2 —Plains and dry hills, western Texas to
southern Arizona, south to central Mexico;
Ecuador to Argentina. Cleistogamous spikelets,
usually reduced to a single floret, are found in
the lower sheaths, and often large, very turgid
ones at the very base. Not abundant enough
to have economic importance.

37. PAPPOPHORUM Schreb. Pappuscrass

Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, the upper reduced,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes but
not or only tardily between the florets, the inter-
nodes very short; glumes nearly equal, keeled,
thin-membranaceous, as long as the body of the ANW84
florets or longer, 1- to several-nerved, acute; lem- i \ee
mas rounded on the back, firm, obscurely many- iM
nerved, dissected above into numerous spreading i
awns, the florets falling together, the awns of all
forming a pappus-like crown; palea as long as the /
body of the lemma, the nerves near the margin. pycure 434.—Plepharidachne
Erect tufted perennials, with narrow or spikelike ee ane
whitish to tawny or purplish panicles. Type spe- ~~ ae
cies, Pappophorum alopecuroideum Vahl. Name from Greek pappos,
pappus, and phoros, bearing, alluding to the pappus-like crown of the
lemma. Our species are of minor economic importance, though the
first two may constitute a fair proportion of the forage on sterile hills.
Awns plumose; panicle plumbeous, usually less than 5 emlong_ 1. P. wRiGHTm.
Awns scabrous; panicle tawny to pink, usually more than 5 cm long.

Panicle spikelike, tawny or whitish________________ 2. P. MUCRONULATUM.
Panicle narrow but rather loose, pinkish__....___._________ 3. P. BICOLOR.

55974°—35——15

224 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SS

SA =
Wee

eK:
\'

SRO

FIGURE 435.—Cotiea pappophoroides. Plant, ie etme floret, and cleistogene, <5. (Griffiths
, Ariz.

225

<r, "T= V4 une yor

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

I A le A RS te

FIGURE 436.—Pappophorum wrightii Plant, X \; aa perfect floret, and cleistogene, X 5. (Purpys
8272, Ariz.

226 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 437.—Pappophorum mucronulatum. Plant, X 4; spikelet and perfect floret, X 5. (Pringle, Ariz.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 227

Section 1. ENNEAPOGON Trin.

Spikelets 3-flowered, the first floret fertile, the second smaller, sterile,
the third rudimentary; awns 9, plumose.

1. Pappophorum wrightii S. Wats. Spike pappuseGrass. (Fig.
436.) Culms numerous, slender, decumbent-spreading, 20 to 40 cm
tall, the nodes pubescent; blades flat to subinvolute, about 1 mm
wide; panicle spikelike, gray-green or drab, mostly 2 to 5 cm long,
sometimes interrupted below; glumes 7-nerved; lemma of first
floret (including awns) 4 to 5 mm long, the body about 1.5 mm long,
villous, 9-nerved, the awns plumose. 2 -—Dry plains and stony
hills, Texas to Arizona, south to Oaxaca; Peru and Bolivia.
Cleistogamous spikelets are produced in the lower sheaths. The
cleistogenes are larger than the normal florets but the awns are
almost wanting. The culms disarticulate at the
lower nodes carrying the cleistogenes with them.

Section 2. PotyrApuis Trin.

Spikelets 4- to 6-flowered, the lower 1 to 3 fertile,
the upper reduced or rudimentary; awns
more than 9, scabrous.

2. Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees. (Fig. 437.)
Culms erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat to subin-
volute, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle spikelike, tawny
or whitish, tapering at summit, 10 to 20 cm long;
spikelets short-pediceled with 1 or 2 fertile florets
and 2 or 3 sterile reduced ones, the rachilla
disarticulating below the fertile floret and tardily
above it; glumes 1-nerved; fertile lemma subin-
durate, the nerves obscure, villous toward base,
eee ae oes ng ges awns 2 to 5 mm
ong, the body about3 mm long. 2 (P. apertum
tie tee places on plains and in vac DR Teulon aC nie
Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico; South sl Tex.)
America; wool waste, Maine.

3. Pappophorum bicolor Fourn. (Fig. 438.) Culms erect, 30 to
80 cm tall; blades flat to subinvolute, 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle mostly
10 to 15 em long, usually pink-tinged, rather loose, the branches 1 to
4 cm long; spikelets on pedicels 1 to 5 mm long, with 2 or 3 fertile
florets and 1 or 2 sterile reduced ones, all about the same height in the
spikelet, the rachilla not separating between the florets; glumes
1-nerved; lemmas somewhat indurate, obscurely nerved, pilose on the
callus and on the lower half to two thirds of the midnerve and margins,
dissected into about 12 somewhat unequal scabrous awns 2 to 4 mm
long, the body about 3 mm long, the awns about as long. 2 —Open
valley land, Texas, Arizona (La Noria, near Monument 111), and

Mexico.
38. SCLEROPOGON Phil.

Plants monoecious or dioecious. Staminate spikelets several-
flowered, pale, the rachilla not disarticulating; glumes about equal, a
perceptible internode between, membranaceous, long-acuminate,
l-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, nearly as long as the first lemma;
lemmas similar to the glumes, somewhat distant, 3-nerved or obscurely

228

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SN
LSS
= me ie

—F

“
—=7
=

Vy

\
. ‘J
NN
= \\
~~
SSS SS
— 22S
: <
S =
“<=
*Z7yf/
\
Y,
I] \
/

FIGURE 439.—Scleropogon brevifolius. Pistillate and staminate plants, X 1%; pistillate spikelet x 2; pistillate
and staminate florets, X 5. (Zuck, Ariz.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 229

5-nerved, mucronate; palea obtuse, shorter than the lemma. Pistillate
spikelets several-flowered, the upper florets reduced to awns, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes but not separating between
the florets or only tardily so; glumes acuminate, 3-nerved, with a few
fine additional nerves, the first about half as long as the second; lemmas
narrow, 3-nerved, the nerves extending into slender, scabrous, spread-
ing awns, the florets falling together, forming a cylindric many-awned
fruit, the lowest floret with a sharp-bearded callus as in Aristida; palea
narrow, the two nerves near the margin, produced into short awns. A
stoloniferous perennial, with short flexuous blades and narrow few-
flowered racemes or simple panicles, the staminate and _pistillate
panicles strikingly different in appearance. Staminate and pistillate
panicles may occur on the same plant or rarely the two kinds of
spikelets may be found in the same panicle. It may be that the seed-
lings produce two kinds of branches, each kind then reproducing its
own sex. This should be investigated. Type
species, Scleropogon brevifolius. Name from
Greek skleros, hard, and pogon, beard, alluding
to the hard awns.

1. Scleropogon brevifélius Phil. Burro Grass
(Fig.439.) Culms erect, 10 to 20 cm tall, tufted,
producing wiry stolons with internodes 5 to
HIG opi heii. 15 em long; leaves crowded at the base, the

. blades flat, 1 to 2 mm wide, sharp-pointed;
racemes, excluding awns, 1 to 5 em long; staminate spikelets
2 to 3 em long; body of pistillate spikelets 2.5 to 3 em long,
the awns 5 to 10 cm long, loosely twisted. 2 (S. karwinskyanus
Benth. )—Semiarid plains and open valley lands, Texas to Colorado
and Arizona, south to central Mexico; Argentina (fig. 440). The ma-
ture pistillate spikelets break away and with their numerous long
spreading awns form ‘‘tumbleweeds” that are blown before the wind,
the pointed barbed callus readily penetrating clothing or wool, the
combined florets acting like the single floret of long-awned aristidas.
Spikelets rarely staminate below and pistillate above. On overstocked
ranges, where it tends to become established, it is useful in preventing
erosion, Often important as a range grass, especially when young.

TRIBE 3. HORDEAE
39. AGROPYRON Gaertn. WHEATGRASS

Spikelets several-flowered, solitary (rarely in pairs), sessile, placed
flatwise at each joint of a continuous (rarely disarticulating) rachis,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes equal, firm, several-nerved, rarely 2-nerved, 1-nerved, or
nerveless, usually shorter than the first lemma, acute or awned, rarely
obtuse or notched; lemmas convex on the back, rather firm, 5 to
7-nerved, acute or awned from the apex; palea about as long as the
lemma. Perennials (our species except Agropyron triticeum), often
with creeping rhizomes, with usually erect culms and green or purplish,
usually erect spikes. Type species, Agropyron triticeum Gaertn.
Name from Greek agrios, wild, and puros, wheat, the two original
species being weeds in wheat fields.

Most of the species of Agropyron furnish forage and a few are among
the most valuable range grasses of the Western States. In the valleys
some species May grow in sufficient abundance to produce hay.

-

230 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agropyron pauciflorum (A. tenerum) has been cultivated in the
Northwestern States on a commercial scale under the name slender
wheatgrass and the seed has been carried by seedsmen in that region.
A. smithii, bluestem, often called also western wheatgrass and some-
times Colorado bluestem, is a source of hay in alkaline meadows through
the Western States. A. spicatum, or bluebunch wheatgrass, and
A. dasystachyum are important range grasses in the Northwestern
States. A. pauciflorum and A. subsecundum (A. caninum, so-called)
because of their abundance in the mountain grazing regions are also
important. A. repens, quackgrass, is a good forage grass, but, because
of its creeping rhizomes, is a troublesome weed, especially in the
Eastern States where it is widely introduced. The species with strong
creeping rhizomes are valuable for holding embankments or for holding
sandy soils.

The divisions of the species into those with rhizomes and those
without is convenient and usually definite when the entire base is
present but some species normally without rhizomes (as A. spicatum)
may rarely produce them and species in which rhizomes occur may not
show them in herbarium specimens.

la. Plants with creeping rhizomes.
Lemmas awned, the awn divergent at maturity.
Lemmas jpubbescenthse Mew i De a eee eee 9. A. ALBICANS.
Lemmas ela brous jis) o Jie: Agha el Re 10. <A. GRIFFITHSII.
Lemmas awnless or with a short straight awn.
Glumes rigid, gradually tapering into a short awn.
Culms 10 to 20 cm tall, usually shorter than the leaves; sandy seacoast,
Californias 314i Vales ees es Sie ee Ae Ee 4. A. ARENICOLA.
Culms 30 to 60 cm tall, exceeding the leaves; interior.___ 5. A. SMITHII.
Glumes not rigid, acute or abruptly awn-pointed.
Lemmas glabrous (sometimes pubescent in A. ripariwm).
Blades lax, flat, usually sparsely pilose on the upper surface.
2.. A. REPENS.
Blades firm, stiff, often involute, not pilose.
Spikelets much compressed, closely imbricate, the spike dense.
3. A. PUNGENS.
Spikelets not much compressed, somewhat distant, the spike slender.
8. A. RIPARIUM.
Lemmas pubescent.
Spike 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets 1 to 1.5 cm]Jong; glumes 6 to 9 mm long.
6. A. DASYSTACHYUM.
Spike longer, as much as 25 cm long; spikelets as much as 2.5 cm long;
elumes as imuchias To 7nmYlongs oe eee i. A. ELMERE
1b. Plants without creeping rhizomes.
Spikelets much compressed, closely imbricate, divergent. 1. A. CRISTATUM.
Spikelets not much compressed nor closely imbricate.
Spikelets awnless or awn-tipped only.
Lemmas: pilbeseent) 2k 2 «si ea eae Be NOB a gS 14. A. LATIGLUME.
Lemmas glabrous.
Internodes of rachilla scaberulous; glumes rather narrow, about half as
long as the spikelet.

Blades involute (rarely fat) ec ap oees aaa 19. A. INERME.

Blades lates beh) Sah oe It Oe 2 ee 21. A. PARISHII.

Internodes of rachilla villous; glumes broad, nearly as long as the spike-

Ve tisee os ee ela ye ek J 13. A. PAUCIFLORUM.
Spikelets awned.

Culmisprostrate-spreadine {2 3 ee ne eee 17. A. SCRIBNERI.

Culms erect (decumbent at base in A. pringlet).
Rachis finally disarticulating.
Glumes narrow, 2-nerved; awns of lemma spreading, out-curved or
TECQUTVEC f. 2 3 yas pee een: rey ye aU ey eee 22. A. SAXICOLA.
Glumes broader, with usually 3 to 5 distinct scabrous nerves; awn of
lemm<é; ‘straight; werect he 2 Pee Cee 23. <A. SAUNDERSII.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 2381]

Rachis continuous.
Awn straight or nearly so.
Spikelets about as long as the internodes of the rachis.
. A. PARISHII.
Spikelets imbricate, longer than the internodes of the rachis.
Lemmas coarsely pubescent_-_---__-_-_---- 11. A. VULPINUM.
Lemmas glabrous or scabrous toward summit only.
: A. SUBSECUNDUM.
Awn divergent, when dry.
Butkelets anmemrapel awe Te eR aS 15. A. BAKERI.
Spikelets distant.
Spikelets 3 to 7 in a spike, about twice as long as the internode;
pine tee) emilony ! 020 tiie 16. <A. PRINGLEI.
Spikelets mostly more than 7 in a spike, usually shorter than the
internode; spikes mostly more than 8 cm long.
Spike 8 to 15 cm long; blades 1 to 2 mm wide.
A. SPICATUM:
Spike 15 to 30 cm long; blades 4 to 6 mm wide.
20. A. ARIZONICUM.

1. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Beauv. CRESTED WHEATGRASS.
(Fig. 441.) Culms erect, in dense tufts, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat;
spike dense, mostly 4 to 6 cm long, the internodes of the
rachis pubescent, 1 mm long; spikelets compressed, gla-
brous to villous, closely imbricate, somewhat spreading,
5 to 15mm long; glumes firm, keeled, tapering into ashort
awn; lemmas somewhat abruptly narrowed into an awn
2to4mm long 2 Introduced here and there in
erainfields (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming,
Colorado); Eurasia. This grass is well adapted for hay
and pasture in the northern Great Plains from North
Dakota to eastern Washington and south to western
Kansas and probably will be valuable in the northern
parts of New Mexico and Arizona. It spreads readily
by reseeding.

Agropyron triticeum Gaertn. Annual, branching at
base; culms slender, erect or usually decumbent, mostly
10 to 30 cm tall; blades flat, mostly less than 10 cm long,
2 to 3 mm wide; spike oval or ovate, 1 to 1.5 cm long,
thick; spikelets crowded, about 7 mm long; glumes and
lemmas acuminate. © —Absaroka Forest, Mont.;
Mountain Home, Idaho. Sparingly introduced from
southern Russia.

2. Agropyronrépens (L.) Beauv. Quacxarass. (Fig.
442,A.) Green or glaucous; culmserect or curved at base, |
50 to 100 cm tall, sometimes taller, with creeping yellowish Pyne gage
rhizomes; sheaths of the innovations often pubescent; &)}. (Ball 176s,
blades relatively thin, flat, usually sparsely pilose on the
upper surface, mostly 6 to 10mm wide; spike 5 to 15cm long, the rachis
scabrous on the angles; spikelets mostly 4- to 6-flowered, 1 to 1.5 em
long, the rachilla glabrous or scaberulous; glumes 3- to 7-nerved, awn-
pointed; lemmas mostly 8 to 10 mm long, the awn from less than 1 mm
to as long as the lemma; palea obtuse, nearly as long as the lemma,
scabrous on the keels. 2 —Waste places, meadows and pastures,
Newfoundland to Alaska (Skagway), south to North Carolina, Arkan-
sas, New Mexico, and California (fig. 443); introduced from Eurasia.
Common in the Northern States; a troublesome weed in cultivated
ground. Called also quitch grass and couch grass. Awned specimens
have been described as Agropyron leersianum (Wulf.) Rydb.

ee

232 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

a Zz
ee
—Sa-<

————=

—

LE =a
—SSSSS
SSS

—

SN

Za BA
= mae

ie —-
=

4
a IS
LS
SS

~—
—

Za

Za SA
= === =
—

FIGURE 442.—A, Agropyron repens. Plant, X %; Raney, and floret, X 3. B, A. pungens, X 3. (Scribner,
aine.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES Lae

3. Agropyron pingens (Pers.) Roem. and Schult. (Fig. 442, B.)
Glaucous, culms 50 to 80 em tall, with pale or brownish rhizomes;
blades firm, mostly involute, scabrous on the upper surface; spikelets
awnless, compressed, often as much as 10-flowered, the florets closely
imbricate; glumes firm, acute, obscurely nerved,
scabrous on the keel. 2 —Seacoast, Maine
(Cape Elizabeth), Mas-
sachusetts (Harwich),
Oregon (Linnton); in-
troduced from Europe.

4, Agropyron arenic-
ola Davy. (Fig. 444.)
Culms low, more or less
spreading, 10 to 20 cm
tall, with slender exten-
sively creeping rhizomes; blades involute,
mostly longer than the culms, pungent-pointed ;
spike 2 to 5 cm long, the axis glabrous; spike-
lets few-flowered, about 15 mm long; glumes
narrowly lanceolate, nerveless, firm, narrowed
to a pungent point, ciliolate; lemmas about 1
cm long, obscurely nerved, scabrous toward
margin and summit. 2 —Sandy seacoast,
middle California. The structure of the spike-
let suggests that this species may belong to
Elymus though the spikelets are solitary at the
nodes of the rachis.

5. Agropyron smithii Rydb. BuLurstem.
(Fig. 445.) Usually glaucous; culms erect, 30
to 60 cm tall, sometimes taller, with creeping
rhizomes; sheaths glabrous; blades firm, stiff,
mostly flat when fresh, involute in drying,
strongly nerved, scabrous or sometimes sparsely
villous on the upper surface, mostly 2 to 4 mm

Agropyron repens.

wide, tapering to a sharp point; spike erect, i
mostly 7 to 15 cm long, the rachis scabrous on 5
the angles; spikelets rather closely imbricate, | \

occasionally two at a node, 6- to 10-flowered, 1 |
to 2 em long, the rachilla scabrous or scabrous- !
pubescent; glumes rigid, tapering to a short | \
awn, rather faintly nerved, 10 to 12 mm long;
lemmas about 1 cm long, firm, glabrous, often
pubescent near the base, obscurely nerved, acu- \ b
minate, mucronate, sometimes short-awned;
palea scabrous-pubescent on the keels. 2

—Moist, usually alkaline soil, New York; Mich- Bye Wo
igan and Ohio to Alberta and Washington, south |
to Texas, Arizona, and northeastern California; MECRe me eee TS
mostly introduced east of Iowa and Kansas (fig.

446). Two varieties have been recognized. AGROPYRON SMITHII var.
MOLLE (Scribn. and Smith) Jones. Lemmasand sometimes glumes more
orless pubescent. 2 —About thesame range asthe species. AGRO-
PYRON SMITHII Var. PALMERI (Scribn. and Smith) Heller. Lowersheaths
pubescent. 2 M—Colorado to Utah,south to New Mexico and Arizona.

234 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

6. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. THICKSPIKE WHEAT-
Grass. (Fig. 447, A.) Often glaucous; culms mostly 40 to 80 cm tall,
with creeping rhizomes; blades flat to involute, 1 to 3 mm wide;
spike mostly 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets loosely to closely imbricate,
4- to 8-flowered, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the rachilla pubescent on the con-
vex side; glumes acute or awn-pointed, scabrous or pubescent (usually

ea eZ F |
uy (. —— abe
ae Wee A \ }

FIGURE 445.—Agropyron smithii, X 1. (Nelson 3918, Wyo.)

less pubescent than the lemma), 6 to 9 mm long; lemmas densely to
sparsely pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous, awnless or mucronate,
about 1 cm long; palea about as long as the lemma, obtuse. 2 —
Plains and sandy shores, Michigan to British Columbia, south to IIli-
nois, Nebraska, Colorado, northern Arizona, Nevada, and Oregon
(fig. 448). In the form growing on the sandy shores of Lake Michigan
the lemmas are densely villous, but villous
forms occur in other parts of the range of the
species.

This and the four following species appear to
intergrade, forming a polymorphous group.

7. Agropyron elméri Scribn. (Fig. 447, B.)
Resembling A. dasystachyum; culms on the —
average taller, more robust, the spike longer — ¢UHE m6. Dist bution of
(as much as 25 cm long), the spikelets larger
(as much as 10-flowered and 2.5 cm long); glumes and lemmas usually
longer (as much as 13 mm and 15 mm, respectively); lemmas pubes-
cent, sometimes sparsely so or scabrous only or pubescent only on the
margins at base. 21 —Dry or sandy soil, British Columbia to Orgeon.

8. Agropyron riparium Scribn. and Smith. STREAMBANK WHEAT-
crass. (Fig. 449.) Resembling A. dasystachyum, with vigorous
rhizomes; blades usually narrower; spikelets usually more imbricate;
lemmas glabrous or somewhat pubescent along the edges of the lower
part of the lemma. 2 -—Dry or moist meadows and hills, North
Dakota to Alberta and Washington, south to Oregon, Arizona, and
Colorado (fig. 450).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 235

9. Agropyron Albicans Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 451.) Similar
to A. dasystachyum; glumes awn-pointed, about 1 cm long; awn

———

FIGURE 447.—A, Agropyron dasystachyum, X 1. (Griffiths 488, Wash.) B, A. elmeri, X 1. (Type.)

of lemma 1 to 1.5 em long, divergent when dry. 2 —Plains
and dry hills, South Dakota to
Alberta, and Colorado (fig. 452).

10. Agropyron
griffithsii Scribn.
and Smith. (Fig.
453.) Resembling
A. albicans, differ-
ing pines in hav-

aaa ing glabrous lem-

Pass poe of mas. 2 Open
dry, sandy or al-

kaline soil, western North and South
Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado. In

\ \ f
pa Se
Zz LEN
— Zi y TY z= |

|

FIGURE 449.—Agropyron riparium, X 1. (Nelson 3965, Wyo.)

es;
—— a cs
c

the type specimen the lemmas are smooth but in several other specimens
the lemmas are scabrous. Possibly only a glabrous form of A. albicans.

236 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agropyron intermédium (Host) Beauv. Blades short, involute,
acutish; glumes about 5-nerved; lemmas awnless. 2 —Ballast at
Camden, N.J.; adventive from Europe.

Agropyron trichéphorum (Link) Richt. Blades flat; spikelets
pubescent, awnless; glumes several-nerved, acutish. 2 -—LlLynn,
Mass.; adventive from Europe.

Agropyron jinceum (L.) Beauv. Blades loosely involute; spikelets
glabrous; glumes 9-nerved, acutish. 2 -—Ballast near Portland,
Oreg.; adventive from Europe.

11. Agropyron vulpinum (Rydb.) Hitche. (Fig. 454.) Culms 50
to 75 cm tall, somewhat genicu-
late at base; blades drying loosely
involute, 10 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4
mm wide; spike nodding, 10 to 15
cm long, the rachis stiffly sca-

==

1T——. ~\
e: = =
- e : @ at
I pe ral, N
na ’ : d =
[3 SS
Bibet = : z
: ie : f

FIGURE 450.—Distribution of
Agropyron riparium.
brous-ciliate on the angles; spike-
lets imbricate but not appressed,
some toward the base two at a
node, 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla
appressed-pubescent; glumes

Agropyron albicans.

scabrous, strongly 5-nerved, awn-
tipped; lemmas 5-nerved toward
the minutely toothed apex,
coarsely pubescent, the scabrous FIGURE siaiia ee tl Ween X 1. (Griffiths
awn 8tol0mmlong. 2 (Hly- "tee

mus vulpinus Rydb.)—Known only from wet meadows, Grant
County, Nebr.

12. Agropyron subsecindum (Link) Hitchc. BrarpED WHEAT-
Grass. (Fig. 455.) Green or glaucous, without creeping rhizomes;
culms erect, tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or rarely pubes-
cent; blades flat, 3 to 8 mm wide; spike erect or slightly nodding,
6 to 15 cm long, sometimes unilateral from twisting of the spikelets to
one side, the rachis scabrous or scabrous-ciliate on the angles, some-
times, disarticulating; spikelets rather closely imbricate, few-flowered
the rachilla villous, the callus of the florets short-pilose; glumes broad
rather prominently 4- to 7-nerved, nearly as long as the spikelet,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 237

tapering into an awn; lemmas obscurely 5-nerved, the nerves becoming
prominent toward the tip, the awn straight or nearly so, usually 1 to
3 cm long. 2 —Moist meadows and
open woods, Newfoundland to Alaska,
south to the mountains of Maryland, to
Indiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Arizona,
and California (fig. 456). Said by Malte
to be self-pollinated. This is the species
which has generally been called by Am-
erican botanists A. caninum (L.) Beauv.,
which is a European species, differing in
having 3-nerved glumes.

‘Ao AGROPYRON SUBSECUNDUM var. ANDI-
NuM (Scribn. and Smith) Hitche. Culms

N) mostly not more than 50 cm tall, loosely 7 0iron’ “ouish.
i} tufted, usually geniculate at base; lower ™¥%™, X 1.
sheaths pale, usually papery; spike short;
awns mostly 5 to 10 mm long, often curved. \ |

An alpine form of mountain meadows.
2 —Montana to Washington, south to
Colorado and Nevada.

Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. Glumes
3-nerved. 2 Ballast near Portland,
Oreg.; adventive from Europe.

13. Agropyron pauciflérum (Schwein.)
Hitche. SLENDER WHEATGRASS. (Fig. 457.)
Resembling A. subsecundum; sheaths glabrous
or rarely pubescent; blades mostly 2to4mm _ }
wide; spike usually more slender, 10 to25cem_ | \\\\}p
long, sometimes unilateral; spikelets from
rather remote to closely imbricate; glumes Wf
and lemmas awnless or nearly so. Q (A.
tenerum Vasey.)—Labrador to Alaska, south
to the mountains of West Virginia, Missouri,

New Mexico, and California; northwestern
Mexico (fig. 458). Alpine plants lower, {\
with shorter denser commonly purplish \
spikes, resemble A. subsecundum var. \\I|}/
andinum but are awnless. They have been pipe 455.—
referred to A. violaceum (Hornem.) Lange, <grepyronsub-
an arctic species, and to A. biflorum (Sear tou:
(Brignoli) Roem. and Schult. =

Agropyron pseudorépens
Figure 43. Scribn. and Smith. Appears to

grifithsii, X 1. be distinct, differing in the
Griffiths 164, Slender creeping rhizomes and

exe? villous rachilla joints. A. pseu-
dorepens var. magnum Scribn. and Smith may a
be a large form. 2 —Open ground, thick- Feurz 456—Distribution of
ets, and open woods, South Dakota to Agropyron subsecundum.

Washington, south to New Mexico, and northern Ari - Wee
(Grand Island). ern Arizona; Michigan

14. Agropyron latigliime (Scribn. and Smith) Rydb. (Fic. 459.
Culms loosely tufted, curved or geniculate below, 30 to a em tall,

=—<—

238 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

blades flat, short, 3 to 5 mm wide, pubescent on both surfaces; spike
mostly 3 to 6 cm long, sometimes longer; spikelets usually closely
imbricate; glumes rather broad and flat; lemmas pubescent, awnless
ornearlyso. 2 -—Alpine regions, Montana to Labrador and Alaska.

15. Agropyron bakéri E. Nels. Bakr wHratcrass. (Fig. 460.)
Resembling A. subsecundum; culms erect. mostly 50 to 100 cm tall,

————S—————
a=
—S
=

LZ

| SHAK LLL =:

FIGURE 457.— Agropyron paucifiorum,
xX 1. (Shear 404.)

FIGURE 458.— Distribution of
Agropyron pauciflorum.

FIGURE 459.—Agropyron latiglume, FIGURE 460.—Agropyron bakeri, X 1.
xX 3. (Type.) (Hitchcock 1686, Colo.)

rather loosely tufted; spike mostly 5 to 12 cm long, the spikelets
rather loosely imbricate; awns divergently curved when dry, 1 to 4
cm long. 2 Open slopes, upper altitudes, northern Michigan;
Alberta to Washington and New Mexico (fig. 461).

16. Agropyron pringlei (Scribn. and Smith) Hitche. (Fig. 462.)
Culms tufted, decumbent at base, 30 to 50 cm tall, the basal sheaths

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 239

soft and papery; blades flat or loosely involute, mostly less than 10
cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; spike more or less flexuous, 4 to 7 cm long,
the rachis scabrous on the angles, slender, the middle internodes
usually 8 to 10 mm long; spikelets mostly 3 to 7 in each spike, rather
distant, the lower and middle ones (excluding
awns) about as long as two internodes, mostly
3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla joints minutely
scabrous, about 2 mm long; glumes rather nar-
row, about 3-nerved on the exposed side, 7 to
8 mm long, tapering into a straight awn about
5 mm long; lemmas tapering into a scabrous,
strongly divergent awn 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; Lite re ier teem a
palea 10 to 12 mm long. 2 Stony slopes,
rad to 3,500 m, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, to Sierra County,

alif.

17. Agropyron scribnéri Vasey. SPREADING WHEATGRASS. (Fig.
463.) Culms tufted, prostrate or decumbent-spreading, often flexuous,

a.
Le

JL
AZZ
SS
\

a

——=——

Un al|

FIGURE 462.—Agropyron pringlei, X 1 FIGURE 463.—Agropyron scribneri, X 1. (Shear
(Pringle 504, Calif.) 1179, Colo.)

20 to 40 cm long; blades flat or, especially on the innovations, loosely

involute, more or less pubescent, mostly basal, the 2 or 3 culm blades

usually less than 5 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; spike long-exserted, often

nodding or flexuous, dense, 3 to 7 cm long, the rachis disarticulating

at maturity, the internodes glabrous, 3 to 5 mm long, or the lowermost
55974°—35—16

240 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

longer; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, the rachilla internodes minutely
scabrous, about 2 mm long; glumes narrow, one obscurely nerved, the
other with 2 or 3 distinct nerves, tapering into a divergent awn similar
to the awns of the lemmas; lemmas nerved toward the tip, tapering
to a strongly divergent awn 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; palea a little longer
than the body of the lemma, the apex with 2 short slender teeth.
©, —Alpine slopes, 3,000 to 4,000 m, Montana to northern New
Mexico, Nevada, and northern Arizona (fig. 464), Characterized by
the hard leafy basal tussock with slender spreading flexuous culms.

18. Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. and Smith. BuLiuEBuNncH
WHEATGRASS. (Fig. 465.)

Green or glaucous; culms oe ee
tufted, often in large bunches, f
erect,60 to 100 cm tall;sheaths | V | >

FIGURE 464.—Distribution of
Agropyron scribneri.

glabrous; blades flat to loosely
involute, 1 to 2 mm, some-
times to 4mm wide, glabrous
beneath, pubescent on the
upper surface; spike slender,

FIGURE 466.—Distribution of
Agropyron spicatum.

mostly 8 to 15 cm long, the
rachis scaberulous on the
angles, 1 to 2 cm long, or the
lowermost 2.5 cm; spikelets
distant, not as long (excluding the awns) as the internodes or
slightly longer, mostly 6- to 8-flowered, the rachilla joints
scaberulous, 1.5 to 2 mm long; glumes rather narrow, obtuse to
acute, rarely short-awned, about 4-nerved, usually about half
as long as the spikelet, glabrous or scabrous on the nerves; lemmas
about 1 em long, the awn strongly divergent, 1 to 2 cm long;
palea about as long as the lemma, obtuse. 2 —Plains, dry slopes,
canyons and dry open woods, northern Michigan to Alaska, south to
western South Dakota, New Mexico, and California (fig. 466). A
smaller form with smaller spikelets, found in desert regions of the
Great Basin has been differentiated as A. vaseyi Scribn. and Smith. -
A. SPICATUM var. PUBESCENS Elmer. Culms and foliage pubescent.

2 —Washington and Idaho.

FIGURE 465.—Agropyron spicatum, X 1. (Vasey, Wash.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 241

19. Agropyron inérme (Scribn. and Smith) Rydb. BrarpieEss
wHEATGRASS. (Fig. 467.) Differing from A. spicatum in the awnless
spikelets. 2 (A. spicatum var. inerme Heller.)—Dry plains and
hills, Montana to British Columbia, south to Utah, Wyoming,

FIGURE 468.—Distribution of
Agropyron inerme.

FIGURE 467.—
Agropyron
inerme, X 1. ut ty }
(Horner 571, FIGURE 469.—Agropyron arizonicum, FIGURE 470.—Distribution of
Wash.) X11. (Type.) Agropyron arizonicum.

western Nebraska, and eastern Oregon (fig. 468). Closely related
to A. spicatum but very different in appearance because awnless.

20. Agropyron arizOnicum Scribn. and Smith. (Fig.
469.) Resembling A. spicatum, usually taller and
coarser; blades commonly 4 to 6 mm wide; spike 15 to
30 cm long, flexuous, the rachis more slender; spikelets
distant, mostly 3- to 5-flowered; glumes short-awned;
awns of the lemmas stouter, mostly 2 to 3 cm long.
2. —Rocky slopes, western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
Nevada, California (Eel Ridge), and Chihuahua (fig. 470).

Agropyron semicostatum (Steud.) Nees. Blades flat;
spike nodding, 10 to 20 em long; spikelets several-flowered,
imbricate; glumes several-nerved, much shorter than
the spikelet, acute but scarcely awned; awn of lemma
flexuous or finally divergent, 1.5 to 3 cm long. 4 —
Ballast near Portland, Oreg. Native of Asia.

21. Agropyron parishii Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 471.)
Culms 70 to 100 em tall, the nodes retrorsely pubescent;
blades flat or loosely involute, 2 to 4mm wide; spike
slender, nodding, 10 to 25 cm long, the internodes of
the rachis 1.5 to 2.5 em long; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered,
mostly about 2 cm long, narrow, appressed, the rachilla

FIGURE 471.—
Agropyron
parishti, X 1.
(Type.)

joints scaberulous, about 2 mm long; glumes 3- to 5-nerved, 1 to 1.5
cm long, acute; lemmas acute or with a slender awn 1 to 8 mm long;
palea as long as the lemma, obtuse. 2 —Canyons and rocky slopes,
California (Monterey and San Bernardino Mountains); rare. Agro-

242 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

PYRON PARISHII var. LAEVE Scribn. and Smith. Nodes glabrous; awns

usually 1to2cmlong. 2 California (Trinity County to San Diego
County).

22. Agropyron saxicola (Scribn. and Smith) Piper. (Fig. 472.)

Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or sometimes

pubescent; blades flat to loosely involute,

glabrous or sometimes pubescent, 1 to 4

/ / mm wide; spike 5 to 12 em long, the rachis

| | tardily disarticulating, the internodes more

. , or less scabrous on the angles, 5 to 10 mm

/ long; spikelets imbricate, sometimes in

pairs, about twice as long as the internodes

XI / ie; of the rachis, 4- to 6-flowered, the rachilla

| (i Yj minutely scabrous; glumes narrow, 2-

\ / nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure,

\ j sometimes with a third faint nerve, awned,

i} the awn divergent, 5 to 20 mm long, some-

i times with a tooth or short awn at the base

of the main awn; lemmas about 8 mm

\ long, the awn divergent, mostly 2 to 5 cm

|! long, sometimes with 1 or 2 short addi-

f tional awns; palea about as long as the

| lemma, obtuse or truncate. 2 —Dry or

Ficune 472-7 Agrepyron sazicol, rocky slopes and plains, western South

Dakota to Washington, south to Utah, Ari-

zona, and California (fig. 473). This species is a transitionto Sitanion.

23. Agropyron saundérsii (Vasey) Hitche. (Fig. 474.) Culms

erect, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat or loosely invo- |

lute; spike erect, 8 to 15 cm long, mostly purplish,

the rachis tardily disarticulating; spikelets some-

times in pairs near the middle of the spike, 1 to 1.5

cm long (excluding awns), 2-

to 5-flowered ; glumes variable,

narrow with 2 nerves or wider

with 3 to 5 nerves, the nerves

strong and at least the mid-

nerve scabrous, the awn 2 to

4 cm long, sometimes with a

FIGURE 473.—Distribution of
Spice (pha SRaLECIEL short lateral awn near the

base; lemmas scabrous, the
awn straight, 2 to 5 em long. 2 (Hlymus saun-
ders Vasey.)—Dry slopes, Colorado (Veta Pass) and
Utah (Salt Lake City).

40. TRITICUM L.

Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, solitary, placed flat-
wise at each joint of a continuous or articulate rachis, p,oyn% 474—Agro
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and _— pyron sawndersii, x
between the florets or continuous; glumes rigid, * ‘°°?
keeled, 3- to several-nerved, the apex abruptly mucronate or toothed
or with one to several awns; lemmas broad, keeled, very asymmetric,
many-nerved, abruptly, pointed or awned. Low or rather tall an-
nuals, with flat blades and thick spikes. Standard species, Triticum
aestwum. Triticum, the old Latin name for wheat.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 243

1. Triticum aestivum L. Wuear. (Fig. 475.) Culms erect,
freely branching at base, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades 1 to 2 cm wide;
spike mostly 5 to 12 cm long; internodes of rachis 3 to 6 mm long;
spikelets broad, glabrous or pubescent, long-awned to awnless; glumes
usually strongly keeled toward one side, the keel extending into a mucro,
the other side usually obtusely angled at apex. © (JT. vulgare Vill.;
T. sativum Lam.)—Commonly cultivated; fields and waste places in
the vicinity of cultivated fields or grain elevators, but scarcely estab-
lished.

Spelt (7. spelta L.) and emmer (7. dicoccum Schrank) are sometimes
cultivated for the grain, used for stockfeed, and for forage. In these
two species the rachis breaks up, each joint bearing a spikelet which
remains entire, each floret permanently enclosing the grain. In
spelt the spikelets are somewhat distant, exposing the rachis, in emmer
the spikelets are closely imbricate, scarcely exposing the rachis. A
large number of varieties of wheat are in cultivation; the lemmas may
be glabrous or pubescent, the awns long or nearly or quite wanting.

On the basis of the number of chromosomes the wheats and their
allies may be divided into three groups. The group with 7 chromo-
somes (probably the most primitive) includes einkorn (7. monococcum
L.). The group with 14 chromosomes includes durum wheat (T.
durum Desf.), poulard wheat (7. turgidum L.), Polish wheat (T.
polonicum L.), and emmer (7. dicoccum Schrank). The group with
21 chromosomes includes spelt and the varieties of wheat commonly
cultivated in the United States, one series of which, with short com-
pact heads, is club wheat (7. compactum Host). Alaska wheat is a
variety of poulard wheat with branched heads. It is also known by
several other names, such as Egyptian, miracle, and mummy. ‘This
variety is considered inferior commercially to standard varieties of
wheat. Stories of varieties originating from seed found with mum-
mies 3,000 years old have no basis in fact.

The origin of wheat is not known as there is no native species like
any of the cultivated forms. Some botanists have suggested species
of Aegilops, and others T. dicoccoides Koern., a wild species of Pales-
tine, as the possible ancestor.

41. AEGILOPS L. Goaterass

Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered, solitary, turgid or cylindric, placed flat-
wise at each joint of the rachis and fitting into it, the joints thickened
at the summit, the spikelets usually not reaching the one above on
the same side, exposing the rachis; spike usually disarticulating near
the base at maturity, falling entire, or finally disarticulating between
the spikelets. Annuals with flat blades and usually awned spikes.
Type species, Aegilops ovata. Name from Aegilops, an old Greek
name for a kind of grass.

The species of Aegilops have been recently introduced into the
United States and give indications of becoming troublesome weeds.
At maturity the spikes fall entire, the lowest rachis joint serving as a
pointed callus to the 2- to several-jointed, strongly barbed fruits,
which work their way into the mouths and noses of grazing animals
and into the wool of sheep.

Spikelets subovate; rachis not disarticulating-___..._.______- 3. A. OVATA.
Spikelets cylindric; rachis finally disarticulating.
a ea ee a 1. A. CYLINDRICA,

Cres Wie wee awhd 26 2. <A. TRIUNCIALIS,

244 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

——

SS ,

IN}
NI
( x VP
NZ
WI
iN}

FIGURE 475.—Triticum aestioum. Plant with awned spikes (bearded wheat) and a nearly awnless spike
(A) beardless wheat, X 44; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Cult.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 245

1. Aegilops cylindrica Host. JoInTED GoatGrass. (Fig. 476,
B.) Culms erect, branching at base, 40 to 60 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm
wide; spike cylindric, 5 to 8 em long; internodes of rachis 6 to 8 mm
long; spikelets 8 to 10 mm long, glabrous to hispid; glumes several-

FIGURE 476. A, Aegilops triuncialis, X 4%. (Cole, Calif.) B, A. cylindrica, X %. (Bush 72148, Mo.)

nerved, keeled at one side, the keel extending into an awn, the main
nerve of the other side extending into a short tooth; lemmas mucro-
nate, those of the uppermost spikelets awned like the glumes; awns very
scabrous, those of the upper spikelets about 5 cm long, those of the

.
f

246 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lower spikelets progressively shorter. © —Weed in wheatfields,
and waste places, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New
Mexico; recently introduced from Europe.

2. Aegilops triuncialis L. Bars goatarass. (Fig. 476, A.) Culms
branching and spreading at base, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades rather rigid,
sharp-pointed, spreading; spike 3 to 4 cm long, 2 or 3 of the lower
spikelets often reduced, the fertile spikelets 3 to 5; glumes with 3
strong scabrous, somewhat spreading awns, 4 to 8 cm long; lemmas
with three rigid unequal awns. © —Troublesome weed on range
land, California; introduced from Europe.

3. Aegilops ovata L. Culms tufted, geniculate at base, 15 to 25 cm
tall; blades short, sharp-pointed; spike thick, of 2 to 4 subovate spike-
lets, the upper sterile; glumes with 4 stiff scabrous spreading awns
2 to 3 cm long; lemmas usually with 1 long and 2 short awns. © —
Weed in fields, California and Virginia; introduced from Europe.

42. SECALE L. Ryzt

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, solitary, placed flatwise against the
rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and produced
beyond the upper floret as a minute stipe; glumes narrow, rigid,
acuminate or subulate-pointed; lemmas broader, sharply keeled,
5-nerved, ciliate on the keel and exposed margins, tapering into a
long awn. Erect, mostly annual grasses, with flat blades and dense
spikes. Type species, Secale cereale. Secale, the old Latin name for
rye.

1. Secale cereale L. Ryz. (Fig. 477.) In habit resembling wheat
but usually taller, the spike more slender, somewhat nodding, on the
average longer. © —Commonly cultivated; escaped from cultiva-
tion, in fields and waste places. This species is thought to be derived
from S. montanum Guss., a perennial native in the mountains of
southwestern Asia.

43. ELYMUS L. Witp-ryre

Spikelets 2- to 6-flowered, in pairs (rarely 3 or more or solitary) at
each node of a usually continuous rachis, placed as in Agropyron
but the rachilla distorted at base, bringing the florets more or less
dorsiventral to the rachis; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes
and between the florets; glumes equal, somewhat asymmetric, usually
rigid, sometimes indurate below, narrow to subulate, 1- to several-
nerved, acute to aristate; lemmas rounded on the back or nearly
terete, obscurely 5-nerved, acute or usually awned from the tip.
Erect, usually rather tall perennials (one annual), with flat or rarely
convolute blades and slender or bristly spikes, the spikelets usually
crowded, sometimes somewhat distant. Type species, Hlymus
sibiricus L. Name from Elumos, an old Greek name for a kind of
grain. The species in which the spikelets are mostly solitary can be
distinguished from Agropyron by the narrow or subulate glumes.
The seed of certain species (e.g., H. mollis and E. canadensis) have
been used for food by the Indians.

The species of Hlymus are for the most part good forage grasses,
and in some localities form a part of the native hay. In the wooded
areas of the Northwest, . glaucus is one of the valuable secondary
grasses of the ranges. The species with creeping rhizomes are likely

a

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

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FIGURE 477.—Secale ceredle, Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 3; floret. X 5. (Hill, Ill.)

247

248 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to be of value as soil or sand binders. LE. mollis is a natural sea dune
grass and FH. arenicola and E. flavescens are common on inland shifting
dunes; LE. triticoides is to be recommended for holding embankments.
On the western ranges E. condensatus and LE. triticoides are important.

la. Plants annual; spike long-awned, nearly as broad as long.
1. E. CAPUT-MEDUSAE.
1b. Plants perennial; spike much longer than broad.
2a. Rhizomes present, slender, creeping.

Glumes lanceolate, awnless or awn-pointed.. Plants of coastal dunes.
Glumes and lemmas papery, distinctly nerved_______- 2. E. MOLLIs.
Glumes and lemmas firm, faintly nerved (lemmas nerved at apex).

HK. VANCOUVERENSIS.

Glumes subulate or very narrow.

Spikelets glabrous; lemmas short-awned_-_-________- 8. KE. TRITICOIDES.
Spikelets densely villous to coarsely, sometimes sparsely, pubescent.
Lemmas awned or awn-tipped; spike 5 to 15 cm long.
Lemmas copiously villous; awn 1 to 4mm long__ 6. E. INNovaTuUs.
Lemmas hirsute or hirtellous; awn 5 to 10 mm long.
7. EH. HIRTIFLORUS.
Lemmas awnless; spike 10 to 25 cm long.
Glumes pubescent; lemmas soft, densely villous___4. E. FLAVESCENS.
Glumes glabrous or nearly so; lemmas relatively firm, coarsely
pubescent, sometimes sparsely so_______-_-- 5. E. ARENICOLA.
2b. Rhizomes wanting (or short and stout in EH. condensatus). Plants tufted.
3a. Rachis tardily disjointing. Glumes and lemmas awned.
Spike mostly 5 to 7 mm wide; spikelets mostly in twos; blades subinvolute.
. E. MACOUNII.
Spike 8 to 10mm wide; spikelets often in threes; blades flat, 5to 10 mm wide.
16. E. ARISTATUS.
3b. Rachis continuous.
4a. Glumes subulate to subsetaceous, not broadened above the base, the
nerves obscure except in E. villosus.
Lemmas awnless or awn-tipped, the awn shorter than the body.
Spike thick, sometimes compound; spikelets commonly in twos to fours.
11. E. conpDENSATUS.
Spike slender; some or most of the spikelets solitary at the nodes, the
paired spikelets near the middle.
Culms numerous in a close tuft, the leaves mostly basal; lemmas
mostly awnilesei i) 2: hee ee ne ea 10. E. SALINa.
Culms few, loosely tufted, the leaves scattered along the usually
taller culms; lemmas awn-tipped, the awn 2 to 5 mm long.
9. E. AMBIGUUS.
Lemmas awned, the awn as long as the body or longer.
Awns straight; lemmas about 1.2 mm wide across the back.
17. E. vILuosvus.
Awns flexuous-divergent; lemmas about 2 mm wide across the back.
18. E. INTERRUPTUS.
4b. Glumes lanceolate or narrower, broadened above the base, strongly
3- to several-nerved.
Glumes relatively thin, flat, several-nerved, not indurate at base.
Lemmas sparsely long-hirsute on the margins toward the summit.
14. E. HIRSUTUS.
Lemmas glabrous or scabrous.
emimas awed 2 ite: eesti has 2 eee eae ie 12. HE. GLaucus.
Lemmas awnless or minutely awn-tipped- --- -- 13. E. VIRESCENS.
Glumes firm, indurate at base.
Awns divergently curved when dry; base of glumes not terete.
1 E. CANADENSIS.
Awns straight; base of glumes terete.
Glumes about 1 mm wide about the middle, the bases not bowed out.
20. E. RIPARIUS.
Glumes 1.5 to 2 mm wide about the middle, the bases bowed out.
E. VIRGINICUS

1. Elymus c4put-mediisae L. (Fig. 478.) Annual; culms ascend-
ing from a decumbent, branching base, slender, 20 to 60 cm tall; blades

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 249

narrow, short; spike very bristly, 2 to 5 cm long (excluding the long
spreading awns); glumes subulate, smooth, indurate below, tapering
into a slender awn 1 to 2.5 cm long; lemmas lanceolate, 3-nerved,
6 mm long, very scabrous, tapering into a flat awn 5 to 10 cm long.
© —Open ground, Washington to California, infrequent; introduced
from Europe.

2. Elymus miéllis Trin. American puNneEGRass. (Fig. 479.)
Culms stout, pubescent below the spike, glaucous, 60 to 120 cm tall,
with numerous overlapping basal leaves, the rhizomes widely creeping;
blades firm, 7 to 12 mm wide, often involute in drying; spike erect,

FIGURE 478.—Elymus caput-medusae, X 1. (Vasey 3076, Wash.)

dense, thick, soft, pale, 7 to 25 cm long; glumes lanceolate, flat,
many-nerved, scabrous or pubescent, 12 to 25 mm long, acuminate,
about as long as the spikelet; lemmas scabrous to felty-pubescent,
acuminate or mucronate. 2 —Sand dunes along the coast,
Alaska to Greenland, south to Massachusetts and central California;
along Lakes Superior and Michigan (fig. 480); also eastern Siberia to
Japan. Closely related to the European E. arenarius L. with culm
smooth below the spike and glabrous glumes. A form found along
the coast of Washington with somewhat compound spikes has been
differentiated as EH, arenarius var, compositus (Abrom,) St. John.

250 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3. Elymus vancouverénsis Vasey. (Fig. 481.) Resembling £.
mollis, less leafy; spike somewhat inter-
rupted, purplish; glumes narrowly lance-
olate, firm, gradually acuminate, 1 to 1.5
cm long, sparsely long-villous, especially
toward the apex; lemmas firm, 1 to 1.5
em long, tapering into a short awn. 2 NUM)
—Dunes and sandy shores, British Colum- Na A) SZ =
bia to northern California. SANG 4h

4. Elymus flavéscens Scribn. and~
Smith. (Fig. 482.) Culms erect, slender,
glabrous, 50 to 100 cm tall, the rhizomes
slender, nearly vertical from deep slender
horizontal rhi-
zomes with brown
scales; sheaths
glabrous; blades
firm, glabrous be-
neath, scabrous on
on the upper surface,

FIGURE HG Bu of DF) +6 5 mm wide,

flat, or involute in
drying; spike 10 to 25 cm long, sometimes
with short branches, somewhat nodding; 5
spikelets 2 to 3 cm long, several-flowered, \N % lil
approximate or somewhat distant; glumes aco A esl Li nollie, <oL.
very narrow or subulate, pubescent, nerve- Rage am iS
less, 1 to 1.5 em long; lemmas awn-
less, densely silky-villous, the hairs
long, yellowish or brownish. 2 —
“Sand dunes, eastern Washington and
Oregon, Idaho; South Dakota (Black
Hills) (fig. 483).

5. Elymus arenicola Scribn. and
Smith. (Fig. 484.) Resembling £.
flavescens to which it is closely re-
lated; glumes glabrous or nearly so;
lemmas firmer, coarsely pubescent,
sometimes sparsely so, or the pubes-
cence confined to the base or mar-
gins, the pubescence grayish rather
than yellow. 2 —Sandy valleys,
often in drifting sand, Washington,
Oregon, and Idaho.

——————

“a ope F

FIGURE 481.—EHlymus vancouverensis, X 1. (Piper 812, Wash.)

Sy

\ ‘FEN 7 Y
e+) (By Uw i;

aS y
\: } 1 i A 2 ij

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 251

6. Elymus innovatus Beal. (Fig. 485.) Resembling EL. flavescens;

_. spike rather dense, 5 to 12 cm long, the axis
A villous; spikelets 1 to 1.5 cm long, the narrow
glumes and the lemmas densely purplish or gray-
ish-villous, the lemmas with an awn mostly 1 to
/4 mm long. 2 —Open woods and gravelly
flats, Alaska to British Columbia; Montana,
Wyoming, and South Dakota (Black Hills).

7. Elymus hirtiflorus
Hitche. (Fig. 486.)
Culms erect, tufted, 40 to
90 cm tall, with slender
creeping rhizomes; blades
firm, flat or usually invo-
lute, glabrous beneath, 5
sora cur kane i fe mind 2 eS Dp eibtion:
wide when flat; spike
erect, 5 to 15 em long; spikelets 4- to 6-
flowered; glumes firm, hirsute, narrow, tapering
into an awn about as long as the body, the
\ entire length 1 to 1.5 em; lemmas hirsute, some-
FicurE 482—Elymus flares. times sparingly so, the lower 8 to 9 mm long,

or ié. dao) With an awn 5 to 10 mm long. Q@ —River

banks, Wyoming.

8. Elymus triticoides Buckl. BrarpLess wILp-rYE. (Fig. 487.)
Culms usually glaucous, rarely pubescent
below spike, 60 to 120 em tall, commonly
in large colonies from extensively creeping
scaly rhizomes; ligule a truncate rim about
1 mm long; blades mostly 2 to 6 mm wide,
flat or soon involute; spike erect, slender to
rather dense, rarely
compound; spikelets
mostly 12 to 20 mm
long; glumes very
narrow to subulate,
firm, nerveless or 1- to
3-nerved, awn-tipped,
5 to 15 mm long, those
of the upper spikelets
usually reduced or
obsolete; lemmas 6
to 10 mm long, gla-
brous, firm, brownish,
purplish or tawny,
awn-tipped. Q —
Moist or alkaline soil,
at low and medium

: F = Eastin
elevations, Montana “"°S Geew yoo s Dene

Figure 484—Elymus are to Washington, south ;
picola,. x 1. (Palmer 356, to western Texas and Baja California (fig.
is 488). ELYMUS TRITICOIDES var. PUBESCENS

Hitche. Sheaths and involute blades pubescent. 2 Oregon,

er

aT ee. ae et

ee

252 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

California, Idaho, Nevada; rare. HEuymus TRITICOIDES var. S{MPLEX
(Scribn. and Will.) Hitche. Usually less than 60 cm tall; blades
rather short, involute; spike usually less than ~
10 cm long; spikelets mostly solitary; glumes
often rather broad at base. 2 (EK. simplex
Scribn. and Will..—Wyoming and Colorado
to California (Tahoe) and eastern Oregon
(Harney County).

9. Elymus ambiguus Vasey and _ Scribn.
(Fig. 489.) Culms few, loosely tufted, erect,
30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat
to subinvolute, 2 to 5 mm wide, scabrous; spike
erect, rather dense, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets
solitary toward the base and apex of the spike,
mostly 2- to 4-flowered; glumes subulate, sca-
brous toward the awned tip; lemmas glabrous or
scabrous on the back, about 1 cm long, short-
awned, the awn 2to5 mm long. 2 —Open
slopes at medium altitudes in the mountains,
Colorado, rare in Montana and Utah. Exymus

- =< :
——— SS is
See
ee l[ KEE KES

“: soe
ZL
- 4

—=>s
Sees
= te
Re
a

—- =
>

—

By
C { AW NIG,
AMBIGUUS Var. STRIGOSUS (Rydb.) Hitche. Lem- YAN) NG AWA
mas strigose or pubescent. 2 (£. strigosus NEAR Wy

Rydb., lemmas strigose; E. villiflorus Rydb.,
lemmas pubescent.)—Wyoming, Colorado.

10. Elymus salina Jones. SALINA WILD-RYE.
(Fig. 490.) Culms erect, 30 to 80 cm tall, some-
times scabrous below nodes and _ below spike;
sheaths scabrous;
blades firm, invo-
lute, scabrous, or
rarely softly pubes-
cent; spike slender,
erect, 5 to 12 cm
long; spikelets
mostly solitary,
often rather dis- rovre 496—z lymus , hirti-
tant, 101.5 em, > oe Sek xt oe
long; glumes sub- ~
ulate, 4 to8 mm long, sometimes reduced,
glabrous or scabrous; lemmas about 1 cm
long, awnless or rarely awn-tipped, gla-
brous or scabrous, rarely sparsely strigose,
the nerves obscure. 2 Rocky slopes
and sagebrush hills, Wyoming, Idaho,
Utah, and Arizona.

ee =
aes >
SSS
». SS
— NN
SS

FIGURE 487.—Elymus triticoides, X 1. (Cusick 763, Oreg.)

11. Elymus condensatus Presl. Giant witp-rye. (Fig. 491.)
Culms in large tufts, stout, usually 1 to 3 m tall, sometimes puberu-
lent, especially below the nodes, the rhizomes when present short and

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 253

thick: ligule 2 to 5 mm long; blades firm, strongly nerved, flat, as
much as 2 cm wide; spike erect, usually dense, 15 to 30 cm long, some-
times compound; spikelets often in threes to fives; glumes subulate,
awn-pointed, usually 1-nerved or nerveless, about as long as the first
lemma; lemmas glabrous to sparsely strigose,
awnless or mucronate. 2 -—Dry_ plains,
slopes, sand hills, and along gullies and ditches
up to medium altitudes, Minnesota to British
Columbia, south to Colorado, New Mexico,
and California (fig. 492). On the coast of Cali-
fornia there is a form with robust culms as much

: FIGURE 488.—Distribution of
as 3 m tall, compound spikes as much as 30 cm Flynvl triticotien

long and 4 cm thick, the ascending compound
branches sometimes 6 cm long. This form usually has pronounced
rhizomes; possibly distinct. HLyYmMus CONDENSATUS var. PUBENS

Piper (E. cinereus Scribn. eat
and Merr.) Sheaths and (QQ
blades harsh-puberulent. 2 \
—Washington, Nevada, and \\

California. The seeds are \\
sometimes used for food by \

Md
Mi
y

the Indians. \

i

FIGURE 489.—Elymus FIGURE 490.—Elymus

ambiguus, X 1. (Hiteh- salina, X1. (Rydberg FIGURE 491.—Elymus conden-
cock 10990, Colo.) 2041, Wyo.) satus, X1. (Butler 839, Calif.)

12. Elymus glatiicus Buckl. Buus witp-ryr. (Fig. 493.)
Culms in loose to dense tufts, often bent at base, erect, 60 to 120 cm
tall, without rhizomes, leafy; sheaths smooth or scabrous; blades flat,
usually lax, mostly 8 to 15 mm wide, usually
scabrous on both surfaces, sometimes narrow
and subinvolute; spike long-exserted, from
erect to somewhat nodding, usually dense,
commonly 5 to 20 em long, occasionally
longer; glumes lanceolate at base, 8 to 15 mm

- long, with 2 to 5 strong scabrous nerves,

PICU Mod Coen of = acuminate or awn-pointed; lemmas awned, the
. awn 1 to 2 times as long as the body, erect to

spreading. 2 —QOpen woods, copses, and dry hills at low and medi-
um altitudes, Ontario and Michigan to southern Alaska, south through
South Dakota and Colorado to New Mexico and California; Missouri

254 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

and Arkansas (fig. 494). Exceedingly variable, the commonest form is
loosely tufted, with lax blades 10 to 15 mm wide and somewhat nod-
ding spike, but plants with narrower blades and stiff spikes are
frequent, the extreme form having been differentiated as EL. angusti-

folius Davy. The cae specimen described by Buckley is a rather
small plant intermedi- |

1W/ Wi, ate in blades and spike.
Hi ij ELYMUS GLAUCUS var.

i JEPSONI Davy.
Sheaths and_ blades
pubescent. 2 —Brit-
ish Columbia to Cali-
fornia; Montana.

13. Elymus viréscens
Piper. (Fig. 495.) Re-
sembling EF. glaucus
and nearly as variable
in habit, often decum-
bent at base; sheaths
from glabrous to re-
FIGURE 498—Elymus trorsely pubescent,

5150, Idaho.) blades 2 to 12 mm
wide, glabrous to
harsh-puberulent;
spike 5 to 15 cm
long, dense, spike-
lets imbricate;
glumes flat, 1 to 2

= mm wide, strongly
ie aan oe of nerved, pointed or
awn-tipped; lem-

mas glabrous to scabrous,
barely awn-tipped or with
an awn 1 to 4 mm long.
2 —Moist woods, south-
ern Alaska to California.

14. Elymus _hirsitus
Presl. (Fig. 496.) Culms
solitary or in small tufts,
50 to 140 cm tall, rather
weak; blades flat, lax, 4
to 10 mm wide, scabrous;
spike drooping, mostly "'°"Upnompsou 733, Wash)’

, loose, the rachis exposed;
Figure 495—Elymus_ spikelets mostly about 15 mm long; glumes] about

(Flett, Wash.) +1 mm wide, strongly nerved, awned; lemmas sparsely

long-hirsute along the margin toward the summit,
sometimes coarsely pubescent on the back, the slender awn flexuous
or divergent, 1.5 to 2 cm long. 2 —Moist woods or open ground,
Alaska to Oregon.

15. Elymus macotinii Vasey. Macoun witp-rye. (Fig. 497.)
Culms densely tufted, erect, slender, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths gla-
brous or rarely pubescent; blades erect, rather firm, subinvolute,
usually scabrous on both surfaces, 10 to 20 cm long, mostly 2 to 5mm

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES yARSa

wide; spike slender, erect or somewhat nodding, 4 to 12 cm long,
usually about 5 mm thick (excluding awns), the slender rachis tardily
disarticulating ; spikelets imbricate, appressed, mostly 2-flowered, about
1 cm long, excluding the awns; glumes very narrow, scabrous, slightly
divergent but not bowed out at base, the midnerve usually distinct; lem-
mas scabrous toward the apex, extend-

ing into slender straight awns 1 to 2 cm

long. 21 —Meadows and open ground, Ne

FIGURE 498.—Distribution of
lymus macownii.

FIGURE 499.—Elymus
aristatus, X 1. (Chase
4762, Idaho.)

macounii. Disartic- N -

ulating spike, X 1. FIGURE 500.—Distribution of
(Anderson, Mont.) Elymus aristatus.

FIGURE 497.—Elymus

Minnesota to Alaska and eastern Wash-
ington, south to Iowa, Nebraska, New Fisvze ae Seen ecto Tite ea)
Mexico, and California (fig. 498). iW

16. Elymusaristatus Merr. (Fig.499.) Culms tufted, rather leafy,
erect, 70 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, blades flat, 5 to 10 mm wide;
spike erect, dense, 6 to 14 cm long, 5 to 10 mm thick, the rachis tardily
disarticulating; spikelets closely imbricate, often in threes, 1- to 2-flow-
ered, about 1 em long, excluding the awns; glumes subsetaceous, sca-
brous, 10 to 20 mm long; lemmas slightly wider than in EF. macounii,
sparsely scabrous at least on the upper half, the slender straight awn
10 to 20 mm long. 2 Meadows and open slopes, at middle alti-
tudes, Idaho and Washington, south to Nevada and California (fig. 500).

§5974°—35——17

256 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

17. Elymus villésus Muhl. (Fig. 501.) Culms tufted, ascending,
slender, 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to sparsely pilose; blades
flat, lax, pubescent on upper surface, glabrous or scabrous beneath;
spike drooping, dense, 5 to 12 cm long; glumes subsetaceous, spread-
ing, distinctly nerved above the firm cylindric
nerveless divergent or somewhat bowed-out
base, hirsute, 12 to 20 mm long; lemmas nerved
toward the tip, hispidulous to hirsute, 7 to 8
mm long, about 1.2 mm across the back, the
straight slender awn 1to3cmlong. 2 (E#.
striatus, American authors, not Willd. Moist
FIGURE ite rtteron of or dry woods and shaded slopes, Vermont to

North Dakota and Wyoming, south to North
Carolina, Alabama, and Texas (fig. 502). E. arkansanus Scribn. and
Ball is a form with glabrous or scabrous spikelets.

18. Elymus interriptus Buckl. (Fig. 503.) Culms erect, 70 to 130
cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat scabrous, 5 to 12 mm wide;
spike flexuous or nodding, 8 to
20 cm long; glumes setaceous or
nearly so, 1 to 3 cm long, one or
both reduced in occasional spike-
lets, mostly flexuous or spread-
ing, the nerves obscure at least
toward the base; lemmas
hirsute to scabrous, or glabrous,
about 1 cm long, about 2 mm
across the back, the awn flexu-
ous or divergent, 1 to 3 cm long.

FIGuRE 504.—Distribution of
Elymus interruptus.

2 (E. diversiglumis Scribn. and
Ball.)—Rich, open moist soil,
Wisconsin to North Dakota and
Wyoming;. Tennessee, Okla-
homa, Texas, and northern
Mexico (fig. 504).

19. Elymus canadénsis L.
CANADA WILD-RYE. (Fig. 505.)
Green or often glaucous; culms
erect, tufted, mostly 1 to 1.5 m
tall; sheaths glabrous or rarely Bei:
pubescent; blades flat, scabrous FiGUR# 503.—Elymus gale ied xX 1. (Grant 3071,
or sparsely hispid on the upper :
surface, mostly 1 to 2 cm wide; spike thick and bristly, nodding
or drooping, often interrupted below, 10 to 25 cm long, sometimes
glaucous; spikelets commonly in threes or fours, slightly spreading;
glumes narrow, mostly 2- to 4-nerved, scabrous, sometimes hispid
but less so than the lemmas, the bases somewhat indurate and diver-
gent but scarcely bowed out, the awn about as long as the body; lem-

i at cl

257

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FicurE 505.—Elymus canadensis. Plant, X %; spikelet and floret, X 5.

258 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mas scabrous-hirsute to hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrous, strongly
nerved above, the awn divergently curved when dry, 2 to 3 em
long. 2 River banks, open ground, and
sandy soil, Quebec to southern Alaska, south to
North Carolina, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, and
northern California (fig. 506). EnLymus
CANADENSIS var. ROBUSTUS (Scribn. and
Smith) Mackenz. and Bush. Differing in the
stouter and denser only slightly nodding very
Mieuay Ob Distibulonel “bristly spikes. \ Of —“Praines Nassachueese

to Montana, south to Kentucky, Missouri,
Texas, and Arizona. ELYMUS CANADENSIS var BRACHYSTACHYS
(Scribn. and Ball) Farwell. Lemmas glabrous or
nearly so. 2 —Moist open or partly shaded
eround, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New
Mexico. Grades into /. canadensis; many specimens
of HL. canadensis from Kansas to North Dakota
have sparingly hirsute lemmas, showing a transition
to this variety.

20. Elymus riparius Wiegand. (Fig. 507.) Culms
rather slender, erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall;sheaths glabrous;
blades rather thin, flat, 5 to 15 mm wide, scabrous;
spike somewhat nodding, 7 to 20 cm long; glumes
narrow, about 1 mm wide at the middle, 2- to 4-
nerved, somewhat indurate but scarcely bowed out
at base; lemmas minutely hispidulous to glabrous, :
the awn straight, mostly 2 to 3 cm long. 2 Pane
—River banks and low ground, Quebec and Maine parius, x 1. (Wood:
to Michigan, south to North Carolina, Ohio, and “"” °°"
Indiana; Arkansas (fig. 508). Differing from
E. virginicus var. glabriflorus in the nodding
spike and less indurate glumes; from FE. cana-
densis in the straight awns and narrower and
somewhat more indurate glumes. When the
ranges of #. riparius and E. canadensis coincide
the latter may be distinguished by the hirsute-
FIGURE 508.—Distribution of ubescent lemmas.

re oe : 21. Elymus virginicus L. VirGINIA wWILD-
RYE. (Fig. 509.) Culms tufted, erect, 60 to
120 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat,
scabrous, mostly 5 to 15 mm wide; spike usu-
ally erect, often partly included, 5 to 15 cm
long; glumes strongly nerved, firm, indurate,
yellowish, nerveless and bowed out at base
leaving a rounded sinus, broadened above (1.5
to 2mm wide), scabrous, the apex somewhat
curved, tapering into a straight awn, about as
long as the body or shorter; lemmas glabrous
and nerveless below, scabrous and nerved
above, tapering into a straight awn usually
about 1 cm long. 2 —Moist ground, low HUN Oe
woods, and along streams, Newfoundland
to Alberta, south to Florida and Arizona (fig.510). Sometimes called

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 259

Terrell grass. A variable species of which the following intergrading
varieties may be distinguished.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS Var. GLABRIFLORUS (Vasey) Bush. Glumes
mostly less bowed out; lemmas glabrous; awns mostly 2 to 3 cm long,
the spike more bristly. 2 —Maine to Kansas, south to Florida
and New Mexico.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS var. HALOPHILUS (Bickn.) Wiegand. More
slender, usually glaucous; blades narrower, often becoming involute;
spikes and spikelets somewhat smaller. 2 —Brackish marshes
and moist sand along the coast, Maine to New Jersey.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS var. suBMUTIcUS Hook. Glumes and lemmas
awnless or nearly so. 2 —Woods and open ground, Quebec to
Washington, south to Rhode Island; Ohio and Kentucky to Okla-
homa and Montana.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS Var. INTERMEDIUS (Vasey) Bush. Glumes,
lemmas, and rachis more or less hirsute, the awns about as in £.
virginicus. A (LE. hirsutiglumis Scribn.)—Thickets and low ground,
Maine to Iowa, south to Florida and Texas.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS var. AUSTRALIS (Scribn. and Ball) Hitche.
Differing from E. virginicus var. intermedius in the stouter, bristly
spike and longer awns; differing from L. virgin-
icus var. glabriflorus in the hirsute or strongly
scabrous glumes and lemmas. 2 -—Prairies,
rocky hills, and open woods, Vermont to lowa,
south to Florida and Texas.

ELyMus GicgaNtTEus Vahl. Robust perennial from
stout rhizomes; blades numerous at base, elongate; spike

dense, 15 to 20 em long, about 2 cm thick; glumes Kashar Stine iets 3
and lemmas sharp-pointed, the glumes glabrous, the
lemmas pubescent below. 2 —Occasionally cultivated for ornament. Siberia

44. SITANION Raf. SgurRRELTAIL

Spikelets 2- to few-flowered, the uppermost floret reduced, usually
2 at each node of a disarticulating rachis, the rachis breaking at the
base of each joint, remaining attached as a poimted stipe to the
spikelets above; glumes narrow or setaceous, 1- to 3-nerved, the
nerves prominent, extending into one to several awns, these (when
more than one) irregular in size, sometimes mere lateral appendages
of the long central awn, sometimes equal, the glume being bifid;
lemmas firm, convex on the back, nearly terete, 5-nerved, the nerves
obscure, the apex slightly 2-toothed, the central nerve extending into
a long, slender, finally spreading awn, sometimes one or more of the
lateral nerves also extending into short awns; palea firm, nearly as
long as the body of the lemma, the two keels serrulate. Low or rather
tall tufted perennials, with bristly spikes. Type species, Sitanion
elymoides Raf. (S. hystrix). Name from Greek sitos, grain.

The species are exceedingly variable, being glabrous to densely
pubescent and green to glaucous; the glumes and lemmas vary in
division and length of awns. Some 15 to 25 variations have been
recognized as species, but study of extensive collections shows that
most of the characters used in differentiating the forms are incon-
stant and combine in various ways.

260 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The species are widespread in the Western States but do not form
complete stands. They have forage value when young but at ma-
turity the disarticulating joints of the spike, with their pointed
rachis joints and long-awned spikelets, are blown about by the wind
and often cause injury to stock, penetrating the mouth, nose, and
ears, working in by means of the forwardly roughened awns, and
causing inflammation. Grazed also after the heads are blown off.
The commonest species is S. hystriz.

Spike much longer than broad; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2- to 4-nerved.

4m Lie . HANSENI.

Spike as broad as long or broader; glumes bristle-like, 1- or obscurely 2-nerved.
Glumes cleft into at least 3 fine divisions_______________- 2. S. JUBATUM,
Glaumes ‘entire on 2-clelpeys 2 2! Sa Se Se es aa oe a 3. S. HAYSTRIX

1. Sitanion hanséni (Scribn.) J.G.Smith. HANSEN SQUIRRELTAIL.
(Fig. 511.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths and blades glabrous or
scabrous to softly pubescent, the blades flat to
subinvolute, 2 to 8 mm wide; spike somewhat
nodding or flexuous, 8 to 20 cm long; glumes
narrowly lanceolate, sometimes bifid, 2- to 3-
nerved, long-awned, lower lemmas about 8 mm
long, the awn 4 to 5 cm long, divergent when
dry and mature. 2 —Open woods and rocky
slopes, Idaho to eastern Washington, Utah, and
California (fig. 512). Pubescent plants have been
differentiated as S. anomalum J. G.'Smith.

2. Sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith. Bic squir-
RELTAIL. (Fig. 513.) Culms erect to ascending,
FIGURE 511.—Sitanion 20 to 60 cm tall, rarely taller; foliage glabrous

hansen x *¢. (Suksdorf or scabrous to white-villous, the blades flat, often

becoming involute, mostly not more than 4 mm
wide; spike erect, dense, 3 to 10 cm long, thick and bushy from the
numerous long slender spreading awns; glumes split into 3 or more
long awns; lemmas mostly 8 to 10 mm long, smooth, or scabrous
toward apex, the awns and those of the glumes
spreading, 3 to 10 cm long, rarely shorter. 2
—Rocky or brushy hillsides and open dry
woods and plains, Idaho to eastern Washington,
south to Utah, Nevada, and Baja California
(fig. 514). Occasionally a few of the glumes
in a spike are divided into only 2 awns. Short- Fieure 512—Distribution of
awned plants have been differentiated as S. ° aia Lae es
breviaristatum J. G. Smith and the more densely pubescent plants as
S. villosum J. G. Smith.

3. Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith. SgqurrrettarL. (Fig.
515.) Culms erect to spreading, rather stiff, 10 to 50 cm tall; foliage
from glabrous or puberulent to softly and densely white-pubescent,
the blades flat to involute, rather stiffly ascending to spreading, 5 to 20
cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide, rarely as much as 5 mm wide; spike mostly
short-exserted or partly included, erect, 2 to 7 cm, rarely 10 cm long
or longer, the glumes very narrow, 1- to 2-nerved, the nerves extend-
ing into scabrous awns, sometimes bifid to the middle, or bearing a
bristle or awn along one margin; lemmas convex, smooth or scabrous
to appressed pubescent, sometimes glaucous, the awns of glumes and
lemmas widely spreading, 2 to 10 cm long. 2 —_Dry hills, plains,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 261

open woods, and rocky slopes, South Dakota to British Columbia,

FiGURE 513.—Sitanion jubatum. Pair of spiklets, X 2. (Type.)

south to Missouri, Texas, California, and Mexico (fig. 516). At high

FicvuReE 514.—Distribution of
Sitanion jubatum.

and S. montanum J.

altitudes plants often dwarf. Softly pubes-
cent plants have been differentiated as S.
cinereum J.G. Smith (the pubescence whitish)
and S. velutinum Piper; short-awned plants
as S. insulare J. G. Smith and S. marginatum
Scribn. and Merr.; rather small plants with
unusually slender awns as S. minus J. G. Smith,
and tall plants with coarse spikes as S. brevi-
folium J. G. Smith, S. longifolium J. G. Smith,
G. Smith.

45. HYSTRIX Moench

eae 2- to 4-flowered, 1 to 4 at each node of a continuous flat-
tened rachis, horizontally spreading or ascending at maturity; glumes
reduced to short or minute awns, the first usually obsolete, both often
wanting in the upper spikelets; "lemmas convex, rigid, tapering into
long awns, 5-nerved, the nerves obscure except toward the tip; palea

262 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

about as long as the body of the lemma. Erect perennials, with flat
blades and bristly, loosely flowered spikes. Type species, Elymus
hystric L. (Hystriz patula). Hustrix, Greek name for the porcupine,

FIGURE 515.-—-Sitanion hystrix. Plant, X 1%; spikelet and floret, X 3. (Hitchcock 2289, Colo.)

alluding to the bristly spikes. The species have little forage value as
they are nowhere abundant. The first species is worthy of cultivation
for ornament.

263

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 516.—Distribution of Sitanion hystriz.

ee ae ee ae

-~ oe

(Moyer, Minn.)

FIGURE 517.—Hystriz patula. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 3.

264 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Spikelets soon divergent; lemmas glabrous or pubescent, not hispid.

H. PATULA.
Spikelets ascending or appressed; lemmas appressed-hispid.

H. CALIFORNICA.

1. Hystrix patula Moench. BorttesrusnH. (Fig. 517.) Culms
slender, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or scabrous, rarely re-
trorsely pubescent; blades mostly 7 to 15 mm
wide; spike nodding, 8 to 15 cm long, the inter-
nodes of the slender rachis 5 to.10 mm long;
spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 to 1.5 em long,
horizontally spreading toward maturity; lem-
mas glabrous or sometimes coarsely pubescent,
Wee the awns 1 to 4 cm long, slender, straight. 2
Figure 518" Distribution of = (H. hystrix Millsp.)—Moist or rocky woods,

Nova Scotia to North Dakota, south to Georgia
and Arkansas (fig. 518). Plants with pubescent lemmas have been
differentiated as H. patula var. bigeloviana (Fernald) Deam. Such
plants occur throughout the range, except from Delaware, Maryland,
and southward.

2. Hystrix californica (Boland.) Kuntze. (Fig. 519.) Culms stout,
1 to 2 m tall; sheaths hispid or the upper smooth; blades as much as
2 cm wide; spike 12 to 25 cm long; spikelets usually 3 or 4 at a node,
1.2 to 1.5 cm long, thicker than in H. patula, ascending at maturity;
lemmas hispidulous, the awn about 2 cm long. 2 —Woods and
shaded banks, near the coast, Marin County to Santa Cruz County,
Calif. In addition to the sessile spikelets there may be a short branch
bearing one or two spikelets. :

46. HORDEUM L. Barury

the back of the lemma turned from the rachis,
the middle spikelet sessile, the lateral ones
pediceled; rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and, in the central spikelet, prolonged
behind the palea as a bristle and sometimes
bearing a rudimentary floret; lateral spikelets
usually imperfect, sometimes reduced to bris-
tles; glumes narrow, often subulate and awned,
rigid, standing in front of the spikelet; lemmas
rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually obscurely
so, tapering into a usually long awn. Annual
or perennial low or rather tall grasses, with flat
blades and dense bristly spikes. Type species, oe.
Hordeum vulgare. Hordeum, the old Latin name M6pR 20. ee. Gul
for barley. X 3. (Vasey, Calif.)

Aside from the well-known cultivated barley, H. vulgare, the species
are of relatively minor value. All furnish forage when young but
many species are aggressive weeds and some (especially H. gubatum)
are at maturity injurious to stock because of the sharp-pointed joints
of the mature spikes, which pierce the nose and mouth parts.

= —
Sa a

——— =
SSS

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 265

Plants perennial; awns slender.
Central spikelet usually 2-flowered; lateral spikelets short-pedicellate.
H. MONTANENSE.

Central spikelet 1-flowered; lateral spikelets long-pedicellate.

Pewasice say, 25 Semen, earns St 8 3 OE rs ee ek 2. H. JUBATUM.
Awne mnetly less than)! cm.long 9-9 3. H. NODOSUM.
Plants annual; awns stouter.
tee or BOING GF BBeME CINALes 22 7. H. MURINUM.
Glumes not ciliate.
Glumes of the fertile spikelet dilated above the base____ 4. H. pusiLLumM.

Glumes not dilated.
Rachis continuous; floret of central spikelet about 1 cm long.
8. H. VULGARE.
Rachis disarticulating; floret of central spikelet less than 1 cm long.
Plant freely branching at base; awns stout, rigid, somewhat divergent at

matory? =) 5 eee Cee ee oie anes 5. H. GUSSONEANUM.
Plant simple or sparingly branching; awns setaceous, softer and less
GNVETE EMG sire ia iniriby 28 Ne db gt 6. H. ADSCENDENS.

1. Hordeum montanénse Beal. (Fig. 520.) Culms 60 to 100 em
tall; sheaths glabrous; blades flat, lax, scabrous, 5 to 8 mm wide; spike
nodding, 8 to 17 cm long; central
spikelets usually 2-flowered, with a
rudiment of a third floret; lateral
spikelets short-pedicellate or nearly
sessile, usually well developed;
glumes slightly broadened above
the base, 1 to 3.5 cm long including
awns; lower floret of central spikelet
about 8 mm long, the awn 1.5 to
3.5 em long. A (H. pammeli
Scribn. and Ball.)—Prairies, Lli-
nois, lowa, South Dakota, Montana,
and Wyoming; introduced at St.
Jovite, Quebec (fig.521). Variable
and somewhat anomalous; lateral spikelets sometimes with 2 florets.
Approaches Elymus but lateral spikelets short-pedicellate.

2. Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtait BARLEY. (Fig. 522.) Peren-
nial, tufted; culms erect, or decumbent at base, 30 to 60 em tall;
blades 2 to 5 mm wide, scabrous; spike nodding, 5 to 10 cm long,
about as wide, soft, pale; lateral spikelets reduced to 1 to 3 spread-
ing awns; glumes of perfect spikelet awnlike, 2.5 to 6 cm long,
spreading; lemma 6 to 8 mm long with an awn
as long as the glumes. 2 M—Open ground,
meadows and waste places, Newfoundland and
Labrador to Alaska, south to Maryland, Illi-
nois, Missouri, Texas, California, and Mexico;
introduced in the Eastern States (fig. 523). A
—= troublesome weed in the Western States, es-
FicuRE 21 Distribution of pecially in irrigated meadows. HorpEUM

JUBATUM Var. CAESPITOSUM (Scribn.) Hitche.
BosTalIL BARLEY. Awns1.5 to 3 cm long. (H. caespitosum Scribn.)
North Dakota to Alaska, south to Kansas and Arizona.

_3. Hordeum nodésum L. Merapow paruey. (Fig. 524.) Peren-
nial, tufted; culms erect or sometimes spreading, 10 to 50 ecm tall;
foliage rather scant, blades flat; spike slender, 2 to 8 em long; glumes
all setaceous, 8 to 15 mm long; lemma of perfect spikelet 7 to 8 mm
long, the awn exceeding the glumes; floret of lateral spikelets much
reduced. 2 —Meadows, moist places, and open ground, Montana,

Chase 1467, Ill.)

—eE

266 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to Alaska, south to New Mexico and California; introduced in several

localities in the Eastern States (fig. 525); also in southern South

America, and widely dispersed in the Old World. Horprum nopo-

SUM var. BOREALE (Scribn. and Smith) Hitche. As much as 1 m

tall; blades as much as 8 mm wide; florets of lateral spikelets larger,
sometimes as large as the
floret of the central spikelet.
Intergrading with H. nodo-
sum. 2 (H. boreale Scribn.
and Smith.)—-Near the coast,
Alaska to Idaho and north-
ern California.

4. Hordeum pusillum
Nutt.; -Lirthe BARE Ee
(Fig. 526.) Annual; culms
10 to 35 em tall; blades
erect, flat; spike erect, 2 to
7cmlong,10to 14mm wide;
first glume of the lateral
spikelets and both glumes
of the fertile spikelet dilated
above the base, attenuate
into a slender awn 8 to 15
mm long, the glumes very
scabrous; lemma of central
spikelet awned, of lateral
spikelets awn-pointed. ©
—Plains and open, espe-
cially alkaline, ground, Del-

* aware to Washington, south
to Florida, southern Califor-
nia, and northern Mexico;
also Maine; common west-
ward, rare in the Atlantic

FIGURE 522.—Hordewm jubatum, X 1. (Blankinship 189, States; also southern South
wea America (fig. 527). Hor-

DEUM PUSILLUM var. PUBENS Hitche. Spikes broader; spikelets pu-

bescent; dilated glumes wider. 2 —Texas to Utah and Arizona.
5. Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. MEDITERRANEAN BARLEY.

(Fig. 528.) Annual; culms freely branching and spreading or genicu-

ie at base, i to 40 cm tall; sheaths and flat blades, especially the
ower, more or less pubescent; spike erect, 1.5 ae
Ney

to 3 cm long, 10 to 15 mm wide; glumes seta-
ceous, nearly glabrous to scabrous, about 12 eee
mm long; lemma of central spikelet 5 mm long,
the awn somewhat longer than the glumes;
floret of lateral spikelets reduced, short-awned.
© —Fields and waste places, Utah to Brit- Ficure 523—Distribution of
ish Columbia, Arizona, and California; Mas- Fhe gy rik
sachusetts, New Jersey (fig. 529); introduced from Europe.
Hordeum marinum Huds. Differing from H. gussoneanwm in the
glabrous dissimilar glumes of the lateral spikelets, the outer subulate,
the inner somewhat broader. © (H. maritimum With.)—On
ballast, Camden, N. J.; Europe. er

267

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 524.—Hordeum nodosum. Plant, X %; group of spikelets and floret, X 3, (Whited 433, Wash.)

268 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

6. Hordeum adscéndens H.B.K. (Fig. 530.) Annual; culms
geniculate at base, 20 to 50 cm tall; spike erect, 3 to 6 cm long ex-
cluding awns; glumes all reduced to awns, scabrous, mostly 1.5 to

2 emt lone, (some want
spreading, the awn of the
fertile floret as long as
the glumes. © —Dry
open ground, Arizona and
and Mexico.

7. Hordeum murinum ve
MOUS 8) 8 Ate Lim ye Oe aaa ey eee mee
(Bie. S3tay Annu alli:
culms bushy-branched, spreading; sheaths and blades smooth; spike
5 to 7 cm long, often partially enclosed by the uppermost inflated
sheath; glumes of the central spikelet narrowly fusiform, 3-nerved,
long-ciliate on both margins, the nerves scabrous,
the awn about 2.5 cm long; glumes of
the lateral spikelets unlike, the inner
similar to the central ones, the outer
setaceous, not ciliate; lemmas all
broad, 8 to 10 mm long, the awns
somewhat exceeding those of the
glumes. © -—-Fields, waste places,
and open ground, introduced from
Europe; here and there in the Eastern
States from Maine to Alabama; com-
mon on the Pacific coast, Idaho and
British Columbia, south to Utah, New

Mexico, and California (fig. 532).
Wl 8. Hordeum vulgare L. Bartey.
ee nea. (Hig. 533.) Annual; culms erect, 60
lum,X1. (Hiteh- to 120 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 5 FIGURE 528, — Hordeum
Dak) to 15 mm wide; spike erect or nearly —Gitehcock 2688, Calif,
so, 2 to 10 cm long, excluding awns;
glumes divergent at base, narrow, nerveless, gradually passing into a
stout awn; awn of lemma straight, erect, mostly 10 to 15 cm long.
© —Cultivated for the grain, sometimes spontaneous in fields and
waste places but not persistent. There are two
eroups of the cultivated barleys. In the 2-
rowed forms (H. distichon L.) the lateral spike-
lets are fairly well developed but sterile. The
probable ancestor for at least a part of these is
H. spontaneum eee, of as In Dee ecoue
roup all the spikelets produce large seed. — De Sa
These are called ee (H. hexastichon L.) or, Bari Pens x
if the lateral florets overlap, 4-rowed barleys
(in European literature). In some varieties the caryopsis is naked.
The ancestor of the 6-rowed barleys is not known but probably was
similar to some of our cultivated varieties of this group. Horprum
VULGARE var. TRIFURCATUM (Schlecht.) Alefeld, BEARDLESS BARLEY.
Awns suppressed or converted into irregular short lobes or teeth.

FIGURE 525.—Distribution of 1;
Hordeum nodosum.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 269

47. LOLIUM L. Ryesarass

Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, placed edgewise to the con-
tinuous rachis, one edge fitting to the alternate concavities, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
first glume wanting (except
on the terminal spikelet and
rarely in 1 or 2 spikelets in
a spike), the second outward,
strongly 3- to 5-nerved,
equaling or exceeding the
second floret; lemmas
rounded on the back, 5- to
7-nerved, obtuse, acute, or
. awned. Annuals or peren-
nials, with flat blades and
slender usually flat spikes.
Type species, Loliwm perenne.
Lolium, an old Latin name
for darnel.

Lolium perenne, perennial
or English ryegrass, was the
first meadow grass to be cul-
tivated in Europe as a dis-
tinct segregated species, the
meadows and pastures for-
merly being native species.
This and L. multiflorum,
Fiure 530.—Hordeum adscen- Italian ryegrass, are probably fovre 531.—Hordeum

Ym % + (nornber the most important of the eas Cait)
European forage grasses.
- Both species are used in the United States to a limited extent for
meadow, pasture, and lawn. They are of importance in the south
for winter forage. In the Eastern States the ryegrasses are often
sown in mixtures for parks or public grounds,
where a vigorous early growth is required.
The young plants can be distinguished from
bluegrass by the glossy dark-green foliage.
L. temulentum, darnel, is occasionally found as
a weed in grainfields and waste places. It is
; in bad repute, because of the presence in the
Figure 532."“Distribution of rain of a narcotic poison, said to be due to
a fungus. Darnel is supposed to be the plant
referred to as the tares sown by the enemy in the parable of Scripture.

Glume shorter than the spikelet; perennials.

Lemmas nearly or quite awnless__.____.__.______________- 1. L. PERENNE.

Lemmas, at least the upper, awned_________________- 2. L. MULTIFLORUM.
Glume as long as or longer than the spikelet; annuals.

Spike flat; spikelets much wider than the rachis_______ 3. L. TEMULENTUM.

Spike subcylindric; spikelets scarcely wider than the rachis.
L. SUBULATUM

1. Lolium perénne L. PrRENNIAL RyEGRASS. (Fig. 534, B.)
Short-lived perennial; culms erect or decumbent at base, 30 to 60 cm
tall; foliage glossy, the blades 2 to 4 mm wide; spike often subfalcate,
mostly 15 to 25 cm long; spikelets mostly 6- to 10-flowered; lemmas

270 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 533.—Hordewm vulgare. Plant, X 4%; group of spikelets and floret, X 3. Spike of beardless barley
) t.

»xX¥%. (Cult.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 271

FIGURE 534.—A, Lolium multiflorum. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 3; floret, X 5. (Suksdorf 5142, Wash.)
B, L. perenne, X %. (Kimball, D.C.)

55974°—35——_18

272 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

5 to 7 mm long, awnless or nearly so. 2 —Meadows and waste
places, Newfoundland to Alaska and south to Virginia and California,
occasionally farther south; cultivated in meadows, pastures, and
lawns, introduced from Europe. Also called English ryegrass.
LOLIUM PERENNE var. CRISTATUM Pers. Spikes ovate, the spikelets
crowded, horizontally spreading. 2 —Open ground, Wilmington,
Del., and Washington, D. C.; ballast, Salem and Kola,
Oreg.; adventive from Europe.

Lolium strictum Presl. Annual; branched and
spreading at base, 10 to 30 cm tall; spike thickish, 5
to 10 cm long, the rachis thick but flattish and angled.
© —Introduced at Berkeley, Calif.; Europe. Re-
sembles L. subulatum but the spikelets not sunken in
a cylindric rachis.

2. Lolium multifl6rum Lam. ITALIAN RYEGRASS.
(Fig. 534, A.) Differing from L. perenne in the more
robust habit, larger spikelets, and awned lemmas;
spikelets 10- to 20-flowered, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long; lemmas
7 to 8 mm long, at least the upper awned. 2 (L.
italicum A. Br.)—About the same range as L. perenne,
especially common on the Pacific coast where it is often
called Australian ryegrass. Introduced from Europe.
iA Scarcely more than a variety of L. perenne but general-
Fiaure 5354, ly recognized as distinct agriculturally. A much

jatium temuten~ reduced form has been called forma muicrostachyum

berg 771, Oreg.) Uechtritz.—California.

St, sane: Lolium rigidum Gaudin. Annual; foliage blue-green;

Oreg.) spikes rather stiff; otherwise like L. multiflorum. ©
—Wheat fields, North Dakota (Milton, Calio); Europe.

3. Lolium temuléntum L. Darneu. (Fig. 535, A.) Annual;
culms 60 to 90 cm tall; blades mostly 3 to 6 mm wide; spike strict,
15 to 20 cm long; glume about 2.5 cm long, as long as or longer than
the 5- to 7-flowered spikelet, firm, pointed; florets plump, the lemmas
as much as 8 mm long, obtuse, awned, the awn as much as 8 mm long.
© —Grainfields and waste places, occasional throughout the eastern
United States and rather common on the Pa-
cific coast (fig. 536); introduced from Europe.
LoLIUM TEMULENTUM Var. LEPTOCHAETON A.
Br. Lemmas awnless. © —Washington to
California, occasional on the Atlantic coast,
Maine to Texas; introduced from Europe.

4. Lolium subulatum Vis. (Fig. 535, B.) 7 one
Annual; culms freely branching at base, stiffly F!¢UBE 536." Distribution of
spreading or prostrate; foliage scant, blades
short; spike subcylindric, rigid, often curved; spikelets sunken in
the excavations of the rachis, the florets partly hidden by the ap-
pressed obtuse strongly nerved glume; lemmas 5mm long. © —
On ballast, near Portland, Oreg.; introduced from Europe.

N&rdus stricta L. Slender tufted perennial; sheaths crowded at
the base of the plant; blades slender, involute, rather stiff; spike
slender, 1-sided, 3 to 8 cm long; spikelets 1-flowered; first glume

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 273

wanting; second glume minute; lemma narrow, acuminate or

— Ss eel tL ed 6 err aes

if

A short-awned, sca-

A brous. © —In- |
( troduced in New- H
foundland, New

Hampshire (Wa- i

terville) and New by

ll AWtZ York (Fulton |
Ni JZ if
| hi GZ County); Europe. '

48. LEPTURUS R. Br.

Spikelets 1-flowered,
embedded in the hard,
cylindric articulate
rachis and falling at-
tached to the joints; first
olume wanting except on
the terminal spikelet, the
second glume closing the
cavity of the rachis and
flush with the surface,
indurate, nerved, acu-
minate, longer than the
joint of the rachis; lem-
ma with its back to the
rachis, hyaline, shorter
than the glume,3-nerved ;
palea a little shorter
than the lemma, hyaline.

Low annuals or peren-
nials, with slender cylin-
dric spikes. Type spe-

F PPL) Pee es the: -CEBEY Lepturus repens
IGURE 537.—Lepturus cylindricus. ant, X 4; aoe (Forst.) eG ee pene

joint and spikelet, X 5. (Parish 4446, Calif.
from Greek leptos,
slender, and oura, tail, alluding to the slender inflorescence.

274 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Lepturus cylindricus (Willd.) Trin. Turtntain. (Fig. 537.)
Annual; culms bushy-branched, spreading or prostrate, 10 to 30 cm
tall; spike curved, narrowed upward; glume 6 mm long, acuminate;
lemma 5 mm long, pointed; axis disarticulating at maturity, the
spikelets remaining attached to the joints. © —Salt marshes,
San Francisco Bay, Calif., south to San Diego and Santa Catalina
Island; introduced from the Old World.

49. PHOLIURUS Trin.

Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, embedded in the cylindric articulate
rachis and falling attached to the joints; glumes two, placed in front
of the spikelet and enclosing it, cori-
aceous, 5-nerved, acute, asymmetric,
appearing like halves of a single split
glume; lemma with its back to the
rachis, smaller than the glumes, hya-
line, 1-nerved; palea a little shorter

i)
————

SO
=>

SS

SSS
——

\
~~)
ss

N

L\
CN

NS
WN

\

FIGURE 538.—Pholiurus incurvus. Plant, X 4%; rachis joint and spikelet, X 5. (Trask, Calif.)

than the lemma, hyaline. Low annuals, with slender cylindric spikes.
Type species, Pholiurus pannonica (Host) Trin. Name from Greek
pholis, horny scale, and oura, tail, alluding to ———

the coriaceous spikes.

1. Pholiurus incfrvus (L.) Schinz and
Thell. Srckte Grass. (Fig. 538.) Culms
tufted, decumbent at base, 10 to 20 cm tall;
blades short, narrow; spike 7 to 10 cm long,
cylindric, curved; spikelets 7 mm long, pointed. — revrx 539—Distribution of
© (P. incurvatus Hitche.)—Mud. flats and = Pholiurusineurous. —
salt marshes along the coast, New Jersey to Virginia; California;
Portland, Oreg. (fig, 539); introduced from Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 210

50. SCRIBNERIA Hack.

Spikelets 1-flowered, solitary, appressed flatwise against the
somewhat thickened continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating
above the glumes, prolonged as a very minute hairy stipe; glumes
equal, narrow, firm, acute, keeled on the outer nerves, the first
2-nerved, the second 4-nerved; lemma shorter than the glumes,
membranaceous, obscurely nerved, the apex short-bifid, the faint
midnerve extending as a slender awn; palea about as long as the
lemma; stamen 1. Low annual, with slender cylindric spikes.
Type species, Scribneria bolandert. Named for F, Lamson-Scribner.

1. Scribneria bolandéri
(Thurb.) Hack. (Fig.

540.) Culms branching at

base, erect or ascending,

7 to 30 cm tall; foliage
scant, the blades subfili- |
form; ligule about 3 mm 1}
long; spike about 1 mm
thick, usually one third 1
to half the entire height \N\
of the plant, the inter- \ \

nodes 4 to 6 mm long; \ ‘N
spikelets about 7 mm long; \\
lemmas pubescent at base, A \\

the awn erect, 2 to 4 mm
long. © —Sandy or
sterile ground, in the ~
mountains, Washington to
California; rare or over-
looked, very inconspicuous

TRIBE 4. AVENEAE
51. SCHISMUS Beauv.

Spikelets several - flow- ‘Gi
ered, the rachilla disartic- Poy
ulating above the glumes
and between the florets; Tovme 40st tntndr. Plant. x 2: rachis joint
glumes subequal, longer
than the first floret, usually as long as the spikelet, with white mem-
branaceous margins; lemmas broad, rounded on the back, several-
nerved, pilose along the lower part of the margin, bidentate; palea
broad, hyaline, the nerves at the margin. Low tufted annuals with
filiform blades and small panicles. Type species, Schismus marginatus
Beauv. (S. barbatus). Name from Greek, schismos, a splitting, re-
ferring to the bidentate lemmas. This genus has usually been placed
in the tribe Festuceae, but its characters place it more naturally
in the tribe Aveneae.

1. Schismus barbatus (L.) Chase. (Fig. 541.) Culms tufted,
erect to prostrate-spreading, 5 to 35 cm tall; blades usually less than

276 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10 cm long; panicle oval to linear, 1 to 4 cm long, usually rather
dense, pale or purplish; pedicels slender, finally disarticulating at
base and falling with the spikelet or with the glumes; spikelets about
5-flowered, 5 to 6 mm long; glumes about equaling the spikelet, 5- to
7-nerved, acute; lemmas about 2 mm long, 9-nerved, the summit
hyaline, nerveless, the margin appressed pilose on the lower half,
the teeth minute, sometimes with a minute mucro between, the
rachilla joints slender, flexuous; palea concave, as broad as the lemma
and about as long. © —Open ground in yards, along roadsides,
and in dry river beds; introduced in southern Arizona; southern
Europe to India and South
Africa. Locally dominant, an
excellent forage grass in winter.

52. KOELERIA Pers.

Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered,
compressed, the rachilla disar-
ticulating above the glumes
and between the florets, pro-
longed beyond the perfect
florets as a slender bristle or
bearing a reduced floret at the

tip; glumes usually about equal
[ZA in length, unlike in shape, the

f lower narrow, sometimes

shorter, 1l-nerved, the upper
wider than the lower, broad-
ened above the middle, 3- to
5-nerved; lemmas somewhat
scarious, shining, the lower-
most a little longer than the
glume, obscurely 5-nerved,
acute or short-awned, the awn,
if present, borne just below
¢ Sree C/E ee the apex. Slender, low or
Sand Hates) <5. (Pestlevanl Hamisans 346 Ariz.) rather tall annuals or peren-

nials, with narrow blades and

shining spikelike panicles. Type species, Koeleria cristata. Named
for G. L. Koeler. .

Koeleria cristata is a good forage grass and is a constituent of much
of the native pasture throughout the Western’ States. The plants,
however, are rather scattering.

Y

Y

Plants joeremmial 624 co sk Eo ew a el le 1. K. cristata,
AP Te. rn GS anna 2 2 8 a a en 2 2a 2. K. PHLEOIDES.

1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. JunreGrRass. (Fig. 542, A.) Tufted
perennial; culms erect, puberulent below the panicle, 30 to 60 cm
tall; sheaths, at least the lower, pubescent; blades flat or involute,
glabrous or, especially the lower, pubescent, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle
erect, spikelike, dense (loose in anthesis), often lobed, interrupted, or
sometimes branched below, 4 to.15 cm long, tapering at the summit;
spikelets mostly 4 to 5 mm long; glumes and lemmas scaberulous, 3

to 4 mm long, sometimes short-awned, the rachilla joints very short.
21 —Prairie, open woods, and sandy soil, Ontario to British Colum-
bia, south to Delaware, Missouri, Louisiana, California, and Mexico

pees ree

hie

“A
= SS

“A
SS

i,

Wilh

Z
Lo

FIGURE 542.—A Koeleria cristata. Plant, X 44; glumesand floret, X10. (Bebb 2862, Ill.) B, K. phleoides.
Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Heller 11417, Calif.)

(fig. 543); widely distributed in the temperate regions of the Old
World. Variable; several American varieties have been proposed,
but the forms are inconstant and intergrading and it is not practicable

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 277

278 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to distinguish definite varieties. On the Pacific coast there is a
rather large loosely tufted form (K. cristata var. longifolia Vasey)
with long narrow or involute blades and somewhat open panicle.

2. Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. (Fig. 542, B.) Annual; culms
15 to 30 cm tall, smooth throughout; sheaths and blades sparsely
pilose; panicle dense, spikelike, 2 to 7 cm long, obtuse; spikelets 2
to 4 mm long; glumes acute; lemmas short-awned from a bifid apex;
glumes and lemmas in the typical form papillose-hirsute on the back,
but commonly papillose only. © —Introduced from Europe at
Pensacola, Fla., Mobile, Ala., Portland, Oreg., and at several points
in California.

53. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Werpcrcrass

Spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the
glumes, the rachilla produced beyond the upper floret as a slender
bristle; glumes unlike in shape, the first narrow, usually acute,
l-nerved, the second broadly obovate, 3- to
5-nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure, mostly
somewhat coriaceous, the margin scarious; lem-
mas firm, scarcely nerved, awnless or rarely with
an awn from just below the apex, the first a
little shorter or a little longer than the second
olume; palea hyaline, exposed. Slender per-
Frcune 543.~ Distribution of ennials (rarely annual) with usually flat blades

and narrow shining panicles. Type species,
Sphenopholis obtusata. Name from Greek sphen, wedge, and pholis,
horny scale, alluding to the hard obovate second glume.

All the species are forage grasses but are usually not abundant.
The most important are S. intermedia and S. obtusata.

Panicle dense, usually spikelike, erect or nearly so; second glume subcucullate.

S. OBTUSATA.

Panicle not dense, lax, nodding, from very slender to many-flowered, but not
spikelike.

Spikelets awned Sau 225 4h eau se 2, a se ee 6. S. PALLENS.

Spikelets awnless (rarely awned in S. filiformis).

Second glume acute or subacute; panicle many-flowered.
Second chime about 2/5 mm long: 72) eee eae 2. S. INTERMEDIA.
Second glume aboutis.5 mm long”._.2 = Se eee 3. S. LONGIFLORA.
Second glume broadly rounded at summit; panicle relatively few-flowered.
Blades rarely more than 10 cm long, flat, 2 to 5 mm wide.

.. S. NITIDA?
Blades elongate, flat to subinvolute, mostly less than 2 mm wide.
S. FILIFORMIS.

1. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. PRAIRIE WEDGEGRASS.
(Fig. 544, A.) Culms erect, tufted, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous
to finely retrorsely pubescent; blades flat, glabrous, scabrous, or
pubescent, mostly 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle erect or nearly so, dense,
spikelike to interrupted or lobed, rarely slightly looser, 5 to 20 cm
long; spikelets 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, the two florets closer together than
in the other species; second glume very broad, subcucullate, some-
what inflated at maturity, 5-nerved, scabrous; lemmas minutely
papillose in texture, rarely mucronate or with-a short straight awn,
the first about 2.5 mm long. 2 —Open woods, old fields, moist
ground, and prairies, Maine to British Columbia, south to Florida,
Arizona, and California; Mexico; Dominican Republic. Variable in

279

s\'
SSS S SS NM SAMs
~~ < Cases SS N _
aN IWS [Lr oa aif

A SS

J

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES
FIGURE 544.—A, Sphenopholis obtusata. Plant, X %; glumes and floret

‘

, X 10. (Hitchcock 1453, N. C.

B, S. intermedia. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Clark 1785, Ind.)

280 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

size and in denseness of panicle. Sometimes annual or flowering the

first season. Specimens with less dense and lobed panicles may be

distinguished from denser panicled specimens of S. intermedia by the

ree firmer, subcucullate second glume and more approximate
orets.

2. Sphenopholis intermédia (Rydb.) Rydb. SLENDER WEDGE-
Grass. (Fig. 544, B.) Culms erect in small tufts, 30 to 120 cm tall;
sheaths glabrous or pubsecent; blades flat,
often elongate, lax, mostly 2 to 6 mm wide,
sometimes wider, mostly scaberulous, occa-
sionally sparsely pilose; panicle nodding, from
rather dense to open, mostly 10 to 20 em long,
the branches spikelet-bearing from base; spike-

aa = lets 3 to 4 mm long; second glume relatively
i heopholis herman thin, acute or subacute, about 2.5 mm long;
lemmas subacute, rarely mucronate, smooth or
rarely very minutely roughened, mostly 2.5 to 3 mm long. 2 —
Damp or rocky woods, slopes, and moist places, Newfoundland to
British Columbia, south to Florida and Arizona; Tanana Hot Springs,
Alaska. (Fig. 545.) Delicate
plants with small panicles resem- 3
bling S. nitida may be distinguished \.
by the very narrow first glume, the
acute to subacute second glume and
lemmas, and usually by the glabrous
foliage. Plants with rather dense \\ ‘. f Yi AZ
panicles resembling S. obtusata may \\ é NULL
be distinguished by the thinner, less ?
rounded, more compressed second
glume. This is the species called
Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.)
Scribn. in recent manuals. Spreng-
el’s description of Aira pallens shows
that Scribner misapplied the name
(see no. 6).

3. Sphenopholis longiflora (Vasey)
Beal. (Fig. 546.) Culms relatively
stout, erect pom : uence base,
40 to 70 cm tall; lower sheaths pu- atin
berulent, the others glabrous; blades FT iene aed et 10, enti aah ,
thin, flat, scaberulous, 5 to 18 cm
long,3 to 8 mm wide; panicle many-flowered, rather loose, slightly
nodding, 10 to 18 cm long; spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the rachilla
hispidulous; glumes very scabrous on the green part, the second thin,
acute, about 3.5 mm long; lemmas smooth, scaberulous toward the
tip, the first about 4 mm long. 2 -—Known only from Houston,
Tex. Differing from S. intermedia in the larger spikelets and broader
blades, and in the more tapering lemmas. |

4. Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. (Fig. 547.) Culms
tufted, leafy at base, slender, shining, 30 to 70 cm tall; sheaths and.
blades mostly softly pubescent, occasionally glabrous, the blades 2 to
5 mm wide, 3 to 10 cm long, the basal sometimes longer; panicle
rather few-flowered, mostly 8 to 12 cm long, the filiform branches

yf
Lae
UAE

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 281]

distant, ascending, spreading in anthesis; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long;
elumes about equal in length, usually nearly as long as the first floret,
the first glume broader than in the other
species, the second broadly rounded at sum-
mit, at least the
second lemma
scabrous-p ap1l-
lose. 2 —Dry
or rocky woods, — — S755 ie
Massachusetts to SOB iene
North Dakota,
south to Florida
and Texas (fig.
548).

5. Sphenopho-
lis filif6rmis
(Chapm.) Vasey.
(Fig. 549.) Culms
erect, very slen-
der, 30 to 60 cm
tall; blades slen-
der, lax, flat to
subinvolute,
mostly less than
2mm wide; pan-
icle slender, often
nodding, 5 to 15
cm long, the short
branches rather
distant, erect or
ascending; spike-
lets 3 to 4 mm
long, the two flo-
rets rather dis-
tant; second
glume broadly | revre 549.—spheno-
FIGURE 547.— Sphenopholis nitida. Panicle, roun ded at sum- erg oa ae oe

X 1; glumes and florets, X 10. (House mit, about 2 mm florets, X 10. (Hitch-
1920, S. C.) long; lemmas ob- cock 1044, Ala.)
tuse to subacute, rarely with a short spreading awn; the first smooth,
the second minutely roughened. 2 —Dry soil, Coastal Plain, North
Carolina to Florida, Tennessee, and eastern Texas (fig. 550). Occasional
awned lemmas, either the first or second, are found in some panicles.

6. Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn.
(Fig. 551.) Culms erect, about 60 ecm tall;
lower sheaths minutely pubescent, the upper
glabrous; blades flat, glabrous, 1 to 2mm wide;
panicle narrow, nodding, loose, or somewhat
compact, 15 to 25 cm long, the branches ascend-
Sia ing, the lower distant; spikelets about as in
rie phenopholic nibs Of SS. intermedia, 2- or 3-flowered, 3 to 3.5 mm long;

second floret scaberulous, usually awned just
below the apex, the awn scabrous, geniculate, 1 to 2mm long. 2%
(Eatonia aristata Scribn.and Merr.) The type of Aira pallens Spreng.

282 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

has not been examined, but it was received from Muhlenberg and
may be assumed to be the same as the specimen in the Muhlenberg
Herbarium described under Aira pallens by Muhlenberg. The only
other specimen known is the type of Hatonia aristata
collected in South Carolina by Curtiss.

54. TRISETUM Pers. TrisetuM

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, sometimes 3- to 5-flow-
ered, the rachilla prolonged behind the upper floret,
usually villous; glumes somewhat unequal, acute, the
second usually longer than the first floret; lemmas
usually short-bearded at the base, 2-toothed at apex,
the teeth often awned, bearing from the back below
the cleft apex a straight and included or usually bent
and exserted awn (awnless or nearly so in Jrisetum
melicoides and T. wolfii). Tufted perennials (except
P ehcnopholig pa. Lrisetum interruptum), with flat blades and open or

lens, X10. (Cur- usually contracted or spikelike shining _ panicles.

ay Type species, J. jflavescens. Name from Latin tr,
three, and setum, bristle, alluding to the three awns of the lemma.

Several of the species are valuable for grazing. Trisetum spicatum
constitutes an important part of the forage on alpine and subalpine
slopes, and 7’. wolfii at medium altitudes.

Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes.

Plants perennial; panicle lax, somewhat open___- 9. T. PENNSYLVANICUM.
Plants annual; panicle narrow, dense, interrupted____ 10. T.INTERRUPTUM.
Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes.
Awn included within the glumes, or wanting.
Panicle rather lax; nodding?! 2422 4 2 See 1. T. MELICOIDEs.
Panicle rather dense, erect. 20 Rea es eee 2. ‘Ts. WOLFE

Awn exserted.
Awn straight (see also JT. montanum var. shear). 3. T. ORTHOCHAETUM.
Awn geniculate.
Panicle dense, spikelike, sometimes slightly interrupted below; plants
densely stuited et i A ee, 5. T. SPICATUM.
Panicle loose and open to contracted, but not spikelike; plants in small
tufts or solitary.
Panicle relatively few-flowered, loose, lax or drooping, the filiform
branches naked below; florets distant_______-_ 4. T. CERNUUM.
Panicle many-flowered, from rather loose to dense and interrupted;
florets not distant.
Panicle yellowish; spikelets mostly 3- or 4-flowered; introduced.
8. T. FLAVESCENS.
Panicle pale green, sometimes purplish-tinged; spikelets usually

2-flowered.
Spikelets about 8 mm long___________-_-_-- 6. T. CANESCENS.
Spikelets: 5:to).G.mm longs .. see er 7. T. MONTANUM.

1. Trisetum melicoides (Michx.) Scribn. (Fig. 552.) Culms 50
to 100 cm tall; sheaths pubescent or scabrous; blades 2 to 8 mm wide,
scabrous, sometimes pubescent on the upper surface; panicle some-
what open, nodding, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches slender, ascend-
ing, lax or drooping, as much as 7 cm long, rather closely flowered
above the middle; spikelets scaberulous, 6 to 7 mm long; glumes 4 to 6
mm long, the second longer and broader; lemmas acute, 5 to 6 mm
long, rarely with a minute awn just below the tip, the rachilla and callus
hairs 1 to2mmlong. 2 —River banks, lake shores, mostly in gravelly
ground, Newfoundland to Vermont, Michigan, and Wisconsin (fig. 553).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 283

2. Trisetum wolfii Vasey. Wotrs TRIsETUM. (Fig. 554.) Culms
erect, 50 to 100 cm tall, loosely tufted, sometimes with short rhizomes;
sheaths scabrous, rarely the lower pilose; blades flat, scabrous, rarely
pilose on the upper surface, 2 to 4 mm
wide; panicle erect, rather dense but
scarcely spikelike, green or pale, some-
times a little purplish, 8 to 15 cm long;
spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 2-flowered,
sometimes 3-flowered; glumes nearly
equal, acuminate, about 5 mm long;
lemmas obtusish, scaberulous, 4 to 5
mm long, awnless or with a minute
awn below the tip, the callus hairs |
scant, about 0.5 mm long, the rachilla \
internode about 2 mm long, rather
sparingly long-villous. 2 —Meadows
and moist ground, at medium altitudes
in the mountains, Montana to Wash-
ington, south to New Mexico and ra
California. GURE 552.— Trisetum melicoides. Panicle,

3. Trisetum orthochaétum Hitchc. ~ °°" <> Pringle, Vi)
(Fig. 556.) Culms solitary, erect, slender, 110 cm tall;, sheaths
glabrous; blades flat, scabrous, 8 to 20 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide;
panicle slightly nodding,
lax, pale, about 18 cm long,
the filiform branches loose-
ly ascending, naked below,
the lower fascicled, as
much as 8 em long; spike-
core lets short-pediceled, some-
MICU isctum meicodes . +What appressed, mostly 3-

flowered, 8 to 9 mm long
excluding awns, the rachilla appressed-silky;
glumes acuminate, about 6 mm long, the second
wider; lemmas rounded on the back, minutely
scaberulous on the upper part, obscurely
5-nerved, the callus short-pilose, the apex
acute, erose-toothed, awned about 2 mm below
the tip, the awn straight or nearly so, exceed- FIGURE 554.— Trisetum wolfit
ing the lemma about 3 mm. 2 —Known _ foret, x ’S. “igwallen 809,
only from boggy meadows, Lolo Hot Springs, ©)
Bitterroot Mountains, Mont.
4. Trisetum cérnuum Trin. Noppine

[ry TRISETUM. (Fig. 557.) Culms rather lax, 60
<%| to 120 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to sparsely
pilose; blades thin, flat, lax, scabrous, 6 to 12
mm wide; panicle open, lax, drooping, 15 to
30 cm long, the branches verticillate, filiform,
flexuous, spikelet-bearing toward the ends;
ere EE em suipution Of spikelets 6 to 12 mm long, with usually 3 distant

florets, the first longer than the second glume;
first glume narrow, acuminate, l-nerved, 0.5 to 2mm long, the second
broad, 3-nerved, 3 to 4 mm long, occasionally reduced; lemma 5 to 6

284 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mm long, the teeth setaceous, the hairs of the callus 0.5 to 1 mm long,
of the rachilla as much as 2 mm long, the awns slender, curved,
flexuous or loosely spiral, mostly 5 to 10mm long, attached 1 to 2mm
below tip. 2 —Moist woods, Alberta to southeastern Alaska,
south to western Montana and northern California (fig. 558).

5. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt.
SPIKE TRISETUM. (Fig.559,A.) Culms
densely tufted, erect, 15 to 50 cm tall,
glabrous to puberulent; sheaths and
usually the blades puberulent; panicle
dense, usually spikelike, often inter-
rupted at base, pale or often dark-purple,

WT
FIGURE 556.—Trisetum orthochaetum. f ae
Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. FIGURE 557.—Trisetum cernuuwm. Panicle, X 1; glumes
(Type.) and floret, X 5. (Elmer 1946, Wash.)

5 to 15 cm long; spikelets 4 to 6 mm long; glumes somewhat unequal in
length, glabrous or scabrous except the keels, or sometimes pilose, the
first narrow, acuminate, l-nerved, the second broader, acute, 3-
nerved; lemmas scaberulous, 5 mm long, the first longer than the
glumes, the teeth setaceous; awn attached about one third below
the tip, 5 to 6 mm long, geniculate, exserted.
2, —Alpine meadows andslopes, Arctic Amer-
ica, southward to Connecticut, Pennsylvania,
northern Michigan and Minnesota, in the
mountains to New Mexico and California; also
on Roan Mountain, N.C. (fig. 560); high moun-
a i rs through Mexico to the antarctic regions
IGURE 558.—-Distribution of of South America; arctic and alpine regions
Ae geen of the Old World. In northern regions the
species descends to low altitudes. Exceedingly variable; several
varieties have been proposed, but the characters used to differentiate
them are variable and are not correlated. ‘Two rather more out-
standing varieties, both intergrading with the species are: 7’. spicatum
var. molle (Michx.) Beal, with densely pubescent foliage, and T.
spicatum var. congdoni (Scribn. and Merr.) Hitchc., a nearly glabrous
alpine form with slightly larger spikelets.

285

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

(Rydberg and Bessey 3593,

(Hitchcock 3409, Calif.)

X 5.

T. canescens. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5.

FIGURE 559.—A, Trisetum spicatum. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret,
Mont.); B,

286 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

6. Trisetum canéscens Buckl. Tatu TRisetum. (Fig. 559, B.)
Culms erect, or decumbent at base, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths, at least
the lower, sparsely to densely and softly
retrorse-pilose, rarely scabrous only; blades
flat, scabrous or canescent, sometimes sparsely
pilose, mostly 2 to 7 mm wide; panicle narrow,
usually loose, sometimes interrupted and spike-
like, 10 to 25 ecm long; spikelets about 8 mm
long, 2- or 3-flowered, the florets not so distant
PIGUET human * as in T. cernuum; glumes smooth, except the

keel, the first narrow, acuminate, the second
broad, acute, 3-nerved, 5 to 7 mm long; lemmas rather firm, scaberu-
lous, the upper exceeding the glumes, 5 to 6 mm long, the teeth
aristate, the callus hairs rather scant,
the rachilla hairs copious; awn genicu-
late, spreading, loosely twisted below,
attached one-third below the tip, usually
about 12 mm long. 2 —Mountain
meadows, moist ravines and along
streams, Montana to British Columbia,
south to central California (fig, 561).

-

NN ‘ &,
1 \\ Z -
YS
, \ss Yo |
\ VEN WE Wi
\ 4 \\ WZ Wi V
\, i} ' i / f
N \ Ww A
FIGURE 562.—Trisetum montanum._ Pani- FIGURE 561.—Distribution of
cle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Type.) Trisetum canescens.

Plants with less pubescent sheaths and looser panicles resemble 7’.
cernuum in that the spikelets are commonly 3-flowered, the florets
distant. Plants with more velvety

e Mak > f

foliage and narrow panicles with MUMWWAB
short densely flowered branches, Nin WW/Z-Z22
the lower in distant fascicles, have WWYtQG~ZEr
been differentiated as 7. projectum NA |G
Louis-Marie. Intergrading speci- VeN rai, lye a
mens are more numerous than the \ At Wie
extreme described. ; is WES
7. Trisetum montanum Vasey. f Nic ae

(Fig. 562.) Resembling T. canes- Ki Ny

cens, on the average smaller, the
blades narrower; sheaths from
nearly glabrous to softly retrorsely
pubescent; panicles smaller than
usual in 7. canescens, more uni-
formly rather dense, often purple-
tinged ; spikelets 5 to 6mm long, the
glumes and lemmas thinner than
in 7. canescens, the awn more deli— SU te eee oe wc
cate,5to8mmlong. 2 —Moun-

tain meadows, gulches and moist places on mountain slopes, between
2,000 and 3,300 m, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. A form.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 287

with purplish panicles and erect awns only 2 to 3 mm long, known
from a single collection near Silverton, Colo., has been differentiated
as T. montanum var. shearii Louis-Marie.

8. Trisetum flavéscens (L.) Beauv. (Fig. 563.) Resembling
T. canescens; sheaths glabrous or the lower sparsely pilose; panicle
usually yellowish, many-flowered, somewhat condensed; spikelets
mostly 3- or 4-flowered; lemmas 4
to6mmlong. 2 —Waste places,
Vermont, New York, Missouri, Colo-
rado, Washington, California, and
probably other States; introduced
from Europe.

Trisetum aiireum (Ten.) Ten.
Annual; culms 10 to 20 ecm tall;
panicle ovate, contracted, 2 to 3
cm long; spikelets 3 mm long; awns
2 to 3 mm long. © —Ballast,
Camden, N. J.; Europe.

9. Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.)
Beauy. (Fig. 564.) Culms slen-
der, weak, usually subgeniculate at
base, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths FIGURE 564.—Trisctum pennsyloanicum. Pan-
glabrous or rarely scabrous; blades 4866, aj OS ANS Moret X & Heller
flat, scabrous, 2 to 5mm wide; pan-
icle nafrow, loose, nodding, 10 to 20 em long; pedicels disarticulating
about the middle or toward the base; spikelets 5 to 7 mm long,
2-flowered, the long rachilla joints slightly hairy; glumes mostly
4 to 5 mm long, acute, the second wider; lem-
mas acuminate, the first usually awnless, the
second awned below the 2 setaceous teeth,
the awn horizontally spread-
ing,4to5mmlong. 2 —
Swamps and wet places, Mas-
ara sachusetts to Ohio, south on
Thiatun penuylintiom. the Coastal Plain to Florida

and west to Tennessee and

Louisiana (fig. 565).

10. Trisetum interriptum Buckl. (Fig. 566.)
Annual; culms tufted, sometimes branching, erect
or spreading, 10 to 40 cm tall; sheaths often sca-
brous or pubescent; blades flat, sometimes pubes-
cent, 1 to 4 mm wide, mostly 3 to 10 cm long;
panicle narrow, interrupted, from slender to rather
dense but scarcely spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long, some-
times with smaller axillary panicles; pedicels dis-
articulating a short distance below the summit; Shr A'S RBA
spikelets about 5 mm long, 2-flowered, the second _ inierruptum. | Panicle,
floret sometimes rudimentary; glumes about equal & # &Gmesaug Soret,
in length, acute, 4 to 5 mm long, the first 3-nerved,
the second a little broader, 5-nerved; lemmas acuminate with 2
setaceous teeth, the awns attached above the middle, flexuous, 4 to
8 mm long, that of the first lemma often shorter and straight. ©
—Open dry ground, Texas to Colorado and Arizona (fig. 567).

55974°—35—19

288 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

55. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Harrerass

Spikelets 2-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes and between
the florets, the hairy rachilla prolonged beyond the upper floret as a
stipe, this sometimes bearing a reduced floret; glumes about equal,
acute or acutish, membranaceous; lemmas thin, truncate and 2- to 4-
toothed at summit, bearded at base, bearing a slender awn from or
below the middle, the awn straight, bent or
twisted. Low or moderately tall annuals or
usually perennials, with shining pale or purplish
spikelets in narrow or open panicles. Standard
species, Deschampsia caespitosa. Included in
Aira by some authors. Named for Deschamps.

Deschampsia caespitosa is often the domi-
Ficure 567.—Distribution of nant grass In mountain meadows, where it

IEE keane furnishes excellent forage.

Plants annual: foliapemvery scant: 22.2 at Beis See 1. D. DANTHONIOIDEsS.
Plants perennial; foliage not scant, one-third to half the entire length of the
culm.

Panicle narrow, the distant branches appressed. Blades filiform, lax.

2. D. ELONGATA.

Panicle open or contracted, if narrow, not more than one-fourth the length of

the culm.
Blades thin, flat; glumes exceeding the florets____-__ 3. D. ATROPURPUREA.
Blades firm or filiform; glumes not exceeding the upper floret.
Blades filiform, flexuous; awn exserted, geniculate, twisted.
4. D. FLEX™OSA.
Blades flat or folded, stiff; awn included or slightly exserted, straight.
Panicle open, usually nodding or drooping_-__--_-_-- 5. D. CAESPITOSA.
Panicle narrow, condensed, erect______-_-------- 6. D. HOLCIFORMIS.

1. Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro. ANNUAL HalIR-
crass. (Fig. 568.) Annual; culms slender, erect, 15 to 60 cm tall;
blades few, short, narrow; panicle open, 7 to 25 cm long, the capillary
branches commonly in twos, stiffly ascending, naked below, bearing a
few short-pediceled spikelets toward the ends; glumes 4 to 8 mm long,
3-nerved, acuminate, smooth except the keel, exceeding the florets;
lemmas smooth and shining, somewhat indurate, 2 to 3 mm long, the
base of the florets and the rachilla pilose, the awns geniculate, 4 to 6
mm long. © —Open ground, Alaska to Montana and Baja
California; Texas (Buckley, but the locality possibly erroneous); also
Chile (fig. 569). Variable in the size of the spikelets. A form
described from southern California as D. gracilis Vasey, with some-
what laxer panicles, the rather more numerous spikelets only 4 to 5
mm long, grades into the usual form.

2. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. SLENDER HAIRGRASS.
(Fig. 570.) Culms densely tufted, slender, erect, 30 to 120 cm tall;
blades soft, 1 to 1.5 mm wide, flat or folded, those of the basal tuft
filiform; panicle narrow, as much as 30 cm long, the capillary branches
appressed; spikelets on short appressed pedicels; glumes 4 to 6 mm
long, 3-nerved, equaling or slightly exceeding the florets; lemmas 2
to 3 mm long, similar to those of D. danthonioides, the awns shorter,
straight. 2 —Open ground, Alaska to Wyoming, south to Arizona
and California; Mexico (fig. 571); Chile.

3. Deschampsia atropurpirea (Wahl.) Scheele. Mountain HaIR-
Grass. (Fig. 572.) Culms loosely tufted, erect, purplish at base,
40 to 80 cm tall; blades flat, rather soft, ascending or appressed,
5 to 10 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, acute or abruptly acuminate;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 289

panicle loose, open, 5 to 10 cm long, the few capillary drooping
branches naked below; spikelets mostly purplish, broad; glumes about
5 mm long, broad, the second 3-nerved, exceeding the florets; lemmas
scabrous, about 25 mm long, the callus hairs one-third to half as\long,
the awn of the first
straight, included, of the
second, geniculate, exsert-
ed. 2 —Woods and
wet meadows, Newfound-
land and Labrador to
Alaska, south to the a
White Mountains of New “"Seschampeia danthoniowes..
Hampshire; Colorado, and
Oregon (fig. 573) ; northern

Eurasia. W
4. Deschampsia flexué- | MW
sa (L.) Trin. CRINKLED |{ |} V
HAIRGRASS. (Fig. 574.) |[\ [i #
Culms densely tufted, |f| y
erect, slender, 30 to 80cm |} \}}} /
tall; leaves mostly in a |} i
basal tuft, numerous, the i

sheaths scabrous, the jj |
blades involute, slender or |} |}
setaceous, flexuous; pan- | ||
icle loose, open, nodding,
5 to 12 cm long, the capil-
lary branches naked below,
the branchlets spikelet-
bearing toward the ends;
spikelets 4 to 5 mm long,
purplish or bronze, the flo- |
rets approximate; glumes . /
= [eee I-nerved, acute, shorter , /Nijf (

aepthoninides. Panicle, X than the florets; lemmas FIGURE 570.—Deschampsia elon-

games fers X8. scabrous, the callus hairs ga, Papick, x 1: etumes on4

about 1mm long, the awn

attached near the base, geniculate, twisted, 5 to7 mmlong.§ Q@ —
Dry or rocky woods, slopes, and open ground, Greenland to
Alaska, south to North Carolina, Michigan, and Wisconsin; Okla-
-homa (Le Flore County) (fig. 575); Eurasia. A form with yellow-
striped foliage (called by gardeners Aira foliis
variegatis) is occasionally grown for ornament.

5. Deschampsia caespitdsa (L.) Beauv.
TUFTEDHAIRGRASS. (Fig.576.) Culmsindense
tufts, leafy at base, erect, 60 to 120 cm tall;sheaths
smooth; blades 1.5 to 4mm wide, often elongate,
rather firm, flat or folded, scabrous above; pan-

FIGURE 571.—Distribution of ; 1
Madiaekcoien icle loose, open, nodding, 10 to 25 cm long, the

capillary scabrous branches and branchlets spike-
let-bearing toward the ends; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, pale or purple-
tinged, the florets distant, the rachilla joint half the length of the
lower floret; glumes 1-nerved or the second obscurely 3-nerved, acute,

290

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

about as long as the florets; lemmas smooth, the callus hairs short; awn

FIGURE 572.—Deschampsia atropurpurea. Pan-
icle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Leiberg
2952, Idaho.)

6. Deschampsia holciférmis
tufts with numerous basal
leaves, erect, relatively robust,
50 to 125 cm tall; blades
mostly folded, as much as 50
cm long, 2 to 4mm wide, rather
firm; panicle 10 to 25 cm long,
condensed, many-flowered, the

FIGURE 575.—Distribution of
Deschampsia flexuosa.

branches appressed to sub-
flexuous-ascending, purplish to
brownish; spikelets 6 to 8 mm
long; glumes and lemmas sca-
berulous, the glumes about
equaling the spikelets or shorter,
3-nerved, the lateral nerves of
the first often obscure; lemmas

Presi, .; (Pies 4578))

from near the base, from straight
and included in the glumes to weakly
geniculate and twice as long as the
spikelet. 2% —Bogs and wet
places, Greenland to Alaska, south
to New Jersey, West Virginia, IIli-
nois, North Dakota, New Mexico,
and California (fig. 577); arctic and
temperate regions of the Old World.

FIGURE 573.—Distribution of
Deschampsia atropurpurea.

Variable in size, in width and tex-
ture of blades, in shape of the pan-
icle, and in length of awn. The
forms which have been segregated
as species are inconstant and the
characters used to distinguish them
are not correlated. Rarely with
proliferous spikelets.

Culms in dense

f

FIGURE 574.—Deschampsia fleruosa.

Panicle, X 1;

glumes and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 16059, N. H.)

awned from below the middle, the awns erect, exceeding the spike-

let, the callus hairs short. 2

—Marshes and sandy soil near the

coast, Vancouver Island to central California.

ae ee

—

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 291

FIGURE 576.—Deschampsia caespitosa. Plant, X \%; glumes and floret, X 5. (Nelson 3623, Wyo.)

292 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

56. AIRA L.
(Aspris Adans.)

Spikelets 2-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the rachilla
not prolonged; glumes boatshaped, about equal, 1-nerved or obscurely
3-nerved, acute, membranaceous orsubscarious;
lemmas firm, rounded on the back, tapering
into 2: slender teeth, bearing on the back below
the middle a slender geniculate twisted usually
exserted awn, this sometimes wanting in the
— lower floret or reduced ; callus minutely bearded.
Delicate annuals with lax, subfiliform blades
er chUnbsin cbepita and open or contracted panicles of small spike-
lets. Type species, Aira praecor. Aira, an
old Greek name for a weed, probably darnel. Weedy grasses of no
economic importance, introduced from Europe.

Ltn
\\\ NK WA
NY ofp
Vey

FIGURE 579.—Aira praecor.
Panicle, X 1; glumes and
floret, X 5. (Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 375, Del.)

Ww

|

FIGURE 578.—Deschampsia holciformis. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 580.—Distribution of
glumes and floret, X 5. (Bolander, Calif.) Aira praecoz.
Panicle dense; spilkkelike: +5 Mate eee is Eee eke 1. A. PRAECOX.

Panicle open.
Lower floret with awn as long as that of the upper floret
2. A. CARYOPHYLLEA.
Lower floret awnless. or .néarly sson0 5 ee eee eee 3. A. CAPILLARIS.

1. Aira praécox L. (Fig. 579.) Culms tufted, 10 to 20 cm tall,
usually erect; panicle narrow, dense, 1 to 3 cm long; spikelets yellow-
ish, shining, 3.5 to 4 mm long; lemmas with awns 2 to 4 mm long,
that of the lower floret the shorter. © —Sandy open ground, along.
the coast, New Jersey to Virginia; Vancouver to California (fig. 580)..

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 293

2. Aira caryophylléa L. SILveR HaIRGRASs. (Fig. 581.) Culms

solitary or in small tufts, erect, 10 to 30 cm tall; panicle open, the
silvery shining spikelets 3 mm long, clustered toward the ends of the

FIGURE 581.—Aira caryophyllea. Plant, X 4%; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Heller 3889, Wash.)

spreading capillary branches; both lemmas with awns about 4 mm
long. © —Open dry ground, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to
Florida and Louisiana; Ohio; common on the Pacific coast from
British Columbia to California (fig. 582); southern South America.

294 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3. Aira capillaris Host. (Fig. 583.) Resembling A. caryophyllea;
panicle more diffuse; spikelets 2.5 mm long, scattered at the ends of
the branches; lemma of lower floret awnless or with a minute awn

just below the apex, that of the upper floret

ea eee: /7} with an awn 3mm long. © —Open ground,
Tey Coastal Plain, Maryland to Florida and Texas;
(er¢ | Oregon and California, rare (fig. 584).

eee Corynéphorus canéscens (L.) Beauv. Low,
eR oe Tyoptilln | ~—dtufted annualresembling Airacaryophyllea, with
pale contracted panicle; lemmas membrana-
ceous, the awns jointed about the middle, the joint with a minute ring
of hairs, the lower part straight, brown, the upper slender, club-shaped.
© (Weingaertneria canescens Bernh.)—Ballast at Philadelphia and
Camden, N.J., on Marthas
Vineyard, and on Long Island;
adventive from Europe.

57. AVENA L. Oats

Spikelets 2- to several-
flowered, the rachilla bearded,
disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets;
glumes about equal, membra-
naceous or papery, mostly
several-nerved, longer than the
lower floret, usually exceeding
the upper floret; lemmas in-
durate, except toward the sum-
mit, 5- to 9-nerved, bidentate
at apex, bearing a dorsal bent
and twisted awn (this straight
and reduced in Avena sativa).
Low or moderately tall annuals |
or perennials, with narrow or FIGURE eral Se done ae eae and
open, usually rather few- sae! fog
flowered panicles of usually large spikelets. Type species, Avena sativa.
Avena, the old Latin name for oats.

The most important species of the genus is A. sativa, the familiar
cultivated oat. Two other introduced species,
A. fatua and A. barbata, are known as wild oats
because of their close resemblance to the culti-
vated oat. These two species are common on
the Pacific coast where they are weeds but are
often utilized for hay. Much of the grain hay
of that region is made from either cultivated or
FIGURE nie © = Wild oats. The varieties of cultivated oat are

, derived from three species of Avena. The com-
mon varieties of this country and of temperate and mountain regions
in general are derived from A. fatwa. The Algerian oat grown in
North Africa and Italy and the [red oat of our Southern States

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 295

(A. byzantina C. Koch) are derived from A. sterilis. A few varieties
adapted to dry countries are derived from A. barbata. The two native
species, found in the Rocky Mountain region, are of high palatability,
but occur only scatteringly.

Plants annual.
Teeth of lemma setaceous; pedicels curved, capillary ------ 3. A. BARBATA.
Teeth of lemma acute, not setaceous; pedicels stouter.
Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the florets not readily separating; awn usually
straight or wanting; lemmas glabrous_____--______~_-- 2. A. SATIVA.
Spikelets mostly 3-flowered, the florets readily separating; awn stout,
geniculate, twisted; lemmas clothed with stiff brown hairs (hairs

Bommeismnes white OF neat) 2 bo. 2 5 ee 1. A. FATUA.
Plants perennial.
Blades involute; panicle 2 to 5 em long____________.--..6. A. MORTONIANA.
Blades flat or folded; panicle 5 to 15 em long.
Sheaths, at least the lower, and blades pubescent-_-_---_-_- 4. A. PUBESCENS.
pecans ame. Dade winters oa 5S 2 ee 5. A. HOOKERI.

Section 1. Evavena Griseb.

Annuals; spikelets pendulous, mostly more than 2 cm long. Intro-
duced from Europe.

1. Avena fatua L. Witp oat. (Fig. 585, A.) Culms 30 to 75
em tall, erect, stout; leaves numerous, the blades flat, usually 4 to 8
mm wide, scabrous; panicle loose and open, the slender branches
usually horizontally spreading; spikelets usually 3-flowered; glumes
about 2.5 em long; rachilla and lower part of the lemma clothed with
long stiff brownish, or sometimes whitish, hairs, these sometimes
scant; florets readily falling from the glumes; lemmas nerved above,
about 2 cm long, the teeth acuminate, not setaceous; awn stout,
geniculate, twisted below, 3 to 4 em long. © -—Cultivated soil
and waste places; introduced from Europe; rare in the Eastern
States; Maine to Pennsylvania, Missouri and westward, a common
weed on the Pacific coast (fig. 586). Seed used for food by the
Indians.

Avena stérilis L. ANtmMaTED oats. Resembling A. fatwa, the
spikelets 3.5 to 4.5 cm long, the awns 5 to 7 cm long. © -—Some-
times cultivated as a curiosity, occasionally spontaneous. When laid
on a moist surface the fruits twist and untwist as the awns lose or
absorb moisture.

2. Avena sativa L. Oat. (Fig. 585, B.) Differing from A. fatua
in having mostly 2-flowered spikelets, the florets not readily separating
from the glumes; lemmas glabrous; awn usually straight, often
wanting. © —Commonly cultivated and occasionally escaped. In
A. nuda L.., NAKED OAT, the caryopsis readily separates from the lemma
and palea. A. brevis Roth is a form with smaller spikelets, the lem-
mas plump, awned. A. strigosa Schreb. has a 1-sided panicle, the
lemmas scabrous toward the apex, both florets awned.

3. Avena barbata Brot. SLENDER oaT. (Fig. 587.) Differing from
A. fatua in the somewhat smaller, mostly 2-flowered spikelets on
curved capillary pedicels; lemmas clothed with stiff red hairs, the
teeth ending in fine points 4 mm long. © —A common weed in
a and waste places, Washington, Oregon, to Arizona and Cali-
ornia.

Cultivated oats fall into three groups according to the number of
chromosomes. Group 1, 7 chromosomes, A. brevis, A. strigosa.
Group 2, 14 chromosomes, A. barbata. Group 3, 21 chromosomes, A.

296 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Plant, X 4%; spikelet and floret, X 2, (Umbach. Ill.) JB, A. sativa, X 2.
(Deam, Ind.)

FIGURE 585.—A, Avena fatua.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 297

sativa, A. fatua (including A. orientalis Schreb.), A. nuda, A. sterilis,
A. byzantina (including A. sterilis var. algeriensis Trabut).

Section 2. AveNnAstTrRuM Koch

Perennials; spikelets upright, mostly less than 2 cm long.

4. Avena pubéscens Huds. (Fig. 588.) Culms erect, 50 to 80 cm
tall; sheaths pubescent; blades flat, pubescent; panicle narrow, open,
10 to 15 ecm long, the flexuous branches ascend-
ing; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, 12 to 15 mm
long, glumes and lemmas thin, shining, the
rachilla with long white hairs; first glume 1- or
3-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemmas about
1 em long; awn attached about the middle, 1.5

FicuRE 596—“Distribution of and Vermont; introduced from Europe.

5. Avena hookériScribn. Spikeoat. (Fig.
589.) Culms densely tufted, 20 to 40 em tall; blades firm, flat or
folded, 1 to 3 mm wide, the margins somewhat thickened; panicle
long-exserted, narrow, 5 to 10 em long, the branches erect or as-
cending, 1-flowered, or the lower 2-flowered; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered,
about 1.5 em long; glumes very thin, slightly shorter than the
spikelet; lemmas firm, brown, sca-
berulous, 1 to 1.2 cm long, the
callus short-bearded, the rachilla
joint white-villous; awn 1 to 1.5 cm
long. 21 —Dryslopesand prairies,
Manitoba to Alberta, Montana, and
New Mexico (fig. 590).

6. Avena mortoniana Scribn.
ALPINE oaT. (Fig. 591.) Culms
densely tufted, 10 to 20 cm tall;
blades erect, firm, usually involute;

FIGURE 587.—Avena barbata. Spikelets, X 1; tipof FIGURE 588.—Avena pubescens. Glumes and floret,
lemma, X 5. (Davy 5023, Calif.) X 5. (Weatherby and Harger 4249, Conn.)

panicle short-exserted, purplish, narrow, 2 to 5 ecm long, the short
branches erect, bearing usually a single spikelet, 10 to 12 mm long,
mostly 2-flowered; glumes exceeding the florets; lemmas firm,
glabrous, the apex with 4 soft teeth, the callus with a tuft of stiff hairs
about 2 mm long, the rachilla long-villous; awn 1 to 1.5 cm long.
4 —Alpine meadows, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico.

to2cemlong. 2 —Waste places, Connecticut:

— ee

298 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

58. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv.

Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower floret staminate, the upper perfect,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and produced beyond
the florets; glumes
rather broad and
papery, the first 1-
nerved, the second
a little longer than
the first and about
as long as the spike-
let, 3-nerved ; lem- Ficure a our of
mas 5-nerved, hairy
on the callus, the lower bearing near the
base a twisted, geniculate, exserted awn,
the upper bearing a short straight slender
awn just below the tip. Rather tall per-
ennials, .with flat blades and narrow
panicles, “Type species, Arrhenatherum
avenaceum Beauv.
(A. elatius). Name
from Greek arren,
masculine, and
ather, awn, refer-
ring to the awned
staminate floret.

1. Arrhenathe-
rum elatius (L.)
Mert. and Koch.
TALL OATGRASS.
GP e259 2. CAS
Culms erect, 1 to
1.5 m tall; blades
flat, scabrous, 5 to
10mm wide; pani-
cle pale or purplish,
shining, 25 “toad
cm long, the short
branches’ verticil- Ficure ee
Ses am eee Mee late, spreading in x5. (Type) a rae et

anthesis, usually
spikelet-bearing from the base; spikelets 7 to 8 mm long; glumes mi-
nutely scabrous; lemmas scabrous, the awn of the staminate floret
about twice aslong asits lemma. 2 -—Meadows, open ground, and
waste places, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia,
Tennessee, Iowa, Idaho, and California; frequent in the Northern and
Eastern States; introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation.
Cultivated in the northern humid regions as a meadow grass.

ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS var. BULBOsUM (Willd.) Spenner. Tv-
BER OATGRASS. (Fig. 592, B.) Base of culm consisting of a series of
closely approximate corms (shrot subglobose internodes) 5 to 10 mm
in diameter. 2 Occasionally introduced, Michigan, Virginia to
Alabama. Europe. - a i Panay

-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 299

oe Ager mo 4 ee ee ae ey oe

-FIGURE 592.—A, Arrhenatherum elatius. Plant, X 4; spikelet and upper floret, X 5. (McDonald 46, ll.)
ae _ B, Var. bulbosum. Basal corms, X 1. (Harper, Ala.)

300 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 593.—A, Holcus lanatus. Plant, X 34; spikelet, florets, and mature fertile floret, X 5. (Griffiths
4449, Calif.) B,H. mollis. Plant, X 1; glumesand florets, X 5, (Tracy 2646, Calif.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 301

59. HOLCUS L.
(Nothoicus Nash)

Spikelets 2-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the glumes,
the rachilla curved and somewhat elongate below the first floret, not
prolonged above the second floret; glumes about equal, longer than
the 2 florets; first floret perfect, the lemma awnless; second floret
staminate, the lemma bearing on the back a short awn. Perennials
with flat blades and contracted panicles. Standard species, Holcus
lanatus. Holeus, an old Latin name for a kind of grain.
ae ee EY ee eee eee 1. H. LANATUs.
OT Ee SS ee : Se Se ee ee ee 2. H. MOLLIs.

1. Holcus lanatus L. VELVET Grass. (Fig.
593, A.) Plant grayish, velvety-pubescent;
culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades 4 to 8
mm wide; panicles 8 to 15 cm long, con-
tracted, pale, purple-tinged; spikelets 4 mm
long; Spaeee oe ae oP = meth the
second broader than the first, 3-nerved; lem- 5 ea
mas smooth and shining, the awn of the second 7° hein emt pation of
hooklike. 2 -—Open ground, meadows, and mi
moist places, Maine to Iowa, south to Georgia and Louisiana; com-
mon on the Pacific coast, British Columbia, and Idaho to Arizona and
California (fig. 594); introduced from Europe; occasionally cultivated
as a meadow grass on light or sandy land.

2. Holcus mdllis L. (Fig. 593, B.) Culms glabrous, 50 to 100 em
tall, with vigorous slender rhizomes; sheaths, except the lower,
glabrous; blades villous or velvety, 4 to 10 mm wide; panicle ovate or
oblong, rather loose, 6 to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long;
glumes glabrous; awn of the second floret geniculate, exserted, about
3 mm long. 2 -—Damp places, recently introduced from Europe
and apparently spreading, Washington to California; Lewis County,
N. Y.; ballast, Camden, N. J. (fig. 595).

60. DANTHONIA Lam. and DC. Oartcrass

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, broad,
papery, acute, mostly exceeding the upper-
most floret; lemmas rounded on the back,
obscurely several-nerved, the apex bifid, the
lobes acute, usually extending into slender
awns, a stout flat, twisted, geniculate awn aris-
ing from between the lobes. Tufted low or

moderately tall perennials, with few-flowered

eC RE as mali ~~ ~open or spikelike panicles of rather large

spikelets. All our species produce cleistogenes

(enlarged fertile, 1- or 2-flowered, cleistogamous spikelets) in the

lower sheaths, the culms finally disarticulating at the lower nodes.”
Type species, Danthonia spicata. Named for Etienne Danthoine.

The species are found in grassland and contribute somewhat toward
the forage value of the range but usually are not abundant. In Cali-
fornia D. californica is considered a nutritious grass; D. compressa is
important in the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

7 CHASE, A. AXILLARY CLEISTOGENES IN SOME AMERICAN GRASSES. Amer. Journ. Bot. 5: 254. 1918.

302 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 596.—A, Danthonia spicata. Plant, X 14; spikelet, floret, and cleistogene, X 5. (Gayle 787, Maine.)
B, D. compressa. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 103, Tenn.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 303

Lemmas glabrous on the back, pilose on the margin only.

Panicle narrow, the pedicels appressed _____-_______-_-- 4. [D. INTERMEDIA.
Panicle open, the slender pedicels spreading or reflexed.
Panicle usually of a single spikelet______________----- 7. D. UNISPICATA.
Paniele.of 2 to several spikelets... -- = = 6. D. CALIFORNICA.
Lemmas pilose on the back, sometimes sparsely so.
PUNE GHITY OU) 447 ee Mae = 5. D. PaRRYI.

Glumes 10 to 17 mm long.
Sheaths pilose, (rarely glabrous); glumes 12 to 17 mm long. Culms 50 to
CEL MSI RE Spee Sg eg le, ee a ee 3. D. SERICEA.
Sheaths glabrous or nearly so; glumes rarely more than 15 mm long.
Panicle simple or nearly so, usually contracted after anthesis; blades rarely

more than 15 cm long, commonly less_________- 1. D. sSPIcaTA.
Panicle usually compound and somewhat open; blades or some of them
more than 15 cm, often as much as 25cm long___ 2. D.COMPRESSA.

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Poverty oatTarass. (Fig.
596, A.) Culms 20 to 70 cm tall, mostly not more than 50 cm, slender,
terete; leaves numerous in a basal cluster, the
blades usually curled or flexuous; sheaths gla-
brous or sparsely pilose, with a tuft of long hairs
in the throat; blades usually not more than
12 cm long, filiform to 2 mm wide, occasionally
a few blades 15 to 20 cm long, subinvolute or
in damp weather flat, glabrous or sparsely
pilose; panicle 2 to 5 cm long, rarely longer, "6°" Ai. (Distribution of
the stiff short branches bearing a single spikelet,
or the lower longer with 2 (rarely 3 or 4), usually erect after anthesis;
glumes 10 to 12 mm long (rarely longer); lemmas 4 to 5 mm long,
sparsely villous except the 2-toothed summit, the teeth acuminate to
subsetaceous; terminal segment of awn about 5 mm long; palea broad,
flat, obtuse, ciliolate, reaching to the base of the awn. 2 —Dry
and sterile or rocky soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to
Florida, eastern Texas, and eastern Kansas, in the mountains to
New Mexico and Oregon (fig. 597). Variable; tall specimens with
longer blades and setaceous teeth resemble D. compressa. A rather
stiff western form with subsetaceous teeth has
been described as D. thermale Scribn.

2. Danthonia compréssa Austin. (Fig. 596,
B.) Culms on the average stouter and taller
than in D. spicata, compressed, rather loosely
tufted, sometimes decumbent or with short rhi-
zomes, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths reddish above
ere RT uihoia conipution of the nodes, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent on

the collar, a conspicuous tuft of white hairs in
the throat; blades elongate, some of them commonly 20 to 25 cm long,
2 to 3 mm wide, usually flat, sometimes involute and subfiliform, sca-
brous; panicle 5 to 8 cm long (rarely to 10 cm), the slender branches
bearing 2 or 3 spikelets, contracted after anthesis but looser than in D.
spicata; glumes 10 to 14 mm (usually about 12 mm) long; lemma and
palea as in D. spicata but the teeth of the lemma aristate, 2 to 3 mm
long. 2 —Meadows, and open woods, Nova Scotia to Quebec,
south to the mountains of North Carolina (fig 598). Appears to
intergrade with D. spicata.

3. Danthonia sericea Nutt. Downy oarterass. (Fig. 599.)
Culms erect, densely tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths, especially the
lower, villous (rarely glabrous); blades 10 to 25 cm long, 2 to 4 mm

55974°—35——20

304 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

wide, those of the innovations mostly involute, those of the culm
mostly flat; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, relatively many-flowered, the
branches bearing 2 to 6 spikelets, rather open or contracted after
anthesis; glumes 12 to 17 mm
long; lemmas densely long-pilose
especially along the margin, about
10 mm long, including theslender
aristate teeth, the teeth about
half the entire length; palea con-
cave, narrowed toward the 2-
toothed apex. 2 —Sand bar-
rens, chiefly Coastal Plain,
Massachusetts (Sherborn); New
Jersey tonorthern Florida, Tenn-
essee, and Louisiana (fig. 600).
A rare form with glabrous foliage
has been called D. epilis Scribn.
(D. glabra Nash, not Phil.)
Virginia to Georgia.

4. Danthonia intermédia
Vasey. TIMBER OATGRASS. (Fig. 601.) Culms 10 to 50 cm tall;
sheaths glabrous (the lower rarely pilose) with long hairs in the
throat; blades subinvolute, or those of the
culm flat, glabrous or sparsely pilose; panicle
purplish, narrow, few-flowered, 2 to 5 cm
long, the branches appressed, bearing a single
spikelet; glumes about 15 mm long; lemmas
7 to 8 mm long, appressed-pilose along the
margin below and on the callus, the summit
scaberulous, the teeth acuminate, aristate- !6VRE 600 Distribution of
tipped; terminal segment of awn 5 to 8
mm long; palea narrowed above, notched at the apex. Q
—Meadows and bogs, northern and alpine regions. Newfound-
land and Quebec to Alaska, south to northern
Michigan, New Mexico, and California (fig. 602).

5. Danthonia parryi Scribn. Parry oATGRASS.
(Fig. 603.) Culms rather stout, in tough clumps,
30 to 60 cm tall, somewhat enlarged at base
from the numerous over-
lapping firm persistent
sheaths; sheaths glabrous,
somewhat pilose at the
throat, a glabrous or pubes-
cent line or ridge on the
collar, the lower blades fall- = ae
ing from the sheaths; "yse602-—Distribution of
blades erect-flexuous, most-

ly 15 to 25 cm long, narrow or filiform, flat or

W, _._ involute, glabrous; panicle 3 to 7 cm long, usually
Soran SES Geeta Mens spikelets, the branches more or less
Lass’ Mont. uiteheo’k pubescent, ascending or appressed, the lower-
seins most 1 to 2 cm long, with 1 or 2 spikelets;
glumes 20 to 22 mm long, rarely less; lemmas about 1 cm long, rather
densely to sparsely pilose over the back, strongly pilose on the callus
at the sides, the rachilla glabrous, the teeth more or less aristate;

FIGURE 599.—Danthonia sericea. Panicle, X 1; floret,
xX 5. (Kearney 1219, Va.)

HTC ey oF

er, OP Ret ve

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 305

terminal segment of awn 8 to 12 mm long; palea narrowed above,
nearly as long as the lemma, 2-toothed. 2 —Open grassland, open
woods, and rocky slopes, in the mountains, mostly below timber line,
Alberta to New Mexico (fig. 604).

6. Danthonia califérnica Boland.
CALIFORNIA OATGRASS. (Fig. 605.)
Culms 30 to 80 ecm tall, glabrous,
tending to disarticulate at the nodes;
sheaths glabrous, pilose at the
throat; blades mostly 10 to 20 cm
long, flat or, especially those of the

FIGURE 604.—Distribution of
Danthonia parryi.

innovations, involute, glabrous; pan-
icle bearing mostly 2 to 5 spikelets,
the pedicels slender, spreading or
somewhat reflexed, more or less
flexuous, 1 to 2 cm long, a rather
prominent pulvinus at the base of a

each; glumes 15 to 20 mm long FIGURE 603.—Danthonia parryi. Panicle, X 1;
(rarely less or more); lemmas, ex- floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 10987, Colo.)
cluding awns, 8 to 10 mm long, pilose on the lower part of the
margin and on the callus, otherwise glabrous, the teeth long-aristate;
terminal segment of awn 5 to 10 mm long; palea subacute,. usually
extending beyond base of awn.
2 —Meadows and open
woods, Montana to British
Columbia, south to Colorado
and California (fig. 606).

FIGURE 606.— Distribution of
Danthonia californica.

DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA Var.
AMERICANA (Scribn.) Hitche.
s on the average shorter,
FIGURE egg i Sascha X 1; floret, the tufts usually more spread-
ing; foliage sparsely to conspic-

uously spreading-pilose; spikelets on the average smaller, but large
plants with large spikelets occur, with conspicuously pilose foliage.
2 —Montana and Wyoming to British Columbia, south to Cal-
ifornia; Chile. D. macounii Hitchc. appears to belong here, differing in

306 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

having lemmas sparsely pilose on the back. Known only from
Nanaimo, Vancouver Island (Macoun 78825).

7. Danthonia unispicata Munro. ONE-sPIKE oaTGRass. (Fig. 607.)
Culms 15 to 25 cm tall, in dense spreading tufts; sheaths and blades
pilose, the hairs on the sheaths spreading or reflexed; panicle reduced
to a single spikelet or sometimes 2, rarely 3, spikelets, the lower
spikelets usually reduced, their pedicels appressed or ascending, the
long pedicel of the terminal spikelet jointed with the culm; spikelets
on the average smaller than in D. californica. 2 —Open or rocky
ground, Montana to British Columbia, south to Wyoming and Cali-
fornia (fig. 608).

TRIBE 5. AGROSTIDEAE

61. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. RerEpGRass

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
prolonged behind the palea (in our species, except Calamagrostis
epigeios) as a short, commonly hairy bristle; glumes about equal,
acute or acuminate; lemma shorter and usually more delicate than the
glumes, usually 5-nerved, the midnerve exserted as an awn, the callus
bearing a tuft of hairs, these often
copious and as long as the lemma.
Perennial, usually moderately tall
grasses, mostly with creeping rhi-
zomes, with small spikelets in
open or usually narrow, some-
times spikelike panicles. Type
species, Arundo calamagrostis LL. SRE ree a oistribation
Name from Greek kalamos, areed,
and agrostis, a kind of grass, the type species being a
reedy grass. Our species (except C. epigeios) belong to
the Section Deyeuxia, in which the rachilla is pro-
longed. In Section Epigeios, of the Old World, the

rachilla is not prolonged.
eGo nin oispicaa Several species: are important native forage grasses.
EOE Pinegrass, C. rubescens, is a leading range grass in the
mountains of Oregon and Washington. Bluejoint, C.
canadensis, is a source of much of the wild hay of Wisconsin and
Minnesota. On the plains and bench lands of Wyoming and north-
ward, C. montanensis furnishes forage, especially when young. In low
wet lands of the Northern States C. inexpansa is grazed especially by
horses and cattle.
la. Awn longer than the glumes, geniculate.

2a. Panicle open, the branches spreading, naked below.

Blades scattered, 5 to 9 mm broad, flat. Plant mostly more than 1 m
eel ek ae ea 1. C. BOLANDERI.

Blades mostly basal, mostly not more than 2 mm wide, often involute.
Awn about 1 em long, much longer than the glumes; blades nearly or quite
as long as the flowering culms__ -__2-950-_2_~_= 2. C. HOWELLII.
Awn only a little exceeding the glumes; blades much shorter than the
culms, capillary, suleate, folded____--.____----_-- 3. OC. BREWERI.

2b. Panicle compact, the branches appressed, floriferous from base.
Blades scattered, broad and flat, 6 to 10 mm wide_-_-_-_- 4. (CC. TWEEDYI.
Blades mostly basal, firm, narrow, becoming involute.

Glumes about 1 cm long, gradually long-acuminate; awn nearly 1 cm long
abeéve:the bend ar Poel a So ais nee ae 5. C. FOLIOSA.
Glumes.6 to 8 mm long, abruptly. acute .or acuminate; awn usually less
than 5 mm above the bend-_--------- = tees 6. OC, PURPURASCENS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 307

1b. Awn included or scarcely longer than the glumes, straight or geniculate.
3a. Awn geniculate, protruding sidewise from the glumes; callus hairs rather
sparse, shorter than the lemma. (See C. cainii, p. 993)
Blades narrow, soon involute; plants low, usually less than 30 em tall, not
tufted, rhizomatous. Panicle compact, spikelike. 7. OC. MONTANENSIS.
Blades flat, drying involute at tip; plants usually tall.
Sheaths pubescent on the collar.
Callus hairs about one-third as long as lemma; western species.

. RUBESCENS.

Callus hairs half to three-fourths as long as lemma; eastern species.
Palea about as long as the lemma_--_-___----------- 9. C. PORTERI.
Palea three-fourths as long as the lemma-_-_-_-_-__-- 10. C. PERPLEXA.

Sheaths glabrous on the collar.
Panicle loose, the branches spreading or ascending. Plants 1 to 1.5 m

tall; blades as much as 1 em wide____-_---- 11. C. NUTKAENSIS.
Panicle compact.
Culms stout, mostly more than 1 m tall_____-_---- 12. C. DENSA.

Culms more slender, mostly less than 1 m tall.
Spikelets 5 mm long; lemma as long as the glumes; panicle spike-
eke eee mee eS 13. C. KOELERIOIDES.
Spikelets about 4 mm long; lemma shorter than the glumes; panicle
scarcely spikelike, some of the branches naked below.
14. C. PICKERINGII.
3b. Awn straight (somewhat bent in C. epigezos and C. lactea), included; callus
hairs usually not much shorter than the lemma.
Sheaths pubescent on the collar (see also C. tnexpansa var. barbulata).
15. CC. SCRIBNERI.
Sheaths glabrous on the collar.
Panicle rather loose and open.
Callus hairs copious, about as long as the lemma; awn delicate,

amen, eee eee Cees Pe 16. C. CANADENSIS.
Callus hairs rather scant, about half as long as the lemma; awn
stronger, weakly geniculate_____._.__._._---- 17. C. LACTBA.

Panicle more or less contracted.
Blades flat, rather lax.
Awn attached near the base; rachilla not prolonged.
23. C. EPIGEIOS.
Awn attached at or about middle; rachilla prolonged.
Glumes scabrous; plant green___________ 18. C. cINNOIDES.
Glumes nearly smooth; plant pale_____ 19. C. scoPULORUM.
Blades involute or, if flat, rigid and becoming involute.
Blades broad and short, as much as 5 mm wide, nearly smooth.
22. CC. CRASSIGLUMIS.
Blades elongate, smooth or scabrous.
Blades firm, scabrous, rather rigid; ligule 4 to 6 mm long;

OSES Fo EG are ge 20. C. INEXPANSA.
Blades rather lax, narrow; ligule 1 to 3 mm long; panicle rather
eee Be. Ss eee ee ae 21. C. NEGLECTA.

1. Calamagrostis bolandéri Thurb. (Fig. 609.) Culms erect, 1 to
1.5 m tall, with slender rhizomes; sheaths scabrous; ligule 4 to 5 mm
long; blades flat, 5 to 9 mm wide, scattered, nearly smooth; panicle
open, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches verticillate, spreading, naked
below, the longer 5 to 10 cm long; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, purple,
scabrous, acute; lemma very scabrous, about as long as the glumes,
the awn from near the base, geniculate, exserted, about 2 mm long
above the bend, the callus hairs short; rachilla pilose, 1 to 2mm long.
2 —Bogs and moist ground, prairie or open woods, near the coast,
Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, Calif.

2. Calamagrostis howéllii Vasey. (Fig. 610.) Culms densely
tufted, rather slender, ascending, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths smooth or

slightly scabrous; ligule 2 to 8 mm long; blades slender, scabrous on the

upper surface, flat or soon involute, especially toward the tip, about
as long as the culms, the two cauline shorter, about 1 mm wide;

308 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

panicle pyramidal, 5 to 15 cm long, rather open, the lower branches in
whorls, ascending, naked below, 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets pale or
tinged with purple; glumes acuminate, 6 to 7 mm long; lemma acu-
minate, a little shorter than the glumes, the awn attached about 2mm
above the base, geniculate, exserted about 1 cm; callus hairs and those
of the rachilla about half as long as the lemma. 2 —On perpendic-
ular cliffs, vicinity of the Gap of the Columbia River.

3. Calamagrostis brewéri Thurb. SuHortuarr. (Fig.611.) Culms
densely tufted, slender, erect 15 to 30 cm tall; leaves mostly basal,

fl
4\ Hs. &s
SX SASS
Ve;

COYey

FIGURE 609.—Calamagrostis bolanderi. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Bolander, Calif.)

usually involute-filiform; panicle ovate, purple, 3 to 8 cm long, the
lower branches slender, spreading, few-flowered, 1 to 2 cm long;
slumes 3 to 4 mm long, smooth, acute; lemma nearly as long as
glumes, cuspidate-toothed, the awn from near the base, geniculate,
exserted, twisted below, about 2 mm long above the bend, the callus
hairs short, scant; rachilla long-pilose, about half as long as the
lemma. 2 -—Mountain meadows of the high Sierra Nevada, Calif.,
where it is an important range grass,

4

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 309

4. Calamagrostis tweédyi (Scribn.) Scribn. (Fig. 612.) Culms
erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, smooth, with short rhizomes; sheaths smooth,
the lower becoming fibrous; blades flat, somewhat scabrous, the cauline
5 to 15 cm long, as much as 1 cm wide, those of the innovations
narrower and longer; panicle oblong, rather compact, or interrupted
below, about 10 em long; glumes abruptly acuminate, purple-tinged,
6 to 7 mm long; lemma about as long as the glumes, the awn exserted
about 5 mm, the callus hairs scant, scarcely 1 mm long; rachilla

FIGURE 610.—Calamagrostis howellii. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 4846, Oreg.)

pilose, 2mm long. 2 -—Known only from the type locality, the
“Cascade Mountains, Washington.”

5. Calamagrostis foliésa Kearney. (Fig. 613.) Culms tufted,
erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; leaves numerous crowded toward the base,
the sheaths overlapping, the blades involute, firm, smooth, nearly as
long as the culm; panicle pale, dense, spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long;
glumes about 1 cm long, acuminate; lemma 5 to 7 mm long, acuminate,
the apex with 4 setaceous teeth, the awn from near base, geniculate,
about 8 mm long above the bend, the callus hairsnumerous, 3mm long;
rachilla pilose, nearly as long as lemma. 2 —Humboldt and
Mendocino Counties, Calif.

310 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 611.—Calamagrostis breweri. Plant, X ‘
1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Bolander 6098, FIGURE 612.—Calamagrostis tweedyi. Panicle,
Calif.) X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Vasey, Wash.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES Obl

6. Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br. PuRPLE REEDGRASS. (Fig.
614.) Culms tufted, sometimes with short rhizomes, erect, 40 to 60
em or even 100 cm tall; sheaths usually scabrous, the old sheaths

EEA =

=

A=

EEE

\\ \ \
WY \\
N Mh \ \
. AH AN
. ) 2 mS \
WH \:.. \\
Hf ag Ae

SSS

————

Zz Z — LS = 4 Zo =
= : = —
—=_= — = WSsssSS5 SS S=——S- =
~ = AN S = oe SSS SS SSS SSS a9“
DS WAS ~~ ~ SS a \

<=

—S——==
—SS —
=

t HW |
WY’
\\ i
: FIGURE 614.—Calamagrostis purpu-
FiGuRE 613.—Calamagrostis foliosa. Panicle, X 1; glumes rascens. Panicle, X 1; glumes and
and floret, X 10. (Davy 6602, Calif.) floret, X 10. (Goodding 375, Wyo.)

persistent and fibrous; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, flat or more or less
involute, rather thick, scabrous; panicle dense, usually pinkish or pur-
plish, spikelike, 5 to 12 cm long, rarely longer;
glumes 6 to 8 mm long, scabrous; lemma nearly
as long as glumes, the apex with 4 setaceous
teeth, the awn from near base, finally geniculate,
exserted about 2 mm; hairs of callus and rachilla
about one-third aslongasthelemma. 2 (C.
vaseyt Beal.)—Rocks and cliffs, Greenland to
Figure 615-—Distribution of Alaska, south to Quebec, South Dakota (Black

‘a grostis purpurascens. > : 5 :

Hills), Colorado, and California (fig. 615).

7. Calamagrostis montanénsis Scribn. PLAINs REEDGRASS. (Fig.

616.) Culms stiffly erect, scabrous below the panicle, usually 20 to

eee

312 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

40 cm tall, sometimes taller, with slender creeping rhizomes; lower
sheaths rather papery, smooth: blades erect, mostly less than 2 mm
wide, more or less involute, scabrous, sharp-pointed; panicle dense,
erect, more or less interrupted, usually pale, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets
4 to 5 mm long, the pedicels very scabrous; glumes acuminate,
scabrous; lemma nearly as long as the olumes, finely
4- toothed, the awn attached about 1 mm above base,
about equaling the lemma, slightly
geniculate and protruding from
/ side of glumes; palea nearly as long
‘-. as the lemma; hairs of callus and
rachilla rather abundant, about
half as long as the lemma. 2
Plains en dry open eo Man- : ~ Taare
itoba to Alberta, south toSouth Da- Pi@uRE 617-__Disimibution'o
kota, Wyoming, and Idaho (fig. 617). ER
8. Calamagrostis rubéscens Buckl. Prneerass. (Fig.
618.) Culms slender, tufted, 60 to 100 cm mg with
creeping rhizomes; sheaths
smooth, but pubescent on
the collar, sometimes ob-
scurely so; blades erect, 2 to
4 mm wide, flat or some-
what involute, scabrous;
panicle narrow, spikelike
or somewhat loose or in-
terrupted, pale or purple, 7
to 15 cm long; glumes 4 to
5 mm long, narrow, acumi-
nate; lemma pale, thin,
about as long as glumes,
smooth, the nerves obscure,
the awn from near base, FIGURE 618.—Calamagrostis rubescens.

ate, exserted from Panicle, X1; glumes and floret, X 10.
genicul (Sandberg and Leiberg, Wash.)

16.—
Celina de cide. or olumes, 1 to 2 mm

tis montanensis. long above the bend, the callus hairs scant, about one-
glumes and third as long as the lemma: rachilla 1 mm long, the sparse

(obeeo tana: hairs extending to 2 mm. —QOpen pine woods,

Mont.) prairies, and banks, Manitoba to British Columbia,
south to northern Colorado and central California (ios GIO). x val-
uable range grass. A large form with dense lobed panicle has been
called C. cusicku Vasey.

9. Calamagrostis portéri A. Gray. (Fig.
620.) Culms slender, 60 to 120 cm tall, with
slender rhizomes; sheaths pubescent on the col-
lar; blades flat, spreading, lax, 4 to 8 mm wide;
panicle narrow but rather loose, erect or some-
what nodding, 10 to 15 cm long; glumes 4 to 6
Ee ee de moe §€6©6mram long, scaberulous; lemma slightly shorter

than the glumes, toothed at apex, the awn from
near base, about as long as the lemma, bent and protruding from
side of glumes; palea about as long as the lemma; callus hairs

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 313

rather scant, nearly half as long as the lemma; rachilla hairs scant,
extending to about 3 mm. 2 -—Dry rocky soil, New York, Penn-
sylvania, Virginia (Luray), and West Virginia (fig. 621).

10. Calamagrostis perpléxa Scribn. (Fig. 622.)
Resembling C. porteri, differing in the somewhat
larger, denser panicle and in the more copious callus
hairs about three-fourths as long as the lemma, and
in the more delicate awn. 2 —Wet rocks and
sandy shores, Maine (Elliotsville), New Hampshire
(White Mountains), New York (Thatcher’s Pinnacle,
near Ithaca, type locality),
Ontario (Lake Nipagon), and
Minnesota (Fond du Lac).

11. Calamagrostis nut-
kaénsis (Presl) Steud. (Fig.
623.) Culmsstout, 1 to1.5m
tall with short rhizomes (not
usually present in herbarium = "°"3E pee onice
specimens); ligule 6 to 8 mm
long; blades elongate, 8 to 12 mm wide, flat becom-
ing involute, gradually narrowed into a long point,
scabrous; panicle usually purplish, narrow, rather
loose, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches rather stiffly
ascending; glumes 5 to 7 mm long, acuminate;
FicuRE 620-——Calama- lemma about 4 mm long, indistinctly nerved, the

grostis porter, X 10.awn rather stout, from near the base, slightly
(Porter, Pa.) : ‘

geniculate, about equaling the lemma or shorter;

hairs of callus and rachilla scarcely half as long. 2 W—Along the

coast in moist soil or wet wooded hills, from Alaska to central California.

12. Calamagrostis dénsa Vasey. CUYAMACA REED-
Grass. (Fig. 624.)
Culms rather stout,
densely tufted,
smooth or scabrous
just below the pan-
icle, mostly more
than 1 m tall, with
rather stout rhi-
zomes; sheaths
slightly scabrous;
ligule 3 to 5 mm
long; blades flat, or
subinvolute, sca-
brous, 15 to 25 cm
long, 3 to 8 mm
wide, the uppermost
4 ee peel N\
spikellike, dense, \ MW Vp i
qed Te a pale, 10 to 15 cm \ \ WANA, Va \¥

areirnss tad floret. long; elumes 4.5 tO wieure 623.—Calamagrostis nutkaensis. Panicle,
ae 7 ye 5 mm long, acumi- aes glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 23576,
y iN. 1. reg.)
nate, scaberulous;
lemma 3.5 to 4 mm long, the awn bent, about as long as the lemma,
more or less exserted at the side, the hairs of callus and rachilla scant,

Vg Z
—
>

eS SSS =
WSS SS

AE FEL
a

i
Y

LY Mh
WY \ (

314 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

about 1mm long. 2 —Dry hills, among shrubs, mountains east of

San Diego, Calif.

13. Calamagrostis koelerioides Vasey. (Fig. 625.) Differs from

C. densa in the more slender culms and (often purplish) panicles.

2 —Dry hills, banks, and meadows, Wyoming to Washington, south

to southern California. (Fig. 626.) Probably a form of C. densa.

mn 1Aj
YW
\ ¥ \ WT ep <

WIWY ¥
FIGURE 624.—Calamagrostis densa.

Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, FIGURE 625.—Calamagrostis koelerioides, X 10.
x 10. (Hitchcock 13163, Calif.) (Hitchcock 23558, Oreg.)

14. Calamagrostis pickeringii A. Gray. (Fig. 627.) Culms soli-
tary or few in tufts, rather rigid, scabrous below the panicle, 30 to 60
cm tall, with creeping rhizomes; blades erect, flat, 4 to 5 mm wide;
panicle purplish, erect, contracted and rather dense, 7 to 12 cm long;
glumes acute, about 4 to 4.5 mm long; lemma a little shorter than the
glumes, scaberulous, narrowed to an obtuse
point, the awn attached about 1 mm above the AW) Yy
base, about as long as the lemma, slightly bent ANG if
and protruding somewhat from the side of the IW NWAZ
glumes; callus hairs scant, about 0.5 mm long; SA

rachillaaboutlmmlong, WVA\;
the hairs short, rather
scant. 2 —Bogs, wet A
meadows, and sandy WW?

beaches, Newfoundland Wi
and Labrador to the Wil’
i ~ Wei
ae et mountains of Massachu VAM)
FIGURE 626.—Distribution of

Calamagrostis koelerioides. setts and N ew York; Isle \ {
Royal, Mich. (fig. 628). Ny
Slender plants with slightly smaller spikelets Vili
have been differentiated as C. pickeringii var. ™~
debilis (Kearney) Fern. and Wieg. t
15. Calamagrostis ses Beal. Sones Seine Bea ae
REEDGRASS. (Fig. 629.) ms tutted, ‘with ©, sues and Horst oe ae
numerous creeping rhizomes, slender, 60 to 100 Par Te ee
em tall; lower sheaths loose, thin, upper scabrous, retrorsely
pubescent on the collar; ligule about 5 mm long; blades thin, elongate,
4 to 7mm wide, scabrous; panicle pale or purplish, narrow but rather

cae noae ene ee tt

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 315

lax, 10 to 15 cm long (rarely longer) ; glumes about 4 mm long, acumi-
nate; lemma a little shorter than the glumes, sharply toothed, the awn
about as long as the glumes or a little longer, feebly bent, the callus
hairs about half as long as the lemma; rachilla minute, its hairs nearly
as long as the lemma. 2 —Moist meadows S, Montana and Wash-
ington to Colorado and Oregon; infrequent (fig. 630).

16. Calamagrostis canadénsis (Michx.) Beauy. Buiursornt. (Fig.
631, A.) Culms suberect, tufted, 60 to 150 cm
tall, with numerous creeping rhizomes; sheaths
glabrous or rarely obscurely pubescent: blades
numerous, elongate, flat, rather lax, scabrous, 4
to 8 mm wide: panicle ‘nodding, from narrow
and rather dense to loose and relatively open,
especially at base, 10 to 25 cm long; glumes
usually 3 to 4 mm long, smooth or more com- — GRE 628 Distribution of
monly scabrous, acute to acuminate; lemma
nearly as long as glumes, smooth, thin in texture, the awn delicate,
straight, attached just below the middle and extending to or slightly
beyond its tip, the callus hairs abundant, about as long as lemma;
rachilla delicate, sparsely long-pilose. of —Marshes, “wet places,

open woods, and meadows, Green-
"WNIT GF ~~ \and to Alaska, south to Maryland,
f CW fee W- North Carolina (Roan Mountain),
WA AZ Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Ari-
zona, and California (fig. 632).
A widely distributed and exceed-
ingly variablespecies. Characters
used to differentiate the many
proposed varieties are not corre-
lated in the larger proportion of
specimens. The panicle varies in
density and the glumes in size
and scabridity. The following
varieties are recognizable but are
PiguEE Ss Galemomretc acing. Fenice x connected with the species by
many intergrading specimens.

CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS var. SCABRA (Presl) Hitche. (Fig.
631, B.) Differing in having spikelets 4.5 to 6 mm long, the glumes
rather firm, hispidly short-ciliate on the keel, strongly scabrous other-
wise, but the greater scabridity not constant. 2 —Mountains of
New England, New York, and northward, and
along the Pacific coast from Washington to
Alaska. This form has been referred to C. langs-
dorfii (Link) Trin., which proves to be an Old
World species not found in America.

CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS var. MACOUNT-
Ana (Vasey) Stebbins. (Fig. 631, C.) Differing
from C. canadensis in the smaller spikelets Aer ae
about2mmlong. Scarcelyadistinctvariety. 2
—Saskatchewan (Macoun 44, 45), Minnesota (Bemidge), South Dakota
(Chamberlin, Redfield), Towa, Nebraska (Central City), Missouri
(Lake City, Little Blue), Montana (Manhattan), Yellowstone Park,
Washington (Spokane County), Oregon (Crook County).

316 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

fi bf
Sa iy NY a }

1 WA) PANY, ay}
\ fa ax) We wy x
ud YAW

NY
+N

FIGURE 631.—A, Calamagrostis canadensis. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, x 10. (Chase 5077, Mont.),
B, Var. scabra, X 10. (Pringle, N.H.) OC, Var. macowniana, X 10. (Pammel 891, Minn.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

17. Calamagrostis lactea Beal. (Fig. 633.)
to 150 cm. tall, weak, the nodes subgeniculate,
with a short knotty rhizome; sheaths scaber-
ulous; ligule rather firm, 3 to 5 mm long;
blades elongate, flat, lax, scabrous, 6 to 12
mm wide; panicle pale, narrowly pyramidal,
12 to 20 cm long, loosely flowered; glumes 5
to 6 mm long, scabrous, acuminate; lemma
shorter than the glumes, scabrous, the apex
setaceous-toothed, the awn attached near the

317
Culms ascending, 80

FIGURE 632.—Distribution of
Calamagrostis canadensis.

base, about equaling the lemma, weakly geniculate; palea slightly

\ iN Ak 2 Ce
wh Vy WZ YZZ
V/ WBE MS a
SQ\ A
=k VF MF |
y) = \\ WY Vy \ | \ i\
NEN Y \\IN
ISA\\ AN
KK SW \\h \
QW) AW
= W Xt
N WI Xt
SN Wy) WX \ \
SSK N ! UG,

FIGURE 633.—Calamagrostis lactea.

exceeding the lemma, the callus hairs about

—

ASS

=~

S

WY
WHA

FIGURE 634.—Calamagrostis cinnoides. Panicle, X 1; glumes and
floret, X 10. (Chase 7518, Md.)

\f
Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Dupl. type.)

half as long; rachilla
minute, sparsely pi-
lose. 21 —Mountain
slopes, Washington
and Oregon, appar-
ently rare.

18. Calamagrostis
cinnoides (Muhl.)
Barton. (Fig. 634.)
Glaucous; culms
rather stout, erect, 80
to 150 cm tall, with
slender rhizomes read-
ily broken off; sheaths
and blades very sca-
brous, sometimes
sparsely hirsute, the
blades flat, 5 to 10 mm
wide; panicle erect,
dense, more or _ less
lobed (somewhat open
at anthesis), 8 to 20 cm

long, purple-tinged; glumes 6 to 7 mm long, scabrous, long-acuminate

318 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

or awn-pointed; lemma firm, acuminate, scabrous, shorter than the
glumes, the awn attached about one fourth below the tip,'’not much
exceeding the lemma, the callus hairs copious, about two-thirds as
long; rachilla about 1 mm long, glabrous below, with a brush of long
white hairs at the tip about equaling the lemma. 2 Bogs and
moist ground, Maine to New York, south to Alabama (fig. 635).
19. Calamagrostis scopuldrum Jones. (Fig.
_ Lf 636.) Pale, glaucous; culms erect, 50 to 80
*) cm tall, with short rhizomes; blades elongate,
flat, scabrous, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle pale
to purplish, contracted, sometimes spikelike, 8
to 15 cm long; glumes 4 to 6 mm long, somewhat
scabrous, acute or acuminate, not awn-pointed;
FIG TEE Cocoon © lemma about as long as the glumes, minutely
, pilose, the awn attached above the middle,
straight, about as long as the lemma, the callus hairs about two-thirds
as long; rachilla rather sparsely long-pilose, especially on the upper
part. 2 -—Moist soil in gulches, Wyoming (Wild Cat Peak),
Colorado (Pagosa Peak), and Utah.

20. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray. NorTHERN REEDGRASS.
(Fig. 637.) Culms tufted, 40 to 120 cm tall, with rather slender
rhizomes, often scabrous below the panicle; sheaths smooth, or some-
what scabrous, the basal ones numerous, withering but persistent;
ligule 4 to 6 mm long; blades firm, rather rigid, flat or loosely involute,
very scabrous, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle
narrow, dense, the branches mostly erect and
spikelet-bearing from the base; 5 to 15 cm
long; glumes 3 to 4 mmlong, abruptly acumi-

-

FIGURE 637.—Calamagrostis in-

expansa. Panicle, X 1; glumes

FIGURE 636.—Calamagrostis scopulorum. Panicle, X 1; and floret, x 10. (Ehlers 566,
glumes and floret, x 10. (Jones 1145, Utah.) Mich.)

nate, scaberulous; lemma as long as glumes, scabrous, the awn attached
about the middle, straight or nearly so, about as long as glumes, the
callus hairs half to three-fourths as long; rachilla 0.5 mm long, some
of the hairs reaching to tip of lemma. 2 —Meadows, marshes, and
wet places, Greenland to Alaska, south to Maine, New York, Illinois,
Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, and California (fig. 638). Cawa-
MAGROSTIS INEXPANSA Var. NOVAE-ANGLIAE Stebbins. Panicle more
loosely flowered, the longer branches naked below. 2 —Wet granite
ledges, Maine to Vermont. CALAMAGROSTIS INEXPANSA Var. BAR-
BULATA Kearney. Culms robust, puberulent below the nodes; collar of
sheaths puberulent; awn minute or obsolete, callus hairs nearly as
long as the lemma. 2 —Known only from Mason County, Wash,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 319

CALAMAGROSTIS CALIFORNICA Kearney. (Fig. 639.) Resembling
C. inerpansa but panicles longer and somewhat looser and callus hairs
shorter. 21 —Known only from the type specimen, ‘‘Sierra Nevada.”
The status of this form is doubtful.

21. Calamagrostis neglécta (Ehrh.) Gaertn.
Mey. and Schreb. (Fig. 640.) Resembling @.
inexpansa, on the average smaller; ligule 1 to
3 mm long; blades smooth or nearly so, lax and
soft, narrow, often filiform; panicles on the
average smaller; glumes rather thinner in
texture, often smooth. 2| —Marshes, sandy 16URe 638. Distribution of
shores, and wet places, Greenland to Alaska, ; en
south to Maine, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Colorado,
Utah, and Oregon (fig. 641); northern Eurasia.

22. Calamagrostis crassigliimis Thurb.
(Fig. 642.) Culms rather rigid, 15 to 40
em tall, with short rhizomes; lower sheaths
overlapping, somewhat papery; blades
#1 | flat, or somewhat involute, smooth, firm, ,\\\/\\//{j// /
Ne3//7. about 4 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrow, . \\\\\'\\ ‘|!///
i WG dense, spikelike, 2 to 5 cm long, dull pur- \O\\\}/!7/;
NAV AZ —sople; glumes 3 to 4 mm long, ovate, rather
| abruptly acuminate, purple, scaberulous,
firm or almost indurate; lemma about as
long as glumes, broad, obtuse or abruptly
pointed, the awn attached about the
middle, straight, about as long as lemma,
the callus hairs abundant, about 3 mm
long; rachilla 1 mm long, the hairs reach-
ing to apex of lemma. 2 —Swampy
soil, Vancouver Island, Washington (What-_ __ ;
Fievre 639—Cala. com Lake), California (Mendocino *warvsis nein

Men 10. (Tye) County). A rare species allied to C. inez- speed an Sa
pansa and C. neglecta.

23. Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth. (Fig. 643.) Culms slender,
1 to 1.5 m tall, with creeping rhizomes; ligule about 4 mm long, rather
firm; blades elongate, mostly 4 to 5 mm wide, flat, scabrous; panicle
pale, erect, narrow, rather dense, 25 to 30 cm
long, narrowed at the summit; glumes sub-
equal, 4 to 5 mm long, narrowly lanceolate-
attenuate; lemma 2 to 2.3 mm long, strongly 2-
toothed at the opaque apex, the awn from a little
below the middle, about as long as the glumes,
LET pone ant bent sae the eee ; callus hairs

‘Calamagrostis neglecta, ©. «Cs 'ather copious, about as long as the glumes:

re aaa rachilla obsolete. 2} —(C. arenicola Fernald.)
—Sandy woods in dense colonies, Harwich, Mass.; said to be establish-
ed also at Gloucester, Mass., and Montgomery County, Pa.; Eurasia.

62. AMMOPHILA Host. Bracuarass

Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes, produced beyond the palea as a short bristle, hairy
above; glumes about equal, chartaceous; lemma similar to and a

55974°—35—— 21

320 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

little shorter than the glumes, the callus bearded; palea nearly as
long as the lemma. Tough, rather coarse, erect perennials, with
hard, scaly, creeping rhizomes, long, tough, involute blades, and
pale, dense spikelike panicles. Type species, Ammophila arenaria.
Named from the Greek ammos,sand, and philos,
loving, alluding to the habitat.

The species of Ammophila are important
sand-binding grasses, A. arenaria being used in
northern Europe to hold the barrier dunes along
the coast. In this country it has been tried
with success on Cape Cod and at Golden Gate
Park, San Francisco. Called also marram,
psamma, and sea sandreed.

Ligule thin, 10 to 30 mm long_---~-~- 1. A. ARENARIA,
Ligule firm, 1 to 3 mm long-_- 2. A. BREVILIGULATA.

Fe hime. panies Sea; 1. Ammophila arenfria (L.) Link. Evropran

eyes ae aoree oe BEACHGRASS. (Hie 764% B.) Culms 50 to 150
em tall, with deep extensively creeping rhi-

zomes; ligule thin, 1 to 3 cm long, blades elongate, firm, soon involute,
tapering to a fine point, the upper surface puberulent; panicle 10 to
20 cm long; spikelets 1.2 to 1.5 em long; glumes glabrous, scabrous
on the keels, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma scabrous,
the callus hairs about 3 mm long, the rachilla about 2 mm long.
—Sand dunes along the coast from San Francisco to Oregon; intro-

Vy S

\ \\\Y
\\W Ws? NF
Wi; 7, wai I
N\ Wy mn hp

FIGURE 643.—Calamagrostis epigeios. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Fernald 757, Mass.)

duced as a sand binder in the vicinity of San Francisco and now es-
tablished at several places to the north; coast of Europe.

2. Ammophila breviligulata Fernald. AMERICAN BEACHGRASS.
(Fig. 644, A.) Similar to A. arenaria; ligule firm, 1 to 3 mm long;
blades scaberulous on the upper surface; callus hairs shorter. 2
—Sand dunes along the coast from Newfoundland to North Carolina,
and on the shores of the Great Lakes from Lake Ontario to Lake
Superior and Lake Michigan (fig. 645).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES aoe

|
;
)

oy i:

=: th 1 wae

FIGURE 644.—A, Ammophila breviligulata. Plant, X 1%; spikelet and floret,x 5. (Sherff, Ind.) 8B,
Ammophila arenaria. Glumes, floret, and ligule, X 5. (Heller 5670, Calif.)

a22 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

63. CALAMOVILFA Hack.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
not prolonged behind the palea; glumes unequal, chartaceous, 1-
nerved, acute; lemma a little longer than the second glume, char-
taceous, l-nerved, awnless, glabrous or pubescent, the callus
bearded; palea about as long as the lemma. Rigid, usually tall
perennials, with narrow or open panicles, some species with creeping
rhizomes. ‘Type species, Calamovilfa brevipilis. Name from Greek
kalamos, reed, and Vilfa a genus of grasses. Calamovilfa longifolia
is of some value for forage but is rather coarse and woody; a variety
of this and also C. gigantea are inland sand binders.

Rhizomes short and thick.

Panicle marrow,ycomtracted 2% isa. )y ne me aeas ened as 1. C. curtissi.

Panicle’subpyramidal, rather openl. 1 Baie ie 2. C. BREVIPILIS.
Rhizomes extensively creeping.

Lemma glabrous (except for the callus hairs) ___________ 3. C. LONGIFOLIA.

Lemma villous on the back above the callus hairs_________ 4. C. GIGANTEA.

1. Calamovilfa curtissii (Vasey) Scribn. (Fig. 646.) Culms
tufted from a short, thick horizontal rhizome, about 1 m tall:
lower sheaths firm, overlapping, persistent;
blades elongate, 2 to 3 mm wide, flat to involute,
those of the innovations subfiliform; panicle
contracted butnot dense, 15 to 20cm long; spike-
lets pale, about 5 mm long; glumes acute, the
first 4 mm, the second 5 mm long; lemma as

TALE long as the second glume, acute, villous on the
eT Cohila booiotae ~ back below, the callus hairs 1 to 1.5 mm long;
palea sparsely villous along the keels.

—Low pine barrens, East Florida; also Santa Rosa County, Fla.

2. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Scribn. (Fig. 647.) Culms
solitary or few, compressed, 60 to 120 cm tall, the base as in C.
curtissvi; blades elongate, 2 to 3 mm wide, flat to subinvolute; panicle
subpyramidal, rather open, 10 to 25 cm long, the branches ascending,
flexuous, glabrous, naked below; spikelets brownish, 5 to 6 mm
long; glumes acuminate, the first 2 to 2.5 mm long, the second about 4
mm long; lemma villous on the back below, the callus hairs 1.5
mm long; palea exceeding the lemma, villous on the back. 2% —
Marshes and river banks, New Jersey, North Carolina, rare.

3. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. (Fig. 648.) Culms
mostly solitary, 50 to 180 cm tall, with strong scaly creeping rhi-
zomes; sheaths usually more or less appressed-villous, especially
near the summit; blades firm, elongate, flat or soon involute, 4 to
8 mm wide near base, tapering to a long fine point; panicle 15 to 35
em long, rather narrow or contracted, the branches ascending or
appressed, sometimes slightly spreading; spikelets pale, 6 to 7 mm
long; glumes acuminate, the first about 2 mm shorter than the
second; lemma somewhat shorter than the second glume, glabrous,
the callus hairs copious, more than half as long as the lemma. 2
—Sand hills and sandy prairies or open woods, Michigan to Alberta,
south to Indiana, Colorado, and Idaho (fig. 649). Ca LAMOVILFA
LONGIFOLIA var. MAGNA Scribn. and Merr. Panicle more open and
spreading. 2 -—Sandy ridges and dunes along Lake Huron and
Lake Michigan.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 203

4. Calamovilfa gigantéa (Nutt.) Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 650.)
Culms robust, mostly solitary, usually
1.5 to 2 m tall, as much as 6 mm thick
at base, with strong creeping rhizomes;
i sheaths glabrous; blades elongate, 5 to

10 mm wide at base, tapering to a long
involute tip; panicle open, as much as
60 cm long, the branches rather stiffly
spreading, as much as 25 cm long;
spikelets similar to those of C. longi-
folia, but somewhat larger; lemma
and palea villous along the back;
callus hairs copious, half as long as
the lemma. 2} —Sand dunes, North
Dakota to Texas and west to Arizona
(fig. 651).

64. AGROSTIS L. Berntcrass

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulat-
ing above the glumes, the rachilla
usually not prolonged; glumes equal
or nearly so, acute, acuminate, or
sometimes awn-pointed, usually sca-
brous on the keel and sometimes on the
back; lemma obtuse, usually shorter
and thinner than the glumes, awnless
or dorsally awned, often hairy on the
callus; palea usually shorter than the
lemma, 2-nerved in only a few species,
usually small and nervelessorobsolete. F!¢UR 646.—Calamovilfa curtissii. Plant, x
Delicate to moderately tall annuals ~™ eee RE coxa ie
or usually perennials, with flat or sometimes involute, scabrous
blades, and open to contracted panicles of small spikelets. Type

2 se
<a : e
Sg 2
ZA —=—S
ae SSS
= S == = S
SS

Z
- — |
Se
x=

~
SS S

es
_—_
—<

aon

I

VS ERE

FIGURE 647.—Calamovilfa brevipilis. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 5. (Brinton. N. J.)

species, Agrostis stolonifera. Name from Greek agrostis, a kind of
grass, from agros, a field; the word agrostology is from the same root.

324 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4

FIGURE 648.—Calamovilfa longifolia. Plant, X 44; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Babcock, IIl.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 325

The rachilla is regularly prolonged in a few species and in
occasional spikelets of other species.
Most of the species are important forage
plants, either under cultivation or in the
mountain meadows of the Western States.
The three important cultivated species are
redtop, Agrostis alba, used for meadows,
pastures, lawns, and sports turf, Colonial bent, ae
A. tenuis, used for pastures, lawns, and sports °CRE Oe iia
turf, and creeping bent, A. palustris, used dg
for lawns and golf greens. Velvet bent, A. canina, 1s sometimes

FIGURE 650.—Calamovilfa gigantea. Panicle, X }2; glumes and floret, X 5. (White, Okla.)

used for putting greens. Recently forms of A. palustris called
Washington bent and Metropolitan bent,
have come into use for lawns and especially
for golf greens. They are propagated by the
stolons. Fiorin is a name applied in England
to A. palustris.
| The native species abundant enough to be
—- of importance as forage plants are A. erarata,
FET aie seep f ~=6throughout the western half of the United
States, A. oregonensis in Oregon, and A.
rossaeé in alpine regions of the Northwest.
la. Palea evident, 2-nerved, at least half as long as the lemma.
2a. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle.
icrrsasine ee ita as eh pe er fee 1. A. RETROFRACTA.

Lemma glabrous.
Lemma awned; plants annual.

Panicle open, the branches naked below _ -_------- 2. A. SPICA-VENTI.
Panicle narrow, contracted, interrupted, the branches, or some of them
floriferous from the base___---------------- 3. A. INTERRUPTA.
Lemma awnless; plants perennial.
pues. 2 tae leg Aer 8 ee 4. A. THURBERIANA.
petiocless Sia teri Wee a ihe ed 5. A. AEQUIVALVIS.

2b. Rachilla not prolonged.

Glumes scabrous on the keel and on the back; panicle contracted, lobed,
the short branches densely verticillate___-_--__-- 6. A. VERTICILLATA.
Glumes scabrous on the keel only; panicle open or, if contracted, not lobed

nor with densely verticillate branches.
Plants tufted; dwarf alpine species______----__------ 12. A. HUMILIS.
Plants with rhizomes or stolons; taller species of low and medium altitudes.
Branches of panicle naked at base, the panicle open and delicate;
ligule as much as 2 mm long on culm leaves, less than 1 mm on
PU CIOs Xi ee eo EE Sa 11. A. TENUIS.
Branches of panicle or some of them floriferous from base; ligule as

much as 6 mm long.

Panicle contracted, the branches appressed; long stolons developed
in isolated plants. Culms decumbent at base. 8. A. PALUSTRIS.

326 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicle open, the branches ascending, no long stolons developed.
Culms producing rather stout creeping leafy stolons. 9. A. NIGRA.
Culms decumbent at base; rhizomes wanting. 7. A. STOLONIFERA.
Culms erect; ‘rhizomes present! 25.2 2. Se ee 10. A. ALBA.
lb. Palea obsolete, or a minute nerveless scale (in A. exarata and A. californica
as much as 0.5 mm long or more).
3a. Plants annual; lemma with a slender awn 5 to 10 mm long.
Awn flexuous; Southeastern States_.-_.........---- 15. A. ELLIOTTIANA.
Awn straight; Pacific coast.
Spikelets 5 to 6 mm long; lemma awned from the middle_______________
. A. HENDERSONII.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm long; lemma awned below the tip_____________~_
14. A. EXIGUA.
3b. Plants perennial; lemma awned or awnless, the awn when present not
much exserted.
4a. Plants spreading by creeping rhizomes (those of A. lepida short).

Hairs at base of lemma, 1 to 2 mm Jong__- _ =~ = = 2-222 2 16. A. HALLII.
Hairs at base of lemma minute or wanting.
Rhizomes short; alpine tufted plants__._.._._._.__._.___- 17. AS EW PrpAt
Rhizomes long and slender.
Panicle pprkelikes 8 oS eae ae eee ea aie Dae oy ee 18. A. PALLENS.
Panicle open: is 1 tug ee eee sk hares Ca 19. A. DIEGOENSIS.

4b. Plants without rhizomes, stolons sometimes developed.
5a. Panicle narrow, contracted, at least some of the lower branches
spikelet-bearing from near the base.

Culms slender, in dense tufts with numerous basal leaves; blades not
more than 5 cm long, less than 2 mm wide; panicles seldom more
than 5 mm wide.

Blades involute; culms spreading; panicles strict-__ 20. A. BLASDALEI.
Blades flat; culms erect; panicles not strict____-__- 21. A. ROSSAE.

Culms stouter, not in tufts with dense basal foliage; blades or some of
them at least 8 to 10 em long and 4 to 5 mm wide, commonly much
larger.

Bintele from loose to dense, if dense, in glomerules or interrupted;
glumes, except the keel, smooth to scaberulous; palea less than

one fourth as long as the lemma--_-_--_---_--- 22. A. EXARATA.
Panicle dense and spikelike; glumes very scabrous; palea one fourth
to one third as long as the lemma__------- 23. A. CALIFORNICA.

5b. Panicle open, sometimes diffusely spreading; lower branches not
spikelet-bearing at the base.
Awn attached near the base of the lemma; panicle diffuse.
24. A. HOWELLII.
Awn when present attached about the middle of the lemma or above.
Panicles very diffuse, the scabrous capillary branches branching
toward the end or (in A. hiemalis var. geminata) above the middle.
25. A. HIEMALIS.
Panicles open but not diffuse, the branches branching at or below the

middle.
Lemmas awnless (occasional plants with awned lemmas; see also
A. bakert).
Spikelets about 1.5 mm long; plants of high altitudes, delicate,
10. to:30; om, tala. ee aes Ae ere 26. A. IDAHOENSIS.
Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; more robust plants of low and medium
altitudes.

Panicles rather lax, sometimes delicate and divaricately
spreading; blades flat, as much as 6 mm wide; eastern

United Statess. ces: Dials Wa eyes ieee 28. A. PERENNANBS.

Panicles rather stiff, the branches whorled aud rather stiffly

ascending; Pacific coast____..-.-- 29. A. OREGONENSIS.
Lemmas awned.

Spikelets about 2 mm long; introduced_-_--__-_ 30. <A. CANINA.

Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; native.
Branches of panicle nearly smooth. Foliage mostly basal.
31. A. BOREALIS.
Branches of panicle scabrous.
Awn short iandstraights se Bee eet ee 27. A. BAKERI.
Awn geniculate, exserted..=- 2-.2--- 32. A. LONGILIGULA.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 327

1. Agrostis retrofracta Willd. (Fig.652.) Perennial; culms tufted,
erect or decumbent at base, 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths smooth; ligule
of culm leaves 3 to 5 mm long; blades flat, scabrous, 1 to 2 mm wide;
panicle diffuse, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches in distant whorls,
capillary, reflexed at maturity, divided above the middle; glumes
acuminate, 3 to 4 mm long; lemma about half as long as the glumes,
thin, pubescent, short-bearded on the callus, and bearing about the
middle a slender geniculate and twisted awn exserted about the length
of the glumes; palea nearly as long as the lemma; rachilla slender,
pilose, from half to as long as the lemma. 2 -—Introduced in
central California (15 miles south of Stockton), Texas (Kent), and
Ohio (Painesville); common in Hawaiian Islands and Polynesia.

2. Agrostis spica-vénti L. (Fig.653,A.) Annual;culms branched
at base, mostly 40 to 60 cm tall; ligule as much as 6 mm long; blades

FIGURE 652.—Agrostis retrofracta. Panicle, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Tracy and Earle 403, Tex.)

flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, usually less than half
as broad, the branches capillary, spreading, whorled, naked at base;
spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; glumes somewhat unequal, the first shorter
and narrower; lemma about as long as the second glume, scaberulous,
with a slender awn from below the apex, the awn about twice as long
as the glumes; palea about as long as the lemma; rachilla less than 0.5
mm long. © -lIntroduced at a few points from Maine to Mary-
land; Ohio; Portland, Oreg. (fig. 654); Europe.

3. Agrostis interripta L. (Fig. 653, B.) Similar to A. spica-venti;
panicle narrower, more condensed, interrupted, the branches or some
of them floriferous from the base; awn of lemma about 1 cm long
© —Introduced in Missouri (St. Louis), Washington (Spokane),
Oregon (Portland), Idaho (Nezperce Forest), and British Columbia
(Okanogan); Europe.

4, Agrostis thurberiana Hitche. THursper reptop. (Fig. 655.)
Culms slender, in small tufts, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; leaves somewhat
crowded at base, the blades about 2 mm wide; panicle rather narrow,
lax, more or less drooping, 5 to 7 cm long; spikelets green, pale, or
purple, 2 mm long; lemma nearly as long as the glumes, the palea about
two thirds as long; rachilla hairy, 0.3 mm long. 2 M—Bogs and
moist places, at medium and upper altitudes, Colorado to British
Columbia and south in the Sierras to central California (fig. 656).

328 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 653.—A, Agrostis spica-venti. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, x 5. (Martindale, N.J.) B, A.
interrwpta. Panicle, X 14; glumes and floret, X 5. (Bonser 3, Wash.)

as

al ES ee ee 2 ee 2 ee ee. = | eee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 329

5. Agrostis aequivalvis (Trin.) Trin. (Fig. 657.) Similar to
A. thurberiana; culms on the average taller, blades longer; panicle
usually purple, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets about 3 to 4.5 mm long;
palea nearly as long as the lemma; prolongation
of the rachilla minutely pubescent, one fifth to
half as long as the lemma. 2 —Wet mead-
ows and bogs, Alaska, southward (rare) in the
Cascade Mountains to Oregon.

6. Agrostis verticillata Vill. Watrer BENT.
(Fig. 658.) Culms usually decumbent at base, ;
sometimes with long creeping and rooting "ORE Si. Distribution of
stolons; blades firm, mostly relatively short
and broad, but in luxuriant specimens elongate; panicle contracted,
3 to 10 cm long, densely flowered, lobed with short verticillate

branches, especially at base, the branches spike-
let-bearing from the base; spikelets usually
falling entire; glumes equal, narrowed to an

4 obtuse tip, scabrous on Et
back and keel, 2 mm long; ad | ire me AL
lemma 1 mm long, awn- = {37~~Je pb A Vee
\ less, truncate and toothed NEES Fy Ses
at apex; palea nearly as .G, Peay
\ i) long asthelemma. 2 — \ hes
Moist ground at low , Siiea
? y altitudes, especially along —F!9vR# 656.>Distribution of
\

urigation ditches (in irri-
FIGURE 655.—Agrostis thurte. Gated regions), Texas to California, north to
ee southern Utah and Washington; on ballast at
ae eP" some Atlantic ports. Introduced in America,
south through the drier parts to Argentina (fig. 659); warmer parts
of the Eastern Hemisphere.
7. Agrostis stolonifera L. (Fig. 660.)
Culms ascending from a spreading base, the
decumbent portion rooting

e ° Milt YD i
in wet soil, 20 to 50 cm tall; A

: = WA Ay
ligule as much as 6 mm SE
long; blades flat, mostly 1 vi of

to 3 mm wide; panicle A
oblong, 5 to 15 cm long, pale VE ay
or purple, somewhat open, leg /,
the branches or some of . “3

them spikelet-bearing from
near the base; spikelets 2

i f Sys y Nag
to 2.5 mm long; glumes AG ae
acute, glabrous except the hima”
scabrous keel; lemma short- UZ

er than the glumes, awnless FiGuRe 658.—Agrostis

v : ?

or rarely awned from the or phn and

: 2 oret, X 5. (Schoen-
back; palea usually half to feldt 3150, Coli}

FIGURE 657-—Agrostis aequivalvis. tWO thirds as long as the

i ’ x iI bs . T a

5 (Howell 1712, Alaska)’ ~~ lemma. 2 —Moist grassy places, New-

foundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey

in the East and to Oregon in the West (fig. 661); northern Europe.

This species appears to be native in northern North America.

330 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

8. Agrostis palistris Huds. Crempine Bent. (Fig. 662.) Dif-
fering from A. stolonifera chiefly in the long stolons, the narrow stiff
appressed blades, and the condensed (some-
times somewhat open) panicle. 2 (A. mari-
tima Lam.)—Marshes along the coast, from
Newfound-
land to Mary-
land; British
Columbia_ to
northern Cali- Foun 6s4-Distipation of
fornia; some-
times occupy-
ing extensive ,
areas, as at
Coos Bay,
Oreg.; intro-
duced at vari-

ous places in
FIGURE 660.—Agrostis stolonifera. Panicle, X1; the aio ee of FIGURE 661.— Distribution of
floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 23899, Newt.) Agrostis stolonifera.

southern Can-
ada and northern United States and occasionally as far south as Texas
and New Mexico, especially along ditches (fig. 663); Eurasia. Forms
of this species, known as seaside,

Coos Bay, and Cocoos bents (prop- Nv 4 LF
agated by seed), and Metropolitan ~ , Wy Lea
and Washington bents (propagated Sy Aw se)
by stolons, and formerly called car- =a , SN NM, Z
— { = UG,
“J

SINS
WAY
SNS

\

FIGURE 662.— Agrostis palustris. Plant, X 1; glumes FIGURE 664.—Agrostis nigra. Plant, X 1; floret, 5.
and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 11713, Wash.) (Moore 47, cult. Mo. Bot. Gard.)

pet bent), are used for lawns and extensively for putting greens.
9. Agrostis nigra With. Buack BENT.
(Fig. 664.) Culms long-decumbent at base,
also with rather stout leafy stolons, the fertile
branches ascending or erect, 20 to 30 cm tall;
ligule as in A. alba; panicle brown, open asin A.
alba, but on the average more condensed along
the branches, the base usually partly included.
VIGURE, Oe pane 2. > ometimes found jmixedy wathy pomel
German” bent (creeping bent), hence may

be a constituent of lawns grown from imported seed; Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 331

FIGURE 665.— Agrostis alba.

f

10. Agrostis alba L.
Reptop. (Fig. 665.)
Differing from A.
stolonifera in its usually
erect more robust
culms, sometimes as
much as 1 to 1.5 m
tall, the base erect or
decumbent, with
strong creeping rhi-
zomes; blades flat, 5
to 10 mm wide; pan-
icle pyramidal-oblong,
reddish, as much as 20
cm long, the branches
spreading in anthesis,
sometimes contracting
later; lemmas rarely
awned. 2 —Thisis
the common redtop
cultivated for mead-
ows, pastures, and
lawns, extensively
escaped in all the
cooler parts of the
United States; Eur-
asia. This form ap-
pears not to be native
in America. Plants
erowing without cul-
tivation may tend to
take on the aspect of
A. stolonifera. This
and the two preceding
are closely allied and
appear to intergrade.
The name A. palustris
has been erroneously
applied to this species
in recent works.

Plant, X 44; 2 spikelets and floret, X 5. (Chase 5191, Mont.)

332 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

11. Agrostis ténuis Sibth. ConontaAL BENT. (Fig. 666, A.)
Culms slender, erect, tufted, usually 20 to 40 cm tall, with short

N stolons but no creeping rhi-
es zomes; ligule short, less than 1
‘ rh YY w

mm or on the culm as much
N
Sy»
3 \

as 2 mm long; blades mostly
5 to 10.em long, 1’te 3) mm
wide; panicle mostly 5 to 10
em long, open, delicate, the
slender branches naked below,
the spikelets not crowded. 2
(A. vulgaris With.)—Cultiva-
ted for pastures and lawns in
FIGURE 666.—A, Agrostis tenuis. Panicle, X 1; glumes, the northeastern United States;
floret, and ligule, x 5. (Waghorne, Newf.) 3B, Var. escaped. and well established
aristata. Floret, X 5. (Gayle 786, Maine.) throughout those regions; New-
foundland south to Maryland, West Virginia, and Michigan; British
Columbia to California (fig. 667); Europe. This species appears not
to be native in America; it has been referred
to A. capillaris L., a distinct species of Europe.
In older works this has been called Rhode
Island bent. Forms of this species are some-
times called Prince Edward Island, New Zea-
land, and Rhode Island Colonial bent (non-
creeping forms) and Astoria and Oregon
Colonial bent (creeping forms). ee ee of
AGROSTIS TENUIS var. ARISTATA (Parn.)
Druce. (Fig. 666, B.) Differing from A. tenwis in having lemma
awned from near the base, the awn usually geniculate and exceeding
the glumes. 2 —Fields and open woods, Nova
ea Scotia and Quebec to North Carolina; Alaska to Van-
et couver Island; northern California; Europe. This
(|

form appears to be native, at least in the more north-
erly part of its range.
12. Agrostis himilis Vasey. (Fig. 668.) Culms
\ F low, tufted, mostly not more than 15 cm tall; leaves
NY) mostly basal, the blades flat or folded, usually not
y, more than 1 mm wide; panicle narrow, purple, 1 to
3 cm long, the branches appressed to somewhat
| spreading; spikelets about 2 mm long; lemma nearly
| as long as the glumes, awnless; palea about two
rtnis’ Panels x thirds as long as lemma. 2 Bogs and alpine
ee eee meadows at high altitudes, Wyoming and Colorado
to Washington and Oregon (fig. 669).

13. Agrostis hendersonii Hitche. (Fig.
670.) Annual; culms about 10 cm tall;
ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades flat or loosely
involute, 1 to 3 cm long, about 1 mm wide;
panicle condensed, about 2.5 cm long, pur-
plish; spikelets short-pediceled, 5 to 6 mm
long; glumes subequal, setaceous-tipped; lem- cee
ma about 3 mm long, finely 2-toothed, awned FIGURE 660. Distr havion of
from the middle, the awn about 1 cm long,
geniculate, the callus pubescent; palea obsolete. © —Wet ground.
Known only from Sams Valley, near Gold Hill, Jackson County, Oreg.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

14, Agrostis exigua Thurb.

333

(Fig. 671.) Annual; culms delicate,

3 to 10 em tall, branching from the base; blades 5 to 20 mm long,
subinvolute, scabrous; panicle half the length of the plant, finally

eS

FIGURE 670.—Agrostis henderso-
nit. Plant, X 1; glumesand 2
views of floret, X 5. (Type.

open; glumes 1.5 mm long,
scaberulous; lemma equaling
the glumes, scaberulous toward
the 2-toothed apex, bearing
below the tip a delicate bent
awn 4 times as long; palea
wanting. © —Known only
from ‘‘foothills of the Sierras”
(the type) and Howell Moun-
tain, Napa County, Calif.

15. Agrostis elliottiana
Schult. (Fig. 672.) Annual;
culms slender, erect or decum-
bent at base, 10 to 40 cm tall;
blades flat, about 1 mm wide;

FIGURE 671.— Agrostis

panicle finally diffuse, about = (ge pact
half the entire height of the X35. (Type.

plant, the branches capillary,

fascicled, the spikelets toward the ends of the
branchlets, the whole panicle breaking away
at maturity; spike-
lets 1.5 to 2mm long;
glumes acute; lem-
ma 1 to1.5mm long,
minutely toothed,
the awn attached
below the tip, very
slender, flexuous,
delicately _ short-
pilose, 5 to 10 mm

long, sometimes by
wanting; palea want- ) EE iy
ing. © Fields, |

FIGURE 672.—Agrostis elliottiana.
Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5.
(Johnson, Miss.)

waste places, and
open ground, Mary-
land to Illinois, Mis-

souril, and Kansas, south to Georgia, Alabama, and eastern Texas;
introduced in Maine and Massachusetts (fig. 673); Yucatan.

FIGURE 673.—Distribution of
Agrostis elliwttiana.

Santa Barbara, Calif.

Hitche.

16. Agrostis hallii Vasey. (Fig.674.) Culms
erect, 60 to 90 cm tall, with creeping rhizomes;
ligule usually conspicuous, 2 to 7 mm long;
blades flat, 2 to 5mm wide; panicle 10 to 15
cm long, narrow but loose, the branches verti-
cillate; glumes about 4mm long; lemma awn-
less, 3 mm long, with a tuft of hairs at base
about half as long; palea wanting. 2 —Most-
ly in woods near the coast from Oregon to

AGROSTIS HALLII var. PRINGLEI (Scribn.)

Branching, foliage stramineous; blades narrow, usually

involute; panicle narrow, compact. 2 Near the coast in sand,

Mendocino County,

Calif

|

334 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

17. Agrostis lépida Hitche. (Fig. 675.) Culms tufted, 30 to 40
em tall, erect, with numerous short rhizomes; ligule, at least on the
3 innovations, as much as 4 mm long; leaves
mostly basal, the blades firm, erect, flat or
folded, the upper culm leaf below the middle
of the culm, the blade 3 cm long or less;
panicle purple, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches
verticillate, becoming divaricately spread-
ing, the lowermost 2 to 5 cm long; glumes
3 mm long, smooth or nearly so; lemma 2
mm long; palea wanting or very minute.
2 —Meadows and open woods, Sequoia
National Park, and San Bernardino Moun-
tains, Calif., at upper altitudes.

18. Agrostis pallens Trin. } DUNE’ BENT.
(Fig. 676.) Culms erect, 20 to 40 cm tall,
with creeping rhizomes; ligule rather firm,
2 to 3 mm long; blades flat or somewhat

Uf involute, 1

FIGURE 674.—Agrostis hallii. Pan- to 4 mm
icle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. wide; pan-
(Bioletti 110, Calif.) icle con-

tracted, almost spikelike, 5 to 10 cm

long; glumes 2.5 to 3 mm long; lem-
ma a little shorter than the glumes,

awnless; palea wanting. 2

Sand dunes along the jcoast, Wash-

ington to central California. Prob-

ably only a seacoast form of 4A.
diegoensis.

19. Agrostis diegoénsis Vasey.
Tuinerass. (Fig. 677.) Culms
erect, as much as 1 m tall with creep-
ing rhizomes; blades flat, lax, 2 to 6
mm wide; panicle narrow, open, 10
to 15 cm long, the branches ascend-
ing, rather stiff, some of them naked
below; spikelets about as in A. pal-
lens, awned or awnless. 2 —
Meadows and open woods at low
and medium altitudes, Montana and , \
British Columbia to southern Cali-
fornia and Nevada (fig. 678).

20. Agrostis blasdalei Hitchc.
(Fig. 679.) Culms 10 to 15 cm tall,
densely tufted; blades narrow or
filiform, rigid, involute, 2 to 4 cm
long; panicle strict, narrow, almost
spikelike, 2 to 3 cm long, the short
branches closely appressed; spikelets

Viph
yl Oi

ty
YA

: FIGURE 675.—Agrostis lepida. Plant, X 4;
aS to 3 mm long; lemma about 1.8 glumes and floret, X 5. (Type.)

mm long, awnless or with a very

short awn just above the middle; palea about 0.3 mm long, nerveless.
2} —Cliffs near Fort Bragg, Mendocino County, Calif. Previously
referred to A. breviculmis Hitche. of Peru.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 3309

21. Agrostis réssae Vasey. Ross reptop. (Fig. 680.) Culms 10
to 20 cm tall, densely tufted; blades mostly not more than 1 mm
wide; panicle contracted, 2 to 6 cm long, the branches appressed;

Z = : <
Ss

/

FIGURE 676.—Agrostis pallens. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Howell, Oreg.)

spikelets green or purple, about 2 mm long; lemma 1.5 mm long,
awnless; palea minute. 2 —Rocky creeks and mountain slopes
at high altitudes, Colorado and Utah to Alberta, Washington, and
California. (Fig. 681.) Differs from A. exarata
in the hard
tufted base,
the smaller
size and the
narrower few-

er-flowered
pan 1 Cc ] e with FIGURE 678.—Distribution of

Agrostis diegoensis.
appressed
branches. What appears
to be an awned form oc- \
curs in Colorado (Breck- ()
enridge and Mount Mas-
sive) and British Columbia

(Revelstoke). lf ji
22. Agrostis exarata \ \ |
Trim, (OrPikh, RaDTOP,
(Fig. 682, A.) Culms 20 to
120 cm tall, mostly tufted, revre 679.—
sheaths smooth or some-_ ¢gostis blas-
what scabrous; ligule ce x 1;
Ficune, 67 Agrostis digornsis. Plants x % prominent; blades flat, 1 to fret, 3c"
8mm wide; paniclenarrow, ‘*?*?
from somewhat open to close and spikelike, sometimes interrupted,
1 to 25 cm long; glumes acuminate or awn-pointed, nearly equal, 2.5
’ to 4mm long, scabrous on the keel and often scaberulous on the back;
| lemma about 2 mm long, awnless or bearing from about the middle

55974°—35——22

>”

[

|

336 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

of the back a straight or bent exserted awn; palea less than 0.5 mm
long. 2 —Moist or rather dry open ground, at low and medium
altitudes, western Nebraska to Alberta and Alaska, south to New
Mexico, California, and Mexico (fig. 683). A variable species.
AGROSTIS EXARATA var. MONOLEPIS (Torr.) Hitche. (Fig. 682, B.)
Panicle narrow, often interrupted, lemma awned. 2 (A. inflata
Seribn., A. exarata var. microphylla Hitche.)—Washington
to California. AGROSTIS EXARATA var. AMPLA (Hitchc.)
Hitche. Robust, panicle large,
rather loose, lemma awned. 2 A.
grandis ‘Trin. is a form with dense
panicle as much as 30 cm long. A.
scoulert Trin.is a northern form with
somewhat open panicle. A. filicul-
mis Jones is a slender form with ¥ ry ones
narrow blades and slender few- 7 0 Apcsinrueen
flowered panicle.

23. Agrostis californica Trin.
(Fig. 684.) Culms tufted, usually
Ficure 680 Yrather stout, erect or somewhat
Agrostis ros- spreading at base, 15 to 60 cm tall;

sae. Panicle, = :
X1;glumes sheaths sometimes slightly scabrous;

Seen ligule truncate, usually shorter than
gee. im’ A. erorata,” puberulent; “blades cu
flat, firm, strongly nerved on the

upper surface, usually not more than 10 cm long, those of the
culm comparatively broad and short, often 3 to 5 cm long and 3 to 5
mm wide, rarely as much as 10 mm wide; panicle dense, spikelike,
sometimes slightly interrupted, mostly 2 to 10 cm long and 5 to 15 mm
wide; spikelets about

3 mm long; glumes
acute or acuminate,

() prominently scab-

rous on the keel and
strongly scabrous on
WY 1 4 the sides; lemma a
WZ, little shorter than the
) WA glumes, awnless or
j with a straight awn
from minute to some-
i, # what exceeding the
VA \ glumes; palea one-

fourth to one-third as

» Wr Vit = fone ai mune lemon, eee 684.—Agrostis

FIGURE 682.—A, Agrostis exarata. Panicle, X 2 (A. densiflora Va- californica. Panicle,

1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Sheldon 10876, sey.)—Sandy soil and x 1 eee é pine
Ores and Hore Co Gongaon, Gant), Chilis near the sea, son, Calif)

Mendocino County
to Santa Cruz, Calif. This species has been confused with A. exarata
and with A. glomerata (Presl) Kunth of Peru, which is referable to
A. tolucensis H.B.K.
24. Agrostis howéllii Scribn. (Fig. 685.) Culms erect or decum-
bent at base, 40 to 60 cm tall; blades lax, as much as 30 cm long,

3 to 5 mm wide; panicle loose and open, 10 to 30 cm long, the branches

wit

SS y)
\

.
q

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES sat

flexuous, scabrous; spikelets pale, clustered toward the ends of the
branches; glumes acuminate, rather narrow and firm, somewhat
scabrous on the keel, the first about 3.5 mm long, the second a little
shorter; lemma acute, 2.5 mm long, 4-toothed, bearing from near the
base an exserted bent awn about 6 mm long; palea wanting. 2% —
Known only from Oregon (Multnomah and Hood River Counties).

25. Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Tickutecrass. (Fig. 686.)
Culms slender, usually tufted, 20 to 80 cm tall, leaves usually mostly
basal, the blades narrow or almost setaceous; panicle very diffuse,
as much as 30 cm long, the branches few, scabrous, long, stiff, and
capillary, bearing spikelets near the ends; glumes 1.5 to 2 mm long,
acute or acuminate; lemma two-thirds to three-fourths as long as
glumes, awnless or rarely awned; palea wanting. 2 (A. scabra

FIGURE 685.—Agrostis howellii. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Type.)

Willd.)— Meadows and moist open ground at low and medium alti-
tudes, in reduced forms extending into alpine regions, Newfoundland
to Alaska, south to Florida, California, and Mexico. At maturity the
panicle branches spread widely and the whole panicle breaks away and
rolls before the wind. AGROSTIS HIEMALIS var. GEMINATA (Trin.)
Hitche. Branches of panicle short and divaricate; lemma awned or
awnless. The type specimen, from Alaska, is awned; a large number
of specimens over a wide range agree in other respects but are awn-
less. 2 —At high latitudes and altitudes, Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to New Hampshire, North Dakota, Colorado, and
California.

26. Agrostis idahoénsis Nash. IpAHO REDTOP. (Fig. 687.) Culms
slender, tufted, 10 to 30 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the blades nar-
row; panicle loosely spreading, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches capillary,
flexuous, minutely scabrous; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm long; lemma about
1.3 mm long, awnless; palea minute. 21 —Mountain meadows, at
medium and high altitudes, western Montana to Washington, south
to New Mexico and the high mountains of California; Fairbanks,
Alaska (fig. 688). Differs from A. hiemalis in the narrower panicle
with shorter branches and smaller spikelets.

338 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

27. Agrostis bakéri Rydb. (Fig. 689.) Differing from A. ida-
hoensis in the larger usually dark purple spikelets (about 2.5 mm long)
and in the less flexuous and divaricate panicle branches; lemma with
a delicate straight awn or awnless. 2 -—Alpine meadows, rare,

J

4
3
i

Se
OF S|
: EK G\0\5 seb
ORO

S

FIGURE 686.—Agrostis hiemalis. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 5. (Deam 6514, Ind.)

Colorado, Wyoming, Alberta, and Washington. The type has awned
spikelets. Awnless specimens referred to this species resemble A.
idahoensis but have larger spikelets. Probably a form of A. borealis.

28. Agrostis perénnans (Walt.) Tuckerm. AvTuMN BENT. (Fig.
690.) Culms erect or somewhat decumbent at base, varying from

q
Y
|

about the middle; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; fe.
Me glumes nearly equal, Za
Peed acute or acuminate; Ss 4

ry. z lemma 1.5 to 2 mm

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 339

weak and lax to relatively stout and tall, 30 to 100 cm tall; leaves
rather numerous, the blades lax or stiffly upright, corresponding to the

FIGURE 687.—Agrostis idahoensis. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Chase 5162, Idaho.)

culms, 1 to 6 mm wide, 10 to 20 cm long; panicle pale, open, oblong,
the branches ascending, branching again

long, awnless (rarely Vy
awned); palea obso- e AE ZZ
lete or nearly so. Vai gr

Seaton -saneies at fen os te Eee: th a
GURE 688.—Distribution o elds, open woods |
ait T: in Esaker dry soil eS iy
from sea level to the tops of the mountains, proce 659—Agrostis baker’. Pan-
flowering in late summer or autumn, Quebec _ ile, x 1; glumes and floret, x 5.
to Minnesota, south to Florida and eastern (7°? ?®”
Texas (fig. 691). In dry open ground the culms are erect and rather

: Us NA MOREA? 20 Vo
Ue IS KY aes
ee oon “ see

i eh
2 —

——_s

ss
| ; poe
ES = 4
} =
| £7 ‘Sap |
FIGURE 690.—Agrostis perennans. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 5. (Millspaugh 53, W.Va.)

stout; in shady places the plants are lax and the panicle lax with
divaricate branchlets.

340 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AGROSTIS PERENNANS var. ELATA (Pursh) Hitche. Differing in
the more slender and elongate culms, often decumbent at base, but
particularly in the crowding of the spikelets toward the ends of the
branchlets, causing them to droop somewhat. 2 —Marshes and
bogs mostly near the coast, New Jersey to Mississippi.

Sea A 29. Agrostis oregonénsis Vasey. Orrcon

a REDTOP. (Fig. 692.) Culms 60 to 90 cm tall;
blades 2 to 4mm wide; panicle oblong, 10 to
30 cm long, open, the branches verticillate,
rather stiff and ascending, numerous in the
lower whorls, the longer 5 to 10 cm long,
FicuRE 691.—Distribution of branching above the middle; glumes 2.5 to 3

Agrostis perennans.

mm long; lemma 1.5 mm long, awnless; palea
about 0.6 mmlong. 2 —Marshes, bogs, and wet meadows, Mon-
tana to British Columbia, south to Wyoming and California (fig. 693).

30. Agrostis canina L.“VeLvetT
BENT. (Fig. 694.) Culms tufted,

Wh 30 to 50 cm tall; blades mostly
Dp Wy short and =
Vy narrow,
y thoseofthe
culm 3 to 6
cm long,
jj) , usually not
/f i/<— more than fFicure 693.—Distribution of
rH f| 2mm wide; Agrostis oregonensis.
panicle loose and spreading,
mostly 5 to 10 cm long; glumes
/ equal, acute, 2mm long, the lower
}7 minutely scabrous on the keel;
Pan 1; lemma a little shorter than the

glumes and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 23524, Oreg.) olumes, awned about the middle,
the awn exserted, bent; callus minutely hairy; palea minute. 2 —
Meadows and open ground, Newfound- ph
land to Quebec, south to Delaware Ni Ni
and Michigan; possibly native north-
ward but introduced in the United
States (fig. 695); Europe. Sometimes
cultivated for putting greens.

31. Agrostis borealis Hartm. (Fig.
696.) Culms tufted, 20 to 40 cm tall,
or, in alpine or high northern plants,
dwarf; leaves mostly basal, the blades
5 to 10 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; pan-
icle pyramidal, 5 to 15 cm long, the
lower branches whorled and spreading;
glumes 2.5 to3 mm long,acute; lemma .
a little shorter than the glumes, awned,
the awn usually bent and exserted;
palea obsolete or nearly so. 2 — Ficure 694.—Agrostis canina. Panicle, X 1;
Rocky slopes and moist banks at high glumes and floret, x 5. (Commons 99, Del.)
latitudes and altitudes, Newfoundland and Greenland to Alaska, south
to the high mountains of New England and New York; West Virginia;
summit of Roan Mountain, N.C. (fig. 697); northern Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 341

32. Agrostis longiligula Hitchce. (Fig. 698.) Culms erect, about 60
cm tall; ligule 5 to 6 mm long; blades 10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide,
scabrous; panicle narrow, but loosely flowered, bronze-purple, 10 to 15
em long, the branches very sca-
brous; glumes 4 mm long; lemma
2.5mm long, bearing at the middle
a bent exserted awn; palea min-

FIGURE 695.— Distribution of
Agrostis canina.

ute. 2 —Bogs and marshes at
low altitudes, Tillamook County, FIGURE 696. Agrostis borealis. Panicle, X 1; glumes
Oreg., to Mendocino County, Calif, eee oe)

AGROSTIS NEBULOSA Bois. and Reut. Ciouparass. Culms slender, branching
about 30 cm tall; foliage scant; panicle delicate, oblong, half as long as the plant,
the branches in verticils; spikelets 1 mm long. © (Sometimes called A. capil-
laris, not A. capillaris L.)—Cultivated for dry bouquets. Spain.

65. PHIPPSIA (Trin.) R. Br.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
not prolonged; glumes unequal, minute, the first sometimes wanting;
lemma thin, somewhat keeled, 3-nerved, abruptly acute; palea a lit-
tle shorter than the lemma, dentate.
Dwarf, tufted perennial, with narrow,
few-flowered panicles of small spike-
lets. Type species, Phippsia algida.
Named for C. J. Phipps.

FIGURE 697.—Distribution of
Agrostis borealis.

1. Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br.
(Fig. 699.) Culms densely tufted, 2 \
to 10 cm tall; blades soft, narrow,
with boat-shaped tip; lemma about 1.5
mm long. 2 —Summit of Gray’s
ena BETS PIO ON ee Ne Nr eee ee, x

66. COLEANTHUS Seidel

Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes wanting; lemma ovate, hyaline, ter-
minating in a short awn: palea broad, 2-toothed, the keels awn- -tip-
ped. Dwarf annual, with short flat blades and small panicles. Type
species, Coleanthus subtilis. Name from Greek koleos, sheath, and
anthos, flower, alluding to the sheaths enclosing the base of the panicles.

342 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

_ i. Coleanthus;sibtilis (Tratt.) Seidel. (Fig. 700.) Culms spread-
ing, forming, little mats, mostly less than 5 cm long; panicle 5 to 10
mm long, the short branches verticillate; lemma about 1 mm long,
the awn about equaling the dark caryopsis. © —Mud flats along
the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, well established
but probably introduced; northern Eurasia.

FIGURE 699.—Phippsia algida, Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Oldmixon, Alaska.)

-Mibora minima (L.) Desv. Delicate annual 3 to 10 cm tall with
short narrow blades and slender racemes of 6 to 8 appressed purple
spikelets, 2mm long, the glumes obtuse, the lemma and palea shorter,
pubescent. © -—Plymouth, Mass.; introduced from Europe.

FIGURE 700.—Coleanthus subtilis. Plant, X 1; lemma and palea and two views of spikelet with ripe
caryopsis, X 20. (Howell, Oreg.)

67. CINNA L. Woopreep

Spikelets 1-flowered disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla
forming a stipe below the floret and produced behind the palea as a
minute bristle; glumes equal or subequal, 1- to 3-nerved; lemma
similar to the glumes, nearly as long, 3-nerved, bearing a minute,
short, straight awn just below the apex (rarely awnless); palea
1-keeled. Tall perennials with flat blades and close or open panicles.
Type species, Cinna arundinacea. Cinna (kinna) an old Greek name
for a grass.

343

(Dewey 336, Va.) B, C. latt-

(Sandberg 713, Minn.)

Plant, X 4; glumes and floret, x 10.

folia. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, x 10.

tw
ica)
H
<
oc
M
Qa
ca
H
_—
Zi
=)
ca
te
op)
oy
oe)
M
<3)
M
y
fae
O
je)
en
H
fy
e)
4
<q
Z
s

FIGURE 701.—A, Cinna arundinacea.

344 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Our two species furnish highly palatable forage but usually are not
abundant enough to be of much importance.

Spikelets 5 mm long; panicle rather dense, the branches ascending.
1. C. ARUNDINACEA.
Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long; panicle loose, the branches spreading or drooping.
2. C. LATIFOLIA.

1. Cinna arundinacea L. Stour woopREeEp. (Fig. 701,A.) Culms
erect, usually 1 to 1.5 m tall, often somewhat bulbous at base, soli-
tary or few in a tuft; sheaths glabrous; ligule rather prominent, thin;
blades flat, scabrous, mostly less than 1 cm wide; panicle many-flow-
ered, nodding, grayish, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches ascending;
spikelets about 5 mm long; glumes somewhat unequal, acute, the
second 3-nerved; lemma usually a little longer than the firsteglume,
bearing below the tip a minute straight awn; palea apparently
l-nerved. 2 Moist woods, Maine to South Dakota, south to
Georgia and eastern Texas (fig. 702).

2. Cinna latifolia (Trevir.) Griseb. Droopinc wooprneEp. (Fig.
701, B.) Resembling C. arundinacea; blades shorter and on the
average wider, as much as 1.5 cm wide; panicle green, looser, the
branches fewer, spreading or drooping, naked at base for as much as

FIGURE 702.—Distribution of FIGURE 703.—Distribution of
Cinna arundinacea. Cinna latifolia.

5 em; spikelets about 4 mm long; awn of lemma sometimes as muc
as 1 mm long (rarely wanting); palea 2-nerved, the nerves very close
together. 2 —Moist woods, Newfoundland and Labrador to
Alaska, south to Connecticut, in the mountains to North Carolina,

to Michigan, Illinois, South Dakota, in the Rocky Mountains to
northern New Mexico, to Utah and central California (fig. 703);
northern Eurasia.

68. LIMNODEA L. H. Dewey

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating below the glumes, the rachilla
prolonged behind the palea as a short slender bristle; glumes equal,
firm; lemma membranaceous, smooth, nerveless, 2-toothed at the
apex, bearing from between the teeth a slender bent awn, twisted at
base; palea a little shorter than the lemma. Slender annual with flat
blades and narrow panicles. Type species, Limnodea arkansana.
Name altered from Limnas, a genus of grasses.

1. Limnodea arkansana (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey. (Fig. 704.) Culms
branching at base, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades more or less pubescent on
both surfaces; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, narrow but loose; spikelets
3.5 to 4 mm long; glumes hispidulous or pilose; awn 8 to 10 mm
long. 2 —Dry soil, prairies and river banks, Coastal Plain, Florida

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 345

to Texas, Arkansas, and
Oklahoma (fig. 705). The
form with pilose glumes has
been called ZL. arkansana var.
pilosa (Trin.) Seribn.

69. ALOPECURUS L

FoxtTaIL

Spikelets 1-flowered, dis-
articulating below theglumes,
strongly compressed later-
ally; glumes equal, usually
united at base, ciliate on the
keel; lemma about as long
as the glumes, 5-nerved, ob-
tuse, the margins united at
base, bearing from below the
middle a slender dorsal awn,
this included or exserted two
or three times the length of
the spikelet; palea wanting.
Low or moderately tall per-
ennialsor rarely annuals, with
flat blades and soft, dense,
spikelike panicles. Type

FIGURE 705.—Distribution of
Limnodea arkansana.

species, Alopecurus pratensis.
Name from Greek alopez,
fox, and oura tail, alluding to
the cylindric panicle.

The species of Alopecurus
are all palatable and nutri-
tious forage grasses, but us-
ually are not found in suffi-
cient abundance to be of
great importance. A. pra-
tensis, meadow foxtail, is
sometimes used as a meadow

grass in the eastern United ~

States; A. aequalis is the most
common on the western
ranges,

FIGURE 704.—Limnodea arkansana. ' Plant, X 14; glumes and
floret, X 10. (Orcutt 5910, Tex.)

346 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A=
LO KE
Ze
——

VW
Y
a ZE

FIGURE 706.—A, Alopecurus pratensis. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Henderson, Oreg.) B, A.
myosuroides. Glumes and floret, X 10. (Commons 14, Del.) t

ee ee ee el

,
~
ss
“s

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 347

Spikelets 5 to 6 mm long. Introduced perennials.
Panicle slender, tapering at each end; glumes scabrous on the keel.
A. MYOSUROIDES,.
Panicle cylindric, dense; glumes conspicuously ciliate on the keel.
2. A. PRATENSIS.
Spikelets 2 to 4 mm long (rarely 5 mm in A. saccatus, annual). Native species.
Plants perennial.
Spikelets densely woolly all over; panicle oblong, 1 to 5 em long, about

rere tek: Sherer eee mw tee 8 8 e. 3. A. ALPINUS.
Spikelets not woolly; panicle linear or oblong-linear, less than 1 em thick.
Awn scarcely exceeding the glumes_______-_____-_-- 5. A. AEQUALIS:

Awn exserted 2 mm or more.
Awn exserted 2 to 3 mm; panicle 3 to 4 mm thick; spikelets 2.5 mm long.
. A. GENICULATUS.
Awn exserted 3 to 5 mm; panicle 4 to 6 mm thick; spikelets about 3 mm

i RR SO ES aE, EER Pe eS SE eae ee 4. A. PALLESCENS.
Plants annual.
Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long; panicle relatively loose__-__-_- 9. A. SACCATUS.
Spikelets 2 to 3.5 mm long; panicle dense.
Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; anthers 0.6 mm long___ 7. A. CAROLINIANUS.

Spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; anthers about 1mmlong_. 8. A. HOWELLII.

1. Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (Fig. 706, 8B.) Perennial;
culms tufted, slightly scabrous, 10 to 50 cm tall, erect or decumbent
at base; blades usually 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle slender, somewhat
tapering at each end, 4 to 10 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; glumes 6 mm

FIGURE 707.—Distribution of FIGURE 708.—Distribution of
Alopecurus myosuroides. Alopecurus pratensis.

long, pointed, whitish with 3 green nerves, glabrous, scabrous on the
keel, short-ciliate at base; lemma about as long as the glumes, the awn
bent, exserted 5to8mm. 2 (A. agrestis L.)—Fields, waste places,
and ballast ground, Maine to North Carolina, Washington, and Oregon
(fig. 707); introduced, rare; Eurasia.

2. Alopecurus praténsis L. Merapow rFroxtaiL. (Fig. 706, A.)
Perennial; culms erect, 30 to 80 cm tall; blades 2 to 6 mm wide;
panicle 3 to 7 cm long, 7 to 10 mm thick; glumes 5 mm long, villous
on the keel and pubescent on the sides; awn exserted 2 to 5
mm. 2 W—Fields and waste places, Newfoundland and Labrador
to Alaska, south to Delaware, Iowa, Idaho, and Oregon (fig. 708);
introduced; Eurasia. Occasionally cultivated as a meadow grass.

3. Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith. ALPINE FoxTarL. (Fig. 709.)
Perennial; culms erect or often decumbent at base, rather stiff and
rushlike, 10 to 80 cm tall, with slender rhizomes; sheaths glabrous,
often inflated; blades 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle ovoid or oblong, 1 to
3 cm long, about 1 em wide, woolly; glumes 3 to 4 mm long,
woolly; lemma awned near the base, the awn exserted slightly or
as much as 5 mm. 2 -—Mountain meadows and along brooks,
Greenland to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo-
rado (fig. 710); Arctic regions and northern Eurasia.

4, Alopecurus palléscens Piper. WASHINGTON FOXTAIL. (Fig.
711.) Perennial, tufted, pale-green; culms 30 to 50 em tall, erect, or
lower nodes geniculate; sheaths somewhat inflated; panicle pale,

348 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

dense, 2 to 7 cm long, 4 to 6 mm thick; glumes about 3 mm long, ciliate
on the keel, appressed-pubescent on the sides; awn attached near base
of lemma, exserted 3 to 5 mm; anthers about 2 mm longz.§ 4A —
Edges of ponds and wet places, Idaho
to Washington and northern California
ie i 2).

5. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Suort-
AWN FOxTAIL. (Fig. 713.) Perennial;

culms erect or spreading, usually not roo=
i) ing at the nodes, 15

y &Z
La

LSA,

to 60 cm tall; blades
1 to 4 mm wide;
panicle slender, 2 to
7 cm long, about 4
mm wide; spikelets
2mm long; awn of
lemma scarcely ex-') O° SR ee poenet
serted; anthers
about 1 mm long. 2 (A. aristulatus
Michx.)—In water and wet places, Green-
land to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania,
ip || | Illinois, Kansas, New Mexico, and Cali-
FIGURE 709.—Alopecurus alpinus. fornia (fig. 714); Eurasia.

Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. i 4
(Hall and Harbour 682, Colo.) 6. Alopecurus geniculatus L. ne

FN 9) Z,
LAE
IA Z,
RLS ZZ
SWANS = a
WANES Whites Os c—
X\\ Lass

Ls

EA, o
Z SE SLEZA
Ze a

FOXTAIL. (Fig. 715.) Differing frem A.
aequalis chiefly in the usually more decumbent culms rooting” at
the nodes and the longer awn exserted 2 to 3 mm; giving the panicle
a softly bristly appearance; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, the tip dark
purple; awn of lemma about as long again as the spikelet; anthers
about 1.5 mm long. 2 -—lIn water and wet
places, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and
British Columbia, south through New England
to New York, New Jersey, and Virginia, and
through Washington to California; Montana,
Colorado, Arizona (fig.
716); Eurasia.

7. Alopecurus carolini-
anus Walt. (Fig. 717.)
Annual; culms tufted,
much branched at base,
10 to 50 cm tall; similar
foun 12—Distibation of to A, geniculatus and A.

aequalis, but panicle more
slender than in the former; spikelets 2 to 2.5
mm long, pale, the awn as in A. geniculatus;
anthers about 0.6 mm long. © (A. ramosus
Poir.)—Moist open ground, old fields, and wet ae
places, New Jersey to British Columbia, south a eaccna Pantie scl elmned
to Florida, Texas, Arizona, and Califorma S07.
(fig. 718).

8. Alopecurus howéllii Vasey. (Fig. 719.) Annual; culms 15 to
30 cm tall, commonly geniculate at lower nodes; sheaths, especially
the uppermost, more or less inflated; panicle oblong to linear, 2 to 6

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 349

cm long, 4 to 7 mm wide; glumes 3 to 3.5 mm long, ciliate on the keel,
appressed-pilose on the lateral nerves; awn at-

\ tached less than 1 mm from the base of lemma,
4, bent, exserted 3 to 5 mm; anthers orange, about 1
; mm long. © —Wet places, Oregon and Cal-
Q

ifornia. This species and the following are closely
related and may not be distinct. Both have dwarf
specimens with small panicles short-exserted or
partly included in the inflated upper sheath.

9. Alopecurus saccatus
Vasey. (Fig. 720.) On the
average somewhat lower than
A. howellii, the upper sheaths
inflated, the panicle 2 to 4 cm
long, rather less dense, short
exserted or partly included; +
spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the eR eae eatin of
awn exserted 5 to 8 mm;
anthers 1mm long. © —Wet places, along the
Columbia River, Washington and Oregon, California
(Colusa County).

Alopecurus créticus. Trin.. Annual, 10 to 40
, em tall; panicle dense; spikelets wedge-shaped,
Figure 713.—Alopecurus 4 mm long; glumes firm, the keels broadly winged

oan aa fort’ >o10' toward the summit, ciliate; lemma truncate, the
(Fernald, Maine) = awn from near the base. © —
Ballast, Philadelphia, Pa.; Europe.

70. POLYPOGON Desf.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating
a short distance below the glumes, leaving a
short-pointed callus attached; glumes equal,
entire or 2-lobed, awned from the tip or from
between the lobes, the awn slender, straight; lemma
much shorter than the
glumes, hyaline, usually
bearing a slender straight
awn shorter than the awns
of the glumes. Usually de-
cumbent annuals or peren-

= nials with flat scabrous blades

iovge 710—Distribution of and dense, bristly, spikelike

panicles. Type species,

Polypogon monspeliensis. Name from Greek polus,

much, and pogon, beard, alluding to the bristly
inflorescence.

One species, P. monspeliensis, is palatable to
stock and is sometimes sufficiently abundant on -

low meadows to be of importance in the West.
Plants annual. FIGURE 715.—Alopecurus
Glumes slightly lobed, the lobes not ciliate geniculatus. Panicle, x

1a) PO MONSPULMINEER,. | A aintbetie sabe

Glumes prominently lobed, the lobes ciliate-fringed __ Mass.) eee

P. MARITIMUS.

Lia

WE
SS

Cg hG
SESS

B .
PAGE CAA
POE
BOSS RS Es

=

Sa BR:
Src

Plants perennial.
Awns rather stiff and straight; glumes 2.5 to 3 mm long____ 3. P. Lurosus.
Awns delicate, flexuous; glumes 1.5 to 2 mm long______-_- 4. P. AUSTRALIS.

———

350 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Polypogon monspeliénsis (L.) Desf. Raspitroot crass. (Fig.
721, A.) Annual; culms erect or decumbent at base, 15 to 50 cm

Wi.

4 \ Tease) y
Y, d EAN
AAA \W

Sy ESSY

FIGURE 717.—Alope-
curus carolinianus.
Plant, X 1; glumes
and floret, xX 10.
(Kearney 1147, Va.)

tall (sometimes depauperate
or as much as 1 m tall);
ligule 5 to 6mm long; blades
in average plants 4 to 6 mm
wide; panicle dense, spike-
like, 2 to 15 cm long, 1 to
2 cm wide, tawny-yellow eae
when mature; glumes his- ShRE 28—Disiribation of
pidulous, about 2 mm long,

the awns 6 to 8 mm _ long, rarely longer; lemma
smooth and shining, about half as long as_ the
glumes, the delicate awn slightly exceeding them.
© —Ballast and waste places, New ni inte

to Georgia, west to Alaska and California, infre-
quent in the East, mostly confined to the coastal
States, a common weed in the Western States.
at low altitudes, south to Argentina (fig. 722).
introduced from Europe.

2. Polypogon maritimus
Willd: igs i721; 7B) An=
nual; culms 20 to 30 em tall,
upright or spreading; ligule
as much as 6 mm _ long;
blades usually less than 5
cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide;
panicle mostly smaller and
less dense than in P. monspel-
iensis; glumes about 2.5 mm
long, hispidulous — be-
low, the deep lobes
ciliate-fringed, the
awns 7 to 10 mm long;
lemma awnless. ©
—Introduced, Georgia

(Tybee Island), Cali-
fornia (Napa and New
York Falls, Amador
County); Mediterra-
nean region.

3. Polypogon lutésus
(Poir.) Hitche. Ditcu
POLYPOGON. (Fig. 723.)
Perennial; culms tuft-
ed, geniculate at base,
30 to 80 cm tall; ligule
2 to 5 mm long or the
uppermost longer;
blades commonly 4 to

FIGURE 719.—Alopecurus howellii. 6mm wide; panicle ob- BIG ORE (20 ona

catus. Panicle, X 1; glumes

Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, Jong, 5 to 15 cm long, x and floret, 10. (Suksdorf

xX 10. (Gilbert 78, Oreg.)

. 1 :
more or less interrupt- 88, Wash.)

ed or lobed; glumes equal, 2.5 to 3 mm long, scabrous, the awns 3 to 5

ne

Te

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES dol

- . woe
——

ee Ee ee

)
)

as ~ ii \N =
USS
Ly ZN sik Sone
” Sk {ESS :
bpd . % “le ak
FIGURE 721.—A, Polypogon monspeliensis. Plant, X 4%; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 5584, Calif.)
B, A. maritimus, X 10. (Hansen 607, Calif.)

55974°—35——23

a02 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mm long; lemma smooth and shining, 1 mm long, minutely toothed
at the truncate apex, the awn exceeding the glumes. 2 —Ditches
and wet places at low altitudes, British Colum-
bia to New Mexico and, California, east to

VY

4. Polypogon australis Brongn. (Fig. 725.)
Perennial; culms as much as 1 m tall; ligule 2
to 3 mm long, fragile;
blades commonly 5 to 7 =AN
mm wide; panicle soft, \, A
lobed or interrupted, NY
mostly 8 to 15 cm long,
the numerous awns pur-
ae plish; glumes 1.5 to 2mm
ee Enon we lone, Hispidulous thee

flexuous, delicate, 4 to 6
mm long; lemma about two thirds as long as
the glumes, the awn about3mmlong. 2 (P. mevre 723—Polypogon lu-
erinitus Trin., not Nutt.)—Introduced at Bingen, “s«s. Panicle, x 1; glumes
Wash.; Chile and Argentina. os Oli

71, LYCURUS ELBE.

Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes awned, the first usually 2-awned;
lemma narrow, firm, longer than the glumes, tapering into a slender
awn. Slender perennial, with grayish, bristly spikelike panicles, the
spikelets borne in pairs, the lower of the pair
sterile, the two falling together. Type species,
Lycurus phleoides. Name for Greek lukos, wolf,
and oura, tail, alluding to the spikelike panicles.

1. Lycurus phleoides H.B.K. Wotrrait.
(Fig. 726.) Culmsdensely _
tufted, 20 to 60 em tall,
compressed, erect or de-
cumbent at base; blades
flat or folded, 1 to 2 mm
wide, those of the culm
mostly less than 10 cm
long; panicles) to +6 em 5 eee ee ae
long, about 5 mm thick;
spikelets including awns about 5 mm long, the
glumes shorter than the lemma, the first 2- or
3-awned, the second usually 1-awned, the awns
FicuRE 725.—Polypogon aus- Slightly spreading; lemma 3-nerved, pubescent

iralis X10. (Suksdor 10091, Ȣ the margins, the awn 2 to 3 mm long; palea

about as long as the lemma, pubescent. 4% —

Plains and rocky hills, Colorado to Texas and Arizona, south to south-
ern Mexico (fig. 727). An important southwestern forage grass.

72. PHLEUM L. Timortuy

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, disarticulating above the
glumes; glumes equal, membranaceous, keeled, abruptly mucronate
or awned or gradually acute; lemma shorter than the glumes, hyaline,
broadly truncate, 3- to 5-nerved; palea narrow, nearly as long as the

Louisiana, south to Argentina; a few localities WS
from Alabama to Texas (fig. 724); introduced N\\ i,
from Europe. SWZ
AN i
\Z7

ie

h )

S\N

a Sa S SS
—=S AM

ww \\

: ys SS = —
Sanfa"ss scare

42 —
7 SEZ
“4 f ZZ <
J ULE ZZ AZ

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES aie

lemma. Annuals or perennials, with erect culms, yaa blades, and
dense, cylindric panicles. Type spe- f

cles, Phleum pratense. Name from
Greek phleos, an old name for a
marsh reed.

The common species, P. pratense,
or timothy, is our most important
hay grass. It is cultivated in the
humid regions, the Northeastern
States, south to ‘the Cotton Belt, and
west to the 100th meridian, and also
in the humid region of Puget Sound
and in mountain districts. The na-
tive species, P. alpinum, alpine
timothy, furnishes forage in moun-
tain meadows of the Western States.
Panicle cylindric, several times longer than
2p ee ee 1. P. PRATENSE.

Panicle ovoid or oblong, usually not more
than twice as long as wide_
2.

ae
©

P. ALPINUM.

1. Phleum praténse L. Timornuy.
(Fig. 728, A.) Culms 50 to 100 cm

FIGURE 727.—Distribution of
Iycurus phieoides.

tall, from a swollen or bulblike base,
forming large clumps; blades elon-
gate, mostly 5 to 8 mm wide; panicle
cylindric, commonly 5 to 10 em long,
often longer, the spikelets crowded,
spreading; glumes about 3.5 mm
long, truncate with a stout awn 1
mm long, pectinate-ciliate on the
keel. 2| Commonly escaped from
cultivation along roadsides and in
fields and waste places throughout
the United States; Eurasia. In some
localities known as herd’s orTass.

2. Phleum alpinum L. ALPINE
TIMOTHY. (Fig. 728, B.) Culms 20
to 50 cm tall, from a decumbent,
somewhat creeping, densely tufted
Heaeit blades mostly less nee 10 a
one, 4 to 6 mm _ wide; anicie GURE 726.—Lycurus phleoides. an V4;
ellipsoid or short-cylindric, bani. ae aah poiheae ae (Rydberg "S368
glumes about 5 mm long, hispid- “°°”
ciliate on the keel, the awns 2 mm long. 2 —Common in

ee ~i- oe

304

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

> v

¥ jc f

vig f

Mi

“y | is Z

Ne | ee Z

Ne Mee
ps: i

Wey ‘ * Zz

VIGURE 728.—A, Phlewm pratense. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Mearns 2209, Wyo.) 8B, P.
alpinum. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Clements 337, Colo.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 355

mountain meadows, in bogs and wet places, Greenland to Alaska,
south in the mountains of Maine and New Hampshire; northern
Michigan; in the mountains of the Western States to New Mexico and
California, also on the seacoast at Fort Bragg, Calif., and northward
(fig. 729); Eurasia and Arctic and alpine regions of the Southern
Hemisphere.

Phieum arenarium L. Annual; culms tufted, 5 to 30 cm tall; foli-
age scant, mostly basal, the blades 2 to 4 cm long; panicle 1 to 3 cm
long, somewhat tapering at each end; glumes acuminate, strongly
ciliate on the keel. © —Ballast near Portland, Oreg.; coast of
Europe and North Africa.

Phleum subulatum (Savi) Aschers. and Graebn. Annual; culms 10
to 20 cm tall; blades 2 to 5 em long; panicle linear-oblong, mostly
3 to 8 em long, 4 to 5 mm thick; glumes 2 mm
long, scaberulous, subacute, the tips approach-
ing. © —Ballast, Philadelphia, Pa., and
near Portland, Oreg.; Mediterranean region.

Phleum paniculatum Huds. Annual; culms
10 to 30 cm tall; foliage scabrous; panicle cylin-
dric, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm thick; glumes 2
2 mm long, glabrous, hard, widened upward toa OPN eon OF
truncate swollen summit, with a hard awn-point .
at the tip. © Ballast near Portland, Oreg.; Mediterranean region.

73. GASTRIDIUM Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle; glumes narrow, un-
equal, somewhat swollen at the base; lemma much shorter than the
glumes, hyaline, broad, truncate, awned or awnless; palea about as
long as the lemma. Annual with flat blades and pale, shining, spike-
like panicles. Type species, Miliwm lendigerum L. (G. ventricosum).
Name from Greek gastridion, a small pouch, alluding to the slightly
saccate glumes.

1. Gastridium ventric6ésum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell. Nir-
Grass. (Fig. 730.) Culms 20 to 40 cm tall; foliage scant, blades
scabrous; panicle 5 to 8 cm long, dense, spikelike; spikelets slender,
about 5 mm long; glumes tapering into a long point, the second about
one fourth shorter than the first; floret minute, plump, pubescent, the
delicate awn 5 mm long, somewhat geniculate. © —Open ground
and waste places, Oregon to California; Texas; also Boston, Mass.;
introduced from Europe. A common weed on the Pacific coast, but
of no economic value.

74. LAGURUS L.

‘Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
pilose under the floret, produced beyond the palea as a bristle; glumes
subequal, thin, 1-nerved, villous, gradually tapering into a plumose
awn-point; lemma shorter than the glumes, thin, glabrous, bearing on
the back above the middle a slender, exserted, somewhat geniculate,
awn, the summit bifid, the divisions delicately awn-tipped; palea
narrow, thin, the two keels ending in minute awns. Annual, with
pale, dense, ovoid or oblong woolly heads. Type species, Lagurus

356 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Ly,

Ua

Za

LE

bed

“WB
WR,
Wie WWE
WZ WG
Wy NY i j
Ny AWK
yi Ni
NY Vi Uy
\\ ‘i i

pp

ae

LE
Mi

LN
WN

ro"

FIGURE 730.—Gastridium ventricosum. Plant,
glumes and floret, < 10.
Calif.)

x '%
(Davy and Blasdale 5340,

ovatus. Name from Greek
lagos, hare, and oura, tail, al-
luding to the woolly heads.

1. Lagurus ovatus L.
(Fig. 731.) Culms branching
at the base, 10 to 30 cm tall,
slender, pubescent: sheaths
and blades pubescent, the
sheaths somewhat inflated, the
blades flat, lax; panicle 2 to 3
cm long, nearly as thick, pale
and downy, bristling with
dark awns; glumes very nar-
row, 10 mm long, the awns of
the lemmas much exceeding
them. © —Culfivated for
ornament and sparmgly es-
caped; has been found at
Pacific Grove, San Francisco,
and Berkeley, Calif.; ballast,
Beaufort, N.C.; Mediterra-

nean region.

75. MUHLENBERGIA
Schreb. MuuHuiy

Spikelets 1-flowered (occa-
sionally 2-flowered in M. asper-
ifolia), the rachilla disarticu-
lating above the glumes;
glumes usually shorter than
the lemma, sometimes as long,
obtuse to acuminate or awned,
keeled or convex on the back,
the first sometimes small,
rarely obsolete; lemma firm-
membranaceous, 3-nerved (the
nerves sometimes obscure or
rarely an obscure additional
pair), with a very short callus,
rarely long-pilose, usually
minutely pilose, the apex
acute, awned from the tip or
just below it, or from between
very short lobes, sometimes
only mucronate, the awn
straight or flexuous. Peren-
nial or rarely annual low
or moderately tall or rarely
robust grasses, tufted or
rhizomatous, the culms simple
or much-branched, the inflores-
cence a narrow ( sometimes
spikelike) or open panicle.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 3097

Type species, Muhlenbergia schreberi. Named forG.H.E. Muhlenberg.
Many of the western species are important range grasses and often

OES Nanna ,
SNARE MANN Cae oe
WY WY
‘
\\
\ \\
\ AN

———

PO sg
aA

aes

—

YASS

7,

ae

4 =
‘>
“4

Nile
Yi =? soe

FIGURE 731.—Lagurus ovatus. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Heller 5340, Calif.)

form a considerable proportion of the grass flora of the arid and
semiarid regions. The most important of these are M. montana on

358 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mesas and rocky hills of the Western States, M. pauciflora, M.
emersleyi, and M. wright in the Southwest.

la. Plants annual (see also M. unzflora).

Glumes pilose; spikelets on slender pedicels___..__....____- 1. M. TEXANA.
Glumes glabrous; spikelets on short thick pedicels.
Panicles narrow but loose; awn | to 3 cm long_____-_ 2. M. MICROSPERMA.

Panicles more or less spikelike; awn reduced to a mucronate point, sometimes
as much as 1 mm long.
Lemma about) 4. mmpfoneee so. oes ie Sb ae 3. M. DEPAUPERATA.
Lemma about 2mm lone ee ee a ee 4. M. FILIFORMIS.
ib. Plant perennial.
2a. Creeping rhizomes present or the slender decumbent base rooting at the
nodes (rhizomes short in M. dwmosa and M. californica).
3a. Rhizomes wanting; base of slender branching culms decumbent and
rooting at nodes.

Spilcelets ‘a witless Wee ooo os ee Sei ay a dee er 15. M. UNIFLORA.
Spikelets awned. |
Glumes minute, the first often obsolete____-____-_- 30. . $CHREBERI.

Glumes evident (see also M. schrebert var. palustris).
31. M. CURTISETOSA.
3b. Rhizomes usually prominent, scaly, creeping.
4a. Panicles open, the spikelets on slender pedicels.
Spikelets awned, 4 to 5 mm long; blades involute__ 16. M. PUNGENSs.
Spikelets awnless, acutish or mucronate, 1 to 2 mm long; blades flat.

Panicle oblong;eastern species) 25 222hs a. 14. M. TORREYANA.
Panicle as broad as long; western species.
Ligule dto:2 mmoulone, auricled= 32222 =-2 12. M. ARENACEA.
Ligule minute, not auricled= {2222 r. 2 22 138. M. ASPERIFOLIA.
4b. Panicles narrow, more or less condensed, the spikelets on short
pedicels.

5a. Hairs at base of floret copious, as long as the body of the lemma.
. M. ANDINA.
5b. Hairs at base of floret inconspicuous, not more than half as long as
the lemma.
6a. Blades 2 mm wide or less, mostly short and involute,
Culms tall, stout, somewhat woody at base, as much as 6 mm thick,
1 to sam tallied oe ee a 19. M. pumosa.
Culms lower, slender.
Blades mostly 5 to 10 cm, rarely 15cm long. 20. M. euauvca.
Blades mostly less than 5 cm long.
Culms widely creeping, the blades fine, conspicuously recurved-
spreading. Culms smooth. Ligule less than 1 mm long.
Spikelets about 3 mm long_-..-__L__=__—= 5. M. REPENS.
Spikelets about 2mm longs = ess se ee 6.. MoM. urtsis:
Culms erect or decumbent at base, not widely creeping (some-
times spreading in M. squarrosa).
Glumes ovate, about half as long as the floret; ligule 2 to 3
mm long. Culm nodulose-roughened.
7. M. SQUARROSA.
Glumes a little shorter than the floret; ligule minute.
Plants forming dense cushions; sheaths glabrous; leaves
crowded toward the base, the blades involute; lemma
mucronate to short awned______- 8. M.THURBERI.
Plants forming loose bunches; sheaths pubescent; leaves
not crowded, the blades flat; lemma with an awn 1
to's min Jonge. Sa 35 oe eee 9. M. cURTIFOLIA.
6b. Blades flat, at least some of them more than 3 mm wide.
7a. Panicles loosely flowered, slender, much exceeding the leaves
(see also M. sylvatica); glumes broad below, abruptly pointed,
shorter than the body of the lemma.
Culms slender, rather weak, becoming much branched, glabrous
or slightly scabrous below the nodes. Lemma acuminate,
2.5 to 3.5 mm long, awned_-_------ 24. M.BRACHYPHYLLA.
Culms erect, simple or sparingly branched.
Spikelets 1.5 to 2.5 mm long; lemma awnless or awn-tipped;
blades commonly not more than 5 to 7 mm wide.
22. M. SOBOLIFERA.

3

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 359

Spikelets 3 to 4 mm long; lemma with an awn 2 to 5 times as
long as the body; blades commonly 8 mm or more wide.

23. M. TENUIFLORA.

7b. Panicles usually densely flowered (sometimes loosely in M.

sylvatica); culms commonly freely branching (sparingly so or

even simple in M. racemosa); blades mostly not more than 5

mm wide, usually ascending; glumes tapering from base to

apex.

Claas with stiff awn-tips, much exceeding the awnless lemma;
panicles terminal on the culm or leafy branches, compact,
imgetEpee, Jeristig Tse 25. M. RACEMOSA.

Glumes acuminate, sometimes awn-tipped but not stiff and
exceeding the lemma; panicles terminal and axillary, numer-
ous, not bristly.

Culms glabrous below the nodes; panicles not compact, the
branches ascending; plants sprawling-topheavy, the
branchlets geniculate-spreading _ __-_- 26. M. MEXICANA.

Culms strigose below the nodes; panicles compact or if not the
branches erect or nearly so; plants often bushy-branching
but not sprawling with geniculate branchlets.

Callus hairs wanting; lemma nearly smooth, awnless.
27. M. GLABRIFLORA.
Callus hairs present; lemma pubescent below.

Panicles not compactly flowered; lemma with awn as
much as 10 mm or more long (sometimes awnless) ;
some of the blades 10 to 15 cm or more long.

28. M. SYLVATICA.

Panicles compactly flowered or, if not, lemma awnless;
blades commonly less than 10 cm long, but some-
times longer.

Sheatbn: plabrous. 9 teh 2s Solo 29. M. FOLIOSA.
Sheaths scabrous_________-_- 21. M. CALIFORNICA.
2b. Creeping rhizomes wanting, the culms tufted, usually erect (see also M.

untflora).
8a. Second glume 3-toothed (rarely not toothed in M. filiculmis).
Lemma 2.5 to 3 mm long; culms filiform, 10 to 20 cm tall.
17. M. FILICULMIs.
Lemma 4 mm long; culms stouter, 30 to 60 cm tall_____ 34. M. MONTANA.
8b. Second glume usually acute or awned, sometimes erose-toothed, not
distinctly 3-toothed.
9a. Panicle narrow or spikelike, the branches floriferous from the base or
nearly so ( see also M. metcalfez).
Lemma acuminate, mucronate or short-awned.
Blades involute.
Panicle elongate and spikelike_______________~_ 55. M. RIGENS.
Panicle narrow but scarcely spikelike, the branches loosely flowered.
Blades mostly in a short basal cluster; panicle 5 to 8 em. long.
es 33. M. JONESII.
Blades not in a short basal cluster; panicle 10 to 30 cm long.
45. M. DuUBIA.
Blades flat, folded, or loosely involute.
Panicle more or less spikelike.
Culms delicate; ligule about 2 mm long____ 4. M. FILIFORMIS.
Culms wiry; ligule minute.
Panicle slender, rather loosely flowered-. 10. M. cuspipaTa.
Panicle dense, interrupted, the branches closely flowered.
1 M. WRIGHTII.
Panicle narrow but not spikelike.
Bema) Willons, pelome | 54. M. EMERSLEYI.
Lemma glabrous or obscurely pubescent.
Lower sheaths compressed-keeled.
Glumes about as long as the floret__ 52. M. LINDHEIMERI.
Glumes distinctly shorter than the floret.
53. M. INVOLUTA.
Lower sheaths not compressed___-_-___-_ 51. M. LONGILIGULA.
Lemma with an awn as much as 5 mm long.
Old sheaths becoming flat and more or less coiled at base of plant.
35. M. VIRESCENS.

a: “Se

ng re, 5

360 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Old sheaths not flat and coiled.
Lemma pilose on lower part.
Culms loosely tufted, hard and wiry at base; floret loosely
villous below.
Glumes and floret about equal________ 36. M. POLYCAULIS.
Glumes about half as long as floret________ 37. M. ARSENEI.
Culms closely or somewhat loosely tufted, slender but not hard
and wiry at base; floret densely pilose at base.
38. M. MONTICOLA.
Lemma scaberulous, not pilose.
Glumes less than 1 mm long______.___-_- 39. M. PARVIGLUMIS.
Glumes, aboutegamm: Jone 22 ai 40. M. PAUCIFLORA.
9b. Panicle open, or at least loose, the branches naked at base (some-
times shortly so in M. metcalfez).
Plants widely spreading, much branched, wiry, the base knotty.
41. M. PporTeERI.
Plants erect, not widely spreading and much branched.
Bladesvflat, ishortie 2 ol ea a 18. M. ARIZONICA.
Blades elongate or, if short, involute.
Blades short in a basal cluster, involute.
Panicle mostly less than 15 cm long; blades 1 to 3 cm long,

curled'or faleate® 2-24 eee ee ae ae 42. M. TORREYI.
Panicle mostly more than 20 cm long; blades commonly 5 to 8
em Jong bf iu Song ey) as aa es 43. M. ARENICOLA.

Blades elongate, flat or involute.
10a. Panicle usually not more than twice as long as wide at
maturity, the branches and pedicels stiff; awn of lemma less
than 5 mm long.
Plants with fibrous tuft at base; lemma awnless or with an

awn as much as 2mm long_________-_ 49. M. EXPANSA.
Plants without fibrous tuft at base; lemma with an awn 2 to
Bam ome 12 Sete oe ee 50. M. REVERCHONI.

10b. Panicle elongate, at least 4 times as long as wide at maturity;
awns of lemmas, or some of them, usually 10 mm long or
more.
Panicle relatively dense, the branches short; pedicels mostly
shorter than the spikelets_________-_ 47. M. METCALFEI.
Panicle loose, the capillary branches ascending to spreading.
Blades involute, subfiliform, scabrous; panicle pale or tawny.
44. M. sBTIFOLIA.
Blades coarser, flat to involute; panicle purple (often tawny
in M. emersleyt).
Panicle branches, or most of them, more than 10 cm long,
the panicle diffuse at maturity__ 48. M. cAPILLARIS.
Panicle branches not more than 10 cm long, the panicle
not diffuse.
Lower sheaths compressed-keeled; glumes as long as
lemma or a little longer-_-_---_-_ 54. M. EMERSLEYI.
Lower sheaths not compressed-keeled; glumes much
shorter than lemmas2220222ee 2 46. M. RIGIDA.

1. Muhlenbergia texana Buckl. (Fig. 732.) Annual; culms deli-
cate, erect or decumbent at base, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades mostly less
than 5 cm long, about 1 mm wide, scabrous; panicle oblong, more than
half the entire height of the plant, open, the delicate branches ascend-
ing or spreading, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm long, the capil-
lary pedicels longer than the spikelets; glumes acute, about two thirds
as long as the lemma, sparsely hirsute; lemma minutely silky on mid-
nerve and margins below, 2-lobed, the delicate awn 1 to 2 mm long.
© —Open gravelly places, western Texas and New Mexico to north-
ern Mexico.

2. Muhlenbergia microspérma (DC.) Kunth. LirrLesrEED MUHLY.
(Fig. 733.) Annual; culms densely tufted, branching and spreading at
base, often purple, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades mostly less than 3 cm long, 1

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES — 361

to 2mm wide, scabrous; panicles narrow, 5 to 15cm long, the branches
rather distant, ascending; spikelets
on short thick pedicels; glumes broad,
obtuse, subequal, less than 1 mm
long; lemma narrow, 3 to 4 mm long,
scabrous, the slender awn 1 to 3
em long. © -—Open dry ground,
Arizona and southern California to
Peru. Cleistogamous spikelets are
developed at the base of lower sheaths,
solitary or few in a fascicle in each
axil, each spikelet included in an in-
durate thickened, tightly rolled nar-
rowly conical reduced sheath, which
readily disarticulates from the plant
at maturity. The glumes are wanting
and awn of lemma reduced, but the
grain is larger than that of the spike-
lets in the terminal inflorescence, being
about the same length (2 mm) but
much thicker.

3. Muhlenbergia depauperata
Scribn. (Fig. 734.) Annual; culms
in dense tufts, 5 to 10 or rarely 15
em tall, erect; blades scabrous, pubes-
cent on the upper surface, mostly less
than 3 cm long, about 1 mm wide;
panicle narrow, loosely spikelike, FIGURE 732.—Muhlenbergia terana. Plant, X
usually more than half the entire {sim and foret, x 10. (Pringle 3%,
length of the plant, the branches ap- =
pressed; glumes narrow, scabrous, the first irregularly bidentate or
entire, mostly 1 to 2 mm long,
occasionally reduced, the second,
a little longer; lemma narrow,
terete, prominently 3-nerved,
slightly pubescent along the inter-
nerves, about 4 mm long, the
delicate awn straight, about 1 cm
long. © —Open gravelly places,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Ari-
zona; Mexico. ,

4. Muhlenbergia filiformis
(Thurb.) Rydb. PuLi-up MUBLY.
(Fig. 735.) Annual, tufted, rather
soft and lax, erect or somewhat
spreading; culms filiform, usually
5 to 15 cm tall,sometimes as much
as 30 cm; ligule about 2 mm long,
blades flat, usually less than 3 cm
long; panicle narrow, interrupted,

7 few-flowered, usually less than 5 cm

FIGURE 733.—Muhlenbergia microsperma. Plant, X long ; glumes ovate, 1 mm long;
1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Mearns 2780, Ariz.) Jemma lanceolate, acute, mucron-
ate, 2mm long, minutely pubescent, scaberulous at tip. © —Open

362 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

woods and mountain meadows, South Dakota and Kansas to British
Columbia, south to New Mexico and California (fig. 736). A some-
ne stouter form with thicker panicles has been called M. simplex
ydb.
5. Muhlenbergia répens (Presl) Hitchc. CREEPING MUHLY. (Fig.
737.) Perennial with widely creeping scaly rhizomes; culms decum-

FIGURE 735.—M wh-
lenbergia filiformis.
Plant, X 1; glumes

FIGURE 734.—Muhlenbergia depauperata. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, x 10.

and floret, X 10. (Metcalfe 671, N. Mex.) (Nelson 4011, Wy.)

bent, branching, spreading, the flowering branches 5 to 20 cm long;
blades mostly 1 to 2 cm long, flat or soon involute; panicle narrow,
1 to 4 cm long, sometimes longer, interrupted; spikelets about 3 mm
long; glumes more than half as long as the lemma or a little more,
acutish; lemma narrowed to a more or less apic-
ulate summit, minutely roughened, usually
darker than the glumes, the lateral nerves
obscure. 2 —Dry rocky or sandy open
eround, Texas to Arizona; known in Mexico
only from the type collection. :

6. Muhlenbergia itilis (Torr.) Hitchce.
AparEJo Grass. (Fig. 738.) Similar to Mo SR Ope
repens; usually more delicate with finer leaves; 5
spikelets about 2 mm long, less pointed, the glumes sometimes less
than half as long as the paler lemma. 2 (Sporobolus utilis Scribn.)
—Wet places, marshy soil, and along ditches and streams, Texas,
Arizona, southern California, Nevada, and Mexico. Used for stuffing
pack saddles.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 363

7. Muhlenbergia squarrésa (Trin.) Rydb. Mart munty. (Fig.
739.) Perennial from numerous hard creeping rhizomes; culms wiry,
nodulose-roughened, erect or decumbent at base, from 5 cm to as
much as 60 em long; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades usually involute,
1 to 5 cm long, rarely longer; panicle narrow, interrupted, or some-
times rather close and spikelike, 2 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2 to 3 mm
long, the glumes about half as long, ovate; lemma lanceolate, acute,
mucronate. 2 —Dry or moist open often alkaline soil, New Bruns-
wick and Maine to Alberta, south to South Dakota and in the moun-
tains to New Mexico, through eastern
Washington to California, Arizona, and
southern Mexico (fig. 740). The typical
form (Vilfa squarrosa Trin.; Vilfa depau-
perata Torr.; Sporobolus depauperatus
Scribn., not Muhlenbergia depauperata
Seribn.) is rather stout, decumbent or
somewhat spreading, Wyoming to Wash-
ington and California; a common form

—~ }}
“ 6 a! :
iS * :

Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. FIGURE 738.—Muhlenbergia utilis. Plant, X 1; glumes and
(Silveus 831, Tex.) floret, X 10. (Lindheimer 559, Tex.)

FIGURE ,'737.— Muhlenbergia repens.

(Vilfa richardsonis Trin.; Sporobolus richardsonis Merr.) has slender
erect culms. These forms intergrade.

8. Muhlenbergia thurbéri Rydb. (Fig. 741.) Perennial, with
creeping rhizomes; culms slender, 10 to 20 cm tall, branched at base,
the branches erect, tufted, the tufts on branches of the rhizome;
sheaths glabrous; blades involute, slender, mostly 1 to 3 cm long;
panicle pale, narrow, slender, 3 to 7 cm long, the branches short,
appressed, few-flowered; spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long; glumes a little

064 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

shorter than the lemma, acute; lemma and palea villous on lower
half, the lemma mucronate to short-awned. 2 —Dry hills, Texas,
New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona; rare (fig. 742).

9. Muhlenbergia curtifélia Scribn. (Fig. 743.) Perennial, with
creeping rhizomes; culms 10 to 20 cm tall, loosely tufted, few from

my ¥

FIGURE 739.—Muhlenbergia squarrosa. Plant, X 14; glumesand lemma, X10. (Jones 5743, Utah.)

the branches of the rhizome; sheaths glabrous or pubescent; blades
1 to 2.5 cm long, 2 mm wide or less, rigidly spreading, pungently
pointed, more or less pubescent; panicle 4 to 8 cm long, slender, the
branches appressed; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; glumes acute, a little
shorter than the floret; lemma and palea villous
on the lower half, scabrous above, tapering into
an awn 1 to 3 mm long. 2 M—RKocky soil,
southern Utah, southern Nevada, and northern
Arizona.

10. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb.
PLAINS MUBLY. (oe 744.) Culms slender,
PiguEs 74) pcteibation of) wiry, 20 0,40, emstall; erect ina dense, auias

aE eee abs hard bulblike scaly bases; ligule minute;
blades flat orloosely involute, erect or ascending, 1 to2mm wide; panicle
narrow, somewhat spikelike, 5 to 10 cm long, the short branches ap-
pressed ; spikelets about 3 mm long; glumessubequal, acuminate-cusp1-
date, about two-thirds as long as the spikelet ; lemma acuminate-cuspi-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 365

date, minutely pubescent. 2 -—Prairies and gravelly or stony
slopes, Michigan, Wisconsin to Alberta, south to Ohio and New
Mexico (fig. 745).

11. Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey. Spike muunty. (Fig. 746.)
Culms closely tufted from a hard crown, erect, wiry, 30 to 60 cm tall;
sheaths compressed-keeled; ligule 1 to 2 mm long, sometimes longer;
blades flat, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle spikelike, interrupted below, 5 to
10 em long; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, the glumes rather thin,
mostly about half as long as the spikelet, broad at base, tapering to
an awn point; lemma glabrous, acuminate, awn-tipped. 2 —
Plains and open slopes at medium altitudes, Colorado, Utah, New
Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 747).

12. Muhlenbergia arenacea (Buckl.) Hitche. (Fig. 748.) Peren-
nial, with creeping rhizomes; culms tufted from the branches of the

ee ae, ye
——
———_—s .
ne =

(

FIGURE 741.—Muhlenbergia thurberi. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 743.—Muhlenbergia curtifolia. Plant, X 1
glumes and floret, X 10. (Standley 7345, Ariz.) glumes and floret, X 10. (Type.)

rhizomes, sometimes decumbent at base, 10 to 20 cm tall; ligule
prominent, decurrent, 1 to 2 mm long, the margins usually split
away, forming an erect auricle at each side;
blades flat, wavy, mostly 1 to 3 cm long, about
1 mm wide, sharp-pointed, the margins and
midnerve white and cartilaginous; panicle
diffuse, 7 to 12 cm long, about as broad, the
branches and pedicels capillary; spikelets
Saat about 2 mm long,rarely 2-flowered; the glumes
ere hichbergia mation of about half as long, abruptly apiculate or suba-

cute; lemma glabrous, abruptly mucronate. 2
(Sporobolus auriculatus Vasey.)—Low places in mesas, Texas to
Arizona and Sonora. This species and the next three are placed in
Muhlenbergia because of the 3-nerved mucronate lemma. The

366 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

caryopsis does not fall from the lemma and palea
¥ asin most species of Sporobolus, nor can the pericarp
Y) be separated from the grain by moistening it.

13. Muhlenbergia asperifélia (Nees and Mey.) Pa-
rodi. Scratcuarass. (Fig. 749.) Perennial, pale or
terns oe glaucous, with slender
vw . scaly rhizomes; culms

branching at base,
spreading, slender,
compressed, 10 to 40
em tall, the branches
ascending or erect; Caras
sheaths so a ee BS fv tosis Three at Meare
compressed-keeled,
usually overlapping; ligule minute, erose-toothed;
blades flat, crowded, scabrous, mostly 2 to 5 cm long,
1 to 2mm wide; panicle
diffuse, 5 to 15 cm long,
about as wide, the
capillary scabrous
branches finally widely
spreading, the panicle
at maturity breaking
away; spikelets 1.5 to
2 mm long, occasion-
ally 2-flowered, the
pedicels capillary;
glumes acute, from
half to nearly as long
as the spikelet; lemma
thin, broad, minutely
mucronate from an
obtuse apex. 2 (Spo-
robolus asperifolius
Nees and Mey.)—
Damp or marshy,
often alkaline soil, }
along irrigation ditches
and banks of streams, Nabietoes
are aes Re to “Plant, 1 glumes and Hort, 0
ritis olumbl1a, AEP Ria Lm ety abies

south to Texas, California, and Mexico (fig.750);
southern South America. The caryopsis is frequently
affected by a fungus (Tilletia asperifolia Ell. and
Everh.) which produces
a large globular body.

14. Muhlenbergia
torreyana (Schult.)
Hitche. (Fig. 751.) Per-
ennial, strongly com-
pressed at base, with 2 ie aaa

ae IGURE 747.—Distribution o

; FIGURE 7 , 42 Lut ee Waar Muhlenbergia wrightii. |
Plant, X 1; glumes and sparingly branching at base, erect, 30 to 60 cm tall;

lone’ * 1° (mt blades elongate, rather firm, flat or folded, 1 to 3

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 367

mm wide; panicle oblong, open, 10 to 20 cm long, the capillary
branches and pedicels ascending; spikelets about 2 mm long, the
glumes subequal, slightly shorter; lemma and palea minutely sca-
berulous-puberulent. 2 (Sporobolus compressus Kunth; S. torrey-
anus Nash.)—Moist pine barrens and meadows, New Jersey and
Delaware; Georgia (Sumter County).

15. Muhlenbergia unifléra (Muhl.) Fernald. (Fig. 752.) Peren-
nial, but often appearing like an annual, tufted, often with decumbent

FIGURE 748.—Muhlenbergia arenacea. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Tracy 7909, Tex.)

bases; culms slender, erect, 20 to 40 cm tall, the base and lower sheaths

compressed; blades flat, crowded along the lower part of the culm,

about 1 mm wide; panicle loose, open, oblong, 7 to 20 cm long, 2 to 4

cm wide, the branches and pedicels capillary; spikelets dark purplish,

about 1.5 mm long, rarely 2-flowered; glumes scarcely half as long as

the spikelet, subacute; lemma faintly 3-nerved, acutish. 2 (Sporo-
55974°—35—24

368 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

bolus serotinus A. Gray; S. uniflorus Scribn. and Merr.)—Bogs and
wet meadows, Newfoundland to Michigan and New Jersey (fig. 753).
16. Muhlenbergia pingens Thurb. (Fig. 754.) Perennial, with

strong creeping rhizomes; culms tufted, erect from a decumbent leafy
base, 20 to 40 cm tall, sometimes taller; blades short, involute, sharp-
pointed; panicle long-exserted,
open, oblong, 5 to 15 cm long; the
main branches 3 to 5, these divid-
ing into fascicles of capillary finally
spreading or divaricate very sca-
brous branchlets; spikelets purple
to brownish, 4 to 5 mm long, the
glumes about one third as long, sca-

FIGURE 750.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia asperifolia.

brous, often erose or toothed, the
midnerve extending into a short
awn;lemma terete, tapering into an
awn about 1 mm long; palea about
as long as the lemma, the keels awn-
tipped. 21 —Dry hills and ce \ir
sandy plains, South Dakota, Col- \wv /
orado, and Utah to New Mexico Gung 7l- Mublenbergia torreyana, Plant, Xl
and Arizona (fig. 755).

17. Muhlenbergia filicilmis Vasey. StimstemMmunty. (Fig. 756.)
Culms densely tufted, erect, filiform, 10 to 20 cm tall, the leaves in
a short basal cluster; ligule prominent; blades involute, filiform,
mostly less than 5 cm long; panicle slender, the branches erect,
mostly 2 to 5 cm long, sometimes as much as 10 cm; spikelets about

dA ITN
Paik \

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 369

2.5 to 3 mm long, the glumes about half as long, awn-tipped, the first
rather narrow, acuminate, the second broader, 3-nerved, sharply 3-
toothed, rarely entire or erose only;
lemma pubescent on the lower
half, tapering toanawned tip. 2
—Open sandy or rocky soil, 2,000
to 3,000 m altitude, Wyoming,
Colorado, and New Mexico.

18. Muhlenbergia arizoénica
Seribn. (Fig. 757.) Perennial,
in close tufts; culms slender,
erect or decumbent at base, 15
to 40 cm tall; sheaths keeled;
ligule thin, 1 to 2 mm long,
decurrent; blades flat or folded,
mostly less than 5 cm long, 1 to
2 mm wide, the margins and mid-
nerve white, cartilaginous; pan-
icle open, 5 to 12 cm long, 4 to
8 cm wide, the branches capillary,
compound; spikelets long-pedicel-
late, about 3 mm long, the glumes }
about one third as long, ovate,
subacute; lemma narrowly lanceo-
late, minutely pubescent along
the midnerve and margins below,
the awn about 1 mm long, from a
minutely notched apex. 2 —
Stony hills, southern Arizona an
northwestern Mexico.

19. Muhlenbergia dumésa

Ve

iT
Scribn. (Fig. 758.) Perennial, Vs
with short, stout creeping scaly ae
rhizomes; culms robust, solid, ww
thick, and scaly at base (here as ih,

ne

much as 6 mm thick), the main
culm erect or leaning, 1 to 3 m
tall, the lower part clothed with
bladeless sheaths, freely branching

= FIGURE 752.—Muhlenbergia uniflora. Plant,
at the middle and upper nodes, x 1; glumes and floret xX 10. (Gibazater.
the branches numerous, fascicled, lain 147, Maine.)

spreading, decompound, the ultimate branchlets filiform; blades flat or
soon involute, smooth, those of the branches mostly less than 5 em
long and 1 mm wide; panicles numerous on the
branches, commonly exceeded by the leaves, 1
to 3 cm long, narrow, somewhat flexuous; spike-
lets, excluding the awn, about 3 mm long, the
glumes scarcely half as long, thin, pale with a
green midnerve, usually minutely awn-tipped;
FicuRE 753.—Distribution of lemma narrow, pubescent about the base and

are eee margin, pale with green nerves, the awn from the
slightly notched apex, flexuous, 3 to 5mm long. 2 Canyons and
valley flats, southern Arizona to Jalisco Mexico. Has the aspect of a
small bamboo.

370 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

20. Muhlenbergia glaiica (Nees) Mez. (Fig. 759.) Perennial, from
a slender creeping branching woody rhizome; culms slender, wiry, erect
or ascending, 30 to 60 cm
tall, branching from the
lower nodes; blades flat to
subinvolute, mostly 5 to 10
cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide;
panicle 5 to 12 cm long,
narrow, contracted, inter-
rupted, the branches short,
appressed; spikelets 3 to
4 mm long, the glumes
nearly as long, acuminate;
lemma sparsely pilose on
the lower part, acuminate
into an awn usually 1 to3
mm (rarely as much as 6
mm) long. 2 (M. lem-
moni Scribn.)—Deserts,
western Texas to southern
California (Jamacha) and
northern Mexico (fig. 760).
21. Muhlenbergia cali-
fornica Vasey. (Fig.761.)
Perennial, pale, leafy, the
base more or less creeping
and rhizomatous; culms as-
cending, somewhat woody
FIGURE 754.—Muhlenbergi Plant, X 1; 1 d below, o0i tq SU enn
“floret, x 10. (Jones 6046, Utah) '© ~~ BYanching below; sheaths
scaberulous; blades flat, 4
to 6 mm wide, scabrous, usually short; panicle narrow, dense but in-
terrupted, 7 to 15 cm long; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, the glumes
slightly shorter, scabrous, acuminate, awn-tipped; lemma
scabrous, acuminate, awn-tipped, with sparse callus hairs
about half as long as the lemma. 2 M—Stream borders
and gullies, foothills and mountain slopes up to 2,000 m,
confined to southern California.
22. Muhlenbergia sobolifera
(Muhl.) Trin. (Fig. 762, A.) Peren-
nial, with numerous creeping scaly
rhizomes 2 to 3 mm thick; culms
erect, slender, solitary or few in a
hee tuft, glabrous, 60 to 100 cm tall,
Fie thlenberga purgens . ©6Sparingly branching, the branches
erect; blades flat, spreading, scab-
rous, those of the main culm 5 to 15cm long, 3 to 8 mm
wide, occasionally larger, at time of flowering aggregate
along the middle part of the culm; panicles slender, some-
what nodding, mostly 5 to 15 cm long, the distant bran-
ches appressed, floriferous from base, over-lapping or the
lower more distant; spikelets mostly 2 to 2.6 mm long, (Type)
the glumes about two thirdsas long, abruptly acuminate
or awn-tipped; lemma elliptic, bluntish, pubescent on the lower part,
usually apiculate. 2 —Dry rocky woods and cliffs, New Hamp-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 371

shire to Iowa, south to Virginia, Tennessee, and Texas (fig. 763).
We {

FIGURE 757.—Muhlenbergia arizonica. Plant, X 1;
glumes and floret, X 10. (Griffiths 3368, Ariz.)

|

j
FIGURE 759.—Muhlenbergia glauca.
Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, x
10. (Nealley 726, Tex.)

MUHLENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA Var. SETIGERA Scribn. (Fig. 762, B.)

NN

Wa AN
i} aan
| i

FIGURE 758.—Muhlenbergia dumosa. Plant, X 1;
glumes and floret, X 10. (Pringle, Ariz.)

Branching more freely in the
later stages; lemma with an
awn lto3mmlong. QA —
Dry woods, Arkansas and
Texas.

23. Muhlenbergia tenui-
flora (Willd.) BS.P. (Fig.

FIGURE 760.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia glauca.

764.) Similar to M. sobolifera
in habit; culms often more
robust; blades mostly 10 to 18
em long and 6 to 10 mm
wide; panicles on the average
longer; culms retrorsely pu-
berulent at least around the

nodes; sheaths puberulent or scaberulous toward the summit;

372 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

spikelets (excluding the awns) 3 to 4mm long, the glumes about half
as long, broad at base, abruptly
acuminate, scaberulous; lemma nar-
row, pubescent toward the base,
tapering into a slender straight awn
3 to 10 mm long. 2 W—Rocky
woods, Ontario and Vermont to
Iowa, south to Virginia, Tennessee,
and Oklahoma (fig. 765).

24. Muhlenbergia brachyphylla
Bush. (Fig. 766.) Perennial, with
numerous slender scaly rhizomes;
culms slender, suberect, freely
branching at the middle nodes,
the branches lax, glabrous or ob-
scurely scabrous below the nodes;
blades flat, spreading, scaberulous,
mostly 7 to 15 cm long and 3 to
5 mm wide; panicles on filiform
peduncles, very slender, lax, rela-
tively few-flowered, mostly 8 to 15
em long; spikelets, excluding the
awn, about 3 mm long, the glumes
about two-thirds as long, awn-
tipped; lemma minutely pubescent
toward the base, tapering into a
slender awn 3 to 6 mm long, rarely
: ioe i shorter. 2. —Low Ce
IGURE 761.—Muhlenbergia aroma. ant, X to Nebraska, south to exas ( g,
1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Parish 2113, Calif.) 767). Resembling M. tenuiflora
but with numerous filiform branches and more slender panicles.

SS
. Ss
aN

FIGURE 762.—A, Muhlenbergia sobolifera. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalf 1589, N.Y.)
B, Var. setigera, X 10. (Reverchon 1049, Tex.)

25. Muhlenbergia racemésa (Michx.) B.S.P. Marsh MUBLY.
(Fig. 768.) Perennial, from stout creeping scaly rhizomes; culms
erect or reclining, 50 to 100 em tall, or even more, slightly roughened

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 373

below the nodes, simple or sparingly branching, the branches erect;
sheaths smooth, keeled; blades flat, mostly appressed, scabrous, 5 to
10 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle narrow, compact or lobed,
bristly, 3 to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 6 mm long,
the narrow subequal glumes stiffly awn-tipped;
lemma acuminate, about 3 mm long, pilose on
lower part. 2 -—Moist meadows and low
ground, Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south to Maryland, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and
Arizona (fig. 769). SERA
26. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Wire- ha snboline
STEM MUHLY. (Fig. 770.) Perennial, with
creeping scaly rhizomes; culms decumbent and rooting at base,
freely branching from all the
—~ nodes, the branches ascend-
= ing, the plants becoming top-
heavy and bushy, the culms
glabrous below the nodes;
- blades flat, scabrous, usually
less than 10 cm long, but
sometimes as much as 15
cm, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicles
numerous, short-exserted or
partly included, terminal and
axillary, the larger as much
as 10 cm long, the axillary
shorter, narrow, the branches
ascending, mostly densely
flowered from the base;
glumes 2 to 3 mm long or
slightly longer, narrow, taper-
ing into an awn-tip; lemma
about equaling the glumes,
acuminate, short-pilose at
base. 2 —Thickets, low
ground, and waste places,
New Brunswick to North
: ae, Brie esonee. ee to oa pont
IGURE 764.—Muhlenbergia tenuiflora. Plant, X 1; glumes tgjns 09 eorgia an exas
and floret, X 10. (Mosley, Ohio.) (fig. 771). This species 3 ie
not grow in Mexico. It was originally described from a garden speci-
men cultivated by Linnaeus in his Upsala
Garden and erroneously credited to Mexico.
MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA Var. COMMUTATA ’
Scribn. Lemmas awned, the awns 4 to 10 mm
long. 2 —Quebec and Maine to South
Dakota, south to Virginia and Missouri; less
common than the species. May be distin-
guished from M. foliosa var. setiglumis, which = P'S7ee 763.7 Distribution of
it sometimes resembles, by the culms smooth ;
below the nodes and the included or scarcely exserted panicles.
27. Muhlenbergia glabriflora Scribn. (Fig. 772.) In habit re-
sembling /. mexicana, freely branching; culms scaberulous below the

374 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

nodes as in WW. sylvatica; blades numerous, short, narrow, appressed;

panicles on the average shorter and narrower than in

FIGURE 766.—Muhlenbergia brachyphylla. Plant, * 1; glumes
and floret, X 10. (V. H. Chase 3759, Il.)

M. mexicana;
spikelets about as in MV.
mexicana but the lemma
glabrous. 2 —Low
woods, Maryland, Indi-
ana, Illinois, Missouri,
and Texas (fig. 773).
28. Muhlenbergia syl-
vatica Torr. (Fig. 774.)
Resembling M. mexicana
in habit, the branches

FIGURE 767.— Distribution of
Muhlenbergia brachyphylla.

usually more slender
and lax; culms retrorsely
scaberulous below the
nodes; panicles slender,
nodding, the branches
distant, appressed, over-
lapping, or the lower
scarcely so; glumes
lanceolate, rather ab-
ruptly acuminate or awn-
pointed, about 2 mm

long; lemma a little longer than the glumes, somewhat pilose

below, tapering into an awn 5 to 10 mm long.

Scribn.)—Moist woods and thickets, Maine
to South Dakota, south to Alabama and
Texas; Arizona (fig. 775). Awns some-
times reduced or wanting.

29. Muhlenbergia folidsa (Roem. and
Schult.) Trin. (Fig.
776.) Resembling M.
mexicana and M.
sylvatica in habit;
culms scaberulous
below the nodes;
panicles mostly ex-
serted, often rather
long-exserted, nar-
row, of numerous short appressed
densely flowered somewhat aggregate
branches; spikelets 2 to 3 mm long;
glumes narrow, attenuate into a _ short
awn, about as long as the acuminate
the lemma long-pilose below. 2

FIGURE 769.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia racemosa.

2 (M. umbrosa

FIGURE 768.—Muhlenbergia racemosa.
Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X
. (Macoun 26241, Ont.)

to awn-tipped lemma,

—Moist thickets, low woods,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES oro

and low open ground, Quebec and Maine to Montana, south to
North Carolina, Indiana, Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig.
777). MUHLENBERGIA FOLIOSA var. SETIGLUMIS (S. Wats.) Scribn.
Lemmas awned, the awn 4 to 10 mm long. 2 About the same
range as the species; also Wash-
ington to northern California °
and Nevada.

30. Muhlenbergia schrebéri
Gmel. Nimsiewitu. (Fig.
778, A.) Culms slender,
branching, spreading and de-
cumbent at base, usually root-
ing at the lower nodes, but not

FIGURE 771.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia mezicana.

forming definite creeping rhi-
zomes, the flowering branches
ascending, 10 to 30 em long;
blades flat, mostly less than 5
em long, and 2 to 4 mm wide;
panicles terminal and axillary,
slender, loosely flowered, lax,
nodding, 5 to 15 cm long;
glumes minute, the first often TIgURE 70; Mublerbcote mesons, Plant 3.
obsolete, the second rounded, ~* afr Win eer Whips wey
0.1 to 0.2 mm long; lemma narrow, somewhat pubescent around the
base, the body about 2 mm long, the slender awn 2 to 5 mm long.
2 —Damp shady places, New Hampshire to Wisconsin and
eastern Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas; eastern Mexico (fig.
779). In spring and early summer the culms are short
and erect with spreading blades, the plants being very dif-
ferent in appearance from the flower-
ing phase of fall. MUHLENBERGIA
SCHREBERI var. PALUSTRIS (Scribn.)
Scribn. Glumes developed, as much
= A mm long. 2 —Washington,

hos ae aadior curtisetosa
eribn. ush. ( io. 778, B. A Figure 773.—Distribution of
oh). et little-known form, atiahne se M. seqanenete sui aees
IGURE 772.— set ° :
Muhlenbergia SChreberi in having stouter culms, coarser panicles, the
10. Creve glumes evident, rarely as much as 2 mm long, the lemma
“Fi 2.5 to 3 mmlong, the awn 1 to 2 mm long. A —
Ihnois (Clinton), Missouri (Eagle Rock). It may be a hybrid.
oa. Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitche. Foxrampmunty. (Fig.
780.) Perennial, with numerous scaly rhizomes; culms erect or some-

376 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

times spreading, scabrous-puberulent below the nodes and the panicle,
50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths smooth
or slightly scabrous, keeled; ligule
1 mm long, membranaceous, short-
ciliate; blades flat, 2 to 6 mm wide,
scabrous; panicle narrow, spikelike,
usually more or less lobed or inter-
rupted, grayish, silky, often purple-
tinged, 7 to 15 cm long; glumes
narrow, acuminate, ciliate-scabrous
on the keels, 3 to 4 mm long;
lemma 3 mm long, tapering into a
capillary awn 4 to 8 mm long, the

FIGURE 775.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia sylvatica.

hairs at base of floret copious, nearly
as long as the body of the lemma.
2 (M. comata Benth.)—Meadows,
moist thickets, gravelly river beds,
and open ground, at medium alti-
tudes, Montana to eastern Wash-
ington, south to New Mexico and
CRON gh NG I ot ERE central California (fig. 781).
1; glumes and floret, < 10. (Conant, Mass) 33 Muhlenbergia jonésii (Vasey)
Hitche. (Fig. 782.) Perennial,
closely tufted; culms erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the

FIGURE 776.—Muhlenbergia foliosa. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Deam 19225, Ind.)

numerous lower sheaths finally flattened and loose; ligule 2 to 4 mm
long; blades subfiliform, involute, scabrous;
panicle narrow, 5 to 8 cm long, the branches
ascending, rather loosely flowered; spikelets 3
to 4mm long; glumes broad, scabrous-puberu-
lent, about one-third as long as the spikelet,
obtuse, often erose; lemma obscurely pubescent
below, tapering to an acuminate or awned tip. : |
2... —Open ground, northeastem,Caluiaraia., () {P57 ee aes
34. Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitche.
MovuntTaIN MUHLY. (Fig.783.) Perennial; culms densely tufted,erect,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 377

30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths glabrous, mostly basal, becoming flat and loose ;
blades flat to involute, 1 to 2mm wide; panicle narrow, rather loose, 5 to
15cm long, the branches
ascending or appressed,
floriferous from base;
first glume acute, 1.5
mm long, the second
longer, broader, 3-
nerved, 3-toothed;
lemma about 4 mm long,
pilose below, scaberu-
lous above, the awn
slender, flexuous, 1 to
1.5 cm long, sometimes
shorter. 2 (M. inf-
da Hack., M. gracilis of
authors, not Kunth.)—
Canyons, mesas, and
rocky hills, 2,000 to
3,000 meters, Montana
to Utah and central Cali-
fornia, south to western

FIGURE 779.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia schreberi.

Texas and southern
Mexico (fig. 784).

35. Muhlenbergia vi-
réscens (H.B.K.) Kunth.
SCREWLEAF MUHLY. (Fig.
785.) Perennial; culms
densely tufted, erect, 40
to 60 cm tall, the old
basal sheaths flattened
and more or less coiled;
ligule, except the margin,
delicate,3 to 10 mm long;
blades flat or those of the
innovations involute,
mostly elongate and flex-
uous; panicle narrow but
rather loose, 5 to 10 em
long, the branches erect;
spikelets, excluding
Se 778.—A, aitenbate schreberi. Plant, X 4; glumes and aWNS, about 5 mm long )

SEL BTC os , fs mwa aoe ame B, M. curtisetosa. umes the o lumes sli oh tly
shorter, acute, the sec-
ond 3-nerved; lemma and palea pubescent on the lower half, the lemma

tapering into a slender flexuous awn 1 to 1.5 cm long. 2 —Can-.

|
.

378 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

yons, rocky hills, and mesas, New Mexico and Arizona to central

FIGURE 780.—Muhlenbergia andina. Plant, X 1; glumes and
floret, X 10. (Elmer 558, Wash.)

Mexico.
\36. Muhlenbergia
polycatilis Scribn.

(Fig. 786.) Perennial,
from a firm crown; culms
numerous, wiry, decum-
bent and scaly at base,
30 to 50 em tall; blades

FIGURE 781.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia andina.

mostly flat and less than
5 cm long, about 1 mm
wide; panicle narrow,
contracted, interrupted,
3 to 8 cm long; spike-
lets, excluding awns,
2.5 to 3 mm long, the
glumes a little shorter,
tapering to slender awn-

tips; lemma, and palea loosely villous below, the lemma tapering into

a delicate awn 1 to 2 cm long. 4 —
Shaded ledges and grassy slopes, western
Texas; southern Arizona to central
Mexico.

37. Muhlenbergia arsénei Hitche.
(Fig. 787.) Perennial, without rhizomes
but the spreading base sometimes rhi-
zomatous In appearance, loosely tufted;
culms wiry, 10 to 30 em tall, branched
below, the branches erect; leaves crowded
toward the base, the blades slender, invo-
lute, sharp-pointed, 1 to 3 cm long; pan-
icle narrow, rather loose, purplish, 2 to
10 cm long, the branches ascending,
floriferous from base; spikelets, excluding
the awns, 4 to 5 mm long, the glumes
shorter, acute or subacute, awnless; lem-
ma sparsely pubescent below, tapering
into a flexuous awn 6 to 10 mm long.
21 —Arid slopes, northern New Mexico
and southeastern Utah.

38. Muhlenbergia monticola Buckl.
Mesa MuuHty. (Fig. 788.) Perennial;
culms tufted, slender, erect or decum-
bent at base, 30 to 50 em tall, branching at
the lower and middle nodes, leafy through-

FIGURE 782.—Muhlenbergia jonesii.
Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10.
(Austin 1230, Calif.)

out; blades 3 to 7 cm long, narrow, flat, or soon involute; panicle soft,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 319

narrow, contracted, 5 to 10, sometimes to 15 em long, the branches
appressed or slightly spreading; spikelets, excluding awns, about 3
mm long, the glumes about two-thirds as long, subacute to obtuse
and erose at tip; lemma pubescent at base and on lower half of margin,
tapering into a delicate flexuous awn 1 to 2 cm long. 2 —Rocky
hills and canyons, western Texas to Arizona and central Mexico.

—
—-
A. = ‘
SS oS

FIGURE 783.—Muhlenbergia montana. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Patterson 156, Colo.)

39. Muhlenbergia parvigliimis Vasey. (Fig. 789.) Perennial, with
the habit of 1M. monticola; blades on the average somewhat longer,
1 to 3 mm wide; spikelets as in M. monticola, but the glumes minute,
erose, subacute to truncate; lemma scaberulous only, tapering into a
delicate awn 2 to 4 cm long. 2 Canyons, Texas and northern
Mexico; Cuba.

380 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

40. Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl. New Mexican MUHLY.
(Fig. 790.) Perennial; culms loosely tufted, wiry, erect, branch-

FIGURE 784.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia montana.

ing at the lower nodes, 30 to 50 cm tall;
blades 1 mm wide or less; panicle narrow,
contracted, interrupted, 5 to 10 cm long, the
branches erect or ascending; spikelets,
excluding awn, about 4 mm long, the glumes
about half as long, acuminate to awn-
tipped; lemma _ scaberulous only, tapering
into a slender flexuous awn, 5 to 12 mm
long. 2 — Rocky hills and canyons, western

Texas to Colorado and Arizona, south to northern Mexico (fig. 791).

FIGURE 785.—Muhlenbergia virescens. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. ( Palmer 565, Ariz.)

41. Muhlenbergia portéri Scribn. BusnH muuty. (Fig. 792.)
Perennial; culms woody or persistent at base, numerous, wiry,
widely spreading or ascending through bushes, scaberulous, mostly
branching from all the nodes, 30 to 100 cm tall or more; sheaths

———— ae

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 381

smooth, spreading away from the branches, the prophyllum con-
spicuous; blades mostly about 1 mm wide, flat, 2 to 5 cm long, early
deciduous from the sheaths; panicle 5 to 10 cm long, open, the slender
branches and branchlets brittle, widely spreading, bearing rather few
long-pedicled spikelets; glumes narrow, acuminate, slightly unequal,
the second about 2 mm iong; lemma purple, acuminate, sparsely
pubescent, 3 to 4 mm long, with a delicate awn about 5 to 8 mm
long. 2 —Dry mesas and hills, canyons, and rocky deserts,
western Texas to Colorado, Nevada, and southern California, south

| Mh UG an
WZ

FIGURE 786.—MuAlenbergia polycaulis. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X10. (Type.)

to northern Mexico (fig. 793). Known also as mesquite grass and
black grama.

42. Muhlenbergia torréyi (Kunth) Hitche. Rincerass. (Fig.
794.) Perennial in loose tufts, with numerous innovations, the base
decumbent or forming short rhizomes, the plants usually gregarious,
sometimes forming large patches or ‘“‘fairy rings”’; culms slender, 10
to 30 cm tall; leaves in a short basal cluster; blades closely involute,
usually 2 to 3 cm long, falcate or flexuous, forming a crisp curly
cushion; panicle open, usually about half the entire length of the

382 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

culm, commonly purple, the capillary branches finally spreading, the
pedicels mostly as long as the spikelets or longer; spikelets about 3 mm
long, the glumes, including the awn-tip, about two-thirds as long;
lemma nearly glabrous, tapering into a delicate awn about 3 mm
long. 2 (CM. gracillima Torr.)—Plains, mesas, and dry hills,
western Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Arizona (fig. 795).

43. Muhlenbergia arenicola Buckl. (Fig. 796.) Resembling M.
torreyi; culms taller, mostly 30 to 50 cm tall; blades usually straight
and on the average longer; panicle larger, mostly pale, the branches
and pedicels appressed; spikelets slightly longer, the lemma scabrous.

FIGURE 787.—Muhlenbergia arsenei. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 788.—Muhlenbergia monticola. Plant, X
glumes and floret, x 10. (Type.) 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley 399, Tex.)

21 —Sandy plains and mesas, western Kansas to Arizona, south to
northern Mexico (fig. 797).

44, Muhlenbergia setif6élia Vasey. (Fig. 798.) Perennial, tufted;
culms erect, hard, wiry, 50 to 80 cm tall; sheaths with erect auricles,
2 to 10 mm long; blades involute, fine, scarcely 0.5 mm thick, very
scabrous, flexuous, as much as 20 cm long; panicle narrow, open, 10
to 15 cm long, the capillary branches ascending, flexuous; spikelets,
excluding awns, about 5 mm long, the glumes one-third to half as long,
obtuse to subacute, often with a short delicate awn; lemma hairy
on the callus, otherwise smooth, tapering into a flexuous awn 1.5 to
2cmlong. 2 —Rocky hills, western Texas to Arizona and north-
ern Mexico. :

45. Muhlenbergia dibia Fourn. Pine munity. (Fig. 799.) Per-
ennial, closely tufted; culms erect, hard and wiry at base, 30 to 100

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 383

cm tall; sheaths with erect firm auricles, 4 to 10 mm long, rarely
longer; blades involute, scabrous; panicle narrow, sometimes almost
spikelike, grayish, 10 to 30 cm long, rarely longer; spikelets about
4 mm long; glumes about half as long as the spikelet, minutely sca-
berulous, obtuse; lemma minutely scaberulous, with an awn as much
as 4 mm long, rarely acuminate only. 2 (M. acuminata Vasey;

4)
Waly
NOY
NTF |
~\ \\\

\

\ \

FIGURE 789.—Muhlenbergia parviglumis.
Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10.
(Vasey, Tex.)

FIGURE 791.—Distribution of FIGURE 790.— Muhlenbergia paucifiora. Plant, X 1; glumes
Muhlenbergia paucifiora. and floret, X 10. (Wright 732, Tex.)

Sporobolus ligulatus Vasey and Dewey.)—Canyons and rocky hills,
western Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico.

46. Muhlenbergia rigida (H.B.K.) Kunth. Purpte munLty.
(Fig. 800.) Perennial, densely tufted; culms erect, 60 to 100 em
tall; leaves crowded at base, old sheaths persistent, the sheaths with
auricles 2 to 5 mm, rarely longer; blades flat or soon involute, flexuous,
those of the innovations involute; panicle dark purple, narrow, finally
loose and open, 15 to 30 cm long, the capillary branches ascending,

55974°—35 —25

EE SS

384 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the lower as much as 10 cm long; spikelets, excluding awns, about
4 mm long, the glumes from minute to about one-fourth as long,
acute to erose-obtuse; lemma strongly nerved, hairy on the callus

FIGURE 792.—Muhlenbergia porteri. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, x 10. (Chase 5887, Tex.)

and with a flexuous awn 1 to 1.5 cm long. A (M. berlandieri
Trin.)—Rocky or gravelly soil, Texas to Arizona and northern
Mexico.

47. Muhlenbergia metcalfei Jones. (Fig.
801.) Perennial, in close tufts; culms erect,
50 to 80 cm tall; ligule 3 to 10 mm long,
sometimes longer; blades involute, slender,
flexuous, scabrous, sometimes only slightly so,
not crowded at base; panicle narrow but some-

FIGURE 793.—Distribution of

what loose, pale or slightly purplish, 15 to 25 Nihon berate pirteee
cm long, the branches usually naked at base;

spikelets tapering to summit, about 4 mm long; glumes nearly equal,
obtuse, a little less than half as long as spikelet; lemma scaberulous
toward summit, the awn 5to10mm long. 2% —Rocky hills, Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona,

ce a a ee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 385

48. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (Fig. 802.) Perennial,
in tufts; culms rather
slender, erect, 60 to 100 cm
tall; sheaths scaberulous, at
least toward the summit,
and with auricles mostly 3
to 5 mm long; blades elon-

FIGURE 795.— Distribution of
Muhlenbergia torreyi.

gate, flat or involute, 1 to 4
mm wide, those of the inno-
vations narrower, involute;

panicle purple, oblong dif-
| i) 3 fuse, one-third to half the
\\ 1a entire height of the culm,

=

TP > < ——
vas |

=
WE:

FIGURE 794.—Muhlenbergia torreyi.
Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10.
(Chase 5298, Colo.)

the branches capillary, flex- ~
uous, the branchlets and
pedicels finally spreading;
spikelets, excluding awns,
3 to 4 mm long, the glumes

FIGURE 797.—Distribution of
Muzhlenbergia arenicola.

jp ty Zz
one-fourth to two-thirds as

long, acute, the second often eee ZZ
short-awned ; lemma scaber- TS

ulous, minutely hairy on the — Ficure 796.—Muhlenbergia arenicola. Plant, X 1; glumes
callus and with a delicate and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 13602, Tex.)

awndtol5mmlong. 2 M—Rocky or sandy woods, Massachusetts to

386 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Indiana and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas; West Indies,
eastern Mexico (fig. 803).

MUHLENBERGIA CAPILLARIS var. FiLIPES (M. A. Curtis) Chapm.
Culms stouter; blades mostly involute; glumes with delicate awns,
mostly longer than the lemma; lemma with a delicate setaceous
tooth each side of the awn. 2 (WM. filrpes M. A. Curtis.)—Moist
pine barrens near the coast, North Carolina, Florida, Mississippi,
and Texas.

49. Muhlenbergia expansa (DC.) Trin. (Fig. 804.) Resembling
M. capillaris, in denser tufts, the old basal sheaths forming a curly fib-
rous mass; blades
narrow, flat, be-
coming involute;
panicle relatively
smaller, narrower,
the capillary
branches’ and
branchlets mostly
straight; spikelets

eg
SGGES
LLL
Zt
LLL

a
roma
LAE
ZZ
(e==
=s

——

=

—— ey
Sex =

——=

———

pe LAA
——S

oe

S= — —
= =
SSS = —
SS SS

FIGURE 799.—Muhlenbergia

dubia. Plant, X 1; glumes

FIGURE 798.—Muhlenbergia setifolia. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10- and floret, X 10. (Hitch-
(Hitcheoek 13507, N. Mex.) cock 3775, N. Mex.)

3.5 to 5 mm long, the glumes one-third to two-thirds as long, acute
to acuminate; lemma scaberulous, nearly glabrous at base, awnless
or with an awn as much as 2 mm long, rarely longer. 2 (M. iri-
chopodes Chapm.)—Moist pine barrens near the coast, North Caro-
lina to Florida and Texas (fig. 805).

50. Muhlenbergia reverchéni Vasey and Scribn. (Fig. 806.)
Resembling M. expansa, culms more slender, foliage finer; glumes less
than half as long as the lemma, subacute or erose; lemma with a
awn 2 to 5 mmlong, 2 —Rocky prairies, Texas,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 387

1. Muhlenbergia longiligula Hitche. (Fig. 807.) Culms erect,
ae 1 m tall, he ‘hea Ee wiry, cylindric, the lower sheaths
expanded; ligule (or auricle of sheath) firm, usually about 1 cm long;
blades as much as 50 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, flat to subinvolute,
very scabrous, usually drying involute; panicle narrow, somewhat

FIGURE 800.—Muhlenbergia rigida. Panicle ane ale 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalfe 1447,
N. Mex.

loose, erect, 20 to 40 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed ;
spikelets 2 to 3 mm long; glumes subequal, acutish, usually glabrous;
lemma usually about as long as the glumes, glabrous, awnless, rarely
with a minute awn. 2 (Epicampes ligulata Scribn., not Muhlen-
bergia ligulata Scribn. and Merr.)—Canyons and rocky slopes, west-
ern New Mexico, Arizona, southern Nevada, and northern Mexico.

52. Muhlenbergia lindheiméri Hitche.
(Fig. 808.) Culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, the
numerous overlapping lower sheaths keeled;
ligule rather thin, elongate, mostly hidden
in the folded base of the blade; blades elon-
gate, firm, flat or usually folded, about 3 mm
| wide, scaberulous or glabrous; panicle nar-
j row, pale, somewhat loose, erect, 20 to 40 cm
long, the branches ascending or appressed;
| spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; glumes acute to
rather obtuse, scabrous-puberulent; lemma
a little shorter to a little longer than the
| glumes, 3-nerved, glabrous or obscurely pu-
bescent, awnless or rarely with an awn as
much as 3mm long. 2 -—Rocky slopes,
Texas.

53. Muhlenbergia involtiita Swallen.
(Fig. 809.) Culms erect, densely tufted, 60
to 135 cm tall; sheaths compressed-keeled;
FIGURE 801.—Muhlenbergia met- scabrous; ligule about 10 mm long; blades

oe i ee ee) elongate, involute, wiry, scabrous; panicle
erect, narrow, 30 to 40 cm long, the sub-
capillary branches ascending or appressed, naked toward the base, the
lower as much as 20 cm long; spikelets 3 to 4.5 mm long; glumes
acute or somewhat erose, scabrous, 2 to 2.5 mm long; lemma densely
pubescent on the margin toward the very base, the minutely toothed
apex awned from just below the teeth, the awn slender, 1.5 to 2 mm
long. 2 —Canyons and ravines, southern Texas.

388 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

S\ XA WAS

2 ee Zw ae

Ge

FIGURE 802.—Muhlenbergia capillaris. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Scribner, Tenn.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 389

54. Muhlenbergia emersléyi Vasey. Butucrass. (Fig. 810.)
Culms in large clumps, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths glabrous,
slightly scabrous, compressed-keeled, especially those of the innova-
tions; ligule softly membranaceous, 1 to 2 em long; blades flat or

FIGURE 803.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia capillaris.

FIGURE 805.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia erpansa.

FIGURE 804.—Muhlenbergia erpansa. Panicle, X

1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Tracy 3701, Miss.)
folded, scabrous, 1 to 4 mm wide, the lower as much as 50 cm long;
panicle narrow but rather loose, erect or nodding, mostly 20 to 40
em long, the branches ascending, more or less fascicled or whorled,
naked below; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, often purplish; glumes thin,

FIGURE 806.—Muhlenbergia reverchoni. Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Reverchon, Tex.)

equal, acutish, scabrous; lemma about as long as the glumes, narrowed

and scabrous above, villous below, with a delicate flexuous awn,

about 1 cm long, or sometimes awnless. 2 —Rocky woods and

ravines, Texas to Arizona and Mexico. The awnless form with usu-

nd oe open panicle has been differentiated as Epicampes subpatens
tehe,

es ae ee

390 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

55. Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) Hitchc. Drrrerass. (Fig.
811.) Culms rather slender stiffly erect, in small bunches, with a hard
tough base, sometimes with short rhizomes, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths
smooth or slightly scabrous, mostly overlapping, the lower crowded,
expanded, somewhat papery; ligule firm, truncate, 1 to 2 mm long;
blades scabrous, elon-
gate, involute, tapering
into along slender point;
panicle grayish or pale,

S| WH YZ Ve
\) SS Sy} — iy We
A SUA

N4i WZ

[Z
VEZ
i

Vy
\y ZB

S\\i \)
Si
SUWAS Z\

» i} SY
(QV ZZ
INE
AWAY y
SQ SS

Yee V,

WA, pe

A W.

S FIGURE 808.—Muh-

FIGURE 807.—Muhlenbergia longili- lenbergia lindheim-
gula. Panicle and ligule, X 1; eri. Panicle, X 1;
glumes and floret, X 10. (Jones, glumes and floret, cele and ligule
Ariz.) x10. (Type.) X10. (Type.)

FIGURE 809.—Muhlenbergia involuta. Pani-
X 1; spikelet and floret,

IN K\ Ui Yh Ay tip
\i NON Wy Ly :
UNA
ANNA LA
NUN ANY YH UHL
SA Wh Yoiy
AW)! vii
\y Wi \ hy : Lif tH ff
WIWMO Ga ZA
\\ (| NANA Vif } YAV ZA Vy
NWN
\\\ YW |! MWVGy IGF
ANN HH) YI Wi),

Panicle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Wooton and

FIGURE 810.—Muhlenbergia emersleyi.
Standley, N.Mex.)

slender, spikelike, 15 to 30 cm long or more; glumes 2 to 3 mm long,
from acute to obtuse or somewhat erose, scabrous-puberulent, rarely
faintly 3-nerved; lemma slightly exceeding the glumes, scaberulous,
sparsely pilose at base, 3-nerved toward the narrowed summit, awn-
less. 2 (Epicampes rigens Benth.)—Dry or open ground,
hillsides, gullies, and open forest, Texas to southern California and

northern Mexico (fig. 812).

391

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 811.—Muhlenbergia rigens. Plant, X 1; glumes and

FIGURE 812.—Distribution of
Muhlenbergia rigens

floret, X 10. (Metcalfe 10, N.Mex.)

392 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
76. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. DropsrEep

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes;
glumes 1-nerved, usually unequal, the second often as long as the
spikelet; lemma membranaceous, l-nerved, awnless; palea usually
prominent and as long as the Jemma or longer; caryopsis free from
the lemma and palea, falling readily from the spikelet at maturity,
the pericarp free from the seed, usually thin and closely enveloping
it, but readily slipping away when moist. Annuals or perennials,
with small spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Type species,
Sporobolus indicus. Name from Greek spora, seed, and ballein, to
throw, alluding to the free seeds. In some species of this genus the
palea splits at maturity, giving the impression of extra lemmas.
The first glume is early deciduous in some species. The size of the
spikelets is often variable in the same panicle.

Most of the perennial species are palatable forage grasses, but few
of the them are abundant enough to be of importance. Two species
of the Southwest, S. airoides and S. wrightii, are valuable grasses in
the arid and semiarid regions; S. interruptus is common on the Arizona
Plateau; and the widely distributed S. cryptandrus is also important.
The seed of S. fleruosus and S. cryptandrus have been used for food
by the Indians.

la. Plants annual.
Panicle narrow, few-flowered, spikelike.

Lemma pubescents: 2 42s a ee ee eS 6. S. VAGINIFLORUS.

iLemmajelabrotis_ 2 5..0 > Se We ee es ee 7. S. NEGLECTUS.
Panicle open, many-flowered.

Pedicels very short, appressed; glumes glabrous___---~--- 1. S. RAMULOSUS.

Pedicels elongate, spreading; glumes usually sparsely pubescent.
2. S. MICROSPERMUS.
1b. Plants perennial.
2a. Plants producing creeping rhizomes. Panicle narrow or spikelike.
Rhizomes extensively creeping; leaves numerous, crowded, the blades invo-
lute, conspicuously distichous; panicle spikelike____ 3. S. VIRGINICUS.
Rhizomes short; leaves not numerous nor crowded nor involute; panicle

narrow, DUP lo0se fae s— See ee ee OE ee ee 9. S. MACRUS.

2b. Plants without creeping rhizomes.
3a. Glumes nearly equal, much shorter than the lemma. Panicle narrow or
spikelike.
Panicle branches short and appressed, the panicle spikelike.
S. POIRETII.
Panicle branches slender, ascending, the panicle scarcely spikelike.
5. S. INDICUS.
3b. Glumes unequal or if equal as long as the spikelet.
4a. Spikelets mostly 3 to 7 mm long. Plants usually less than 1 m tall.
Second glume shorter than the lemma; panicle contracted, more or less
included in the sheath.
Lemma glabrous, the palea not exceeding it______-_--- 8. S. ASPER.
Lemma pubescent, the palea acuminate, exceeding it.
: 10. S. CLANDESTINUS.
Second glume about as long as the lemma; panicle open (contracted in
S. purpurascens), not included.
Branches of the narrow panicle in distinct whorls, usually less than
4 cm long.

Branches 2 to 3 cm long, somewhat distant, more or less spreading,

the ‘panicle ‘opens. = 3 See ee 16. S. GRACILIS.

Branches 1 to 2 em long, ascending or appressed, overlapping, the

panicle:contracted 2223 2 ws ee = 17. S. PURPURASCENS.

Branches of the open panicle not in distinct whorls, usually more than
4 cm long.

:
:

ee ee eee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 393

Spikelets short-pediceled and appressed along the main panicle-

branches.
Spikelets about 4 mm long, purplish_-.----- 13. S. CURTISSII.
Spikelets about 3 mm long, pale____--.------ 29. S. THARPII.
Spikelets not appressed, the branchlets and pedicels somewhat
spreading.
UNE Sie oor 2 od Ee ee 14. §. TERETIFOLIUS.

Blades flat or folded.
Glumes about equal, as long as the lemma.
1 S. FLORIDANUS.
Glumes unequal.
Bierepetonmate 2 oe a 12. S. HETEROLEPIS.
Blades mostly less than half as long as culm.
11. S. INTERRUPTUS.
4b. Spikelets 1 to 2.6 mm long (sometimes 3 mm in S. giganteus).
5a. Lower panicle branches in distinct whorls, the mature panicle pyram-
idal; spikelets about 1 mm long_-___-__-_-_---- 18. S. AaRGUTUS.
5b. Lower panicle branches not in distinct whorls (occasionally whorled
in S. domingensis); spikelets 1.5 to 2.5 mm long.
6a. Basal sheaths compressed-keeled. Panicle branches few, widely
spreading, naked for about one-third their length; spikelets
SON Oy Ce ae ees Oe ee ae 25. S. BUCKLEYI.
6b. Basal sheaths not compressed-keeled.
7a. Sheaths with a conspicuous tuft of white hairs at summit.
Culms robust, 1 to 2 m tall; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long.
24. §S. GIGANTEUS.
Culms more slender, mostly less than 1 m tall; spikelets 2 to 2.5
mm long.
Panicle open, often large, the branches and branchlets flexuous,
the spikelets loosely arranged___--_-- 21. S. FLEXUOSUS.
Panicle open or compact, if open the spikelets crowded on the
branchlets.
Panicle, or the exserted portion, somewhat open, the
branches naked below (sometimes entirely enclosed).
Base of plant a close tuft______-- 20. S. cRYPTANDRUS.
Base of plant a cluster of knotty rhizomes. Culms erect,
slender, mostly less than 30 cm tall; blades short,
involute, spreading____.______-- 22. S. NEALLEYI.
Panicle compact, spikelike, usually exserted.
23. S. CONTRACTUS.
7b. Sheaths naked or nearly so at the summit.
Pedicels elongate, capillary____........-_-- 28. S. TEXANUS.
Pedicels short.
Panicle 1 to 2 times as long as wide, loose, the branches not
crowded; blades mostly involute___._ 26. S. AIROIDEs.
Panicle more than 3 times as long as wiae, relatively dense;
blades mostly flat.
Panicle not more than 20 cm long, usually smaller.
19. S. DOMINGENSIs.
Panicle commonly 50 cm long, rarely as small as 25 or 30
pete Beemer. Pe} Ve Se 27. S. WRIGHTII.

1. Sporobolus ramulosus (H. B. K.) Kunth. Rep propseep.
(Fig. 813.) Annual; culms spreading, branching at the lower nodes,
10 to 20 cm tall; blades flat, lax, mostly 1 to 3 cm long, 1 mm wide
or less; panicle oblong, 2 to 5 cm long, the branches ascending, the
pedicels short, stiff, appressed along the main branches; spikelets
about 1 mm long; glumes broad, obtuse, about equal, half as long as
the spikelet; lemma rather turgid, acutish. © Open dry ground,
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, south to Guatemala.

2. Sporobolus microspérmus (Lag.) Hitche. SrxwrEKs DROPSEED.
(Fig. 814.) Annual; culms erect or spreading, branching below, 10 to
30 cm tall; blades flat, lax, mostiy less than 10 cm long, 1 to 2mm wide;
panicie oblong, open, half or two-thirds as long as the entire culm,
the slender pedicels spreading, club-shaped below the spikelets; spike-

394 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lets 1 to 1.8 mm long; glumes obtuse, about equal, about half as long
as the spikelet or a little more, sparsely sometimes obscurely pilose;
lemmas obtuse, minutely pubescent on midnerve and margins. ©
(S. confusus Vasey; S. minutissimus Hitche.)—Sandy or rocky open
ground, Montana to eastern Washington, south to Nebraska, Texas,

FIGURE 813.— Sporobolus ramulosus. Plant, FIGURE 814.—Sporobolus microspermus. Plant,
X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock xX 1; spikelet and 2 views of floret, x 10.
7661, Mex.) (Hitchcock 3788, N.Mex.)

and New Mexico, west to southern California, and south to Costa
Rica (fig. 815).

3. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. (Fig. 816.) Perennial, with
numerous branching widely creeping slender rhizomes (yellowish in
drying); culms erect, 10 to 40 cm tall; sheaths overlapping, more or
less pilose at the throat; blades flat or becoming involute especially
toward the fine point, conspicuously distichous, mostly less than 5 cm
long or on the innovations longer; panicle pale, contracted or spike-
like, 2 to 8 cm long, 5 to 10 mm thick; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long;
glumes and lemma about equal. 2 —Sandy or muddy seashores and
saline marshes, forming extensive colonies, with relatively few flower-

!
|
|
j

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 395

ing culms, southeastern Virginia (Gron. Fl. Virg.) to Florida and
Texas, south through the West Indies to Brazil (fig. 817). A robust
form (S. littoralis Kunth), with culms as much as
1 m tall and panicles as much as 15 cm long,
is found in the West Indies and extends into
Florida.

4. Sporobolus poirétii (Roem. and Schult.)
Hitche. Smuterass. (Fig. 818, A.) Peren-
nial; culms erect, solitary or in small tufts, 30
to 100 cm tall; blades flat tosubinvolute, rather Fisune 815 Distribution of
firm, 2 to 5 mm wide at base, elongate, tapering
to a fine point; panicle usually spikelike but more or less interrupted,
10 to 40 cm long, the branches appressed or ascending; spikelets about
2 mm long; glumes obtuse,
somewhat unequal, about half
as long as the spikelet or less;
lemma acutish. 2 (Sporo-
bolus berteroanus Hitche. and
Chase.)—Open ground and
waste places, Virginia to
Tennessee and Arkansas,
south to Florida, Texas, and
the warmer parts of America
to Argentina; on ballast in
Oregon and New Jersey (fig.
819); tropical Asia, appar-
ently introduced in America.
At maturity the extruded
reddish caryopses remain for
some time sticking to the
panicle by the mucilaginous

FIGURE 817.—Distribution of
Sporobolus virginicus.

pericarp. Often affected with
a black fungus. This species
has been referred to the Aus-
IN , A tralian S. elongatus R. Br.,
Frown 816, Sproles weiniew: Lent, Sums which seems to be distinct,
differing in its looser panicle.
5. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Fig. 818, B.) Resembling
S. poiretii, but the blades more slender, especially at base, and the
panicle branches longer, more slender, less densely flowered, loosely
ascending to somewhat spreading, the panicle not spikelike. 2
Punta Gorda, Fla.—Ballast, Mobile, Ala.; tropical America.
6. Sporobolus vaginiflérus (Torr.) Wood. (Fig. 820.) Annual,
branching from base; culms erect to spreading, mostly 20 to 40 em
tall, sometimes as much as 75 cm; blades slender, subinvolute, the

396 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lower elongate; panicles terminal and axillary, slender, mostly not
more than 3 cm long, the terminal exserted or partly included, the

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ver 3

FIGURE 818.—A, Sporobolus poiretii. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, x 10. (Chase 7043, Fla.) B, S. indi-
cus. Panicle, X 1; spikelet and floret, x 10. (Leon 867, Cuba.)

axillary included in the sheaths or slightly exserted, late in the season
the sheaths swollen and containing cleistogamous spikelets; glumes

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 397

acute, about equal, 3 to 5 mm long; lemma as long as the glumes or
exceeding them, acute or acuminate, rather sparsely pubescent,
sometimes mottled with dark spots; palea acu-
minate, sometimes longer than the lemma.
© —Sandy soil or open waste ground, Maine
and Ontario to Minnesota and Nebraska,
south to Georgia, Texas, and Arizona (fig. 821).

7. Sporobolus negléctus Nash. (Fig. 822.)
Differing from S. vaginiflorus chiefly in the 7 ee:
smaller, paler, plumper spikelets, 2 to 3mm "OS ore
long, and in the glabrous lemma; lower blades __
often sparsely pilose; panicles usually entirely hidden in the more
swollen sheaths. © —
Dry open ground and
sandy fields, Quebec and
Maine to North Dako-
ta, south to Maryland,
Tennessee, and Texas;
also Washington and
Arizona (fig. 823). A
form from Missouri
(Ozark Mountains), with
rather strongly pilose
leaves, has been called
S. ozarkensis Fernald.

8. Sporobolus 4asper
(Michx.) Kunth. (Fig.
824.) Perennial; culms
erect, often rather stout,
solitary or in small tufts,
60 to 120 cm tall; blades
elongate, flat, becoming
involute, 1 to 4mm wide
at base, tapering to a
fine point; panicle ter-
minal and axillary, pale
or whitish, sometimes
purplish, contracted,
more or less spikelike,
usually enclosed at base Xt

or sometimes entirely in Ficure 822.—Sporobolus neglec-
theimflateduppersheath, ‘fac eis) Poe hs
FIGURE 820.—Sporobolus vagi- PP , Tea)’ pia ia :

niflorus. Plant, X 1; glumes 5to 15cm long } spikelets
= ore X 10. (Deam 39615, 4 to 6 mm long olumes
rather broad, keeled,sub- [25
acute, the first about half -_! \
as long as the spikelet,
the second two-thirds to
three-fourths as long;
lemma and palea sub-

Sisal equal, glabrous, the tip Ficure 823—Distribution of

De ite bik pe ae n tod a reg 3 ha pe a 9) oF Sporobolus neglectus.

Prairies and sandy meadows, Vermont to Michigan, North Dakota, and
Utah, south to Louisiana and New Mexico; eastern Washington (fig. 825).

398 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

—

La
SS

Zz

LLL

~ == —> A A

ga

TEE

SS

= SS
~~
~

ST

|

——_ Ss

FIGURE 824.—Sporobolus asper.
1; glumes and floret, Xx 10.
42707, Ind.)

Plant, o<
(Deam

SPOROBOLUS ASPER var. PILOSUS

(Vasey) Hitche. Sheaths and blades
more or less pilose. 2 (S. pilosus
Vasey.)—Prairies and rocky hills, Kansas
(Saline County and westward), Texas
(Del Rio).

SPOROBOLUS ASPER var. HOOKERI
(Trin.) Vasey. Less robust, the more
slender fewer-flowered panicle looser;
spikelets usually smaller, 3 to 5 mm
long. 2 (S. attenuatus Nash; S.
drummondiw Vasey.)—Plains, Missouri,
Mississippi, Texas, and Oklahoma.
Foliage rarely somewhat villous.

9. Sporobolus macrus (Trin.) Hitche.
(Fig. 826.) Perennial, with short scaly
rhizomes; culms erect, 50 to 70 em
tall; blades flat, 10 to 20 cm long, 1
to 2 mm wide, sometimes wider, pilose
on the upper surface near base and
at the throat of the sheath; panicle
narrow, often enclosed at base, 5 to 15
cm long, the bran-
ches erect; spike-
lets4to5mm long,
the glumes keeled,
the first about
two-thirds as long,
the second a little
longer than the
first; lemma and
palea subequal, the tips boat-shaped.
2} —Wet pineland, Oklahoma, Mis-
sissippi, and Louisiana. Except for
the rhizomes this species resembles S.
asper var. hookert.

10. Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng. )
Hitche. (Fig. 827.) Perennial; culms
relatively stout to slender, erect to
spreading, 50 to 100 ecm tall; lower
sheaths sometimes pilose; blades flat,
becoming involute, with a long fine
point; panicle narrow, contracted, 5 to
10 cm long, usually partly enclosed;
spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, the glumes
keeled, acute or subacute, the first more
than half as long as the spikelet, the
second longer than the first; lemma
sparsely appressed-pubescent, acuminate,
the palea longer, sometimes as much as
10mmlong. 2% (S.canovirens Nash.)—
Sandy fields, pine barrens, hills, and prai-
ries, Connecticut to Illinois and Kansas,
south to Florida and Texas (fig. 828).

FIGURE 825.—Distribution of
Sporobolus asper.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 399

11. Sporobolus interriptus Vasey. Buack propseEp. (Fig. 829.)
Perennial, densely tufted; culms erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, the leaves
crowded at base, about 2 on the culm; sheaths more or less pilose;

se
———

sea

FIGURE 827.—Sporobolus clan-

destinus. Plant, X 1; glumes

FIGURE 826.—Sporobolus macrus. Plant, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10. (Chase 4265,
and floret, X 10. (Chase 4341, Miss.) Fla.)

blades flat or folded, sparsely pilose to glabrous, 1 to 2 mm wide;

panicle 10 to 20 em long, brownish-leaden, the branches distant,

finally spreading, naked at base; spikelets about 6 mm long, short-
55974°—35——26

OT,

400 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pediceled; glumes acute, the first 2 to 3 mm, the second 4 to 6 mm
long; lemma and palea acute, about equal. 2 —Grassy plains and
hills, Arizona. The second glume and lemma may have wrinkles
toward the summit that look like nerves.

12. Sporobolus heterdlepis A. Gray.
PRAIRIE DROPSEED. (Fig. 830.) Per-
ennial, in dense tufts; culms erect,
slender, 30 to 70 ecm tall; sheaths
somewhat pilose at the throat, the
lower sometimes sparsely pilose on the
back; blades elongate, flat, becoming
involute at the slender attenuate tip,
2 mm or less wide; panicle, 5 to 20
cm long, the branches ascending or
spreading, 3 to 6 cm long, naked be-
low, few-flowered above; spikelets
erayish; glumes acuminate, the first
2 to 4mm long, the second 4 to 6 mm
long; lemma shorter than the second
glume, palea slightly longer than the
lemma; caryopsis globose, nutlike,
nearly 2 mm thick, finally splitting

FIGURE 828.—Distribution of
Sporoboius clandestinus.
the palea. 2 Prairies, Quebec to
Saskatchewan and Wyoming, south
to Connecticut, Illinois, Arkansas, and
eastern Texas (fig. 831).

13. Sporobolus curtissii (Vasey)
Small. (Fig.832.) Perennial, in dense
tufts; culms slender, 30 to 70 cm tall;
basal sheaths pilose at the throat;
blades flat or folded, flexuous, about
1 mm wide, pilose on the upper sur-
face near the base; panicle pyramidal,
open, 7 to 20 cm long, the branches
solitary or in twos, ascending; spike-
lets appressed along the main branch-
es, bronze or purplish, about 4.5 mm
long; glumes about equal, acuminate,
as long as or longer than the lemma , 3h Sri aera
and palea. 2 —Dry pine barrens, 1: gicimes and floret St 10... (Ruceysiaion
North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

14. Sporobolus teretifélius Harper. (Fig. 833.) Perennial, in
tufts; culms erect, wiry, 60 to 80 cm tall, sheaths pilose at the throat;
blades elongate, slender, terete, wiry, flexuous, pilose on the upper
surface at base; panicle pyramidal, open, 15 to 20 cm long, the capil-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 401

lary branches, branchlets,
and pedicels ascending to
spreading; spikelets pur-
plish-brown, about 4 mm
long; glumes acute, the
first half as long, the
second as long as the
equal lemma and palea.
21 —Moist pine _bar-
rens, Georgia.

15. Sporobolus flori-
danus Chapm. (Fig.
834.) Plants more robust
than S. curtissii, as much
as 1 m tall; sheaths
keeled, the basal ones
somewhat pilose at
throat, the base indurate
and shining, blades
folded at base, usually
flat above, 2 to 5 mm
wide, abruptly narrowed
at apex; panicle narrow,
open, 15 to 35 cm long,
the branches and branch-
lets ascending; spikelets
4 to 5 mm long; glumes
acute, subequal, about
as long as the lemma and
palea. 2 —Low pine
barrens, Georgia and
Florida.

16. Sporobolus graci-
lis (Trin.) Merr. (Fig.
835.) Perennial, in dense
bunches; culms erect,
slender, about 3-noded,
30 to 60 cm tall; blades
folded or involute, slen-
der, glabrous; panicle
mostly bronze-brown,
oblong or narrowly py-
ramidal, open, 7 to 15cm
long, 2 to 5 cm wide,
the flexuous branches (2
to 3 cm long) in rather
regular whorls 1 to 3 cm
apart, widely spreading
to ascending, naked at
base, the short-pediceled
spikelets appressed alone FIGURE 830. —Sporobolus heterolepis. Plant, X 1; spikelet and
the upper part; spikelets “‘foret with caryopsis and split palea, X 10. (McDonald, Ill,

402 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

about 3 mm long; first glume about half as long, the second glume as
long as the acute lemma or a little longer. 2% (S.j7uwncews Kunth.)—
Pine barrens of the Coastal Plain, southeastern Virginia to Florida
and Texas (fig. 836). Common in the high pineland of Florida.

17. Sporobolus purpurascens (Swartz) Hamilt. (Fig. 837.)
Resembling S. gracilis; blades flat or folded, 1 to 3 mm wide; panicle
10 to 15 ecm long, more contracted than in S.
gracilis, the shorter branches numerous in the
whorls, ascending or appressed, floriferous nearly
to the base; spikelets about as in S. gracilis,
ereenish-purple. 2 —Sandy prairies, south-
ern Texas and eastern Mexico; West Indies
ae an to Brazil.
ag aiern tory wenn ety 18. Sporobolus argitus (Nees) Kunth. (Fig.

838.) Perennial, in spreading or prostrate tufts;
culms 10 to 40 cm tall; leaves crowded at the base, the sheaths pilose
at the throat; blades flat, mostly less than 10 cm long, 2 to 4 mm
wide, sparsely long-ciliate toward
the base; panicle pale, pyramidal,
3 to 7 cm long, rarely longer,
the branches spreading, somewhat
viscid, 1 to 3 cm long, naked
below, closely flowered above,
the lowermost in a distinct whorl;
spikelets a little more than 1 mm
long; first glume minute, the sec-
ond as long as the lemma and
palea. 2 —Sandy or gravelly
soil, especially along streets and
along the seashore and in the
interior in alkaline soil, Kansas
and Colorado to Louisiana and
Texas; Arizona; southern Florida;
tropical America (fig. 839).

19. Sporobolus) domingénsis
(Trin.) Kunth. (Fig. 840.) Dif-
fering from S. argutus in the
usually larger size (culms some-
times as much as 1 m tall), broader
blades, 3 to 6 mm wide, and stiffer
longer panicles, the branches as-
cending or appressed, overlapping,
less regularly in whorls; spikelets aie
about 2 mm long, the first glume ""Siimesand floret, 10. (Bitting 1050, Fla)
half as long. 2 M—Coral sand
and rocks along the coast of southern Florida, mostly on the Keys,
north to Sanibel Island; West Indies.

20. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. SAND DROPSEED.
(Fig. 841, A.) Perennial, usually in rather small tufts; culms erect
or spreading, sometimes prostrate, 30 to 100 cm tall; sheaths with a
conspicuous tuft of long white hairs at summit; blades flat, 2 to 5mm
wide, more or less involute in drying, tapering to a fine point; panicles

)
|
| MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 403 |

terminal and axillary, usually included at base, sometimes entirely ‘

FIGURE 834.—Sporo- i
bolus floridanus, X
10. (Curtiss 4054,
Fla.)

FIGURE 835.—Sporobolus gracilis. Panicl

e,
X 1; glumes and floret, X10. (Curtiss 4056,
Fla.)
|
‘

FIGURE &33.—Sporobolus teretifolius. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 836.—Distribution of
glumes and floret, X 10. (Harper 677, Ga.) Sporobolus gracilis.

included, the well-developed terminal panicles open, as much as 25

404 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

cm long, the branches spreading or sometimes reflexed, rather distant,
naked at base, as much as 8 cm long or even more, the spikelets
crowded along the upper part of the main branches; spikelets from
pale to leaden, 2 to 2.5 mm long; first glume one-third to half as long, the
second about as long, as the acutelemma and palea. 2 -—Sandy open

a
SS

——S

Ss
SSS

~

WF

\

\\ v Y FIGURE 838.—Sporobolus argutus. Pan-
NIN, r icle, X 1; glumes and floret, X 10.
NUNES (Hitchcock 5343, Tex.)

At} YY

WG

By
NN G/
WY YZ
\ WY 4 Yf
W/Z FIGURE 839.—Distribution of
4 f Sporobows argutus.

LED

a=

CP

i
H

FIGURE 837.—Sporobolus pur-

purascens. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 840.—Sporobolus domin-
glumes and floret, X 10. gensis. Plant, * 1; glumes and
(Hitchcock, Tex.) floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 830, Fla.)

ground, Maine and Ontario to Alberta and Washington, south to North
Carolina, Indiana, Louisiana, Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 842).

21. Sporobolus flexudsus (Thurb.) Rydb. Musa DROPSEED.
(Fig. 841, B.) Resembling S. cryptandrus, differing in the more open
often elongate panicles, the slender branches and branchlets spreading

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 405

Vf”

DAG G PAEE

LM EOL ERE
aes, eee = S

ef SELL: ie

A

FIGURE 841.—A, Sporobolus cryptandrus. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Shear 253, Nebr.) B,
S. fleruosus. Plant, X 44; glumes and floret, x 10. (Vasey, N.Mex.) C, S. nealleyi. Panicle, X 1s;

glumes and floret, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.) D, S. contractus. Panicle, X 44; glumes and floret, x 10.
(Pringle, Ariz.)

406 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

or drooping, flexuous, loosely flowered. 2 —Mesas, western Texas
to southern Utah, southeastern California, and northern Mexico
(fig. 848).
22. Sporobolus nealléyi Vasey. N®EALLEY DROPSEED.
(Fig. 841, C.) Resembling dwarf forms of S. cryptan- ¥
drus, but ‘differing i in the loose rhizomatous base; culms ¥.
slender, erect, 15 ‘to 40 em tall; blades slender, involute, | sat
squarrose-spreading, mostly less than 5 cm long; panicle M4
delicate, open, 3 to 8 cm long some- | ue
times enclosed in the sheaths, the 1
branches and branchlets spreading, Vv ‘ ig
the spikelets less crowded than in wo
S. cryptandrus. 2A —Gypsum Wa
sands, western Texas and New Way |
Mexico. A )
REE oe pun of | 23. Sporobolus: contracts Ae |
Hitche. SpiIkE DROPSEED. (Fig. a, |
841, D.) Differing from S. cryptandrus in the spikelike | Si |
panicle as much as 50 cm long, usually included at the ns
base, rarely entirely included in the sheath. 2 (S. Ve
strictus Merr.)—Mesas, dry bluffs, and sandy fields, ie |
Colorado to Nevada, south to western Texas, south- Sah

eastern California, and Sonora; ad-
ventive in Maine (fig. 844).

24. Sporobolus gigantéus Nash.
GIANT DROPSEED. (Fig. 845.)
Resembling S. cryptandrus and S.
contractus; culms 1 to 2 m tall,
erect, robust; blades as much as 1
Onl tes ch wide; pamcle usally yumicker

than in S. contractus, less spikelike;
spikelets 2.5 to 3 mmlong. 2 —Mesas and sandhills,
western Texas to Arizona.

25. Sporobolus buckléyi Vasey. (Fig. 846.) Peren-
nial, the base strongly compressed; culms erect, slender,
40 to 80 em tall; sheaths keeled, pubescent on the margin

and collar: blades flat, 4 to 7 mm
wide; panicle open, 10 to 30 em J
long, the slender branches widely fyeure 345.—
spreading, as much as 10 cm long, —_Sperobolus gt
solitary, rather distant, naked icle, x %
below, with closely-flowered short- fos S746.
FIGURE 844.—Distribution of appressed branchlets above; Mee rs

SE Ope bale lcoaminniie spikelets about 1.5 mm long:
glumes narrow, the first a little shorter, the second a little

FIGURE 846.—Sporobolus buckleyi. Panicle, X 14; glumes and floret, X10. (Nealley, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 407

yo aa

FIGURE 847.—Sporobolus airoides. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Metcalfe, N.Mex.)

408 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

longer, than the acute lemma; palea about as long as the lemma,
splitting as the grain (1 mm long) ripens. 2 —Texas and eastern
Mexico.

26. Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. ALKALI sacaTon. (Fig.
847.) Perennial, in large tough bunches; culms erect to spreading, 50
to 100 cm tall; ’ sheaths pilose at the throat: ligule pilose; blades
elongate, flat, soon becoming involute, usually ‘ess than 4 mm wide,
often flexuous: panicle nearly half the entire height of the plant, at
maturity half to two-thirds as wide as long, the
stiff slender branches and branchlets finally
widely spreading, naked at base, the spikelets
ageregate along the upper half to two-thirds;
spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long, the first glume about
half as long, commonly falling toward matu-
rity; second glume, lemma, and palea about
eC roholus cine «equal, the palea splitting as the grain ripens.

i —Meadows and valleys, especially in mod-
erately alkaline soil, South Dakota to eastern Washington, south to
Texas and southern California (fig. 848). Mature spikelets with the
first glume fallen and the palea split to the base are puzzling to the
beginner. Less mature complete spikelets will usually be found at the
base of the panicle. A good forage grass in alkaline regions; often
called bunchgrass.

Pat & Sporobolus wrightii Munro. Sacaton. (Fig. 849.) Peren-
nial, in large dense tufts; culms robust, erect, firm and hard, 1 to 2m
tall ; sheaths sparsely pilose at the throat: ligule pilose ; blades elon-
cate, flat, involute in drying, 3 to 6
mm wide; panicle pale, narrow, open,
mostly 30 to 60 cm long, the branches
crowded, straight, stiffly ascending,
the branchlets appressed, closely flow-
ered from the base or nearly so; spike-
lets 2 to 2.5 mm long, the first glume
about one-third as long, the second
two-thirds to three-fourths as long,
acute; lemma and palea about
equal. 2 —Mesas and valleys,
southern and western Texas to south-
ern California and central Mexico
(fig. 850). Useful for grazing when
young; also furnishes hay and makes
good winter range.

28. Sporobolus texanus Vasey.
(Fig.851.) Perennial, in close hemi-
spherical tufts; culms erect to Spread Te eee Hen S10, Ceseet boc aoa
ing, slender, wiry, 30 to 50cm tall;
sheaths pilose at the throat, the lower often papullose-pilose on the
surface; blades flat, involute in drying, mostly less than 10 cm
long, 1 to 4 mm wide; panicle open, rather diffuse, breaking away at
maturity, 15 to 30 cm long, about as wide, the capillary scabrous
branches, branchlets, and long pedicels stiffly spreading; spikelets
about 2.5 mm long, the first glume acute, one-third to half as long, the
second acuminate, slightly exceeding the acute lemma and palea, the
palea early splitting. 2 —Mesas, valleys, and salt marshes,
Kansas to Colorado, Texas, and New Mexico (fig. 852),

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 409 if

29. Sporobolus tharpii Hitche. (Fig. 853.) Perennial, densely
tufted; culms 60 to 100 em tall; sheaths glabrous, the lower firm,
loose, shining; blades elongate, involute, flexuous, about 1 mm

= ae ry
min Ll Fess ANY
at 1 \ YOu eS
~~} FY OF
sey fp W179
Fs se “= 4 — : =
Ngee fe Peary
ie : \ ie
e } ~*
f C~ Se Bae
We 1 \
\ f ‘\

— a

FIGURE 850.—Distribution of
Sporobolus wrighiii.

1 Wy i,
td

i 4)

| | | \ 1

— Se ee ee
+ > > -

7
U
f

\
i)

FIGURE 851.—Sporobolus teranus. Panicle, X
4; glumes and floret with caryopsis, X 10.
(Nealley, Tex.)

\\ WA, AN
he Mw YJ ee
FIGURE 852.—Distribution of FIGURE 853.—Sporobolus tharpii. Panicle, X 1;
Sporobolus teranus. glumes and floret, X 10. (Type.)

thick, tapering to a long fine point, long-ciliate at base; panicle open,
as much as 30 cm long, the branches stiffly ascending, the lower as /
much as 15 ecm long; spikelets appressed along the nearly simple
branches and branchlets, about 3 mm long; first glume narrow,
acuminate, about half as long as the spikelet, the second glume,

lemma, and palea acute, about equal. 2 —Known only from
Padre Island, Tex.
77. BLEPHARONEURON Nash 1

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes;
glumes subequal, rather broad; lemma 3-nerved, the nerves densely
silky villous; palea densely villous between the two nerves. Tufted
perennial, with open, narrow panicles. Type species, Blepharoneuron
tricholepis. Name from Greek blepharis, eyelash, and neuron, nerve,
alluding to the villous nerves of the lemma.

410 Misc. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Blepharoneuron trichélepis (Torr.) Nash. Hairy DRopsEED.
(Fig. 854.) Culms erect, densely
tufted, slender, 20 to 60 cm tall;
leaves crowded on the innovations,
mostly less than half as long as
the culm, the slender blades flat,
soon becoming involute, often
flexuous; panicle grayish, elliptic,
5 to 20 cm long, 2 to 5 em wide,
many-flowered, the branches as-
cending, the pedicels capillary,
flexuous; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm
long; glumes obtuse or subacute,
a little shorter than the abruptly
pointed lemma; palea slightly ex-
ceeding the lemma. 2 —Rocky
slopes and dry open woods, 2,000 to
3,500 m, Colorado to Utah, south
to Texas, Arizona, and Mexico (fig.
855). Palatable and sufficiently
abundant in places to be of im-
portance.

78. CRYPSIS@Art,

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticu-
lating below the glumes; glumes
about equal, narrow, acute; lem-
ma broad, thin, 1-nerved; palea
similar to the lemma, about as
long, splitting between the nerves;

FIGURE 854.—Blepharoneuron tricholepis. Plant, X ¥4; glumes and floret, X 10. (Shear 1182, Colo.)

fruit readily falling from the lemma and palea, the seed free from the

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 411

thin pericarp (easily removed when wet). Spreading annual, with
capitate inflorescences in the axils of a pair of broad spathes, these
being enlarged sheaths with short rigid blades. Type species,
Crypsis aculeata. Name from Greek krupsis,
concealment, alluding to the partially hidden
inflorescence.

1. Crypsis aculeata (L.) Ait. (Fig. 856.)
Freely branching, prostrate, the mats 30 cm in
diameter, or often depauperate, 1 to 2 cm wide;
blades small, sharp-pointed; heads numerous,
4 to 5mm high, the spathes broader than long, pe pena fees
their blades spreading; glumes about 3 mm
long, minutely hispid; lemma about as long as the glumes, sca-
brous on the keel. © —Overflowed land of the interior valley,
California; introduced from Europe.

79. HELEOCHLOA Host

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes;
glumes about equal, narrow, acute; lemma broader, thin, 1-nerved, a
little longer than the glumes; palea nearly as long as the lemma,
readily splitting between the nerves. Low spreading annuals with

FIGURE 856.—Crypsis aculeata. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 10. (Brandegee, Calif.)

oblong, dense, spikelike panicles, the subtending leaves with inflated
sheaths and reduced blades. Type species, Heleochloa alopecuroides.
Name from Greek helos, marsh, and chloa, grass, alluding to the
habitat of the type species.

1. Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host. (Fig. 857, A.) Culms
tufted, branching, erect to spreading and geniculate, 10 to 30 cm long;
sheaths often somewhat inflated; blades flat, with involute slender
tips, mostly less than 10 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle pale, 1 to 4 cm

412 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

long, 8 to 10 mm thick; spikelets about 3 mm long. © —Waste

al i ma nc a at Ect it aT let Sk a

places, Massachusetts to Delaware, Michigan,
and Illinois (fig. 858); introduced from Europe.
Heleochloa alopecuroides (Pill. and Mitterp.)
Host. (Fig. 857, B.) Differing from H. schoe-
noides in the more slender panicles, 4 to 5 mm
thick, exserted at maturity; spikelets about 2
nun long * © —Ballast, fe hiladelphia and FIGURE 858.—Distribution of
near Portland, Oreg. Europe. Heleochloa schoenoides.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 413

FIGURE 859.—Brachyelytrum erectum. Plant, X 14; branchlet with glumes of two spikelets, and floret, x 5
(Bissell, Conn.)

414 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

80. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
prolonged behind the palea as a slender naked bristle; glumes minute,
the first often obsolete, the second some-
times awned; lemma firm, narrow, 5-
nerved, the base extending into a pro-
nounced oblique callus, the apex
terminating in a long straight scabrous
awn. Erect, slender perennials with short
knotty rhizomes, flat blades, and narrow,
rather few-flowered panicles. Type species,
Brachyelytrum erectum. Name from Greek
brachus, short, and elutron, cover or husk,
alluding to the short glumes.

1. Brachyelytrum eréctum (Schreb.)
Beauv. (Fig. 859.) Culms 60 to 100
=~ em tall; sheaths sparsely retrorse-hispid,

& rarely glabrous; blades mostly 7 to 15
cm long, 1 to
1.5 cm wide,
scabrous, spar-
ingly pilose be-
neath, at least
on the nerves
and margin;
panidle 5 (915°) ee es tee
em long, the
short branches appressed; second
glume 0.5 to 2 mm long; lemma sub-
terete, about 1 cm long, scabrous, the
nerves sometimes hispid, the awn 1 to
3 cm long. 2 —Moist or rocky
woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
south to Georgia and Oklahoma
(fig. 860). i

81. MILIUM L.

We,

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulat-
ing above the glumes; glumes

FIGURE 861.—Milium effusum. Plant, X 44; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Phillips, Maine.)

equal, obtuse, membranaceous, rounded on the back; lemma a little
shorter than the glumes, obtuse, obscurely nerved, rounded on the
back, dorsally compressed, in fruit becoming indurate, smooth and

|

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 415

shining, the margins enclosing the lemma as in Panicum. Moderately
tall grasses with flat blades and open panicles. Type species, Milium
effusum. Milium, old Latin name for millet.

1. Milium effisum L. (Fig. 861.) Smooth perennial, somewhat
succulent; culms slender, erect from a bent base, 1 to 1.5 m tall;
blades mostly 10 to 20 em long, flat, lax, 8 to 15 mm wide; panicle 10 to
20 cm long, the slender branches in remote spreading or drooping
pairs or fascicles, naked below; spikelets pale, 3 to 3.5 mm long;
glumes scaberulous. 2—Damp or rocky woods, Quebec and
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Maryland and Illinois (fig. 862) ;

Eurasia. a
82. ORYZOPSIS Michx. RicreGrass

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes; glumes
about equal, obtuse to acuminate; lemma indurate, usually about as
long as the glumes, broad, oval or oblong, nearly
terete, usually pubescent, with a short, blunt,
oblique callus, and a short deciduous, some-
times bent and twisted awn; palea enclosed by
the edges of the lemma. Mostly slender peren-
nials, with flat or often involute blades and
terminal narrow or open panicles. Type
species, Oryzopsis aspervfolia. Name from Ficure 862.—Distribution of
oruza, rice, and opsis, appearance, alluding to Milium effusum.

a fancied resemblance to rice.

Nearly all the species are highly palatable to stock, but are usually
not in sufficient abundance to be of importance, except O. hymenoides
(Indian ricegrass), which is common in the arid and semiarid regions
of the West and furnishes much feed. The seed has been used for
food by the Indians. Locally important may be O. micrantha in the
Black Hills region and O. kingii in the high Sierras. O. miliacea is
sometimes cultivated for forage in California.

Lemma smooth (rarely pubescent in O. micrantha).

Blades flat, 5 mm wide or more. Spikelets numerous, about 3 mm long.
1. QO. MILIACEA.

Blades more or less involute, less than 2 mm wide.
Panicle branches spreading or reflexed; fruit about 2 mm long, pale.
. O. MICRANTHA.
Panicle branches ascending or appressed; fruit about 4 mm long, dark brown.
O. HENDERSONI.
Lemma pubescent.
Pubescence on lemma long and silky.
Panicle-branches and the capillary pedicels divaricately spreading.
12. O. HYMENOIDES.
Panicle-branches and pedicels erect or ascending.
Awn 6 mm long; culms usually not more than 30 cm tall.
11. O. WEBBERI.
Awn 12 mm long; culms 30 to 60 cm tall____-____-~- 10. O. BLOOMERI.
Pubescence on lemma short, appressed.
Spikelets, excluding awn, 6 to 9 mm long; blades flat.
Basal blades elongate, uppermost not more than 1 cm long.
8. O. ASPERIFOLIA.
Basal blades reduced, upper elongate________-------- 9. O. RACEMOSA.
Spikelets, excluding awn, 5 mm long or less; blades involute or subinvolute.
Panicle branches erect or appressed.
Blades and panicle stiff, erect; awns about 5mm long. 4. O. ExIGUA.
Blades flexuous, the panicle somewhat so; awns at least 10 mm long.
7. QO. KINGII.
Panicle branches loosely ascending or spreading.
Awn not more than 2 mm long, straight or nearly so. 5. O. PUNGENS.
Awn 10 to 20 mm long, weakly twice-geniculate__ 6. O. CANADENSIS,
55974°—35——27

ee gig ae

416 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. and Hook. (Fig. 863.) Culms
relatively stout, sometimes branching, erect from a decumbent base
60 to 150 cm tall; ligule about 2 mm long; blades flat, 8 to 10 mm wide:
panicle 15 to 30 cm long, loose, the branches spreading with numerous
short-pediceled spikelets beyond the middle; glumes acuminate, 3 mm
long; lemma smooth, 2 mm long, the straight awn about 4 mm long.
21 —Introduced in a few localities in California; ballast, Camden,
N.J., and Philadelphia, Pa.; Mediterranean region.

2. Oryzopsis micrafitha (Trin. and Rupr.) Thurb. Lirrueserep
RICEGRASS. (Hig. 864.) Culms densely tufted, erect, slender, 30 to
70 ‘em tall: ligule
about 1 mm long;
blades slender, sca-
brous, flat or involute,
0.5 to2 mm wide; pan-
icle open, 10 to 15 cm
long, the branches dis-
tant, single or in pairs,
spreading or finally
| reflexed, 2 to5cmlong,
with short-pediceled
appressed spikelets
toward the ends;
glumes thin, acumi-
nate, 3 to 4 mm long;
lemma elliptic, gla-
brous, or rarely ap-
pressed-pilose, 2 to 2.5
mm long, yellow or
Fiaure 863.—Ory. Drown, the straight

ea lg 5 to 10 mm long. i Hive .
futons) OL —Open dry woods "s™qe Sit Orivopeis micrant, Panile, x 1
and rocky slopes, me-
dium altitudes, Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico and
Arizona (fig. 865). The form with pilose lemmas is found from
Colorado to Arizona.

3. Oryzopsis henderséni Vasey. (Fig. 866.) Culms densely
tufted, scabrous, 10 to 40 cm tall; leaves mostly basal, the sheaths
broad, papery, glabrescent; ligule very
short; blades subfiliform, involute, scabrous,
firm, mostly less than 10 cm long, the one or
two culm blades 4 to 5 em long; panicle few-
flowered, 5 to 12 cm long, the few scabrous
branches appressed or ascending, spikelet-

7 bearing toward the ends, the lower as much as

Prauae $65. Distribution of § cm long; spikelets short-pediceled; glumes

abruptly acute, 5 to 6 mm long; lemma nearly

as long as the glumes, glabrous, dark brown at maturity, the awn early

deciduous, nearly straight, 6 to 10 mmlong. 2 —Dry or gravelly

soil. Known only from Mount Clements, Wash., and from the Ochoco
National Forest, Oreg.

4. Oryzopsis exigua Thurb. Lirtte ricecrass. (Fig. 867.)
Culms densely tufted, stiffly erect, scabrous, 15 to 30 cm tall; sheaths
smooth or somewhat scabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades involute-
filiform, stiffly erect, scabrous, 5 to 10 cm long, the culm blades about

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 417

2, shorter; panicle narrow, 3 to 6 cm long, the branches appressed, the
lower 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets short-pediceled, glumes abruptly acute,
4 mm long; lemma appressed-pilose, about as long as the glumes, the
awn about 5 mm long, not twisted, geniculate. 2 —Dry open

f
")
WZ

FIGURE 867.—Oryzopsis exigua.
FIGURE 866.—Oryzopsis hendersoni. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, Panicle, X<_ 1; floret,. X ‘5:
<5. (Pype:;) (Nelson 6511, Wyo.)

ground or open woods, at moderately high altitudes, Montana to
Washington, south to Colorado, Oregon, and Nevada (fig. 868).

5. Oryzopsis pingens (Torr.) Hitche. (Fig. 869.) Culms tufted,
erect, slender, 20 to 50 cm tall; blades elongate, slender, flat or
involute, less than 2mm wide; panicle narrow, 3
to 6 cm long, the branches erect or ascending or
spreading in anthesis; spikelets long-pediceled;
glumes 3 to 4 mm long, obscurely 5-nerved,
obtuse; lemma about as long as the glumes,
rather densely pubescent, the awn usually 1 to 2
eo mmlong. 2 —Sandy or rocky soil, Labrador
cee eek ctaeution of to British Columbia, south to Connecticut,

Indiana, South Dakota, and Colorado (fig 870).

6. Oryzopsis canadénsis (Poir.) Torr. (Fig. 871.) Culms slender,
tufted, erect, 30 to 70 cm tall; ligule about 2 mm long; blades flat to
involute, scabrous; panicle open, 5 to 10 cm long, the slender flexuous
branches ascending or spreading, naked below, few-flowered above;

418 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

spikelets long-pediceled; glumes 4 to 5 mm long, abruptly acute;
lemma about 3 mm long,
rather sparsely appressed-
pilose, the awn 1 to 2 cm
long, weakly twice genicu-
late. 2 —Woods and
thickets, Newfoundland to
Alberta, south to New
Hampshire, New York, 7° °G wane
northern Michigan, and

northern Minnesota (fig.
872).

7. Oryzopsis kingii (Bol-
and.) Beal. (Fig. 873.)
Culms tufted, slender, 20
to 40 cm tall; leaves num-
erous at the base, the blades Ot Re iauin
involute, filiform, flexuous;
ligule about 1 mm long; panicle narrow, loose,
Ficure 869.—Oryzopsis the short slender branches appressed or ascending,

Seca canon ves few-flowered; spikelets rather short-pediceled;
glumes broad, papery, nerveless, obtuse, purple

at base, the first about 3.5 mm long, the second a
little longer; lemma elliptic, 3 to 3.5 mm long, rather
sparingly appressed-pubescent; awn bent in a wide

curve or indistinctly geniculate below the middle, ho Ne
not twisted, minutely pubescent, about 12 mm long, \v y
not readily deciduous. 2 —Meadows at upper Ny
altitudes, central Sierra Nevada, Calif. \

8. Oryzopsis asperifélia Michx. (Fig. 874.)
Culms tufted, the innovations erect, the fertile
culms widely spreading or prostrate, 20 to 70 cm
long, nearly naked, the two or three sheaths bearing
reduced or obsolete blades; basal blades erect, firm,
scabrous, flat to somewhat
revolute, elongate, 3 to 8
mm wide, tapering toward
each end, glaucous beneath;
panicle nearly simple,
rather few-flowered, 5 to
8 cm long, the branches
appressed; spikelets on
appressed pedicels 3 to 6
mm long; glumes 6 to 8
mm long, somewhat ob-
ovate, about 7-nerved,
abruptly pointed or apic-
ulate; lemma about as
long as the glumes, spar-
FIGURE 871.—Oryzopsis canadensis. ingly pubescent, more
Fanicle, X 1; floret, Xp.) | Hands densely (so) onthe) callus,
pale or yellowish at
maturity, the awn 5 to 10 mm long. 2 Wooded slopes and

6097, Calif.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

Plant, X 14; spikelet

—
=
oD
x2
=
_—
>
i
—
|
+=
s
K
re
—
=
7]
=
=
_
~~

Oryzopsis asperifolia.

and floret, < 5.

FIGURE 874.-

419

eS eee «

420 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

dry banks, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Montana, south
to Connecticut, Indiana, South Dakota, and New Mexico (fig. 875).
9. Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker, (Fig. 876.) Culms

tufted, from a knotty rhizome, erect, 30 to
100cm tall; culm leaves several, the lowermost
blades reduced, the others elongate, flat, 5 to
15 mm wide, tapering at both ends, rather
thin, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; pan-
icle 10 to 20 cm long, the branches distant,
the lower spreading or
reflexed at maturity,
bearing a few spikelets
toward the end; glumes
7 to 9mm long, about
7-nerved, abruptly acu-
minate; lemma slightly
se di aaednia, 7, ehonver than theelumies

sparsely pubescent,
nearly black at maturity, the awn 1.5 to 2.5 cm
long, slightly flexuous. 2 —Rocky woods,
Quebec to Minnesota and South Dakota,
south to Delaware, Kentucky, and Iowa (fig.
877).

10. Oryzopsis blooméri (Boland.) Ricker.
(Fig. 878.) Culms tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall;
leaves crowded at the base; ligule about 1 mm
long; blades narrow, involute, firm; panicle 7
to 15 em long, the branches slender, rather
stiffly ascending, the longer 5 to 7 cm long,

FIGURE 876.—Oryzopsis racemosa.
Panicle, x %; floret, x 5.
(Sartwell, N.Y.)

spikelet-bearing from about the middle; spikelets rather long-pedi-
celed; glumes broad, indistinctly 3- to 5-nerved, rather abruptly
acuminate, 8 to 10 mm long; lemma elliptic, 5 mm long, densely long-

villous; awn

geniculate.
medium alti-
tudes, Mon-
tana to east-
ern W ashing-
ton, south to
iViy/y New Mexico
wii and Cali-
Wie fornia, rather

\ WAANTOY,
afi

rare (fig.879).

11. Oryzopsis webbéri (Thurb.)
Benth. (Fig. 880.) Culms densely
tufted, erect, 15 to 30 cm tall;
blades involute, filiform, scabrous;
panicle narrow, 2.5 to 5 cmlong, the

about 12 mm long,

tardily deciduous, slightly twisted
and appressed-villous below, weakly
4 —Dry ground,

FIGURE 877.—Distribution of
Oryzopsis racemosa.

FIGURE 878.—Oryzopsis bloomeri. Panicle, X 1; branches appressed ; glumes about

floret, X 5. (Sandberg and Leiberg 231, Wash.)

8 mm long, narrow, obscurely 5-

nerved, minutely scaberulous, acuminate; lemma narrow, 6 mm long,
densely long-pilose, the awn about 6 mm long, straight or bent, not
twisted. 2 Deserts and plains, Colorado, Nevada, and California.

PES A at PC La a i ci Fa NN a a a i a =

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 42]

12. Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.) Ricker. INpDIAN
RICEGRASS. (Fig. 881.) Culms densely tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall;
ligule about 6 mm long, acute; blades slender, involute, nearly as long
as the culms; panicle diffuse, 7 to 15 em long, the
slender branches in pairs, the branchlets dicho-
tomous, all divaricately spreading, the ultimate
pedicels capillary, flexuous; glumes about 6 to 7
mm long, puberulent to glabrous, rarely hirsute,
papery, ovate, 3- to 5-nerved, abruptly pointed;
lemma fusiform, turgid,
about 3 mm long, nearly
black at maturity, densely
long-pilose with white
hairs 3 mm long; awn
about 4 mm long, straight,
readily deciduous. 2 —
Deserts. and plains, med- Fuse 87 Distribution of
ium altitudes, Manitoba Ks .
to British Columbia, south to Texas, California,
and northern Mexico (fig. 882).

Nassélla major (Trin. & Rupr.) Desv. Slender
FIGURE $80 Oruzonsis we tufted perennial; blades narrow, flat or loosely
X 5. (Hillman, Nev.) involute; panicle narrow, 3 to 5 cm long, the few
branches appressed, 1 to 1.5em long; glumes 4 mm

long, awn-pointed; mature lemma flattish, obovate-oblong, gibbous
at apex, smooth and shining, 2 mm long; awn geniculate, 1 cm long,
soon deciduous.—Ballast, Portland, Oreg. Introduced from Chile.

83. PIPTOCHAETIUM Presl

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticu-
lating above the glumes, the callus
of the floret short, acutish, usually
bearded ; glumes about equal, broad,
ovate, convex on the back, thin,
abruptly acuminate; fruit brown or

FIGURE 882.—Distribution of
Oryzopsis hymenoides.

dark gray, coriaceous, obovate,
shorter than the glumes, glabrous
or hispid above the callus, often
| minutely striate, sometimes tuber-
FIGURE 881.—Oryzopsis hymenoides. Panicle, x culate near the summit, the lemma

Mopret ty shen toamy acre eee turgid, usually somewhat com-
pressed and keeled on the back, gibbous near the summit back of
the awn, the edges not meeting but clasping the sulcus of the palea,

te “IE

422 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

AY

\ i)
SV
Sy

FIGURE 883.—FPiptochaetium fimbriatum. Plant, - re Naas floret and palea, X 5. (Hitchcock 136511,
.Mex.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 423

the summit sometimes expanded into a crown; awn deciduous or
persistent, curved, flexuous or geniculate, often twisted below; palea
narrow, indurate, except toward the margins, central keel consisting
of two nerves and a narrow channel or sulcus between, the apex of
the keel projecting above the summit of the lemma as a minute point.
Tufted perennials with narrow usually involute blades and rather
few-flowered panicles. Type species, Piptochaetium setifolium Presl.
Name from Greek piptein, to fall, and chaite, bristle, alluding to
the deciduous awns of the type species.

1. Piptochaetium fimbriatum (H.B.K.) Hitche. PiInyon rIcEGRass.
(Fig. 883.) Culms densely tufted, erect, slender, 40 to 80 cm tall;
blades involute-filiform, flexuous, elongate;
panicle open, 5 to 15 cm long, the slender
branches spreading, few-flowered toward the
ends; spikelets long-pediceled; glumes about 5
mm long, abruptly acuminate, 7-nerved; lemma
a little shorter than the glumes, appressed-
pubescent, especially on the callus, dark brown
at maturity with a circular ridge at the base of eee ee oem.
the awn; awn weakly twice geniculate, 1 to 2 cm
long. 2 (Oryzopsis fimbriata Hemsl.)—Open rocky woods, Colorado
to western Texas, Arizona, and Mexico (fig. 884). A fine forage grass.

84. STIPA L. NEEDLEGRASS

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the articu-
lation oblique, leaving a bearded, sharp-pointed callus attached to the
base of the floret; glumes membranaceous, often papery, acute,
acuminate, or even aristate, usually long and narrow; lemma narrow,
terete, firm or indurate, strongly convolute, rarely the margins only
meeting, terminating in a prominent awn, the junction of body and
awn evident, the awn twisted below, geniculate, usually persistent;
palea enclosed in the convolute lemma. Tufted perennials, with
usually convolute blades and mostly narrow panicles. Type species,
Stipa pennata L. Name from Greek stupe, tow, alluding to the
feathery awns of the type species.

The species are for the most part valuable forage plants. Several,
all western, such as Stipa comata, S. occidentalis, S. lemmoni, and
S. neomexicana, are grazed chiefly when young. ‘Stipa lettermani is
important at high altitudes, in the mountains of the West; S. colum-
bana at medium altitudes; S. viridula in the Rocky Mountains; S.
pulchra, S. thurberiana, and S. speciosa in California. Some of ‘the
species, when mature, particularly S. spartea and S. comata, are
injurious, especially to sheep, because of the hard sharp points to the
fruits which penetrate the skin. Sleepy grass, S. robusta, acts as a
narcotic (see p. 436). One of the Old World species, S. tenacissima [bul
furnishes a part of the esparto or alfa grass of Spain and Algeria that
in used in the manufacture of paper and cordage (see p. 439).
la. Terminal segment of awn plumose.

NGL le cePhe Climuamiee. Pate OMe AT. A ee 1. S. NEOMEXICANA.

tN dope eva RON RES atc) hp ee ee ee a 15. S. PORTERI.

1b. Terminal segment of awn not plumose.
2a. First segment of the once-geniculate awn strongly plumose, the ascending

TTC oles Saun Lar yl 0) alle a a gan: Pe ae Pe ae ee enn 2. S. SPECIOSA.
2b. an segment of awn sometimes plumose but the hairs not more than 2 mm
ong

424 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3a. Mature lemma 2 to 3 mm long. Awn capillary, flexuous, about 5 cm
tome’... Astiiihic bee Cie ee ole Be iis ey ie eens 32. S. TENUISSIMA.
3b. Mature lemma at least 5 mm long.
4a. Lemma densely appressed-villous with white hairs 3 to 4 mm long,
rising above the summit in a pappuslike crown______ 5. SS. CORONATA.
4b. Lemma often villous but the hairs not more than 1 mm long, or some-
times those at the summit as much as 2 mm long.
5a. Summit of mature lemma smooth, cylindric, whitish, forming a
ciliate crown 0.5 to 1 mm long (see also S. pulchra).
3. S. LEUCOTRICHA.
5b. Summit of mature lemma not forming a crown.
6a. Lemma 2-lobed at summit, the lobes extending into awns 2 to
3 mm long on each side of the central awn____ 4. S. sTILLMANTI.
6b. Lemma not lobed at summit or only slightly so.
7a. Awn plumose below, the hairs ascending or spreading (com-
pare S. pulchra, with appressed-hispid awn).
Sheaths pubescent.
Awns once or obscurely twice-geniculate__ 22. 8S. cURVIFOLIA.
Awns distinctly twice geniculate.
Lemmas 6 to 7 mm long; glumes thin_-____ 17. S. ELMERI.
Lemmas 8 to 9 mm long; glumes firm__ 18. S. LaTIGLUME.
Sheaths glabrous.
Ineule 3 to,6mm Jong. 4.22 2. ae 16. S. THURBERIANA.
Ligule very short.
Hairs on upper part of the lemma much longer than those

below! oe ah 2 2a ea Ae 21. S. CALIFORNICA.

Hairs short all over the lemma____-__ 19. §. OccIDENTALIS.

7b. Awn scabrous or nearly glabrous, rarely appressed-hispid, not
plumose.

8a. Lemma more than 7 mm (often 1 to 2 em) long, glabrous or
sparsely pubescent above the callus, mostly cylindric (some-
what fusiform in S. pulchra).
Mature lemma pale or finally brownish, sparsely pubescent to
summit, mostly more than 1 cm long__ 10. S. comatTa.
Mature lemma dark.
Lemma 8 to 10 mm long.

Glumes 3-nerved. Summit of lemma hispidulous-ciliate,
the hairs erect, nearly 1 mm long; lemma somewhat
fusiform, pubescent in lines above the callus.

11. S. PULCHRA.

Glumes 5- to 9-nerved.

Lemmas glabrous above the base, minutely roughened at
apex; callus with fine sharp point. 8. S. AVENACEA.
Lemmas sparsely pubescent to apex; callus rather
linge Yas Se ee ee eee 12. S. PRINGLEI.

Lemma 12 to 25 mm long, cylindric.

Mature lemma glabrous above the callus.

7. S. AVENACIOIDES.

Mature lemma more or less pubescent above the callus.

9. S. SPARTEA.
8b. Lemma less than 7 mm long, or if as long as 7 to 8 mm,

distinctly pubescent on the upper part.
Panicle open, the branches spreading or ascending, naked at

base.
Panicle diffuse, the branches divergent, drooping; lemma
about 5 mm long; awn about 2 cm long.
6. S. RICHARDSONI.
Panicle open but not diffuse.

Ligule 3 to 6 mm long; awn about 5 em long, the terminal
seoment flexugus!= 42 72 2 nelle 13. S. EMINENS.

Ligule 1 mm long or less; awn 2.5 to 4 cm long.

14. S. LEPIDA
Panicle narrow, the branches appressed.
Hairs on lemma copious, at least at summit, 2 mm long.

Lemmas evenly villous all over; summit with lobes 0.8 to
1.5 mmm lowe 22 22 2S ree 20. S. LOBATA.

Lemmas conspicuously villous above, less so below; sum-
mit not lobed or obscurely so.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 425

Lemma about 8 mm long, villous at summit, pubescent

(57 COR San a a a wee 23. S. SCRIBNERI.

Lemma about 5 mm long, villous all over but more so

AEA MCHR Sah eee ee a Tet 30. S. PINETORUM.

Hairs not copious, usually not more than 1 mm long at
summit.

Glumes broad, abruptly acuminate, rather firm, the first

ASSET" 26 WA ag ee rh ls eh fh ei a 24. S. LEMMONI.

Glumes narrow, gradually acuminate, usually hyaline,
‘the first usually 3-nerved.
Awn 4 to 6 cm long, obscurely geniculate, the terminal

BCmmMent Me MIOUS.., (62 1itse fans 31. §S. aRIDA.

Awn mostly less than 5 em long, if as much as 4 cm
long, twice-geniculate and the terminal segment
straight or nearly so.

Sheaths, at least the lowermost, pubescent.
S. WILLIAMSII.
Sheaths glabrous.

Sheaths villous at the throat; fruit rather turgid,
the callus broad and short; lower nodes of
panicle villous.

Glumes thin, papery; plants rather slender,
mostly less than 1 m tall; panicle rather
slender, Gpeti=_ 22... 2 25. S. VIRIDULA.

Glumes firm, the nerves inconspicuous; plants
robust, mostly more than | m tall; panicle
larger, more compact____ 26. S. ROBUSTA.

Sheaths not villous at the throat or only slightly so;
fruit slender, the callus narrow, sharp-pointed;
nodes of panicle glabrous or nearly so.

Awn mostly more than 2 cm long; hairs at sum-
mit of lemma about as long as the others.

27. S. COLUMBIANA.

Awn mostly less than 2 cm long; hairs at summit
of lemma longer than those on the body
1-to 1.5 mm long__.—- 28. S. LETTERMANY’

1. Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. New MrxiIcaN FEATHER-
Grass. (Fig. 885.) Culms mostly 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous
or the lower minutely pubescent; ligule very short, ciliate; blades
slender, firm, convolute, glabrous beneath, the basal 10 to 30 cm long,
scarcely 1 mm wide when unrolled; panicle narrow, 3 to 8 cm long;
spikelets pale, more or less shining; glumes 3 to 5 cm long, tapering
to a fine point; lemma about 15 mm long including the pilose callus
4 to 5 mm long; awn readily deciduous, 12 to 18 cm long, the lower
one-fourth to one-third straight, strongly twisted, appressed-villous,
the middle segment 1 to 2 cm long, the terminal segment flexuous,
plumose, the hairs about 3 mm long. 2 —Mesas, canyons, and
rocky slopes, western Texas and Colorado to Utah and Arizona (fig.
886).

2. Stipa speciésa Trin. and Rupr. Desert NEEDLEGRAss. (Fig.
887.) Culms numerous, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths brownish, smooth
or the lower pubescent or even felty at the very base, the throat
densely short-villous; ligule short; blades elongate, involute-filiform,
mostly basal, more or less deciduous from the outer and older per-
sistent sheaths; panicle narrow, dense, 10 to 15 cm long, not much
exceeding the leaves, white or tawny, feathery from the plumose
awns; glumes smooth, 14 to 16 mm long, 3-nerved, long-acuminate,
papery ; lemma 7 to 9 mm long, narrow, densely short-pubescent, the
callus sharp and smooth below; awn with one sharp bend, the first
section 1.5 to 2 cm long, densely long-pilose on the lower half or two-
thirds, the hairs 5 to 8 mm long, the remaining portion of the awn

426 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

scabrous, the second segment about 2.5 cm long. 2 Deserts,
canyons, and rocky hills, Colorado to southern California; southern
South America (fig. 888).

3. Stipa leucétricha Trin. and Rupr. Trxas NEEDLEGRASS.
(Fig. 889.) Culms 30 to 60 cm tall, the nodes pubescent; blades
10 to 30 cm long, flat, often becoming involute, hispidulous beneath,
2 to 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, mostly not more than 10 cm long;
glumes 12 to 18 mm long; lemma about 1 cm long, the slender callus
about 4 mm long, the body oblong, brownish, appressed-pubescent
on the lower part, papillose-roughened at least toward the summit,
abruptly narrowed into a cylindric
smooth neck about 1 mm long,
the crown ciliate with short stiff
hairs; awn 6 to 10 cm long, rather
stout, twice-geniculate, the first
segment hispidulous, twisted, 2 to

FIGURE 886.— Distribution of
Stipa neomexicana.

ly
SH MZ

/

\ ALY

SN
RAW \\

rs
LEZ.

SS
SSX

FIGURE 887.—Stipa speciosa. Pan-

FIGURE 885.—Stipa neomericana. Piant, X 4; icle, X 14; floret, X 5. (Reed
lemma, X 5. (Jones 5377, Utah.) 4853, Calif.)

3.5 cm long. 2 —Dry, open grassland, Oklahoma to central
Mexico. Cleistogamous spikelets with glumes obsolete and lemma
nearly awnless are borne in basal sheaths just after maturity of
panicle. |

4. Stipa stillmanii Boland. (Fig. 890.) Culms stout, 60 to 100 cm
tall; sheaths smooth, puberulent at the throat and collar; ligule
very short; blades elongate, scattered, folded or involute, firm, the
uppermost filiform; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, narrow, dense or in-
terrupted at base, the branches short, fascicled; glumes equal, 14 to
16 mm long, papery, minutely scabrous, acuminate into a scabrous

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 427

awn-point, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemma 9 mm
long, short-pilose, bearing 2 slender teeth at the apex, the callus
short; awn about 2.5 cm long, once- or indistinctly twice-geniculate,
scabrous. 2 —Rocky slopes, Sierra Nevada, from Lassen National
Forest to Tahoe National Forest, Calif.; apparently rare.

5. Stipa coronata Thurb. (Fig. 891.) Culms stout, 1 to 2 m tall,
as much as 6 mm thick at base, smooth or pubescent below the
nodes; sheaths smooth, the margin and throat
villous; ligule about 2 mm long, ciliate; blades
elongate, 4 to 6 mm wide, flat to subinvolute
with a slender involute point; panicle 30 to 40
em long, contracted, erect, purplish; glumes
gradually acuminate, 3-nerved, the first about 2
em long, the second 2 to 4 mm shorter; lemma
about 8 mm long, densely villous with long ap- Preuss GB DisterPution of
pressed hairs 3 to 4 mm long; awn usually 4 to .

5 em long, scabrous, twice-geniculate, the first and second segments
about 1 emlong. 2 Open ground in the Coast Range, California,
from Monterey to Baja California.

STIPA CORONATA var. DEPAUPERATA (Jones) Hitche. Culms
usually 30 to 50 cm tall; blades 10 to 20 cm long; panicle 10 to 15 em
long, rather few-flowered, the spikelets commonly smaller than in
the species, the lemma 6 to 7 mm long, the awn about 2.5 cm long,
once-geniculate, the first segment twisted and scabrous-pubescent,

FIGURE 889.—
Stipa leuco-

tricha. Floret, ret, X 1;lem- FIGURE 891.—Stipa
X 1; lemma, X m:9,4 56, 5: coronata. Floret, X
5. (Hitchcock (Bolander, : lemma, x15.
5138, Tex.) Calif.) (Orcutt 1068, Calif.)

about 1 cm long, the second segment bent about horizontally. Q —
Dry or rocky slopes, Utah and Nevada to Arizona and southern
California. Many intermediates occur between the variety and the
species.

6. Stipa richardséni Link. RicHarpsoN NEEDLEGRASS. (Fig.
892.) Culms 50 to 100 cm tall; blades mostly basal, usually 15 to 25

428 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

cm long, involute, subfiliform, scabrous; panicle 10 to 20 cm long,

Na — oA
NS
WZ
a om
NN
SS.

FIGURE 892.—Stipa richardsoni. Panicle, X 4; floret, X 1; lemma, X 5. (Hitchcock 11468, Alberta.)

open, the branches slender, distant, spreading or drooping, naked
below; glumes 8 to 9 mm long; lemma about
5 mm long, subfusiform, brown at maturity;
awn 2.5 to 3 cm long. 2 —Bottom lands
and wooded slopes, Saskatchewan to Colo-

, rado and British Columbia

(fig. 893).

7. Stipa avenacioides We
Nash. (Fig. 894.) Culms To" Stipe ridhasdsonia
about 1 m tall; ligule 2 to 3 ee
mm long; blades elongate, a
involute, subfiliform; panicle aN

10 to 25 cm long, open, the Be
branches slender, spreading, i
naked below; glumes about i
2 cm long; lemma brown, |
linear, 1.5 to 2 ecm long in- | |
cluding the callus 7 mm H
long, the body glabrous, mi- aN |
nutely papillose at the
slightly contracted summit, |
slightly hispidulous on the
crown; awn 8 to 11 cm long,
scabrous, twice geniculate.
2: —Dry pine woods, pen-
insular Florida.

FIGURE 895.—Stipa avenacea.

8. Stipa avenacea L. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5.
(Kneucker, Gram. 564, Md.)

BLACKSEED NEEDLEGRASS.
(Fig. 895.) Culms 60 to 100
em tall; ligule about 3 mm
long; blades 20 to 30 cm
long, 1 mm wide, flat or in-
volute; panicle 10 to 15
Figure 894.—Stipaavena- cm long, open, the slender
eee, ee ee branches 2 to 4 cm long, Ficure 896.—Distribution of
5834, Fla.) bearing 1 or 2 spikelets; mater wee,

glumes 1.5 cm long; lemma dark brown, 9 to 10 mm long, the

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 897.—Stipa spartea. Plant, X 4; glumes and floret, X 2. (McDonald 16, Til.)

429

430 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

callus 2 mm long, the body glabrous, papillose-roughened toward
the summit, awn scabrous, 4.5 to 6 cm long, twice-geniculate.
—Dry or rocky open woods, Massachusetts to Michigan south to
Florida and Texas, mostly on the Coastal Plain (fig. 896).

9. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine erass.
(Fig. 897.) Culms about 1 m tall; ligule rather
firm, 4 to 5mm long; blades 20 to 30 em long, 3 to
5mm wide, flat, involute in drying; panicle 15 to
20 cm long, narrow, nodding, the few slender
branches bearing 1 or 2 spikelets; glumes 3 to
ae 4 cm long; lemma subcylindric, brown, 1.6 to
NIGURE ‘vipa spare, ~~ 2.8 CM long, the callus about 7 mm long, the

body pubescent below, glabrous above except
for a line of pubescence on one side, the crown erect-ciliate; awn stout,
12 to 20 cm long, twice geniculate. 2 Prairies, Ontario to British
Columbia, south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, Kansas, and New Mexico
(fig. 898). STIPA SPARTEA var. cuRTISETA Hitche. Glumes 2 to 3
em long; lemma 12 to 15 mm long; awn mostly not more than 7
or 8cmlong. 2 -Manitoba to Alberta, Montana, South Dakota,
and Wyoming.

10. Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr.
NEEDLE-AND-THREAD. (Fig. 899.) Culms
30 to 60 cm tall, sometimes taller; ligule
thin, 3 to 4 mm long; blades 10 to 30 em
long, 1 to 2mm wide, flat or involute, panicle
commonly included at base, narrow, 10 to
20 cm long; glumes 1.5 to 2 cm long, the
attenuate tips subhyaline; lemma 8 to 12
mm long, mostly about 1 cm, pale or finally
brownish, the callus
about 3 mm long,
the body sparsely
pubescent or gla-
brate toward the
summit; awn 10 to
ae 15 cm long, indis-
FIGURE pon er me of tinctly twice-geni-

culate, very slender,
loosely twisted below, flexuous above, often
deciduous. 2 Prairies, plains, and dry
hills, Indiana to Yukon Territory, south to
Texas and California (fig. 900.) A form
from Washington with pubescent foliage
has been called S. comota var. intonsa Piper.
Ee COMATA ve INTERMEDIA Scribn. \ fae hes
and Tweedy... Differmg from ‘\S.comata, oo 2 e. oee eee
in the eoiiee straight third segment of Coed St
the awn; glumes and lemma on the aver- :
age a little longer; panicle usually exserted; ligule long, as in S.
comata.—Montana to Washington, south to New Mexico and
California.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 431

11. Stipa palchra Hitche. PurpeLe NeEpuEGrRAss. (Fig. 901.)
Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; blades long, narrow, flat or involute; ligule
about 1 mm long; panicle nodding, about 15. cm long, loose, the
branches spreading, slender, some
of the lower 2.5 to 5 cm long;
glumes narrow, long-acuminate,
purplish, 3-nerved, the first about
2 emi long, the second 2 to 4 mm
shorter; lemma 8 to 10 mm long,
fusiform, sparingly pilose, some
times only in lines above, minutely
papillose-roughened, the callus
about 2 mm long, the summit some-
times with a smooth neck and a
ciliate crown (as in S. leucotricha);
awn 4 to 6 cm long, short-pubescent
to the second bend, the first seg-
ment 1.5 to 2 cm long, the second
shorter, the third slender, flexuous.
2 —Open ground, central Cali-
fornia to Baja California, mostly
in the Coast Ranges.

12. Stipa pringlei Scribn. Priv-
GLE NEEDLEGRASS. (Fig. 902.)
Culms, about 1 m tall; ligule about
2mm long; blades 10 to 30cm long,
1to3 mm wide, flat or those of
the innovations involute, firm, erect,
scabrous, panicle nodding, 10 to 15 PSVRE, {1—Sina pulcira. Panicle X14
cm long, the branches ascending,
few-flowered, naked below; glumes about 1 cm long,
broad, rather abruptly narrowed into a
short ‘point, 7- to 9-nerved; lemma 7 to
8 mm long, oblong-elliptic, brown , minutely
papillose and brownish pubescent, the callus
1 mm long; awn about 3 cm long, ob-
scurely twice-geniculate. 2 —Rocky
woods and slopes, Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona to Chihuahua, Mex.

13. Stipa éminens Cav. (Fig. 903.)
Culms slender, rather wiry, 80 to 120 cm
tall; ligule 3 to 6 mm long; blades mostly
elongate, flat or involute, 1 to 4 mm wide;
panicle nodding, open, 10 to 20 cm long,
usually densely pilose on the lower node,
the branches slender, spreading, often jouen 903

flexuous, usually 3 to 4 or even more at — Stipa eminens.
Floret, xX 1

lei. Floret,
cogs oe the node; glumes about 1.5cem long; lem- — jemmi, X

(Hiteheock 7691, ma pale, 5 to 7mm long, pubescent; awn (Palmer 523,

ex.) Mex.)

3 to 6 cm long, obscurely twice-geniculate,
the third segment flexuous. 2 —Rocky hills, Texas to Arizona
and central Mexico.

55974°—35——28

= er > vem. ~~
nee ENS on ————ee ——

432 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

14. Stipa lépida Hitche. Foorsitt NEEDLEGRASS. (Fig. 904.)
Culms slender, puberulent below the nodes, 60 to 100 cm tall; sheaths
smooth, rarely puberulent, sparingly villous at throat; ligule very
short; blades 10 to 30 cm long, flat, 2 to 4 mm wide, pubescent on
upper surface near base; panicle rather loose and open, usually 15 to
20 cm long, sometimes more than 30 cm long,
the branches distant, slender; glumes 3-nerved,
smooth, acuminate, the first 6 to 10 mm long,
the second about 2 mm shorter; lemma about 6
mm long, brown, sparingly villous, nearly gla-
brous toward the hairy-tufted apex; awn in-
distinctly twice-geniculate, about 2.5 to 4 em

_
pe =

aie
eS

se.
MEE

FIGURE 904.—Stipa lepida. Floret, FiguRE905.—Stipa porteri. Floret, | FIGURE 906.—Stipa thurberiana
X 1; lemma, X 5. (Chase 5609, x 1; lemma, x5 (Wolf 1109. Floret, X 1; lemma, X 5
Calif.) Colo.) (Chase 4689, Idaho.)

long, scabrous. 2 —Dry hills, open woods, and rocky slopes,
central California to Baja California,in the Coast Range. Srrpa
LEPIDA var. ANDERSONI (Vasey) Hitche. Differing only in the more
slender culms, the slender involute blades, and in the narrow or
reduced panicle-——Same range as the species.

15. Stipa portéri Rydb. (Fig. 905.) Culms 20 to 35 cm tall;
ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades 2 to 12 cm long, involute, subfiliform,
sulcate, scaberulous; panicle mostly 5 to 10 cm long, open, the
branches distant, capillary, flexuous, few-flowered; glumes 5 to 6
mm long; lemma about 5 mm long, oblong-elliptic, softly pilose on
the lower half, scaberulous above, lobed at
summit; awn 12 to 15 mm long, plumose with
hairs 1 to 2 mm long, with a single bend one-
third from the base, the first segment weakly
twisted. 2 —High mountains of Colorado.

16. Stipa thurberiana Piper. THURBER
NEEDLEGRASS. (Fig. 906.) Culms mostly 30
to 60 cm tall; sheaths scaberulous or the upper 6°"S 807, Distribution of
elabrous; ligule hyaline, 3 to 6 mm long; blades
10 to 25 cm long, filiform, involute, scabrous, flexuous; panicle mostly
8 to 15 cm long, narrow, the ascending branches few flowered ; glumes
11 to 13 mm long, the acuminate summit hyaline ;lemma8 to 9 mm long,
appressed-pubescent, callus about 1 mm long; awn 4 to 5 cm long,
twice-geniculate, the first and second segments plumose with hairs 1
to2mmlong. 2 -—Mesas and rocky slopes. Idaho to Washing-
ton and central California (fig. 907). :

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 433

17. Stipa elméri Piper and Brodie. (Fig. 908.) Culms 60 to 100
em tall, more or less puberulent, especially at the nodes; sheaths
pubescent; ligule very short; blades 15 to 30 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide,

FIGURE 908.—
Stipa elmeri.
Floret, X 1;
lemma, X 5.
(Hitchcock
3336, Calif.)

flat or becoming involute, pubescent on the upper sur-
face, or those of the innovations also on the lower sur-
face; panicle narrow, 15 to 35 cm long, rather loose;
glumes 12 to 14 mm long, long-acuminate, hyaline
except toward base; lemma about 7 mm long, appressed-
pubescent, the callus 1 mm long; awn 4 to 5 cm long, dis-
tinctly twice-geniculate, the seg-
ments nearly equal, the first and
second finely plumose. 2 —
Dry hills, sandy plains, and open * a ee”
woods, Washington and Idaho to (>\i.0 “fy
California and Nevada (fig. 909). WoO A) a]
18. Stipa latiglimis Swallen. —— Bae Dee ut 7
(Fig. 910.) Culms slender, erect, “"°"" 3ounen"°
strigose below, 50 to 110 cm tall;
sheaths, at least the lower, pubescent; blades flat or loose-
ly involute, pilose on the upper surface, glabrous beneath;
ligule 1 to 4 mm Jong; panicle narrow, loosely flowered,
15 to 30 cm long, the branches distant, slender, the lower
as much as 10 cm long; glumes about equal, firm, rather
abruptly acute or acuminate, 3-nerved, tinged with purple,

13 to 15 mm long, 1.5 mm wide from keel to margin; lemma densely
pubescent, 8 to 9 mm long, the sharp callus 1 mm long; awn twice-

FIGURE 910—Sti-
pa _ latiglumis.
Floret, X 1;
lemma, X 5
(Type.)

geniculate, 3.5 to 4.5 cm long, the first
and second segments plumose. 2
—Sierras of central California at
medium altitudes.

19. Stipa occidentalis Thurb.
WESTERN NEEDLEGRASS. (Fig. 911.)
Culms mostly 25 to 40 cm tall;

FIGURE 912.—Distribution of Stipa occidentalis.

sheaths glabrous; ligule about 0.5 mm
long; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 2
mm wide, flat or usually involute, gla-
brous beneath; panicle 10 to 20 em
long, lax, the few slender branches
narrowly ascending; glumes about 12

mm long, the attenuate tips hyaline; lemma pale ryevre 911-—s¥ipa
brown, about 7 mm long, rather sparsely appressed- _—_cidentalis.- Panicle,

xX %; lemma, X 5.

pubescent; awn 3 to 4 cm long, twice-geniculate, (Hitchcock 11740,

the first and second segments plumose, the hairs

reg.)

about 1 mm long. 2 Plains, rocky hills, and open woods,
Wyoming to Washington and California (fig. 912).

434 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

20. Stipa lobata Swallen. (Fig. 913.) Culms densely tufted, erect,
scaberulous below the panicle, 35 to 85 cm tall; blades flat or loosely
folded toward the base, tapering into a fine point, as much as 50 cm
long, 1 to 4 mm wide at the base, scabrous on the upper surface,
glabrous beneath; ligule less than 0.5 mm long; panicle
narrow, 10 to 18 cm long, the branches
appressed; glumes about equal, acumi-
nate, 3-nerved, scabrous, 9 to 10 mm
long; lemma brownish, 6 mm long,
densely pubescent with hairs 1 to 2
mm long, the callus very short, blunt,
the summit 2-lobed, the lobes 0.8 to
1.5 mm long, awned from between the
lobes; awn twice-geniculate, 12 to 16
mm long, the first and second segments
appressed-hispid. 21 —Rocky hills at
medium altitudes, western Texas and
New Mexico.

21. Stipa californica Merr. and Davy.
(Fie 914) "Culms, 75! tov 125 "em: tall:
Ficure 913.—stipa ligule rather firm, 1 to 2mm long; revregu—stipa

tobnea elore. ‘blades (10) “tor 12 "em love) 1)to. 4° mm | ee

summit oflemma, wide, flat, becoming involute, those of x5. (Hall 2556,

x 15. (Type) the innovations slender and involute; ©?
panicle 15 to 30 cm, sometimes to 50 cm, long, slender, pale; glumes
about 12 mm long; lemma 6 to 8 mm long, rather sparsely villous
with ascending white hairs, those at the summit about 1.5 mm long;
awn 2.5 to 3.5 em long, twice-geniculate, the first and second seg-
ments plumose. 2 —Dry
open ground, Washington
to California and western
Nevada (fig. 915).

22. Stipa curvifolia Swal-
len. (Fig. 916, A.) Culms
densely nue a about
FiGuRE 915.—Distribution of 35 em tall; eaves clustered

te ae toward the base, the lower-
most sheaths pubescent, the blades involute,
becoming curved with age; panicle 7 to 8 cm long,
dense, the branches short, appressed; glumes about
10 mm long; lemma 5.5 mm long, light brown,
evenly white pilose; awn once or obscurely twice-
geniculate, 22 to 25 mm long, twisted and densely
plumose below the bend. 2 —Known only from
limestone cliffs, Guadelupe Mountains, N.Mex. ; |

23. Stipa scribnéri Vasey. ScrIBNER NEE- 7 Gyniie Fidtt eu
pLEGRaASS. (Fig. 916, B.) Culms 30 to 70%em | ene Ae
tall; sheaths villous at the throat; ligule less x 1; temma, x 5.
than 1mm long: blades 15 to’ 25 em lone 2 toy ae
4 mm wide, flat or sometimes involute; panicle 10 to 25 cm long,
contracted, the rather short stiff branches erect; glumes 10 to 15
mm long, relatively firm, attenuate; lemma about 8 mm long, pale,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 435

narrow-fusiform, villous with white hairs, those at the summit about
2 mm long, forming a brushlike tip; awn 14 to 20 mm long, twice-
geniculate. 2! —Mesas and rocky slopes, Colorado,
Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona (fig. 917).

24. Stipa lemm6ni (Vasey) Scribn. Lemmon NEE-
DLEGRASS. (Fig. 918.) Culms 30 to 80 em tall, sca-
berulous, usually puberulent be-
low the nodes; ligule 1 to 3 mm
long; blades 10 to 20 cm long,
flat or involute, 1 to 2 mm wide,
or those of the innovations very
narrow; panicle 5 to 12 cm long,
narrow, pale or purplish; glumes ee
Roto ee, nin tones rather: Son) Gece
broad and firm, somewhat ab-
ricure 918Stipa PUPtly acuminate, the first 5-nerved, the second

lemmoni. Floret, 3-nerved; lemma 6 to 7 mm long, pale or light brown,
‘builee s30, Cait) the callus rather blunt, the body fusiform, 1.2 mm
wide, villous with appressed hairs; awn 20 to 35 mm

long, twice-geniculate, appressed-pubescent to the
second bend. 2 —Dry open ground and open
woods, British Columbia to Idaho and California

(fig. 919).

25. Stipa viridula Trin.
GREEN NEEDLEGRAsSS. (Fig.
920.) Culms 60 to 100 em tall;
sheaths villous at the throat,

, often rather sparingly so, more
or less hispidulous in a line across

FIGURE 919.—Distribution of the collar: ligule about 1 mm
Stipa lemmoni. Z

FIGURE 920.—Sti
long; blades 10 to 30 em long, “‘iriduia. Fioret,

1 to 3 or even 5 mm wide, flat or, especially on the X71: Jemma and
innovations, involute; panicle 10 to 20 em long, x 5. iffiths
narrow, rather closely flowered, greenish or tawny 7” *?8?
at maturity; glumes 7 to 10 mm long, hyaline-attenuate; lemma 5 to ©
6 mm long, fusiform, at maturity plump, more than 1 mm wide, the
body at maturity brownish, appressed-pubes-
cent, the callus rather blunt; awn 2 to 3 cm
long, twice-geniculate. 2 —Plains and dry
slopes, New York (Cobbs Hill, Rochester), Wis-
a. consin to Alberta, south
to Kansas and New Mexico
(fig. 921).

26. Stipa robasta Scribn.
SLEEPY GRAss. (Fig. 922.)
Culms robust, mostly 1
to 1.5 m tall; sheaths
SEE so villous at the. throat and

ane | on the margin, a strong
hispidulous line across the collar; ligule 2 to 4
mm long; blades elongate, flat or on the innova- * sans on
tions involute, those of the culm as much as Panicle, X ts lemma, X 5.
8 mm wide; panicle narrow, compact, often ‘“Htchcock 18280, N.Mex.)
more or less interrupted below, as much as 30 cm long and 2 cm
thick; glumes about 1 cm long, attenuate into a fine soft point;

436 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

lemma 6 to 8 mm long, about as in S. viridula; awn 2 to 3 cm long,
rather obscurely twice-geniculate. 2 (S. vasey2 Scribn.)—Dry plains
and hills and dry open woods, Colorado to northern Mexico (fig. 923).
Said to act as a narcotic on animals that graze upon it, especially
affecting horses.’

27. Stipa columbiana Macoun. CoLUMBIA NEEDLEGRass. (Fig.
924.) Culms mostly 30 to 60 cm tall, sometimes as
much as 1 m; sheaths naked at the throat; ligule 1 to
2 mm long; blades 10 to 25 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide,
mostly involute, especially on the innovations, those
of the culm sometimes flat; panicle 5 to 15 cm long,
narrow, mostly rather dense, often purplish; glumes
about 1 cm long; lemma 6 to 7
mm long, pubescent as in S. wr-
dula, the body narrower, the
callus sharper; awn 2 to 2.5 cm
long, twice-geniculate. 2 (S.
minor Scribn.)—Dry plains,
—— meadows, and open woods, at
FIGURE aiobude °~©6 medium and high altitudes, Wy-

oming to Yukon _ Territory,
south to Texas and California (fig. 925). Differing
from S. viridula in the glabrous throat of the sheath
and in the shape of the fruit.

STIPA COLUMBIANA var. NELSONI (Scribn.) Hitche. PIS 08% 274-<Sips
Differing in its usually larger size, often as much as 1 ¢&,X*4;Jemma, x6
m tall, the broader culm blades, and the larger and
denser panicle; lemma 6 to 7 mm long; awn as much as 3.5 cm long,
sometimes longer. 2 -—Alberta to Washington, south to Colorado
and Baja California.

28. Stipa lettermani Vasey. LETTERMAN NEEDLEGRASS. (Fig. 926.)
Resembling small forms of S. columbiana; culms often in large tufts,
30 to 60 cm tall; blades slender, involute; panicle slender, narrow,

FIGURE 925.—Distribution of FIGURE 927.—Distribution of
Stipa columbiana. FIGURE 926.—Stipa Stipa lettermani.
lettermani. Flo-
ret, X 1; lemma,
xX 5. (Letterman
102, Idaho.)

loose, 10 to 15 cm long; glumes about 6 mm long; lemma 4 to 5 mm
long, slender and more copiously hairy than in S. columbiana; awn
1.5to2cmlong. 2 —Open ground or open woods at upper altitudes,
Wyoming to Montana and Oregon, south to New Mexico and Cali-
fornia (fig. 927).

8 Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 24: 252. 1925.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 437

29. Stipa williamsii Scribn. WILLIAMS NEEDLEGRAsSsS. (Fig. 928.)
Differing from S. columbiana chiefly in having more or less pubescent
culms, sheaths, and blades; culms 60 to 100 cm tall; panicle 10 to 20
em long; lemma about 7 mm long; awn usually 3 to5emlong. 2 —
Dry hills and plains, Montana to Washington, south to Colorado and
California (fig. 929).

30. Stipa pinetérum Jones. (Fig. 930.) Culms in large tufts, 30
to 50 cm tall; ligule very short; leaves mostly basal, the blades 5 to
12 cm long, involute-filiform, more or less
flexuous, slightly scabrous; panicle narrow, 8 to
10 cm long; glumes about 9 mm long; lemma 5

FIGURE 929.— Distribution of
Stipa williamsii

FIGURE 928.—Stipa

williamsii. Floret, FIGURE 930.—Stipa
X 1; lemma, X 5. pinetorum. Floret,
(Williams 2804, X 1; lemma, X 5.
Wyo.) (Jones 6023, Colo.)

mm long, narrowly fusiform, clothed especially on the upper half with
hairs 2 mm long, forming a conspicuous tuft exceeding the body of the

lemma; awn about 2 cm long, twice-geniculate, nearly
glabrous. 21—Open pine woods at high altitudes, rare,
Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California (fig. 931).

31. Stipa 4rida Jones. (Fig. 932.) Culms 40 to 80
cm tall; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, flat or
involute, scabrous; panicle 10 to 15 cm long, narrow,
compact, pale or silvery; glumes 8 to 12 mm long; lemma
about 5 mm long, appressed-pubes-
cent on the lower half and along the
margin, slightly roughened toward
the summit; awn 4 to 6 cm long,
capillary, scaberulous, loosely
twisted for 1 or 2 cm, flexuous be-
=< yond. 2 -—Rocky slopes, rare,
eee ee pind ot & ~=southwestern Colorado, Utah, and

Arizona.
32. Stipa tenuissima Trin. (Fig. 933.) Culms in

large tufts, slender, wiry, 30 to 70 cm tall; ligule 2 mm Fievax 932—
long; blades 15 to 30 cm long, sometimes longer, filiform, }/?°.¢74"¢:

wiry, closely involute; panicle 10 to 30 cm long, narrow, Raped
lds
Utah.)

soft, nodding; glumes about 1 cm long; lemma 2 to 3 mm
long, oblong-elliptic, glabrous, minutely papillose-rough-

ened, the short callus densely pilose; awn about 5 cm long, capil-
lary, flexuous, obscurely geniculate about the middle. 21 —Dry open
ground, rocky slopes, and open dry woods, Texas and New Mexico

to central Mexico; Argentina.

onnaliil

AL MD

“EP,

el

<<

438 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 933.—Stipa tenuissima. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 2; glumes and floret, X 5. (Bailey 694, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 439

Stipa neesiana Trin. and Rupr. Related to S. leucotricha but with
shorter lemma with thickened erose crown. 2 -—-Ballast, Mobile.
Ala.; South America.

Stipa brachychaéta Godr. Blades firm, flat, or loosely involute;
panicle narrow, open, the few spikelets on slender pedicels; glumes 8
mm long; lemma 5 mm long, brown, pubescent in lines; awn 12 mm
long. 2 W—Ballast near Portland, Oreg.; Argentina.

STrpA ELEGANT{isstmA Labill. Tufted perennial; foliage scant; panicle com-
monly half the height of the plant, the filiform spreading branches conspicuously
feathery; spikelets purple, long-awned. 2 Sometimes cultivated for orna-
ment; Australia. ;

Sripa PENNATA L. Tufted perennial; blades elongate, involute; panicle few-
flowered, the large spikelets with awns 25 to 35 cm long, conspicuously feathery
above the bend. 2 —Sometimes cultivated for ornament; Europe.

Stipa TeNaAcfssima L. Esparto. Tufted perennial with tough branching base;
blades elongate, involute, tomentose at base and with erect auricles 3 to 10 mm
long; panicle narrow, dense; awns 4 to 6 cm long, feathery below the bend.. 2 —
Sometimes cultivated for ornament; Spain and Algeria, where it is gathered for
making paper and cordage.

85. ARISTIDA L. TuHrReEr-awn

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating obliquely above
the glumes; glumes equal or unequal, narrow, acute, acuminate, or
awn-tipped; lemma indurate, narrow, terete, convolute, with a hard,
sharp-pointed, usually minutely bearded callus, terminating above
in a usually trifid awn (the lateral divisions reduced or obsolete in
Section Uniseta), the base sometimes undivided, forming a column.
Annual or perennial, mostly slender tufted grasses, with narrow,
frequently convolute blades and narrow or sometimes open panicles.
Type species, Aristida adscensionis L. Name from Latin arista, awn.

The species are of distinctly minor importance for forage except in
the Southwest, where several, such as A. longiseta, are eaten by
stock before the flowers are produced. The ripe fruits of several
species are troublesome to stock on the plains because of the sharp
hard points. These fruits are produced sometimes in vast numbers
and are carried far and wide by the wind in open country. Aristida
adscensionis is one of the annuals that make up the ‘“‘six-weeks”’
grasses of the Southwest.

Lemma articulate with the column of the awns; awns nearly equal.

SecTiIon 1. ARTHRATHERUM.
Lemma not articulate.

Lateral awns minute (less than 1 mm long) or wanting_SEcTIon 2. UNISETA.
Lateral awns more than 1 mm long (rarely obsolete in A. ramosissima), usually
Wel Geeeloper ws De Ratey ete) a Doth aie SEecTION 3. CHAETARIA.

Plants annual.

Polite very Sporn ies hy le Tuan wast Seyi eles Bei oe un nd 1. A. DESMANTHA.

Columm,10.to 45 mm long; twisted. 2. 2.22222. -22.-- 2. A. TUBERCULOSA.
Plants perennial.

aris pupcHccni i 44s be rien Se his To ie 3. A. CALIFORNICA

ASE UAE es ag ta EA ek a 4. A. GLABRATA

Section 2. Uniseta

Pel CCORUTHTI)' DUWIBIRAI AU TERE 2 ee 7. <A. ORCUTTIANA

Awn not twisted.
Branches of panicle distant, spreading, mostly more than 5 cm long, naked
at base; awn straight or abruptly divergent_________-_ 5. A. TERNIPES.
Branches of panicle short, approximate, 3 to 5 em long, floriferous nearly to
Danse; awh Curved ang fexuous._ 4... 2). =... 6. A. FLORIDANA

440 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Section 3. Chaetaria

la. Central awn spirally coiled at the base, the lateral straight. Plants annual.
(Group DIcHOTOMAE.)
Lateral awns half to two-thirds as long as the central, somewhat spreading.
. A. BASIRAMBA.
Lateral awns much shorter than the central, 1 to 3 mm long, erect.

Glumes nearly equal, 6 to 8 mm long; lemma sparsely appressed-pilose, 5 to
6 mim ‘lomigiylr hee Bea ya fe ods ea ae 9. A. DICHOTOMA.

Glumes unequal, the second longer, about 1 cm long; lemma glabrous except
the keel, scabrous toward the apex, about 1 cmlong_ 10. A. cURTISSII.

ib. Central awn not spirally coiled (in a few species all the awns loosely con-
torted in the lower part).
2a. Plants annual. (Group ADSCENSIONES.)

Awns mostly 4 to 7 cm long, about equal, divergent__ 11. A. OLIGANTHA.

Awns mostly less than 2 cm long, often unequal.

Central awn with a semicircular bend at base, spreading or reflexed.
Lateral awns much reduced; lemma about 2 cm long.

12. A. RAMOSISSIMA.
Lateral awns one-third to half as long as the central; lemma 4 to 5 mm
UG OY a A oS A LARISA Wks a Alt Ge 13. A. LONGESPICA.

Central awn not sharply curved, the awns about equally divergent.

Glumes unequal; awns flat at base, 10 to 15 mm long.
14. A. ADSCENSIONIS.
Glumes about equal; awns terete, 15 to 20 mm long.
15. A. INTERMEDIA.
2b. Plants perennial.

3a. Panicle open, the branches spreading (in A. pansa ascending), naked
at base. (Group DIVARICATAB.)

Panicle branches stiffly and abruptly spreading or reflexed at base.
Branchlets divaricate and implicate__.___________-_ 16. A. BARBATA.
Branchlets appressed.

Summit of lemma narrowed into a twisted neck 2 to 5 mm long.
17. <A. DIVARICATA.
Summit of lemma somewhat narrowed but not twisted.
18. A. HAMULOSA.

Panicle branches drooping or ascending, not abruptly spreading at base.
Lateral awns one-fourth to half as long as the central one.

19. A. PATULA.

Lateral awns about as long as the central, at least more than half as

NICGy Ge 5 We a Ss lle NUL all My Ps Sip ah Se oh Tg ey 20. <A. PANSA.

b. Panicle narrow, the branches ascending or appressed (branches some-
times somewhat spreading in A. parishii and A. purpurea).

Column 1 cm or more long, twisted; glumes awned_ 21. A. SPICIFORMIS.

Column less than 1 cm long.

Creeping rhizomes present. Glumes unequal, awned; awns loosely

twisted at base, the central a little longer, 18 to 24 mm long.
3 A. RHIZOMOPHORA.

Creeping rhizomes wanting (sometimes short ones in A. stricta).
4a. First glume about half as long as the second (as much as two-thirds
as long in A. glauca). (Group PURPUREAE.)
Lemma tapering into a slender somewhat twisted beak 5 to 6 mm
long; awns 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, widely spreading.
2 A. GLAUCA.
Lemma beakless or only short-beaked.
Branches of the rather loose and nodding panicle slender and
flexuous (see also A. longiseta var. rariflora).

Lemma about 1 cm long; awns 3 to 5 cm long.

23. A. PURPUREA.

Lemma 7 to 8 mm long; awns about 2 cm long.

24. A. ROEMERIANA.
Branches of the erect panicle stiff and appressed, or the lowermost
sometimes somewhat flexuous.

Panicle mostly more than 15 cm long, the branches several-
flowered; awns about 2 cm long. Sheaths with a villous
line across’ the (collars 22 — = 4-0 mete eee 25. <A. WRIGHTII.

Panicle mostly less than 15 cm long, the branches few flowered;
awns 2 to several cm long. .

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 44]

Lemma gradually narrowed above, scaberulous on the upper
half; leaves mostly in a short curly cluster at the base
ONC SE i: i oe ed 27. A. FENDLERIANA.
Lemma scarcely narrowed above, scaberulous only at the
tip; leaves not conspicuously basal_ 26. A. LONGISETA.
4b. First glume more than half as long as the second. (Usually the
glumes about equal or the first sometimes a little longer.)
Sheaths lanate-pubescent. Panicle branched, somewhat spreading;
central awn 1.5 to 2.5 em long, spreading or reflexed from a
CUT Wemiminer nt weiner een Seeks 28. A. LANOSA.
Sheaths not lanate-pubescent.
Column of awn at maturity 3 to 5 mm long, distinctly twisted.
A. ARIZONICA.
Column of awn less than 3 mm long, or if so long, not twisted.
Blades villous on upper surface near base, involute.
30. <A. STRICTA.
Blades not involute and villous at base.
Awns at maturity about equally divergent, sometimes
slightly twisted but not spirally contorted at base.

Lemma about 7 mm long; awns horizontally spreading;
panicle usually more than 20 cm long.

32. A. PURPURASCENS.

Lemma 10 to 12 mm long; awns somewhat spreading but
scarcely horizontal; panicle mostly 10 to 15 cm long.

33. A. PARISHII.
Awns at maturity unequally divergent or spirally contorted
at base.

Awns not spirally contorted at base; central awn more
spreading than the others, curved at base, some-
times reflexed.

Lateral awns erect, two-thirds to three-fourths as long
as the central.

Glumes about 12 mm long__-_-_--- 34. <A. AFFINIS.

Glumes about 6 mm long_-_-_-_--_-- 30; A. VIRGATA.

Lateral awns spreading or reflexed. Panicles nearly
simple.

Gitaes 6 to 7 mm long; spikelets mostly in pairs.
36. A. SIMPLICIFLORA.
Glumes about 1 em long; spikelets solitary.
A. MOHRII.
Awns spirally contorted at base, spreading.
Blades flat.
Panicle slender, the branches short, rather distant,
few-flowered_____-------- 38. <A. TENUISPICA.
Panicle rather thick, the branches as much as 10 cm
long, rather densely many-flowered.
39. A. CONDENSATA.
Blades tigate: sit 4-2 _ Selene ie 40. A. GYRANS.

Section 1. ARTHRATHERUM (Beauv.) Reichenb.

Lemma articulate with the column of the awns, the latter finally
deciduous; glumes 1-nerved; awns nearly equal.

1. Aristida desmantha Trin. and Rupr. (Fig. 934.) Annual;
branching, as much as 80 cm tall; sheaths often woolly; blades folded
or involute, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle as much as 20 cm long, the
branches stiffly ascending, very scabrous, bearing 1 to few spikelets;
glumes slightly unequal, the body about 1 cm long, tapering into an
awn about half as long; lemma 7 to 8 mm long, glabrous below, some-
what laterally compressed and slightly twisted at summit, the densely
pubescent callus about 2 mm long; awns 2 to 2.5 cm long, united for
1 to 2 mm, the bases curved in a semicircular somewhat contorted
bend, the upper part thus usually deflexed. © —Open sandy soil
or sandy woods, Fininisig Nebraska, and Texas.

Pe ee

er

442 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

2. Aristida tuberculésa Nutt. (Fig. 935.) Annual; culms branch-
ing, 30 to 60 cm or even 1 m tall; blades involute, 2 to 4 mm wide
when flat; panicle 10 to 20 cm tall, the branches stiffly ascending;
glumes about equal, gradually narrowed into an awn, about 2.5 cm
long, including the awn; lemma 11 to 13 mm long, glabrous, except
for the slightly scabrous summit, extending downward into a densely
pubescent callus 3 to 4 mm long; column of awns twisted, 10 to 15
mm long, the upper 2 or 3 mm twisted but not united, above this
forming a semicircular bend, the terminal straight part of the awns
usually deflexed, 3 to 4 cm long. © -—Open sandy woods, Massa-
chusetts to Georgia and Mississippi near the coast; around the southern

FIGURE 934.—Aristida desmantha, X 1. FIGURE 935.—Aristida tuberculosa, X 1. (V. H. Chase 322,
(Reverchon 3428, Tex.) Ind.)

end of Lake Michigan and in other localities in Wisconsin, Indiana,
Ilhnois, lowa, and Minnesota (fig. 936).

3. Aristida californica Thurb. (Fig. 937.) Perennial, tufted,
much branched at base; culms pubescent, 10 to 30 cm tall; blades
mostly involute and less than 5 cm long; pan-
icles numerous, mostly reduced to few-flowered
racemes; first glume about 8 mm long, the
second about 12 mm long; lemma 5 to 7 mm
long, glabrous below, scaberulous toward the
summit, the strongly pubescent callus 1.5 to 2
mm long; column 15 to 20 mm long, the awns
about’ equal, 2.5 ‘to’ 3.5 em) lone) spreading -UeuEe
horizontally, the bases arcuate and slightly
contorted. 2 —Dry sandy or gravelly soil, deserts of southern
California, southwestern Arizona, and northern Mexico.

4, Aristida glabrata (Vasey) Hitche. (Fig. 938.) Perennial; culms
erect, branched, glabrous, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades mostly involute,
those of the culm 1 to 3 cm long; panicle narrow, 3 to 6 cm long; first
glume 5 to 6 mm, the second 10 to 12 mm long; lemma 5 to 7 mm long,

—

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 443

the twisted column 6 to 14 mm long; awns about equal, divergent, 2
to 3 cm long. 2 Open dry ground, southern Arizona to Baja
California.

Section 2. Uniséta Hitchce.

Lateral awns minute (less than 1 mm long) or wanting, (see also A.
dichotoma and A. ramosissima of Section Chaetaria); lemma
not articulate with the column of the awn.

5. Aristida térnipes Cav. Sprper Grass. (Fig. 939.) Perennial;
culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, involute toward the end

ee ee californica, X 1. FIGURE 938.—Aristida glabrata, X 1.

earney 3524, Ariz.) (Griffiths 7312, Ariz.)

and tapering into a fine point as much as 40 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide;
panicle open, one third to half the entire height of the culm, the
branches few, distant, spreading, scabrous, mostly naked at the base;
spikelets appressed at the ends of the branches; glumes about equal,
8 to 10 mm long; lemma glabrous, often strongly scabrous on the keel,
gradually narrowed into a laterally compressed scabrous falcate beak,

444 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

l-nerved on each side, this extending into a single straight or diver-
gent scabrous nearly terete awn, the obsolete or minute lateral awns
about 17 mm above the lemma, the central awn 10 to 15 mm long.
2 (A. scabra Kunth.)—Rocky hills and
ji | { dry plateaus, New Mexico and Arizona to
/ northern South America; Bahamas, Cuba.
i ARISTIDA TERNIPES var. MiNoR (Vasey)
| | Hitche. Smaller and often prostrate or
Y | ascending, the panicle usually more than
ite IN half the length of the entire plant, less
diffuse, the shorter branches usually stiffly
] spreading or somewhat deflexed. Q (A.
| dwergens Vasey.)—Rocky hills and plains,
| Texas, New Mexico, Arizona; Nicaragua.
| 6. Aristida floridana (Chapm.) Vasey.
| (Fig. 940.) Resembling A. ternipes, but
| differing in having a narrow panicle with
ascending branches 3 to 5 cm long, spike-
| let-bearing nearly to the base; awns sickle-
: shaped, the column somewhat yes Ih
FIGURE 939.—Aristida ternipes, X 1. — Known only from the original collection
sca a from Key West, Fla.
7. Aristida orcuttiana Vasey. Bracartick q@rass. (Fig. 941.)
Perennial; culms erect, 30 to 60 cm or even 1 m tall; blades flat or the
upper involute, as much as 3 mm wide; panicle open, as much as 30

A

. a

FIGURE 940.—Aristida floridana, X 1. FIGURE 941.—Aristida orcuttiana. Panicle, X 1;
(Blodgett, Fla.) floret, X 2. (Smith, N.Mex.)

cm long, nodding or drooping, the branches few, distant, spreading
or drooping, as much as 20 cm long; glumes equal or nearly so, 10 to
15 mm long; lemma 8 to 10 mm long, gradually narrowed into a

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 445

scabrous twisted column, the total length to the bend 10 to 17 mm;
central awn divergent, 5 to 10 mm long, the lateral awns from obso-
lete to as much as 1 mm long, erect. 2

FIGURE 942.—Distribution of
Aristida orcuttiana.

—Rocky hills and plains, Texas to south-
ern California (San Diego), and northwest
Mexico (fig. 942).

Section 3. CHaEtTArtiA (Beauv.) Trin. / f
Lateral awns more than 1 mm long, /

usually well developed; lemma not arti- \
culate with the column of the awns.

8. Aristida basiramea Engelm. (Fig. “ole
943.) Annual; branching at base, 30 to MSvRE %S3- Aristida basiramen, x 1.
50 cm tall; blades flat, as much as 15 em gent
long and 1.5 mm wide; panicles terminal and axillary, the terminal
5 to 10 cm long, the axillary mostly enclosed in the sheaths; glumes
somewhat unequal, 12 to 15 mm long; lemma about 1 cm long; cen-
tral awn coiled at base, 10 to 15 mm
long, the lateral awns half to two-thirds
as long,somewhat spreading. © —Open
barren orsandysoil, Michigan and North
Dakota to Illinois and Kansas; intro-
duced in Maine (fig. 944).

9. Aristida dich6toma Michx. (Fig.
945.) Annual; culms branched at base,

Lat

\ FIGURE 944.—Distribution of
' Aristida basiramea.

/ 20 to 40 em tall; blades short, the lower
mostly flat, scarcely 1 mm wide, the upper

/ involute; panicles terminal and axillary,
the terminal usually less than 10 cm long,

|

Y 7 the lateral small; glumes about equal, 6

4 2 ieee to 8 mm long; lemma 5 to 6 mm long;
1GURE Uackson 1895, Del)’ ~*~ central awn spirally coiled, horizontally
bent, 3 to 6 mm long, the lateral awns

erect, about 1 mm long. © —Dry open ground, Maine to eastern

Kansas, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 946).
10. Aristida curtissii (A. Gray) Nash. (Fig. 947.) Annual; simi-
lar to A. dichotoma, differing in the less branching habit, the longer

446 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

and more conspicuous blades, the looser panicles of larger spikelets,
the more unequal glumes, the longer second glume (about 1 cm long),
the longer smooth lemma (about 1 cm long) and central awn, and the
usually longer lateral awns; central awn about 1 cm long, the lateral
awns2to4mmlong. © —Open dry ground,
Maryland to West Virginia; Florida; Llinois
to Wyoming and Oklahoma (fig. 948).

11. Aristida oligantha Michx. Prairie
THREE-AWN. (Fig. 949.) Annual, much
branched; culms 30 to 50 cm tall; blades flat or
loosely involute, usually not more than 1 mm

FIGURE 96. pistribution of wide; panicle, loose, 10 to 20cm lone; spikelets

short-pediceled the lower often in pairs; glumes
about equal, 2 to 3 cm long, tapering into an awn, the first 3- to 5-
nerved; lemma about 2 cm long, the awns about equal, divergent, 4
to 7 cm long, somewhat spirally curved at base. © —Open dry

ground, Massachusetts to South
Dakota, south to Florida and Texas;
Oregon to Arizona (fig. 950).

12. Aristida ramosissima Engelm.
(Fig. 951.) Annual, much branched;
culms 30 to 50 cm tall; blades flat or
involute, about 1 mm wide; panicle
narrow, 8 to 12 cm long; glumes 3- to
5-nerved, the first about 15 mm, the
second about 2 cm long, including an
awn 3 to5 mm long; lemma about
2 cm long, tapering into a neck about
5 mm long; central awn with a semi-
circular bend or part of a coil at base,
15 to 20 mm long, spreading, the lat-
eral awns reduced or as much as 6 mm
long, rarely longer. © —Opensterile
soil, Indiana to Iowa, south to Tennes-
see, Louisiana, and Texas (fig. 952).

13. Aristida longespica Poir. (Fig.
953.) Annual, branched; culms 20 to
40 em tall; blades flat or involute,
about 1 mm wide; panicles narrow,
slender, the terminal 10 to 15 cm or
even 20 cm long; glumes about equal, Ficure Be REIT Eh
5 mm long; lemma 4 to 5 mm long; sw
central awn sharply curved at base, spreading, 5 to 15 mm long,
the lateral awns erect, one-third to half as long as the central, some-
times only 1 mm long. © (A. gracilis Ell.)
—Sterile or sandy soil, New Hampshire to
Michigan, south to Florida and Texas, espe-
cially on the Coastal Plain (fig. 954). In the
typical form the lateral awns are short; in
var. geniculata Fernald (A. geniculata Raf.)
FIGURE 948.—Distribution of the lateral awns are more than one-third as

EATER, CURESAE, long as the central one.

14. Aristida adscensiénis L. SixwEEKS THREE-AWN. (Fig. 955.)

Annual, branched at base, erect or spreading; culms 10 to 80 cm

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 447

- Zo = SSN te
ee WA |
—=—= \ \\
— \\ NO ZS ie,
—— = ~ : - Z i \ we =
= a N LS = : < ZZ MK ; < Zz 2
. Ss J mS
— \ \ Yh ‘ ‘ ae ~ F
S \ . Se = a
\ : a

=S=

eA
SSS

SS SS

G

2 =S S—
Ss — = —— = =
oS 2 a — ~
: —(—— <= = : =
YE SSS== — ———— = - —=— - =
VE ————— : = a
4 ’ : —— ——— as
(Ms —SS
ARS

FIGuRE 949.—Aristida oligantha. Plant, X 14; glumes and floret, X 2. (Fitzpatrick 21, Iowa.)
§5974°—35 ——29

448 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tall; panicle narrow and usually rather compact, 5 to 10 cm long, or
longer in large plants; first glume 5 to 7 mm long, the second 8 to
10 mm long; lemma 6 to 9 mm

long, compressed toward the

scarcely beaked summit, sca-

brous on the upper part of the

keel; awns about equal (the

lateral rarely shorter) mostly 4
10 to 15 mm long, about
equally divergent at an angle °
of as much as 45 degrees, flat %

FIGURE 950.—Distribution of
Aristida oligantha.

and without torsion at base. | |
©—Dry open ground, Mis-
sourl (Courtney); southern ( eae

Kansas to Texas, west to =f
Nevada and southern Cali-
fornia, southward (fig. 956);
warmer parts of the Old World.
Originally described from Ascen-
sion Island. Variable in size
from depauperate plants a few
centimeters tall with shorter contracted panicle (A. bromoides
H. B. K.) to tall slender plants
with large open panicle (A.
fasciculata Torr.).

15. Aristida intermédia
Scribn. and Ball. (Fig. 957.)
Annual, simple or branched,
20 to 40 cm tall; blades flat
or involute, mostly less than — pyeure 952—Distribution of
10 em long and 2 mm wide; Aristida ramosissima,
panicle narrow, slender, loosely
flowered, 10 to 20 cm long;
glumes about equal, 1 cm
long; lemma 8 mm long; awns
about equal, all somewhat
divergent, 1.5 to 2 cm long.
FIGURE 953 — Aristida ©. Low sandy soul, Indiana Brel Ty:
longespica, Soul to Nebraska, south to Missis- ape of
een sippi and Texas (fig. 958).

The measurements of the spikelet are sometimes less than those
given, especially in plants attacked by smut.

FIGURE 951.—Aristida ramosissima, X 1. (Deam
8549, Ind.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 449

16. Aristida barbata Fourn. HaAvarp THREE-AWN. (Fig. 959.)
Perennial, forming hemispherical tufts as much as 30 cm in diameter,
the culms rather stiffly radiating in all
directions, 15 to 30 em long; blades
closely involute, mostly less than 10
em long and 0.5 mm thick; panicles
about half the length of the entire
culm, open, the branches divaricately
spreading or somewhat reflexed,
mostly 3 to 6 cm long, in pairs or
withshort basal p>
branchlets, but
without long
naked base, the
branchlets and
pedicels impli-
cate or flexuous, Ficvre 956.—Distribution of
the whole pan- Aristida adscensionis.
icle fragile at maturity, breaking away
and rolling before the wind; glumes
about equal, 1 cm long; lemma grad-
ually narrowed into a straight or
| twisted scaberulous beak, the entire
FIGURE 955.—Aristida adscensionis, X 1. (Earle length 8 to 10 mm, awnhs some-

559, N.Mex.) what divergent, nearly equal, 15 to
20 mm long. 2 (A. havardii Vasey.)—Hills and plains, western
Texas to Arizona and central Mexico.

17. Aristida divaricata Humb. and Bonpl. Poverty THREE-AWN.
(Fig. 960.) Perennial; culms erect or
prostrate-spreading, usually 30 to 60 cm
long, sometimes longer; blades flat or
usually loosely involute, or the basal
closely involute,
mostly less than 3
mm wide; panicle
large, diffuse, usu-
ally as much as
half the entire
FIGURE 958.—Distribution of lengthof the culm,

Aristida intermedia. the b ranche Ss
spreading or reflexed, naked below;
glumes nearly equal, 1 cm long; lemma
1 cm long, narrowed into a twisted beak
2 to 5 mm long; awns about equal, 10
to 15 mm long. 2 —Dry hills and
plains, Kansas to southern California,
south to Texas and Guatemala (fig. 961).

18. Aristida hamul6ésa Henr. (Fig.
962.) Resembling A. divaricata; lemma
somewhat narrowed at summit but not 3 retest
twisted, central awn a little longer than P68 97. -dristiea srermedia, X I.
the two lateral ones. 2 —Dry hills
and plains, western Texas to southern California, south to Guatemala
(fig. 963). In Arizona more common than A. divaricata.

450 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

19. Aristida patula Chapm. (Fig. 964.) Perennial, erect, as
much as 1 m tall; blades flat, becoming involute especially at the
slender tip, elongate, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle loose and open, one
third to half the entire length of the culm, the branches drooping,
naked below, as much as 20 cm long; glumes 12 to 15 mm long,
nearly equal; lemma 10 to 12 mm long;
central awn straight, 2 to 2.5 cm long,
the lateral scarcely diverging, 5 to 10

mm long. 2 —-Moist sandy pine bar-
rens and low open ground, peninsular
Florida.

/ 20. Aristida pansa Woot. and Stand.
ji _ WooToN THREE-AWN. (Fig. 965.) Per-
A] ennial; culms stiffly erect, slender, wiry,

i |. 20 to 40 cm tall; blades closely involute,
. (Ada S<~ 0.5 mm thick; panicle narrow, open,
SS TBE. _ rather stiffly upright, 10 to 20 cm long,
a
2

> “>< the branches stiffly ascending, 4 to 8

By( (2: cs DN cm long; first glume 5 to 7 mm long, the

(UY XK N= | second 7 to 10 mm long; lemma about

TM A VA /7~=<~ as long as the second glume, tapering

FIGURE 959.— Aristida barbata, X 1. (Wooton, into a scabrous shghtly twisted beak

N.Mex.) about 2 mm long; awns about equal,

divergent or finally nearly horizontally

spreading, 10 to 20 mm long, the bases finally somewhat curved or

warped. 2 Plains and open ground, western Texas to Arizona.

21. Aristida spiciformis Ell. (Fig. 966.) Perennial; culms strictly

erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades

erect, flat or usually involute, : f / aS
elongate, 1 to 3mm wide; pan- t = =

icle erect, dense and spikelike |

10 to 15 cm long, more or les;
spirally twisted; glumes uns
equal, abruptly long-awned-

\\

| IN WAY
FIGURE 961.—Distribution of Hit
Nl hs V7
;

Aristida divaricata.

the first 4 mm long, the second
8 to 10 mm long, the awns usu-
ally 10 to 12 mm long; lemma
5 to 6 mm long, extending into i
a slender twisted column 1 to ph
3 cm long; awns about equal,
2 to 3 cm long, divergent or
horizontally spreading, more or less curved or warped at base. 2 —
Pine barrens along the coast, South Carolina to Florida and Missis-
sipp1; Cuba, Puerto Rico (fig. 967).

FIGURE 960.—Aristida]divaricata, X 1. (Talbot, N.Mex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 451

22. Aristida glatica (Nees) Walp. REVERCHON THREE-AWN. (Fig.
968.) Perennial; culms erect, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades involute,
mostly curved or flexuous, 5 to 10 cm long, about 1 mm thick; panicle

\

FIGURE 962.—Aristida hamulosa. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 3. (Type.)

Narrow, erect, rather few flowered, mostly 8 to 15 em long, the
branches stiffly appressed; first glume 5 to 8 mm long, the second

FIGURE 963.—Distribution of
Aristida hamulosa.

5 ~\ Vif

FIGURE 965.— Aristida pansa, X 1. (Wooton,
N. Mex.)

FIGURE 964.—Aristida patula, X 1. (Hitchcock, Fla.)

about twice as long; lemma 10 to 12 mm long, tapering into a minutely
scabrous, slender, somewhat twisted beak about half the total length
of the lemma; awns equal, divergent or horizontally spreading, 1.5 to

452 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

2.5 em long. 2 (A. reverchoni Vasey.)—Dry or rocky hills and
plains, Texas to Utah, Nevada, and southern California, south to
Puebla, Mexico (fig. 969).
23. Aristida purpirea —
Nutt. PurpLe THREE-
AwN. (Fig. 970.) Per-
ennial, often in large
tufts; culms 30 to 50
cm tall; blades usually
involute and less than
10 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm
wide when unrolled;

FIGURE 967.—Distribution of
Aristida spiciformis.

panicle narrow, nod-
ding, rather lax and
loose, usually purplish,
10 to 20 cm long, the
branches and longer
pedicels capillary, more
or less curved or flexu-
ous; first glume 6 to 8
| 1 .- mm long, the second
FIGURE 966.—Aristida spiciformis, X 1. (Combs and Baker about twice as long ;

ree ae lemma about 1 cm long,

the body tapering to a scarcely beaked
summit, tuberculate-scabrous in lines
from below the middle to the summit; Ae
awns nearly equal, spreading, 3 to 5 cm
long. 2 —Dryhillsandplains,Arkan~ =|
sas and Kansas to Utah and southern at

se

A

FIGURE 969.—Distribution of
Aristida glauca.

California, south to northern Mexico
(fig. 971). ARISTIDA PURPUREA var.
LAXIFLORA Merr. Panicle few-flowered,
the capillary branches bearing 1 or 2 POUBE BOS hon 37, Ten)
spikelets. 21 —Texas to Arizona.

24. Aristida roemeriana Scheele. (Fig. 972.) Differing from
A. purpurea chiefly in the smaller spikelets; first glume 4 to 5 mm

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 453

long; lemma 7 to 8 mm long, the awns about 2 cm long. 4 (A.
micrantha Nash.)—Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico.

25. Aristida wrightii Nash. (Fig. 973.) Perennial; culms tufted,
erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; sheaths villous at the throat and with a more
or less hispid or villous line across the collar; blades involute, curved or
flexuous; panicle erect, narrow, 15 to 20 cm long; first glume 6 to 7 mm

FIGURE 971.— Distribution of
Aristida purpurea,

FIGURE 970.—Aristida purpurea, X 1. (Bush 665, Tex.)

long, the second about twice as long; lemma 10 to 12 mm long; awns
nearly equal, about 2 cm long, divergent. 2 —Dry plains and hills,
Texas, Colorado, and Utah to southern California and central
Mexico (fig. 974)

26. Aristida longiséta Steud. Rep THREE-AwN. (Fig. 975.) Peren-
nial, often in large bunches; culms 20 to 30 em tall; blades involute,
curved or flexuous, usually less than 15 cm long; panicle narrow, erect

454 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

but not stiff, few-flowered, the axis only a few cm long, the branches
ascending or appressed, or the lower more or less curved or flexuous;
first glume 8 to 10 mm long, the second about twice as long; lemma
terete, 12 to 15 mm long, only slightly narrowed above, glabrous or

FIGURE 972.—Aristida roemeriana, X 1. (Swallen 1585, Tex.)

the upper part scaberulous but scarcely tuberculate-scabrous in lines
asin A. purpurea; awns about equal, divergent, 6 to8cmlong. 2 —
Plains and foothills, North Dakota to Montana, south to Texas,
Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 976). ARISTIDA LONGISETA var.
RARIFLORA Hitche. Differing in
the few-flowered panicles with
capillary flexuous branches bear-
ing 1 or 2 spikelets. 2 —Texas
to Colorado and Arizona.
ARISTIDA LONGISETA Var. RO-
BUSTA Merr. ‘Taller and more ro-
bust, 30 to 50 cm tall, the blades

FIGURE 974.—Distribution of
Aristida wrightii.

longer and not in conspicuous bas-
al tufts, the panicle longer, stiffer,
and the branches more stiffly as-
cending, the awns mostly 4 to 5
emlong. 2 —Same range but
more common northward, extend-
ing east to Minnesota and west
to Oregon and Washington.

_ 27. Aristida fendleriana Steud. FENDLER THREE-AWN. (Fig. 977.)
Resembling A. longiseta; differing in the numerous short curly blades
at the base of the plant, the shorter glumes (the first about 7 mm
long), the gradually narrowed lemma, scaberulous on the upper half,

FIGURE 973.—Aristida wrightii, X 1. (Ball 1511, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 455

and the shorter awns (2 to 5 cm long). 2 —Dry plains and hills,
South Dakota to Montana, south to Texas, Utah, and southern
California (fig. 978).

28. Aristida lanédsa Muhl. (Fig. 979.) Perennial; culms solitary or
few in a tuft, rather robust, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths lanate-pubescent
or rarely glabrous; blades flat, elongate, as much as 4 mm wide;
panicle narrow, rather loose, as much as 40 cm long; first glume 12 to

ee \ i \\ \ . l / | / ef
ea oe Le
& / \ \\ \ \ f ae ies

/
/

FIGURE 975.—Aristida longiseta, X 1. (Thompson 63, Kan.)

14 mm long, the second about 10 mm, lemma 8 to 9 mm long; central
awn horizontally spreading or reflexed from a curved base, 1.5 to 2.5
cm long, the lateral half to two-thirds as long, erect orspreading. 2 —
Dry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas,
north to Oklahoma and Missouri (fig. 980).

29. Aristida arizOnica Vasey. ARIZONA THREE-AWN. (Fig. 981.)
Perennial; culms erect, 30 to 120 cm tall; blades flat, narrowed to a
fine involute point or some of them involute
throughout, 1 to 4 mm wide, the old ones
usually curled or flexuous; panicle narrow, erect,
closely flowered or more or less interrupted at
base, 10 to 25 cm long; glumes equal or nearly
so, awn-pointed, 10 to 15 mm long; lemma
1 to 1.5 cm long, including the more or less
FIGURE ida ute = twisted beak of about 3 to 5 mm; awns about

equal, ascending, 1 to 2 em long. 2 —Dry
plains, stony hillsides, and open forest, mostly at 1,500 to 2,500 m
altitude, southern Colorado, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona,
south through Mexico (fig. 982).

30. Aristida stricta Michx. PINELAND THREE-AWN. (Fig. 983.)
Perennial; culms erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades closely involute,
villous on the upper surface above the base (the hairs visible without
unrolling the blade), elongate, 1 mm thick; panicle slender, as much
as 30 cm long; glumes about equal, 7 to 9 mm long; lemma about 6

456 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mm long, scarcely beaked; awns divergent, the central 1 to 1.5 em
long, the lateral a little shorter. 2 —Common in pine barrens,
North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi (fig. 984).

31. Aristida rhizoméphora Swallen. (Fig. 985.) Perennial; culms
tufted, erect, 65 to 80 cm tall, producing well developed scaly rhizomes;
blades firm, flat or folded, 7 to 10 cm long, 1 to2 mm wide, those of the
innovations flexuous, as much as 30 cm long; panicle flexuous, 29 to

FIGURE 978.—Distribution of
Aristida fendleriana.

——w

Pe fathead nr hI 0 /iy py Vy eh por,

SS WOS AGES

FIGURE 979.—Aristida lanosa, X 1.
(Canby, Md.)

FIGURE 980.—Distribution of
Aristida lanosa.

FIGURE 977.—Aristida fendleriana, X 1.
(Coville 1089, Ariz.)

30 cm long, the distant branches somewhat spreading, few-flowered,
spikelet-bearing from near the base; glumes acuminate, usually awned,
the first 8 to 14 mm long, the second 12 to 17 mm long (including the
awn); lemma 9 to 12 mm long, the callus 1 mm long, the awns flexuous,
curved or loosely twisted at base, spreading, the central often reflexed
by a semicircular bend, 18 to 28 mm long, the lateral 15 to 20 mm
long. 2 —Prairies, peninsular Florida.

32. Aristida purpurascens Poir. ARROWFEATHER. (Fig. 986.)
Perennial; culms tufted from a rather thin weak sometimes decumbent

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 457

base, slender, 40 to 70 cm or even 1 m tall; blades flat, rather lax
7 and flexuous (especially the old ones),
\\ Wa of usually less than 2 mm wide; panicle
iN j ' narrow, rather lax and nodding, one-
‘\ / es third to half the entire length of the
NN culm; glumes about equal, 9 to 12 mm
Hy) long; lemma about 7 mm long; awns
fl about equal, divergent or somewhat
reflexed, 1.5 to 2.6 cm long. 2 —
Dry sandy soil,
Massachusetts
to Kansas,
south to Florida
and Texas (fig.
987).

33. Aristida
parishii Hitche. 00%, 82;-Distbation of
(Fig.988.) Per-
ennial; culms erect, 30 to 50 cm tall;
blades more or less involute, some-
times flat, 1 to 2 mm wide; panicle
narrow, about 15 cm long; glumes
short-awned, the first 12 mm long,
the second 1 or
FIGURE 981.—Aristida arizonica, X 1; 2 mm longer;

pee tg erie lemma about 12
mm long, tapering into a short straight or
obscurely twisted beak; awns about equal,
divergent, about 2.5 cm long. 2 —Dry or
rocky soil, Arizona and southern California.

34, Aristida affinis (Schult.) Kunth. (Fig.
989.) Perennial; culms tufted from a hard
thickened base, stiffly erect, rather stout, 1 to

1.5 m tall; blades flat,
_ becoming loosely invo-

lute, elongate, as much

as 3 mm wide; panicle

Narrow, virgate, as

much as 50 cm long;
mea glumes equal, about 12
Towne 4, Distribution of mmm long, the first with

a distinct nerve on one
side (thus 2-nerved); lemma 8 mm long, the
straight beak about 1 mm long; central awn
horizontally spreading, 1.5 to 3 cm long, the
lateral awns erect, two-thirds to three-fourths
aslong. 2 (A. palustris Vasey.)—Low pine
barrens and flatwoods, North Carolina an
Kentucky to Florida and Texas, on the Coastal
Plain (fig. 990).

35. Aristida virgata Trin. (Fig. 991.) Ficure 983—Aristida stricta, x 1;
Perennial; culms tufted from a rather slender ata Ti saat
soft.base, erect, 50 to 80 cm tall; blades flat, rather lax, usually not

458 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

more than 2 mm wide; panicle slender, erect, though not very stiff,
rather loosely flowered, one-third to half the entire length of the culm;
glumes about equal, 6 to 7 mm long; lemma 4 to 5 mm long; central
awn. horizontally spreading or somewhat reflexed, 1.5 to 2 cm long,
the lateral awns erect, about two-thirds as long as the central.
(A. chapmamana Nash.)—Moist sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, New
Jersey to Florida and Texas (fig. 992).

36. Aristida simplicifléra Chapm. (Fig. 993.) Perennial; culms
erect from a rather delicate base, slender, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat,
5 to 15 cm long, 1 mm wide; panicle slender, somewhat nodding, 10

FIGURE 985.—Aristida rhizomophora. Plant, X 14; spikelet, X 2; two views of callus, X 10. (Type.)

to 20 cm long, few-flowered, the spikelets mostly in pairs; glumes
equal, 6 to 7 mm long; lemma a little shorter than the glumes; central
awn finally reflexed by a semicircular bend, 1 to 1.5 cm long, the
lateral awns horizontally spreading, a little shorter than the central
one. 2 -—Moist pine woods, rare, western Florida; Mississippi
(McNeill).

37. Aristida méhrii Nash. (Fig. 994.) Perennial; culms erect,
40 to 60 cm tall; blades flat or those of the innovations involute, 10 to
15 cm long, 1 to 2 mm wide, the uppermost reduced; panicle slender,
strict, as much as 30 cm long; spikelets solitary, appressed, distant,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 459

FIGURE 987.—Distribution of
Aristida purpurascens.

FIGURE 990.—Distribution of
Aristida affinis.

Vv W
eee

FIGURE 986.—Aristida purpurascens, X 1. (Chase
4563, N.C.)

FIGURE 989.—Aristida affinis, X 1. (Combs 688, FIGURE 988.—Aristida parishii, X1. (Parish
Fla.) 1029A, Calif.)

‘

460 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

even the upper not overlapping; glumes equal, firm, rather broad
toward the mucronate apex, 1 cm long; lemma terete, a little shorter
than the glumes; awns divergent, the central one reflexed by a semi-
circular bend near the base, 1.5 to 2 cm long, the lateral ones scarcely
shorter than the central, horizontally spreading or reflexed. 2 —
Known only from Spring Hill, near Mobile, Ala.

38. Aristida tenuispica Hitche. (Fig. 995.) Perennial; culms
slender, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 10 to 20 cm long, 1 to 2

FIGURE 991.—Aristida virgata, X 1. (Tracy
4667, Miss.)

FIGURE 993.—Aristida sim-
pliciflora, X 1. (Chapman,
Fla.)

FIGURE 992.—Distribution of Aristida virgata.

mm wide, bearing scattered long hairs on the upper surface;
panicle slender, about half the entire length of the culm; glumes
nearly equal, about 8 mm long; lemma 7 mm long including a 1
mm long beak; awns equal, 12 to 15 mm long, spreading or
reflexed, somewhat spirally contorted at base. 2 —Low pine
barrens, peninsular Florida.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 461

39. Aristida condensata Chapm. (Fig. 996.) Perennial; culms
rather robust, a meter or more tall; blades firm,
flat, becoming involute, elongate, 2 to 3 mm

=

=

- vA ss
EN ‘ Lf —_—— = LF
ROS 2 Late

FIGURE 995.—Aristida tenuispica, FIGURE 996.—Aristida condensata, X 1.
x1. (Tracy 7104, Fla.) (Chapman, Fla.)

7 wa
We owNl
FIGURE 994.—Aristida mohrii, Wide; panicle narrow, as much as 30 cm long,

x 1. Cfohr 53, Ala.) the branches 5 to 10 cm long, ascending, closely

flowered; glumes equal, 8 to 9 *
mm long; awns equal, divergent, I 2

10 to 15 mm long, the base more 1 e. Z,

or less contorted, finally forming
a loose spiral. 2 —Sandy pine
or oak barrens, Georgia, Florida,
and Alabama, on the Coastal
Plain.

40. Aristida gyrans Chapm.
(Fig. 997.) Perennial; culms
erect, slender, 40 to 70 cm tall;
blades involute, 10 to 15 cm long,
1 mm wide; panicle slender, rather
lax, 15 to 30 cm long, the branches
appressed, not at all or only slight-
ly overlapping, bearing mostly 1
to 3 spikelets; first glume 7 to 8
mm long, the second 10 to 11 mm
long; lemma about 6 mm long,
the callus 1.5 mm long, sharp;
awns equal, divergent, 1 to 1.5 cm Ficure 997.—Aristida gyrans, X 1. (Combs 1289,
long, about equally contorted at ey
base in a loose spiral. 2 -—Dry sandy soil, Georgia and Florida.

462 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TRIBE 6. ZOYSIEAE
86. TRAGUS Hall.
(Nazia Adans.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in small spikes of 2 to 5, the spikes subsessile,
falling entire, the spikelets sessile on a very short zigzag rachis, the
first glumes small, thin, or wanting, appressed to the rachis, the second

FIGURE 998.—Tragus berteronianus. Plant, X 144; bur and spikelet, X 5. (Hitchcock 3745, N.Mex.)

glumes of the two lower spikelets strongly convex with 3 thick nerves
bearing a row of squarrose, stout hooked prickles along each side,
the two second glumes forming the halves of a little bur, the upper 1
to 3 spikelets reduced and sterile; lemma and palea thin, the lemma
flat, the palea strongly convex. Low annuals, with flat blades and
terminal inflorescence, the burs or spikes rather closely arranged
along an elongate, slender axis. Type species, Tragus racemosus.
Name from Greek tragos, he-goat, applied by Plinius to a plant.
Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, the apex scarcely projecting beyond the spines, the bur
mearly sessile) 0) 20 es Sey ee eee 1. TT. BERTERONIANUS.

Spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long, the acuminate apex projecting beyond the spines, the
bum) pediceled 2s...) 0m wa) eee ey ae ee Be 2. T. RACEMOSUS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 463

1. Tragus berteronianus Schult. (Fig. 998.) Culms branched
at base, spreading, 10 to 40 cm long; blades firm, mostly less than 5
em long, 2 to 4 mm wide, the cartilaginous margin
bearing stiff white hairs or short slender teeth; raceme
dense, 4 to 10 cm long, 4 to 5 mm thick; burs 2 to 3
mm long, nearly sessile, the apex scarcely exceeding
the spines. © (The name
Nazia aliena Scribn. has been
erroneously applied to the spe-
cies.)—Dry open ground, prob-
ably introduced, Texas _ to
Arizona, south to Argentina;
also in the warmer parts of the
Old World; on ballast at Boston Frsuns, rob Distribution of
and on wool waste in Maine.

: 2. Tragus racemosus (L.) All. (Fig. 999.) Differ-
Figure 999—Tragus ing from TY. berteronianus in the larger burs, the
(Griffiths 152, spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long, in the acuminate apex
rs projecting beyond the spines, and in the pediceled
burs. © (Nazia racemosa Kuntze.)—Waste ground and on ballast
at a few places from Maine to North Carolina; Texas to Arizona
(fig. 1000); introduced from the Old World.

ANTHEPHORA Schreb.

Spikelets with 1 perfect floret and a sterile lemma below, in clusters
of 4, the indurate first glumes united at base, forming a pitcher-shaped
pseudo-involucre, the clusters subsessile and erect on a slender flexuous
continuous axis, deciduous at maturity. Type species, Anthephora
elegans Schreb. (A. hermaphrodita). Name from anthe, blossom, and
pherein, to bear.

Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze. Leafy ascending or
decumbent annual; culms mostly 20 to 50 cm tall; blades flat, thin, 5
to 10 mm wide; spikes erect, 5 to 10 cm long; first glume 5 to 7 mm
long, about 9-nerved; second glume narrow, acuminate, shorter than
the first, pubescent; sterile lemma 5-nerved, about as long as the
fertile floret. © —Escaped from Experiment Station plots, Florida
(Gainesville); a common weed in tropical America.

87. ZOYSIA Willd.
(Osterdamia Neck.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, appressed flatwise
against the slender rachis, glabrous, disarticulating below the glumes;
first glume wanting; second glume coriaceous, mucronate, or short-
awned, completely infolding the thin lemma and palea, the palea
sometimes obsolete. Low perennials, with creeping rhizomes, short,
pungently pointed blades, and terminal spikelike racemes, the spike-
lets on short appressed pedicels. Type species, Zoysia pungens Willd.
Named for Karl von Zois.

Several years ago a species of this genus was introduced into the
United States as a lawngrass under the names Korean lawngrass and
Japanese lawngrass. It was recommended for the Southern States
and was said to be hardy as far north as Connecticut. The species

55974°—35 30

464 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

then introduced appears to be Zoysia japonica Steud. Recently a
fine-leaved species, Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. (Mascarene grass), has
been introduced in Florida and southern California (called in the
latter region Korean velvet grass) and has given favorable results.
These species may escape from cultivation. The original species,
Z. matrella (L.) Merr. (Z. pungens Willd.), called Manila grass (fig.
1001), is common in the Philippine Islands.

FIGURE 1001.—Zoysia matrella. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Whitford 1303, P.I.)

In Z. japonica (Japanese lawngrass) the blades are flat and rather
stiff, 2 to 4 mm wide, the spikelets about 3 mm long and a little more
than 1 mm wide. The rhizomes are underground. In Z. tenuifolia
the blades are involute-capillary, the spikelets much narrower than in
Z. japonica. The stolons are at or near the surface of the soil. In
Z. matrella the spikelets are about 2.5 mm long and a little less than
1 mm wide.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 4659

88. HILARIA H.B.K.

Spikelets sessile, in groups of 3, the groups falling from the axis
entire, the central spikelet (next the axis) fertile, 1-flowered (occa-
sionally 2-flowered), the 2 lateral spikelets staminate, 2-flowered
(occasionally 3-flowered); glumes coriaceous, those of the 3 spike-

)

Wi

if

es /y
i,

FIGURE 1002.—Hilaria belangeri. Plant, X }4; single spike, X 1; group of spikelets, two views (4), X 5;
fertile spikelet (B), staminate spikelet (C), and fertile floret (D), X 5. (Hitchcock, Tex.)

lets forming a false involucre, in some species connate at the base,
more or less asymmetric, usually bearing an awn on one side from
about the middle (extension of the midnerve of the asymmetric
glume); lemma and palea hyaline, about equal in length. Perennials,
with stiff, solid culms and narrow blades, the groups of spikelets

466 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

appressed to the axis, in terminal spikes. Type species, Hilaria
cenchroides H.B.K. Named for Auguste St. Hilaire.

All the species are important range grasses. Curly mesquite is the
dominant “‘short grass” of the Texas plains. The larger species are
well known on the range in the arid and semiarid regions of the
Southwest. They resist close grazing.

Gulms; white felty sotibeSce ing 2a ecinr Syma le me daca ee 4. H. riqipa.
Culms not felty pubescent.
Cluster of spikelets not flabellate; glumes of lateral spikelet narrowed toward
[S508 409 0101 Fo pe ey Sec ah YES AMI TCP TNE ONTOS 8 MOE ih 3. H. JAMESII.
Cluster of spikelets flabellate; glumes (at least the outer one) of lateral
spikelets broadest toward summit.
Glumes subhyaline and fimbriate at summit; plants tufted, not stoloni-

Perouse! 5 RG es SOIR AR A ea 2. He wu TIGA
Glumes firm, not fimbriate; plants stoloniferous (except in var. longi-
Sofie) eat STR penn RES Ns eT IMO SS wih aN Dial | 1. H. BELANGERI.

1. Hilaria belangéri (Steud.) Nash.
CURLY MESQUITES “Mier 1002)
Plants in tufts, sending out slender
stolons, these producing new tufts,
the internodes of the stolons wiry, 5
to 15 cm long; culms erect, slender, 10
to 30 cm tall, villous at the nodes;
blades flat, curly, 1 to 2 mm wide,
usually short, crowded at base, form-
ing a curly tuft, but sometimes longer
and erect; spike usually 2 to 3 cm
long, with mostly 4 to 8 clusters of
spikelets, the axis flat, the internodes
alternately curved, 3 to 5 mm long;
eroup of spikelets 5 to 7 mm long;
lateral spikelets attenuate at base,
the glumes united below, firm, sca-
brous, the outer lobe broadened up-
ward, 2- to 3-nerved, the inner much
reduced, the midnerve of both glumes
extending into short awns, the first
glume smaller, the lateral nerves some-
times excurrent into awns or teeth (the
glumes variable in a single spike);
Higune 1003 Fiaria, mutica, X 1. (Tou fertile spikelet usually shorter than the

‘gee sterile, rounded at base; glumes firm
with deeply lobed thinner upper part, the midnerves extending into
awns mostly exceeding the staminate spikelets; lemma compressed,
narrowed above, awnless. 2 (H. texana Nash.)—Mesas and plains,
Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico. WH. cenchroides H.B.K., to
which this species has commonly been referred, is confined to Mexico.
HILARIA BELANGERI var. LONGIFOLIA (Vasey) Hitche. Stolons want-
ing; blades elongate. 2 (H. longifolia Vasey.)— Arizona and
Sonora.

2. Hilaria miitica (Buckl.) Benth. Tososa crass. (Fig. 1003.)
Culms from a tough rhizomatous base, 30 to 60 cm tall, glabrous, the
nodes pubescent; blades flat or somewhat involute, rather rigid, 2 to3
mm wide; spikes 4 to 6 cm long; group of spikelets about 7 mm long;
bearded at base; glumes of lateral spikelets very unsymmetrical,

467

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

(Tidestrom 1449, Utah.)

Plant, X %; single spike, X 1; group of spikelets, two views (A), X 5;

fertile spikelet (B), staminate spikelet (C), and fertile floret (D), X 5.

FIGURE 1004.—Hilaria jamesii.

468 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

widened toward the ciliate summit, the nerves flabellate, not excur-
rent or barely so; fertile spikelet about equaling the lateral ones, its
glumes strongly keeled, cleft into few to several narrow ciliate lobes
and slender awns; lemma exceeding the glumes,
mucronate between 2 rounded lobes. 2 (Pleu-
raphis mutica Buckl.)—Dry plains and hills,
CA Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico.
i 3. Hilaria jamésii (Torr.) Benth. Gatiera.
aon (Fig. 1004.) Plants erect, the base often decum-
: ee bent or rhizomatous, bearing also tough scaly
TORE Neti wee” =«6rhizomes; culms glabrous, the nodes villous;
sheaths glabrous or slightly scabrous, sparingly
villous around the short membranaceous ligule; blades mostly 2 to 5
cm long, 2 to 4mm wide, rigid, soon involute, the upper reduced; group
of spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, long-villous at base, similar to those of H.
rigida, but the glumes of
lateral spikelets acute,
usually with a single
awn; lemma of the fer-
tile spikelet exceeding
its glumes. 2 (Pleu-
raphis gamesiz Torr.)—
Deserts, canyons, and
dry plains, Wyoming
and Utah to Texas and
Inyo County, Calif. (fig.
1005).

4. Hilaria rigida
(Thurb.) Benth. Bice
GALLETA, (Wie: 1006.)
Plants rather robust at
base, branching, the
branches mostly erect
or ascending, the base
rather woody, decum-
bent or rhizomatous;
culms numerous, rigid,
felty-pubescent, glab-
rate and scabrous above,
50 to 100 cm tall; leaves
felty or glabrous, usu-
ally woolly at the top
of the sheath; blades
spreading, 2 to 5 cm FIGURE 1006.—Hilaria rigida, X 1. (Palmer 494, Utah.)
long, or longer on sterile
shoots, 2 to 4 mm wide, more or less involute, acuminate into a rigid
coriaceous point; group of spikelets about 8 mm long, densely bearded
at base; glumes of lateral spikelets thin, long-ciliate, about 7-nerved,
usually 2- to 4-lobed at the broad summit and with 1 to 3 nerves
excurrent into slender awns, nerves sometimes obscure and scarcely

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 469

excurrent (variable in a single spike); fertile spikelet about equaling
the lateral ones, its narrow glumes deeply cleft into few to several
acuminate ciliate lobes and slender awns; lemma scarcely exceeding
the glumes, thin, ciliate, 2-lobed, the midnerve excurrent into a short
awn. 2 (Pleuraphis rigida Thurb.)—Deserts, southern Utah and
Nevada to southern California and Sonora (fig. 1007).

89. AEGOPOGON Humb. and Bonpl.

Spikelets short-pedicellate, in groups of 3, the group short-pedun-
culate, spreading, the peduncle disarticulating from the axis and
forming a pointed stipe below the group, this falling entire; central
spikelet shorter pedicellate, fertile, the 2 lateral ones longer pedi-
cellate and staminate or neuter; glumes membranaceous, notched at
the apex, the midnerve extending into a delicate
awn; lemma and palea thinner than the glumes,
extending beyond them, the lemma3-nerved, the
central nerve and sometimes also the lateral
ones extending into awns, the palea 2-awned.
Low, lax annuals, with short, narrow, flat blades
and loose racemes of delicate groups of spike- ae
lets. Type species, Aegopogon cenchroides *°™* Hira rigid
Humb.and Bonpl. Name from Greek aiz, goat,
and pogon, beard, alluding to the fascicle of awns of the spikelets.

1. Aegopogon tenéllus (Cav.) Trin. (Fig. 1008.) Culms 10 to
20 cm long, usually spreading or decumbent; blades 1 to 2 mm wide;
racemes 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets, excluding awns, about 2 mm
long; lemma and palea of lateral spikelets broad and rounded at
summit with a single delicate awn, those of the fertile spikelet nar-
rower, with one long and 2 short awns. © -—Open ground, moun-
tains of southern Arizona and south to northern South America.

TRIBE 7. CHLCRIDEAE
90. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. SpraNGLETOP

Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, sessile or short-pediceled, approxi-
mate or somewhat distant along one side of a slender rachis, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes unequal or nearly equal, awnless or mucronate, 1-nerved,
usually shorter than the first lemma; lemmas obtuse or acute, some-
times 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned from between the
teeth, 3-nerved, the verves sometimes pubescent. Annuals or
perennials, with flat blades and numerous usually slender spikes or
racemes borne on a common axis forming a long or sometimes short
panicle. Type species, Leptochloa virgata. Name from Greek leptos,
slender, and chloa, grass, alluding to the slender spikes.
The only species of Leptochloa important as a forage grass is L.
Ras or sprangletop, of the Southwest, useful for grazing and for
ay.

Plants perennial.
Lemmas broad, notched at apex, the lateral nerves glabrous____ 1. L. puBra.
Lemmas acute or awned, the lateral nerves pubescent.

Lemmas about 3 mm long; panicle flabellate, the axis short.
L. CHLORIDIFORMIS.

470 += MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1008.—Aegopogon tenellus. Plant, X 4%; group of spikelets, X 5; lateral spikelets and central
spikelet, X 10. (Pringle 1407, Mexico.)

Lemmas about 1.5 mm long; panicle oblong, the axis relatively long.
Sheaths and blades glabrous; lemmas awnless or nearly so.
3. L. VIRGATA.
Sheaths and blades sparsely pilose; lemmas awned__ 4. L. DOMINGENSIS.
Plants annual.
Sheaths papillose-pilose; first floret not longer than the second glume; spike-
letsmostly 1) 10:2 nam longi ee ve ee eee 5. L. FILIFORMIS.
Sheaths smooth or scabrous, not pilose; spikelets more than 2 mm long.
Lemmas awned, awns sometimes minute. Culms freely branching.
Lemmas viscid on the back; panicle oval, usually less than 10 cm long,
the longer branches usually less than 5 ecm long; second glume 1.5
i000 GH (0) OF ge Mee Mee UR peaNEVipLS ae Sy yto PNY.) Esa Lith MEUM Noch I 6. L. visciDA.
Lemmas not viscid; panicle more than 10 cm long, the longer branches
usually as much as 10 cm Jong; second glume 3 mm long.
7. L. FASCICULARIS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 471

Lemmas awnless or mucronate only.
Florets obtuse, sometimes mucronate.
Spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 6- to 9-flowered, lead color.
8. L.UNINERVIA.

Spikelets 2 to 3 mm long, 3- to 4-flowered, pale----- 9. L. NEALLEYI.
Florets acuminate.
Sheaths scabrous, keeled and compressed _----------- 10. L. scABRA.
Sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous near apex, scarcely keeled or
compressed 11. L. PANICOIDES.

FicurRE 1009.—Leptochloa dubia. Panicle, X 1; ee of floret, X 10. (Small, Carter, and Small
3572, Fla.

1. Leptochloa dibia (H. B. K.) Nees. GREEN spRANGLETOP. (Fig.
1009.) Perennial; culms wiry, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths
glabrous; blades flat or sometimes folded or loosely involute, scabrous,
as much as 1 cm wide, but usually narrower; panicle of few to many
spreading or ascending racemes 3 to 12 cm long, approximate or
somewhat distant on an axis as much as 15 cm long; spikelets 5- to
8-flowered or in reduced specimens only 2-flow-
ered, 5 to 10 mm long; lemmas broad, glabrous
on the internerves, obtuse or emarginate, the
midnerve sometimes extending into a short
point, the florets at maturity widely spreading,
very different in appearance from their early
phase. 2 W—Rocky hills and canyons and
FIGURE 100 pee ot ~«sandy soil, southern Florida; Oklahoma (Fort

Sill) and Texas to Arizona, south through
Mexico; (fig. 1010) Argentina. Racemes of cleistogamous spikelets
are often found in the sheaths.

2. Leptochloa chloridif6rmis (Hack.) Parodi. (Fig. 1011.) Robust
tufted perennial, somewhat glaucous; culms erect, 80 to 150 cm tall;
sheaths scaberulous; ligule a dense line of white hairs, 1 to 2 mm long;
blades erect, elongate, flat, rather firm, 3 to 4 mm wide, villous on the
upper surface near the base, the margins scabrous, long-attenuate;
panicle long-exserted; spikes numerous (usually 10 to 15), pale or
stramineous, erect at base, flabellate or outcurved above, 10 to 15
cm long, aggregate in 2 or 3 whorls on an axis 3 to 4 cm long; spikelets
closely imbricate on a rachis 0.5 mm wide, about 4-flowered, about
4 mm long; glumes acute, the first 1.5 mm long, the second 2.5 to
3 mm long; lemmas keeled, pilose on the margins nearly to apex,
the midnerve extending beyond the obtuse tip as a minute mucro,
the first and second florets about 3 mm long, the other shorter, not

472 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

extending much beyond the first two. 2 —Dry open ground,
Cameron County, Tex.; Paraguay and Argentina.

_ 3. Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. (Fig. 1012.) Perennial; culms
wiry, erect, 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat; racemes several to many,

FIGURE 1011.—Leptochloa chioridiformis. Panicle, < 1; floret, < 10.
(Silveus 622, Tex.)

slender, laxly ascending, 5 to10cm long, the
lower distant, the others often aggregate; spike-
lets nearly sessile, mostly 3- to 5-flowered;
lemmas 1.5 to 2 mm long, awnless or the lower
with a short awn. 2—Openground and grassy
slopes, southern Florida and southern Texas;
tropical America.

4. Leptochloa domingénsis Jacq.) Trin. (Fig.
1013.) Resembling L. virgata; sheaths and blades
sparsely pilose; panicle more elongate, the race-
mes shorter and more numerous; lemmas ap-
pressed-pubescent on the internerves, awned,
the awn of the lower florets 1 to3 mm long. 2
—Open ground and grassy slopes, southern
Florida; tropical America.

5. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Rep
SPRANGLETOP. (Fig. 1014.) Annual; the foliage and panicles often red-
dish or purple; culms erect, or often branching and geniculate below,
40 to 70 cm tall, or often dwarf; sheaths papillose-pilose, sometimes
sparsely so; blades flat, thin, as much as 1 cm wide; panicle somewhat
viscid, of numerous approximate slender racemes 5 to 15 cm long, on

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 473

an axis mostly about half the entire length of the culm; spikelets 3- to
4-flowered, 1 to 2 mm long, rather distant on the rachis; glumes
acuminate, longer than the first floret, often as long as the spikelet;
lemmas awnless, pubescent on the nerves, 1.5 mmlong. © (L.
mucronata Kunth.)—Open or shady ground, a common weed in
gardens and fields, Virginia to southern Indiana and eastern Kansas,
south to Florida and Texas, west to southern California; Massa-

FIGURE 1012.—Leptochloa virgata. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Wilson 9402, Cuba.)

chusetts; throughout tropical America (fig. 1015). Much of the
material from the Southwest has shorter racemes. Smaller forms
occur throughout. These have been called L. attenuata (Nutt.) Steud.

6. Leptochloa viscida (Scribn.) Beal. (Fig. 1016.) Annual, freely
branching at base and from all the nodes, spreading or prostrate, the
foliage and panicles somewhat viscid; culms 10 to 30 cm tall; blades

ZS

= .
SSA

FIGURE 1013.—Leptochloa domingensis. Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 10055, Trinidad.)

flat; panicles ovoid, rather dense, 1 to 8 cm long, tinged with purple,
included at base; spikelets 3 to 5 mm long, 5- to 7-flowered; lemmas
pubescent on the nerves, about 2 mm long, short-awned. © -—Open
ground and waste places, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico.

7. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray. (Fig.1017.) Annual,
somewhat succulent; culms erect to spreading or prostrate, freely
branching, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades flat to loosely involute; panicles
more or less included, mostly 10 to 20 em long, often smaller, occa-
sionally longer, the racemes several to numerous, as much as 10 cm

474 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1014.—Leptochloa filiformis. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Ruth 51, Tenn.)

FIGURE

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 475

long, usually ascending or appressed, or at maturity spreading; spike-
lets usually overlapping, 7 to 12 mm long, 6- to 12-flowered; lemmas
4 to 5 mm long, the lateral nerves pubescent below, acuminate, the
awn from short to as long as the body. © (Diplachne fascicularis
Beauv.)—Brackish marshes along the coast, New Hampshire to
Florida and Texas and in alkali flats, ditches, and
marshes, Illinois and South Dakota to Texas, west |
through Colorado and New Mexico to California; ‘SX
also Washington (Bingen) and Oregon; south through ‘SX
tropical America to Argentina (fig. 1018.) A pros- = Aye i
trate form has been called Dip- , y SN
lachne procumbens (Muhl.) ‘
Nash and D. maritima Bickn.
8. Leptochloa uninérvia
(Presl) Hitche. and Chase.
(Fig. 1019.) Resembling JL.
fascicularis, rather sparingly
ahi branching, usually strictly
; erect, the panicle more oblong
in outline, with shorter, denser-flowered racemes;
spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, 6- to 9-flowered, lead-color;
glumes broader, more obtuse; lemmas scarcely nar- \
rowed toward tip, apiculate but not awned, the lat- Tree
eral nerves more or less excurrent. © (L.imbricata ‘ST icin Panicle x
Thurb.)—Ditches and moist places, Mississippi to 30°"¢t 10. Mearns
Colorado and southern California, south to Mexico; i ho
oo) to Argentina; introduced from Maine to New Jersey (fig.
1020).
9. Leptochloa nealléyi Vasey. (Fig. 1021.) Annual, usually erect
and rather robust; culms mostly 1 to 1.5 m tall, simple or sparingly
: branching at base; sheaths gla-
brous or slightly scabrous, mostly
keeled; blades elongate, flat to
loosely involute; panicle commonly

Ys /
iy? i, \
Y. Bz ZB,

TOLLE:

Z
=

if
_,
Vp 3
EB - fale

Ls,

Ah

FIGURE 1018.—Distribution of
Leptochloa fascicularis.

| 25 to 50 cm long, not more than 4 cm

FIGURE 1017.—Leptochloa fascicularis. Panicle, X wide, the igen subverticillate,

Sea views of floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 7876, oOverlapping,2 to4 cmlong,appressed

; or ascending; spikelets crowded,

3- or 4-flowered, 2 to 3 mm long; lemmas about 1.5 mm long, the apex

obtuse, the nerves sparingly pubescent, the lateral close to the margin.

© —Marshes, mostly near the coast, Louisiana (Cameron) and
Texas; also eastern Mexico.

476 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10. Leptochloa scabra Nees. (Fig. 1022.) Annual; culms erect,
about 1 m tall, somewhat robust and succulent, sparingly branching;
sheaths and blades scabrous, the blades elongate, 8 to 12 mm wide;
panicle 20 to 40 cm long, not more than 7 cm
wide, usually less, the slender racemes crowded,
4 to 8 cm long, ascending or somewhat droop-
ing, usually curved or flexuous; spikelets
crowded, mostly 3-flowered, about 3 mm long;
lemmas acute, awnless,
the nerves pubescent.
© —Marshes and
ditches, Louisiana (near
New Orleans) and trop-
ical America.

11. Leptochloa pani- Teerre
coides: (Presl)\\Hitehe. (ee iia annanene de
(Fig. 1023.)° Annual;
culms erect or spreading, 50 to 100 em tall,
branching; sheaths glabrous; blades thin, 5 to
FIGURE 1019.—Leptochloa_uni- 1() mm wide, scaberulous; panicle oblong, 10

nervia. Panicle, X 1; two views :

of floret, X 10. (Tharp 3123, to 20 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, the racemes

= approximate, 3 to 5 cm long, ascending, rather
lax; spikelets 5- to 7-flowered, 4 to 5 mm long; lemmas 2.5 mm long,
apiculate, the lateral nerves minutely pubescent at base. © (ZL.
floribunda Doell.)—Indiana (Posey County), Mississippi (Holmes
County), Louisiana, Texas; Brazil (fig. 1024).

~<——=
Z
ES

<>

a a

Zz

Vi = J Z
EB L

SZ

—<—s

Ss

i) WEBLE

if
gs GE:

LSI ee :

leyi. Panicle, X 1; two views t
of floret, xX 10. (Fisher 25, FIGURE 1022.—Leptochloa scabra. Panicle, X 1;
Tex.) two views of floret, X 10. (Tracy 8388, La.)

91. TRICHONEURA Anderss.

Spikelets few-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
the internodes pilose at base, disarticulating near their summit, the
upper part forming a short callus below the floret; glumes about

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 477

equal, 1-nerved, long-acuminate, mostly as long as the spikelet or
longer; lemmas bidentate, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the mar-
gin, the midnerve usually excurrent as a short awn, the margins
long-ciliate; palea broad, the nerves near the margin. Annuals or
perennials with simple panicles, the spikelets short-pediceled along
one side of the main branches.
Type species, Trichoneura hookeri
Anderss. Name from Greek thriz, ) ¥ \ My
hair, and neuron, nerve, alluding \ N !
to the ciliate nerves of the FY .
lemma. y A
1. TrichoneuraélegansSwallen. Q (QiiZ
(Fig. 1025.) Annual, branching QA, SAA
at base; culms erect, rather ro- NWR
bust, or ascending, 40 to 110 cm \ y
tall, several-noded; sheaths sca-
berulous; blades flat, or subinvo-
lute toward the tip, scabrous,
elongate, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle
erect, 10 to 18 cm long, the axis
angled, scabrous; branches nu-
merous, stiffly ascending, the low-
er 5 to 8 cm long, rather densely
flowered; spikelets mostly 5- to
8-flowered, 9 to 10 mm _ long; Lo
glumes about equaling the spike- FIGURE 1023.—Leptochloa panicoides. Panicle, < 1;
let, the setaceous tips slightly two views of floret, x 10. (Tracy 7451, Miss.)
spreading; lemmas scaberulous
toward the obtuse minutely lobed summit, the awn minute, the mar-
gins conspicuously ciliate on the lower half to two-thirds, the hairs
as much as 1 mm long. © -—Sandy soil, southern Texas.

92. TRIPOGON Roth

Spikelets several-flowered, subsessile, appressed in two rows along
one side of a slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes some-
what unequal, acute or acuminate, narrow,
l-nerved; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, bearing at
base a tuft of long hairs, the apex bifid, the
midnerve extending as a short awn. Our spe-
cies a low, tufted perennial, with capillary blades
and eee opal spikes, the spikelets some-
FIGURE 1024 Distribution of whatdistant. Typespecies, Tripogon bromoides

Re Roth. Name from Greek frets, three, and
pogon, beard, alluding to the hairs at the base of the three nerves
of the lemma.

1. Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman. (Fig. 1026.) Culms 10 to 20
em tall; spike from one-fourth to half the entire height of the plant;
spikelets 5 to 8 mmlong. 2 —Rocky hills, central Texas, Mexico;
Cuba; South America.

Rae.
We aed

SSS

LE

SS

ME.
SSS

7

478 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

c—

SLE.
S> EDL
LEZ

A

WN
WANN

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 479

93. ELEUSINE Gaertn.

Spikelets few to several-flowered, compressed, sessile and closely
imbricate, in two rows along one side of a rather broad rachis, not
prolonged beyond the spikelets; rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, rather broad, acute,
l-nerved, shorter than the first lemma; lemmas acute, with 3 strong

FIGURE 1026.—Tripogon spicatus. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Nealley 78, Tex.)

green nerves close together forming a keel, the uppermost somewhat
reduced; seed dark brown, roughened by fine ridges, loosely enclosed
in the thin pericarp. Annuals, with two to several rather stout
spikes, digitate at the summit of the culms, sometimes with one or
two a short distance below, or rarely with a single spike. Type spe-
cies, Hleusine coracana. Name from Eleusis, the town where De-
meter was worshipped.
55974°—35—31

480 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1027.—Eleusine indica. Plant, X 4%; spikelet, ry” and seed (without pericarp), X 5. (Fredholm
5331, Fla

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 481

1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. GoosrGrass. (Fig. 1027.)
Branching at base, ascending to prostrate, very smooth; culms com-
pressed, usually less than 50 cm long, but sometimes as much as 1 m;
blades flat or folded, 3 to 8 mm wide; spikes mostly 2 to 6, rarely
more, or but 1 in depauperate plants, flat, 4 to 15 cm long. © —
Waste places, fields, and open ground, Massachusetts to South
Dakota and Kansas, south to Florida and T exas; occasional in Oregon
and California (fig. 1028): introduced; a common weed in the warmer
regions of both hemispheres.

Eleusine tristachya Lam. Spikes 1 to 3, rarely more, 1 to 2.5 cm
long, 8 to 10 mm thick; resembling FE. indica, but the spikes short
and thick. © —On ballast, Camden, N.J. and
Mobile, Ala.; Portland, Oreg. and elsewhere;
tropical Africa; introduced in tropical South
America.

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. AFRICAN
MILLET. More robust than EF. indica; spikes
thicker, heavier, sometimes incurved at the tip,

FIGURE 1028.—Distribution of

brownish at maturity. A cultivated form of Eleusine indica.
E. indica; the seed used for food among primi-
tive peoples in Africa and southern Asia. © —Occasionally grown at

experiment stations. Called also ragi, coracan millet, and finger millet.
94. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.

Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, compressed, sessile and closely imbricate,
in two rows along one side of the rather narrow flat rachis, the end
projecting in a point beyond the spikelets; rachilla disarticulating
above the first glume and between the florets; glumes somewhat
unequal, broad, 1-nerved, the first persistent. upon the rachis, the
second mucronate or short-awned below the tip, deciduous; lemmas
firm, broad, keeled, acuminate or short-awned, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves indistinct, the upper floret reduced ; palea about as long as the
lemma; seed subglobose, ridged or wrinkled, enclosed in a thin, early-
disappearing pericarp. Annuals or perennials with flat blades and
two to several short thick spikes, digitate and widely spreading at the
summit of the culms. Type species, Dactyloctenium aegyptium.
Name from Greek daktulos, finger, and ktenion, a little comb, alluding
to the pectinate arrangement of the spikelets.

1. Dactyloctenium aegy¥ptium (L.) Richt. (Fig. 1029.) Culms
compressed, spreading with ascending ends, rooting at the nodes,
branching, commonly forming radiate mats, usually 20 to 40 em long,
sometimes as much as 1 m; blades flat, ciliate: spikes 1 to 5 cm
long. © —Open ground, waste places, and fields, Coastal Plain,
North Carolina to Florida and Arizona, also occasional at more
northern points (Maine to New Jersey ; Illinois): tropical America
(fig. 1030); mtroduced from tropical regions of the Old World.

95. CYNODON Rich.
(Capriola Adans.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of
a slender continuous rachis and appressed to it, the rachilla dis-
articulating above the glumes and prolonged behind the palea as a

N.C.)

rr ee
QLDIVKI PDT nD ——
ELE ‘LIAS lp, Win

(Small and Heller 378,

\ 5
ern
= LLL, Z a \ yy
LE LB
a LOL pT Ss y

yyy, Titi
g Ti PHATE
a ALTE ee hi

- SOG) Y f\
C222 pL ale

aA

FIGURE 1029.—Dactyioctenium aegyptium. Plant, X 4%; spikelet, floret, and seed (without pericarp), X 5.

482 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 483

slender naked bristle, sometimes bearing a rudimentary lemma;
glumes narrow, acuminate, l-nerved, about equal, shorter than the
floret; lemma firm, strongly compressed, pu-
bescent on the keel, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
close to the margins. Perennial, usually low
grasses, with creeping stolons or rhizomes, short
blades, and several slender spikes digitate at
the summit of the upright culms. Typespecies,
Cynodon dactylon. Name from kuon (kun-), :
dog, and odous, tooth, alluding to the sharp F'GUR# 1030— Distribution of
hard scales of the rhizome. : eae fe“5
1. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Brrmupa Grass. (Fig. 1031.)
Extensively creeping by scaly rhizomes or by strong flat stolons, the

FIGURE 1031.—Cynodon dactylon. Plant, X 14; spikelet and two views of floret, X 5. (Kearney, Tenn.)

old bladeless sheaths of the stolon and the lowest one of the branches
often forming conspicuous pairs of “dog’s teeth’; flowering culms
flattened, usually erect or ascending, 10 to 40 cm tall; ligule a con-

484 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

spicuous ring of white hairs; blades flat, those of the innovations
often conspicuously distichous; spikes usually 4 or 5, 2.5 to 5 cm
long; spikelets imbricate, 2 mm long, the lemma boat-shaped, acute.
2. (Capriola dactylon Kuntze.)— Open ground, grassland, fields, and
waste places, common, Maryland to Oklahoma, south to Florida and
Texas, west to California; also occasional north of this region (New
Hampshire to Michigan, Oregon) (fig. 1032);
warm regions of both hemispheres, introduced
in America. Bermuda grass is the most
important pasture grass of the Southern
States, and is also widely utilized there as a
: lawngrass. On alluvial ground it may grow
SEEN sufhiciently rank to be cut for hay. It prop-
Fe ee donor Of ~agates readily by its rhizomes and stolons, and
on this account may become a troublesome
weed in cultivated fields. This grass is known also as wire-grass
(especially the weedy form in fields). A more robust form, found
along the seacoast of Florida, has been called C. maritimus, though
the type of that (from Peru) is characteristic C. dactylon. There are
large areas of Bermuda grass around the Roosevelt Dam, Ariz.,
where it survives submergence and furnishes grazing at low water.

96. WILLKOMMIA Hack.

Spikelets 1-flowered, dorsally compressed, sessile in two rows on -
one side of a slender rachis and appressed to it, the rachilla somewhat
lengthened below and above the second glume, disarticulating just
above it, not prolonged above the floret; glumes thin, unequal, the
first narrow, nerveless, the second 1-nerved; lemma awnless, 3-nerved,
the lateral nerves near the margin, the back of the lemma sparingly
pubescent between the nerves, the margins densely covered with
silky hairs; nerves of the palea densely silky hairy. Annuals or
perennials, with several short spikes racemose on a slender axis; our
species a low tufted perennial. Type species, Willkommia sarmentosa
Hack. Named for H. M. Willkomm.

1. Willkommia texana Hitche. (Fig. 1033.) Culms erect to
spreading, 20 to 40 cm tall; blades flat or more or less involute, short;
spikes few to several, 2 to 5 cm long, somewhat overlapping or the
lower distant, appressed, the axis 4 to 15 cm long; spikelets about 4
mm long, narrow, acute; first glume about two-thirds as long as the
second, obtuse; second glume subacute; lemma about as long as the
second glume. 2 -—Spots of ‘“‘hard pan’’, central and southern
Texas. A stoloniferous form has been found in Argentina.

97. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.

Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and somewhat distant in two rows on
one side of a slender, continuous 3-angled rachis, appressed to its
slightly concave sides, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
not prolonged; glumes narrow, stiff, somewhat unequal, acuminate,
1-nerved; lemmas narrow, acuminate, a little longer than the glumes,
3-nerved. Low, tufted perennial, with stiff, slender, divergent spikes
arranged rather remotely along a common axis. Type species,
Schedonnardus texranus Steud. (S. paniculatus). Name from’ Greek
schedon, near, and Nardus, a genus of grasses (Steudel places Schedon-
nardus next to Nardus in his classification),

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 489

Se

=.
Swe me

FIGUBE 1033:5—Wilko mmia terana.... Plant; X 14; two views of spikelet and floret, X 5. (Tracy 8903, Tex._

486 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1034.—Schedonnardus panicuiatus. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Hall 797, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 487

1. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Tumpiecrass. (Fig.
1034.) Culms 20 to 40 cm tall; leaves crowded at the base; blades
flat, mostly 2 to 5 cm long, about 1 mm wide, wavy; spikes 2 to 10
em long; spikelets narrow, acuminate, about 4 mm long. The axis
of the inflorescence elongates after flowering, becoming 30 to 60 cm
long, curved in a loose spiral; the whole breaks away at maturity and
rolls before the wind as a tumbleweed. 2 —Prairies and plains,
Illinois to Saskatchewan and Montana, south to Texas and Arizona;
Argentina (fig. 1035). This species forms an
inconsiderable part of the forage on the Great
Plains.

98. BECKMANNIA Host. S.tovcHerass

Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, laterally com-
pressed, subcircular, nearly sessile and closely rR est paneulatue
imbricate, in two rows along one side of a slender ‘
continuous rachis, disarticulating below the glumes, falling entire;
glumes equal, inflated, obovate, 3-nerved, rounded above but the
apex apiculate; lemma narrow, 5-nerved, acuminate, about as long
as the glumes; palea nearly as long as the lemma. Erect, rather
stout annuals with flat blades and numerous short appressed or as-
cending spikes in a narrow more or less interrupted panicle. Type
species, Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host, to which our species
was formerly referred. Named for Johann Beckmann.

1. Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald. AMERICAN SLOUGH-
Grass. (Fig. 1036.) Light green; culms 30 to 100 cm tall; panicle 10
to 25 cm long, the erect branches 1 to 5 cm long; spikes crowded, 1 to
2 cm long; spikelets 1-flowered, 3 mm long; glumes transversely
wrinkled and with a deep keel, the acuminate apex of the lemma
protruding. @ —Marshes and ditches, Manitoba to Alaska, south
to Illinois, Kansas, New Mexico, and California; New York, Ohio
(fig. 1037); Asia. The European B. erucaeformis (L.) Host has 2-
flowered spikelets. Our species is palatable to stock, sometimes suffi-
ciently abundant locally to be an important forage grass, and is not
infrequently cut for hay.

99. SPARTINA Schreb. Corpcrass

Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened laterally, sessile and usually
closely imbricate on one side of a continuous rachis, disarticulating
below the glumes, the rachilla not produced beyond the floret; glumes
keeled, 1-nerved, acute or short-awned, the first shorter, the second
often exceeding the lemma; lemma firm, keeled, the lateral nerves
obscure, narrowed to a rather obtuse point; palea 2-nerved, keeled
and flattened, the keel between or at one side of the nerves. Erect,
often stout tall perennials, with usually extensively creeping, firm,
scaly rhizomes (wanting in Spartina spartinae, S. bakeri, and some-
times in S. patens var. caespitosa), long tough blades, and two to many
appressed or sometimes spreading spikes racemose on the main axis,
the slender tips of the rachises naked, often prolonged. Type species,
Spartina schrebert. Gmel.. Name from Greek spartine, a cord made
from spartes (Spartiumjunceum), probably applied to Spartina because
of the tough leaves.

488 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sf
LC

es

C774

QQ

wae

May

14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 4668, Alaska.)

x

Plant,

FIGURE 1036.—Beckmannia syzigachne.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 489

The species with rhizomes often form extensive colonies to the ex-
clusion of other plants. They are important soil binders and soil
builders in coastal and interior marshes. <A
European species, S. townsend: H.and J.Groves,
has in recent years assumed much importance,
especially in southern England,the Netherlands,
and northern France, as a soil builder along
the coast where it is reclaiming extensive areas
of marsh land. The marsh hay of the Atlantic “. =
coast, much used for packing and formerly (ye re ee amanon of
for bedding, often consists largely of S. patens.

Blades usually more than 5 mm wide, flat when fresh, at least at base, the tip
involute; plants mostly robust and more than 1 m tall.

First glume as long as the floret, slender-acuminate, the second with an awn
as much as 7 mm long; spikes somewhat distant, mostly more or less
SUE ae ER dies ee nee ee 1. §S. PECTINATA.

First glume shorter than the floret, acute, the second acute or mucronate but
not slender-awned; spikes approximate, usually appressed.

Blades very scabrous on the margins; glumes strongly hispid-scabrous on the
pie: See er ee Se Se 2. S. CYNOSUROIDEsS.

Blades glabrous throughout or minutely scabrous on the margins; glumes
glabrous or usually softly hispidulous or ciliate on the keels.

Inflorescence dense and spikelike, the spikes closely imbricate; the spike-
lets mostly somewhat curved, giving a slightly twisted effect; blades
mostly comparatively short_.___..-.....-_.-.--- 3. SS. LEIANTHA.

Inflorescence less dense, the spikes more slender, less crowaed, the spike-
lets not curved, the inflorescence with no suggestion of a twist.

. 4. §. ALTERNIFLORA.
Blaaes less than 5 mm wice (rarely more in S. gracilis) ; irvolute (sometimes flat
in S. gracilis) ; plants mostly slerder and less than 1 m tall (taller in S. bakerz).

Inflorescence dense, cylindric; spikes numerous______-_---- 5. S. SPARTINAE.

Inflorescence not cylindric; spikes not more than 10, usually fewer.

Creeping rhizomes absent (see also S. patens var. caespitosa) ; plants in large
hard tufts with tall culms (1.5 to 2 m) and long slender blades.
6. S. BAKERI.
Creeping rhizomes present (except in S. patens var. caespitosa) ; plants usually
less than 1 m tall.

Spikelets crowded, the spikes mostly thick, erect; Western States.

S. GRACILIs.

Spikelets less crowded, the spikes relatively slender, ascending; Atlantic
CS. ELLE tl os ee Se es ee ee 8. S. PATENS.

1. Spartina pectinata Link. Prarriz corpcGrass. (Fig. 1038.)
Culms 1 to 2 m tall, firm or wiry; blades elongate, flat when
fresh, soon involute in drying, as much as 1.5 cm wide, very scabrous
on the margins; spikes mostly 10 to 20, sometimes fewer or as many
as 30, mostly 4 to 8 cm long, ascending, sometimes appressed, rarely
spreading, on rather slender peduncles; glumes hispid-scabrous on
the keel, the first acuminate or short-awned, about as long as the

* floret, the second exceeding the floret, tapering into an awn as much
as 7 mm long; lemma glabrous except the scabrous keel, 7 to 9 mm
long, the apex with two rounded teeth; palea usually a little longer

than the lemma. 2 (S. michauziana Hitche.)—Fresh-water

, marshes, Newfoundland and Quebec to eastern Washington and

i

4

ay

|
|

a SR gee Say y

*

oe

Oregon, south to North Carolina, Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas,
Texas, and New Mexico; in the Eastern States extending into brackish
marshes along the coast (fig. 1039).
: 2. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth. Biccorperass. (Fig. 1040.)
4 Culms 1 to 3 m tall, stout, the base sometimes as much as 2 em thick:
blades flat, 1 to 2.5 cm wide, very scabrous on the margins; spikes

490 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

——

WES Sa SSSs
ie >=
ay

}
Hi,
He)
J
yi
}
\\
\
\
\
\
i}
\ \
i! i
NN >
ti, ‘
\ sf (]
{ WAN
i
La vey
Wi if
UF
Hy
\ TF
4
i) GA
Ny) /)
| Wh
| |

LZ

(ee

Z LEA

FIGURE 1038.—Spartina pectinata. Plant, X ¥4; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Worthern, Mass.) -

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 491

numerous, ascending, approximate, often dark colored, usually more
or less peduncled, mostly 3 to 8 cm long; spike-
lets about 12 mm long; glumes acute, hispid-
scabrous on the keel, the first much shorter
than the floret, the second longer than the
floret, sometimes rather long-acuminate; lemma
not toothed at apex; palea a little longer
than the lemma. 2 (8S. polystachya Beauv.)
—Salt or brackish marshes along the coast, Mas- eee uion of
sachusetts to Florida and Texas (fig. 1041).

3. Spartina leiantha Benth. (Fig. 1042.) Culms 30 to 120 cm
tall, stout, as much as 1 cm
thick at base, somewhat
spongy, usually rooting from
the lower nodes; blades 8 to
12 mm wide at the flat base,
gradually narrowed to a long
involute tip, smooth through- .
out; inflorescence dense,
spikelike, about 15 cm long; t
spikes numerous, approxi- . |
mate, closely appressed, 3 to |
5 cm long; spikelets very flat, f
9 to 12 mm long, occasionally f
longer; glumes firm, glabrous |
or hispid-ciliate on keel, acute,
the first narrow, half to two-
thirds as long as second,
smooth, the second sparingly
hispidulous and _ striate-
nerved; lemma _ hispidulous
on sides, mostly smooth on
keel, shorter than the second
glume; palea thin, longer than
the lemma. 2 (S. foliosa
Trin.)—Salt marshes along
the coast from San Francisco
Bay, Calif. to Baja Cali-
fornia.

4. Spartina alterniflora
Lois. SMOOTH CORDGRASS.
(Fig. 1043.) Smooth through-

FIGURE 1040.—Spartina cynosuroides. Panicle, X 1; =
spikelet, X 5. (Boettcher 444, Va.) out or the margims of the

blades minutely scabrous,

0.5 to 2.5 m tall; the culms soft and spongy or
succulent at base, often 1 cm or more thick;
blades flat, tapering to a long involute tip, 0.5
to 1.5 em wide; spikes appressed, 5 to 15 cm
long; spikelets somewhat remote, barely
overlapping or sometimes more imbricate,
mostly 10 _to 11 mm long; glumes gla- Fyeure 1041—Distribution of
brous or hispid on the keel, the first acute, 5 core enemies

narrow, shorter than the lemma, the second obtusish, a little

492 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

longer than the lémma; floret sparingly pilose or glabrous. 2 —
Salt marshes along the coast, often growing in the water, Quebec and
Newfoundland to Florida and Texas (fig. 1044);

Atlantic coast of Europe.

Through the southern

part of the range of the species the spike-

lets are often more imbricate.

The imbri-

cate form with glabrous spikelets has been

ee 7

oe

=

cree A A nt A EAA

on

ow

———_
———__—_——

————

difterentira ted as S.
alterniflora var. glabra
(Muhl.) Fernald; that
with sparsely pilose
spikelets as S. alterni-

flora var. pilosa (Merr.)

Fernald.

5. Spartina spartinae
(Trin.) Merr. (Fig. 1045.)
In large dense tufts with-
out rhizomes; culms stout,
1 to 2m tall; blades narrow,
firm, strongly involute;
spikes short and appressed,
closely imbricate, forming

a dense cylindric inflor-

escence 10 to 30 cm long;

, spikelets closely imbricate,

\ 6 to 8mm long; glumes
|

——

Bar
NS

==

hispid-ciliate on the keel,
the first shorter than the
ANTE lemma, the second usual-
FIGURE 1042.—Spartina leian- ly a little longer. 2h (S.
Ma. Poni, cay Juneyorms Engelm. and

Gray.)—Marshes, swamps,
and moist prairies near the coast, Florida
to Texas and eastern Mexico (fig.1046).

6. Spartina bakéri Merr. (Fig. 1047.) In
without rhizomes; culms stout, 1 to 2 m tall;
blades 4 to 8 mm wide, involute or occasion-
ally flat; inflorescence
12) to, 18, em “long ithe
spikes 5. to -125°3 to, Over
long, appressed; spikelets
closely appressed, 6 to 8
mm long; glumes scabrous,

FIGURE 1043.—Spartina alter-
niflora. Panicle, X 1; spike-
let,; X 5. (Seribner 155,
Maine.)

large dense tufts

jj

SSSSs

SS
=

— ET as

—
—__—

=>

=>—
——

aes

EE}

——

<>

—

=

2A

TE

a

——

——-

hispid-ciliate on the keel, We

FIGURE 1044.—Distribution of the first about half as long . NV
Spartina alternifiora. as the lemma, the second i
longer, acuminate. 2 — \

Sandy soil, South Carolina, Georgia, and MN /é
Florida. Ni

‘7. Spartina gracilis Trin. ALKALI CORDGRASS. Ficure 1045.—Spartina
(Fig. 1048.) Culms 60 to 100 cm tall; blades U"U"Spixelet, x &.
flat, becoming involute, 15 to 20 cm long, very
scabrous above, mostly less than 5 mm wide; spikes few, 4 to 8,

< sLaspikelet, x<on0s
(Hitcheock, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 493

closely appressed, 1 to 1.5 cm long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; glumes,
ciliate on the keel, acute, the first about half as long as the second;

FIGURE 1046.—Distribution of
Spartina spariinae.

FIGURE 1048.—Spartina gracilis.
Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5.
(Rydberg 2080, Mont.)

lemma nearly as long as second
glume, ciliate on keel; palea as
long as lemma, obtuse. 2 —
Alkaline meadows and _ plains,
Saskatchewan to British Colum-
bia, south to Colorado and
through eastern Washington to
Arizona (fig. 1049).

8. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl.
SALTMEADOW corRDGRASS. (Fig.
1050.) Culms slender, mostly
less than 1 m tall, with long
slender rhizomes; blades some-
times flat but mostly involute,
less than 3 mm wide; spikes 2 to
several, appressed to somewhat
spreading, 2 to 5cm long, rather
remote on the axis; spikelets 7 to
12 mm long; first glume about
half as longas the floret, the second
longer than the lemma; lemma
5 to 7 mm long, emarginate at
apex; palea alittle longer than the
lemma. 2 —Salt marshes and
sandy meadows along the coast, ine
Quebec to Florida and Texas, CP iar; or
and in saline marshes inland, ! Xj:spikelet,
New York and Michigan (fig. “ 7
1051). The smaller, more southern form, with
slightly smaller and more closely imbricate
spikelets has been distinguished as S. juncea
(Michx.) Willd. (S. patens var. juncea
Hitche.)—New Jersey
to Florida. SpartTIna
PATENS var. CAESPITOSA
(A. A. Eaton) Hitche.
An ambiguous form
resembling S. patens,
but growing in large
tufts without rhizomes. °°" Nie
1 —Salt marshes,

New Hampshire to New York. Larger tufted
forms with rhizomes are found at Chesapeake
Beach, Md., and Virginia Beach, Va.

100. CTENIUM Panz.

(Campulosus Desv.)

Spikelets several-flowered but with only one perfect floret, sessile
and pectinately arranged on one side of a continuous rachis, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes; first glume small, hyaline,

494 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1-nerved, the second about as long as the lemmas, firm, 3- to 4-nerved,

bearing on the back a strong divergent awn; lemmas rather papery, 3-

nerved, with long hairs on the lat-

eral nerves and a short straight
or curved awn on the back just
below the apex, the first and
second lemmas empty, the third
enclosing a perfect flower, the
upper 1 to 3 empty and succes-
h sively smaller. Erect, slender,

y rather tall perennials, with us-

ually solitary, often curved

spikes. Type species, Cteniwm

i carolintanum Panz. (C. aro-

maticum). Name from Greek
ktenion, a little comb, alluding
to the pectinate arrangement of
the spikelets,

Plants forming dense tussocks ; second
glume with a row of prominent
glands on each side of the mid-
nerve; awn stout, at maturity
horizontal or nearly so; ligule
about 1 mm long

1. OC. AROMATICUM.

Plants with slender scaly rhizomes;
second glume glandless or with
obscure glands; awn rather slen-
der, not horizontally spreading;
ligule 2 to 3 mm long

2. OC. FLORIDANUM.

1. Ctenium aromaticum
(Walt.) Woon. ToorHacHE
crass. (Fig. 1052.) Culms 1
to 1.5 m tall, the old sheaths per-
sistent and fibrillose at base;
ligule about 1mm long; blades”
Pieoee piielel, oe (eine 6350 Ma Labor involute, still; spills 3/60

15 cm long; spikelets 5 to 7 mm
long. A (Cteniwm carolinianum Panz.)—Wet pine barrens, Coastal

Plain, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana (fig.

1053). The roots spicy when freshly dug.

Furnishes fair cattle forage in moist pine bar-

rens of Florida.

2. Ctenium floridanum (Hitchc.) Hitche.
(Fig. 1054.) Differs from C. aromaticum in
having creeping scaly rhizomes, ligule 2 to 3 LES TOE Ree
mm long, second glumes with longer, more of Spartina patens.
slender awns and without glands or with only
obscure ones. 2 (Erroneously referred by American authors to
Campulosus chapadensis 'Trin.)—Moist pine barrens, Florida.

ate een ta eee,

—

a-<+-

: SS
Y :

—

Yo)
=P)
—

(McCarthy, N.C.)

A LM Y, Wh puis \
Y a Aad,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

19
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496 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

101. GYMNOPOGON Beauv.

Spikelets 1- or rarely 2- or 3-flowered, nearly sessile, appressed and
usually remote in two rows along one side of a slender continuous
rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and prolonged
behind the one or more fertile florets as a
slender stipe, bearing a rudiment of a floret,
this sometimes with 1 or 2 slender awns; glumes
narrow, acuminate, 1-nerved, usually longer than
the floret; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves near the margin, the apex minutely
: PR ea bifid, bearmg between the teeth a slender awn,

Clenium aromaticum. . YTarely awnless. Perennials or rarely annuals

(ours perennial), with short, stiff, flat blades,
often folded in drying, numerous long slender divergent or reflexed
spikes, approximate on a slender stiff axis. Type species, Gymnopo-
gon racemosus Beauv. (G. am-
biguus). Name from Greek
gumnos, naked, and pogon,

beard, alluding to the naked SSS

prolongation of the rachilla. \ ‘ i

Awn longer than the lemma Ww k
1. G. AMBIGUUS.

Awn shorter than the lemma ornone. Wy \
Spikes subcapillary, naked for 1 \S .
to several cm at base; spikelets WSIS
1-flowered. \S Ss
. G. BREVIFOLIUS. NS SJ
Spikes stouter, floriferous from iS
base; spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, SS
the rachilla zigzag SS)
. G. CHAPMANIANUS. SS
1. Gymnopogon ambiguus SS
(Michx.) B.S. P. (Fig. 1055.)
Culms 30 to 60 cm tall n SS

small clumps with short scaly
rhizomes, suberect to spread-
ing, rigid, sparingly branching;
leaves numerous, approximate . . NN
with overlapping sheaths, or SSS | AA
the lower rather distant; 3 See aes
blades spreading, 5 to 15 mm, : |
mostly about 10 mm wide , the Ficure 1054.—Ctenium floridanum. Plant, X 1; glumes
base rounded-truncate ; spikes and florets, X 5. (Combs 702a, Fla.)
10 to 20 cm long, floriferous from base, the lower spikelets often
remote; glumes 4 to 6 mm long; lemma with an awn 4 to 6 mm long,
the rudiment bearing a delicate shorter awn. 2 —Dry pinelands,
Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas; dry woods, Tennessee
to Kansas and south (fig. 1056).

2. Gymnopogon brevifélius Trin. (Fig. 1057.) Differing from
G. ambiguus in the longer, more slender, somewhat straggling culms,

Hip

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 497

|
|

FIGURE 1055.—Gymnopogon ambiguus. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Tracy 8292, Tex.)

498 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrower, less crowded blades, and in the subcapillary spikes, florif-
erous only on the upper half or third; lemma awnless or with a
minute awn. 2 —Dry ground, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to
Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1058).

3. Gymnopogon chapmanianus Hitchc.
(Fig. 1059.) Culms 30 to 40 cm tall, in small
tufts, ascending, sparingly branching from lower
nodes, rigid; leaves approximate toward the
base, the blades 5 to 6 cm long, about 5 mm
wide, sharp-pointed, often subinvolute in dry-
ing; spikes ascending to spreading (not reflexed),
floriferous from base, spikelets not remote, 2-
or 3-flowered, the florets somewhat spreading;
lemmas pubescent, with a minute awn or awnless; palea very narrow,
arched. 2 —Sandy pinelands, Florida.

FIGURE 1056.—Distribution of
Gymnopogon ambiguus.

102. CHLORIS Swartz. Frngercrass

Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile, in two rows along one side
of a continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,

ee

FIGURE 1057.—Gymnopogon brevifolius. Plant, X 1; floret, * 5. (Chase 3669, Va.)

produced beyond the perfect floret and bearing 1 to several reduced
florets consisting of empty lemmas, these often truncate, and, if
more than one, the smaller ones usually enclosed in the lower, form-
ing a somewhat club-shaped rudiment; glumes
somewhat unequal, the first shorter, narrow,
acute; lemma keeled, usually broad, 1- to 5-
nerved, often villous on the callus and villous
or long-ciliate on the keel or marginal nerves,
awned from between the short teeth of a bifid
apex, the awn slender or sometimes reduced ‘— =e
to a mucro, the sterile lemmas awned or awn- Cpe Sabena
less. Tufted perennials or sometimes annuals
with flat or folded scabrous blades and two to several sometimes
showy and feathery spikes aggregate at the summit of the culms.
Type species, Chloris cruciata (L.) Swartz. Named for Greek
Chloris, the goddess of flowers.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 499.

Several species are found on the plains of Texas, where they form
part of the forage for grazing animals. C. virgata is a rather common
annual weed in the Southwest especially in alfalfa fields. It may be
locally abundant and then furnishes considerable forage. C. gayana,
Rhodes grass, is cultivated in the irrigated regions of the Southwest,
where it is valuable as a meadow grass. It is also used in the Hawaiian
Islands on some ranches in the drier regions.

FIGURE 1059.—Gymnopogon chapmanianus. Plant, X 1; florets, X 5. (Tracy 7102, Fla.)

Lemmas firm, dark brown, awnless or mucronate. Perennials with strongly
compressed culms and sheaths, and firm flat or folded blades abruptly
TRHNGEI AG Die Ge = Beka! Le Oe eee ___._SECTION 1. EvustTacuys.

Lemmas distinctly awned, (awn very short in C. cucullata), pale or fuscous.

SECTION 2. EUCHLORIS.

Section 1. Eustachys

Spikes numerous, usually more than 10___-_---_-------------- 1. C. GLauca.
Spikes usually not more than 6.
spikelets 2 mm. long: lemmas dark = 22+ = 2. C. PETRAEA.
Spikelets 3 mm long; lemmas pale to golden brown until maturity.
See, ROMS MISIES..0 OE cys ee es Se 3. C. FLORIDANA.
See Rhine meee neem Seema reves Eee 4. (CC. NEGLECTA.

Section 2. Euchloris

Rudiment narrow, oblong, acute, often inconspicuous. (Second rudiment
truncate in C. gayana.)

Piant producing lone, stout stolons_——. = =. 222-2. -- 5. C. GAYANA.

Plant not stoloniferous (occasionally with short stolons in C. andropogonoides).

Fertile lemma about 2.5 mm long; plants mostly less than 50 cm tail; spikes

mostly less than 10 em long_____________-_ 7. CC. ANDROPOGONOIDES.

Fertile lemma 4 to 7 mm long; plants 40 to 100 cm or more tall; spikes
mostly more than 10 cm long.

Blades folded, abruptly acuteor rounded; spikes whorled, naked at base.

8. C. TEXENSIS.

Blades flat, long-acuminate; spikes racemose on a short axis, solitary or

Wee cist er ee 6. C. CHLORIDBA.
Rudiment truncate-broadened at apex, usually conspicuous (rather narrow in
C. virgata).

Lemma conspicuously ciliate-villous, the spikes feathery.

Plants annual. Lemma long-ciliate on the lateral nerves near apex.

9. C. VIRGATA.
Plants perennial.

Spikes flexuous, nodding, mostly 10 to 15 cm long; hairs much exceeding
ies ee es. ee wd eee 10. C. POLYDACTYLA.
Spikes straight or subflexuous, 5 to 7 cm long; hairs about equaling the
ieee ee renee 2) ee ee 11. . CILIATA.

d at tcl

500 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Lemma minutely ciliate on the nerves or glabrous, the spikes not feathery.
-Awn of fertile lemma usually 3 to 6 mm long; spikes mostly 7 to 12 cm
12. C. VERTICILLATA.

leng, the spikelets not closely crowded
Awn of fertile lemma usually less than 3 mm long; spikes usually less than

_ 6 @m long, the spikelets crowded.
-Awns about 1 mm long; rudiment prominent, inflated, broadly triangular-

truncate, about 1.5 mm wide as folded at summit.
15. C. CUCULLATA.

Awns 2 to 3 mm long; rudiment not inflated, not more than 1 mm wide

a es es

as folded at summit.
Rudiment oblong-cuneate, about 0.6 mm wide as folded at summit.
13. C. SUBDOLICHOSTACHYA.

Rudiment triangular-truncate, about 1 mm wide as folded at summit.
14. CC. LATISQUAMEA.

hy
ANY ON

ONT

IMM pio

WAN

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VAL
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ATT

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YT I
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us

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roy
MN

DITTITO

FIGURE 1060.—Chloris glauca. Plant, X 1; florets, X 5. (Combs and Baker 1143, Fla.)

SEcTION 1. Etstacuys (Desv.) Reichenb.

Lemmas firm, brown to blackish, awnless or mucronate only; glumes
scabrous, the second mucronate from a notched or truncate

summit. Perennials.
1. Chioris glafica (Chapm.) Wood. (Fig. 1060.) Glaucous; culms
erect, compressed, stout, 70 to 150 cm tall; basal sheaths several,

broad, compressed, keeled, overlapping and equitant, those of the
succeeding 1 or 2 distant nodes similar, 2 to 4 leaves aggregate;

AN

)

) ip
ee PS ee eS

501

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES
pales — or folded, as much as 1 cm wide, the tip abruptly rounded;
spikes several ‘to many (as many as 20),
ascending, 7 to 12 cm long; spikelets
about 2 mm long; lemma glabrous or
scaberulous on the nerves. MW (H-
stachys glauca Chapm.)—Brackish
marshes, wet prairies, and swamps,
North Carolina (Wilmington), Georgia
(Baker County), and Florida.

2. Chloris petraéa Swartz. (Fig. 1061.)
Often glaucous,
= sometimes pur-
= plish; culms slen-
3 der, as much as 100
3 cm tall, more or less
decumbent and
rooting or produc- ek ere Fe &
mead tinebasii Chink petrucas
lons; sheaths com-
pressed, strongly keeled, usually 2 to 4
aggregate at the lower 1 or 2 nodes;
blades 3 to 8 mm wide, often short and
numerous on the stolons: spikes mostly
4 to 6, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2 mm
E | long; lemma mucronate, ee on

poe “alos petraca. Plant, the nerves. 2 (EHustachys petraea

Wasa Luce ni Hi: Desv.)—Strands, sandy fields, and open
pine woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida
and Texas; tropical America (fig. 1062).

3. Chloris floridana (Chapm.) Wood. (Fig. 1063.)
Culms slender, 40 to 80 cm tall; sheaths compressed,
crowded at base but not paired or aggregate at succeed-
ing nodes; blades 3 to 7 mm wide, somewhat narrowed
toward the acutish tip; spikes mostly 2, sometimes 1
or 3,5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 3 mm long; second glume
with an awn about 1 mm long; lemma with a slender
mucro 0.5 to 1 mm long, stiffly ciliate on keel and
lateral nerves. 2 (Hustachys floridana Chapm.)—Dry
sandy woods and open ground, Georgia and Florida.

4. Chloris neglécta Nash. (Fig. 1064.) Differing
from C. floridana in having usually taller, stouter culms,
the leaves sometimes paired at the lower nodes; spikes
3to8,mostly4to6. 2 (Eustachys neglecta Nash. )—-
Open. sandy woods and swamps, Florida.

Chloris distichophylla Lag. Culms about 1 m tall;
spikes several (as many as 20), drooping, feathery;
lemma ciliate with silky hairs 1 mm long. 2 —Es-
caped from cultivation in southern California. A
specimen from Bastrop, Tex., is probably also an

escape from cultivation; South America.

S

HUN

NUVEVTTRAUUVANNT NTART HRN URUNENT

NV UVUUNNN Coat

AY

VRS
LU

.

ay

Mal i Ni

90,
— hhh
ZAMORA NNT ae
sh NAMA URUU TO RUUU NUR OT UIT TTA

——

Joe LT

Section 2. Evcuiéris Endl. FIGURE 1063.—
Chloris flori-

° dana. Panicle,
Lemmas tawny to grayish or fuscous, awned; glumes x 1; florets, x
, soy 5. (Nash 2198,
)

acute to acuminate. Mostly perennial. Fla.

502 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

5. Chloris gayana Kunth. Ruopss grass. (Fig. 1065.) Culms
1 to 1.5 m tall with long, stout, leafy stolons, the internodes com-
pressed, tough and wiry; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, tapering to a
fine point; spikes several to numerous, erect or ascending, 5 to 10 cm
long; spikelets crowded, pale-tawny; lemma 3 mm long, hispid on the
margin near the summit, more or less hispidulous below, the awn 1 to 5

mm long; rudiment commonly of 2 florets, the lower rather narrow,
the awn usually somewhat shorter

than that of the fertile lemma, the ,
upper minute, broad, truncate.
2 —Cultivated for forage in
warmer regions, escaped into fields

w& and waste places, North Carolina
ya and from Florida to southern Cali-
o
A
Y
4
H

2 be ee seth. ‘ -

Wir ae

Wii

ih

COP MAMOLLL:

fornia and in tropical America (fig.
1066); introduced from Africa. A
G promising meadow grass in iri-
3 gated regions.

= 6. Chloris chloridea (Presl)
BZ [(Z Hitche. (Fig. 1067.) Culms slen-
iB =4 der, 60 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, 3
i Z to 7 mm wide, long-acuminate;
ae gw spikes slender, few to several,
we mostly 8 to 15 cm long, approxi-
N4 mate on an axis 2 to 10 cm long;
WZ 3 spikelets appressed, not crowded;
me lemma narrow, glabrous, somewhat
Nz scaberulous toward the tip, about
yee fe 6 mm long, the awn 10 to 12 mm
Ze ig long; rudiment very narrow, awned.
Zz 2 (C. clandestina Scribn. and
4 Merr.)—Open ground, Texas
; (Brownsville) and Mexico. Large
cleistogamous spikelets are borne
on slender underground branches,
rather rare in herbarium specimens,
ou infrequent or readily broken
fy)

LY,

LLM SOL L LOLOL III IDIID LLLNLWWSE yy
LE

LLL

NK
Ly

Nes,

TI, ~
3 \" AS
is

7. Chloris andropogonoides
Fourn. (Fig. 1068.) Culms densely
tufted, 20 to 40 cm tall, the leaves
mostly basal; blades about 1 mm
wide as folded; spikes slender, few
: ; to several, 5 to 10 cm long, whorled,

Frcuns 10 Choris nlecta, Panicle, Xt divergent, floriferous from base;

spikelets scarcely overlapping;

lemma minutely pubescent on midnerve and margin or glabrous, 2

to 3 mm usually about 2.5 mm long, awned below the tip, the awn

about 5 mm long; rudiment narrow, the awn usually shorter than

that of the lemma. 2 (C. tenuispica Nash.)—Plains, Texas and
northern Mexico.

8. Chloris texénsis Nash. (Fig. 1069.) Culms taller and stouter
than in C. andropogonoides; blades 2 to 3 mm wide as folded; spikes

Pe a a aa ee ee eee

503

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

Plant, X 4; florets, x 5. (Hitchcock 13667, Ariz.)

FIGURE 1065.—Chloris gayana.

504 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

slender, mostly about 15 to 18 cm long, naked for 1 to 4 cm at the
base; spikelets appressed, not crowded; lemma about 4 mm long,
naked on the midnerve, minutely pilose on margin toward summit;
awn about 1 cm long. 2 (C. nealleyi Nash.)—Plains, Texas, rare.
Chloris priearii Kunth. Annual; culms 30 to 60 cm tall, often
rooting at the lower nodes; blades 2 to 6 mm wide, the upper sheath
inflated; spikes 2 to 8, erect, 5 to 8 cm long;
fertile lemma 2.5 mm long, narrow, ciliate near
the. summit, with a delicate awn 7 to 10 mm
long; rudiment narrow, of 3 or 4 reduced sterile
lemmas each with a long delicate erect awn.
© —Ballast, Wilmington, N. C., and Mobile,
Ala.; West Africa.
FRE nee pattibution of —-_—- 9. Chloris virgata Swartz. FEATHER FINGER-
Grass. (Fig. 1070.) Annual; culms ascending
to spreading, 40 to 60 or even 100 cm tall; upper sheaths often
inflated; blades flat, 2 to 6 mm wide; spikes several, 2 to 8 cm
long, erect, whitish or tawny, feathery or silky; spikelets crowded;
lemma 3 mm long, somewhat humpbacked on the keel, long-ciliate
on the margins near the apex, the slender awn 5 to 10 mm long;
rudiment narrowly cuneate, truncate, the awn as long as that of the

FIGURE 1067.—Chloris chloridea. Inflorescences, X 1; florets, X 5. (Silveus 379, Tex.)

lemma. © (OC. elegans H.B.K.)—Open ground, a common weed
in fields and waste places; Nebraska to Texas and southern Cali-
fornia; Maine and Massachusetts, on wool waste; introduced in a
few localities in the Eastern States (North Carolina, South Carolina,
Missouri); tropical America (fig. 1071).

10. Chloris polydactyla (L.) Swartz. (Fig. 1072.) Culms erect,

wiry, 50 to 100 cm. tall; blades as much as 1 cm wide; spikes several.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 909

to many, mostly 10 to 15 cm long, flexuous, nodding, tawny, feathery;
spikelets crowded; lemma ciliate with long silky hairs; rudiment

\

NY

— SE __ ST RCT | |»? r—VST|CSCOHrroITS5Ss,
SFE YAS A ——__
= LZ
Zs,

FIGURE 1068.—Chloris andropogonoides. Panicle X 1; florets, X 5. (Chase 6067, Tex.)

oblong, obliquely truncate, awns of lemma and rudiment about 3 mm
long. 2 —Open sandy soil, southern Florida; West Indies to
Paraguay. .

iN
IN

FIGURE 1069.—Chloris terensis. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Thurow 8, Tex.)

11. Chloris ciliata Swartz. (Fig. 1073.) Perennial; culms erect or
ascending, 50 to 100 em tall; leaves not aggregate toward the base,
sheaths not much compressed; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, sharply

506 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(Tracy 8173, Tex.)

; glumes and florets, X 5.

x

Plant,

FIGURE 1070.—Chloris virgata.

ae —eeeeooererrerereerere

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 507

acuminate; spikes mostly 3 to 6, usually 5 to 7 cm long, digitate or
nearly so, erect to spreading, somewhat flexuous; spikelets crowded,
about 3 mm long; lemma densely long-villous on the keel and the
middle of the margin, the awn shorter than the body; rudiment

ar, aie.
je oar es
i, i =
{ fi S
Ae 2 \

triangular-cuneate, about 2mm wide. 2 (C.
nashii Heller..—Open grassland, southern
Texas and Mexico.

12. Chloris verticillata Nutt. WuiInpMILu
Grass. (Fig. 1074.) Culms tufted, 10 to 40
em tall, erect or decumbent at base, sometimes
rooting at the lower nodes; leaves crowded at
base, 2 to 4 sometimes aggregate at lower nodes;. *0PPF {ii Distribution of
sheaths compressed, blades 1 to 3 mm wide,
obtuse; spikes slender, 7 to 10 or even 15 cm long, in 1 to 3 whorls,
finally widely spreading; spikelets about 3 mm long; fertile lemma
pubescent on the nerves, the awn mostly 5 to 8 mm long; rudiment
cuneate-oblong, rather turgid, about 0.7 mm wide as folded, truncate,

—
dp”)

ZU
Bolt

WHMALACAE OD
4 dad: )

y libs

A Mh 7 td

FIGURE 1073.—Chloris ciliata.
FIGURE 1072.—Chloris polydactyla. Panicle, X 1; florets, xX 5. Panicle, X 1; florets, x 5.

(Simpson, Fla.) (Tracy_8886, Tex.)
the awn about 5 mm long. 2 -—Plains, Missouri to Colorado,

south to Louisiana and New Mexico; introduced in Maryland, Illinois,
Indiana, and California (Berkeley) (fig. 1075). The inflorescence at
maturity breaks away and rolls before the wind as a tumbleweed.

508 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

13. Chloris subdolichostachya C. Muell. (Fig. 1076.) Similar to
C. verticillata, but not more than 20 cm tall, spikes mostly less than 6
cm long, these more condensed and usually in one whorl or irregularly
approximate; lemma 2 to 2.5 mm long, the awns mostly less than
3 mm long; rudiment oblong-cuneate, about 0.6 mm wide as folded.
2. (C. brevispica Nash.)—Plains, Texas.

FIGURE 1074.—Chloris verticillata. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5. (Ball 1112, Tex.)

14. Chloris latisquamea Nash. (Fig. 1077.) Culms densely
tufted, 20 to 60 cm tall, very leafy at base, sometimes rooting at the
lower nodes; sheaths compressed, 2 to 4 often aggregate at the lower
node; blades 2 to 4 mm
wide; spikes mostly 8 to
12, relatively broad, 4 to
10° cm: long, in 1. or’ 2

E SS
<= SSS

ZA SSS

FIGURE 1075.—Distribution of
Chloris verticillata.

whorls, spreading; spike-
lets rather crowded, pale,
turning fuscous at matur- . ;
ity; lemma about2.5 mm FIGURE a ae Hralioe ise ee) Panicle, X 1; florets,
long, pubescent on the
nerves, the awn 2 to 2.5 mm long; rudiment triangular cuneate, about
1 mm wide at summit as folded. 2 Plains, Texas, Arizona.
Resembling C. cucullata, but commonly taller with longer spikes, the
rudiment longer than broad, less inflated, the awns 2 to 2.5 mm long.
15. Chloris cucullata Bisch. (Fig. 1078.) Culms tufted, erect or
somewhat spreading at base, 20 to 50 cm tall; sheaths compressed;

Mera er

— , Se

To eels 2 oe) wm 84

‘

ne

eae sd

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 509

blades 1 to 2 mm wide as folded, the uppermost often much reduced;
spikes numerous, 2 to 5 cm long, digitate, radiating, flexuous or curled;
spikelets crowded, stramineous, turning fuscous at maturity, tri-
angular, about 2 mm long and about as broad; rudiment prominent,
compressed-cupshaped, about 1.5 mm wide, the awns of lemma and
rudiment about 1 mm
long. 2 —Plains and
sandy barrens, Texas
and New Mexico.

Chloris radiata (L.)
Swartz. Weedy
branching annual;
culms 30 to 40 cm long,
decumbent; blades
thin, 2 to 3 mm wide;
spikes slender, several
to many, 3 to 8 cm
long; lemma narrow, |
2.5 mm long, the nar- |
row rudiment mostly FIGURE 1077.—Chloris latisquamea. Panicle, X 1; florets, X 5.
included in its margins; tA ee ke
awns of lemma and rudiment very slender, 5 to 10 mm long.
© —Ballast, near Portland, Oreg.; tropical America.

CHLoRIS TRUNCATA R. Br. Stoloniferous perennial; culms erect, 10 to 30

cm tall; spikes 6 to 10, 7 to 15 cm long, horizontal or reflexea; spikelets 3 mm long,
the awns 6 to 12 mm long. 2 —Occasionally cultivated for ornament under

the name stargrass. Australia.
103. TRICHLORIS Fourn.

Spikelets 2- to 5-flowered,
nearly sessile, in two rows
along one side of a continuous
slender rachis, the rachilla
disarticulating above the
glumes and prolonged behind
the uppermost perfect floret,
bearing a reduced, usually
awned floret; glumes unequal,
acuminate, or short-awned,
| the body shorter than the

FIGURE ab. een ee, X 1; florets, lower lemma; lemmas nar-
row, 3-nerved, the midnerve

and usually the lateral nerves extending into slender awns. Erect,
slender, tufted perennials, with flat scabrous blades and numerous:
erect or ascending spikes, aggregate but scarcely digitate at the
summit of the culms. Type species, Trichloris pluriflora. Name from:
me A three, and Chloris, a genus of grasses, the lemmas being”

-awned.

Spikelets 2-flowered, both lemmas with 3 long awns-__-_---- 1. T. MENDOCINA..
Spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, the lateral awns of the lemmas more or less reduced,,
LUD Seg BS | Se ae ee ee | ee 2. T. PLURIFLORA.

510 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

—

=>
=

FIGURE 1079.—A, Trichloris mendocina. Plant, X 44; glumes and florets, X 5. (Nealley, Tex.) B, T. pluri-
flora, Glumes and florets, X 5. (Griffiths 6484, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 511

1. Trichloris mendocina (Phil.) Kurtz. (Fig. 1079, A.) Culms
40 to 100 cm tall; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; inflorescence dense, feathery,
the spikes 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets crowded; fertile lemma about 3
mm long, the second Jemma much reduced, both with delicate awns
about 1 em long. 2 Plains, canyons, and rocky hills, western
Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico; southern South America.
Rarely cultivated for ornament (as 7. blanchardiana Fourn.).

2. Trichloris plurifléra Fourn. (Fig. 1079, B.) Culms 50 to 100
em tall; blades 5 to 10 mm wide; inflorescence looser and less feathery
than in T. mendocina; spikes 7 to 15 cm long; fertile lemma about 4
mm long, the others successively shorter, the middle awns of all 5 to
15 mm long, somewhat spreading, the lateral awns short or obsolete.
21 —Plains and dry woods, southern Texas and Mexico; southern
South America.

104. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama

Spikelets 1-flowered, with the rudiments of one or more florets
above, sessile, in two rows along one side of the rachis; glumes 1-
nerved, acuminate or awn-tipped, the first shorter and narrower;
lemma as long as the second glume or a little longer, 3-nerved, the
nerves extending into short awns or mucros, the internerves usually
extending into lobes or teeth; palea sometimes 2-awned; rudiment
various, usually 3-awned, the awns usually longer than those of the
fertile lemma, a second rudimentary floret sometimes present. Peren-
nial or sometimes annual, low or rather tall grasses, with two to several
or many spikes racemose on a common axis, or sometimes solitary,
the spikelets few to many in each spike, rarely solitary, pectinate
or more loosely arranged and appressed, the rachis of the spike usually
naked at the tip. The sterile florets forming the rudiment are variable
in all the species and commonly in individual specimens. The general
pattern of rudiment is fairly constant for each species, the variability
being in the reduction or increase in number and size of the sterile
florets, the reduction from 3 awns to 1, and in the amount of pubes-
cence. Type species, Bouteloua racemosa Lag. (B. curtipendula).
Named for the brothers Boutelou, Claudio, and Esteban. The genus
was originally published as Botelua.

The many species are among our most valuable forage grasses,
forming an important part of the grazing on the western ranges.
B. gracilis, blue grama, and B. hirsuta, hairy grama, are prominent
in “‘short grass’”’ regions of the Great Plains; B. eriopoda, black
erama, and B. rothrockii, Rothrock grama, are prominent in Arizona.
Two annuals, B. barbata and B. parryi, form a part of the sixweeks
grasses of the Southwest; B. curtipendula is widely distributed and is
much used for grazing and for hay; B. trifida is important from Texas
to Arizona.

Spikelets not pectinately arranged (except in B. chondrosioides), the spikes falling

pews Sige SVLAMMEEA GW 08a ee tA SECTION 1. ATHEROPOGON.
Spikelets pectinately arranged, the spikes persistent, the florets falling from the
Pernt tiiod Fa F ee SECTION 2. CHRONDROSIUM.

SS Bg Be ek, ee ee ee 1. B. ARISTIDOIDES.
Plants perennial.
Spikes usually 20 to 50; awns short, inconspicuous.
Spikes of 1 or 2 spikelets; culms very slender___________ 2. B. UNIFLORA.
Spikes of few to several spikelets; culms mostly stouter.
3. B. CURTIPENDULA.

55974°—35——33

512 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Spikes fewer, awns conspicuous.
Glumes pubescent.
Spikes rhomboid-oblong, as much as 2 em long, the spikelets somewhat
pectinately arranged Sates iota eee 6. B. CHONDROSIOIDES.
Spikes cuneate-triangular, about 1 em long (including the awns), the
spikelets appressed, not pectinately arranged.
Culms 20 to 30 cm tall; leaves crowded at base; spikes mostly 6 to 8.
4. B. RIGIDISETA.
Culms mostly 30 to 50 em tall, leafy throughout; gets mostly more
than JOST) 2 fo PR ae Se ee eee 5. B. ELUDENS.
Glumes glabrous or scabrous, not pubescent.
Base of plants hard, rhizomatous; culms simple; spikes 2 to 3 cm long.
B. RADICOSA.
Base of plants not rhizomatous; culms branching; spikes usually about 1.5
em, sometimes :2 cm, lone 8s = wes aes ee 8. B. FILIFORMIS.

Section 2. Chondrosium

Plants annual (see also B. rothrockiz); densely tufted, spreading.
Ske hs Fc eek ae a eet eC ay i! Bee 9. B. SIMPLEX.
Spikes 2 or more.

Rachistpapillosé-pilose 13 .. ese 2 teks ete ee i be" B: PARE

Rachis not piloseese 2 tix eee A Ske ed eee ee a ae 10. B. BARBATA.
Plants perennial.
Plants decumbent or stoloniferous; culms white-lanate____ 16. B. ERIOPODA.

Plants erect or nearly so; culms not lanate, tufted.
Spikes normally 2, sometimes 1 or 3.
Rachis prolonged beyond the spikelets as a naked point; glumes tuber-

Puilste. 3: Se ee oe, Fer fe oy ioe eke 13. B. HIRSUTA.
Rachis not prolonged; glumes not tuberculate (slightly so in B. gracilis).
Culms herbaceous, the base NOt Woody 22's (anes 14. B. GRACILIS.
Culms woody and perennial at base______-__-__- 15. B. BREVISETA.

Spikes normally 4 or more (see also B. gracilis var. stricta).
Culms 25 to 50 cm tall; awn 1 to 2 mm long; glumes scabrous; spikes
SCENE Seay ee ge ee Gy ey 12. B. RoTHROCKI.
Culms 10 to 20 cm tall; awn about 5 mm long; glumes glabrous; spikes
usually appressed!) S102 UL See Eee et ce eee 17.5 (BY Skips:

SECTION 1. ATHEROPOGON (Muhl.) Endl.

Spikes deciduous from the main rachis; spikelets not pectinately
arranged (somewhat so in B. chondrosioides). (Atheropogon
Muhl. based on A. apludoides Muhl. (Bouteloua curtipendula).)

1. Bouteloua aristidoides (H.B.K.) Griseb. NEEDLE GRAmMA. (Fig.
1080.) Annual, erect or spreading, branching; culms slender, 10
to 30 cm tall; blades small and few, in vigorous plants as much as 15
cm long; spikes mostly 8 to 14 on a slender axis, reflexed, readily
falling, the base of the rachis forming a sharp, bearded point; spikelets
2 to 4, narrow, appressed; rudiment of 3 scabrous awns about 5 mm
long, exceeding the fertile floret. © (TVriathera aristidoides Nash.)—
Mesas, deserts, and foothills in open ground, Texas to southern Cali-
fornia and northern Mexico; Argentina (fig. 1081).

2. Bouteloua unifléra Vasey. (Fig. 1082.) Resembles slender
forms of B. curtipendula, culms slender, wiry, sometimes with slender
stolons, the slender blades subinvolute, the spikes 8 to 9 mm long,
with 1 or 2 spikelets, the scabrous rachis mostly longer than the first
| glume; lemma awnless; rudiment reduced to a single awn appressed
to the back of the palea. 2 —Rocky hills and valleys, central and
. western Texas.

3. Bouteloua curtipéndula (Michx.) Torr. SIDE-oATS GRAMA.

. (Fig. 1083.) Perennial, with scaly rhizomes; culms erect, tufted, 50

to 80 cm tall; blades flat or subinvolute, 3 to 4 mm wide, scabrous;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 513

spikes 35 to 50, 1 to 2 em long, purplish, spreading or pendulous and
mostly twisted to one side of the slender axis, this 15 to 25 cm long;
spikelets 5 to 8, appressed or ascending, 6 to 10 mm long; fertile
lemma acute, mucronate; rudiment with 3 awns and subacute inter-

FIGURE 1080.—Bouteloua aristidoides. :
Panicle, X 1; spikelet, X 5 (Grif- FIGURE 1082.—Bouteloua uniflora, X 10.
fiths 7308, Ariz.) (Type.)

mediate lobes, often reduced and inconspicuous. 2 (Atheropogon
curtipendulus Fourn.)—Plains, prairies, and rocky hills, Maine and
Ontario to Montana, south to Maryland, Alabama, Texas, Arizona,
and southern California; South Carolina (introduced) (fig. 1084).
. 4. Bouteloua rigidiséta (Steud.) Hitche.
(Fig. 1085.) Perennial, tufted, leafy at base;
culms erect, 20 to 30 cm tall; blades narrow,
flat or somewhat involute, 1 to 1.5 mm wide,
sparingly papillose-pilose; spikes 6 to 8, trian-
gular-cuneate, spreading, about 1 to 1.2 cm
long including the awns; spikelets mostly 2 to
4, crowded, ascending; glumes pubescent; fer-
tile lemma with 3 spreading awns, the inter-
mediate lobes acute; rudiment with stout spreading awns, much ex-
ceeding those of the fertile lemma, the intermediate lobes firm, pointed,
a second similar but smaller rudiment commonly developed. 2 (B.
terana S. Wats.; Polyodon texanus Nash.)—Plains and rocky hills,
Oklahoma, Texas, and northern Mexico.
5. Bouteloua elfiidens Griffiths. (Fig. 1086.) Perennial, densely
tufted, leafy at base; culms erect, 25 to 60 cm tall; blades mostly

FIGURE 1081.—Distribution of
Bouteloua aristidoides.

514 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1 to 1.5 mm wide; axis slender, flexuous, 6 to 8 cm long; spikes 10 to
20, triangular, spreading, about 1 cm long including the awns; spikelets

FIGURE 1083.—Bouteloua curtipendula. Plant, X 4%; spikelet and florets, X 5. (Chase 5408, Colo.)

about 5; rachis and glumes densely pubescent; fertile lemma pubes-
cent toward the summit, the apex 3-cleft, the divisions awn-tipped;

— eran

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 515

rudiment with stout pubescent awns about 5 mm long, the long narrow
intermediate lobes glabrous; a second similar but smaller rudiment
usually developed. 2 —Rocky hills, southern Arizona and Sonora,
Mexico.

6.,Bouteloua_ chondrosioides (H.B.K.) Benth. (Fig. 1087.)
Perennial, tufted, leafy at base; culms erect, 20 to 50 cm tall; blades
2 to 3 mm wide; axis 4 to 6 cm long; spikes 4 to
6, rhomboid-oblong, ascending, 1 to 2 em long,
the rachis densely pubescent, the tip 3-cleft;
spikelets several, subpectinate; rachis broad,
densely pubescent on the margin; glumes and
fertile lemma densely pubescent, the lemma
3-cleft, the divisions awn-tipped ; rudiment cleft =
nearly to the base, the middle awn broadly ype ,1)s4— Distribution of
winged, the lateral ones slender, all spreading
21 -—Mesas and rocky hills, western Texas, southern Arizona, and
Mexico.

7. Bouteloua radicésa (Fourn.) Griffiths. PurRPLE GRAMA. (Fig.
1088.) Perennial, tufted, from a stout rhizomatous base; culms
| erect, 60 to 80 em tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide,

sparsely papillose-ciliate on the margin, mostly aggre-
gate toward the lower part of the culm, the upper
part naked; axis 10 to 15 cm long; spikes mostly 7
to 12, oblong, 2 to 3 cm long; spikelets mostly 8 to
glumes broader than in other species; fertile
lemma indurate down the center, with 3
awns, the middle longest, and no inter-
mediate lobes; rudiment with 3 awns 5 to
8 mm long and no intermediate lobes,
usually containing a palea and staminate
flower, sometimes a perfect flower, the
lower floret being staminate. 2 —Rocky
hills, southern New Mexico to southern
California and Mexico.

8. Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths.
SLENDER GRAMA. (Fig. 1089.) Resembling
B. radicosa; culms erect or geniculate-spread-
ing, sparingly branching, the base not
rhizomatous; spikes ascending to spreading,
mostly about 1.5 cm long, sometimés as
much as 2 cm; spikelets mostly 6 to 10,
very like those of B. radicosa. 2 —Rocky
hills, Texas to Arizona and Mexico.

3

{

papse ro Seana rigidiseta. S C D B
anicle, X 1; spikelet, lemma, and ECTION 2. HONDROSIUM esv. enth.
florets, X 5. (Griffiths 6370, Tex.) ( )

Spikes persistent; spikelets crowded (looser in B. eriopoda), pectinate;
florets falling from the glumes. (Chondrosium Desy. based on
C. procumbens Durand (B. simplezx).)

9. Bouteloua simplex Lag. Mar Grama. (Fig. 1090.) Annual,
tufted, prostrate or ascending; foliage scant; blades 2 to 3 cm long,
about 1.5 mm wide; spike solitary, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, strongly arcuate
at maturity; spikelets mostly 20 to 30, about 5 mm long; fertile lemma

|

516 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pilose at base with stout awns and subacute intermediate lobes;
rudiment bearded at summit of rachilla-joint, cleft to the base or
nearly so, the awns equal, a second rudiment, broad and awnless,
sometimes developed. © (B. procumbens Griffiths.)—Open ground,
Texas to Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and Mexico; wool waste, Maine;
Ecuador to Argentina (fig. 1091).

10. Bouteloua barbata Lag. Sixwsrexs Grama. (Fig. 1092.)
Annual, tufted, branching, erect to prostrate, often forming mats with

FIGURE 1086.—Boutelowa eludens. Panicle, X 1; spike and spikelet, X 5. (Type.)

ascending ends, the culms as much as 30 cm long; foliage scant; blades
1 to 4 cm long, 1 to 1.5 mm wide; spikes 4 to 7, 1 to 2 cm long; spike-
lets 25 to 40, 2.5 to 4 mm long, nearly as broad; fertile lemma densely
pilose at least along the sides, usually throughout, the awns from
minute to as long as the body, the intermediate lobes subacute to
obtuse; rudiment from obscurely to conspicuously bearded at summit

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES Sit

of rachilla joint, cleft nearly to the base, the intermediate lobes
broad, subcucullate, the awns of rudiment and fertile lemma reaching
about the same height, a second rudiment, broad and awnless, often
developed © (B. micro-
stachya L. H. Dewey.)
—Open ground, mesas, and
rocky hills, Texas, New
Mexico, southern Utah,
Arizona, southeastern Cali-
fornia, Mexico (fig. 1093).
The awns vary in length.
The form with shorter awns
is that described as B.
pumila Buckl.; the longer
awned form is that de-
scribed as B. arenosa Vasey.
11. Bouteloua parryi
(Fourn.) Griffiths. Parry
GRAMA. (Fig. 1094.) lane ts teks
Annual, resembling B. roth- FIGURE A eee Se thee) Panicle, X 1;
rockii; culms erect or gen-
iculate-spreading, sometimes branching; blades papillose-pilose; spikes
4 to 8, often flexuous, commonly grayish purple, 2 to 3.5 cm long;
rachis papillose-pilose; spikelets 40 to 65, about 6 mm long; second
glume awned from a bifid tip, the keel papillose-pilose with spreading
hairs; fertile lemma densely pilose, deeply cleft, the awns spreading,

FIGURE 1088.—Bouteloua radicosa. Pan- FIGURE 1089.—Bouteloua filiformis. Pan-
nee x 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 7181, icle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 7199,
riz. Ariz.)

the oblong intermediate lobes fimbriate ; rudiment densely bearded at
summit of rachilla, cleft nearly to the base, the lobes obovate, fim-
briate, the awns exceeding those of the fertile lemma; a second rudi-

518 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ment, broad, awnless or with a single awn, usually developed. © —
Mesas and rocky hills, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico.

12. Bouteloua rothréckii Vasey. RoTrurock Grama. (Fig. 1095.)
Perennial, sometimes appearing to be annual; culms tufted, erect, 25

FIGURE 1091.—Distribution of
Bouteloua simplex.

FIGURE 1090.—Bouteloua simpler. Plant, X 1;
spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 7362, Ariz.)

FIGURE 1093.—Distribution of FIGURE 1092.—Boutelowa barbata. Plant, X 1;
Bouteloua barbata. spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 6095, Ariz.)

to 50 cm tall; blades 2 to 3 mm wide; axis 10 to 25 cm long; spikes 4
to 12, 2.5 to 3 cm long, straight to subarcuate; spikelets 40 to 50,
about 5 mm long; fertile lemma pilose at base, deeply cleft, the awns
(1 to 2 mm long) spreading, the intermediate and lateral lobes fim-
briate; rudiment densely bearded at summit of rachilla joint, cleft
nearly to the base, the lobes broad and rounded, the awns mostly
exceeding those of the fertile lemma; a second rudiment, broad and
awnless, usually developed. 2 —Mesas, canyons, and rocky hills,
in open ground, or among brush, Arizona and southern California
(Jamacha), south to northern Mexico, ”

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 919

13. Bouteloua hirsita Lag. Harry erama. (Fig. 1096.) Peren-
nial, densely tufted; culms erect, 20 to 60 cm tall, leafy at base;
blades flat or subinvolute, about 2 mm wide, flexuous; spikes 1 to 4,
usually 2, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets
as a slender point 5 to 8 mm long; spikelets 35 to 45, about 5 mm long,
second glume tuberculate-hirsute with spreading hairs, the tubercles
black; fertile lemma 3-cleft, the divisions and margins of lemma pubes-
cent, awn-tipped; rudiment from puberulent to bearded at summit of

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i

FIGURE 1094.—Bouteloua

parryi. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 1095.—Bouteloua roth-
spikelet, X 5. (Grif- rockii.

FIGURE 1096.— Bouteloua hirsuta. Pan-
fiths 7277, Ariz.) ae

Panicle, X 1; spikelet, icle, X 1; spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 3371,
(Griffiths 7185, Ariz.) Ariz.)

rachilla, cleft nearly to the base, the lobes firm, broad, spreading, the
awns black. 2 —Plains and rocky hills, Wisconsin and South
Dakota to Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and California (Jamacha), south
through Mexico; also peninsular Florida (fig. 1097). Bowteloua
pectinata Featherly was differentiated from B. hirsuta by taller more
robust culms and by a rudimentary spikelet at the end of the rachis.
Such a spikelet is rarely developed in B. hirsuta, but it is not corre-
lated with robust plants.

14. Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. Buiur Grama. (Fig. 1098.)
Perennial; densely tufted; culms erect, 20 to 50 cm tall, leafy at base;
blades flat or loosely involute, 1 to 2 mm wide; spikes usually 2, some-
times 1 or 3, rarely more, 2.5 to 5 cm long, falcate-spreading at matu-
rity, the rachis not projecting beyond thespikelets; spikelets numerous,
as many as 80, about 5 mm long; fertile lemma pilose, the awns
slender, the intermediate lobes acute; rudiment densely bearded at
summit of rachilla joint, cleft to the base, the lobes rounded, the

520 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

awns slender, about equaling the tip of fertile lemma; one or two
additional rudiments, broad and awnless, sometimes developed.
2 (B. oligostachya Torr.)— Plains, Wisconsin to Manitoba and
Alberta, south to Missouri,
Texas, and southern Cali-
fornia; Mexico; introduced
in a few places in the Eastern
States (fig. 1099).
BoOUTELOUA GRACILIS var.
sTRicta (Vasey) Hitche.
Spikes 4 to 6, usually ascend-
ing or appressed.
Rare, Texas and Arizona.

VG
SA

dh INS = =

FIGURE 1097.—Distribution of
Bouteloua hirsuta.

Kr
i

44)
WK

q
Up

15. Bouteloua breviséta
Vasey. (Fig. 1100.) Per-
ennial, wiry, the base peren-
nial, woody, loosely tufted;
culms branching, 25 to 40 cm
tall; blades 3 to 6 cm long,
1 to 1.5 mm wide, flat or
becoming involute, sharp-
pointed; spikes mostly 2,
sometimes 1, rarely 3, 2 to

—— 3 cm long; spikelets 30 to

FIGURE 1098.—Boutelowa gracilis. Plant, X 4%; glumes and florets, x 5.
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 384.)

45, about 4 mm long; fertile lemma pubes-
cent, with 3 awns and acuminate intermediate lobes; rudiment
densely bearded at summit of rachilla joint, cleft nearly to the base,
the rounded lobes obscured in the dense hairs. 2 (B. ramosa

NG ions acim

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 521

Seribn.)—Gypsum sands and calcareous rocks, western Texas, New
Mexico, and northern Mexico. Resembling B. gracilis but with loose,
woody base and wiry culms; rachis prolonged and bearing a
rudimentary spikelet at the tip.

16. Bouteloua eriopéda (Torr.) Torr. Buacr
GrRAMA. (Fig. 1101.) Perennial; culms tufted, with
swollen bases, slender, wiry,
widely spreading with arched
internodes or stoloniferous,
white-lanate, 40 to 60 cm
long; blades 1 to 1.5 mm
wide, flexuous; spikes 3 to
8, commonly 4 or 5, loosely
MICU tou gute ©6ascending, 2 to 3 cm long;

spikelets 12 to 20, not crowded
and pectinate, 7 to 10 mm long, narrow; fertile 7
lemma acuminate, with a terminal awn, the lateral * eRe” pee
minute or obsolete; rudiment slender, cleft nearly j;snikelst. <> Neal
to the base, the awns equaling the awn of the ~~ ©
fertile lemma, the lobes minute, nar-
row. 2 —NMesas, hills, and dry
open ground, Texas to southern Utah
and northern Mexico (fig. 1102).

17. Bouteloua trifida Thurb.
(Fig. 1103.) Perennial, tufted,
leafy at base, rather delicate; culms
erect, 10 to 20 cm tall; blades us-
ually only 1 to 2 em long; spikes

\ \ 4
= ~

FIGURE 1102.—Distribution of Bouteloua eriopoda.

3 to 7,1 to 2 cm long, ascending or
appressed; spikelets about 12, pur-
plish, 7 to 10 mm long; fertile lemma
pubescent toward base, cleft more
than half its length, with awns (5
mm long) winged toward base and
. Beit ey Rite. me U ROE OG UA te aves; rudiment
Be ee eens Clelti io. the. base, the awns similar

eT e ean? «da those of the fertile lemma, about
aslong. 2 (B. trinii Griffiths; B. burkii Scribn.)—Mesas, ravines,
and rocky hills, Texas to southwestern Utah and Arizona; California
(Death Valley); northern Mexico (fig. 1104). Variable in length
of the awns, the type of B. trifida being the longer-awned form.

522 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

105. CATHESTECUM Presl

Spikes consisting of 3 spikelets, the upper or central perfect, the
2 lateral staminate or rudimentary, the spike falling entire; central
spikelet with one perfect floret below and one or more reduced
florets above; glumes unequal, the first a short,
thin, nerveless scale in the central spikelet, nar-
row and acuminate in the lateral spikelets, the
second about as long as the lemma, acuminate, all
usually villous; lemma 3-nerved, the nerves ex-
tending into awns and the internerves into teeth;
nerves of the palea extending into short awns;
second and third floret with a fairly well developed
lemma and palea, the fourth floret, if present, usu-
ally reduced. Low tufted or stoloniferous annu-
als or perennials, with short blades, and several to
many short deciduous spikes approximate on a
slender flexuous axis. Type species, Cathestecum
prostratum Presl. Name from Greek kathestekos,
set fast, stationary, the application not obvious.
1. Cathestecum eréctum Vasey and Hack.
(Fig. 1105.) Perennial with wiry stolons having
ee Penida ieee, arched internodes and hairy nodes; culms slender,
let, X 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. 10 to 30 cm tall; blades flat, about 1 mm wide,
Coe oe mostly basal; spikes 4 to 8, ovoid, about 5 mm
long; lateral spikelets about two-thirds as long as the central spike-
let; lemmas of all spikelets similar, the sterile ones more deeply lobed;
awns from about as long as the lobes to twice as long, hairy at base.
2} —Dry hills, western Texas, southern Arizona, and northern
Mexico.

106. MUNROA Torr.

Spikelets in pairs or threes on a short rachis, the lower 1 or 2
larger, 3- or 4-flowered, the upper 2- or 3-flowered, the group (reduced
spikes) enclosed in the broad sheaths of short
leaves, usually about 3 in a fascicle, forming a
cluster or head at the ends of the branches;
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and
between the florets; glumes of the lower 1 or
2 spikelets equal, l-nerved, narrow, acute, a
little shorter than the lemmas, those of the
upper spikelet unequal, the first much shorter F167R Re Tn
or obsolete; lemmas 3-nerved, those of the lower
spikelet coriaceous, acuminate, the points spreading, the midnerve
extended into a mucro, those of the upper spikelet membranaceous;
palea narrow, enclosing the oval, dorsally compressed caryopsis.
Low spreading, much-branched annual, the short, flat, pungent
leaves in fascicles. Type species, Munroa squarrosa. Named for
William Munro.

1. Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Fase BUFFALO Grass. (Fig.
1106.) Forming mats as much as 50 cm in diameter, the internodes
of the prostrate culms scabrous, as much as 10 cm long, the fascicles

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 9523

at the nodes consisting of several short leafy branches, with 1 or 2
longer branches with slender internodes; blades stiff, mostly less than
3 cm long, 1 to 3 mm wide; fascicles of spikelets about 7 mm long;
lemmas with a tuft of hairs on the margin about the middle. © —
Open ground, plains, and hills, at medium altitudes, common in old

WW

LENE

FIGURE 1105.—Cathestecum erectum. Plant, X 14; group of spikelets, central spikelet, and fertile floret, X 5.
(Palmer 161, Mex.)

fields and recently disturbed soil, Alberta and North Dakota to
Montana, south to Texas and Arizona (fig. 1107). Occasional plants
are found with a white floccose covering, the remains of egg cases of
a species of woolly aphid. The variety floccuosa Vasey was described
from such a specimen.

524 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

107. BUCHLOE Engelm.
(Bulbilis Raf.)

Plants dioecious. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered, sessile and close-
ly imbricate, in two rows on one side of a slender rachis, forming a

short spike; glumes somewhat unequal, rather broad, 1-nerved, -

acutish; lemmas longer than the glumes, 3-nerved, rather obtuse,

Se
SZ
~

FIGURE 1106.—Munroa squarrosa. Plant, X 4; ay spikelets, spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Zuck 43,
Tiz.

whitish; palea as long as its lemma. Pistillate spikelets mostly 4 or
5 in a short spike or head, this falling entire, usually 2 heads to the
inflorescence, the common peduncle short and
included in the somewhat inflated sheaths of
the upper leaves, the thickened indurate rachis
and broad outer (second) glumes forming a rigid
white obliquely globular structure crowned by
the green-toothed summits of the glumes; first
ee (inside) petal thin, meyer well ar ah
developed to obsolete in a single head; second "60821107. Distibutiono
glume firm, thick and rigid, rounded on the ae eae

back, obscurely nerved, expanded in the middle, with inflexed mar-
gins, enveloping the floret, abruptly contracted above, the summit
with 3 green rigid acuminate lobes; lemma firm-membranaceous,
3-nerved, dorsally compressed, broad below, narrowed into a 3-lobed

529

SQywy

X 5; staminate spikelet, X 5. (Ruth 156, Tex.)

> : M r= To
SS \ Saige
~ ——— SSS ae
WSS 2 ea
SAFES

Lay)

: SSH cS ac

A,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

“LHI

FiGuRE 1108.—Buchloé dactyloides. Pistillate and staminate plants, X 1; pistillate spike, and floret,

. és
——~ a! oe a |) ne ee ee oo _—~,* ae a ee ” = es oll ee

———————

526 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

green summit, the middle lobe much the larger; palea broad, cbtuse,
about as long as the body of the lemma, enveloping the caryopsis.
A low stoloniferous perennial with short curly blades, the staminate
flowers in 2 or 3 short spikes on slender, erect culms, the pistillate
in sessile heads partly hidden among the leaves. Type species,
Buchloé dactyloides. Name contracted from
Greek boubalos, buffalo, and chloé, grass, a
Greek rendering of the common name, “‘ buffalo
erass.”’
1. Buchloé dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.
BourraLto Grass. (Fig. 1108.) Gray-green,
= forming a dense sod, the curly blades forming
FIGURE thee daiiome % & covering 5 to 10 cm thick; blades rather
sparsely pilose, 1 to 2 mm wide; staminate
culms slender, 5 to 20 cm tall, the spikes 5 to 15 mm long; pistillate
heads 3 to 4 mm thick. 2 —Dry plains, western Minnesota to
central Montana, south to northwestern Iowa, Texas, western Louis-
iana, Arizona, and northern Mexico (fig. 1109). Buffalo grass forms,
when unmixed with other species, a close soft grayish-green turf.
It is dominant over large areas on |
the uplands of the Great Plains,
colloquially known as the “‘short-
grass country”, and is one of the
most important grazing grasses
of this region. The foliage cures on
the ground and furnishes nutri-
tious feed during the winter. The
sod houses of the early settlers
were made mostly from the sod
of this grass.

Tribe 8. PHALARIDEAE
108. HIEROCHLOE R. Br.

(Savastana Schrank; Torresia Ruiz and
Pav.)

Spikelets with one terminal per-
fect floret and two staminate
florets, disarticulating above the
glumes, the staminate florets Nh
falling attached to the fertile one; rievre 1110—Hierochloé alpina. Plant, X 1;
elumes equal, 3-nerved, broad, thin pe and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 16058,
and papery, smooth, acute; stam1- ee
nate lemmas about as long as the glumes, boat-shaped, hispidulous,
hairy along the margin; fertile lemma somewhat indurate, about as
long as the others, smooth or nearly so, awnless; palea 3-nerved,
rounded on the back. Perennial, erect, slender, sweet-smelling
grasses, with small panicles of broad, bronze-colored spikelets. Type
species, Wierochloé antarctica (Labill.) R. Br. Name from Greek heros,
sacred, and chloé, grass, holy grass; H. oderata was used in parts of
Europe for ‘‘strewing before the doors of churches on festival days.”

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 527

Flowering culms with short blades only (rarely to 10 em long) with few to many
long-leaved sterile shoots at base.

Staminate lemmas bearing exserted awns_____--_-_-___------ 1. H. ALPINA.
Staminate lemmas awnless or nearly so_____________--_---- 2. H. ODORATA.
Flowering culms with blades 25 to 50 cm long_______--- 3. H. OCCIDENTALIS.
1. Hierochloé alpina (Swartz) Roem.

ns and Schult. (Fig.1110.) Culms 10 to

Ny lad 40 cm tall, tufted, with leafy shoots at

ayé ayes base and short rhizomes; blades 1 to

Sabeds 2 mm wide, the basal ones elongate,

AZ those of the culm shorter and wider;

“ax anicle contracted, 3 to 4 cm long;

SS \ } Oa ¥ p = 2 g;

Ay | ag spikelets short-pediceled, 6 to 8 mm

aS <3 long; staminate lemmas ciliate on the

margin, awned below the tip, the awn

| of the second lemma 5 to 8 mm long,

bent, twisted below, that of the first a

little shorter, straight; fertile lemma

acute, appressed-pubescent toward

apex. 21 —Arctic regions, Greenland

: to Alaska, south to Newfoundland and

Quebec; alpine meadows and rocky

slopes, high mountains, Maine, New

Hampshire, Vermont, and New York;
Europe.

2. Hierochloé odorata (L.) Beauv.
SWEETGRASS. (Fig. 1111.) Culms 30
to 60 cm tall, with few to
several leafy shoots and
slender, creeping rhizomes;
blades 2 to 5 mm wide,
sometimes wider, those of
the sterile shoots elongate,
those of the culm mostly less
than 5 cm long, rarely to 10
cm long; panicle pyramidal,
4 to 12 cm long, from some-
what compact to loose with

FIGURE 1111.—Hierochloé odorata. Plant, X 14; spikelet, florets, and fertile floret, X 5.
(Shear 437, Mont.)

slender drooping branches; spikelets mostly short-pediceled, 5 mm

long; staminate lemmas awnless or nearly so, fertile lemma pubescent

toward the apex. 2 —Meadows, bogs, and moist places, Labrador,
55974°—35——34

528 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Indiana, Iowa, Oregon, and in the
mountains to New Mexico and Arizona (fig. 1112); [Eurasia. The
Indians use the grass, known as Seneca grass, to make fragrant bas-
kets. Also called holy grass and vanilla grass. A tall form with
culm blades 12 to 17 cm long, and a very loose
lax panicle, found in Van Cortlandt Park, New
York City, has been described as HWierochloé
nashii Kaczmarek (Savastana nashii Bickn.).

3. Hierochloé occidentalis Buckl. Catr-
FORNIA SWEETGRASS. (Fig.1113.) Culms 60 to
90 cm tall, with long leaves and creeping rhi-

NIGURE urockdon wubution of zomes; sheaths scabrous; blades flat, rather

stifly upright, 25 to 50 cm long, 8 to 15 mm
wide, narrowed to the base, acuminate, scabrous beneath; panicle
mostly open, 7 to 15 cm long, the subcapillary branches drooping,
loosely flowered or the spikelets aggregate toward the ends, the lower
branches 2.5 to 7 em long; spikelets 4 to5 mm long, the glumes with

a pale shining margin; staminate
lemmas awnless or nearly so; fertile
lemma appressed-pubescent toward
apex. 2 (H. macrophylla Thurb.)
—Forests in the redwood belt, Ore-
gon to Monterey, Calif., Bingen,
Wash.

109. ANTHOXANTHUM L.

VERNALGRASS

Spikelets with 1 terminal perfect VA ANG Y
floret and 2 sterile lemmas, the ra- Y Mires Uf
chilla disarticulating above the Vis y
glumes, the sterile lemmas falling
attached to the fertile floret; glumes
unequal, acute or mucronate; sterile
lemmas shorter than the glumes,
empty, awned from the back; fertile
lemma shorter than the sterile ones,
awnless; palea 1-nerved, rounded on _ Ficure 1113.—Hierochloé occidentalis. Plant,
the back, enclosed in the lemme. |) geo oe ee
Sweet-smelling annuals or perennials,
with flat blades and spikelike panicles. Types species, Anthoran-
thum odoratum. Name from Greek anthos, flower, and zanthos,
yellow, alluding to the yellow inflorescence.

Plants peredumial.2 2 _ 2 eae ae Sa eee ae eee 1. A. ODORATUM.
Plants anmual 6 2): | RS Fe Be a oe pe ee ae 2. A. ARISTATUM.

1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweervernauerass. (Fig. 1114,
. A.) Culms tufted, erect, slender, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades 2 to 5 mm
wide; panicle long-exserted, brownish yellow, acute, 2 to 6 cm long;
spikelets 8 to 10 mm long; glumes scabrous, the first about half as
long as the second; sterile lemmas subequal, appressed-pilose with
golden hairs, the first short-awned below the apex, the second awned
from near the base, the awn twisted below, geniculate, slightly

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 529

FIGURE 1114.—A, Anthoranthum odoratum. Plant, X 14; spikelet, sterile lemmas, and fertile floret, x 5
Iso), NY. Herb: 74b., N.C.) B, A. aristatum. Spikelet, sterile florets, and fertile floret, X 5. (Ww hite
591 ns

530 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

exceeding the second glume; fertile lemma about 2 mm long, brown,
smooth and shining. 2 —Meadows, pastures, and waste places,
Greenland and Newfoundland to Louisiana and Michigan, and on the
Pacific coast from British Columbia to northern
California (fig. 1115); introduced from Eurasia.
Sometimes included in meadow mixtures to
give fragrance to the hay but the grass has no
forage value.

2. Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. (Fig.
1114, B.) Differing from A. odoratum in being

FIGURE 1115.—Distribution of 7

mthoranihum odoraum annual, the culms lower, often geniculate and
bushy branching; panicles looser; spikelets a
little smaller. © —Waste places in several localities from Maine

to Iowa, Florida, and Mississippi; Vancouver Island; Oregon (fig.
1116); introduced from Europe.

ANTHOXANTHUM GRACILE Bivon. Tufted annual; culms 20 em tall; blades
pubescent; panicle silvery; spikelets about 12 mm long, conspicuously awned
© —Occasionally cultivated for dry bouquets. Italy.

110. PHALARIS L. Canary GRAss

Spikelets laterally compressed, with 1 terminal perfect floret and
2 sterile lemmas below (obsolete in Phalaris paradoza), the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes, the usually
inconspicuous sterile lemmas falling closely
appressed to the fertile floret; glumes equal,
boat-shaped, often winged on the keel; sterile
lemmas reduced to 2 small usually minute
scales (rarely only 1); fertile lemma coriaceous,
shorter than the glumes, enclosing the faintly 2- Se
nerved palea. Annuals or perennials, with qryS linhum orstaum
numerous flat blades, and narrow or spikelike
panicles. Typespecies, Phalaris canariensis. Phalaris, an old Greek
name for a grass.
Spikelets in groups of 7, 1 fertile surrounded by 6 sterile, the group falling entire.
1. P. PARADOXA.
Spikelets all alike, not in groups falling entire.
Plants perennial.
Rhizomes wanting; panicle dense, ovate or oblong---- 8. P. CALIFORNICA.
Rhizomes present; panicle narrow, spreading during anthesis.
P. ARUNDINACEA.
Plants annual.
Glumes broadly winged; panicle ovate or short-oblong.

Sterile lemma solitary; fertile lemma 3 mm long------------ 4, P. MINOR.
Sterile lemmas 2, fertile lemma 4 to 6 mm long.
Sterile lemmas 0.6 mm long or less______------ 3. P. BRACHYSTACHYS.
Sterile lemmas half as long as fertile________-- 2. P. CANARIENSIS.

Glumes wingless or nearly so; panicles oblong or linear, dense. _
Glumes wingless, acuminate; fertile lemma turgid, the acuminate apex
smoothes oy 2: es yt ONE 30s 2009 SNe See ee 7. P. LEMMONI.
Glumes narrowly winged toward summit, acute or abruptly pointed;
fertile lemma less turgid, villous to the acute apex.

Panicle tapering to each end, mostly 2 to 6 em long (occasionally longer).
5. P. CAROLINIANA.

Panicle subcylindric, mostly 6 to 15 cm long (occasionally smaller).
6. P. ANGUSTA,

1. Phalaris paradéxa L. (Fig. 1117.) Annual, tufted, more or
less spreading at base; culms 30 to 60 cm tall; panicle dense, oblong

ae on Bae = ~— =

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 531

narrowed at base, 2 to 6 cm long, often enclosed at base in the upper-
most enlarged sheath; spikelets finally falling from the axis in groups
of 6 or 7, those of the upper part of the panicle slender-pediceled, the
central spikelet fertile, the subulate-acuminate glumes with a promi-
nent tooth-like wing near the middle of the keel, the others sterile,
with smaller pointed glumes with toothed-winged keels; fertile lemma
3 mm long, with only a few hairs toward the summit, the sterile
lemmas obsolete; spikelets of lower part of panicle short-pediceled, the
glumes of the outer four spikelets deformed, cuneate-clavate. © —
Occasional in grain fields
and waste places, Cali-
fornia; ballast, Phila-
delphia, New Orleans;
introduced from Medi-
terranean region.

PHALARIS PARADOXA fl
var. PRAEMORSA (Lam.)
Coss. and Dur. Panicle
mostly smaller, all the
spikelets short-pediceled
and with outer sterile
spikelets having de-
formed clavate glumes, as
in the lower part of pani-
cle of the species; glumes
of all spikelets subindur-
ate. © —-Fields and
waste places, Washing-
ton to California; ballast,
Philadelphia; introduced
from Mediterranean re-
gion.

2. Phalaris canariénsis
L. Canary Grass. (Fig.
1118.) Annual; culms
erect, 30 to 60 cm tall; f | Aa
panicle ovate to oblong- Mt //7
ovate, dense, 1.5 to 4. cm —4 aL :
long; spikelets broad, im- MOVE NN Coy spikelets, x8. (Heller 1301, Calif)
bricate, pale with green
stripes; glumes 7 to 8 mm long, abruptly pointed, the green keel with
a prominent pale wing, broadened upward; fertile lemma 5 to 6 mm
long, acute, densely appressed-pubescent; sterile lemmas at least half
as long as fertile. @ —Waste places, infrequent, Nova Scotia to
Alaska, south to Virginia, Kansas, Wyoming, and California, and
occasionally southward (fig. 1119); introduced from the western Medi-
terraneanregion. This species furnishes the canary seed of commerce.

3. Phalaris brachystachys Link. (Fig. 1120.) Differing from
P. canariensis in having smaller spikelets, the glumes about 6 mm long,
the fertile lemma 4 to 5 mm long, and especially in the short sterile
lemmas not more than 0.6 mm long. © —Texas (Asherton);

California (Butte County) ; Oregon (ballast, near Portland) ; introduced
from the Mediterranean region.

——S~—

WS
SSS
SSS

=>

SS
SSS
SS SS

Aes

SS
SS . SS

Se ——

532 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4. Phalaris minor Retz. (Fig. 1121.) Resembling P. cana-
riensis; panicle ovate-oblong, 2 to 5 cm long; spikelets narrower, not
so conspicuously striped; glumes 4 to 6 mm long, the wing of the keel
narrower; fertile lemma lance-ovate, about 3 mm long, acute; sterile

FIGURE 1118.—Phalaris canariensis. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Mearns 3376, Wyo.)

lemma solitary, about 1 mm long. © -—-Fields and waste places,
New Brunswick to New Jersey, rare; Louisiana and Texas; Colorado;
ballast, near Portland, Oreg.; frequent in California (fig. 1122);
introduced from the Mediterranean region.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 533

5. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. (Fig. 1123.) Annual; culms erect,
30 to 60 cm tall or even more; panicle oblong, 2 to 6 em long, occa-
sionally longer, tapering to each end; glumes 5 to 6 mm long, oblong,
rather abruptly narrowed to an acute apex, the keel scabrous and
narrowly winged above from below the middle; fertile
lemma lanceolate, acute, appressed-pubescent, about
3.5 to 4 mm long, the sterile lemmas one-third to half
as long. © —Old fields, sandy soul, and moist
places, Virginia to Colorado, south to Florida and
Texas, west to Arizona, California, and Oregon (fig.
1124). A few specimens from
the Pacific coast are relatively
robust, up to 80 em tall, and
have panicles 3 to 8 cm long,
some of them slightly lobed and
not tapering to the base, the
: — spikelets 6 to 6.5 mm long.
ree iin het eta 6. Phalaris angista Nees.

: (Fig.1125.) Annual; culms 1 to

1.5 m tall; panicle subcylindric, mostly 6 to 15 em

long, about 8 mm thick; glumes 3.5 to 4 mm long,

narrow, abruptly pointed, the keel scabrous and nar- y, cc 190—Pha

rowly winged toward the summit; fertile lemma ovate- aris brachystachys.

lanceolate, acute, appressed-pubescent, 3mm long; SAeY*, nauit

sterile lemmas about one-third as long. © —Open orf 1904, Ores.)

’ ground at low altitudes, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas; Cali-
fornia; southern South America.

7. Phalaris lemmoni Vasey. (Fig. 1126.) Annual; culms 30 to

90 cm tall; panicle 5 to 15 cm long, sub-

; cylindric or lobed toward base, often

fj purplish; glumes about 5 mm long, nar-

row, acuminate, scabrous, not winged on

the keel; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate,

: acuminate, 3.5 to 4 mm long, brown at

: maturity, appressed-pubescent, except

. the acuminate
ip, sseritve Wea. Py
lemmas (1 or 2) a ae % PS Me
less than one- \4 / PoR-\tU We
third as long. Prat TALE Reh |
O° —Morst | Wroiikss |:
places, at low ' f 3

alivudes, in the sews _Dsbueae
coastal valleys,
central and southern California.
8. Phalaris californica Hook. and
Arn. (Fig. 1127.) Perennial, often in
dense tussocks; culms erect, 75 to 150
em tall; blades rather lax, 8 to 15 mm
FicuRE 1121.—Phalaris minor. Plant, x Wide; panicle ovoid or oblong, 2 to 5 cm
Galt 2nd floret, X 5. (Ball 1932 Jong, 2 to 2.5 cm thick, often purplish
tinged; glumes 6 to 8 mm long, narrow,
tapering from below the middle to an acute apex, the keel smooth or
nearly so, sharp but not winged; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate,
about 4 mm long, rather sparsely appressed-pubescent, the palea .

034 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

often exposed, the sterile lemmas about half as long. 2 —Ravines
and open moist ground in the Coast Range, southwestern Oregon to
, San Luis Obispo County, Calif.

9. Phalaris arundinacea L. Rexp
CANARY GRASS. (Fig. 1128.) Peren-
nial, with creeping rhizomes, glaucous;
culms erect, 60 to 150 cm tall; panicle
7 to 16 cm long, narrow, the branches
spreading during
anthesis, the low-
er as much as 5
cm long; glumes
about 5 mm long,
narrow, acute, the
keel scabrous,
very narrowly MSUgy 112-—Diseation of
winged; fertile
lemma lanceolate, 4 mm long, with a
few appressed hairs; sterile lemmas
villous, 1 mm long. 2 -—WMarshes,
) river banks, and moist places, New
FIGURE 1123.—Phalaris caroliniana. Plant, Brunswick to southeastern Alaska (also

ord, Mise nS Morel, X 5. , (Hitcheockaat Tanana, Hot Springs, Alaske), soutk
to North Carolina, Kentucky, Okla-
homa, New Mexico, Arizona, and northeastern California (fig. 1129);
Eurasia. An important constituent of lowland hay from Montana
to Wisconsin. PHALARIS ARUNDI-
NACEA var. PicTa L. RiBBON GRASS.
Blades striped with white. © —
Grown for ornament in gardens;
also called gardener’s garters.

PHALARIS TUBEROSA Var. STEN-
OpTERA (Hack.) Hitche. (Fig. 1130.)
Perennial, with a
loose branching,
rhizomatous base;
culms stout, as much
as 1.5 m tall; panicle
5 to 15 em long, 1.5
cm wide, slightly
lobed; glumes 5 to 6
mm long, the keel
scabrous, rather
narrowly winged on
the upper two-thirds; movre 1126—Phe- |
fertile’ lemma, 4 amma” |e ‘aemons xe ‘

ype.) ,
long, ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, appressed-pubescent;
sterile lemma _ usually solitary,
about one-third as long as fertile ’
FIGURE 1125.—Phalaris angusta. Plant, X 1; lemma. a —About 1902 there

glumes and floret, X 5. (Suksdorf 32, Calif.) ' appeared in Queensland, Austra-
lia, the source unknown, a species
of Phalaris which gave promise of being a valualeb forage

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 535

erass. About 1907 it was distributed from the Toowoomba Botanic
Gardens, Queensland. Stapf, of Kew Gardens, identified this grass
as P. bulbosa L. Hackel describeditas a distinct species, P. sten-
optera. It has been grown at the California Experiment Station, and

FIGURE 1127.—Phalaris californica. Plant, FIGURE 1128.—Phalaris arundinacea. Plant, X 1;

X 1; spikelet and floret, X 5. (Heller glumes and floret, X 5. (Chase 7583, Md.)
6677, Calif.)

the above description was drawn from a plant supplied by Professor
Kennedy from the University Farm at Davis, the seed being from
South Africa. This differs from the typical P. tuberosa of the Med-
iterranean region in having short vertical or ascending, sometimes
branching rhizomes, the base of the culms little or not at
all swollen. It has been called Harding grass. Burbank
has distributed it as P. stenophylla (error for stenoptera),
calling it Peruvian winter grass. This species has been
called P. bulbosa, but the true P.
bulbosa L. is a species of Phlewm
(P. tenue Schrad.; P. bulbosum
(L.) Richt.).

TRIBE 9. ORYZEAE
| 111. ORYZA L. Rice
FIGURE 1129.—Distribution of

Phalaris arundinacea. Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally
compressed, disarticulating below
the glumes; glumes 2, much shorter than the lemma, Ficvze haan?
narrow; lemma rigid, keeled, 5-nerved, the outer nerves faa var. sten.
near the margin, the apex sometimes awned; palea similar (fr corars,
to the lemma, narrower, keeled, with a median bundle N.C.)
but with no strong midnerve on the back, 2-nerved close to the
margins. Annual or sometimes perennial swamp grasses, often tall,
with flat blades and spikelets in open panicles. Type species,
Oryza sativa. Name from oruza, old Greek name for rice,

036

MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

a, = .
aS—
— SSR

FIGURE 1131.—Oryza sativa, Plant, X 44; spikelet, X 5. (Cult.)

ee et eee

Dn ee Bs Soe En se

{

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 537

1. Oryza sativa L. Rice. (Fig. 1131.) Annual, or in tropical
regions sometimes perennial; culms erect, 1 to 2 m tall; blades elon-
gate; panicle rather dense, drooping, 15 to 40 cm long; spikelets 7 to
10 mm long, 3 to 4 mm wide; lemma and palea papillose-roughened
and with scattered appressed hairs, the lemma from mucronate to
long-awned. © —Cultivated in all warm countries at low altitudes
where there is sufficient moisture; one of the world’s most important
food plants; sometimes adventive near the coast from Virginia to
Florida and Texas. ;

112. LEERSIA Swartz

(Homalocenchrus Mieg.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly compressed laterally, disarticulating
from the pedicel; glumes wanting; lemma chartaceous, broad, oblong
os to oval, boat-shaped, usually 5-nerved,
4 the lateral pair of nerves close to the
Yi margins, these and the keel often
yf hispid-ciliate, the eae ee
Licee? sometimes faint; palea as long as the
glia lemma, much narrower, usually 3-
nerved, the keel
usually hispid-
ciliate, the
lateral nerves
close to the
margins, the
margins firmly ° as
hela obey jtie. Pape! aia
margins of the
lemma; stamens 6 or fewer. Peren-
nials, usually with creeping rhizomes,
flat, scabrous blades, and mostly
open panicles. Type species, Leersia
oryzoides. Named for J. D. Leers.

(McDonald 68, 111.)

Spikelets broadly oval, 3 to 4 mm wide____-_--_----------- 1. L. LENTICULARIS.
Spikelets elliptic, not more than 2 mm wide.
Panicle narrow, the branches ascending or appressed _____-- 4. LL. HEXANDRA.

Panicle open, the capillary branches finally spreading.
Spikelets glabrous, about 2 mm long; culms tufted, erect; rhizomes wanting.
L. MONANDRA.
Spikelets hispidulous; culms decumbent at base; rhizomes present.

Lower panicle branches solitary; spikelets 3 mm long, 1 mm wide.
3. L. VIRGINICA.
Lower panicle branches fascicled; spikelets 5 mm long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide.
L. ORYZOIDES.

1. Leersia lenticularis Michx. Catcuriy crass. (Fig. 1132.)
Culms straggling, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with creeping scaly rhizomes; sheaths
scabrous at least toward the summit; blades lax, 1 to 2 em wide;
panicle open, drooping, 10 to 20 cm long, the branches ascending or
spreading, naked below, branched above, branchlets bearing closely
imbricate spikelets along one side; spikelets pale, broadly oval, very
flat, 4 to 5 mm long, sparsely hispidulous, the keels bristly ciliate.
2 —Ditches and swamps, Indiana to Minnesota, south to South
Carolina, Florida, and Texas (fig. 1133).

538 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ee

Sta eat

se ire See 756

FIGURE 1134.—Leersia oryzoides. Plant, X 4; spikelet, X 5. (Hitchcock 5317, Tex.)

i

ts J

Ye €

PAP TSO YD

coe bh wat, ee ‘Ss uu or ta =

te > Co ieee

ns
1

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 539

2. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz. Rice cuterass. (Fig. 1134.)
Culms slender, weak, often decumbent at base, 1 to 1.5 m tall, with
slender creeping rhizomes; sheaths and blades strongly retrorsely

scabrous, the blades mostly 8 to 10
mm wide; panicles terminal and axil-
lary, 10 to 20 cm long, the flexuous
branches finally spreading, the spike-
lets more loosely imbricate than in
L. lenticularis; spikelets elliptic, 5 mm
long, 1.5 to 2 mm wide, sparsely
hispidulous, the keels bristly ciliate;
axillary panicles
reduced, partly
included in the
sheaths, the
spikelets cleis-
togamous. 2
—Marshes, river
banks, and wet
places, often
forming a zone around ponds and
lakes, Quebec and Maine to eastern
Washington south to northern Florida,
Texas, Colorado, Arizona, and south-
eastern California (fig. 1135); Europe.

FIGURE 1135.—Distribution of
Leersia oryzoides.

FIGURE 1136.—JLeersia virginica, X 1.
(French, Iowa.)

The late cleistogamous phase has been described as L. oryzoides forma

inclusa (Wiesb.) Dérfl.

3. Leersia virginica Willd. Wuuirrecrass. (Fig. 1136.) Culms

FIGURE 1138.—Leersia herandra, X 1.
(Wurzlow, La.)

slender, weak, branching, 50 to 120 cm
tall, with clusters of very scaly rhizomes
much stouter than the culm base;
blades relatively short, 6 to 12 mm wide;
panicle open, 10 to 20 cm long, the
capillary branches rather distant, stiffly
spreading, naked below, those of the
branchessmaller,
sometimes in-
cluded in the
sheath; spikelets
oblong, closely
appressed to the
branchlets, about
3 mm long and Tri -Pributon ot
1 mm wide, ;
sparsely hispidulous, the keels short-
hispid. 2 —Low woods and moist
places, Quebec to South Dakota, south
to Florida and Texas (fig. 1137).

4. Leersia hexandra Swartz. (Fig.
1138.) Culms slender, weak, usually
long-decumbent from a creeping and

rooting base, with slender rhizomes and extensively creeping leafy
stolons; the flowering culms upright; blades rather stiff, 2 to 5 mm
wide; panicle narrow, 5 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending or

540 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

appressed, floriferous nearly to the base; spikelets oblong, about 4 to
5 mm long, a little more than 1 mm wide, often purplish, sparsely
hispidulous, the keels bristly ciliate. 2 —Shallow water, ditches,
is and wet places near the coast, North Carolina
to Florida and Texas (fig. 1139); widely distrib-
uted in the tropics of both hemispheres.

5. Leersia monandra Swartz. (Fig. 1140.)
Culms tufted, erect, wiry, 50 to 100 em tall,
without rhizomes; sheaths smooth or nearly
age so; blades elongate, 1 to 5 mm wide; panicle
FIGURE, 1139. Distribution of open, the capillary solitary branches spreading,

naked below, the small spikelets near the ends;
spikelets pale, broadly ovate, glabrous, about 2 mm long.
—Rocky woods and prairies, Florida Keys, southern Florida, and
southern Texas; West Indies.

TRIBE 10. ZIZANIEAE
113. ZIZANIA L. Wiprice

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel;
glumes obsolete, represented by a small collarlike ridge; pistillate
spikelet terete, angled at maturity; lemma chartaceous, 3-nerved,
tapering into a long slender awn; palea 2-nerved, closely clasped by
the lemma; grain cylindric, 1 to 2 cm long; staminate spikelet soft;
lemma 5-nerved, membranaceous, linear, acuminate or awn-pointed;
palea about as long as the glume, 3-nerved; stamens 6. Tall aquatic
annuals or perennials, with flat blades and large
terminal panicles, the lower branches ascending
or spreading, bearing the pendulous staminate
spikelets, the upper branches ascending, at ma-
turity erect, bearing appressed pistillate spike-
lets, the staminate spikelets early deciduous,
the pistillate spikelets tardily deciduous. Type
species, Zizania aquatica. Namefrom Zizanion,
an old Greek name for a weed growing in grain,
the tares of the Scripture parable.

The seeds of wild rice were used by the
aborigines for food and are still used to some
extent by some of the northern tribes of
Indians. Wildrice is important as a food and :
shelter “for water fowl and is ‘sometimes "3 (eae)
planted for this purpose in marshes on game eee
preserves. The thickened bases of the culms of the Asiatic Z. lati-
folia (Griseb.) Turez. are used as a vegetable called Kau sun.

Plants, annual, erectis. (0 2. 2s Fe ee I ee ee ee 1. Z. AQUATICA.
Plants: perennial, long-decumibent jab bases ee ee ee 2. Z. TEXANA.

1. Zizania aquatica L. ANNUAL WILDRICE. (Fig. 1141.) Annual;
culms robust, usually 2 to 3 m tall; blades elongate, 1 to 4 cm wide,
scaberulous; panicles mostly 30 to 50 cm long, the branches mostly
15to20cmlong. © -—Marshes and borders of streams and ponds,
usually in shallow water, Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida
and Louisiana; Idaho (fig. 1142).

541

pei py
eS —
—S——

Se eS ees See
—

X 14; pistillate spikelet, X 2; second view, X 5; staminate spike-

let, X 5. (Fink, Iowa.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 1141 —Zizania aquatica. Plant,

542 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ZIZANIA AQUATICA var. ANGUSTIFOLIA Hitchc. NorTHERN WILD-
RICE. Culms usually not more than
1.5 m tall; blades usually not more
than 1 cm wide. © —Shallow
water, Quebec and New Brunswick
to North Dakota, south to New
York and Nebraska.

2. Zizania texana Hitche. Texas
WILDRIcE. (Fig. 1143.) Perennial;
culms long-decumbent and rooting
at base, 1 to 3 m long; blades elon-
gate, 3 to 15 or even 20 mm wide;
panicle 20 to 30 cm long, narrow,
the lower (staminate) branches
ascending, 5 to 10 cm long; stami-
nate spikelets 7 to 8 mm long, 1.5

FIGURE 1142.— Distribution of
Zizania aquatica.

mm wide; pistillate spikelets about
1 cm long, tapering into an awn 1
to 2 cm long. 2 -—Growing in
rapidly flowing water, San Marcos,
Tex. The grass grows in water 30
to 120 cm deep, the lower part of
the plant prostrate or floating on
the water, the upper part erect.
Flowers from April to November
and at warm periods during winter.
Said to be troublesome in irrigation
ditches.

114. ZIZANIOPSIS Doell and
Aschers.

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered,
disarticulating from the pedicel,
mixed on the same branches of
the panicle, the staminate below;
glumes wanting; lemma 7-nerved,
short-awned in the pistillate spike-

lets; palea 3-nerved; staminate spikelets with 6 stamens; styles
rather long, united; fruit obovate, free from the lemma and palea,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 543

FIGURE 1144.—Zizaniopsis miliacea. Plant, X 14; staminate spikelet, pistillate spikelet, and ripe caryop-
sis, X 5. (Chase 7121, S.C.)

55974°—35——35

544 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

coriaceous, smooth and shining, beaked with the persistent style;
seed free from the pericarp. Robust perennial marsh grasses, with
stout creeping rhizomes, broad flat blades, and large open panicles.
Type species, Zizaniopsis microstachya Nees. Name from Zizania, a
generic name, and Greek opsis, appearance,
alluding to the similarity to Zizania.

1. Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell and
Aschers. (Fig. 1144.) SoursHerN wWwILDRICE.
Culms 1 to 3 m tall or even taller; blades
glabrous except the very scabrous margins, 1 to
ESLER CERNE Tae 2 cm wide, the midrib stout; panicle rather

a Toaniopes mia, || MarTOW, nodding, 30 to 50 coy lone ‘the

numerous branches fascicled, as much as 15 to
20 cm long, naked at base; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, short-awned, the
staminate slender, the pistillate turgid at maturity. 2 —Marshes,
creeks, and river banks, Maryland to Kentucky and Oklahoma, south
to Florida and Texas (fig. 1145).

115. LUZIOLA Juss.

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel,
the staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles on the
same plant; glumes wanting; lemma and palea about equal, thin,
several to many-nerved, lanceolate or oblong; stamens 6 or more;
stigmas long, plumose; grain free, globose, finely striate. Creeping,
low or delicate perennials, with narrow flat blades and terminal and
axillary panicles. Type species, Luziola peruviana. Name modified
from Luzula, a genus of Juncaceae.

Pistillate spikelets ovoid, about 2 mm long; staminate and pistillate panicles on

the. same Shoot Se Ser. OU a a ee 1. L. PERUVIANA.
Pistillate spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 5 mm long; staminate and pistillate
panicles on different shoots. --&3°2. 5. 0 Bee eee 2. L. BAHIENSIS.

1. Luziola peruviana Gmel. (Fig. 1146.) Culms slender, branch-
ing, the flowering shoots ascending, 10 to 40 em tall; blades 1 to 4
mm wide, exceeding the panicles; staminate panicles terminal, narrow,
the spikelets about 7 mm long; pistillate panicles terminal and axil-
lary, 3 to 6 cm long, about as wide, the spikelets about 2 mm long,
ovoid at maturity, abruptly pointed. 2 —Muddy ground and wet
meadows, Florida (Pensacola) and Louisiana (vicinity of New Orleans);
Mexico and Cuba, south to Argentina.

2. Luziola bahiénsis (Steud.) Hitche. (Fig. 1147.) Extensively
stoloniferous, the flowering shoots not more than 15 cm tall, mostly
less; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, much exceeding the panicles; panicles
mostly terminal, the staminate few-flowered, the spikelets about 5
mm long; pistillate panicles 4 to 6 cm long, the few stiff branches
finally spreading, with a few appressed oblong-lanceolate spikelets 4
to 5 mm long, the lemma and palea much exceeding the caryopsis.
2| —Lagoons and banks of streams, southern Alabama; Cuba.

Brazil.
116. HYDROCHLOA Beauv.

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel,
the staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles on the same
plant; glumes wanting; staminate spikelets with a thin 7-nerved
lemma, a 2-nerved palea, and 6 stamens; pistillate spikelets with a

545

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

6871, Fla.)

FIGURE 1146.—Luziola peruviana. Plant, X 4%; pistillate and staminate spikelets, X 5. (Curtiss

546 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

thin 7-nerved lemma and 5-nerved palea, the stigmas long and slender.
A slender, branching, aquatic grass, probably perennial, the leaves
floating; staminate spikelets in small few-flowered terminal racemes;
pistillate spikelets in few-flowered racemes in the axils of the leaves.
Type species, Hydrochloa caroliniensis. Name from Greek hudor,
water, and chloa, grass, alluding to the habitat.

1. Hydrochloa caroliniénsis Beauv. (Fig. 1148.) Culms up tol
m or more long, freely branching, leafy; blades flat, 1 to 3 em long,
1 to 2 mm wide, in vigorous shoots as much as 6 cm long and 5 mm
wide; spikelets inconspicuous and infrequent, the staminate about 4
mm long, the pistillate about 2mm. 2 Ponds and slow-flowing
streams, sometimes in sufficient abundance to become troublesome.
South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1149). Eaten by live-
stock. Lemma 5- or 7-nerved; palea 4- to 7-nerved. (Weatherwax.)

117. PHARUS L.

Spikelets in pairs, appressed along the slender spreading, nearly
simple panicle branches, one pistillate, subsessile, the other stami-
nate, pedicellate, much smaller than the
pistillate spikelet; fertile lemma subin-
durate, terete, clothed, at least toward the
beaked apex, with thick uncinate hairs;
blades petioled (the petiole with a single
twist reversing the upper and under sur-
faces of the blade), the nerves running
from midnerve to margin, with fine trans-
verse veins between the nerves.
Perennials with broad flat elliptic or
oblanceolate blades and terminal panicles
with rather few stiffly spreading branches
breaking readily at maturity, the terete
pistillate spikelets appressed, the uncinate
fruits acting like burs. Type species,
Pharus latifolius L. Name from Greek
pharos, cloth or mantle, possibly alluding
to the broad blades.

1. Pharus parvifolius Nash. (Fig.

me 1150.) Culms long-decumbent and root-

FIGURE 1147 Laiziold behiensis, X T- ing at base, the flowering shoot 30 to 50

bee em tall; blades elliptic, abruptly acumi-

nate, 10 to 20 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide; panicles mostly 10 to 20 cm long,

about as wide; pistillate spikelets about 1 cm long, the glumes thin,

brown, iess than half as long as the lemma; staminate spikelets about

3 mm long, the slender pedicels appressed to the pistillatespikelets. 2

—Rocky woods, Florida, rare (Pineola; Orange Lake); West Indies
to Brazil.

TRIBE 11. MELINIDEAE
118. MELINIS Beauv.

Spikelets small, dorsally compressed, 1-flowered with a sterile
lemma, below the fertile floret, the rachilla disarticulating below the
glumes; first glume minute; second glume and sterile lemma similar,
membranaceous, strongly nerved, slightly exceeding the fertile floret;

a4? 3 Le re

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 547

fertile lemma and palea subhyaline toward summit. Perennials

H

f

\ | Vy 4 |
V \ PA
Q Y y

~_/
Va

FIGURE 1148.—Hydrochloa caroliniensis. Plant, X 14; two views of pistillate spikelet and staminate
spikelet, XK 5. (Nash 1152, Fla.)

with slender, branching, decumbent culms and narrow many-flowered
panicles, with capillary branchlets and pedicels.
Type species, Melinis minutifilora. Name from
Greek meline, millet.

1. Melinis minutifl6ra Beauv. Mo.assEs
Grass. (Fig. 1151.) Culms ascending from
a tangled much branched base, as much as 1 m
ee ah a tall; the foliage viscid-pubescent; blades flat, 5

Hydrochloa caroliniensis. to 15 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 10 to

20 cm long, purplish; spikelets about 2 mm
long, the sterile lemma 2-lobed, with a delicate awn 1 to 10 mm long
from between the lobes, 2 —lIntroduced from Brazil, though

548 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(Miller 1231, Dominican Republic.)

FIGURE 1150.—Pharus parvifolius, X 4.

|
|
|

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 549

native of Africa. Cultivated for forage and spreading in open ground
through Central and South America and the West Indies. It has
been tried successfully in southern Florida. The grass has a heavy
sweetish odor when fresh. Called
in Brazil capim gordura.

o\ a As
=. My A

THYSANOLAENA MAXIMA (Roxb.) t x \
Kuntze. Robust perennial, 1 to 3 m | \
tall; blades 3 to 7 cm wide; panicle i ) YN
commonly 1 m long, the slender dense- | SS
ly-flowered branches drooping; spike- H

lets about 2 mm long, pointed; fertile
lemma long-ciliate. 2 —Introduced
in southern Florida and southern
California as an ornamental.

TRIBE 12. PANICEAE

119. ANTHAENANTIA Beauv.

Spikelets obovoid; first glume
wanting; second glume and ster-
ile lemma about equal, 5-nerved,
the broad internerves infolded,
densely villous, the sterile lemma
with a small palea and sometimes
with a staminate flower; fertile
lemma cartilaginous, brown, with
narrow pale hyaline margins,
boat-shaped, 3-nerved, subacute.
Erect perennials with short
creeping rhizomes, narrow, firm,
flat blades, the uppermost much
reduced, and narrow panicles, the
slender branches ascending or
appressed. Type species, Anthae-
nantia villosa. Name from Greek
anthos, flower, and enantios con- | :
trary. (Beauvois misinterpreted FicuRe 1151.—Melinis minutifiora. Plant, X 1; spike-
the structure of the pololetae tan gra

In pine barrens A. rufa may be an important element in the natural
pasture.

XX
Yay
SSS“
—= SS ?
y ke -
ae m4, _ Zz ;

GY,

YY,
4

—
ee

WD Ae
ERI IE

(BA
Weg

¢

= By
GG

SS
BORER
~ ~S

od if
ie] aM)
bi spain

yy

Blades erect or spreading, rather blunt or rounded at the apex, linear, folded at
Base opmele tisualy purple fF 2 oe ne hr area.
Blades ascending or spreading (on the average shorter and broader than in A. rufa),
tapering to the apex, rounded at base; panicle usually pale__ 2. A. VILLOSA.

1. Anthaenantia raifa (Ell.) Schult. (Fig. 1152, A.) Culms
slender, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades elongate, 3 to 5 mm wide, often
scabrous; panicle 8 to 15 cm long, usually purple; spikelets 3 to 4 mm
long. 2 —Moist pine barrens, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to
Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 1153).

2. Anthaenantia vill6sa (Michx.) Beauv. (Fig. 1152, B.) Dzyffer-
ing from A. rufa in the wider, mostly shorter, spreading blades and in
the usually pale panicles. 2 —Dry pine barrens, Coastal Plain,
North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1154),

9 See Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, 24: 170. 1925,

500 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1152.—A, Anthaenantia rufa, X1. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 290, N.C.) B, A. villosa. Plant, K 14;
spikelet and floret, X 10. (Chase 4605, N.C.)

120. TRICHACHNE Nees
(Valota Adans. inadequately published)

Spikelets lanceolate, in pairs, short-pediceled, in two rows along
one side of a slender rachis; first glume minute, glabrous; second

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 95051

glume and sterile lemma about as long as the fruit, 3- to 5-nerved,
copiously silky; fertile lemma cartilaginous, lanceolate, acuminate,
usually brown, the flat white hyaline mar-
gins broad. Perennials with slender erect or
ascending racemes, approximate to rather
distant along a slender main axis, forming
a white to brownish silky panicle. Type
species, TJrichachne insularis. Name from
Greek thriz (trich-), hair, and achne, chaff,
alluding to the silky spikelets. ae cio ae
Trichachne insularis is not relished by cattle,

hence the name sourgrass by which it is called in the West Indies;
T. californica is a constituent of the ranges of the Southwest, and
furnishes fair forage.

Fruit 4 mm long; spikelets tawny-villous____-_-_---------- 1. T. INSULARIS-
Fruit 3 mm or less long (rarely 3.5 mm); spikelets white-villous.

Spikelets long-silky, the hairs exceeding the spikelet; fruit 3-3.5 mm long.
Panicle branches stiffly ascending or spreading, comparatively few flowered;

fruit oblong-lanceolate, gradually pointed___________~- 3. T. PATENS.
Panicle branches appressed, densely flowered; fruit obovate, abruptly
pointed, the point scarcely indurate___________- 2. T. CALIFORNICA.
Spikelets short-silky, the hairs not exceeding the spikelet; fruit 2.4 mm
epg Se. ies Seg ae A ee Ste es FAs 4. T. HITCHCOCKII.

1. Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees. Sourerass. (Fig. 1155.) Culms
suberect from a hard scaly hairy swollen base, 1 to 1.5 m tall; leaves
numerous; the sheaths sparsely hirsute; blades
elongate, 8 to 15 mm wide; panicle 15 to 30 cm
long, the slender racemes mostly 10 to 15 cm
long, somewhat nodding; spikelets approximate,
excluding the hairs about 4 mm long, the tawny
hairs much exceeding them. 2 (Valota insu-
laris Chase.)—Low open ground and waste
FIGURE I154."_Distribution of places, Florida, Alabama (Mobile), and south-

ern Texas; Mexico, West Indies to Argentina.

2. Trichachne calif6rnica (Benth.) Chase. Corronrop. (Fig.
1156.) Culms erect from a knotty swollen felty-pubescent base, 40
to 100 cm tall; leaves numerous, the sheaths glabrous to sparsely
pilose; blades mostly less than 12 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, from
nearly glabrous to densely puberulent; panicle mostly 5 to 10 em
long, the few racemes usually 3 to 5 cm long, occasionally longer,
erect or nearly so; spikelets approximate, excluding the hairs 3 to
4 mm long, the white to purplish hairs much exceeding them, often
spreading, the middle internerves of the sterile lemma glabrous.
2 (T. saccharata Nash.)—Plains and dry open ground, Texas to
Colorado, Arizona, and Mexico (fig. 1157).

3. Trichachne patens Swallen. (Fig. 1158.) Culms tufted,
erect, 40 to 90 cm tall; sheaths more or less papillose-pilose, the
lowermost densely felty pubescent; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 1 to
4 mm wide, scabrous; panicle 10 to 18 cm long, the racemes stiffly
ascending or spreading; spikelets remote, 4 mm long, densely silky,
the hairs exceeding the spikelet; fruit 3 mm long, acute. 2 —
Dry fields, prairies, and roadsides, Texas.

4, Trichachne hitchcéckii (Chase) Chase. (Fig.1159.) Culmstufted
and branching at base, leafy below, slender, 30 to 50 cm tall; sheaths

552 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Plant X 1%; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Baker and Wilson 602, Cuba.)

FIGURB 1155.— Trichachne insularis.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 900d
and blades nearly glabrous to puberulent, sometimes densely so
toward base, the blades 2 to 5 ecm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle
long-exserted, 6 to 10 em long, the few racemes 3 to 4 cm long,
mostly rather remote and erect; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long, densely
silky-villous, the prominent nerves not hidden, the grayish hairs
not exceeding the spikelet. 2 —Dry plains, Texas; northern
Mexico. A

121. DIGITARIA Heister. Craperass

(Syntherisma Walt.)

Spikelets in twos or threes, rarely solitary, subsessile or short-
pediceled, alternate in two rows on one side of
a 3-angled winged or wingless rachis; spikelets
lanceolate or elliptic, nearly planoconvex; first
glume minute or wanting; second glume equal-
ing the sterile lemma or shorter; fertile lemma
cartilaginous, the hyaline margins pale. An-
nual or perennial, erect to prostrate, often
weedy grasses, the slender racemes digitate or
approximate on a short
axis. Type species, Digi-
taria sanguinalis. Name
from Latin digitus, finger,
alluding to the digitate
inflorescence of the type
species.

The species are in the
a main good forage grasses.
Digitaria sanguinalis, the common crabgrass, is
a weed in cultivated soil. In the Southern
States, where it produces an abundant growth
in the late summer on fields from which crops
have been gathered, it is utilized for forage and
is sometimes cut for hay. This species and D.
ischaemum are common weeds in lawns. They
form a fine green growth at first but they start Ficure 1156.—Trichachne cali-
late and die in the fall. onder yer a

FIGURE 1157.—Distribution of
Trichachne californica.

la. Rachis winged or flat-margined, the margin as wide as the central rib;
plants annual, creeping at least at base.
Rachis bearing scattered long fine hairs (these rarely wanting); spikelets
narrow, acuminate, nearly glabrous____________- 2. D. HORIZONTALIS.
Rachis not bearing hairs; spikelets elliptic, acute, pubescent.
Sheaths glabrous; fertile lemma brown.
Spikelets 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, the hairs or most of them capitellate.

TES” jo: * 2hitea ASS say ee a 5. D. VIOLASCENS.
Spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long; pedicels terete, glabrous_.__ 6. D. SEROTINA.

D. SANGUINALIS,

004 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ea

FIGURE 1158.—Trichachne patens. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10, (Reed 11, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 900

1b. Rachis wingless or with a very narrow margin (see also D. horizontalis),
triangular; plants not creeping (except in D. tezana), annual or perennial.
2a. Fertile lemma pale or gray.
Plants annual, decumbent and rooting at base. Spikelets 3 mm long,
glabrous OMmeatly sos 222 2 le Tee le Be 7. D. SIMPSONI.
Plants perennial.
Spikelets densely or sparsely villous; racemes 5 to 10.
Spikelets 3.5 to 4mm long, sparsely to densely villous. 15. D.RUNYONT.
Spikelets 2.3 to 2.8 mm long, rather sparsely villous._ 12. D. TEXANA.
Spikelets glabrous to obscurely appressed-pubescent on the internerves;
racemes 2 to 5, some of them naked at base for 1 to 1.5 cm.
First glume broad, hyaline, minute but obvious; spikelets 3.2 mm long,

Slabroteee says woe st we 13. D. PAUCIFLORA.
First glume obsolete or nearly so; spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, obscurely
to obviously appressed-pubescent___--------- 14. D. SUBCALVA.

2b. Fertile lemma dark brown. Plants erect or at least not rooting at the
decumbent base; annual or sometimes apparently perennial.
Second glume and sterile lemma glabrous (see also D. laeviglumis under

NRO CES) 1) epee ec 2 BD 11. D. GRACILLIMA.
Second glume and sterile lemma capitellate-pubescent.
SEkele te 2or conn), WO0O Bi a Sk ae BE ue 9. D. VILLOSA.
Spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long.
Blades folded or involute, flexuous____...--_------ 10. D. PANICEA.
ides tapes 32 St es eee oe 8. D. FILIFORMIS.

1. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Craserass. (Fig. 1160.)
Plant branching and spreading, often purplish, rooting at the decum-
bent base, the culms sometimes as much as 1
m long, the flowering shoots prostrate or y
ascending; sheaths, at least the lower, papillose- |
pilose; blades 5 to 10 mm wide, pubescent to
scaberulous; racemes few to several, 5 to 15 cm
long, rarely longer, digitate, with usually 1 or
2 whorls a short distance below; spikelets
about 3 mm long; first glume minute but evident;
second glume about half as long as the
spikelet, narrow, ciliate; sterile lemma strongly —
nerved, the lateral internerves appressed-
pubescent, the hairs sometimes spreading
at maturity (D. fimbriata Link); fertile lemma
pale. © —Fields, gardens, and waste places,
a troublesome weed in cultivated ground,
throughout the United States, at low and me-
dium altitudes, more common in the East and
South; temperate and tropical regions of the
world. Native of Europe. <A specimen with
nearly glabrous sheaths and inflorescences of
2 racemes collected by Tracy in Mississippi,
said to be introduced, has been erroneously
referred to Syntherisma barbatum (Willd.) Nash
(Digitaria barbata Willd.).

2. Digitaria horizontalis Willd. (Fig. 1161.) p,gunm 1159.—Trichachne hitch-
Resembling D. sanguinalis but the racemes © cockii. Plant, X 1; spikelet
more slender and lax, rachis scarcely winged, °™° 27% * 10 (Type.)
bearing scattered long fine spreading hairs (these rarely wanting);
spikelets narrow, about 2 mm long; first glume minute or obsolete;
second glume half as long as the spikelet. © (Syntherisma setosum
Nash; S. digitatum Hitche.)—Waste places, southern and central
Florida; ballast, Mobile, Ala.; tropical regions of both hemispheres.

556 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1160.—Digitaria sanguinalis. Plant, X ae bn views of spikeiet, and floret, X 10. (Norton
566, Kans.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 957

3. Digitaria ischaémum (Schreb.) Muhl. Smoorn crasarass.
(Fig. 1162.) Erect or usually soon decumbent-spreading, resembling
D. sanguinalis but not so coarse or tall; foliage glabrous, more purple;
racemes mostly 2 to 6, 4 to 10 cm long, the rachis with thin wings
wider than the midrib; spikelets about 2 mm long; first glume hyaline,
obscure; second glume and sterile lemma as long as the dark fertile
lemma, pubescent with capitellate hairs. © (Syntherisma humi-
fusum Rydb.)—Waste places, often a troublesome weed in lawns,
Quebec to North Dakota, south to South Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas, occasionally farther west (fig. 1163) ;introduced from Eurasia.
The first glume is so thin as to be apparently wanting. Diciraria
ISCHAEMUM Var. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Gattinger) Fernald. Taller, the
racemes mostly 5 to 7, often 10 or even 15 cm long; first glume often
more easily seen. © —Maryland, Tennessee, and South Carolina.

FIGURE 1161.— Digitaria horizontalis. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 1162.—Digitaria ischaemum. Plant, X 1;
spikelet and floret, X 10. (Nash 996, Fla.) spikelet and floret, x 10. (Jones 1761, Vt.)

4. Digitaria floridana Hitche. (Fig. 1164.) Culms tufted, decum-
bent at base, 20 to 30 cm tall; foliage glabrous except for a few long
hairs around the mouth of the sheath; blades 4 to 7 cm long, 3 to 6 mm
wide; racemes 3 or 4, rather distant on the axis, 3 to 6 cm long, the
rachis wings wider than the midrib; spikelets 1.5 to 1.7 mm long,
rather sparingly pubescent; first glume wanting; second glume and
sterile lemma about as long as the light brown fertilelemma. © —
Known only from sandy pine woods, Hernando County, Fla. The
inflorescence resembles that of D. filiformis, but the rachis is winged;
the spikelets are smaller than those of D. ischaemum.

5. Digitaria violascens Link. (Fig. 1165, B.) Annual or ap-
parently perennial; culms numerous in a tuft, spreading at base,
slender, 10 to 40 cm tall; leaves mostly clustered near the base, the
sheaths glabrous; blades flat, mostly less than 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm

558 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

wide, thejupper culm blade distant, reduced; racemes slender, 2 to 5,
usually 2 or 3, digitate or some-

times approximate on a short
axis 3 to 6 cm long, at ma- \
turity spreading or curved, the \
rachis flat, winged, about 0.7
mm wide; spikelets closely set,
elliptic, acutish, minutely pubes-
cent, about 1.5 mm long; first
glume wanting; second glume

FIGURE 1163.—Distribution of
Digitaria ischaemum.

about three-fourths as long as
the spikelet; sterile lemma as
long as the spikelet, with three
distinct nerves and 1 or 2 obscure
pairs; fertile lemma acute, dark
brown at maturity. © 2 —
Open pineland in sandy soil,
Arkansas (Hamburg), Texas
(Buna); tropical America; trop-

FIGURE 1164.— Digitaria floridana. Plant, X 1;

ical Asia. spikelet and fertile floret, X 10. (Type.)

6. Digitaria serétina (Walt.) Michx.
(Fig. 1165, A.) Creeping, sometimes
forming extensive mats; flowering culms
ascending or erect, 10 to 30 cm tall;
leaves crowded on the creeping culms,
the blades short; sheaths villous; blades
2 to 8 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide; racemes
usually 3 to 5, slen-
der, often arcuate,
3 to 10 cm long, the
rachis with thin
wings wider than
the midrib; spike-
lets pale, about 1.7
mm long; first T%.100- Distribution
glume wanting;
second glume about one-third as long as
the sterile lemma, both finely pubescent;
fertile lemma pale. © -—Pastures and
waste places, Coastal Plain, North Car-
FIGURE 1165.—A, Digitaria serotina, Olina to Florida and Louisiana; Phila-

flant, x ob ye, viers ofepustet ond delphia (ballast); Cuba (fig. 1166).

violascens. ‘Two views of spikelet and ts Digitaria simpsonl (V asey) Fer-

floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 9396, Jamaica.) nald. (Fig. 1167.) Resemblin
sanguinalis in habit; sheaths papillose-pilose, those of the inno-

/

i

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 9559

vations compressed-keeled; blades not more than 6 mm wide, softly
pilose; racemes 4 to 8, ascending, pale, 8 to 12 cm long, the triangular
rachis narrowly margined; spikelets about 3 mm long; first glume
hyaline, obsolete or nearly so; second glume and sterile lemma finely
7- to 9-nerved, glabrous or very obscurely pubescent, barely exceeding
the pale, slightly apiculate
Y fertile lemma. © —Sandy
f fields, Florida, rare; Isla de

Pinos, Cuba.

8. Digitaria filif6rmis (L.)
Koel. (Fig. 1168, A.)
Culms in small tufts, slender,
usually erect, 10 to 60 cm
tall, rarely taller, those of
a tuft very unequal; lower
sheaths pilose, the upper
mostly glabrous; blades

SSS eee

——
ws

— a a G
SS

SS OEE EE
—— — w=
—
— a

—$ + _ = =

. a
SSE

=
i

J

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—w =
—.

!

—
<a

FIGURE 1168.—A, Digitaria
filiformis. Plant, X 1; spike-
let and floret, X 10. (Bis-
sell, Conn.) B, D. laevi-

- FIGURE 1167.— Digitaria simpsoni. Plant, X 1; spikelet glumis. Spikelet, X 10.

. and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 6422, Fla.) (Type coll.)

5 ll ] b ] 1 4
erect, usually 5 to 15 cm long (longer in robust plants), 1 to

mm wide; racemes mostly 1 to 5, unequal, erect or ascending, mostly
: less than 10 cm long, somewhat distant, not fascicled; spikelets 1.5
iS to 1.7 mm long; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile lemma
pubescent with short capitellate hairs, sometimes nearly glabrous, the
glume shorter than the spikelet; fertile lemma dark brown, slightly
apiculate. © —Sandy fields and sterile open ground, New Hamp-
shire to Iowa and Kansas, south to Florida, Texas. and Mexico
85974°—35 —36

560 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(fig. 1169). A form with glabrous spikelets from Manchester, N.H.,
has been described as D. laeviglumis Fernald (fig. 1168, B).

9. Digitaria vill6sa (Walt.) Pers. (Fig. 1170.) Perennial at least
in the Southern States, in large tufts, purplish at base; culms 0.75 to
1.5 m tall, rarely branching; sheaths, at
least the lower, grayish villous, some-
times sparsely so; blades elongate, 3 to
6 mm wide, often flexuous, from softly
pilose to nearly glabrous; racemes 2 to
7, narrowly ascending, rarely somewhat
spreading, very
slender, usually 15
toj225 em long,
rather distant,
often naked at
base, sometimes
es interrupted ; spike-
Frocng use, Pisribatimst Jets 2 to 2.5 mm

long, usually dense-

ly pubescent with soft capitellate hairs, \
\

NAW f?

st LINN, iff
Saees

1, We yyy)

the hairs longer than in D. filiformis, and
sometimes only obscurely capitellate, the
D fliformis. % —~Sendy fields and Poe MM Pidarie etn. Plat
woods, Maryland to Missouri, south to °° Fla) ag

Florida and Texas; Cuba, Mexico (fig. 1171). This species and D.

filiformis seem to intergrade to some extent. Plants from penin-—

sular Florida with less strongly pubescent sheaths, 2 to 4 elongate
racemes, and spikelets with longer hairs
have been distinguished as D. leucocoma
(Nash) Urban.

10. Digitaria panicea (Swartz) Urban.
(Fig. 1172.) Resembling D. villosa, but
more slender; blades folded or involute,
flexuous, about 1 mm wide; racemes
mostly vb sto! 2s
erect, 5 to 20 cm
long, usually 10
to 15 cm, very
slender, loosely \
flowered; spike-
lets a 15 ie
FIGURE 1171.—Distribution of |on the capite LK

A tata ie “hairs rather
stiff and appressed. 2 —Moist pine
barrens and open ground, southern Flor-
ida; West Indies, Brazil.

11. Digitaria gracillima (Scribn.) i}
Fernald. Gunes 1173.) Perennial in FIGURE 1172.—Digitaria panicea. Plant,
dense tufts; culms 60 to 100 cm tall, 3 Jospialet arid tors ee
erect; lower sheaths appressed-villous; ia
blades elongate, 1 to 2 mm wide, often involute, more or less
flexuous; racemes mostly 2 or 3, distant (rarely as many as 95
and fairly approximate), very slender; spikelets rather remote,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 561

relatively long pediceled, about 2.3 mm long, glabrous; first glume
obsolete, the second glume one-fourth to one-half as long as the
dark brown fertile lemma; sterile lemma scarcely equaling the fruit.
2 —Sandy soil, high pineland, peninsular Florida, rare. A tall
plant from Grasmere with 3 to 5 racemes, the spikelets having second
glumes about two-thirds as long as the fertile lemma, has been differ-
entiated as D. bakert (Nash) Fernald.

12. Digitaria texana Hitche. (Fig. 1174.) Perennial, erect or
somewhat decumbent and branching at base; culms 30 to 60 cm tall;
lower sheaths, rarely all the i
sheaths, villous or velvety-
pubescent, the uppermost
glabrous; ligule prominent;
blades flat, the lower villous,
the upper glabrate, 10 to 15
cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide;
racemes mostly 5 to 10, slen-
der, pale, ascending or erect,
5 to 12 cm long, the axis
1 to 4cm long; rachis angled,

FIGURE 1173.— Digitaria gracillima. Plant, FIGURE 1174.—Digitaria terana. Plant, X 1; spikelet and
X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, floret, X 10. (Type.)
X10. (Type.)

the scabrous margins much narrower than the whitish center; spikelets
mostly rather distant, 2 to 2.5 mm long, from short-villous to nearly
glabrous, the silky hairs not at all capitellate; first glume obsolete;
second glume and sterile lemma as long as the pale acute fertile lemma.
2 —Sandy oak woods or sandy prairie, southern Texas.

13. Digitaria paucifl6ra Hitche. (Fig. 1175.) Perennial; culms
erect or somewhat decumbent at base, 0.5 to 1 m tall, very slender,
sparingly branching; foliage grayish-villous, the blades 6 to 12 cm

562 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

long, about 2 mm wide; racemes 2 or 3, ascending or erect, 5 to 11 em
long, the filiform rachis naked for 1 to 1.5 cm at base, or with distant
abortive spikelets; spikelets rather distant, elliptic, about 3.2 mm long,
glabrous; first glume minute with a hyaline erose margin; second
glume and sterile lemma finely nerved, as long as the grayish fertile
lemma. 2 Pinelands, southern Florida.

14. Digitaria subcalva Hitche. (Fig. 1176.) Perennial; culms
tufted, slender, ascending from a curved base, 40 to 100 cm tall;
sheaths papillose-pilose; blades flat, scabrous, the lower pilose, 3 to

FIGURE 1175.—Digitaria paucifiora.
Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, x FIGURE 1176.—Digitaria subcalva. Plant,
10. (Type.) X 1; spikelet and floret, X10. (Type.)

15 cm long 1 to 3 mm wide; racemes 2 to 4, narrowly ascending, 5 to
12 cm long, approximate, the rachis slender, triangular, mostly naked
at base for 1 to 1.5 cm; spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, acute; first glume
obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma slightly shorter than the
acute pale or drab fruit, the internerves from obscurely to distinctly
appressed silky-pubescent. 2 —Known only from Plant City, Fla.

15. Digitaria runyéni Hitche. (Fig. 1177.) Perennial; culms
ascending, 40 to 70 cm tall, the base often long-creeping and rooting,
many-noded; sheaths densely villous or the upper glabrate; blades
flat, the lower densely velvety-villous, the upper sparingly pilose or
glabrous, mostly less than 10 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; racemes 5 to 10,

a ag
Jtiqubem ait tied oe etek ee 8 aaa =

ae ee OS ee et Fe Oe

|

;

hed. '

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 563

on an axis 1 to 4 cm long, mostly suberect, 7 to 12 cm long, pale,
sometimes naked at base, the rachis flat-triangular; spikelets narrowly
lanceolate, acute, 2.8 to 3.5 mm long; first glume minute or opsolete;
second glume and sterile lemma equal, sparsely to densely villous on
the internerves, the lemma glabrous on the middle internerves; fertile
lemma acuminate, usually a little shorter than the spikelet, pale at
maturity. 2 —Sand dunes and sandy prairies along the coast,
southern Texas.

122. LEPTOLOMA Chase

Spikelets on slender pedicels; first glume minute or obsolete;
second glume 3-nerved, nearly as long as the 5- to 7-nerved sterile
lemma, a more or less prominent stripe
of appressed silky hairs down the inter-
nerves and margins of each, the sterile
lemma empty or enclosing a minute
nerveless rudimentary palea; fertile
lemma cartilaginous, elliptic, acute,
brown, the delicate hyaline margins en-
closing the palea. Branching perenni-
als with brittle culms, felty pubescent at
base, flat blades, and open or diffuse
panicles, these breaking away at matu-
rity, becoming tumbleweeds. Type
species, Leptoloma cognatum. Name
from Greek leptos, thin and loma, border,
alluding to the thin margins of the
lemma.

1. Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.)
Chase. Fauu witcuerass. (Fig.
1178.) Ascending from a decumbent
base, often forming large bunches, pale
green, leafy; culms 30 to 70 cm long;
blades mostly less than 10 cm long, 2
to 6 mm wide, rather rigid; panicle one-
third to half the entire height of the
plant, purplish and short-exserted at
maturity, very diffuse, the capillary
branches soon widely spreading, pilose t
in the axils, the spikelets solitary on (WV
long capillary pedicels, narrowly ellip-
tic, 2.5 to 3 mm long, abruptly acumi-
nate. 2 (Panicum cognatum Schult., y ee Ne
Panicum autumnale Bosc.)—Dry soil Fievre 1177.—Digitaria runyoni. Plant,
and sandy fields, New Hampshire to xX 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Type.)
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, west to Arizona (fig. 1179).
A fairly palatable grass.

123. STENOTAPHRUM Trin.

Spikelets embedded in one side of an enlarged and flattened corky
rachis tardily disarticulating toward the tip at maturity, the spikelets
remaining attached to the joints; first glume small; second glume
and sterile lemma about equal, the latter with a palea or staminate

064 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SS = >
——_ all
ZS ZA

SD
—
——

FIGURE 1178.—Leptoloma cognatum. Plant, X 4%; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Tracy 8223, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 565

flower; fertile lemma chartaceous. Creeping stoloniferous perennials,
with short flowering culms, rather broad and short obtuse blades, and
terminal and axillary racemes. Type species, Stenotaphrum glabrum

FIGURE 1179.— Distribution of Leptoloma cognatum

Trin. Name from Greek, stenos,
narrow, and taphros, trench,
referring to the cavities in the
rachis.

1. Stenotaphrum secundatum
(Walt.) Kuntze. St. AUGUSTINE
Grass. (Fig. 1180.) Culms
branching, compressed, the
flowering shoots 10 to 30 cm tall;
blades mostly less than 15 cm
long, longer on the innovations,
in rich soil 4 to 10 mm wide;
racemes 5 to 10 cm long; spike-
lets solitary or in pairs, rarely
threes, 4to5mmlong. 42 —
Moist, especialiy mucky soil,
mostly near the seashore, South

FIGURE 1180.—Stenotaphrum secundatum. Plant, X %; two views of spikelet, and fertile floret, < 10.
(Tracy 1408, Miss.)

Carolina to Florida and Texas (fig. 1181). Cultivated as a lawn

grass in the coastal cities. The lawns have a coarse texture but are

otherwise satisfactory. Propagated by cuttings of the stolons.

A variegated form with leaves striped with white is used as a basket
‘plant. Called by gardeners var. variegatum.

,
&
%

566 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

124. ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. Cuperass

Spikelets more or less pubescent, solitary or sometimes in pairs,
short-pediceled or subsessile, in two rows on one side of a narrow
rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned from the rachis; lower
rachilla joint thickened, forming a more or less ringlike, usually dark-
colored callus below the second glume, the first glume reduced to a
minute sheath about this and adnate to it; second glume and sterile
lemma about equal, the lemma usually enclosing a hyaline palea or
sometimes a staminate flower; fertile lemma indurate, minutely
papillose-rugose, mucronate or awned, the awn often readily decidu-
ous, the margins slightly inrolled. Annual or perennial, often branch-
ing grasses, with terminal panicles of several to many spreading or
appressed racemes, usually approximate along a common axis.
The species are called cupgrasses because of the tiny cup made by
the first glume at the base of the spikelet. Type species, Hriochloa
distachya H.B.K. Name from Greek erion,
wool, and chloa, grass, alluding to the pubes-
cent spikelets and pedicels.

A West Indian species, F. polystchaya H.B.K.
(E. subglabra (Nash) Hitche.), called malojilla
in Puerto Rico, is used for forage. This has
. pear ae been rei ate the Hie Coast from Florida

IGURE 1181.—Distribution of tog southern Texas and has given excellent re-
Stenotaphrum seunt@™ sults in southern Florida ad at Biloxi, Miss.
It is similar in habit to Para grass, producing runners but less ex-
tensively, is suited to grazing, and will furnish a good quality of hay.
It will not withstand either cold or drought. The name carib grass
has been proposed for it. In Arizona E. gracilis has some value for
forage in the national forests.
Spikelets, including slender awns, 7 to 10 mm long-_-__---_---_- 1. E. ARISTATA.
Spikelets not more than 6 mm, awnless or awn-tipped.
Pedicels with erect hairs at least half as long as the spikelet; racemes dense,
erect or appressed. (See also FH. gracilis var. minor.)
Blades’ 2 tos) mm wide; ‘elongates Se! 2 ee ee eee 2. E. SERICEA.
Blades 5 to 15 mm wide, not more than 15 cm long__-_-_--- 3. HE. LEMMONI.
Pedicels scabrous or short-pubescent.
Plants perennial.
Rachis velvety to villous; spikelets narrowly ovate____ 8. E. MICHAUXII.
Rachis scabrous only; spikelets lanceolate_______----- 7. EK. PUNCTATA.
Plants annual.

Rachis scabrous only; racemes slender. Introduced___- 4. E. PROCERA.'

Rachis pubescent; racemes stouter.
Blades glabrous; fruit. apiculate... 2.) = Se eee 5. E. GRACILIS.
Blades pubescent; fruit with an awn about 1 mm long.

6. EH. CONTRACTA.
1. Eriochloa aristata Vasey. (Fig. 1182.) Annual; culms erect or
spreading at base, 50 to 80 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 10 to 12
mm wide, glabrous; racemes several, ascending, overlapping, 3 to 4
cm long, the rachis pilose, the pedicels bearing several long stiff hairs;
spikelets about 5 mm long, the glume and sterile lemma tapering into
awns (awn of the glume about as long as the spikelet), appressed-
villous on the lower half or two-thirds, the upper part scaberulous
only; fruit 3.5 mm long, apiculate. @ -—Open: ground, Arizona

(Tucson) and California (Fort Yuma); northern Mexico.

in asc B as Nt AE hi ES Mien te is ES eS :

ete Be ne Petes AE

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 567

2. Eriochloa sericea (Scheele) Munro. (Fig. 1183.) Perennial, in

He
<S

yy
LEZ
LES

/
Ah /

Mf

dense tufts; culms
simple, erect, 50 to
100 cm tall, the
lowermost sheaths
felty-pubescent;
blades elongate, 2
to 3 mm wide,
flat or mostly in-
volute, densely
puberulent at the
junction with the
sheath; racemes
several, appressed,
somewhat distant,
usually not over-
lapping, mostly 1.5
to 3 cm long, the
rachis hirsute, the
pedicels with copi-
ous stiff hairs half

FIGURE 1182.—Eriochloa aristata. 5S long as the spil <e- Higger ee eee ee
: ‘ ° ant, ; Loret, . >
Plant, x 1; floret, X10. (Thornber Jet: spikelets 4 mm a

98, Ariz.)

short-villous, the

mn

ld SEW
FIGURE 1184.—Eriochloa
lemmoni. ants. < is

and Harrison 4703, Ariz.)

erchon 1170, Tex.)
long, rather turgid,
glume and sterile lemma acutish; fruit 3 mm
long, apiculate. 2 —Prairies and hills, Texas
and Oklahoma.

3. Eriochloa lemmoni Vasey and Scribn. (Fig.
1184.) Annual; culms decumbent at base, 30
to 60 cm tall; blades flat, only the larger as much
as 15 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, velvety-pubes-
cent on both surfaces; racemes erect, the upper
overlapping, 1.5 to 3 cm long, the axis and rachis
densely villous, the pedicels with several long
hairs; spikelets 4 mm long, rather
turgid, villous except the apex,
abruptly narrowed to a short ob-
tuse point ;fruit3 mm long, slightly
apiculate. © -—Canyons, south-
ern Arizona and northern Mexico.

4. Eriochloa procera (Retz.)
Hubbard. (Fig. 1185.) Annual;
culms spreading at base, 40 to
60 cm tall; blades flat, 2 to 4
mm wide; racemes loose, slender,
ascending, 3 to 5 cm long, the A woe. A
rachis neko ds only; spikelets 3 Cae 4 10.
to 3.5 mm long, appressed-pubes- (fi7,)"°>S 1%
cent, except toward the tip, the
glume and sterile lemma acuminate; fruit 2 mm
long, the slender awn about 0.6mmlong. © (E.
ramosa Kuntze.)—Introduced on the university
campus at Tuscon, Ariz.; Cuba; tropical Asia.

5. Eriochloa gracilis (Fourn.) Hitche. (Fig. 1186, A.) Annual;
culms erect or decumbent at base, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, gla-

~ >

568 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

SN

aol

a
—w ha

FIGURE 1186.—A, Ertochloa gracilis. Plant, X 44; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.

3
-)
Q
S)
S

Panicle, X 1; floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 13420, Tex.)

Ariz.) B, E. contracta.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 569

brous, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide; racemes several to numerous, approxi-
mate, ascending to slightly spreading, 2 to 4 cm long, the axis and
rachis softly pubescent, the pedicels short-pilose; spikelets 4 to 5 mm
long, rather sparsely appressed-pubescent, acuminate, or the glume
sometimes tapering into
an awn-point as much as
1 mm long; sterile lemma
empty; fruit about 3mm
long, -apiculate. © —
Open ground, often a

weed in fields, western Tire
FIGURE 1187.—Distribution of Texas to southern Cali- FIGURE 1188.—Distribution of

Eriochloa gracilis. A Eriochloa contracta.
fornia, south through the

highlands of Mexico (fig. 1187). (This species has been referred to

E. acuminata (Presl) Kunth, an unidentified species of Mexico.)
ERIOCHLOA GRACILIS var. Minor (Vasey) Hitchc. Mostly smaller,
with more crowded, less acuminate spikelets, the pedicels with a few
long hairs at the summit, fertile lemma about as long as the glume
and sterile lemma (excluding the short points), obtuse or slightly
apiculate. © —Open ground, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
6. Eriochloa contracta Hitchc. PRaiRin cupGrass. (Fig. 1186,

B.) Annual; culms

<— =>
ZL
SS

jee “i
(GUE LF, lf =
—— a
Re

<<>>
CEA
——=
TT

———
EK

~s VEZ (, YG
ZZLb

FIGURE 1189.—Eriochloa
punctata. Panicle, X 1;
floret, X 10. (Hitchcock
9661, Jamaica.)

mm long, with an awn nearly 1 mm long.

ie erect or sometimes
u a4 decumbent at base,
Nae pubescent at least
|W 4 about the nodes, 30
Wa A to 70 cm tall; blades
VW WWNZ ~=pubescent, usually
A
WAN, not more than 5mm
ys Vy wide; panicle usual-
V, ly less than 15 cm
K Ny long, contracted,

cylindric, the ra-
cemes appressed,
closely overlapping,
1 to 2cm long, the
axis and rachises
villous; spikelets 3.5

| WN Ky to 4 mm long, exclud-
| AN " f ing the awn-tip, ap-
NA pressed-villous;

glume awn-tipped;
sterilelemma slightly
shorter, acuminate,
empty; fruit 2 to 2.5

FIGURE 1190.—Eriochloa michauzii. Plant,
x 1; floret, X 10. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.

© —Open ground,

ditches, low fields, and wet places, Kansas to Louisiana and New
Mexico; introduced in Missouri and Virginia (fig. 1188). Differing
from FE. gracilis in the pubescent foliage, subcylindric panicle, and the
awned fruit.

7. Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv. (Fig. 1189.) Perennial; culms
in tufts, usually 50 to 100 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide,

570 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

glabrous; racemes several, ascending, overlapping, 3 to 5 cm long,
the axis, rachises, and pedicels scabrous only; spikelets 4 to 5mm long,
lanceolate, rather sparsely appressed-pilose; glume tapering to an
awn-point about 1 mm long; sterile lemma a little shorter than the
glume, empty; fruit about half as long as the glume, awned, the awn
i mm long or more. 2 —Marshes, river banks, and moist ground,
southwestern Louisiana and southern Texas.

8. Eriochloa michatixii (Roem. and Schult.) Hitche. (Fig. 1190.)
Perennial; culms erect, rather stout, 60 to 120 cm tall; blades flat or,
on the innovations, sometimes involute, elongate, 2 to 14 mm wide,
usually less than 1 cm, glabrous; racemes ascending or spreading,
usually numerous, 3 to 5 or even to 15 cm long, the axis 15 to 30 cm
long, this and the rachises densely velvety-pubescent; spikelets
narrowly ovate, 4 to 5 mm long, appressed-villous, acute; sterile
floret usually with a well-developed palea and stamens; fruit 3 to 4
mm long, hirsutulous at apex, apiculate or with an awn not more than
0.3 mm long. 2 (#. mollis Kunth.)—Brackish or fresht meadows
and marshes and sandy prairies, southeastern Georgia and Florida.
A form with narrow blades and relatively few racemes, the axis and
rachis puberulent, has been described as E. mollis var. longifolia
Vasey. It grades into the typical form with broader blades and more
numerous racemes; the sterile floret contains a staminate flower.

ERIOCHLOA MICHAUXII var. SIMPSONI Hitche. Resembling the
narrow-leaved form of the species; racemes few, appressed; sterile
lemma empty. 2 —Moist places, Myers to Cape Sable, Fla.

Eriochloa nels6ni Scribn. and Smith. Tall annual with puberulent
blades, few spreading racemes, the rachis very woolly, and rather
blunt, turgid pubescent spikelets about 5mm long. © —Ballast,
near Portland, Oreg., Jalisco, Mex., to Nicaragua.

125. BRACHIARIA (Trin.) Griseb.

Spikelets solitary, rarely in pairs, subsessile, in two rows on one side
of a 3-angled, sometimes narrowly winged rachis, the first glume
turned toward the
rachis; first glume
short to nearly as .
long as thespikelet;
second glume and
\ sterile lemma
‘| about equal, 5- to
7-nerved, the lem-
ma enclosing a
hyaline palea and
sometimes a stami-
nate flower; fertile
lemma indurate,
usually papillose-
Figwaniliol —invechioria cilintissitha. Meanleiosse tae olektws oompmalcye 1 Gime the mista

U .—Brac fone are a eee ; two views of spikelet, inrolled, the apex

rarely mucronate
or bearingashortawn. Branching and spreading annualsor perennials,
with linear blades and several spreading or appressed racemes approxi-
mate along a common axis. Type species, Brachiaria erucaeformis.
Name from Latin brachium, arm, alluding to the armlike racemes.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES ar |

Spikelets densely silky-pubescent; plants perennial- -_---- 1. B. CILIATISSIMA.
Spikelets glabrous; plants annual.

Spikelet flat-beaked beyond the fruit__._..__-_---------_---- 2. B. EXTENSA.

Spikelet not beaked beyond the fruit.___..----------~- 3. B. PLANTAGINEA.

Q 1. Brachiaria ciliatissima

4 (Buckl.) Chase. (Fig. 1191.)

Y Perennial, producing long

s leafy stolons with short

0, internodes, rooting at the
swollen nodes, the blades
short, firm, divaricately
spreading; flowering culms
erect or ascending, 15 to 40
cm tall, the nodes bearded;
sheaths sparsely to densely
pilose; blades 3 to 7 cm
long, 3 to: 5 mm, wide,
tapering to a sharp point,
usually ciliate along the
lower part of the thick
white margin; panicle finally
long-exserted, 3 to 6 cm
long, the few branches erect
or ascending, 1 to 2 cm
long; spikelets 4 mm long
first glume three-fourths
the length of the spikelet,
glabrous; second glume and

FIGURE 1192.—Brachiaria ertensa. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Nealley, Tex.)

572 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sterile lemma about equal, 5-nerved, the marginal part densely
white-silky; fruit 3mm long. 2 —Open sandy ground, Texas;
Arkansas (Benton County).

2. Brachiaria exténsa Chase. (Fig. 1192.) Annual; culms decum-
bent, rooting at the lower nodes; blades rather thick, 4 to 12 cm long,
6 to 12 mm wide; panicle short-exserted or included at base; racemes
2 to 6, distant, 3 to 8 cm long, ascending or
spreading, the rachis
winged, 2 mm wide; spike-
lets ovate, 4 to 4.5 mm
long, about 2 mm wide;
first glume scarcely one-
third the length of the

arene spikelet, blunt; second

FIGURE 1193.—Distribution of :
erachian ected: elume and sterile lemma
equal, exceeding the fruit
and forming a flat beak beyond it, 3- to 5-nerved,
with transverse veinlets toward the summit;
fruit 3 mm long, elliptic, papillose-roughened. :
© ee piatuprae ae ane sandy, saw FIoURE 1195- Brachiaria
round, Hlorida; southern Louisiana, 1 exas, an rib glee pA Rego
GRinkaies Cuba (fig. 1193). floret, 10. Tena

3. Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitche.

(Fig. 1194.) Resembling B. extensa, more widely creeping, usually
taller, blades commonly wider; rachis 1 to 1.5 mm wide, the mar-
gins infolded; first glume strongly clasping; transverse veinlets
wanting or obscure on the second glume and sterile lemma, these not

FIGURE 1194.—Brachiaria plantaginea. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Pringle 3904, Mex.)

pointed beyond the fruit. © —Open, mostly moist, ground, Met-
calf, Ga.; ballast, Philadelphia, Pa., and Camden, N.J.; Mexico to
Bolivia and Brazil.

Brachiaria erucaeférmis (J. E. Smith) Griseb. (Fig. 1195.) Spread-
ing annual with rather delicate erect racemes and pubescent spikelets
2.5mmlong. © —Has been cultivated in grass gardens, occasionally

escaped. Old World.

PE Ai es -_—

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 573

126. AXONOPUS Beauv.

Spikelets depressed-biconvex, not turgid, oblong, usually obtuse,
solitary, subsessile, and alternate, in two rows on one side of a 3-angled
rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned from the axis; first glume
wanting; second glume and sterile lemma equal, the lemma without
a palea; fertile lemma and palea indurate, the lemma oblong-elliptic,
usually obtuse, the margins slightly inrolled. Stoloniferous or tufted
perennials, rarely annuals, with usually flat or folded, abruptly
rounded or somewhat pointed blades, and few or numerous, slender
spikelike racemes, digitate or racemose along the main axis, Type

FIGURE 1196.—Azonopus furcatus. Plant, X 1; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Combs 1205, Fla.)

species, Aronopus compressus. Name from Greek azon, axis, and
pous, foot.

One of the species, A. compressus, is a predominant pasture grass in
the alluvial or mucky soil of the southern Coastal Plain. It is of little
importance on sandy soil and does not thrive on the uplands. This
species is also used as a lawn grass, for which purpose it is propagated
by setting out pieces of the stolons.

Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, glabrous; midnerve of glume and sterile lemma evi-

So Se ee se eee Se eee ee 1. A. FURCATUS.
Spikelets about 2 mm long, sparsely appressed-silky; midnerve of glume and
pete pee tstier 2. Hiigepmenneree = PS he 2. A. COMPRESSUS.

1. Axonopus furcatus (Fliigge) Hitche. (Fig. 1196.) Plants stolo-
niferous; culms compressed, tufted, erect, or decumbent at base, 40
to 100 cm tall; blades flat, mostly 5 to 10 mm
wide, glabrous, ciliate, or even hirsute; racemes
2, digitate, rarely a third below, spreading, 5
to 10 cm long; spikelets 4 to 5 mm long (rarely
less), glabrous, acute, glume and sterile lemma
5-nerved; fruit about two-thirds as long as

a the spikelet. 2 —Marshes, river banks, and

ere nonus unputionof moist pine barrens, on the Coastal Plain, south-

eastern Virginia to Florida, Texas, and Ar-

kansas (fig. 1197). (The name Anastrophus paspaloides has been

misapplied to this species. Digitaria paspalodes Michx., upon which
it is based, is Paspalum distichum L.)

574 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

2. Axonopus compréssus (Swartz) Beauv. Carper crass. (Fig. _
1198.) Plants stoloniferous, the blades of the stolons often broader
and shorter than those of the culm; flowering culms erect or ascend-

FIGURE 1198.—Azonopus compressus. Plant, X 4; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Combs 413, Fla.)

ing, compressed, usually 20 to 60 cm tall; blades flat, or folded in
drying, 2 to 10 mm (commonly 4 to 8 mm) wide, usually ciliate, at
least near the base; peduncles terminal and axillary, very slender,

¢

..

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 575

ong-exserted; racemes usually 3, a pair at the summit and 1 rarely
2 or even 3 below, usually a pair only on axillary peduncles, slender,
ascending, 3 to 10 em long; spikelets about 2 mm long, pale; glume
and sterile lemma equaling the fruit or pointed beyond it, sparsely
appressed-silky near the margin, 2 or 4 nerved, the nerves close to
the margin, the midnerve suppressed. 2 (Anastrophus compressus
Schlecht.; Anastrophus platycaulis Nash.)—Moist sandy or mucky
soil, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas;
tropical America (fig. 1199); introduced in tropical parts of the Old
World.
127. REIMAROCHLOA Hitche.

Spikelets strongly dorsally compressed, lanceolate, acuminate,
rather distant, subsessile, and alternate in two rows along one side
of a narrow, flattened rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned
toward it; both glumes wanting, or the second
sometimes present in the terminal spikelet;
sterile Jemma about equaling the fruit, the
sterile palea obsolete; fertile lemma scarcely
indurate, faintly nerved, acuminate, the margins
inrolled at the base only, the palea free nearly
half its length. Spreading or stoloniferous per- :
ennials, with flat blades and slender racemes, fo ae ee Pe
these subdigitate or racemose along a short axis,
stifly spreading or reflexed at maturity. Type species, Reimaria
acuta Fliigge (Reimarochloa acuta Hitche.). Named for J.A.H.
Reimarus, and Greek chloa, grass.

1. Reimarochloa oligostachya (Munro) Hitche. (Fig. 1200.)
Glabrous; culms compressed, often long-decumbent and rooting at
the lower nodes, the flowering shoots, 20 to 40 cm tall; sheaths loose;
blades 2 to 4 mm wide; racemes 1 to 4, mostly 2 or 3, 5 to 8 em long;
spikelets about 5 mm long. 2 (Reimaria oligostachya Munro.)—
In water or wet soil, Florida; Cuba. In general aspect resembles
Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.

128. PASPALUM L.

Spikelets planoconvex, usually obtuse, subsessile, solitary or in
pairs, in two rows on one side of a narrow or dilated rachis, the back
of the fertile lemma toward it; first glume usually wanting; second
glume and sterile lemma commonly about equal, the former rarely
wanting; fertile lemma usually obtuse, chartaceous-indurate, the
margins inrolled. Perennials in the United States (except P. bos-
cianum), with one to many spikelike racemes, solitary, paired, or
several to many on a common axis. Type species, Paspalum dis-
sectum. Name from Greek paspalos, a kind of millet.

Several species inhabiting meadows and savannas furnish consider-
able forage. Paspalum dilatatum is valuable for pasture, especially
for dairy cattle in the Southern States, where it has been cultivated
under the name water grass and recently Dallis grass. In the
Hawauan Islands, Australia, and some other countries, where it is
called paspalum or paspalum grass, it is valuable as a pasture grass.
P. pubiflorum var. glabrum is rather abundant in some regions and
is considered a good forage grass. Vasey grass, P. urvillei, is used to

55974°—35 —37

576 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

a limited extent for hay and, when young, for pasture; the panicles
also make excellent whisk brooms for brushing lint. In the Southern

/

!
|

=

FIGURE 1200.—Reimarochloa oligostachya. Plant, X 1; ee views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Curtiss
3596A, Fla. :

States (Virginia to Florida and even to California) P. distichum, be-
cause of its extensively creeping stolons, is useful for holding banks of
streams and ditches.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 5V7

la. Rachis foliaceous, broad and winged.
Racemes falling from the axis, rachis extending beyond the uppermost spike-

ae ap mene ety earner ne 3. P. REPENS.
Racemes persistent on the axis; rachis with a spikelet at the apex.

Spikelets 2 mm long, obovate-oval_______._._.-._-__- 1. P. DISSECTUM.

Spikelets more than 3 mm long, pointed___________~_ 2. P. ACUMINATUM.

lb. Rachis not foliaceous nor winged (slightly winged in P. boscianum).
2a. Racemes 2, conjugate or nearly so at the summit of the culm, rarely a
third below.
Spikelets elliptic to narrowly ovate.
Plants with creeping rhizomes or stolons.
Second glume and sterile lemma glabrous; spikelets flattened.
. P. VAGINATUM.
Second glume pubescent; spikelets relatively turgid. 5. P. pisTicHuUM.
Plants in dense tufts, without creeping rhizomes_______- 11. P. aLmMum.
Spikelets suborbicular, broadly ovate or obovate.
Spikelets concavo-convex, sparsely long-silky around the margin; plant

seca eOUONN CERIN ree ae ei 28. P. cONJUGATUM.
Spikelets plano-convex, not silky-margined; plants not stoloniferous.

Spielehs 2.1 ae ch tee loge i Nee 9. P. NOTATUM.

Spikelets less than 2.5 mm long_-__.___...2.._______- 10. P. MINUS.

2b. Racemes 1 to many, racemose on the axis, not conjugate.
3a. First glume developed on at least one of the pair of spikelets (often
obsolete in some pairs in nos. 22 and 28).
SeieeH astrriiiy DICOnVOX < att 8 tt 42. P. BIFIDUM.
Spikelets plano-convex.
Plants without rhizomes; culms tufted; spikelets pubescent.
24

) . P. LANGEL.
E° Plants with stout scaly rhizomes, the culms mostly solitary; spikelets
be glabrous.

Blades flat, 8 to 15 mm wide______________~_ 22. P. UNISPICATUM.

Blades folded at base, terete above, not more than 2 mm wide.
7 23. P. MONOSTACHYUM.
4 - 8b. First glume normally wanting (occasionally developed on 1 to few
spikelets in a raceme).
4a. Racemes terminal and axillary, the axillary sometimes hidden in the
sheaths; terminal inflorescence of 1 to 3, rarely to 6 racemes (see also
P. unispicatum and P. monostachyum).
5a. Spikelets not more than 1.8 mm long (or sometimes 1.9 in P. debile
a and P. propinguum), usually 1.5 to 1.7 mm (see also exceptional
P. ciliatefolium).
Blades conspicuously ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous.
Blades relatively short, rounded at base and recurved-ascending;
foliage aggregate toward the base, the upper culm relatively
| naked; spikelets glabrous, mostly 1.5 to 1.6 mm long.
A 12. P. LONGEPEDUNCULATUM.
Blades mostly elongate, suberect, not aggregate toward the base;
spikelets pubescent, 1.7 to 1. 9mm long__ 20. P. PROPINQUUM.

¢ Blades and sheaths conspicuously pubescent throughout.
Culms slender, erect or suberect; foliage not aggregate at base;
; blades suberect, usually not more than 5 mm wide.

13. P. SETACEUM.
Culms stouter, mostly spreading; foliage more or less aggregate at
base; blades spreading, usually more than 5 mm wide.
14. P. DEBILE.
5b. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long (or 1.8 to 1.9 mm in P. ciliatifolium
and P. propinquum).

Foliage, except margins, glabrous as a whole or nearly so (sparsely

pubescent in exceptional P. ciliatifolium and lower sheaths
usually pubescent in P. rigidifolium).

Blades stiff, usually not more than 6 mm wide; spikelets mostly

> CU Se \ rrr 21. P. RIGIDIFOLIUM.
4 Biades from lax to rather firm, if firm more than 6 mm wide; spike-
& lets not more than 2.1 mm long.

Spikelets mostly 2 mm long, rounded at summit; blades mostly
more than 8 mm wide_-_-_---.---- 19. P. CILIATIFOLIUM.

578 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long, slightly pointed; blades not more
than. S$ mni-widewr 2 sa Se eee 20. P. pROPINQUUM.
Foliage conspicuously pubescent (or sparsely so in exceptional speci-
mens of P. pubescens).
Culms erect or nearly so.
Blades from sparsely to rather densely pilose, rather thin.
: 18. P. PUBESCENS.
Blades puberulent on both surfaces with long hairs intermixed
or the lower surface nearly or quite glabrous except for a
few long hairs along midrib and margin, usually rather firm.
P. STRAMINEUM.
Culms widely spreading or prostrate.
Foliage coarsely hirsute; plants commonly relatively stout.
P. SUPINUM.
Foliage finely puberulent; plants usually grayish olivaceous.
1 P. PSAMMOPHILUM.
4b. Racemes terminal on the primary culm or leafy branches, no truly
axillary racemes.
6a. Spikelets conspicuously silky-ciliate around the margin, the hairs as
long as the spikelet or longer.
Racemes commonly 3 to 5; culms geniculate at base.
29. P. DILATATUM.
Racemes commonly 12 to 18; culms erect_____-_-- 30. P. URVILLEI.
6b. Spikelets not ciliate.
7a. Fruit dark brown and shining.
Plants perennial; sterile lemma wrinkled___. 40. P. PLIcATULUM.
Plants annual; sterile lemma not wrinkled___ 41. P. BOsScIANUM.
7b. Fruit pale to stramineous (brown but not shining in P. virgatum).
8a. Plants robust, 1 to 2 m tall.
Spikelets pubescent at least toward the summit; fruit brown at
maturity sock ae SOE RR ee 39. P. VIRGATUM.
Spikelets glabrous; fruit pale.
Culms ascending; leaves crowded toward the base.
36. P. DIFFORME.
Culms erect or suberect, leafy throughout.
Glume and sterile lemma slightly inflated and wrinkled,
preen 272 6o eh Ger eee Se Tees 37. P. FLORIDANUM.
Glume and sterile lemma not inflated and wrinkled, rusty-
tinged... 2 Jee ae Si eOe SI ieee 38. P. GIGANTEUM.
8b. Plants not robust, if more than 1 m tall, culms relatively
slender.
9a. Spikelets suborbicular or broadly obovate or broadly oval.
Spikelets turgidly plano-convex, 3.5 to 4 mm long.
36. P. DIFFORME.
Spikelets depressed plano-convex or lenticular, 2.2 to 3.4 mm
long.
Spikelets solitary; glume and sterile lemma firm.

Spikelets orbicular, 3 to 3.2 mm long, scarcely one-third
as thick; blades usually equaling the base of the
panicle or overtopping it______-_ 33. P. CIRCULARE.

Spikelets longer than broad, more than one-third as thick;
panicle usually much exceeding the blades.

Sheaths and blades pilose, mostly conspicuously so.
32. P. LONGIPILUM.
Sheaths and blades from glabrous to sparsely pilose.
P. LAEVE.
Spikelets paired and solitary in the same raceme (rarely all
solitary or all paired).

Spikelets 2.2 to 2.5 mm (rarely to 2.8 mm) long; foliage
not conspicuously villous__-_-_---- 34. P. PRAECOX.

Spikelets 2.7 to 3.4 mm long; lower sheaths and blades
mostly conspicuously villous at least at base.

P. LENTIFERUM.
9b. Spikelets elliptic to oval or obovate.
Culms decumbent at base, rooting at the lower nodes (occa-
sional plants in dry situations erect), branching.
Spikelets turgidly plano-convex, 3 to 3.2 mm long; culms
TAther, StoWt se Se ee 6. P. PUBIFLORUM.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 579

Spikelets depressed plano-convex; culms rather slender.
Soikelets @labrousse: 25 J ete 7. P. LIVIDUM.
Spikelets pubescent _ -_-_-_------ 8. P. HARTWEGIANUM.

Culms erect to spreading, not rooting at the nodes.
Spikelets about 1.3 mm long, obovate, glandular-pubescent.
P. BLODGETTII.
Spikelets 1.5 mm or more long, elliptic or elliptic-obovate,
the obscure pubescence not glandular.

Nodes or some of them appressed-pilose; spikelets green or
Peps Fete eS ii 26. P. CAESPITOSUM.

Nodes glabrous; spikelets pale or brownish.
24; PS LAXUM.

1. Dissécta.—Blades flat; rachis foliaceous. Aquatics, subaquatics,
or plants of wet ground.

1. Paspalum disséctum L. (Fig. 1201.)
Glabrous, olive-green, creeping, freely branch-
ing, the flowering branches ascending, 20 to 60
em long; blades thin, 3 to 6 cm long, 4 to 5 mm
wide; panicles terminal and axillary, the ra-
cemes 2 to 4, usually erect, 2 to 3 cm long;
rachis 2 to 3 mm wide; spikelets solitary, ob-
ovate, subacute,2mm long. 2 —Onmuddy
and sandy banks of ponds and ditches or in
shallow water, New Jersey and Missouri to
Florida and Texas; Cuba (fig. 1202).

2. Paspalum acuminatum Raddi. (Fig.
1203.) Culms decumbent at base, sometimes
extensively creeping, 30 to 100 cm long; blades
4 to 12 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide; racemes 3 to
5, erect or ascending, 3.5 to 7 cm long; rachis 3
to 3.5 mm wide; spikelets solitary, 3.6 mm
long, abruptly pointed. 2 -—In shallow
water or wet open ground from southern
Louisiana and Texas to Argentina.

3. Paspalum répens Bergius. (Fig. 1204.) Siecuaie Baden sat oo
Culms mostly submerged, sometimes as much —_ Y7qys.°{ pikelet, and Moret,
as 2 m long, the sheaths on the floating erat

branches inflated; blades usually 10 to 20 cm
long, 12 to 15 mm wide; panicle 10 to 15 cm
long, of numerous ascending, spreading, or
recurved racemes, 3 to 5 cm long, falling entire,
the rachis about 1.5 mm wide; spikelets solitary,
elliptic, 1.4 to 2mm long, usually pubescent, the
sterile lemma pinkish at base. 2 (P. mucrona-

FIGURE 1202.—Distribution of fies 5 ] , .
Ess dnc tum Muhl.)—Floating in sluggish streams or

standing water or creeping in wet places, South

Carolina to Indiana, Kansas, and Texas, south to Argentina (fig. 1205)

PaSPALUM RACEMOSUM Lam. Branching annual; blades 5 to 12 em long,
1 to 2 cm wide; panicles tawny to purple; racemes numerous, 1 to 2 em long; spike-
lets about 2.7 mm long, pointed; sterile lemma transversely fluted either side of
the midnerve. © —Sometimes cultivated for ornament. Peru.

2. Disticha.—Creeping with wiry compressed culms and stolons or
rhizomes; racemes mostly 2, paired or approximate.

580 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4, Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. (Fig. 1206.) Flowering culms 8
to 60 cm tall; sheaths usually overlapping; blades 2.5 to 15 cm long,
3 to 8 mm wide, tapering to an
involute apex; racemes at first
erect, usually spreading or reflexed
at maturity, 2 to 5 cm long;
rachis 1 to 2 mm wide; spikelets
solitary, 3.5 to 4mm long, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, pale-stramine-
ous; first glume rarely developed;
midnerve of the second glume

FIGURE 1203.—Paspalum acuminatum. Panicle, X 1; FIGURE 1204.—Paspalum repens. Panicle, X 1
two views of spikelet, and floret, * 10. (Arséne two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10
3132, Mex.) (Hitchcock 9179, Canal Zone.)

and sterile lemma usually suppressed. 2 -Seacoasts and brackish

sands, often forming extensive colonies, North Carolina to Florida and
Texas, south to Argentina (fig. 1207); tropics of Eastern Hemisphere.

FIGURE 1205.—Distribution of
Paspalum repens.

FIGURE 1206.—Paspalum vaginatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of
spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 9866, Jamaica.)

5. Paspalum distichum L. Kwnorerass. (Fig. 1208.) Resembling
P. vaginatum, sometimes with extensively creeping stolons with pubes-

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 581

cent nodes; racemes 2 to 7 cm long, commonly incurved; spikelets 2.5
to 3.5 mm long, elliptic,
abruptly acute, pale green;
first glume frequently de-
veloped; second glume
appressed-pubescent, the
midnerve in glume and
sterile lemma developed.
2} —Ditches and wet,
Ficure 1207.—Distribution of rarely brackish places,
Weegoage a vaialirs New Jersey to Florida,
Tennessee, and Arkansas,
west to California and
north along the coast to
Washington; Idaho; south
to Argentina (fig. 1209);
warm coasts of the East-
ern Hemisphere.
FIGURE 1209.—Distribution of PasPALUM PAUCISP aa
Paspalum distichum. Tum Vasey. Resembling
vigorous specimens of P. Ficure 1208—Paspalum dis-
distichum, - but with 3 to we Sout and fae
5 racemes with mostly paired spikelets. 2 — x 10. (Hitchcock 9394,
A specimen collected by Palmer in 1888, said 7°"?
to be from ‘‘Southern California’”’,
is in the United States National
Herbarium. The locality is
doubtful, the species ranging from
Sonora to Oaxaca.
3. Livida.—Culms compressed; ra-

wy adreindd \ibirabig ren eee

hat, vt

“ry

has

ERP UTERO T ONIN ON BTL MS

aa

q

Zz cemes few to several, mostly

BE: plants of alkaline soil.

p- 6. Paspalum pubifl6rum Rupr.

‘ (Fig. 1210.) Culms decumbent
at the base, 40 to 100 cm tall;

'.

FIGURE 1211.—Distribution of
Paspalum pubiflorum.

‘Visi sheaths, at least the lower,sparsely
ve papillose-pilose; blades flat,

“ge usually 10 to 15 em long, 6 to 14
mm wide, usually with a few stiff
hairs at the rounded base; racemes
Hilf Qsheag mostly 3 to 5, 2 to 10 em long,
FIGURE 1210.—Paspalum pubiflorum. “Panicle, xX 1; rather th uck, erect to spreading .
two views of spikelet, and floret, X10. (Hitchcock the rachis 1.2 to 2mm wide; spike-
> eis lets obovate, pubescent, about 3
mm long. 2 (P. hallii Vasey and Scribn.)—Moist open ground,

582 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

banks, low woods, along streams and irrigation ditches, especially
in alkaline clay soil, Louisiana and Texas; Mexico and western Cuba
(fig. 1211). |

PASPALUM PUBIFLORUM var. GLABRUM Vasey. Somewhat more
robust, the sheaths less pilose, the racemes commonly longer and often
more than 5; spikelets glabrous. 2 (P. geminum Nash; P. laevi-
glume Scribn.)—Moist low open ground, woods, and ditch banks,
North Carolina and Indiana to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas.

7. Paspalum lividum Trin. Lonerom. (Fig. 1212.) Glabrous;
culms solitary or few in a tuft, from a decumbent or creeping base, 50
to 100 cm tall: blades 15 to 25 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide; racemes

4

Nf
tp
i ,
{ IM

i

FIGURE 1212.—Paspalum lividum. Panicle, FIGURE 1213.—Paspalum hartwegianum.
xX 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and
x 10. (Arséne 3176, Mex.) floret, X 10. (Buckley, Tex.)

usually 4 to 7, ascending, flexuous; rachis 1.5 to 2 mm wide, dark
livid purple; spikelets 2 to 2.56 mm long, obovate, subacute. 2 —
Low ground, wet savannas, and swamps, and along streams and
ditches, Alabama to Texas and Mexico, south to Argentina; Cuba.

8. Paspalum hartwegianum Fourn. (Fig. 1213.) Culms ascend-
ing from a decumbent base, 50 to 150 cm tall; blades 10 to 35 cm long,
2 to 6 mm wide, the margins very scabrous; racemes usually 4 to 7,
ascending, 2 to 9 cm long; rachis 1 to 1.5 mm wide; spikelets imbri-
cate, about 3 mm long, elliptic, apiculate, softly pubescent. 2 (P.
buckleyanum Vasey.)—Wet prairies, alkaline meadows, and along
irrigation ditches, sometimes growing in the water, southern Texas
and throughout Mexico.

{

ee

es

5 lei Sk ra I it tl I ct NI Ian i 2 i anager k

2 eSotter 2

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 583

4, Notata.—Culms in dense tufts, compressed, leafy at base; sheaths
keeled; racemes 2, rarely 3, paired or nearly so; ‘spikelets
solitary, glabrous.

9. Paspalum notatum Fliigge. Banta GRAss. (Fig 1214.)
Culms 15 to 50 cm tall from a short, stout, woody, horizontal rhizome;
blades flat or folded; racemes re-
curved-ascending, usually 4to7cm
long; spikelets ovate to obovate, 3
to 3.5mm long,smooth and shining.

FIGURE 1214.—Paspalum notatum. Panicle, FIGURE 1215.—Paspalum minus. Panicle,
X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret,
DK 10. (Chase 6639, P.R.) xX 10. (Type coll.)

21 Introduced sparingly in New Jersey, Florida, and Louisiana;

Mexico and the West Indies to South America.

10. Paspalum minus Fourn. (Fig. 1215.) Resembling P. nota-
tum, commonly in denser mats; culms rarely more than 30 cm tall;
racemes more slender; spikelets 2 to 2.6 mm long, less shining than
those of P. notatum. 21 —Open slopes and savannas, coast of
Texas (Galveston Bay); Mexico to West Indies and Paraguay.

11. Paspalum Aalmum Chase. Comps paspaLum. (Fig. 1216.)
Culms in very dense tufts; blades flat, 2 to 3 mm wide, long-hirsute
on the upper surface at base, papillose-hirsute on the lower surface
toward the ends, the margins stiffly ciliate toward base; racemes
slender, approximate, scarcely paired, occasionally 3, ascending, 5
to 9 cm long; rachis 1 mm wide, minutely wing-margined : spikelets
3 mm long, 1.8 to 2 mm wide, obovate-elliptic ; sterile lemma slightly
concave. 2 —Sandy or silty clay loam, Jefferson County, Tex.;
Brazil and Paraguay, Argentina. An excellent forage grass.

5. Setacea.—Culms compressed from a knotted base or very short
rhizome; blades mostly flat; inflorescence terminal and axillary,
the axillary sometimes hidden in the sheaths; racemes 1 to few,
slender, subcylindric; spikelets in pairs, ‘crowded. Species
closely related with frequent intergrades, ;

584 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

12. Paspalum longepedunculatum LeConte. (Fig. 1217.) Culms
slender, ascending or suberect, 25 to 80 cm tall; leaves mostly aggre-
gate at the base, the sheaths ciliate on the margin; blades usually

FIGURE 1217.— Paspalum longepedunculatum.
Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and
floret, X 10. (Nash 2074, Fla.)

FIGURE 1216.—Paspalum almum. Panicle, X 1; two FIGURE 1218.—Distribution of
views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (T'ype.) Paspalum longepedunculatum.

folded at base, 4 to 10 cm long, rarely longer, 3 to 8 mm wide, stiffly
papillose-ciliate on the margin, the hairs 1.5 to 3 mm long; racemes
on very slender finally elongate peduncles, 1 or 2, rarely 3, on the pri-

, Mary,1on the axillary peduncles; racemes arching,
3 to8cm long; spikelets about 1.5 mm long, ellip-
tic-obovate, glabrous. 2 —Sandy soil, mostly
in low pine land or flat woods, Georgia and Ken-
tucky to Florida and Missis-
sippi (fig. 1218).

13. Paspalum setaceum
Michx. (Fig. 1219.) Culms
slender, erect, usually 30 to
50 cm tall; sheaths pilose;
blades rather firm, erect or =a
nearly so, linear, about. 10° 7°" ete
to 12 cm long, 2 to 6 mm
it wide, densely pilose on both surfaces and papillose-
FIGURE 1219.—Paspalum Ciliate on the margin; racemes on slender pe-

two views of spikeet, uncles, solitary or sometimes 2, arching, 5 to 7
and Horst, ay Cute: cm long; spikelets elliptic-obovate, about 1.5 mm
ee long, glabrous or minutely pubescent. 2 —
Sandy soil, mostly open woods, of or near the Atlantic Coastal Plain,
Long Island to Florida and Texas; Mexico (fig. 1220).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

14. Paspalum débile Michx. (Fig. 1221.) Differing from P.
setaceum in the stouter, more spreading culms, the foliage more
crowded at base, densely grayish villous, the blades on the average
wider; racemes more commonly 2; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long,
pubescent. 2

—Sandy, mostly dry soil, barrens and flatwoods,
Long Island to Florida and Texas; Mexico and Cuba (fig. 1222).

15. Paspalum supinum Bose. (Fig. 1223.) Culms relatively
stout, widely spreading, 30 to 90 cm tall; sheaths usually hirsute;
blades 15 to 25 em long, 8 to 15 mm wide, hirsute; racemes usually
2 to 4, rarely to 6, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets elliptic-obovate, 2 mm

O85

fans

QE GP ISIE

FIGURE 1221.—Paspalum debile.

Panicle, X 1; two views of spike- FIGURE 1223.—Paspalum supinum. Pan-
let, and floret, X 10. (Nash icle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret,
946, Fla.) X10. (Chase 4572 N.C.)

FIGURE 1222.—Distribution of FIGURE 1224.—Distribution of
2 Paspalum debile. Paspalum supinum.

long, glabrous, or the glume minutely pubescent. 2 —Dry, sandy,
open ground and old fields, North Carolina to Florida and west to
Louisiana (fig. 1224).

16. Paspalum psammophilum Nash. (Fig. 1225.) Forming dense
srayish-olivaceous mats, the culms usually prostrate, 25 to 100 cm long;
sheaths appressed-pubescent; blades 4 to 16 cm long, 4 to 11 mm wide,
densely appressed-pubescent; racemes 1 to 3, commonly 2, 4 to 9 cm
long, the axillary ones wholly or partly included in the sheaths; spikelets
suborbicular, 2 mm long, the glume densely pubescent. 2 —Dry
sandy soil, mostly near the coast, Massachusetts to New Jersey
(fig. 1226).

17. Paspalum stramineum Nash. (Fig. 1227.) Yellowish green,
_ the culms erect, 40 to 100 cm tall; blades 6 to 25 cm long, rarely longer,

ez ae ih

ert

586 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

6 to 15 mm wide, puberulent on both surfaces and sparsely pilose as
well, or the lower surface nearly glabrous; racemes 2 or 3, 6 to 14 em
long, the axillary ones often wholly or partly included in the sheaths,
short racemes commonly borne in basal sheaths; spikelets subor-

FIGURE 1225.—Paspalum psammophilum. Panicle, <r two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
raves, N. Y.

bicular, 2.1 to 2.2 mm long, pale, from densely pubescent to glabrous.

2 (P. bushiti Nash.)—Sandy soil, in open ground or open woods,

Indiana to Minnesota, Texas, Arizona, and northwestern Mexico

(fig. 1228).

18. Paspalum pubéscens Muhl. (Fig. 1229.) Culms ascending,
45 to 90 cm tall, often pilose at the
summit; sheaths usually pilose toward
the summit; blades 8 to 20 cm long,
2 to 10 mm wide
(rarely larger), pi-
lose on both sur-
faces; racemes
1 to 3, 4 to 17
em long; spike-
lets about 2 mm
ee eae eipaepalum Paammophilut.
brous. 2 (P.muhlenbergit Nash.)—
Open ground or open woods, com-
mon in old fields and pastures, espe-
cially in sandy
regions, Ver-
mont to Florida,
west to Michi-
gan and Texas
(fig. 1230).

19. Paspalum
ciliatifOlinm Poue ups Ditepntion at
Michx. (Fig. é;

FIGURE 1227.—Paspalum stramineum. 1231.) Culms erect to spreading, 30
Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and tg 90 cm tall; sheaths glabrous or the
eee aes ote ae lower puberulent; blades 10 to 35 cm

long, 7 to 20 mm wide (rarely larger), usually strongly ciliate

along the margin and glabrous otherwise; racemes 1 to 3, usu-
ally 7 to 10 cm long; spikelets about 2 mm long, suborbicular,

the glumes often minutely pubescent. 2 (P. chapman Nash; P.

eggertii Nash; P. blepharophyllum Nash; P. epile N ash.)—Open

ground or open woods, mostly sandy, New Jersey to Florida,

anal

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 587

Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas; Honduras and the West Indies
(fig. 1232). This species is exceedingly variable. Pubescence on foli-
age and spikelets varies in a single plant. Rather stout, somewhat
paler, seacoast plants, with firmer blades scarcely ciliate, are the form

FIGURE 1230.—Distribution of
Paspalum pubescens.

FIGURE 1229.—Paspalum pubescens. Pani- FIGURE 1231.—Paspalum ciliatifolium.

cle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, Raceme, X 1; two views of spikelet,
X 10. (Hitchcock 298, Ga.) and floret, X 10. (Nash 1426, Fla.)

described as P. epile. Plants with softly pubescent lower sheaths,
and blades but slightly ciliate, are the form described as P. eggerti.
The shape of the spikelet varies in a single raceme from elliptic-
obovate to suborbicular. The spikelets tend to
become rounder at maturity, but both mature and
immature are found of both shapes.

20. Paspalum propinquum Nash. (Fig. 1233.)
Resembling P. ciliatifolium,
the blades firmer and nar-
rower, the spikelets slightly
smaller, subacute. 2 —
Sandy savannas and sand
barrens overlying limestone,
peninsular Florida; West

FIGURE 1232.—Distribution of 1aaq° =
Paspalum ciliatifolium. Indies; Vera Cruz to 1 an

FIGURE 1233.—Paspalum
ama. propinguum. Twoviews

21. Paspalum rigidifélium Nash. (Fig. 1234.) Sf Spikelets and Aoret,
Culms erect, rather stiff, purplish, 25 to 75 cm tall;
sheaths glabrous or the lower grayish-pubescent; blades firm, linear,
mostly 10 to 15 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, usually not wider than the
summit of the sheath, glabrous or minutely puberulent; racemes | or 2,

588 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

7 to 14 cm long; spikelets usually 2.2 to 2.4 mm long, obovate-elliptic,
glabrous or nearly so. 2 —Sand barrens and high pineland, pen-
insular Florida to Texas (fig. 1235).

6. Dimorphostachys.—Inflorescence terminal and axillary; racemes
one to few, slender; spikelets in pairs, the first glume usually devel-
oped on one of the pair, often on both, orsometimes obsolete on both.

22. Paspalum unispi-
catum (Scribn. and
Merr.) Nash. (Fig. 1236.)
Culms one to few in a
tuft from horizontal
scaly rhizomes, erect or
ascending, 50 to 80 cm
tall, simple or with a Ficure 1235.—Distribution of
single erectleafy braneh:) 7 “2e@nadiciear
blades flat, rather stiff,
10 to 30 cm long, 8 to 15
mm wide, stiffly papil-
lose-ciliate on themargin,
sparsely papillose-hirsute
on both surfaces, or sca-
berulous only; racemes
usually solitary, one ter-
minal and one from the
axil of the uppermost
sheath, 6 to 20 cm long;
spikelets about 3.2 mm
long, elliptic; first glume
on the primary spikelet
minute, sometimes obso-

lete, on secondary spike-

Fee ee eee, wetanostly, haltto, three-

views of spikelet, and floret, fourths as long as the
Lee A spikelet. 2 —Mead-
ows, savannas, open slopes, and banks, southern

Texas to Venezuela and Argentina; Cuba.

23. Paspalum monostachyum Vasey. (Fig.
1237.) Culms one to few from horizontal scaly
rhizomes, erect, 50 to 120 cm tall; blades elon-
gate, slender, terete, firm; racemes 1 or 2, 10 to
30 cm long; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long, subovate-
elliptic, the pedicels of the pair nearly equal;
first glume often developed in few to several of
the primary spikelets, commonly wanting or
rudimentary. 2 (P. solitarvum Nash.)—Moist
places in flatwoods or coastal dunes, southern
Florida and Texas. ts

24. Paspalum langei (Fourn.) Nash. (Fig. PQURE Mp eemaen
1238.) Culms ascending, 30 to 100 cm tall. two views of spikelet, and
blades flat, rather thin, 10 to 40 em long, 6 to Se Uernt a ote
15 mm wide, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, the lower tapering to a
narrow base; peduncles 1 to 3 from the upper sheath, often also from
the middle sheaths; racemes 2 to 5, 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets 2.2 to
2.6 mm long, elliptic-obovate, pubescent and glandular-speckled;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 589

first glume minute or obsolete on the primary spikelet, one-fourth to
one-third as long as the spikelet on the secondary. 2 (Dimor-
phostachys ciliifera Nash; Paspalum ciliiferum Hitche.)—Moist
woods and shaded slopes and banks, occasionally in open ground,
mostly at low altitudes, Florida, Louisiana, Texas; Greater Antilles
to Venezuela.

7. Caespitésa.—Culms simple or with a single branch, its leaf some-
times hidden in the parent sheath, the inflorescence appearing
to be axillary; racemes few to several.

25. Paspalum blodgéttii Chapm. (Fig.

1239.) Cespitose, with tough, commonly

somewhat swollen and bulblike base, the scales

densely pubescent; culms erect, slender, 40 to

100 em tall; lower leaves crowded; blades flat,

5 to 25 em long, mostly 5 to 10 mm wide; ra-

cemes usually 3 to 8,slender, remote, 2 to 8cm

FIGURE 1237.—Paspalum \

monostachuum. Raceme,
X 1; two views of spikelet, FIGURE 1238.—Paspalum tangei. Panicle, X 1; two
and floret, X 10. (Type.) views of spikelet, and floret, x 10. (Pringle 3991, Mex.)

long; spikelets about 1.3 mm long, obovate, the glume glandular-
pubescent. 2 (P. simpsoni Nash; P. gracillimum Nash.)—Open
or brushy calcareous soil, southern Florida; Yucatan, Honduras,
Bahamas, and the Greater Antilles.

_ 26. Paspalum caespitésum Fliigge. (Fig. 1240.) Cespitose, blu-
ish green; culms erect, rather wiry, 30 to 60 cm tall; blades flat,
folded or involute, 5 to 20 cm long, rarely longer, 4 to 10 mm wide;
racemes usually 3 to 5, relatively thick, remote, ascending, 1.5 to 6
em long; spikelets 1.5 to 1.8 mm long, elliptic, sparsely appressed-
pubescent to nearly glabrous. 2 —Mostly in partly shaded
humus in limestone soil or rock, sometimes in sandy pinelands;
southern Florida, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies.

590 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

27. Paspalum laxum Lam. (Fig. 1241.) Culms mostly 50 to 75
cm tall, compressed, rigid, ascending; blades more or less involute,
mostly 20 to 30 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, usually glabrous; racemes
usually 3 to 5, mostly remote, 3 to 10 cm long;
spikelets about 2 mm long,
elliptic-obovate, the glume
pubescent. 2 (P. gla-
brum Poir.)—Sandy and
limestone soils, characteris-

tic of coconut groves, Key
~West, Fla.; West Indies.

8. Conjugata.—Stolonifer-

ous; blades flat; ra-
cemes 2, paired, rarely
a third below, slender;
spikelets flattened con-
cavo-convex, solitary,
silky-fringed.

28. Paspalum conjuga-

tum Bergius. (Fig. 1242.)
¥Y Extensively creeping, with a

rca ee Eeemalum: boaget, long leafy stolons and as- tee acapitosum.
and floret, X 10. (Simpson, Fla) Cending suberect flowering Panicle, x 1; two
branches, 20 to 50 cm tall; ftoret, Fo. (Pol

nodes of stolons usually conspicuously pilose; Pavey ™imcan

blades rather thin, 8 to 12 cm long, 5 to 15 mm

wide, usually glabrous; racemes widely divaricate, 8 to 12 cm long;

spikelets 1.4 to 1.8 mm long, ovate, light yellow, the margin

conspicuously ciliate fringed. 2} —

A common weed in. cultivated

and waste ground, southern Florida

to Texas, south to Argentina; West

Indies (fig. 1243); tropics of Old

World.

9. Dilatata.—Rather stout, in leafy
clumps; blades flat; racemes few
to numerous, spikelets in pairs,
flat, silky-fringed.

29. Paspalum dilatatum Poi.
Dauuis Grass. (Fig.1244.) Culms
tufted, leafy at base, mostly 50 to 150
cm tall, ascending or erect from a de-
“ili cumbent base; blades 10 to 25 cm

Wi). long, 3 to 12 mm wide; racemes usu-

f: WY ally 3 to 5, spreading, 6 to 8 cm long;
spikelets ovate, pointed, 3 to 3.5 mm
wal / long, fringed with long white silky

FIGURE 1241.—Paspalum larum. Panicle, hairs and sparsely silky on the surface.

(hidhard’s specknen im Pires Herbarium). C2) Lai glow ,eround,,; from), rapher

dry prairie to marshy meadows, New

Jersey to Tennessee and Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas; ad-

ventive in Oregon, Colorado, Arizona, and California; native of South

A
LP

(Z,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 491

FIGURE 1242.—Paspalum conjugatum. Plant, X 14; two views of spike- FIGURE 2143.—Distribution of
let, and floret, X 10. (Baker 90, Cuba.) Paspalum conjugatum.

55974°—35——38

592 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1244.—Paspalum dilatatum. Plant, Aa PA nase of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock
7, La.

SW

FIGURE 1245.—Distribution of
Paspalum dilatatum.

two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4388, La.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

ws
x
ey
q
xs
—
=
“S
~~
iS
3 3
SEEM £ Dis FINS. gies :
LSS SAAR SS an TS SE
SSS SS S Sy :
oP pS :
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t z
:
uf i
a ay

594 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
America (fig. 1245).

Widely known as paspalum-grass, water-paspa-
lum, water-grass, or more commonly, simply paspalum.

Introduced
into the southern United States from Uruguay or Argentina about

FIGURE 1247.—Distribution of
Paspalum urvillet.

Noa

e200
FIGURE 1248.—Paspalum laeve. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 2600, D.C.)
the middle of the last century, now common throughout the Gulf
States. Valuable pasture grass.

Dallis grass was named for A. T,
Dallis of La Grange, Ga., who grew it extensively.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 595

30. Paspalum urvillei Steud. Vasry crass. (Fig. 1246.) Culms
in large clumps, erect, mostly 1 to 2 m tall; lower sheaths coarsely
hirsute; blades mostly elongate, 3 to 15 mm wide, pilose at base;
panicle erect, 10 to 40 cm long, of about 12 to 20 rather crowded,
ascending racemes, 7 to 14 cm long ; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm long,
ovate, pointed, fringed with long white silky hairs, the glume
appressed-silky. 2 (P.larranagai Arech.; P. vaseyanum, Secribn.)—
Along ditches and roadsides, and in waste
eround, mostly in rather moist soil; North
Carolina to Florida and west to Texas; south-
ern California, south to Argentina (fig. 1247).
10. Laévia.— Rather tall, simple or occasionally

with reduced flowering branches; blades
mostly flat; racemes few to several;
spikelets broadly oval to orbicular, de- 7SV?%/20./ Distribution of
pressed planoconvex, glabrous.

31. Paspalum laéve Michx. (Fig. 1248.) Culms erect or ascending
leafy at base, 40 to 100 cm tall; sheaths keeled, glaborus or nearly so;
blades usually folded at base, flat or folded above, 5 to 30cmlong, 3 to 10
mm wide, glabrous to cil-
iate or sparsely pilose on
the upper surface or some-
times toward the base
beneath; racemes usually
3 or 4, spreading, 3 to 10
cm long; spikelets broadly
oval, 2.5. to 3 mm long.

FIGURE 1251.—Distribution of
Paspalum longipilum.

a (P. angustifolium
LeConte; P. australe
Nash.)—Meadows, open
woods, old fields,and waste
eround, New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida,
Arkansas, and eastern
Texas (fig. 1249). FIGURE 1250.—Paspalum longipilum. Panicle, X 1; two views of

32. Pa spalum longi- spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type coll.)
pilum Nash. (Fig.1250.) Similar to P.laeve,usually less leafy at base,
sheaths and blades pilose; racemes somewhat more lax than in P. laeve.
2 (P. plenipilum Nash.)—Damp mostly sandy soil, savannas, open
woods, and wet pine barrens, New York to Tennessee, Florida, and
Texas (fig. 1251).

33. Paspalum circulare Nash. (Fig. 1252.) Culms in dense leafy
clumps, 30 to 80 em tall; sheaths pilose to nearly glabrous; blades
mostly erect, commonly about equaling the inflorescence, 15 to 30
cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, usually pilose on the upper surface; racemes
2 to 7, mostly suberect, 5 to 12 cm long; spikelets nearly orbicular,

596 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

about 3mm long. 2 (P. praelongum Nash.)—Fields, meadows, and
open waste ground, Connecticut to North Carolina and Mississippi,
west to Kansas and Texas (fig. 1253).

34. Paspalum praécox Walt. (Fig. 1254.) Culms erect from short
scaly rhizomes, 50 to 100 cm tall; sheaths keeled, glabrous, or the
lower villous; blades 15 to 25 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide, glabrous or
nearly so; racemes usually 4 to 6, ascending to arcuate-spreading,

FIGURE 1253.—Distribution of
Paspalum circulare.

FIGURE 1252.—Paspalum circulare. Panicle,
X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Chase 3836, Md.)

FIGURE 1254.— Paspalum praecor.
FIGURE 1255.—Distribution of Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet,
Paspalum praecoz. and floret, X 10. (Stone 377, S.C.)

2 to 7 cm long, the common axis very slender; rachis about 1.5 mm
wide, purplish; spikelets usually solitary and paired in each raceme,
strongly flattened, suborbicular, 2.2 to 2.8 mm long, the glume and
sterile lemma thin and fragile. 2 —Wet pine barrens, borders of
cypress swamps, moist places in flatwoods, and wet savannas, in the
Coastal Plain, North Carolina to central Florida and along the Gulf
to Texas (fig. 1255).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 597

35. Paspalum lentiferum Lam. (Fig. 1256.) Similar toP. praecoz;
culms more robust, sometimes as much as 150 em tall; sheaths
less strongly keeled; blades usually more or less pilose; racemes
usually 4 or 5; spikelets 2.7 to 3.4 mm long, broadly oval. 2 (P.
glaberrimum Nash; P. tardum Nash; P. kearneyi Nash; P. amplum
Nash.)—Moist pine barrens, borders of flatwoods, and cypress swamps,
and in savannas on the Coastal Plain, from North Carolina to southern
Florida and along the Gulf to Texas (fig. 1257).

11. Floridana.—Mostly robust,
culms simple; blades mostly
flat; racemes few; spikelets
large, rather turgid, glabrous.

36. Paspalum difforme Le-
Conte. (Fig. 1258.) Culms
solitary or few from a _ short
knotty rhizome, rather stout,
35 to 75 em tall; leaves com-
monly crowded at the base;
blades 10 to 15 em long, 5 to
10 mm wide, usually pilose on
the upper surface toward base;
racemes 2 to 4, ascending to
suberect, 3.5 to 8 cm long;

FIGURE 1257.—Distribution of Paspalum
lentiferum.

spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long, oval
to obovate. 2 —Moistsandy
soil in open ground and in flat-
woods, in the Coastal Plain,
Georgia, to Orange County,
Fla., west near the Gulf to
Louisiana (fig. 1259).

37. Paspalum floridanum
Michx. (Fig. 1260.) Culms
solitary or few from short stout
scaly rhizomes, 1 to 2 m tall;

ee sheaths villous to nearly gla-

ee tis Sie ee ee ie Ge brous; blades firm, flat or folded,
15 to 50 cm long, 4 to 10 mm

wide, usually villous at least on the upper surface toward base; racemes
usually 2 to 5, 4 to 12 cm long; spikelets crowded, oval, about 4 mm
long. 2 —Low moist sandy soil, pine woods, flatwoods, savannas,
and low prairies, in the Coastal Plain from Maryland to central Florida
and along the Gulf to Texas, north in the valleys to Missouri and
Oklahoma (fig. 1261). PaspaLUM FLORIDANUM var. GLABRATUM
Engelm. More robust, taller; foliage glabrous or nearly so; racemes
longer, more spreading. 2 —Brackish marshes and low, sandy,

598 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE —

anes Pee

FIGURE 1259.—Distribution of
Paspalum difforme.

FIGURE 1258.—Paspalum difforme. Panicle, X 1; two views of
spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

FIGURE 1261.—Distribution of
Paspalum floridanum.

FIGURE 1260.—Paspalum floridanum. Panicle, X 1; two
views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4221, Fla.)

>

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF

THE UNITED

599

mostly open ground, southern New Jersey to central Florida, west

to Texas and southeastern Kansas.

38. Paspalum gigantéum Baldw.
(Fig. 1262.) Culms mostly soli-
tary from short scaly rhizomes,
erect, 1.5 to 2 m tall; leaves
numerous at base; blades elongate,
10 to 20 mm wide, glabrous or
nearly so; racemes commonly 3 or
4,10 to 20 cm long; spikelets oval,
about 3.5 mm long, usually russet-
tinged. 2 (P.longicilium Nash.)
—Moist sandy soil, open ground,
stream banks, flatwoods, and ham-
mocks, on the Coastal Plain from
Georgia to southern Florida; Mis-
sissippi (Biloxi).

12. Virgata.—Robust; blades firm
with sharp-cutting edges;
racemes several to numerous.
Mostly tropical species.

39. Paspalum virgatum L.
(Fig. 1263.) Culms, in large dense
clumps, erect, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths
papillose-hirsute at margin and
summit; blades elongate, flat, 1 to
2.5 em wide; panicle slightly nod-
ding, 15 to 25 cm long; racemes
usually 10 to 16, ascending or
drooping, 5 to 15 cm long; spikelets
crowded, obovate, about 2.2 to 2.5

FIGURE 1262—Paspalum giganteum. Panicle, X 1;
two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.

(Type.)

mm long, brownish, pubescent along the margin at least toward the

FIGURE 1263.—Paspalum virgatum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, x 10.
9555, Jamaica.)

(Hitchcock

summit. 2 -—Open, mostly moist or swampy ground, southern
Texas (Brownsville) to South America; throughout the West Indies.

600 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

13. Plicatula——Perennials and annuals with compressed purplish
culms; blades flat or folded; racemes few to several; spikelets
rather turgid, drab, turning brown or dark olivaceous; fruit dark
brown, shining.

40. Paspalum plicatulum Michx. (Fig. 1264.) Culms in small
tufts with numerous leafy shoots, suberect, 50
to 100 cm tall; blades folded at base, usually
flat above, rather firm, elongate, 3 to 10 mm
wide, usually pilose near base; racemes mostly
3 to 10, arcuate-spreading, 3 to 10 cm long;
spikelets usually 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, obovate-
oval, brown at maturity, glabrous or the
olume appressed-pubescent, the sterile lemma
with short transverse wrinkles just inside the
slightly raised margin. 2 —Open ground
or wet wood borders,
Georgia and Florida to
Texas, south to Argen-
tina; throughout the
West Indies (fig. 1265).

41. Paspalum bos-
cianum wee BuLu zi fhe a
PASPALUM. » (Hig. 1266.)\; PCuRe Oe Gee ules
Rather eueealeit an- eg a
nual, branching at base and commonly from
the middle nodes, usually conspicuously
brownish purple, glabrous as a whole; culms
40 to 60 cm long, ascending or widely spread-
ing; sheaths broad, loose; blades 10 to 40 cm
long, 8 to 15 mm wide, papillose-pilose on
} upper surface near base; racemes 4 to 12, usu-
FicurE 1264 Paspalum plicatu. ally 4 to 7 cm long; rachis 2 to 2.5 mm wide;
of spikelet, and floret, x 10. spikelets crowded, obovate-orbicular, 2 to 2.2
Se Rae mm long, glabrous, rust-brown at maturity.

FIGURE 1266.— Paspalum boscianum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Kearney 152, Fla.)

© (Depauperate specimens have been described as P. scrobiculatum
L.)—Moist or wet open ground, along ditches and ponds, some-
times a weed in cultivated fields, Pennsylvania (ballast), Virginia to
Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas, south to Brazil (fig. 1267).

.
|
|

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 601

Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Stouter and with larger spikelets, un-
equally biconvex, the sterile lemma loose and wrinkled. © -—Bal-
last, Camden, N.J.; Abilene, Tex.; Asia.

14. Bifida.—A single species approaching
Panicum; spikelets turgid; a minute first
glume usually developed.

42. Paspalum bifidum (Bertol.) Nash. (Fig.
1268.) Culms erect from short rhizomes, 50 to
120 cm tall; blades flat, 10 to 50 cm long, 3 FicuRE 1267.—Distribution of
to 14 mm wide, villous to nearly glabrous: Si a a ll
racemes usually 3 or 4, at first erect, 4 to 16 cm long; rachis slender,
subflexuous; spikelets distant to
irregularly approximate, elliptic-
obovate, 3.3 to 4 mm long; sec-
ond glume and sterile lemma con-
spicuously nerved. 2 —Sandy
pine and oak woods, occasionally
in hammocks, nowhere common,
on the Coastal Plain from South
Carolina to Texas and Oklahoma
(fic. 1269).

129. PANICUM L. Panicum

Spikelets more or less compressed
dorsiventrally,in open or compact
panicles, rarely racemes; glumes 2,
herbaceous, nerved, usually very
unequal, the first often minute, the
second typically equaling the sterile
lemma, the latter of the same tex-
ture and simulating a third glume,
bearing in its axil a membranaceous
or hyaline palea and sometimes a
staminate flower, the palea rarely
wanting; fertile lemma charta-
ceous-indurate, typically obtuse,
the nerves obsolete, the margins in-
rolled over an enclosed palea of the
same texture. Annuals or peren-
nials of various habit. Type spe-
} | cies, Panicum miliaceum. Pani-
FIGURE 1268.—Paspalum bifidum. Panicle, x 1; CUM, all old Latin Name for the

two sews of spikelet, and floret, x 10. (Curtiss Common millet (Setarva italica).

us Panicum miliaceum, proso millet,
is cultivated to a limited extent in this country for forage. In Europe
it is sometimes cultivated for the seed which is
used for food. 'Two species are commonly culti-
vated in the lowland tropics for forage, P.
maximum,Guinea grass, an African species, said
to have been introduced into Jamaica in 1774,
and P. purpurascens, Para grass, introduced
into Brazil from Africa. Certain native species Fioure 1269.—Distribution of
are constituents of wild hay or of the range. 3 rape gs
P. virgatum, switch grass, of the eastern half of the United States,

ee ee eee

602 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

P. bulbosum and P. obtusum, of the Southwest, and Panicum texanum
in Texas, furnish hay or forage. The seeds of P. sonorum Beal, of
Northwest Mexico, are used for food by the Cocopa Indians.

Axis of branchlets extending beyond the base of the uppermost spikelet as a
point or bristle 1 to 6 mm long_-_---_---- SUBGENUS 1. PAUROCHAETIUM.

Axis of branchlets not extending into a bristle. (In P. geminatum and P. paludi-
vagum the somewhat flattened axis is pointed but not bristle-form.)

Basal leaves usually distinctly different from those of the culm, forming a win-
ter rosette; culms at first simple, the spikelets of the primary panicle not
perfecting seed, later usually becoming much branched, the small secon-
dary panicles with cleistogamous fruitful spikelets.

SUBGENUS 2. DICHANTHELIUM.

Basal leaves similar to the culm leaves, not forming a winter rosette; spikelets
altertilese 2S. cae ee mee eee eee SUBGENUS 3, EUPANICUM

Subgenus 1. Paurochaetium

Blades elongate, usually more than 15 em long, narrowed toward the base.
Spikelets:about;3.0 mm: long. 22 a 2 eee ee ee eee 3. P. REVERCHONI.
Spikelets about 2 mm-lone, ‘or less= “2-42-52 °0 ae 1. P. CHAPMANI.

Blades usually less than 10 ecm long, not narrowed toward the base; spikelets

2.5 to 3 mm long.
Blades of midculm long-acuminate, usually 2 to 3 mm wide.
2. P. RAMISETUM.
Blades of midculm abruptly acute, usually 4 to 6 mm wide.
4. P. FIRMULUM.
Subgenus 2. Dichanthelium

Blades elongate, not more than 5 mm wide, 20 times as long as wide; autumnal!
phase branching from the base only (from the lower nodes in P. werner?).
1. DEPAUPERATA.
Blades not elongate (or if so, more than 5 mm wide and autumnal phase not
branching from base).
Plants branching from the base, finally forming rosettes or cushions, the
foliage soft, lax. Blades prominently ciliate except in P. laxiflorum.
LAXIFLORA.
Plants branching from the culm nodes or rarely remaining simple.
Blades long, stiff; autumnal phase bushy-branched above.
Spikelets turgid, attenuate at base; mostly pustulose-pubescent; blades
conspicuously striate, tapering from base to apex. 3. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
Spikelets scarcely turgid, not attenuate at base; blades tapering to both
engeae. <i ee ES. ee i ee 4. BICKNELLIANA.
Blades not long and stiff (somewhat so in P. oligosanthes, P. malacon, P.
commonsianum, and P. equilaterale); not bushy-branched.
Plants not forming a distinct winter rosette; spikelets attenuate at base,
papillose 2.2 £2" SBR eer ek 14. PEDICELLATA.
Plants forming a distinct winter rosette; spikelets not attenuate at base.
Spikelets turgid, blunt, strongly nerved (not strongly turgid in P.
oligosanthes) ; blades rarely as much as 1.5 cm wide (sometimes 2 cm
in P. ravenellii and P. xanthophysum).
Sheaths or some of them, papillose-hispid (sometimes all glabrous in
P. helleri); spikelets 3 to 4 mm long (2.7 to 3 mm in P. wil-

COLEGN WIN) 1S I ERE as Aa 13. OLIGOSANTHIA.
Sheaths glabrous or minutely puberulent; spikelets 1.5 to 2.5 mm long,
asymmetrically pyriform. Culms wiry -_----- 12. LANCEARIA.

Spikelets not turgid, blunt, nor strongly nerved (somewhat so in P.
roanokense and P. caerulescens).
Ligule of conspicuous hairs, usually 3 to 5 mm long.
Sheaths glabrous or only the lowermost somewhat pubescent.
SPRETA.
Sheaths strongly pubescent2---- 2-5 = 2s 8. LANUGINOSA.
Ligule obsolete or nearly so (manifest in P. oricola, P. tsugetorum, and
P. curtifolium).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 603

Spikelets nearly spherical at maturity ; blades glabrous, firm, cordate.
Plants sparingly branching-----_------ 10. SPHAEROCARPA.
Spikelets usually obovate or elliptic.

Blades of mideculm elongate, less than 1.5 em wide. Culms
usually tall; spikelets pointed, abruptly so in the velvety
MEN See es 8 15. Scoparta.

Blades of midculm not elongate (somewhat so in P. equilaterale).

Blades cordate, 1 to 3 em wide (5 to 12 mm in P. ashez).
Spikelets pubescent.
Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long. Sheaths glabrous or minutely

prrpermlenpets) = C85 o ter es 16. ComMutTATA.
Spikelets 3 to 5 mm long (sometimes but 2.7 mm long in the
hispid-sheathed P. clandestinum) _---- 17. LatIFro.ta.

Blades not cordate, less than 1 em wide.
Sheaths crisp- or appressed-pubescent. Blades firm; spike-
leia pubescent 5 Ol a 9. COLUMBIANA.
Sheaths glabrous or ciliate only in autumngl phase (sparsely

pilose in P. curtifoliwm and the lower velvety in P.

mattamuskeetense).

Vernal culms delicate (sometimes scarcely so in P. albo-
marginatum and P. tenue); spikelets 1.5 mm or less
long (1.6 to 1.7 mm in P. tenue)___ 11. ENSIFOLIA.

Vernal culms slender but not delicate, rarely less than
40 em tall; spikelets 2 to 2.9 mm long (1.5 mm in
P. microcarpon and P. caerulescens).

Lower internodes short, upper elongate, producing a
nearly naked culm, leafy at base; spikelets narrowly
ovate, 2.7 to 2.9 mm long_-__-_-- 5. NuDICAULIA.

Lower internodes not shorter, the vernal culms about
evenly leafy throughout; spikelets elliptic or
obovate, not more than 2.5 mm long.

6. DiIcHOTOMA.

1. Depauperata

Spikelets about 3.5 mm long, beaked_______________ 5. P. DEPAUPERATUM’
Spikelets 3 mm long or less, (sometimes 3.2 mm long in P. perlongum) not beaked’
Culms single or few in a tuft; spikelets turgid, blunt, 2.7 to 3.2 mm long:

Lae i Fe ee Sk Meee a ae 6. P. PERLONGUM.
Culms in large tufts; spikelets not turgid, 2.2 to 2.7 mm long; plants of dry
woods.

Sheaths pilose; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm long, pilose__ 7. P. LINEARIFOLIUM.
Sheaths glabrous; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long, glabrous or sparingly pilose.
P. WERNERI.

2. Laxiflora

Sheaths retrorsely pilose; spikelets papillose-pilose.
Blades ciliate and more or less pilose on the surface; spikelets 2 mm long.
10. P. XALAPENSE.
Blades glabrous or nearly so on the surface and margin; spikelets 2.2 mm long.
9. P. LAXIFLORUM.
Sheaths not retrorsely pilose; spikelets pubescent or glabrous.

Spikelets pubescent, about 2 mm long___________-_~- 11. P. criLiaTUM.
Spikelets glabrous.
Bindes piabrous’ on the surface....2 2. .......-.-. 12. P. POLYCAULON.
Bindes pilose Gn. the. surtace-= 22> 2 ge eel 13. P. sTRIGOSUM.

3. Angustifolia

Nodes bearded; plants grayish-villous; autumnal blades flat.
beikeleia nam Aompe et 15. P. CHRYSOPSIDIFOLIUM.
poukelcis 2.1) 06" 2 a main One Poe Sk 16. P. CONSANGUINEUM.
Nodes not bearded; plants villous only at base, or nearly glabrous; autumnal
blades involute or flat.
Autumnal blades flat; lower panicle branches spreading or reflexed.
P, ANGUSTIFOLIUM.

604 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Autumnal blades involute; lower panicle branches more or less ascending.
Spikelets 3.3 to 3.5 mm long, pointed_____________- 18. P. FUSIFORME.
Spikelets less than 3 mm long, not pointed, or obscurely so.

Plants glabrous or nearly so. Autumnal culms erect.
Spikelets subsecund along the suberect panicle branches.
P. NEURANTHUM.
Spikelets not subsecund, the panicle loose and open -- 20. P. ovINUM.
Plants pubescent, at least on the lower half.
Spikelets about 2.4 mm, rarely only 2.1 mm long; vernal blades 7 to 12
em long; autumnal blades not faleate___ 19. P. ARENICOLOIDES.
Spikelets not more than 2 mm long; vernal blades 4 to 6 em long; au-
tumnal blades much crowded, faleate______- 14, P. AcICULARE.

4. Bicknelliana

Spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long; blades not more than 9 mm wide.
22. P. BICKNELLII.
Spikelets 3 mm long; blades as much as 12 mm wide___ 23. P. cALLIPHYLLUM.

5. Nudicaulia

A single species — co 25 Sic ee eh eg ree 24. P. NUDICAULE.

6. Dichotoma

la. Nodes, at least the lower, bearded.
Spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, glabrous (occasional individuals with pubescent
SPURL TS) he. RS Ee LI eo ree ER cape 25. P. MICROCARPON.
Spikelets 2 mm long or more.
Spikelets glabrous, 2 mm long; autumnal phase topheavy-reclining.
3 P. BARBULATUM.
Spikelets pubescent.
Blades all velvety; autumnal phase usually sparingly branching.
2 P. ANNULUM.
Blades glabrous, or only the lower pubescent or velvety; autumnal phase
freely branching.
Spikelets 2 mm long; autumnal phase profusely branching. _
26. P. NITIDUM.
Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more; autumnal phase less profusely branching.
Sheaths and upper nodes glabrous____.---_--_- 29. P. CLUTEI.
Lower sheaths and all nodes pubescent.
28. P. MATTAMUSKEETENSE.
1b. Nodes not bearded.
2a. Spikelets pubescent.
Culms erect, never becoming vinelike.
Primary blades spreading; panicles purplish; fruit exposed at summit.
29... P; chpwer
Primary blades erect; panicles green; fruit covered (wood forms with
spreading blades may be distinguished from P. dichotomum by pubes-
cent. spikelets; .2.2.mm..Jong)2¢ 2-24 2.) ete 30. P. BOREALE.
Culms soon prostrate, vinelike, the branches divaricate.
Plants bright green, culms lax; spikelets not more than 2.1 mm long.
36. P. LUCIDUM.
Plants grayish green, culms stiff; spikelets 2.5 mm long.
37. P. SPHAGNICOLA.
2b. Spikelets glabrous.
Culms soon prostrate.
Plants bright green, culms lax; spikelets not more than 2.1 mm long.
36. P. LUCIDUM.
Plants grayish green, culms stiff; spikelets 2.5 mm long.
37. P. SPHAGNICOLA.
Culms erect, or the autumnal phase topheavy, never prostrate.
Spikelets not more than 1.6 mm long; panicles narrow. Plants glaucous
bluish: greem.. 222 '0s.2:. ss Sean ee aise ee 35. P. CAERULESCENS.
Spikelets 2 mm long or more; panicles open.
Blades erect, firm; spikelets turgid, strongly nerved. Plants grayish
olive: ereen G2 Ue eee ee 34, P, ROANOKENSE.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 605

Blades spreading; spikelets not turgid.
Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more, pointed. Sheaths bearing pale
glan@mlanepote®. 22.2 Sk 33. P. YADKINENSE.
Spikelets not more than 2 mm long, not pointed.

Autumnal phase erect, branched like a little tree; primary blades
rarely more than 5 mm wide; second glume shorter than fruit
ane-neere lemma?) 22! 22 soe Soe 31. P. pIcCHOTOMUM.

Autumnal phase topheavy-reclining; primary blades 6 to 10 mm
wide; second glume equaling fruit and sterile lemma.

32. P. BARBULATUM.

7. Spreta
Panicle narrow, one-fourth to one-third as wide as long__---- 38. P. SPRETUM.
Panicle open, two-thirds as wide as long, or more.
Spakelets 1-5 min lenge loos 2s ees ee 39. P. LINDHEIMERI.
Spikelets 1.3 mm long or less.
Culms and sheaths glabrous.) 222 OS 41. P. LONGILIGULATUM.
Culms and sheaths appressed-pubescent.
ppibetcte 2 tort.5, mim: long) 232s ose Sse 40. P. LEUCOTHRIX.
Spikelets not more than 1 mm long__-----_------ 42. P. WRIGHTIANUM.

8. Lanuginosa

la. Spikelets not more than 2 mm long.
2a. Plants grayish, velvety-pubescent.
Spikelets 1.4 to 1.5 mm long; autumnal blades involute-pointed (see also
ROPE ICIIBG) 22 SE a er tL 49. P. AUBURNE.
Spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long; autumnal blades flat.
Plants dark or olive green when dry; spikelets 1.9 to 2 mm long.
50. P. THUROWII.
Plants light or yellow green when dry.
Autumnal phase prostrate, branching from base and lower nodes,
forming close mats; blades not ciliate. Around hot springs.
55. P. THERMALE.
Autumnal phase ascending or spreading, branching from middle and
upper nodes, the reduced, fascicled blades strongly ciliate.
48. P. LANUGINOSUM.
2b. Plants pubescent, often villous, but not velvety.
3a. Culms conspicuously pilose with long, horizontally spreading hairs.
Culms branching before expansion of primary panicles.
51. P. PRAECOCIUS.
3b. Culms variously pubescent, if pilose the hairs not long and horizontally
spreading.
4a. Vernal blades glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, firm in tex-
ture.
Autumnal culms branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreading
bunch 10 to 15 em high; Pacific slope_-_-___-_ 53. P. OCCIDENTALE.
Autumnal culms branching from the middle nodes, forming widely
spreading mats; Atlantic slope (see also form of P. huachucae var.
RESET CHUA AL tne ot 8 AE Fe ON RET 47. P. TENNESSEENSE.
4b. Vernal blades pubescent on upper surface, sometimes pilose near base
and margins only.
5a. Spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long; vernal blades long-pilose on upper
surface.
Autumnal phase widely decumbent-spreading, forming a mat; vernal
culms soon geniculate-spreading; plants olivaceous.
44. P. ALBEMARLENSE.
Autumnal phase erect or leaning, never forming a mat; plants yellow-
ish green.
Axis of panicle pilose, panicle branches tangled, the lower drooping.
P. IMPLICATUM.
Axis of panicle puberulent only, panicle branches not tangled, the
Niger SEP eS 43. P. MERIDIONALE.
5b. Spikelets 1.6 to 2 mm long; vernal blades pilose or pubescent.
Upper surface of blades pilose; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long; autumnal
phase decumbent-spreading.
Spikelets pointed; culms weak and lax____- 56, P, LANGUIDUM.

606 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Spikelets obtuse; culms not weak and lax.
Culms leafy below, branching from base and lower nodes; Maine
to Minnésotas2 22 2—]— 5! ee 52. P. sUBVILLOSUM.
Culms evenly leafy, branching from upper nodes; Pacific slope.
54. P. PACIFICUM.
Upper surface of blades appressed-pubescent or pilose toward the base
only; spikelets 1.6 to 1.8 mm long; autumnal phase not decum-
bent-spreading 1522 0a 2 $k eae 46. P. HUACHUCAE.
1b. Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more.
Spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm long. |
Pubescence on culms horizontally spreading; autumnal phase freely branch-
1 6: SAS Np A eA eA he i ups eel indie aA one an a 57. P. VILLOSISSIMUM.
Pubescence on culms appressed or ascending; autumnal phase rather spar-
ingly branching.
Upper internodes shortened, the leaves approximate, the blades often equal-
ing the panicle; pubescence sparse and stiff__ 60. P. scoOPARIOIDES.
Upper internodes not shortened, the copious pubescence silky.
5 P. PSEUDOPUBESCENS.
Spikelets 2.7 to 2.9 mm long.

Culms stiff; blades conspicuously ciliate; southern Atlantic coast.
59... P. OVALE:
Culms weak; blades not ciliate; Pacific coast__._____- 61. P. SHASTENSE.

9. Columbiana

la. Spikelets 2 to 3.2 mm long, mostly elliptic.
Winter blades 5 to 10 em long. Spikelets 2 mm long; plants blue-green.
66. P. WILMINGTONENSE.
Winter blades 1 to 3 cm long.
Spikelets 3.2 mm long; first glume conspicuously distant. 62. P. MALACON.
Spikelets not more than 2.9 mm long; first glume not distant.
Spikelets 2.8 to 2.9 mm long; vernal blades 8 to 15 cm long.
63. P. DEAMII.
Spikelets not more than 2.4 mm long; vernal blades not more than 8 cm

long.
Spikelets about 2.4 mm (2.2 to 2.4mm) long; panicle open, the branches
stiffty spreading. 3. a4. 5 ye ee ee 64. P. COMMONSIANUM.

Spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm long; panicle rather dense, the branches ascending.
65. P. ADDISONII.
1b. Spikelets not more than 1.9 mm long, obovate, turgid.
Culms crisp-puberulent or appressed-pubescent with crimped hairs; plants
bluish or grayish green; panicle about 3 to 7 cm long.
Spikelets IvS:to 4:9 mm long = oi ees Sa 67. P. TSUGETORUM.
Spikelets 1.5) tog.64nm Jong os.) obs 4 a ee 68. P. cOLUMBIANUM.
Culms appressed or ascending-pilose; plants olivaceous; panicle rarely more
than 3cmlong. Spikelets not more than 1.5 mm long, rounded and turgid.
Spikelets 1.5 mm long; culms rather stout; autumnal phase branching from
all: the. nod ese a2 oof: hoy tt ok Op sae A Syne lacs epi ep taigle 69. P. ORICOLA.
Spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long; culms very slender; autumnal phase with
branches mostly aggregate toward the summit.
68. P. COLUMBIANUM var. THINIUM.

10. Sphaerocarpa

Culms spreading; blades obscurely nerved; panicle nearly as broad as long.
7 P. SPHAEROCARPON.
Culms erect or ascending; blades rather strongly nerved; panicle never more than

two-thirds as broad as long, usually less.
Spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long; blades lanceolate, the upper not reduced.

71. P. POLYANTHES.
Spikelets 1 to 1.2 mm long; blades tapering from base to apex, the upper much
siniaiier, than, the lower. 222. eee 72, P, ERECTIFOLIUM.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 607

11. Ensifolia

Ligules about 1 mm long; sheaths or some of them sparsely spreading-pilose.
0. P. CURTIFOLIUM.
Ligules obsolete or nearly so; pubescence if present not spreading.
Blades prominently white-margined, firm; spikelets densely puberulent.
Blades puberulent beneath, often above; sheaths and sometimes lower inter-
Nedes: Ascenaii=-pUDESCEMG. 3622) Se lay, PSTENDE:
Blades glabrous; sheaths glabrous or minutely ciliate only.
Uppermost culm blades much reduced; culms branching from lower nodes
only, the branches repeatedly branching. 74. P. ALBOMARGINATUM.
Uppermost culm blades about as long as the others; culms bearing short
branches from the upper and middle nodes__---_- 75. P. TRIFOLIUM.
Blades not white-margined or very obscurely so (or if white margin evident
spikelets only 1.1 mm long); spikelets glabrous or puberulent.
Culms branching only at base; plants soft, light green__ 79. P. VERNALE.
Culms branching at the nodes; plants firm or at least not soft.
Spikelets glabrous.
Spikelets 1.1 to 1.2 mm long; blades rarely as much as 5 em long.
81. P. CHAMAELONCHE.
Spikelets 1.2 to 1.5 mm long.
Blades elongate, at least some of them 8 to 10 cm long.
82. P. GLABRIFOLIUM.
Blades not more than 3 em long___________--- 78. P. ENSIFOLIUM.
Spikelets puberulent.
Spikelets 1.1 mm long. Winter blades bluish green, not glossy.
77. P. CONCINNIUS.
Spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long.
Blades involute, faleate, with long stiff hairs on margin near base.
elanits Soll ANG) WIhy 2 83. P. BREVE.
Blades not involute, or at tip only, not falcate.
Plants bright green; winter blades conspicuous, glossy green.
vi P. FLAVOVIRENS.
Plants olive; winter blades not conspicuous nor glossy.
78. P. ENSIFOLIUM.
12. Lancearia

petelets je teste my long) (sees a ee 84. P. PORTORICENSE.
Spikelets 2 mm long or more.
Blades, or some of them at least 8 mm wide, glabrous on the upper surface;
firm papillose-roughened_.=.. =. 2S ee 87. P. WEBBERIANUM.
Blades not more than 6 mm wide (or if wider, puberulent on the upper surface) ;
fruit smooth and shining.
Spikelets 2.4 to 2.6 mm long. Blades narrowed toward the base.
88. P. PATENTIFOLIUM.
Spikelets not more than 2.1 mm long.
Blades firm, glabrous above; culms stiffly ascending. 85. P. LANCEARIUM.
Blades lax, softly puberulent on both surfaces; culms decumbent.
86. P. PATULUM.
13. Oligosanthia

Nodes bearded; blades velvety-pubescent beneath.
Plants lax, soft-velvety throughout; spikelets not more than 3 mm long.
90. P. MALACOPHYLLUM.
Plants stiff, pubescence harsh; spikelets about 4mm long. 94. P. RAVENELII.
Nodes not bearded (or but obscurely so in P. wilcorianum); blades not velvety.
Panicle narrow, branches erect, or spreading only at anthesis. Blades erect.
Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades not more than 6 mm wide.
89. P. WILCOXIANUM.
Spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long; blades 8 to 20 mm wide.
iadeaapilinse- mind. 6955 2 ee eee 95. P. LEIBERGII.
Blades glabrous on both surfaces_____________- 96. P. XANTHOPHYSUM.
Panicle about as wide as long.
Spikelets narrowly obovate, subacute; plants olivaceous, appressed-pubes-
MS Sh ie GLE ONS ee ee OS 93. P. OLIGOSANTHES.
Spikelets broadly obovate, turgid, blunt; plants green, the pubescence, if
present, not appressed.
Blades erect, not more than 6 mm wide; plants copiously hirsute through-
OT a Sewer bea iol ble Le 89. P. WILCOXIANUM.

55974°—35——39

608 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Blades ascending or spreading, rarely less than 8 mm wide, usually wider;
plants not hirsute throughout.
Spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm long; blades firm; sheaths or some of them more

or less hispid=-] 2 ene Te SS ae ees 92. P. SCRIBNERIANUM.
Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades rather thin; sheaths or
some of them glabrous or sparsely hispid-.__ 91. P. HELLERI.

14. Pedicellata

Culms erect or leaning; blades thin, 5 to 9 em long, narrowed toward the base.
9 P. PEDICELLATUM.

Culms decumbent; blades thick, not more than 5 em long, not narrowed
toward the ‘bases: 2 © 1) See eer SC AS ign eae Rae Re eeeeean os 98. P. NODATUM.

15. Scoparia

Pubescence soft-villous or velvety. Spikelets abruptly pointed.
P. SCOPARIUM.
Pubescence when present not velvety.
Spikelets elliptic: fruit 2: mmelong ote Soe eee 100. P. AcULEATUM.
Spikelets ovate, that is, broadest below the middle; fruit 2 mm long or less.
Sheaths or some of them hispid, rarely glabrous; autumnal phase with
crowa@edtbranehilets 52 5 25 Mee ee ae 101. P. SCABRIUSCULUM.
Sheaths glabrous; autumnal phase sparingly branching.
102. P. cRYPTANTHUM.
16. Commutata

Plants glaucous, glabrous. Basal blades conspicuously ciliate; vernal culms
Usually solitary 2 Sot eo a he bee rc ae ae ce 105. P. MUTABILE.
Plants not glaucous.
Blades nearly linear, that is, with parallel margins. First glume about half
as longewas the spikeleb sou 2s ee ee 107. P. EQUILATERALE.
Blades lanceolate.
Culms crisp-puberulent; blades usually rigid, symmetrical, rarely more than

10 mm wide; spikelets about 2.5 mm long___________ 1038. P. ASHEI.
Culms glabrous or softly puberulent; blades firm or lax; spikelets 2.7 to 3.2

mm long.
Culms erect, or autumnal phase leaning; blades symmetrical, broadly
cordate. 20 US Sa eee 104. P. cOMMUTATUM.
Culms decumbent; blades usually asymmetrical and falcate, narrowed to
the: scarcelyscordate basessle. 2 Sos Aa eee 106. P. soorit.

17. Latifolia

Sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, at least the lower and those of the branches.
108. P. CLANDESTINUM.
Sheaths glabrous or softly villous.
Nodes glabrous; spikelets 3.4 to 3.7 mm long______-__-_- 109. P. LATIFOLIUM.
Nodes bearded; spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long___________-_-_-- 110. P. Boscrt.

Subgenus 3. Eupanicum
la. Plants annual.
Inflorescence consisting of several more or less secund spikelike racemes. Fruit

transversely MUGOsey Sooo. eka sen ee es een er ee 3. FASCICULATA.
Inflorescence a more or less diffuse panicle.
Spikelets tuberculates. 220. 2-2 che) ee ea eo eke 12. VERRUCOSA.

Spikelets not tuberculate.
First glume not more than one-fourth the length of the spikelet, truncate

or trisneular-tippedeset ee a eee a a 4. DICHOTOMIFLORA.
First glume usually as much as half the length of the spikelet, acute or
acuminate: 5. 22 Neat a ee 2 Sere Seles 5. CAPILLARIA.

1b. Plants perennial.

2a. Spikelets short-pediceled along one side of the rachises, forming spikelike
racemes (compare Agrostoidia with 1l-sided but not spikelike panicle

branches).

First glume nearly equaling the sterile lemma.

Racemes spreading; fruit not more than one-third the length of the
spikelet ccc. che see vith belly Bey eae OS ray geese etek 16. GYMNOCARPA.
Racemes appressed; fruit nearly as long as the spikelet-.___ 14. OsrTusa.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 609

First glume much shorter than the sterile lemma.
Fruit transversely rugose.

ras el arene ee ee 1. GEMINATA.
Bipeten Weare eee Se eS te 2. PURPURASCENTIA.
Mavite Ot rieme eee = 2 2 22S) = 42 15. HEmiToma.

2b. Spikelets in open or sometimes contracted or congested panicles (some-
what 1l-sided in Agrostoidia).

Fruit transversely rugose (obscurely so in P. plenum) _-_---- 7. Maxima.
Fruit not transversely rugose. -
ppembete ins Weiliseas ees et Se Se eae 13. URVILLEANA.

Spikelets glabrous.

Sterile palea enlarged and indurate at maturity, expanding the spikelet.
Blades scarcely wider than their sheaths; ‘spikelets about 2.3 mm
long, borne toward the ends of the few slender branches. 11. Laxa.

Sterile palea, if present, not enlarged.

Plants with conspicuous creeping scaly rhizomes.
Spikelets long-pediceled, not secund, arranged in an open or con-

TE TE EEE SE es ag a ele 8. VIRGATA.
Spikelets short-pediceled, more or less secund along the nearly
simple panicle branches____________--_--- 10. AGrRostTorpra.

Plants without creeping scaly rhizomes.
Panicles narrow and few-flowered; culms erect and wiry. Blades
pares ie oe te te et 9. TENERA.
Panicles open or contracted, many-flowered.
Spikelets short-pediceled along the nearly simple panicle
TEES De Tar Sot ene le aan ey Re en 10. AGROSTOIDIA.
Spikelets long-pediceled, the panicle open-_----_- 6. DIFFUSA.

1. Geminata

Spikelets 3 mm long; glumes and sterile lemma papery__ 112. P. PALUDIVAGUM.
Spikelets not more than 2.4 mm long; glumes and sterile lemma not papery.
111. P. GEMINATUM.

2. Purpurascentia

= PISELESD SCE i el A pa alte Oe eee ee 113. P. PURPURASCENS.

2) LEED LE EY I ge en an A ae A a 118. P. TEXANUM.
Spikelets 2 to 4 mm long.
Spikelets strongly reticulate-veined, 2 to 3 mm long; glabrous.
115. P. FAscICULATUM.
Spikelets scarcely reticulate-veined or only near apex.

Spikelets not more than 2 mm long, glabrous___-___-_-_~_- 114. P, REPTANS.
Spikelets more than 3 mm long, pubescent.
Rachis scabrous but not bristly____________- Seep ay 116. P. ADSPERSUM.
eee rie Percy te eee ke a tet Se 117. P. arizoNicum.

2 SUES LE TS 2S ee ee ae ee 119. P. DICHOTOMIFLORUM.
EUR e8 1 La ie aia ieee oe liees = te ee 120. P. BARTOWENSE.

5. Capillaria

Panicles drooping; spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm long________-___- 130. P. MILIACEUM.
Panicles erect; spikelets not more than 4 mm long.
Panicles more than half the length of the entire plant.
Panicles narrow, usually less than half as broad aslong___ 121. P. FLEXILE.
Panicles as broad as long.
Beat wiieous sear at base 7 Ls 125. P. CAPILLARE.
Fruit with a lunate scar at base_______________-_-_ 126. P. HILLMANT.

Panicles not more than one-third the entire height of the plant.
Spikelets not more than 2 mm long, acute but not long-acuminate (see also
P. hirsutum).
Culms stout; blades about 1 em wide; spikelets turgid.
122. P. GATTINGERI.

610 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Culms slender; blades not more than 6 mm wide; spikelets not turgid.
Axillary pulvini DIULOSe See 2 See 123. P. PHILADELPHICUM.
Axillary pulvini Gla broushot Ot. Bish i eee 124. P. TUCKERMANI.

Spikelets 2.7 to 4 mm long, acuminate.

First glume about one-third the length of the spikelet, subacute or

lanit t. S.cee Ben ak ar a ly aes 129. P. sTRAMINEUM.

First glume usually more than half the length of the spikelet, acuminate.
First glume more than three-fourths the length of the spikelet; spikelets

4mm longs: eee ee ee peer gee 128. P. PAMPINOSUM.
First glume half to two-thirds the length of the spikelet; spikelets not
more than 3:5 mm jones... 23 Soe ae Se 127. P. HIRTICAULE.

6. Diffusa

Second glume and sterile lemma elongate, at least three times as long as the
PRU G 22 sss ge ee ee Ae eg pe a 131. P. CAPILLARIOIDES.
Second glume and sterile lemma not elongate.
Culms as much as 1 em thick; blades 2 em wide or more__ 136. P. HIRSUTUM.
Culms slender; blades not more than 1 em wide.
Spikelets 4 to 4.2 mm long. Midnerves of glumes and sterile lemma
scabrous toward the apex... ie ee nee 134. P. LEPIDULUM.
Spikelets usually less than 3.5 mm long.
Blades hirsute on both surfaces (sometimes glabrescent), not at all
plancous:.. See nae ee yee a 135. P. GHIESBREGHTII.
Blades glabrous on both surfaces or with a few hairs on either surface,
glaucous above.
Panicle much exceeding the leaves; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long (rarely

ed TUANIN) sec eh Bare eC oe ee ee 133. Po mane
Panicle usually equaled or exceeded by the uppermost blades; spikelets
2 te 2.G mim Tonges): 00. a 2a eee ee 132. P. FILIPEs.

Culms" with a icormlike base. Joe as ee eee 139. P. BULBOSUM.
Culms not cormlike at base.

Nodes hirsute; ligules 4 to 6 mm long; fruit strongly rugose.

1 P. MAXIMUM.

Nodes glabrous; ligules 2 mm long; fruit obscurely rugose__ 138. P. PLENUM.

8. Vurgata
Spikelets not more than 2.5 mm long, first glume less than half the length of the
spikelet.
Panicle loosely flowered; first glume truncate, about one-fifth the length of
the: spikeletss Wc es 6 7 Sr Re a ee ee: ae ee 140. P. REPENS.
Panicle rather densely flowered; first glume triangular, about one-third the
length of the spikelets OU ea) once Sede» eee eee ee 141. P. GOUINI.

Spikelets 3 to 7 mm long (sometimes less than 3 mm in P. virgatum var. cubense) ;
first glume more than half the length of the spikelet.
Panicle elongate, strongly contracted; seacoast plants.
Culms rarely 1 m tall, solitary from the nodes of the horizontal rhi-
AORN G 5 2 2 phe Wel ES ie ie ee ee ee 144. P. AMARUM.
Culms/t to? mctall, in ‘dense tufts: 27 5822 22 ee 145. P. AMARULUM.
Panicle diffuse, or only slightly contracted; plants sometimes of salt marshes
but not littoral.
Spikelets 6 to 8 mm long; culms solitary, with a creeping base.
143. P. HAVARDII.
Spikelets less than 5 mm long (in exceptional specimens 6 mm long); culms
erect, producing numerous scaly rhizomes__---_---- 142. P. VIRGATUM.

9. Tenera
Acsingle Species 22:83 25 2. ots Sola lee ee ee 146. P. TENERUM.

10. Agrostoidea

Rhizomes present; culms but little compressed; spikelets set obliquely on the

appressed pedicels.
Panicles open; spikelets 3.4 to 3.8 mm long (shorter in exceptional specimens).
152. P. ANCEPS.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 611

Panicles more or Jess contracted; spikelets not more than 2.8 mm long.
153. P. RHIZOMATUM.
Rhizomes wanting; culms strongly compressed with keeled sheaths; spikelets not
obliquely disposed. ;
Ligule ciliate; basal leaves half as long as the culm or more; panicle much
exceeding the upper leaves.
Spikelets not more than 2.7 mm, usually 2.5 mm long, the first glume less
than half that length; ligule 2 to 3 mm long__ 150. P. LONGIFOLIUM.
Spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long; first glume two-thirds to three-fourths that
length; ligule less than 1 mm long_____-_--------_~-- 151. P. comssit.
Ligule erose or lacerate, not ciliate; basal leaves in short tufts, the upper usu-
ally nearly equaling the terminal panicle.
Fruit stipitate; spikelets 2.5 to 2.8 mm long, conspicuously secund.
149. P. sTIPITATUM.
Fruit not stipitate; spikelets not conspicuously secund.
Spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm, in occasional specimens 2.2 mm long; panicle
branches ascending or spreading___-_______- 147. P. AGROSTOIDEs.
Spikelets about 2.5 mm long; panicle branches erect or nearly so.
148. P. CONDENSUM.
11. Laza

eer Rie ee eg ee ee ee Sia Ste I 154. P. HIANS.
12. Verrucosa

Spikelets about 2 mm long, glabrous _________________- 155. P. VERRUCOSUM.
Spikelets more than 3 mm long, hispid__--_________- 156. P. BRACHYANTHUM.

13. Urvilleana

CUD SSS rat ee ee fa es Pe ee 157. P. URVILLEANUM.
US Te Dee 2S ee ee ee ee ee ee 158. P. opTusuM.

Pee RS Pate ees ee ee OA Ye 159. P. HEMITOMON.

EE Cao eee ee Soe ee Se eee ee 160. P. GYMNOCARPON.

SuBGENUs 1. PavrocHakttium Hitche. and Chase

Perennials; culms tufted, erect, blades not more than 7 mm wide;
panicle slender, the branches short, appressed, the ultimate
branchlets bearing 1 to several spikelets, produced beyond the
uppermost spikelet as a bristle 1 to 6 mm long; spikelets much
swollen on the face, glabrous, strongly nerved; fruit transversely
rugose, apiculate.

1. Panicum chapmani Vasey. (Fig. 1270.)
Culms ascending or spreading, slender, wiry,
40 to 100 cm tall; blades erect, rather firm,
15 to 40 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, more
or less involute when dry; panicle mostly
20 to 30 cm long; bristle 3 to 6 mm long;
spikelets 2 to 2.2 mm long, obovate; first
glume about one-third as long as the spike-

let, obtuse or truncate. 2 —Coral sand Figure, 1270.—Panicum chapman.
= : = anicle, X 1; two views of spike-
and shell mounds, southern Florida; Baha FE, euler: Ae We Uh ype)

mas; Yucatan.
2. Panicum ramisétum Scribn. (Fig. 1271.) Culms erect or as-
cending from short horizontal rhizomes, 25 to 60 cm tall; blades 5 to

612 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle 5 to 20 cm long; bristle not
exceeding the spikelet; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, obovate; first
glume about half as long as the spikelet.
2} —Sandy plains and prairies, south-
ern Texas and northern Mexico.
: 3. Panicum reverchéni Vasey. (Fig.
4 1272.) Culms stiffly erect, from short
7 rhizomes, 30 to 70 cm tall; blades erect,
stiff, 5 to 20 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide;
panicle 5 to 20 cm long; spikelets mostly
one toa branchlet, the bristle equaling
FIGURE 1271 Panicum ramisetum. Two OT exceeding the spikelet; spikelets 3.5
I 3.8 mm long, elliptic; first glume about
ina half as long as the spikelet. @ —
Rocky or sandy prairies and limestone hills, Texas.

4, Panicum firmulum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1273.) Culms
ascending or decumbent at
base, 30 to 40 cm tall,
rather loosely tufted from
creeping knotted rhizomes
as much as 5 cm long;
blades ascending or spread-
ing, firm, 4 to 10 cm long,
4 to 7 mm wide; bristle 1 to
2 times as long as the spike-
let; spikelets 3 to 3.2 mm
long, obovate; first glume
half as long as the spikelet.
2 —Sandy prairies,
southern Texas.

SUBGENUS 2. DICHANTHELIUM
Hitche. and Chase

FIGURE 1272.—Panicum reverchoni. Panicle, X 1; two views of
Perennial, from a crown, spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)
rarely from short mat-
ted rhizomes, surrounded by a more or less well-marked rosette
of usually short winter leaves, in spring producing simple
culms with mostly narrowly
lanceolate blades and terminal
panicles with numerous spike-
lets, these rarely perfecting
seed; early culms branching
at some or all of the nodes
1 (in a few species from the
i base only) after the maturity
i of the primary panicles or
sometimes before; branches
often repeatedly branching,
the short branchlets more or
less fascicled and bearing usu-
S ally much reduced leaves; the
Proune 170, Panium Armulum. fae viewsot terminal one or two joints of
the primary culm often finally
falling, the whole producing an autumnal phase usually strikingly
different from the vernal phase; secondary panicles reduced,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 613

the latest more or less included in the sheaths, the spikelets
cleistogamous and perfecting their grains. The species of this
subgenus are usually known as dichotomous panicums because
they are related to Panicum dichotomum.

Key to the species trrespective of the groups

la. Spikelets glabrous.
2a. Spikelets 3 mm long or more, strongly nerved.
Spikelets pointed; blades elongate_-----_--------- 5. P. DEPAUPERATUM.
Spikelets blunt; blades not elongate.
Spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm long; blades firm; sheaths, or some of them, hispid.
92. P. SCRIBNERIANUM.
Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades rather thin; sheaths glabrous
On Gpatiehvyemismie ts So. pet ho es to es 8 91. P. HELLERI.
2b. Spikelets less than 3 mm long.
3a. Second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit and pointed beyond
it. Spikelets 2.2 to 2.9 mm long.

Blades clustered toward the base_______----------- 24. P. NUDICAULE.
Blades not clustered toward the base.
Sheaths, at least the secondary, hispid____- . 101. P. scaABRIUSCULUM.
Sheaths glabrous.
Blades firm; fruit. 1.5 mm long. -_=-=-=.=-- 102. P. cRYPTANTHUM.
Blades thin; fruit nearly 2 mm long__________ 33. P. YADKINENSE.

3b. Second glume and sterile lemma not pointed beyond the fruit.
4a. Ligule manifest, 1 to 3 mm long.
Culms rather stout; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; sheaths glabrous.
P. SPRETUM.
Culms slender; ligule 1 mm long; sheaths sparsely pilose.

P. CURTIFOLIUM.
4b. Ligule obsolete.

5a. Spikelets 1.5 mm or less long.

odes mesrdeds =) 22.2. A$gtecd oho 322) -y S 25. P. MICROCARPON.
Nodes not bearded.
Golmm andeplaces pilose: 4-2-2 = 13. P. stTRIGOSUM.

Culms glabrous.
Blades conspicuously ciliate; plants branching at base only.
P. POLYCAULON.
Blades not ciliate; plants branching from middle or upper nodes.
Vernal culms 50 cm tall or more; spikelets turgid, strongly
nerved; autumnal phase erect, with fascicled branches
shorter than the primary internodes.
35. P. CAERULESCENS.
Vernal culms usually much less than 50 em tall; autumnal
phase spreading or reclining.
Spikelets 1.1 to 1.2mm long. Blades rarely as much as 5 cm
(ioe dat Oy A a ak in 81. P. CHAMAELONCHE.

82. P. GLABRIFOLIUM.
Blades not more than 3 em long_--_-_- 78. P. ENSIFOLIUM.
5b. Spikelets 2 mm long or more.
Blades elongate, some of them 20 times as long as wide; spikelets 2.2
to 2.8 mm long.
Blades erect; branches, when present, from the lower nodes only.
. P. WERNERI.
Blades spreading; branches from upper nodes. 22. P. BICKNELLII.
Blades not elongate, about 10 times as long as wide.
Culms soon prostrate, vinelike; branches divaricate.
Plants bright green; culms lax; spikelets not more than 2.1 mm
[fe 22 SS ee eae eae 36. P. LUCIDUM.
Plants grayish green; culms stiff; spikelets 2.5 mm long.

P. SPHAGNICOLA.

614 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Culms not vinelike; branches not divaricate.
Spikelets 2.3 to 2.6 mm long.
Blades, or some of them, at least 8 mm wide; fruit papillose-
Troughenea 29h See SLE a ae 87. P. WEBBERIANUM.
Blades not more than 6 mm wide; fruit smooth and shining.
8 P. PATENTIFOLIUM.
Spikelets 2 mm long.
Culms wiry, crisp-puberulent; blades ciliate at base.
P. LANCEARIUM.
Culms glabrous; blades not ciliate.
Blades erect, firm; spikelets turgid, strongly nerved. Plants
grayish Olive. du nec We San Caliah 34. P. ROANOKENSE.
Blades spreading; spikelets not turgid.
Nodes glabrous; autumnal phase erect, branched like a

little tree Buk SLRS sal See 31. P. DICHOTOMUM.
Nodes, at least the lowest, usually bearded; autumnal
phase topheavy-reclining_ --_-_-_ 32. P. BARBULATUM.

lb. Spikelets pubescent.
6a. Spikelets 3 mm or more long.
7a. Blades elongate, those of the midculm at least 15 times as long as wide.
Secondary panicles from basal sheaths only.
| Spikelets pointed, about 3.5 mm long________- 5. P. DEPAUPERATUM.
Spikelets blunt, 3 mm long or less_______...--_+_2 6. P. PERLONGUM.
Secondary panicles from upper branches.
Spikelets attenuate at base, pustulose-pubescent; lowermost sheaths
Softly svallkoig) 0 O8ss 0) ACA SY ee ee 18. P. FUSIFORME.
Spikelets not attenuate at base, not pustulose; lowermost sheaths
glabrous or hispid.
Upper leaves approximate; sheaths glabrous.
107. P. EQUILATERALE.
Upper leaves distant; at least the lower sheaths hispid.
100. P. AcULEATUM.
7b. Blades not elongate, usually less than 10 times as long as wide.
8a. Blades velvety-pubescent beneath.
Spikelets 3 mm long. Plants velvety-villous throughout.
90. P. MALACOPHYLLUM.
Spikelets 4 mm long or more.
Sheaths ascending-hirsute, ligule 3 to 4 mm long.
94. P. RAVENELII.
Sheaths downy-pubescent; ligule obsolete.
110. P. BoscII var. MOLLE.
8b. Blades not velvety-pubescent beneath.
9a. Sheaths glabrous or minutely puberulent only.
Nodes bearded; spikelets 4 mm long or more__----- 110. , P. Bose:
Nodes not bearded; spikelets not more than 3.8 mm long.
Spikelets 3.5 to 3.8 mm long. Blades 2 cm wide or more.
109. P. LATIFOLIUM.
Spikelets scarcely more than 3 mm long.
Spikelets turgid, blunt; blades mostly less than 1 cm wide.
91. P. HELLERI.
Spikelets not turgid; blades more than 1 cm wide.
Panicle narrow, the branches ascending. Spikelets on long
Stilt pedicels eae tie ek Bie Shane 23. P. CALLIPHYLLUM.
Panicle as broad as long, the branches spreading.
Plants glaucous; basal blades conspicuously ciliate.
105. P. MUTABILE.
Plants not glaucous; basal blades not ciliate, or at the base

only.
Culms erect, or autumnal phase leaning; blades sym-
metrical, broadly cordate___ 104. P. commuTaTUM.

Culms decumbent; blades usually unsymmetrical and
falcate, narrowed to the scarcely cordate base.
106. P.. soonn:

Ce ie ee ie ea

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 615

9b. Sheaths pubescent.
Pubescence ascending or appressed.
Spikelets 3 to 3.2 mm long; first glume conspicuously remote.
62. P. MALACON.
Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm long; first glume not remote.
93. P. OLIGOSANTHES.
Pubescence spreading, sometimes sparse.
Plants robust, about 1 m tall; blades usually 2 cm or more wide.
108. P. CLANDESTINUM.
Plants rarely more than 50 cm tall; blades rarely more than 1.5 cm
wide.
Panicle about as wide as long; blades ascending or spreading.
Spikelets attenuate at base, 3.5 to 4 mm long.
See 14. PEDICELLATA.
Spikelets not attenuate at base, not more than 3.3 mm long.
Spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm long; blades firm; sheaths, or some
of them, more or less hispid__ 92. P. SCRIBNERIANUM.
Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades rather thin;
sheaths, or some of them, glabrous or sparsely hispid.
\ 91. P. HELLERI.
Panicle narrow, the branches erect (sometimes ascending in P.
wilcoxianum), or spreading at anthesis only; blades erect.
Spikelets not more than 3 mm long; blades not more than 6 mm

Wade se fear ee. TE ee 89. P. WILCOXIANUM.
Spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long; blades 8 to 20 mm _ wide.
Blades papillose-hispid_——-...-.-...-_=- 95. P. LEIBERGII.

Blades glabrous on both surfaces 96. P. XANTHOPHYSUM.
6b. Spikelets less than 3 mm long.
10a. Blades elongate, not more than 5 mm wide; secondary panicles at the
base only or wanting.
Culms single or few in a tuft; spikelets turgid, 2.7 to 3 mm long.
. P. PERLONGUM.
Culms in large tufts; spikelets not turgid, not more than 2.7 mm long.
PSL IN SEAR UE 5 Cie SM alk TS at AR pl aga Ae 7. P. LINEARIFOLIUM.
Ie saben PURO ste eee, koeers ean EE) Ae Be ee ee 8. P. WERNERI.
10b. Blades usually not elongate; secondary panicles not at the base.
lla. Spikelets attenuate at base, mostly prominently pustulose. Blades
narrow, stiff, strongly nerved, tapering from base to apex.

Nodes bearded; plants grayish-villous. Autumnal blades flat.
ppikeleta 2 mm jong. 2) £222 et 15. P. CHRYSOPSIDIFOLIUM.
Spikelets Z-> to-2.5.mm long 2 55) 16. P. CONSANGUINEUM.

Nodes not bearded; plants villous only at the base, or nearly glabrous.
Autumnal blades flat; lower panicle branches spreading or reflexed.

17. P. ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
Autumnal blades involute; lower panicle branches more or less
ascending.
Plants glabrous or nearly so; autumnal culms erect.
Spikelets subsecund along the suberect panicle branches.
P. NEURANTHUM.
Spikelets not subsecund; panicle loose and open.
20. P. ovINuM.
Plants pubescent, at least on the lower half.
Spikelets about 2.4 mm long; vernal blades 7 to 12 cm long;

autumnal blades not falcate_____-_ 19. P. ARENICOLOIDEs.
Spikelets not more than 2 mm long; vernal blades 4 to 6 em
long; autumnal blades falcate______-_- 14. P. acICULARRE.

lib. Spikelets not attenuate at base.
12a. Sheaths retrorsely pilose. Blades soft and lax.
Blades ciliate and more or less pilose on the surface; spikelets 2 mm

TE a oO ples Sa ee ae ee 10. P. XALAPENSE.
Blades glabrous or nearly so on the surface and margin; spikelets
Pesec LAS 7. LN geht MI Mle Nae lap Se ND 9. P. LAXIFLORUM.

12b. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose.
13a. Ligule manifest, mostly 2 to 5 mm long, at least 1 mm long.
Sheaths, or all but the lowest, glabrous; spikelets not more than
1.6 mm long.
Panicle narrow, one-fourth to one-third as wide as long.
38. P. SPRETUM.

616 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicle open, nearly as wide as long.
Spikelets 1:5 mmplong oe <= 2 39. P. LINDHEIMERI.
Spikelets 1.1 mm long____..._-.-- 41. P. LONGILIGULATUM.
Sheaths pubescent.
Ligule 1 mm long. Sheaths sparsely pilose; spikelets 1.4 mm
Reoyaige ek oR Se 80. P. cURTIFOLIUM.
Ligule usually more than 1 mm long.
Ligule 1 to 1.5 mm long. Culms and sheaths appressed-
pubescent; spikelets 1.5 mm long or more.
Spikelets 2.8 to 2.9 mm long_________---- 63. P. DEAMII.
Spikelets less than 2 mm long.
Spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long; plants bluish green.
67. P. TSUGETORUM.
Spikelets 1.5 mm long, nearly globular; plants olivaceous.
69. P. orIcoua.
Ligule 2 to 5 mm long.
Spikelets 1 to 1.3 mm long; culms and sheaths softly
appressed-pubescent.
Spikelets 1.2 to 1.3 mm long___-_-- 40. P. LEUCOTHRIX.
Spikelets not more than 1 mm long
42. P. WRIGHTIANUM.
Spikelets mostly more than 1.5 mm long, if less, pubescence
Spreading 22 uc wise el oh See 8. LANUGINOSA.
13b. Ligule obsolete or less than 1 mm long.
14a. Nodes bearded (P. scoparium may appear to be bearded).
Spikelets nearly 3 mm long; plants velvety-villous throughout.
90. P. MALACOPHYLLUM.
Spikelets rarely as much as 2.5 mm long; plants not pubescent
throughout.
Spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long__-__---- 25. P. MICROCARPON.
Spikelets 2 mm long or more.
Blades all velvety. Autumnal phase usually sparingly
branchinpes 05 2 behets et 27. P. ANNULUM.
: Blades glabrous, or only the lower pubescent or velvety.
Spikelets 2mm long; autumnal phase profusely branching.
2 P. NITIDUM.
Spikelets 2.2 mm long or more; autumnal phase less
profusely branching.
Sheaths and upper nodes glabrous.___ 29. P. CLUTEI,
Lower sheaths and all nodes pubescent.
28. P. MATTAMUSKEETENSE.
14b. Nodes not bearded.
15a. Plants densely gray-velvety throughout, a viscid, glabrous
ring below the nodes__._-___-_-- 99. P. SCOPARIUM.
15b. Plants not gray-velvety.
16a. Sheaths or some of them pilose or hispid.
Pubescence papillose-hispid.
Spikelets ovate, pointed, 2.3 to 2.6 mm long.
101. P. ScABRIUSCULUM.
Spikelets obovate, obtuse, nearly 3 mm long.
Blades about 2 em wide-__--- 108. P. CLANDESTINUM.
Blades not more than 6 mm wide.
89. P. wiLcoxIaANum.
Pubescence ascending-pilose.
Spikelets 2.8 to 2.9 mm long_______---- 63. P. DEAMII.
Spikelets not more than 2.5 mm long.
Spikelets 2 to 2.56 mm long.
Winter blades elongate, 5 to 10 cm long; plants bluish
green. Spikelets 2 mm long.
66. P. WILMINGTONENSE.
Winter blades 1 to 3 cm long; plants olivaceous.
Spikelets about 2.4 mm long; panicle open,
branches stiffly spreading.
64. P. COMMONSIANUM.
Spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm long; panicle rather dense,
branches ascending..._... 65. P. ADDISONII.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 617

Spikelets not more than 1.7 mm long.
Blades white-margined; spikelets 1.6 to 1.7 mm long,
A 8 Sat 2 RR ene ee (3... 2. SENVE.
Blades not white-margined; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm
long, nearly globular.
68. P. COLUMBIANUM Var. THINIUM.
16b. Sheaths glabrous or puberulent only.
17a. Spikelets spherical, not more than 1.8 mm long.
Blades cordate, ciliate at base.
See 10. SPHAEROCARPA.
17b. Spikelets not spherical.
18a. Culms soon prostrate, vinelike; branches divaricate.
Plants bright green; culms lax; spikelets not more than
7, LO iy (015 ee ee ee ee See 36. P. LUCIDUM.
Plants grayish green; culms stiff; spikelets 2.56 mm long.
P. SPHAGNICOLA.
18b. Culms not vinelike; branches not divaricate.
19a. Spikelets asymmetrically pyriform, strongly
nerved. Culms wiry_-_-__- See 12. LANCEARIA.
19b. Spikelets not pyriform.
20a. Blades elongate, especially the upper, about
20 times as long as wide. Spikelets about 2.5
mm long, on long pedicels. 22. P. BICKNELLII.

(Continuation.) 20b. Blades not elongate. (See continuation.)

21a. Spikelets 2 mm long or more.
Spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm long; blades cordate, usually 1 cm or more wide.
Plants glaucous; basal blades conspicuously ciliate___._ 105. P. MUTABILE.
Plants not glaucous; basal blades ciliate at base only.
Culms crisp-puberzlent; blades rarely more than 1 em wide; spikelets about
ears ARRe Peers eSports Set ee 103. P. ASHEI.
Culms glabrous or obscurely puberulent; blades usually 1.5 em wide or
more; spikelets 2.7 to 3 mm long___--_----- 104. P. coMMUTATUM.
Spikelets Aa more than 2.38 mm long; blades not cordate, usually less than 1
em wide.
Blades conspicuously ciliate, soft, lax, crowded at the base.
11. P. cre1atTuM.
Blades not ciliate or at base only, not crowded at the base.
Blades not more than 6 mm wide; plants not branching or rarely branching
frompiiearwe pace 221) S68 a Ab se bese se 8. P. WERNERI.
Blades 7 mm wide or more; plants branching from middle and upper nodes.
Primary blades spreading; panicle purplish; fruit exposed at summit.
29. - P. CLUTEI:.
Primary blades erect; panicle green; fruit covered__ 30. P. BOREALE.
21b. Spikelets not more than 1.7 mm long.
Culms crisp-puberulent. Spikelets turgid__________- 68. P. cOLUMBIANUM.
Culms glabrous.
Blades white-margined, firm.
Blades puberulent beneath, often above_____________- 73. P. TENUE.
Blades glabrous.
Uppermost blades much reduced; culms branching from lower nodes
only, the branches repeatedly branching.
74, P. ALBOMARGINATUM.
Uppermost blades about as long as the others; culms bearing short
branches from middle and upper nodes__-_---- 75. P. TRIFOLIUM.
Blades not white-margined or very obscurely so (or if white margin is
evident, spikelets only 1.1 mm !ong).
Culms branching only at base. Plants soft, light green. 79. P.VERNALE.
Culms branching at the nodes.
Spikelets 1.1 mm long. Winter blades bluish green, not glossy.
7 P. CONCINNIUS.
Spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long.
Blades involute, faleate, with long stiff hairs on margin near base.
Peete seule el WITy 3" oe se 83. P. BREVE.
Blades not involute or at tip only, not falcate.
Plants bright green; winter blades conspicuous, glossy green.
76. P. FLAVOVIRENS.
Plants olive; winter blades not conspicuous nor glossy.
7 P. ENSIFOLIUM,

618 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

1. Depauperata.—Ligule less than 1 mm long; blades elongate, the
basal ones not forming a distinct rosette in autumn; spikelets
strongly 7- to 9-nerved. Autumnal phase with short branches
from lower nodes.

5. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. (Fig. 1274.) Vernal phase with
culms several to many in a tuft, slender but rather stiff, erect or nearly
so; sheaths glabrous or papillose-
pilose; blades 6 to 15 cmlong, 2 to 5
mm wide, often involute in drying;
panicle exserted, usually not much
exceeding the leaves, 4 to 8 cm long,
few-flowered; spikelets 3.2 to 3.8
mm long, elliptic, pointed, glabrous
or sparsely pubescent; second glume
and sterile lemma extending beyond
LW. 4, 6 E Udi,
forming a }
beak. Autum-
nal phase sim-
ilar, the re-
duced panicles
partly con-
cealed in the FIGURE 1275.—Distribution of

Panicum depauperatum.
basal leaves.

2 —Open sterile woods, Quebec
and Nova Scotia to Minnesota,
south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1275).
6. Panicum perléngum Nash.
(Fig. 1276.) Vernal phase similar
to that of P. depauperatum; the
FIGURE 1274.—Panicum depauperatum. Panicle, tufts smaller usually pilose, the
oe ae AED COLT toad panicle narrower; spikelets 2.7 to
3.2 mm long, oval, blunt, sparingly
pilose, the glume and sterile lemma not extending beyond the fruit.
Autumnal phase similar, the reduced panicles numerous. 2 -—FPrai-
ries and dry soil, Indiana to Man-
itoba and North Dakota, south to

Colorado and Texas (fig. 1277).

FIGURE 1276.—Panicum perlongum. Two views of FIGURE 1277.—Distribution of
spikelet, and floret, xX 10. (Type.) Panicum perlongum.

7. Panicum linearifélium Scribn. (Fig. 1278.) Vernal phase in
dense tufts; culms slender, erect, 20 to 45 cm tall; sheaths papillose-
pilose; blades erect, usually overtopping the panicles, 2 to 4 mm
wide; panicle long-exserted, 5 to 10 cm long, the flexuous branches
ascending; spikelets 2.2 to 2.7 mm long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse,
sparsely pilose. Autumnal phase similar, the reduced panicles hidden
among the basal leaves. 2 -—Dry woods, Quebec and Maine to
Michigan, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1279).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 619

8. Panicum wernéri Scribn. (Fig. 1280.) Vernal phase similar to
that of P. linearifolium, the culms usually stiffer, blades firmer, shorter
and wider (15 cm long or less); nodes usually sparingly pilose; sheaths
glabrous; spikelets 2.1 to 2.4 mm long, nearly or quite glabrous.
Autumnal phase similar to the vernal, sometimes late in the season
bearing simple branches from the lower nodes. 2 -—Sterile woods
and knolls, Quebec and Maine to Minnesota, south to Virginia,
Kentucky, and Texas (fig. 1281). Intergrades with P. linearifolium.

FIGURE 1278.—Panicum linearifolium. Two FIGURE 1279.—Distribution of
views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Panicum linearifolium.

2. Laxiflora.—Tufted, erect to spreading; foliage aggregate toward
base, light green, soft, the basal blades not in distinct rosettes
in autumn; ligules nearly obsolete; primary panicles long-ex-
serted; spikelets obovate, obtuse, turgid, 5- to 7-nerved. Au-
tumnal phase branching near base, forming close flat tufts, with
reduced panicles.

9. Panicum laxifl6rum Lam. (Fig. 1282.) Vernal culms 20 to 60
em tall, erect or geniculate below; nodes bearded with reflexed hairs;
sheaths retrorsely pilose; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 7 to 12 mm wide,
glabrous or sparsely ciliate; panicle 8 to 12 cm long, lax, few-flowered,
the lower branches often reflexed; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long,
papillose-pilose. Autumnal blades scarcely reduced, much exceeding
the secondary panicles. 2 —Rich or damp woods, South Carolina
to Florida and Alabama (fig. 1283).

10. Panicum xalapénse H.B.K. (Fig. 1284.) Vernal culms and
blades on the average shorter than in P. laxiflorum, the blades pilose
on one or both surfaces or nearly glabrous, usually short-ciliate; spike-

FIGURE 1280.—Panicum werneri. SURE 1281.— is i i
Two views ofspikelet, and floret, pect een 2:
X 10. (Type.) ;

lets 1.9 to 2 mm long, pilose. Autumnal phase with usually denser
tufts and shorter. blades. 2 —Woods, Maryland to Illinois and
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas; Mexico; Guatemala; Santa
Domingo. Originally described from Xalapa (Jalapa), Mexico (fig.
1285). PANICUM XALAPENSE Var. STRICTIRAMEUM Hitche. and Chase.
Vernal panicles more compact, branches ascending, spikelets 1.7
mm long; blades shorter, narrower. 2 —Dry woods, Coastal
Plain, South Carolina to Texas,

620 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

11. Panicum ciliatum Ell. (Fig. 1286.) Vernal culms 5 to 30 cm
tall; sheaths ciliate on the margin; blades 3 to 6 cm long, 3 to 8 mm
wide, the uppermost often much smaller, ciliate with stiff hairs 2 to
3 mm long; panicle 3 to 4 cm long, the axis pilose, branches spreading ;
spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long, pilose. Autumnal mats with slightly
smaller blades. 2 —Low pine-
lands and hammocks, Coastal Plain,
North Carolina to Florida and
Louisiana; Mexico (fig. 1287).

12. Panicum polycailon Nash.
(Fig. 1288.) Vernal culms 10 to 20
cm tall; blades mostly narrower
than in P. ciliatum, panicle similar;
spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long (rarely
as much as2mm), glabrous. Au-
tumnal mats very dense. 2 —
Low pine woods, Coastal Plain,
Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi;
West Indies.

13. Panicum strigosum Muhl.
(Fig. 1289.) Vernal culms 15 to 30
em tall, the culms and sheaths
sparsely pilose; nodes bearded;
blades mostly 5 to 7 mm wide, pilose
on both surfaces, stiffly ciliate; pan-
icle 4 to 6 cm long, axis and
branches pilose; spikelets 1.3 to 1.5
mm long, glabrous. Autumnal
phase a dense mat. 2 —Sandy
woods, Virginia and Tennessee to
Florida and Louisiana; Mexico and
Cuba to Colombia (fig. 1290).

3. Angustif6lia.—Densely tufted,
grayish green; ligules less than
1 mm long; blades narrow,
usually stiff, with prominent nerves, sometimes longitudinally
wrinkled, often ciliate at base; spikelets attenuate at base, rather
strongly 7-nerved, papillose-pubescent; first glume narrow and

x
(Curtiss 6635, Fla.)

FIGURE 1284.— Panicum zalapense.
Two views of spikelet, and floret,
x 10. (Type.)

FIGURE 1283.—Distribution of
Panicum laziflorum.

sheathing at base. Autumnal culms repeatedly branching,
forming bushy crowns; blades greatly reduced.

14. Panicum aciculare Desv. (Fig. 1291.) Vernal culms ascending

from a spreading base, 20 to 50 cm tall, appressed-pubescent below;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 621

lower sheaths villous; blades spreading or ascending, narrowed to an
involute point, glabrous or the lower sparsely pilose, the middle culm
blades 4 to 6 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle 3 to 7 cm long, the
flexuous branches spreading at maturity; spikelets 1.9 to 2 mm long,
obovate. Autumnal phase bushy-branching, the culms 10 to 30 cm
long, spreading, forming dense cushions, the blades involute, sharp-
pointed, usually arcuate, mostly 1 to 3 cm long. 2 -—Sandy pine
woods, Coastal Plain, New Jersey; Virginia to northern Florida,
Oklahoma, and Texas; West Indies (fig. 1292).

15. Panicum chrysopsidifélium Nash. (Fig. 1293.) Vernal culms
ascending or spreading, 30 to 45 cm tall, grayish-villous, especially

FIGURE 1285.—Distribution of FIGURE 1286.— Panicum ciliatum. = FyguRe 1287—Distributi
Panicum zalapense. a aw e =f spikelet, and floret, Panicum oiling = “¢
: ype. ;

below, the nodes bearded; sheaths villous; blades 5 to 10 cm long,
3 to 5 mm wide, villous on both surfaces; panicle 4 to 6 cm long;
spikelets 2 mm long, obovate, villous. Autumnal phase spreading,
forming mats; blades flat, becoming papery with age. 2 Sandy
pine woods, Coastal Plain, Florida to Arkansas and Texas; West
Indies (fig. 1294).

16. Panicum consanguineum Kunth. (Fig. 1295.) Vernal culms
ascending or spreading, 20 to 50 cm tall, densely felty-villous below,
the nodes bearded; sheaths villous, especially the lower; blades 7 to
11 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, villous, or nearly glabrous above; pan

FIGURE 1288.—Panicum FIGURE 1289.—Panicum
polycaulon. Two views of strigosum. Two views of
spikelet, and floret, X 10. spikelet, and floret, xX 10. FIGURE 1290.— Distribution of
(Type.) (Type.) Panicum strigosum.

icle 4 to 8 em long, the lower branches narrowly ascending; spikelets
2.6 to 2.8 mm long, obovate, papillose-villous. Autumnal phase
spreading or decumbent, the numerous branches somewhat flabel-
lately fascicled, the blades 3 to 4 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, flat, thin,
papery. 2 —Sandy pine woods, Coastal Plain, Virginia to northern
Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas (fig. 1296).

17. Panicum angustifélium Ell. (Fig. 1297.) Vernal culms erect
or nearly so, 30 to 50 cm tall, the lowermost internodes gray crisp-
villous; lower sheaths appressed-villous, the upper glabrous; blades
stiffly ascending, 8 to 15 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide, long-acuminate;
panicle long-exserted, 4 to 10 cm long, loosely flowered, the branches
widely spreading at anthesis, the lower often reflexed; spikelets 2.5
to 2.8 mm long, elliptic-obovate, papillose-villous. Autumnal phase

622 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ascending or somewhat topheavy-reclining, not spreading or mat-
like; blades very numerous, flat, appressed, rather thin and papery.
21 —Sandy pine woods, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to northern
Florida and Texas; Tennessee (Knoxville); Nicaragua (fig. 1298).
18. Panicum fusiforme Hitche. (Fig. 1299.) Vernal phase as in
P. angustifolium; culms 30 to 70 cm tall, the basal and lower blades
softly pubescent beneath; spikelets 3.3 to 3.5 mm long, elliptic,

FIGURE 1291.—Panicum_aciculare. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Vernal phase,
Chase 7148, N.C.; autumnal phase, Hitchcock 317, N.C.)

acutish or beaked beyond the fruit, long-attenuate at base, papil-
lose-villous. Autumnal phase bushy, the blades soon involute, 3 to
5 cm long. 2 —Sandy pine woods, southern Georgia to Florida
and Mississippi; West Indies; British Honduras (fig. 1300).

19. Panicum arenicoloides Ashe. (Fig. 1301.) Vernal phase
intermediate between that of P. angustifolium and P. aciculare;
culms 30 to 50 cm tall; lower sheaths and blades softly villous; blades

FIGURE 1292.—Distribution of FIGURE 1293.—Panicum chrysopsidifol- FIGURE 1294.— Distribution of
Panicum aciculare. ium. Two views of spikelet, and Panicum chrysopsidifolium.
floret, X 10. (Type.)

7 to 12 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, apex subinvolute; panicle 4 to 6
cm long, the lower branches ascending; spikelets 2.1 to 2.6 mm long,
obovate, papillose-pilose. Autumnal phase bushy-branching, erect or
topheavy, the blades involute. 2 —Sandy pine woods, Coastal
Plain, North Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas; Cuba; Guate-
mala (fig. 1302).

20. Panicum ovinum Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 1303.) Vernal
culms erect or nearly so, not densely tufted, glabrous, 30 to 50 cm
tall; sheaths glabrous or the lowermost appressed-pubescent; blades

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 623

erect or ascending, 10 to 15 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide, glabrous;
panicle 5 to 9 cm long, the lower branches ascending; spikelets 2.1
to 2.2 mm long, papillose-pubescent, sometimes minutely so. Autum-
nal phase erect or nearly so, the blades becoming loosely involute.

FIGURE 1296.—Distribution of
Panicum consanguineum.

FIGURE 1295.— Panicum consanguineum. Two views
of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.).

4 —Dry or moist open ground, Mississippi to Arkansas and eastern
Texas; Mexico (fig. 1304).

21. Panicum neuranthum Griseb. (Fig. 1305.) Vernal phase
glabrous as a whole; culms 30 to 60 cm tall; blades erect or ascending,

FIGURE 1298.—Distribution of
Panicum angustifolium,

FIGURE 1297.—Panicum angustifolium. Two
views of spikelet, and floret, K 10. (Type.) |

the short basal blades few or wanting; panicle 5 to 9 cm long, narrow,
the flexuous branches narrowly ascending, the branchlets appressed,
the short-pediceled spikelets more or less secund along the branches;

FIGURE 1300.—Distribution of
Panicum fusiforme,

FIGURE 1299.—Panicum fusiforme. Two views of
spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

spikelets 2 mm long, finely papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms
erect, about as tall as the vernal phase; blades involute. 2 —
Savannas and open ground, southern Florida; Mississippi (Horn
Island); Cuba.

55974°—35——40

624 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

4, Bicknelliana.—In small tufts, erect or ascending; sheaths gla-
brous; ligules nearly obsolete; panicles few-flowered; spikelets
long-pediceled, 7-nerved. Autumnal culms sparingly branch-
ing from upper or middle nodes, the blades not much reduced.
Intermediate in habit between Depauperata and Dichotoma.

22. Panicum bicknéllii Nash. (Fig. 1306.) Vernal phase bluish
green; culms 30 to 50 cm tall; nodes sparsely bearded or glabrous;

FIGURE 1301. Panicum arenicoloides. FIGURE 1302.— Distribution of

Two views of spikelet, and floret, X< Panicum arenicoloides.
i0. (Type.)

blades stiffly ascending, 8 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, the upper-
most usually the longest, narrowed toward the usually ciliate base;
panicle 5 to 8 cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets 2.3 to 2.8
mm long, sparsely pubescent or rarely glabrous. Autumnal culms
erect, forming a loose bushy tuft, the stiffly ascending blades not much
reduced, overtopping the narrow few-flowered panicles. 2 —Dry

FIGURE 1304.—Distribution of FIGURE 1303.—Panicum ovinum. Two
Panicum ovinum. views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10.
(Type.)
sterile or rocky woods, Connecticut and Michigan to Georgia and
Missouri (fig. 1307).

23. Panicum calliphyllum Ashe. (Fig. 1308.) Vernal phase yellow-
ish green; culms 35 to 50 cm tall; nodes sparsely villous; blades
ascending, 8 to 12 cm long, 9 to 12 mm wide, ciliate at the rounded
base; panicle 7 to 9 cm long, with a few ascending branches; spikelets
mostly 3 mm long, elliptic, sparsely pubescent. Autumnal culms
sparingly branching from the middle nodes,
the branches about as long as the inter-
nodes,erect. 2 —Woods,rare and local,
Ontario, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio.
5. Nudicailia.—A single rare and Jocal

species.

24. Panicum nudicatile Vasey. (Fig.
FIGURE 1305.—Panicum neuranthum. 1309.) Vernal culms erect from a some-

Bp dey oe eG, oad what spreading base, 40 to 60 cm tall,

se ae glabrous; sheaths glabrous; blades erect,
rather thick, 4 to 10 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, the uppermost re-
duced, giving the culm a naked appearance; panicle long-exserted, 4
to 7 cm long, few-flowered, the branches ascending; spikelets 2.7 to
2.9 mm long, narrowly ovate, acuminate, glabrous. Autumnal phase

tf
f

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 625

unknown. 2 —Swamps, rare, western Florida, southern Alabama,

and Mississippi.

6. Dichotoma.—Culms few to many in a tuft, glabrous, or only the
nodes pubescent; sheaths mostly glabrous or nearly so; ligules
minute; panicles open; spikelets 5- to 7-nerved. Autumnal culms
ay freely branching, leaves and panicles usually much re-

uced.

25. Panicum microcéarpon Muhl. (Fig. 1310.) Vernal culms
tufted, erect or sometimes geniculate at base, 60 to 100 cm tall, the
nodes densely bearded with reflexed hairs; sheaths often mottled with
white spots between the nerves; blades spreading, the upper often

FIGURE 1307.—Distribution of
Panicum bicknellii.

FIGURE 1308.— Panicum calliphyllum. Two
views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

FIGURE 1306.—Panicum bicknellii. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 1309.—Panicum nudicaule.
two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Por- Two views of spikelet, and floret,
ter, Pa.) xX 10. (Type.)

reflexed, 10 to 12 cm long, 8 to 15 mm wide, glabrous, sparsely papil-
lose-ciliate at base; panicle many-flowered, 8 to 12 cm long; spikelets
1.6 mm long, elliptic, glabrous (rarely minutely pubescent). Autum-
nal phase much branched from all the nodes, reclining from the weight
of the dense mass of branches; blades flat, mostly 2 to 4 em long.
2 —Wet woods and swampy places, Massachusetts to Illinois,
south to northern Florida and eastern Texas (fig. 1311).

26. Panicum nitidum Lam. (Fig. 1312.) Vernal culms tufted,
erect, 30 to 60 cm tall, the nodes bearded with reflexed hairs; upper

.
.

626 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

sheaths often glandular-mottled; blades glabrous, 5 to 10 mm wide,
the upper usually reflexed; panicle ovoid, 5 to 8 cm long, many-flow-
ered; spikelets elliptic, 2 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal phase erect
or reclining, the branchlets and foliage forming large clusters from the

FIGURE 1310.—Panicum microcarpon. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Maxon and
Standley 86, Md.)

\\

nodes of the’ primary culms. 2 —Low moist or marshy ground,
Coastal Plain, Virginia to Florida and Texas; Missouri (Carter
County); Bahamas, Cuba (fig. 1313).

FIGURE 1311.—Distribution of FIGURE 1312.—Panicum nitidum. Two FIGURE 1313.—Distribution of
Panicum microcarpon. rious of spikelet, and floret, X 10. Panicum nitidum,
ype.)

27. Panicum annulum Ashe. (Fig. 1314.) Vernal phase usually
purplish, in small tufts or solitary; culms 35 to 60 cm tall, the nodes
densely bearded; sheaths velvety-pubescent or the upper nearly gla-
brous; blades densely velvety-pubescent on both surfaces; panicle 6 to

FIGURE 1315.—Distribution of
Panicum annulum.

FIGURE 1314.—Panicum annulum.
Two views of spikelet, and floret,
X10. (Type.)

8 em long; spikelets 2 mm long, elliptic, pubescent. Autumnal phase
suberect, bearing in late autumn a few short erect branches at the
upper nodes. 2 —Dry woods, Coastal Plain, rare, Massachusetts
to Florida and Mississippi; Michigan; Missouri (fig. 1315).

Sits cit ilSaace nn ee en .

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 627

28. Panicum mattamuskeeténse Ashe. (Fig. 1316.) Vernal phase
olivaceous, usually tinged with purple; culms erect, often 1 m tall, the
nodes bearded or the upper puberulent only; sheaths velvety-pilose
or the upper sometimes glabrous: blades horizontally spreading, 8 to

FIGURE 1317.—Distribution of
FIGURE 1316.—Panicum mattamuskee- Panicum mattamuskeetense.
tense. Two views of spikelet, and
floret, X 10. (Type coll.)

ON Panicum cit LSM ans eres
(T ype.)

29. Panicum clitei Nash. (Fig. 1318.) Similar to P. mattamus-
keetense but less pubescent, only the lowermost nodes, sheaths, and
blades velvety ; spikelets 2.2 to2.3 mmlong. 2 —Low moist ground
and cranberry bogs, Massachusetts to North Carolina (fig. 1319).
Intergrades with P. mattamuskeetense.

30. Panicum boreale Nash. (Fig. 1320.) Vernal culms usually
erect, 30 to 50 cm tall, the nodes mostly glabrous; blades erect or

FIGURE 1321.—Distribution of
Panicum boreale.

FIGURE 1320.—Panicum boreale. Two
views of spikelet, and floret, x 10.
(Type.)
sometimes spreading, 7 to 12 mm wide, sparsely ciliate at the rounded
base; panicle loosely rather few-flowered, 5 to 10 cm long; spikelets
2 to 2.2 mm long, elliptic, pubescent. Autumnal phase erect or lean-
ing, sparingly branching from all the nodes in late summer, the
branches erect, the leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. 2 —
Moist open ground or woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to
New Jersey and Indiana (fig. 1321).

628 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1322.—Panicum dichotomum. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Bissell 5576, Conn.)

es Pe

if
F
?
¥2
:

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 629

31. Panicum dichétomum L. (Fig. 1322.) Vernal phase often
purplish ; culms erect from a knotted crown, 30 to 50 cm tall, the lower
nodes sometimes with a few spreading hairs; blades spreading, 4 to 8
mm wide, glabrous; panicle 4 to 9 cm long, the axis and spreading
branches flexuous; spikelets 2 mm long, elliptic, glabrous (rarely pu-
bescent); second glume shorter than the fruit at maturity. Autumnal
phase much branched at the middle nodes, the lower part usually
erect and devoid of blades, giving the plants the appearance of dimin-
utive trees; blades numerous, often involute. 2 —Dry or sterile

FIGURE 1323.—Distribution of FIGURE 1324.—Panicum barbu- FIGURE 1325.— Distribution of
Panicum dichotomum. latum. ‘Two views of spike- Panicum barbulatum.
let, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

woods, New Brunswick to Illinois, south to Florida and eastern
Texas (fig. 1323).

32. Panicum barbulatum Michx. (Fig. 1324.) Vernal phase,
resembling that of P. dichotomum, the culms 50 to 80 cm tall, the lower
nodes usually bearded; blades slightly wider, panicle slightly larger,
spikelets 2 mm long, glabrous; second glume as long as the fruit at
maturity. Autumnal phase diffusely branched, forming very large
topheavy reclining bunches, the slender branches recurved, the
numerous flat blades horizontally spreading. 2 —Sterile or rocky
woods, Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri, south to Georgia
and eastern Texas (fig. 1325). This species seems to intergrade with

FIGURE 1326.—Panicum yadkinense. FIGURE 1327.—Distribution of
Two.views of spikelet, and floret, Panicum yadkinense.
xX 10. (Type coll.)

P. dichotomum, but typically the autumnal phases are distinctly differ-
ent. The vernal culms of P. barbulatum are usually more robust and
the lower nodes are rather strongly bearded.

33. Panicum yadkinénse Ashe. (Fig. 1326.) Vernal phase simi-
lar to that of P. dichotomum, the culms sometimes 1 m tall; sheaths
bearing pale glandular spots; blades longer and 8 to 11 mm wide;
panicle 10 to 12 cm long; spikelets 2.3 to 2.5 mm long, elliptic to sub-
fusiform, pointed a little beyond the fruit, glabrous. Autumnal phase
erect or leaning, loosely branching from the middle nodes, the blades
not conspicuously reduced. 2 —Moist woods and thickets, Penn-
sylvania to Illinois, south to Georgia and Louisiana (fig. 1327).
Named from Yadkin River, N.C.

630 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

34, Panicum roanokénse Ashe. (Fig. 1328.) Vernal phase some-
what glaucous olive green; culms erect or ascending, 50 to 100 cm.
tall; blades at first stiffly erect, later somewhat spreading, 3 to 8 mm
wide, glabrous; panicle 4 to 8 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long, turgid,
elliptic, glabrous, the second glume often purple at base. Autumnal
phase erect or decumbent, branching at the middle and upper nodes,
the branches numerous but not in tufts, the reduced blades subinvo-
lute. 2 —Open swampy woods or wet peaty meadows, Coastal
Plain, southeastern Delaware to Florida and Texas; Jamaica (fig. 1329).

_35. Panicum caeruléscens Hack. (Fig. 1330.) Vernal phase
similar to that of P. roanokense; culms more slender; blades ascending

FIGURE 1328.—Panicum roanokense. FIGURE 1329.—Distribution of FIGURE 1330.—Panicwm caeru-
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Pamcum roanokense. lescens. Two views of spikelet,
x10. (Ashe, N.C.) and floret, X 10. (Type.)

or spreading, commonly purplish beneath; panicle 3 to 7 cm long;
spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, obovoid, turgid, glabrous. Autumnal
phase erect or leaning, producing short densely fascicled branches at
the middle and upper nodes, these tufts scarcely as long as the primary
internodes. 2 —Marshes and swampy woods, Coastal Plain, south-
ern New Jersey to Florida and Mississippi; Cuba (fig. 1331).

36. Panicum licidum Ashe. (Fig. 1332.) Vernal phase at first
erect and resembling that of P. dichotomum, but the weak culms soon
decumbent; blades thin, shining, bright green, glabrous, at first erect
but soon widely spreading, 4 to 6 mm wide; panicle resembling tha,
of P. dichotomum but fewer-flowered; spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm longt

FIGURE 1331.—Distribution of FIGURE 1332.—Panicum FIGURE 1333.— Distribution of

Panicum caerulescens. lucidum. Two views of Panicum lucidum.
spikelet, and floret, xX 10.
(Type.)

elliptic, glabrous (rarely pubescent), the tip of the fruit exposed at
maturity. Autumnal phase repeatedly branching, forming large
clumps or mats of slender weak vinelike culms, the branches elongate
and diverging at a wide angle, not fascicled, the blades waxy, flat,
spreading. 2 —Wet woods and sphagnum swamps, Coastal Plain,
Massachusetts to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas; Indiana (near Lake
Michigan), Michigan (Port Huron) (fig. 1333).

37. Panicum sphagnicola Nash. (Fig. 1334.) Vernal phase grayish
olive green; culms strongly flattened, erect or reclining, 50 to 100 cm
tall; sheaths soon divaricate; blades glabrous, 3 to 7 mm wide; panicle
narrow, 5 to 6 cm long; spikelets 2.56 mm long, elliptic, glabrous or

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 631

minutely pubescent toward the summit. Autumnal phase decumbent

or finally prostrate-spreading, divaricately branching from all the

nodes, the branches slender, elongate. 2 —Edges of cypress

swamps, in sphagnum bogs, and in similar moist shady places, south-
ern Georgia and Florida.

7. Spréta.—Culms tufted, rather stiff, mostly glabrous or nearly so;

ligules densely hairy, 2 to 5 mm long; blades mostly firm; spikelets

5- to 7-nerved, mostly pubescent. Autumnal culms with rather

short-tufted branchlets and greatly reduced leaves and panicles.

38. Panicum sprétum Schult. (Fig. 1335.) Vernal culms 30 to 90

FIGURE 1334.—Panicum sphagnicola. FIGURE 1335.—Panicum spretum.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, x 10. Two views of spikelet, and floret,
(Type.) X10. (Type.)

cm tall, erect; sheaths glabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades firm,
ascending to reflexed, 4 to 8 mm wide, sparingly ciliate around the
base; panicle 8 to 12 cm long, the branches ascending or appressed;
spikelets about 1.5 mm long, elliptic, rarely glabrous. Autumnal
phase mostly reclining, the early branches elongate, the subsequent
branches in short fascicles. 2} —Wet é
usually sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Nova
Scotia to Texas; Indiana (fig. 1336).

39. Panicum lindheiméri Nash.
(Fig. 1337.) Vernal culms ascending
or spreading, 30 to 100 cm tall, the
lower inter-
nodes and
sheaths some-
times ascend-
in g-pubescent;
ligule 4 to 5mm
ee long; blades 6

ee ent © to. 8 mam wide,

glabrous; pani- j///,

cle 4 to 7 cm long, about as wide; spike- \/// GZ
lets 1.4 to 1.6 mm long, obovate. Au- /I/7
tumnal phase usually stiffly spreading ““*
or radiate-prostrate, with elongate in- Ficure 1337—Panicum lindheimeri. Plant,
ternodes and tufts of short appressed X 3; ‘v9, views of spikelet, and floret,
branches; blades involute-pointed,
often conspicuously ciliate at base. 2 —Dry sandy or sterile woods
or open ground, Quebec and Maine to Minnesota, south to northern
Florida and New Mexico; California (fig. 1338).

40. Panicum leucéthrix Nash. (Fig. 1339.) Vernal phase light
olive green; culms 25 to 45 cm tall, erect or ascending, appressed papil-
lose-pilose, the nodes pubescent; sheaths papillose-pilose; ligule 3 mm

long; blades 3 to 7 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely villous on the upper

632 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

surface, velvety-puberulent beneath; panicle 3 to 8 cm long, rather
densely flowered; spikelets 1.2 to 1.3 mm long, densely papillose-
pubescent. Autumnal culms at first sending out from lower and mid-
dle nodes long branches similar to primary culms, later producing more
or less fascicled branches. 2 —Low pinelands, Coastal Plain,
New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana; West Indies (fig. 1340).

41. Panicum longiligulatum Nash. (Fig. 1341.) Vernal culms 30
to 70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades 4 to 8
mm wide, glabrous on the upper surface, puberulent beneath; panicle
3 to 8 cm long, the slender branches stiffly ascending; spikelets 1.1 to
1.2 mm long. Autumnal culms reclining, the branches spreading,

FIGURE 1338.—Distribution of FIGURE 1339.—Panicum FIGURE 1340.—Distribution of
Panicum lindheimeri. leucothriz. Two views Panicum leucothriz.
of spikelet, and floret,
X10. (Type.)

the branchlets crowded, the blades subinvolute. 2 -—Low
pine barrens andswamps, Coastal Plain, Pennsylvania (Bucks County),
southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas; Tennessee; Central
America (fig. 1342).

42. Panicum wrightianum Scribn. (Fig. 1343.) Vernal culms
weak, slender, ascending from a decumbent base, 15 to 40 cm tall,
minutely puberulent: sheaths glabrous or puberulent; ligule 2 to 3 mm
long; blades 2 to 4 cm long, 3 to 5mm wide, elabrous or puberulent
beneath and minutely pilose above; panicle 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets
1mm long. Autumnal culms decumbent- spreading, sending out from
lower and middle nodes numerous ascending branches, becoming

FIGURE 1341.—Panicum FIGURE 1342.—Distribution of FIGURE 1343.—Pani-

longiligulatum. Two Panicum longiligulatum. cum wrightianum.
views of spikelet, and Two views of
floret, X 10. (Type.) spikelet, and flo-

ret, X 10. (Type.)

bushy-branched, the flat or subinvolute blades and secondary pani-

cles not greatly reduced. 2 —Margins of streams and ponds in

sandy or mucky soil, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida and

Mississippi; Cuba and Central America (fig. 1344).

8. Lanuginésa. —Mostly pubescent throughout; ligules densely hairy,
2to 5mm long; spikelets 5- to 9-nerved, pubescent. Autumnal
culms usually freely branching, the leaves and panicles mostly
ereatly reduced.

43. Panicum meridionale Ashe. (Fig. 1345.) Vernal culms 15
to 40 cm tall, the lower internodes and sheaths pilose, the upper
minutely appressed- pubescent; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades 1.5 to
4 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, long-pilose on the upper surface, the hairs
erect; panicle 1.5 to 4 cm long, the axis appressed-pubescent to

a ate

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'
j
t
bs
;
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:
bs
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7
4

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 633

labrous; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long. Autumnal culms erect, with
Enetlad branchlets from all the nodes; leaves and panicles not greatly
reduced. 2 —Sandy or sterile woods and clearings, Nova Scotia
to Wisconsin, south to Alabama (fig. 1346).

44, Panicum albemarlénse Ashe. (Fig. 1347.) Vernal phase
olivaceous, grayish-villous throughout; culms 25 to 45 em tall, at
first erect, soon geniculate and spreading; blades 3 to 6 mm wide, the
upper surface puberulent as well as long-villous; panicle 3 to 5 cm
long, the axis puberulent; spikelets 1.4 mm long, pilose. Autumnal
culms widely decumbent, spreading or ascending, freely branching
at all but the uppermost nodes, the branches narrowly ascend-

| uu

FIGURE 1344.—Distribution of FIGURE 1345.—Panicum meridi- FIGURE 1346.—Distribution of
Panicum wrightianum. onale. Two views of spikelet, Panicum meridionale.

and floret, x 10. (Type.)

ing. 2 —Low sandy woods or open ground, Coastal Plain, Massa-
chusetts to North Carolina; Indiana to Wisconsin; Tennessee (fig.
1348).

45. Panicum implicatum Scribn. (Fig. 1349.) Vernal culms
slender, 20 to 55 cm tall, erect or ascending, papillose-pilose with
spreading hairs; sheaths papillose-pilose; ligule 4 to 5 mm long; blades
more or less involute-acuminate, the upper surface pilose with erect
hairs 3 to 4 mm long, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 3 to 6 cm
long, the axis long-pilose, the branches flexuous, in typical specimens
tangled or implicate; spikelets 1.5 mm long, papillose-pilose. Autum-

FIGURE 1347.—Panicum albemar- FIGURE 1348.—Distribution of FIGURE 1349.— Panicum impli-

lense. Twoviewsofspikelet, and Panicum albemarlense. catum. ‘Two views of spike-
floret, X 10. (Type.) let, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

nal culms erect or spreading, loosely branching from the lower and
middle nodes. 2 -—Wet meadows, bogs, and sandy soil, cedar and
hemlock swamps, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, south to Delaware
and Missouri (fig. 1350).

46. Panicum huachticae Ashe. (Fig. 1351.) Vernal phase light
olivaceous, often purplish, harsh to the touch from copious spreading’
papillose pubescence; culms usually stiffly upright, 20 to 60 cm tall,
the nodes bearded with spreading hairs; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades
firm, stiffly erect or ascending, 4 to 8 cm long, 6 to 8 mm wide, the
upper surface copiously short-pilose, the lower densely pubescent;
panicle 4 to 6 cm long, the axis and often the branches pilose; spikelets
1.6 to 1.8 mm long, obovate, papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms
stiffly erect or ascending, the branches fascicled, the crowded blades
ascending, 2 to 3 cm long, much exceeding the panicles. 2—

634 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Prairies and open ground, Nova Scotia to Montana, south to
North Carolina and Texas, westward here and there to southern
California (fig. 1352).

PANICUM HUACHUCAE Var. FASCICULATUM (Torr.) F.T. Hubb. Ver-
nal culms taller, more slender, less pubescent, the culms 30 to 75 cm
tall; blades thin, lax, spreading, 5 to 10 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide,

FIGURE 1351.—Panicum huachucae. Two
FIGURE 1350.—Distribution of views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
Panicum implicatum. (Type.)

the upper surface sparsely short-pilose or with copious long hairs
toward the base, the lower surface pubescent and with a satiny luster.
Autumnal culms more or less decumbent with numerous fascicled
branches. 2 (P. huachucae var. silvicola Hitche. and Chase.)—
Open woods and clearings, Quebec to Minnesota and Nebraska, south
to northern Florida and Texas; Arizona (Tucson).

Panicum huachucae, P. huachucae var. fasciculatum, P. tennesseense,
and P. pacificum intergrade more or less. The descriptions apply to

FIGURE 1353.—Panicum tennes- Ta
FIGURE 1352.—Distribution of seense. Two views of spikelet, FIGURE 1354.— Distribution of
Panicum huachucae. and floret, X 10. (Type.) Panicum tennesseense.

the great bulk of specimens but the distinctions fail to hold for occa-
sional specimens.

47. Panicum tennesseénse Ashe. (Fig. 1353.) Vernal phase
bluish green; culms suberect or stiffly spreading, 25 to 60 cm tall,
papillose- pilose or the upper portion glabrous; ligule dense, 4 to 5
mim long; blades firm, with a thin white cartilaginous margin, 5 to 8
mm wide, the upper surface glabrous or with a few long hairs toward
the base, the lower surface appressed-pubescent or nearly glabrous;
panicle 4 to 7 cm long; spikelets 1.6 to 1.7 mm long. Autumnal culms
widely spreading or decumbent, with numerous fascicled somewhat
flabellate branches, often forming prostrate mats; blades usually
ciliate at base. 2 —Open rather moist ground and borders of
woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas, and also
at a few points west to Utah and Arizona (fig. 1354).

48. Panicum lanuginoésum Ell. (Fig. 1355.) Vernal! phase grayish
olive-green, velvety-villous throughout; culms usually in large
clumps, 40 to 70 cm tall, lax, spreading, often with a glabrous ring
below the villous nodes; -ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades thickish but not
stiff, somewhat incurved or spoon-shaped (when fresh), 5 to 10 cm
long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle 6 to 12 cm long, the axis pubescent;

spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long. Autumnal culms widely spreading or

De mb

pate ESE toe Biba Sr St oh OU Sy ce

oP Re Fl

hrs nai + oe Be

~ Re a * ere eee

ee ee i

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 635

decumbent, freely branching from the middle nodes, the branches
repeatedly branching and much exceeding the internodes, the ulti-
mate branchlets forming flabellate fascicles. 2 —Moist sandy
woods, Coastal Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas (fig. 1356).
The plants have much the aspect and pubescence of P. scoparvum but
are smaller and more slender.

49. Panicum aubirne Ashe. (Fig. 1357.) Vernal phase grayish
velvety-villous throughout; culms 20 to 50 cm tall, geniculate, widely

JL)

wt Lids.
ray) IQS

4
Al

~~ SING)

NY

FIGURE 1355.—Panicum lanuginosum. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Hitchcock, N. C.)

spreading, soon becoming branched and decumbent; ligule 3 to 4
mm long; blades 3 to 7 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle 3 to 5 cm
long, the axis velvety; spikelets 1.3 to 14 mm long. Autumnal
culms early becoming diffusely branched at all the nodes, prostrate-
spreading, forming large mats, the branches curved upward at the
ends. 2 —Sandy pine and oak woods, Coastal Plain, Massa-
chusetts to northern Florida and Louisiana; Arkansas; Indiana, near
Lake Michigan (fig. 1358).

FIGURE 1357.—Panicum au-
FIGURE 1356.—Distribution of burne. Two views of spike- FIGURE 1358.— Distribution of
Panicum lanugionsum. let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Panicum auburne.

50. Panicum thuréwii Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 1359.) Vernal
phase bluish green but drying olive; culms 35 to 70 em tall, erect or
ascending, villous, the nodes bearded, usually with a glabrous ring
below; sheaths sparsely to densely villous; ligule 4 mm long; blades
rather stiff, 6 to 10 mm wide, the upper surface sparingly pilose
toward the base and margins, otherwise glabrous, the lower surface
velvety-villous; panicle 7 to 11 cm long; spikelets 2 mm long. Au-

636 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

tumnal culms erect, bearing at the middle nodes a few appressed
fascicles of branches. 2 —Prairies and dry open woods, Alabama
(Mobile) to Texas and Arkansas (fig. 1360).

51. Panicum praecécius Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1361.) Vernal
culms 15 to 25 cm tall, at first erect and simple, soon branching and
geniculate, becoming 30 to 45 cm long, papillose-pilose with weak

FIGURE 1359.—Panicum thurowii. Two FIGURE 1360.—Distribution of

views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. _ Panicum thurowii.
(Type.)

spreading hairs 3 to 4 mm long; sheaths pilose; ligule 3 to 4 mm long;
blades 5 to 9 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, long-pilose on both surfaces,
the hairs on the upper surface 4 to 5 mm long, erect; panicle 4 to 6 cm
long, the axis pilose; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long, pilose. Autumnal
culms in close bunches, 10 to 20 cm tall, the branches appressed, the
scarcely reduced blades erect. 2 —Dry prairies and clearings,

FIGURE 1362.—Distribution of FIGURE 1361.—Panicum praecocius. Two
Panicum praecocius. views of spikelet, and floret, x 10.
(Type.)

Michigan to Minnesota, south to Missouri and eastern Texas (fig.
1362).

52. Panicum subvill6sum Ashe. (Fig. 1363.) Vernal culms leafy
below, 10 to 45 cm tall, ascending or spreading, pilose, the nodes
short-bearded; sheaths sparsely pilose with ascending hairs; ligule
3 mm long; blades 4 to 6 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, both surfaces

FIGURE 1363.—Panicum subvillosum. FIGURE 1364.—Distribution of
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Panicum subvillosum.
X 10. (Type.)

pilose, the hairs on the upper surface 3 to 5 mm long; panicle long-
exserted, 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mm long. Autumnal
culms widely spreading or prostrate, sparingly branching from the
lower nodes, the leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. 2 —Dry
woods and sandy ground, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to New
York, Indiana, and Missouri (fig. 1364).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 637

53. Panicum occidentale Scribn. (Fig. 1365.) Vernal culms yel-
lowish green, leafy toward base, 15 to 40 cm tall, spreading, sparsely
pubescent; sheaths sparsely pubescent; ligule 3 to 4 mm long; blades
firm, erect, or ascending, 4 to 8 cm long, 5 to 7 mm wide, the upper
surface nearly glabrous, the under appressed-pubescent; panicle 4 to
7 cm long; spikelets 1.8 mm long, Autumnal culms branching from

FIGURE 1365.— Panicum occidentale.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, FIGURE 1366.—Distribution of
X10. (Type.) Panicum occidentale.

the lower nodes forming a spreading tussock 10 to 15 em high; leaves
and panicles reduced. 2 -—Peat bogs and moist sandy ground,

British Columbia and Idaho to southern California (fig. 1366).
54. Panicum pacificum Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1367.) Vernal
phase light green; culms 25 to 50 cm tall, ascending or spreading,
leafy, pilose, the nodes short-bearded; sheaths pilose; ligule 3 to 4 mm

Ss & FIGURE 1367.—Panicum pacificum. Two
FIGURE 1368.— Distribution of views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10.
Panicum pacificum. (Type.)
long; blades erect or ascending, 5 to 10 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, the
upper surface pilose, the lower surface appressed-pubescent; panicle
5 to 10 cm long; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm long. Autumnal culms pros-
trate spreading, repeatedly branching from the middle and upper
nodes. 2 -—Sandy shores and slopes, and moist crevices of rocks,

FIGURE 1369.—Panicum thermale. Two
views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10.
(Type.)

FIGURE 1370.—Distribution of
Panicum thermale.

ascending to 1,600 m, British Columbia and Idaho to Arizona and
southern California (fig. 1368).

55. Panicum thermale Boland. (Fig. 1369.) Vernal phase grayish
green, densely tufted, velvety-villous; culms 10 to 30 cm tall, ascending
or spreading, the nodes with a dense ring of short hairs; ligule 3 mm
long; blades thick, 3 to 8 em long, 5 to 12 mm wide; panicle 3 to 6 em
long, the axis villous; spikelets 1.9 to 2 mm long, pilose. Autumnal
culms widely spreading, repeatedly branching, the whole forming a

638 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

dense cushion. 2 -—Wet saline soil in the immediate vicinity of
geysers and hot springs, ascending to 2,500 m, Alberta to Washing-
ton, south to Wyoming and California (fig. 1370).

56. Panicum languidum Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1371.) Vernal
culms 25 to 40 cm tall, weak, slender, ascending or spreading, pilose;
sheaths pilose; ligule 3 mm long; blades thin, lax, ascending or spread-
ing, 4 to 7 cm long, 4 to 9 mm wide, sparsely pilose on the upper sur-
face, minutely appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 3 to 6 cm long,
the axis and branches sparsely long-pilose; spikelets 2 mm long, pilose.
Autumnal culms decumbent, branching from all the nodes, forming a

FIGURE 1371.—Panicum languidum. Two FIGURE 1372.—Panicum villosissimum.
views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Type.) (Type.

large loose straggling clump, the ultimate blades and panicles scarcely
reduced. 2 -—Dry or sandy open woods, Maine, Massachusetts,
Vermont, and eastern New York, apparently rare.

57. Panicum villosissimum Nash. (Fig. 1372.) Vernal phase light
olive green; culms 25 to 45 em tall, erect or ascending, pilose with
spreading hairs 3 mm long; sheaths pilose; ligule 4 to 5 mm long;
blades rather firm, 6 to 10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, pilose on both
surfaces; panicle 4 to 8 cm long, the branches stiffly ascending or
spreading; spikelets 2.2 to 2.3 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms
finally prostrate, the leaves of the fascicled branches appressed, giving
the cluster or mat a combed-out appearance. 2 —Dry sandy or

FIGURE 1373.— Distribution of FIGURE 1374.—Panicum pseudopubescens-
Panicum villosissimum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, < 10.
(Type.)

sterile soil, open woods, and hillsides, Massachusetts to Minnesota,
south to Florida and Texas; Guatemala (fig. 1373).

58. Panicum pseudopubéscens Nash. (Fig. 1374.) Vernal phase
similar to that of P. villosissimum; ligule 2 to 3 mm long; blades with
the pubescence on the upper surface short, sparse or wanting down the
center, occasionally glabrous; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm long, pilose.
Autumnal culms stiffly spreading, sometimes prostrate, sparingly
branching from the middle and lower nodes. 2 —Sandy open
woods, Connecticut to Wisconsin, south to Florida, Kansas, and Mis-
sissippi; Mexico (fig, 1375),

ae a —

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 639

59. Panicum ovale Ell. (Fig. 1376.) Vernal culms 20 to 50 cm
tall, erect or ascending, rather stout, long-pilose below with ascending
or appressed hairs, often nearly glabrous above, the nodes bearded;
sheaths ascending-pilose; ligule 2 to 3 mm long, rather sparse;
blades 5 to 10 mm wide, the upper surface nearly glabrous except
for long hairs near the base and margins, the lower surface appressed-
pubescent; panicle 5 to 9 cm long; spikelets, 2.7 to 2.9 mm long.
Autumnal phase spreading-decumbent, the stiff culms rather loosely

Sy

oe
—\

——\
Wh

r ,
are .

FIGURE 1375.—Distribution of

FIGURE 1376.—Panicum ovale. Two views of :
Panicum pseudopubescens.

spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

branching from the middle and upper nodes. 2 —Dry sandy
woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to Florida; Kansas (Saline
County), Texas (Waller County) (fig. 1377).

60. Panicum scoparioides Ashe. (Fig. 1378.) Vernal phase light
green; culms 30 to 50 cm tall, erect or ascending, pilose with ascending
hairs or nearly glabrous; sheaths pilose to nearly glabrous; ligule 2 to 3
mm long; blades 6 to 10 mm wide, sparsely hispid on the upper surface,
appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 4 to 7 cm long; spikelets 2.2
to 2.3 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal culms erect or spreading,
sparingly branching from the upper and middle nodes. 2 —Dry

FIGURE 1377.—Distribution of FIGURE 1378.—Panicum scoparioides. Two
Panicum ovale. views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10.

(Type.)

sandy or gravelly soil, Vermont to Delaware; Michigan to Minnesota
and Iowa (fig. 1379).

61. Panicum shasténse Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 1380.) Vernal
culms 30 to 50 cm tall, pilose with ascending hairs, the nodes short-
bearded; sheaths papillose-pilose, the hairs spreading; ligule sparse,
2 to 3 mm long; blades 6 to 8 mm wide, sparsely pilose on the upper
surface, pilose beneath; panicle 6 to 8 cm long; spikelets 2.4 to 2.6
mm long. Autumnal culms spreading, with geniculate nodes and
elongate arched internodes, rather sparingly branched from the middle
nodes. 2 —Moist meadows. Known only from Castle Crag,
Shasta County, Calif.

55974°—35 AL

Cee er SEES

640 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

9. Columbiana.—Culms and sheaths appressed-pubescent to crisp-
puberulent, the culms stiff; ligules mostly less than 1 mm long
(sometimes to 1.5 mm in P. tsugetorum and P. oricola); blades
firm, thick, stiffly ascending; spikelets 5- to 9-nerved, pubescent,
the first glume mostly one-third to half as long as the spikelet.
Autumnal culms freely branching, the branches and stiff blades
mostly appressed.

62. Panicum malacon Nash. (Fig. 1381.) Vernal culms erect to
stiffly spreading, purplish olive-green; culms and sheaths appressed-

FIGURE 1379.—Distribution of FIGURE 1380.—Panicum shastense.
Panicum scoparioides. . Two views of spikelet, and floret,
X10. (Type.)

pubescent, the culms 30 to 50 em tall; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, sharply
acuminate, puberulent beneath, puberulent to glabrous above;
panicle 4 to 7 cm long, the branches few, stiffly ascending, the pedicels
long and stiff; spikelets 3 to 3.2 mm long, obovate, the first glume
distant, about half as long as the spikelet. Autumnal culms subde-
cumbent-spreading, branching from the lower and middle nodes, the
branches appressed. 2 —Dry pine woods, high pineland,
North Carolina (Wilmington); Florida.

63. Panicum deamii Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1382.) Vernal
phase yellowish green; culms 25 to 35 cm tall, erect or ascending,

FIGURE 1381.—Panicum malacon. Two views FIGURE 1382.—Panicum deamii. Two views of
of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) spikelet, and floret, * 10. (Type.

papillose-pilose; sheaths papillose-villous, densely so at base and
summit; blades suberect, 8 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 mm wide, sparsely
villous on the upper surface, appressed-pilose beneath; panicle rather
short-exserted, 6 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending; spikelets 2.8
to 2.9 mm long, pilose. Autumnal culms branching from the middle
and upper nodes, forming a somewhat bushy summit, the culms
sprawling. 2 —Sand dunes, northern Indiana; Iowa.

64. Panicum commonsianum Ashe. (Fig. 1383.) Vernal phase
greenish olive, drying brownish; culms and sheaths appressed-pilose,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 641

the culms 20 to 50 cm tall, ascending or spreading, appressed-pilose ;
blades 4 to 7 mm wide, broadest near the rounded base, glabrous or
nearly so on the upper surface, strigose or glabrous beneath; panicle
4 to 8 cm long, the branches stiffly spreading; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm
long. Autumnal culms branching from the middle and upper nodes,
finally spreading or prostrate in mats. 2 —Dunes and sandy
woods near the coast, Massachusetts to northern Florida (fig. 1384).

65. Panicum addis6ni Nash. (Fig. 1385.) Vernal phase similar
to that of P. commonsianum; culms usually less than 40 cm tall,
appressed-pilose below, puberulent above; sheaths sparsely ascending-

FIGURE 1383.—Panicum commonsianum. FIGURE 1384.—Distribution of
Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. Panicum commonsianum.
(Type.)

pilose, blades 3 to 6 mm wide, glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent

or glabrous beneath; panicle 2 to 6 cm long, more densely flowered

than in P. commonsianum; spikelets about 2 mm long. Autumnal

culms more or less spreading, rather freely branching from all the

nodes, the branches appressed. 2 -—Sand barrens, Coastal Plain,

; Massachusetts to South Carolina; Indiana (fig. 1386). Closely
; approaching P. commonsianum but having smaller spikelets.

66. Panicum wilmingtonénse Ashe. (Fig. 1387.) Vernal phase

| bluish green, culms solitary or in small tufts, slender, erect from an

| ascending base, 20 to 40cm tall, pilose with soft ascending hairs;

; FIGURE 1386.—Distribution of FIGURE 1385.—Panicum addisoni. Two
r Panicum addisoni. views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10.

(Type.)

__ sheaths pubescent like the culms, densely villous-ciliate at the summit;
blades 3 to 7 mm long, glabrous on the upper surface, softly pubescent
_ or nearly glabrous beneath, strongly ciliate near the base, the thick
cartilaginous margin white when dry; panicle 5 to 8 cm long; spikelets
_ 2mm long. Autumnal culms spreading, branching from the middle
and upper nodes. 2 -—Sandy woods, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Alabama, rare.

67. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. (Fig. 1388.) Vernal phase
usually pale bluish green; culms 30 to 50 cm tall, spreading or ascend-
' ing, the lower nodes often geniculate, densely appressed-pubescent

with short crisp hairs, long hairs more or less intermixed; sheaths

.

642 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pubescent like the culm; ligule 1 to 1.5 mm long; blades 4 to 7 mm
wide, glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, appressed-pubescent
beneath; panicle 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets 1.8 to 1.9 mmlong. Autum-

FIGURE 1387.—Panicum wilmingtonense. FIGURE 1388.—Panicum tsugetorum.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. Two views of spikelet, and floret,
(Type.) xX 10. (Type.)

nal culms decumbent-spreading, branching from the lower and middle
nodes. 2 —Sandy woods, Maine to Wisconsin, south to Georgia
and Tennessee (fig. 1389).

68. Panicum columbianum Scribn. (Fig. 1390.) Vernal culms
15 to 50 cm tall, ascending, densely crisp-puberulent; sheaths less
pubescent than the culms; blades 3 to 6 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, usu-
ally glabrous on the upper surface, appressed-
puberulent or glabrous beneath; panicle 2 to
4 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to 1.6 mm long.
Autumnal culms branching from the middle
and upper nodes, becoming widely spreading
or decumbent at base. 2 —Sandy woods
and open ground, Maine to North Carolina;
Indiana (fig. 1391).

PANICUM COLUMBIANUM Vat. THINIUM Hitche. -
and Chase. Vernal culms more slender, usu-
ally about 20 cm tall;
blades rarely more than
3 cm long, sparsely pilose
with long hairs on the
upper surface; panicle
1.5 to 4 em long; spike-
lets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long.
FIGURE 1389.— Distribution of Autumnal culms with

Panicum tsugetorum.
branches more crowded
and ageregate toward the summit. 2 —Dry
sand, Massachusetts to Virginia.

69. Panicum oricola Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. RGR EE Spee
1392.) Vernal phase grayish, often purplish; ~ bianum.” Piant, X1; two views
culms and sheaths appressed-pilose, the culms tp sbehelet» and Aoret, x 10.
10 to 30 cm tall, spreading; ligule 1 to 1.5 mm
long; blades 2 to 5 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, the upper surface pilose
with hairs 3 to 5 mm long, the lower surface appressed-pilose; panicle
short-exserted, ovoid, 1.8 to 3 cm long, rather densely flowered; spike-
lets 1.5 mm long, broadly obovate, turgid. Autumnal culms prostrate,
forming mats, with short fascicled branches at all the nodes. 2 —
Sand barrens along the coast, Massachusetts to Virginia (fig, 1393).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES © 643

10. Sphaerocarpa. Glabrous as a whole; culms few in a tuft, rela-
tively stout; ligules obsolete or nearly so; blades mostly thick,
firm, cartilaginous-margined, cordate and ciliate at base, panicle
branches mostly viscid; spikelets obovoid-spherical at maturity,
oval when young, 5- to 7-nerved, puberulent. Autumnal culms
remaining simple or only sparingly branching, the thick white-
margined blades of the winter rosette conspicuous.

70. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. (Fig. 1394.) Vernal phase light
ereen; culms 20 to 55 cm tall, radiate-spreading, sometimes nearly

FIGURE 1391.—Distribution of FIGURE 1392.—Panicum oricola. FIGURE 1393.—Distribution of
Panicum columbianum. Two views of spikelet, and floret, Panicum oricola.
S105 Ly pe.)

erect, the nodes appressed-pubescent; blades 7 to 14 mm wide;
panicle 5 to 10 cm long, about as wide; spikelets 1.6 to 1.8 mm long.
Autumnal phase prostrate-spreading, sparingly branched late in the
season from the lower and middle nodes, the branches short, mostly
simple. 2 —Sandy soil, Ver-
mont to Kansas, south to northern
Florida and Texas; Mexico to
Venezuela (fig. 1395). Panicum
SPHAEROCARPON var. INFLATUM
(Seribn. and Smith) Hitche. and
Chase. Differing from P. sphae-
rocarpon in having a ligule as

FIGURE 1395.—Distribution of
Panicum sphaerocarpon.

FIGURE 1394.—Panicum sphaerocarpon. Plant, X 1; FIGURE 1396.—Panicum polyanthes.
two views of spikelet, and floret, x 10. (Deam, Two views of spikelet, and floret,
Ind.) K 10. (Type.)

much as 1 mm long, spikelets 1.4 to 1.5 mm long, and more freely
branching autumnal culms; many intergrades occur. 2 —Moist
sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Delaware to Florida and Texas, north
to Oklahoma and Missouri.

71. Panicum polyanthes Schult. (Fig.1396.) Vernal culms erect,
30 to 90 cm tall, the nodes glabrous or nearly so; blades 12 to 23 cm
long, 15 to 25 mm wide, the upper scarcely reduced; panicle 8 to 25

644 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

cm long, one-fourth to half as wide, densely flowered; spikelets 1.5
to 1.6 mm long, minutely puberulent. Autumnal phase remaining
erect, producing simple branches from the lower and middle
nodes. 2 —Damp ground, woods, and openings, Connecticut to
Oklahoma, south to Georgia and Texas (fig. 1397).

72. Panicum erectifolium Nash. (Fig. 1398.) Vernal culms 30
to 70 cm tall, erect or ascending; sheaths usually crowded at base;
ligule very short; blades 7 to 13 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, the crowded
lower ones usually much larger than the others; panicle 6 to 12 cm
long, rather narrow, densely flowered, spikelets 1 to 1.2 mm long,
nearly spherical, densely puberulent. Autumnal culms remaining

5 FIGURE 1398.—Panicum erecti-
FIGURE 1397.—Distribution of folium. Two views of spike- FIGURE 1399.—Distribution of
Panicum polyanthes. let, and floret, X10. (Type.) Panicum erectifolium.

erect, late in the season producing branches from the third or fourth

node, the branches nearly as long as the primary culms. 2% —

Moist pine barrens, swamps, and borders of ponds, North Carolina to

Florida and Louisiana; Cuba (fig. 1399).

11. Ensifélia. Low and slender, mostly glabrous throughout (except
in P. curtifolium and P. tenue); ligules nearly obsolete; spikelets
5- to 7-nerved. Autumnal culms simple to freely branching.

73. Panicum ténue Muhl. (Fig. 1400.) Vernal phase olive green;
culms 20 to 55 cm tall, sometimes sparsely appressed-pubescent below;
sheaths puberulent between the nerves or sparsely appressed-pilose,
or the upper glabrous; blades distant, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide,

FIGURE 1400.—Panicum FIGURE 1402.—Panicum
tenue. Two views of spike- albomarginatum. Two
let, and floret, X 10. FIGURE 1401.—Distribution of views ofspikelet, and floret,
(Type.) Panicum tenue. >On Ey nes)

rather thick, the margin cartilaginous, puberulent beneath, glabrous
on the upper surface; panicle 3 to 5 cm long; spikelets 1.6 to 1.7mm
long, puberulent. Autumnal culms erect or leaning, sparingly
branching from the middle nodes, the branches in small fas-
cicles. 2 —Moist sandy woods, eastern North Carolina to north-
ern Florida (fig. 1401).

74, Panicum albomarginatum Nash. (Fig. 1402.) Vernal culms
15 to 40 cm tall, ascending or spreading; leaves crowded at the base;
blades thick and firm, those of the midculm 4 to 6 cm long, 4 to 6 mm
wide, with a prominent white cartilaginous margin, the uppermost
much reduced; panicle 3 to 6 cm long; spikelet 1.4 to 1.5 mm long,
puberulent, Autumnal culms spreading, branching at the base,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 645

forming bushy tufts. 2 —Low sandy soil, Coastal Plain, south-
er Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; Cuba; Guatemala (fig.
1403).

75. Panicum trifélium Nash. (Fig. 1404.) Vernal phase similar
to that of P. albomarginatum, the culms more slender, 20 to 50 cm
tall, the blades less crowded at the base, the upper blade not reduced.
Autumnal culms erect or leaning, sparingly branching from the middle
and upper nodes. 2 —Low mostly moist sandy woods, New Jer-
sey to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1405).

76. Panicum flavévirens Nash. (Fig. 1406.) Vernal phase bright
glossy green; culms very slender, ascending or spreading, 15 to 30 cm

FIGURE 1404.—Panicum trifo-
FIGURE 1403.—Distribution of lium. Two views of spikelet, FIGURE 1405.—Distribution of
Panicum albomarginatum. and floret, X10. (Type.) Panicum trifolium.

tall; blades 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 4 mm wide, thin; panicle few-
flowered; spikelets 1.3 to 1.4 mm long, pubescent. Autumnal culms
spreading, decumbent or prostrate, branching from the lower and
middle nodes. 2 —Moist shady or mucky soil, North Carolina
to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 1407). Panicum albomarginatum,
P. trifolium, and P. flavovirens form a series of closely allied species.

77. Panicum concinnius Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1408.) Vernal
phase bright green; culms very slender, 12 to 50 cm tall; blades 5
to 7 cm long, 5 to 6 mm wide; panicle 3 to 6 cm long; spikelets 1.1
mm long, pubescent. Autumnal culms radiate-spreading, late in

FIGURE 1408.—Pa ni-
cum concinnius.

FIGURE 1406.—Panicum flavo- Two views of spike-
virens. 'Two views of spike- FIGURE 1407.—Distribution of let, and floret, X 10.
let, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Panicum flavovirens. (Type.)

the season bearing a few branches, with somewhat reduced blades.
21 —Moist sandy ground, northern Georgia, Florida, and northern
Alabama, rare.

78. Panicum ensifélium Baldw. (Fig. 1409.) Vernal culms 20 to
40 cm tall, erect or reclining; blades distant, often reflexed, 1 to 3 cm
long, 1.5 to 3 cm wide, puberulent beneath, at least toward the tip;
panicle 1.5 to 4 cm long; spikelets 1.3 to 1.5 mm long, glabrous or
puberulent. Autumnal culms spreading or reclining, sparingly
branching from the middle nodes, the branches mostly simple. 2 —
Wet places, mostly sphagnum bogs or swamps, Coastal Plain, New
Jersey to Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1410).

79. Panicum vernale Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1411.) Vernal
phase light green, soft in texture; culms 15 to 30 cm tall, very slender,

646 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ascending or spreading; leaves clustered at the base; blades thin, 2 to 7
cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, the culm blades smaller; panicle 1.5 to 3 cm
long, few-flowered; spikelets 1.4 to 1.5 mm long, elliptic, subacute,
pubescent. Autumnal phase lke the vernal in appearance, branch-
ing from the base, these culms simple and soon dying to the ground,

FIGURE 1409.—Panicum ensifoli-
um. Plant, X 1; two views of
spikelet, and floret, x 10. (Bilt-
more Herb., N.C.)

rarely late in the sea-
son producing a few
short fascicled branch-
lets from the nodes, the
scarcely reduced flat
blades spreading. 2
—Moist places, espec-
ially sphagnum bogs,
Florida to Mississippi.

80. Panicum curti-
folium Nash. (Fig.
1412.) Vernal culms
10 to 30 cm tall, slen-
der, weak, angled, erect
or spreading, sheaths
striate-angled, sparsely
pilose; hgule about
1 mm long; blades
spreading or reflexed,
1.5 to 3 cm long, 2 to
5 mm wide, thin, soft,
sparsely pilose on both
surfaces or nearly gla-
brous above; panicle 2
to 3 cm long; spike-
lets 1.4 mm long, gla-
brous or minutely
pubescent. Autumnal
culms weakly spread-
ing, branching from
the middle nodes, the
ultimate branches in
small fascicles toward
the summit of the
culm. 2 —Boggy
soil and shady moist
places, sometimes
forming a rather dense
carpet, South Carolina
to Tennessee, south to
Florida and Louisiana
(fic. 1413).

FIGURE 1410.—Distribution of
Panicum ensifolium.

FIGURE 1411.—Panicum ver-
nale. Two views ofspikelet,
and floret, X 10. (Type.)

FIGURE 1412.—Panicum curti-
folium. Two views of spike-
let, and floret, X 10.
(Type.)

FIGURE 1413.—Distribution of
Panicum curtifolium.

FIGURE 1414.—Panicum cha-
maelonche. Two views of
spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Type.)

81. Panicum chamaelonche Trin. (Fig. 1414.) Vernal culms

densely tufted, 10 to 20 cm tall, ascending; blades firm, ascending or
spreading, 1.5 to 4 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicle 2.5 to 5 cm long;
spikelets 1.1 to 1.2 mm long, glabrous, Autumnal culms freely

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 647

branching from the base and lower nodes, forming dense cushions as
much as 50 cm across. 2 —QOpen sandy soil in low pine land
North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi; Isla de Pinos (fig. 1415).

82. Panicum glabrifolium Nash. (Fig. 1416.) Vernal phase
similar to that of P. chamaelonche; culms stouter, 15 to 50 cm tall,
mostly erect; blades erect, 4 to 12 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide, usually
involute; panicle 4 to 9 cm long; spikelets 1.2 to 1.4 mm long, gla-
brous. Autumnal culms wiry, elongate, spreading, freely branching
from the middle and upper nodes, the blades long and narrow. 2
—Low sandy woods, peninsular Florida. Closely allied to P. chamae-
lonche but taller and with different autumnal phase.

83. Panicum bréve Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1417.) Vernal
phase purplish; culms 5 to 15 cm tall, erect, stiff and wiry; sheaths

FIGURE 1416.—Panicum FIGURE 1415.—Distribution of FIGURE 1417.—Panicum

glabrifolium. Two views Panicum chamaelonche. breve. Two views of
of spikelet, and floret, X 10. spikelet, and floret,
(Type.) X10. (Type.)

crowded at the base; blades erect, 3 to 6 cm. long, strongly involute,

with a few stiff hairs at the base; panicle 1.5 to 4 cm long; spikelets

1.3 to 1.4 mm long, puberulent. Autumnal phase erect, branching

from the middle nodes, the fascicled branches strict. 2 —Low

pine woods and hammocks, east coast of southern Florida.

12. Lancearia.—Olive green, often purplish; vernal culms usually
wiry; ligules nearly obsolete; blades usually ciliate toward base;
spikelets asymmetrically pyriform, strongly 7- to 9-nerved.
Autumnal culms spreading, freely branching.

84. Panicum portoricénse Desv. (Fig. 1418.) Vernal culms 15 to

30 cm tall, slender; crisp-puberulent to nearly glabrous; sheaths

FIGURE 1418.—Panicum portoricense. FIGURE 1419.—Distribution of

Two views of spikelet, and floret, Panicum portoricense.

x10. (Ashe, N.C.)
glabrous or crisp-puberulent; blades firm, 2 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm
wide, glabrous to puberulent; panicle 2 to 4 cm long; spikelets 1.5 to
1.6 mm long, puberulent. Autumnal culms branching from all but
the uppermost node, the reduced blades involute-pointed. 2 (P.
pauciciliatum Ashe.)—Sandy woods of the Coastal Plain, mostly in
moist places, North Carolina to Florida and Texas; Cuba; Puerto
Rico (fig. 1419).

85. Panicum lancearium Trin. (Fig. 1420.) Vernal culms 20 to
50 cm tall, minutely grayish crisp-puberulent; sheaths puberulent;
blades firm, 2 to 6 cm long, 3 to 7 mm wide, usually glabrous on the
upper surface, puberulent or nearly glabrous beneath; panicle 3 to 6
cm long; spikelets 2 to 2.1 mm long, glabrous or usually puberulent.

648 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Autumnal culms geniculate-spreading, branching from the middle
nodes. 2 -—lLow sandy woods, Coastal Plain, southeastern Vir-
ginia to Florida and Texas; Cuba;
Hispaniola; British Honduras (fig.
1421).

86. Panicum patulum (Scribn.
and Merr.) Hitche. (Fig. 1422.)
Vernal phase grayish olive-green;
culms geniculate-decumbent, as
much as 50 ecm long, internodes
and sheaths densely velvety-pu-
berulent; blades rather lax, spread-
ing, 4 to & em long, 4 to 8 mm
wide, velvety-puberulent beneath,
pubescent above, ciliate at least
half their length; spikelets asin P.
lancearium but densely pubes-
cent. Autumnal culms more
freely branching than in P. lance-
arvum, often forming large mats.
2 —Low moist woods, Coastal
Plain, southeastern Virginia to
Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1423).

87. Panicum webberianum
Nash. (Fig. 1424.) Vernal phase
usually purplish; culms rather
stout, erect or ascending, 20 to 50
cm tall, minutely puberulent to
glabrous; leaves somewhat
crowded below; sheaths glabrous
or nearly so; blades firm, ascend-
ing, often incurved or spoon-
shaped, 3 to 9 cm long, 4 to 12
FIGURE 1420.—Panicum lancearium. Plant, X 1; mm wide, usually ciliate at the

pee ee spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase subcordate base, olabrous; pani-

cle 4 to 10 cm long; spikelets
2.3 to 2.5 mm long, purple-stained at base, glabrous or minutely
pubescent. Autumnal culms spreading or decumbent, flabellately

FIGURE 1421.—Distribution of FIGURE 1422—Panicum patulum. Two
Panicum lancearium. views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

branched at the middle and upper nodes. 2 -—Low pineland,
North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

88. Panicum patentifolium Nash. (Fig. 1425.) Vernal culms
widely decumbent-ascending, slender, 25 to 55 em tall, minutely

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 649

puberulent to nearly glabrous; blades stiffly spreading, 2.5 to 8 cm
long, 2 to 5 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 3 to 7 cm long; spikelets 2.4
to 2.6 mm long, obovate, turgid, puberulent to nearly glabrous.
Autumnal phase, decumbent or spreading, branching from the middle
and upper nodes, the branches appressed. 2 —Dry sand, espe-

FIGURE 1423.—Distribution of FIGURE 1424.—Panicum webberianum. Two
Panicum patulum. views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

cially in ‘“‘scrub”, Georgia to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 1426).

13. Oligosanthia.—Culms mostly relatively stout, usually erect; lig-
ules inconspicuous except in P. ravenelii; blades firm; spikelets
turgid, strongly 7- to 9-nerved. Autumnal culms with branches
more or less crowded toward the summit.

FIGURE 1425.— Panicum patentifolium. FIGURE 1426.—Distribution of
ras ere of spikelet, and floret, X 10. Panicum patentifolium.
ype.

89. Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey. (Fig. 1427.) Vernal culms 10
to 25 cm tall, copiously papillose-hirsute, as are sheaths and blades;
ligule 1 mm long; blades firm, erect, 5 to 8 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide,
usually involute-acuminate; panicle 2 to 5 cm long; spikelets 2.7 to

FIGURE 1428.—Distribution of

J I FIGURE 1427.—Panicum wilcorianum. Two views
Panicum wilcorianum. ype.

of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (T

3 mm long, papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms branching from
all the nodes, forming bushy tufts with rigid erect blades. 2 —

Prairies, Manitoba, and North Dakota to Illinois and Kansas; New
Mexico (fig. 1428).

650 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

90. Panicum malacophyllum Nash. (Fig. 1429.) Vernal phase
velvety or velvety-pilose throughout; culms slender, 25 to 70 cm tall,
ascending or spreading, the nodes retrorsely bearded; ligule 1 to 1.5
mm long; blades 7 to 10 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide; panicle 3 to 7 cm
long; spikelets 2.9 to 3 mm long, papillose-pilose. Autumnal phase
spreading, forming bushy topheavy clumps with reduced blades.
21 —Sandy woods, Tennessee to Kansas and Texas (fig. 1430).

91. Panicum helléri Nash. (Fig. 1431.) Vernal culms 25 to 60
cm tall, ascending or spreading, appressed-pilose below, often glab-

FIGURE 1429.— Panicum malacophyllum. Two views of FIGURE 1430.—Distribution of
spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) Panicum malacophyllum.

rous above; sheaths sparsely papillose-hispid to glabrous; blades
rather thin, glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent beneath, ciliate
toward the base; panicle 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets 2.9 to 3 mm long,
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. Autumnal phase branching
at all but the lowest nodes, forming loose sprawling tufts, the blades
widely spreading, not much reduced, the long-pediceled spikelets
rather conspicuous among the foliage. 2 —Open woods and
prairies, Missouri and Oklahoma to Louisiana and New Mexico (fig.
1432). Closely related to P. scribnerianum.

FIGURE 1432.—Distribution of FIGURE 1431.— Panicum helleri. Two views of
Panicum helleri. spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

92. Panicum scribnerianum Nash. (Fig. 1433.) Vernal culms
20 to 50 cm tall, glabrous or harshly puberulent or sometimes ascend-
ing-pilose; sheaths striate, papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous; blades
ascending or erect, 5 to 10 cm long, 6 to 12 mm wide, firm, rounded at
the ciliate base, glabrous on the upper surface, appressed-pubescent
to glabrous beneath; panicle 4 to 8 cm long; spikelets 3.2 to 3.3 mm
long, obovate, blunt, sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous. Autum-
nal phase branching from the middle and upper nodes. 2 -—Sandy
soil or dry prairies, Maine to British Columbia, south to Maryland,
Tennessee, Texas, and Arizona (fig. 1434).

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 651

93. Panicum oligosanthes Schult. (Fig. 1435.) Vernal culms 35
to 80 cm tall, appressed-pubescent, especially below; sheaths with
ascending papillose pubescence; blades stiffly spreading or ascending,
6 to 14 cm long, 5 to 8 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so on the upper

FIGURE 1433.—Panicum scribnerianum. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Vernal
phase, McDonald 32, Ill.; autumnal phase, Umbach 2365, I11.)

surface, harshly puberulent beneath; panicle 6 to 12 cm long; spike-
lets long-pediceled, 3.5 to 4 mm long, subacute, sparsely hirsute.
Autumnal phase erect to spreading, branching freely from the upper
nodes. 2 — Sandy, usually moist woods, Massachusetts to Mis-
sourl, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1436).

FIGURE 1434.—Distribution of FIGURE 1435.— Panicum oligosanthes. Two views of
Panicum scribnerianum. spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

94. Panicum ravenélii Scribn. and Merr. (Fig. 1437.) Vernal
culms 30 to 70 cm tall, densely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs,
the nodes short-bearded; sheaths hirsute like the culm; ligule 3 to 4
mm long; blades thick, 8 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, glabrous on
the upper surface, densely velvety-hirsute beneath; panicle 7 to 12

652 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

em long; spikelets 4 to 4.3 mm long, sparsely papillose-pubescent.
Autumnal phase more or less spreading, branching from the middle

FIGURE 1436.—Distribution of FIGURE 1437.—Panicum ravenelii. Two views of spikelet, and
Panicum oligosanthes. floret, X 10. (Type.)
and upper nodes, the short branches crowded at the summit. 2 — ‘

Sandy or gravelly woods or open ground, Delaware to Missouri, south
to Florida and Texas (fig. 1438).

95. Panicum leibérgii (Vasey) Scribn. (Fig. 1439.) Vernal culms
slender, 25 to 75 cm tall, erect from a more or less geniculate base, {
pilose or scabrous; sheaths papillose-hispid
with spreading hairs; ligule obsolete or nearly Tt
so; blades ascending or erect, rather thin, 6to = f--.Y~- 49
15 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide, papillose-hispid ft \ 2 F7-\4 40%
on both surfaces, often sparsely so above; EAI 5 5c:
panicle 8 to 15 cm long, less than half as wide;
spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long, strongly papil- ‘ ——
lose-hispid. Autumnal phase leaning, sparingly 7'¢0"2 1438. Distribution of
branching from the middle and lower nodes.
2| —Prairies, New York to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to
Indiana and Kansas (fig. 1440).

96. Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray. (Fig. 1441.) Vernal phase

\, aN
Ni Wa
XW
|!

FIGURE 1439.—Panicum leibergii. Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

yellowish green; culms 20 to 55 cm tall, more or less scabrous; sheaths
sparsely papillose-pilose; blades erect or nearly so, rather thin, prom-
inently nerved, 10 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, glabrous except
the ciliate base; panicle 5 to 12 cm long, very narrow, few-flowered,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 653

the stiff branches erect or nearly so; spikelets 3.7 to 4 mm long, blunt,
pubescent. Autumnal phase erect or ascending, branching from the
second and third nodes, the branches erect, mostly simple. 2 —
Sandy or gravelly soil, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania
and Minnesota (fig. 1442).

FIGURE 1440.—Distribution of Figure 1441.—Panicum ranthophysum. Two views of spikelet, and
Panicum leibergii. floret, X 10. (Type.)

14. Pedicellata—Culms slender from a knotted crown; sheaths
papillose-hirsute; ligules about 1 mm long; blades long-ciliate
at least toward base; spikelets attenuate at base, 7- to 9-nerved,
papillose-pubescent. Autumnal culms freely branching, the

am branches appearing before the matu-

TRE rity of the primary panicle; no dis-
tinct winter rosette formed.

97. Panicum pedicellatum Vasey.

(Fig. 1443.) Vernal culmserector ascend-

ing, 20 to 50 cm tall, usually ascending-

hirsute at least below; blades 5 to 9 cm
long, 3 to 6mm wide, glabrous or some-
times minutely hispid; panicle 3 to 6 cm
long; spikelets 3.5
to 3.7 mm long, | ~——~~ ii
elliptic; first f-LY ENE:
glume about half { \ ? 7 +-\* :
AN as long as_ the
(5-4. spikelet,acute, the
ign caeey ape z 7
Lagoa than the fruit. ce eben of
“lt Autumnal culms . at iiae
he erect or leaning, branching from all but
the uppermost nodes, the branches spread-
ing. 2 —Dry woods and prairies,
central and southern Texas.
{ 98. Panicum nodatum Hitche. and

Figure 1443—Panicum pedicellatum. Chase. (Fig.1444.) Vernalculms tufted,

Plant, > litwo views of spikelet, and ascending or spreading, hard and wiry,
25 to 35 cm tall, finely papillose, crisp-

puberulent; blades firm, ascending, 3 to 5 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide,
puberulent on both surfaces; panicle 4 to 5 cm long, few-flowered;
spikelets 4 mm long, pyriform. Autumnal culms widely geniculate-
decumbent, branching from all but the uppermost node, the branches
somewhat divaricate, the nodes of the main culm swollen. 2 —

Oak woods in sand dunes, southern Texas and northern Mexico,

Wf

654 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

15. Scoparia.—Species of various habit, vernal culms tall; ligules
1 mm long or less; blades elongate, spikelets abruptly pointed,
7- to 9-nerved; autumnal culms branching from the middle or
upper nodes.

99. Panicum scoparium Lam. (Fig. 1445.) Vernal phase grayish
olive-green, velvety-pubescent throughout except on a viscid ring
below the nodes and at the
summit of the sheath; culms
80 to 130 cm tall, stout, erect
or ascending, usually genic-
ulate at base; blades rather
thick, 12 to 20 cm long, 10
to 18 mm wide; panicle 8 to
15 cm long, the axis and
branches with viscid blotch-
es; spikelets 2.4 to 2.6 mm
long, obovate, turgid, papil-
lose-pubescent. Autumnal
phase leaning or spreading,

freely branching from. the
FIGURE Oe Gece aee be io PERE of spikelet, middle nodes, forming fla-
| bellate fascicles. Q@ —
Wet or damp soil, Massachusetts to Florida, west through Kentuck
to Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas; Cuba (fig. 1446).

FIGURE 1445.—Panicum scoparium. Plant, X 1; ante of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (McGregor,
2125S. C2

100. Panicum aculeatum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1447.) Vernal
culms in large clumps, slender, 70 to 100 cm tall, ascending, scabrous,
harshly pubescent below; sheaths papillose-hispid with stiff sharp-
pointed hairs, a puberulent ring at the summit, the uppermost usually

am ee

ee et a ee es

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 655

glabrous; blades firm, stiffly ascending or spreading, 12 to 20 cm long,
9 to 13 mm wide, scabrous on the upper surface and toward the apex
beneath; panicle 8 to 12 cm long, few-flowered; spikelets 3 mm long,
elliptic, minutely pubescent, pointed beyond the fruit. Autumnal
culms branching from the middle nodes, the branches more or less

FIGURE 1446.—Distribution of FIGURE 1447.—Panicum aculeatum. Two views
Panicum scoparium. of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

divaricate, the ultimate panicles wholly or partly included in the
sheaths. 2 —Swampy woods, Connecticut to North Carolina, rare
(fig. 1448).

101. Panicum scabrifisculum Ell. (Fig. 1449.) Vernal phase
grayish olive green; culms erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, scabrous at least below
the nodes, sometimes puberulent; sheaths glabrous or more or less

FIGURE 1449.—Panicum scabriusculum. FIGURE 1448.—Distribution of
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Panicum aculeatum.
X10. (Type.)

hispid at least toward the summit, often mottled or white-spotted,
commonly swollen at the base and contracted toward the summit;
blades stiffly ascending or spreading, often reflexed, 15 to 25 cm long,
9 to 12 mm wide, glabrous or scabrous, often more or less pubescent
beneath, tapering to an involute point; panicle 10 to 20 cm long;
spikelets 2.3 to 2.6 mm long, ovate, glabrous or
obscurely puberulent. Autumnal culms erect,
branching from the middle and upper nodes, the
branches appressed, finally forming dense ob-
long masses along the upper part of the primary
culm, the panicles partly or entirely enclosed in
ae the sheaths. 2 —Moist ground, especially
FTC ep astribution of slong ditches, streams, and swamps, Coastal
Plain, New Jersey to Florida and Texas (fig. 1450)
102. Panicum cryptanthum Ashe. (Fig. 1451.) Vernal culms
erect, 80 to 100 cm tall, glabrous except the usually bearded nodes;
sheaths glabrous or the lowermost sparsely hirsute, the upper some-
what inflated; blades stiff, glabrous, sparingly ciliate at base, 10 to
65974°—35—42

656 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

15 cm long, 7 to 9 mm wide; panicle 6 to 10 em long, the axis and
ascending branches viscid-spotted; spikelets 2.2 to 2.4 mm long,
lanceolate-elliptic, pointed. Autumnal culms erect, sparingly branch-
ing from the middle nodes, the panicles partly hidden in the sheaths.

21 —Low swampy ground, New Jersey; North Carolina to Florida;

Texas; rare (fig. 1452).

16. Commutata.—Culms relatively stout, glabrous or puberulent;
ligules obsolete or nearly so; blades cordate and more or less
ciliate at base; spikelets elliptic, not very turgid, 7- to 9-nerved,
pubescent. Autumnal culms usually rather sparingly branching.

103. Panicum ashei Pearson. (Fig. 1453.)
Vernal phase usuaJly purplish, from a knotted
crown; culms 25 to 50cm tall, erect, stiff and wiry,
densely crisp-puberulent;
sheaths less densely
puberulent ; blades rather
thick and firm, 4 to 8 cm
long, 5 to 10 mm wide,

glabrous; panicle 5 to 8

PicuRE 1451. Panicum cryp- em long, loosely flowered;

spikelet, and floret, X 10. spikelets 2.4 to 2.7 mm _ Ficure 1452.—Distribution of

(Type.) long. Au tumnal culms Panicum cryptanthum.
erect or topheavy-reclining, bearing divergent branches from the
middle and upper-nodes or from the upper nodes only. 2 —Dry,
especially rocky woods, Massachusetts to Michigan and Missouri,

south to northern Florida, Mississippi, and Oklahoma (fig. 1454).

104. Panicum commutatum Schult. (Fig. 1455.) Vernal culms

40 to 75 em tall, erect; sheaths glabrous or nearly so; blades 5 to 12 em

long, 12 to 25 mm wide, glabrous on both

surfaces or puberulent beneath; panicle

6 to 12 cm long;

\ spikelets 2.6 to 2.8

} mmiong. Autum-

/ nal culms erect or

leaning, branching

from the middle
nodes, the second-

FIGURE 1454.— Distribution of
a ry b rane h es Panicum ashei.

FIGURE 1453.—Panicum ashei. Two si
views of spikelet, and floret, x 10. crowded tow ard

(Type coll.) the summit. 2 —Woods and copses,
Massachusetts to Michigan and Mis-
souri, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1456).

105. Panicum mutabile Scribn. and Smith. (Fig. 1457.) Vernal
phase blue green, glaucous; culms solitary or few in a tuft, erect, 30 to
70 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades horizontally spreading, 6 to 15
cm long, 8 to 20 mm wide, tapering to both ends, glabrous, ciliate
toward the cordate base or the lower ciliate nearly to apex; panicle 7
to 15 cm long; spikelets 2.9 to 3 mm long. Autumnal culms erect or
reclining, sparingly branched from the middle and upper nodes.
21 —Sandy pine woods or hammocks, Coastal Plain, southeastern
Virginia to Florida and Mississippi (fig. 1458).

106. Panicum joorii Vasey. (Fig. 1459.) Vernal culms 20 to 55 cm
tall, slender, spreading or ascending from a decumbent base, at least

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 657

the lower internodes purplish red; sheaths glabrous; blades 6 to 15
em long, 7 to 18 mm wide, thin, often subfalcate, glabrous on both
surfaces; panicle loosely flowered, 5 to 9 cm long; spikelets 3 to 3.1
mm long. Autumnal culms widely spreading, bearing more or less

FIGURE 1455.—Panicum commutatum. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Bock and Chase 118, Ill.)

divaricate branches from all the nodes, the ultimate branches in
short dense fascicles. 21 —Low or swampy woods, Coastal Plain,
southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas;
Mexico (fig. 1460).

107. Panicum equilaterale Scribn.
(Fig. 1461.) Vernal culms 25 to 70 cm
tall, stiff and erect; sheaths glabrous,

. | the upper two
often approxi-
mate; blades
firm, widely
spreading, 6 to
17 cm long, 6 to

14 mm wide, the

FIGURE 1456.—Distribution of ’ FIGURE 1457.—Panicum mutabile. Two

Panicum commutatum. margins near ly views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)
parallel, gla-

brous, often ciliate at the rounded or subcordate base; panicle 5 to
10 cm long; spikelets 3.2 mm long. Autumnal culms erect or lean-
ing, branching from the upper and middle nodes. 2 —Pinelands,
hammocks, and sandy woods, Coastal Plain, North Carolina, South

Carolina, and Florida.

658 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

17. Latifolia.—Culms rather stout, erect or suberect; ligules not more

than 1 mm long; blades cordate, clasping; spikelets rather turgid,

7- to Q9-nerved, pubescent. Autumnal phase usually rather
sparingly branching.

108. Panicum clandestinum L. (Fig. 1462.) Vernal culms in

large dense clumps, sometimes with strong rhizomes 5 to 10 cm long,

FIGURE 1458.— Distribution of FIGURE 1459.—Panicum joorii. Two
Panicum mutabile. views of spikelet, and floret, X 10
(Type.)

70 to 150 cm tall, scabrous to papillose-hispid at least below the nodes;
sheaths strongly papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous; blades spreading
or finally reflexed, 10 to 20 cm long, 1.2 to 3 cm wide, scabrous on both

a
}

FIGURE 1460.—Distribution of FIGURE 1461.—Panicum equilaterale. Two
Panicum joorii. views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

surfaces, at least toward the end, usually ciliate at base; panicle 8 to 15
cm long; spikelets 2.7 to 3 mm long. Autumnal culms erect or lean-
ing, the branches leafy, the swollen bristly sheaths overlapping and
wholly or partly enclosing the panicles. 2 —Moist mostly sandy

Yj, ‘ \
WW

FIGURE 1462.—Panicum clandestinum. FIGURE 1463.—Distribution of
Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. Penicum clandestinum.
(Torrey, N.Y.)

ground, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Kansas, south to northern
Florida and Texas (fig. 1463).

109. Panicum latifélium L. (Fig. 1464.) Vernal culms from a
knotted crown; culms 45 to 100 cm tall, glabrous or the lower part

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 659

sparsely pubescent; sheaths ciliate; blades 8 to 18 cm long, 1.5 to
4 cm wide, glabrous; panicle 7 to 15 cm long; spikelets 3.4 to 3.7 mm
long. Autumnal culms more or less spreading, branching from the
middle nodes, the upper leaves of the branches crowded and spread-

FIGURE 1464.—Panicum latifolium. Plant, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X10. (Schenck, Il.)

ing, not much reduced. 2 —Rocky or sandy woods, Maine and
Quebec to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas (fig. 1465).

110. Panicum béscii Poir. (Fig. 1466.) Vernal phase resembling
that of P. latifolium; culms 40 to 70 cm tall, glabrous or minutely
puberulent, the nodes retrorsely bearded; sheaths glabrous or nearly

LZ

Teva

FIGURE 1465.—Distribution of
Panicum latifolium.

AN

WLLL.

IL

—

STM

FIGURE 1467.—Distribution of FIGURE 1466.—Panicum boscii. Two views of spikelet,
Panicum boscii. and floret, X 10. (Type.)

so; blades spreading, 7 to 12 cm long, 1.5 to 3 em wide, sparsely
ciliate at base, glabrous or nearly so; panicle 6 to 12 cm long; spikelets
4 to 4.5 mm long, about halt as wide, papillose-pubescent. Autumnal
phase about as in P. latifolium, sometimes topheavy-reclining.
21 —Woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and Oklahoma, south to
northern Florida and Texas (fig. 1467), Panicum BosclI var.

660 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ox
en SN
——— SCS
7 2a.

pikelet, and floret, X 10.

(Tracy 9395, Fla.)

FIGURE 1468.—Panicum geminatum. Plant, X %; two views of s

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 661

MOLLE (Vasey) Hitche. and Chase. Differing from P. boscii in the
downy-villous culms and sheaths and the velvety blades. 2 —
About the same range as the species.

SuscENwts 38. EupAnicum Godr.

Spikelets in open or condensed panicles or in spikelike racemes, the
branchlets not produced as bristles (the naked tip forming a short
point in Geminata); not presenting vernal and autumnal phases
of a distinctive character, with winter rosettes of leaves different
from the culm leaves.

1. Geminata.—Subaquatic glabrous perennials; inflorescence of sev-
eral erect, spikelike racemes distant on an elongate axis; rachis
ending in a short naked point; spikelets subsessile, abruptly
pointed, glabrous, first glume truncate; fruit transversely
rugose.

111. Panicum geminatum Forsk. (Fig. 1468.) Culms tufted, 25
to 80 cm tall, scarcely succulent, often decumbent at base or with
stolons rooting at the nodes; blades 10 to 20 cm long, 3 to 6 mm wide,
flat, or involute toward the apex; panicle 12 to 30 cm long, the
appressed racemes 12 to 18, the lower 2.5 to 3 cm long, the upper
gradually shorter ;spikelets 2.2 to2.4mmlong,5-nerved. 2 —Moist
eround or shallow water, mostly near the coast, southern Florida,
Louisiana, and Texas; warmer regions of both hemispheres.

112. Panicum paludivagum Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1469.)
Resembling P. geminatum, but the culms elongate from a long creeping
rooting base, rather succulent, as much
as 2m long, the lower part submerged,
loosely branching; blades 15 to 40 cm
long, scabrous on the upper surface;
spikelets 2.8 to 3 mm long, faintly’
3-nerved; fruit obscurely rugose. 2
—More or less submerged in fresh-
water rivers and lakes, Florida, Texas;
Mexico, Guatemala.

2. Purpurascéntia.—Stoloniferous ro-
bust perennial; a single species

FIGURE 1469.—Panicum pa.udivagum. Two

introduced. e ; views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)
113. Panicum purpurascens Raddi.

Para Grass. (Fig. 1470.) Culms decumbent and rooting at base,
2 to 5 m long, the nodes densely villous; sheaths villous or the upper
glabrous, densely pubescent on the collar; blades 10 to 30 cm long,
10 to 15 mm wide, flat, glabrous; panicle 12 to 20 cm long, the
rather distant subracemose densely flowered branches ascending or
spreading; spikelets subsessile, 3 mm long, elliptic, 5-nerved, glabrous;
fruit minutely transversely rugose. 2 (P. barbinode 'Trin.)—Culti-
vated and waste ground in moist soil, borders of rivers, marshes, and
swamps, Florida, Alabama (Mobile), Texas; Oregon (Linnton);
throughout tropical America at low altitudes. Commonly cultivated
in tropical America as a forage grass, being cut for green feed. It
probably was introduced into Brazil at an eary date from Africa.

3. Fasciculata.—Branching annuals; blades flat; ligules not more than
1 mm long; panicles of ascending spikelike racemes along an
angled axis; spikelets subsessile, abruptly pointed strongly 5- to
7-nerved; fruit transversely rugose.

66

2 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1470.— Panicum purpurascens. Plant, X 4%; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Hitchcock 9693, Jamaica.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 663

114. Panicum réptans L. (Fig. 1471.) Culms ascending 10 to 30
em above the creeping base; blades 1.5 to 6 cm long, 4 to 12 mm wide,
cordate, usually glabrous, ciliate on the undulate margin at base;
panicle 2 to 6 cm long, the 3 to 12 ascending or spreading racemes 2

FIGURE 1471.—Panicum reptans. FIGURE 1472.—Distribution of
Two views of spikelet, and Panicum reptans.
floret, X 10. (TypeofP. pros-
tratum Lam.)

to 3 cm long, aggregate, the rachis usually pilose with long weak hairs;
spikelets secund, about 2 mm long, glabrous, on pubescent pedicels
about 1 mm; first glume very short, truncate orrounded. © —Moist
open ground, or a weed in cultivated fields, Florida to Texas
(fig. 1472); tropical regions of both hemispheres.

FIGURE 1474.—Distribution of
Panicum fasciculatum. views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

115. Panicum fasciculatum Swartz. BrowntTop MILLET. (Fig.
1473.) Culms erect or spreading from a decumbent base, 30 to 100
cm tall, sometimes pubescent below the panicle or hispid below the
appressed-pubescent nodes, the more robust freely branched from the
lower nodes; sheaths glabrous to papillose-hispid; blades 4 to 30 cm

FIGURE 1475.—Panicum adspersum. Two FIGURE 1476.—Panicum arizonicum. Two views of spike-
views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.) let, and floret, X 10. (Palmer 159, Mex.)

long, 6 to 20 mm wide, glabrous; panicle 5 to 15 cm long; the racemes
5 to 10 cm long; spikelets yellow or bronze-brown, 2.1 to 2.5 mm long,
rarely 3 mm, obovate, turgid, glabrous, strongly transversely wrinkled

———— ©

664 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

or veined. © —HMoist open ground, often a weed in fields, southern
Florida, southern Texas; tropical America, at low altitudes (fig. 1474).

PANICUM FASCICULATUM Vat. RETICULATUM (Torr.) Beal. Differing
from P. fasciculatum in having smaller more compact panicles, nar-
rower pubescent blades, less regular suberect racemes and larger, most-
ly mare yellowish spikelets 2.6 to3 mmlong. Many intergrades occur.
© (This has been erroneously referred to P. fasciculatum var.
chartaginense (Swartz) Doell.)—Prairies, fields,
and waste ground, Arkansas and Louisiana to
Arizona; introduced in North Carolina and
South Carolina; Mexico.

116. Panicum adspérsum Trin. (Fig.
1475.) Culms ascending or spreading from a
——> decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, 30
Higuae Ur. Distribution of “to 100 cm tall; blades 5 to 15 em lone) aite0

mm wide; panicle 6 to 15 cm long, the racemes
3 to 10 cm long; spikelets 3.2 to 4 mm long, fusiform, abruptly acu-
minate, hispid or hispidulous, sometimes only at the summit, rarely
glabrous, obscurely reticulate-veined. © —Moist open ground,
often on coral limestone, Florida; ballast, Philadelphia and Camden;
Mobile; West Indies. ‘The Florida specimens, commonly more robust
than the typical form from the West Indies, have been described as P.
keyense Mez.

FIGURE 1478.—Panicum teranum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Hitchcock 3187, Tex.)

Panicum ramésum L. Resembling P. adspersum, but spikelets
smaller, having a finely transverse rugose sterile lemma, in appearance
much like the fertile lemma. © -—Ballast, Alabama (Mobile);
tropical Asia.

117. Panicum arizénicum Scribn. and Merr. ARIZONA PANICUM.
(Fig. 1476.) Culms erect or sometimes decumbent at base, 20 to 60
cm tall; sheaths glabrous to papillose-hispid; blades 5 to 15 cm long,
6 to 12 mm wide, glabrous or papillose-hispid beneath, ciliate near
base; panicle 7 to 20 cm long, the branches rather loosely flowered,
finely pubescent and papillose-hirsute; spikelets 3,5 to 3,8 mm long,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 665

obovate-elliptic, densely hirsute to glabrous. © —Open sandy or

stony ground, or in cultivated soil, western Texas to southern Cali-

fornia; introduced in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, and

Mississippi; Mexico (fig. 1477).

118. Panicum texanum Buckl. Texas miter. (Fig. 1478.)
Culms erect or ascending, often decumbent and rooting at the lower
nodes, 50 to 150 cm or even to 3 m long, softly pubescent at least
below the nodes and below the panicles; sheaths softly pubescent,
often papillose; blades 8 to 20 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide, softly pubes-
cent; panicle 8 to 20 cm long, the branches
short, appressed, loosely flowered, the axis and
rachises pubescent, with long hairs intermixed;
spikelets 5 to 6 mm long, fusiform, pilose, often
obscurely reticulate. © —Prairies and open
eround, especially on low land along streams,
often a weed in fields, Texas; introduced at sev-
eral localities, North Carolina to Florida and f'6URE 1479. Distribution of
Oklahoma; Arizona; northern Mexico (fig. 1479).

4, Dichotomifléra.—Somewhat succulent branching annuals; blades
flat, panicles many-flowered, the branchlets short and appressed
along the rather stiff main branches; spikelets short-pediceled,
7-nerved, glabrous; first glume short, broad; fruit smooth and
shining.

119. Panicum dichotomiflérum Michx. Fatt panicum. (Fig.
1480.) Culms ascending or spreading from a geniculate base, 50 to

FIGURE 1480.—Panicum dichotomifiorum. Panicle, X 1; two views of spikelet, and floret, x 10.
(Deam, Ind.)

100 cm long, or in robust specimens as much as 2 m long; ligule a
dense ring of white hairs 1 to 2 mm long; blades sometimes sparsely
pilose on the upper surface, 10 to 50 cm long, 3 to 20 mm wide, the
white midrib usually prominent; panicles terminal and axillary,
mostly included at base, 10 to 40 cm long or more, the main branches
ascending; spikelets narrowly oblong-ovate, usually about 2.5 mm
long, acute. © Moist ground, along streams, and a weed in waste
places and cultivated soil, Maine to Nebraska, south to Florida and
Texas, occasionally introduced further west; here and there in the
West Indies (fig. 1481). PANIcUM DICHOTOMIFLORUM var. PURITANO-
RUM Syenson. Differing in the shorter, more slender culms and

666 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

looser panicles, and in the rather less pointed spikelets about 2 mm
long. Intergrades with the species. © —Wet sandy or boggy
shores of ponds, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Long Island; Indiana.

120. Panicum bartowénse Scribn. and
Merr. (Fig. 1482). Resembling P. dichoto-
miflorum, mostly larger; culms erect, simple
or sparingly branched
as much as 2, m tall
and 7 mm _ thick;
sheaths papillose-
hispid; ligule 2 to 3

mm long. © —Low
a 2 ground often in shal- mevre 1482.—Panicum _barto-
IGURE 1481.—Distribution of = = wense. wo views of spikelet,
Panicum dichotomiflorum. low water, Flori d a; and floret, X 10. (iypen
Bahamas.

5. Capillaria.—Branching annuals, papillose-hispid at least on the
sheaths; ligules 1 to 3 mm long; panicles many-flowered, mostly
diffuse; spikelets pointed, 7- to 9-nerved, glabrous; first glume
large, clasping; fruit smooth and shining, usually olive-brown at
maturity.

121. Panicum fléxile (Gattinger) Scribn. (Fig. 1483.) Culmsslen-
der, erect, much branched from the base, 20 to 70 em tall, somewhat

hispid below, the nodes pubescent; blades erect
but not stiff, glabrous or sparsely hispid, as
much as 30 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide; panicles
relatively few-flowered, oblong, narrow, 10 to
20 cm long about one-
third as wide; spikelets
3.1 to3.5mmlong. ©
—Sandy, mostly damp
soul, meadows and open

— woods, New York and

) Quebec to South Dako-

an pach LAME L ee ta, south to Florida and FIGURE 1484.—Distribution of
floret, X 10. (Type) += Lexas; introduced in Panicum flezile.
Utah (fig. 1484).

122. Panicum gattingéri Nash. (Fig. 1485.) Culms at first erect,
soon decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, papillose-hispid, in
robust specimens as much as 1 m long; blades 6 to 10 mm wide,
more or less hispid or nearly glabrous; panicles numerous, terminal
and axillary, oval or elliptic in outline, the terminal 10 to 15 cm long,
the lateral smaller; spikelets 2 mm long. © -—Open ground and
waste places, often a weed in cultivated soil, New York and Ontario
to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee (fig. 1486).

123. Panicum philadélphicum Bernh. (Fig. 1487.) Plants light
yellowish green ; culms slender, usually erect, 15 to 50 cm tall, papillose-
hispid to nearly glabrous, more or less zigzag at base; blades usually
erect, 5 to 15 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, rather sparsely hirsute; panicles
10 to 20 cm long, few-flowered, the branches solitary, rather stiffly
ascending, the axillary pulvini hispid; spikelets 1.7 to 2 mm long,
mostly in twos at the ends of the branchlets, © —Dry open or

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 667

sandy ground, Connecticut to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and
Texas (fig. 1488).

124. Panicum tuckermani Fernald. (Fig. 1489.) Resembling P.
philadelphicum and intergrading with it; often spreading or prostrate
and much branched at base; panicles more densely flowered, the
branches more spreading, the axillary pulvini glabrous; spikelets
somewhat racemosely arranged, rather than in twos at the end.
© —Sandy or gravelly shores and open ground, Maine and Quebec
to Connecticut and New York; Indiana, Wisconsin (fig. 1490).

125. Panicum capillare L. Wircuerass. (Fig. 1491.) Culms
erect or somewhat spreading at base, 20 to 80 cm tall, papillose-hispid

FIGURE 1486.—Distribution of FIGURE 1487.—Panicum

FIGURE 1485.—Panicum gattingeri. Panicum gattingeri. philadelphicum. Two
Two views of spikelet, and views of spikelet, and
floret, X 10. (Type.) floret, X 10. (Typecoll.)

to nearly glabrous; blades 10 to 25 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, hispid
on both surfaces; panicles densely flowered, very diffuse, often half
the length of the entire plant, included at the base until maturity,
the branches finally divaricately spreading, the whole panicle breaking
away and rolling before the wind; spikelets 2 to 2.6mm long. © —
Open ground, fields and waste places, Maine to Montana, south to
Florida and Texas, and occasionally west of this.

PANICUM CAPILLARE var. OCCIDENTALE Rydb. Blades shorter,
less pubescent, crowded toward the base, panicles more exserted and
divaricate; spikelets usually about 3 mm long (2.5 to 3.3 mm),

FIGURE 1489.— Panicum
tuckermani. Two
views of spikelet, and

FIGURE 1488.— Distribution of floret, X 10. (Type FIGURE 1490.—Distribution of

Panicum philadelphicum. coll.) Panicum tuckermani.

attenuate at tip; fruit 1.7 to1.8mm long. © (P. barbipulvinatum
Nash.)—Open ground and waste places, Prince Edward Island and
Quebec to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Missouri, Texas,
and California, more common westward.

126. Panicum hillmani Chase. (Fig. 1492.) Resembling P.
capillare, especially the var. occidentale, differing from this in having
no short flowering branches at the base, in the stouter culms, firmer
foliage, stiffer panicle branches with the lateral spikelets on shorter
more appressed pedicels, in the well-developed sterile palea, and
especially in the larger darker fruit (2 mm long) with a prominent
lunate scar at the base. © —Prairies and plains, Kansas to Texas.

668 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1491.—Panicum capillare. Plant, X 44; two views of spikelet, and floret, x 10.
(V. H. Chase 774, Ill.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 669

127. Panicum hirticafle Presl. (Fig. 1493.) Culms usually
simple or nearly so, 15 to 70 em tall, papillose-hispid to nearly gla-
brous; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 4 to 13 mm wide, often cordate at
base, sparsely hispid or nearly glabrous, ciliate toward base; panicles
5 to 15 em long, scarcely one-third the entire height of the plant;
spikelets 2.7 to 3.3 mm long, lanceolate-fusiform, acuminate, usually

FIGURE 1492.—Panicum hillmani. FIGURE 1493.—Panicum hirticaule.
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Two views of spikelet, and floret,
xX 10. (Type.) S10 (Eype.)

reddish brown; first glume half to three-fourths the length of the
spikelet; fruit 2 mm long. © —Rocky or sandy soil, Arkansas
and western Texas to southern California; Mexico to Colombia
(fig. 1494).

128. Panicum pampindsum Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1495.)
Resembling P. hirticaule, but freely branching; spikelets very turgid,
about 4 mm long; first glume more than three-fourths the length of
the spikelet; fruit 2.2 mm long. © —Mesas, New Mexico and
Arizona; Mexico.

129. Panicum stramineum Hitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1496.) Re-
sembling P. hirticaule, but freely branching and nearly glabrous through-
out; blades longer; spikelets more tur-
gid, less pointed, 3.2 to 3.7 mm long, the
first glume about one-third the length
of the spikelet; fruit 2.2 mm long, with
a prominent lu-
nate scar at base.
© —Rich bot-
tom lands and
damp soil, south-
ern Arizona;
, northwestern
FIGURE 1494.—Distribution of Mexico.

Panicum hirticaule. 130. Panicum
A a ee ae Ii. eee :

ROOMCORN MILLET. 1 r 1497. IGURE 1495.—Panicum pampinosum.
Culms stout, erect or eaten st Pe ae a Meo ey
base, 20 to 100 em tall; blades more
or less pilose on both surfaces or glabrate, as much as 30 em long
and 2 cm wide, rounded at base; panicles usually more or less
included at base, 10 to 30 cm long, usually nodding, rather compact,
the numerous branches ascending, very scabrous, spikelet-bearing
toward the ends; spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm long, ovate, acuminate,
strongly many-nerved; fruit 3 mm long, stramineous to reddish

670 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

brown. ©

FIGURE 1496.—Panicum stramineum.

of spikelet, and floret, X 10.

(Type.

—Waste places, introduced or escaped from cultiva-

tion, Northeastern States and occa-
sional in other parts of the United
States (fig. 1498); temperate parts
of the Old World. Broomecorn
millet is cultivated in the cooler
parts of the United States to a
limited extent for forage and occa-
sionally the seed is used for feed for
hogs, hence it 1s sometimes known
as hog millet. Also called proso.
Commonly cultivated in Europe
and western Asia.
6. Difffisa.—Perennials; culms stiff,
mostly tufted; sheaths mostly

Two views
)

hirsute; ligules membranaceous, ciliate; spikelets pointed, 7- to
9-nerved, glabrous; fruit smooth and shining.

131. Panicum capil-
larioides Vasey. (Fig.
1499.) Culms erect or
ascending from a knot-

FIGURE 1498.—Distribution of
Panicum miliaceum.

ted crown, 30 to 55 cm
tall, appressed-pubes-
cent or glabrate, the
nodes densely ascending-
pubescent; blades rather

FIGURE 1499.—Panicum capillarioides.
Two views of spikelet, and floret,

x 10. (Type.)

| northern Mexico.

>

FIGURE 1497.—Panicum miliaceum. 'Two views of spikelet, and
floret, X10. (Griffith 6490, India.)
stiff, 10 to 30 cm long, 2 to 10 mm wide,
flat, harshly papillose-pubescent; panicle
diffuse, few-flowered, 10 to 20 cm long, the
capillary branches
stiffly spreading at
maturity ; spikelets
5 to 6 cm long,
lanceolate, long-
acuminate, fruit
1.6 to 1.8 mm long.
21—Prairies and
plains, Texas and

Panicum bérgii
Arech. Tufted,
with numerous
leaves clustered at base; sheaths hispid;
blades involute; panicle very diffuse, a third
or more the entire height of the plant, the

FIGURE 1500.—Panicum filipes.
Two views of spikelet, and floret,
xX 10. (Type.)

lower branches verticillate, conspicuously pilose in the axils; spikelets

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 671

short-pointed, 2.2 to 2.6 mm long. 2 -—Ballast at Mobile,
Ala., and at a few points in southeastern Texas. Adventive from
South America.

132. Panicum filipes Scribn. (Fig. 1500.) Culms 30 to 80 cm
tall, erect or ascending; blades laxly ascending or spreading, 10 to
25 cm long, 3 to 8 mm wide, flat, Ng
glaucous, glabrous or sometimes
sparsely hirsute beneath; panicles 7
to 25 cm long, usually equaled or
exceeded by the upper blades, the
distant branches spreading; spikelets
2 to 2.6mm long. 2 —Low open
ground or among chaparral, Louisi-
ana (Shreveport) and Texas; north-
eastern Mexico. Distinguished from
P. hallit by the longer blades, looser
panicle, and smaller spikelets. | JANA \\W

133. Panicum hallii Vasey. \ <i MV
Hauu’s panicum. (Fig.1501.) Some- pe |
what glaucous green, leaves usually ie

CA
; \\ |

crowded toward the base, the blades

curling like shavings with age;
culms erect, 15 to 60 em tall; sheaths
sparsely papillose-hispid to glabrous;
blades erect or nearly so, flat, 4 to

15 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, sparsely i vial
ciliate toward base, otherwise gla- ree Pee tee tie Cte)
brous or nearly so; panicle 6 to 20 cm __

long, the few branches stiffly ascending; spikelets 3 to 3.7 mm long.
2. —Dry prairie, rocky and gravelly hills and canyons, and in bottom
lands and irrigated fields, Texas to Arizona; Mexico.

134. Panicum lepidulum Hitchc.
and Chase. (Fig. 1502.) Culms 25
to 70 cm tall, erect, usually spar-
ingly branching from lower nodes,
sparsely pilose to scabrous; blades
suberect, 7 to 30 cm long, 5 to 10
mm wide, sparsely papillose-pilose
to nearly glabrous; panicle 7 to 20
em long, usually scarcely half as
wide, branches ascending with short
spreading branchlets with 1 to 3
spikelets; spikelets 4 to 4.2 mm long,
turgid. 2 —Moist places mostly

. Tee ie in the uplands, New Mexico, An-
ee ore ar ey zona, atid Moexteo.

135. Panicum ghiesbréghtii

Fourn. (Fig. 1503.) Culms erect, rather robust, ascending-hirsute,

60 to 80 cm tall, the nodes densely hirsute; blades as much as 60 cm

_ long and 12 mm wide, flat, papillose-hirsute to glabrescent; panicles 20

to 30 cm long, usually less than half as wide, the branches ascending,

55974°—35——43

ie
\\ ef

672 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

naked at base, the branchlets more or less appressed; spikelets 3

mm long, 1 mm wide. 2 —Low moist ground, southern Texas;

tropical America. |

136. Panicum hirsitum Swartz. (Fig. 1504.) Culms robust,
erect, as much as 1.5 m tall and 1 cm thick, simple or branched at base
only; nodes appressed-pubescent; sheaths papillose-hirsute, the hairs
stiff, spreading, fragile, causing mechanical irritation to the skin when
handled; blades flat, as much as 60 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, glabrous;
panicle 20 to 35 cm long, at first condensed, finally open, the branches
ascending; spikelets 2 to 2.2 mm long. 2
—Open moist ground, southern Texas; tropical
America at low altitudes.

7. Maxima.—Tall robust perennials; ligules
membranaceous, ciliate; blades linear,
flat; panicles large, many-flowered;
spikeiets ellipsoid, faintly nerved, gla-
brous; fruit transversely rugose.

137. Panicum maximum Jacq. GuINEA
: Grass. (Fig. 1505.) Plants light green, in
FicuRE 1503.—Panicum ghies. Large bunchesfrom short stout rhizomes; culms

brani (apo) Rowe OF SESE, mostly erect, the nodes usually densely hirsute;
roe Ne sheaths papillose-hirsute to glabrous, usually

densely pubescent on the collar; ligule 4 to 6 mm long; blades 30
to 75 cm long, as much as 3.5 em wide, glabrous, very scabrous on
the margins, sometimes hirsute on the upper surface near the base;
panicles 20 to 50 cm long, about one-third as wide, the long rather
stiff branches ascending, naked at base, the lower in whorls, the axils
pilose, the branchlets short, appressed, bearing more or less clustered
short-pediceled spikelets; spikelets 3 to 3.3 mm long; first glume
about one-third the length of the spikelet. 2—Fields and waste
places, southern Florida, and southern Texas,
introduced from Africa; tropical regions of
both hemispheres at low altitudes. Guinea
erass is the most important cultivated forage
erass of tropical America. It grows in
moderately dry ground and can be used for
pasture or for soiling. Much of the green feed
cut for forage is this species.

138. Panicum plénum Hitche. and Chase.
(Fig. 1506.) Plants mostly in large clumps,
mostly glaucous, from a stout rhizome; culms
1 to 2 m tall, erect from a usually decumbent base, compressed;
sheaths glabrous, somewhat keeled; blades 20 to 35 cm long, 7 to 17
mm wide, glabrous or nearly so; panicle 20 to 50 cm long, open;
spikelets 3 to 3.4 mm long. 2 —Moist places in rocky hills and
canyons, Texas to Arizona; Mexico. Differs from P. bulbosum in the
absence of the basal corm.

139. Panicum bulbé6sum H.B.K. Bouts Panicum. (Fig. 1507.)
Culms in tufts, 1 to 2 m tall, erect, the lowest internode thick-
ened to a hard cormlike base 1 to 2 cm thick, budding at base, some-

FIGURE 1504.—Panicum hirsu-
tum. Two views of spikelet,
and floret, X 10. (Type.)

| gpa ean ema ph renee emery + ae ee 18 i a ie ee = - " 2 meta? eee

673

Baker 1170, Fla.)

iA =
<=

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES
FIGURE 1505.—Panicum mazimum. Plant, X 4%; two views of spikelet, and floret, X10. (Combs and

674 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

times with one or more corms of previous years attached; sheaths
glabrous, or pilose toward the summit; blades 25 to 60 cm long, 3 to
12 mm wide, scabrous above, glabrous beneath; panicle 20 to 50 em
long, open; spikelets 3.5 to 4.2 mm long. 2 —Moist places in can-
yons and valleys, western Texas to’ Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1508).

FIGURE 1506.—Panicum plenum. Two FIGURE 1507.—Panicum bulbosum. Base of culm,
views of spikelet, and floret, x 10. x 4; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Lem-
(Type.) mon 2914, Ariz.)

PANICUM BULBOSUM var. Minus Vasey. Culms slender, mostly
less than 1 m tall, the corms smaller than in the species; blades mostly
2 to 4 mm wide; spikelets 2.8 to 3.2 mm long. 2 (P. bulboswm
var. sciaphilum Hitche. and Chase.)—Same range as species and
more common with us.

8. Virgata.—Perennials from stout rhizomes; culms mostly stout;
ligules membranaceous, ciliate; blades linear, mostly firm;
spikelets turgid, usually gaping, strongly 5- to 9-nerved, glabrous,
pointed; lower floret usually staminate; fruit smooth and shining.

140. Panicum répens L. (Fig. 1509.) Culms rigid, 30 to 80 em
tall, erect from the nodes of strong horizontal often extensively
creeping rhizomes, clothed at base with blade-
less sheaths; sheaths more or less pilose; blades
flat or folded, 2 to 5 mm wide, sparsely pilose
to glabrous; panicle open, 7 to 12 cm long, the
somewhat distant branches stiffly ascending;
spikelets 2.2 to 2.5 mm long, ovate; first
glume about one-fifth as long as the spikelet, a
loose, truncate: 2° —-Sea beaches along the , “evs bt Deuibuneue
Gulf coast, Florida to Texas (fig. 1510); ;
tropical and subtropical coasts of both hemispheres, probably intro-
duced in America.

141. Panicum gouini Fourn. (Fig. 1511.) Resembling P. repens,
but the culms usually less than 30 cm tall; sheaths and blades usually
glabrous; panicle smaller, more densely flowered; first glume longer.
2 —Sea beaches, Alabama to Louisiana; Gulf coast of Mexico.

142. Panicum virgatum L. Swircuerass. (Fig. 1512.) Plants
usually in large bunches, green or glaucous, with numerous scaly
creeping rhizomes; culms erect, tough and hard, 1 to 2m tall; sheaths
glabrous; blades 10 to 60 cm long, 3 to 15 mm wide, flat, glabrous, or
sometimes pilose above near the base, rarely pilose all over; panicle
15 to 50 cm long, open, sometimes diffuse; spikelets 3.5 to 5 mm long,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 675

FIGURE 1509.—Panicum repens. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, x .10.
(Hitchcock 14145, Hawaii.)

676 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

acuminate; first glume clasping, two thirds to three fourths as long
as the spikelet, acuminate or cuspidate. 2 —Prairies and open
eround, open woods, and brackish marshes, Quebec and Maine to
Montana, south to Florida, Nevada, and Arizona; Mexico and Cen-
tral America. PANICUM VIRGATUM var. CUBENSE Griseb. ‘Culms
more slender, usually solitary or few in a tuft; panicle narrower with
ascending branches; spikelets 2.8 to 3.2 mm long, the second glume
and sterile lemma not extending much beyond the fruit. 2 —Pine
woods, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi;
Michigan; Cuba. PANicuM vIRGATUM var. spissum Linder. Culms
from short stout knotty rhizomes. 2 —Nova Scotia to Penn-
sylvania.

143. Panicum havardii Vasey. (Fig. 1513.) Pale green, glaucous,
glabrous throughout; culms robust, solitary, 1 m tall or more,
erect from creeping rhizomes; blades 5 to 10 mm wide, tapering
into long involute-setaceous tips; panicle as much as 40 cm long;
spikelets 6 to 8 mm long. 2 W—-Arroyos and sand hills, western
Texas and southern New Mexico; northern Mexico.

144. Panicum amarum Ell. (Fig. 1514.) Glaucous and glabrous
throughout; culms solitary from the nodes of extensively creeping

‘d \t
FIGURE 1510.—Distribution of FIGURE 1511.—Panicum gouini. Two
Panicum repens. views of spikelet, and floret, xX 10.

(Type.)

rhizomes, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades thick, 10 to 30 em long, 5 to 12
mm wide, flat, involute toward the tip, the margins smooth; panicle
one-fourth to one-third the height of the plant, not more than 3 cm
wide, the branches appressed; spikelets 5 to 6.5 mm long, acumi-
nate. 21 —Sandy seashores and coast dunes, Connecticut to
Georgia; southern Mississippi; Texas (fig. 1515).

145. Panicum amarulum Hitche. and Chase. (Fig. 1516.) Cwms
as much as 1 ecm thick, in large bunches as much as 1 m across,
1 to 2 m tall, glaucous; rhizomes vertical or ascending; blades 20
to 50 cm long, 5 to 12 mm wide, more or less involute, pilose on the
upper surface near the base; panicle large, rather compact, 5 to 10
em wide, slightly nodding, densely flowered; spikelets 4.3 to 5.6 mm
long, acuminate. 2 —Sandy seashores and coast dunes, New
Jersey to Virginia; Florida; Louisiana and Texas; Yucatan; Baha-
mas; Cuba (fig. 1517).

9. Ténera.—Perennials; culms subcompressed, wiry; liguJes minute;
spikelets short-pediceled; fruit smooth and shining.

146. Panicum ténerum Beyr. (Fig. 1518.) Culms in small tufts
from a knotted crown, erect, 40 to 90 cm tall; lower sheaths pubescent
toward the summit with spreading hairs; blades 4 to 15 cm long, 2
to 4 mm wide, erect, firm, subinvolute, pilose on upper surface toward
base; panicles 3 to 8 cm long, very slender, terminal and axillary;
spikelets 2.2 to 2.8 mm long, pointed, glabrous, the pedicel usually

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 677

Ficurk 1512.—Panicumvirgatum. Plant, X14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X.10.. (V. H..Chase, Ill.)

678 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

with a few long hairs. 2 —Margins of swamps and wet places in

pine barrens near the

coast, North Carolina to

Florida and Texas; West

Indies (fig. 1519).

10. Agrostoidea.—Tufted
perennials; culms
erect, compressed;
sheaths keeled;
hgules membranace-
ous, mostly about 1
mm long; spikelets
short-pediceled,
lanceolate, pointed,
5- to 7-nerved, gla-
brous; glumes and
sterile lomma mostly
keeled; fruit smooth
and shining with a
minute tuft of thick-
ish hairs at apex.

| . 147. Panicum agros-

FIGURE et mee ets moe of spikelet, and toides S preng. (F ig.

1520.) In dense clumps
from a short crown, with numerous short-leaved innovations at base;
culms 50 to. 10 0cemtall:
blades erect, folded at base,
flat above, 20 to 50 cm long,

5 to 12 mm wide; panicles

terminal and axillary, 10 to

30 cm long, half to two-thirds

as wide, sometimes more

FIGURE 1515.—Distribution of
Panicum amarum.

diffuse, the densely flowered
branchlets mostly onthe
under side of the branches,
the pedicels usually bearing
at the summit one to several | .
ee one cai abou FIGURE a re re eee Aue of spikelet,
meadows and shores, Maine to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas;
Vancouver Island; California (fig. 1521).

148. Panicum condénsum Nash. (Fig. 1522.) Resembling P.
agrostoides; culms on the average taller; blades often sparsely pilose

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 679

on the upper side at the folded base; panicles 10 to 25 cm long, rarely
more than 5 cm wide, the long branches erect, naked at base, with
appressed branchlets bearing crowded spikelets, the pedicels not
pilose; spikelets 2.2 to 2.6 mm long. 2 —Borders of streams and
ponds and in wet places, Coastal
Plain, Pennsylvania to Florida
and Texas; West Indies (fig.
523).

149. Panicum stipitatum Nash.
(Fig. 1524.) Resembling P.
agrostoides; often purple tinged
throughout, especially the pani-
cles; sheaths much overlapping,
the blades usually equaling or
exceeding the terminal panicle;
panicles usually several to a culm,
10 to 20 cm long, narrow, densely
flowered, the numerous stiff
_branches ascending, with numer-
ous divaricate branchlets, mostly .
pe inevlower rade-<opikelets. 2:5 PSUS" Oe cD Ce
to 2.8 mm long, often curved at ;
the tip. 2 —Moist soil, Connecticut to Missouri, south to Georgia
and Texas (fig. 1525).

150. Panicum longifélium Torr. (Fig. 1526.) Culms rather
slender, 35 to 80 cm tall, in dense tufts, usuaily surrounded by basal
leaves nearly half as long; sheaths usually villous near the summit;
ligule fimbriate-ciliate, 2 to 3 mm long; blades elongate, 2 to 5 mm
wide, pilose on the upper surface near the base; lateral panicles few
or none, the terminal 10 to 25 cm long, the branches slender, ascend-

FIGURE 1217.—Distribution of FIGURE 1518.—Panicum tene- FIGURE 1519.—Distribution of
Panicum amarulum. rum. Two views ofspikelet, Panicum tenerum.
and floret, X 10. (Type.)

ing; spikelets 2.4 to 2.7 mm long. 2 —Moist sandy ground,
Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas (fig. 1527).

151. Panicum cémbsii Scribn. and Ball. (Fig. 1528.) Resembling
P. longifolium; sheaths glabrous or nearly so; ligule less than 1 mm
long; blades on the average shorter; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm long,
acuminate. 2 —Margins of ponds and wet woods, Georgia to
Florida and Louisiana (fig. 1529).

152. Panicum anceps Michx. (Fig. 1530.) Culms 50 to 100 cm
tall, with numerous scaly rhizomes; sheaths glabrous or pilose; blades
elongate, 4 to 12 mm wide, pilose above near the base; panicles 15

680 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to 40 cm long, the slender, remote branches somewhat spreading,

bearing short mostly appressed branchlets with rather crowded some-

what curved subsecund spikelets, set obliquely on their pedicels;
spikelets 3.4 to 3.8 mm long. 2 —Moist sandy soil, New Jersey

to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1531).

153. Panicum rhizomatum MHitchc. and Chase. (Fig. 1532.)
Resembling P. anceps; culms less robust, the rhizomes more slender
and numerous; sheaths densely to sparsely villous, especially at the
| summit; blades usually pubescent
on both surfaces; panicles more
or less contracted; spikelets 2.4
to 2.8 mm long. 2 —Moist
sandy woods and savannas,
Coastal Plain, Maryland to Flor-
ida and Texas (fig. 1533).

11. Laxa.—Slender perennials;
culms compressed; ligules
minute; spikelets short-
pediceled, 5-nerved, glabrous,
the palea of the sterile floret
becoming enlarged and in-
durate, expanding the spike-
let at maturity; fruit min-
utely papillose-roughened,

FIGURE 1520.—Panicum agrostoides. Panicle, = ae
X_1; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. relatively thin in texture. x
(Fisher 30, N.J.) 154. Panicum hians Ell. (Fig.

1534.) Culms 20 to 60 ecm tall,
mostly erect, sometimes more or less decumbent, or prostrate with
erect branches; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 1 to 5 mm wide, flat or folded,

ilose on the upper surface near base; panicles 5 to 20 cm long, usually
oose and open, the primary branches few, slender, distant, spreading
or drooping, the branchlets borne on the upper half or towards the
ends only; spikelets in more or less secund clusters, 2.2 to 2.4 mm
long, at maturity about twice as thick as wide. 2 —Damp soil

FIGURE 1521.—Distribution of FIGURE 1522—Panicum FicuReE 1523.—Distribution of
Panicum agrostoides, condensum. Two views Panicum condensum.
of spikelet, and floret.
X10. (Type.)

along ponds and streams, North Carolina to Florida and Texas,

thence north to Oklahoma and southern Missouri; Mexico (fig. 1535).

12. Verrucésa.—Glabrous branching annuals; culms slender, weak,
decumbent at base, usually with stilt-roots; ligules minute;
panicles with divaricate capillary branches, spikelet-bearing
toward the ends, the spikelets mostly in twos; spikelets tubercu-
late, nerves obscure or obsolete; first glume minute; fruit minutely
papillose, margin of the lemma inrolled only at base.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 681

155. Panicum verrucésum Muhl. (Fig. 1536.) Bright green, at
first erect, later widely spreading; culms 20 to 150 cm long; blades
thin, flat, lax, 5 to 20 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide; panicles 5 to 30 cm

FIGURE 1524.—Panicum FIGURE 1525.—Distribution of FIGURE 1526.—P’a niculm
stipitatum. Two views Panicum stipitatum. longifolium. Two views
of spikelet, and floret, of spikelet, and floret,
xX 10. (Commons 305, x10. (Type.)

Del.)

long, about as wide, diffuse, small panicles often produced at the
lower nodes; spikelets 1.8 to 2.1 mm long, elliptic-obovate, subacute,
roughened with small warts. © -—Wet, mostly shady soil, Massa-
chusetts to Florida, west to Michigan, Tennessee, and Texas (fig. 1537).

FIGURE 1527.—Distribution of FIGURE 1528.—Panicum FIGURE 1529.—Distribution of
Panicum longifolium. combsii. Two views of Panicum combsii.
spikelet, and floret, X 10.
(Type.)

156. Panicum brachyanthum Steud. (Fig. 1538.) Culms 30 to
100 cm tall; blades 5 to 15 cm long, 2 to 3 mm wide; panicles 5 to 15

FIGURE 1530.—Panicum FIGURE 1531.—Distribution of FIGURE 1532.—Panicum
anceps. Spikelet and Panicum anceps. rhizomatum. Spikelet
floret, X 10. (Type.) and floret, X10. (Type.)

cm long, the branches few; spikelets 3.2 to 3.6 mm long, fusiform,
acute, tuberculate-hispid. © —Sandy soil, Louisiana, Texas, and
Oklahoma.

13. Urvilleana.—Robust Beanie ; spikelets Jarge, densely villous;
fertile lemma long-villous on the margin.

682 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

157. Panicum urvilleanum Kunth. (Fig. 1539.) Culms solitary
or few in a tuft, 50 to 100 cm tall, erect from a creeping rhizome;
nodes densely bearded; sheaths overlapping, densely retrorse-villous;
blades elongate, 4 to 7 mm wide, tapering from a flat base to a long
involute setaceous point, strigose or glabrous; panicle 25 to 30 cm
long, the slender branches ascending; spikelets 6 to 7 mm long,
densely silvery- or tawny-villous; first glume clasping, from two-thirds

FIGURE 1533.—Distribution of FIGURE 1534.—Pani- FIGURE 1535.—Distribution of
Panicum rhizomatum. cum hians. Spikelet Panicum hians.
and floret, xX 10.
(Type.)
to nearly as long as the spikelet. 2 —Sandy deserts, arizona and

southern California; Argentina, Chile.

14. Obtiisa.—Stoloniferous wiry perennial; ligules about 1 mm long;
panicles narrow, the few appressed branches densely flowered;
spikelets short-pediceled, secund, glabrous; fruit smooth and
shining.

158. Panicum obtisum H.B.K. Vine-mesquite. (Fig. 1540.)
Tufted from a knotted crown, the stolons sometimes 2 m long or
more, with long internodes and geniculate, swollen, conspicuously
villous nodes; culms compressed, 20 to 80 cm tall; blades mostly
elongate, 2 to 7 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so; panicles 3 to 12 cm

FIGURE 1536.—Panicum verrucosum. FIGURE 1537.—Distribution of
Two views of spikelet, and floret, Panicum verrucosum.
xX 10. (Type.)

long, about 1 cm wide; spikelets 3 to 3.8 mm long, obovoid, brownish,

obtuse; first glume nearly as long as the spikelet. 2 —Sandy or

eravelly soil, mostly along banks of rivers, arroyos, and irrigation

ditches, western Missouri to Colorado, south to Texas and Arizona;

Mexico (fig. 1541).

15. Hemitoma.—Aquatic or subaquatic perennial; panicles elongate,
very narrow; spikelets subsessile, 3- to 5-nerved, glabrous.

159. Panicum hemitomon Schult. Maripencann. (Fig. 1542.)
With extensively creeping rhizomes, often producing numerous sterile
shoots with overlapping sometimes densely hirsute sheaths; culms 50
to 150 cm tall, usually hard; sheaths of fertile culms usually glabrous;
blades 10 to 25 cm long, 7 to 15 mm wide, usually scabrous on the
upper surface and smooth beneath; panicle 15 to 30 cm long, the

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 683 .

branches erect, the lower distant, the upper approximate, 2 to 10
cm long; spikelets 2.4 to 2.7 mm long, lanceolate, acute; first glume
about half the length of the spikelet; fruit less rigid than usual in
the genus, the apex of the palea scarcely enclosed. 2 —Moist soil
along river banks and ditches, borders of lakes and ponds, often in

FIGURE 1538.—Panicum brachyanthum. 'Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

the water, sometimes a weed in moist cultivated fields, Coastal Plain,
New Jersey to Florida and Texas; Brazil (fig. 1543).
16. Gymnocarpa.—Succulent glabrous perennial; panicles of several
to many long stiffly ascending racemes along a main axis;
spikelets strongly 3- to 5-nerved, glabrous.
160. Panicum gymnocarpon EJ]. (Fig. 1544.) Creeping, the base
as much as 2 m long, rooting at the nodes; culms 60 to 100 cm tall;

—_S>— _—

35 oe

ee ” Whe a

FIGURE 1539.—Panicum urvilleanum. 'Two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Type.)

blades elongate, 15 to 25 mm wide, flat, scarcely narrowed at the
cordate, sparingly ciliate base, the margin very scabrous; panicle 20
to 40 cm long; spikelets 6 to 7 mm long; first glume nearly as long as
the sterile lemma, the second glume exceeding the sterile lemma,
all acuminate-pointed, much exceeding the obovate, stipitate fruit,
this 2 mm long, smooth and shining. 2 W—Ditches and muddy
banks of streams and lakes, Georgia and Florida to Texas (fig. 1545).

684 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1540.— Panicum obtusum. Plant, X 14; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Hitchcock 13412, Tex.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 685

130. LASLACIS (Griseb.) Hitche.

Spikelets subglobose, placed obliquely on their pedicels; first glume
broad, somewhat inflated-ventricose, usually not more than one-third
the length of the spikelet, sev-
eral-nerved; second glume and
sterile lemma about equal,
broad, abruptly apiculate,
papery-chartaceous, shining,
many-nerved, glabrous, or
lanose at the apex only, the
Hicuey 1b Deaibution ot - lemma. enclosing’ a,membrana-

ceous palea and sometimes a
staminate flower; fertile lemma white, bony-indurate,
obovoid, obtuse, this and the palea of the same tex-
ture, bearing at the apex in
a slight depression a tuft of
woolly hairs, the palea concave
below, gibbous above, the apex
often free at maturity. Large
branching perennials, with
ieee culms often clambering
FIGURE 1543.—Distribution of gayergl meters high into shrubs

en ees or trees, the blades firm, flat, ‘
usually lanceolate and narrowed into a petiole, the Fievre 1542—Pani-
spikelets in an open panicle. Type species, Lasiacis Panicle, 1° apikee

juanveate. «Name \~.Pt me Soret, x 10.
from Greek lasios, ee eon
woolly, and akis, point, alluding to
the tuft of wool at the tip of the
fruit.

1. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitche.
TriBIsEE. (Fig. 1546.) Glabrous

FIGURE 1545.—Distribution of
Panicum gymnocarpon.

VT /f throughout except the margins of

Wh HY the sheaths; culms much branched,

1) clambering over shrubs to the height
. 7. _ of 3 or 4 m, the main culm (cane)

SL EL IL Ces”. Strong, as much as. 6.mm in diam-
eter, the main branches often fas-

cicled, the vigorous secondary sterile shoots usually strongly divari-
cate or zigzag; blades narrowly lanceolate, 5 to 20 cm long, 5 to 15
mm wide, or larger on vigorous sterile shoots; panicles terminating

686 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

the main culm and branches, 5 to 20 cm long, loosely few-flowered,
the branches distant, spreading or reflexed; spikelets ovoid, about

FIGURE 1546.—Lasiacis divaricata. Plant, X 44; spikelet and floret, X 10. (Curtiss 5530, Fla.)

4 mm long, black at maturity. 2 —Copses and edges of woods,
southern Florida; tropical America, at low altitudes, especially near
the seacoast.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 687

131. SACCIOLEPIS Nash

Spikelets oblong-conic; first glume much shorter than the spikelet;
second glume broad, inflated-saccate, strongly many-nerved; sterile

FIGURE 1547.—Sacciolepis striata. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 4240, Fla.)

lemma narrower, flat, fewer nerved, its palea nearly as long, often
subtending a staminate flower; fertile lemma stipitate, elliptic,
chartaceous-indurate, the margins inrolled, the palea not enclosed at

55974°—35——44
,

|

|
688 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF ian GAGA

the summit. Annuals or perennials, of wet soil, usually bianalee
the inflorescence a dense, usually elongate, spikelike panicle. Type
species, Panicum gibbum Ell. (Sacciolepis striata). Name from
Greek sakkion, a small bag, and lepis, scale, alluding to the saccate
second glume. |
1. Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash. (Fig. 1547.) Perennial, gla-
brous, often decumbent and_ rooting at
base; culms as much as 1 to 2 m tall;
sheaths more or less papillose-hirsute; blades
lanceolate, 4 to 20 cm long; panicles 6 to
30 cm long; spikelets about 4 mm _ long.
2 (Sacciolepis gibba Nash.)—Marshes,
caer a ditches, and wet places, Coastal Plain, New
ee EE ef dersey (Cape May) | to Florida,” Tennessee,
Texas, and Oklahoma; West Indies (fig. 1548).
Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase. Annual; culms slender, spreading,
20 to 60 cm tall; blades 2 to 4 mm wide; panicle spikelike, 1 to 4 cm
long; spikelets about 2.5 mm long, glabrous. 2 M—Jntroduced in a
Government pecan orchard, Thomasville, Ga. India.

132. OPLISMENUS Beauv.

Spikelets terete or somewhat laterally compressed, subsessile,
solitary or in pairs, in two rows crowded or approximate on one side
of a narrow scabrous or hairy rachis; glumes about equal, entire, or
emarginate, awned from the apex or from between the lobes; sterile
lemma exceeding the glumes and fruit, notched or entire, mucronate
or short-awned, enclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma elliptic, acute,
convex or boat-shaped, the firm margins clasping the palea, not
inrolled. Freely branching, creeping, shade-loving annuals or
perennials, with erect flowering shoots, flat, thin, lanceolate or ovate
blades, and several one-sided, thickish, short racemes rather distant
on a main axis. Type species, Oplismenus africanus Beauv. Name
from Greek hoplismenos, armed, alluding to the awned spikelets.

1. Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. and Schult. (Fig. 1549.)
Perennial; culms slender, lax, ascending or prostrate, 10 to 20 cm
long, sometimes as much as 30 cm; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
thin, 1 to 3 cm long, 4 to 10 mm wide; panicle long-exserted, usually
not more than 5 cm long; racemes usually 3 to 5, subglobose, distant
or the upper approximate, the lower internodes sometimes as much
as 2 cm long, the rachis 2 to 3 mm long, sometimes to 6 mm; spikelets
about 5 (4 to 8) on each rachis; awn of first glume 4 to 8 mm long.
2 —Shaded places along the coast, North Carolina to Florida,
Arkansas, and Texas; tropical America at low altitudes (fig. 1550).

An allied species of the American tropics, Oplismenus hirtellus (L.)
Beauv., basket grass, is cultivated by florists as a basket plant and
for edging, under the name Panicum variegatum. It has been incor-
rectly referred to Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) Beauv. The common
form in cultivation is variegated, the blades being striped with white.

689
(Curtiss 5553, Fla.)

Pope
eS
ss x — {Soy
Se SSS SSN
per —— i
__ a ALO Ee oe roa EN

FIGURE 1550.—Distribution of
Oplismenus setarius.

ak
2

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 1549.— Oplismenus setarius. Plant, X 44; two views of spikelet, and floret, « 10.

690 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

130. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.

Spikelets plano convex, often stiffly hispid, subsessile, solitary or in
irregular clusters on one side

4 of the panicle branches; first

Ne glume about half the length

* of the spikelet, pointed ; sec-

Wy ond glume and sterile lemma

’ equal, pointed, mucronate,

or the glume short-awned

“yy and the lemma long-awned,

sometimes conspicuously
so, enclosing a membrana-
ceous palea and sometimes

a staminate flower; fer-

tile lemma_ planoconvex,

smooth and shining, acum-
inate-pointed, the margins
inrolled below, flat above,
the apex of the palea not
enclosed. Coarse, often suc-
culent, annuals or peren-
nials, with compressed
sheaths, linear flat blades,
and rather compact panicles
composed of short, densely

flowered racemes along a

main axis. Our species are

annuals without ligules.

Type species, Echinochloa

crusgalli. Name from

Greek echinos, hedgehog,

FIGURE 1551.—Echinochloa colonum, X1. (Bentley, Tex.) and chloa, J glass, alluding
to the echinate spikelets.
All the species are grazed by stock but usu-
ally grow in sparse stands or in situations where
they cannot well be utilized. LE. crusgalli is
occasionally cut for hay. Echinochloa crusgalli
var. frumentacea, Japanese millet, has been
advertised by seedsmen in this country as
billion-dollar grass and recommended for for-
age. It has some forage value, but requires F'60RE, 1552. Distribution of
considerable moisture to produce abundantly,

and is rather too succulent for hay. This and forms of E. colonum

are cultivated in tropical Asia and tropical Africa for the seeds

which are used for food.

Racemes simple, rather distant, 1 to 2 cm long; spikelets crowded in about 4
rows, the awn of the sterile lemma reduced to a short point; blades 3 to 6
NN VT 2a I lh ge a 1. E. coLonum.

Racemes more or less branched, usually more than 2 cm long; spikelets irregu-
larly crowded and fascicled, usually not arranged in rows, the awn of the

sterile lemma variable; blades usually more than 5 mm wide.
Sterile floret staminate: = "S06 42 Wee ee 4. KE. PALUDIGENA.

691

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

Ai

pikelet, and floret, X 10.

xX 14; two views of s

Plant,
(Somes 3725, Iowa.) |

FIGURE 1553.—Echinochloa crusgalii.

692 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
|

Sterile floret neuter. |
Sheaths smooth; awns variable, but the panicle not a dense mass of long-
awned spikelets.

Panicles erect and rather stiff (heavy panicles somewhat nodding);

Spikelets conspicuously hispide 01222722 seen 2. E. CRUSGALLI.
Panicles soft and nodding; spikelets inconspicuously hispid.

E. CRUS-PAVONIS.

Sheaths, at least the lower, hispid or scabrous; panicle dense, the spikelets

long=a wine de® Sri Bet eh nd OU a ea 5. E. WALTERI.

1. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. Juneun-ricr. (Fig. 1551.)
Culms prostrate to erect, 20 to 40 cm long; blades rather lax, 3 to
6 mm wide, occasionally transversely zoned with purple; panicle 5
to 15 cm long; racemes several, 1 to 2 cm long, appressed or as-

FIGURE 1554.—Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis, X 1. FIGURE 1555.—Echinochloa crusgalli var.
(Pammel and Cratty 791, Iowa.) zelayensis, X 1. (Mearns 744, Mex.)

cending, single or occasionally two approximate, the lower usually
distant as much as 1 cm; spikelets about 3mm long, crowded, nearly
sessile; second glume and sterile lemma short-pointed, rather soft,
faintly nerved, the nerves weakly hispid-scabrous. © —Ditches
and moist places, Virginia to Missouri, south to Florida, Texas, and
southeastern California; ballast, Camden, N.J., Philadelphia, Pa., and
Portland, Oreg. (fig.'1552); tropical regions of both hemispheres;
introduced in America.

2. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyarp Grass. (Fig.
1553.) Culms erect to decumbent, stout, as much as 1 m or even
1.5 m tall, often branching at base; sheaths glabrous; blades elon-
gate, 5 to 15 mm wide; panicle erect or nodding, purple tinged, 10 to
20 cm long; racemes spreading, ascending or appressed, the lower
somewhat distant, as much as 10 cm long, sometimes branched, the

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 693

upper approximate; spikelets crowded, about 3 mm long, excluding
the awns; internerves hispidulous; nerves strongly tuberculate-
hispid; awn variable, mostly 5 to 10 mm long on at least some of the
spikelets, sometimes as much as 3 cm. © -Moist open places,
ditches, cultivated fields, and Z
waste ground, New Brunswick to WA
Washington, south to Florida
and California, mostly at low
and medium altitudes; Eastern
Hemisphere. Echinochloa muri-
cata (Michx.) Fernald is differ-
entiated by Fernald from FE.
crusgalli by the stiff hairs arising
from papillae on the spikelets,
true E. crusgalli as he under-
stands it having hairs that lack
the papillose base. The author
has been unable to separate LE.
muricata, the European speci-
mens having on the average as

FIGURE 1556.—Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea,
X 1. (Piper, Tex.)

strongly tuberculate spikelets
as Michaux’s specimen. The
three following varieties inter-
grade and can be only arbitra-
rily distinguished.
ECHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI
var. MiTis (Pursh) Peterm.
(Fig. 1554.) Spikelets awnless
or nearly so, the awns less than
3mmlong. © —Moist places
over about the same area as the
species and nearly as common.
ECHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI Var.
ZELAYENSIS (H.B.K.) Hitche.
(Fig. 1555.) Differs from FE.
crusgalli var. mitis in having
less succulent culms, mostly
simple, more or less appressed
racemes, the spikelets less
strongly hispid but papillose, usually green. Small plants resem-
ble E. colonum, but differ in the more distinctly pointed spikelets,
more spreading racemes, and erect more robust culms. © —Moist,
often alkaline places, Oklahoma to Oregon, south to Texas and Cali-

FIGURE 1557.— Echinochloa crus-pavonis, X1. (Sintenis
1889, P.R.)

694 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

fornia; Mexico to Argentina, in the tablelands. (Type from Zelaya,
Mexico.)

ECHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI Var. FRUMENTACEA. (Roxb.) Wight. Jav-
ANESE MILLET. (Fig. 1556.) Racemes thick, appressed, incurved;
spikelets more turgid, awnless, mostly purple. © (Var. edulis
Hitche.)—Occasionally cultivated as a forage grass and escaped here
and there. Exploited at one time under the name billion-dollar grass.

3. Echinochloa crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schult. (Fig. 1557.) Culms
erect or sometimes decumbent at base, as much as 1 m tall; blades
5 to 15 mm wide; panicle 10 to 20 cm long, nodding, rather soft,

DY, Wy Vy pinkish or pale purple; racemes mostly

NY y ascending or appressed, the lower some-
| what distant; spikelets about 3 mm long,

j hispid on the nerves, hispidulous on the
internerves, the awn usually about 1 cm

ii SLA
= LS
SE
NI

\\ ' i \9 Ys Gis A

AV Ni} Y
SNH)

WY WY,

LALA

—Z

———=—

-—

=—2

= a . %) E \
\ 5 WA,
SS g Vf jf ii,
FIGURE 1558.—Echinochloa paludigena, FIGURE 1559.— Echinochloa walteri, X 1. (Chase
<1. (Fredholm 6390, Fla.) 1426, Ill.)

long. © (KE. crusgalli crus-pavonis Hitche.)—Marshes and wet
places, often in the water, Alabama, southern Texas, and through
tropical America at low altitudes.

4, Echinochloa paludigena Wiegand. (Fig. 1558.) Culms mostly
solitary, erect, rather stout, usually 1 to 1.5 m tall; blades elongate,
8 to 20 mm wide; panicle narrow, usually 20 to 30 cm long; racemes
ascending, usually simple, rather evenly distributed on the axis, not
closely crowded, sometimes remote; spikelets about as in EF. crusgalli,
but on the average less strongly tuberculate; sterile floret staminate.
© —Ditches, marshes, and wet places, often in shallow water, south
and central Florida.

5. Echinochloa waltéri (Pursh) Heller. (Fig. 1559.) Culms
usually stout, erect, 1 to 2 m tall; sheaths papillose-hispid or papillose
only, sometimes only the lower sheaths hispid or the hairs on the

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 695

margins only; panicle dense, as much as 30 cm long; spikelets some-
what less turgid than in E. crusgalli, the awns usually purple, 1 to 2
cm long or sometimes longer. © —Wet places, often in shallow
water, or brackish marshes, Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Florida
and Texas; New York to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Kentucky (fig. 1560).
Sheaths rarely glabrous (Z. longearistata Nash).

134. TRICHOLAENA Schrad.

Spikelets on short capillary pedicels; first glume minute, villous;
second glume and sterile lemma equal, raised on a stipe above the first
glume, emarginate or slightly lobed, short-
awned, covered, except toward the apex, with
long silky hairs, the palea of the sterile lemma
well developed; fertile lemma shorter than the
spikelet, cartilaginous, smooth, boat-shaped,
obtuse, the margin thin, not inrolled, enclosing
the margins of the palea. Perennial or annual — ae
grasses, with rather open panicles of silky (7° "Hi ia ualtel
spikelets. Typespecies, Tricholaena micrantha
Schrad. Named from Greek thriz (trich-) hair, and chlaina, cloak,
alluding to the silky spikelets.

1. Tricholaena rosea Nees. Natatarass. (Fig. 1561.) Annual;
culms slender, about 1 m tall; blades flat, 2 to 5 mm wide; panicle
rosy purple, 10 to 15 cm long, the branches slender, ascending; spike-
lets about 5 mm long, the capillary pedicels flexuous or recurved.
© —Sandy prairies, open woods, fields, and waste places, Florida
and Texas; naturalized from South Africa; drier parts of tropical
America at low altitudes. Cultivated as a meadow grass in sandy
soil in Florida and more rarely along the Gulf coast. Referred by
some to Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb., a dubious name.

CORIDOCHLOA Nees

Spikelets flattened, ovate, in 2 or 3’s, subsessile along a slender
rachis; glumes and sterile lemma papery, the second glume stiffly
ciliate; fruit stipitate, awned. Annual, with several digitate racemes
naked at base.

Coridéchloa cimicina (L.) Nees. Culms 20 to 60 cm tall; sheaths
hispid; blades 3 to 8 em long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, subcordate; racemes
mostly 4 to 8, digitate, sometimes a second whorl below; spikelets
about 3 mm long, the awn of the fruit curved, about 1 mm long.—
Sparingly introduced in Florida. Southern Asia.’

135. SETARIA Beauv.
(Chaetochloa Scribn.)

Spikelets subtended by one to several bristles (sterile branchlets),
falling free from the bristles, awnless; first glume broad, usually less
than half the length of the spikelet, 3- to 5-nerved; second glume and
sterile lemma equal, or the glume shorter, several-nerved; fertile
lemma coriaceous-indurate, smooth or transversely rugose. Annual
or perennial grasses, with narrow terminal panicles, these dense and
spikelike or somewhat loose and open. Type species, Setaria viridis,

696 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(Tracy 9365, Fla.)

Plant, X 1%; spikelet and floret, X 10.

FIGURE 1561.— Tricholaena rosea.

|

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 697

Name from Latin seta, a bristle, alluding to the numerous bristles of
the inflorescence. The species are, in general, palatable and nutri-
tious. A few species, especially S. macrostachya, form an appreciable
part of the forage on southwestern ranges. Primitive peoples have
cultivated S. italica, Italian or foxtail millet, since prehistoric times.
The seed has been found in early remains such as those of the Swiss
lake dwellings of the stone age. In America the species is used for hay.
Another species, S. palmifolia, is cultivated for ornament 1n green-
houses.

Bristles below each spikelet numerous, at least more than 5. Panicle dense,
cylindric, spikelike.
pints carn eee eee ER Ae ke ee 1. S. LUTESCENS.
PP emeeserenniinl yay mas a) ot eS a Boks 2. S. GENICULATA.
Bristles below each spikelet 1, or, by the abortion of the spikelets, 2 or 3.
Bristles more or less retrorsely scabrous (antrorsely in var. ambigua)
S. VERTICILLATA.
Bristles antrorsely scabrous only.
Plants perennial.
Spikelets 3 mm long.
iIBin@es seabramses Sys 5 i)2 2s coh A Ee ok 4. S.MACROSPERMA.
Rolcinbcrnay LMU e ert eM Eos a ce pe 2 ae 5. SS. VILLOSISSIMA.
Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long.
Blades mostly less than 1 em wide, often folded; panicles usually loosely
or interruptedly spikelike, the branches usually not more than

ie caren Lopryee tis Wey. Ce en ae ee ee 6. S. MACROSTACHYA.
Blades flat, as much as 1.5 em wide; panicles tapering from near the
base, the lower branches as much as 8cm long___- 7. S. SCHEELEI.

Plants annual.
Fertile lemma coarsely transversely rugose.

Panivle denscneyiimdric. soe jo Le eT ae 8. S. corRUGATA.

Eaniclesloggselyehowered.. 8220s ee 9. S. LIEBMANNI.
Fertile lemma finely cross-lined or nearly smooth.

Panicle loosely flowered, tapering above___---__-- 10. S. GRISEBACHII.

Panicle compactly flowered, sometimes interrupted at base.
Culms as much as 3m tall. Bristles 1 to 2 cm long; fertile lemma
BiaGOtn On medrny SOn at 22k Oey Sik Wen Ble} 11. S. maena.
Culms mostly less than 1 m tall.

Panicle cylindric, tapering above, green; spikelets falling entire.
1 S. VIRIDIS.
Panicle lobed or interrupted, often large and heavy, purple or yel-

low; fruit deciduous from glumes and sterile lemma.

13. §. ITALIcA.

1. Setaria lutéscens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb. YELitow pristie-
Grass. (Fig. 1562.) Annual, branching at base; culms erect to
prostrate, mostly 50 to 100 cm tall, compressed; sheaths keeled;
blades as much as 25 cm long and 1 cm wide, flat, twisted in a loose
spiral, villous toward the base above; panicle dense, evenly cylindric,
spikelike, yellow at maturity, mostly 5 to 10 em long, about 1 cm
thick, the axis densely pubescent; bristles 5 to 20 in a cluster, the
longer 2 to 3 times as long as the spikelet; spikelets 3 mm long; fruit
strongly rugose. © —Cultivated soil and waste places, New Bruns-
wick to South Dakota, south to northern Florida and Texas, occa-
sional from British Columbia to California and New Mexico; Jamaica,
at high altitudes (fig. 1563); introduced from Europe; widely distrib-
uted in temperate regions. This species has been erroneously
referred to S. glauca (L.) Beauv.

2. Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. KNoTrRoOoT BRISTLEGRASS.
(Fig. 1564.) Resembling S. lutescens but perennial, producing short
knotty branching rhizomes as much as 4 cm long; base of plant slender,
wiry; blades mainly straight (not twisted as in S. lutescens); bristles

698 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

yellow or purple, 1 to 3 times or even 6 times as long as the spikelet;
spikelets 2 to 2.5 or even 3mm long. 2 —Open ground, pastures,
cultivated soil, salt marshes, and moist ground along the coast,
Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, in the interior north to West

FIGURE 1562.—Setaria lutescens. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Chase 2986, D.C.)

Virginia, Illinois, and Kansas, west to California; tropical America
to Argentina and Chile (fig. 1565).

Setaria nigriréstris (Nees) Dur. and Schinz. Perennial; resem-
bling S. lutescens but the dense spikelike racemes purple or dark
brown. 2 —Ballast, near Portland, Oreg.; South Africa.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 699

3. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Bur bsristiecrass. (Fig.
1566.) Annual, often much branched at base and geniculate-spread-
ing, as much as 1 m long; blades flat, rather thin, scabrous and
often more or less pilose, 10 to 20 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle
erect but not stiff, cylindric or somewhat tapering upward, more or

FIGURE 1563.—Distribution of
Setaria lutescens,

f,

Uf
FIGURE 1564.—Setaria geniculata, X 1. (Chase FIGURE 1566.—Setaria verticillata,
2981, Md.) x1. (Steele, D.C.)

California (fig. 1567); introduced from Europe;
tropical America at medium altitudes.

SETARIA VERTICILLATA Var. AMB{GUA (Guss.)
Parl. Differing from S. verticillata in the sca-
brous but not pilose axis of the panicle and the
antrorsely scabrous bristles, mostly 2 to 3
FicuRE 1565.—Distribution of times as long as the spikelets, at maturity

Sen OEE: spreading and more or less implicate. © —
Sparingly introduced in the United States, ballast, and waste places,
Se N.Y., Philadelphia, District of Columbia, and Mobile, Ala.;

urope.

4, Setaria macrospérma (Scribn. and Merr.) Schum. (Fig. 1568.)
Perennial, often in large tufts, 1 to 1.5 m tall; sheaths keeled; blades
elongate, 1 to 2 cm wide, scabrous on upper surface; panicle 15 to 30 em
long, 2 to 4. cm wide, tapering to both ends, rather loose, the secondary

700 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

panicles smaller, compact, the branches of the terminal panicle as
much as 2 cm long, about equally distributed; bristles single below
each spikelet, 1.5 to 3 cm long; spikelets 3 mm long. 2 —Open
ground, mostly on coral rock or coral sand, Florida; Bahamas.

5. Setaria villosissima (Scribn. and Merr.) Schum. (Fig. 1569.)
Perennial, as much as 1 m tall; blades flat, villous or scabrous only,
15 to 30 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle rather loose, more or less
interrupted, tapering above, as much as 25 em long, the branches

, ascending, the axis vil-
lous; bristles 1.5 to 2.5
em long; spikelets about
3 mm long, the second
glume slightly shorter;
fruit finely rugose.
—A rare or little-known
species from a few local-
ANNE ities in Texas, and possi-
NS gy bly from Arizona. Differing

+H) Hp Ly, from S. macrosperma in the vil-
WeZ=—_ lous blades and looser panicles.
Wise 6. Setaria macrostachya

we

W et-=- H.B.K. PLaIns BRISTLEGRASS.
TA

FIGURE 1567.—Distribution of

Setaria verticillata.
(Fig.1570.) Perennial, densely
tufted, usually pale or glaucous,
40 to 120 cm tall; blades flat or
folded, scabrous on the upper
surface, rarely pubescent on both surfaces, 15 to 40 cm long, 3 to
10 mm wide; panicle spikelike, 10 to 25 cm long, mostly 5 to 10 mm
thick, somewhat tapering but not attenuate, more or less interrupted
or lobed; bristles 10 to 15 mm long; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long,
very turgid; fruit rugose. 2 —Open dry ground and dry woods,
Texas to Colorado and Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1571). Variable,
especially in the thickness of the panicle, sometimes very slender,
occasionally to 15 mm thick. The type, from Mexico, is the robust
form with thick panicles.

Setaria set6sa (Swartz) Beauv. Panicle interrupted, attenuate at
apex. 2 —Ballast, Camden, N.J., and Key West, Fla.; adventive
from the West Indies.

Setaria rariflora Mikan. Similar to S. setosa, the panicle and blades
more slender. 2 —Mobile, Ala.; adventive from South America.

7. Setaria scheélei (Steud.) Hitche. (Fig. 1572.) Perennial, 60
to 120 cm tall; sheaths compressed-keeled, glabrous or more or less
hispid, the collar hispid; blades flat, elongate, as much as 1.5 cm wide,
scabrous or more or less pubescent; panicle rather loose, mostly 15
to 20 cm long, tapering from near the base, the lower branches as
much as 3 cm long, ascending, the axis scabrous-pubescent and rather

(Curtiss 3617, Fla.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 701

sparsely villous; bristles 1 to 1.5 cm long, rather numerous, flexuous;
spikelets about 2 mm ,,,,,,
long; fruit rugose. 2 — \\Wi Wf
Open or rocky woods, {NJ W/,
Texas and Arizona. Dif- \ \j |
fering from S. macrosta- \\\N Ky ;
chya in the looser panicle \\if //}
and the longer lower |
branches. i
8. Setaria corrugata
(Ell.) Schult. (Fig. 1573.)
Annual, erect or genicu- \
late-spreading; culms
freely branching, as much \ y
as 1 m tall; blades flat, ‘a
scabrous, as much as 30
em long and 1 cm wide
(commonly less than 5
mm); panicle dense, cyl-
indric, usually 5 to 10 cm
long, the axis densely
hispid-scabrous and also
villous; bristles much ex-
ceeding the_ spikelets,
sometimes as much as 2
cm long, green or purple;
spikelets 2mmlong; fruit |i}
Aaa sae cHeratad PMR M9—Setarin itosasima, X 1. Smith, Tex)

fields, and waste places, along the
coast, North Carolina to Florida
and Louisiana; Cuba (fig. 1574).

9. Setaria liebmanni Fourn.
(Fig. 1575.) Annual, branching
|} below, 30 to 100 cm tall; blades
j\ flat, rather thin, 10 to 20 cm long,
/1 to 2 cm wide, scabrous; panicle
¥ loosely flowered, tapering at each
end, often nodding, usually 10
to 25 em long, from slender to
25 mm wide; bristles 7 to 15
mm long; spikelets about 2 mm
long; fruit coarsely and strongly
rugose. © —QOpen sandy or
rocky soil, Arizona (Tucson) ; Mex-
ico to Nicaragua.

10. Setaria grisebachii Fourn.
GRISEBACH BRISTLEGRASS. (Fig.
1576.) Resembling S. hebmanni;
blades smaller, panicle branches
densely flowered; fruit finely
rugose. © -—Open ground,
FIGURE 1570.—Setaria macrostachya, X 1 ofte an Wes weed in fields, Texas to

(Hitchcock 13605, Tex)’ ’ Arizona; Mexico,

702 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

11. Setaria magna Griseb. GIANT BRISTLEGRASS. (Fig. 1577.)
Annual, robust, erect; culms spar- . - sey ay
ingly branching, as much as 4 m NR ie Ap ‘
: af
Wid

tall and 2 cm thick at base; blades ae
flat, scabrous, as much as 50 cm Qe |
] disce wide; ielesii nk SAS) VA
ong an cm ; panicle Wa

: REQ Wj
densely flowered, nodding, often SvaiZgg
interrupted at base, tapering at _ — AQAA, a
eachend,asmuchas50cmlongand “SS NE s
3 cm thick, those of the branches ; SOS /
much smaller; bristles 1 to 2 em ~QQ¥aAly

long; spikelets about 2 mm long; ey :

A
ys CA
Vr SS,
SUS
Zo
Sho lt Sasa
\S ak {S
SNES
Sy \

SANZ \/// 7
IN I
AN ‘ =e
S Wye Caan
a
FIGURE 1571.—Distribution of SSR SME
Setaria macrostachya. NG Li
| Ng
fruit smooth or nearly ; US Nite ss
so, brown and _ shining \y I AQN MY t=
at maturity.) CO) la eet ee <r
Marshes and wet places N 4 |
along the coast, New SAV
} We
Jersey to Florida and ! SAMA 2
Texas West Indies (fig FIGURE 1572.—Setaria scheelei, X 1. (Bush 1244, Tex.)
:

1578). 12. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.
GREEN BRISTLEGRASS. (Fig.1579,)
Annual, branching at base, some-
times geniculate-spreading, 20 to

40 cm tall (or even 1 m); blades

FIGURE 1574.—Distribution of
Setaria corrugata.

flat, usually less than 15 cm long
and 1 cm wide; panicle erect
or somewhat nodding, densely
flowered, green or purple, cylin-
dric but tapering a little at the summit,
usually less than 7 cm long; bristles 1 to 3
below each spikelet, mostly 3 to 4 times their
length; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm long; fruit
very finely rugose. © -—A weed in cul-
a i tivated soil and wae pve, Cone
IGURE 1573.— Setaria corrugata, X1. throughout the cooler parts of the Unite

Dips: gia ERS yes Newfoundland to British Columbia,
south to Florida and California, infrequent in the Southern States
and in the mountains; introduced from Europe,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

703

FIGURE 1576.—Setaria grisebachii, X 1.
(Metcalfe 1262, N. Mex.)

FIGURE 1578.—Distribution of
Setaria magna.

MMi

FIGURE 1577.—Setaria magna, X 1. FIGURE 1579.—Setaria viridis, X 1.
(Nash 1279, Fla.)
55974°—35——45

(Thompson

, Kans.)

704 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

13. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. FoxtamL miuuetT. (Fig. 1580.)
Cultivated form of S. mridis, more robust, with broader blades and
larger lobed panicles, the fruit smooth or nearly so, shining at matur-
ity, fallmg away from the remainder of the spikelet. In the larger
forms the culms may be as much as 1 em thick and the panicles as
much as 30 em long and 3 em thick, yellow or purple; bristles from
scarcely longer than the spikelets to 3 to 4 times as long; fruit tawny
to red, brown, or black. The smaller forms are known as Hungarian
erass. © —Cultivated in the warmer parts of
the United States, especially from Nebraska to
Texas; escaped from cultivation in waste places
throughout the United States; Eurasia.

Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth. Decumbent
annual; blades thin, lightly plicate, 1 to 2.5 em
wide; panicles narrow, loose; bristles 5 to 10 mm
long. © —Ballast, Apalachicola and Miami,
Fla.; adventive from East Indies.

FIGURE 1580.—Seiaria italica, FIGURE 1581.—Setaria palmifolia, X 1. (Hitchcock 9727, Jamaica.)
X 1; floret, X 5. (Williams 82,
Des)

SETARIA PALMIFOLIA (Willd.) Stapf. Paumerass. (Fig. 1581.) Tall peren-
nial; blades plicate, as much as 50 cm long and 6 cm wide; panicle loose, 20 to
40 cm long; bristles inconspicuous. 2 -—Cultivated in the South and in
greenhouses for ornament. (Sometimes called Panicum plicatum.) Native of
India. 46

SETARIA POIRETIANA (Schult.) Kunth. Differing from S. palmifolia in having
a narrow panicle about 30 cm long with numerous ascending branches. 2 —
Occasionally cultivated for ornament. (Sometimes called Panicum sulcatum.)

Tropical America. The last three species belong to the section Ptychophyllum,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 705

136. PENNISETUM LL. Rich.

Spikelets solitary or in groups of two or three, surrounded by an
involucre of bristles (sterile branchlets), these not united except at
the very base, often plumose, falling attached to the spikelets; first
glume shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute or wanting;
second glume shorter than or equaling the sterile lemma; fertile
lemma chartaceous, smooth, the margin thin, enclosing the palea.
Annuals or perennials, often branched, with usually flat blades and
dense spikelike panicles. Type species, Pennisetum typhoideum L.
Rich. (P. glaucum). Name from Latin penna, feather, and seta,
bristle, alluding to the plumose bristles of some species.

The most important species is P. glaucum, pearl millet, which is
widely cultivated in tropical Africa and Asia, the seed being used for
human food. It has been cultivated since prehistoric times, its wild
prototype being unknown. In the United States pearl millet is used
to a limited extent in the Southern States for forage, especially for
soiling. Two species, P. villosum and P. ruppelii, are cultivated for
ornament. An African species, P. purpureum, elephant or Napier
erass, is used in the Southern States as a forage plant.

Plants annual; bristles of involucre about as long as the spikelets. Cultivated.
P, GLAUCUM.
Plants perennial; bristles much longer than the spikelets.
Longer bristles 1 em long.

Bristles unlike, the inner silky, plumose________________- 2. P. SETOSUM.

Pees lena hsenststieer ene ie es oo 3. P. NERVOSUM.
Longer bristles 3 to 4 em long, the panicles feathery.

amie mea wong ee te 4. P. vILLosuUM,

Panicle elongate, purple OF rosy... 2. 32 = oe 5. SSR UPPELIT

1. Pennisetum glaiicum (L.) R. Br. Praru Minter. (Fig. 1582.)
Annual; culms robust, as much as 2 m tall, densely villous below
the panicle; blades flat, cordate, sometimes as much as 1 m long
and 5 cm wide; panicle cylindric, stiff, very dense, as much as 40 to
50 cm long and 2 to 2.5 cm thick, pale, bluish tinged, or sometimes
tawny, the stout axis densely villous; fascicles peduncled, spikelets
short-pediceled, 2 in a fascicle, 3.5 to 4.5 mm long, obovate, turgid,
the grain at maturity protruding from the hairy-margined lemma and
palea. (P. typhoideum L. Rich.; Penicillaria spicata Willd.)—
Cultivated to a limited extent in the Southern States for forage;
Eastern Hemisphere.

Pennisetum purpireum Schumach. Napier Grass. Robust leafy
perennial, 2 to 4 m tall; blades elongate, 2 to 3 em wide; panicle
dense, elongate, stiff, tawny or purplish, with sparsely plumose
bristles about 1 cm long. 2 -—AIntroduced from Africa; used as a
forage plant in southern Florida; grown in the West Indies and South
America. Also called elephant grass.

2. Pennisetum setdésum (Swartz) L. Rich. (Fig. 1583.) Peren-
nial; culms sometimes 30 or more in loose clumps, 1 to 2 m tall, geniculate,
sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, bearing 1 to several flowering
branches from the lower and middle nodes, scabrous below the panicle;
blades elongate, 4 to 18 mm wide; panicle 10 to 25 cm long, 8 to 10 mm
thick, excluding the bristles, rather dense, yellow to purple; fascicles
reflexed at maturity; bristles unequal, the outer delicate, mostly

f

706 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

iff
»

‘a
iM:
\f

‘

pated

FIGURE 1582.—Pennisetum glaucum. Panicle, X 4%; two views of spikelet and grain, X 10.
(McCarthy, N.C.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 707

shorter than the spikelet, the inner densely silky-plumose below, as
much as 1 cm long; spikelets solitary, 3.2 to4mm long. 2 —Open
slopes and savannas, southern Florida; tropical America.

3. Pennisetum nervosum (Nees) Trin. (Fig. 1584.) Perennial;
culms robust, branching, as much as 3 m tall; blades elongate, 5 to
10 mm wide, scabrous; panicle dense, somewhat flexuous, 10 to 20 cm
long: fascicles spreading to reflexed; bristles scabrous, the outer about
as long as the spikelet, the inner about 10 mm long; spikelet solitary,

5 to6 mm long, 2 —NMoist open or brushy places, Brownsville,

/

!

f

|

j = .

Np tify

ONG WY
‘ ‘We a Z h\X

2
)

ws = YA

——s y SZ Ne
== 7) 7 ZN

Oye \\i
j f :

v.

, FIGURE 1584.— Pennisetum nervosum,
FIGURE 1583.—Pennisetum setosum, X ¥%. x %. (Ferris and Duncan 3198,
(Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 611, Trinidad.) Tex.)

Tex., a single locality along the Rio Grande, apparently introduced;
Ecuador to Brazil and Argentina.

4, Pennisetum villdsum R. Br. Fratruertorp. (Fig. 1585.) Per-
ennial; culms tufted, 30 to 60 cm tall, pubescent below the panicle;
blades 3 to 5 mm wide; panicle tawny, ovoid or oblong, 3 to 10 cm
long, 1 to 5 cm wide including bristles, dense, feathery; spikelets 1 to 4
in a fascicle; fascicles short-peduncled, a tuft of white hairs at base of
peduncle; bristles numerous, spreading, the inner very plumose, the
longer 4 to5cemlong. 2 (P. longistylum of florists, not Hochst.)—
Cultivated for ornament, sparingly escaped in dry ground, Michigan,
Texas, and California; introduced from Africa.

5. Pennisetum ruppélii Steud. Fountain erass. (Fig. 1586.)
Perennial, culms tufted, simple, about 1 m tall; blades narrow, elon-

708 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

gate, scabrous; panicle 15 to 35 em long, nodding, pink or purple;
fascicles peduncled, rather loosely arranged, containing 1 to 3 spike-
lets; bristles plumose toward base, unequal,
the longer 3 to 4 cm long. 2 —Cultivated
for ornament, especially as a border plant or
around fountains. Introduced from Africa.
Referred by some to P. setaceum (Forsk.)
Chiov., a dubious name.

Re oral j
CHYUM rongn. rin, Se WEE
Resembling P. ne pelit; NW
blades as much as 2.5 em N27
wide; panicle denser, brown-
ish purple, fascicles smaller;
bristles not plumose. 2
—Cultivated sparingly for
ornament. East Indies.

PENNISETUM ALOPECU-
ROIDES (L.) Spreng. Peren-
nial; culms tufted, slender,
60 to 120 cm tall, pubescent
below the panicle; blades
ee We Rea aay ae eee pane owe = ASSas \
v1 osum, 2- astwood 172, em ong, awny oO purp e = SX S YF WZ A a
eae) bristles prominent, often Wa ae G

purple, seabrous. pl CE FIGURE 1586.— Pennisetum TUD.
japonicum of gardens.)—Occasionally cultivated for ?% X ”% (Hitchcock, D.C.)
ornament. China.

PENNISETUM LATIFOLIUM Spreng. Perennial; culms 100 to 150 ecm tall, the
nodes appressed-pubescent; blades 2 to 3 cm wide, tapering to a long point;
panicles terminal and axillary, nodding, 5 to 8 cm long, the bristles prominent.
2 —Occasionally cultivated for ornament. South America.

137. CENCHRUS L. Sanpsur

Spikelets solitary or few together, surrounded and enclosed by a
spiny bur composed of numerous coalescing bristles (sterile branch-
lets), the bur subglobular, the peduncle short and thick, articulate at
base, falling with the spikelets and permanently enclosing them, the
seed germinating within the old involucre, the spines usually retrorsely
barbed. Annuals or sometimes perennials, commonly low and
branching, with flat blades and racemes of burs, the burs readily
deciduous. Type species, Cenchrus echinatus. Name from Greek
kegchros, a kind of millet.

The species are excellent forage grasses before the burs are formed.
Several species are weeds and become especially troublesome after
the maturity of the burs.

Involucral lobes united at the base only. Racemes dense; plants perennial.
C. MYOSUROIDES.

Involucral lobes united above the base.
Involucre with e@ ring of slender bristles at base. Plants annual.
Burs, excluding the bristles, not more than 4 mm wide, numerous, crowded
in a long raceme; lobes of the involucre interlocking, not spinelike.
C. vIRIDIs.
Burs, excluding the bristles, 5 to 7 mm wide, not densely crowded; lobes of
the involucre erect or nearly so or rarely one or two lobes loosely inter-
locking... the tips jspinelileess alee we se ee ee eee 3. C. ECHINATUS.
Involucre with flattened spreading spines, no ring of slender bristles at base.
Body of bur ovate, usually not more than 3.5 mm wide, tapering at base;
plants perennial.
Burs glabrous; spines 4 to 6 mm long_____________- 4. C. GRACILLIMUS.
Burs pubescent; spines rarely more than 4 mm long, usually shorter.
5. C. INCERTUS,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 709

Body of bur globose, 5 mm wide or more, not tapering at base; plants annual.
Burs, including spines, 7 to 8 mm wide, finely pubescent.
6. C. PAUCIFLORUS.
Burs, including spines, 10 to 15 mm wide, densely woolly.
C. TRIBULOIDES.

1. Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K. (Fig. 1587.) Stout glaucous
woody perennial; culms erect from an often decumbent base, 1 to 1.5 m

FIGURE 1587.—Cenchrus myosuroides. Bur, two FIGURE 1588.— Cenchrus viridis. Bur, two views of
views \" spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Léon 835, spikelet, and floret, 5. (Type.)
Cuba.

tall, branching below; blades 5 to 12 mm wide; raceme 10 to 25 cm
long, strict, erect, dense; burs 1-flowered, about 5 mm wide, the bristles
united at the base only, the outer shorter, the inner about as long as
the spikelet; spikelet 4.5 to 5.5 mm long. 2 W—Moist sandy open
ground or scrubland near the coast, Georgia and Florida, southern
Louisiana and southern Texas; tropical America.

Cenchrus barbatus Schum. Annual; culms 30 to 100 cm tall;
raceme 8 to 10 cm long, the burs usually 2-flowered, 4 to 6 mm long,

FIGURE 1589.—Cenchrus echinatus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock
9379, Jamaica.)

the outer row of bristles short, spreading, the inner flattened, rigid,
carts © (C. catharticus -Del.)—Ballast, Mobile, Ala.; native of
Nubia.

2. Cenchrus viridis Spreng. (Fig. 1588.) Annual, mostly erect,
30 to 100 cm tall; blades thin, flat, lax, 6 to 12 mm wide; raceme 4 to
10 cm long, dense; burs depressed globose, about 4 mm high, the outer
bristles numerous, very slender, the inner somewhat exceeding the
body, the lobes interlocking at maturity; spikelets usually 3. © —
Open ground, often a weed in waste places, Florida Keys; tropical
America at low altitudes; introduced in Malaysia.

710 = MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3. Cenchrus echinatus L. (Fig. 1589.) Annual; culms, com-
pressed, usually geniculate, branching at base, 25 to 60 cm long;
blades 3 to 8 mm wide, pilose on the upper surface near the base;
raceme 3 to 10 cm long, the burs larger, fewer, and less crowded than
in C. viridis; bur 4 to 7 mm high, as broad or broader, pubescent, the
lobes of the involucre erect or bent inward but not interlocking; spike-
lets usually 4 in each bur. © -—Open ground and waste places,
South Carolina to New Mexico; a common
weed in tropical America (fig. 1590); sparingly
introduced in Hawaii and Malaysia.

4, Cenchrus gracillimus Nash. (Fig. 1591.)
Perennial, at length forming dense clumps, gla-
brous as a whole; culms slender, wiry, erect
is renee mec ater kU ascending, 20 to 80 cm tall; blades usually

' Cenchrus echinatus, 6) folded, ‘2 to 3 mm. wide; “raceme: ante. 6) ent

long, the burs relatively distant, about 3.5,

rarely as much as 5 mm, wide (excluding spines), tapering at base,

glabrous; spines spreading or reflexed, flat, 4 to 6 mm long, the lobes

about 8; spikelets 2 or3in each bur. 2 —Sandy open ground and
high pineland, Florida, southern Alabama; Cuba, Jamaica.

5. Cenchrus incértus M. A. Curtis. CoasrsanpBur (Fig. 1592.)
Perennial, glabrous as a whole; culms 25 to 100 cm tall; blades com-
monly folded but sometimes flat, 2 to 5 mm wide; raceme 4 to 10 cm

FIGURE 1591.—Cenchrus gracillimus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, XX 5. (Type coll.)

long, the burs not crowded; burs about 3.5 (3 to 5) mm wide, the body
finely and densely pubescent, the base glabrous; spines few, mostly less
than 5 mm long, the lower often reduced or obsolete; spikelets 1 to 3 in
each bur. 2 —Open sandy soil, Coastal Plain, North Carolina to
Florida and Texas (fig. 1593).

6. Cenchrus pauciflérus Benth. Fretp sanpBur. (Fig. 1594.)
Annual, sometimes forming large mats; culms spreading, 20 to 90 cm
long, rather stout; blades usually flat, 2 to 7 mm wide; raceme usually
3 to 8 cm long, the burs somewhat crowded; burs (excluding spines)
mostly 4 to 6 mm wide, pubescent, often densely so; spines numerous,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 711

spreading or reflexed, flat, broadened at base, the lowermost shorter
and relatively slender, some of the upper ones commonly 4 to 5 mm
long, usually villous at the base; spikelets usually 2 in each bur. ©
(Confused with C. tribuloides in early manuals; C. carolinianus of re-

FIGURE 1592.— Cenchrus incertus. Bur, two views of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Curtiss, N.C.)

cent manuals, not of Walt.)—Sandy open ground, often a weed in
sandy fields, Maine to Oregon, south to Florida,
Texas, and California; Mexican plateau,
coastal region of tropical America; southern
South America.

7. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Dune sanp-
BuR. (Fig. 1595.) Resembling C. pauci-
fiorus; culms stouter, soon branching and

FIGURE 1593.—Distribution of 1 , -
eae radiate-decumbent, rooting at the nodes;

sheaths usually much overlapping; burs
(excluding spines) 5 to 6 mm wide and 8 to 9 mm high, usually

ay,

—————

iy.
YS

FIGURE 1594.—Cenchrus pauciflorus. Bur, ra vere of spikelet, and floret, X 5. (Hitchcock 13582,
N. Mex.)

conspicuously villous. © —lIn loose sands of the coast, Staten
Island to Florida and Louisiana; Atlantic coast of tropical America

(fig. 1596).

712 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1596.—Distribution of

Cenchrus tribuloides.

Fea

SS
S55 —
oS
SSS
=sss=
So
SSS
—<=====5

===.

FIGURE 1595.—Cenchrus tribuloides. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet, and floret, X 10. (Kearney, Va.)

713
and

Plant, X 4%; two views of aerial spikelet and floret
(Brinton, N.J.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES
subterranean spikelet and floret, x 10.

FIGURE 1597.—Amphicarpum purshii.

714 MIsc. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

138. AMPHICARPUM Kunth
(Amphicarpon Raf.)

Spikelets of two kinds on the same plant, one in a terminal panicle,
perfect but not fruitful, the other cleistogamous on slender leafless
subterranean branches from the base of the culm or sometimes also
from the lower nodes; first glume of the aerial spikelets variable in
size, sometimes obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma about
equal; lemma and palea indurate, the
margins of the lemma thin and flat; Ve
fruiting spikelets much larger, the \
first glume wanting; second glume
and sterile lemma strongly nerved,
subrigid, exceeded at maturity by the
turgid, elliptic, acuminate fruit with
strongly indur-
ate lemma and
palea, the mar-
gins of the lem-
ma thin and
flat; stamens

rien with small an-

FiovgE 1s8—Distrbutin of thers on short

filaments. An-

nual-or perennial erect grasses, with

flat blades and narrow terminal pani-

cles. Type species, Milium amphicar-

pon Pursh (Amphicarpum purshiir).

Name from Greek amphikarpos, doubly 3

fruit-bearing, alluding to the two kinds Ficure 1599.—Amphicarpum muhlenbergi-
of spikelets. anum, X1. (Chapman, Fla.)

Bilades?iconspicuously vhimsute. 232. 2A ee ee 1. A. PURSHII.
Blades glabrous or meanly soo 222-22 2 82) ee 2. A. MUHLENBERGIANUM.

1. Amphicarpum pdarshii Kunth. (Fig. 1597.) Annual; culms
erect, 30 to 80 cm tall, the leaves crowded toward the base, hirsute;
blades erect, 10 to 15 cm long, 5 to 15 mm wide, sharp-pointed;
panicle 3 to 20 cm long; spikelets elliptic, 4 to 5 mm long; subterra-
nean spikelets 7 to8mm long, plump, acuminate. © (Amphicarpon
amphicarpon Nash.)—Sandy pinelands, New Jersey to Georgia (fig.
1598).

2. Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum (Schult.) Hitche. (Fig. 1599.)
Perennial; culms usually decumbent at base, 30 to 100 cm tall; leaves
evenly distributed; blades firm, white-margined when dry, mostly less
than 10 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; panicle long-exserted, few-flowered;
spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 6 to 7 mm long; subterranean spikelets
6 to 9 mm long. 2% (A. floridanum Chapm.)—Low pinelands,
South Carolina and Florida.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 715

139. OLYRA L.

Plants monoecious; inflorescence paniculate; pistillate spikelets
borne on the ends of the branches of loose panicles, the smaller stami-
nate spikelets pedicellate below the pistillate ones, sometimes the upper
branches all pistillate and the lower ones all staminate; pistillate
spikelets rather large; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile
lemma herbaceous, often caudate-acuminate; fruit bony-indurate;
staminate spikelets readily deciduous; glumes and sterile lemma want-
ing, the lemma and palea membranaceous. Mostly tall perennials
with broad flat blades, contracted into a petiole, and open or con-
tracted panicles of glabrous spikelets. Type species, Olyra latifolia.
Name from olura, an old Greek name for a kind of grain.

1. Olyra latifélia L. (Fig. 1600.) Glabrous perennial, bamboolike
in aspect, commonly 5 m tall, with flat, firm, asymmetrically lanceo-
late-oblong, abruptly acuminate blades commonly 20 cm long and
5 cm wide, and ovoid panicles 10 to 15 em long, the branches stiffly
ascending or spreading, each bearing a single large long-acuminate
pistillate spikelet at the thickened summit and several small slender-
pediceled staminate spikelets along the branches. 2 —Said to
occur in the region of Tampa Bay, Florida. but the record is doubtful;
tropical America; Africa.

TRIBE 13. ANDROPOGONEAE
140. IMPERATA Cyrillo

Spikelets all alike, awnless, in pairs, unequally pedicellate on a
slender continuous rachis, surrounded by long silky hairs; glumes
about equal, membranaceous; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea
thin and hyaline. Perennial, slender, erect grasses, from hard scaly
rhizomes, with terminal narrow silky panicles. Type _ species,
Imperata cylindrica. Named for Ferrante Imperato.

Spikelets 4 mm long, the hairs at base twice as long; panicle oblong, rather
nk Jee ee cee EN ee ee ee ee 1. I. BRASILIENSIS.
Spikelets 3 mm long, the hairs 3 times as long; panicle elongate___ 2. I. HOOKERI.

1. Imperata brasiliénsis Trin. (Fig. 1601.) Culms 50 to 100 em
tall, from scaly rhizomes; leaves crowded below, 3 to 8 mm wide, the
lower blades elongate, those of the culm short, the uppermost much
reduced; panicle dense, pale or silvery, mostly about 10 cm long;
spikelets 4 mm long. 2 W—Pinelands, prairies, and Everglades,
southern Florida; tropical America at low altitudes.

2. Imperata hookéri Rupr. Sarryram. (Fig. 1602.) Resembling
I. brasiliensis; culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; leaves less crowded at base, all
but the uppermost elongate; panicle 15 to 30 cm long; spikelets 3
mim long, the hairs 3 times aslong. 2 M—Desert regions, western
Texas to southern California and Nevada; Mexico (fig. 1603).

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long, the
hairs as long as in J. hookeri. 2 M—Ballast, Portland, Oreg.; wide-
spread in the Old World.

716 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1600.—Olyra latifolia. Plant, X 1; pistillate and
(Chase 6416, P.R.)

stam{nate spikelets, and fertile floret, x 5,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

FIGURE 1601.—Imperata brasiliensis, Plant X 14; spikelet X 5. (Chapman, Fla.)

17

718 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

141. MISCANTHUS Anderss.

Spikelets all alike, in pairs, unequally pedicellate along a slender
continuous rachis; glumes equal, membranaceous or somewhat
coriaceous; sterile lemma a little shorter than the glumes, hyaline;
fertile lemma hyaline, smaller than the sterile lemma, extending into
a delicate bent and flexuous awn; palea small and hyaline. Robust
perennials, with long flat blades and terminal panicles of aggregate
spreading slender racemes. Type species, Miscanthus japonicus
_ Anderss. Name from Greek mischos, pedicel,

and anthos, flower, both spikelets of the pair
being pediceled.

1. Miscanthus sinénsis Anderss. Euatia.
(Fig. 1604.) Culms robust in large bunches,
erect, 2 to 3 m tall; leaves numerous, mostly
basal, the blades flat, as much as 1 m long,
about 1 cm wide, tapering to a slender point,
the margin sharply serrate; panicle somewhat
fan-shaped, consisting of numerous silky aggre-
gate racemes, 10 to 20 cm long; spikelets with
a tuft of silky hairs at base surrounding them
and about as long as the glumes. 2 —
Cultivated for ornament and now growing wild
in some localities in the Eastern States (fig.
1605); native of eastern
Asia. There are three
varieties in cultivation
besides the usual form
described above: M.
SINENSIS var. VARIE-
cAtus Beal, with blades
striped with. white, M. () eee ee aan
SINENSIS var. ZEBRINUS
Beal, with blades banded or zoned with white,
and M. sINENSIS var. GRAC{LLIMUS Hitchce.,
with very narrow blades.

Miscanthus nepalénsis (Trin.) Hack. Pan-
icles yellowish brown; spikelets about one-
fourth as long as the hairs at their base. 2} —
Occasionally cultivated under the name of
Himalaya fairy grass. Nepal, India.

142, SACCHARUM L.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicellate, both perfect, awnless, arranged in
idwan 1600" aneraie. hookers apaMicled a racemes, ie amis disarticulating

Flan 7 eee od urge Lenn Une spikelets; glumes somewhat indu-

A) a rate, sterile lemma similar but hyaline; fertile
lemma hyaline, sometimes wanting. Robust perennials of tropical
regions. Type species, Saccharum officinarum. Name from Latin
saccharum (saccharon), sugar, because of the sweet juice.

1. Saccharum officindrum L. Sucarcane. (Fig. 1606.) Culms
3 to 5 m tall, 2 to 3 cm thick, solid, juicy, the lower internodes

719

(Cult.)

———
S v

|
i
A,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

55974°—35——46

FIGURE 1604.— Miscanthus sinensis. Plant, much reduced: raceme, X 4; spikelet, x 5.

720 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ix) ) ID Hs
FIGURE 1605.—Distribution of \W bi ti, fis
Miscanthus sinensis. \| (AZ

P i ~— Z y VWélie A
\ OE Vos SES RES.

FIGURE 1606.—Saccharum officinarum. Plant, much reduced; racemes, X 14; spikelet with pedicel and
rachis joint, X 5. (Pringle, Cuba.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES rye

short, swollen; sheaths greatly overlapping, the lower usually falling
from the culms; blades elongate, mostly 4 to 6 cm wide, with a very
thick midrib; panicle plumelike, 20 to 60 cm long, the slender racemes
drooping; spikelets about 3 mm long, obscured in a basal tuft of silky
hairs 2 to 3 times as long as the spikelet. 2 —Cultivated in the
Southern States, especially Louisiana, for sugar and byproducts,
and for sirup, and also used for forage; commonly cultivated in
tropical regions.
The sugarcanes cultivated in the United States are derived chiefly
from four species and their hybrids. In the Noble canes (S. offici-
narum, chromosomes 40), described above, the axis of inflorescence
is without long hairs. Chinese canes (S. sinensis Roxb., chromosomes
about 58-60), with long hairs on the axis of inflorescence, are culti-
vated chiefly for sirup. Saccharum barber: Jeswiet (chromosomes
about 45-46) from northern India, differs from the last in having
narrower blades and more slender canes. Varieties of this species
do not form an entirely homogeneous group and may later be sepa-
rated into two or more species. ‘The wild cane of Asia (S. spontaneum
L., chromosomes 56), is used as a basis for hybrids with other species.
There are numerous hybrids and varieties of the species mentioned.
SaccHARUM CILIARE Anderss. Tall cane; blades very scabrous; panicle 70 to

80 cm long, narrow, dense, silvery. 2 —Sometimes cultivated for ornament.
India.

143. ERIANTHUS Michx. Piumecrass

Spikelets all alike, in pairs along a slender axis, one sessile, the other
pedicellate, the rachis disarticulating below the spikelets, the rachis
joint and pedicel falling attached to the sessile spikelet; glumes coria-
ceous, equal, usually copiously clothed, at least at the base, with long
silky spreading hairs; sterile lemma hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline,
the midnerve extending into a slender awn; palea small, hyaline.
Perennial reedlike grasses, with elongate flat blades and terminal
oblong, usually dense silky panicles. Type species, Erianthus sac-
charoides. Name from Greek erion, wool, and anthos, flower, alluding
to the woolly glumes.

Spikelets naked, or nearly so, at base__._._....------------ 1. E. sTrictus.
Spikelets with a conspicuous tuft of hairs at base.

Awn flat, spirally coiled at base, the upper portion more or less bent and flexuous
or loosely spiral.

Basal hairs about as long as the brownish spikelets; panicle not conspicuously

hairy, the main axis and branches visible; culms usually glabrous below

Bie ase A PE ee Ss a ee re Se eyo 2. EK. CONTORTUS.

Basal hairs copious, about twice as long as the yellowish spikelets; panicle

conspicuously woolly, the hairs hiding the main axis and branches;

culms villous below panicle___________.------ 3. E. ALOPECUROIDES.

Awn terete, or flattened at base, not coiled, the upper portion straight or
slightly flexuous.

Basal hairs rather sparse, shorter than the spikelet_.__. 4. E. BREVIBARBIS.

Basal hairs copious, longer than the spikelet_________-___ 5. E. GIGANTEUS.

1. Erianthus strictus Baldw. Narrow pLumerGRass. (Fig. 1607.)
Culms 1 to 2 m tall, relatively slender, glabrous; nodes hirsute with
stiff erect deciduous hairs; foliage glabrous, the lower sheaths narrow,
crowded, the blades mostly 8 to 12 mm wide; panicle 20 to 40 em long,
strict, the branches closely appressed; spikelets brown, about 8 mm

722 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

long, scabrous, nearly naked to sparsely short-hairy at base; awn
straight, about 15 mm
long; rachis joint and
pedicel scabrous. 21 —
Marshes and wet
places, Coastal Plain,
North Carolina to
Florida and Texas, FiGURE_1608.—Distribution of
north to Tennessee Erianthus strictus.
and southern Missouri
(fig. 1608).

2. Erianthus con-
tortus Ell. Bent-awn
PLUMEGRASS. (Fig.
1609.) Culms 1 to 2
m tall, glabrous or
sometimes sparsely ap-
pressed-pilose below
the panicle; nodes gla-
brous or pubescent
with erect deciduous
NN hairs; sheaths sparsely
iy pilose at summit or

ai glabrous; blades 1 to
yi a or es ee ws (aanar’ GE Nat. Herb, 234, 8.0) |=
At! long, narrow, the
1) branches ascending
but not closely ap-
pressed; spikelets 6 to
8 mm long, brownish,
basal hairs about as
long as the spikelet,
anthus __ strictus, awn about 2 cm long, ere ;
ents spirally coiled at base; Sir Ree
rachis joints and
pedicels villous. 2 —Moist sandy pinelands or
open ground, Coastal Plain, Maryland to Florida
\ J and Texas, north to Tennessee and Oklahoma
(fig. 1610).

3. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. Sitver
PLUMEGRASS. (Fig. 1611.) Culms robust, 1.5 to
3 m tall, appressed-villous below the panicle, and
usually on the nodes; sheaths pilose at the summit;
blades 1.2 to 2 cm wide, scabrous, pilose on upper
surface toward the base;
panicle 20 to 30 cm long,
silvery to tawny or purplish;
spikelets 5 to6 mm long,

Nt} pale, sparsely villous, shorter
than the copious basal hairs;

FIGURE 16ll.—Erianthus awn 1 to 1.5 cm long, flat,
alopecuroides, X¥\%.

: Oa FIGURE 1612.—Distribution of
(Chase 4213, Fla.) loosely twisted; rachis jomt Erianthus alopecuroides.

and pedicel long-villous.
4 (E. divaricatus Hitche.)—Damp woods, open ground, and borders

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 723

of fields, southern New Jersey to southern Indiana, southern Missouri,
and Oklahoma, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1612). Eriantuus
ALOPECUROIDES var. HIRSUTUS Nash. Sheaths and lower surface of
the blades appressed-hirsute. 2 —Florida.

4, Erianthus brevibarbis Michx. Brown pLumecrass. (Fig.
1613.) Culms 1 to 2 m tall, glabrous, even on the nodes; sheaths
appressed-pilose toward the summit; blades 1 to 1.5 em wide, pilose
on upper surface toward the base; panicle 20 to 40 cm long, brown or
purplish, not conspicuously woolly; spikelets 6 to 7
mm long, brown, scabrous, the basal hairs shorter
than the spikelet; awn about 2 cm long, terete,
scabrous, straight or slightly flexuous; rachis joint
and pedicel with a few short hairs. 2 —Moist
places, Coastal Plain, Delaware to Florida and
Louisiana (fig. 1614).

5. Erianthus gigantéus (Walt.) Muhl. Sucar-
CANE PLUMEGRASS. (Fig. 1615.) Culms 1 to 3 m
tall, appressed-villous below the panicle, the nodes
appressed-hispid, the hairs deciduous; sheaths and
blades from nearly glabrous to shaggy appressed- W
villous, the blades 8 to 15 mm wide; panicle 10 to
40 cm long, oblong or ovoid, tawny to purplish; pocee 1613.—Erianthus
spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, sparsely long-villous on brevibarbis, x 44. (Hiteh-
the upper part, shorter than the copious basal °“ ‘°°
hairs; awn 2 to 2.5 cm long, terete, straight or slightly flexuous;
rachis joint and pedicel long-pilose. 2 (KH. saccharoides Michx.)
—Moist soil, Coastal Plain, New York to Florida and Texas, north
to Kentucky; Cuba (fig. 1616). A common form with relatively
small compact panicles has been segregated as EL. compactus Nash;
a robust form with long, copiously silky, tawny panicle, as FE. tracyi
Nash; and a form with rather looser panicle,
the lower rachis joints longer than the spike-
lets, and pubescent foliage was described from
Florida as E. laxus Nash.

Erianthus ravénnae (L.) Beauv. RAVENNA
Grass. (Fig. 1617.) Culms stout, as much as
4 m tall; panicle as much as 60 ecm long, sil-
HIGUBE 1614 Distribution of very; spikelets awnless ornearly so. 2 —

Cultivated for ornament; hardy as far north
as New York City; native of Europe. Established along irrigation
ditches near Phoenix, Ariz.

EULALIA Kunth

(Pollinia Trin.)

Spikelets in pairs, alike, perfect on an articulate rachis, one sessile,
one pediceled; racemes 2 to several, digitate or approximate.

Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze. Annual; culms slender, straggling,
50 to 100 cm long, freely branching; blades lanceolate, 3 to 8 cm long;
racemes 2 to 6, sometimes only one, approximate; spikelets about 5
mm long; awns delicate, 5 to 8 mm long or wanting. © —lIntro-
duced near Richmond, Va., Old Fort, N.C., and Knox County, Tenn.;
tropical Asia.

724 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1615.—EHrianthus giganteus. Plant, X 4; spikelet with pedicel and rachis joint, X 5.
(Langlois 96, La.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 725

144. ARTHRAXON Beauv.

Perfect spikelets awned, sessile, the secondary spikelet and its
pedicel wanting or present only at the lower jomts of the filiform
articulate rachis; racemes terminating the branches of a dichotomously
forking panicle, In appearance subdigitate or fascicled. Usually
low creeping grasses with broad cordate-clasping blades and subflabel-
late panicles. Type species, Arthraron ciliaris
Beauv. Name from Greek arthron, joint, and
axon, axis, alluding to the jointed rachis.

1. ARTHRAXON H{SPIDUS
var. CRYPTATHERUS (Hack.)
Honda. (Fig. 1618.) Annual;
culms slender, branching,
decumbent or creeping, 30 to
100 cm long; sheaths hispid;
: blades ovate or ovate-lanceo-
FIGURE 1617.—Erianthus late, 2to4em long, 5 to 15 Fieve 1616.—Distribution of

ravennae, X 1. (Cult.) : ae Erianthus giganteus.
mm wide, ciliate toward base;

panicle mostly 3 to 4 cm long, flabellate, contracting toward maturity;
rachis joints slender, glabrous; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, nerved,
aculeate-scabrous, the awn short or wanting, an occasional pedicellate
spikelet developed at the base of the raceme,
similar to the sessile spikelets. © Pastures,
lawns, and open ground in a few localities,
Pennsylvania to Florida; Missouri, Arkansas;
Portland, Oreg.; introduced from the Orient
(fic. 1619).

145. ANDROPOGON L. Berarperass

Spikelets in pairs at each node of an articulate
rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicel-
late and either staminate,
neuter, or reduced to the
pedicel, the rachis and
the pedicels of the sterile
spikelets often villous,
sometimes conspicuously
; so; glumes of the fertile

ee ee of spikelet coriaceous, Nar- Ficvre 1618.—Arthrazon_his-

sb 2 row, awnless, the first eae cryptatherus, X 1.

rounded, flat, or concave
on the back, several-nerved, the median nerve weak or wanting; sterile
lemma shorter than the glumes, empty, hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline,
narrow, entire or bifid, usually bearing a bent and twisted awn from
the apex or from between the lobes; palea hyaline, small or wanting;
pedicellate spikelet awnless, sometimes staminate and about as large
as the sessile spikelet, sometimes consisting of one or more reduced
glumes, sometimes wanting, only the pedicel present. Rather coarse
grasses (perennial in the United States), with solid culms, the spikelets
arranged in racemes, these numerous, aggregate on an exserted

726 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

peduncle, or single, in pairs, or sometimes in threes or fours, the com-
mon peduncle usually enclosed by a spathelike sheath, these sheaths
often numerous, the whole forming a compound inflorescence, usually
narrow, but sometimes in dense subcorymbose masses. Standard
species, Andropogon distachyus L. Name from Greek aner (andr-),

man, and pogon, beard, alluding to the villous sterile pedicels.
Several of the species, especially in the Southwest, are regarded as
good forage grasses but may soon become woody toward maturity
and thus decrease in value. Andropogon furcatus, bluejoint turkey-
foot, is the mostimportant constituent of the wild hay of the prairie
States. The amount is decreasing rapidly because the rich land upon
which it grows is being converted into cultivated fields. Prairie beard-

erass (A. scoparius) is also a common constituent of wild hay.
Racemes solitary on each peduncle. Apex of rachis joints obliquely cup-shaped.
Section 1. ScHizacHYRIUM.

Racemes 2 to numerous on each peduncle.

Racemes 2 to several on each peduncle, digitate; joints of rachis slender, some-
times withashallow grooveononeside_____- SECTION 2. ARTHROLOPHIS.
Racemes several to numerous (rarely few) in a leafless panicle usually on a

relatively long axis, the joints of the rachis flat, the margins thick and
ciliate, the center very thin. -22-2 22-2222 SEcTION 3. AMPHILOPHIS.

Section 1. Schizachyrium

Blades slender, terete, the upper surface a mere groove_-_-_--- 1. A. GRACILIS.
Blades flat or folded, not terete.
First glume of sessile spikelet pubescent__._._._-_-- 3. A. HIRTIFLORUS.

First glume of sessile spikelet glabrous.
Internodes of rachis relatively thick, glabrous or ciliate at base and near
apex only; racemes straight.
Sessile spikelet 4 mm long; blades about 1 mm wide_---- 2. A. TENER.
Sessile spikelet 6 to 9 mm long; blades mostly 2 to 3 mm wide.
Sterile pedicel ciliate from below the middle to the apex; sterile spikelet
about 3 mm long, the awn somewhat exserted__ 4. A. SEMIBERBIS.
Sterile pedicel ciliate only at the apex; sterile spikelet about 5 mm long,
the awn wanting or included_________.__-_-_- 5. A. CIRRATUS.
Internodes of rachis and sterile pedicels slender, villous throughout or nearly
so; racemes flexuous.
Culms tufted ; rhizomes wanting (base sometimes slightly rhizomatous in
A. littoralis).
Lower sheaths not broad nor conspicuously keeled; hairs on rachis and
pedicels, 2 to: 3mm. longi hl oae s 6. A. SCOPARIUS.
Lower sheaths relatively broad, crowded and strongly keeled.
Sheaths and blades glabrous; ’pedicellate spikelet reduced.
7. <A. LITTORALIS.
Sheaths and blades villous; pedicellate spikelet prominent.
10. A. DIVERGENS.
Culms solitary or few together; creeping rhizomes developed.
Sessile spikelets 5 to 7 mm long; sterile spikelets much reduced.
8. A. STOLONIFER.
Sessile spikelets 8 to 10 mm long; sterile spikelets mostly not much
reduced: 4 2 07.0) (eee 9 il he eee 9. A. MARITIMUS.

Section 2. Arthrolophis

la. Pedicellate spikelet staminate, similar to the sessile spikelet.
Rhizomes short or wanting; rachis joint and sterile pedicel ciliate, the joints
short-hispid at base; awn of sessile spikelet 1 to 2 em long.

11. A. FURCATUS.

Rhizomes well developed; rachis joint and sterile pedicel densely long-villous;
awn of sessile spikelet rarely more than 5 mm long, often obsolete.

12. <A. HALLII.

1b. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 glumes, or obsolete, the pedicel only

developed; racemes silky-villous.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 727

2a. Inflorescence very decompound, the profuse pairs of racemes aggregate in
an elongate or corymbose mass; spathes rarely more than 2 mm wide;
pedicellate spikelet obsolete (see also A. virginicus var. hirsutior.)
A. GLOMERATUS.
2b. Inflorescence not conspicuously decompound nor dense (rather dense in
A. virginicus var. hirsutior).
3a. Peduncle not more than 1 cm long, the dilated spathes exceeding the 2
(occasionally 3 or 4) racemes.
Upper sheaths inflated spathelike, aggregate, the late inflorescence a
Hibetitseantatas 2 812 sree ae tle oie 25. A. ELLIOTTII.
Upper sheaths not inflated and aggregate.
Blades of the innovations subfiliform; ligule acute, protruding from the
folded blade; foliage usually glabrous____ 20. A. PERANGUSTATUS.
Blades 2 to 5 mm wide; ligule minute, concealed within the folded blade;
foliage from obscurely to conspicuously pubescent.

Hairs of the racemes copious_-_-_---—---_------ 19. A. LONGIBERBIS.
Hairs of the racemes comparatively sparse.
Rachis joints shorter than the spikelets_----- 22. A. CAPILLIPES.
Rachis joints as long as the spikelets__-_---- 23. A. VIRGINICUS.

3b. Peduncles 2 em long or more.
4a. Peduncles not more than 5 cm long, enclosed in the spathe or only
slightly exserted (see also A. perangustatus).
Racemes usually not more than 15 mm long; ultimate branchlets capil-
lary, spreading or recurved, long-villous at summit.

21. A. BRACHYSTACHYS.
Racemes 2 to 5 cm long.

Racemes 4 to 6 to a peduncle, tawny; sheaths villous__13. A. MoHRII.

Racemes 2 to a peduncle, silvery or creamy white; sheaths glabrous
or nearly so.

Pairs of racemes numerous; spathes inconspicuous, at least some of

the peduncles as much as 5 cm long____ 17. A. FLORIDANUS.
Pairs of racemes not more than 10 to a culm; spathes dilated;
peduncles fh to. o.em longs 25.2502) 18. A. TRACYI.

4b. Peduncles or most of them 5 to 15 cm Jong, long-exserted (short-
exserted peduncles intermixed with long in A. elliottaz and A. subtenuis).
Rachis joints longer than the spikelets; racemes 5 to 10 cm long, con-
spicuously slender and flexuous_-_---- 27. A. CAMPYLORACHEUS.
Rachis joints not longer than the spikelets; racemes not more than 7 em
long, usually not more than 5 cm.
Upper sheaths inflated, overlapping, conspicuous. 25. A. ELLIOTTII.
Upper sheaths not inflated, overlapping, nor conspicuous.
Spikelets 4 mm long; racemes very flexuous, the rachis joints
nearly as long as the spikelets________-_- 26. A. SUBTENUIS.
Spikelets 5 to 7 mm long; racemes slightly or not at a]l flexuous, the
rachis joints distinctly shorter than the spikelets.
Sessile spikelets about 5 mm long, about 0.5 mm wide, the glume
deeply grooved; hairs of racemes not obscuring the spikelets.
16. A. ARCTATUS.
Sessile spikelets somewhat more than 5 mm long, 1 to 1.5 mm
wide, the glume concave but not grooved; hairs of racemes
conspicuous to copious.

Racemes copiously long-villous, the hairs about twice as long
as the spikelet and obscuring it; first glume of sessile
spikelet nerveless and glabrous between the keels.

A. TERNARIUS.

Racemes not copiously villous, the hairs about as long as the
spikelet, not obscuring it; first glume of sessile spikelet
scabrous and often 2-nerved between the keels.

14. A. CABANISII.
Section 3. Amphilophis

Racemes 3 to 7, not conspicuously woolly; pedicellate spikelet about as large as

the sessile one. Sessile spikelet often pitted__________ 28. ‘A. WRIGHTII.
Racemes few to many, conspicuously woolly; pedicellate spikelet reduced.

Panicle subflabellate, often short-exserted or included at base in a dilated sheath;

racemes few to many on a relatively short axis; spikelets 5 to 6 mm long.

j 30. <A. BARBINODIS.

728 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicle oblong, usually long-exserted; racemes numerous on a long axis; spike-
lets 3.5 to 6 mm long.

First glume of sessile spikelet pitted________________=_ 29. A. PERFORATUS.
First glume of sessile spikelet not pitted.
Spikelets: awed. 27 e. Lire eee ee ek AL epee 31. A. SACCHAROIDES.
Spuseléts awnless 321s wed, 1 SS eee 02. A. EXARISTATUS.

Section 1. ScuizacuYrium (Nees) Trin.

Branching perennials; racemes solitary on each peduncle; rachis
joints tapering to base, the apex obliquely cup-shaped; sessile
spikelets awned, the awns twisted, geniculate.

1. Andropogon gracilis Spreng. (Fig. 1620.) Culms slender, wiry,
densely tufted, erect, glabrous, 20 to 60 cm tall; blades terete, filiform;
peduncles few to several, filiform,
long-exserted, with a tuft of long
white hairs at summit; raceme 2
to 4cm long, silvery white; rachis
slender, flexuous, copiously long-
villous; sessile spikelet about 5
mm long, the awn 1 to 2 cm long;
pedicellate spikelet reduced to an
awned or awnless glume, the pedi-
cel very villous. 2 —Rocky
pine woods, southern Florida;
West Indies.

2. Andropogon téner (Nees)
Kunth Ore ste 2 1) Culms
slender, tufted, sometimes re-
clining or decumbent, 60 to 100
em long, the upper half rather
sparingly branching; blades
scarcely 1 mm wide, flat or

FiguRE 1620.—Andropogon gra- loosely involute, often sparingly
cilis, X 1. (Hitchcock 682,
Fla.)

: FIGURE 1621.—
long-pilose on upper surface near ~ Andropogon tencr,
x

base; raceme finally long-exserted, %,}, Rols %6
slender, subterete, glabrous, 2 to 6 ;
cm long; sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, the awn 7 to 10 mm long.
2, —Dry pine woods and prairies, Coastal Plain, Georgia to Florida
and Texas; tropical America (fig. 1622).

3. Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth. (Fig. 1623.) Culms
tufted, 60 to 120 cm tall, erect, reddish, the upper half sparingly
branching; foliage often glaucous, the blades 2
to 4 mm wide; raceme 6 to 10 cm long, the
base often included in the somewhat dilated
sheath, the rachis joints, pedicels, and first
glume of sessile spikelet pubescent, the rachis
straight; sessile‘spikelet about 6 mm long, the
awn 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelets
FONE upon oe) auch “reduced, chort-awned-1\/ oh) CAs anges

i stachyum Chapm.)—Pine woods, southern
Georgia and Florida; tropical America (fig. 1624). ANDROPOGON
HIRTIFLORUS var. FEENSIS (Fourn.) Hack. Blades scabrous; sessile
spikelet as much as 9 mm long, the first glume minutely papillose, the

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 729

pubescence less copious. 2 —Canyons and rocky slopes, western
Texas to Arizona; Mexico.
4. Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. (Fig. 1625.) Culms

/

FIGURE 1623.—
Andropogon
hirtiflorus, X
1 (Chase
4193, Fla.)

q Texas BEARDGRASS. (Fig. 1626.)

usually in rather small tufts, 60 to 120 cm tall, erect,
pinkish, compressed, the upper third to half freely branch-
ing; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, glabrous; raceme 5 to 8 cm
long, the base often included in the sheath, the rachis
straight, the joints short hispid at base with erect hairs;
sessile spikelet about 6 mm long, the awn 10 to 15 mm
long; pedicellate spikelet much reduced, short-awned, the
pedicel more or less ciliate on one
margin. 2 -—Pine woods, Flor-
ida; tropical America.

5. Andropogon cirratus Hack.

Plants pale, glaucous to purplish;
culms slender, tufted, 30 to 70 cm
tall, erect, the upper half sparingly Frscre Spigon Pie
branching; blades flat, 1 to 4 mm aR hee
wide, usually scabrous; raceme exserted, 3 to 6 cm long,
the rachis straight; sessile spikelet 8 to 9 mm long, the
awn 5 to 10 mm long; pedicellate spikelet scarcely reduced,
awnless, the pedicel stiffly ciliate on one side near the
summit. 2 —Canyons and rocky slopes, western
Texas to Arizona and southern California (Jamacha);
northern Mexico.

6. Andropogon scoparius
Michx. PRAIRIE BEARDGRASS.
(Fig. 1627.) Plants green or glau-
cous, often purplish; culms tufted,
from slender to robust, com-
pressed, 50 to 150 cm tall, erect,
the upper half freely branching;
sheaths and blades commonly
glabrous or nearly so, frequently
sparsely pilose at their junction,
rarely pubescent to villous
throughout, the blades 3 to 6 mm
wide, flat; raceme 3 to 6 cm long,
mostly curved, the filiform pe-
duncles mostly wholly or partly
includedin the sheaths, com-
monly spreading, the rachis
slender, flexuous, pilose, some-
times copiously so; sessile spikelet
6 to 8 mm long, scabrous, the
awn 8 to 15 mm long; pedicellate
spikelet reduced, short-awned,
spreading, the pedicel pilose.

FIGURE 1625.—An- 71 =
dropogon semi- p.' —Prairies, open woods, dry FIGURE 1626.—Andropogon

= ates £: ae
‘Baker 327,14) Maine to Alberta and Idaho,

hills, and fields, Quebec and qrtius, x1. (Greene 406,

- IVLEX.

south to Florida and Arizona (fig. 1628). Also called little bluestem.
A form with villous foliage has been segregated as A. scoparius var.

730 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1627.—Andropogon scoparius. Plant, yi pair of spikelets, X 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
268, D.C.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 731

villosissimus Kearney (Schizachyrium villosissimum Nash). Schiza-
chyrium acuminatum Nash was described from a specimen, otherwise
typical, having spikelets 10 mm long. ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS Var.
NEOMEXICANUS (Nash) Hitche. (Fig. 1629.) Rachis and pedicels
copiously villous, the rachis mostly nearly straight. In the South-
west the species verges into this variety. 2 (Schizachyrium neo-
mexicanum Nash.)—Sandy soil and rocky hills, Texas to Arizona.

7. Andropogon lit-
toralis Nash. (Fig.
1630.) Resembling A.
scoparius, but culms
more compressed, with
broad keeled overlap-
Se ing lower sheaths,
FT oe ea Olten) bluish=glaucous,

the flat tufts crowded
on a short rhizome, decumbent or bent at
base; blades 4 to 6 mm wide; rachis joints
and pedicels copiously long-villous.. 2
—Sandy seashores, Staten Island, N.Y.,
New Jersey, and Dela-
ware; Ohio (Sandusky);
Indiana (sand dunes of
Lake Michigan); Texas
(Padre Island). Typical
specimens are strikingly
different from A. scopa-
rius, but Texas plants
with copiously villous
racemes are less distinct
in habit.

8. Andropogon stoléni-
fer (Nash) Hitche. (Fig.
1631.) Resembling A.
scoparius, but the culms
solitary or few in a tuft
and with creeping scaly
rhizomes; foliage usually
ebeous, sary cm ous)

rst glume of both sessile
feeets Ga eee anal pedicellate spikelets / hn ae
Se (Wooton, N. gometimes bifid at apex; Ficure 1630.—Andropogon littora-
sessile spikelet 5 to 7mm Ge a ie
long. 2 (Schizachyrium triaristatum Nash.)—Sandy woods,
southern Georgia and Florida.

9. Andropogon maritimus Chapm. (Fig. 1632.) Culms solitary,
compressed, ascending from a decumbent, short-noded base, 50 to 60
cm long, branching toward the ends, and with long creeping rhizomes;
sheaths overlapping on the short internodes, strongly keeled, com-
monly reddish; blades 3 to 5 mm wide, often folded and reflexed,
the midnerve deeply impressed; raceme 4 to 6 cm long, the base
included in the dilated sheath, the rachis very flexuous, the joints
and pedicels copiously long-ciliate except at base; sessile spikelet 8 to

732 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10 mm long, the awn 8 to 12 mm long; pedicellate spikelet scarcely
reduced, short-awned. 2 —Sandy islands along the Gulf coast,
Saunas Florida, Mississippi (Horn Island), and Louisiana (Last
Island).

10. Andropogon divérgens (Hack.) Anderss. (Fig. 1633.) Culms
rather robust, 80 to 120 cm tall, sparingly branching toward the sum-
mit; sheaths grayish villous, the lower crowded, compressed-keeled;
blades rather firm, 3 to 6 mm wide, villous, -
elongate, flat or folded; raceme mostly 3 to
4 em long, mostly 6- to 8-jointed, rather
stout, usually partly included, the rachis
slightly to strongly flexuous, rather stout, the
joints and pedicels long-ciliate on the upper
half and with a short tuft of hairs at base;
sessile spikelet 6 to 8 mm long, minutely
roughened, the awn 5 to 10 mm long;
pedicellate spikelet about as long as the
sessile one, the first glume x
awh-tipped. 4A — Ye
Pinelands, Texas.

SecTION 2. ARTHROLOPHIS
cBrin,

Branching perennials; ra-
cemes 2 to few on each
ree i (Rroibole G2, Flay peduncle; rachis joints
slender, mostly pubes-
cent; sessile spikelet ‘
Ks awned.

11. Andropogon furcé- _ <<
tus Muhl. Buvesomnt ~~
TURKEYFOOT. (Fig. 1634.)
Plants often glaucous;
culms robust, often in
large tufts, sometimes
with short rhizomes, 1 to
2 m tall, usually spar-
ingly branching toward
the summit; lower
sheaths and blades some-
times villous, occasionally
densely so, the blades
flat, elongate, mostly 5 to
10 mm wide, the margins ,

IGURE 1633.—Andropogon
Tire 1632.—Andropogon mariti: Very Scabrous; racemes © divergens, x 1. (Tharp

mus, <1, (Chapman, Fla.) gn the long-exserted %% Te) }

terminal peduncle mostly 3 to 6, fewer on the branches, 5 to 10 cm
long, usually purplish, sometimes yellowish; rachis straight, the joints
and pedicels stiffly ciliate on one or both margins, the joints hispid
at base; sessile spikelet 7 to 10 mm long, the first glume slightly sul-
cate, usually scabrous, the awn geniculate and tightly twisted below,
1 to 2 cm long; pedicellate spikelet not reduced, awnless, staminate.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 733

FIGURE 1634.—Andropogon furcatus, Plant, X 14; pair ofspikelets, X5 (Amer. Gr, Nat. Herb. 255, D.C.)

734 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

A (A. provincialis Lam.? not Retz.)—Dry soil, prairies, and open
woods, Quebec and Maine to Saskatchewan and Montana, south to
Florida, Wyoming, Utah, and Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1635). An impor-
tant forage grass in the prairie States of the Mississippi Valley.

12. Andropogon hallii Hack. Turkryroot. (Fig. 1636.) Re-
sembling A. furcatus, but with creeping rhizomes; racemes conspic-
uously villous, the hairs
erayish to pale golden; awn

of sessile spikelet rarely lh
more than 5 mm long, Wey
Wi

often obsolete. 2 — |\ N47 i

Sandhills and sandy soil, VE MZ

ee North Dakota and eastern WE Ni

FIGURE 1635.—Distribution of { NV ! ai
Andropogon furcatus. NM ontana to Texas, Wyo- AW /A A aS
_ ming, Utah, and Ari- \ Ye VE
AN ¢ zi iF

Jy zona; Lowa (fig. 1637).
fe Intergrades with A.
| furcatus. Aform with
yellow-villous racemes :
and awns 5 to 10 mm \eZ
long has been segre- \ 4Y
gated as A. chrysoco-
mus Nash.

13. Andropogon
mohrii Hack. (Fig.
1638.) Culms stout,
compressed, tufted,

erect, 80 to 130 cm FIGURE 1636.—Andropogon
tall, the upper half alli, x 1. (itehcock

584, Kans.)

sparingly to rather
freely branching;
leaves villous, the
lower sheaths
strongly keeled and
olabrous at base, the
blades elongate, 3 to
5 mm wide; inflo- AT ee Se nal of
FIGURE Mage ee aeeenp mohrii, X 1. rescence narrow, the aT OR OTE haat

branches approximate, the ultimate branch-
lets short, densely bearded at summit, the purplish spathes 4 to 6 cm
long; racemes mostly 4, tawny, 2 to 4 cm long, on peduncles mostly
about 2 cm long, or the terminal ones sometimes long-exserted; rachis
scarcely flexuous, the joints shorter than the spikelets, copiously
long-villous; sessile spikelet 4 to 5 mm long, the awn loosely twisted
below, 1.5 to 2 cm long; pedicel long-villous, the spikelet reduced to a
minute glume. 2 —Wet pine woods and sandy seacoast, North
Carolina to Georgia and Louisiana (fig. 1639).

14. Andropogon cabanisii Hack. (Fig. 1640.) Culms in small
tufts, erect, 80 to 150 cm tall, the upper half bearing long slender
branches; sheaths villous to nearly glabrous; blades 2 to 3 mm wide;
inflorescence loose; racemes 2, pale grayish-tawny, with about 15
joints, 4 to 7 cm long on slender long-exserted peduncles, the spathes

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 135

narrow, inconspicuous, or a few occasionally dilated; rachis not flex-
uous or but slightly so, the joints shorter than the spikelets, long-
villous; sessile spikelets 6 to 7 mm long, the first glume firm, sca-
brous and often 2-nerved between the keels, the awn twisted below,
about 1.5 ecm long; pedicel long-villous, the spikelet reduced to a
slender glume or obsolete. 2 —Dry pine woods, peninsular Florida.
15. Andropogon ternarius Michx. (fig.
1641.) Culms tufted, erect, 80 to 120 cm tall,
the upper half to two-thirds branching, the
branches usually long, slender and erect; leaves
often purplish-glaucous, glabrous, or the lower
loosely villous, the blades 2 to 4 mm wide;
inflorescence elongate, loose, of few to many
pairs of silvery to creamy or grayish feathery "608# 7030. Distribution of
racemes, usually on long-exserted peduncles
from slender inconspicuous spathes, some of the lateral peduncles
often short, from dilated spathes, rarely most of them so; racemes
3 to 6 cm long, with mostly less than 12 joints, the rachis not flexuous,
the joints shorter than the spikelets, copiously long-villous; sessile
spikelets 5 to 7 mm long, glabrous and nerveless between the keels,

FIGURE 1640.—Andropogon cabanisii, X 1. FIGURE 1641.—Andropogon ternarius, X 1.
(Fredholm 6416, Fla.) (Chase 4557,, N.C.)

the awn twisted below, 1.5 to 2 cm long; stamens 3; pedicel long-
villous, the spikelet obsolete or nearly so. 2 —Dry sandy soil,
open woods, mostly Coastal Plain, Delaware to Tennessee, Missouri,
and Oklahoma, south to Florida and Texas. (Fig. 1642). Variable in
the density and length of pubescence on the rachis and pedicels, the
less hairy specimens verging toward <A, arctatus,

§5974°—35—47

736 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

16. Andropogon arctatus Chapm. (Fig. 1643.) | Resembling
A. ternarius; culms 1 to 1.5 m tall; the blades often wider and firmer;
branches of the inflorescence rather more slender; racemes 3 to 5 em
long, tawny, sessile spikelets 4 to 5mm long, brown, the awn 1 to 5 cm
long; first glume concave, the pale or tawny hairs of rachis and pedicels
shorter and less copious than in A. ternarius;
sessile spikelet 5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, the
elume grooved; stamen 1. 2 -—Low pine
woods, Florida.

17. Andropogon floridanus Scribn. (Fig.
1644.) Culms often stout, 1 to 1.8m tall; the

upper one-third to half bearing long slender

FTE gon eine branches; blades elongate, 2 to 6 mm wide; in-
florescence loosely subcorymbose, of usually

numerous pairs of silvery white to creamy racemes on subcapillary
peduncles mostly 2 to 8 cm long, included in very slender spathes or
exserted, the ultimate branchlets filiform, often long-ciliate toward
the summit; racemes 3 to 4 cm long, the slender rachis not flexuous,
the joints a little shorter than the spikelets, rather copiously long-
villous; sessile spikelets 4 to 4.5 mm long, the delicate awn straight,

FIGURE 1643.—Andropogon arctatus, X 1. FIGURE 1644.—Andropogon floridanus, X 1.
(Chapman, Fla.) (Type coll.)

6 to 10 mm long; pedicel long-villous, the spikelet obsolete. 2 —Low
pine woods, Florida. An occasional peduncle bears 3 racemes.

18. Andropogon tracyi Nash. (Fig. 1645.) Culms in small tufts,
slender, erect, the upper third sparingly branching; sheaths keeled,
narrow, glabrous or nearly so; blades 2 to 3 mm wide, sometimes
ciliate toward base; inflorescence of 8 to 10 relatively distant racemes,
the slender ultimate branches often recurved, the dilated spathes 4 to
6 cm long, attenuate below, the enclosed peduncle 1 to 3 cm long;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 737

ultimate branchlets long-bearded toward the summit; racemes 2 or 3,
feathery, 2 to 4 cm long, the very slender flexuous rachis and the pedi-
cel copiously long-villous; sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, the awn
loosely twisted below, 1 to 2 em long; pedicellate spikelet obsolete.
2 —Pine woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana (fig. 1646).
Resembling A. longi-
berbis, mostly more
slender and with nearly
glabrous foliage.

19. Andropogon longi-
bérbis Hack. (Fig. re
1647.) Resembling A.
virginicus; sheaths,
especially of the innova-
tions, appressed grayish-
villous; inflorescence on
the average less com-
pound, the racemes
more copiously long-

SSS 3,
TES =

FIGURE 1646.—Distribution of
Andropogon tracyi.

villous, the spikelets 4
to4.56mmlong. 2 —
Pine woods, Florida.
Intergrades with A. vir-
ginicus.

20. Andropogon per-
angustatus Nash. (Fig.
1648.) Culms in small
tufts, slender, wiry,
erect, the upper third to
half sparingly branch-
ing; lower sheaths
keeled, very narrow,
occasionally sparsely
villous; ligule about 1.5 \
mim long, firm ; blades FIGURE 1645.—Andropogon tracyi, X 1. (Type.)
mostly folded, sub-
filiform, flexuous, glabrous or rarely pilose; inflorescence slender, of
few to several racemes, resembling that of slender specimens of
A. virginicus, the peduncles usually short but the spathes sometimes
attenuate to base, the peduncle 1 to 2 cm long; racemes as in A. wir-
ginicus. 2 —Bogs and moist pine woods, Florida and Mississippi.

21. Andropogon brachystachys Chapm. (Fig. 1649.) Culms
tufted, erect, 1 to 1.5 m tall, the upper half loosely branching; sheaths

738 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

crowded at base, broad, strongly keeled; blades mostly folded, 4 to 6
mm wide; inflorescence decompound, loose, the ultimate capillary
branchlets commonly recurved, long-villous toward the summit;
spathes slender, the long peduncles often exserted from the summit;
racemes 2, flexuous, mostly 1 to 1.5 cm long, the rachis joint and
pedicel long-villous; sessile spikelet about 4 mm long, the awn scarcely
1 cm long. 2 —Moist pine woods, Florida. The racemes are
frequently affected by a smut, making them shorter and denser,
reducing the size of the spikelet and the awn. The inflorescence
resembles that of A. capillipes, but the racemes mostly more numer-
ous; the ultimate branchlets are long-villous toward the summit, and
the spikelets larger.

22. Andropogon capillipes Nash. (Fig. 1650.) Plants conspic-
uously glaucous; culms tufted, slender, erect, 60 to 100 cm tall, the

NY >

4

y
\
\

FIGURE 1647.—Andropogon longiberbis, X 1. (Garber, Fla.) FIGURE 1648.—Andropogon
perangustatus, X 1. (Fred-
holm 6072, Fla.)

upper third to half with few to several slender branches; sheaths
crowded at base, keeled, chalky-glaucous; blades mostly folded, 2 to
4 mm wide; inflorescence narrow but loose, the branches often flexuous
to zigzag, the ultimate capillary branchlets finally spreading or re-
curved, glabrous, the dilated purplish-brown spathes 2 to 3.5 cm
long, glabrous; racemes 2, less flexuous than in A. wirginicus, 1 to
2.5 cm long; rachis joint about half as long as the sessile spikelet, the
pedicel about equaling the spikelet, both copiously long-villous; sessile
spikelet 3 mm long, the delicate straight awn about 1 cm long.
2, —Sandy pine and oak woods, southern North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Florida.

23. Andropogon virginicus L. Broomsrepen. (Fig. 1651.) Culms
erect, 50 to 100 cm tall, usually in rather small tufts, the upper two-
thirds mostly freely branching; lower sheaths compressed, keeled,
equitant; sheaths glabrous or more or less pilose along the margins,
occasionally conspicuously so; ligule strongly ciliate; blades flat or
folded, 2 to 5 mm wide, pilose on the upper surface toward base;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 739

inflorescence elongate, narrow, the 2 to 4 racemes 2 to 3 cm long,
partly included and shorter than the inflated tawny to bronze spathes;
rachis very slender, flexuous, long-villous; sessile spikelet about 3 mm
long, the delicate straight awn 1 to 2 cm long; pedicel long-villous, its
spikelet obsolete or nearly so. 2 —Open ground, old fields, open
woods, sterile hills, and sandy soil, Massachusetts, New York,
Indiana, and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas; Mexico, Central
America, West Indies (fig. 1652). ANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS Var.
HIRsUTIOR (Hack.) Hitche. Flowering branches more numerous
than in the species, the inflorescence often rather dense, resembling
that of A. glomeratus, but the spathes mostly larger and the peduncles
usually shorter. 2 —Moist meadows and old fields, Florida to

FIGURE 1649.—Andropogon brachystachys, X 1. FIGURE 1650.—A ndropogon
(Curtiss 3632, Fla.) capillipes, X 1. (Curtiss
3638b, Fla.)

Texasand Mexico. Intergrades with A. virginicus and appears to bein-
termediate between that and A. glomeratus. ANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS
var. GLAUCOPsIs (Ell.) Hitche. Resembling the species, but foliage,
especially the lower sheaths, very glaucous; inflorescence sometimes
as dense as in var. hirsutior, the spathes dull purple. 2 (A. glaucop-
sis Nash).—Moist sandy soil and low pine barrens, North Carolina to
Florida and Mississippi.

24. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S. P. Bushy BEARDGRAss.
(Fig. 1653.) Culms erect, 50 to 150 cm tall, compressed, with broad
keeled overlapping lower sheaths, the flat tufts often forming dense,
usually glaucous clumps, the culms from freely to bushy branching
toward the summit; sheaths occasionally villous; blades elongate, 3
to 8 mm wide; inflorescence dense, feathery, from flabellate to oblong,
the paired racemes 1 to 3 cm long, about equaling the slightly dilated

740 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURB :

FIGURE 1651.—Andropogon virginicus. Plant, X 1%; spikelet with rachis joint and pedicel, X 5.
(Earle 4, Ala.)

)
'

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 741

spathes, the enclosed peduncle and ultimate branchlets long-villous,
the peduncle at least 5 mm long, often longer; rachis very slender,
flexuous, long-villous; sessile spikelet 3 to 4 mm long, the awn straight,
1 to 1.5 cm long; sterile spikelet reduced to a subulate glume or want-
ing, the pedicel slender, long-villous. 21 —Low moist ground,
marshes, and swamps, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kentucky,

FIGURE 1652.—Distribution of
Andropogon virginicus.

FIGURE 1653.—Andropogon glomeratus,
<1. (Hitchcock 437, Fla.)

FIGURE 1654.—Distribution of
Andropogon glomeratus.

FIGURE 1655.—Andropogon elliottii,
X1. (Commons 115, Del.)

southern California, and Nevada; West Indies, Yucatan, Central
America (fig. 1654).

25. Andropogon ellidttii Chapm. ELiiorr BrarpGrass. (Fig.
1655.) Culms tufted, erect, 30 to 80 cm tall, at first nearly simple,
later branching toward the summit; lower sheaths keeled, rather
narrow, commonly loosely pilose, those near the summit inflated and
spathelike, crowded, the very short internodes densely bearded;
blades flat, 3 to 4 mm wide; primary inflorescence of few to several
racemes, mostly in pairs, rarely 3’s or 4’s, on filiform, often strongly
flexuous peduncles, long-exserted from inconspicuous spathes, these

742 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

on slender branchlets borne in the axils of the broad spathelike
sheaths of the main culm; secondary inflorescence of numerous pairs
of racemes on short peduncles subtended by broad spathes, these on
short bearded often fascicled branchlets borne in the axils of the
spathelike sheaths of the main culm and short primary branches,
the whole forming a series of flabellate tufts with conspicuous purplish
to copper-brown spathes, 5 to 10 mm wide, much exceeding the
feathery racemes; racemes flexuous, 3 to 4 rarely to 5 cm long, the
slender rachis joints and pedicels
long-villous; sessile spikelets 4 to 5
mm long, those of the late enclosed
racemes cleistogamous, the awn
loosely twisted, 10 to 15 mm long;
pedicellate spikelets obsolete or
nearly so. 21 —Open ground,old
fields, and open woods, mostly in
the Coastal Plain, New Jersey to
Florida and Texas, north to south-
ern Missouri, Indiana, and Tennes-
see (fig. 1656). The flattened ferru-
gineous upper sheaths are conspic-
uousin winter. The characteristic

FIGURE 1656.—Distribution of
Andropogon elliottii.

plant is very striking, but occa-
sional individuals occur with less
ageregate upper sheaths, and others
with scarcely dilated sheaths,
aggregate or scarcely aggregate.
This form, which has been distin-
guished as A. elliotti var. gracilior
Hack., appears to verge into A.
subtenuis Nash.

26. Andropogon subténuis Nash.
(Fig. 1657.) Culmsin small tufts,
slender, erect, 40 to 70 cm tall, the
upper pene sparingly pacha :
foliage glabrous or near y so, the FIGURE Dap SLB apenas, x 1.
bigde 5 to 2 mm wide; inflores- Ae eee
cence narrow, of few to several pairs of racemes on elongate filiform
peduncles short-exserted from near the summit of the elongate slender
spathe, the ultimate branches sometimes long-villous toward the sum-
mit; racemes 2, flexuous, 2 to 3 cm long, very like the primary racemes
of A. elliottii; spikelets 4 mm long. 2 -—Dry sandy soil, northern
Florida to Mississippi. Possibly a form of A. elliottvi in which the
enlarged sheaths and cleistogamous inflorescence are not developed.

27. Andropogon campyloracheus Nash. (Fig. 1658.) Culms
tufted, erect, 40 to 80 cm tall, simple or with a few branches about

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 743

the middle; sheaths and lower part of the blades appressed-villous,
the blades about 2 mm wide; racemes 2 to 4, mostly 2, on long flexu-
ous peduncles exserted from long narrow spathes, the slender rachis
very flexuous, the joints and pedicels much longer than the sessile
spikelet, long-villous, the lowermost rachis joint often elongate;
sessile spikelet 5 to 6 mm long, slender, the awn loosely twisted,
mostly about 2 em long; pedicellate spikelet reduced to a slender
glume or obsolete. 2 —Dry sandy pine woods, Florida, Missis-
sippi, and Louisiana.

FIGURE 1658.—Andropogon campyloracheus, X 1. FIGURE 1659.—Andropogon wrighiii,
(Combs 677, Fla.) X 1. (Metcalfe 1371, N. Mex.)

Section 3. AMPHfLOPHIS Trin.

Perennials, simple or sparingly branching; racemes several to numer-
ous in a leafless panicle, at least the lower racemes short-peduncled,
mostly on a relatively long axis; rachis straight, the joints and
pedicels flat, with thick bearded margins, the center subhyaline.

28. Andropogon wrightii Hack. (Fig. 1659.) Plants somewhat
glaucous; culms tufted, 50 to 100 cm tall, simple, the nodes usually
hispid; blades flat, 3 to 5 mm wide, tapering to a fine point; racemes

3 to 7, suberect, mostly 3 to 6 cm long, green or tawny, not conspicu-

ously woolly, the hairs of rachis joints and pedicels much shorter than

the spikelets; peduncle usually long-exserted; sessile spikelet about

6 mm long, short-pilose at base, the first glume several-nerved toward

the summit, stiffly short-ciliate on the keels above; awn twisted below,

geniculate, 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelet about as large as
the sessile one, awnless. 2 M—Rocky hills and mesas, southern New

Mexico, and northern Mexico. An occasional spikelet is found with

a pitted first glume. In Mexican specimens the glumes are com-

monly pitted.

744 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

29. Andropogon perforatus Trin. (Fig. 1660.) Culms densely
tufted, geniculate at base, 50 to 100 cm tall, simple or with a few
leafy shoots at base; nodes from obscurely appressed-pubescent to
densely short-bearded; blades 2 to 4 mm wide, the apex attenuate;
racemes few to several, mostly 5 to 7 cm long, one or more of them on
slender individual peduncles aggregate on a short axis, the common
peduncle usually long-exserted; margins of rachis joints: and pedicels
densely long-villous; sessile spikelet 4 to 6 mm long, short-pilose at base,
the first glume sparsely hairy and with a small pit like a pinhole; awn
twisted below, geniculate, 2 to 2.5 cm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced.
21 —Mesas, rocky hills, and dry woods, southern Texas; Mexico.

30. Andropogon hbarbinédis Lag. (Fig. 1661.) Culms tufted,
40 to 120 cm tall, spreading to ascending, often branching below, the
nodes bearded with short spreading hairs; sheaths sparsely hairy in
the throat, foliage otherwise glabrous or
nearly so, the blades 2 to 7 mm wide, sca-
brous; panicles from rather long-exserted
to included at base, those of the branches
often partly included in dilated sheaths,
silvery to creamy white, silky, subflabellate,
mostly 7 to 10 cm long; racemes several to
many, or sometimes few on the branches,
2 to 6 cm long, the common axis usually
shorter than the racemes, rarely longer;
rachis joints and pedicels copiously long-
villous, the hairs on the average longer than
in A. saccharoides; spikelets 5 to 6 mm long,
the awn twisted below, geniculate, 20 to
25 mm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced.
2 —Mesas, rocky slopes, and open
ground, Oklahoma and Texas to California
and Arizona, south through Mexico (fig.
1662). Has been confused with A. saccha-
roides, ae chiefly = the subflabellate
FIGURE agen te ora hee panicle and arger spike ets.

Bern eek mee 31. Andropogon saccharoides Swartz.
SILVER BEARDGRASS. (Fig. 1663.) Culms tufted, 60 to 130 cm tall,
erect or ascending, often branching below, the nodes from appressed
hispid to glabrous; foliage commonly glaucous, glabrous or nearly
so, the blades 3 to 6 mm wide; panicle long-exserted or those of the
branches short-exserted, silvery white, silky, dense, oblong, mostly 7
to 15 cm long; racemes 2 to 4 cm long, the common axis mostly at
least twice as long, but readily breaking; rachis joints and pedicels long-
villous; spikelets about 4 mm long, the delicate awn twisted below,
geniculate, 10 to 15 mm long; pedicellate spikelet reduced. 2 —
Prairies and rocky slopes, especially in limestone areas, Missouri to
Colorado, and Alabama to Arizona and southern California (Topango
Canyon); Mexico and West Indies to Brazil (fig. 1664). Our plants,
which have been differentiated as A. torreyanus Steud., are more
freely branching than the typical form of the West Indies.

32. Andropogon exaristatus (Nash) Hitche. (Fig. 1665.) Re-
sembling A. saccharoides; panicle slender, spikelets slightly smaller,
awnless or nearly so; rare. 2 —Low open ground, southern
Louisiana and eastern Texas,

745

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

(Amer. Gr. Nat.

Plant, X 1/9; pair of spikelets, X 5.

Herb. 549, Ariz.)

FIGURE 1661.—Andropogon barbinodis.

746 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Andropogon nodésus (Willem.) Nash. Decumbent, freely branch-
ing, low perennial, with flat blades 2 to 8 cm long, and solitary or
paired racemes, the sterile spikelets as conspicuous as the fertile ones,
giving the appearance of a flat 2-ranked scaly spike; awns slender,
twisted and bent; peduncle pubescent below racemes. 2 —Old
World species, established in a few of the West Indian islands; has
been collected at Miami, Fla.

FIGURE 1662.—Distribution of
Andropogon barbinodis.

a

. I ON eg A aes
Bre per ot fil foc 5 = = ven
ee = igen eS

= SS ZEEE S eS

Sees
—S~

FIGURE 1664.—Distribution of
Andropogon saccharoides.

if t/
FIGURE 1665.—Andropogon exaristatus, X 5. (Type.) FIGURE 1663.—A ndropogon saccha-
roides, X 1. (Hitchcock 5370, Tex.)

CYMBOPOGON Spreng. Oruerass

Closely allied to Andropogon; the pairs of racemes included in an
inflated spathe, the spathes in a large compound inflorescence; sessile
and pedicellate spikelets of lower pair alike, well developed, but
staminate or neuter. Robust mostly aromatic perennials, including
the oilgrasses of commerce. The most important are CyMBOPOGON
NARDUS (L.) Rendle, citronella grass, nard grass, in which the first
glume of the sessile spikelet is flat on the back, and C. cirrdtus(DC.)
Stapf, lemon grass, in which the first glume is concave on the
back. These species are sometimes cultivated in gardens in southern

ae ee

je etbian ircca oe Aba 3 Hite pit a ES

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 747

Florida and southern California but do not flower there. Name from

Greek kumbe, boat,
and pogon, beard, allud-
ing to the boat-shaped
spathes.

Vetiveria zizanioides

(L.) Nash. VETIVER. .

(Fig. 1666.) Robust
densely tufted peren-
nial with simple culms
and large erect panicles,
the slender whorled
branches ascending,
naked at the base, the
awnless spikelets muri-
cate. Also called khus-
khus and_ khas-khas.
1 —Native of the
Old World, frequently
cultivated in tropical
America for hedges and
for the aromatic roots,
these being used for
making screens and
mats which are fragrant
when wet. Vetiver oil
is much used in perfum-
ery. Escaped from cul-
tivation in Louisiana.
Name from vettiver, the
native Tamil name.

146. HYPARRHENIA
Anderss.

Spikelets in pairs as
in Andropogon, but
spikelets of the lower
pairs alike, sterile,
and awnless; fertile
spikelets 1 to few in
each raceme, terete or
flattened on the back
(keeled toward the sum-
mit in Ayparrhenia
rufa), the base usually
elongate into a sharp
callus, the fertile lemma

with a strong genicu- |

late awn; sterile spike-
lets awnless; racemes

FIGURE 1666.— Vetiveria zizanioides, X 144. (Hitchcock 9435, Jamaica.)

in pairs, on slender peduncles, and subtended by a spathe. Tall per-

748 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

_ennials, the pairs of racemes and their spathes more or less crowded,
forming a rather large elongate inflorescence. Type species, Hypar-
rhena pseudocymbaria (Steud.) Stapf. Name from Greek hypo, under,
and arren, masculine, alluding to the pair of staminate spikelets at the
base of the raceme.

1. Hyparrhenia rafa (Nees) Stapf. (Fig. 1667.) Culms erect,
rather stout, 1 to 2.5 m tall; blades flat, elongate, 2 to 8 mm wide,
sometimes wider, very scabrous on the margins; inflorescence 20 to 40
cm long, the pairs of racemes on long slender flexuous peduncles;
racemes about 2 cm long, reddish brown, fertile spikelets mostly 5 to 7
in each raceme, 3 to 4 mm long, flattened from the back, pubescent
with dark-red hairs, the pedicels and rachis joints ciliate with red
hairs; awn 15 to 20 mm long, twice geniculate, twisted, red-brown,
hispidulous, 2} —Tropics of the Old World; introduced in tropical

FIGURE 1667.—Hyparrhenia rufa, X 1. (Moldenke 243, Fla.)

America; sparingly cultivated in Florida (where it has escaped) and
along the Gulf coast. Adapted to conditions in the regions mentioned,
but only moderately valuable as a forage grass. The native name in
Brazil is jaragua.

Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. Usually not more than 1 m tall;
blades usually less than 3 mm wide, more or less involute, flexuous;
racemes whitish or grayish silky-villous. 2 —Warmer parts of
the Old World; cultivated at the Florida State Experiment Station
and probably elsewhere. Appears to have little forage value.

147. SORGHUM Moench

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate,
sterile but well developed, usually staminate, the terminal sessile
spikelet with two pedicellate spikelets. Tall or moderately tall

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 749

FIGURE 1668.—Sorghum halepense. Plant, X 14: two views of terminal raceme, X 5. (Small, Ga.)

750 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

annuals or perennials, with flat blades and terminal panicles of 1- to
5-jointed tardily disarticulating racemes. Type species, Sorghum
saccharatum (L.) Moench. Name from Sorgho, the Italian name of
the plant.

The sorghums and Johnson grass sometimes produce cyanogenetic
compounds in sufficient abundance, especially in second growth, to
cause prussic-acid poisoning in grazing animals. The leaves are often
splotched with purple, due to a bacterial disease.

Plants perennial’ 2! 26 2s 2D eee 7 A eee 1. S. HALEPENSE.
BP Mearns “earn pen be ea ge 2. S. VULGARE.

1. Sorghum halepénse (L.) Pers. JoHNson Grass. (Fig. 1668.)
Culms 50 to 150 cm tall, from extensively creeping scaly rhizomes;
blades mostly less than 2 cm wide; panicle open, 15 to 50 em long; ses-
sile spikelet 4.5 to 5.5 mm long, ovate, appressed-silky, the readily
deciduous awn 1 to 1.5 cm long, geniculate, twisted below; pedicellate
spikelet 5 to 7 mm long, lanceolate. 2 (Holcus halepensis L.)—
Open ground, fields, and waste places, Massachusetts to Iowa and
Kansas, south to Florida and Texas, west to southern California (fig.
1669); native of the Mediterranean region, found in the tropical and
warmer regions of both hemispheres. Culti-+
vated for forage; on account of the difficulty
of eradication it becomes a troublesome weed.

2. Sorghum vulgare Pers. SorcHum. Diif-
fering from S. halepense in being annual and
more robust. © (Holcus sorghum L.)—This
species has been cultivated in warmer regions
FIGURE hen helen nf since prehistoric times for the seed, which has

. been used for food, for the sweet juice, and for
forage. In the United States it is cultivated under the general name
of sorghum.

There are many varieties or races of cultivated sorghums, all of
which have the same chromosome number (10) and which fall natur-
ally into distinct groups, the chief of which (in the United States) are
sorgo, kafir, durra, milo, feterita, shallu, kaoliang, broomcorn, and
Sudan grass. Sorgo includes the varieties known collectively as sweet
or saccharine sorghums, in which the juice in the stems is abundant
and very sweet. In this country sorgo is cultivated chiefly in the
region from Kansas and Texas to North Carolina for forage and for
the juice which is made into sirup. The large panicles of broomcorn,
grown especially in Oklahoma and Illinois, furnish the material for
brooms. The other forms are grown for forage or for the seed which
is used for feed. Sudan grass (S. vulgare var. sudanense (Piper)
Hitche.) is now grown extensively for pasture and for hay. This is
a rather slender annual, 1 to 2 m tall with comparatively narrow
blades and an open spreading panicle. This variety is more distinct
than the others.

The differences between most of the varieties are so indistinct and
so unstable because of intercrossing as to make it very difficult to
assign descriptive limits. The application of botanical names is
uncertain, and it seems best, therefore, not to assign to them definite
varietal or specific Latin names.

The following names have been applied in American literature to
some of the more important varieties.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 7ol

FIGURE 1670.—Sorghastrum nutans. Plant, X 14; spikelet with pedicel and rachis joint, X 5. (Deam, Ind.)
55974°—35——48

752 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Kafir. S. vulgare var. caffrorum (Thunb.) Hubb. and Rehder.
Shallu. S. vulgare var. roxburghii (Stapf) Haines.

Durra. S. vulgare var. durra (Forsk.) Hubb. and Rehder.
Broomcorn. S. vulgare var. technicum (Koern.) Jav.

Sorgo. S. vulgare var. saccharatum (L.) Boerl.

Tunis grass (S. virgatum (Hack.) Stapf) is a tall annual with a nar-
row slender open panicle and narrowly-lanceolate green finely-awned
spikelets.—Africa. Has been tried at experiment stations but has
not been brought into commercial cultivation, being inferior to

Sudan grass.
148. SORGHASTRUM Nash

Spikelets in pairs, one nearly terete, sessile, and perfect, the other
wanting, only the hairy pedicel being present; glumes coriaceous,
brown or yellowish, the first hirsute, the edges inflexed over the
second; sterile and fertile lemmas
thin and hyaline, the latter extend-
ing into a usually well-developed
bent and twisted awn. Perennial,
erect, rather tall grasses, with auri-
cled sheaths, narrow flat blades, and

FIGURE 1671.—Distribution of
Sorghastrum nutans. |

WJ :
. . = ii Zi=4 Wy \ |
narrow terminal panicles of one- to ip zc NS
\YA/

few-jointed racemes. ‘Type species, y : / NW Y ya \
Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx. {ll hy pee
Nash (S. nutans). Name from Sorg- (i i | =~ XS ee
hum and the Latin suffix astrum, a *¥"" yee Nea ae,
poor imitation of alluding to the FIGURE 1672.—Sorghastrum elliottii, < 1.

? (Harper 1718, Ga.)
resemblance to Sorghum.

The most important species, S. nutans, is a common constituent
of wild or prairie hay in the eastern part of the Great Plains region.
Awn usually 15 mm long or less, once geniculate. Panicle rather dense, yellow-

Bsa oa a ag Do eee 1. S. NUTANS.
Awn 20 to 35 mm long, twice-geniculate, twisted below the second bend.

Spikelets chestnut-brown, the ultimate branchlets with a few long hairs at the

tip only; panicle loose, not unilateral_________.____--- 2. S. ELLIOTT.

Spikelets yellowish brown, the upper portion of the ultimate branchlets con-

spicuously long-hairy toward the tip; panicle distinctly unilatera
S. SECUNDUM

1. Sorghastrum nutans. (L.) Nash. InpIAN crass. (Fig. 1670.)
Culms 1 to 2.5 m tall from short scaly rhizomes; blades elongate, flat,
mostly 5 to 10 mm wide, tapering to a narrow base, scabrous;
panicle narrow, yellowish, rather dense, 15 to 30 cm long, contracted
and darker at maturity; summit of branchlets, rachis joints, and
pedicels grayish-hirsute; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, lanceolate, hirsute,
the awn 1 to 1.5 cm long, once-geniculate. 2 -—Prairies, open
woods, and dry slopes, Quebec and Maine to Manitoba and North
Dakota, south to Florida and Arizona; Mexico (fig. 1671).

SJ

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 753

2. Sorghastrum elliéttii (Mohr) Nash. (Fig. 1672.) Culms 1 to
1.5 m tall, more slender than in S. nutans, without rhizomes; the base
comparatively delicate, smooth or nearly so; blades. on the average
narrower; panicle loose, 15 to 30 cm long, nodding at apex, the fili-
form branchlets and pedicels flexuous but not recurved, with a few
long hairs at the tip; spikelets 6 to 7 mm long, chestnut brown at
maturity, with a short blunt bearded callus, the first glume hirsute or
glabrescent on the back; awn 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, twice-geniculate.
2) —Open woods, dry hills, and sandy fields, eastern Maryland to
Tennessee, south to Florida and Texas (fig. 1673).

3. Sorghastrum secindum (Ell.) Nash. (Fig. 1674.) Culms 1 to
2 m tall, without rhizomes, the base robust and felty-pubescent;
blades mostly less than 5 mm wide, flat
or subinvolute; panicle narrow, 20 to 40 a

FIGURE 1673.—Distribution of :
Sorghastrum elliottii. 4 iS ee

Figure 1675.—Distribution of yh a Ah pee
Sorghastrum secundum. |Z jy AIL re

es WW -

— vA
| gua arate

—_—

em long, 1-sided, the branches mostly in
separated fascicles, the capillary branch- "160®™ 1678Sirghasiraim secundum,
lets and pedicels strongly curved or cir- ae

cinately recurved, stiffly long-pilose below the tip; spikelets about
7 mm long, brownish, pilose, with an acute densely bearded callus 1 to
1.5 mm long. 2 Pine barrens, South Carolina to Florida and

Texas (fig. 1675).
149. RHAPHIS Lour.

Spikelets in threes, one sessile and perfect, the other two pedicellate
and sterile, or sometimes a pair below, one fertile and one sterile;
fertile spikelet terete, the glumes coriaceous; sterile and fertile
lemmas thin and hyaline, the latter awned. Perennial grasses, or,
our species, annual, with open panicles, the three spikelets (reduced
raceme) borne at the ends of long, slender, naked branches. Type
species, Rhaphis trivialis Lour. (R. aciculatus Honda, Andropogon
aciculatus Retz.). Name from Greek rhaphis, needle; alluding to the
slender pointed callus.

1. Rhaphis pauciflorus (Chapm.) Nash. (Fig. 1676.) Annual;
culms 60 to 120 cm tall, erect or somewhat decumbent at base;
blades flat, mostly 4 to 8 mm wide; panicle loose, the axis 5 to 10
cm long, the branches few, very slender, 5 to 8 cm long; sessile spike-

704 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1676.—Rhaphis pauciflora. Plant, X 4; fruiting spikelet, X 5. (Combs 1359, Fla.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 700

let about 1.5 em long, including the slender villous callus about 7 mm
long, this disarticulating by a long-oblique line, the tip of the pedicel
thus villous on one side; awn stout, brown, geniculate, twisted below,
about 15 cm long. © Sandy pine woods, open ground, and
fields, Florida; Cuba. The fruits resemble those of certain species of
Stipa such as S. spartea L.

150. HETEROPOGON Pers.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, both of the
lower few to several pairs staminate or neuter, the remainder of the ©
sessile spikelets perfect, terete, long-awned, the pedicellate spikelets,
like the lower, staminate, flat, conspicuous, awnless; glumes of the
fertile spikelet equal, coriaceous, the first brown-hirsute, infolding the
the second ; lemmas thin and hyaline, the fertile one narrow, extending
into a strong bent and twisted brown awn; palea wanting; glumes of
the staminate spikelet membranaceous, the first green, faintly many-
nerved, asymmetric, one submarginal keel rather broadly winged,
the other wingless, the margins inflexed, the second glume narrower,
symmetric; lemmas hyaline; palea wanting. Annual or perennial,
often robust grasses, with flat blades and usually solitary terminal
racemes; rachis slender, the lower part, bearing the pairs of staminate
spikelets, continuous, the remainder disarticulating obliquely at the
base of each joint, the joint forming a sharp-barbed callus below the
fertile spikelet, the pedicellate spikelet readily falling, its pedicel
remaining, obscured in the hairs of the callus. Type species,
Heteropogon glaber Pers. (H. contortus). Name from Greek heteros,
different, and pogon, beard, alluding to the difference between the
awnless staminate and awned pistillate spikelets.

One species, H. contortus, has a world-wide distribution. It is a
good forage grass in the Southwest; if grazed constantly the trouble-
some awns do not develop. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it is
called pili, it is an important range grass on the drier areas; also used
there by the natives to thatch their grass huts. The mature fruits
are injurious to sheep.

Plants perennial, less than 1 m tall; first glume of staminate spikelet usually

reeti i Satta i | Ee Se te oe eee 1. H.coNntTortTvs.
Plants annual, usually more than 1 m tall; first glume of staminate spikelet with
a row of glands along the back, glabrous_________~_ 2. H. MELANOCARPUS.

1. Heteropogon contértus (L.) Beauv. TANGLEHEAD. (Fig. 1677.)
Plants perennial, tufted; culms 20 to 80 cm tall, branched above, the
branches erect; sheaths smooth, compressed-keeled; blades flat or
folded, 3 to 7 mm wide; raceme 4 to 7 cm long, 1-sided; sessile spikelets
about 7 mm long, slender, nearly hidden by the imbricate pedicellate
spikelets, the awns 5 to 12 cm long, bent and flexuous, commonly
tangled ; pedicellate spikelet about 1 cm long, the first glume papillose-
hispid toward the tip and margins, sometimes nearly glabrous. 2
—Rocky hills and canyons, Texas to Arizona; tropical and warmer
regions of both hemispheres.

2. Heteropogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth. Swrrr TANGLEHEAD.
(Fig. 1678.) Plants annual, 1 to 2 m tall, freely branching; sheaths
smooth, the upper part of the keel, especially of the upper sheaths,
with a row of concave glands; blades 5 to 10 mm wide; raceme 3 to 6
cm long; looser than in H. contortus; sessile spikelets 9 to 10 mm long,

756 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1677.—Heteropogon contortus. Plant, X 44; fruiting spikelet, X 5. (Griffiths 1844, Ariz.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 757

relatively thick, the awns 10 to 15 cm long; pedicellate spikelet 1.5
te. 2.5 cm long, the first glume with a line of punctate glands along
the middle. © Pine woods, fields, and waste places, Georgia,
Florida, and Alabama; Arizona; tropical regions of both hemispheres.
The plant when fresh emits an odor like that of citronella oil.

151. TRACHYPOGON Nees

Spikelets in pairs, along a slender continuous rachis, one nearly
sessile, staminate, awnless, the other pedicellate, perfect, long-awned ;
the pedicel of the perfect spikelet obliquely disarticulating near the
base, forming a sharp-barbed callus
below the spikelet; first glume firm-
membranaceous, rounded on the back,
several-nerved, obtuse; second glume
firm, obscurely nerved; fertile lemma
narrow, extending into a stout twisted
and bent or flexuous awn; palea obso-
lete; sessile spikelet persistent, as large
as the fertile spikelet and similar but
awnless. Perennial, moderately tall
grasses, with terminal spikelike soli-
tary or fascicled racemes. Type spe-
cies, Trachypogon montufari. Name
from Greek trachus, rough, and pogon,
beard, alluding to the plumose awn
of the fertile spikelet.

1. Trachypogon montufari (H.B.K.)
Nees. CRINKLE-AWN. (Fig. 1679.)
Culms tufted erect, slender, hispid at
the nodes, 60 to 120 cm tall; sheaths
with erect auricles 2 to 5 mm long;
blades flat to subinvolute, 3 to 8 mm
wide; raceme solitary, rarely 2, 10 to
15 cm long; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long,
pubescent, the awns of perfect spike- — Ficure 1678.—Heteropogon melanocarpus,
lets 3 to 6 cm long, short-plumose Ce eh ee
below, nearly glabrous toward thetip. 2 -—Rocky hills and
canyons, southern Texas, southwestern New Mexico, and southern
Arizona; Mexico to Argentina.

152. ELYONURUS Humb. and Bonpl.

Spikelets in pairs along a somewhat tardily disarticulating rachis,
the joints and pedicels short, thickened, and parallel, the sessile spike-
lets perfect, appressed to the concave side, the pedicellate spikelet
staminate, similar to the sessile one, both awnless, the pair falling
with a joint of the rachis; first glume firm, somewhat coriaceous,
dorsally flattened, the margins infiexed around the second glume, a
line of balsam olands on the marginal nerves, the apex entire and
acute or acuminate, or bifid with aristate teeth: second glume similar
to the first; sterile and fertile lemmas thin and hyaline: palea obsolete.
Erect, moderately tall perennials, with solitary spikelike, often woolly
racemes. Type species, Elyonurus tripsacoides. Name from Greek
eluein, to roll, and oura, tail, alluding to the cylindric inflorescence.

758 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

pikelet, X 5. (Griffiths and

Y4; fertile s

, Ariz.)

Thornber 300

FIGURE 1679.—Trachypogon montufari. Plant, X

~ MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 759

FicurE 1680.—A, Elyonurus barbiculmis, X 1. (Type coll.) 3B, E. tripsacoides. Plant, X }9; two views
of pair of spikelets with rachis joint, X 5. (Chase 4144, Fla.)

760 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The species are important grazing grasses in the savannas and
plains of tropical America, but they extend only a short distance into
the United States.

Rhizomes wanting; culms hirsute below the nodes; racemes conspicuously

_ woolly cus - . 9 ke Sa ee ea 1. EK. BARBICULMIS.
Rhizomes present; culms glabrous; racemes slightly pubescent, the first glume
glabrous or nearly ‘so on the back. — "12 2 ieee aah se 2. EK. TRIPSACOIDEs.

1. Elyonurus barbicilmis Hack. (Fig. 1680, A.) Culms tufted,
erect, simple or sparingly branching, 40 to 60 cm tall, pubescent
below the nodes; blades involute, striate, about 1 mm thick, the
upper surface usually long-pilose; raceme mostly 5 to 10 cm long,
pale; rachis joints, pedicels, and spikelets densely woolly, the spikelets
um, © to 8 mm long; first glume acuminate. 2 —NMesas,
#~ rocky hills, and canyons, western Texas to southern
#- Arizona; northern Mexico.

2. Elyonurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl. (Fig.
1680, 6.) Culms 60 to 120 cm tall, glabrous, rather freely
branching and with short rhizomes; blades flat or involute,
2 to 4mm wide, slightly pilose on the upper surface near
the base; raceme 7 to 15 cm long; rachis joints ciliate,
the pedicels pilose; spikelets 6 to 8 mm long, the first
elume ciliate toward the acuminate 2-toothed apex, usu-
ally glabrous on the back. 2 —Moist pine woods and
low prairies, Georgia, Florida, southern Mississippi, and
southern Texas; Mexico to Argentina.

153. ROTTBOELLIA L. f.

Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened
articulate rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other
pedicellate, sterile; rachis joints hollow above, the thick-
ened pedicel adnate to it, the pedicellate spikelet appear-
ing to be sessile; sessile spikelet fitting closely against
the concave side of the rachis joint, the first glume
coriaceous, the second less coriaceous; sterile and fertile
lemmas and palea hyaline. Coarse branching annual, with
broad flat blades and subcylindric racemes, dwindling to-

ward the summit and bearing abortive spikeletsonly. Type

Pe ellin van Species, Rottboellia exaltata. Named for C. F. Rottboell.
aoe ane Sel Rottboellia exaltata L.f. (Fig. 1681.) Culms robust,
“1 to 3 m tall, branching; sheaths papillose-hispid, especi-
ally toward the summit; blades flat, in robust specimens as much as
3 cm wide; racemes mostly 8 to 12 em long, 3 to 4 mm thick, dwind-
ling at the summit; sessile spikelet 5 to 7 mm long; first glume finely
papillose; pedicellate spikelet about as long as the sessile one. ©
(Manisuris exaltata Kuntze.)—Introduced at Miami, Fla.; West
Indies; native of tropical Asia. The fragile hairs of the sheaths are

irritating to the skin of persons handling the plant.

154. MANISURIS L.

Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate
rachis, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate, rudimentary
(developed but sterile in M. altvssima), the pedicel thickened and

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 761

appressed to the rachis, the sessile spikelet fitting closely against the
rachis (sometimes partly adnate in M. altissima), forming a cylindric
or flattened raceme; glumes mostly obtuse, the first coriaceous, fitting
over the hollow containing the spikelet, the keels winged at the sum-
mit, the second less coriaceous than the first; sterile lemma, fertile
lemma, and palea thin and hyaline. Perennial slender, moderately
tall, or tall grasses, with usually numerous glabrous cylindric or
flattened solitary racemes. Type species, Manisuris myuros L.
Name from Greek manos, necklace, and oura, tail, alluding to the
jointed racemes, presumably. The species probably have some forage
value but they are nowhere abundant.
Racemes flattened, tardily disarticulating; first glume of sessile spikelet smooth.
1. M. ALTISsIMA.
Racemes cylindric, readily disarticulating at maturity; first glume of sessile
spikelet marked with pits or wrinkles (sometimes smooth in M. tuberculosa).

Sheaths not compressed-keeled; first glume more or less pitted.
M. CYLINDRICA.

Sheaths compressed-keeled; first glume tessellated, wrinkled, tubercled, or

smooth.
First glume tessellated, the depressions rectangular___ 3. M. TESSELLATA.
First glume with prominent transverse wrinkles_________- . M. ruaGosa.
First glume with a few low tubercles or smooth_-_-_-_-_ 5. M. TUBERCULOSA.

1. Manisuris altissima (Poir.) Hitche. (Fig. 1682.) Perennial;
culms ascending from a long creeping base, compressed and 2-edged,
40 to 80 cm long, freely branching toward the ends; blades '
flat, 3 to 8 mm wide; flowering branches often short and
fascicled, the racemes 3 to 5 cm, sometimes 10 cm long,
compressed; pedicel free or partly adnate to the rachis
joint; sessile spikelet 5 to 7 mm long, the keels of the first
glume very narrowly winged toward the apex; pedicellate
spikelet 5 to 6 mm long, acute. 2% (M. fasciculata
Hitche.)—Ponds and ditches, southern Texas; warm tem-
perate and tropical regions of both hemispheres; introduced
in America.

2. Manisuris cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze. (Fig. 1683,
A.) Culms tufted, with short rhizomes, erect, rather slen-
der, 30 to 100 em tall, simple or with a few branches;
sheaths not compressed-keeled; blades flat or folded, 2 to
3 mm wide; raceme cylindric, 5 to 15 cm long, slightly
curved; sessile spikelet 4 to 5 mm long, the first glume

pitted along the nerves. 2 -—Pine woods and prairies,
Coastal Plain, South Carolina to Florida and Texas, north
to Missouri and Oklahoma (fig. 1684). eee Oy

3. Manisuris tessellata (Steud.) Scribn. (Fig. 1683, B.) _ aitissima,x1.
Culms 80 to 120 em tall, rather stout, branching; sheaths, {i5°2e°"*
especially the basal ones, compressed-keeled; blades elon-
gate, flat, mostly 5 to 8 mm wide; raceme 5 to 12 cm long; sessile
spikelets 4 to 5 mm long; first glume tessellated with rectangular
depressions, the keels narrowly winged at the apex. 2 —Moist
pine woods, Coastal Plain, Florida to Louisiana (fig. 1685).

4. Manisuris rugésa (Nutt.) Kuntze. (Fig. 1686.) Culms mostly
rather stout, 70 to 120 em tall, freely branching; sheaths compressed-
keeled; blades commonly folded, 3 to 8 mm wide; flowering branches
often numerous, the racemes 4 to 8 cm long, partly included in
brownish sheaths; rachis joint and pedicel contracted in the middle;

762 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1683.—A, Manisuris cylindrica. Plant, X 1%; two views of rachis joint with fertile and sterile
spikelets attached, X 5. (Harvey, Ark.) B, M. tessellata, X 1. (Tracy and Ball 1, Miss.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 763

sessile spikelet 3.5 to 5 mm long, the first glume strongly and irregu-
larly transversely ridged, the keels narrowly winged toward the
summit. 2 —Wet pine woods, Coastal Plain, southern New Jersey
to Florida and Texas (fig. 1687).

FIGURE 1684.—Distribution of FIGURE 1685.—Distribution of
Manisuris cylindrica. Manisuris tessellata.

5. Manisuris tuberculé6sa Nash. (Fig. 1688.) Differing from
M. rugosa chiefly in the straight rachis joints, not contracted in the
middle, and in the smooth to obscurely ridged or tuberculate first
clume of the sessile spikelet, varying in a single raceme. 2 —
Moist ground along lakes, central peninsular Florida. Apparently
rare.

Ereméchloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.
CENTIPEDE GRAss. Low perennial, creeping
by thick short-noded leafy stolons; racemes
spikelike, smooth, subcylindric, terminal and
axillary on slender peduncles, 2 to 6 cm long;
rachis flat, not thickened as in Manisuris, the
first glume of sessile spikelet winged at sum-
mit. 2 -—Southeastern Asia; has been tested
at southern experiment stations and has been
recommended as a lawngrass for the South.

FIGURE 1686.— - FIGURE 1687.—Distribution of FIGURE 1688.—
Manisuris Manisuris rugosa. Manisuris
rugosa, X1. tuberculosa,
(Curtiss 3622, <1. GNash
Fla.) 1074, Fla.)

EREMOCHLOA cILIARIS (L.) Merr. Found near a Chinese warehouse in San
Francisco. Southeastern Asia. Mentioned in the Botany of California (2: 262.
1880) under Jschaemum leersioides Munro. Not since collected in the United

States.
155. HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze
(Rytilix Raf.)

Spikelets awnless, in pairs, the rachis joint and pedicel grown
together, the two clasped between the edges of the globose alveolate
first glume of the sessile spikelet; pedicellate spikelet conspicuous,
staminate. Freely branching annual with flat blades, the numerous
racemes solitary and more or less enclosed in the spathes, these
usually fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Type species, Hackelochloa
granularis. Named for Eduard Hackel and Greek chloa, grass.

1. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze. (Fig. 1689.) Culms 30
to 100 cm tall; sheaths papillose-hispid; blades flat, 5 to 15 cm long,

764 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3 to 15 mm wide, papillose-hirsute, ciliate; racemes 1 to 2 cm long;
sessile spikelet about 1 mm thick; pedicellate spikelet about 2 mm

mae
5

a

FIGURE 1689.—Hackelochloa granularis. Plant, < 4%; single raceme, X 2; two views of spikelets with rachis
joint, <5. (Pringle, Ariz.)

long. © —Open ground, fields, and waste places, Georgia and
Florida to Louisiana; New Mexico to Arizona (fig. 1690); tropics of
both hemispheres, introduced in America. Fur-
nishes some forage in the Southwest.

TRIBE 14. TRIPSACEAE
156. COIX L. Joss-TEars

Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flow- =p wai
: : : FIGURE 1690.—Distribution of
ered, in twos or threes on the continuous rachis, Hackelochloa granularis.
the normal group consisting of a pair of ses-
sile spikelets with a single pedicellate spikelet between, the latter

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 765

sometimes reduced to a pedicel or wanting; glumes membranaceous,
obscurely nerved; lemma and palea hyaline; stamens 3; pistillate
spikelets 3 together, 1 fertile and 2 sterile at the base of the inflo-
rescence; glumes of fertile spikelet several-nerved, hyaline below,
chartaceous in the upper narrow pointed part, the first very broad,
infolding the spikelet, the margins infolded beyond the 2 lateral
stronger pair of nerves; second glume narrower than the first, keeled,
sterile lemma similar but a little narrower; fertile lemma and palea
hyaline; sterile spikelets consisting of a single narrow tubular glume
as long as the fertile spikelet, somewhat chartaceous. Tall branched
erasses with broad flat blades, the monoecious inflorescences numerous
on long, stout peduncles, these clustered in the axils of the leaves,
each inflorescence consisting of an NN
ovate or oval pearly white or drab, Sy
beadlike, very hard, tardily decidu- #4 NY

ous involucre(much modified sheath- \) NY ‘
ing bract) containing the pistillate ¢
lower portion of the inflo- ]
rescence, the points of the
pistillate spikelets and the
slender axis of the stami-
nate portion of the inflores-
cence protruding through
the orifice at the apex, the
staminate upper portion of
the inflorescence 2 to 4 cm
long, soon deciduous, con-
sisting of several clusters of
staminate spikelets. Type
species, Coix lacryma-jobi.
Name from Greek koiz, a kind of
palm, applied by Linnaeus to this
orass.
1. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Joss-
TEARS. (Fig. 1691.) Annual; culms {
usually about 1 m tall; blades as much

as 4 em wide; beads white or bluish- | Bie Me ed
white, globularorovoid,6to12mmlong. *' , |
© —Occasionally cultivated for ornament, escaped into waste places

in the Southern States; all tropical countries, introduced in America.
The beadlike fruits are used as beads and for rosaries. A garden form
(called by gardeners var. aurea zebrina) has yellow-striped blades.

157. TRIPSACUM L. Gamacrass

Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on
one side of a continuous rachis, one sessile, the other sessile or
pedicellate, similar to those of Zea, the glumes firmer; pistillate
spikelets solitary, on opposite sides at each joint of the thick, hard
articulate lower part of the same rachis, sunken in hollows in the
joints, consisting of one perfect floret and a sterile lemma; first
glume coriaceous, nearly infolding the spikelet, fitting into and
closing the hollow of the rachis; second glume similar to the first

766 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

< \y Li TN
\ \\\

be \\ \ \\\ \ \
\ \ \ |

\\\ \
Uh et
Nig We \ p

?

q

N
\ z
As PFT /,
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S

w
t

SS 0) LY
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ie

Ws

ii Deh rt anor i hl a Bathe AP Bit NN i Fim

FIGURE 1692.—A, Tripsacum dactyloides. Plant, X 4; pistillate spikelets with rachis joint and pair of
staminate spikelets with rachis joint, X 5. (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 229, Va.) B, T. floridanum, X 1.
(Hitchcock 686, Fla.)

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 767

but smaller, infolding the remainder of the spikelet; sterile lemma,
fertile lemma, and palea very thin and hyaline, these progressively
smaller. Robust perennials, with usually broad flat blades and
monoecious terminal and axillary inflorescences of 1 to 3 spikes, the
pistillate part below, breaking up into bony, seedlike joints, the
staminate above on the same rachis, deciduous as a whole. Type
species, Tripsacum dactyloides. Name of unknown origin, said by
some to come from Greek ¢ribein, to rub, alluding to the smooth
joints.

The species are good forage grasses, but even the more widely
spread 7. dactyloides is not common enough to be of importance.
Two large species not found in the United States, 7. larum Nash and
T. latifolium Hitche., of Central America, are occasionally cultivated
for forage in that region. The genus 1s of interest because it is related
to maize. A hybrid between 7. dactyloides and maize has recently
been made.*®
Staminate spikelets membranaceous, the members of the pair unequally pedi-

celed, one nearly sessile, the other with a distinct pedicel.
3. T. LANCEOLATUM.

Staminate spikelets rather chartaceous, both members of the pair nearly sessile.
Blades 1 to 2 em wide, flat; plants 1 to 2 m tall; terminal spikes usually more

RET PECTED cay 5 hy UNSER ae RC Sei ge ee Pode Re ees ee 1. T. DACTYLOIDEs.
Blades 1 to 4 mm wide, subinvolute; plants less than 1 m tall; all spikes usually
ppebnapigeese enrages AT A gee SA 8 eg ee 2. T. FLORIDANUM.

1. Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.
EASTERN GAMAGRASS. (Fig. 1692, A.)
Plants in large clumps, with thick knotty
rhizomes, 2 to 3 m tall or sometimes taller,
glabrous throughout; blades usually 1 to
2 cm wide, flat, scabrous on the
margin; spikes 15 to 25 cm long, the
pistillate part one-fourth the entire length
or less, the terminal spikes usually 2 or 3,
sometimes only 1, those of the branches
usually solitary; pistillate spikelets
7 to 10 mm long, the joints rhombic; stam-
inate spikelets 7 to
11 mm long, both of
a pair nearly sessile,
the glumes rather
chartaceous. 42
—Swales, banks of
FicuRE 1693.—Distributionof Streams, and moist

Tripsacum dactyloides. places, Massachu-
setts to Michigan, lowa, and Nebraska,
south to Florida and Texas; West
Indies and Mexico to Brazil (fig. 1693).

2. Tripsacum floridanum Porter.
FLORIDA GAMAGRASS. (Fig. 1692,
B.) Smaller than TJ. dactyloides in all
ways, commonly less than 1 m tall; blades
mostly 1 to 4 mm wide; terminal and

axillary spikes usually solitary (rarely 2
OF more). 2 —Low rocky pine lands, FIGURE 1694.— Tripsacum lanceolatum,
southern Florida. x1. (Lemmon, Ariz.)

10 MANGELSDORF, P. C., and REEVEs, R. G. Jour. Hered. 22: 329-343. 1931.
§5974°—35-—-—-49

768 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

3. Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr. Mexican Gamacrass. (Fig.
1694.) Resembling 7. dactyloides; sheaths, especially the lower,
sometimes hispid; blades often hispidulous on the upper surface;
spikes more slender with smaller spikelets than in 7. dactyloides,
the terminal spikes usually 3 to 5; staminate spikelets membranaceous,
one of the pair distinctly pediceled. 2 (7. lemmoni Vasey.)—
Rocky hills, Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.; Mexico to Guatemala.

158. EUCHLAENA Schrad. TxrosintE

Staminate spikelets as in Zea; pistillate spikelets solitary on
opposite sides, sunken in cavities in the hardened joints of an
obliquely articulate rachis, the indurate first glume covering the
cavity; second glume membranaceous, the lemma hyaline. Spikes
infolded in foliaceous spathes or husks, 2 to several of these together
enclosed in the leaf sheaths. Robust annuals and perennials with
broad flat blades, terminal panicles of staminate spikelets, and axillary
spikes of pistillate spikelets. Type species, Huchlaena mexicana.
Name from Greek ew, well, and chlaina, cloak, alluding to the husks
hiding the pistillate inflorescence.

1. Euchlaena mexicana Schrad. Trosinte. (Fig. 1695.) Tall
annual, resembling maize, the culms branching at base, 2 to 3 or even
5 m tall; blades as much as 8 cm wide. © —Occasionally culti-
vated in the Southern States for green forage; Mexico. Thought
to be one of the species from which maize originated (see note under
Zea mays).

Euchlaena perénnis Hitchc., MpxIcaNn TEOSINTE, a perennial species
from Mexico, is cultivated at the substation of the Agricultural
College, Angleton, Tex., and probably at other points. It propagates
by creeping rhizomes.

150. ZA Ty

Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs, on
one side of a continuous rachis, one nearly sessile, the other pedicel-
late; glumes membranaceous, acute; lemma and palea hyaline;
pistillate spikelets sessile, in pairs, consisting of one fertile floret
and one sterile floret, the latter sometimes developed as a second
fertile floret; glumes broad, rounded or emarginate at apex; sterile
and fertile lemmas hyaline, the palea developed; style very long and
slender, stigmatic along both sides well toward the base. Robust
annual, with terminal panicles (tassels) of staminate racemes, and
short-peduncled, pistillate, 8- to many-rowed spikes (ears) enclosed in
numerous spathes (husks). Type species, Zea mays. Name Greek
zea, or zeia, a kind of grain.

1. Zea mays L. Maize, Inpian corn. (Fig. 1696.) Tall
robust monoecious annual, with overlapping sheaths and broad,
conspicuously distichous blades; staminate spikelets in long spike-
like racemes, these numerous, forming large spreading terminal
panicles; pistillate inflorescence in the axils of the leaves, the spike-
lets in 8 to 16 or even as many as 30 rows on a thickened, almost
woody axis (cob), the whole enclosed in numerous large foliaceous
bracts or spathes, the long styles (silk) protruding from the summit
as a mass of silky threads; grains at maturity greatly exceeding
the glumes, ©

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 769

C Ci} £L—
WN).

|
| ! |
| | IE Wy yx
} ) (af f i
p ‘ 1 iy aI a \V7A™
KS | Y i)
: I Se

LAA
: iy) }
es NN Y , IE's
= Ss YA 4

{ Nic Yele Mi 4

MY f Pont af Yisg OL ~
SENSES REIN IZ, IG
r 7 Ih 7) 24 2

FIGURE 1695.—Euchlaena mexicana. Plant, much reduced; pistillate inflorescence enclosed in bract (a)
and with portion of bract removed (b), X 1; lateral view of rachis joint and fertile spikelet (c), and
i (Cult.)

dorsal view of same, showing first glume (d), x Di

770. ~=MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 1696.—Zea mays. Pistillate inflorescence (ear) and 2 branches of staminate inflorescence (tassel),
x 4; pair of pistillate spikelets attached to rachis (cob) with mature grains, the second glume showing,
X 2; single pistillate spikelet soon after flowering, X 4; staminate spikelet, K 2. (Cult.)

4
U
a
ul

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES (ra

Maize or Indian corn is one of the important economic plants of
the world, being cultivated for food for man and domestic animals
and for forage. It originated '' in America, probably on the Mexican
Plateau, and was cultivated from prehistoric times by the early
races of American aborigines, from Peru to middle North America.
Several races of maize are grown in the United States,” the most
important being dent, the common commercial field sort, flint, sweet,
and pop. Pod corn (Z. mays var. tunicdta Larr.), occasionally culti-
vated as a curiosity, is a variety in which each kernel is enveloped in
the elongate glumes. A variety with variegated leaves (Z. mays
var. japonica K6rn.) is cultivated for ornament.

it For a note on the origin of maize, see COLLINS, G. N. THE ORIGIN OF MAIZE. Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sei. 2: 520-530. 1912.

12 See the following publications: MONTGOMERY, E.G. THE CORN CROPS, A DISCUSSION OF MAIZE, KAFIRS,
AND SORGHUMS AS GROWN IN THE UN!TED STATES AND CANADA. 347 pp., illus. New York. 1913.

STURTEVANT, E. L. VARIETIES OF CORN. U.S.Dept.Agr., Off. Expt. Stas. Bull. 57, 108 pp. 1899.

SYNONYMY

The following names have appeared in American botanical litera-
ture as applied to grasses growing in the United States. For grasses
introduced into the United States from other countries there are here
given only the names appearmg in American works. No attempt
has been made to present the complex synonymy for these introduced
erasses given in foreign works. The synonymy for the generic
names will be found in The Genera of Grasses of the United States.

For quick reference the names of genera and valid species are ar-
ranged in alphabetic order, the names in blackface type. The syno-
nyms, in italics, are arranged chronologically under the names to which
they are referred. The numbers in parentheses are the numbers these
genera and species bear in the body of this work.

(41) AEGILOPS L.

(1) aeenoes cylindrica Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 2: 6. pl. 7. 1802. Southern
urope.
Triticum cylindricum Ces., Pass. and Gib., Comp. FI. Ital. 86. 1867. Presum-
ably based on Aegilops cylindrica Host.
(3) Aegilops ovata L., Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. Southern Europe.
Triticum ovatum Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 485. 1825. Based on
A. ovata L.
(2) Aegilops triuncialis L., Sp. Pl. 1051. 1753. Mediterranean region. ~*
Triticum triunciale Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 485. 1825. Based on
A. triuncialis L.

(89) AEGOPOGON Humb. and Bonpl.

(1) Aegopogon tenellus (DC.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 164. 1824. Based on
Lamarckia tenella DC., though Trinius cites not that but A. pusillus Beauv.,
in Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 805. 1817. Roemer and Schultes
cite L. tenella DC., obviously the basis of Trinius’ name, as svnonym of
A. pusillus Beauv., which, however, is the same as A. cenchroides Humb.
and Bonpl. (not known from the U.S.).

Lamarckia tenella DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 120. 1813. Grown in Montpellier,
origin unknown, probably Mexico.

Cynosurus tenellus Cav.; DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 120. 1813, as synonym of
Lamarckia tenella DC.

Hymenothecitum unisetum Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Grown from
Mexican seed sent by Sessé.

Hymenothecitum tenellum Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Based on
Cynosurus tenellus Cav.

Aegopogon unisetus Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 805. 1817. Based on
Hymenothecium unisetum Lag.

Schellingia tenera Steud., Flora 33: 232. 1850. Mexico, Galeotts 5750.

Aegopogon geminiflorus var. wnisetus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 71. 1886. Based
on A. unisetus Roem. and Schult.

(39) AGROPYRON " Gaertn.

(9) Agropyron albicans Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 32. 1897. Yogo Gulch, Mont., Rydberg 3405.

(4) Agropyron arenicola Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 76. 1901.
Point Reyes, Calif., Davy 6879.

13 HitcHcock, A.S. THE GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
ECONOMIC SPECIES. U.S.Dept.Agr. Bull. 772, 307 pp. illus. 1920.
14 Spelled also Agropyrum and ‘Agriopyrum.

772

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 773

(20) Agropyron arizonicum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 27. 1897. New Mexico, Arizona [type, Rincon Mountains, Nealley
67], and Chihuahua, Mexico.

Agropyron caninum var. majus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 32. 1883.
Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., Pringle.

Agropyron spicatum var. arizonicum Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 19. 1912.
Based on A. arizonicum Scribn. and Smith.

(15) Agropyron bakeri E. Nels., Bot. Gaz. 38: 378. 1904. Pagosa Peak,
Colo., Baker 139.

Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 102, 146. 1812. Based on
Triticum caninum L.

Triticum caninum L., Sp. Pl. 86. 1753. Europe.

Zeia canina Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on Triticum
caninum Li.

(1) Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14: 540. 1770.
Based on Bromus cristatus L.

Bromus cristatus L., Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. Northern Asia.

Triticum cristatum Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 2: 12. pl. 23. f. 2. 1769. Based
on Bromus cristatus L.

Avena cristata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 758. 1817, as synonym of
Agropyron cristatum Gaertn.

Costia cristata Willk., Bot. Ztg. 16: 377. 1858. Based on Bromus cristatus L.

Zeta cristata Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on Agropyron
cristatum Gaertn.

(6) Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 78.
1883. Based on Triticum repens var. dasystachyum Hook.

Triticum repens var. dasystachyum Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 254. 1840.
Saskatchewan, Richardson. The type has villous lemmas.

Triticum repens var. subvillosum Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 254. 1840.
Mackenzie River, Canada, Richardson. The type has scabrous-pubescent
lemmas.

Triticum dasystachyum A. Gray, Man. 602. 1848. Based on T. repens var.
dasystachyum Hook.

Agropyron dasystachyum subvillosum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
= he Bull. 4: 33. 1897. Based on Triticum repens var. subvillosum

ook.

Agropyron lanceolatum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
34. 1897. Idaho [type, Blackfoot, Palmer 266], Washington and Oregon.

Triticum repens acutum Vasey; Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 34. 1897, as synonym of A. lanceolatum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron subvillosum E. Nels., Bot. Gaz. 38: 378. 1904. Based on Triticum
repens var. subvillosum Hook.

Zeia dasystachya Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on Triticum
repens var. dasystachyum Hook.

(7) Agropyron elmeri Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 54. pl. 12.
1898. Snake River, Wash., Elmer 759.

(10) Agropyron griffithsi Scribn. and Smith; Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 148.
1905. North Fork Clear River, Wyo., Williams and Griffiths 140.

(19) Agropyron inerme (Scribn. and Smith) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36:
539. 1 Based on A. divergens inerme Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron divergens tnerme Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 27. 1897. British Columbia to Utah and Idaho [type Henderson
3058].

Agropyron spicatum inerme Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2. 3. 1900.
Based on Agropyron divergens inerme Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 102, 146. 1812. Based
on Triticum tntermedium Host.

Triticum intermedium Host, Gram. Austr. 3: 23. 1805. Austria.

Triticum glaucum Desf.; DC., Fl. France. 5: 281. 1815. Not T. glaucum
Moench, 1794. France. \

Agropyron glaucum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 752. 1817. Based on
Triticum glaucum Desf.

eee glauca Godr., Fl. Lorr. 3: 192. 1844. Based on Triticum glaucum

esf.

Agropyron repens glaucum Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 57. 1894.
Based on Triticum glaucum Desf., but misapplied to A. smithit Rydb.

Zetia glauca Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on Triticum
glaucum Desf,, but misapplied to A. smithiz Rydb,

774 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agropyron japonicum Tracy, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Ann. Rept. 6. 1891,
name only. Vasey; Wickson, Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. 1895-1897: 275.
pl. 14. f. 1. 1898. Name only. ‘A California-grown specimen”, from
New Zealand seed, said to have been sent to Dr. Vasey cannot be found in
the U.S. National Herbarium. The plate seems to represent Brachypodium
japonicum Miquel.

Agropyron junceum (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 102, 146, 180. 1812. Based
on Triticum junceum L.

Triticum junceum L., Mant. Pl. 2: 327. 1771. Europe.

Festuca juncea Moench, Meth. Pl. 190. 1794. Based on Triticum junceum L.

Braconotia juncea Godr., Fl. Lorr.3: 192. 1844. Based on Triticum junceum L.

The names Agropyron junceum and A. intermedium are here applied in accord

with Ascherson and Graebner (Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 654, 662. 1901) under

Triticum. Triticum junceum L. (Cent. Pl. 1: 6. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 266.

1759) which seems to have been generally ignored, appears to be the same as

T. intermedium Host. Linnaeus later (Mant. Pl. 2: 327. 1771) published a

different species under the same name. This second name is the one used by

Ascherson and Graebner and other European botanists. The problem involves

study of European types not here available.

(14) Agropyron latiglume (Scribn. and Smith) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
36: 539. 1909. Based on A. violaceum latiglume Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron violaceum latiglume Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 30. 1897. Montana [type, Lone Mountain, Gallatin County,
Tweedy 1011] to Alaska.

Agropyron biflorum latiglume Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 547. 1905.
Based on A. violaceum latiglume Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron caninum var. latiglume Pease and Moore, Rhodora 12: 73. 1910.
Based on A. violaceum var. latiglume Scribn. and Smith.

(21) Agropyron parishii Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 28. 1897. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish 2054.

AGROPYRON PARISHII var. LAEVE Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 28. 1897. Cuyamaca Mountains, Calif., Palmer 414. (Published
as A. parishit laeve.)

Agropyron laeve Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 181. 1912. Based on A. parishit
laeve Scribn. and Smith.

(13) Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 132. 1934.
Based on Triticum pauciflorum Schwein. [Agropyron pauciflorum Schur,
1859, cited as synonym of A. caninum Roem. and Schult., has never been
validly published, hence Schweinitz’s name must be taken up.]

Triticum pauciflorum Schwein., in Keat., Narr. Exped. St. Peter’s River 2: 383.
1824. Prairies of the St. Peter [Minn.], Say in 1823.

Triticum missuricum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 825. 1825. Missouri River.
Festuca spicata Pursh erroneously cited as synonym. The type has not been
found. A specimen of Agropyron pauciflorum in the Vienna Herbarium, col-
lected by Geyer, ‘‘ Missouri’ in 1839, is labeled 7. missuricum Spreng. There
are no rhizomes. Sprengel’s description is inadequate, but applies to A.
pauciflorum. Triticum repens and other species having rhizomes are
described as having ‘‘radice repente”’ while 7’. missuricum is not so described.

Triticum trachycaulum Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 189. 1838. Grown from seed
collected by Richardson in North America.

Agropyron trachycaulon Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 344. 1854. Garden name
as synonym of Triticum trachycaulum Link.

Crithopyrum trachycaulon Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 344. 1854. Garden
name, as synonym of Triticum trachycaulum Link.

Agropyron tenerum Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 1885. Rocky Mountains.
[Type, Fort Garland, Colo., Vasey in 1884.]

Agropyron violaceum var. major Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 1: 280.
1893. Oregon, Cusick 11384. j

Agropyron repens var. tenerum Beal, Grasses, N.Amer. 2: 637. 1896. Based
on A. tenerum Vasey.

Agropyron tenerum longifolium Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 4: 30. 1897. Oregon, Giant’s [error for Grant’s] Pass, Howell
256.

Agropyron tenerum ciliatum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 30. 1897. Minnesota [type, Duluth, Vasey in 1881] to Nebraska
and Utah,

lr he Ee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 775

Agropyron novae-angliae Scribn., in Brain., Jones, and Eggl., Fl. Vt. 103. 1900.
Westmore, Vt., Grout and Eggleston in 1894.

Agropyron tenerum majus Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 543. 1905. Based
on A. violaceum var. major Vasey.

Agropyron tenerum trichocoleum Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 546. 1905.
Based on A. tenerum ciliatum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron caninum var. tenerum Pease and Moore, Rhodora 12: 71. 1910.
Based on A. tenerum Vasey.

Agropyron caninum var. tenerum forma ciliatum Pease and Moore, Rhodora 12:
72. 1910. Based on A. tenerum ciliatum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron caninum var. tenerum forma fernaldit Pease and Moore, Rhodora 12:
73. 1910. Quebec, Macoun Herb. Geol. Surv. Canada 68978.

Agropyron caninum var. hornemannit forma pilosifolium Pease and Moore,
Rhodora 12: 75. 1910. Dead River, Maine, Fernald 576.

Zeia tenera Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 227. 1915. Based on Agropyron
tenerum Vasey.

Agropyron tenerum var. novae-angliue Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 355.
1920. Based on A. novae-angliae Scribn.

Agropyron missuricum Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 12: 48. 1930. Based on
Triticum missuricum Spreng.

Agropyron trachycaulum Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada 1930: 42. 1932.
Based on Triticum trachycaulum Link.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. tenerum Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 44. 1932. Based on A. tenerum Vasey.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. glaucescens Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 45. 1932. Saskatchewan, Malte.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. trichocoleum Maite, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 45. 1932. Based on A. tenerum trichocoleum Piper.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. fernaldit Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 46. 1932. Based on A. caninum var. tenerum forma fernaldit Pease
and Moore.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. majus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 171. 1933. Based
on A. violaceum var. major Vasey.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. novae-angliae Fernald, Rhodora 35: 174. 1933.
Based on A. novae-angliae Scribn.

Alpine forms of this species have been referred to Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.)

Lange and to A. biflorum (Brign.) Roem. and Schult.

(16) Agropyron pringlei (Scribn. and Smith) Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 183.
1912. Based on A. gmelini pringlet Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron gmelint® pringlet Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. he 1897. Wyoming and California [type, Summit Valley, Pringle
in 1882].

Agropyron caninum var. gmelini forma pringlet Pease and Moore, Rhodora
12: 76. 1910. Based on A. gmelini pringlet Scribn and Smith.

Agropyron spicatum var. pringlet Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 19. 1912.
Based on A. gmelint pringlet Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 34. 1897. Texasand Arizona to Nebraska [type, Kearney, Rydberg 2018],
Montana and British Columbia.

Agropyron pseudorepens magnum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 4: 35. 1897. Enterprise, Colo., Rydberg 2401.

Agropyron tenerum magnum Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 546. 1905.
Based on A. pseudorepens magnum Scribn.’and Smith.

Agropyron tenerum var. pseudorepens Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 19. 1912.
Based on A. pseudorepens Scribn. and Smith.

Zeta pseudorepens Lunell, Amer. Mid]. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on Agropyron
pseudorepens Scribn. and Smith.

(3) Agropyron pungens (Pers.) Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 753. 1817.
Based on Triticum pungens Pers.

Triticum pungens Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 109. 1805. England.

Triticum repens var. pungens Duby, in DC., Bot. Gall. 1: 529. 1828. Based on
T. pungens Pers.

space pungens Godr., Fl. Lorr. 3: 192. 1844. Based on Triticum pungens

ers.

13 Triticum caninum var. gmelini Griseb., in Ledeb., Icon. Pl. Ross. 3: 16. pl. 248. 1831, the basis of Agropy-
ron gmelini Scribn. and Smith, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 30. 1897, and of A. caninum var.
gmelini Pease and Moore, Rhodora 12 7b. 1910, is a Siberian species not known from North America. See
note under A. subsecundum.

776 = MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agropyron repens subsp. pungens Hook. f., Stud. Fl. ed. 3: 504. 1884. Based
on A. pungens Roem. and Schult.
Agropyron tetrastachys Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
32. 1897. Cape Elizabeth, Maine, Scribner in 1895.
(2) Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., Kss. Agrost. 102, 146, 180. pl. 20,f.2. 1812.
Based on Triticum repens L.
Triticum repens L., Sp. Pl. 86. 1753. Europe.
Triticum infestum Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 27. 1796. Based on T. repens L.
?Triticum vaillantianum Wulf. and Schreb., in Schweig. and Korte, Spec. FI.
Erland. 1: 143. 1804. Germany. [This work not in Washington. From
the ea in ed. 2. 1: 143. 1811, this appears to be an awned form of A.
repens.
Braconotia officinarum Godr., Fl. Lorr. 3: 192. 1844. Based on Triticum
repens L.
Agropyron repens var. pilosum Scribn., in Rand and Redfield, Fl. Mt. Desert
188. 1894. Mount Desert, Maine, Rand.
Agropyron repens forma geniculatum Farwell, Ann. Rept. Commr. Parks and
Boul. Detroit 11: 48. 1900. Detroit, Mich., Farwell 1635.
Agropyron repens forma stoloniferum Farwell, Ann. Rept. Commr. Parks and
Boul. Detroit 11: 48. 1900. Detroit, Farwell 1634.
Zeia repens Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 227. 1915. Based on Triticum
repens L
Agropyron repens forma pilosum Fernald, Rhodora 35: 184. 1933. Based on
A. repens var. pilosum Scribn.
Agropyron repens var. subulatum forma heberhachis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 184.
1933. Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Long and Linder 20,091.
Agropyron repens var. subulatum forma setiferum Fernald, Rhodora 35: 184.
1933. Chelsea Beach, Mass., Boott in 1868.
?Agropyron repens var. subulatum forma vaillantianum Fernald, Rhodora
35: 184. 1933. Based on Triticum vaillantianum Wulf. and Schreb.
Agropyron leersianum (Wulf.) Rydb. (Brittonia 1: 85. 1931), based on
“Triticum repens leersianum Wulfen”’ (apparently error for T. leersianum Wulf.)
is applied to awned specimens of A. repens. ‘The name, ultimately based on a
description and figure named “Elymus caninus L.” by Leers (Fl. Herborn. 46.
pl. 12. f.4. 1775), is uncertain. The figure, showing paired spikelets, appears
to represent a species of Elymus.
(8) Agropyron riparium Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 35. 1897. Montana [type, Garrison, Rydberg 2127].
Agropyron smithw var. riparium Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 19. 1912.
Based on A. riparium Scribn. and Smith.
Zeia riparia _Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 227. 1915. Based on Agropyron
riparium Scribn. and Smith.
(23) eee saundersii (Vasey) Hitchc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159.
1928. Based on Elymus saundersi Vasey.
Elymus saundersiit Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 126. 1884. Veta Pass,
Colo. [Vasey].
(22) aeeniron saxicola (Scribn. and Smith) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
1:148. 1906. Based on Elymus saxicola Scribn. and Smith.
Elymus saxicola Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bully 1256:
pl.15. 1898. Mt. Chapaca, Wash., Elmer 554.
Sitanion flecuosum Piper, Erythea 7: 99. 1899. Wawawai, Wash., Piper
3004.
Sitanion lanceolatum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 20.
1899. Barker, Mont., Rydberg 3381.
Agropyron flecuosum Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 149. 1905. Based on
Sitanion flecuosum Piper.
Agropyron sitanioides J. G. Smith; Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 149. 1905.
Rapid City, S.Dak., Griffiths 735.
(17) Agropyron scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 128. 1893. Mon-
tana, Scribner in 1883.
Elymus scribneri Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Agro-
pyron scribnert Vasey.
Agropyron SoHicostrtinn (Steud.) Nees; Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 662. 1884. Pre-
sumably based on Triticum semicostatum Steud.
Triticum semicostatum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 346. 1854. Nepal.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 1777

(5) Agropyron smithii Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 64. 1900. (Feb.)
Based on A. spicatum as described by Scribner and Smith (U.S.Dept.Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 33. 1897),[‘‘type * * * Geyer, upper Missouri”’],
not Festuca spicata Pursh, upon which they based the name.

Agropyron glaucum occidentale Scribn., Trans. Kans. Acad. 9: 119. 1885.
Kansas. Scribner later (Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 57. 1894) called this
A. repens glaucum, but he based that name on Triticum glaucum Desf.

Agropyron occidentale Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 9. 1900.
(Dec.) Based on A. glaucum occidentale Scribn.

Zeia occidentalis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on Agro-
pyron occidentale Scribn.

Zeia smithit Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 227. 1915. Based on Agropyron
smithit Rydb.

Agropyron spicatum var. viride Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 356. 1920.
Detroit, Mich., Farwell 851e.

AGROPYRON SMITHII var. MOLLE Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 18. 1912. Based
on A. spicatum molle Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron spicatum molle Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4: 33. 1897. Saskatchewan to Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, and Washing-
ton. [Type, Montana, Rydberg 3193.]

Agropyron molle Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 65. 1900. Based on A.
spicatum molle Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron occidentale molle Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 9.
1900. Based on A. spicatum molle Scribn. and Smith.

Zeia mollis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on Agropyron
spicatum molle Scribn. and Smith.

AGROPYRON SMITHII var. PALMERI Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2: 3. 1900.
Based on A. spicatum palmert Scribn. and Smith. (Published as A. smithii
palmert.)

Agropyron spicatum palmerz Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 33. 1897. Arizona [type, Palmer in 1869] and New Mexico.

Agropyron occidentale palmert Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
27:9. 1900. Based on A. spicatum palmeri Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron palmert Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 55. 1906. Based
on A. spicatum palmeri Scribn. and Smith.

(18) Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 33. 1897. Based on Festuca spicata Pursh, but due to misidenti-
fication of Pursh’s species, misapplied to Agropyron smithii Rydb.

Festuca spicata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 83. 1814. Missouri and Columbia
Rivers [type from Columbia River, Lewis and Clarke in 1806].

Schedonorus spicatus Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 707. 1817. Based on
Festuca spicata Pursh.

Triticum diwergens Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 347. 1854. North America,
Douglas.

Agropyron divergens Nees; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 96. 1885. Pre-
sumably based on Tritzcum divergens Nees.

Agropyron divergens var. tenue Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 96. 1885.
Name only; in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 2‘: 242. 1888. Nameonly.

Agropyron divergens tenuispicum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 4: 27. 1897. Washington and Oregon [type, Howell 181] to
Wyoming and Montana.

Agropyron vaseyz Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 27.
1897. Oregon and Washington to Wyoming and Colorado. [Type, Mon-
tana, Rydberg 2299.]

Agropyron spicatum tenuispicum Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 61. 1900.
Based on A. divergens tenuispicum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron spicaium var. vaseyt E. Nels., Bot. Gaz. 38: 378. 1904. Based on
A. vaseyt Scribn. and Smith.

Zeia spicata Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 227. 1915. Based on Festuca
spicata Pursh.

This is the species called Triticum strigosum Less., by Thurber (S. Wats. Bot.
Calif. 2: 324. 1880), and Agropyron strigosum by Coulter (Man. Rocky Mount.
426. 1885, the name erroneously ascribed to Beauv.). Not T. strigosum Less.,
of the Caspian region, nor A. strigosum (Bieb.) Boiss. (1884) of Asia Minor.
AGROPYRON SPICATUM Var. PUBESCENS Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 52. 1903. Mount

Stuart, Wash., Elmer 1158. (Published as A. spicatum pubescens.)

Agropyron spicatum puberulentum Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 147.

1906. Based on Agropyron spicatum pubescens Elmer.

778 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(12) Agropyron subsecundum (Link) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 131. 1934.
Based on Triticum subsecundum Link.

Triticum subsecundum Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 190. 1833. Garden plant, seed
collected by Richardson in western North America.

Triticum richardson Schrad., Linnaea 12: 467. 1838. North America.

Agropyron richardsont Schrad., Linnaea 12: 467. 1838, assynonym of Triticum
richardsont Schrad.

Cryptopyrum richardsont Heynh., Nom. 2: 174. 1846, as synonym of Triticum
richardsont Schrad.

Agropyron unilaterale Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 68. 1890. Not
A. unilaterale Beauv., 1812. Colorado.

Agropyron caninum var. unilaterale Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 279.
1893. Based on A. unilaterale Cassidy, though Vasey adds: ‘“‘Type specimen
collected by F. Lamson-Scribner in Montana in 1883 (no. 422).”’

Agropyron violaceum forma caninoides Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 108.
1894. Minnesota, Macmillan and Sheldon 84.

Agropyron caninum forma violacescens Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 107.
1894. Based on A. caninum var. unilaterale Vasey.

Agropyron violacescens Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 635. 1896. Based on A.
caninum forma violacescens Pound (error for Ramaley).

Agropyron caninoides Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 640. 1896. Based on A.
violaceum forma caninoides Ramaley.

Agropyron caninum pubescens Scribn. ae Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 29. 1897. British Columbia, Macoun 99.

Agropyron richardsoni ciliatum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 29. 1897. Montana, Belt Mountains, Scribner in 1883.

Agropyron caninum forma glaucum Pease and Moore, Rhodora 12: 71. 1910.
Maine, Fernald 1367.

Agropyron caninum var. unilaterale forma ciliatum Pease and Moore,
Rhodora 12: 76. 1910. Based on A. richardsoni ciliatum Scribn. and
Smith.

Agropyron caninum var. richardsoni Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 18. 1912.
Based on Triticum richardsoni “‘Trin.”’ (error for Schrad.).

Zeia richardsont Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat.4: 227. 1915. Based on Agropyron
richardsont Schrad.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. unilaterale Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 46. 1932. Based on A. wnilaterale Cassidy.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. ciliatum Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 47. 1932. Based on A. richardsoni ciliatum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. caerulescens Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus.
Canada 1930: 47. 1932. Vancouver Island, Malte.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. glaucum Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 47. 1932. Based on A. caninum forma glaucum Pease and Moore.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. pilosiglume Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus.
Canada 1930: 48. 1932. Victoria, Vancouver Island, Malte.

Agropyron trachycaulum var. hirsutum Malte, Ann. Rept. Natl. Mus. Canada
1930: 48. 1932. Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

This is the species which has been generally called Agropyron caninum (L.)
Beauv. by American authors. Most of the specimens cited under A. gmelini
Scribn. and Smith (U.S8.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 30. 1897) belong to
A. subsecundum, but the name was based on Triticum caninum var. gmelini
Griseb., a Siberian species.

AGROPYRON SUBSECUNDUM var. ANDINUM (Scribn. and Smith) Hitche., Amer.
Jour. Bot. 21: 132. 1934. Based on A. violaceum andinum Scribn. and
Smith.

Agropyron violaceum andinum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 30. 1897. Colorado. [Type, Grays Peak, Jones 720.]

Agropyron brevifolium Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 55.
pl. 138. 1898. Washington, Elmer 676.

Agropyron biflorum andinum Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 547. 1905.
Based on A. violaceum andinum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron andinum Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 54. 1906. Based
on A. violacewm andinum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron caninum var. andinum Pease and Moore, Rhodora 12: 75. 1910.
Based on A. violacewm andinum Scribn. and Smith.

Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 124. 1890. Based on
Triticum trichophorum Link.

Triticum trichophorum Link, Linnaea 17: 395. 18438. Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 779

Agropyron triticeum Gaertn., Nov. Comm. Petrop. 14!: 540. 1770. Russia.
ae prostratum Pall., Reise Prov. Russ. Reich. Anhang 1: 485. 1771.
ussia.
ee prostratum L. f., Suppl. Pl. 114. 1781. Based on Secale prostratum
all.
Agropyron prostratum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 102, 146. 1812. Based on
Triticum prostratum L. f.
(11) Agropyron vulpinum (Rydb.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 182. 1934.
Based on Elymus vulpinus Rydb.
Elymus vulpinus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 540. 1909. Grant
County, Nebr., Rydberg 1617.
Agropyron richardsoni vulpinus Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159. 1928.
Based on Elymus vulpinus Rydb.

(64) AGROSTIS L.

(5) Agrostis aequivalvis (Trin.) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.
Nat. 41: 362. 1841. Based on A. canina var. aequivalvis Trin.

Agrostis canina var. aequivalvis Trin., in Bong., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb.
VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2: 171. 1832. Sitka, Alaska.

Deyeuxia aequivalvis Benth.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl. Herb. 3: 77. 1892,
as synonym of Agrostis aequivalvis Trin.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 740. 1893.
Based on A. aequivalvis Trin. (as indicated by the reference to Benth., Jour.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 91. 1881, the combination not there made).

Podagrostis aequivalvis Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 13: 58.
1910. Based on Agrostis canina var. aequivalvis Trin.

(10) Agrostis alba L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753; ed. 2. 1: 938. 1762. Europe. Lin-
naeus’ diagnosis is inadequate and his original application of the name
is uncertain, but the specimen in his herbarium bearing the name in his
own script belongs to the species for which the name has been generally
used by European and American authors ever since. In recent American
works this species has been called A. palustris Huds. But this name proves
to belong to the creeping species with contracted panicle, the same as A.
marittma Lam. See U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 25. 1905,
and U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 128. 1920, for discussion of A. alba L.
In the second edition of the Species Plantarum an undoubted reference to
this species is added to the original uncertain one.

Agrostis dispar Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 52. 1803. South Carolina.

Decandolia alba Bast., Fl. Maine-et-Loire 29. 1809. Based on Agrostis
alba L.

Vilfa alba Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 146,181. 1812. Based on Agrostis alba L.

Vilfa dispar Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis
dispar Michx.

Agrostis alba var. maior Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 1: 189. 1828. Switzerland.

Agrostis alba var. dispar Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Based on A. dispar
Michx.

sues alba Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 216. 1915. Based on Agrostis
alba L.

Agrostis stolonifera var. major Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 351. 1920.
Based on A. alba var. major Gaudin.

Agrostis stolonifera forma aristigera Fernald, Rhodora 35: 317. 1933. Gran-
ville, Mass., Seymour.

(27) Agrostis bakeri Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 532. 1909. Pagosa
Peak, Colo., Baker 150.

(20) Agrostis blasdalei Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Fort
Bragg, Calif., Davy and Blasdale 6159.

(31) Agrostis borealis Hartm., Handb. Skand. FI. ed. 3. 77. 1888. Lapland.

? Agrostis rubra L., Sp. Pl. 62. 1758. Sweden. Identity uncertain.

Agrostis canina var. alpina Oakes, Cat. Vt. Pl. 32. 1842. Name only.
Camels Hump Mountain, Vt., Robbins, Tuckerman, and Macrae.

Agrostis canina var. tenella Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 448. 1848. Northern New
York.

Agrostis pickeringit Tuckerm., Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 148. 1843. White
Mountains, N.H

Agrostis concinna Tuckerm., Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 148. 1848. Mount
Monroe, White Mountains, N.H.

780 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agrostis pickeringit var. rupicola Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 42. 1843.
White Mountains, N.H., Pickering and Oakes. Vermont, Camels Hump.

Trichodium concinnum Wood, Class-book ed. 2.600. 1847. Based on Agrostis
concinna Tuckerm.

Agrostis rubra var. americana Scribn., in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 25: 391.
1890. Based on ‘‘ A. rwpestris Chapm. (non All.), found on Roan Mountain,
North Carolina’; Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 77. f. 100. 1894. (See
below.)

Agrostis novae-angliae Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Not
A. novae-angliae Tuckerm. [Mount Washington, N.H., Pringle.]

Agrostis rubra var. alpina MacM., Met. Minn. Vall. 65. 1892. Based on
A. canina var. alpina Oakes.

Agrostis borealis var. macrantha Eames, Rhodora 11: 88. 1909. Blow-me-
down Mountains, Nova Scotia, Hames and Godfrey in 1908 [no. 5833, the
spikelets abnormal].

Agrostis borealis var. americana Fernald, Rhodora 35: 205. 1933. Based on
A. rubra var. americana Scribn.

Agrostis borealis forma macrantha Fernald, Rhodora 35: 205. 19383. Based on
A. borealis var. macrantha Eames.

This species was erroneously referred to Agrostis rupestris All. by A. Gray in a
list of plants from Roan Mountain, N.C., and by Chapman (FI. South. U.S. 551.
1860).

(23) Agrostis californica Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 359.
1841. California. (Vzlfa glomerata Presl erroneously cited as synonym.)

Agrostis densiflora Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 72. 1892. Santa
Cruz, Calif., Anderson.

Agrostis densiflora var. arenaria Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 72. 1892.
Mendocino County, Calif., Pringle.

Agrostis arenaria Scribn., Contrtb. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 72. 1892. Not A.
arenarva Gouan, 1773. As synonym of A. densiflora var. arenaria Vasey.

(30) Agrostis canina L., Sp. Pl. 62. 1753. Europe.

irehasam caninum Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 198. 1806. Based on Agrostis
canina L.

Agraulus eure Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 5, 146, 147. 1812. Based on Agrostis
canina L.

Agrostis canina var. alpina Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 384. 1870.
ae A. canina var. alpina Ducomm., 1869. Mountains of the Eastern

tates.

Agrostis alba var. vulgaris forma aristata Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 469. 1892. Mo-
nangalia, W.Va.

Agrestis canina Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 286. 1901. Based on Agrostis canina L.

(19) Agrostis diegoensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18: 55. 1886. San
Diego, Calif., Orcutt.

Agrostis foliosa Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 13: 55. 1886. Not A. foliosa
Roem. and Schult., 1817. Oregon, Howell [type] and Bolander.

Agrostis diegoensis var. foliosa Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 74. 1892.
Based on A. foliosa Vasey.

Agrostis canina var. stolonifera Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 75. 1892.
Not A. canina var. stolonifera Blytt, 1847. Oregon, Henderson [type] and
Howell.

Agrostis multiculmis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 328. 1896, as synonym
of A. diegoensis Vasey.

Agrostis pallens foliosa Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68:
34. pl. 14. f. 1. 1905. Based on A. foliosa Vasey.

(15) Agrostis elliottiana Schult., Mant. 2: 202. 1824. Based on A. arach-
noides Ell.

Agrostis arachnoides Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 184. 1816. Not A. arachnoides
Poir., 1810. Orangeburg, 8.C., Benneit.

Notonema arachnoides Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 319. 1894, as synonym of
Agrostis arachnoides Ell.

(22) Agrostis exarata Trin.,Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. Unalaska, Eschscholtz.

Agrostis exarata var. minor Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 239. 1839. Rocky
Mountains, Drummond, Douglas.

Agrostis grandis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 316. 1841.
“Columbia (Hooker).”

Agrostis asperifolia Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 317.
1841. ‘‘Amer. bor.? Chile? (Hooker).’”? Probably collected in the Rocky
Mountains and received from Hooker.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 78]

Agrostis scoulert Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 329. 1841.
Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, [received from] Hooker.

Agrostis albicans Buckl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91. 1863. Co-
lumbia woods, Oreg., Nuttall.

Agrostis oregonensis Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334.
1863, as synonym of A. albicans Buck].

Agrostis exarata forma asperifolia Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13!:pl.
31. 1892. Presumably based on A. asperifolia Trin.

Agrostis filiculmis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 18. 1912. Little De Motte
Park on the Kaibab, northern Arizona [Jones 6056bb].

AGROSTIS EXARATA var. AMPLA (Hitchc.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915.
Based or A. ampla Hitche. (Published as A. exarata ampla.)

? Agrostis exarata var pacifica Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Spec. Bull.

(new ed.) 1889: 107. pl.106. 188°. Pacific coast, California to Alaska.

Agrostis ampia Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 38. pl. 20.
1905. Rooster Rock, Oreg., Suksdorf 135.

AGROSTIS EXARATA Var. MONOLEPIS (Torr.) Hitchce., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 136.

1934. Based on Polypogon monspeliensis var. monolepis Torr.

ea te microphylla Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 164. 1854. North America,

ouglas.

Agraulus brevifolius Nees; Torr. U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 154. 1857,
as synonym of Agrostis microphylla Steud.

Polypogon monspeliensis var. monolepis Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 5:
366. 1857. Posé Creek, Walkers Pass, Calif., [Blake].

Polypogon alopecuroides Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 88. 1863.
Columbia Plains, Oreg., Nuttall.
Agrostis alopecuroides A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 333. 1863.
Not A. alopecuroides Lam., 1791. Based on Polypogon alopecuroides Buckl.
Deyeuxia alopecuroides Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862:
333. 1863, as synonym of Polypogon alopecuroides Buckl.

Agrostis microphylla var. major Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 58, 72.
1892. [Truckee Valley, Nev., Watson 1284.]

Agrostis exarata var. microphylla 8S. Wats.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:
72. 1892, as synonym of A. microphylla var. major Vasey.

Agrostis inflata Scribn., Canad. Rec. Sci. 152. 1894. Vancouver Island,
Macoun 258.

Agrostis virescens microphylla Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30:
2. 1901. Based on A. microphylla Steud.

Agrostis exarata microphylla Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915. Based
on A. microphylla Steud.

(14) Agrostis exigua Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 275. 1880. Foothills of
Sierras, Calif., Bolander.

(16) Agrostis hallii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 74. 1892. Oregon
[type, Hall in 1872], Washington, and California.

Agrostis davyt Scribn., U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 3. 1901. Point
Arena, Calif., Davy and Blasdale 6062. j

Agrostis occidentalis Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 466. 1902.
McMinnville, Oreg., Shear 1644.

AGROSTIS HALLII var. PRINGLEI (Scribn.) Hitche., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant
Indus. Bull. 68: 338. pl. 12. 1905. Based on A. pringlet Scribn. (Pub-
lished as A. halliz pringlet.)

Agrostis pringlet Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 156. f. 138.
1897. Mendocino County, Calif., Pringle.

(13) Agrostis hendersonii Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 20: 881. 1930. Sams
Valley, near Gold Hill, Jackson County, Oreg., Henderson 12387.

(25) Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 68. 1888. Based on
Cornucopiae hiemalis Walt.

Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. South Carolina.

Agrostis scabra Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 870. 1797. North America.

Trichodium laxiflorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 42. 1803. Hudson Bay
to Florida, Michauz.

Agrostis laxiflora Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: .255. 1810. Carolina, Bosc.

Vilfa scabra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis scabra
Willd.

Trichodium scabrum Muhl., Cat. Pl. 10. 1813. Based on Agrostis scabra
Willd.

Agrostis laxa Schreb.; Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 61. 1814, as synonym of
Trichodium laxiflorum Michx.

782 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agrostis laxiflora Richards., Bot. App. Franklin Jour. 731. 1823. Based on
Trichodium laxiflorwum Michx.

Trichodium montanum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 84. 1823. Fishkill
Mountains, N.Y.

Trichodium laxum Schult., Mant. 2: 157. 1824. Based on T. laxiflorum
Muhl., Schultes supposing it to be different from 7. laxiflorum Michx., but
Muhlenberg’s species is the same as Michaux’s.

Trichodium album Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 244. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van-
couver Island, Haenke.

Agrostis nutkaensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 222. 1883. Based on Trichodium
album Presl.

Agrostis nootkaensis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 326.
1841. Based on Trichodium album Presl.

Agrostis laxiflora var. montana Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 48. 18483.
Based on Trichodiwm montanum Torr.

Agrostis scabra var. tenuis Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 45. 18438. Lin-
coln, N.H.

Agrostis laxiflora var. caespitosa Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 442. 1843. New York.

pare tiss laxiflora var. scabra Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 442. 1848. Based on A. scabra

illd.

Agrostis laxiflora var. tenuis Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 442. 1848. Based on A. scabra
var. tenuis 'Tuckerm.

Agrostis torreyi Tuckerm., Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 148. 1843. Not A. torreyt
Kunth, 1830. Based on Trichodium montanum Torr.

Agrostis scabra var. oreophila Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Based on A.
Heeore var.] montana Tuckerm. (There is no reference to A. oreophila

rin.)

Agrostis scabriuscula Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1863.
Columbia Plains, Oreg., Nuttall.

Agrostis scabrata Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334.
1863, as synonym of A. scabriuscula Buckl.

Agrostis scabra var. montana Fernald, Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 2: 91.
1895. Based on Trichodium montanum Torr. This combination was made
by Vasey, giving Tuckerm. as author (Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76.
1892), the basis not given, and erroneously cited as synonym of A. novae-angliae
Vasey.

Agrostis canina var. hiemalis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 338. 1898. Based
on Cornucopiae hiemalis Walt.

Agrostis antecedens Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 385: 4738. 1908. Nan-
tucket, Bicknell in 1908.

Agrostis hiemalis nutkaensis Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13:
56. 1910. Based on A. nutkaensis Kunth.

Agrestis hyemalis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 216. 1915. Based on Cornu-
copiae hiemalis Walt.

Agrostis scabra forma tuckermani Fernald, Rhodora 35: 207. 1933. Braintree,
Mass., Churchill in 1911. _

AGROSTIS HIEMALIS var. GEMINATA (Trin.) Hitche., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant
Indus. Bull. 68: 44. 1905. Based on A. geminata Trin. (Published as A.
hiemalis geminata.)

Agrostis geminata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 207. 1824. Unalaska, Eschscholtz.

Agrostis geminata forma exaristata Fernald, Rhodora 35: 211. 1933. Gaspé
County, Quebec, Fernald, Dodge and Smith 25, 485.

(24) Agrostis howellii Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Hood
River, Oreg., Howell 198.

(12) Agrostis humilis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 21. 18838. Mount
Paddo [Adams], Wash., Howell [85].

(26) Agrostis idahoensis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 42. 1897. Forest,
Idaho, Heller 3431.

Agrostis tenuis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 21. 1883. Not A. tenuzs
Sibth., 1794. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish Bros. [1085].

Agrostis tenuiculmis Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900.
Based on A. tenwis Vasey.

Agrostis tenuiculmis recta Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900.
[Belt Pass, Mont., Rydberg 3327%.]

Agrostis tenuis erecta Vasey; Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32.
1900, as synonym of A. tenuiculmis recta Nash.

(8) Agrostis interrupta L., Syst, Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 783

Apera interrupta Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 151. 1812. Based on Agrostis inter-
rupta L.
len eangr ius interrupta Trin., Fund. Agrost. 129. 1820. Based on Agrostis
interrupta L
Muhlenbergia interrupta Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 177. 1854. Based on
Agrostis interrupta L
Agrostis spica-venti var. interrupta Hook. f., Stud. Fl. 432. 1870. Based on
A. tnterrupta L.
Agrostis anemagrostis subsp. interrupta Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3.
11: 44. 1873. Based on A. interrupta L.
Apera spica-venti var. interrupta Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 357. 1896. Based
on Agrostis interrupta L.
Agrestis interrupta Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4:_289. 1901. Based on A. interrupta L.
(17) Agrostis lepida Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 121. 1912. Siberian Pass,
Sequoia National Park, ’ Calif. Hitchcock 3455.
(32) Agrostis longiligula Hitche., US. Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68: 54.
1905. Fort Bragg, Calif., Davy and Blasdale 6110.
ae nebulosa Boiss. and Reut., Bibl. Univ. Genéve (n.s.) 38: 218. 1842.
pain.
(9) Agrostis nigra With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 131. 1796. Europe.
(29) Agrostis oregonensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 55. 1886. Oregon,
Howell [49].
Agrostis attenuata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. Mount Hood, Oreg.,
Howell [210].
Agrostis hallii var. californica Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 74. 1892.
California [Bolander 6103].
Agrostis schiedeana var. armata Suksdorf, Werdenda 17: 1. 1923. Klickitat
County, Wash., Suksdorf 6310.
(18) Agrostis pallens Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 44: 328.
1841. ‘‘Amer. -borealis? (Hooker).”
Agrostis exarata var. littoralis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 54. 1886.
Oregon, Howell [64].
Agrostis densiflora var. litioralis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 72.
1892. Based on A. erarata var. littoralis Vasey.
(8) Agrostis palustris Huds., Fl. Angl. 27. 1762. England.
Agrostis polymorpha var. palustris Huds., Fl. Angl. 32. 1778. Based on
A. palustris Huds.
Agrostis maritima Lam., Encycl. 1: 61. 1783. France.
Agrostis alba var. palustris Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 76. 1805. Based on A. palustris
Huds.
Milium maritimum Clem. y Rubio, Ensay. Vid Andaluc. 285. 1807. Based
on Agrostis maritima Lam.
Agrostis decumbens Gaud.; Muhl., Descr. Gram. 68. 1817. Not A. decum-
bens Host, 1809. Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
Vilfa stolonifera var. maritima 8S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 146. 1821.
Based on Agrostis maritima With. (error for Lam.)
Apera palustris S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 148. 1821. Based on
Agrostis palustris With. (error for Huds.).
Agrostis alba var. maritima G. Meyer, Chloris Hanoy. 656. 1836. Based
on A. maritima Lam.
Agrostis stolonifera var. maritima Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 781. 1837.
Based on A. maritima Lam.
? Agrostis alba var. decumbens Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. ‘Bot. ed. 8. 117.
1840. Not A. alba var. decumbens Gaudin, 1828. Eastern United States.
Agrostis stolonifera var. compacta Hartm., Handb. Skand. Flora ed. 4. 24.
1843. Scandinavia.
Agrostis depressa Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 54. 1886. Clear Creek
Canyon, Colo., Patierson in 1885.
Agrostis exarata var. stolonifera Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18: 54. 1886
Columbia River, Suksdorf.
Agrostis reptans Ry db., Fl. Rocky Mount. 54. 1917. Based on A. erarata
var. stolonifera Vasey.
Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 351.
1920. Based on A. polymorpha var. plausiris Huds.
New England specimens of this species have been referred to A. alba var.
coarctata Scribn., based on A. coarctata Ehrh., of Germany, which appears to be a
narrow-panicled form of A. stolontfera L.

55974°— 3550

784 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(28) Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 44. 1843.
Based on Cornucopiae perennans Walt.

Cornucopiae perennans Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina.

Agrostis cornucopiae Smith, Gentleman’s Mag. 59: 873. 1789. Based on
Cornucopiae perennans Walt.

Agrostis elegans Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on Cornucopiae {
perennans Walt. F

Agrostis anomala Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 370. 1797. Based on Cornucopiae peren-
nans Walt.

Alopecurus carolinianus Spreng., Nachtr. Bot. Gart. Halle 10. 1801. Not
A. carolinianus Walt., 1788. [Kentucky, Peter.]

Trichodium decumbens Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 42. 18038. Virginia to
Florida, Michaucz.

Trichodium perennans Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1:99. 1816. Based on Cornu-
copiae perennans Walt.

Trichodium muhlenbergianum Schult., Mant. 2: 159. 1824. Pennsylvania,
Muhlenberg. Based on Muhlenberg’s Trichodium no. 4.

Agrostis michauxiw Trin., Gram. Unifl. 206. 1824. Not A. michauziit Zuce.
1809. Based on Trichodium decumbens Michx.

Agrostis noveboracensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 260. 1825. New York, Torrey.

Agrostis decumbens Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 80. 1827. Not A. decumbens Host,
1809. Based on Trichodium decumbens Michx.

Trichodium noveboracense Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 555. 1827. Based on
Agrostis noveboracensis Spreng.

Trichodium scabrum [Muhl., misapplied by] Darl., Fl. Cestr. 1: 54. 1837.
Pennsylvania.

Agrostis schweinitzw Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 311.
1841. Pennsylvania, Schweinitz.

Agrostis oreophila Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 323. 1841.
Bethlehem, Pa., Moser. (Trichodiwm montanum Torr. is erroneously cited
as synonym.)

Agrostis abakanensis Less.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!:
325. 1841, as synonym of A. michauaii Trin.

Agrostis schiedeana Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 327, 1841.
Mexico, type received from Schrader.

Agrostis novae-angliae Tuckerm., Mag. Hort. Hovey 9: 148. 1843. White
Mountains, N.H.

Agrostis campyla Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. II, 6: 231. 1848. Based on
A. scabra as described by Tuckerman.

Agrostis scabra var. perennans Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Presumably
based on A. perennans Tuckerm.

Agrostis perennans var. aestivalis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892.
Athens, Ill. [Hall]. The slender lax form.

Agrostis intermedia Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 476. 1898. Not
A. intermedia Balb.,1801. Pine Mountain, Harlan County, Tenn. Kearney 39.

Agrostis pseudointermedia Farwell, Ann. Rept. Commr. Parks and Boul.
Detroit 11: 46. 1900. Based on A. intermedia Scribn.

Agrostis scribneriana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 126. 1903. Based
on A. intermedia Scribn.

Agrostis perennans var. humilis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 87. 1921.
Detroit, Farwell 56724.

AGROSTIS PERENNANS var. ELATA (Pursh) Hitche., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant
Indus. Bull. 68: 50. 1905. Based on Trichodium elatum Pursh. (Published
as A. perennans elata.)

?Cornucopiae altissima Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina. Possibly
Agrostis alba L.

Trichodium elatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:61. 1814. New Jersey, Carolina.

Agrostis elata Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 317. 1841.
Based on Trichodium elatum Pursh.

? Agrostis altissima Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 44. 18438. Based on
Cornucopiae altissima Walt.

?Trichodium altissimum Michx.; Wood. Class-book ed. 2. 599. 1847. Based
on Cornucopiae altissima Walt.

Agrostis hyemalis var. elata Fernald, Rhodora 23: 229. 1921. Based on
Trichodium elatum Pursh.

Agrostis perennans forma chaetophora Fernald, Rhodora 35: 317. 1933. Hunt-
ington County, Pa., Lowrve.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 785

Agrostis perennans var. aestivalis forma atherophora Fernald, Rhodora 35: 317.
1933. Terrebonne, Quebec, Churchill.

(1) Agrostis retrofracta Willd., Enum. Pl. 1:94. 1809. Australia. ;

Vilfa retrofracta Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis
retrofracta Willd.

Lachnagrostis retrofracta Trin., Fund. Agrost. 128. 1820. Based on Agrostis
retrofracta Willd.

Lachnagrostis willdenovit Trin., Gram. Unifl. 217. 1824. Based on Agrostis
retrofracta Willd.

Deyeuzia retrofracta Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 77. 1829. Based on Agrostis
retrofracta Willd.

Calamagrostis retrofracta Link; Steud., Nom. Bot, ed. 2. 1: 251. 1840. Based
on Agrostis retrofracta Willd.

Calamagrostis willdenovii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 192. 1854. Based on
Lachnagrostis willdenovit ‘Trin. i

(21). Agrostis rossae Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 76. 1892. Yellow-
stone Park, Wyo., Edith Ross in 1890.

Agrostis varians Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 314. 1841.
Not A. varians Thuill., 1790. ‘‘America boreal? (Hoocker 217).”” A dupli-
cate type in the Torrey Herbarium (N.Y. Bot. Gard.) is labeled Rocky
Mountains, Hooker 217.

Agrostis variabilis Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 32. 1900. Based on
A. varians Trin.

(2) Agrostis spica-venti L., Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. Europe.

Agrostis gracilis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on A. spica-venti L.

Apera © Aaa aii Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 151. 1812. Based on Agrostis spica-
vents L.

Anemagrostis spica-ventt Trin., Fund. Agrost. 129. 1820. Based on Agrostis
spica-ventt L.

Festuca spica-ventt Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 445. 1825. Based on
Agrostis spica-venti L.

Muhlenbergia spica-ventt Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 285.
1841. Based on Agrostis spica-venti L.

“eed ventosa Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 74. 1867. Based on Apera spica-venti

eauv.

Agrostis anemagrostis Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 48. 1873.
Based on Anemagrostis spica-venti Trin.

Agrostis anemagrostis subsp. spica-ventt Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3.
11: 43. 1873. Based on A. spica-venti L.

(7) Agrostis stolonifera L., Sp. Pl. 62. 1753. Europe.

Decandolia stolonifera Bast., Fl. Maine-et-Loire 29. 1809. Based on Agrostis
stolonifera L.

Vilfa stolonifera Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis
stolonifera L.

Agrostis alba var. stolonifera Smith, English Fl. 1: 93. 1824. Based on A.
stolonifera L.

Agrostis vulgaris var. stolonifera Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 782. 1837. Based
on A. stolonifera L.

(11) Agrostis tenuis Sibth., Fl. Oxon. 36. 1794. Based on A. capillaris Huds.

Agrostis capillaris Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 27. 1762. Not A. capillaris L., 1753.
England.

Agrostis sylvatica Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 28. 1762. England. A teratological
form, the florets abnormally elongated. Name rejected, being based on a
monstrosity.

Agrostis vulgaris With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 132. 1796. Europe.

Vilfa vulgaris Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, pl. 5. f. 8. 1812. Based on Agrostis
vulgaris With.

Agrostis alba var. sylvatica Smith, English FI. 1: 98. 1824. Based on A.
sylvatica Huds. Published as new by’ Scribner, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 40.
1894, the basis given as ‘‘ A. sylvaiica L.”’ error for Huds.

Agrostis alba var. vulgaris Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 63. 1867.
Based on A. vulgaris With.

Agrostis stolonifera var. vulgaris Celak., Prodr. Fl. Bohm. 710. 1881. Not A.
stolonifera var. vulgaris Heuff., 1858. Based on A. vulgaris With.

Agrostis alba var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 78. 1892. [Wash-
ington, D.C.]

786 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

This species has been referred to Agrostis capillaris L., a European species not
known from America.
AGROSTIS TENUIS Var. ARISTATA (Parnell) Druce, List Brit. Pl. 79. 1908. Pre-
sumably based on A. vulgaris var. aristata Parnell.
Agrostis stricta Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 366. 1797. Not A. stricta Gmel., 1791. North
America.
Agrosiis stricta Muhl., Descr. Gram. 65. 1817. Not A. stricta Gmel., 1791.
New England and Carolina.
Trichodium strictum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 281. 1817. Based on
Agrostis stricta Willd.
Agrostis diffusa Muhl.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 260. 1825. Not A. diffusa
Host, 1809, nor Muhl., 1817. As synonym of A. stricta Muhl.
Agrostis vulgaris var. aristata Parnell, Grasses Scotl. 1!: 34. pl. 18. 1842.
Scotland.
Agrostis alba var. aristata A. Gray, Man. 578. 1848. Not A. alba var. aristata
Spenner, 1825. Based on A. stricta Willd.
Agrostis stricta Buse, in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 341. 1854. Not A. stricta Gmel.,
1791. Based on Trichodium strictum Roem. and Schult.
Agrostis alba var. stricta Wood, Class-book 774. 1861. Based on A. stricia
Jilld.
Agrostis tenuis forma aristata (Parnell) Wiegand, Rhodora 26: 2. 1924. Based
on A. vulgaris var. aristata Parnell.
Agrostis palustris var. stricta House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 98. 1924.
Based on Agrostis stricta Willd.
Agrostis capillaris var. aristata Druce, Fl. Oxfordsh. ed. 2. 474. 1927. Pre-
sumably based on A. vulgaris var. aristata Parnell.
Agrostis capillaris aristulata Hitche., Biel. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928.
Alexandria, Va. Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 344.
(4) Agrostis thurberiana Hitchc., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 68:
23. pl. 1. f. 1. 1905. Skamania County, Wash., Suksdorf 1021.
Agrostis hillebrandit Thurb.; Boland. Agr. Soc. Calif. Trans. 1864-1865: 136.
1866. Name only. Sierra Nev ada, Calif., Hillebrand.
Agrostis atrata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 531. 1909. Yoho Valley,
British Columbia, Macoun 64787.
(6) Agrostis verticillata Vill., Prosp. Pl. Dauph. 16. 1779. France.
si alba var. verticillata Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 76. 1805. Based on A. verticil-
ata Vill.
Agrostis villarsii Poir., in Lam., Encyel. Sup. 1: 251. 1810. Based on A.
verticillata Vill.
Vilfa verticillata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis
verticillata Vill.
Agrostis decumbens Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 136. 1816. Not A.
decumbens Host, 1809. Charleston, 8.C.
Agrostis stolonifera var. verticillata St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 28. 1821. Based on
A. verticillata Vill.
Agrostis condensaia Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2.1: 40. 1840, as synonym of
A. verticillata Vill.
Agrostis leptos Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 169. 1854. Louisiana.
Agrostis aquatica Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1863. Not
A. aquatica Pourr., 1783. San Saba Couaty, Tex.
ee verticillata Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 282. 1901. Based on Agrostis verticillata
ill.

(56) AIRA L.

(3) Aira capillaris Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 20. pl. 35. 1809. Europe.

Avena capillaris Mert. and Koch, in Roehl., Deut. Fl. ed. 3. 12: 573. 1823.
Based on Aira capillaris Host.

Airopsis capillaris Schur, Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 9: 328. 1859. Based on Azra
capillaris Host.

Fussia capillaris Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 754. 1866. Based on Azra
capillaris Host.

Airella capillaris Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 7!: 68, 1868. Based on Azra
capillaris Host.

Aspris capillaris Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 116. 1920. Based on
Aira capillaris Host.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 787

(2) Aira caryophyllea L., Sp. Pl. 66. 1753. Europe.

Avena caryophyllea Wigg., Prim. Fl. Hols. 10. 1780. Based on Azra caryo-
phyllea L.

Agrostis caryophyllea Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on Azra caryo-
phyllea L.

Airopsis caryophyllea Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. Cont. 3: 180. 1842. Based

© on Aira caryophyllea L.

Caryophyllea airoides Opiz, Sezn. Rostl. Ceské 27. 1852. Based on Aira
caryophyllea L.

Fussia caryophyllea Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 754. 1866. Based on Aira
caryophyllea L.

Airella caryophyllea Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 7!: 68. 1868. Based on
Aira caryophyllea L.

Salmasia vulgaris Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 316. 1901. Based on Aira caryophyllea L.

Aspris caryophyllea Nash, in Britt. and Brown, I[llustr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 214.
1913. Based on Azra caryophyllea ty

(1) Aira praecox L., Sp. Pl. 65. 1758. Europe.

Agrostis praecox Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Based on Aira praecox L.

Avena praecox Beauv:, Ess. Agrost. 89, 154. 1812. Based on Aira praecox L.

Trisetum praecor Dum., Obs. Gram. Belg. 122. pl. 8. f. 30. 1823. Based on
Aira praecox L.

Airopsis praecox Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. Cont. 3: 180. 1842. Based on
Aira praecox L.

Caryophyllea praecox Opiz, Sezn. Rostl. Ceské 27. 1852. Based on Aira

praecox L

Fussia praecox Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 754. 1866. Based on Aira
praecox L.

Atrella praecox Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 7!: 68. 1868. Based on Azra
praecox L.

Salmasia praecox Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 316. 1901. Based on Azra praecox L.
Aspris praecox Nash, in Britt. and Brown, [llustr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 215. 19138.
Based on Azra praecox L.

(69) ALOPECURUS L.

(5) Alopecurus aequalis Sobol., Fl. Petrop. 16. 1799. Greece.

Alopecurus aristulatus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48. 1803. Canada, Michauz.

Alopecurus fulvuus J. E. Smith, in Sowerby, English Bot. 21: pl. 1467. 1805.
England.

Alopecurus subaristatus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 80. 1805. Canada.

Alopecurus geniculatus var. natans Wahl., Fl. Lapp. 22. 1812. Lapland.

Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 97.
1823. Based on A. aristulatus Michx.

Alopecurus caespitosus Trin., Gram. Icon. 3: pl. 241. 1836. North America,
[type, Northwest America, Douglas].

Alopecurus geniculatus var. fuluus Schrad., Linnaea 12: 424. 1838. Based on
A. fuluus J. E. Smith.

Alopecurus geniculatus var. robustus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 18.
1888. Vancouver Island, Macoun.

Alopecurus howellia var. merrimani Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 278. 1896.
Pribilof Islands, Alaska, ‘‘C. H. Merriman”’ [error for Merriam].

Alopecurus howellii var. merriami Beal; Macoun, in Jordan, Fur Seals North
Pacif. 3: 578. 1899. (Correction of var. merrimani Beal.)

Alopecurus aristulatus var. natans Simmons, Arkiv Bot. 617: 4. 1907. Based
on A. geniculaius var. natans Wahl.

Tozzettia fulva Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 216. 1915. Based on Alopecurus
fulvus J. E. Smith.

Alopecurus artistulatus var. merriami St. John, Canada Dept. Mines Mem.
126: 42. 1922. Based on A. howelli var. merriami Beal.

Alopecurus aequalis var. natans Fernald, Rhodora 27: 198. 1925. Based on
Alopecurus geniculatus var. natans Wahl.

(3) Alopecurus alpinus J. E. Smith, in Sowerby, English Bot. pl. 1126. 18083.

Scotland.

? Alopecurus borealis Trin., Fund. Agrost. 58. 1820. Asia and North America.

Alopecurus occidentalis Seribn. and Tw eedy, Bot. Gaz. 11: 170. 1886. Yel-
lowstone National Park, Tweedy. bh |

Alopecurus behringianus Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 298. 1920.
St. Paul Island, Alaska, Macoun.

788 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Vasey misapplied the name Alopecurus pratensis var. alpestris Wahl. to this
species in Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 86. 1892.
(7) Alopecurus carolinianus Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina.
Alopecurus ramosus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 8: 776. 1808. Carolina, Bosc.
Alopecurus pedalis Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 4. 1812. Name only. ([Caro-
lina, Bosc.]

Alopecurus gracilis Willd.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41:
38. 1840. Carolina [Bosc].

Alopecurus macouni Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 12. 1888. Oak
Bay, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

Alopecurus geniculatus var. caespitosus Scribn., in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 2°:
389. 1890. Yale, British Columbia, Macoun.

Alopecurus geniculatus var. ramosus St. John, Rhodora 19: 167. 1917. Based
on A. ramosus Poir.

Alopecurus creticus Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 45. 1821. Crete.

(6) Alopecurus geniculatus L., Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Europe.

Tozzettia geniculata Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 275. 1901. Based on Alopecurus
geniculatus L.
(8) Alopecurus howellii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 12. 1888. [Med-
ford], Oreg., Howell [215].
Alopecurus californicus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 18. 1888. Cali-
fornia [type, Santa Cruz, Anderson] and Oregon.
(1) Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., Fl. Angl. 23. 1762. England.
Alopecurus agrestis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 89. 1762. Europe.
Tozzettia agrestis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 274. 1901. Based on Alopecurus
agrestis L.
(4) Alopecurus pallescens Piper, Fl. Palouse 18. 1901. Pullman, Wash.,
Piper 1748.
(2) Alopecurus pratensis L., Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Europe.
(9) onacraaar saccatus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 290. 1881. Eastern Oregon,
Howell.

(62) AMMOPHILA Host

(1) Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 105. 1827. Based on
Arundo arenaria L.
Arundo arenaria L., Sp. Pl. 82. 1753. Europe.
Calamagrostis arenaria Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 34. 1788. Based on
Arundo arenaria L.
Ammophila arundinacea Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 24. pl. 41. 1809.
Based on Arundo arenaria L.
Psamma_ littoralis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 144. pl. 6. f. 1. 176. 1812.
Europe.
Psamma arenaria Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 845. 1817. Based on
Calamagrostis arenaria Roth.
Phalaris maritima Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 48. 1818. Based on Arundo arenaria
L., but misapplied to Ammophila breviligulata.
Phalaris ammophila Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 66. 1821. Based on
Ammophila arundinacea Host.
Arundo littoralis Beauv.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 144. 1840, as synonym
of Calamagrostis arenaria Roth.
(2) Ammophila breviligulata Fernald, Rhodora 22: 71. 1920. Milford, Conn.,
Bissell in 1902.
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Poir.) Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 874.
1894. Based on Arundo mauritanica Poir.
Arundo mauritanica Poir., Voy. Barb. 2: 104. 1789. Algeria.
Arundo tenax Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 25. 1791. Tunis.
Ampelodesmos tenax Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 136. 1827. Based on Arundo

tenax Vahl.
(138) AMPHICARPUM Kunth

(2) Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum (Schult.) Hitche., Bartonia 14: 34. 19382.
Based on Milium muhlenbergianum Schult.

Milium ? muhlenbergianum Schult., Mant. 2: 178. 1824. Based on Milium
no. 38 of Muhlenberg’s Descriptio Graminum. Muhlenberg’s specimen is
without locality.

Amphicarpon floridanum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 572. 1860. Apalachicola
River, Fla.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 789

(1) Amphicarpum purshii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 28. 1829. Based on Milium

amphicarpon Pursh.

ee Nee Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 62. pl. 2. 1814. Egg Har-
bor, N.J.

Milium ciliatum Muhl., Deser. Gram. 77. 1817. Not M. ciliatum Moench.
New Jersey.

Amphicarpon amphicarpon Nash, Mem. Torrey Bet. Club 5: 352. 1894.
Based on Milium amphicarpon Pursh.

(145) ANDROPOGON L.

(16) Andropogon arctatus Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. West Florida,
Chapman [in 1875].
Andropogon tetrasitachyus var. distachyus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 581. 1860.
No locality cited. [Type specimen of A. arctatus is also type of this.]
Sorghum arctatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon
arctatus Chapm.
(30) Andropogon barbinodis Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 3. 1816. Mexico, Sessé.
Andropogon leucopogon Nees, Linnaea 19: 694. 1845. Mexico, Aschenborn
141.

Andropogon saccharoides var. barbinodis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
494. 1889. Based on A. barbinodis Lag. c

Andropogon saccharoides var. leucopogon Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 496.
1889. Based on A. leucopogon Nees.

Amphilophis barbinodis Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 65. 1903.
Based on Andropogon barbinodis Lag.

Holcus saccharoides var. barbinodis Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon barbinodis Lag.

Amphilophis leucopogon Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 126. 1912. Based on Andro-
pogon leucopogon Nees.

(21) Andropogon brachystachyus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 668. 1883.
[Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss [3632].

Sorghum brachystachyum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on
Andropogon brachystachyus Chapm.

(14) Andropogon cabanisii Hack., Flora 68: 133. 1885. ‘‘Pennsylvania”’
[erroneous] and Florida, Cabanis.

Sorghum cabanisii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon
cabanisii Hack.

(27) Andropogon campyloracheus Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 4381. 1900.
Eustis, Fla., Nash 1738.

Andropogon elliottiit var. laxiflorus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 146.
1896 (Apr.). Eustis, Fla., Nash 1738. Published as new in Beal, Grasses
N.Amer. 2: 51. 1896 (Nov.), Nash 1597 cited as type.

(22) Andropogon capillipes Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 481. 1900. Based
on A. virginicus var. glaucus Hack.

Andropogon glaucus Muhl., Descr. Gram. 278. 1817. Not A. glaucus Retz.,
1789. South Carolina.

Cymbopogon glaucus Schult., Mant. 2: 459. 1824. Based on Andropogon
glaucus Muhl.

Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 411.
1889. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3638b.

(5) Andropogon cirratus Hack., Flora 68: 119. 1885. El Paso, Tex., Wright
804 [error for 805].

Sorghum cirratum Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon
cirratus Hack.

Schizachyrium cirratum Woot. and Standl., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 30.
1912. Based on Andropogon cirratus Hack.

(10) Andropogen divergens (Hack.) Anderss.; Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
— 456. 1933. Based on A. scoparius subsp. maritimus var. divergens
ack.

Andropogon scoparius subsp. maritimus var. divergens Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 385. 1889. Texas.

Andropogon divergens Anderss.; Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 385. 1889,
as synonym of A. scoparius subsp. maritimus var. divergens Hack.

(25) Andropogon elliottii Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 581. 1860. Florida to
North Carolina. Chapman erroneously cites ‘‘.A. argenteus Ell., not of DC.”
but his description, especially of the ‘‘dilated clustered sheaths”’ shows

that he did not know Elliott’s species (see synonymy under A. ternartus

790 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Michx.), but was describing plants of his own collection, one of which from
Chapman’s herbarium named ‘Andropogon Elliottii S. Fl.” in his seript
is in the U.S. National Herbarium.

Andropogon clandestinus Wood, Class-book ed. 3: 809. 1861. Not A. clan-

destinus Nees, 1854. Western Louisiana.

Andropogon elliottv var. gracilior Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 415. 1889.

[Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3636a.

SEE elliotti: Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on A. elliottiz

hapm.

?Andropogon gyrans Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1898.

Durham County, N.C., Ashe.
Andropogon gracilior Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 68. 1903. Based on
A. elliottti var. gracilior Hack.
(32) Andropogon exaristatus (Nash) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163.
1928. Based on Amphilophis exaristatus Nash.
Andropogon saccharoides var. submuticus Vasey; Hack., in DC., Monogr,
Phan. 6: 495. 1889. Not A. submuticus Steud., 1854. Texas, Nealley.
Amphilophis exaristatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 65. 1903. Based
on Andropogon saccharoides var. submuticus Vasey.
(17) Andropogon floridanus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 145. 1896.
[Eustis], Fla., Nash 1572.
Andropogon bakeri Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 39.
1901. Grasmere, Fla., C. H. Baker 58.
(11) Andropogon furcatus Muhl., in Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 919. 1806. North
America [probably Pennsylvania].
?Andropogon ternarius [Michx. misapplied by] Bertol., Mem. Accad. Sci.
Bologna 2: 600. 1850. Alabama.
Andropogon provincialis subvar. furcatus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
442. 1889. Based on A. furcatus Muhl.
Andropogon provincialis subvar. lindheimeri Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
443. 1889. Texas, Lindheimer 741.
Andropogon provincialis subvar. pycnanthus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
443. 1889. Texas, Vinzent 69.
Andropogon provincialis var. tennesseensis Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull.
7: 23. 1894. Tennessee.
Andropogon hallit grandiflorus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 21.
1897. Colorado, Shear 747 [type], 605, 2366.
Andropogon tennesseensis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 16: 1.
1899. Based on A. provincialis var. tennesseensis Scribn.

The name Andropogon provincialis Lam. (Encycl. 1: 376. 17838), was applied
to this species by Hackel (in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 441. 1889) and others, but
Lamarck’s species is uncertain. He states that he saw a plant in the Paris
Botanical Garden, but his description is taken from Gerard (FI. Gall. Prov. 107.
pl. 4. 1761) and does not well apply to our species. Furthermore, A. provincialis
Retz. (Obs. Bot. 3: 43. [81]. 1783), which appears to be a species of Chloris,
was published the same year. The author is unable to determine which is the
earlier. The part of Lamarck’s Encyclopedie containing page 376 appeared in
August 1783.

(24) Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888. Based
on Cinna glomerata Walt.

Cinna glomerata Walt., Fl. Carol. 59. 1788. South Carolina.

Andropogon macrourus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 56. 1803. Carolina to

Florida, Michaux. [Type labeled ‘‘ Virginia to Carolina.’’]
Andropogon spathaceus Trin., Fund. Agrost. 186. 1820, name only; Steud.,
Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 93. 1840, as synonym of A. macrourus Michx.

Anatherum macrourum Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. (n.s.) 8: 534. 1863. Based

on Andropogon macrourus Michx.

Andropogon macrourus var. abbreviatus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 408.

1889. [Pleasant Bridge], N.J., Gray.
Andropogon macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm.; Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 409. 1889. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3639c.

Sorghum glomeratum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 790. 1891. Based on Cinna

glomerata Walt.

Dimeiostemon macrurus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of

Andropogon macrourus Michx.
Andropogon virginicus var. corymbosus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 52. 1896.
[Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3639c.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 791

Andropogon glomeratus var. corymbosus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 7 (ed. 3): 15. 1900. Based on A. macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm.
Andropogon glomeratus var. abbreviaius Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 7 (ed. 3): 15. 1900. Based on A. macrourus var. abbreviatus Hack.
Andropogon corymbosus Nash, in Britton, Man. 69. 1901. Based on
A. macrourus var. corymbosus Chapm.
Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901. Based
on A. macrourus var. abbreviatus Hack.
Andropogon glomeratus tenuispatheus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 61.
1903. Florida [type] to New Mexico.
Andropogon tenuispatheus Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 113. 1912. Based on
A. glomeraius tenuispatheus Nash.
(1) Andropogon gracilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 284. 1825. Hispaniola.
Andropogon juncifolius Desy.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 9. 1825. St.
Croix, Virgin Islands.
Andropogon louisianae Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 383. 1854. Louisiana
[doubtless erroneous].
Sorghum gracile Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon
gracilis Spreng.
Schizachyrium gracile Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 60. 1903. Based on
Andropogon gracilis Spreng.
(12) Andropogon hallii Hack., Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien)
89!: 127. 1884. North America [Nebraska], Hall and Harbour 651.
Andropogon hallii var. flaveolus Hack., Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw.
(Wien) 89!: 128. 1884. [Nebraska] Hall and Harbour 651.
Andropogon halliit var. incanescens Hack., Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Math.
Naturw. (Wien) 89!: 128. 1884. [Nebraskal Hall and Harbour.
Andropogon hallit var. muticus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 444. 1889.
Brighton, Colo., Vasey.
Sorghum hallit Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon
hallit Hack.
aay oh geminatus Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 55. 1896. Texas,
Nealley.
Andropogon hallii var. bispicaia Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 55. 1896, as
synonym of A. geminatus Hack.
Andropogon chrysocomus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901. Kansas [type,
Stevens County, Carleton 343] and Texas.
Andropogon paucipilus Nash, in Britton, Man. 70. 1901. Montana and
Nebraska [type, Whitman, Rydberg 1607].
(3) Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XX XIX. 1830.
Based on Schizachyrium hirtiflorum Nees.
Streptachne domingensis Spreng.; Schult., Mant. 2: 188. 1824. Not Andropogon
domingensis Steud., 1821. Santo Domingo, Bertero.
Schizachyrium hirtiflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 334. 1829. Brazil, Sellow.
Aristida domingensis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 62. 1829. Based on Strepiachne
domingensis Spreng.
Andropogon oligostachyus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 581. 1860. Middle Florida,
Chapman.
Andropogon hirtiflorus var. oligostachyus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
372. 1889. Based on A. oligostachyus Chapm.
Sorghum hirtiflorum Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Schizachy-
rium hirtiflorum Nees.
Schizachyrium oligostachyum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59. 1903.
Based on Andropogon oligosiachyus Chapm.
Schizachyrium domingense Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 103. 1912. Based on
Streptachne domingensis Spreng.
Andropogon domingensis F. T. Hubb., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proce. 49: 493. 1913.
Not A. domingensis Steud., 1821. Based on Streptachne domingensis Spreng.
ANDROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS var. FEENSIS (Fourn.) Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan.
6: 372. 1889. Based on A. feensis Fourn.
dF aap: Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 62. 1886. Santa Fé, Mexico, Bourgeau

Andropogon hirtiflorus var. brevipedicellatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 44. 1896.
Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 383.
Schizachyrium feense A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 70: 89. 1923. Based
_on Andropogon feensis Fourn. |
(7) Andropogon littoralis Nash, in Britton, Man. 69. 1901. New York [type, |
Staten Island, Nash in 1894] and New Jersey. |

792 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Andropogon scoparius subsp. euscoparius Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 46.
1896. Cape May, N.J., Burk in 1881 (misprinted as 1888).

Andropogon scoparius var. littoralis Hitche., Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. Based on
A. littoralis Nash.

Schizachyrium littorale Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 182. 1908. Based
on Andropogon littoralis Nash.

(19) oe longiberbis Hack., Flora 68: 131. 1885. Florida, Garber
in i

Sorghum longiberbe Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon
longiberbis Hack.

(9) Andropogon maritimus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2: 668. 1883. West
Florida, Chapman.

Andropogon scoparius subsp. marttimus Hack., in DC., Monoer. Phan. 6: 385.
1889. Based on A. maritimus Chapm.

Schizachyrium maritimum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59. 1903. Based
on Andropogon mariiimus Chapm.

(13) Andropogon mohrii (Hack.) Hack.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb.
3: 11. 1892. Based on A. liebmanni subvar. mohriz Hack.

Andropogon liebmanni subvar. mohrii Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 413.
1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr [in 1884].

Andropogon mohrit var. pungensis Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 15: 114.
1898. Washington County, N.C., Ashe.

Andropogon nodosus (Willem.) Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 122. 1912. Based on
Dichanthium nodosum Willem.

Dichanthium nodosum Willem., Ann. Bot. Usteri 18: 11. 1796. Mauritius.

Andropogon mollicomus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 365. 1830. Mauritius.

Andropogon caricosus var. mollicomus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 569.
1889. Based on A. mollicomus Kunth.

(20) Andropogon perangustatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 62. 1903.
Based on A. virginicus var. [viridis subvar.] stenophyllus Hack.

Andropogon virginicus var. viridis subvar. stenophyllus Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 411. 1889. Not A. stenophyllus Roem. and Schult., 1817. Florida,
Chapman {in 1884].

(29) Andropogon perforatus Trin.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 59. 1886. [Mexico City]
Mexico, Berlandier 641.

Andropogon emersus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 58. 1886. Orizaba, Mexico, Mueller
2033.

Andropogon saccharoides var. leucopogon subvar. perforaius Hack., in DC.,
Monogr. Phan. 6: 496. 1889. Based on A. perforatus Trin.

Andropogon saccharoides var. perforatus Hack.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.
Nati. Herb. 2: 497. 1894. Presumably based on A. perforatus Trin.

Amphilophis perforatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 66. 1903. Based on
Andropogon perforatus Trin.

Holcus saccharoides var. perforatus Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires 11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon perforatus Trin.

Amphilophis emersus Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 126. 1912. Based on Andropogon
emersus Fourn.

(31) Andropogon saccharoides Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce. 26. 1788. Jam-
aica, Swartz.

Andropogon argenteus DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 77. 1813. Mexico, Sessé.

Andropogon laguroides DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 78. 1813. Grown from
Mexican seed.

Andropogon glaucus Torr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y. 1: 153. 1824. Not A. glaucus
Retz. 1789. Canadian River, Tex., James.

Trachypogon argenteus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 348. 1829. Based on Andropogon
argenteus DC.

Trachypogon laguroides Nees, Agrost. Bras. 349. 1829. Based on Andropogon
laguroides DC.

Andropogon torreyanus Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 93. 1840. Based on
A. glaucus Torr.

Andropogon jamesii Torr., in Marey, Expl. Red. Riv. 302. 1853. Based on
A. glaucus Torr.

Andropogon saccharoides var. laguroides Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2%: 293.
1888. Based on A. laguroides DC.

Andropogon saccharoides var. torreyanus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
495. 1889. Based on A. torreyanus Steud.

Sorghum saccharoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andro-
pogon saccharoides Swartz.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 793

Andropogon saccharoides var. glaucus Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 28.
1894. Based on A. glaucus Torr.

Amphilophis torreyanus Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1901. Based on Andro-
pogon torreyanus Steud.

Holcus saccharoides Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904.
Presumably based on Andropogon saccharoides Swartz.

Holcus saccharoides var. laguroides Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires
11: 48. 1904. Presumably based on Andropogon laguroides DC.

Amphilophis saccharoides Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 125. 1912. Based on
Andropogon saccharoides Swartz.

Bothriochloa saccharoides Rydb., Brittonia 1: 81. 19381. Based on Andro-
pogon saccharoides Swartz.

(6) Andropogon scoparius Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 57. 1803. Carolina,
Michaux.

Andropogon purpurascens Muhl., in Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 913. 1806. North
America |probably Pennsylvania, since the type was received from Muhlen-
berg].

Andropogon flexilis Bosc; Poir., in Lam., Eneycl. Sup. 1: 588. 1810. North
America, Bosc [type, Carolina].

Pollinia scoparia Spreng., Pl. Pugill. 2: 13. 1815. Based on Andropogon
scoparius Michx.

Andropogon halei Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 809. 1861. ([Louisiana, Hale.]

Andropogon scoparius subvar. flexilis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 384.
1889. Based on A. flexilis Bosc.

Andropogon scoparius subvar. caesia Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 384.
1889. No locality cited. (Plants with pruinose sheaths.)

Andropogon scoparius subvar. serpentinus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
384. 1889. No locality cited. (Plants with strongly flexuous rachis.)

Andropogon scoparius subvar. simplicior Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:
384. 1889. No locality cited. (Sparingly branching plants.)

Sorghum scoparium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andro-
pogan scoparius Michx.

Andropogon scoparius polycladus Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 24: 40. 1901. ‘‘Braidentown” (Bradenton), Fla., Combs 1298.

Andropogon scoparius villosissimus Kearney, in Scribn. and Ball, U.S. Dept.Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 41. 1901. " Waynesboro, Miss., Kearney136. (Foli-
age villous.)

Schizachyrium scoparium Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59. 1908.
Based on Andropogon scopartus Michx.

Schizachyrium villosissimum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59, 1326.
1903. Based on Andropogon scoparius villosissimus Kearney.

Schizachyrium acuminatum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59. 1326. 19038.
Starkville, Miss., Tracy in 1890. (Sessile spikelets 10 mm long.)

Andropogon scoparius var. frequens F. T. Hubb. Rhodora 19: 103. 1917.
Block Island, R.I., Fernald, Long, and Torrey 8476.

Andropogon scoparius var. glaucescens House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 68.
1924. West of Albany, N.Y. [House 3 in 1918].

ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS var. NEOMEXICANUS (Nash) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash.
Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based on A. neo-mexicanus Nash.

Andropogon neo-mexicanus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 88. 1898. White
Sands, Dofia Ana County, N.Mex., Wooton [583] in 1897.

Schizachyrium neo-mexicanum Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 107 1912. Based on
Andropogon neo-mexicanus Nash.

(4) Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX.
1830. Based on Schizachyrium semiberbe Nees.

Schizachyrium semiberbe Nees, Agrost. Bras. 336. 1829. Brazil, Sellow.

Andropogon vaginatus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 336. 1830. Not A. vaginatus EIL.,
1816. Mexico, Haenke.

Andropogon velatus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on
A. vaginatus Presl.

Andropogon semiberbis subvar. pruinatus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 370.
1889. [Eau Gallie,] Fla., Curtiss 3633.

Andropogon tener Curtiss; Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 370. 1889. Not
A. tener Kunth, 1830. As synonym of A. semiberbis subvar. pruinatus Hack.

Sorghum semiberbe Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Schiza-
chyrium semiberbe Nees.

Andropogon hirtiflorus var. semiberbis Stapf, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 337. 1898.
Based on A. semiberbis Kunth.

794 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(8) Andropogon stolonifer (Nash) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 299. 1915.
Based on Schizachyrium stoloniferum Nash.

Schizachyrium stoloniferum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 59, 1326. 1903.
Florida, Chapman.

Schizachyrium triaristatum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 60, 1326. 1903.
Florida, Chapman.

(26) Andropogon subtenuis Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 63. 1903.
Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 2243.

(2) Andropogon tener (Nees) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830.
Based on Schizachyrium tenerum Nees.

Schizachyrium tenerum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 336. 1829. Brazil, Sellow.

Andropogon gracilis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 336. 1830. Not A. gracilis Spreng.
1825. Peru, Haenke.

Andropogon preslii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XX XIX. 1830. Based on
A. gracilis Presl.

Andropogon leptophyllus Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys.
Nat. 2: 264. 1832. Based on Schizachyriwm tenerum Nees.

Sorghum tenerum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Schizachy-
rium tenerum Nees.

(15) Andropogon ternarius Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 57. 1803. Carolina,
Michaux.

Andropogon argenteus Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 148. 1816. Not A. argentues
DC., 1813. Presumably South Carolina.

Andropogon argyraeus Schult., Mant. 2: 450. 1824. Based on A. argenteus Ell.

Andropogon muhlenbergianus Schult., Mant. 2: 455. 1824. Based on Muhlen-
berg’s Andropogon no. 4. North Carolina.

Andropogon belvisii Desy., Opusc. 67. 1831. No locality cited.

Sorghum argentewm Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 790. 1891. Based on Andro-
pogon argenteus Ell.

Andropogon argyraeus var. tenuis Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 3: 12. 1892.
Texas [Dallas, Reverchon 1161].

Andropogon argyraeus macrus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 1:
20. 1895. [Jacksonville,] Fla., Curtzss 4952. Published as new by Scribner
and Ball (Hackel given as author) U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24:
39. 1900, Tracy 3891 cited as type.

Andropogon elliottii glaucescens Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 145.
1896. Eustis, Fla., Nash 473.

Andropogon scribnerianus Nash, Bull. N.Y.Bot.Gard. 1: 482. 1900. Based
on A. elliottii glaucescens Scribn.

Andropogon mississippiensis Secribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 24: 40. 1901. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 3818.

(18) Andropogon tracyi Nash, Bull. N.Y.Bot.Gard. 1: 433. 1900. Columbus,
Miss., Tracy 3083.

(23) Andropogon virginicus L., Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. America. The type speci-
men bears no data indicating origin. Linnaeus had also a specimen from
Gronovius, Clayton 460 from Virginia.

Cinna lateralis Walt., Fl. Carol. 59. 1788. South Carolina.

Andropogon dissitiflorus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 57. 1803. Carolina to
Florida, Michauz.

Anatherum virginicum Spreng., Pl. Pugill. 2: 16. 1815. Based on Andropogon
virginicus L.

Andropogon vaginatus Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 148. 1816. Presumably
South Carolina.

Andropogon tetrastachyus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 150. pl. 8. f. 4. 1816.
Charleston, S.C.

Holcus virginicus Muhl.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 778. 1840, as synonym
of Andropogon virginicus L.

Andropogon eriophorus Scheele, Flora 27: 51. 1844. Not A. eriophorus Willd.
1806. Charles Town, W.Va.

?Andropogon curtisianus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 390. 1854. Carolina,
M. A. Curtis. Referred by Hackel to A. virginicus var. tetrastachyus.
Description does not well apply to any of our species.

Andropogon virginicus var. vaginatus Wood, Class-book 808. ed. 3. 1861.
Based on A. vaginatus Ell.

Andropogon virginicus var. viridis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 410. 1889.
Group name for three subvarieties, 1. genuinus being A. virginicus L.

Andropogon virginicus var. tetrastachyus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 411.
1889. Based on A. tetrastachyus Ell.

e

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 795

Sorghum virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andro-
pogon virginicus L.

Dimeiostemon vaginatus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of
Andropogon virginicus L. \

Dimeiostemon tetrastachys Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym
of Andropogon virginicus L.

ANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS var. GLAUCOPSIS (Eil.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21:
139. 1934. Based on A. macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell.

Andropogon macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 150. 1816.
Presumably South Carolina. :

Andropogon glaucopsis Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 91. 1840. Not A.
glaucopsis Steud. 1854. Based on A. macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell. Pub-
lished as new by Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S.62. 1903, same basis.

Andropogon virginicus var. dealbatus Mohr; Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan.
6: 411. 1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr [in 1894].

Andropogon glomeratus var. glaucopsis Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21.
1897. Based on A. macrourus var. glaucopsis Ell.

ANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS var. HIRSUTIOR (Hack.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 23: 456. 1933. Based on A. macrourus var. hirsutior Hack.

Andropogon macrourus var. hirsutior Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 409.
1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr [October 28, 1884].

Andropogon virginicus var. viridis subvar. ditior Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan.
6: 411. 1889. [Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3639d.

Andropogon macrourus var. viridis Curtiss; Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan.
6: 411. 1889, as synonym of A. virginicus var. ditior Hack. Florida,
Curtiss N.Amer. Pl. 3639d.

Andropogon macrourus var. pumtlus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 27. 1891. [Semi-
nole Cave, Val Verde County], western Texas, Nealley [256 in 1890].

Andropogon macrourus var. viridis Chapm.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb.
3: 11. 1892. Florida, Chapman.

Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.
Herb. 2: 496. 1894. Presumably based on A. macrourus var. pumilus
Vasey.

Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21.
1897. Based on A. macrourus var. hirsutior Hack.

(28) Andropogon wrightii Hack., Flora 68: 139. 1885. [Silver City,] N.Mex.,
Wright 2104.

Sorghum wrightti Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon
wrightit Hack.

Amphilophts wrighttt Nash, N.Amer. Fl]. 17: 124. 1912. Based on Andropogon
wrightit Hack.

(119) ANTHAENANTIA Beauv.

(1) Anthaenantia rufa (Ell.) Schult., Mant. 2: 258. 1824. Based on Auwlaz-

anthus rufus Ell.

Aulazanthus rufus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 103. 1816. South Carolina.

Aulaxia rufa Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 47. 1818. Based on Aulaxanthus rufus Ell.

Panicum rufum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 35. 1829. Based on Aulazanthus
rufus Ell.

Monachne rufa Bertol., Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna 2: 596. pl. 41. f. 1. 1850.
Based on Panicum rufum Kunth.

Leptocoryphium drummondit C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 314. 1861. Louisiana,
Drummond.

Panicum ciliatiflorum var. rujum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 392.
1870. [Southern States.]

Panicum aulaxanthus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 32: 361. 1858. Based on
Aulaxanthus rufus Ell.

Anthaenantia rufa scabra Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 79. 1903. South
Carolina to Louisiana.

(2) Anthaenantia villosa (Michx.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 48, 151. pl. 10. f. 7.

1812. Based on Phalaris villosa Michx.

Phalaris villosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 43. 1803. Carolina, Michauz.

Aulazanthus ciliatus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 102. 1816. South Carolina.

Panicum erianthum Poir., Eneycl. Sup. 4: 284. 1816. Carolina, Bosc.

Panicum hirticalycinum Bose; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 468. 1817,
as synonym of Anthaenantia villosa Beauv.

796 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Aulazia ciliata Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 47. 1818. Based on Aulazxanthus ciliatus
Ell.

Panicum hirticalycum Bose; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 315. 1825, as synonym of
P. erianthum Poir.

-Oplismenus erianthos Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum
erianthum Poir.

Panicum ignoratum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 217. pl. 20. 18380. Based on
Phalaris villosa Michx.

Leptocoryphium obtusum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 34. 1854. Louisiana,
Riehl.

Panicum ciliatiflorum Wood, Class-book pt. 2: 786. 1861. Not P. ciliati-
florum Kunth, 1829. Southern States.

Panicum anthaenantia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 37: 361. 1898. Based on
Anthaenantia villosa Beauv.

ANTHEPHORA Schreb.

Anthephora hermaphrodita (l.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 759. 1891. Based on
Tripsacum hermaphroditum L.
Tripsacum hermaphroditum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Jamaica.
Anthephora elegans Schreb., Beschr. Gris. 2: 105. pl. 44. 1810. Jamaica.

(33) ANTHOCHLOA Nees

(1) Anthochloa colusana (Davy) Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17:

221. f.517. 1899. Based on Stapfia colusana Davy.

Stapfia colusana Davy, Erythea 6: 110. pl. 3. 1898. Colusa County, Calif.,
Davy.

Neostapfia colusana Davy, Erythea 7: 43. 1899. Based on Stapfia colusana
Davy.

Davyella colusana Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 49: 134. 1899. Based on
Stapfia colusana Davy.

(109) ANTHOXANTHUM L.

(2) Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss., Voy. Bot. Esp. 2: 638. 1845. Southern
Europe.
Anthoxanthum pueliit Lec. and Lam., Cat. Pl. France 385. 1847. France.
Anthoxzanthum odoratum var. puelit Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 21.
1854. Based on A. pueliz Lee. and Lam.
Anthoxanthum gracile Bivon., Stirp. Rar. Sic. 1: 13. pl. 1. f. 2. 1818. Italy.
(1) Anthoxanthum odoratum L., Sp. Pl. 28. 1753. Europe.
Anthoxanthum odoratum var. altissimum Eaton and Wright, Man. Bot. North.
States 10. 1817. Probably Connecticut, Ives.
Xanthonanthos odoratum St. Lag., Ann. Soe. Bot. Lyon 7: 119. 1880. Based on
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.

(85) ARISTIDA L.

(14) Aristida adscensionis L., Sp. Pl. 82. 1753. Ascension Island.

Aristida interrupta Cayv., Icon. Pl. 5: 45. pl. 471. f. 2. 1799. Mexico.

Chaetaria ascensionis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 151, 158. 1812. Based on A.
adscensionis L.

Aristida bromoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 122. 1816. Ecuador,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Aristida coarctata H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 122. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt
and Bonpland.

Chaetaria bromoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 396. 1817. Based on
Aristida bromoides H.B.K.

Chaetaria coarctata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 396. 1817. Based on
Aristida coarctata H.B.K.

Aristida fasciculata Torr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y. 1: 154. 1824. Canadian River
[Texas or Oklahoma], James.

Chaetaria fasciculata Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 578. 1827. Based on Aristida
fasciculata Torr.

Aristida nigrescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 228. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Aristida dispersa Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51:
129, 1842, Chile,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 797

Aristida dispersa var. bromoides Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb.
VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 130. 1842. Based on A. bromoides H.B.K.

Aristida dispersa var. coarctata Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
Sci. Nat. 5!: 180. 1842. Based on A. coarctata H.B.K.

Aristida maritima Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 137. 1854. Guadeloupe.

Aristida schaffnert Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 78. 1886. Mexico, Schaffner.

Aristida grisebachiana Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 78. 1886. Mexico, Schaffner 175
in part, 53.

Aristida grisebachiana var. decolorata Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 78. 1886. Mexico,
Inebmann 663, 664.

Aristida adscensionis var. coarctata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 340. 1898. Based
on A. coarctata H.B.K.

Aristida americana bromoides Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 32: 5. 1901. Based on A. bromoides H.B.K.

Aristida debilis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 151. 1921. Venezuela,
Moritz [638]. [Moritz 1522 named A. debilis by Mezisdifferent. Ithas been
named A. moritzii Henr.] Jamaica, MacNab.

Aristida adscensionis var. bromoides Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54: 62.
1926. Based on A. bromoides H.B.K.

Aristida adscensionis var. mexicana Hack.; Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden
54A: 265. 1927, as synonym of A. adscensionis. Morelia, Mexico, Arséne.

(34) Aristida affinis (Schult.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 61. 1829. Based on
Chaetaria affinis Schult.

Aristida racemosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 172. 1817. Not A. racemosa Spreng.,
1807. Presumably Pennsylvania.

yoate affints Schult., Mant. 2: 210. 1824. Based on Aristida racemosa
Muhl

Aristida purpurascens var. alabamensis Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St.
Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5!: 102. 1842. Alabama.

Aristida virgata var. palustris Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 555. 1860. Western
Florida.

Aristida palustris Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 35. 1885. Based on A.
virgata var. palustris Chapm.

(29) Aristida arizonica Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 138: 27. 1886. Arizona
[Rusby 875; but the specimen bearing the name and diagnosis in Vasey’s script
was collected by G. R. Vasey at Las Vegas, N.Mex.].

(16) Aristida barbata Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 78. 1886. Valley of Mexico,
Schaffner 518.

Aristida havardit Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 27. 1886. Western Texas,
Havard {28}. The date of publication is assumed to be subsequent to that of
A. barbata.

(8) Aristida basiramea Engelm.; Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 76. 1884. Minneapolis,
Minn., Upham.

(3) Aristida californica Thurb.; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 289. 1880. California,
Colorado Desert, Schott; Fort Mohave, Cooper.

Aristida jonestt Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 48. 1892, as synonym of
A. californica. [The Needles, Calif., Jones 68a.]

Aristida californica var. fugitiva Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 49. 1892.
Colorado Desert, California, Orcutt [1486].

(39) Aristida condensata Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3:19. 1878. Florida [Apalachicola,
Chapman].

Aristida stricta var. condensata Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 45. 1892.
Based on A. condensata Chapm.

Aristida combsi Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 43. f.
17. 1901. Grasmere, Fla., Combs and Baker 1069.

Aristida condensata var. combsii Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54: 108. 1926.
Based on A. combsi Scribn. and Ball.

(10) Aristida curtissii (A. Gray) Nash, in Britton, Man. 94. 1901. Based on
A. dichotoma var. curtissit A. Gray.

Aristida dichotoma var. curtissii A. fet Man. ed. 6. 640. 1890. [Bedford
County, Va., Curtiss.]

(1) Aristida desmantha Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
51: 109. 1842. Texas, Drummond 285 [type], 333.

(9) Aristida dichotoma Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41. 1803. Lincoln, N.C.,
Michauz.

Curtopogon dichotomus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 32, 159. pl. 8. f. 7. 1812. Based on
Aristida dichotoma Michx.

798 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cyrtopogon dichotomus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 266. 1825. Based on Aristida
dichotoma Michx.
Avena setacea Muhl.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:
Re tare Not A. setacea Vill., 1787. As synonym of Aristida dichotome
ichx
Avena paradoxa Willd.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 188. 1833, as synonym of
Aristida dichotoma Michx.
(17) Aristida divaricata Humb. and Bonpl.; Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 99. 1809.
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Chaetaria divaricata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 158. 1812. Based on type of
Aristida divaricata Humb. and Bonpl.
Aristida humboldtiana Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
51: 118. 1842. Based on type of A. divaricata Humb. and Bonpl.
Aristida palmert Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 42. 1883. Southern
Arizona, Palmer.
Aristida lemmont Scribn., N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 14: 23. 1894. Arizona
[Fort Huachuea, Wuilcoz].
(27) Aristida fendleriana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 420. 1855. New Mexico,
Fendler 973.
Aristida purpurea var. fendlert Vasey ,Cat. Pl.Survey W.100th Merid.55. 1874.
Name only.
Aristida purpurea var. fendlertana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 46. 1892.
Based on A. fendleriana Steud.
Aristida fasciculata var. fendleriana Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 2: 515. 1894. Based on A. fendleriana Steud.
Aristida longiseta fendleriana Merr., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 34:
5. 1901. Based on A. fendleritana Steud.
Aristida subuniflora Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 116. 1903. New
Mexico, Vasey.
(6) Aristida floridana (Chapm.) Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 35. 1885.
Based on Streptachne floridana Chapm.
Streptachne floridana Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 554. 1860. South Florida,
Blodgett.
Ortachne floridana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 119. 1903. Based on
Streptachne floridana Chapm.
(4) Aristida glabrata (Vasey) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 522. 1924.
Based on A. californica var. glabrata Vasey.
Aristida californica var. major Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 2: 212. 1889.
Name only [Magdalena Island, Brandegee in 1889].
Aristida californica var. glabrata Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 3: 178. 1891.
San José del Cabo, Baja California, [Brandegee 34 in 1890].
(22) Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp., Ann. Bot. [London] 1: 925. 1849. Based on
Chaetaria glauca Nees.
Chaetaria glauca Nees, Linnaea 19: 688. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 251.
Aristida reverchont Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18: 52. 1886. Crockett
County, Tex., Reverchon.
Aristida stricta var. nealleyt Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 55. 1890.
Chenate Mountains, Tex., Nealley [709].
Aristida nealleyi Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 45. 1892. Based on
A. stricta var. nealleyt Vasey.
Aristida reverchoni var. augusta [error for angusta] Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 3: 46. 1892. Comanche Peak, Tex., Reverchon.
Aristida vaseyi Woot. and Standl., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 55. 1912.
Based on A. reverchoni var. augusta Vasey.
(40) Aristida gyrans Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. Roberts Key, Caximbas
Bay, Fla. [Chapman].
(18) Aristida hamulosa Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54: 219. 1926. Tucson,
Ariz., Touwmey.
Aristida humboldtiana var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:47. 1892.
Texas [Nealley].
Aristida imbricata Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 253. 1927. El Paso,
Tex., Griffiths 7433.
Aristida gentilis var. breviaristata Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 255.
1927. Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., Griffiths 7270.
(15) Aristida intermedia Scribn. and Ball, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
24: 44. f. 18. 1901. Biloxi, Miss., Kearney 204.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 799

(28) Aristida lanosa Muhl.; EIll., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 143. 1816. South
Carolina.
Aristida lanata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 453. 1810. Not A. lanata
Forsk., 1775. Carolina, Bosc.
Aristida gossypina Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 152. 1812. Name only.
Chaetaria gossypina Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30,152,158. 1812. Nameonly;
Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 391. 1817. Based on Aristida lanata Poir.
Aristida lanuginosa Bosc; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2!:
46. 1836, name only; Clarion in Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb.
VI. Sci. Nat. 5!: 103. 1842. North America, Bosc.
Moulinsia lanosa Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 267. 1894, as synonym of Aristida
lanosa Muhl.
(13) Aristida longespica Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 452. 1810. Carolina,
Bosc.
ae gracilis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 142. pl. 8. f. 3. 1816. Charleston,

Aristida gentculata Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. 2: 119. 1817. Long Island,
N.Y

Curtopogon gracilis Nees; Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.
Nat. 5!: 101. 1842, as synonym of Aristida gracilis Ell.

Aristida gracilis var. depauperata A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 618. 1867. Phila-
delphia, Smzth.

Aristida simplictfolia [error for simpliciflora] var. texana Vasey, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 3: 44. 1892. Texas, [Marshall, Riggs 79].

Trizostis gracilis Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4:11381. 1895, assynonym of Aristida
gracilis Ell.

Aristida longespica var. geniculata Fernald, Rhodora 35: 318. 1933. Based
on A. geniculata Raf.

(26) Aristida longiseta Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 420. 1855. New Mexico,
Fendler 978.

Aristida curtiseta Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1863. North-
ern Texas [Buckley. Spikelets of type aborted by smut]. (Erroneously
given in Index Kewensis as A. breviseta.)

Aristida purpurea var. longiseta Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 286. 1878. Based on A. longiseta Steud.

Aristida fasciculata var. nuttallit Thurb.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 208. 1896.
Based on A. longiseta Steud., though Thurber’s name probably referred to
A. pallens as used by Nuttall.

ARISTIDA LONGISETA var. RARIFLORA Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 565.
1924. Tom Green County, Tex., Tweedy. (Published as A. longiseta .
rartflora.)

Aristida rariflora Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 314. 1927. Based on
A. longiseta rariflora Hitche.

ARISTIDA LONGISETA var. ROBUSTA Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 34:
5. 1901. Indian Creek, Mont., Scribner 336. (Published as A. longiseta
robusta.)

Aristida purpurea robusta Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 107. 1906.
Based on A. longiseta robusta Merr.

(37) Aristida mohrii Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 436. 1900. Spring Hill,
near Mobile, Ala., Mohr.

(11) Aristida oligantha Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41. 1803. Llinois,
Michauz.

? Aristida adscensionis [L. misapplied by] Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South
Carolina.

Chaetaria olygantha Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 158. 1812. Based on Aristida
oligantha Michx.

Aristida pallens [Cav. misapplied by] Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 51. 1818. Fort
Mandan, N.Dak. [Nuttall].

Aristida micropoda Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
51: 107. 1842. Arkansas, Beyrich.

sgh rey macrochaeta Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 134. 1854. Virginia, M. A.

urtis.

Aristida pauciflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 18683.
Northern Texas [Buckley].

Aristida oligantha var. nervata Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 202. 1896. Grants
Pass, Oreg., Howell.

16 Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 54A: 439. 1927. (Critical Revis. Aristida.)

55974°—35——51

S00 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(7) Aristida orcuttiana Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 27. 1886. Hansen’s

Ranch, Baja California, Orcutt [507].
Aristida hypomegas Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 146. 1921. New
Mexico, Bigelow [34].
This species has been referred to A. schiediana Trin. and Rupr., a Mexican
species not known from the United States.

(20) Aristida pansa Woot. and Standl., Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 16: 112.
1913. Tortugas Mountain, N.Mex., Wooton.

(33) Aristida parishii Hitchc., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 101. 1912. Agua Caliente,
Calif., Parish Brothers 1029a.

(19) Aristida patula Chapm.; Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 98. 1896.
Based on A. scabra as described by Chapman (Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 663.
1883), not Kunth. Florida, Chapman.

(32) Aristida purpurascens Poir., in Lam., Encyel. Sup. 1: 452. 1810. South
Carolina, Bosc.

Chaetaria purpurascens Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 152, 158. 1812. Based on
Aristida purpurascens Poir.

Aristida elliottiana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 138. 1854. Based on A. stricta
as described by Elliott, not Michx.

Aristida geyertana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 133, 1854. Illinois, Geyer.

Aristida stricta Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 133. 1854. Not A. stricta Michx.,
1803. As synonym of A. geyeriana Steud. Illinois.

Aristida purpurascens var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 1: 46.
1892. [Horn Island, Miss., Tracy 1564.]

Aristida purpurascens glaucissima Kearney; Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 45. 1901. Biloxi, Miss., Kearney 321.

(23) Aristida purpurea Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 145. 1837.
Red River, Ark. [Nuttall].

Aristida purpurea var. hookert Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI.
Sci. Nat. 5!: 107. 1842. Texas, Drummond 293.

Aristida purpurea var. berlandiert Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb.
VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 107. 1842. Bejar [Bexar], Tex., Berlandier 1777.

Aristida aequiramea Scheele, Linnaea 22: 348. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex.,
Lindheimer (562).

Aristida filipendula Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. Proc. 1862: 93. 1863.
Western Texas [Buckley, the locality being northern Texas].

Aristida purpurea var. californi[c]la Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 3: 47.
1892. California [Capay Valley, Lemmon 5474].

Aristida fasciculata var. californica Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.
ae 2: 515. 1894. Presumably based on A. purpurea var. californica

asey.

Aristida fasciculata var. hookert L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb.

= 515. 1894. Presumably based on A. purpurea var. hookeri Trin. and
upr.

Aristida longiseta hookerit Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 34: 5. 1901.
Based on A. purpurea var. hookeri Trin. and Rupr.

Aristida purpurea aequiramea Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 34:
7. 1901. Based on A. aequiramea Scheele.

Aristida purpurea capillarifolia Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 34:
8. 1901. Texas, Nealley.

Aristida berlandiert Hitche., Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 17: 280. 1913. Based
on A. purpurea var. berlandiert Trin. and Rupr.

ARISTIDA PURPUREA var. LAXIFLORA Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 34:
8. 1901. Texas, Reverchon 12. (Published as A. purpurea laxiflora.)

(12) Aristida ramosissima Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 550. 1856. IIlinois,
Engelmann [type] and Kentucky.

Aristida ramosissima var. uniaristata A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 618. 1867. Odin,
Ill., Vasey.

Aristida ramosissima var. chaseana Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden. 54B:
498. 1928. Lake Charles, La., Chase 4411.

(31) Aristida rhizomophora Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 19: 196. f. 1. 1929.
North of Lake Okeechobee, Fla., Weatherwaz 1081.

(24) Aristida roemeriana Scheele, Linnaea 22: 343. 1849. New Braunfels,
Tex., Romer.

Aristida muhlenbergioides Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 79. 1886. Mexico, Virlet
1424, Karwinsky 1008,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 801

Aristida purpurea var. micrantha Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 3: 47.
1892. Western Texas [Nealley].

Aristida fasciculata var. micrantha Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.Natl.
Herb. 2: 515. 1894. Presumably based on A. purpurea var. micrantha
Vasey.

Aristida micrantha Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 117. 1903. Based on
A. purpurea var. micrantha Vasey.

(36) Ee, simpliciflora Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. West Florida
[Chapman].

(21) Aristida spiciformis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 141. 1816. Presumably
South Carolina.

“Sees stricta Muhl., Descr. Gram. 174. 1817. Not A. stricta Michx. 1803.

orgia.

Aristida squarrosa Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 62. 1821. North America.

Chaetaria squarrosa Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 577. 1827. Based on Aristida
squarrosa Trin.

(30) Aristida stricta Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41. 1803. South Carolina,
Michauz.

Chaetaria stricta Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, 152, 158. 1812. Based on Aristida
stricta Michx.

Aristida beyrichiana Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
51: 104. 1842. Georgia and Arkansas, Beyrich.

(38) Aristida tenuispica Hitchce., Contrib. U.S.Natl.Herb. 22: 581. 1924.
Hillsboro, Fla., Combs 1384.
(5) Aristida ternipes Cav., Icon. Pl. 5: 46. 1799. Panama, Née.

Streptachne scabra H.B. K. .. Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 124. pl. 40. 1815. Near
Toluca, Mex., Humboldt and Bonpland.

Streptachne tenuis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 124. 1815. Venezuela,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Aristida scabra Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 62. 1829. Based on Streptachne
scabra H.B.K. .

Aristida tenuis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 62. 1829. Based on Sireptachne
tenuis H.B.K.

Stipa tenuis Willd., Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 648. 1841, as synonym of
Aristida tenuis.

Muhlenbergia scabra Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
51: 183. 1842. Based on Aristida scabra Kunth.

eee cubensis A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 311. 1850. Cuba,
agra

Ohtichne scabra Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 295. 1880. Based on
Streptachne scabra H. B.K.

Ortachne tenuis Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 295. 1880. Based on
Streptachne tenuis H. B.K.

ARISTIDA TERNIPES var. MINOR (Vasey) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453.
1933. Based on A. schiedeana var. minor Vasey.

Aristida schiedeana var. minor Saeey Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 28. 1886.
Arizona, Pringle [type]; Bowie, J:

Aristida divergens Vasey, Contrib. TS. Natl. Herb. 3: 48. 1892. Based on
A. schiedeana var. minor Vasey.

Aristida ternipes divergens Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 525. 1924.
Based on A. divergens Vasey.

(2) Aristida tuberculosa Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1:57. 1818. Near Augusta, Ga.

Chaetaria tuberculosa Schult., Mant. 2: 211. 1824. Based on Aristida tubercu-
losa Nutt.

(35) Aristida virgata Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2:60. 1821. North America
[Philadelphia, Pa.].

Aristida stricta Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 132. 1840. Not A. stricta
Michx., 1803. As synonym of A. virgata Trin.

Aristida perennis Panz., in Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.
Nat. 51: 104. 1842. South Carolina. (Fide Henrard.) 16

Aristida gracilis var. virgata Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 389. 1870.
Presumably based on A. virgata Trin.

Aristida purpurascens var. depauperata Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 201.
1896. [Ocean Springs,] Miss., Tracy [107].

Aristida chapmaniana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 118, 1327. 1908.
Apalachicola, Fla., Chapman.

802 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(25) Aristida wrightii Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 116. 1903. Dallas,
Tex., Reverchon 1061.

(58) ARRHENATHERUM Beauv.

(1) Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. and Koch, in Roehl., Deut. Fl. 1: 546.

1823. Based on Avena elatior L.

Avena elatior L., Sp. Pl. 79. 1753. Europe.

ye he Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 2: 276. 1772. Based on Avena
elatior L.

Avena elata Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 23. 1796. Not A. elata Forsk., 1775.
Based on A. elatior L

Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 55, 152, 164. pl. 11. f. 5. 1812.
Based on Holcus avenaceus Scop.

Arrhenatherum americanum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 56, 152, 1812. Name only.

Hordeum avenaceum Wigg.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 165. 1812. Name only,
referred to Arrhenatherum. Steud., Nom. Bot. 413. 1821, as synonym of
Holcus avenaceus Scop.

ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS var. BULBOSUM (Willd.) Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 1: 113.

1825. Based on Avena bulbosa Willd.

Avena tuberosa Gilib., Exere. Phyt. 2: 538. 1790. France.

Avena bulbosa Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Neue Schrift. 2: 116. 1799.
Switzerland.

Hees neper Us Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 248. 1806. Based on Avena bulbosa

illd.

Holcus avenaceus var. bulbosus Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 136. 1811. Based on
H. bulbosus Schrad.

Avena elatior var. bulbosa St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 47. 1821. Based on A.
bulbosa Willd.

Arrhenatherum tuberosum Schultz, Pollichia 20-21: 272. 1863. Based on
Avena tuberosa Gilib.

Avena elatior var. tuberosa Aschers., Fl. Brand. 1: 826. 1864. Based on
A. tuberosa Gilib.

Arrhenatherum elatius var. tuberosum Thiel., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 12: 184.
1873. Based on Avena tuberosa Gilib.

(144) ARTHRAXON Beauv.

(1) ARTHRAXON HISPIDUS var. CRYPTATHERUS (Hack.) Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo
uo: 277. 1925. Based on A. ciliaris subsp. langsdorffi var. cryptatherus
ack.
Arthraxon ciliaris subsp. langsdorffii var. cryptatherus Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 355. 1889. Japan.

(1) ARUNDINARIA Michx.

(1) Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 561. 1860. Pre-
sumably based on Arundo gigantea Walt. That name is not cited, but
Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. is cited as synonym.

Arundo gigantea Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina.

Arundinaria macrosperma Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 74. 1808. Banks of
Mississippi, Carolina, Florida, Michauz.

Miegia macrosperma Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 102. 1805. Based on Arundinaria
macrosperma Michx.

Ludolfia macrosperma Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 2: 320. 1808.
Based on Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.

Miegia gigantea Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 39. 1818. ‘‘Alluvions of the Mississippi.”
Based (through Elliott) on Arundo gigantea Walt.

Arundinaria gigantea Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 39. 1818, as synonym of Miregia
gigantea Nutt.

Nastus macrospermus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 442, 458. pl.8.f. 1. 1825.
Based on Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.

Arundinaria macrosperma var. arborescens Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26: 15.
1868. Based on A. macrosperma Michx.

Miegia arundinacea Torr.; Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26:15. 1868, as synonym
of Arundinaria macrosperma var. arborescens.

Bambusa hermanni E. G. Camus, Bamb., Monogr. 36. 1918, horticultural
name as synonym of Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 803

(2) Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 191. 1817. Based on
Arundo tecta Walt.

Arundo tecta Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina.

Ludolfia tecta A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 2: 24. 1833. Based on Arundo tecta Walt.

Miegia pumila Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 149. 1837. Junction
of Red and Kiamichi Rivers, [Okla.]

Arundinaria tecta var. pumila Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 3!:
112. 1839. Based on Miegia pumila Nutt.

?Arundinaria tecta var. colorata Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
3}. 112. pl. 2. f. 1. 6 1839... North America.

?Arundinaria tecta var. distachya Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.
Nat. 3!: 112. pl. 2. f. 1 y.. 1889. Philadelphia.

Arundinaria macrosperma var. suffruticosa Munro, Linn. Soc. Trans. 26: 15.
1868. Based on A. tecta Muhl.

Arundinaria macrosperma var. tecta Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 404.
1870. Presumably based on Arundo tecta Walt. Published as new by
Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 659. 1896, same basis.

Arundinaria gigantea tecta Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 478. 1898.
Based on Arundo tecta Walt.

Bambusa pumila Mitford, Garden 45: 530. 1894. ‘‘Arundinaria.’’ Culti-
vated at Kew from North America. Possibly based on Miegia pumila Nutt.

(24) ARUNDO L.

(1) Arundo donax L., Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. Southern Europe.
-Arundo sativa Lam., Fl. Frang. 3: 616. 1778. France.
Arundo latifolia Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Based on A. donaz L.
Donax arundinaceus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 78, 152, 161. 1812. Based on
Arundo donax L.
Scolochloa arundinacea Mert. and Koch; Roehl., Deut. Fl. ed. 3. 12: 5380.
1823. Based on Arundo donaz L.
Ree ae Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Arundo
onax L.
Scolochloa donax Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 1: 202. 1828. Based on Arundo donax L.
Donax donax Aschers. and Graebn., Fl. Nordostd. Flachl. 101. 1898. Based
on Arundo donax L.
Arundo glauca Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 303. 1901. Not A. glauca Bieb., 1808.
Based on Arundo donaz L.
ARUNDO DONAX var. VERSICOLOR Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 160. 1812. Pre-
sumably based on Arundo versicolor Mill.
hee versicolor Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8. No. 3. 1768. Cultivated from
ndia.
Arundo donax var. variegata Vilm., Fl. Pl. Terre 90. 1863. France.

(57) AVENA L.

(3) Avena barbata Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 108. 1804. Europe. [Avena barbata Pott;
Link, Jour. Bot. Schrad. 2: 315. 1799, inadequately described from garden
plants and said to be wild about Lisbon, may be the same species.]}

Avena brevis Roth, Bot. Abh. 42. 1787. Europe.

Avena byzantina C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 392. 1848. Constantinople.

(1) Avena fatua L., Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. Europe.

Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm., Fl. Bienitz 18. 1841. Europe.

(5) Avena hookeri Scribn., in Hack., True Grasses 123. 1890. Based on 4A.
versicolor as described by Hooker.

Avena pratensis var. americana Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 11: 177. 1886. Based on
A. versicolor as described by Hooker (Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 244. 1840) not
A. versicolor Vill. Rocky Mountains, Drummond [209].

Avena americana Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 1838. f. 165.
1897. Based on A. pratensis var. americana Scribn.

(6)) Avena mortoniana Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 133. pl. 11. 1896. Silver Plume,
Colo., Shear 697 [type]; Rydberg 2439.

Avena nuda I.., Amoen. Acad. 3: 401. 1756. Europe.

(4) Avena pubescens Huds., Fl. Angl. 42. 1762. England.

Heuffelia pubescens Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 760. 1866. Based on Avena
pubescens L. (error for Huds.).

Avenula pubescens Dum., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 7!: 68. 1868. Based on
Avena pubescens Huds.

Avenastrum pubescens Jess.; Dalla Torre, Alpenfl. 44. 1899. Based on Avena
pubescens L. (error for Huds.).

S04 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(2) Avena sativa L., Sp. Pl. 79. 17538. Europe.
Avena sativa var. nigra Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 610. 1847. Not A. sativa
var. nigra Schrank as to name but probably the same form. Cultivated.
Avena sativa var. secunda Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 610. 1847. A. sativa
var. secunda Provancher, Fl. Canad. 2: 689. _ 1862, is probably the same
form. Cultivated.
Avena fatua var. sativa Haesskn., Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Thiiringen 3: 238. 1885.
Presumably based on Avena sativa L.
Avena fatua subsp. sativa Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ges. Ziirich 56: 325.
1911. Based on A. sativa L.
Avena sterilis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 118. 1762. Spain.
Avena algeriensis Trab., Bull. Agr. Alger. Tunis. 16: 354. 1910. Cult.
Avena sterilis algeriensis Trab., Jour. Hered. 5: 77. 1914. Presumably based
on A. algeriensis Trab.
Avena strigosa Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 52. 1771. Europe.

(126) AXONOPUS Beauv.

(2) Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 12. 1812. Based on
Milium compressum Swartz.

Milium compressum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Jamaica.

oe tristachyon Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. South America,

tchard.

anes platicaulon Poir., in Lam., Eneycl. Sup. 5: 34. 1804. Puerto Rico,

edru.

Agrostis compressa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 259. 1810. Not A. com-

ee Poir, op. cit. 258, nor Willd., 1790. Based on Milium compressum
wartz.

Paspalum compressum Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 301. 1825. Based on

Axonopus compressus Beauv.

Paspalum laticulmum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 245. 1825. West Indies.

Digitaria platicaulis Desv.,Opusc. 62. 1831. Based on Paspalum platicaulon Poir.

Digitaria domingensis Desy.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 49. 18338, as synonym of

Paspalum platicaulon Poir.
Paspalum platycaule Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2:272. 1840, erroneous-
ly cited as synonym of P. furcatum Fligge. Ecuador, Humboldt.
Paspalum guadaloupense Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 18. 1854. Guadeloupe,
Duchaissing.

Paspalum depressum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 20. 1854. Louisiana, Hart-
mann 51.

Paspalum filostachyum A. Rich.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 20. 1854. West
Indies, Szeber [365].

Anastrophus compressus Schlecht.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 102. 1877.
Presumably based on Milium compressum Swartz.

Paspalum furcatum var. parviflorum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 104. 1877.
[West Indies] Sieber 365; [Louisiana], Hartmann 51.

Anastrophus platycaulis Schlecht.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 118. 1893, as syno-

nym of Paspalum platicaulon.
Panicum platycaulon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3%: 363. 1898. Based on
Paspalum platicaulon Poir.

Paspalum raunkiaeriti Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 15: 60. 1917. St. Jan,
West Indies, Raunkiaer 1318.

(1) Axonopus furcatus (Fliigge) Hitche., Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. Based on

Paspalum furcatum Fligge.

Paspalum furcatum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 114. 1810. Carolina, Bosc.

Paspalum digitaria C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 324. 1861. Not P. digitaria
Poir., 1816. Texas, Drummond 276.

Paspalum michauxianum var. villosum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 163.
1886. No locality cited. [Type, Orange County, Fla., Curtiss E.]

Paspalum furcatum var. villosum Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 16.
1892. Presumably based on Paspalum michauxianum var. villosum Vasey.

Paspalum paspaloides var. villosum Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 24: 42. 1901. Based on P. furcatum var. villosum Vasey.

Anastrophus furcatus Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 162. 1912. Based on Paspalum

furcatum Fligge.

This species was called Paspalum paspaloides by Scribner (Mem. Torrey Bot.
Club 5: 29. 1894) and Anastrophus paspaloides by Nash (in Britton, Man. 75.
1901), but Digitaria paspalodes Michx., upon which these names are based, is
Paspalum distichum L.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 805

(98) BECKMANNIA Host

(1) Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald, Rhodora 30: 27. 1928. Based
on Panicum syzigachne Steud.
Panicum syzigachne Steud., Flora 29:19. 1846. Japan.
Beckmannia erucaeformis var. uniflora Scribn.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 628.
1890. Iowa to Minnesota and westward.
Beckmannia erucaformis var. baicalensis Kuznezow, Bull. Angew. Bot. 6:
584. 1913. Siberia.
Beckmannia baicalensis Hultén, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. ITI. 5: 119. 1927.
Based on B. erucaeformis var. batcalensts Kuznezow.
In most American botanical works this is referred to B. erucaeformis (L.)
Host, a European species. Nuttall (Gen. Pl. 1: 48. 1818) misspells the name
Bruchmanmnia.

(35) BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack.

(2) Blepharidachne bigelovii (S. Wats.) Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 261.
1889. Based on Eremochloe bigelovit S. Wats.
Eremochloe bigelovit S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 382. pl. 40.
f.1-9. 1871. [Frontera, near E] Paso, Tex.], Wright 2028.
Eremochloe thurbert 8S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: pl. 40. f. 1-9.
1871. Name inadvertently given on the plate illustrating E. bigelovit.
(1) Blepharidachne kingii (S. Wats.) Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 261. 1889.
Based on Eremochloe kingii 8. Wats.
Eremochloe kingit S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 382. pl. 40. f.
10-16. 1871. Trinity Mountains, Nev., Watson.

(77) BLEPHARONEURON Nash

(1) Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 88.
1898. Based on Vilfa tricholepis Torr.
Vilfa tricholepis Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1857. Sandia
Mountains, N.Mex. [Bigelow].
Sporobolus tricholepis Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 411. 1885. Based on
Vilfa tricholepis Torr.

(104) BOUTELOUA Lag."

(1) Bouteloua aristidoides (H.B.K.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 537. 1864. Based

on Dinebra artistidoides H.B.K.

Dinebra aristidoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 171. 1816. Mexico,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Atheropogon aristidoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 415. 1817. Based
on Dinebra aristidoides H.B.K.

Eutriana aristidoides Trin., Gram. Unifl. 242. 1824. Based on Atheropogon
aristidoides Roem. and Schult.

Dineba hirsuta Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 292. 1830. Peru, Haenke.

Eutriana hirsuta Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXIII. 1830. Based on Dineba
hirsuta Presl.

Aristida umilateralis Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 182. 1840, as
synonym of Eutriana aristidoides Trin.
Bouteloua gracilis ‘‘ Hook?”’; Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 287. 1878. Not B. gracilis Lag., 1840. Arizona, Rothrock 701.
Bouteloua ciliata Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. G6ttingen 24: 302. 1879. Jura-
mento, Argentina, Lorenz and Hieronymus 352.

Triathera aristidoides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 137. 1908. Based
on Dinebra aristidoides H.B.K.

Bouteloua aristidoides var. arizonica Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 13. 1912.
Tucson, Ariz., Thornber 177.

(10) Bouteloua barbata Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Mexico.

Actinochloa barbata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 420. 1817. Based on
Bouteloua barbata Lag.

Eutriana barbata Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 96. 1829. Based on Bouteloua
barbata Lag.

Chondrosium polystachyum Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1844. Magdalena
Bay, Baja California, Barclay.

17 Botelua Lag. Var. Cienc. 2!: 134. 1805; Bouteloua Lag. Gen. and Sp. Noy. 5. 1816.

S06 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chondrosium subscorpiodes C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 14: 347. 1856. Baja
California, Barclay.

Bouteloua _polystachya Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 5: 366. pl. 10.
1857. Based on Chondrosium polystachyum Benth.

Bouteloua pumila Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. Texas,
Wright 754.

Bouteloua polystachya var. major Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 287. 1878. Sonoyta Valley, Ariz., Rothrock 691.

Chondrosium exile Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 137. 1886. Mexico, Berlandier 842.

Chondrostum maicrostachyum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 138. 1886. Guadalupe,
Mexico, Bourgeau 667.

Bouteloua arenosa Vasey, in 8. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 24: 81. 1889,
name only; U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12!: pl. 34. 1890. Guaymas,
Mexico, Palmer 189.

Bouteloua microstachya L.H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531. 1894.
Based on Chondrosium microstachyum Fourn.

Bouteloua micrantha Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 32: 8.
1901. Fort Lowell, Ariz., Griffiths 1556.

(15) Bouteloua breviseta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 58. 1890. (July
18.) Screw Bean, Presidio County, Tex., Nealley [669].

Bouteloua ramosa Scribn.; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12!: pl. 44.
1890. (Oct. 138.) Mexico to Arizona and western Texas, [type, Nealley]. |

Bouteloua oligostachya var. ramosa Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 418.
1896. Based on B. ramosa Scribn.

(6) Bouteloua chondrosioides (H.B.K.) Benth.; S. Wats., Proc. Amer. Acad.
18:179. 1883. Based on Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K.

Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 178. pl. 53. 1816.
Michoacan, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Bouteloua ovata Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. Mexico.

Atheropogon chondrosioides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 416. 1817.
Based on Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K.

Actinochloa ovata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 420. 1817. Based on
Bouteloua ovata Lag.

Eutriana cristata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 241. 1824. Based on Atheropogon
chondrosioides Roem. and Schult. \

Chondrosium humboldtianum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 93. 1829. Based on
Dinebra chondrosioides H.B.K.

Bouteloua havardii Vasey; S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 179. 1883.
Limpio Mountains, Tex., Havard in 1881.

(3) Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr., in Emory, Notes Mil. Reconn. 154.
1848. Based on Chloris curtipendula Michx.

Chloris curtipendula Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 59. 1803. Illinois, Michauz.

Bouteloua racemosa Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Mexico.

Bouteloua pendula Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805, as synonym of B. racemosa.

Atheropogon apludoides Muhl.; Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 937. 1806. North America.

Bouteloua melicaeformis Brouss.; Hornem., Enum. Pl. Hort. Hafn. 7. 1807.
Name only; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 414. 1817, as synonym of
Atheropogon apludoides Muhl.

Bouteloua melicoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 40, 155. pl. 9. f. 6. 1812. Based
on B. melicoides Hornem., doubtless error for melicaeformis.

Dineba curtipendula Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 98, 158, 160. pl. 16. f. 1. 1812.
Presumably based on Chloris curtipendula Michx.

Dineba melicoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 160. 1812, name only, probably same
as Bouteloua melicoides Beauv.

Cynosurus secundus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 728. 1814. ‘‘ Upper Louisiana”’
[northern Middle Western States], Bradbury.

Atheropogon racemosus Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 414. 1817. Based
on Bouteloua racemosa Lag.

Dineba secunda Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 711. 1817. Based on
Cynosurus secundus Pursh.

Aristida secunda Rud.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 711. 1817, as synonym
of Dineba secunda Roem. and Schult.

Eutriana curtipendula Trin., Fund. Agrost. 161. 1820. Based on Chloris
curtupendula Michx.

Melica curtipendula Michx.; Steud., Nom. Bot. 1: 91, 519. 1821, as synonym
of Atheropogon apludoides Muhl.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES S807

Cynodon curtipendula Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
Dineba curtipendula Beauv.

Cynodon melicoides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
Bouteloua melicoides Beauv.

Andropogon curtipendulus Spreng.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 90. 1840, as
synonym of Hutriana curttpendula Trin.

Eutriana affinis Hook. f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 20: 174. 1851. St. Louis, Mo.;
Texas, Drummond.

Heterostegon curtipendula Schwein., in Hook. f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 20: 175. 1851,
as synonym of Hutriana affinis. North America, Schweinitz; Missouri and
Texas, Drummond.

eee curtipendula var. aristosa A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 5538. 1856. Illinois,

eyer.

Atheropogon curtipendulus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 138. 1886. Based on Bouteloua
curtupendula A. Gray [error for Torrey].

Atheropogon medius Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 139. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 581.

aciepeyne affinits Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 141. 1886. Based on Eutriana affinis

ook. f.

Boutelouwa racemosa var. aristosa Wats. and Coult.; Gray, Man. ed. 6. 656.
1890. Illinois, Geyer.

(5) Bouteloua eludens Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 401. 1912.
Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., Griffiths 7269.

(16) Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155.
1856. Based on Chondrosium eriopodum Torr.

Chondrosium ertopodum Torr., in Emory, Notes Mill. Reconn. 154. 1848.
Del Norte [Rio Grande] River, N.Mex., [Bigelow].

Bouteloua brevifolia Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863.
Northwestern Texas [Wright 748, Fendler 950].

(8) Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 413.
1912. Based on Atheropogon filiformis Fourn.

Bouteloua juncifolia Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 62. 1885. Name only,
Texas [Havard 89] to Arizona. (B. humboldtiana Griseb., doubtfully cited,
is B. heterostega (Trin.) Griffiths of the West Indies.)

Atheropogon filiformis Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 140. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky
991b.

(14) Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219. 1840.

Based on Chondrosium gracile H.B.K

Chondrosium gracile H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Spee, £26. pli: 55... S 16:
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Actinochloa gracilis Willd.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817.
Based on Chondrosium gracile H.B.K.

Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 78. 1818. Plains of the upper
Missouri [Nuttall].

Eutriana gracilis Trin., Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824. Based on Actinochloa
gracilis Willd.

Atheropogon gracilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based on Chondrosium
gracile H.B.K.

Eutriana oligostachya Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 96. 1829. Based on Athero-
pogon oligostachyus Nutt.

Chondrosium gracile var. polystachyum Nees, Linnaea 19: 692. 1847. Mexico,
Aschenborn 1538. [Spikes 2 or 3.]

Chondrosium oligostachyum Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 300. 1852.
Based on Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt.

Bouteloua oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1856. Based on
Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt.

Bouteloua oligostachya var. intermedia Vasey, Grasses U.S. 33. 1883. Name
only. Texas to Arizona.

Bouteloua major Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 9. 1887. Name only, for
a plant grown from seed collected in Mexico by Palmer.

Bouteloua oligostachya var. major Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 2: 531. 1894. Texas to Arizona [type, Lemmon 427].

Bouteloua oligostachya var. pallida Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 418.
1896. Mexico, Pringle 407.

BoUTELOUA GRACILIS var. STRICTA (Vasey) Hitehe., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23:

454. 1933. Based on B. stricta Vasey.

Bouteloua stricta Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888. Western
Texas, Nealley, scarcely described; U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12!: pl.
45. 1890.

808 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(18) Bouteloua hirsuta Lag., Var. Cienc. 2!: 141. 1805. Mexico.
Bouteloua hirta Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805, as synonym of B. hirsuta Lag.
Chondrosium hirtum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 176. pl. 59. 1816.
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Actinochloa hirsuta Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 419. 1817. Based on
Bouteloua hirsuta Lag.
Eutriana hirta Trin., Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824. Based on Actinochloa hirsuta
Roem. and Schult. ;
Atheropogon hirtus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 298. 1825. Based on Chondrosium
hirtum H.B.K.
Chondrostum hirsutum Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 455. 1826. Presumably based
on Actinochloa hirsuta Roem. and Schult.
Atheropogon papillosus Engelm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 46: 104. 1848. Beards-
town, Ill., Geyer.
Chondrosium aschenbornianum Nees, Linnaea 19: 692. 1847. Mexico,
Aschenborn 331.
Chondrosium foeneum Torr., in Emory, Notes Mill. Reconn. 154. pl.12. 1848.
Valley of the Del Norte, [N.Mex., Emory Exped.].
Chondrosium papillosum Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red. Riv. 300. 1852. Based
on Atheropogon papillosus Engelm.
Bouteloua foenea Torr., Cat. Pl. Survey W. 100th Merid. 18. 1874. Based on
Chondrosium foeneum Torr.
Bouteloua aschenborniana Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 187. 1886, as synonym
of Chondrosium aschenbornianum Nees.
Chondrosium drummondii Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 187. 1886. Texas, Drummond
aaa:
Bouteloua palmeri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 9. 1887. Name only,
later described as B. hirsuta var. palmerz Vasey; Beal.
Bouteloua hirsuta var. minor Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12!: pl.
39. f. 2. 1890, nomen seminudum. [Texas, Reverchon 1153.]
Bouteloua hirsuta var. major Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pl.
39. f. 3. 1890. Without description. [Austin, Tex., Stzles in 1884.]
Bouteloua hirta Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 581. 1894. Based on
Chondrosium hirtum H.B.K.
Bouteloua hirta var. major Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2:
5381. 1894. Western Texas to Mexico.
Bouteloua hirta var. minor Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2:
531. 1894. Central Texas.
Bouteloua hirsuta var. palmert Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 417. 1896.
Cultivated, seed collected by Palmer in Mexico.
Bouteloua bolandert Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 417. 1896, as synonym
of B. hirsuta var. palmeri Vasey.
Bouteloua pectinata Featherly, Bot. Gaz. 91: 103. f. 1-4. 1931. Oklahoma,
English 71.
(11) Bouteloua parryi (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 381.
1912. Based on Chondrostum parryi Fourn.
Bouteloua polystachya var. vestita S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 177.
1883. Sierra Madre south of Saltillo, Mexico, Palmer 1357 in 1880.
Chondrosium parryt Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 150. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Parry
and Palmer 923% [error for 9431].
Bouteloua vestita Scribn.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 531.
1894. Based on B. polystachya var. vestita S. Wats.
(7) Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.) Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 411.
1912. Based on Atheropogon radicosus Fourn.
Dinebra bromoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 172. pl. 51. 1816. Not
Bouteloua bromoides Lag., 1816. Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Atheropogon bromoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 415. 1817. Based
on Dinebra bromoides H.B.K.
Eutriana bromoides Trin., Fund. Agrost. 161. 1820. Based on Dzinebra
bromoides H.B.K.
Nestlera festucaeformis Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 192. 1841, as
synonym of Eutriana bromoides Trin.
Atheropogon radicosus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 140. 1886. Mexico City, Bourgeau
450.
Bouteloua bromoides var. radicosa Vasey, L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 2: 533. 1894. Based on Atheropogon radicosus Fourn,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 809 )

(4) Bouteloua rigidiseta (Steud.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453.
1933. Based on Aegopogon rigidisetus Steud. |
Aegopogon rigidisetus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 146. 1854. Texas, Drum- )
mond.
Bouteloua terana S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 196. 1883. Texas,
Berlandier 1535, Drummond 340, 374.
Polyodon texanus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 138, 1327. 1903. Based
on Bouteloua texana S. Wats.
(12) Bouteloua rothrockii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 268. 1893.
Cottonwood, Ariz., Rothrock 347.
(9) Bouteloua simplex Lag., Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. Peru.
Chloris procumbens Durand, Chlor. Sp. 16. 1808. Grown at Madria, seed
said to come from the Philippine Islands (collected by Née) where the
species is not known to occur. Probably from South America or Mexico,
which regions Née visited.
Chloris filiformis Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 2: 237. 1811. Grown aft |
Paris, the source unknown.
Chondrosium procumbens Desy.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41,158. pl. 9.f.7. 1812.
Based on Chloris procumbens Durand.
Chondrosium humile Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, 158. 1812. Name only.
Chondrosium tenue Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, 158. 1812. Name only.
Atheropogon procumbens Jacq., Eclog. Gram. 2: 16. pl. 12. 1813. Based .
on Chloris procumbens Durand. if
Bouteloua prostrata Lag., Gen. and Sp., Nov. 5. 1816. Mexico. ti
Chondrosium humile H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 175. pl. 56. 1816. Ecua- .
dor, Humboldt and Bonpland. i
Chondrosium tenue Beauv.; H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 176. pl. 57. 1816.
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Chloris tenuis Poir., in Lam., Encyecl. Sup. 5: 614. 1817. Based on C. fili-
formis Poir., p. 237, not C. filiformis Poir., op. cit. p. 238. |
Actinochloa procumbens Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 417. 1817. Based 4
on Chloris procumbens Durand.
Actinochloa humilis Willd.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 417. 1817.
Based on Chondrosium humile H.B.K. !
Actinochloa simpler Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817. Based on I
Bouteloua simplex Lag. 3
Actinochloa tenuis Willd.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817. Based |
on Chondrosium tenue H.B.K. f
Actinochloa prostrata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 419. 1817. Based i}
on Bouteloua prostrata Lag.
Eutriana humilis Trin., Gram. Unifl. 239. 1824. Based on Actinochloa [
humilis Willd.

Eutriana tenuis Trin., Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824. Based on Actinochloa tenuis |
Willd. .
Atheropogon humilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 298. 1825. Based on Chondrostum i
humile H.B.K. I
Cynodon procumbens Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on {

Chondrosium procumbens Desv.
Chondrosium prostratum Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 455. 1826. Based on Bouteloua
prostrata Lag.
Chondrosium simplex Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 94. 1829. Based on Bouteloua
simplex Lag. J
Bouteloua tenuis Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen 19: 211. 1874. Based ,
on Chondrosium tenue Beauv.
Bouteloua humilis Hieron., Bol. Acad. Ciene. Cérdoba 4: 495. 1882. Based y
on Chondrosium humile Beauv. \)
Bouteloua pusilla Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 6. 1884. Kingman, fs
N.Mex., Vasey. t
ee brachyathera Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 8: 85. 1891. Tarapaca, ;
hile.
kia rahmert Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 8: 85. 1891. Tarapaca, ¥
hile.
Bouteloua procumbens Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 364. 1912.
Based on Chloris procumbens Durand. ii
Bouteloua simplex var. rahmeri Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden no. 40: 66. i!
1921. Based on B. rahmerz Phil. :

S10 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(17) Bouteloua trifida Thurb., in S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 177.
1883. Monclova, Coahuila, Palmer 1355 in 1880.

Bouteloua burkii Scribn., in S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 179. 1883.
Western Texas and New Mexico, Berlandier 167 and 1427.

Siena trinit Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 136. 1886. Laredo, Tex., Berlandier
1427.

Chondrosium polysiachyum Trin.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 186. 1886, as synonym
of C. trina Fourn.

Chondrostum virletia Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 136. 1886. San Luis Potosi,
Mexico, Vzrlet 1378.

Bouteloua trifida var. burkiz Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
2: 5382. 1894. Based on B. burkii Scribn.

Bouteloua trinii Griffiths, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 14: 387. 1912. Based
on Chondrosium trinit Fourn. Griffiths accepts 1881 as the date for Four-
nier’s work.

(2) Bouteloua uniflora Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 26. 1891. Crockett County,
Tex., Nealley [222].

(125) BRACHIARIA (Trin.) Griseb.

(1) Brachiaria ciliatissima (Buckl.) Chase, in Hitche. », U.S. Depts ‘Agr: Bull.
772: 221. 1920. Based on Panicum ciliatissimum Buckl.
Panicum ciliatissiomum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 4.
1866. Northern Texas [Buckley].
Brachiaria erucaeformis (J. E. Smith) Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 469.
1853. Based on Panicum erucaeforme J. EK. Smith.
eee erucaeforme J. EK. Smith, in Sibth., Fl. Graec. 1: 44. pl. 59. 1806.
reece.
cara tsachne Roth, in Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 458. 1819. East
ndies.
Echinochloa eruciformis Koch, Linnaea 21: 437. 1848. Based on Panicum
erucaeforme J. E. Smith.
Panicum isachne var. mexicana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 114. 1896. Grown
from seed said to come from Mexico.
Brachiaria itsachne Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 552. 1919. Based on
Panicum tsachne Roth. :
(2) Brachiaria extensa Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 240. 1929. Based
on Paspalum platy phyllum Griseb.
Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 280. 1866. Not P. platyphyl-
lum Schult., 1827. Zarabanda, Cuba, Wright 3441.
Panicum platyphyllum Munro; Wright, An. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 206.
1871. Based on Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb.
Brachiaria platyphylla Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 81, 1827. 1903.
Based on Panicum platyphyllum Munro.
(3) Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 212.
1909. Based on Panicum plantagineum Link.
Panicum plantagineum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 206. 1827. Grown in Berlin,
origin unknown.
Panicum leandri Trin., Gram. Icon. 3: pl. 335. 1836. Brazil.
Panicum distans Salzm.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 61. 1854. Not P. distans
Trin., 1829. Bahia, Brazil [Salzmann].
Panicum disciferum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 19. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico,
Virlet 1292.

(80) BRACH YELYTRUM Beauv.

(1) Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 155. 1812. Based

on Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb.

?Dilepyrum aristosum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 40. 1803. Georgia and
Carolina, Michaux.

?Muhlenbergia aristata Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 73. 1805. Based on Dilepyrum
aristosum Michx.

Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb., in Spreng., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. 2: 287.
1807-08. Georgia and Carolina.

?Brachyelytrum aristatum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 413. 1817. Based
on Dilepyrum aristosum Michx.

Muhlenbergia brachyelytrum Trin., Gram. Unifl. 188. 1824. Based on
Brachyelytrum erectum Beauv.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 811

Agrostis erecta Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 264. 1825. Based on Muhlenbergia
erecta Schreb.
Brachyelytrum aristatum var. engelmannit A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 614. 1867.
‘‘A western form.”
?Brachyelytrum aristosum Trel., Brann. and Coville, in Branner, Rept. Ark.
Geol. Survey 4: 235. 1891. Based on Dilepyrum aristosum Michx.
Brachyelytrum aristosum var. glabratum Vasey, in Millsp. W.Va. Agr. Expt.
Sta. Bull. 24: 469. 1892. Fayette near Nuttallburg, W.Va., Nuttall.
Dilepyrum erectum Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 8: 33. 1922. Based on
Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb.
Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 101,155. 1812. Based on
Bromus distachyos L.
Bromus distachyos L., Cent. Pl. 2: 8. 1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 304. 1759.
Europe and the Orient.
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 101, 155. 1810. Based
ultimately on Festuca sylvatica Huds.
Festuca sylvatica Huds., Fl. Angl. 1: 38. 1762. England.

(11) BRIZA L.

(1) Briza maxima L., Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. Europe.
(3) Briza media L., Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. Europe.
(2) Briza minor L., Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. Europe.

(2) BROMUS L.

(3) Bromus aleutensis Trin.; Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 361. 1853.
Unalaska, Eschscholz.
(19) Bromus anomalus Rupr.; Fourn., Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 9?: 236. 1840.
Name only; Mex. Pl. 2: 126. 1886. Mexico, Galeotti 5757, 5815.
Bromus kalmii var. portert Coult., Man. Rocky Mount. 425. 1885. Twin
Lakes, Colo., Porter.
Bromus ciliatus var. minor Munro; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2:
548. 1894. West Texas [Chisos Mountains, Havard 20].
Bromus ciliatus portert Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 192. 1895.
Based on B. kalmiz var. porteri Coult.
Bromus portert Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 512. 1895. Based on B.
kalmii var. porteri Coult.
Bromus ciliatus var. monitanus Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 619. 1896.
Colorado, Patterson 264.
Bromus kalmii var. occidentalis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 624. 1896.
Montana [type, Canby and Scribner 384].
Bromus scabratus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 46. 1898.
Not B. scabratus Link, 1843. Vermilion Creek, Wyo., A. Nelson 3800.
Bromus kalmit var. major Vasey; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23:
35. 1900, as synonym of B. portert Nash.
Bromus portert havardit Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 37. 1900.
Based on B. ciliatus var. minor Munro.
BROMUS ANOMALUS Var. LANATIPES (Shear) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23:
449. 1933. Based on B. porteri lanatipes Shear.
Bromus porterz lanatipes Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 37. 1900.
Idaho Springs, Colo., Shear 739.
Bromus lanatipes Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 52. 1906. Based
on B. porterz lanatipes Shear.
(30) Bromus arenarius Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 23. pl. 28. 1804. Australia.
(29) Bromus arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Europe.
Bromus erectus var. arvensis Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 50. 1778. Based on B.
arvensis L.
hs arvensis Godr., Fl. Lorr. 3: 185. 1844. Based on Bromus arven-
sts L.
Forasaccus arvensis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 385. 1901. Based on Bromus
arvensis L.

812 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(4) Bromus breviaristatus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proce. 1862: 98.
1863. Rocky Mountains, Nuttall.

Bromus parviflorus Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proce. 1862: 336.
1863, as synonym of B. breviaristatus Buckl.

Bromus subvelutinus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 52. 1900.
Reno, Nev., Tracy 249.

Bromus pauciflorus Nutt.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 53.
1900. This name, on Nuttall’s ticket on the type of B. brevaristatus Buckl.,
was misread as ‘‘ parviflorus” by Gray.

Bromus carinatus linearis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 61.
1900. California, Vasey in 1875.

(22) Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. and Mey., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 3: 30.
1837. Europe.

(5) Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn., Bot., Beechey Voy. 4038. 1840. Cali-
fornia.

Ceratochloa grandiflora Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 253. 1840. Not Bromus
grandiflorus Weige:, 1772. Plains of the Columbia [Oregon], Scouler,
Douglas.

Bromus oregonus Nutt.; Hook. f., Jour. Bot. Kew Misc. 8: 18. 1856. Name
only for Geyer 244, ‘‘Upper Missouri and Oregon territories”. Nutt.; Shear,
U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 59. 1900, assynonym of B. carinatus.

Bromus virens Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. Rocky
Mountains and Columbia River, Nuttall. The specimen in the herbarium of
the Philadelphia Academy is the Pacific coast form with long awns, and
probably came from the Columbia River.

Bromus californicus Nutt.; Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336.
1863, as synonym of B. virens Buckl. [California, Nuttall.]

Bromus nitens Nutt; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336. 1863,
as synonym of B. virens Buckl. [Columbia woods, Nuttall.]

Bromus hookerianus Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17: 4938. 1874.
Based on Ceratochloa grandiflora Hook.

Bromus hookerianus var. minor Scribn.; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 92.
1885, name only, Oregon. Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 238. 1888, without
description, B. virens Buckl., cited as synonym.

Bromus virens var. minor Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 614. 1896.
Arizona and Oregon.

Bromus carinatus californicus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 60.
1900. [California, Nuttall.]

Bromus carinatus hookerianus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 60.
1900. Based on B. hookerianus Thurb.

Bromus carinatus densus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 61.
1900. San Nicolas Island, Calif., Trask [12].

Bromus carinatus arizonicus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 62.
1900. Santa Cruz Valley, Tucson, Ariz., Pringle in 1884.

BROMUS MARGINATUS Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 322. 1854. Columbia
River, Douglas.

Bromus hookeri var. marginatus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 127. 1886. Based on
B. marginatus Nees. [B. hookert Fourn. (not B. hookerianus Thurb.)
is based on ‘‘B. purgans Hook. f., Bot. of Capt. Beech. Voy. 119’’, name
only.]

Ceratochloa marginata Nees; Steud.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 487. 1893, presum-
ably referring to Bromus marginatus Nees.

Bromus marginatus seminudus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23:
55. 1900. Wallowa Lake, Oreg., Shear 1811.

Bromus marginatus latior Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 55.
1900. Walla Walla, Wash., Shear 1615.

Bromus flodmanii Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Sheep
Creek, Mont., Flodman 187.

Forasaccus marginatus Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on
Bromus marginatus Nees.

Bromus latior Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 89. 1917. Based on B. marginatus
lattor Shear.

BROMUS MARITIMUS (Piper) Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 177. 1912. Based
on B. marginatus maritimus Piper.

Bromus marginatus maritimus Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 148. 1905.
Point Reyes, Calif., Davy 6798.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 813

BROMUS POLYANTHUS Scribn.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 56.
1900. Based on B. multiflorus Scribn.

Bromus multiflorus Seribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 46. 1898.
Not B. multiflorus Weigel, 1772. Battle Lake, Wyo., A. Nelson 4021.

Bromus polyanthus paniculatus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23:
57. 1900. West Mancos Canyon, Colo., Tracy, Earle, and Baker 333.

Bromus paniculatus Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 90. 1917. Based on B. poly-
anthus paniculatus Shear. ;

(1) Bromus catharticus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 22. 1791. Lima, Peru.

Festuca unioloides Willd., Hort. Berol. 3. pl. 3. 1803. Described from a
plant grown at Berlin from seed from ‘‘Carolina’’, where it must have been
cultivated.

Ceratochloa unioloides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 75. pl. 15. f. 7. 1812. Based on
Festuca unioloides Willd.

Bromus unioloides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp., 1: 151. 1815. Quito, Ecuador,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Schedonorus unioloides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 708. 1817. Based
on Bromus unioloides H.B.K.

Bromus unioloides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 489. 1825. Based on
Ceratochloa unioloides Beauv.

Bromus willdenovit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 134. 1829. Based on Festuca
untoloides Willd.

Ceratochloa pendula Schrad., Linnaea 6: Litt. 72. 1831. Grown at Gottingen
from seed from Carolina.

Bromus schradert Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 416. 1833. Based on Ceratochloa |
pendula Schrad. ul

Bromus mucronatus Willd; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 228. 1840, as synonym )
of B. unioloides H.B.K. |

Ceratochloa breviaristata Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 253. pl. 234. 1840. Lewis .
and Clarke River and near the sources of the Columbia. Douglas [in
1826]. |

Bromus breviaristatus Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 172: 493.

1874. Not B. breviaristatus Buckl., 1863. Based on Ceratochloa breviari-
stata Hook.

Tragus unioloides Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1099. 1895, as synonym of i
Festuca uniolotdes Willd. 1

Forasaccus brebiaristatus [error for breviaristatus] Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: |
225. 1915. Based on Ceratochloa breviaristata Hook. ;

Zerna unioloides Lindm., Svensk Fanerogamfl. 101. 1918. Based on Bromus it
untoloides H.B.K.

The form described by Shear (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 52. 1900)
as Bromus unioloides haenkeanus (Presl) Shear is a form of rescue grass, but
Ceraiochloa haenkeana Presl, upon which the name is based, is a different species
with purplish, awned spikelets, as shown by examination of the type, from Chile,
at the herbarium of the German University at Prague.

(15) Bromus ciliatus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 76. 1753. Grown at Upsala from seed
collected by Kalm in Canada.

Bromus canadensis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 65. 18038. Canada, Lac St.
Jean, Michauz.

Bromus richardsont Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 281. 1833. Grown at Berlin from
seed sent by Richardson from northwestern North America.

Bromus purgans var. longispicatus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840.
Rocky Mountains, Drummond.

Bromus purgans var. pallidus Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Saskat-
chewan to Rocky Mountains, Drummond.

Bromus inermis var. ciliatus Traut., Act. Hort. Petrop. 5: 135. 1877. Based
on B. ciliatus L.

Bromus hookeri var. canadensis Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 128. 1886. Based on
B. canadensis Michx.

Bromus hookeri var. ciliatus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 128. 1886. Based on B.
ciliatus L.

Bromus ciliatus scariosus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 46.
1898. Sheep Mountain, Wyo., A. Nelson 3305.

Bromus richardsoni pallidus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 34.
1900. Based on B. purgans var. pallidus Hook.

ibe ca hay eee Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus
ciliatus L.

814 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Bromus ciliatus forma denudatus Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 91. 1922. Ashfield,
Mass., Williams in 1909.

Bromus ciliatus var. denudatus Fernald, Rhodora 28: 20. 1926. Based on
B. ciliatus forma denudatus Wiegand.

Bromus dudleyt Fernald, Rhodora 32: 63. pl. 196. f. 1-8. 1980. Deer Brook,
Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, Fernald, Long and Fogg 1223.
Bromus ciliatus var. intonsus Fernald, Rhodora 32: 70. 1930. Ashfield,
Mass., Willzams, August 4, 1909. The form with more densely pilose sheaths.
According to Fernald (Rhodora 32: 70. 19380) this, as shown by specimens so
named in the Gray Herbarium, is the form described as B. asper Murray in
Gray’s Manual, eds. 5 and 6, and in Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora.
Shear in his revision of Bromus (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 30. 1900)
uses the earlier name B. ramosus Huds., but says he had seen no American
specimens.
BROMUS CILIATUS var. LAEVIGLUMIS Scribn.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 23: 32. 1900. Galt, Ontario, Herrzott in 1898. (Published as B.
ctliatus laeviglumis.)
Forasaccus ciliatus var. laeviglumis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 225. 1915.
Based on Bromus ciliatus laeviglumis Scribn.

Bromus purgans forma glabriflorus Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 92. 1922. Ithaca,
N.Y., Metcalf 5813.

Bromus laeviglumis Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 157. 1928. Based on
B. ciliatus laeviglumis Scribn.

(24) Bromus commutatus Schrad., Fl. Germ. 3538. 1806. Germany.

Bromus pratensis Ehrh., Beitr. 6: 84. 1791. Name only; Hoffm. Deut. FI.

ed. 2. 2: 52. 1800. Not B. pratensis Lam., 1785. Europe.
Brachypodium commutatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 101, 155. 1812. Based on
Bromus commutatus Lam. (error for Schrad.).

Serrafalcus commutatus Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. ed. 1. 374. 18438. Based on
Bromus commutatus Schrad.

Bromus mutabilis var. commutatus Schultz, Flora 32: 234. 1849. Based on
B. commutatus Schrad.

Bromus racemosus var. commutatus Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 165.
1867. Based on B. commutatus Schrad.

Bromus mollis var. commutatus Sanio, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand. 23: Abh. 31.
1882. Based on B. commutatus Schrad.

Serrafalcus racemosus var. commutatus Husnot, Gram. Fr. Belg. 72. 1899.
Based on Bromus commutatus Schrad.

Forasaccus commutatus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 387. 1901. Based on Bromus

commutatus Schrad.

Bromus secalinus var. gladewitzii Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 24. 1926.

Michigan, Farwell and Gladeuxrtz 7434.
BROMUS COMMUTATUS Var. APRICORUM Simonkai, Enum., Fl. Transsilv. 583.
1886. Europe.
(8) Bromus erectus Huds., Fl. Ang]. 39. 1762. England.
Festuca erecta Wallr., Sched. Crit. 35. 1822. Based on Bromus erectus Smith
(error for Huds.).

Bromus macounii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Vancouver
Island, Macown in 1887.

Forasaccus erectus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 384. 1901. Based on Bromus erectus
Huds.

(21) Bromus frondosus (Shear) Woot. and Standl., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81:
144. 1912. Based on B. porteri frondosus Shear.

Bromus porteri frondosus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 37.

1900. Mangas, N.Mex., J. G. Smith in 1897.

(11) Bromus grandis (Shear) Hitchc., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 175. 1912. Based
on B. orcuttianus grandis Shear.

Bromus orcuttianus grandis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 43.

1900. San Diego, Calif., Orcutt 472.
Bromus portert assimilis Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 55. 1902. San
Jacinto Mountains, Hall 2228.

(6) Bromus inermis Leyss., Fl. Hal. 16. 1761. Europe.

Festuca inermis DC. and Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 49. 1805. Based on Bromus

inermis Leyss. :

Schedonorus inermis Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 99, 177. 1812. Based on Festuca

inermis DC.

Festuca inermis var. villosa Mert. and Koch, Deutsch]. Fl. 1: 675. 1823.

Germany,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES §15

Bromus inermis var. aristatus Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 805. 1866. Europe.

Bromus inopinatus Brues, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters 17: 73. 1911.
Milwaukee, Wis. [Brues 78].

Forasaccus inermis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus
ainermis Leyss.

Zerna inermis Lindm., Svensk Fanerogamfl. 101. 1918. Based on Bromus
tnermis Leyss.

Bromus inermis forma villosus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 316. 1933. Based on
Festuca inermis var. villosa Mert. and Koch.

Bromus inermis forma aristatus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 316. 1933. Based on
B. inermis var. aristatus Schur.

(28) Bromus japonicus Thunb., Fl. Japon. 52. 1784. Japan.

Bromus patulus Mert. and Koch, Deut. Fl. 1: 685. 1823. Europe.

Bromus arvensis var. patulus Mutel, Fl. Franc. 4: 184. 1837. Based on
B. patulus Mert. and Koch.

Serrafalcus patulus Parl., Fl. Ital. 1: 394. 1848. Based on Bromus patulus
Mert. and Koch.

Bromus squarrosus var. patulus Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. 7: 602. 1881. Based
on B. patulus Mert. and Koch.

Forasaccus patulus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 387. 1901. Based on Bromus patulus
Mert. and Koch.

(20) Bromus kalmii A. Gray, Man. 600. 1848. Canada or northeastern United
States, Kalm.

BROMUS LACINIATUS Beal Grasses N.Amer. 2: 615. 1896. Mexico.

Bromus pendulinus Sessé; Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Not B. pendulinus
Schrad. 1810. Mexico.

(18) Bromus laevipes Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 45. 1900.
West Klickitat County, Wash., Suksdorf 178.

(17) Bromus latiglumis Hitche., Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. Based on B. purgans
latiglumis Shear.

Bromus altissimus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 728. 1814. Not B. altissimus
Gilib., 1790. On the banks of the Missouri [Nuttall].

Bromus purgans latiglumis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 40.
1900. Dakota City, lowa, Pammel 222.

Bromus ciliatus latiglumis Scribn.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23:
40. 1900, as synonym of B. purgans latiglumis Shear.

Bromus purgans incanus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 41.
1900. Canton, IIll., Wolf 3.

ess aincanus Hitche., Rhodora 8: 212. 1906. Based on B. purgans incanus
hear.

Forasaccus latiglumis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on
Bromus latiglumis Hitche.

Bromus ciliatus var. incanus Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 204. 1927. Based
on B. purgans incanus Shear.

Bromus ciliatus var. incanus subvar. latiglumis Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10:
204. 1927. Based on B. ciliatus latiglumis Scribn.

Bromus latiglumis forma incanus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 316. 1933. Based
on B. purgans tncanus Shear.

Bromus macrostachys Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 96. pl. 19. f. 2. 1798. Algeria.

(34) Bromus madritensis L., Cent. Pl. 1: 5. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1759.
Spain. (The name is spelled matritensis in Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg.
oe Gola ASL7S

Festuca La i Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 91. 1798. Based on Bromus madri-
tensis L.

Zerna madritensis Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of
Bromus madritensis L.

(26) Bromus molliformis Lloyd, Fl. Loire-inf. 315. 1844. France.

(25) Bromus mollis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 112. 1762. Europe.

Forasaccus mollis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 386. 1901. Based on Bromus mollis L.
This is the species referred to B. hordeaceus L. in recent American works. The
specimen referred by Shear (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 19. 1900) to

B. hordeaceus intermedius (Guss.) Shear belongs to B. mollis.

(10) Bromus orcuttianus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 223. 1885. San Diego, Calif.,
Orcutt in 1884.

Bromus brachyphyllus Merr., Rhodora 4: 146. 1902. Crook County, Oreg.,
Cusick 2671,

55974°—35——62

:
!

816 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

BROMUS ORCUTTIANUS var. HALLII Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 175. 1912.
San Jacinto Mountains, Hall 2301.

(12) Bromus pacificus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 38. 1900.
Seaside, Oreg., Scribner and Shear 1708.

Bromus magnificus Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 53. 1903. Port Angeles, Wash.,
Elmer 1957.

(7) Bromus pumpellianus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 9. 1888. Belt
Mountains, Mont., Scribner 418.

Bromus purgans var. purpurascens Hook.,. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840.
Bear Lake to Arctic seacoast, Richardson.

Bromus ciliatus var. coloradensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 10. 1888,
name only; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 619. 1896. [Colo. Expl. 100th
Merid. Wolf 1158.]

Bromus pumpellianus melicoides Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23:
50. 1900. Beaver Creek Camp, Colo., Pammel in 1896.

Forasaccus pumpellianus Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on
Bromus pumpellianus Seribn.

BROMUS PUMPELLIANUS var. TWEEDYI Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 622.
1896. Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 587.
(16) Bromus purgans L., Sp. Pl. 1: 76. 1753. Canada, Kalm.

Bromus pubescens Muhl.; Willd., Enum. Pl. 120. 1809. Pennsylvania, Muhlen-
berg.

Bromus imperialis Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 229. 1840, as synonym of
B. purgans L.

Bromus steudelii Frank; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 229. 1840, as synonym
of B. purgans L.

Bromus ciliatus var. purgans A. Gray, Man. 600. 1848. Based on B. purgans

Bromus hookeri var. pubescens Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 127. 1886. Based on
B. pubescens Muhl.

Forasaccus purgans Lunell, Amer. Mid]. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on Bromus
purgans L. :

Bromus purgans forma laevivaginatus Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 92. 1922.
Ithaca, N.Y., Metcalf 5821.

Bromus ciliatus var. purgans subvar. laevivaginatus Farwell, Amer. Midl.
Nat. 10: 204. 1927. Presumably based on B. purgans forma laevivaginatus
Wiegand.

(27) Bromus racemosus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 114. 1762. Europe.

Bromus arvensis var. racemosus Neilreich, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 81. 1859.
Based on B. racemosus L.

Bromus squarrosus var. racemosus Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. 7: 602. 1881.
Based on B. racemosus L.

Forasaccus racemosus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 387. 1901. Based on Bromus
racemosus L.

The specimens referred by Shear (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 20.

1900) to B. hordeaceus glabrescens (Coss.) Shear belong to B. racemosus.
(31) Bromus rigidus Roth, Mag. Bot. Roem. and Ust. 10: 21. 1790. Europe.

Bromus villosus Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 23. 1775. Not B. villosus Scop.,
1772. Egypt.

Bromus maximus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 95. pl. 26. 1798. Not B. maximus
Gilib., 1790. North Africa.

Bromus madritensis var. maximus St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 45. 1821. Based on
B. maximus Desf.

Bromus rubens var. rigidus Mutel, Fl. Franc. 4: 133. 1837. Based on B.
rigidus Roth. :

Bromus madritensis var. rigidus Bab.; Syme in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3.
11: 161. 1873. Based on B. rigidus Roth.

Bromus villosus var. maximus Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 595.
1901. Based on B. maximus Desf.

Bromus villosus var. rigidus Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2:
596. 1901. Based on B. rigidus Roth.

Forasaccus maximus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 882. 1901. Based on Bromus mazi-
mus Desf.

BROMUS RIGIDUS var. GUSSONII (Parl.) Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2:
159. 1867. Based on B. gussoni Parl.

Bromus gussonii Parl., Rar. Pl. Sic. 2: 8. 1840. Europe.

Bromus maximus var. gussonii Parl., Fl. Ital. 1: 407. 1848. Basea on B.
gussoni Parl.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 817

Bromus villosus var. gussonit Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2:
595. 1901. Based on B. gussonii Parl.
(33) Bromus rubens L., Cent. Pl. 1: 5. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1759.
Spain.
te rubens Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 94. 1805. Based on Bromus rubens L.
Bromus scoparius var. rubens St. Amans, Fl. Agen. 45. 1821. Based on
B. rubens L.
Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens Husnot, Gram. Fr. Belg. 71. 1899. Based on
B. rubens L.
Bromus scoparius L., Cent. Pl. 1: 6. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759. Spain.
(23) Bromus secalinus L., Sp. Pl. 76. 1753. Europe.
Bromus mollis var. secalinus Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 49. 1778. Based on
B. secalinus L.
Avena secalinus Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Bromus secalinus

Serrafalcus secalinus Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. ed. 1. 374. 1843. Based on
Bromus secalinus L.
?Bromus submuticus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 321. 1854. St. Louis, Mo.
Forasaccus secalinus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 388. 1901. Based on Bromus secali-
nus L.
BROMUS SECALINUS Var. VELUTINUS Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 819. 1837. Based
on B. velutinus Schrad.
Bromus velutinus Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 349. pl. 6. f. 3. 1806. Germany.
(2) Bromus sitchensis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
2: 173. 1832. Sitka, Alaska [Mertens].
(32) Bromus sterilis L., Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Europe.
Schedonorus sterilis Fries, Bot. Not. 181. 1843. Based on Bromus sterilis L.
Zerna nhs Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of Bromus
sterilis L.
(9) Bromus suksdorfii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 223. 1885. Mount Adams, Wash.,
Suksdorf [74 in 1883].
(35) Bromus tectorum L., Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Europe.
Schedonorus tectorum Fries, Bot. Not. 131. 1843. Based on Bromus tectorum L.
Bromus setaceus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proce. 1862: 98. 1863.
Northern Texas, Buckley.
Zerna tectorum Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of Bromus

tectorum L.
BROMUS TECTORUM Var. GLABRATUS Spenner, FI. Friburg. 1: 152. 1825. Ger-
many.
Bromus tectorum var. nudus Klett. and Richt., Fl. Leipzig 109. 1830. Ger-
many.

(18) Bromus texensis (Shear) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 381. 1913.

Based on B. purgans texensis Shear.

Bromus purgans texensis Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 41. 1900.
Bexar County, Tex., Jermy 230.

(36) Bromus trinii Desv., in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 441. 1853. Based on Trisetum

hirtum Trin.

Trisetum hirtum Trin., Linnaea 10: 300. 1836. Not Bromus hirtus Lichtst.,
1817. Chile.

Bromus trinit var. pallidiflorus Desv., in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 441. 1853. Chile.

Trisetum barbatum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 229. 1854. Not T. barbatum
Nees, 1841. Chile, Bertero 806.

Danthonia pseudo-spicata C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 14: 348. 1856. Valparaiso,
Chile, Cuming 466.

Bromus barbatoides Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 614. 1896. Based on Trisetum
barbatum Steud.

Bromus barbatoides var. sulcatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 615. 1896. Mexico,
Palmer 667.

Trisetum barbatum var. major Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 615. 1896, as
synonym of Bromus barbatoides var. sulcatus Beal.

ae. trinit Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 248. 1928. Based on Bromus trinti

esv.

Trisetum trini var. pallidiflorus Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 248. 1928. Based
on Bromus trinii var. pallidiflorus Desv.

Trisetum triniit var. majus Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 243. 1928. Based on
T. barbatum var. major Vasey.

a ee eee eee

S18 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

BROMUS TRINII var. EXCELSUS Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 25.
1900. Panamint Mountains, Calif., Coville and Funston 522.

(14) Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 48.
1900. Based on B. purgans var. vulgaris Hook.

Bromus purgans var. vulgaris Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Canada,
Goldie, Richardson; Red River, Douglas; Columbia River, Scouler.

Bromus ciliatus var. ligulatus Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 238. 1888.
Name only, Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887.

Bromus ciliatus var. pauciflorus Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 238. 1888,
name only. Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 619. 1896. Oregon, Howell.

Bromus debilis Nutt.; Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 28: 48. 1900,
as synonym of B. vulgaris. [Columbia River, Scouler.] .

Bromus vulgaris eximius Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull 23: 44. 1900.
Near Wallowa Lake, Oreg., Shear 1791.

Bromus vulgaris robustus Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23: 44.
1900. Seaside, Oreg., Shear 1710.

Bromus ciliatus var. glaberrimus Suksdorf, Deut. Bot. Monatsschr. 19: 93.
1901. Skamania County, Wash., Suksdorf in 1894 [2335]. :
Bromus eximius Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 148. 1906. Based on

B. vulgaris eximius Shear.

Bromus eximius robustus Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 148. 1906.
Based on B. vulgaris robustus Shear.

Bromus eximius umbraticus Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 144. 1906.
Based on Bromus vulgaris Shear, not Bromus purgans var. vulgaris Hook.,
Piper considering the specimens referred by Shear to this species to be distinct
from the form described by Hooker.

(107) BUCHLOE Engelm.

(1) Buchloé dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm., St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 1: 432.
1859. Based on Sesleria dactyloides Nutt.

Sesleria dactyloides Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 65. 1818. Grassy plains of the Mis-
souri [Nuttall, type a staminate plant].

Anthephora azilliflora Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 111. 1854. [Misspelled
Antephora.| Texas, Drummond [pistillate plant].

Calanthera dactyloides Kunth; Hook., Jour. Bot. Kew Mise. 8: 18. 1856.
Based on Seslerza dactyloides Nutt.

Lasiostega humilis Rupr.; Munro, in Benth., Pl. Hartw. 347. 1857. Name
only (error for Casiostega). Aguas Calientes, Mexico, Hartweg 250.

Casiostega dactyloides Fourn., Bull. Soe. Bot. Belg. 15: 470. 1876. Based on
Sesleria dactyloides Nutt.

Casiostega hookert Rupr.; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 471. 1876, as
synonym of Buchloé dactyloides Engelm.

Bouteloua mutica Griseb.; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 471. 1876, as
synonym of Buchloé dactyloides Engelm., Mexico, Schaffner 134 [staminate
plant].

Melica mexicana Link; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 471. 1876, as syno-
nym of Buchloé dactyloides Engelm.

Bulbilis dactyloides Raf.; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891. Based on
Sesleria dactyloides Nutt.

(61) CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.

(1) Calamagrostis bolanderi Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 280. 1880.
Mendocino County, Calif., Bolander 6471 in part.
Calamagrostis varia Boland.; Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 280. 1880.
Not C. varia Host, 1809. As synonym of C. bolandert Thurb.
Deyeuxia bolandert Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis
bolandert Thurb.
(3) Calamagrostis breweri Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 280. 1880. Car-
son Pass, Calif., Brewer 2128.
Deyeuxia brewert Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis
brewert Thurb.
Calamagrostis lemmoni Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 16.
1898. California, Lemmon in 1875.
Calamagrostis Cainii Hitchce., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 480. 1934. Mount
LeConte, Tenn., Cain 48. (See p. 993.)
Calamagrostis californica Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 37.
1898. Sierra Nevada, Calif., Lemmon 444 in 1895. Anomalous form.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 819

(16) Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 15, 152, 157. 1812.
Based on Arundo canadensis Michx.

Arundo canadensis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 73. 1803. Canada, Michauz.

Arundo agrostoides Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 86. 1814. New Jersey and
Pennsylvania.

Calamagrostis mexicana Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 46. 1818. North America.
“Agrostis mexicana? Persoon, Arundo agrostoides Pursh” are cited. Agros-
tis mexicana L., in Persoon’s work is Muhlenbergia mexicana, but Nuttall’s
description agrees with Pursh’s.

Calamagrostis agrostoides Pursh; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 252. 1825. Presumably
based on Arundo agrostoides Pursh.

iat a purshit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Arundo agrostoides

ursh.

Arundo fissa Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 144. 1840, as synonym of
Calamagrostts michauzit Trin.

Calamagrostis michauziit Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 250. 1840.
Based on Arundo canadensis Michx.

Deyeuxia canadensis Munro; Hook. f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 23: 345. 1861. Pre-
sumably based on Arundo canadensis Michx., indirect citations given. See
also, Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883; Agr. Grasses U.S. 69. pl. 59. 1884;
Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 48, with plate. 1890.

Calamagrostis oregonensis Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1863.
Columbia River, Nuttall.

Calamagrostis columbiensis Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862:
334. 1863. Name only [Columbia River, Nuttall].

Calamagrostis canadensis var. robusta Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 285. 1878. Twin Lakes, Colo., Expl. 100th Merid. [Wolf] 1093.

Calamagrostis pallida Vasey and Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:
79. 1892. Not C. pallida C. Muell., 1861. Washington, Suksdorf in 1883.

Calamagrostis blanda Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 349. 1896. Based on C. pallida
Vasey and Scribn.

Calamagrostis canadensis acuminata Vasey; Shear and Rydb., U.S.Dept.Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 26. 1897. Georgetown, Colo., Shear 615 [type];
Montana, Idaho.

Calamagrostts canadensis campestris Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
11: 31. 1898. Louis Plain, Assiniboia, Macoun 56.

Calamagrostis alaskana Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 32.
1898. Yukon River, Alaska, Funston 157.

Calamagrostis atropurpurea Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 153. 1901. Daw-
son, Yukon Territory, R. S. Williams in 1899.

Calamagrostis anomala Suksdorf, Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 12: 48. 1906. Mount
Paddo [Adams], Wash., Suksdorf 2824.

Calamagrostis langsdorfi var. acuminata Litw., Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sci.
Petrograd 18: 52. 1920. Based on C. canadensis var. acuminata Vasey.
Calamagrostis canadensis var. pallida Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 45. 1930. Based

on C. pallida Vasey and Scribn.

Calamagrostis scribneri var. imberbis Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 46. 1930. Based
on C. anomala Suksdorf ‘‘not Steud., in Lechl., Berb. Am. Aust. 56. (1857),”
a name only.

CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS Var. MACOUNIANA Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 41. 1930.
Based on Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey.

ie Hares macountana Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 297. 1885. Northwest Territory,
Macoun.

Calamagrostis macouniana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 81. 1892.
Based on Deyeuxia macouniana Vasey.

CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS var. SCABRA (Presl) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21:
135. 1934. Based on C. scabra Presl.

Calamagrostis scabra Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 234. 1830. Nootka Sound,
Vancouver Island, Haenke.

Deyeuxia preslii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XX. 1830. Based on Calama-
grostis scabra Pres].

This variety has been referred to Calamagrostis langsdorfi (Link) Trin. by
many American authors. A fragment of the type of Arundo langsdorfi Link, sent
by Dr. Pilger from the Berlin Herbarium, shows that it is not an American spe-
cies. The rachilla is very minute or wanting, the spikelets are smaller than in C.
scabra, the glumes are thinner, showing the nerves distinctly, and the blades are

ee ee eee

820 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

narrower. The following names, typonyms of C. langsdorfi, found in American
works, belong to the Old World species:

Arundo langsdorfi Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 74. 1821. Described from a garden
specimen.

Calamagrostis langsdorfi Trin., Gram. Unifl. 225. pl. 4. f.10. 1824. Based
on Arundo langsdorfi Link.

Deyeuxia langsdorfi Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 77. 1829. Based on Arundo langs-
dorfi Link.

Calamagrostts canadensis var. langsdorfi Inman, Rhodora 24: 148. 1922.
Based on Arundo langsdorfi Link.

(18) Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton, Compend. Fl. Phila. 1: 45. 1818.
Based on Arundo cinnoides Muhl.

Agrostis glauca Muhl., Descr. Gram. 76. 1817. Not Calamagrostis glauca
Reichenb., 1830. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Carolina.

Arundo cinnoides Muhl., Deser. Gram. 187. 1817. Pennsylvania, Massachu-
setts.

Arundo coarctata Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 94. 1828. New Jersey.

Calamagrostis langsdorfi var. marylandica Trin., Gram. Unifl. 225. 1824.
Based on Arundo cinnoides Muhl.

Arundo canadensis Nutt.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 144. 1840, as syno-
nym of Calamagrostis nuttalliana Steud. [Philadelphia, Nuttall.]

Calamagrostis nuttalliana Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 251. 1840. Based on
the species described by Nuttall [from specimen from Philadelphia] as
C. canadensis (Nutt. Gen. Pl. 1: 46. 1818).

Calamagrostis coarctata Torr.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 240. 1840. Presuma-
bly based on Arundo coarctata Torr. Published as new in Torr., Fl. N.Y.
2: 444. pl. 151. 1843. Based on A. coarctata Torr.

Deyeuxia nuttalliana Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1888. Based on Calamagrostis
nuttalliana Steud.

(22) Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 281. 1880.
Mendocino County, Calif., Bolander 4766, 4787.

Deyeuxia crassiglumis Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 18838. Based on Calamagrostis
crassiglumis 'Thurb.

Calamagrostis neglecta var. crassiglumis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 3538. 1896.
Based on C. crassiglumis Thurb.

(12) Calamagrostis densa Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 147. 1891. Julian, San Diego
County, Calif., Orcutt.

Calamagrostis koelerioides var. densa Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 345. 1896.
Based on C. densa Vasey.

Calamagrostis vilfaeformis Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 20.
1898. Based on C. densa Vasey.

(23) Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 34. 1788. Based
on Arundo epigetos L.

Arundo epigetos L., Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. Europe.

Calamagrostis georgica Cy Koch, Linnaea a1: 387. 1848. Georgia (Russia)
near Tiflis.

Calamagrostis epigejos var. georgica Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 4838. 1853. Based on
C. georgica C. Koch. (Fide Fernald, Rlodora 35: 65. 1933.)

Calamagrostis arenicola Fernald, Rhodora 30: 203. 1928. Barnstable Coun-
ty, Mass., Fernald 757.

(5) Calamagrostis foliosa Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 17.
1898. Based on C. sylvatica var. longifolia Vasey.

Calamagrostis sylvatica var. longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 83.
1892. Not C. longifolia Hook., 1840. [Humboldt County] Calif., Bolander
6470.

(2) Calamagrostis howellii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 271. 1881. Oregon, Howell.

Deyeuxia howellit Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis
howell Vasey.

(20) Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray, Gram. and Cyp. 1:no. 20. 18384.
Penn Yan, N.Y., Sartwell.

Calamagrostis hirtigluma Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 188. 1854. Labrador.

Calamagrostis stricta var. brevior Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 285. 1878. Mosquito, Colo., [Wolf] 1098.

Calamagrostis stricta var. robusta Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 285. 1878.- Twin Lakes, Colo., [Wolf] 1099.

Deyeuxia neglecta var. americana Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl; 24; 2063
1888. Donald, Columbia Valley, Macoun in 1885.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 821

Deyeuxia neglecta var. robusta Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 206. 1888.
Alberta, Macoun.

Deyeuxia glomerata Vasey; Macoun, Bot. Gaz. 16: 288. 1891. Name only.
Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, J. and J. M. Macoun in 1890.

Calamagrostis robusta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:82. 1892. Not
C. robusta Muell., 1861. Presumably based on C. stricta var. robusta Vasey,
the description being an amplification of that.

Calamagrostis americana Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 27.
1897. Based on Deyeuzxia neglecta var. americana Vasey.

Calamagrostis inexpansa cuprea Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
11: 37. 1898. Faleon Valley, Wash., Suksdorf 210.

Calamagrostis hyperborea stenodes Kearney, U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
11: 39. 1898. Marshall Pass, Colo., Clements 206.

Calamagrostis hyperborea elongata Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
11: 40. 1898. Plummer County, Nebr., Rydberg 1494.

Calamagrostis hyperborea americana Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
11:41. 1898. Based on Deyeuxia neglecta var. americana Vasey.

Calamagrostis micrantha var. sierrae Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14:9. 1912.
Prattville and Susanville, Calif. [Jones.]

Calamagrostis neglecta var. inexpansa Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14:9. 1912.
Based on C. inexpansa A. Gray.

Deyeuzxia hyperborea elongata Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 218. 1915. Based
on Calamagrostis hyperborea elongata Kearney.

Deyeuxia hyperborea stenodes Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 218. 1915. Based
on Calamagrostis hyperborea stenodes Kearney.

Calamagrostis elongata Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 58. 1917. Based on C.
hyperborea elongata Kearney.

Calamagrostis wyomingensis Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 299. 1920.
Granger, Wyo., Nelson 3884.

Calamagrostis scopulorum var. bakeri Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 47. 1930. Pagosa
Peak, Colo., Baker 162.

Calamagrostis ‘inerpansa var. robusta Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 48. 1930. Based
on C. stricta var. robusta Vasey.

Calamagrostis inerpansa var. brevior Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 50. 1930. Based
on C. stricta var. brevior Vasey.

This species has been referred by American authors to C. hyperborea Lange

a neglecta var. hyperborea Jones, Deyeuxia hyperborea Lunell); and to C. stricta

rin.

CALAMAGROSTIS INEXPANSA var. BARBULATA Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 11: 37. 1898. Mason County, Wash., Piper 947.

CALAMAGROSTIS INEXPANSA Var. NOVAE-ANGLIAE Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 51.
1930. Mount Desert, Maine, Williams and Rand in 1899.

(13) Calamagrostis koelerioides Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 147. 1891. Julian,
San Diego County, Calif., Orcutt.

(17) Calamagrostis lactea Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 346. 1896. Washington,
Suksdorf 1022.

Deyeuxia lactea Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 346. 1896, as synonym of Cal-
amagrostis lactea. Suksdorf, Deut. Bot. Monatsschr. 19:92. 1901. Based
on C. lactea Beal.

Calamagrostis langsdorfi lactea Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
11: 28. 1898. Based on C. lactea Beal.

(7) Calamagrostis montanensis Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
3: 82. 1892. Montana, Scribner.

Deyeuxia montanensis Scribn., Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. Proc. 2: 52. 1885. Helena,
Mont., Scribner.

Calamagrostis neglecta var. candidula Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 11: 35. 1898. Cypress Hills, Assiniboia, Macoun 7483.

(21) Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn., Mey. and Scherb., Fl. Wett.
1:94. 1799. Based on Arunde neglecta Ehrh.

Arundo neglecta Ehrh., Beitr. 6: 137. 1791. Europe.

aoe neglecta Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 76. 1829. Based on Arundo neglecta

hrh.

Deyeuxia neglecta var. gracilis Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 11: 175. 1886. Yellow-
stone Park, Tweedy 582.

Deyeuxia vancouverensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Locality
erroneously given as ‘‘ Vancouver Island’’, Macoun in 1887. Correction
made in Macoun, Cat. Can, Pl. 2!: 207, 1888. Fort George, James Bay,
Quebec.

822 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Deyeuxia neglecta var. brevifolia Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 206. 1888.
Pelly Banks, Northwest Territory, Dawson.

Deyeuxia borealis Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 207. 1888. Change of name for
D. vancouverensis Vasey, erroneously ascribed to Vancouver Island; collected
at Fort George, James Bay, Quebec, J. M. Macoun.

Calamagrostis laxiflora Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 34.
1898. Not C. laxiflora Phil., 1896. Based on ‘‘C. neglecta gracilis Scribn.”’,
error for Deyeuxia neglecta gracilis Scribn.

Calamagrostis neglecta gracilis Scribn.; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 11: 34. 1898, as synonym of C. laxiflora Kearney.

Calamagrostis micrantha Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 36.
1898. Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Macown 13111.

Calamagrostis neglecta var. micrantha Stebbins, Rhodora 32: 55. 1930. Based
on C. micrantha Kearney.

(11) Calamagrostis nutkaensis (Presl) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:190. 1854.
Based on Deyeuxia nutkaensis Presl.

Deyeuxia nutkaensis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 250. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van-
couver Island, Haenke.

Calamagrostis aleutica Trin., in Bong., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math.
Phys. Nat. 2:171. 1832. Unalaska Island, Alaska.

Deyeuxia aleutica Munro; Hook. f., Linn. Soc. Trans. 23: 345. 1862. Based
on Calamagrostis aleutica Trin.

Calamagrostis albicans Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92. 1868.
Columbia Plains, Oreg., Nuttall. Z

Calamagrostis pallida Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334.
1863, as synonym of C. albicans Buckl. [‘‘ Columbia alluvions,’’ Nuttall.]

Calamagrostis albescens Buckl.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862:
334. 1863, herbarium name, as synonym of C. albicans Buckl.

Deyeuxia breviaristata Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Van-
couver Island, Macoun in 1887.

Calamagrostis aleutica patens Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:
20. 1898. Mendocino, Calif. [probably collected by Bolander].

(10) Calamagrostis perplexa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 7.
1901. Based on C. nemoralis Kearney.

Calamagrostis breviseta lacustris Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
11: 25. 1898. Fond du Lac, Minn., Wood in 1889.

Calamagrostis nemoralis Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 26.
1898. Not C. nemoralis Phil., 1896. Ithaca, N.Y., Dudley in 1884.

Calamagrostis pickeringi var. lacustris Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906.
Based on C. breviseta lacustris Kearney.

Calamagrostis lacustris Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illus. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 208.
1913. Based on C. breviseta lacustris Kearney.

This species was erroneously referred to Calamagrostis portert Gray by Dudley,

Cayuga FI.125. 1886.
(14) Calamagrostis pickeringii A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 547. 1856. White Moun-
tains, N.H., Pickering.

Calamagrostis sylvatica var. breviseta A. Gray, Man. 582. 1848. White
Mountains, N.H.

Deyeuxia pickeringit Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 18838. Based on Calamagrostis
pickeringi A. Gray.

Calamagrostis breviseta Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 41. 1894. Based
on C. sylvatica var. breviseta A. Gray.

Calamagrostis breviseta debilis Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:
25. 1898. Newfoundland, Robinson and Schrenk 205.

Calamagrostis pickeringi var. debilis Fern. and Wieg., Rhodora 15: 135. 1913.
Based on C. breviseta debilis Kearney.

(9) Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 6: 79. 1862. Hunt-
ingdon County, Pa., Porter in 1862.

Deyeuxia portert Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis
portert A. Gray.

(6) Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br., in Richards., Bot. App. Franklin Jour.
731. 1823. Northern British America.

Arundo purpurascens Schult., Mant. 2: 603. 1824. Based on Calamagrostis
purpurascens R. Br.

Deyeuxia purpurascens Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 77. 1829. Based on Calama-
grostis purpurascens R. Br.

Calamagrostis sylvatica var. purpurascens Thurb.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 3: 838. 1892. [Mount Dana,] Calif., Bolander 5071.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 823

Calamagrostis sylvatica var. americana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 83.
ig British America to Colorado. [Type, Pen Gulch, Colo., Vasey in
1884.

Calamagrostis arctica Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 137: pl. 55. 1893.
St. Paul Island, Bering Sea, J. M. Macoun.

Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 344. 1896. Cascade Moun-
tains, Wash., Vasey.

Calamagrostis purpurascens arctica Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 11: 19. 1898. Based on C. arctica Vasey.

Calamagrostis yukonensis Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 154. 1901. Daw-
son, Yukon Territory, R. S. Williams.

Calamagrostis purpurascens var. vaseyt Jones, Contrib. West Bot. 14: 9. 1912.
Based on C. vaseyi Beal.

This species has been referred to Deyeuzia sylvatica (DC.) Kunth by American

authors.
(8) Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 92.
1863. Oregon, Nuttall.

Deyeuxia rubescens Vasey, Grasses U.S. 28. 1883. Based on Calamagrostis
rubescens Buckl.

Deyeuxia cusickit Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 224. 1885. Eagle Mountains, Oreg.,
Cusick 1159.

Deyeuxia suksdorfi Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 9. pl. 76. 1888.
Washington, Suksdorf 26.

Calamagrostis aleuttca var. angusta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 80.
1892. Santa Cruz, Calif., Anderson.

Calamagrostis cusickit Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 81. 1892. Based
on Deyeuxia cusickit Vasey.

Calamagrostis suksdorfii Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 82.
1892. Based on Deyeuxia suksdorfit Scribn.

Calamagrostis angusta Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 21.
1898. Based on C. aleutica var. angusta Vasey.

Calamagrostis subfleruosa Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 22.
1898. Oakland, Calif., Bolander 2274.

Calamagrostis fasciculata Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 23.
1898. Mendocino County, Calif., Pringle in 1882.

Calamagrostis suksdorfii luxurians Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 11: 24. 1898. Coeur d’Alene Lake, Idaho, Sandberg, Heller and
McDougal 630.

This species has been referred by some American authors to Calamagrostis

sylvatica DC., and to Deyeuxta varia Kunth.
(19) Calamagrostis scopulorum Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proce. II. 5: 722. 1895.
Springdale, Utah, Jones 6075.

Calamagrostts scopulorum lucidula Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 11: 33. 1898. Wasatch Mountains, Utah, Jones 1145.

(15) Calamagrostis scribneri Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 3438. 1896. Based on
Deyeuxia dubia Scribn. and Tweedy.

Deyeuxia dubia Scribn. and Tweedy, Bot. Gaz. 11: 174. 1886. Not Calama-
grostis dubia Bunge, 1854. Yellowstone Park, Tweedy.

Calamagrostis dubia Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 80. 1892.
Based on Deyeuxia dubia Scribn. and Tweedy.

Calamagrostis canadensis var. dubia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 80.
1892. Based on C. dubia Scribn. and Tweedy.

Calamagrostis langsdorfii var. scribnert Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 9. 1912.
Based on C. scribnerz Beal.

(4) Calamagrostis tweedyi (Scribn.) Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
3: 83. 1892. Based on Deyeuxia iweedyi Scribn.

Deyeuzia tweedyi Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 64. 1883. Cascade

Mountains, Wash., Tweedy.

(63) CALAMOVILFA Hack.

(2) Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.) Scribn., in Hack., True Grasses 113. 1890.

Based on Arundo brevipilis Torr.

Arundo brevipilis Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 95. 1823. Quaker
Bridge, N.J.

Calamagrostis brevipilis L. C. Beck, Bot. North. and Mid. States 401. 1838.
Based on Arundo brevipilis Torr.

Ammophila brevipilis Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 29. 1883. Based on
Calamagrostis brevipilis Beck.

824 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(1) Calamovilfa curtissii (Vasey) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17:
199. f.495. 1899. Based on Ammophila curtissit Vasey.
Ammophila curtissii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 7. 1884. Indian
River, Fla., Curtzss.
Calamagrostis curtissit Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 15: 269. 1890. Based on Ammophila
curtissi Vasey.
(4) Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 35: 2. 1901. Based on Calamagrostis gigantea Nutt.
Calamagrostis gigantea Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 143. 1837.
Great Salt River of the Arkansas.
Toxeumia gigantea Nutt.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
cre oP 2, 1901, as synonym of Calamovilfa gigantea. Salt River, Ark.,
uttall.
(3) Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn., in Hack., True Grasses 113. 1890.
Based on Calamagrostis longifolia Hook.
Calamagrostis longifolia Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 241. 1840. Saskatchewan,
Drummond.
Vilfa rigida Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1863. ‘Oregon?”’
the locality probably erroneous.
Ammophila longifolia Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 29. 1883. Based on
Calamagrostis longifolia Gray [error for Hook].
Atheronotus longifolius Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 218. 1915. Based on
Calamagrostis longifolia Hook.
CALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA var. MAGNA Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Cire. 35: 3. 1901. Mouth of Kalamazoo River, Mich., Taylor in

1894.
(13) CATABROSA Beauv.

(1) Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 97, 149, 157. pl. 19.f. 8. 1812.

Based on Aira aquatica L.

Aira aquatica L. Sp. Pl. 64. 1753. Europe.

Molinia aquatica Wib., Prim. Fl. Werthem. 116. 1799. Based on Azra
aquatica L.

Poa airoides Koel., Deser. Gram. 194. 1802. Based on Aira aquatica L.

Glyceria aquatica Presl, Fl. Cech. 25. 1819. Based on Aira aquatica L.

Hydrochloa airoides Hartm., Gen. Gram. Skand. 8. 1819. Based on Azra
aquatica L.

Diarrhena aquatica Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 447. 1825. Based on
Catabrosa aquatica Beauv.

Melica aquatica Loisel., Fl. Gall. ed. 2.1: 59. 1828. Based on Aira aquatica L.

Glyceria airoides Reichenb., in Moessl., Handb. Gewachsk. ed. 2. 3: 1827.
1829. Based on Poa atroides Koel.

Colpodium aquaticum Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:
395. 1830. Based on Azra aquatica L.

Glyceria catabrosa Klett and Richt., Fl. Leipzig 96. 1830. Based on Catabrosa
aquatica Beauv.

Catapodium aquaticum Trin.; Willk. and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp. 1: 77. 1861,
as synonym of Catabrosa aquatica Beauv.

(105) CATHESTECUM Presl

(1) Cathestecum erectum Vasey and Hack., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 37. pl.
45. 1884. Presidio, Tex., Havard.

This is the species described and figured by Scribner (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.

Agrost. Bull. 7: 242. f. 224. 1897) under the name Cathestecum prostratum Presl.

(137) CENCHRUS L.8

Cenchrus barbatus Schum., Beskr. Guin. Pl. 63. 1827. Guinea, Africa.
Cenchrus catharticus Delile, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 1838: 4. 1839. Grown from
seed from Nubia, Africa.
(3) Cenchrus echinatus L., Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. Jamaica, Curacao.
Cenchrus pungens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 115. 1815. Guayaquil,
Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 50. 1886. Orizaba, Mexico, Schaffner
198; Bourgeau 3140; Botterz 138.

18 For discussion of types see Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 52-76. 1920.

2 a

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 825

Cenchrus echinatus brevisetus Scribn., in Millsp., Field Mus. Bot. 2: 26. 1900.
Based on Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn.
(4) Cenchrus gracillimus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 299. 1895. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 188 [type], 288.
(5) Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1: 1385. 1837.
Smithville, N.C., Curtis.
?Cenchrus carolinianus Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. South Carolina.
Cenchrus strictus Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. West Florida, [Chapman].
?Nastus carolinianus Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 214. 1915. Based on
Cenchrus carolinianus Walt.
(1) Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 115. pl. 35. 1815.
Flamingo Key, Cuba, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Panicum cenchroides El. Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 111. 1816. Not P. cenchroides
L. Rich., 1792. Jekyl Island, Ga., Baldwin.
Pennisetum pungens Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 54. 1818. Based on Panicum cen-
chroides Ell.
occ elliottiana Schult., Mant. 2: 279. 1824. Based on Panicum cenchroides
ll

Pennisetum myosuroides Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 308. 1825. Based on Cenchrus
myosuroides H.B.K.
Cenchrus elliottii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 51. 1829. Based on Panicum cen-
chroides Ell.
Cenchrus alopecuroides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 317. 1830. Not C. alopecuroides
Thunb., 1794. Original locality unknown, probably Peru.
Cenchrus setoides Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. ’Agr. Survey Tex. App. 2. 1866.
Northern Texas, [Linscum and Buckley].
Cenchropsis myosuroides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 109, 1827. 1903.
Based on Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K.
(6) canara pauciflorus Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1840. Magdalena Bay,
Baja California, [Barclay].
Cenchrus roseus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 50. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin 42
in part, 43.
Cenchrus echinatus forma longispina Hack., in Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 9:
169. 19038. Oxford, Conn., Gram. Exs. Kneucker 426.
(7) Cenchrus tribuloides L., Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. Seacoast of Virginia, [Clayton].
Cenchrus echinatus var. tribuloides Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S.1: 69. 1823.
Based on C. tribuloides L.
Cenchrus vaginatus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 110. 1854. Cultivated in the
botanical garden, Paris.
Cenchrus tribuloides var. macrocephalus Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 312.
1877. Brazil, Martius.
Cenchrus macrocephalus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 110. f.
406. 1899. Based on C. tribuloides var. macrocephalus Doell.
(2) Cenchrus viridis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 301. 1825. Guadeloupe, [Bertero].
Cenchrus echinatus var. viridis Spreng.; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 556. 1864.
Presumably based on C. viridis Spreng.

(102) CHLORIS Swartz

(7) Chloris andropogonoides Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 143. 1886. San Luis Potosi,
Mexico, Virlet 1462.
Chloris tenuispica Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 486. 1898. Texas,
Nealley in 1889.
(6) Chloris chloridea (Presl) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928.
Based on Dineba chloridea Presl.
Dineba chloridea Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 291. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.
Eutriana chloridea Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXIII. 1830. Based on
Dineba chloridea Presl.
Gymnopogon longifolius Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 144. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico,
Gouin 52.
Gymnopogon virletii Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 144. 1886. San Luis Potosf,
Mexico, Virlet 1441.
Chloris longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 284. pl. 19. 1893.
Not C. longifolia Steud., 1854. Based on Gymnopogon longifolius Fourn.
Chloris clandestina Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24:
25. 1901. Based on Gymnopogon longifolius Fourn.
(11) Chloris ciliata Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz.

826 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Cynodon ciliatus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
Chloris ciliata Swartz.

Chloris propingua Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 204. 1854. (Guadeloupe,
Duchaassing.

Chloris ciliata var. terana Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12!: pl. 30.
1890. Brownsville, Tex., [Nealley].

Chloris texana Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 441. 1898. Based on
C. ciliata var. texana Vasey.

Chloris nashii Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on C. terana Nash.

(15) Chloris cucullata Bisch., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. III. 19: 357. 1858. Culti-
vated, seed from Matamoros, Mexico.
Chloris distichophylla Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Argentina and Chile.

Eustachys distichophylla Nees, Agrost. Bras. 418. 1829. Based on Chloris
distichophylla Lag.

(3) Chloris floridana (Chapm.) Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 407. 1871.
Based on Eustachys floridana Chapm.
Eustachys floridana Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 557. 1860. Middle Florida.
(5) Chloris gayana Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 89. 1829. Senegal, Africa.
(1) Chloris glauca (Chapm.) Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 407. 1871.
Based on Eustachys glauca Chapm.

Eustachys glauca Chapm., Fl. South. U.S 557. 1860. West Florida.

(14) Chloris latisquamea Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 439. 1898. Kerr-
ville, Tex., Heller 1767.

Chloris verticillata var. intermedia Vasey, in Coult., Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb.
2: 528. 1894. Texas, [Houston, Hail 773].

(4) Chloris neglecta Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Orange
Bend, Fla., Nash 2149.

Eustachys neglecta Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 450. 1898. Based on
Chloris neglecta Nash.

(2) Chloris petraea Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz.

? Aira aegilopsoides Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina.

Agrostis complanata Ait., Hort. Kew. i: 96. 1789. Grown in England, seed
from Jamaica.

Eustachys petraea Desyv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810.
Based on Chloris petraea Swartz.

eee? petraea Spreng., Pl. Pugill. 2: 17. 1815. Based on Chloris petraea

wartz.

Aira complanata Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 44. 1840, as synonym of Chloris
petraea Swartz.

Gee swartzit C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 341. 1861. Based on C. petraea

wartz.

Chloris septentrionalis C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 340. 1861. Rio Brazos, Tex.,
Drummond.

Chloris swartziana Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 68. 1878. Based on C.
petraea Swartz.

(10) Chloris polydactyla (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Based on
Andropogon polydactylon L.

Andropogon barbatus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 13805. 1759. Jamaica. Not
Chloris barbata Swartz, 1797, based on A. barbatus L., 1771, from the East
Indies, which is C. inflata Link (C. paraguayensis Steud.).

Andropogon polydactylon L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1488. 1763. Jamaica. Diag-
nosis of A. barbatus L. (1759) copied.

Saccharum polydactylum Thunb., Fl. Jap. 42. 1784. Based on Andropogon
polydactylon L.

Chloris barbata Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 448. 1898. Not C. barbata
Swartz, 1797. Based on Andropogon barbatus L. (1759).

Chloris prieurii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 89. 1829. Senegambia, Africa.
Chloris radiata (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. Based on Agrostis
radiata L.

Agrostis radiata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 878. 1759. Jamaica.

Chloris glaucescens Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 206. 1854. Guadeloupe,
Duchaissing.

(18) Chloris subdolichostachya C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 341. 1861. Texas,
Drummond 372.

Chloris verticillata var. aristulata Torr. and Gray, U.S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif.
2: 176. 1855. Lower Rio Grande, Gregg.

Chloris brevispica Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 488. 1898. Nueces
County, Tex., Heller 1471.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 827

(8) Chloris texensis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 151. 1896. Texas,
Thurow; Nealley.

Chloris nealleyz Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 435. 1898. Based on C.

texensis Nash.

Chloris truncata R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 186. 1810. Australia.

(12) Chloris verticillata Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 150. 1837.
Fort Smith, Ark., [Nuttall].

(9) Chloris virgata Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 203. 1797. Antigua, Swartz.

Chloris pubescens Lag., Var. Cien. 2!: 143. 1805. Peru.

Rabdochloa virgata Beauvy., Ess. Agrost. 84, 158. 1812. Presumably based on
Chloris virgata Swartz.

Chloris compressa DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 94. 1813. Cultivated at Mont-
pellier.

Chloris elegans H.B.K., Noy. Gen. and Sp. 1: 166. pl. 49. 1816. Mexico,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Chloris alba Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 289. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Chloris penicillata Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1840, as synonym
of C. elegans H.B.K.

Chloris alba var. aristulata Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1857.
Banks of the upper Rio Grande [Emory Exped.]; Tex., Drummond 395 also
mentioned.

Agrostomia barbata Cervant., Naturaleza 1870: 346. 1870. Cuernavaca,

Mexico.
(67) CINNA L.

(1) Cinna arundinacea L., Sp. Pl. 5. 1753. Canada, Kalm.

Agrostis cinna Retz., Obs. Bot. 5:18. 1789. Based on Cinna arundinacea
L., but, according to Obs. Bot. 6:12. 1791, misapplied to a species of
Muhlenbergia.

Agrostis cinna Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 162. 1791. Based on Cinna arundi-
nacea L.., but misapplied to Muhlenbergia mexicana.

Agrostis cinna Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:64. 1814. Based on Cinna arundi-
nacea Willd. (error for L.).

Cinna agrostoides Beauyv.; Steud., Nom. Bot. 1: 20, 198. 1821, as synonym of
Agrostis cinna Lam.

Muhlenbergia cinna Trin., Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824. Based on Agrostis cinna

am.
(2) Cinna latifolia (Trevir.) Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 485. 1853. Based
on Agrostis latifolia Trevir.

Agrostis latifolia Trevir.; Gépp., Beschr. Bot. Gart. Breslau 82. 1830. Europe.

Muhlenbergia pendula Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
2: 172. 1832. Sitka.

Cinna expansa Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 236. 1833. Western North America,
Richardson.

Cinna pendula Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 44: 280. 1841.
Norway, Sitka, Baikal. The earlier Muhlenbergia pendula Trin., not
mentioned.

Cinna arundinacea var. pendula A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 545. 1856. Based on
C. pendula Trin.

Cinna pendula var. glomerula Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proce. 1884: 290.
1884. Washington, Tweedy.

Cinna bolanderi Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1884: 290. 1884. Cali-
fornia, Bolander 6090.

Cinna pendula var. acutiflora Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 203. 1888,
name only, Vancouver Island; 2°: 393. 1890, as synonym of C. pendula
var. glomerata Scribn. [error for var. glomerula].

Cinna pendula var. mutica Vasey, in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 202. 1888.
Name only for collection at Pelly Banks, Northwest Territory, Dawson in
1887. Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:57. 1892. Oregon, [Cuszck].

Cinna pendula var. bolanderi Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:57. 1892.
Based on C. bolanderi Scribn.

(156) COIX L.

(1) Coix lacryma-jobi L., Sp. Pl. 972. 1753. India.
Coiz lacryma L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10.1261. 1759. Based on C. lacryma-jobi L.
Iithagrostis lacryma-jobi Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1:7. 1788. Based on
Coix lacryma-jobt L.

828 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sphaerium lacryma Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 793. 1891. Based on Cox

lacryma L.
(66) COLEANTHUS Seidel

(1) Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 276.
1817. Based on Schmidtia subtilis Tratt.
Schmidtia subtilis Tratt., Fl. Austr. 1:12. 1816. Bohemia.
Zizania subtilis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 452, 458. 1825. Based on
Coleanthus subtilis [Seidel] Roem. and Schult.
Wilibaldia subtilis Roth, Enum. Pl. Phan. Germ. 1:92. 1827. Based on
Schmidtia subtilis Tratt.

CORIDOCHLOA Nees

Coridochloa cimicina (L.) Nees; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 618. 1893, as synonym
of Panicum cimicinum. Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24: 129. 1911.
This name is usually credited to Nees, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 15: 381.
1833, but though Nees adds, after briefly distinguishing the genus, that its
type is Panicum cimicinum Retz., he does not transfer the name to Cori-
dochloa.

Milium cimicinum L., Mant. Pl. 2: 184. 1771. Malabar, India.
Panicum cimicinum Retz., Obs. Bot. 3:9. 1783. Based on Milium cimicinum L.
Axonopus? cimicinus Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Based on Milium

ermicinum L.
(25) CORTADERIA Stapf

Cortaderia rudiuscula Stapf, Gard. Chron. III. 22: 396. 1897. Argentina.

This is the species described by Stapf under C. quila (Nees) Stapf, but that

name is ultimately based on Arundo quila Molino, a species of bamboo, Chusquea

quila (Molino) Kunth.

(1) Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. FI.
2: 325. 1900. Based on Arundo selloana Schult.

Arundo dioeca Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 361. 1825. Not A. dioica Lour. 1798.
Monte Video, Uruguay, Sello.

Arundo selloana Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 605. 1827. Based on A.
dioeca Spreng. Schultes cites ‘‘A. dioeca Spreng., S.V. p. 361”, hence the
date is later than 1824, the title-page date.

Gynerium argenteum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 462. 1829. Brazil.

Cortaderia argentea Stapf, Gard. Chron. III. 22: 396. 1897. Based on Gyne-
rium argenteum Nees.

Cortaderia dioica Speg., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 7: 194. 1902. Based
on Arundo dioica Spreng.

Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 90, 149, 159. 1812. Based
on Aira canescens L.

Aira canescens L., Sp. Pl. 65. 17538. Europe.

Avena canescens Web., in Wigg., Prim. Fl. Hols. 9. 1780. Based on Aira
canescens L.

Weingaertneria canescens Bernh., Syst. Verz. Pflanz. 51. 1800. Based on

Aira canescens L.
(36) COTTEA Kunth
(1) Cottea pappophoroides Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 84. 1829. Peru.

(78) CRYPSIS Ait.

(1) Crypsis aculeata (L.) Ait., Hort. Kew. 1:48. 1789. Based on Antho-

zanthum aculeatum L. f.

Schoenus aculeatus L., Sp. Pl. 42. 1758. Southern Europe.

Agrostis aculeata Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1:62. 1772. Based on Schoenus
aculeatus L.

Phleum aculeatum Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 563. 1778. Based on Schoenus aculea-
tus L.

ee aculeatum L. f., Sup. Pl. 89. 1781. Based on Schoenus aculea-
tus Li.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 829

Antitragus aculeatus Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 2:7. 1791. Based on Schoenus
aculeatus L.

Pallasia aculeata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 781. 1891. Based on Crypsis
aculeata Ait.

(100) CTENIUM Panzer

(1) Ctenium aromaticum (Walt.) Wood, Class-book 806. ed. 3. 1861. Based on
Aegilops aromatica Walt.

?Nardus gangitis L., Sp. Pl. 538. 1753. Garden specimen, southern France,
(probably Montpellier). The specimen under this name in the Linnaean
Herbarium is from Montpellier, and is said by Munro (Jour. Linn. Soe.
Bot. 6: 35. 1862) to be Lepturus tncurvatus Trin. (Pholiurus incurvus (L.)
Schinz and Thell.). The Linnaean citations refer to Andropogon and to
Rottboellia according to Trinius (Clav. Agrost. 346. 1822), except that to
Morison (PI. Hist. 3: Sect. 8, tab. 3, last figure) which is a species of Cteniwm.
Linnaeus gives as the origin of his plant ‘‘ Habitat in G. Narbonensi”’ (Gallia
Narbonensis is southern France). The application of the name N. gangitis is
too uncertain to be accepted for Ctentum aromaticum, as proposed by Druce.

Aegilops aromatica Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina.

Nardus scorpioides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 152. 1791. America.

Chloris monostachya Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 59. 1803. South Carolina,
Michauz.

Campulosus gracilior Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (Paris) 2: 189. 1810.
Based on Chloris monostachya Michx.

Campulosus monostachyus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 64,157, 158. pl. 13.f.1. 1812.
Based on Chloris monostachya Michx.

Ctenium carolinianum Panz., Denkschr. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4: 311. pl. 13.
f.1, 2. 1813. South Carolina.

Campuloa gracilis Desv., Jour. Bot. 1: 69. 1813. Based on Chloris mono-
stachya Michx.

Monocera aromatica Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 177. pl. 11. f. 3. 1816.
Based on Aegilops aromatica Walt.

Campuloa monostachya Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 516. 1817. Based
on Chloris monostachya Michx.

Cynodon monostachyos Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
Campulosus monostachyus Desv. [error for Beauv.].

Ctenium americanum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 274. 1825. North America,
Chloris monostachya Michx., cited as synonym.

Campulosus aromaticus Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 272. 1840, as
synonym of C. monostachyus Beauv.

Chloris piperita Michx.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1840, as synonym
of Campulosus monostachyus Beauv.

Rottboellia scorpioides Poir.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 474. 1841, as
synonym of Ctentum americanum Spreng.

Campulosus gracilis Bertol., Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna 2: 602. pl. 43. f.a.b.e.
1850. Alabama.

?Campulosus gangitis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 764. 1891. Based on Nardus
gangitis L., taken up for Ctentum aromaticum.

Campulosus aromaticus Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 45. 1895. Based
on Aegilops aromaticus Walt.

?Ctentum gangitum Druce, Rept. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 3: 416.
1914. Based on Nardus gangitis L., taken up for C. aromaticum.

(2) Ctenium floridanum (Hitche.) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162.
1928. Based on Campulosus floridanus Hitche.

Campulosus floridanus Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 306. 1915. East
Florida, Curtiss in 1875.

This is the species described by Scribner (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7:
197. f.179. 1897) and by Nash (Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S.133. 1903) under
Campulosus chapadensis Trin. That is a Brazilian species not known from
North America.

Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Richt. Pl. Eur. 1: 77. 1890. Based on
Dactylis memphitica Spreng.
Dactylis memphitica Spreng., Nachtr. Bot. Gart. Halle 20. 1801. Egypt.

830 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

CYMBOPOGON Spreng.

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1906: 322. 1906.
Based on Andropogon citratus DC.
Andropogon citratus DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 78. 1813, without description.
DC.; Nees, Allg. Gartenz. 3: 266. 1835. Garden plant.
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 2: 155. 1899. Based on
Andropogon nardus L.
Andropogon nardus L., Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. India.
Sorghum nardus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon

nardus L.
(95) CYNODON L. Rich.

(1) Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Based on Panicum

dactylon L.

Panicum dactylon L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Southern Europe.

Digitaria dactylon Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772. Based on Panicum
dactylon L.

Dactilon officinale Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 69. 1787. Based on Panicum
dactylon L.

?Cynosurus uniflorus Walt., Fl. Carol. 82. 1788. South Carolina.

Paspalum dactylon Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Based on Panicum
dactylon L.

pes littoralis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 19. 1796. Based on Panicum dac-
tylon L.

Milium dactylon Moench, Meth. Pl. Sup. 67. 1802. Based on Panicum
dactylon L.

Fibichia umbellata Koel., Descr. Gram. 308. 1802. Based on Panicum
dactylon L.

Digitaria stolonifera Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 165. 1806. Based on Panicum
dactylon L.

Cynodon maritimus H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 170. 1816. Peru, Hum-
boldt and Bonpland.

Cynodon tenuis Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 63. 1821. North America.

Chloris cynodon Trin., Gram. Unifl. 229. 1824. Based on Cynodon dactylon
Pers.

Digitaria maritima Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 272. 1825. Based on Cynodon
maritimus H.B.K.

Cynodon erectus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 290. 1830. Mexico [type, Haenke]
and Peru.

Agrostis bermudiana Tussac; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 259. 1833, as synonym of
Cynodon dactylon Pers.

Cynodon occidentalis Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 463. 1840, as
synonym of C. dactylon Pers.

Cynodon portoricensis Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 463. 1840, as
synonym of C. dactylon Pers.

Capriola dactylon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 764. 1891. Based on Panicum
dactylon L.

Fibichia dactylon Beck, Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herzeg. 9: 436. 1904. Based on
Panicum dactylon L.

Cynodon dactylon var. maritimus Hack., in Fries, Arkiv Bot. 8: 40. 1909.
Based on C. maritimus H.B.K.

Capriola dactylon maritima Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 179. 1920.
Based on Cynodon maritimus H.B.K.

(22) CYNOSURUS L.

(1) Cynosurus cristatus L., Sp. Pl. 72. 1753. Europe.
(2) Cynosurus echinatus L., Sp. Pl. 72. 1753. Europe. ~
Phalona echinata Dum., Obs. Gram. Belg. 114. 18238. Based on Cynosurus

echinatus L.
(21) DACTYLIS L.

(1) Dactylis glomerata L., Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. Europe.
Bromus glomeratus Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 76. 1772. Based on Dactylis
glomerata L.
Festuca glomerata All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 252. 1785. Based on Dactylis glomerata L.
Trachypoa vulgaris Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 359. 1901. Based on Dactylis glo-
merata L.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 831 i

(94) DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.

(1) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 68. 1890. Based on

Cynosurus aegyptius L.

Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. Pl. 72. 1753. Africa, Asia, America.

Aegilops saccharinum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina.

Eleusine aegyptiaca Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 85. 1798. Based on Cynosurus
aegyptius L.

Eleusine pectinata Moench, Meth. Pl. Sup. 68. 1802. Based on Cynosurus
aegyptius L.

Chloris mucronata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 59. 1803. Carolina, Michauz.

Eleusine aegyptia Pers., Syn. Pl. 1:87. 1805. Based on Cynosurus aegyptius L.

Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum Willd., Enum. Pl. 1029. 1809. Based on Cynosu-
rus aegyptius L. |

Dactyloctenitum mucronatum Willd., Enum. Pl. 1029. 1809. Based on Chloris |
mucronata Michx. \

Eleusine mucronata Stokes, Bot. Mag. Med. 1: 150. 1812. Not E. mucronata .
Michx., 1803. Jamaica, Broughton. ‘

Rabdochloa mucronata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 84, 158, 176. 1812. Presumably
based on Chloris mucronata Michx.

Cenchrus aegyptius L.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 157. 1812, as synonym of Dactyloc-
tentum aegyptium, doubtless error for Cynosurus.

Eleusine cruciata Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 176. 1816. Presumably South
Carolina.

Eleusine mucronata Hornem., Hort. Hafn. Sup. 116. 1819. Not E. mucronata |
Michx., 1803. Based on Dactyloctentum mucronatum Willd. i

Dactyloctenitum meridionale Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 6. 1825. West .
Indies and tropical America. }

Cynosurus carolinianus Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2.1: 465. 1840. Name f
only, referred to Dactyloctenium.

Dactyloctentum mucronatum var. erectum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 144. 1886.
Mexico, Gouin 68; Karwinsky 989, 989b.

(60) DANTHONIA Lam. and DC.

(6) Danthonia californica Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 2: 182. 1863. Oak- \
land and San Francisco, Calif., Bolander. . .
Merathrepta californica Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906. Based |
on Danthonia californica Boland.
Pentameris californica Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913. Based on
Danthonia californica Boland.

DANTHONIA CALIFORNICA Var. AMERICANA (Scribn.) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash.
Proc. 41: 160. 1928. Based on D. americana Scribn. (Published as D.
californica americana.)

Danthonia grandiflora Phil., An. Univ. Chile 48: 568. 1873. Not D. grandi-
flora Hochst., 1851. Province Nuble, Chile.

Danthonia americana Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 5. 1901.
Based on D. grandiflora Phil.

Merathrepta americana Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 123. 1906. Based
on Danthonia americana Scribn.

Pentameris americana Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913. Based on
Danthonia americana Scribn.

Danthonia macouniu Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 305. 1915. Nanaimo, Van-
couver Island, Macoun 78825.

(2) Danthonia compressa Austin, in Peck, N.Y. State Mus. Ann. Rept. 22: 54.
1869. Herkimer County, N.Y., Austin in 1868.

Danthonia spicata var. compressa Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 396. 1870.
Based on D. compressa Austin.

Danthonia allent Austin, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 21. 1872. Rockaway,
Long Island, Allen.

Danthonia faxoni Austin, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 190. 1877. White Moun-
tains, N.H., Faxon in 1877.

Merathrepta compressa Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Dan-
thonia compressa Austin.

Pentameris compressa Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 19138. Based on
Danthonia compressa Austin.

(4) Danthonia intermedia Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 52. 1883. Cali-
fornia; Rocky Mountains; Plains of British America. to Mount Albert,
Quebec, Allen [in 1881, typel.

55974°—35——53. |

832 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Danthonia intermedia cusickit Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30:
7. 1901. Oregon, Cusick 2427.

Merathrepta intermedia Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906. Based
on Danthonia intermedia Vasey.

Merathrepta intermedia cusickiz Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906.
Based on Danthonia intermedia cusicki Williams.

Pentameris intermedia Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on
Danthonia intermedia Vasey.

Danthonia cusickii Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 305. 1915. Based on D.
intermedia cusicki Williams.

(5) Danthonia parryi Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 133. 1896. Colorado, Parry.

Danthonia parryi var. longifolia Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 134. 1896. Twin
Lakes, Colo., Wolf 1170.

Merathrepta parryi Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Danthonia
parry? Scribn.

(3) Danthonia sericea Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 71. 1818. Carolina to Florida.

Danthonia glabra Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 48. 1897. Not D. glabra
Phil., 1896. Little Stone Mountain, Ga., Small in 1895.

Danthonia epilis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 7. 1901.
Based on D. glabra Nash.

Merathrepta sericea Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Danthonia
sericea Nutt.

Pentameris epilis Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913. Based on
Danthonia epilis Scribn.

Pentameris sericea Nels. and Maebr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on
Danthonia sericea Nutt.

This is the species described by Elliott (Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 174. 1816) under

the name Avena spicata L.

(1) Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 690. 1817.
Based on Avena spicata L.

Avena spicata L., Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. Pennsylvania.

Avena glumosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 72. 1803. Pennsylvania; Carolina,
Michaux. (In Index Kewensis this name is erroneously credited to Ell.
Elliott cited A. glumosa Michx. as synonym of A. spicata L.)

Danthonia glumosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 92, 153, 160. 1812. Based on Avena
glumosa Michx.

Avena spicaeformis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 154. 1812, name, only Roem. and
Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 690. 1817, as synonym of Danthonia spicata L.

Triodia glumosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. Atlas 12. pl. 18. f. 7. 1812. Evidently
an error for Danthonia glumosa Beauv.

Merathrepta spicata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 211. 1894, as synonym of
Danthonia spicata.

Danthonia spicata var. villosa Peck, N.Y. State Mus. Ann. Rept. 47: 168.
1894. Brownville [Peck] and Taberg, N.Y.

Danthonia spicata pinetorum Piper, Erythea 7: 1038. 1899. Mason County,
Wash., Piper 943.

Danthonia thermale Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 5. 1901.
Yellowstone Park, Wyo., A. Nelson and E. Nelson 6140.

Danthonia spicata longipila Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 30: 7. 1901. Benton County, Ark., Plank 38.

Merathrepta pinetorum Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 122. 1906. Based
on Danthonia spicata pinetorum Piper.

Merathrepta thermale Heller, Muhlenbergia 5: 120. 1909. Based on Danthonia
thermale Seribn.

Merathrepta thermale var. pinetorum Piper; Fedde and Schust., in Just’s Bot.
Jahresber. 37: 128. 1911 (erroneously ascribed to Heller, Muhlenbergia
5: 120. 1909).

Pentameris spicata Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on
Avena spicata L.

Pentameris thermale Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on
Danthonia thermale Scribn.

Danthonia pinetorum Piper; Piper and Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 46. 1915.
Based on D. spicata pinetorum Piper.

(7) Danthonia unispicata (Thurb.) Munro; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 215. 1888.
Based on D. californica var. unispicata Thurb. The name was earlier listed
without description as follows: Thurb., in A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
1863: 78. 1863, name only, for Geyer 189. Thurb., in 8S. Wats., Bot. Calif.
2: 294. 1880, as synonym of D. californica var. unispicata Thurb. Munro;
Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 59. 1885. Name only.

eS

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 833

Danthonia californica var. unispicata Thurb., in 8. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 294.
1880. San Diego to San Francisco, Calif., Bolander, Parry, Lemmon.

Merathrepia unispicata Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 123. 1906.
Based on Danthonia unispicata Munro.

Pentameris unispicata Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913. Based on
Danthonia unispicata Munro.

(55) DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.

(3) Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele, Flora 27: 56. 1844. Based on

Aira atropurpurea Wahl.

Aira atropurpurea Wahl., Fl. Lapp. 37. 1812. Lapland.

Avena atropurpurea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 119. 1827. Based on Azra atro- |
purpurea Wahl. |

Holcus atropurpureus Wahl., Svensk Bot. pl. 687. 1826-29. Based on Azra |
atropurpurea Wahl. )

Aira latifolia Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 2438. pl. 227. 1840. Rocky Mountains,

Drummond. ,
Vahlodea atropurpurea Fries, Bot. Not. 178. 1842. Presumably based on

Atra atropurpurea Wahl.

Deschampsia latifolia Vasey, Grasses U.S. 29. 1883. Not D. latifolia Hochst.,

1851. Based on Azra latifolia Hook.

Deschampsia hookeriana Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 11: 97. 1886. Based on Azra
latifolia Hook.
Deschampsia atropurpurea var. minor Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48.

1888. Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887. i
Deschampsia atropurpurea var. latifolia Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 2*: 209. .

1888. Based on Azra latifolia Hook.

(5) Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 91, 149, 160. pl. 18. f.

3. 1812. Based on Aira caespitosa L. )
Aira caespitosa L., Sp. Pl. 64. 1753. Europe.
Agrostis caespitosa Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 25. 1796. Based on Aira caespitosa L.
Aira ambigua Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 61. 1803. Canada, Michauz. i
Aira caespitosa var. ambigua Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 77. 1814. Based on |

A. ambigua Michx. |
Atra cespitosa Muhl., Desecr. Gram. 85. 1817. Pennsylvania; New England. i
Atra aristulata Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 132. 1824. New York, r

Cooper.
Campbella caespitosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 122. 1827. Based on Azra caespi-
tosa L.

Podionapus caespitosus Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 82. 1867. Based on Deschamp-
sia caespitosa Beauv.

Avena caespitosa Kuntze, Taschenfl. Leipzig 45. 1867. Based on Azra caespitosa
L

Aira major subsp. caespitosa Syme in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 64.
1873. Based on A. caespitosa L.

Aira caespitosa var. montana Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid.
6: 294. 1878. Not A. caespitosa var. montana Reichenb., 1850. Utah,
Colorado, and Arizona.

Deschampsia caespitosa var. maritima Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48.
1888. Vancouver Island, Macouwn in 1887.

Deschampsia ambigua Beauv.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 735. 1893. Name only,
presumably referring to Azra ambigua Michx.

Deschampsia caespitosa var. alpina Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 368.
1896. Not D. caespitosa var. alpina Gaudin, 1869. Alaska, Elliott; Colo-
rado, Letterman.

Deschampsia caespitosa var. confinis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369.
1896. Southern California, Palmer 231 in 1888.

Deschampsia caespitosa var. longiflora Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369. 1896.
Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887.

Deschampsia alpicola Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 601. 1905. Based on |
D. caespitosa var. alpina Vasey. ;

Deschampsia confinis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 533. 1909. Based on
D. caespitosa var. confinis Vasey.

Deschampsia pungens Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 103. 1912. Banff, '
Alberta, McCalla 2309, |

834 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Aira alpicola Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. ed. 2. 1112. 1922. Based on Des-
champsia alpicola Rybd.

The following names based on Deschampsia brevifolia R. Br. (Sup. App. Parry’s
Voy. 191. 1821) described from Melville Island, Arctic America, and not known
from the United States, have been misapplied to D. caespitosa by various American
authors:

Aira arctica Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4: Cur. Post. 32. 1827. Based on Des-

champsia brevifolia R. Br.

Aira caespitosa var. arctica Thurb.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc.
1863: 78. 1863. Based on Deschempsia brevifolia R. Br.

Deschampsia brachyphylla Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 37. 1900.
Not D. brachyphylla Phil., 1896. Based on D. brevifolia R. Br.

Deschampsia curtifolia Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 7. 1901.
Based on D. brachyphylla Nash.

ag arctica Merr., Rhodora 4: 143. 1902. Based on Aira arctica

preng

Aira curtifolia Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. ed. 2. 1112. 1922. Based on
Deschampsia curtifolia Scribn.

Other names based on Old World species were misapplied to Deschampsia

caespitosa by Beal:

Deschampsia caespitosa var. bottnica Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369.
1896. Based on Azra botinica Wahl.

Deschampsia caespitosa var. brevifolia Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369.
1896. Based on Aira brevifolia Bieb.

Deschampsia caespitosa var. montana Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 369.
1896. Based on D. montana Schur.

(1) Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro; Benth., Pl. Hartw. 342. 1857.
Based on Aira danthonioides Trin.

Aira danthonioides Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
1: 57. 1830. Western North America.

Deschampsia calycina Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 251. 1830. ‘‘Peru”’ is the pub-
lished locality, but the type specimen is labeled Monterey, Calif., Haenke.

Aira calycina Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 220. 1854. Based on Deschampsia
calycina Presl.

Trisetum glabrum Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863. ‘‘Texas
Dr. Linsecum.” [Locality probably erroneous, the plants bearing this ticket:
in the herbarium of the Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, being very like
two on the same sheet labeled ‘‘Rocky Mountains of Columbia, Nuttall.’”
The species is not otherwise known east of Arizona. ]

Deschampsia gracilis Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 224. 1885. San Diego, Calif.,
Orcutt [1072].

(2) Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro; Benth., Pl. Hartw. 342. 1857.
Based on Aira elongata Hook.

a ipa Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 248. pl. 228. 1840. Columbia River,

ouglas.

Deschampsia elongata var. ciliata Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 371. 1896.
Oregon, Howell; California, Anderson, [Santa Cruz, type].

Deschampsia elongata var. tenuis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 372. 1896.
Santa Cruz, Calif., Jones 2201. Published as new in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid.
Calif. 51. 1901, Davy 213 (error for 4213), Evergreen, Santa Clara County,
Calif., cited as type.

Deschampsia ciliata Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 60. 1917. Based on D. elongata
var. ciliata Vasey.

Aira vaseyana Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. ed. 2. 1112. 1922. Based on Des-
champsia elongata var. ciliata Vasey.

(4) Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
2!: 9. 1836. Based on Aira flecuosa Ee

Aira flexuosa L., Sp. Pl. 65. 1753. Europe.

Avena flexuosa Mert. and Koch, in Roehl, Deut. Fl. ed. 3. 12: 570. 18238. Based.
on Aira flecuosa L.

Avenella flexuosa Parl., Fl. Ital. 1: 246. 1848. Based on Aira flexuosa L.

Lerchenfeldia flexuosa Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 753. 1866. Based on Azra
flexuosa L

Podionapus flecuosus Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 88. 1867. Based on Deschampsia
flexuosa Trin.
Salmasia flexuosa Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 319. 1901. Based on Azra flexuosa L..
(6) Deschampsia holciformis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 251. 1830. Monterey,
Calif,, Haenke,

a a Pe ee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 835

Aira holciformis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 221. 1854. Based on Deschampsia
holciformis Presl.
Desmazeria sicula (Jacq.) Dum., Comm. Bot. 27. 1822. Based on Cynosurus
siculus Jacq. The generic name spelled Demazeria; later (Obs. Gram. Belg.
46. 1823) changed to Desmazeria by Dumortier.
Cynosurus siculus Jacq., Obs. Bot. 2: 22. pl. 48. 1767. Europe.

(15) DIARRHENA Beauv. !9

(1) Diarrhena americana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 142. pl. 25. f. 2. 1812. Based

on Festuca diandra Michx.

Festuca diandra Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:67. 1803. Not F. diandra Moench.,
1794. ‘‘Kentucky, Tennessee, etc.’? Michaux.

Diarina festucoides Raf., Med. Repos. N.Y. 5: 352. 1808. Not Dvuarrhena
festucoides Raspail, 1825. Based on Festuca diandra Michx.

Festuca americana Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 162. 1812. Name only.

Korycarpus arundinaceus Zea; Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. America.

Roemeria zeae Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: 61, 287. 1817. Source
unknown.

Diarina sylvatica Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 104. 1819. Based on Festuca
diandra Michx.

Diarrhena diandra Wood Class-book ed. 2: 612. 1847. Based on Festuca
diandra Michx.

Corycarpus diandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 772. 1891. Based on Festuca
diandra Michx.
Diarrhena festucoides Fernald, Rhodora 34: 204. 1932. Not D. festucozdes

Raspail, 1825. Based on Diarina festucoides Raf.

(121) DIGITARIA Heist.

(8) Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel., Descr. Gram. 26. 1802. Based on Panicum
filuforme L.
Panicum filiforme L., Sp. Pl. 57. 1758. North America, Kalm.
Paspalum filiforme Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 189. 1810. Not P. filiforme Swartz,
1788. Based on Panicum filiforme L.
Paspalum furcatum var. filiforme Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 104. 1877.
Based on Digitaria filiformis Muhl. (the same as Fliigge) but misapplied to
a species of Axonopus. :
Syntherisma filiformis Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 420. 1895. Based on
Panicum filiforme L.
Digitaria laeviglumis Fernald, Rhodora 22: 102. 1920. Manchester, N.H.,
Batchelder.
(4) Digitaria floridana Hitchce., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Hernando
County, Fla., Hitchcock Fla. Pl. 2517.
(11) Digitaria gracillima (Scribn.) Fernald, Rhodora 22: 101. 1920. Based on
Panicum gracillimum Scribn.
Panicum gracillimum Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 146. 1896. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 1192.
Syntherisma gracillima Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 295. 1898. Based
on Panicum gracillimum Scribn.
Syntherisma bakert Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 296. 1898. Grasmere,
Fla., C. H. Baker 47.
Digitaria bakert Fernald, Rhodora 22: 102. 1920. Based on Syntherisma
akert Nash.
(2) Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Enum. Pl. 92. 1809. Dominican Republic.
Phalaris velutina Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 17. 1775. No exact locality given.
Nes let: velutena Hitche., 1927. [D. velutina Beauv., 1812 is name
only.
Milium digitatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce. 24. 1788. Not Digitaria
digitata Buse, 1854. Jamaica.

19 Diarina Raf., Med. Repos. N.Y. 5: 352. 1808, proposed in a review of Michaux’s Flora, with a single
species, D. festucoides Raf., based on Festuca diandra Michx., not F. diandra Moench., 1794. Since there is
no description, the genus is not validly published. Diarrhena Beauv. (Ess. Agrost. 142, 160. pl. 25. f. 1.
1812) is described, with a single species, D. americana Beauv., based on Festuca diandra Michx. The
generic name is credited (p. 160) to Sechmal. [Rafinesque-Schmalz], by typographical error given as ‘‘ Smart”
on page et The changed spelling is accepted with Beauvois as author. Furthermore, Diarrhena is a
conserved name.

836 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Axonopus digitatus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Based on Milium
digitatum Swartz.

Digitaria setigera Roth; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 474. 1817. Asia.

Panicum horizontale G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 54. 1818. Based on Digitaria
horizontalis Willd.

Digitaria jamaicensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 272. 1825. Jamaica.

Digitaria setosa Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 6. 1825. West Indies.

Paspalum digitatum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 24. 1829. Based on Muilium
digitatum Swartz.

Panicum hamiltonit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. IX. 1830. Based on Digita-
ria setosa Desv.

Syntherisma setosa Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 300. 1898. Based on
Digitaria setosa Desv.

Panicum sanguinale var. digitatum Hack.; Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 86. 1903.
Based on Milium digitatum Swartz.

Panicum sanguinale subsp. horizontale Hack., Ergeb. Bot. Exped. Akad. Wiss.
Siidbras. 8. 1906; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien) 79: 69.
1908. Based on Digitaria horizontalis Willd.

Syntherisma digitata Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 142. 1908. Based
on Milium digitatum Swartz.

Digitaria digitata Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 24: 1920. Not D. digitata Buse,
1854. Based on Miltuwm digitatum Swartz.

(3) Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 131. 1817. Pre-
sumably based on Panicum ischaemum Schreb.

Panicum ischaemum Schreb.; Schweigger, Spec. Fl. Erland. 16. 1804.
Germany.

Digitaria humifusa Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. France.

Syntherisma glabrum Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 163. pl.3. f.6. 1806. Germany.

Panicum glabrum Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 22. 1811. Not P. glabrum L.,
1762. Based on Syntherisma glabrum Schrad. (In Index Kewensis ‘ Ell.”
is erroneously given as author of P. glabrum.)

Digitaria glabra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812. Presumably based on
Syntherisma glabrum Schrad.

Paspalum humifusum Poir., Eneyel. Sup. 4: 316. 1816. Based on Digitaria
humifusa Pers.

Panicum humifusum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria
humifusa Pers.

Panicum phaeocarpum var. drummondianum Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 22. 1841.
St. Louis, Mo., Drummond.

Paspalum glabrum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 390. 1871. Not P.
glabrum Poir., 1804. ‘‘(Gaud.)’’, given in parentheses by Wood, doubtless
refers to Panicum glabrum Gaudin.

Paspalum glabrum Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 91. 1890. Not
P. glabrum Poir., 1804. Colorado.

Syntherisma humifusum Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 469. 1900.
Based on Digitaria humifusa Pers.

Syntherisma ischaemum Nash., N.Amer. Fl. 17: 151. 1912. Based on
Panicum ischaemum Schreb.

The name Panicum lineare L. (Syntherisma lineare Nash) has been used for
Digitaria ts chaemum but the description does not apply (e.g. ‘‘calycis squama
exterior brevior, patens, rachi adhaerens”’). It is probably Cynodon dactylon.
DIGITARIA ISCHAEMUM var. MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Gattinger) Fernald, Rhodora 22:

103. 1920. Based on Panicum glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger.

Panicum glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 95. 1887, name
orly, Nashville. Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 39. 1894. Knox-
ville, Tenn.

Panicum lineare var. mississippiense Gattinger; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 111.
1896. Presumably based on P. glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger.

Syntherisma linearis mississippiensis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 25: 300.
1898. Based on Panicum glabrum var. mississippiense Gattinger.

(10) Digitaria panicea (Swartz) Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 23. 1920. Based on
Milium paniceum Swartz.

Milium paniceum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz.

Agrostis jamaicensis Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 258. 1810. Jamaica.

Azonopus paniceus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Based on Milium
paniceum Swartz.

Syntherisma paniceum Nash, N.Amer., Fl. 17: 152. 1912. Based on Milium
paniceum Swartz.

Digitaria dolicophylla Henr., Blumea 1: 94. 1934. Florida, A. A. Eaton 459.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 837

(13) Digitaria pauciflora Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928. South-
ern Florida, Eaton 207.

(15) Digitaria runyoni Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 455. 1933. Mouth
of Rio Grande, near Brownsville, Tex., Runyon 188.

(1) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 52. 1772. Based
on Panicum sanguinale L.

Panicum sanguinale L., Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. America and southern Europe.

Dactylon sanguinalis L.; Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 69. 1787. Based on
Panicum sanguinale L.

Syntherisma praecox Walt., Fl. Carol. 76. 1788. South Carolina.

Paspalum sanguinale Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Based on Panicum
sanguinale L.

nis lag praecox Willd., Enum. Pl. 91. 1809. Based on Syntherisma praecoz

alt.

Panicum adscendens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 97. 1815. Venezuela,
Peru, and Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Cynodon praecox Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 412. 1817. Based on
Syntherisma praecox Walt.

Digitaria marginata Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 102. 1821. Brazil.

Digitaria fimbriata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 226. 1827. Brazil.

Panicum fimbriatum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria
fimbriata Link.

Panicum linkianum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria
marginata Link.

Syntherisma sanguinalis Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 77. 1867. Based on Panicum
sanguinale L.

Syntherisma fimbriatum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 302. 1898.
Based on Digitaria fimbriata Link.

Syntherisma marginatum Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 154. 1912. Based on
Digitaria marginata Link.

Digitaria marginata var. fimbriata Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 440. 1919.
Based on D. fimbriata Link.

Panicum sanguinale subsp. marginatum Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ges. Ziirich
64: 699. 1919. Based on Digitaria marginata Link.

Digitaria sanguinalis var. marginata Fernald, Rhodora 22: 103. 1920. Based
on D. marginata Link.

Digitaria adscendens Henr., Blumea 1: 92. 1934. Based on Panicum adscen-
dens H.B.K.

Digitaria nealleys Henr., Blumea 1: 94. 1934. Texas, Nealley in 1884. A
duplicate of the type in the National Herbarium is distorted by a fungus.

Described as Syntherisma barbata (Willd.) Nash in Small’s Flora.

(6) Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 46. 1803. Based on
Syntherisma serotinum Walt.

Syntherisma serotinum Walt., Fl. Carol. 76. 1788. South Carolina.

Paspalum serotinum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 145. 1810. Based on Digitaria
serotina Michx.

(7) Digitaria simpsoni (Vasey) Fernald, Rhodora 22: 1038. 1920. Based on
Panicum sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey.

Panicum sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 25.
1892. Manatee, Fla., Simpson.

Panicum simpsoni Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 109. 1896. Based on Panicum
sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey.

Syntherisma simpsonit Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 25: 297. 1898. Based
on Panicum sanguinale var. simpsoni Vasey.

(14) Digitaria subcalva Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 138. f. 4. 19384. Plant
City, Fla., C. P. Wright.

(12) Digitaria texana Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 162. 1928. Sarita,
Tex., Hitchcock 5479.

(9) Digitaria villosa (Walt.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Based on Syn-
therisma villosa Walt.

Syntherisma villosa Walt., Fl. Carol. 77. 1788. South Carolina.

Digitaria pilosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 45. 1803. Carolina and Georgia,
Michaux. Willdenow (Enum. Pl. 1: 91. 1809) uses this name, doubtfully
citing D. pilosa Michx. The description suggests that Willdenow’s plant,
from Carolina, is also D. villosa.

Paspalum carolinianum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 311. 1816. Carolina
and Georgia, Bosc.

838 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Syntherisma leucocoma Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 295. 1898. Lake
Ella, Fla., Nash 1155.

Panicum leucocomum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7. ‘ed. 2):
58. 1898. Based on Syntherisma leucocoma Nash.

Digitaria leucocoma Urban, Symb. Antill. 8: 24. 1920. Based on Syntherisma
leucocoma Nash.

Digitaria filtiformis var. villosa Fernald, Rhodora 36: 19. 1934. Based on
Syntherisma villosa Walt.

(5) Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 229. 1827. Brazil.

Panicum violascens Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 33. 1829. Based on Digitaria
violascens Link.

Paspalum chinense Nees, in Hook. and Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 231. 1836.
Macao, China.

Syntherisma chinensis Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 468. 1922.
Based on Paspalum chinense Nees.

Digitaria chinensis A. Camus, Not. Syst. Lecomte 4: 48. 1923. Not D.
chinensis Hornem., 1819. Based on Paspalum chinense Nees.

(16) DISSANTHELIUM Trin.

(1) Dissanthelium californicum (Nutt.) Benth., in Hook. f., Icon. Pl. III.
4: 56. pl. 1375. 1881. Based on Stenochloa californica Nutt.
Stenochloa californica Nutt., Jour. Acad. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 189. 1848. Santa
Catalina Island, Calif., Gambel.

(19) DISTICHLIS Raf.

(3) Distichlis dentata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 536. 1909. Wash-
ington, Sandberg and Leiberg 463.
(1) Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, Calif. Acad. Sci. Bull. 2: 415. 1887. Based
on Uniola spicata L.
Uniola spicata L., Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. Atlantic coast of North America.
Briza spicata Lam., Encycl. 1: 465. 1785. Based on Uniola spicata L.
? Festuca multiflora Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina.
Festuca triticoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 191. 1791. Carolina, Fraser.
Festuca distichophylla Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:67. 1803. Carolina, Michauz.
Uniola distichophylla Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 596. 1817. Based on
Festuca distichophylla Michx.
Distichlis maritima Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 104. 1819. Based on
Uniola spicata L.
Distichlis nodosa Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 104. 1819. Based on Festuca
distichophylla Michx.
Brizopyrum americanum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 160. 1827. Based on Uniola
spicata L.
Poa michauxit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 111. 1829. Based on Festuca disti-
chophylla Michx.
Brizopyrum boreale Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 280. 1830. Nootka Sound,
Vancouver Island, Haenke.
Poa borealis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Bri-
zopyrum boreale Presl.
Festuca triticea Lam.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 325. 1833, as synonym of Poa
michauai Kunth. (Probably error for F. triticoides Lam.)
Brizopyrum spicatum Hook. and Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 403. 1841. Based
on Uniola spicata L.
(2) Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 602. 1905.
Based on Uniola stricta Torr.
Festuca spicata Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 72. 1818. Not F. spicata Pursh, 1814.
‘‘On the banks of the Missouri.”
Uniola stricta Torr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y. 1: 155. 1824. Canadian River [Okla.].
Uniola multiflora Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 148. 1837. Arkansas
River, Nuttall.
Uniola flexuosa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. 1863. Fort
Belknap, Tex., Buckley.
Brizopyrum spicatum var. strictum A. Gray; S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl.
40th Par. 5: 385. 1871. Based on Uniola stricta Torr.
Distichlis maritima var. stricta Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 306. 1880.
Based on Uniola stricta Torr.
Distichlis spicata stricta Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 51. 1894. Based
on Uniola stricta Torr.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 839

Distichlis spicata var. laxa Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 519. 1896.
Lake Park, Utah, Tracy in 1887.
(4) Distichlis texana (Vasey) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 16: 2.
1899. Based on Poa texana Vasey.
Poa texana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 60. 1890. Region of Rio
Grande, Tex., Nealley.
= Sieglingia wrightit Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 269. 1893. Valley
of the Limpio, Tex., Wright 2038.

(133) ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. ”

[oa
(1) Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Based on
/ Panicum colonum L.
Panicum colonum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Jamaica, Browne.
Miliumco lonum Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794. Based on Panicum colonum L.
: Oplismenus colonum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 108. 1815. Based on
Panicum colonum L.
4 Panicum zonale Guss., Fl. Sic. Prodr. 1: 62. 1827. Sicily.
i” Oplismenus repens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 321. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.
t Oplismenus colonum var. zonalis Schrad. Linnaea 12: 429. 1838. Based on
| Panicum zonale Guss.
ie Panicum incertum Bose; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 258. 1841. Name
only. Carolina.
Echinochloa zonalis Parl., Fl. Panorm. 1: 119. 1845. Based on Panicum
zonale Guss.
Panicum prorepens Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 46. 1854. Based on Oplismenus
repens Presl.
Oplismenus crusgalli var. colonum Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 28. 1854.
Based on Panicum colonum L.
Panicum crusgalli var. colonum Coss.; Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 26. 1890. Based on
P. colonum L.
Panicum colonum var. zonale L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 502.
1894. Based on P. zonale Guss.
Echinochloa colonum var. zonalis Woot. and Standl., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81:
45. 1912. Based on Panicum zonale Guss.
Echinochloa crusgallt subsp. colonum Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37: 122. 1923.
Based on Panicum colonum L.
Panicum crusgalli subsp. colonum Makino and Nemoto, Fl. Jap. 1470. 19265.
Based on P. colonum L.
(2) Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Based on
Panicum crusgalli L.
Panicum crusgalli L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. Europe; Virginia.
Milium crusgallt Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794. Based on Panicum crusgalli L.
Panicum grossum Salisb., Prod. Stirp. 18. 1796. Based on P. crusgalli L.
Panicum muricatum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 47. 1803. Not P. muricatum
_— Retz., 1786. Canada, Lake Champlain [type] and Lake Ontario, Michaux.
i 2?Panicum echinatum Willd., Enum. Pl. 1032. 1809. ‘‘America meridionali.”
Wiegand 2! takes up this name for Echinochloa crus-pavonis. The specimen
in the Willdenow Herbarium named P. echinatum (Magdalena, Colombia,
Humboldt) is Pseudechinolaena polystachya (H.B.K.) Stapf. The brief
description does not apply to the specimen so named nor to HE. crus-pavonis.
Willdenow differentiates the species from P. crusgalli (with ‘‘glumis aristatis
hispidis’”’) by ‘‘glumis aristatus muricato-echinatus”’, whereas in HE. crus-pa-
vonis the glumes are less strongly hispid than in H. crsugallv.
Setaria muricata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 170, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum
muricatum Michx.

; ?Echinochloa echinata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 58, 161, 169. 1812. Based on
Panicum echinatum Willd.

; Panicum crusgalli var. aristatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. North
if America.

Panicum pungens Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 273. 1816. Based on P.
; muricatum Michx.

Pennisetum crusgalli Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 277. 1816. Based
on Panicum crusgalli L.

® Echinochloa crusgalli var. aristata S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 158. 1821.

! Great Britain.

20 For discussion of types see Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 138-153. 1920.
41 Rhodora 23: 60. 1921.

840 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Oplismenus crusgall1 Dum., Obs. Gram. Belg. 138. 1823. Based on Panicum
crusgalli L

?Orthopogon echinatus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 307. 1825. Based on Panicum
echinatum Willd.

Orthopogon crusgalli Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 307. 1825. Based on Panicum
crusgalli L

Oplismenus muricatus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 44. 1829. Based on Panicum
muricatum Michx.

?Oplismenus echinatus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum
echinatum Willd.

?Panicum crusgallt var. echinatum Doell, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 22: 143. 1877.
Based on P. echinatum Willd.

Echinochloa muricata Fernald, Rhodora 17: 106. 1915. Based on Panicum
muricatum Michx.

Echinochloa crusgallt var. muricata Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 350.
1920. Based on Panicum muricatum Michx.

Echinochloa crusgalli var. michauxit House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 71.
1924. Based on Panicum muricatum Michx.

Echinochloa pungens Rydb., Brittonia 1: 81. 1931. Based on Panicum
pungens Poir.

ECHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI Var. FRUMENTACEA W. F. Wight, Cent. Dict. Sup. 810.
1909. Presumably based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb. (Published as
E. crusgalli frumentacea.)

Panicum frumentaceum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 307. 1820. Not P. frumentaceum
Salisb., 1796. India.

Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827. Based on Panicum
frumentaceum Roxb.

Oplismenus frumentaceus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 445. 1829. Based on Pani-
cum frumentaceum Roxb.

Panicum crusgalli var. frumentaceum Trimen, Syst. Cat. Ceylon Pl. 104. 1885.
Based on P. frumentaceum Roxb.

Echinochloa crusgallt edulis Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 238. 1920.
Based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb.

Echinochloa crusgallt subsp. colonum var. edulis Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 37:
123. 1923. Based on E. crusgalli var. edulis Hitche.

Echinochloa colonum var. frumentacea Ridl., Fl. Malay Pen. 5: 223. 1925.
Presumably based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb.

Panicum crusgalli subsp. colonum var. edulis Makino and Nemoto, Fl. Jap.
1470. 1925. Based on P. frumentaceum Roxb.

EcHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI var. MITIS (Pursh) Peterm., Fl. Lips. 82. 1838. Based
on Panicum crusgalli var. mite Pursh.

Panicum crusgalli var. mite Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. North America.

Panicum crusgalli var. purpureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. North
America.

Panicum crusgalli var. muticum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 114. 1816. Prob-
ably South Carolina.

Panicum scindens Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 47. 1854. St. Louis,
[Drummond].

Oplismenus crusgallt var. muticus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 393.
1870. Eastern States.

Panicum crusgallit a normale var. mite forma hispidum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:
783. 1891. Pennsylvania.

Echinochloa zelayensis var. macera Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 54. 1921. Mata-
moros, Mexico, Berlandzer 890.

Echinochloa muricata var. ludoviciana Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 58. 1921.
Baton Rouge, La., Billings 14.

Echinochloa muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 58. 1921.
Grand Tower, Ill., Gleason 1720.

Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 58. 1921.
Cayuga Lake Basin, N.Y., Palmer 97.

Echinochloa muricata var. multiflora Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 59. 1921. Lin-
coln County, Okla., Blankenship.

Echinochloa microstachya Rydb., Brittonia 1: 82. 19381. Based on EH. muri-
cata var. microstachya Wiegand.

Echinochloa occidentalis Rydb., Brittonia 1: 82. 1931. Based on H. muricata
var. eccidentalis Wiegand.

= Liar tilt ti tl BE se

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 84]

EcHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI var. ZELAYENSIS (H.B.K.) Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr.
Bull. 772: 238. 1920. Based on Oplismenus zelayensis H.B.K. (Published
as E. crusgalli zelayensis.)
Oplismenus zelayensis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 108. 1815. Zelaya,
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland. :
Echinochloa zelayensis Schult., Mant. 2: 269. 1824. Based on Oplismenus
zelayensis H.B.K.

Panicum zelayense Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 265. 1841. Based on Oplis-
menus zelayensis H.B.K.

Panicum crus-pict Willd.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 148. 1877. Name
only. South America.

?Panicum crusgalli a normale var. pygmaeum Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 2:
783. 1891. Colorado.

(3) Echinochloa crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schult., Mant. 2: 269. 1824. Based
on Oplismenus crus-pavonis H.B.K.

Oplismenus crus-pavonis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 108. 1815. Cuman4,
Venezuela, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Panicum sabulicola Nees, Agrost. Bras. 258. 1829. Pard, Brazil, Sieber;
Uruguay and Paraguay.

Panicum crus-pavonis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 259. 1829. Based on Oplismenus
crus-pavonis H.B.K.

Echinochloa composita Presl; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 259. 1829, as synonym of
Panicum crus-pavonis Nees. Acapulco, Mexico, Haenke.

Oplismenus sabulicola Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: Sup. XI. 1830. Based on
Panicum sabulicola Nees.

Panicum aristatum Macfad., Bot. Misc. Hook. 2: 115. 1831. Jamaica,
[ Macfadden].

Oplismenus jamatcensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 147. 1833. Based on Panicum
aristatum Macfad.

Panicum jamaicense Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 257. 1841. Based on
Oplismenus jamaicensis Kunth.

Panicum crusgallt var. sabulicola Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 142. 1877.
Based on P. sabulicola Nees.

Oplismenus angustifolius Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 40. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico,
Gouin 54 [error for 50].

Echinochloa sabulicola Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 257. 1913.
Based on Panicum sabulicola Nees.

Echinochloa crusgalli crus-pavonis Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 148.
1920. Based on Oplismenus crus-pavonis H.B.K.

Echinochloa zelayensts var. subaristata Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 54. 1921. Pierce,
Texas, Tracy 7743.

(4) Echinochloa paludigena Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 64. 1921. Hillsborough
County, Fla., Fredholm 6390.

4 Echinochloa paludigena var. soluta Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 64. 1921. Man-

) atee, Fla., Tracy 7754.

(5) Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2. 21. 1900.
Presumably based on Panicum waltert Pursh, Pursh being cited in parenthe-

7
|
|

: I I I IAL SR = all .
" * . ‘ — .

ses.

Panicum hirtellum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not P. hirtellum L., 1759.
South Carolina.

. Panicum waltert Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. Based on P. hirtellum

Walter.

Panicum crusgalli var. hispidum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 114. 1816. Based

i on P. hispidum Muhl., in manuscript.

. Panicum hispidum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 107. 1817. Not P. hispidum Forst.,

: 1786. New York to Carolina.

} Panicum longisetum Torr., Amer. Jour. Sci. 4: 58. 1822. Not. P. longisetum

Poir., 1816. Fox River, Wis. [Douglass in 1820.]

} Orthopogon hispidus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 307. 1825. Based on Panicum
hispidum Muhl.

Oplismenus longisetus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum
longisetum Torr. '

Oplismenus hispidus Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 604. 1847. Based on Panicum
hispidum Muhl.

Oplismenus crusgalli var. hispidus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 393.
1870. Presumably based on Panicum hispidum Muhl. i

Echinochloa longeartstata Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 84. 1903.
Louisiana, Hale.

842 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Echinochloa waltert forma laevigata Wiegand, Rhodora 23: 62. 1921. Based
on Panicum longisetum Torr.

Echinochloa crusgallt var. hispida Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 9: 4. 1925.
Based on Panicum hispidum Muhl.

Echinochloa crusgallt var. hispida subvar. laevigata Farwell, Amer. Mid]. Nat.
9: 4. 1925. Based on EH. walterz forma laevigata Wiegand.

(93) ELEUSINE Gaertn.

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1: 8. pl. 1. 1788. Based on
Cynosurus coracanus L.

Cynosurus coracanus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 875. 1759. East Indies.

(1) Eleusine indica (L.) ” Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1: 8. 1788. Based on
Cynosurus indicus L.

Cynosurus indicus, L., Sp. Plo7g2s” lise: indin:

Eleusine gracilis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp.19. 1796. Based on Cynosurusindicus L.

Eleusine domingensis Sieber; Schult., Mant. 2: 323. 1824. Not EH. domingen-
sis Pers., 1805. As synonym of E. indica L.

Cynodon indicus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
Eleusine indica Lam. (error for Gaertn.).

Chloris repens Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1840, as synonym of Eleusine
indica Pers. (error for Gaertn.).

Eleusine scabra Fourn.; Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 565. 1885, name
only; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 145. 1886. Mexico, Bourgeau 1030, 2378 in
part, 2634, 2743; Virlet 1435; Bilimek 454; Miiller 1392; Gouin 67.

Eleusine indica var. major Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 145. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann
222, 223, 227; Karwinsky 955.

Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 203. 1791. Based on
Cynosurus tristachyus Lam.

Cynosurus tristachyus Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 188. 1786. Uruguay, Com-

merson.

(43) ELYMUS L.

(9) Elymus ambiguus Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 280.
1893. Pen Gulch, Colo., Vasey in 1884.
ELYMUS AMBIGUUS var. STRIGOSUS (Rydb.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 133.
1934. Based on E. strigosus Rydb.
Elymus strigosus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 609. 1905. Boulder,
Colo., Letterman 553 [type]; Wyoming, A. Nelson 7151.
Elymus villiflorus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 609. 1905. Boulder,
Colo., Tweedy 4818.
(5) Elymus arenicola Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
9:7. 1899. Suferts, Oreg., Leckenby in 1898.
(16) Elymus aristatus Merr. cs Rhodora 4: 147. 1902. Harney County, Oreg.,
Cusick 2712.
Elymus glaucus aristatus Hitche., in Abrams, Illustr. Fl. 1: 252. 19238.
Based on E. aristatus Merr.
(19) Elymus canadensis L., Sp. PI. 83. 1753. Canada, Kalm.
Elymus philadelphicus L., Cent. Pl. 1: 6. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759.
Pennsylvania, Kalm.
Hordeum patulum Moench, Meth. Pl. 199. 1794. Garden plant, Elymus
canadensis L., cited as synonym.
Elymus glaucifolius Muhl.; Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 131. 1809. Pennsylvania,
Muhlenberg.
Elymus canadensis var. glaucifolius Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 187.
1823. Based on E. glaucifolius Muhl.
Elymus canadensis var. pendulus Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 232.
1840. No locality cited.
Sitanion brodiet Piper, Erythea 7: 100. 1899. Bishop’s Bar, Snake River,
Wash., Brodie in 1895.
Hordeum canadense Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 745. 1902.
Based on Elymus canadensis L.
Terrellia canadensis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on
Elymus canadensis L.
Terrellia canadensis var. glaucifolia Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 4: (228. 1915.
Based on Elymus glauctfolius Muhl.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 843

Elymus robustus var. vestitus Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 90. 1918. Cedar Point,
Ohio, MacDaniels 106.

Elymus canadensis var. philadelphicus Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 357.
1920. Based on EH. philadelphicus L.

Elymus philadelphicus var. hirsutus Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 314. 1927.
Name proposed for EH. canadensis as described by Wiegand (Rhodora 20: 87.
1918) ‘‘in large part.”

Elymus philadelphicus var. pendulus Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 314. 1927.
Based on E. canadensis var. pendulus Eaton and Wright.

Clinelymus canadensis Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 650.
1932. Based on Elymus canadensis L.

Elymus canadensis forma glaucifolius Fernald, Rhodora 35: 191. 1933.
Based on E. glaucifolius Muhl.

Elymus wiegandit Fernald, Rhodora 35: 192. 1933. St. Francis, Maine,
Fernald 197.

Elymus wiegandii forma calvescens Fernald, Rhodora 35: 192. 1933. Dead
River, Maine, Fernald and Strong in 1896.

ELYMUS CANADENSIS var. BRACHYSTACHYS Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21:
307. 1920. Based on E. brachystachys Scribn. and Ball.

Elymus brachystachys Secribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24:
47. f. 21. 1901. Indian Territory [Oklahoma], Palmer 420.

Elymus philadelphicus var. brachystachys Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 314.
1927. Based on EH. bracystachys Scribn. and Ball.

ELYMUS CANADENSIS var. ROBUSTUS (Scribn. and Smith) Mackenz. and Bush,
Len Fl. Jackson County 38. 1902. Based on EH. robustus Scribn. and
mith.

Elymus canadensis forma crescendus Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Studies 1: 114.
1894. Springfield, Minn., Sheldon 1120.

Elymus robustus Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 37.
1897. Llinois [type, Wolf], lowa, Kansas, and Montana.

Elymus crescendus Wheeler, Minn. Bot. Studies 3: 106. 1903. Based on
E. canadensis forma crescendus Ramaley.

Elymus canadensis villosus Bates, Amer. Bot. 20: 17. 1914. Loup City and
Arcadia, Nebr., Bates in 1911.

Elymus glaucifolius crescendus Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 83. 1926. Based
on E£. canadensis forma crescendus Ramaley.

Elymus glaucifolius robustus Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 87. 1926. Based on
E. robustus Scribn. and Smith.

Elymus philadelphicus var. robustus Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 314. 1927.
Based on E. robustus Scribn. and Smith.

(1) Elymus caput-medusae L., Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Southern Europe.

Hordeum caput-medusae Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2:198. 1867. Based
on Elymus caput-medusae L.

(11) Elymus condensatus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 265. 1830. Monterey, Calif.
Haenke.

ELYMUS CONDENSATUS var. PUBENS Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1899. Yakima
City, Wash., Piper 2591. (Published as H. condensatus pubens.)

Elymus cinereus Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 467. 1902.
Pahrump Valley, Nev., Purpus 6050.

(4) Elymus flavescens Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
8: 8.f. 1. 1897. Columbus, Wash., Suksdorf 916.

Elymus giganteus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 10. 1794. Source unknown.

(12) Elymus glaucus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. 1863.
Columbia River, Oreg., Nuttall.

Elymus villosus var. glabriusculus Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4°: 157.
1856. Napa Valley, Calif.

Elymus nitidus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 120. 1886. Eagle Moun-
tains, Oreg., Cusick [1130].

Elymus americanus Vasey and Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 245. 1888,
name only; Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 57. 1890. Arapahoe
Pass, Colo. ,

Elymus sibiricus var. americanus Wats. and Coult., in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6.
673. 1890. Michigan and westward.

Elymus sibiricus var. glaucus Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Studies 9: 112. 1894.
Based on E. glaucus Buckl. :

Elymus glaucus var. breviaristatus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79.
1901. Point Reyes, Calif., Davy.

844 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Elymus glaucus var. maximus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79. 1901.
Napa Valley, Calif., Jepson.

Elymus hispidulus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79. 1901. Olema,
Calif., Davy 4306b.

Elymus angustifolius Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 80. 1901. San
Francisco, Calif., Davy.

Elymus angustifolius var. caespitosus Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif.
81. 1901. Berkeley Hills, Calif., Davy 4255.

Elymus marginalis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 5389. 1909. Lower
Arrow Lake, British Columbia, Macoun 44.

Terrellia glauca Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus
glaucus Buckl.

a tag Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 58. 1926. Eagle Rock, Mo.,
Bus ‘

Clinelymus glaucus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 648.
1932. Based on Elymus glaucus Buckl.

Clinelymus glaucus subsp. californicus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci.
U.R.S.S. 30: 649. 1982. California, Heller 5714-a, first of several cited
from California.

Clinelymus glaucus subsp. coloratus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S.
30: 648. 1932. Washington, Heller 3965.

ELYMUS GLAUCUS var. JEPSONI Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 79. 1901.
Napa Valley, Calif., Jepson.

Elymus divergens Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif. 80. 1901. Petaluma,
Calif., Davy 4037.

Elymus velutinus Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 466. 1902.
San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Abrams 2056.

Elymus parishit Davy and Merr., Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 58. 1902. San
Jacinto Mountains, Calif., Hall 2097.

Elymus edentatus Suksdorf, Werdenda 1?: 4. 1923. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf
10057.

Clinelymus glaucus subsp. californicus var. pubescens Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 649. 1932. California, Tiling 8822; Palmer 417.
Clinelymus velutinus Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 649.

1932. Based on Elymus velutinus Scribn. and Merr.

ELYMUS GLAUCUS var. TENUIS Vasey (Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 280. 18938).
‘‘Type specimen collected by John Macoun on Vancouver Island in 1887 (no. 3)”
comprises two forms, all Macoun’s no. 3. One specimen is a small form of E.
glaucus var. jepsoni; the others have spikes with fragile rachises, spikelets with
5- to 6-nerved glumes and lemmas with divergent awns and apparently represent
a form not found in the United States. There is another Macoun specimen upon
which Vasey has written the varietal name tenuzs, this specimen having glabrous
sheaths and divergent awns. ‘The description states that the sheaths are glabrous
or pubescent and that the awns are divergent. Hence the plant of number 3
with divergent awns is selected as the type of EH. glaucus var. tenuis and the name
is excluded from our flora.

(14) Elymus hirsutus Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 264. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van-
couver Island, Haenke.
Elymus ciliatus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 57. pl. 16.
1898. Not E. ciliatus Muhl., 1817. Sitka, Alaska, Evans 210.
Elymus borealis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 9. 1900. Based
on EF. ciliatus Scribn.
Clinelymus borealis Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 645. 19382.
Based on Elymus borealis Scribn.
(7) Elymus hirtiflorus Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 182. f. 2. 19384. Green
River, Wyo., Shear 284.
(6) Elymus innovatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 650. 1896. North Fork Sims
River, Mont., Williams in 1887.
Elymus mollis R. Br., in Richards., Bot. App. Franklin Jour. 732. 1823. Not
E. mollis Trin., 1821. Canada [Richardson].
Elymus brownii Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 7.
_ pl. 4 1897. Banff, Alberta, Canby 24 in 1895.
(18) Elymus interruptus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. . 1863.
Llano County, Tex., Buckley.
_ Elymus occidentalis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 49. 1898.
Laramie River, Wyo., Nelson 4470.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 845

Elymus pringlei Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 30.
1901. Hidalgo, Mexico, Pringle 6637.

Elymus diversiglumis Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24:

48. f. 22. 1901. Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo., Williams 2653.
Terrellia diversiglumis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on
Elymus diversiglumis Scribn. and Ball.
(15) Elymus macounii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 119. 1886. Great
Plains of British Columbia, Macoun.

Terrellia macounti Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus
macounit Vasey.

(2) Elymus mollis Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 72. 1821. Kamchatka and
the Aleutian Islands.

Elymus dives Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 265. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver
Island, Haenke.

Elymus arenarius var. villosus E. Meyer, Pl. Labrad. 20. 1830. Labrador.

Elymus ampliculmis Provancher, Fl. Canad. 2: 706. 1862. Canada.

Elymus capitatus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 55. pl. 14.
1898. Homer, Alaska, Evans 471. Abnormal form.

Elymus mollis brevispicus Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 11: 56. 1898. St. Lawrence Bay, Siberia.

Elymus villosissitmus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 326. f£. 622.
1899. St. Paul Island, Macoun 16226.

Elymus arenarius forma compositus Abromeit, Bibl. Bot. 8: heft 42: 96. 1899.
Greenland.

Elymus arenarius var. mollis Koidzumi, Jour. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 27: 24.
1910. Based on E. mollis Trin.

Elymus arenarius var. compositus St. John, Rhodora 17: 102. 1915. Based
on E. arenarius forma compositus Abromeit.

(20) Elymus riparius Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 84. 1918. Ithaca, N.Y., Eames
and MacDaniels 3567.

(10) Elymus salina Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 725. 1895. Salina
Pass, Utah, Jones 5447.

(8) Elymus triticoides Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 99. 1863.
““Rocky Mountains”, Nuttall.

Elymus condensatus var. triticoides Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 326.
1880. Based on E. triticoides Buckl.

Elymus orcuttianus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 258. 1885. San Diego, Cailif.,
Orcutt.

Elymus simplex var. luxurians Scribn. and Williams, U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 11: 58. 1898. Green River, Wyo., Willzams 2338.

Elymus acicularis Suksdorf, Werdenda 12: 3. 19238. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf
7861.

ELYMUS TRITICOIDES var. PUBESCENS Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 186. 1912.
Griffin, Calif., Elmer 3748.

ELYMUS TRITICOIDES var. SIMPLEX (Scribn.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 132.
1934. Based on E. simplex Scribn. and Williams.

Elymus simplex Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:
57. pl. 17. 1898. Green River, Wyo., Williams 2334.

(3) Elymus vancouverensis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888.

Vancouver Island, Macoun in 1887.

(17) Elymus villosus Muhl.; Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 131. 1809. Pennsyl-
vania, Muhlenberg. :

Elymus ciliatus Muhl., Deser. Gram. 179. 1817. North Carolina.

Elymus hirsutus Schreb.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 776. 1817, as
synonym of EF. villosus Muhl.

Elymus striatus var. villosus A. Gray, Man. 603. 1848. Based on E. villosus
Muhl.

Elymus propinquus Fresen.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum 1: 349. 1854. [llinois.

Elymus arkansanus Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24:
45. f.19. 1901. Arkansas, Harvey.

Elymus striatus var. ballii Pammel, Sup. Rept. Iowa Geol. Survey 1903: 347.
f. 246. 1905. Iowa [type, from which figure was drawn, Johnson County,
Fitzpatrick].

Elymus striatus var. arkansanus Hitche., Rhodora 8: 212. 1906. Based on
E. arkansanus Scribn. and Ball.

Hordeum villosum Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on
Elymus villosus Muhl.

846 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Elymus villosus forma arkansanus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 195. 1933. Based
on E. arkansanus Scribn. and Ball.

(13) Elymus virescens Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1899. Olympic Mountains,
Wash., Piper 1988.

Elymus pubescens Davy, in Jepson, FI. West. Mid. Calif. 78. 1901. Point
Reyes, Calif.

Elymus howellit Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 88. 1910.
Revillagigedo Island, British Columbia, Howell 1723.

Elymus strigatus St. John, Rhodora 17: 102. 1915. Westport, Mendocino
County, Calif., Congdon in 1902.

(21) Elymus virginicus L., Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Virginia.

Elymus carolinianus Walt., Fl. Carol. 82. 1788. South Carolina.

Hordeum cartilagineum Moench, Meth. 199. 1794. Grown in botanic garden,
Marburg, Germany.

Elymus striatus Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 470. 1797. North America.

Elymus hordeiformis Desf., Tabl. Ecol. Bot. Mus. 15. 1804, name only; Cat.
Pl; Paris. ed.23:(18, 387. 1829. Grown in botanical garden, Paris. ‘EH.
striatus Willd.” cited as synonym.

Elymus durus Hedw.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 550. 1840, as synonym of
E. virginicus L.

Elymus virginicus var. minor Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
2: 550. 1892. Northern Texas, [Buckley].

Elymus virginicus forma jeyunus Ramaley, Minn. Bot. Stud. 9: 114. 1894.
Lake Benton, Minn., Sheldon 1735 (error for 1375).

Hordeum virginicum Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on
Elymus virginicus L.

Hordeum striatum Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on
Elymus striatus Willd.

Elymus jejunus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 539. 1909. Based on
E. virginicus forma jejunus Ramaley.

Terrellia virginica Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus
virginicus L.

Terrellia striata Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Elymus
striatus Willd.

Elymus virginicus var. jeyunus Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 65. 1926. Based
on E. virginicus forma jegunus Ramaley.

Terrella jejuna Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639. 1982.
Based on Elymus virginicus forma jejunus Ramaley.

Terrella virginica Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. T.RSS. 30: 639. 1982.
Based on Elymus virginicus L.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS Var. AUSTRALIS (Scribn. and Ball) Hitche., in Deam, Ind.
Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82: 118. 1929. Based on HE. australis Scribn. and
Ball.

Elymus australis Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 46.
f.20. 1901. Biltmore, N.C., Biltmore Herbarium 411b.

Elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus forma australis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 198.
1933. ‘Based on E. australis Scribn. and Ball.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS Var. GLABRIFLORUS (Vasey) Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 62.
1926. Based on EH. canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey.

Elymus canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 2: 550. 1894. Texas to Georgia [Louisiana, Langlois].

?Hlymus virginicus var. glaucus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 653. 1896. Agri-
cultural College, Michigan, Beal 164, 165.

Elymus glabriflorus Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 49.
f. 23. 1901. Based on H. canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey.

Elymus australis var. glabriflorus Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 84. 1918. Based
on EF. canadensis var. glabriflorus Vasey.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS var. HALOPHILUS (Bicknell) Wiegand, Rhodora 20: 83.
1918. Based on #. halophilus Bicknell.

Elymus halophilus Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 201. 1908. Nan-
tucket Island, Mass., Bicknell.

Terrella halophila Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 689. 1932.
Based on Elymus halophilus Bicknell.

Elymus virginicus var. halophilus forma lasiolepis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 198.
1933. Nova Scotia, Fernald, Long, and Linder 20113.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS Var. INTERMEDIUS (Vasey) Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 60.
1926. Based on H. canadensis var. intermedius Vasey.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES — 847

Elymus canadensis var. intermedius Vasey; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 673. 1890.
Northeastern United States. [Type, Lansingburg, N.Y., Howe in 1886.]
Elymus intermedius Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
38. 1897. Not E. intermedius Bieb., 1808. Maine to Virginia, west to
Illinois and Nebraska. [Herbarium evidence shows this to be based on
E. canadensis var. intermedius Vasey.]

Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 58. 1898.
Based on EH. intermedius Scribn. and Smith.

Elymus virginicus var. hirsutiglumtis Hitche., Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based
on EF. hirsutiglumis Scribn.

Terrella hirsutiglumts Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639.
1932. Based on Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn.

Elymus virginicus var. typicus forma hirsutiglumis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 198.
1933. Based on E. hirsutiglumts Scribn.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUS var. SUBMUTICUS Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 255. 1840.

Cumberland House Fort, Saskatchewan, Drummond.

?Elymus virginicus var. arcuatus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 405. 1870.
Southern States.

Elymus curvatus Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 233. 1903. Stevens
County, Wash., Kreager 375.

Elymus submuticus Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 99. 1913. Based
on EF. virginicus var. submuticus Hook.

Terrellia virginica var. submutica Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915.
Based on Elymus virginicus var. submuticus Hook.

Terrella curvata Nevski, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 30: 639. 1932.
Based on Elymus curvatus Piper.

(152) ELYONURUS Humb. and Bonpl.

(1) Elyonurus barbiculmis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 339. 1889. Texas,
fated a New Mexico, Wright 2106; Arizona, Lemmon 2926 [type]; Roth-
roc .
Elyonurus barbiculmis parviflorus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
32: 1. 1901. Arizona, Griffiths 1849.
(2) Elyonurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl.; Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 941. 1806.
Caracas, Venezuela, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Rotiboellia ciliata Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 83. 1818. Georgia, Baldwin.
Anatherum tripsacoides Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 290. 1825. Based on Elyo-
nurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl.
Andropogon tripsacoides Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 364. 1854. Based on
Elyonurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl.
Andropogon nutiallii Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 580. 1860. Based on Rott-
boellia ciliata Nutt.
Elyonurus nuttallianus Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 17. 1883. Based on
Andropogon nuttallianus [error for nuttallii Chapm.].
Elyonurus nuttallii Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 25. 1885. Based on
Andropogon nuttallii Chapm.

(12) ERAGROSTIS Host

Eragrostis abyssinica (Jacq.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Based on

Poa abyssinica Jacq. (The name is published as ‘‘ Eragrostis abesstnica.’’)
Poa abyssinica Jacq., Mise. Austr. 2: 364. 1781. [Abyssinia.]

(43) Eragrostis acuta Hitchc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159. 1928. Punta
Rassa, Fla., Hitchcock 263.

Eragrostis alba Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 279. 1830. ‘‘Hab. ad Monte-Rey, Cali-
forniae. 2’? The label with the type specimen bears “Regio montana’’,
indicating that the plant came from Peru. The species is not known from
the United States. i

(8) Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight and Arn.; Hook and Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy.
251. 1841. Based on Poa amabulis L.

Poa amabilis L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. India.

Poa plumosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 20. 1786. East Indies.

Megastachya amabilis Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167, 173. 1812. Based on
Poa amabilis L.

Cynodon amabilis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on
Megastachya amabilis Beauv.

Se aia plumosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Based on Poa plumosa

etz.

55974°—35——54

848 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Erochloé amabilis Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 886. 1893, as synonym of Eragros-
tts Poa amabilis L.

Erochloé spectabilis Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 886. 1898, as synonym of
Eragrostis amabilis.

Eragrostis ciliaris var. patens Chapm.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 479. 1896.
Jesup, Ga., Curtiss 3493*.

Eragrostis tenella var. plumosa Stapf, in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 315. 1896.
Based on Poa plumosa Retz.

Eragrostis amabilis var. plumosa EK. G. and A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Ind.-
Chin. 7: 557. 1923. Based on Poa plumosa Retz.

(29) Eragrostis arida Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 449. 1933. Del Rio,

Tex., Hitchcock 13650.

(46) Eragrostis bahiensis Schrad.; Schult., Mant. 2: 318. 1824. Brazil.

(25) sas to barrelieri Daveau, in Morot., Jour. Bot. 8: 289. 1894. Southern
Europe.

(5) Eragrostis beyrichii J. G. Smith, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 117. pl. 56. 1895.
‘‘ Arkansas’’, Beyrich in 1834, but there is no recent record from that State.
Hoe 1834 the boundaries were as at present, but earlier included parts of

exa

(14) Rrapcastis capillaris (L.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 505. 1829. Based on
Poa capillaris L.

Poa capillaris L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Canada, Kalm.

Poa tenuis Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1:156. 1816. South Carolina.

ips tenuis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Based on Poa tenuis
ll

(45) Eragrostis chariis (Schult.) Hitche., Lingnan Sci. Jour. 7: 198. 1931.
Based on Poa chariis Schult.

Poa elegans Roxb., Hort. Beng. 82; Fl. Ind. 1: 339. 1820. Not P. elegans Poir.,
1804. India.

Poa charwis Schult., Mant. 2: 314. 1824. Based on P. elegans Roxb.

Poa elegantula Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 114. 1829. Based on P. elegans Roxb.

Eragrostis elegantula Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 266. 1854. Not #.
elegantula Nees, 1851. Based on Poa elegantula Kunth.

Eragrostis chloromelas Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 271. 1854. Based on the
species described under E. atrovirens by Nees, that name based on Poa
atrovirens Desf., a different species.

(23) Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link; Vign. Lut., Malpighia 18: 386. 1904.
Based on Poa cilianensis All.

Briza eragrostis L., Sp. Pl. 70. 1758. Europe.

Poa cilianensis All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 246. 1785. Italy.

?Briza caroliniana Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. Not B. caroliniana Lam.
South Carolina.

Poa megastachya Koel., Descr. Gram. 181. 1802. Based on Briza eragrostis L.

Eragrostis major Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4:14. pl. 24. 1809; Fl. Austr. 1: 135.
1827. Austria.

Briza purpurascens Muhl., Deser. Gram. 154. 1817. Carolina.

Poa obtusa Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 67. 1818. Not P. obtusa Muhl., 1817. Phila-
delphia, Barton.

Poa pennsylvanica Nutt., Gen. Pl. 2: errata. 1818. Based on P. obtusa Nutt.

Poa philadelphica Barton, Compend. Fl. Phila. 1: 62. 1818. Based on P.
obtusa Nutt.

Megastachya obtusa Schult., Mant. 2: 326. 1824. Based on Poa obtusa Nutt.

Megastachya purpurascens Schult., Mant. 2: 326. 1824. Based on Briza pur-
purascens Muhl.

Poa nuttallii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 344. 1825. Based on P. obtusa Nutt.

Calotheca purpurascens Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 348. 1825. Based on Briza
purpurascens Muhl.

Eragrostis megastachya Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 187. 1827. Based on Poa mega-
stachya Koel.

Briza megastachya Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 225. 1840, as synonym of Poa
megastachya.

Eragrostis vulgaris var. megastachya Coss. and Germ., Fl. Envy. Paris 2: 641.
1845. Based on Poa megastachya Koel.

Eragrostis poaeoides var. megastachya A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 563. 1856. Based
on EH. megastachya Link.

Eragrostis virletit Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 116. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico,
Virlet 1391.

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ES
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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 849

Eragrostis eragrostts MacM., Met. Minn. Vall. 75. 1892. Not E. eragrostis
Beauv., 1812. Based on Briza eragrostis L.

Megastachya eragrostis Beauv.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 186. 1894, as synonym of
Eragrostis major Host.

Eragrostis megastachya var. cilianensis Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur.
Fl. 2: 371. 1900. Based on Poa cilianensis All.

Eragrostis minor var. megastachya Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West Mid. Calif. 60.
1901. Based on EF. megastachya Link.

Eragrostis eragrostis var. megastachya Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182.
1916. Based on Poa megastachya Koel.

?Hragrostis eragrostis subvar. leersioides Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 306.
1927. Based on E. multiflora var. leersioides Richt., this based on Mega-
stachya leerstoides Pres] described from Sicily, the description not applying
to American forms.

(7) Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br., in Tuckey, Narr. Exp. Congo App. 478. 1818.
Based on Poa ciliaris L.

Poa ciluaris L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10.2: 875. 1759. Jamaica.

Megastachya ciliaris Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167, 174, 1812. Based on Poa
ciliaris L.

Eragrostis villosa Trin., Fund. Agrost. 137. 1820. Based on Poa ciliaris L.

Cynodon ciliaris Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on Mega-
stachya ciliaris Beauv.

Macroblepharus contractus Phil., Linnaea 19: 101. 1858. Chile, Gay 129.

Eragrostis ciliaris var. laxa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 774. 1891. West Indies.

Erosion ciliare Lunell, Amer. Mid]. Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Based on Eragrostis
ciliaris Link.

(3) Eragrostis curtipedicellata Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97.
1863. Northern Texas, Buckley.

Eragrostis brevipedicellata A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336.
1863, as synonym of E. curtzpedicellata Buckl.

Eragrostis viscosa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 51. pl. 7. 1898.
Not E. viscosa Trin., 1830. Midland, Tex., J. G. Smith.

Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 397. 1841. Based on Poa
curvula Schrad.

Poa curvula Schrad., Gott. Anz. Ges. Wiss. 3: 2073. 1821. Cape Good Hope.

Eragrostis cyperoides (Thunb.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 162, 174. 1812. Based
on Poa cyperoides Thunb.

Poa cyperoides Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 22. 1794. South Africa.

(18) Eragrostis diffusa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97. 1863.
Northern Texas, Buckley.

Eragrostis purshii var. delicatula Munro; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10:
30. 1883. Nameonly. Arizona, Pringle.

Eragrostis purshii var. diffusa Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 59. 1890.
Based on F. diffusa Buckl.

(42) Eragrostis elliottii S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 25: 140. 1890. Based
on Poa nitida Ell. :

Poa nitida Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 162. 1816. Not P. nitida Lam., 1791.
South Carolina. ae

Eragrostis nitida Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 564. 1860. Not H. nitida Link, 1827.
Based on Poa nitida Ell.

Eragrostis macropoda Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 106. 19038. Puerto
Rico, Sintenis 1233. ;

(33) Eragrostis erosa Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 483. 1896. Chihuahua,
Mexico, Pringle 415. ;

(15) Eragrostis frankii C. Meyer; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Ohio,
Frank.

Poa parviflora Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1:67. 1818. Not P. parviflora R. Br. [United
States].

Poa os nen Schult., Mant. 2: 305. 1824. Not Hragrostis micrantha Hack.,
1895. Based on P. parviflora Nutt. ‘ ;

Eragrostis erythrogona Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. St. Louis,
Drummond. : : :

Eragrostis capillaris var. frankii Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916.
Based on E. frankii ‘‘Steud.”’ c

ERAGROSTIS FRANKII var. BREVIPES Fassett, Rhodora 34: 95. 1932. Glenhaven
Wis., Fassett 12899,

850 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(9) Eragrostis glomerata (Walt.) L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 548.
1894. Based on Poa glomerata Walt.
Poa glomerata Walt., Fl. Carol. 80. 1788. South Carolina.
Poa conferta Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 158. 1816. South Carolina.
Migoreas glomerata Schult., Mant. 2: 327. 1824. Based on Poa glomerata
alt.
Poa waltert Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 116. 1829. Based on P. glomerata Walt.
Eragrostis conferta Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:
_ 409. 1830. Based on Poa conferta Ell.
Eragrostis pallida Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 285. 1898. Colima,
Mexico, Palmer 1268.
(30) Eragrostis hirsuta (Michx.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 508. 1829. Based on
Poa hirsuta Michx.
?Poa simplex Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. Not Eragrostis simplex Scribn. South
Carolina.
Poa hirsuta Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 68. 1808. South Carolina, Michauz.
Eragrostis sporoboloides Smith and Bush, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 116. pl. 54.
1895. Sapulpa, Indian Territory [Okla.], Bush [766].
(11) Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 69. 1888. Based on
Poa hypnoides Lam.
Poa hypnoides Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 185. 1791. Tropical: America.
Megastachya hypnoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167,175. 1812. Based on Poa
hypnoides Lam.
Poa reptans var. caespitosa Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U. S. 1:115. 1823.
New Jersey.
Neeragrostis hypnoides Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 13: 180. 1903. Based
on Poa hypnoides Lam.
Erosion hypnoides Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Based on Poa
hypnoides Lam.
(35) Eragrostis intermedia Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 450. 1933. San
Antonio, Tex., Hitchcock 5491.
(31) Eragrostis lugens Nees, Agrost. Bras. 505. 1829. Brazil.
Poa lugens Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Eragrostis
lugens Nees.
(22) Eragrostis lutescens Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div: Agrost. Cire. 9: 7. 1899.
Almota, Wash., Pzper 2624.
(27) Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 190. 1827. Based on
“Poa mexicana Lag. Hornem.”’
Poa mexicana Hornem., Hort. Hafn. 2: 953. 1815. Garden specimen from
Mexican seed.
Poa mexicana Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 8. 1816. Grown in Madrid from Mex-
ican seed.
Small specimens of this species have been referred to Eragrostis limbata Fourn.,
a Mexican species, not known from the United States.
(26) Eragrostis neo-mexicana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 542. 1894.
New Mexico, Vasey.
Eragrostis obtusa Munro; Stapf,in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 625. 1898. South Africa.
(1) Eragrostis obtusiflora Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 10. pl. 5.
1897. Laguna de Santa Maria, Mexican side of boundary, Wright 198, and
Sulphur Springs Valley, Ariz., Towmey. Scribner doubtfully cites ‘‘Brizo-
pyrum obtusiflorum Fourn.?”’ The description of that is inadequate for iden-
tification.
(21) Eragrostis orcuttiana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 269. 1893. San
Diego, Calif., Orcutt 1313.
(34) Eragrostis palmeri S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 182. 1883. Juarez,
Coahuila, Palmer 1368.
(17) Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 406. 1841. Based on
Poa pectinacea Michx., the name given as “‘Er. pectinacea Michx.”’
Poa pectinacea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 69. 1803. Illinois, Michaux.
Poa caroliniana Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 38. 1807. North Carolina.
Poa eragrostis Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 161. 1816. Not P. eragrosiis L., 1753.
South Carolina and Georgia.
Poa tenella Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 67. 1818. Not P. tenella L., 1753. North
America.
Poa capillaris Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 88. 1821. Not P. capillaris L.,
1753. Based on P. caroliniana Spreng.
Eragrostis brizoides Schult., Mant. 2: 319. 1824. Based on Poa tenella Nutt.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 851

Poa nuttallia Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 116. 1829. Not P. nuttallii Spreng., 1825.
Based on Poa tenella Nutt.

Eragrostis purshit Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838. North America; descrip-
tion inadequate; Gray, Man. ed. 2. 564. 1856.

Poa diandra Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838, as synonym of Eragrostis
purshi Schrad.

Eragrostis nuttalliana Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 563. 1840. Based on Poa
tenella Nutt.

?Hragrostis pennsylvanica Scheele, Flora 27: 58. 1844. Pennsylvania.

?Hragrostis unionis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Miami, Ohio.

? Eragrostis cognata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Ohio.

Eragrostis caroliniana Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 49. 1894. Based on
Poa caroliniana Spreng.

Eragrostis pilosa var. caroliniana Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182.
1916. Based on Poa caroliniana Spreng.

(20) Eragrostis peregrina Wiegand, Rhodora 19: 95. 1917. Based on E. pilosa
var. condensata Hack.

Eragrostis pilosa var. damiensiana Bonnet, Naturaliste 3: 412. 1881. France.

Eragrostis pilosa var. condensata Hack., Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 7: 138. 1901. Karls-
ruhe, Germany, Kneucker Gram. Exs. 115.

Eragrostis damiensiana Thell., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 24: 323. 1928. Based
on E. pilosa var. damiensiana Bonnet.

Eragrostis damiensiana var. condensata Thell., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 24: 328.
1928. Based on EH. pilosa var. condensata Hack.

(40) Eragrostis pilifera Scheele, Linnaea 22: 344. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex.,
LInindheimer.

Eragrostis grandiflora Smith and Bush, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 117. pl. 55.
1895. Sapulpa, Indian Territory [Okla.], Bush [808].

(16) Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 162, 175. 1812. Based on
Poa pilosa L.

Poa pilosa L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Italy.

Poa eragrostis Walt., Fl. Carol. 80. 1788. Not P. eragrostis L., 1753. South
Carolina.

?Poa tenella [L. misapplied by] Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 80. 1814. New
Jersey to Carolina. Elliott (Bot.S.C. and Ga. 1: 160. 1816) follows Pursh.
According to Merrill (U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 29:11. 1901) Elliott’s
plantis EH. pilosa.

¥ Eragrostis filiformis Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 191. 1827. North America.
em es linkit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 113. 1829. Based on Eragrostis filiformis
, ink.
srepraste linkit Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Based on Poa linkit
unth.
(24) Eragrostis poaeoides (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 162. 1812, name only;
Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 574. 1817. Based on Poa eragrostis L.

Poa eragrostis L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Italy.

Eragrostis minor Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 4: 15. 1809 [name untenable
because the genus was not validly published until 1812]; Fl. Austr. 1:
135. 1827. Based on Poa eragrostis L.

Eragrostis eragrostis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 174. pl. 14.f.11. 1812. Based
on Poa eragrostis L.

Eragrostis poaeformis Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 188. 1827. Based on Poa
eragrostis L.

: Eragrostis vulgaris var. microstachya Coss. and Germ., Fl. Env. Paris 2: 641.
og 1845. Based on Poa eragrostis L.

Eragrostis eragrostis var. microstachya Farwell, Amer. Midl. Natl. 10: 306.
1927. Based on EL. vulgaris var. microstachya Coss. and Germ.

(44) Eragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 49. 1894.
Based on Poa refracta Muhi. . iOS

? Poa virginica Zucc.; Roemer, Coll. Bot. 1: 124. 1809. Virginia.

Poa refracta Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 162. 1816. South Carolina. _
Eragrostis campestris Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2!: 72.
1836. North America. | ;
Eragrostis longeradiata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 272. 1854. Carolina,

urtis.

? Eragrostis virginica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 273. 1854. Based on Poa
virginica Zucce.

Eragrostis pectinacea var. refracta Chapm., Fl. South. U.S, 564. 1860, Based
on Poa refracta Muhl. |

852 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Eragrostis campestris var. refracta Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 617. 1897,
Based on Poa refracta Muhl.

Poa reflexa Ell.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 5.
1900, as synonym of Eragrostis refracta Scribn.

This species was described under the name Poa capillaris L., in Michx., FI.

Bor. Amer. 1:67. 1803.
(10) Eragrostis reptans (Michx.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 514. 1829. Based on
Poa reptans Michx.

Poa reptans Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 69. pl. 11. 1803. Illinois, Michauz.

Poa dioica Michx.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 87. 1804, erroneously cited as
synonym of P. hypnoides Lam. Kaskaskia River, Ill., Michauz.

Megastachya reptans Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 167, 175. 1812. Based on
Poa reptans Michx.

Poa weigelttana Reichenb.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys.
abe at. 2 410. 1830, as synonym of Eragrostis reptans Nees. Dutch Guiana,

ergelt.

pte owe Vent.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 336. 18338, as synonym of P. reptans

ichx.

Poa capitata Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 146. 18387. Arkansas
River, Nuttall.

Eragrostis capitata Nash, in Britton, Man. 1042. 1901. Based on Poa
capitata Nutt.

Neeragrostis weigeltiana Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 13: 178. 1903.
Based on Poa weigeltiana Reichenb.

Eragrostis weigelttana Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 13: 180. 1903. Based
on Poa weigeltiana Reichenb.

(4) eine secundiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 276. 1830. Mexico,
aenke.

Poa secundiflora Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on
Eragrostis secundiflora ’Presl.

Poa interrupta Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 146. 1837. Not
P. interrupta Lam., 1791. Banks of the Arkansas [ Nuttall].

Poa oxylepis Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 301. 1858. Based on Poa
enterrupta Nutt.

Eragrostis oxylepis Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 156. 1857. Based
on Poa oxylepis Torr.

Eragrostis veraecrucis Rupr., Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 9?: 235. 1842, name only;
Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 118. 1886, as synonym of Megastachya ‘oxylepis var.
capitata Fourn.

Megastachya oxylepis Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 118. 1886. Based on Poa oxylepis
Torr.

Megastachya oxylepis var. capitata Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 118. 1886. Vera
Cruz, Mexico.

Eragrostis interrupta Trel., in Branner and Coville, Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey
Ark. 4: 237. 1891. Not Z. interrupta Beauv., 1812. Based on Poa
interrupta Nutt.

(2) Eragrostis sessilispica Buckl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97. 1863.
Austin, Tex., Buckley.

Diplachne rigida Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12: pl. 44. 1891.
Texas [type, Reverchon in 1879], and New Mexico, northward to Kansas.

Leptochloa rigida Munro; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12?: pl. 44.
1891, assynonym of Diplachne rigida Vasey.

Eragrostis rigida Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1891: 304. 1891. Based
on Diplachne rigida Vasey.

Acamptoclados sessilispicus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 140. 1908.
Based on Eragrostis sessilis pica Buckl.

(38) Eragrostis silveana Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 488. f.3. 1932. Taft,
Tex., Silveus 360.

(12) Eragrostis simplex Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 (ed. 3):
250. f. 244.1900. Florida, Curtiss 6073.

Eragrostis brownei Kunth; Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 664. 1883. Not
E. brownei Nees, 1841. East Florida, Garber. (Chapman probably had
E. brownei (Kunth) Nees, an Australian species, in mind, but he cites nothing
that can connect his publication with that. The name H. browne: Nees is
uaeue oe E. simplex by Scribner, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 262.
189

(41) Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2s 564, 1840.
Based on Poa spectabilis Pursh.

ekg ey ka Es ee

LTP Ty I se

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 853

?Poa amabilis Walt., Fl. Carol. 80. 1788. Not P. amabilis L., 1753. South
Carolina.
Poa spectabilis Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 81. 1814. New York to Carolina.
Megastachya spectabilis Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 589. 1817. Based
on Poa spectabilis Pursh.
Poa hirsuta var. spectabilis Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 114. 1823.
Based on Poa spectabilis Pursh.
?Eragrostis velutina Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838. Carolina.
ee villosa Beyr.; Schrad., Linnaea 12: 451. 1838, as synonym of E. velutina
chrad.
Eragrostis geyeri Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum 1: 272. 1854. Illinois, Geyer.
Poa pectinacea Geyer; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 272. 1854. Not P. pectinacea
Michx., 1803. As synonym of Eragrostis geyeri Steud.
Eragrostis pectinacea var. spectabilis A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 565. 1856. Based
on Poa spectabilis Pursh.
Eragrostis spectabilis var. sparsthirsuta Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 10: 306.
1927. Michigan.
This is the species called Poa pectinacea Michx. and Eragrostis pectinacea Nees
by American authors, not Michaux’s species.
(6) Eragrostis spicata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 146. 1891. Baja California,
Brandegee.
Sporobolus tenuispica Hack., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 6: 344. 1909. Pilco-
mayo River, Paraguay, Rojas 258.
Eragrostis stenophylla Hochst.; Miquel, An. Bot. Ind. 2: 27. 1851. Asia.
(28) Eragrostis suaveolens Becker, in Claus, Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reich. 8:
266. 1851. Serepta, Russia.
(36) Eragrostis swalleni Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 451. 1933.
Riviera, Tex., Swallen 1847.
Eragrostis tenella (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 576. 1817.
Based on Poa tenella L.
Poa tenella L., Sp. Pl. 69. 1753. India.
Poa japonica Thunb., Fl. Japon. 51. 1784. Japan.
Eragrostis japonica Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:
405. 1830. Based on Poa japonica Thunb.
(19) ee tephrosanthos Schult., Mant. 2: 316. 1824. Martinique,
ieber.
Poa tephrosanthos Spreng.; Schult., Mant. 2: 316. 1824, as synonym of Era-
grostis tephrosanthos Schult.
ee delicatula Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2!: 73. 1836.
razil.
Eragrostis pilosa var. delicatula Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11:
133. 1904. Based on E. delicatula Trin.
(37) Eragrostis tracyi Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 130. f. 1. 1934. Sanibel
Island, Fla., Tracy 7168.
(32) Aca trichocolea Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 444. 1896.
ruguay.
Eragrostis floridana Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 308. 1915. Tampa, Fla.,
Curtiss 3494*.
(39) Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Wood, Class-book 796. 1861. Based on
Poa trichodes Nutt.
i ea Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 146. 1837. Arkansas,
juttal.
Eragrostis tenuis var. terensis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 59. 1890.
Texas, Nealley.
Eragrostis tenuis A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 661. 1890. Not E. tenuis Steud.,
1854. Ohio to Illinois, Kansas and southward.
See ost capillacea Jedw., Bot. Archiv Mez 5: 196. 1924. Nebraska, Ryd-
erg 1832.
(13) Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 264. 1854.
Based on Poa unioloides Retz.
Poa unioloides Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 19. 1789. East Indies.
Eragrostis virescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 276. 1830. Chile, Haenke.
Eremochloa ciliaris (L.) Merr., Philippine Jour. Sci. 1 (Sup. 5): 331. 1906.
Based on Nardus ciliaris L.
Nardus ciliaris L., Sp. Pl. 53. 1753. India.

854 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 261. 1889.
Based on Ischaemum ophiuroides Munro.
Ischaemum ophiuroides Munro, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proce. 4: 363. 1860. South-

ern China.
(143) ERIANTHUS Michx.

(3) Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 38. 1816. Based
on Andropogon alopecuroides L.

Andropogon divaricatus L., Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 70].

Andropogon alopecuroides L., Sp. Pl. 1045. 1758. Virginia, [Clayton 601].

Saccharum alopecuroideum Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 60. 1818. Based inferentially
on Hrianthus alopecuroides Ell.

Erianthus divaricatus Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 125. 1908.
Based on Andropogon divaricatus L.

ERIANTHUS ALOPECUROIDES var. HIRSUTUS Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 55.
1908. Florida [Chapman.] (Published as FE. alopecuroides hirsutus.)

(4) Erianthus brevibarbis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 55. 1803. Tennessee and
Carolina, Michaux.

Saccharum brevibarbe Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 103. 1805. Based on Hrianthus brevi-
barbis Michx.

Calamagrostis rubra Bose; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 478. 1833, as synonym of
Erianthus brevibarbis Michx.

Erianthus alopecuroides var. brevibarbis Chapm., Fl. South U.S. 583. 1860.
Based on E. brevibarbis Michx.

Erianthus saccharoides subsp. brevibarbis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 1381.
1889. Based on E. brevibarbis Michx.

(2) Erianthus contortus Baldw.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 40. 1816. Savan-
nah, Ga., Baldwin.

Saechanen Conlon Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 60. 1818. Based on Erianihus con-
tortus :

Erianthus alopecuroides var. contortus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 582. 1860.
Based on E. contortus Ell.

Erianthus saccharoides subsp. contortus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 131.
1889. Based on E. contortus Ell.

Erianthus smallii Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 429. 1900. Stone Moun-
tain, Ga., Small in 1894.

(5) Erianthus giganteus (Walt.) Muhl., Cat. Pl. 4. 1818. Based on Anthoxan-
thum giganteum Walt. Later (Descr. Gram. 192. 1817) Muhlenberg uses
the name for both E. saccharoides and E. alopecuroides (his herbarium speci-
men under this name including both species), but the description (awn
twisted) applies better to EH. alopecuroides. Erianthus giganteus was pub-
lished as new by Hubbard (Rhodora 14: 166. 1912) based on Anthoxanthum
giganteum Walt.

Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., Fl. Carol. 65. 1788. South Carolina.

Erianthus saccharoides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 55. 1808. Carolina to
Florida, Michaux.

Saccharum giganteum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 103. 1805. Based on Anthoxanthum
giganteum Walt.

Saccharum erianthoides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 308. 1825. Based on
Erianthus saccharoides Rich. [same as Michx.].

Andropogon erianthus Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 243. 1827. Based on Erianthus
saccharoides Michx.

Erianthus saccharoides var. michauxii Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 257. 1883.
Based on E. saccharoides Michx.

Erianthus compactus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 419. 1895. New
cane to North Carolina and Tennessee [type, Washington, D.C., Nash in
1895].

Erianthus lacus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 344. 1897. Near Paola,
Fla., Swingle 14382a.

Erianthus tracyi Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 37. 1897. Starkville, Miss.,
Tracy in 1896.

Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 14, 162, 177, 1812. Based on
Saccharum ravennae L.

Andropogon ravennae L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1481. 1763. Italy.

Saccharum ravennae Murr., in L., Syst. Veg. ed. 18. 88. 1774. Based on
Andropogon ravennae L.

Ripidium ravennae Trin., Fund. Agrost. 169. 1820. Based on Saccharum
ravennae Murr. =.

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 855

(1) Erianthus strictus Baldw.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1:39. 1816. Savannah,
Ga., Baldwin.
ee strictum Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1:60. 1818. Based on Erianthus strictus
aldw.
Saccharum baldwinii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 282. 1825. Based on Erianthus
strictus Baldw.
Pollinia dura Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 91. 1836.
Carolina.
Andropogon durus Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 91. 1840. Based on Pollinia

dura Trin.
(124) ERIOCHLOA H.B.K.

(1) Eriochloa aristata Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 229. 1886. Southwest
Chihuahua, Palmer in 1885 [110e].
Eriochloa punctata var. aristata Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912.
Based on HE. aristata Vasey.
(6) Eriochloa contracta Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based
on Helopus mollis C. Muell.
Helopus mollis C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 314. 1861. Not Eriochloa mollis
Kunth, 1829. Texas, Drummond 370.
(5) Eriochloa gracilis (Fourn.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 455. 1933.
Based on Helopus gracilis Fourn.
Helopus gracilis Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2:18. 1886. Oaxaca, Mexico, Liebmann 436.
ERIOCHLOA GRACILIS var. MINOR (Vasey) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 456.
1933. Based on H. punctata var. minor Vasey.
Eriochloa punctata var. minor Vasey, Contrib. Us. Natl. Herb. 3: 21. 1892.
Texas, Wright 2087, Nealley.
Eriochloa texana Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 56: Beibl. 125: 12. 1921. [El Paso]
Tex., Jones 4177.
(3) Eriochloa lemmoni Vasey and Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 9: 185. pl. 2. 1884.
[Huachuca Mountains], Ariz., Lemmon 2910.
(8) Eriochloa michauxii (Poir.) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 147.
1908. Based on Panicum michauxii ’Poir.
Panicum molle Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 47. 1803. Not P. molle Swartz,
1788. Florida, Michauz.
Panicum michauxwi Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 278. 1816. Based on P.
molle Michx.
Panicum michauxianum Schult., Mant. 2: 227. 1824. Based on P. molle

Michx.
Panicum georgicum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 308. 1825. Based on P. molle

Michx.
Senta mollis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 30. 1829. Based on Panicum molle

ichx.

Eriochloa mollis var. longifolia Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 25. 1886.
Key West, Fla., Curtiss.
Eriochloa longifolia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 21. 1892. Based on
E. mollis var. longifolia Vasey.
Eriochloa debilis Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 56: Beibl. 125: 12. 1921. [No-name
Key], Fla., Curtiss 3600. The same form as E. longifolia Vasey.
ERIOCHLOA MICHAUXII var. SIMPSONI Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163.
suave Cape Romano, Fla., Simpson 262. (Published as E. michauxit simp-
sont.
Eriochloa nelsoni Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
12. 1897. Oaxaca, Mexico, Nelson 1707.
(4) Eriochloa procera (Retz.) Hubbard, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1930: 256. 1930.
Based on Agrostis procera Retz.
Agrostis procera Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 19. 1786. India.
Milium ramosum Retz., Obs. Bot. 6: 22. 1791. Asia.
Paspalum annulatum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 133. 1810. Asia. ir
Agrostis ramosa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 257. 1810. Based on Miliwm
ramosum Retz.
Eriochloa annulata Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 30. 1829. Based on Paspalum
annulatum Fligge.
Helopus annulatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 17. 1829. Based on Paspalum
annulatum Fligge. Rt
Eriochloa ramosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 775. 1891. Based on Milrum
ramosum Retz,

856 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Eriochloa polystachya var. annulata Maid. and Betche, Cens. N.S. Wales Pl. 16.
1916. Based on E. annulata Kunth.

Thysanolaena procera Mez, in Janow., Bot. Archiv Mez 1: 27. 1922. Based
on Agrostis procera Retz. but misapplied to T. maxima.

(7) Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 5. 1825. Based

on Milium punctatum L.

Milium punctatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 872. 1759. Jamaica.

Agrostis punctata Lam., Encycl. 1: 58. 1783. Based on Milium punctatum L.

Paspalum punctatum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 127. 1810. Based on Milium
punctatum L.

Piptatherum punctatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 18, 173. 1812. Based on Milium
punctatum L.

Eriochloa kunthit G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 47. 1818. British Guiana.

Oedipachne punctata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 51. 1827. Based on Milium
punctatum L.

Hab pus punctatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 16. 1829. Based on Milium punctatum

Helopus kunthu Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 747. 1840. Based on
Eriochloa kunthi G. Meyer.

Monachne punctata Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 374. 1903. Based on
Milium punctatum L.

Eriochloa polystachya var. punctata Maid. and Betche, Cens. N.S. Wales Pl. 16.
1916. Based on EF. punctata Desv.

(2) Eriochloa sericea (Scheele) Munro; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull.
121: pl. 1. 1890. Based on Paspalum sericeum Scheele, as shown by Munro
manuscript in Kew Herbarium.

Paspalum racemosum Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 145. 1837. Not
P. racemosum Lam. Red River, Ark., [Nuttall].

Paspalum sericeum Scheele, Linnaea 22: 341. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex.,
Lindhevmer.

Panicum sericatum Scheele; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 58. 1854. Based on
Paspalum sericeum Scheele.

eiclapis jects C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 314. 1861. Texas, Drummond 305
and ‘

(158) EUCHLAENA Schrad.

(1) Euchlaena mexicana Schrad., Ind. Sem. Hort. Goettingen 1832; reprinted
in Linnaea 8: Litt. 25. 1833. Mexico, Muhlenfordt.

Reana luxurians Durieu, Bull. Soc. Acclim. II. 9: 581. 1872. This and the
following are names only. They have, however, come into frequent use
for teosinte.

Euchlaena luxurians Durieu and Aschers., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 107. 1877.
Based on Reana luxurians Durieu.

Euchlaena mexicana var. luxurians Haines, Bot. Bihar and Orissa pt. 6: 1065.
1924. Based on Reana luxurians ‘“‘Brogn.’’ (error for Durieu).

Euchlaena perennis Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 12: 207. 1922. Zapotlan,
Jalisco, Mexico, Hitchcock 7146.

EULALIA Kunth

Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 775. 1891. Based on
Andropogon vimineus Trin.
Andropogon vimineus Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
2: 268. 18382. Nepal, India.
Pollinia viminea Merr., Enum. Philipp. Pl. 1:35. 1922. Based on Andro-
pogon vimineus Trin.

(3) FESTUCA L.

Festuca amethystina L., Sp. Pl. 74. 1753. Europe.
(9) Festuca arida Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36:52. 1903. North Yakima, Wash.,
Henderson 2196.
This species was referred by Piper to Festuca eriolepis Desv., a South
American species not known from North America.
(34) Festuca arizonica Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893. Flag-
staff, Ariz., Tracy 118.
Festuca ovina var. arizonica Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 598. 1896.
Based on F, arizonica Vasey.

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 857

Festuca vaseyana Hack.; Beal., Grasses N.Amer. 2: 601. 1896. Veta Pass,
Colo., Vasey.

Festuca scabrella var. vaseyana Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 605. 1896.
Veta Pass, Colo., Vasey.

Festuca altaica subsp. arizonica St. Yves, Candollea 2: 267. 1925. Based on
F. arizonica Vasey.

(26) Festuca californica Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893. Oak-
land, Calif., Bolander 1505.

Bromus kalmi var. artstulatus Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 157.
1856. Mark West Creek, Calif., Bigelow.

Festuca aristulata Shear; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 32. 1906.
Based on Bromus kalmit var. aristulatus Torr.

Festuca aristulata parishit Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 33. 1906.
Mill Creek Falls, San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish 5036.

Festuca parishiit Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 169. 1912. Based on F.
aristulata parishi Piper.

Festuca californica parishi Hitche., in Abrams, Illustr. Fl. 1: 222. 1923.
Based on F. artistulata parishi Piper.

Festuca altaica var. aristulata St. Yves, Candollea 2: 273. 1925. Based on
Bromus kalmi var. artstulatus Torr.

(32) Festuca capillata Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 597. 1778. France.

Festuca ovina var. capillata Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 354. 1866. Based on F.
capillata Lam.

(7) Festuca confusa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10:13. pl. 1. 1906.
Western Klickitat County, Wash., Suksdorf 1140.

Festuca microstachya var. ciliata A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 410.
1872. Name only, for Hall 639 in 1871, Silver Creek, Oreg.

Festuca suksdorfii Piper; Suksdorf, Werdenda 12:2. 1923. Bingen, Wash.,
Suksdorf 5604.

(27) Festuca dasyclada Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 602. 1896. Utah,
Parry in 1875.

(4) Festuca dertonensis (All.) Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 588.
1900. Based on Bromus dertonensis All.

Bromus dertonensis All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 249. 1785. Italy.

Vulpia dertonensis Volk., in Schinz and Keller, Fl. Schweiz ed. 2: 57 (not in
Washington); Dur. and Barr., Fl. Lib. Prodr. 269. 1910. Based on
Festuca dertonensis Aschers. and Graebn.

This is the species referred by American authors to F. bromoides L. That
seems to be a mixture; the name is referred to F. myuros by European authors.
(12) Festuca eastwoodae Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10:16. 1906.

Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, Calif., Eastwood.
(17) Festuca elatior L., Sp. Pl. 75. 1753. Europe.

Festuca pratensis Huds., Fl. Angl. 37. 1762. England.

Festuca fluitans var. pratensis Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 47. 1778. Based on
F. pratensis Huds.

Avena secunda Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Festuca elatior L.

Bromus elatior Koel., Descr. Gram. 214. 1802. Based on Festuca elatior L.

Festuca poaeoides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 67. 1803. St. Lawrence River,
Michauz.

Festuca poaeoides americana Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 94. 1805. Based on F. poae-
oides Michx.

Schedonorus elatior Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, 156, 177. 1812. Based on
Bromus elatior Koel.

Schedonorus pratensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, 163, 177. 1812. Based on
Festuca pratensis Huds.

Festuca americana F. G. Dietr., Vollst. Lex. Gartn. Bot. Nachtr. 3: 332. 1817.
Based on F. poaeoides americana Pers.

Schenodorus americanus Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 706. 1817. (Error
for Schedonorus). Based on Festuca poaeoides americana Pers.

Bromus pratensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 359. 1825. Not B. pratensis Lam.,
1785. Based on Festuca pratensis Huds.

Bucetum pratense Parnell, Grasses Scotl. 105. pl. 46. 1842. Based on Fes-
tuca pratensis Huds.

Bucetum elatius Parnell, Grasses Scotl. 107. pl. 46. 1842. Based on Fes-
tuca elatior L.

Festuca elatior var. pratensis A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 634. 1867. Based on
F. pratensis Huds.

858 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Tragus elatior Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1098. 1895, as synonym of Festuca
elatior L.

Gnomonia elatior Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca
elatior L.

FESTUCA ELATIOR var. ARUNDINACEA (Schreb.) Wimm., Fl. Schles. ed. 3. 59.
1857. Based on F. arundinacea Schreb.

Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 57. 1771. Germany.

Bromus arundinaceus Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 141. 1789. Based on Festuca
arundinacea Schreb.

(16) Festuca elmeri Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 468. 1902.
Stanford University, Calif., Elmer 2101.

FESTUCA ELMERI var. CONFERTA (Hack.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 128.
1934. Based on F. jonesi var. conferta Hack.

Festuca jonesii var. conferta Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 593. 1896. San
Jose Normal School, California.

Festuca elmeri luxurians Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 38. 1906. Based
on F. jones var. conferta Hack.

Festuca geniculata (L.) Cayv., An. Cienc. Nat. Madrid 6: 150. 1803. Based on
Bromus geniculatus L.

Bromus geniculatus L., Mant. Pl. 33. 1767. Portugal.

Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 110. 1787. Based on Bromus
giganteus L.

Bromus giganteus L., Sp. Pl. 77. 1753. Europe.

Forasaccus giganteus Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 383. 1901. Based on Bromus
giganteus L.

(8) Festuca grayi (Abrams) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 14. pl. 3. 1906.
Based on F. microstachys grayt Abrams.

Festuca microstachys var. ciliata A. Gray; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 585. 1896.
Not F. ciliata Gouan, 1762. Grants Pass, Oreg., Howell. Beal’s specimen
is a mixture of F. grayi and F. confusa, but the description applies to F. grayz.

Festuca microstachys grayt Abrams, Fl. Los Angeles 52. 1904. Based on
F. microstachys var. ciliata A. Gray; Beal.

(33) Festuca idahoensis Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 538. 1908. Smiths Valley,
Shoshone County, Idaho, Abrams 688.

Festuca ae var. ingrata Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 598. 1896. Oregon,
Howell. E

Festuca ovina var. columbiana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 599. 1896. [Blue
Mountains], Wash., Lake.

Festuca ovina var. oregona Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 599. 1896. Oregon,
Cusick 753.

Festuca ingrata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. Based on
F. ovina var. ingrata Hack.

Festuca ingrata nudata Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 50. 1906.
‘“F. ovina var. nudata Vasey’’, (herbarium name only), Colorado, [Beardslee
in 1892).

Festuca amethystina var. asperrima subvar. idahoensis St. Yves, Candollea 2:
260. 1925. Based on F. tdahoensis Elmer.

Festuca amethystina var. asperrima subvar. robusta St. Yves, Candollea 2: 264.
1925. Walla Walla, Wash., Piper 2410.

(18) Festuca kingii Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 36. 1890. On the
North Poudre, Colo. It may be based on Poa kingii S. Wats., though that is
not cited; there is a description. Proposed as new by Scribner, U.S.Dept.
Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 36. 1897. Based on Poa kingiit S. Wats.

Poa king 8. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 387. 1871. East Hum-
boldt Mountains, Watson 1317. (Not invalidated by Festuca kingiana
Steud., 1854.)

Festuca confinis Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 126. 1884. Pen Gulch,
Colo., Vasey.

aes watsont Nash, in Britt., Man. 148. 1901. Based on Festuca kingit

eribn.

Hesperochloa kingiit Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 106. 1912. Based on
Poa kingii 8S. Wats.

Wasatchia kingiit Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 16. 1912. Based on Poa
kingut S. Wats.

FESTUCA KINGII var. RABIOSA (Piper) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 128. 1934.
Based on F. confinis rabiosa Piper.

Festuca confinis rabiosa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 41. 1906.
Crazy Womans Creek, Wyo., Williams and Griffiths 25.

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 859

(24) Festuca ligulata Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 436. f.1. 1932. Guadalupe
Mountains, Tex., Moore and Steyermark 3576.

(3) Festuca megalura Nutt., Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 188. 1848. Santa
Barbara, Calif., Gambel.

Vulpia megalura Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on
Festuca megalura Nutt.

(11) Festuca microstachys Nutt., Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 187. 1848. Los
Angeles, Calif., Gambel.

Vulpia microstachya Munro; Benth., Pl. Hartw. 342. 1857. Based on Festuca
microstachys Nutt.

?Vulpia microstachya var. ciliata Munro; Benth., Pl. Hartw. 342. 1857.
Name only, for Hartweg 281, Sacramento, Calif.

Festuca microstachys var. subappressa Suksdorf, Werdenda 1”: 3. 1923.
Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 6236.

(5) Festuca myuros L., Sp. Pl. 74. 17538. Europe.

Avena muralis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Festuca myuros L.

Vulpia myuros K. Gmel., Fl. Badens. 1: 8. 1805. Based on Festuca myuros L.

Festuca myuros Muhl., Descr. Gram. 160. 1817. Maryland; Georgia. Prob-
ably F. myuros L. is referred to, Muhlenberg’s specimen being a mixture of
this and F. sciurea Nutt.

Distomomischus myuros Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 91. 1867. Based on Vulpia
myuros K. Gmel.

Zerna myuros Panz.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 1249. 1895, as synonym of Festuca
myuros L.

(21) Festuca obtusa Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 34. 1807. Pennsylvania,
Muhlenberg.

Panicum divaricatum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 50. 1803. Not P. divaricatum
L., 1753. Carolina. (Michaux’s plant an old specimen with all but the
lowest floret fallen from the spikelets.)

Festuca nutans Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 34. 1807. Not F. nutans Moench,
1794. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg.

Panicum gracilentum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 276. 1816. Cultivated
in Paris botanic garden.

Panicum debile Poir., in Lam., Eneycl. Sup. 4: 288. 1816. Not P. debile Desf.,
1798. Based on P. divaricatum Michx.

Panicum pateniissimum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 448. 1817. Not
P. patentissimum Desv., 1816. Based on P. divaricatum Michx.

Schedonorus obtusus Spreng.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 710. 1817.
Based on Festuca obtusa Spreng.

Poa festucoides LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 367. 1818. New
York, LeConte.

Poa nutans Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 86. 1821. Based on Festuca nutans Spreng.

ae brachiata Desy., Opuse. 100. 1831. Based on Panicum divaricatum

ichx.

Festuca pseudoduriuscula Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 312. 1854. Texas,
Drummond 398.

Steinchisma divaricatum Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 982. 1895, as doubtful
synonym of Panicum debile. Rafinesque (Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830)
cites Panicum divaricatum [Michx.] under Steinchisma, but does not transfer
the name.

Festuca nutans palustris Muhl.; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 34. 1906,
as synonym of F. obtusa Spreng.

Gnomonia nutans Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca
nutans Willd.

Festuca obtusa var. sprengeliana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 276. 1925. Based on
F. obtusa Spreng.

(30) Festuca occidentalis Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 249. 1840. Mouth of
Columbia River, Scouler, Douglas. ©

Festuca ovina var. polyphylla Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 597. 1896.
Cascade Mountains, Oreg., Howell.

(1) Festuca octoflora Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina.

Festuca tenella Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 419. 1797. North America.

Festuca setacea Poir., in Lam., Encyl. Sup. 2: 638. 1811. Grown in Jardin du
Val de Grace, France, source unknown.

Schedonorus tenellus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, 163, 177. 1812. Based on
Festuca tenella Willd. .

Festuca parviflora Ell., Bot. §.C. and Ga. 1: 170. 1816. Orangeburg, 8.C.

860 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Diarrhena setacea Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: 289. 1817. Based on
Festuca setacea Poir.

Brachypodium festucoides Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 95. 1821. Based on Festuca
tenella L. (error for Willd.).

Festuca tenella var. glauca Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 147. 1887.
Fort Smith, Ark., Nuttall.

Vulpia tenella Heynh., Nom. 1: 854. 1840. Based on Festuca tenella Willd.

Festuca tenella var. aristulata Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 45: 156.
1856. Name only. Napa Valley, Calif., Bzgelow.

Festuca gracilenta Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 97. 1868. North-
ern Texas, Buckley.

Festuca pusilla Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863. Caili-
fornia, Nuttall. Fernald (Rhodora 34: 211. 1932) refers this to F. octoflora
var. hirtella.

Festuca octoflora aristulata Torr.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2:
547. 1894. Texas.

Vulpia octoflora Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on Festuca
octoflora Walt.

Gnomonia octoflora Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca
octoflora Walt.

Festuca octoflora var. tenella Fernald, Rhodora 34: 209. 1925. Based on F.
tenella Willd.

Festuca octoflora var. glauca Fernald, Rhodora 34: 209. 1925. Based on F.
tenella var. glauca Nutt.

FESTUCA OCTOFLORA var. HIRTELLA Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 12.
1906. Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz., Shear 1962. (Published as F.
octoflora hirtella.)

(31) Festuca ovina L., Sp. Pl. 73. 1753. Europe.

Festuca ovina var. vivipara Lu Sp. Pineda2si: PrO8. 1762. Sweden.

Bromus ovinus Scop., FI. Carn. 1: 77. 1772. Based on Festuca ovina L.

Avena ovina Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 22. 1796. Based on Festuca ovina L.

Festuca ovina var. duriuscula A. Gray; Port. and Coult., Syn. Fl. Colo. 150.
1874. Not F. ovina var. duriuscula Koch, 18387. Name only, for alpine
specimens from Colorado [Hall and Harbour 665]. No reference to F.
durtuscula L.

Festuca amethystina var. asperrma Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 601. 1896.
Arizona, Rusby 901.

Festuca minutiflora Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. Cameron
Pass, Colo., Baker.

Festuca ovina ‘calligera Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 27. 1906. Based
on F. amethystina var. asperrima Hack.

Festuca saximontana Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 536. 1909. Banff,
Alberta, MacCalla 2331.

Festuca calligera Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 537. 1909. Based on F.
ovina calligera Piper.

area ovina Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca
ovina

Festuca ovina subsp. saximontana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 245. 1925. Based on
F.. saximontana Rydb.

Festuca ovina subsp. saximontana var. rydbergit St. Yves, Candollea 2: 245.
1925. Based on F. sazimontana Rydb.

Festuca brevifolia var. utahensis St. Yves, Candollea 2: 257. 1925. Wasatch
Mountains, Utah; Colorado, Baker 175.

FESTUCA OVINA Var. BRACHYPHYLLA (Schult.) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
10: 27. 1906. Based on F. brachyphylla Schult. (Published as F. ovina
brachyphylla.)

Festuca brevifolia R. Br., Sup. App. Parry’s Voy. 289. 1824. Not F. brevifolia
Muhl., 1817. Melville Island, Arctic America.

Festuca brachyphylla Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 646. 1827. Based on F.
brevifolia R. Br.

Festuca ovina var. brevifolia 8S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 389.
1871. Based on F. brevifolia R. Br.

Festuca ovina subsp. sazimontana var. purpusiana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 247.
1925. Farewell Gap, Calif., Purpus 3076, 5117.

FESTUCA OVINA var. DURIUSCULA (L.) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 812. 1837.
Based on F. durtuscula L.

Festuca duriuscula L., Sp. Pl. 74. 1753. Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES . 861

FESTUCA OVINA var. GLAUCA (Lam.) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 812. 1837.
Based on F. glauca Lam.

Festuca glauca Lam., Encycl. 2: 459. 1788. France.

The following varieties of F. ovina, recognized by Piper (North American
Species of Festuca, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 26-28. 1906), are based on
European types. The specimens cited by him are in this Manual referred as
follows:

F. ovina sciaphila (Schur) Aschers. and Graebn., to F. ovina.

F. ovina supina (Schur) Hack., to F. ovina var. brachyphylla.

F. ovina pseudovina Hack., to F. ovina.

(6) Festuca pacifica Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 12. 1906. Pullman,
Wash., Elmer 262.
Vulpia pacifica Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on
Festuca pacifica Piper.
Festuca subbiflora Suksdorf, Werdenda 1?: 2. 1923. Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf
6144.
Festuca dives Suksdorf, Werdenda 1?: 3. 1923. Not F. dives Muell., 1863.
Bingen, Wash., Suksdorf 6153.
(10) Festuca reflexa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 98. 1863.
California.
Festuca microstachys var. paucifiora Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 586.
1896. Oregon, Howell.
Vulpia refleca Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 538. 1909. Based on Fes-
tuca refleca Buckl.
Festuca rigescens (Presl) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XX XI. 1830. Based on
Diplachne rigescens Presl.
Diplachne rigescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 260. 1830. Peru, Haenke.
(29) Festuca rubra L., Sp. Pl. 74. 1753. Europe.
Festuca ovina var. rubra Smith, English Fl. 1: 139. 1824. Based on F. rubra L.
Festuca duriuscula var. rubra Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 399. 1870.
Presumably based on F. rubra L.
Festuca oregona Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 2: 126. 1877. Oregon.
Eee ee subsp. rubra Hook. f., Stud. Fl. ed. 3. 497. 1884. Based on Ff,
rubra L.
Festuca rubra var. littoralis Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 607. 1896. Tilla-
mook Bay, Oreg., Howell in 1882.
Festuca vallicola Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. 1900. Silver Bow,
Mont., Rydberg 2108.
Festuca earlei Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 608. 1905. La Plata
Canyon, Colo., Baker, Earle and Tracy 920.
Festuca rubra prolifera Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 21. 1906. Mount
Washington, N.H., Pringle in 1877.
Festuca rubra var. densiuscula Hack.; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 22.
1906. Crescent City, Calif., Davy and Blasdale 5931.

Festuca rubra var. prolifera Piper, in Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based

on F. rubra prolifera Piper.

eens prolifera Fernald, Rhodora 35: 133. 1933. Based on F. rubra prolifera

iper.
FESTUCA RUBRA var. COMMUTATA Gaud., Fl. Helv. 1: 287. 1828. Switzerland.

Festuca fallax Thuill., Fl. Env. Paris n.ed. 50. 1799. France.

Festuca rubra var. fallax Hack., Bot. Centralbl. 8: 407. 1881. Based on F.

fallax Thuill.
FESTUCA RUBRA Var. HETEROPHYLLA Mutel, Fl. Franc. 4: 1038. 1887. Based on
F. heterophylla Lam.

Festuca heterophylla Lam., Fl. Franc. 3: 600. 1778. France.

FESTUCA RUBRA var. LANUGINOSA Mert. and Koch, Deut. Fl. ed. 3. 1: 654.
1823. Prussia.

Festuca arenaria Osbeck, in Retz. Sup. Prodr. Fl. Scand. 1: 4. 1805. Not F.

arenaria Lam., 1791. Scandinavia.

Festuca rubra var. arenaria Fries, Fl. Halland. 28. 1818. Based on F.

arenarva Osbeck.

Bromus secundus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 263. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver

Island, Haenke.
Festuca richardsont Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 250. 1840. Arctic seacoast of
North America, Richardson,

862 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Festuca rubra var. villosa Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 236. 1888. Name
only, for specimen collected by Macoun at Dawson, Yukon Territory.

Festuca rubra var. pubescens Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 607. 1896.
Not F. rubra var. pubescens Spenner, 1825. Oregon, Howell.

Festuca rubra var. secunda Scribn., Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 39. 1899.
Based on Bromus secundus Presl.

Festuca rubra var. subvillosa forma vivipara Eames, Rhodora 11: 89. 1909.
Newfoundland, Governors Island, Hames and Godfrey.

The following varieties of Festuca rubra, recognized by Piper (North American
Species of Festuca, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 21-23. 1906), are based on
Tae age types. The specimens cited by him are in this Manual referred as
ollows:

. rubra megastachya Gaud., to F. rubra.

. rubra glaucodea Piper (based on F. glaucescens Hegetschw.), to F. rubra.

. rubra multiflora (Hoffm.) Aschers. and Graebn., to F. rubra.

. rubra pruinosa Hack., to F. rubra.

. rubra lanuginosa Mert. and Koch, to F. rubra var. lanuginosa.

. rubra kitaibeliana (Schult.) Piper, to F. rubra var. lanuginosa.

(25) Festuca scabrella Torr.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 252. 1840. Rocky Moun-
tains, Drummond.

Melica hallit Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 296. 1881. Rocky Mountains, latitude 39°
to 41° [north half of Colorado], Hall and Harbour 621.

Festuca hallit Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 31. 1906. Based on
Melica hallia Vasey.

Daluca hallit Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Based on Melica
hallit Vasey.

Festuca altaica subsp. arizonica subvar. hallii St. Yves, Candollea 2: 271. 1925.
Based on Melica hallit Vasey.

FESTUCA SCABRELLA var. MAJOR Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 278. 1898.
Spokane County, Wash., Suksdorf 118.

Festuca campestris Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 57. 1900. Based on
F. scabrella var. major Vasey.

(2) Festuca sciurea Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 147. 1837. Arkan-
sas, Nuttall.

?Festuca quadriflora Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. Not F. quadriflora Honck.,
1782. South Carolina.

Festuca monandra Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 170. 1816, as synonym of F.
myuros L., as misapplied by Elliott.

Dasiola elliotea Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. Not Festuca elliotii Hack. Based
on Festuca monandra Ell.

Vulpia quadriflora Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 780. 1841. Based on
Festuca quadriflora Walt.

(22) Festuca shortii Kunth; Wood, Class-book 794. 1861; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6.
669. 1890. Noted in both asa variation of F. nutans. Vasey; L. H. Dewey,
Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 548. 1894. Central Texas to Illinois. This is
the first description of the species. In Wood the following note is appended
to the description of F. nutans: ‘‘(F. shortii Kunth, when the grass is
stouter and the spikelets about 5-flowered.)”’ In the National Herbarium
are several specimens of this species named ‘‘ Festuca shorttz Kth”’ in Vasey’s
script, ‘‘Kth?’”’ queried on some of them. On one, collected in Illinois by
Vasey, is the note ‘‘ Festuca nutans var. probably a good species, and I have
a specimen from Mr. Wolf ticketed F. Shorttz Kunth, but I do not find such
a species published.”” Since Vasey in the herbarium credited the species
to Kunth it may be assumed that Dewey inadvertently omitted that name.
The original connection with Kunth remains obscure. In the Gray Her-
barium is a specimen of this species with ‘‘ Barrens of Ky.” written on a label
printed ‘‘C. W. Short, M.D., Kentucky, 1842.”

?Festuca nutans var. palustris Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 399. 1870.
Eastern States.

Festuca nutans var. shortii Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896. Based on
F. shortaa Kunth.

Festuca nutans var. major Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 43. 18883.
Name only; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896, as synonym of F. nutans
var. short Beal.

(19) Festuca sororia Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 16: 197. 1913. Rincon
Mountains, Ariz., Nealley 177.

Festuca subulata var. sororia St. Yves, Candollea 2: 285. 1925. Based on.
F. sororza: Piper.

Ray Ay Py Sy Sy ty

—s - i¢

— Te

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 863

(15) Festuca subulata Trin., in Bong., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phvs.
Nat. 2: 173. 1832. Sitka, Alaska, Mertens. :
Festuca jonestt Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 278. 1893. Utah, Jones
in 1880.
Festuca subulata var. jonesit St. Yves, Candollea 2: 284. 1925. Based on
F. jonesit Vasey.

(14) Festuca subulifiora Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 25: 396. 1890. Gold-
stream, Vancouver Island, Macoun 7. (By a slip of the pen the name is
given as ‘‘subulifolia”’ in a note following.)

Festuca ambigua Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 277. 1893. Not F.
ambigua Le Gall. 1852. Oregon, Howell 19 in 1881.
ies denticulata Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896. Based on F. ambigua
asey.

(23) Festucathurberi Vasey, Cat. Pl. Survey W. 100th Merid.56. 1874. South
Park, Colo., Wolf 1154.

Poa festucoides Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 723. 1895. Not P.
festucoides Lam., 1791. Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, Utah, Jones 5671.

Poa kaibensis Jones, Erythea 4: 36. 1896. Based on P. festucoides Jones.

Festuca tolucensis subsp. thurbert St. Yves, Candollea 2: 304. 1925. Based on
F. thurberi Vasey.

(13) Festuca tracyi Hitche., in Abrams, Illustr. Fl. 1: 220. 1923. Howell
Mountain, Napa County, Calif., J. P. Tracy 1479.

(20) Festuca versuta Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 589. 1896. Based on F
terana Vasey.

Festuca texana Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 119. 1886. Not F. tezana
Steud., 1854. Upper Llano, Tex., Reverchon 1618.

Festuca nutans var. jonnsoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 548. 1894.
Harrison City, Tex., Johnson.

Festuca johnsoni Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 10: 35. 1906. Based on
F. nutans var. johnsoni Vasey.

Festuca obtusa subsp. versuta St. Yves, Candollea 2: 280. 1925. Based on
F. versuta Beal.

(28) Festuca viridula Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13?: pl. 93. 1893.
California (probably Summit Station), Bolander.

Festuca howellit Hack.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 591. 1896. Oregon,
Howell [248].
monia viridula Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 224. 1915. Based on Festuca
viridula Vasey.
Festuca viridula var. vaseyana St. Yves, Candollea 2: 265. 1925. Based on
F. viridula Vasey.
Festuca viridula var. howellit St. Yves, Candollea 2: 266. 1925. Based on

F. howellit Hack.
(8) FLUMINEA Fries

(1) Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitche., U.S.Dept.Agr. Bull. 772: 38. f. 11.

1920. Based on Arundo festucacea Willd.

Festuca arundinacea Liljebl., Utk. Svensk Fl. ed. 2.47. 1798. Not F. arund?-
nacea Schreb., 1771. Sweden.

Arundo festucacea Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 126. 1809. Germany.

Scolochloa festucacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 137. 1827. Based on Arundo
festucacea Willd.

Triodia fesiucacea Roth, Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ. 1!: 382. 1827. Based on
Arundo festucacea Willd.

Graphephorum festucaceum A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proce. 5: 191. 1861.
Based on Arundo festucacea Willd.

Scolochloa arundinacea MacM., Met. Minn. Vall. 79. 1892. Not S. arundi-
nacea Mert. and Koch, 1823. Based on Festuca arundinacea Liljebl.

(73) GASTRIDIUM Beauv.

(1) Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ces
Ziirich 58: 39. 1913. Based on Agrostis ventricosa Gouan.
Agrostis ventricosa Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 39. pl. 1. f. 2. 1762. France.
Milium lendigerum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 91. 1762. Europe.
Agrostis australis L., Mant. Pl. 1: 30. 1767. Portugal.
Alopecurus ventricosus Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2.1: 28. 1778. Based on Agrostis
ventricosa Gouan.

55974°—35—— 55

864 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agrostis eee Neck., Elem. Bot. 3: 219. 1791. Based on Milium lendi-
gerum L.

Avena bondage Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 23. 1796. Based on Milium lendi-
gerum L.

Gastridium australe Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 21, 164. pl. 6. f. 6. 1812. Europe.

Gastridium lendigerum Desv., Obs. Angers 48. 1818. Based on Milium
lendigerum L.

Chilochloa ventricosa Beauv.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 350. 1840, as syno-
nym of Alopecurus ventricosus Huds.

Lachnagrostis phleoides Nees and Meyen; Nees, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.
Carol. 19: Sup. 1: 14. 1841; 146. 1848. Vaiparaiso, Chile.

(6) GLYCERIA R. Br.

(1) Glyceria acutiflora Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 104. 1823. New
York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts, Festuca brevifolia Muhl. erroneously
cited as synonym.

Festuca acutiflora Bigel., Fl. Bost. ed. 3. 39. 1840. Based on Glyceria acuti-
flora Torr.

Panicularia acutiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on Glyceria
acutiflora Torr.

(4) Glyceria arkansana Fernald, Rhodora 31: 49. 1929. Varner, Ark.,
Bush 9 in 1898.

(2) Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder, Manchester Inst. Proc. 1: 74. 1900.
Based on Panicularia borealis Nash.

Glyceria fluitans var. angustata Vasey; Fernald, Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Proce.
2: 91. 1895. Maine, Fernald [193].

Panicularia borealis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 348. 1897. Maine,
Fernald.

(12) Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math.
Phys. Nat. 1: 366. 1830. Based on Briza canadensis Michx.

Briza canadensis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 71. 1808. Canada, Michauz.

Megastachya canadensis Michx.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 598. 1817.
Based on Briza canadensis Michx.

?Briza canadensis Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: erratum. 1818. Not op. cit. 69. New
Jersey, near Philadelphia.

Nevroloma canadensis Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 106. 1819. Based on
Briza canadensis Michx.

Poa canadensis Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 112. 1828. Based on
Briza canadensis Michx.

Panicularia canadensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 788. 1891. Based on
Briza canadensis Michx.

GLYCERIA CANADENSIS var. LAXA (Scribn.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 128.
1934. Based on Panicularia laxa Seribn.

Panicularia laxa Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 37. 1894. Mount
Desert, Maine, Redfield and Rand.

Glyceria laxa Scribn.; Rand and Redfield, Fl. Mt. Desert 180. 1894. Based
on Panicularia laxa Scribn.

Glyceria canadensis var. parviflora Fernald, Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc.
2: 91. 1895, as synonym of G. lara Scribn.

(14) Glyceria elata (Nash) Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 162. 1912. Based
on Panicularia elata Nash.

Panicularia elata Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 54. 1900. Mon-
tana, Flodman 176.

Glyceria latifolia Cotton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 573. 1902. Washington,
Elmer 721.

Panicularia nervata elata Piper,. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 140. 1906.
Based on P. elata Nash.

(9) Glyceria erecta Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 161. 1912. Yosemite,
Calif., Hitchcock 3250%.

Panicularia erecta Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 309. 1915. Based on Glyceria
erecta Hitche.

(6) Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 179. 1810. Based on
Festuca fluitans L.

Festuca fluitans L., Sp. Pl. 75. 1753. Europe.
Hydrochloa fluitans Hartm., Gen. Gram. Scand. 8. 1819. Presumably based
on Festuca fluitans L.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES - 865

Melica fluitans Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 448. 1825. Based on Festuca
fluitans L.

Devauzia fluitans Beauy.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 367. 1833, as synonym of
Glyceria fluitans R. Br.

Panicularia fluitans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 782. 1891. Based on Festuca
fluttans L.

Panicularia brachyphylla Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 349. 1897. Near
New York City, Nash.

(16) Glyceria grandis S. Wats.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 667. 1890. [Type from
Quebec, Munro in 1858]. New England to western New York, Michigan,
Minnesota, and westward.

Poa aquatica var. americana Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 108. 1823.
Massachusetts, Cooley.

Panicularia americana MacM., Met. Minn. Vall. 81. 1892. Based on
Poa aquatica var. americana Torr.

Glyceria americana Pammel, Iowa Geol. Survey Sup. Rept. 1903: 271. 1905.
Based on Poa aquatica var. americana Torr.

Glyceria flavescens Jones, Mont. Univ. Bull. Biol. Ser. 15: 17. pl. 2. 1910.
Swan Lake, Mont., Jones [9697].

Panicularia grandis Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl.ed.2. 1: 265. 1913.
Based on Glyceria grandis 8. Wats.

(3) Glyceria leptostachya Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863.
Oregon, Nuttall.

Panicularia davyi Merr., Rhodora 4: 145. 1902. Sonoma County, Calif.,
Davy 6005.

Panicularia leptostachya Piper; Piper and Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 59. 1915.
Not P. leptostachya Maclosk., 1904. Based on Glyceria leptostachya Buckl.

(11) Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 186. 1912. Based
on Panicum melicarium Michx.

Panicum melicarium Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:50. 1803. Carolina, Michaur
[| Michaux’s specimen overmature, all the florets but the lowermost fallen from
the spikelets.]

Poa torreyana Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 104. 1821. Massachusetts.

Poa elongata Torr.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 104. 1821. Not P. elongata
Willd., 1809. As synonym of P. torreyana Spreng.

Poa elongata Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 112. 1823. Not P. elongata
Willd., 1809. Massachusetts, Cooley.

Glyceria elongata Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2!: 58. 1836.
Based on Poa elongata Torr.

Panicularia elongata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on Poa
elongata Torr.

Smet torreyana Merr., Rhodora 4: 146. 1902. Based on Poa torreyana

preng.

ite torreyana Hitche., Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. Based on Poa torreyana

preng.

Panicularia melicaria Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 149. 1908.
Based on Panicum melicarium Michx.

(18) Glyceria neogaea Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum 1: 285. 1854. Newfoundland.

Glyceria pallida var. fernaldizt Hitche., Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. Maine,
Fernald 191.

Glyceria fernaldiz St. John, Rhodora 19: 76. 1917. Based on Glycerta pallida
var. fernaldiz Hitche.

Panicularia fernaldit Hitche.; House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 233-234: 11.
1921. Based on Glyceria pallida var. fernaldiz Hitche.

Glyceria nubigena Anders., Rhodora 35: 321. f. B. 1933. Clingmans Dome,
Great Smoky Mountains, Tenn., Anderson and Jennison 1418.

(10) Glyceria obtusa (Muhl.) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys.
Nat. 1: 366. 1830. Based on Poa obtusa Muhl.

Poa obtusa Muhl., Deser. Gram. 147. 1817. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg.

Panicularia obtusa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on Poa obtusa

Muhl.
(7) Glyceria occidentalis (Piper) J. C. Nels., Torreya 19: 224. 1919. Based on
Panicularia occidentalis Piper.
Panicularia occidentalis Piper; Piper and Beattie, Fl. Northw. Coast 59. 1915.
Vancouver, Wash., Piper 4905.
(15) Glyceria otisii Hitchc., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 128. 1934. Jefferson County,
Wash., Otis 1548.

866 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(17) retveeris pallida (Torr.) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21:
1836. Based on Windsoria pallida Torr.

Windsoris pal Torr;,\Cat. PLNeY> 91; , 1819: . New York

Triodia pallida Spreng., Neu. Entd. 1: 246. 1820. New York, ‘‘ Windsoria
pallida Eddy in litt’’; - Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 330. 1825. Based on Windsoria
pallida Torr.

Poa dentata Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 107. 1823. Based on Windsoria
pallida Torr.

Uralepis pallida Kunth, Réy. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Based on Windsoria
pallida Torr.

Panicularia pallida Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 788. 1891. Based on Windsoria
pallida Torr.

(8) Glyceria pauciflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 257. 1880. Nootka Sound,
Vancouver Island, Haenke.

Glyceria microtheca Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 96. 1863.
Oregon, Nuttall.

Glyceria spectabilis var. flaccida Trin.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc.
1862: 336. 1863, as synonym of G. microtheca Buckl., G. leptostachya
Buckl. confused with it.

Panicularia pauciflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on
Glyceria pauciflora Presl.

Panicularia holm Beal, Torreya 1: 48. 1901. Longs Peak, Colo., Holm 249.

Panicularia multifolia Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 54. 1903. Olympic Mountains,
Wash., Elmer 1939.

Panicularia flaccida Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 55. 1903. Olympic Mountains,
Wash., Elmer 1940.

(5) Glyceria septentrionalis Hitche., Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. New Jersey,
Van Sickle.

Panicularia septentrionalis Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 35: 196. 1908.
Based on Glyceria septentrionalis Hitche.

Panicularia fluitans var. septentrionalis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21:
353. 1920. Based on Glyceria septentrionalis Hitche.

(13) Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitche., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 41: 157. 1928.
Based on Poa striata Lam.

Poa striata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 183. 1791. Virginia; Carolina.

Poa nervata Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 389. 1797. North America.

Poa striata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 69. 18038. Pennsylvania, Michaux.

Poa lineata Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 89. 1805. Based on P. striata Michx.

Poa parviflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 80. 1814. Not P. parviflora R. Br.,
1810. New York to Virginia.

Poa sulcata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 550. 1817. Not P. sulcata Lag.,
1816. Based on P. striata Lam.

Briza canadensis Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 69. 1818. Not B. canadensis Michx.,
1803. Canada and Pennsylvania. (Canada refers to Michaux’s species,
Nuttall misunderstanding it.)

Glyceria michauaii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 118. 1829. Based on Poa striata
Michx.

Glyceria nervata Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 365.
1830. Based on Poa nervata Willd.

Poa lamarckit Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 362. 18383. Based on P. striata Lam.

Panicularia nervata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on Poa
nervata Willd.

Se nervata forma major Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 473. 1892. Monongalia,

.Va.

Panicularia nervata stricta Scribn., U.8S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 13: 44.
1898. Colorado-Wyoming State line, A. Nelson 3818.

Panicularia nervata rigida Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 54.
1900. Montana, Rydberg 2068.

Panicularia nervata var. parviglumis Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Cire. 30: 8. 1901. Racine, Wis. Wadmond 36.

Glyceria nervata var. stricta Seribn.; Hitche., in A. Gray, Man. ed. 7. 159.
1908. Based on Panicularia nervata stricta Scribn.

Glyceria nervata var. rigida Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 223. 1915. Based
on Panicularia nervata rigida Nash.

Panicularia rigida Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 88. 1917. Based on P. nervata
rigida Nash.

Panicularia nervata var. filiformis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168.
1919. Michigan, Farwell 4514%.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 867

Panicularia nervata var. purpurascens Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168.
1919. Michigan, Farwell 44954 (first of several specimens cited).

Panicularia nervata var. viridis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 22: 180. 1921.
Michigan, Farwell 5234.

Glyceria striata var. stricta Fernald, Rhodora 31: 47. 1929. Based on
Panicularia nervata stricta Scribn.

(101) GYMNOPOGON Beauv.

(1) Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 69. 1888. Pre
sumably based on Andropogon ambiguus Michx.

Andropogon ambiguus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 58. 1803. Carolina,
Michauz.

Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, 164. pl. 9. f. 3. 1812. Based
on Andropogon ambiguus Michx.

Anthopogon lepturoides Nutt., Gen. Pl. 82. 1818. Banks of the Potomac,
near Harpers Ferry, Va.

Gymnopogon scoparius Trin., Gram. Unifl. 237. 1824. New Jersey.

Alloiatheros lepturoides Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 55. 1840, as synonym of
Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv.

Stipa expansa Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 648. 1841, as synonym of
Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv.

Gymnopogon distichophyllus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 218. 1854. Texas,
Seubert Herb. [coll. Vinzent] 128; Louisiana, Hartmann 57.

Sciadonardus distichophyllus Steud., Flora 33: 229. 1850; Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:
218. 1854, as synonym of Gymnopogon distichophyllus. Louisiana, Hart-
mann 57.

Agrostis boeckelert Seubert; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 218. 1854, as synonym
of Gymnopogon distichophyllus._ Texas [Vinzent 128].

Alloiatheros ambiguus Ell.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 83. 18938, as synonym of
Gymnopogon racemosus.

Alloiatheros aristatus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 83. 1893, as synonym of
Gymnopogon racemosus.

(2) Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin., Gram. Unifl. 238. 1824. Delaware.

Anthopogon brevifolius Nutt.; Trin., Gram. Unifl. 238. 1824, as synonym of
Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin.

Anthopogon filiforme Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 152. 1887.
Banks of the Arkansas and in Delaware.

(3) Gymnopogon chapmanianus Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 306. 1915.
Sanford, Fla., Chase 4135.

GYNERIUM Humb. and Bonpl.

Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 138. 1812. Based on

Saccharum sagittatum Aubl.

Saccharum sagittatum Aubl., Pl. Guian. 1: 50. 1775. French Guiana.

Arundo sagittata Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 102. 1805. Based on Saccharum sagit-
tatum Aubl.

Gynerium saccharoides Humb. and Bonpl., Pl. Aequin. 2: 105. pl. 115. 1809.
Venezuela, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Gynerium procerum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. Atlas, pl. 24. f. 6. 1812. Based on
Saccharum sagittatum Aubl.

Arundo saccharoides Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 703. 1816. Based on
Gynerium saccharoides Humb. and Bonpl.

(155) HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze

(1) Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 776. 1891. Based
on Cenchrus granularis L.

Cenchrus granularis L., Mant. Pl. 2: 575. 1771. East Indies.

Manisuris granularis Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Based_ on
Cenchrus granularis L. The name was earlier given (L. f. Nov. Gram. Gen.
40. pl.1.f.4-7. 1779) without description or basis. Manisuris, based on
this species, has been credited to Swartz (not Manisuris L.), but Swartz does
not propose the genus as new. He includes the original M. myuros L. and
adds M. granularis.

Tripsacum granulare Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 306. 1825. Based on
Manisuris granularis Swartz.

868 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Rytiliz glandulosa Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 219. 1830. Change of name or
slip of the pen for ‘‘granularis’’, ‘‘ Manisuris granularis”’ being cited.

Rytilix granularis Skeels, U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 282: 20.
1913. Based on Cenchrus granularis L.

(79) HELEOCHLOA Host 2

Heleochloa alopecuroides (Pill. and Mitterp.) Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 1: 23-
pl. 29. 1801. Based on Phleum alopecuroides Pill. and Mitterp.
eee alopecuroides Pill. and Mitterp., Iter Posegan. 147. pl. 16. 1783.
urope.
Coupes alopecuroides Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 167. 1806. Based on Heleochloa
alopecuroides Host.
(1) Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host, Icon. Gram. Austr. 1: 23. pl. 30. 1801.
Based on Phleum schoenordes L.
Phleum schoenoides L., Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Southern Europe.
Crypsis schoenoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 166. pl. 42. 1791. Based on
Phleum schoenoides L. This name is spelled C. schenoides by Beauv., Ess.
Agrost. 23. 1812.

(150) HETEROPOGON Pers.

(1) Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 836
1817. Based on Andropogon contortus L.

‘Andropogon contortus L., Sp. Pl. 1045. 17538. India.

Heteropogon glaber Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 533. 1807. Europe.

Heteropogon hirtus Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 533. 1807. Based on Andropogon
contortus L.

Andropogon glaber Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 307. 1825. Not A. glaber
Roxb., 1820. Based on Heteropogon glaber Pers.

Andropogon secundus Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 364. 1829, as synonym of
Heteropogon contortus Willd. Described in Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 558.
1864. Not A. secundus Ell., 1821. Antigua, Wullschlaegel.

Heteropogon firmus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 334. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Andropogon firmus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based
on Heteropogon firmus Presl.

Heteropogon contortus var. hirtus Fenzl; Hack., in Mart. Fl. Bras. 23: 267.
1883. Based on H. hirtus Pers.

Heteropogon contortus var. glaber Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 268. 1888.
Based on H. glaber Pers.

Andropogon contortus subvar. secundus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 587.
1889. Based on A. secundus Willd.

Andropogon contortus subvar. glaber Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 587.
1889. Based on Heteropogon glaber Pers.

Sorghum contortum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Andropogon
contortus L.

Holcus contortus Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904.
Based on Andropogon contortus L.

Heteropogon contortus subvar. secundus Domin, Bibl. Bot. 85: 276. 1915.
Based on Andropogon contortus var. secundus Hack.

(2) Heteropogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 71. 1881.
Based on Andropogon melanocarpus Ell.

Andropogon melanocarpus Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 146. 1816. Between
Altamaha and Jefferson, Ga.

Stipa melanocarpa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 1838. 1817. Georgia.

Cymbopogon melanocarpus Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 289. 1825. Based on
Andropogon melanocarpus Ell.

Trachypogon scrobiculatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 347. 1829. Piauhy, Brazil,
[Martius].

Andropogon scrobiculatus Kunth, Réyv. Gram. 1: Sup. XL. 1830. Based
on Trachypogon scrobiculatus Nees.

22 The nomenclature of this genus is much confused. Heleochloa Host (Icon. Gram. 1801) appears first
without generic description, hence is not effectively published. Beauvois (Ess. Agrost. 23. pl. 7. f. 2. 1812)
describes Heleochloa but bases it on two species, H. juwncea (Agrostis juncea) and H. phalaroides (Phleum
phleoides), these not included in Heleochloa by Host. Hence Heleochloa Host, as used by Beauvois, is not
the same genus as that of Host himself (loc. cit. and Gram. Austr. 1827). I have, nevertheless, retained
Heleochloa as generally understood, that is, as figured, though not described, by Host.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 869

Heteropogon acuminatus Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
2: 254. 1832. Brazil. i

Heteropogon scrobiculatus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 64. 1886. Based on Trachypo-
gon scrobiculatus Nees.

Sorghum melanocarpum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on
Andropogon melanocarpus Ell.

Heteropogon melanocarpus Coult., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 493. 1894.
Based on Stipa melanocarpa Muhl.

Sptrotheros melanocarpus Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 4: 967. 1895, as synonym
of Heteropogon acuminatus.

(108) HIEROCHLOE R. Br.

(1) Hierochloé alpina (Swartz) Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 515. 1817.
Based on Holcus alpinus Swartz.
| Aira alpina Liljebl., Utk. Svensk F].49. 1792. Not A.alpinaL.,1753. Sweden.
F Holcus alpinus Swartz; Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 937. 1806. Lapland.
Holcus monticola Bigel., New England Jour. Med. and Surg. 5: 334. 1816;
Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 273. 1818. White Hills, N.H., Bigelow.
Mterochloa alpina var. aristata Raspail, in Saig. and Rasp., Ann. Sci. Obs. 2: 85.
1829. Based on ‘“H. alpina R. Br.” (probably in Parry’s Voyage), same as
Roem. and Schult.
| Dimesia monticola Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of
Holcus monticola.
Savastana alpina Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 34. 1894. Based on
t Holcus alpinus Swartz.
; Torresia alpina Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 300. 1915. Based on Holcus
alpinus Swartz.
(3) Hierochloé occidentalis Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863.
; Columbia woods, [Oregon], Nuttall.
Hierochioé macrophylla Thurb.; Boland., Calif. Agr. Soc. Trans. 1864-65:
; 132. 1866; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 265. 1880. Coast Range, Calif.,
Bolander 2279.
Savastana macrophylla Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 187. 1896. Based on
Hierochloé macrophylla Thurb.
Torresia macrophylla Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 300. 1915. Based on
Hierochloé macrophylla Thurb.
(2) Hierochloé odorata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 62, 164. pl. 12. f. 5. 1812.
Based on Holcus odoratus L.
Holcus odoratus 1.., Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Europe.
Avena odorata Koel., Deser. Gram. 299. 1802. Based on Holcus odoratus L.
Holcus fragrans Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 936. 1806. Hudson Bay, Canada.
Holcus borealis Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 252. 1806. Germany.
Hierochloa borealis Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 5138. 1817. Based on
Holcus borealis Schrad.
Hierochloa fragrans Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 514. 1817. Based on
Holcus fragrans Willd.
Hierochloa arctica Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 252. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancou-
ver Island, Haenke.
Hierochloa odorata var. fragrans Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 31. 1890. Based on
Holcus fragrans Willd.
Dimesia fragrans Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 760. 1893, as synonym of Hitero-
chloé borealis.
Savastana odorata Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 34. 1894. Based on
Holcus odoratus L.
Savastana nashii Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 104. pl. 328. 1898.
Van Cortlandt Park, New York City [Bicknell in 1897].
Hierochloé nashii Kaczmarek, Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 198. 1914. Based on
Savastana nashii Bicknell.
Torresia odorata Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 301. 1915. Based on Holcus
odoratus L.
Savastana odorata var. fragrans Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 350. 1920.
Based on Holcus fragrans Willd.
Torresia nashit House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 48. 1923. Based on
Savastana nashiz Bicknell.

870 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(88) HILARIA H.B.K.

(1) Hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 135. 1912. Based on
Anthephora belangeri Steud. .

Anthephora belangerz Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum.1: 111. 1854. ‘‘ Mexico, Belanger
1428.’’ Belanger is evidently an error for Berlandier, since Berlandier 1428
collected between Laredo and Bejar [Bexar], now Texas, agrees with the
description. Belanger collected in India.

Schleropelta stolonifera Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 1. 1866.
Northwestern Texas.

Hilaria cenchroides var. terana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 53. 1890.
Pena, Duval County, Tex., Nealley [600].

Hilaria tecana Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 68. 1903. Based on Hilaria
cenchroides var. texana Vasey.

HILARIA BELANGERI var. LONGIFOLIA (Vasey) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41:
162. 1928. Based on H. cenchroides var. longifolia Vasey. (Published as
H. belangeri longifolia.)

Hilaria cenchroides var. longifolia Vasey; Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 24: 80. 1889,
name only; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 69. 1896. Islands in Guaymas
harbor, Mexico, Palmer 347 in 1887.

(3) Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881. Based
on Pleuraphis jamesiz Torr.

Pleuraphis jamesii Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 148. pl. 10. 1824. Sources of
the Canadian River [Texas or New Mexico], James.

Hilaria sericea Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881. Name only.

Pleuraphis sericea Nutt.; Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881, as
synonym of Hilaria sericea Benth. [Harris Fork of the Colorado, Nuttall.]

(2) Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 62. 1881. Based
on Pleuraphis mutica Buckl.

Pleuraphis mutica Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863.
Northern Texas [Wright 760-2108].

(4) Hilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth.; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 86. 1882.
Based on Pleuraphis rigida Thurb.

Pleuraphis rigida Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 298. 1880. California,
Fort Mojave and Providence Mountains, Cooper (2230, the type]; Fort
Yuma, Thomas; Colorado Desert, Schott.

(59) HOLCUS L.

(1) Holcus lanatus L., Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Europe.

Aira holcus-lanata Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 87. 1787. Based on Holcus
lanatus L.

Avena pallida Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Not A. pallida Thunb. 1794.
Based on Holcus lanatus L.

Avena lanata Koel., Descr. Gram. 300. 1802. Based on Holcus lanatus
L. Same published by Cav., Descr. Pl. 308. 1802.

Cranes pubescens Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 321. 1901. Based on Holcus lanatus

Notholcus lanatus Nash; Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 126. 1912. Based
on Holcus lanatus L.

Nothoholcus lanatus Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 214.
1913. Based on Holcus lanatus L.

Ginannia lanata F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 18: 234. 1916. Based on Holcus
lanatus L.

(2) Holcus mollis L. Syst., Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. Europe.

Aira mollis Schreb., Spic. Fl. Lips. 51. 1771. Based on Holcus mollis L.

Aira Lea da Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 88. 1787. Based on Holcus
mollis L.

Avena sylvatica Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Based on Holcus mollis L.

Avena mollis Koel., Descr. Gram. 300. 1802. Not A. mollis Salisb., 1796.
Based on Holcus mollis L.

Ginannia mollis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 321. 1901. Based on Holcus mollis L.

ee mollis Hiteche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 304. 1915. Based on Holcus
MOIS Li:

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES ._ 871

(46) HORDEUM L.

(6) Hordeum adscendens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 280. 1816. Near
Mexico City, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Hordeum distichon L., Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. Cultivated.

(5) Hordeum gussonianum Parl., Fl. Palerm. 1: 246. 1845. Italy.

Hordeum maritimum var. gussontanum Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 131. 1890. Based
on H. gussonianum Parl.

Hordeum nodosum depressum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 4: 24. 1897. [Type, Lexington, Oreg., Leiberg 39.]

Hordeum marinum subsp. gussonianum Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Ges. Ziirich
52: 441. 1908. Based on H. gussonitanum Parl.

Hordeum depressum Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 539. 1909. Based
on H. nodosum depressum Scribn. and Smith.

Hordeum hexastichon L., Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. Cultivated.

(2) Hordeum jubatum L., Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. Canada, Kalm.

?Critesion geniculatum Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 103. 1819. Illinois.
? Elymus jubatus Link, Hort. Berol. 1:19. 1827. Garden specimen, Hordeum
jubatum L., doubtfully cited as synonym.

HoRDEUM JUBATUM Var. CAESPITOSUM (Scribn.) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc.
41: 160. 1928. Based on H. caespitosum Scribn. (Published as H.
qubatum caespitosum.)

Hordeum caespitosum Scribn., Davenport Acad. Sci. Proc. 7: 245. 1899.
Edgemont, S.Dak., Pammel 148; Geranium Park, Wyo., Pammel 157 [type].

Hordeum marinum Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 57. 1778. England.

Hordeum maritumum With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 2. 1: 127. 1787. Based
on H. marinum Huds.

(1) Hordeum montanense Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 644. 1896,
Montana, Scribner 429, 430.

Hordeum pammeli Scribn. and Ball, Iowa Geol. Survey Sup. Rept. 1903: 335.
1905. Dakota City, lowa, Pammel 3824.
(7) Hordeum murinum L., Sp. Pl. 85. 1753. Europe.
vo murale Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 27. 1796. Based on Hordeum murinum

Zeocriton murinum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 115, 182. 1812. Based on Hordeum
murinum L.
(3) Hordeum nodosum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 126. 1762. Europe.
Hordeum pratense Huds., Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 56. 1778. England.
Zeocriton nodosum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 115, 165, 182. 1812. Basedon Hordeum
nodosum L.
Hordeum pratense var. nodosum Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 329. 1853.
Based on H. nodosum L.
HorRDEUM NODOSUM var. BOREALE (Scribn. and Smith) Hitche., Amer. Jour.
Bot. 21: 134. 1934. Based on H. boreale Scribn. and Smith.
Hordeum boreale Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 24.
1897. Aleutian Islands [type, Atka Island, Turner 1193] and Alaska to

California. ;
(4) Hordeum pusillum Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 87. 1818. Plains of the Missouri,
[Nuttall].
Hordeum riehlit Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 353. 1854. St. Louis, Mo., Riehl
181.

HorRDEUM PUSILLUM var. PUBENS Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933.
La Verkin, Utah, Jones 5196W.
Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, Linnaea 21: 430. 1848. Caucasus.
(8) Hordeum vulgare L., Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Cultivated in Europe.
Hordeum sativum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 108. 1805, as synonym of H. vulgare L.
Hordeum polystichum var. vulgare Doell, Rhein. Fl. 67. 18438. Based on
H. vulgare L.
Hordeum sativum var. vulgare Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 180. 1890. Based on H.
vulgare L- =
HorpDEUM VULGARE Var. TRIFURCATUM (Schlecht.) Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 341. 1866.
Based on H. trifurcatum Jess. (probably error for Wender.). :
Hordeum coeleste var. trifurcatum Schlecht., Linnaea 11: 543. 1837. Culti-
vated at Halle, seed from Montpellier. ,
Hordeum trifurcatum Wender., Flora 26: 233. 1843. Cultivated in Marburg,
Germany,

872 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(116) HYDROCHLOA Beauv.

(1) Hydrochloa caroliniensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 135, 165, 182. pl. 3. f. 18;
pl. 24.f. 4. 1812. No specific description except explanation of figures.
““Zizania natans Mich.” (an unpublished name) is cited under the genus,
and Z. fluitans Michx. is referred in the index to Hydrochloa. The name for
pl. 3. f. 18 is given as H. caroliniana.

Zizania fluitans Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 75. 1803. Not Hydrochloa fluitans
Hartm., 1819. The published locality, Lake Champlain, is an error. The
type specimen indicates Charleston, 8.C., Michauz.

Zizania natans Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 136. 1812, name only; Bosc,
in Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 3!: 186. 1840, as synonym
of Hydrochloa caroliniensis Beauv. The name is misspelled Zizania nutans
in Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 799. 1841.

Luziola caroliniensis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 304. 1825. Based on
Hydrochloa caroliniensis Beauv.

Hydrochloa fluitans Torr., Comp. Fl. North. Mid. States 354, 403. 1826.
Not H. fluitans Hartm., 1819. Based on Zizania flwitans Michx.

Hydropyrum fluitans Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 7. 1829. Based on Zizania
fluitans Michx.

Luziola caroliniana Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 79. 1841. Based on
Zizania natans Bose.

(146) HYPARRHENIA Anderss.

Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 315. 1918. Based
on Andropogon hirtus L.
Andropogon hirtus L., Sp. Pl. 1046. 1753. Southern Europe and Asia Minor.
Phachypogen hirtus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 346. 1829. Based on Andropogon
artus L.
Bergin oa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon
trtus L.
(1) Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 304. 1918.
Based on Trachypogon rufus Nees.
Trachypogon rufus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 345. 1829. Piauhy, Brazil, Martius.
Andropogon rufus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Based on
Trachypogon rufus Nees.
Sorghum rufum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 792. 1891. Based on Andropogon
rufus Kunth.
Cymbopogon rufus Rendle, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 2: 155. 1899. Based on
Andropogon rufus Kunth.

(45) HYSTRIX Moench

(2) Hystrix californica (Boland.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 778. 1891. Based

on Gymnostichum californicum Boland.

Gymnostichum californicum Boland.; Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 327.
1880. Near San Francisco, Bolander; Sausalito, Kellogg and Harford 1107.

Asperella californica Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 657. 1896. Based on Gym-
nostichum californicum Boland.

Asprella californica Benth.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 657. 1896, as synonym
of Asperella californica.

(1) Hystrix patula Moench, Meth. Pl. 295. 1794. Based on Elymus hystriaz L.

Elymus hystrix L., Sp. Pl. 560. 1758. [Virginia, Clayton.]

Asperella hystrix Humb.; Mag. Bot. Roem. and Ust. 7: 5. 1790. Based on
Elymus hystrix L.

Asprella hystrix Willd., Enum. Pl. 132. 1809. Based on Elymus hystrix L.

Gymnostichum hystrix Schreb., Beschr. Gris. 2: 127. pl. 47. 1810. Based on
Elymus hystrix L.

Zeocriton hystrix Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 115, 182. 1812. Presumably based on
Elymus hystrix L.

ce eb See Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. 4: 190. 1819. Based on Elymus

ystriz L.

Elymus pseudohystrix Schult., Mant. 2: 427. 1824. Based on ‘‘Elymus
hystrix Nutt.” (error for L., Nuttall applying the Linnaean name correctly).

Asprella americana Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 151. 1837. Arkan-
sas, Nuttall,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 873

Asprella angustifolia Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 151. 1837.
Arkansas, Nuttall.

Asprella major Fres.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 152. 1840, as synonym of
Elymus hystrix L. 5

Hystriz hystrix Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 474. 1892. Based on Elymus hystrix L.

Hystrix elymoides Mackenz. and Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson County 39. 1902.
Based on Elymus hystrix L.

Hordeum hystrix Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Not H. hystrix
Roth, 1797. Based on Elymus hystrix L.

Gymnostichum patulum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on
Hystriz patula Moench.

Asperella hystrix var. bigeloviana Fernald, Rhodora 24: 230. 1922. Hanover,
Conn., Williams in 1910.

Hystriz patula var. bigeloviana Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82: 117. 1929.
Based on Asperella hystrix var. bigeloviana Fernald.

(140) IMPERATA Cryrillo

(1) Imperata brasiliensis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
2: 331. 1832. Brazil.

Imperata brasiliensis var. mexicana Rupr., Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 92: 245.
1842. Nameonly. Mexico, Galeotti 5678. _

Imperata arundinacea var. americana Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Foérh.
12: 160. 1855. British Guiana, Schomburgk 665; Mexico, Galeotti 5678;
Chile, D’ Urville.

This is the species described as Imperata caudata Cyrillo, in Chapm., Fl. South.

U.S. ed. 2. 668. 1883.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 8, 165, 166, 177. pl. 5. f. 1. 1812.
Based on Lagurus cylindricus L.

Lagurus cylindricus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 878. 1759. Europe.

eeu cylindricum Lam., Encycl. 1: 594. 1783. Based on Lagurus cylin-
ricus L.

Imperata arundinacea Cyrillo, Pl. Rar. Neap. 2: 27. pl. 11. 1788. Italy.

(2) Imperata hookeri Rupr.; Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Férh. 12: 160.
1855. Texas, Drummond II. 288.

Imperata brevifolia Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886. Southern Cali-

fornia, Parish 1031 [type]; New Mexico, Wright 2001.

(52) KOELERIA Pers.

(1) Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805. ‘‘Poa cristata aucto-
rum”’, presumably Poa cristata L., used by Willd. (Sp. Pl. 1: 402. 1797),
Lamarck (Tabl. Encycl. 1: 182. 1791), and others.

Aira cristata L., Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. Europe.

Poa cristata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 94. 1767. Based on Azra cristata L.

Festuca cristata Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 1: 250. 1786. Not F. cristata L., 1753.
Based on Aira cristata L.

Koeleria gracilis Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805. Europe.

Koeleria nitida Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 74. 1818. Plains of the Missouri.

Aira gracilis Trin., Fund. Agrost. 144. 1820. Based on Koeleria gracilis Pers.

Airochloa cristata Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 127. 1827. Based on Aira cristata L.
The specific name was misspelled ‘‘aristata”’ in Link, Handb. Gewachs. 1: 64.
1829.

sora gracilis Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 276. 1827. Based on Koelerta gracilis

ers.

Koeleria cristata var. nuttali Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 613. 1847. Presumably
based on K. nitida Nutt.

Koeleria cristata var. gracilis A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. No definite locality
cited. Presumably based on K. gracilis Pers.

Brachystylus cristatus Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 85. 1867. Based on Koeleria
cristata Pers.

Koeleria nitida var. arkansana Scribn., Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 118. 1885.
[Arkansas. ]

Koeleria arkansana Nutt.; Scribn., Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 118. 1885.
[Arkansas, Nuttall], as synonym of K. nitida var. arkansana.

Achaeta geniculata Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 109. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 609.

Koeleria cristata var. major Vasey in Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 2#: 218. 1888.
a z cristata var. major Koch, 1837. Name only, for Macoun, Vancouver

sland.

874 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Koeleria cristata var. pubescens Vasey; Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif.
61. 1901. Not K. cristata var. pubescens Mutel, 1837. San Francisco,
Calif., Michener and Biolettt.

Koeleria cristata var. longifolia Vasey; Davy, in Jepson, Fl. West. Mid. Calif.
61. 1901. Santa Cruz County, Calif., Anderson.

Koeleria cristata pinetorum Abrams, Fl. Los Angeles 46. 1904. Based on K.
cristata var. pubescens Vasey.

Koelerta pseudocristata var. californica Domin, Magyar Bot. Lapok 3: 264.
1904. San Diego, Calif., Pringle in 1882.

Koeleria elegantula Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 172. 1907. Gunnison, Colo., Baker
578.

Koeleria robinsoniana Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 172. 1907. Wenatchee, Wash.,
Whited 1181.

Koeleria robinsoniana var. australis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 172. 1907. Bla-
locks, Oreg., Leckenby 28 in 1900.

Koeleria gracilis var. dasyclada Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 211. 1907. California,
Lemmon in 1882.

Koeleria pseudocristata Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 222. 1907. With two American
forms: densevestita, California, Hall 2206; laxa, California, Heller 7443.

Koeleria pseudocristata var. longifolia Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 224. 1907. Cali-
fornia, Nuttall.

Koeleria pseudocristata var. oregana Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 224. 1907. Oregon,
Nuttall.

Koeleria pseudocristata var. pseudonitida Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 224. 1907.
Wyoming, Nelson 273.

Koeleria polyantha var. californiensis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 226. 1907. San
Jacinto Mountains, Calif., Hall 2131.

Koeleria nitida var. missouriana Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 233. 1907. St. Louis,
Riehl 44; Courtney, Mo., Bush 773.

Koeleria nitida var. californica Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 233. 1907. Based on
K. pseudocristata var. californica Domin. With three subvarieties from Cali-
fornia: transiens, Brandegee 3678; multiflora, Parish Brothers 855; vestita, Pal-
mer 405.

Koeleria mitida var. sublanuginosa Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 234. 1907. Miranda,
S.Dak., Griffiths 235. With subvar. pubsflora, Washington, Lyall in 1860.
Koeleria nitida var. lara Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 235. 1907. Arizona, Palmer

in 1890; New Mexico, Metcalfe.

Koeleria nitida var. subrepens Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 235. 1907. Arboles,
Colo., Baker 185.

Koeleria nitida var. munita Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 235. 1907. Montana,
Rydberg 3294.

Koeleria nitida var. latifrons Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 236. 1907. Nebraska,
Rydberg.

Koeleria nitida var. breviculmis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 286. 1907. Colorado,
Baker, Earle, and Tracy 114.

Koeleria nitida var. caudata Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 236. 1907. Wisconsin,
Kumlien 99.

Koeleria idahoensis Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 237. 1907. Lewiston, Idaho,
Heller 309 (error for 3091).

Koeleria idahoensis var. pseudocristatoides Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 238. 1907.
Nez Perce County, Idaho, Heller 3291.

Koeleria macrura Domin, Bibl. Bot. 65: 238. 1907. With three forms: quad-
riflora, Arizona, Nealleyin 1891; triflora, Organ Mountains, N.Mex., Wooton
110; b¢flora, Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz., Towmey in 1896.

Koeleria latefrons Rydb., Brittonia 1: 84. 1931. Based on K. nitida var.
latifrons Domin. ;

(2) Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805. Based on Festuca
phleoides Vill.

Festuca phleoides Vill., Fl. Delph. 7. 1785. Europe.

Koeleria brachystachys DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 120. 1813. Europe.

Lophochloa phleoides Reichenb., Fl. Germ. 42. 1830. Based on Festuca

phleoides Vill..
(74) LAGURUS L.
(1) Lagurus ovatus L., Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. Southern Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 875

(23) LAMARCKIA Moench

(1) poesia tes aurea (L.) Moench, Meth. Pl. 201. 1794. Based on Cynosurus

aureus L.

Cynosurus aureus L., Sp. Pl. 73. 1753. Europe.

Chrysurus cynosuroides Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 80. 1805. Based on Cynosurus
aureus L.

Chrysurus aureus Beauv.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 296. 1825. Based on Cyno-
surus aureus L.

Achyrodes aureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 758. 1891. Based on Cynosurus

aureus L.
(130) LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitche.

(1) Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 16. 1910.
Based on Panicum divaricatum L.
Panicum divaricatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. Jamaica, Browne.
Panicum bambusioides Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 10. 1825. Puerto
Rico.
Panicum chauvinit Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:68. 1854. Guadeloupe, Duchais-
sing.
Panicum divaricatum var. stenostachyum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864.
Jamaica, Alexander, Wilson, March [type].

(112) LEERSIA Swartz

(4) Leersia hexandra Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21.1788. Jamaica, Swartz.
Asprella hexrandra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. 1812. Based on Leersia
hexandra Swartz. .
Leersia mexicana H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 195. 1816. Mexico, Humboldi
and Bonpland.
Asprella mexicana Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 267. 1817. Based on
Leersia mexicana H.B.K.
Leersia contracta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 516. 1829. Brazil, Sellow.
Leersia elongata Willd.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 3!: 172.
1840, as synonym of L. mexicana H.B.K.
Oryza hexandra Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 10. 1871. Based on Leersia
hexandra Swartz.
Oryza mexicana Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 10. 1871. Based on Leersia
mexicana H.B.K.
Leersia gouinit Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 2. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin.
Homalocenchrus gouini Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891. Based on Leersia
gouinit Fourn.
Homalocenchrus hexrandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891. Based on
| Leersia hexandra Swartz.
I Leersia dubia Areschoug, Svensk Freg. Eugenies Resa 1910: 115. 1910.
(3 Ecuador, Andersson.
| (1) Leersia lenticularis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 39. 1803. Illinois, J-
chauz.
Asprella lenticularis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. 1812. Based on Leersia
. lenticularts Michx.
Zizania lenticularis Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 182. 1812. Name only,
doubtless error for Leersia lenticularts Michx.
Leersia ovata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 3: 329. 1813. North America.
Asprella ovata Roem. and Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 267. 1817. Based on Leersia
ovata Poir.
Homalocenchrus lenticularis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891. Based on
Leersia lenticularis Michx.
Homalocenchrus ovata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891. Based on
Leersia ovata Poir.
Endodia lenticularis Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 840. 1893, as synonym of
Leersia lenticularis Michx. .
| (5) Leersia monandra Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Jamaica,
Swartz.
Asprella monandra Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. 1812. Based on Leersia
| monandra Swartz.
|

876 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Paspalum cubense Spreng., Neu. Entd. 3: 12. 1822. Cuba and neighboring
islands.

Oryza monandra Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 9. 1871. Based on Leersia
monandra Swartz.

Homalocenchrus monandrus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891. Based on
Leersia monandra Swartz.

(2) Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce. 21. 1788. Based on
Phalaris oryzoides L.

Phalaris oryzoides L., Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. Virginia.

Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll., Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 52. 1776. Based on
Phalaris oryzoides L.

Ehrhartia clandestina Web., Prim. Fl. Hols. 64. 1780. Based on Phalaris
oryzoides L.

Asperella oryzoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 167. 1791. Based on Phalaris
oryzotdes L.

Asprella oryzoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 153. pl. 4. f. 2. 1812. Based on
Phalaris oryzoides L.

Leersia asperrima Willd.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 3!: 171.
1840, as synonym of L. oryzoides Swartz.

Oryza clandestina A. Br., in Aschers., Fl. Brand. 799. 1864. Based on
Ehrhartia clandestina Web.

Laertia oryzoides Gromow., in Trautv., Act. Hort. Petrop. 9: 354. 1884.
Error for Leersia oryzoides Swartz.

Oryza clandestina forma inclusa Wiesb., in Baenitz., Deut. Bot. Monats-
schr. 15: 19. 1897. Hungary.

Leersia oryzoides forma glabra A. A. Eaton, Rhodora 5: 118. 1903. New-
buryport, Mass.

Oryza oryzoides Dalla Torre and Sarnth. Fl. Tirol 6: 142. 1906. Based on
Phalaris oryzoides L.

Leersia oryzoides forma tnclusa Déorfl., Herb. Norm. Sched. Cent. 55-56. 164.
1915. Based on Oryza clandestina forma inclusa Wiesb. (Published as
new, Fogg, Rhodora 30: 84. 1928, same basis.)

(3) Leersia virginica Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 325. 1797. North America.

Asprella virginica Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 2, 158. 1812. Based on Leersia
virginica Willd.

Leersia imbricata Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 3: 329. 1813. Carolina, Bosc.

Asprella imbricata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 268. 1817. Based on
Leersia imbricata Poir.

Leersia virgata Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830 [probably error for L.
virginica]. Cited as type of the genus Aplexia, but the name not transferred.

Homalocenchrus virginicus Britton, N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 14. 1889.
Based on Leersia virginica Willd.

Aplexia virgata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 162. 1898, as synonym of Leersza
virginica.

Aplexia virginica Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 162. 1898, as synonym of

Leersia virginica.
(90) LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.

(2) Leptochloa chloridiformis (Hack.) Parodi, Physis 4: 184. 1918. Based on
Diplachne chloridiformis Hack.
Diplachne chloridiformis Hack., in Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 13:
498. 1906. Prov. Cérdoba, Argentina, Stuckert 2329.
(4) Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 188. 1820. Based on
Cynosurus domingensis Jacq.
Cynosurus domingensis Jacq., Misc. Austr. 2: 368. 1781. Dominican
Republic.
Festuca domingensis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. Based on Cynosurus
domingensis Jacq.
Eleusine domingensis Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 87. 1805. Based on Cynosurus
domingensis Jacq.
Rabdochloa domingensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 84, 176. 1812. Based on
Cynosurus domingensis Jacq.
Leptostachys domingensis G. Meyer, Prim. FI. Esseq. 74. 1818. Based on
Eleusine domingensts Pers.
Cynodon domingense Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on
Rabdochloa domingensis Beauv.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES S877

Leptochloa virgata var. domingensis Link; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 538. 1864.
Based on L. domingensis Link (same as L. domingensis Trin.).

Diplachne domingensis Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 609. 1887. Based on
Leptochloa domingensis Link (same as L. domingensis Trin.).

(1) Leptochloa dubia (H.B.K.) Nees, Syll. Pl. Ratisb. 1: 4. 1824. Based on

Chloris dubia H.B.K.

Chloris dubia H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 169. 1816. Mexico, Humboldt
and Bonpland.

Leptostachys dubia G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 74. 1818. Based on Chloris
dubia H.B.K.

Festuca obtusiflora Willd.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 356. 1825. Mexico.

Schismus patens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 269. 1830. Chile, Haenke.

Leptochloa patens Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXII. 1830. Based on
Schismus patens Presl.

Leptochloa obtusiflora Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 30. 1841, assynonym
of L. dubia Nees.

Diplachne patens Desv., in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 371. 1853. Based on Schismus
patens Presl.

Uralepis brevicuspidata Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 93. 1863.
Texas, [Wright 767].

Ipnum mendocinum R. A. Phil., An. Univ. Chile 36: 211. 1870. Mendoza.
Argentina.

Diplachne dubia Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883. Based on
Leptochloa dubia Nees.

Molinia retusa Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 147. 1886, as synonym of Lep-
tochloa dubia Nees.

Diplachne dubia var. aristata Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 2: 213. 1889.
Name only. Baja California, Brandegee.

Leptochloa pringlet Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 486. 1896. Arizona, Pringle in
1884.

Diplachne pringlet Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 436. 1896, as synonym
of Leptochloa pringlet.

Diplachne mendocina Kurtz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cérdoba 15: 521. 1897. Based
on Ipnum mendocinum R. A. Phil.

Diplachne dubia var. pringleana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 349. 1898. Chi-
huahua, Mexico, Pringle 422.

Diplachne dubia var. humboldtiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 349. 1898.
Presumably the original form collected by Humboldt and Bonpland.

Leptochola dubia pringleana Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 24: 27. 1901. Based on Diplachne dubia var. pringleana Kuntze.

Rabdochola dubia Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 121. 1904.
Based on Leptochloa dubia .Nees.

Steglingia dubia Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 128. 1904.
Based on Chloris dubia H.B.K.

Eragrostis mendozina Jedw., Bot. Archiv Mez 5: 192. 1924. Based on Jpnum
mendocinum Phil.

(7) Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray, Man. 588. 1848. Based on

Festuca fascicularis Lam.

Festuca fascicularis Lam., Tabl. Eneycl. 1: 189. 1791. South America.

Festuca polystachya Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 66. 1803. Illinois, Michauz.

Diplachne fascicularis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 81, 160. pl. 16. f.9. 1812. Based
on Festuca fascicularis Lam.

Festuca procumbens Muhl., Descr. Gram. 160. 1817. Carolina.

Festuca clandestina Muhl., Descr. Gram. 162. 1817. New York.

Festuca aquatica Bosc; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2:615. 1817, assynonym
of Diplachne fascicularis Beauv.

Cynodon fascicularis Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
Diplachne fascicularis Beauv.

Leptochloa polystachya Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 91. 1829. Based on Festuca
polystachya Michx.

Diachroa procumbens Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 147. 1887.
Based on Festuca procumbens Muhl.

Festuca terana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 310. 1854. Texas, Drummond
387.

Uralepsis composita Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 94. 1863.

. New Mexico, Woodhouse.

878 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Diplachne patens Fourn.; Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 570. 1885, name
only; Mex. Pl. 2: 148. 1886. Not D. patens Desv., 1858. Vera Cruz,
Mexico, Gouin 93.

Diplachne tracyt Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 40. 1888. Reno, Nev.,
Tracy [216].

Leptochloa tracyi Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 436. 1896. Based on Diplachne
tracyt Vasey.

Festuca prostrata Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 27: 5. 1900, as synonym of F. procumbens Muhl.

Diplachne procumbens Nash, in Britton, Man. 128. 1901. Not D. procum-
bens Arech., 1896. Based on Festuca procumbens Muhl.

Diplachne acuminata Nash, in Britton, Man. 128. 1901. Arkansas to Ne-
braska and Colorado. [Type, Kansas, Thompson.]

Diplachne maritima Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 195. 1908. Based
on D. procumbens Nash.

(5) Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 161, 166. 1812.
Based on Festuca filiformis Lam.

Festuca filiformis Lam., Tabl. Encycel. 1: 191. 1791. South America.

Eleusine mucronata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 65. 18038. Illinois, Michaux.

Eleusine filiformis Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 87. 1805. South America.

?Hleusine sparsa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 135. 1817. Carolina and Georgia.

Oxydenia attenuata Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 76. 1818. New Orleans, La. [Nuttall].

Leptostachys filiformis G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 74. 1818. Based on
Eleusine filuformis Pers.

Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 91. 1829. Based on EHleusine
mucronata Michx.

Aira panicea Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 45. 1840, as synonym of
Leptochloa filiformis Beauv.

Eleusine stricta Willd.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 549. 1840. Not #£.
stricta Roxb., 1820. As synonym of Leptochloa filiformis Beauv.

Eleusine elongata Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 549. 1840, as synonym
of Leptochloa filiformis Beauv.

Leptochloa brachiata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 209. 1854. Guadeloupe,
Duchaissing.

Leptochloa attenuata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 209. 1854. Based on Oxydenia
attenuata Nutt.

Leptochloa pellucidula Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 209. 1854. Panama, Du-
chaissing.

Leptochloa paniculata Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France II. 27: 296. 1880.
Nicaragua, Levy 1079.

Leptochloa mucronata pulchella Scribn., Bull. Torrey Club 9: 147. 1882.
Santa Cruz Valley, Ariz., Pringle in 1881.

Oxydenia filiformis Nutt.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 392. 1894, as synonym of
Leptochloa filiformis.

Leptochloa pilosa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 32: 9. 1901.
Travis County, Tex., Bodin 294 in 1891.

(9) Leptochloa nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 7. 1885. Texas,
Nealley.

Leptochloa stricta Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 147. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico, Gouin

73

(11) Leptochloa panicoides (Presl) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 1387. 1934.
Based on Megastachya panicoides Presl. (Not invalidated by L. panicoides
Wight, 1854, listed as a synonym only.)

Megastachya panicoides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 283. 1830. Acapulco, Mexico,
Haenke.
Poa panicoides Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on
Megastachya panicoides Presl.
Leptochloa floribunda Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 89. 1878. Amazon
River, Brazil.
Diplachne halei Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 292. 1899. Louisiana, Hale.
Leptochloa halei Scribn. and Merr. U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 27.
1901. Based on Diplachne halet Nash.
(10) Leptochloa scabra Nees, Agrost. Bras. 435. 1829. Amazon River, Brazil.
Ler langloisit Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 7. 1885. Louisiana,
anglots.
Leptochloa liebmanni Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 147. 1886. Antigua, Mexico,
LInebmann 244, 248,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 879

(8) Leptochloa uninervia (Presl) Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S: Natl. Herb.

18: 383. 1917. Based on Megastachya uninervia Presl.

Megastachya uninervia Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 283. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Poa uninervia Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVIII. 1830. Based on Mega-
stachya uninervia Presl.

Diplachne verticillata Nees and Mey., Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 19:
Sup. 1: 27. 1841; 159. 1848. Chile and Peru, Meyen.

Uralepts verticillata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 248. 1854. Based on Diplachne
verticillata Nees and Mey. 3

Eragrostis uninervia Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 278. 1854. Based on Mega-
stachya uninervia Presl.

Atropts carinata Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 24: 291. 1879. Argentina.

Leptochloa imbricata Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 293. 1880. California,
Larken’s Station, San Diego County, Palmer 404; Fort Yuma, Thomas;
Gila Valley to Rio Grande.

Diplachne tmbricata Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883. Based on
Leptochloa wmbricata Thurb.

Brizopyrum uninervium Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 121. 1886. Based on Megastachya
uninervia Presl.

Leptochioa virleta Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 147. 1886. San Luis Potosf, Mexico,
Virlet 1404.

Be aes tarapacana Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile. Bot.8:88. 1891. Tarapacd,

hile

Rabdochloa imbricata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 788. 1891. Based on Lepto-
chloa tmbricata Thurb.

Diplachne carinata Hack., Bol. Acad. Ciene. Cérdoba 16: 253. 1900. Based
on Airopis carinata Griseb.

Diplachne uninervia Parodi, Univ. Nac. Buenos Aires Rev. Céntr. Estud. 18:
147. 1925. Based on Megastachya uninervia Presl.

(3) Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 161, 166. pl. 15. f. 1. 1812.

Based on Eleusine virgata Pers., which is based on Cynosurus virgatus L.

Cynosurus virgatus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 876. 1759. Jamaica.

Festuca virgata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791. Based on Cynosurus
virgatus L.

Eleusine virgata Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 87. 1805. Based on Cynosurus virgatus L.

Chloris poaeformis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 169. 1816. Colombia and
Ecuador, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Leptostachys virgata G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 74. 1818. Based on Cynosurus
virgatus Willd. [error for L.].

Cynodon virgatus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on
Leptochloa virgata Beauv.

Eleusine untoloides Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 549. 1840, as synonym
of Leptochloa virgata Pers.

Leptochloa mutica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 208. 1854. Surinam [Dutch
Guiana], Kappler 1553.

Leptochloa virgata var. mutica Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 91. 1878. Based
on L. mutica Steud.

Leptochloa virgata var. aristata Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 146. 1886. Mexico.

Leptochloa virgata var. intermedia Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 146. 1886. Mexico,
Iiebmann 243, 251.

Oxydenia virgata Nutt.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 392. 1894, as synonym of
Leptochloa virgata.

Leptochloa perennis Hack., Inf. Est. Centr. Agron. Cuba 1: 411. 1906. Cuba,
Baker 4617.

(6) Leptochloa viscida (Scribn.) Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 434. 1896. Based

on Diplachne viscida Scribn.

Diplachne viscida Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883. Santa Cruz
Valley, Tucson, Ariz., Pringle in 1881.

(122) LEPTOLOMA Chase

(1) Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 19: 192. 1906.
Based on Panicum cognatum Schult.
?Panicum nudum Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. South Carolina. Description
inadequate, no specimen in the Walter Herbarium in the British Museum.
Panicum divergens Muhl., Descr. Gram. 120. 1817. Not P. divergens H.B.K.,
1815. South Carolina,

55974°—35——56

880 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum cognatum Schult., Mant. 2: 235. 1824. Based on P. divergens Muhl.

Panicum autumnale Bosc; ‘Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 320. 1825. Origin unknown.

eee fragile Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 36. 1829. Based on P. divergens
Muhl.

(48) LEPTURUS R. Br.

(1) Lepturus cylindricus (Willd.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 123. 1820. Based on

Rottboellia cylindrica Willd.

Rottboellia cylindrica Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 464. 1797. Europe.

Ophiurus cylindricus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 116, 168, 176. 1812. Based on
Rottboellia cylindrica Willd.

Monerma cylindrica Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 214. 1867. Based on
Rottboellia cylindrica Willd.

Lolium cylindricum Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 761. 1902.
Based on Rottboellia cylindrica Willd.

(68) LIMNODEA L. H. Dewey

(1) Limnodea arkansana (Nutt.) L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2:

518. 1894. Based on Greenia arkansana Nutt.

Greenia arkansana Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 142. 1837. Red
River, Ark.

Sclerachne arkansana Torr.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41:
274. 1841. Based on Greenia arkansana Nutt.

Sclerachne pilosa Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 275. 1841.
Texas, Drummond.

Limnas arkansana Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 45. 1841. Based on
Greenia arkansana Nutt.

Stipa demissa Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 180. 1854. New Orleans, La.,
Drummond 465.

Muhlenbergia hirtula Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 180. 1854. Texas, Drummond.

Limnas pilosa Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 421. 1854. Based on Sclerachne
pilosa Trin.

Thurberia arkansana Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 16. 1883.
Based on Greenia arkansana Nutt.

Thurberia pilosa Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 16. 1883. Based on
Sclerachne pilosa Trin.

Limnodea arkansana pilosa Seribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 (ed. 3):
139. 1900. Based on Sclerachne pilosa Trin.

(47) LOLIUM L.

(2) Lolium multiflorum Lam., Fl. Frang, 3: 621. 1778. France.

Lolium scabrum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 267. 1830. Peru, Haenke.

Lolium italicum A. Br., Flora 17: 241. 1834. Europe.

Lolium perenne var. ttalicum Parnell, Grasses Scotl. 1!: 142. pl. 65. 1842.
Presumably based on L. ztalicwm A. Br.

Lolium perenne var. multiflorum Parnell, Grasses Brit. 302. pl. 140. 1845.
Presumably based on L. multiflorum Lam.

Lolium multiflorum forma microstachyum Uechtritz, Jahresb. Schles. Ges. Vaterl.
Cult. 1876: 334. 1880. Germany.

Lolium temulentum var. multiflorum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 779. 1891.
Based on L. multiflorum Lam.

Lolium multiflorum var. italicum Beck., Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herzeg. 9: 459.
1904. Based on L. ttalicum A. Br.

Lolium multiflorum var. diminutum Mutel, as used by Harger et al. (Conn.
State Geol. Nat. Hist.Survey Bull.48: 25. 1930) appears to be L. multiflorum.
Mutel’s variety, described from France, is uncertain.

(1) Lolium perenne L., Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Europe.

Lolium brasilianum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 443. 1829. Montevideo, Sellow.

Lolium canadense Bernh., in Rouy., Monogr. Lolium 27. 1853. Not L. cana-
dense Michx., 1817. As synonym of L. perenne.

Lolium perenne ‘var. pacyi Sturtev., N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. 1882!: 77.
1883. Name only, Experiment ‘Station, Geneva, N.Y..

LOLIUM PERENNE var. CRISTATUM Pers. Syn. Pl.1:110. 1805. Europe.
Lolium rigidum Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 334. 1811. Switzerland.

Lolium perenne var. rigidum Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 194. 1867.

Based on L. rigidum Gaud.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 881

Lolium strictum Presl, Cyp. Gram. Sicul. 49. 1820. Sicily.
(4) Lolium subulatum Visiani, Fl. Dalm. 1: 90. pl. 3. 1842. Europe.
(3) Lolium temulentum L., Sp. Pl. 83. 1753. Europe.
Craepalia temulenta Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 382. 1789. Based on Lolium
temulentum L.
LOLIUM TEMULENTUM Var. LEPTOCHAETON A. Br., Flora 1: 252. 1834. Germany.
Lolium arvense With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 168. 1796. Great
Britain.
Lolium temulentum var. arvense Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. 377. 1843. Based

on L. arvense With.
(115) LUZIOLA Juss.

(2) Luziola bahiensis (Steud.) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 234. 1909.
Based on Caryochloa bahiensis Steud.

Caryochloa bahiensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 5. 1854. Bahia, Brazil.

Luztola alabamensis Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 584. 1860. Brooklyn, Conecuh
County, Ala., Beaumont.

Luziola longivalvula Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 17. 1871. Bahia, Brazil,
Salzmann [type]; Minas Geraes, Widgren, Regnell III. 1376. (Misspelled
longivalvulva but correct in index.)

Luziola striata Bal. and Poitr., Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 12: 231. pl. 4.
f.2. 1878. Paraguay, Balansa 181.

Luziola pusilla S. Moore, Linn. Soc. Bot. Trans. II. 4: 507. pl. 37. f. 1-8.
1895. Santa Cruz, Matto Grosso, Brazil, Moore 760.

Luziola bahiensis var. alabamensis Prodoehl, Bot. Archiv Mez 1: 242. 1922.
Based on Luziola alabamensis Chapm.

(1) Luziola peruviana Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 637. 1791. Based on a species
described but not named by Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 38. 1789. Peru, Dombey.

(71) LYCURUS H.B.K.

(1) Lycurus phleoides H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 142. pl. 45. 1815. Mexico,
Humboldt and Bonpland.
Pleopogon setosum Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 189. 1848.
Santa Fe, N.Mex., Gambel.
Lycurus phleoides var. glaucifolius Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 271. 1896.
Mexico, Pringle 426; Texas, Havard, Nealley.

(154) MANISURIS L.

(1) Manisuris altissimus (Poir.) Hitche. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 292. 1934.
Based on Rottboellia altissima Poir.
Rotiboellia altissima Poir. Voy. Barb. 2: 105. 1789. North Africa.
Rottboellia fasciculata Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 204. 1791. North Africa.
Hemarthria fasciculata Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 153. 1829. Based on Rott-
boellia fasciculata Lam.
Rottboellia compressa var. fasciculata Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 286.
1889. Based on R. fasciculata Lam.
Manisuris fasciculata Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 299. 1915. Based on
Rottboellia fasciculata Lam.
(2) Manisuris cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 779. 1891. Based
on Tripsacum cylindricum Michx.
?Ischaemum scariosum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina.
Tripsacum cylindricum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:60. 1803. Florida, Michaur.
Rottboellia campestris Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 151. 1887.
Arkansas [ Nuttall]. "
Rottboellia cylindrica Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 159. 1857. Not
R. cylindrica Willd., 1797. Based on Tripsacum cylindricum Michx. _
Coelorachis cylindrica Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 85. 1909. Based on Tripsacum
cylindricum Michx.
(4) Manisuris rugosa (Nutt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 780. 1891. Based on
Rottboellia rugosa Nutt.
Rottboellia rugosa Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 84. 1818. Florida, Baldwin.
Rottboellia corrugata Baldw., Amer. Jour. Sci. 1: 355. 1819. Camden County,
Ga., Baldwin.
Hemarthria rugosa Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 153. 1829. Based on Rottboellia
rugosa Nutt.

882 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Rottboellia rugosa var. chapmani Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 308. 1889.
Florida, Chapman.

Manisuris corrugata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 779. 1891. Based on Rott-
boellia corrugata Baldw.

Manisuris rugosa var. chapmani Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 28. 1894.
Based on Rottboellia rugosa var. chapmani Hack.

Manisuris chapmani Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 56. 1903. Based on
Rottboellia rugosa var. chapmani Hack.

Coelorachis rugosa Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 86. 1909. Based on Roitboellia
rugosa Nutt.

Coelorachis corrugata A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 68: 197. 1921. Based
on Rottboellia corrugata Baldw.

(3) Manisuris tessellata (Steud.) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 20:

20. f.9. 1900. Based on Rottboellia tessellata Steud.

Rottboellia tessellata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 362. 1854. Louisiana, Riehl
60.

Rottboellia corrugata var. areolata Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 309. 1889.
Mobile, Ala., Mohr in 1884.

Manisuris corrugata var. areolata Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21. 1897.
Based on Rottboellia corrugata var. areolata Hack.

Manisuris tessellata var. areolata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
uf (ed. 2): 9. 1901. Presumably based on Rottboellia corrugata var. areolata

ack.

Coelorachis tessellata Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 86. 1909. Based on Rottboellia

tessellata Steud.
(5) Manisuris tuberculosa Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 480. 1900. Eustis,

Fla., Nash 1074.

Coelorachis tuberculosa Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 86. 1909. Based on Manisuris
tuberculosa Nash.

Rottboellia tuberculosa Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928. Based on
Manisuris tuberculosa Nash.

(28) MELICA L.

Melica altissima L., Sp. Pl. 66. 1753. Siberia.

(2) Melica aristata Thurb.; Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 103. 1870.
‘““Number 4861 [Bolander] Catalogue, 1867”, Clarks (now Wawona) [type];
Yosemite Valley; Shady Canyon to Summit; Bear Valley to Eureka, Calif.

Bromelica aristata Farwell, Rhodora 21: 77. 1919. Based on Melica aristata
Thurb.

(7) Melica bulbosa Geyer; Port. and Coult., Syn. Fl. Colo. 149. 1874. Porter
and Coulter cite Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 409. 1872. Gray gives no
description but cites M. bulbosa Geyer, Jour. Bot. Kew Misc. (Pl. Geyer.)
8: 19. 1856. In the latter work “Geyer no. 11, ope Platte’, is listed
without description. The description by Porter and Coulter applies to this
specimen as represented in the Gray Herbarium.

Melica bella Piper, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 10. 1900. Upper
Platte, Geyer [11]. A new name for ‘‘ WM. bulbosa Geyer, in U.S.Dept. Agr.,
Div. Bot. Bull. 13: 63. pl. 68. 18938, not M. bulbosa Geyer, in Thurb.,

S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 304. 1880’, the description by Porter and Coulter
having been overlooked. The Thurber publication refers to M. californica
(no. 17 of this work).

Melica bella intonsa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 128. 1906. Wenas,
Wash., Griffiths and Cotton 108.

(17) Melica californica Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 46. pl. 1. f. 6.
1885. Based on M. poaeoides as described by Torrey in Pacific Railroad
Report (see below), the specimen cited by Torrey, in N.Y. Bot. Gard., being
named ‘‘ M. californica Scribn.” in Scribner’s script.

Melica poceeies Nutt. [misapplied by] Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif.
4: 157. 1857. Not M. poaeoides Nutt., 1848. Corte Madera, Calif.,
[Bigelow].

Melica bulbosa Geyer; Thurb., in S.Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 304. 1880. Not
M. bulbosa Geyer; Port. and Coult., 1874. Santa Inez, Calif., Brewer 569.

Melica longiligula Scribn. and Kearn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
17: 225. f. 521. 1899. Southern California, Parish Brothers 865.

Melica ciliata L., Sp. Pl. 66. 1753. Europe.

(16) Melica frutescens Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. Proc. 1885: 45. pl. 1. f. 15,
Ae s ae Southern California, Parry and Lemmon 401 [type, labeled by

cribner].

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 883

(8) Melica fugax Boland., Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 104. 1870. Donner Lake,
Calif., [Bolander and Kellogg].

Melica geyert [Munro misapplied by] Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped.
Bot. 17: 492. 1874. Cascade Mountains, Oreg.

Melica fugax madophylla Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 128. 1906.
Falcon Valley, Wash., Suksdorf 61.

Melica macbridei Rowland, in Nels., Bot. Gaz. 54: 404. 1912. Silver City,
Idaho, Macbride 948. P

Melica fugax var. inexrpansa Suksdorf, Werdenda 12: 1. 1923. Falcon Valley,
Wash., Suksdorf 6989.

(5) Melica geyeri Munro; Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 103. 1870. [Ukiah],
Calif., Bolander 7, the specimen examined by Munro (in U.S. Nat. Herb.).
The same collection was later distributed as 6119.

Glyceria bulbosa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Colum-
bia woods, Nuttall.

Bromus muticus Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 335. 1863,
as synonym of Glycerta bulbosa Buckl.

Melica poaeoides var. bromotdes Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 103. 1870,
as synonym of M. geyert Munro. Bolander 40 and 6119.

Melica bromoides Boland.; A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 409. 1872.
Based on M. poaeoides var. bromoides Boland. [Bolander 6119].

Melica poaeoides Boland.; Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 47. 1885,
as synonym of ‘‘ M. bromoides Gray.”

Melica bromoides var. howellit Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 47.
1885. Near Waldo, Oreg., Howell 335 in 1884.

Melica pammelz Scribn., Davenport Acad. Sci. Proc. 7: 240. 1899. Geranium
Park, Wyo., Pammel 159.

ee geyert Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on Melica geyeri

unro.

Bromelica geyert var. howellit Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on
Melica bromoides var. howellit Scribn.

(3) Melica harfordii Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 102. 1870. Santa
Cruz, Bolander 53 [type]; Redwood, Bolander 6464; Yosemite Valley, and
Bear Valley, both Bolander.

Melica harfordit var. minor Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888.
Siskiyou Mountains, Oreg., Howell in 1887.

Melica harfordit tenuior Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 127. 1906.
Based on M. harfordit var. minor Vasey.

Bromelica harfordiit Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on Melica
harfordit Boland.

Bromelica harfordit var. minor Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. Based on
Melica harfordii var. minor Vasey.

Melica harfordi var. tenuis Suksdorf, Werdenda 1:17. 1927. Bingen, Wash.,
Suksdorf 12018.

Melica harfordit var. viridifolia Suksdorf, Werdenda 1: 17. 1927. Bingen,
Wash., Suksdorf 11686, 11777.

(15) Melica imperfecta Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2!: 59.

5 1836. California.

Melica colpodioides Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 283. 1838. California, Douglas.

Melica panicoides Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 188. 1848. Santa
Barbara, Calif., Gambel.

Melica poaeoides Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I]. 1: 188. 1848. Santa
Catalina Island, Calif., Gambel. [The type at the British Museum is
labeled San Diego.]

Melica imperfecta var. flexuosa Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proce. 4: 101. 1870.
“Mariposa to Clark’s’’ [Yosemite Valley region] Calif., Bolander in 1866.
Melica imperfecta var. refracta Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 303. 1880.

San Bernardino, Calif., Lemmon.

Melica imperfecta var. minor Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proce. 1885: 42.
1885. San Bernardino Mountains, Parish Brothers 856.

Melica parishit Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 500. 1896. Southern
California, Parish 1997.

Melica imperfecta var. pubens Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 8.
1901. Santa Cruz Island, Calif., Brandegee 64.

The name is erroneously given as Melica imperforata Nees, in Hook. and Arn.,
Bot. Beechey Voy. 403. 1840. This is the species described and figured by
Vasey (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 137: pl. 84. 1893) as Poa thurbertana
Vasey, but the name is based on Panicularia thurberiana Kuntze.

884 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(9) Melica inflata (Boland.) Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 269. 1893.
Based on M. poaeoides var. inflata Boland.

Melica poaeoides var. inflata Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 101. .1870.
Yosemite Valley, Calif., Bolander 6121.

(12) Melica mutica Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina.

Melica glabra Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 62. 1808. Virginia to Florida,

_ Michauz.

ye rariflora Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 2: 157. 1810. Based on M. glabra

ichx.

Melica diffusa Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 77. 1814. Virginia and Carolina.

Melica speciosa Muhl., Deser. Gram. 87. 1817. Pennsylvania.

Melica racemosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 88. 1817. Not M. racemosa Thunb.,
1794. Carolina; Georgia.

ees muhlenbergiana Schult., Mant. 2: 294. 1824. Based on M. racemosa

uhl.

Melica mutica var. glabra A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 626. 1867. Based on M.
glabra Pursh (error for Michx.).

Melica mutica var. diffusa A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 626. 1867. Based on M.
diffusa Pursh.

(13) Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt.; Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 387.
1905. Based on M. diffusa var. nitens Scribn.

Melica scabra Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 148. 1837. Not M.
scabra H.B.K., 1816. Fort Smith, Ark., Nuttall.

Melica diffusa var. nitens Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 44. 1885.
Arkansas, Nuttall. [The type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, is labeled M. nitens Nutt.]

Melica nitens Nutt.; Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 44. 1885, as
synonym of M. diffusa var. nitens.

(11) Melica porteri Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 44. pl. 1. f. 17, 18.
1885. Based on M. mutica var. parviflora Porter.

Melica mutica var. parviflora Porter, in Port. and Coult., Syn. Fl. Colo. 149.
rie Glen Eyrie, Colo., Porter [type], Meehan; Sierra Madre Range,

oulter.

Melica parviflora Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 50. 1894. Based on M.
mutica var. parviflora Porter.

(1) Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 294. 1888. Based
on Avena smithi Porter.

Avena smithii Porter; A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 640. 1867. Sault Sainte Marie,
Mich., C. E. Smith.

Melica retrofracta Suksdorf, Deut. Bot. Monatsschr. 19: 92. 1901. Skamania
County, Wash., [Suksdorf 2334].

eos smith Farwell, Rhodora 21: 77. 1919. Based on Avena smithiit

orter.

(6) Melica spectabilis Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 45. pl. 1. f.
11, 12,13. 1885. Montana, Crow Mountains, Scribner 385 [type]; Boseman
Pass, Canby 368. Colorado, Porter in 1872. Yellowstone Park, Parry
295. Nevada (erroneously given as Utah), Watson 1303. Idaho, Watson
455. The synonyms cited by Scribner are erroneous, ‘‘M. bulbosa 8S. Wats.,
Bot. King Exp. 383” being an error for M. poaeoides Nutt., Bot. King Exp.
383; ‘‘Porter and Coulter Fl. Colorado 149.” refers to the valid M. bulbosa.

Melica scabrata Scribn., in Piper, Fl. Palouse 25. 1901. Pullman, Wash.,
Piper 1745.

(10) Melica stricta Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 3:4. 1863. Silver City,
Nev., Dunn.

(4) Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 47.
1885. Based on Bromus subulatus Griseb.

Bromus subulatus Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 358. 1853. Unalaska,
Eschscholtz.

Melica acuminata Boland, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 104. 1870. Mendocino
County, Calif., Bolander 4698.

Festuca acerosa Trin.; A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 410. 1872, assynonym
of Bromus subulatus Griseb.

Melica poaeoides var. acuminata Boland.; Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc.
1885: 47. 1885, as synonym:.of M. subulata Scribn. California, Bolander
4698.

Bromelica subulata Farwell, Rhodora 21: 78. 1919. The name is based on
Festuca subulata Bong., ‘doubtless an error for Bromus subulatus Griseb.,.
since Melica acuminata Boland. is also cited.

eS = eS ee Ch CU

— = eee cer rr mr me

\

aay eye

Ey ae ey

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES _. 885

This is the species to which Scribner (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 30: 8.
1901) applied the name Melica cepacea Scribn., based on Festuca cepacea Phil., a
Chilean species of Melzca.

(14) Melica torreyana Scribn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1885: 43. pl. 1. f.
3, 4. 1885. California, Bigelow in 1853-4.
Melica imperfecta var. sesquiflora Torr.; Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc.
1885: 48. 1885, as synonym of M. torreyana, a herbarium name given to
a specimen collected by Bigelow in California in 1853-4.

(118) MELINIS Beauv.

(1) Melinis minutiflora Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 54. pl. 11. f. 4. 1812. Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.
Tristegis glutinosa Nees, Hor. Phys. Berol. 47, 54. pl. 7. 1820. Brazil.
Panicum minutiflorum Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 299. 1825. Based on
Melinis minutiflora Beauv.
Panicum melinis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 291. 1834.
Based on Melinis minutiflora Beauv.
Muhlenbergia brasiliensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:177. 1854. Bahia, Brazil,
Salzmann [652].
Agrostis polypogon Salzm.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:177. 1854, as synonym
of Muhlenbergia brasiliensis.
Mibora minima (L.) Desv., Obs. Angers 45. 1818. Based on Agrostis minima L.
Agrostis minima L., Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. France.

(81) MILIUM L.

(1) Milium effusum L., Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. Europe.
Miliarium effusum Moench, Meth. P1. 204. 1794. Based on Milium effusum L.
Melica effusa Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 20. 1796. Based on Milium effusum L.
Decandolia effusa Bast., Fl. Maine-et-Loire 28. 1808. Based on Multum
effusum L.
Paspalum effusum Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 5: 301. 1825. Based on
Miltum effusum L.

(141) MISCANTHUS Anderss.

Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 104. 1889.
Based on Eulalia nepalensis Trin.

Eulalia nepalensis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2:

333. 1832. Nepal, India. |
(1) eo gee sinensis Anderss., Ofv. Svensk, Vet. Akad. Férh. 12: 166. 1856.
hina.

Saccharum japonicum Thunb., Linn. Soc. Trans. 2: 328. 1794. Not Mis-
canthus japonicus Anderss., 1855. Japan.

Eulalia japonica Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 2:
333. 1832. Based on Saccharum japonicum Thunb.

Miscanthus sinensis var. vartegatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 25. 1896.
Cultivated.

aera sinensis var. zebrinus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 25. 1896. Culti-
vated.

Xiphagrostis japonica Coville, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 400. 1905. Based
on Saccharum japonicum Thunb.

Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitche., in Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort.
1021. f. 1408. 1901. Cultivated under the garden name Eulalia japonica
var. gracillima.

Eulalia japonica var. gracillima Grier, Amer. Midl. Nat. 11: 331. 1929.
Based on Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitche.

(14) MOLINIA Schrank

(1) Molinia caerulea(L.) Moench, Meth. P1.183. 1794. Based on Aira caerulea L.
Aira caerulea L., Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. Europe.
Festuca caerulea Lam. and DC., Fl. Frang. ed. 3. 3: 46. 1805. Based on
Aira caerulea L.

886 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Enodium coeruleum Gaudin, Agrost. Helv. 1: 145. 1811. Based on Azra
caerulea L.
Cynodon caeruleus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on
Molinia caerulea Koel. (error for Moench).
aus caerulea Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 80. 1867. Based on Molinia caerulea
oench,

(18) MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm.

(1) Monanthochloé littoralis Engelm., St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 1: 487. pl. 13.
14. 1859. Texas, Drummond, Berlandier 3227 (Matamoros region),
Galveston Island, Lindhewmer; Florida, Key West, Blodgett.

(75) MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.

(32) Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 145.
1920. Based on Calamagrostis andina Nutt.

Calamagrostis andina Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 187. 1848.
California, on the Colorado of the West, Gambel.

Vaseya comata Thurb., in A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1863: 79.
1863. Nebraska [probably Wyoming, Hall and Harbour 685].

Muhlenbergia comata Thurb.; Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 88. 1881.
Based on Vaseya comata Thurb.

(12) Muhlenbergia arenacea (Buckl.) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161.
1928. Based on Sporobolus arenaceus Buckl.

Sporobolus arenaceus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1868.
Western Texas, [Wright 737].

Sporobolus asperifolius var. brevifolius Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56.
1890, name only, Pena, Duval County, Tex., Nealley; Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 3: 64. 1892, as synonym of S. auriculatus Vasey.

Sporobolus auriculatus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 64. 1892. Pena,
Tex., Nealley.

(43) Muhlenbergia arenicola Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91.
1863. Western Texas, [Wright 735].

Podosaemum arenicola Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 40. 1921. Based on
Muhlenbergia arenicola Buckl.

(18) Muhlenbergia arizonica Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 8. pl. 76.
f. A. 1888. Near Mexican Boundary, Arizona, Pringle in 1884.

(37) Muhlenbergia arsenei Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928.
Sulphur Springs, N.Mex., Arséne and Benedict 16405.

(13) Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees and Mey.) Parodi, Univ. Nac. Buenos Aires
Rev. Agron. 6: 117. f. 1. 1928. Based on Sporobolus asperifolius Nees
and Mey.

Vilfa asperifolia Meyen, Reis. Erd. 1: 408. 1834, name only; Nees and
Mey., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 95. 1840. Chile, Meyen.

Sporobolus aspertfolius Nees, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 19: Sup. 1:
9. 1841; 141. 1848. Based on Vilfa asperifolia Nees and Mey.

Agrostis distichophylla R. A. Phil., Fl. Atac. 54. 1860. Not A. distechophylla
Roem. and Schult., 1817. Chile. (Fide Parodi.)

Sporobolus sarmentosus Griseb., Abhandl.Gesell. Wiss. Géttingen 24: 295. 1879.
Argentina.

Sporobolus deserticolus Phil., An. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 8: 82. 1891. Chile.
(Fide Parodi.)

Sporobolus asperifolius var. major Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 64.
1892. [Marfa, Tex., Havard 10 in 1883.]

Sporobolus distichophyllus Phil., An. Univ. Chile 94: 7. 1896. Based on
Agrostis distichophylla Phil.

Agrostis eremophila Speg., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 7: 190. 1902. Based
on A. distichophylla Phil.

(24) Muhlenbergia brachyphylla Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 6: 41. 1919. Webb
City, Mo., Palmer 2734. (Not invalidated by M. brachyphylla Nees; Jacks.,
Ind. Kew. 3: 269. 1894, a clerical error for Podosaemum brachyphyllum Nees.)

(21) Muhlenbergia californica Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 53. 1886.
Based on M. glomerata var. brevifolia Vasey.

Muhlenbergia glomerata var. brevifolia Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 92. 1882. [San
Bernardino Mountains], Calif., Parish [1028].

Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. californica Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 938. 1882. San
Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish [1076].

i i i el ei

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 887

Muhlenbergia parishit Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 53. 1886. Based on
M. sylvatica var. californica Vasey.

Muhlenbergia racemosa var. brevifolia Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 253. 1896.
Based on M. glomerata var. brevifolia Vasey.

(48) Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824. Based on
Trichochloa capillaris DC.

Stipa diffusa Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. Not Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd.,
1798. South Carolina.

Stipa capillaris Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 158. 1791. Carolina, Fraser.

Podosaemum capillare Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (Paris) 2: 188. 1810.
Based on Stipa capillaris Lam.

Tosagris agrostidea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 29. pl 8. f. 3. 1812. United States.

Podosaemum agrostideum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 176, 179. 1812. Based on
Tosagris agrostidea Beauv.

Trichochloa capillaris DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 152. 1813. Based on Stipa
capillaris Lam.

Trichochloa polypogon DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 152. 1813. Carolina, Fraser.

Muhlenbergia polypogon Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. Based on Tri-
chochloa polypogon DC.

Agrostis setosa Willd.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 300.
1841, as synonym of Muhlenbergia capillaris. ‘‘Willd. hb. 1682,” received
from Muhlenberg.

Muhlenbergia trichodes Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 177. 1854. Said to be from
South America, but Steudel’s type is from Guadeloupe, West Indies.

MUHLENBERGIA CAPILLARIS var. FILIPES (M. A. Curtis) Chapm.; Beal, Grasses
N.Amer. 2: 256. 1896. Based on M. filipes M. A. Curtis.

Stipa sericea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 54. 1803. South Carolina, Michauz.

i Ae sericea Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 135. 1816. Based on Sitpa sericea

ichx.

een sericea Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 248. 1825. Based on Stipa sericea

ichx.

Muhlenbergia filipes M. A. Curtis, Amer. Jour. Sci. 44: 83. 1848. Sea
Islands of North Carolina; Florida, [M. A. Curtzis].

Podosaemum filipes Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 29. 1921. Based on Muhlen-
bergia filipes M. A. Curtis.

(9) Muhlenbergia curtifolia Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 328. 1911.
Between Kanab and Carmel, Utah, Jones 6047.

(31) Muhlenbergia curtisetosa (Scribn.) Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 6: 35. 1919.
Based on M. schreberi curtisetosa Scribn.

Muhlenbergia schrebert curtisetosa Scribn., Rhodora 9: 17. 1907. Llinois,
Wolf in 1881.

(10) Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 599.
1905. Based on Vilfa cuspidata Torr.

Agrostis brevifolia Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 44. 1818. Fort Mandan, [N.Dak.].

Vilfa cuspidata Torr.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 238. 1840. Saskatchewan
River, Rocky Mountains, Drummond.

Vilfa gracilis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 104. 1840.
Not V. gracilis Trin., op. cit. 74. North America, received from Hooker.
Sporobolus cuspidatus Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 385. 1874. Based

on Vilfa cuspidata Torr.

Sporobolus brevifolius Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 39. 1894. Not
S. brevifolius Nees, 1841. Based on Agrostis brevifolia Nutt. As new, Nash,
in Britton, Man. 105. 1901, same basis.

Muhlenbergia brevifolia Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912. Not

M. brevifolia Scribn., 1896. Based on Agrostis brevifolia Nutt.
(3) oo depauperata Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 9: 187. 1884. Arizona,
ringle.
Muhlenbergia schaffneri Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 85. 1886. Mexico, Tacubaya,
Schaffner 50, 514; Mirador, Schaffner 142.
Lycurus schaffnert Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 212. 1921. Based on
Muhlenbergia schaffneri Fourn.
(45) Muhlenbergia dubia Fourn. in Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 540.
1885. Chinantla, Mexico, Liebmann [688].
Muhlenbergia acuminata Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. New Mexico,
Wright 1993.
Sporobolus ligulatus Vasey and Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 268. 1893.
Presidio County, Tex., Nealley, 127

———

a

888 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sporobolus inflatus Vasey and Dewey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 289. 1896.
Error for S. ligulatus Vasey and Dewey.

Crypsinna breviglumis Jones, Contrib. Wrest: Bot. 14: 8. 1912. Chihuahua,
Mexico [Jones in 1903].

(19) Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 71.
1892. Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz., Pringle [in 1884], Lemmon; Mexico,
Pringle; southern California, Orcutt.

Muhlenbergia dumosa var. minor Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 261. 1896.
Mexico, Pringle 2355.

(54) Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 66. 1892.
Southern Arizona, Emersley.

Muhlenbergia vaseyana Scribn., Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 10: 52. 1899. Based
on M. distichophylla as described by Vasey (Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey
100th Merid. 6: 283. 1878, Arizona, Rothrock 282, type).

Epicampes emersleyi Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 144. 1920. Based on
Muhlenbergia emersleyt Vasey.

Epicampes subpatens Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 144. 1920. Guada-
lupe Mountains, N.Mex., Hitchcock 13541.

(49) Muhlenbergia expansa (Poir.) Trin.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 207. 1833.
Based on Trichochloa expansa DC., this based on Stipa expansa Poir.

Stipa expansa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 7: 453. 1806. Carolina, Bosc.

Asi ots arachnoidea Poir., in Lam., Encyci. Sup. 1: 249. 1810. Carolina,

osc. )
mee purpurea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 29. pl. 8. f. 2. 1812. United |
tates.

Vilfa arachnoidea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 147, 181. 1812. Presumably. based
on Agrostis arachnoidea Poir.

Podosaemum purpureum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 176, 179. pl. 8. f. 2. 1812.
Based on Trichochloa purpurea Beauv.

Trichochloa expansa DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151. 18138. Based on Stipa
expansa Poir.

Agrostis rubicunda Bose; DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151. 1813, as synonym of
Trichochloa expansa DC.

Agrostis trichopodes Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 135. pl. 8. f. 1. 1816. Chatham
County, Ga., Baldwin.

Cinna arachnoidea Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Agrostis
arachnoidea Poir.

Muhlenbergia arachnoidea Trin.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 207. 18383. Based on
Agrostis arachnoidea Poir.

Agrostis expansa Poir.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 40. 1840, as synonym of
Cinna arachnoidea Kunth.

Agrostis longiflora Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 41. 1840, as synonym
of Cinna arachnoidea Kunth.

Muhlenbergia trichopodes Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 553. 1860. Based on
Agrostis trichopodes Ell.

Muhlenbergia caespitosa Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. Apalachicola,
Fla., Chapman.

Muhlenbergia capillaris var. trichopodes Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:
66. 1892. Based on Agrostis trichopodes Ell.

Podosaemum trichopodes Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 30. 1921. Based on
Agrostis trichopodes Ell.

(17) Muhlenbergia filiculmis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 267. 1898.
Green Mountain Falls, Colo., Sheldon [321].

(4) Muhlenbergia filiformis (Thurb.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600.
1905. Based on Vilfa depauperata var. ‘filiformis Thurb.

Vilfa depauperata var. filiformis Thurb.; S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th
Par. 5: 376. 1871. Yosemite Valley, Calif., Bolander 6091; Donner Lake,
Torrey 565; East Humboldt Mountains, Nev., Watson 1280; Uinta Moun-
tains, Utah, Watson 1281.

Vilfa gracillima Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 268. 1880. Not Muhlenbergia
gracillima Torr. 1856. California, Sierra Nevada, Brewer [2827]; Yosemite
Valley, Bolander [6091].

Sporobolus gracillimus Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 44. 1885. Based on
Vilfa gracillima Thurb.

Sporobolus filiformis Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 189. 1895. Based
on Vilfa depauperata var. filiformis Thurb.

Sporobolus depauperatus var. filiformis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 296. 1896..
Montana, Willams: Utah, Jones..

j

~—- = T

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES S889

Sporobolus simplex Scribn., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 48. 1898.
Georgetown, Colo., Rydberg 2411.

Sporobolus aristatus Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 266. 1901. Big
Horn Mountains, Wyo., Tweedy 2196.

Sporobolus simplex thermale Merr., Rhodora 4: 48. 1902. Lolo Hot Springs,
Mont., Griffiths 302a.

Muhlenbergia simplex Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Ciub 32: 600. 1905. Not
M. simplex Kunth, 1829. Based on Sporobolus simplex Scribn.

Muhlenbergia aristulata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600. 1905. Based
on Sporobolus aristatus Rydb.

(29) Muhlenbergia foliosa (Roem. and Schult.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824.

Based on Agrostis foliosa “‘Hortul.’”? Roem. and Schult.

Agrostis filiformis Willd., Enum. Pl. 1:95. 1809. Not A. filiformis Vill. 1787.
[Pennsylvania], North America.

Agrostis foliosa ‘‘Hortul.”; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 373. 1817.
Garden specimen; seed from North America.

Trichochloa foliosa Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis
filiformis Willd.

Gone filiformis Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 70. 1821. Based on Agrostis filiformis

illd

Agrostis lateriflora var. filiformis Torr. Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 86. 1823.
Based on A. filiformis Muhl. (error for Willd.).

Trichochloa filiformis Trin.; Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 86. 18238, as
synonym of Agrostis lateriflora var. filiformis Torr.

Podosaemum foliosum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 83. 1827. Based on Agrostis
foliosa Roem. and Schult.

Muhlenbergia mexicana var. purpurea Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 386.
1870. Illinois, Wolf.

Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. vulpina Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 386.

- 1870. New York, Lord.

Calamagrostis compressa Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 56. 1878. ‘‘E semi-
nibus a cl. Glaziou prope Rio de Janeiro lectis in horto bot. Monacensi
anno 1869 cultura enata.’’ A specimen named in Doell’s script and bearing:
the above data is in Doell’s herbarium in the Botanical Institute at Freiburg.
This agrees perfectly with Doell’s description. It is a characteristic speci-
men of Muhlenbergia foliosa except that the rachilla is minutely produced
beyond the palea, a very rare occurrence in Mujilenbergia. Presumably the:
seed from Rio de Janeiro failed to germinate, and this species, probably in
a neighboring plot, intruded.

Muhlenbergia mexicana var. filiformis Vasey, Grasses U.S. 23. 1883. Name
only.

Muhlenbergia mexicana filiformis Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 36. 1894.
Based on A. filiformis Muhl. (error for Willd.).

Muhlenbergia polystachya Mackenz. and Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson County 23.
1902. Sibley, Mo., Mackenzie 637.

Muhlenbergia ambigua var. filiformis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168.
1919. Based on Agrostis filiformis Muhl. (error for Willd.).

MUHLENBERGIA FOLIOSA var. SETIGLUMIS (S. Wats.) Scribn., Rhodora 9: 20.

1907. Based on M. sylvatica var. setiglumis S. Wats. (Published as
M. foliosa setiglumis.)

Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr., in Nicoll., Rept. Miss. 164. 1848. ‘‘Okaman
Lake, Sioux Country,” Geyer.

Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. setiglumis S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5:
378. 1871. Humboldt Pass, Nev., Watson 1288.

Muhlenbergia foliosa ambigua Scribn., Rhodora 9: 20. 1907. Based on M.
ambigua Torr.

Muhlenbergia setiglumis Nels. and Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 61: 30. 1916. Based on
M. sylvatica var. seiiglumis S. Wats.

Muhlenbergia foliosa forma ambigua Wiegand, Rhodora 26: 1. 1924. Based
on M. ambigua Torr.

(27) Muhlenpergia glabriflora Scribn., Rhodora 9: 22. 1907. Texas, Rever-

chon 5

(20) Muhlenbergia glauca (Nees) Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 214. 1921.

Based on Podosaemum glaucum Nees. In Index Kewensis this name is cred-
ited to Nees in Linnaea 19: 689. 1847, but the name there is Podosaemum
glaucum.

Podosaemum glaucum Nees, Linnaea 19: 689. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 335.

890 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agrostis glauca Steud., Syn. Pi. Glum. 1: 175. 1854. Not A. glauca Muhl.
1817. Based on Podosaemum glaucum Nees.

Muhlenbergia lemmonz Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56. 1890. Bal-
linger, Tex., Nealley; New Mexico; Arizona [Lemmon 2918, type, the species
being named for Lemmon]; Mexico.

Muhlenbergia huachucana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 69. 1892.
Huachuea Mountains, Ariz., Lemmon [2915].

(53) Muhlenbergia involuta Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 436. f. 2. 1982. San
Antonio, Tex., Silveus 358.

(33) Muhlenbergia jonesii (Vasey) Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 111. 1912.
Based on Sporobolus jonesiz Vasey.

Sporobolus jonesit Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 297. 1881. Soda Springs, Calif., Jones
[303] in 1881.

(52) Muhlenbergia lindheimeri Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 291. 1934.
Texas, Lindheimer 725. (This species has been referred to Epicampes ber-
landiert Fourn., and to Muhlenbergia fourniertana Hitche., based upon. it,
but that species is confined to Mexico.)

Epicampes gracilis Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 271. 1841.
Not Muhlenbergia gracilis Kunth, 1829. Mexico [Eastern Texas, probably
Berlandier|.

(51) Muhlenbergia longiligula Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 186. 1934. Based
on Epicampes ligulata Scribn.

Epicampes ligulata Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 58. 1892.
Not Muhlenbergia ligulata Scribn. and Merr. Texas to Arizona [type, Santa
Rita Mountains, Pringle in 1884] and Mexico.

Epicampes distichophylla var. mutica Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 308.
1896. Arizona, Touwmey 740 [type]; Mexico, Pringle 1427. The other
specimens cited do not agree with the description.

Epicampes anomala Scribn., in Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 311. 1896. Not
Muhlenbergia anomalis Fourn., 1886. Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 1423.

Melica anomala Scribn., in Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 311. 1896, as synonym
of Epicampes anomala.

Epicampes stricta var. mutica Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 6. 1912. Based
on EH. distichophylla var. mutica Scribn.

(47) Muhlenbergia metcalfei Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912. Santa
Rita Mountains, N.Mex., Meicalfe 1485. The name was published as
“‘ Metcalfi.”’

(26) Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 189. 1824. Based on
Agrostis mexicana L.

Agrostis mexicana L., Mant. Pl. 1: 31. 1767. Grown at Upsala, erroneously
credited to tropical America.

Agrostis lateriflora Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 58. 1803. Mississippi River
[Illinois], Mzchauz.

Vilfa mexicana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis
mexicana L.

Vilfa lateriflora Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis
laterzflora Michx. (Appears erroneously as laterifolia on pages 16 and 147,
but correctly on page 181.)

Cinna? mexicana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 32, 148, 158. 1812. Based on Agrostis
mexicana L.

Trichochloa mexicana Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis
mexicana L.

Podosaemum mexicanum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 84. 1827. Based on Muhlen-
bergia mexicana ‘‘ Linn.”’

Cinna lateriflora Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Agrostis lateri-
flora Michx.

Muhlenbergia lateriflora Trin.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 207. 1833. Based on
Agrostis lateriflora Michx.

Cinna arundinacea Retz.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 365. 1840. Not C.
arundinacea L., 1753, as synonym of C. mexicana Beauv.

pent canadensis Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 92. 1886. Based on Agrostis mezi-
cana L.

Lepyroxis canadensis Beauv.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 1: 244. 1906, as
synonym of Agrostis mexicana L.

MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA var. COMMUTATA Scribn., Rhodora 9: 18. 1907.
(Of the five specimens cited the first two are M. foliosa var. setiglumis, the
other three are the form described. Of these Fernald 522 in 1896, from
Maine, is taken as type.) (Published as M. mexicana commutata.)

bot kes

ee eee ee

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES S89]

Muhlenbergia mexicana var. commutata Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. 17: 181.
1916. Based on M. mexicana commutata Scribn.

Muhlenbergia commutata Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 6: 61. 1919. Based on
M. mexicana commutata Scribn.

Muhlenbergia mexicana forma commutata Farwell, Rhodora 26: 1. 1924.
Based on M. mexicana commutata Scribn.

(2) Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. Based
on Trichochloa microsperma DC.

Trichochloa microsperma DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 151. 1813. Mexico.

Podosaemum setosum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 129. 1815. Mexico,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Podosaemum debile H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 128. 1815. Ecuador, Hum-
boldt and Bonpland.

Agrostis microsperma Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 2. 1816. Mexico, Sessé.

Trichochloa debilis Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 385. 1817. Based on
Podosaemum debile H.B.K.

Trichochloa setosa Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 386. 1817. Based on
Podosaemum setosum H.B.K.

Muhlenbergia fasciculata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 192. 1824. North America.

Agrostis setosa Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 262. 1825. Based on Podosaemum
setosum H.B.K.

Agrostis debilis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 262. 1825. Not A. debilis Poir., 1810.
Based on Podosaemum debile H.B.K.

Muhlenbergia setosa Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 63. 1829. Based on Podosaemum
setosum H.B.K.

Muhlenbergia debilis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 63. 1829. Based on Podosaemum
debile H.B.K.

Agrostis microcarpa Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 41. 1840; 2: 164. 1841, as
synonym of Muhlenbergia microsperma.

Muhlenbergia purpurea Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1: 186. 1848.
Santa Barbara and Santa Catalina Island, Calif., Gambel.

Muhlenbergia ramosissima Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 231. 1886.
Chihuahua, Mexico, Palmer [158] in 1885.

(34) Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitche., U.S. Dept.Agr. Bull. 772: 145, 147.
1920. Based on Calycodon montanum Nutt.

Calycodon montanum Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IJ. 1: 186. 1848.
Santa Fe, [New] Mexico, Gambel.

Muhlenbergia gracilis var. breviaristata Vasey, in Torr., Cat. Pl. Survey W. 100th
Merid. 54. 1874. Twin Lakes, Colo., [Wolf] 1090 in 1873.

Muhlenbergia gracilis var. major Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 284. 1878. Mount Graham, Ariz., Wheeler Exped. [Roth-
rock] 744.

Muhlenbergia subalpina Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 40. 1885. Based
on M. gracilis var. breviaristata Vasey.

Muhlenbergia trifida Hack., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 8: 518. 1910. Michoa-
can, Mexico, Arséne 3217.

This is the species referred to Muhlenbergia gracilis by American authors, not

M. gracilis (H.B.K.) Kunth.
(38) Muhlenbergia monticola Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91.
1863. ‘Northwestern Texas,” [Wright 731].

Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. flecuosa Vasey in Wheeler, Rep. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 284. 1878. New Mexico, Wright 731; Camp Crittenden, Ariz.,
Rothrock 681.

(39) Muhlenbergia parviglumis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 71. 1892.
Texas, Nealley.

(40) Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91.
1863. Western Texas, [Wright 732].

Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. pringlet Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 89.
1882. Santa Rita Mountains, N.Mex., Pringle 480.

Muhlenbergia neo-mexicana Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. New Mexico
[type, G. R. Vasey] and Arizona.

Muhlenbergia pringlet Scribn., in Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 71.
1892. Santa Rita Mountains, N.Mex., Pringle 480.

(36) Muhlenbergia polycaulis Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 38: 327. 1911.
Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 1414.

(41) Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 259. 1896. Based
on M. texana Thurb.

iit

892 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Muhlenbergia texana Thurb.; Port. and Coult., Syn. Fl. Colo. 144. 1874. Not
M. texana Buckl., 1863. Texas, Bigelow; Parry; Wright 734.

Podosaemum portert Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 36. 1921. Based on Muhlen-
bergia porter Scribn.

(16) Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb., in A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc.
1863: 78. 1863. Rocky Mountains, Colo., Hall and Harbour 632.

Podosaemum pungens Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 32. 1921. Not P. pungens
Link, 1827. Based on Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.

(25) Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888.
Presumably based on Agrostis racemosa Michx.

Agrostis racemosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 53. 1803. Mississippi River
{Ill.], Mechauzx.

poluneane setosus Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 31. 1807. Pennsylvania, Muhlen-

erg.

Polypogon glomeratus Willd., Enum. Pl. 87. 1809. North America.

Vilfa racemosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis
racemosa Michx.

Alopecurus glomeratus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 495. 1817. Based on

olypogon glomeratus Willd.

Agrostis setosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 68. 1817. Pennsylvania.

Agrostis festucoides Muhl.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: 326. 1817, as
synonym of Polypogon glomeratus Willd.

POLS OG EE racemosus Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 51. 1818. Based on Agrostis racemosa

ichx.

Trichochloa glomerata Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Polypogon
glomeratus Willd.

Trichochloa calycina Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. ‘Agrostis setosa
Spreng.”’ (ined.) cited, no description.

Agrostis setosa Spreng.; Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. As synonym of
Trichochloa calycina Trin., not A. setosa Spreng. himself, 1824, (see synonymy
under Muhlenbergia microsperma).

Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin., Gram. Unifl. 191. pl. 5. f. 10. 1824. Based on
Polypogon glomeratus Willd.

Muhlenbergia calycina Trin., Gram. Unifl. 193. 1824. Based on Trichochloa
calycina Trin., and cited as synonym of Polypogon setosus Spreng.

Podosaemum glomeratum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 84. 1827. Based on Polypogon
glomeratus Willd.

ae racemosa Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on Agrostis racemosa

ichx.

Dactylogramma cinnoides Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 248. 18383. Grown in Berlin,
seed from Richardson, western North America.

Cinna glomerata Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 237. 18383. Not C. glomerata Walt.,
1788. Based on Podosaemum glomeratum Link.

Muhlenbergia glomerata var. ramosa Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 40. 1885.
Illinois to Colorado and Montana. [Type, collected by Vasey, marked
‘‘Dakota and Wisconsin.’’]

Muhlenbergia racemosa var. ramosa Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 253.
1896. Presumably based on M. glomeraia var. ramosa Vasey.

Muhlenbergia racemosa violacea Scribn., Rhodora 9: 22. 1907. North Han-
nibal, N.Y., Pearce in 1883.

(5) Muhlenbergia repens (Presl) Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 111. 1912.
Based on Sporobolus repens Presl.

Sporobolus repens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 241. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Vilfa repens Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 102. 1840.
Based on Sporobolus repens Presl.

Muhlenbergia subtilis Nees, Linnaea 19: 689. 1847. Mexico, Aschenborn 206.

(50) Muhlenbergia reverchoni Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:
66. 1892. Texas, Reverchon [73].

Podosaemum reverchoni Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 38. 1921. Based on
Muhlenbergia reverchoni Vasey and Scribn.

(55) Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453.
1933. Based on Epicampes rigens Benth.

Cinna macroura (Kunth misapplied by) Thurb.; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 276.
1880. Not C. macroura (H.B.K.) Kunth, 1835. California.

Vilfa rigens Thurb.; S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 276. 1880. Not V. rgens
Trin., 1830. Assynonym of C. macroura Kunth. ‘‘Sonora’’ [probably error
for Sonoma] California, Bolander [6124].

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 893

Epicampes rigens Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 88. 1881. Based on
the species Thurber described as Cinna macroura, not that of (H.B.K.)
Kunth.

Crypsinna rigens Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 8. 1912. Based on Epi-
campes rigens Benth.

(46) Muhlenbergia rigida (H.B.K.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 63. 1829. Based on
Podosaemum rigidum H.B.K.

Podosaemum rigidum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 129. 1815. Mexico,
Humboldi and Bonpland.

Trichochloa rigida Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 386. 1817. Based on
Podosaemum rigidum H.B.K.

Muhlenbergia berlandieri Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 299.
1841. Mexico, Berlandier.

(30) Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791. Based on the
species described by Schreber (Gen. Pl. 1: 44. 1789) under Muhlenbergia
with no specific name, |Pennsylvania!.

Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 320. 1797. North America.

Dilepyrum minutiflorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 40. 1803. Kentucky
and Illinois, Michaux. Listed as Dylepyrum multiflorum by Beauv., Ess.
Agrost. 160. 1812.

Dylepyrum diffusum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 160. 1812. Name only, referred
to Muhlenbergia. Probably the same as M. diffusa Willd.

Cynodon diffusus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
‘* Muhlenbergia Schr.’’ (error for Willd.).

Agrostis apetala Bose; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 287.
1841, as synonym of Muhlenbergia diffusa Schreb.

Muhlenbergia bottert Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 85. 1886. Orizaba, Mexico, Botteri
87

Muhlenbergia minutiflorum Hitche., Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 14: 140. 1896.
Based on Dilepyrum minutiflorum Michx.
MUHLENBERGIA SCHREBERI var. PALUSTRIS (Scribn.) Scribn., Rhodora 9: 17.
1907. Based on M. palustris Scribn. (Published as M. schreberi palustris.)
Muhlenbergia palustris Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 47.
1898. District of Columbia, Steele in 1896.
Muhlenbergia schreberi var. palustris Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908.
Based on M. palustris Scribn.
(44) Muhlenbergia setifolia Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 92. 1882. Guadalupe Moun-
tains, Tex., Havard.
(22) Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin., Gram. Unifl. 189. pl. 5. f. 4. 1824.
Based on Agrostis sobolifera Muhl.
Agrostis sobolifera Muhl.; Willd., Enum. Pl. 95. 1809. Pennsylvania.
Achnatherum soboliferum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 20, 146. 1812. Based on
Agrostis sobolifera Muhl.
Trichochloa sobolifera Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis
sobolifera Muhl.
cee sobolifera Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 71. 1821. Based on Agrostis sobolifera
illd

Podosaemum soboliferum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 83. 1827. Based on Agrostis

sobolifera Muhl.
MUHLENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA Var. SETIGERA Scribn., Rhodora 9: 18. 1907.

Texas, Reverchon 70. (Published as M. sobolifera setigera.)

Muhlenbergia sobolifera forma setigera Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82:
163. 1929. Based on M. sobolifera setigera Scribn.

(7) Muhlenbergia squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 531.

1909. Based on Vilfa squarrosa Trin.

Vilfa squarrosa Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 100. 1840.
Menzies Island [Columbia River, Wash.].

Vilfa richardsonis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 44: 103. 1840.
North America, Richardson.

Muhlenbergia aspericaulis Nees; Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!:
103. 1840, as synonym of Vilfa richardsonis Trin.

Vilfa depauperata Torr. ; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 257. pl. 36. 1840. Colum-
bia River, from Menzies Island upward, Douglas.

Sporobolus depauperatus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 103. 1882. Based
on Vilfa depauperata Torr.

Sporobolus aspericaulis Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 15. 1896. Based on Muhlen-
bergia aspericaulis Nees.

<p euniedet

894 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sporobolus richardsonii Merr., Rhodora 4: 46. 1902. Based on Vilfa richara-

sonis Trin.

Muhlenbergia richardsonis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600. 1905.

Based on Vilfa richardsonis Trin.
Muhlenbergia brevifolia var. richardsonis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12.
1912. Based on Vilfa richardsonis Trin.

This is the species which Nash (Britton, Man. 105. 1901) called Sporobolus
brevifolius, but that name is based on Agrostis brevifolius Nutt., which is Muhlen-
bergia cuspidata (which see).

(28) Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr.,; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
41; 292. 1841. Based on Agrostis sylvatica Torr.
Agrostis diffusa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 64. 1817. Not A. diffusa Host, 1809.
Pennsylvania.

Agrostis sylvatica Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 87. 1823. Not A.

sylvatica L., 1762. Mountains of New Jersey.

Muhlenbergia sylvatica var. gracilis Scribn., Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 116.

1885. Topeka, Kans., Popenoe.

Muhlenbergia umbrosa Scribn., Rhodora 9: 20. 1907. Based on Agrostis

sylvatica Torr.
Muhlenbergia umbrosa_ attenuata Scribn., Rhodora 9: 21. 1907. Aurora
County, S.Dak., Wilcox 25.

Muhlenbergia diffusa Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 20: 168. 1919. Not
M. diffusa Willd., 1797. Based on Agrostis diffusa Muhl.

Muhlenbergia umbrosa forma attenuata Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub. 82:
171. 1929. Based on M. umbrosa attenuata Scribn.

(23) Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888.

Based on Agrostis tenuzflora Willd.

Agrostis tenuiflora Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 364. 1797. North America.

Apera tenuiflora Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 151. 1812. Based on Agrostis tenuiflora
Willd. :

Trichochloa longiseta Trin., Fund. Agrost. 117. 1820. Based on Agrostis
tenuiflora Willd. Erroneously given as T. longiflora Trin., in Kunth, Enum.
Pl. 422601. S33:

Cinna tenuiflora Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 71. 1821. Based on Agrostis tenuiflora
Willd

Muhlenbergia willdenowii Trin., Gram. Unifl. 188. pl. 5. f. 3. 1824. Based
on Agrostis tenuiflora Willd.

Trichochloa tenurflora Sweet, Hort. Brit. 443. 1826. Based on Agrostis
tenuiflora Willd.

Podosaemum tenuiflorum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 82. 1827. Based on Agrostis
tenuiflora Willd.

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora variabilis Scribn., Rhodora 9: 18. 1907. Chimney
Mountain, N.C., Biltmore Herbarium 654a.

(1) Muhlenbergia texana Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 91. 1863.
Northern Texas.

Agrostis barbata Buckl.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334. 1863.
Not A. barbata Pers., 1805. As synonym of Muhlenbergia texana Buckl.
Muhlenbergia buckleyana Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56. 1890.

Based on M. texana Buckl.
Podosaemum texanum Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 41. 1921. Based on
Muhlenbergia texana Buckl.

(8) Muhlenbergia thurberi Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 601. 1905.
Based on Sporobolus filiculmis Vasey; Beal. Viulfa filiculmis Thurb., also
cited, is a name only, and no reference is made to Sporobolus thurberi Scribn.

Sporobolus filiculmis Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 44. 1885, name only;
Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 288. 1896. NotS. filiculmis L. H. Dewey,
1894. New Mexico, Whipple Exped. [Plaza Larga, Bigelow 778].

Vilfa filiculmis Thurb.; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 44. 1885, as synonym
of Sporobolus filiculmis Vasey.

Sporobolus thurberz Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 48.f.5. 1898.
“Vilfa fiiculmis Thurb.” Plaza Larga, N.Mex., Bigelow.

Vilfa filiculmis Thurb.; Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 48.
1898, as synonym of Sporobolus thurberz Scribn.

Muhlenbergia filiculmis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 12. 1912. Not M.
filiculmis Vasey, 1893. Based on Vilfa filiculmis Thurb., name only.

Muhlenbergia curtifolia griffithsiit Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38: 328. 1911.
De Chelly Canyon, hee Griffiths 5837.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 895

(14) Muhlenbergia torreyana (Schult.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 136. 1934.
Based on Agrostis torreyana Schult.

Agrostis compressa Torr., Cat. Pl. N.Y. 91. 1819. Not A. compressa Willd.,
1790. New Jersey, Goldy.

Vilfa compressa Trin.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 58. 1821. Not V. compressa
Beauv., 1812. North America.

Colpodium compressum Trin.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 58. 1821, as synonym
of Vilfa compressa Trin.

Agrostis torreyana Schult., Mant. 2: 203. 1824. Based on Agrostis compressa
Torr.

Sporobolus compressus Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 217. 1833. Based on Agrostis
compressa Torr.

Sporobolus torreyanus Nash, in Britton, Man. 107. 1901. Based on Agrostis
torreyana Schult.

(42) Muhlenbergia torreyi (Kunth) Hitche.; Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 6: 84.
1919. Based on Agrostis torreyz Kunth.

Agrostis caespitosa Torr., Ann. Lye. N.Y. 1: 152. 1824. Not A. caespitosa
Salisb., 1796, nor Muhlenbergia caespitosa Chapm., 1878. Prairies of
Missouri and Platte Rivers.

Agrostis torreyi Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XVII. 1830. Based on A.
caespitosa Torr.

Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 155. 1856.
Llano Estacado and near Antelope Hills, Canadian River, Tex. [Bigelow.]

Muhlenbergia nardifolia Griseb., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 24: 294. 1879.
Argentina.

Agrostis peckit House, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 126. 1921. Based on A. caespitosa
Torr. The name misapplied to the awned form of Agrostis hiemalis.

Podosaemum gracillimum Bush, Amer. Midl. Nat. 7: 33. 1921. Based on
Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr.

(15) Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhl.) Fernald, Rhodora 29: 10. 1927. Based
on Poa uniflora Muhl.

Poa? uniflora Muhl., Deser. Gram. 151. 1817. New England.

Agrostis serotina Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 88. 1823. Not A.
serotina Lam., 1767. New Jersey.

Vilfa serotina Trin., Gram. Icon. 3: pl. 251. 1830. North America, ‘‘ Agrostis
serotina Nutt. ms.”’

Vilfa tenera Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 87. 1840.
Boston, Booit.

Poa modesta Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 45. 1843. Cambridge, Mass.
[ Tuckerman. ]

anh as serotinus A. Gray, Man. 577. 1848. Based on Agrostis serotina

Orr.

Sporobolus uniflorus Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
27: 5. 1900. Based on Poa uniflora Muhl.

Poa stricta uniflora Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 27: 5. 1900, as synonym of Sporobolus uniflorus Muhl.

Muhlenbergia uniflora var. terrae-novae Fernald, Rhodora 29: 11. 1927.
Newfoundland, Fernald, Long and Dunbar 26244.

(6) Muhlenbergia utilis (Torr.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453. 1933.
Based on Vilfa utilis Torr.

Vilfa utilis Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 52: 365. 1857. Between
Tejon Pass and Lost Hills, Calif., [Blake].

Vilfa sacatilla Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2:101. 1886. Chapultepec, Mexico, Schaffner;
San Luis de Potosi, Virlet 1455; Texas, Wright.

Sporobolus sacatilla Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 101. 1886, as synonym of
Vilfa sacatilla Fourn.

Sporobolus utilis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 171. f. 467.
1899. Based on Vilfa utilis Torr.

(35) Muhlenbergia virescens (H.B.K.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 64. 1829.
Based on Podosaemum virescens H.B.K.

Podosaemum virescens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 132. 1815. Mexico,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Trichochloa virescens Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 389. 1817. Based
on Podosaemon virescens H.B.K.

Muhlenbergia straminea Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 302. 1913.
Chihuahua, Mexico, Endlich 1210.

55974°—35—— 57

896 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(11) Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey in Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 409. 1885.
Colorado and New Mexico, [type Wright 1986].
Muhlenbergia wrightii var. annulata Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 41.
1885. Name only. [Arizona, Lemmon 3179.]
Muhlenbergia coloradensis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 213. 1921.
‘“‘Chiann [Cheyenne] Canyon”’, Colo., Jones [806].

(106) MUNROA Torr.

(1) Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 45 : 158.
1857. Based on Crypsis squarrosa Nutt.
Crypsis squarrosa Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 49. 1818. Grand detour of the Missouri
River, [S.Dak., Nuttall].
Munroa squarrosa var. floccuosa Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 456. 1896.
Arizona, [Peach Springs], Jones. (See p. 523.)
Nardus stricta L., Sp. Pl. 53. 1753. Europe.
Nassella major (Trin. and Rupr.) Desv., in Gay, Fl. Chil. 6: 265. 1853. Based
on Urachne major Trin. and Rupr.
Urachne major Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 51: 211.

1842. Chile.
(27) NEYRAUDIA Hook. f.

(1) Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng, in Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21:
131. 1934. Based on Arundo reynaudiana Kunth.
Arundo reynaudiana Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 275. pl. 49. 1830. Burma,

Reynaud.
(139) OLYRA L.

(1) Olyra latifolia L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Jamaica, Sloane.
Olyra paniculata Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz.
Olyra arundinacea H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 197. 1816. Colombia,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Stipa battles Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 449. 1825. Based on Olyra
latifolia L.

Olyra latifolia var. arundinacea Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 535. 1864. Pre-
sumably based on O. arundinacea H.B.K.

(132) OPLISMENUS Beauv.”

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54, 168, 170. 1812. Based on
Panicum hirtellum L.
Panicum hirtellum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Jamaica, [Browne].
This species is cultivated under the name Panicum variegatum Hort. (see Gard.
Chron. 458. 1867).
(1) Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 481. 1817.
Based on Panicum setarium Lam.

Panicum setartum Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 170. 1791. South America,
Commerson.

ae tae ae G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 51. 1818. British Guiana
[ Meyer].

Orthopogon parvifolium Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 55, errata. 1818. Florida and
South Carolina. On page 55 this is described under Orthopogon hirtellus
Nutt., the name based on Panicum hirtellum L., but misapplied.

Setaria hirtella Schult., Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Based on the species described
by Muhlenberg (Descr. Gram. 103. 1817) under the name Panicum
hirtellum.

Orthopogon setarius Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 306. 1825. Based on Panicum
setartum Lam.

Oplismenus parvifolius Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Orthopogon
parvifolium Nutt.

Orthopogon hirtellus Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 336. 1840.
Southern States. No reference to Nuttall, nor synonym cited.

Panicum nuttallianum Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 260. 1841. Based on
Orthopogon parvifolius Nutt.

3 For discussion of types see Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb, 22: 126-130. 1920,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES | 897

Oplismenus compositus var. setarius F. M. Bailey, Queensl. Grasses 19. 1888.
Based on Panicum setartum Lam.

Hippagrostis setarius Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 777. 1891. Based on Panicum
setartum Lam.

Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. setarius Mez; Ekman, Arkiv Bot. 11*: 26. 1912.
Based on Panicum setartum Lam.

(34) ORCUTTIA Vasey

(3) Orcuttia californica Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 219. pl. 60. 1886.
San Quentin Bay, Baja California, Orcutt.

(1) Orcuttia greenei Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 146. 1891. Chico, Calif., Greene.

(2) Orcuttia tenuis Hitchc., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 131. 1934. Goose Valley,
Shasta County, Calif., Eastwood 1013 (distributed in Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
no. 686 as Orcuttia californica).

(111) ORYZA L.

(1) Oryza sativa L., Sp. Pl. 333. 1753. Africa and India.
Oryza sativa var. rubribarbis Desy., Jour. Bot. 1: 76. 1813. Cultivated in
North America.
Oryza rubribarbis Steud., Nom. Bot. 577. 1821. Based on O. sativa var.
rubribarbis Desv.
Oryza sativa var. savannae Koern., in Koern. and Wern., Handb. Getreidebau.
1: 233, 236. 1885. Cultivated, Savannah, Ga.

(82) ORYZOPSIS Michx.

(8) Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 51. pl. 9. 1803. Hudson
Bay to Quebec, Michauz.

Oryzopsis mutica Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 41. 1821. North America.

Urachne asperifolia Trin., Gram. Unifl. 174. 1824. Based on Oryzopsis

aspertfolia Michx.

Urachne leucosperma Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 94. 1827. Albany, N.Y.

Urachne mutica Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 731. 1841. Based on Oryzopsts

mutica Link.
Oryzopsis leucosperma Link; Walp., Ann. Bot. [London] 3: 728. 1853, as
synonym of Urachne asperifolia Trin.
(10) Oryzopsis bloomeri (Boland.) Ricker; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11:

109. 1906. Based on Stipa bloomeri Boland.

Stipa bloomeri Boland., Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 168. 1872. Bloody Canyon,
near Mono Lake, Calif., Bolander [6116].

Oryzopsis caduca Beal, Bot. Gaz. 15: 111. 1890. Belt Mountains, Mont.,
Scribner.

Stipa caduca Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 54. 1892. Based on
Oryzopsis caduca Beal.

Eriocoma caduca Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 25. 1900. Based on Sitpa

caduca Scribn. :

This is the species described by Beal (Grasses N.Amer. 2: 226. 1896) under
the name Oryzopsis sibirica Beal, but the name is based on Stipa sibirica Lam.,
not known from America.

(6) Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 433. 1843. Based on
Stipa canadensis Poir.
Stipa juncea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 54. 1803. Not S. juncea L., 1753.
Hudson Bay, Canada, Michauz.

ante <p Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 7: 452. 1806. Based on S. juncea

ichx!

Urachne canadensis Torr. and Gray, Gram. and Cyp. Exsice. no. 114. 1836.

Based on Stipa canadensis Poir.

6h Fc juncea B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y. 67. 1888. Based on Stipa juncea

ichx.

Stipa Sms ia Scribn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 25: 390. 1890. New Bruns-

wick.

Oryzopsis macounit Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 229. 1896. Based on Stipa

macounit Scribn.

This is the species to which the name Stipa richardsonit Link was applied by
A. Gray in the earlier editions of the Manual.

898 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(4) Oryzopsis exigua Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17: 481. 1874.
Cascade Mountains, Oreg., Wilkes Expl. Exped.
(3) Oryzopsis hendersoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 267. 1893.
[Clements Mountain, near North Yakima],*4 Henderson 2249.
Oryzopsis exigua var. hendersont Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912.
Based on O. hendersoni Vasey.
(12) Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.) Ricker; Piper, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Based on Stipa hymenoides Roem. and Schult.
Stipa membranacea Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 728. 1814. Not S. membranacea
L., 1753. Banks of the Missouri River, Bradbury.
Stipa hymenoides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 339. 1817. Based on
Stipa membranacea Pursh.
Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 40. 1818. Grassy plains of the Missouri
[type from ‘‘ Platte Plains”’, Nuttall].
Milium cuspidatum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 251. 1825. Based on Eriocoma
cuspidata Nutt.
Urachne lanata Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 126.
1834. North America.
Eriocoma membranacea Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 586. 1840, as synonym of
Urachne lanata Trin.
Fendleria rhynchelytroides Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 420. 1854. New Mexico,
Fendler 979.
Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 23. 1883. Based on Hriocoma
cuspidata Nutt.
Oryzopsis membranacea Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 122: pl. 10. 1891.
Based on Stzpa membranacea Pursh.
Eriocoma membranacea Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 232. 1896. Based on Stipa
membranacea Pursh.
Eriocoma hymenoides Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 102. 1912. Based on
Stipa hymenoides Roem. and Schult.
(7) Oryzopsis kingii (Boland.) Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 229. 1896. Based on
Stipa kingit Boland.
Stipa kingit Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 170. 1872. Mount Dana,
Calif., Bolander 6076 [error for 6097].
(2) Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. and Rupr.) Thurb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila Proc.
1863: 78. 1863. Based on Urachne micrantha Trin. and Rupr.
Urachne micrantha Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5!:
16. 1842. North America [type from Saskatchewan].
(1) Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. and Hook.; Aschers. and Schweinf., Mém.
Inst. Egypte 2: 169. 1887. Presumably based on Agrostis miliacea L.
Agrostis miliacea L., Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. Europe.
Achnatherum miliaceum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 20, 146, 148. 1812. Based on
Agrostis miliacea L.
Piptatherum miliaceum Coss., Notes Crit. 129. 1851. Based on Agrostis
malvacea L.
(5) Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 151.
1908. Based on Milium pungens Torr.
Milium pungens Torr.; Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 102. 1821. ‘‘Schenectady in
Massachusetana.”’ [Error for New York.]
Oryzopsis parviflora Nutt., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 3: 125. 1823. Bellows
Falls, Vt.
Panicum firmum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 37. 1829. Based on Miliuwm pungens
Torr.
Urachne brevicaudata Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 127.
1834. Lake Winnipeg, Canada.
Urachne canadensis Torr. and Gray; Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb.
VI. Sci. Natl. 5': 17.- 1842, as synonym of Urachne brevicaudata Trin.
(9) Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E.-Smith) Ricker; Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906.
Based on Milium racemosum J. E. Smith.
Milium racemosum J. E. Smith, in Rees’s Cycl. 23: Milium no. 15. 1813.
Lancaster, Pa., Muhlenberg.
Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 79. 1817. Pennsylvania,
Muhlenberg.
Piptatherum nigrum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 79. 1823. Williams-
town and Deerfield, Mass.; Kingston and Fishkill Mountains, N.Y.; Penn-
sylvania, Muhlenberg.

24 See Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 109. 1906.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES > 899

Urachne racemosa Trin., Gram. Unifl. 174. 1824. Based on Milium race-
mosum J. E. Smith.

Urachne melanosperma Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 94. 1827. Based on Oryzopsis
melanocarpa Muhl.

(11) Oryzopsis webberi (Thurb.) Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 23. 1883. Based

on Eriocoma webbert Thurb.

Eriocoma webberi Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 283. 1880. Sierra
Valley, Calif., Bolander.

(129) PANICUM L.*

(14) Panicum aciculare Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 274. 1816.
‘‘Indes orientales’’, erroneous; probably from gathededs United States.

Panicum setaceum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 99. 1817. Georgia.

Panicum subuniflorum Bose; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 312. 1825. Carolina,
Bosc.

Panicum arenicola Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 56. 1898. Chapel
Hill, N.C., Ashe.

Panicum pungens Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
2é+ 2... 1900. Not P. pungens Poir., 1816. As synonym of P. setaceum
Muhl.

Panicum filirameum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 88. 1900. New
Hanover County, N.C., Ashe.

This is the species described in Britton’s Manual and in Small’s Flora (ed. 1)

under the name Panicum neuranthum Griseb.

(100) Panicum aculeatum Hitche. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 209. 1906. District
of Columbia, Chase 2520.

(65) Panicum addisonii Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 83. 1898. Wildwood,
N.J., Bicknell in 1897.

Panicum owenae Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 185. 1908. Nantucket,
Mass., Bicknell in 1907.

Panicum commonsianum addisonii Stone, N.J. State Mus. Ann. Rept. 1910:
205. 1911. Based on P. addisoni Nash.

(116) Panicum adspersum Trin., Gram. Pan. 146. 1826. Dominican Republic.

Panicum thomasianum Steud.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 188. 1877, as
synonym of P. adspersum. "St. Thomas, Duchaissing.

Panicum keyense Mez, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 61. 1917. Sand Key,
Fla., Curtiss 3606**, 5431, 6705.

This is the species described as Panicum striatum Lam. by Chapman (FI.

South. U.S. ed. 2. 666. 1883).
(147) Panicum agrostoides Spreng., Pl. Pugill. 2: 4. 1815. Pennsylvania,
Muhlenberg.

Panicum rigidulum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 320. 1825; Nees, Agrost.
Bras. 163. 1829. [South Carolina? Bosc.]

Agrostis polystachya Bosc; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 40. 1840, erroneously
cited as synonym of A. composita Poir. [Carolina, Bosc.]

Panicum elongatum var. ramosior Mohr, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 6: 357.
1901. Near Mobile, Ala., [Mohr].

(44) Panicum albemarlense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 84. 1900.
Scranton, Hyde County, N.C., Ashe in 1899.

Panicum velutinum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 315. 1825. Not P. velu-
tinum Meyer, 1818. Name only. [Bosc.]

Panicum meridionale var. albemarlense Fernald, Rhodora 36: 76. 1934.
Based on P. albemarlense Ashe.

(74) Panicum albomarginatum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 40. 1897.
Eustis, Fla., Nash 925.
cree Panicum amarulum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:
96. f. 87. 1910. Virginia Beach, Va., Williams 3090.
(144) Panicum amarum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 121. 1816. Presumably
South Carolina.

Panicum amarum var. minus Vasey and Sa awe U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot.
Bull. 8: 38. 1889. Fortress Monroe, Va., Vasey.

Panicum amaroides Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 29:
5.f.1. 1901. Based on P. amarum var. minus Vasey and Scribn.

Seog discussion of types see Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 23-327. 1910; 17: 465-522.

900 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chasea amara Nieuwl., Amer. Mid]. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum
amarum Ell.

(152) Panicum anceps Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48. 18038. Carolina,
Michaua.

Panicum rostratum Muhl.; Willd., Enum. Pl. 1032. 1809. Pennsylvania
[type, Muhlenberg] and Carolina.

Agrostis nutans Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 255. 1810. Carolina, Bosc.

Vilfa nutans Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis
nutans Poir.

Panicum nutans Desv., Opuse. 98. 1831. Based on Agrostis nutans Poir.

Panicum anceps var. angustum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 37.
1889. Texas, Nealley.

Panicum anceps var. densiflorum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8:
37. 1889. [Marshall], Tex., Riggs [91].

(17) Panicum angustifolium Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 129. 1816. Presumably
South Carolina.

? Panicum ramulosum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 50. 1803. Carolina, Michauz.

Panicum curtisit Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 66. 1854. South Carolina, M. A.
Curtis.

Chasea angustifolia Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on
Panicum angustifolium Ell.

(27) Panicum annulum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 58. 1898.
Maryland to North Carolina and Georgia, Washington, D.C., Ward in 1892
[type].

Panicum bogueanum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 85. 1900.
Based on P. annulum Ashe.

(19) Panicum arenicoloides Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 89. 1900.
Wilmington, N.C., Ashe in 1899.

Panicum orthophyllum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 90. 1900.
New Hanover County, N.C., Ashe in 1899.

(117) Panicum arizonicum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
32: 2. 1901. Camp Lowell, Ariz., Pringle 465.

Panicum fuscum var. majus Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 26. 1889.
Mexico [southwestern Chihuahua, Palmer 1b in 1885].

Panicum dissitiflorum Vasey, in 8. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proce: 24: 80. 1889.
Name only. Guaymas, Mexico, Palmer 159 in part, 190.

Panicum fasciculatum var. majus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 117. 1896. Based
on P. fuscum var. majus Vasey.

Panicum fasciculatum dissitiflorum Vasey; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Cire. 32: 2. 1901, as synonym of P. arizonicum.

Panicum arizonicum tenue Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Circ. 32: 3. 1901. Fort Huachuca, Ariz., Wilcox in 1894.

Panicum arizonicum laeviglume Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 32: 3. 1901. Mescal, Ariz., Griffiths 1810.

Panicum arizonicum majus Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Circ. 32: 3. 1901. Based on P. fuscum var. majus Vasey.

(103) Panicum ashei Pearson; Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 15: 35.
1898. Ithaca, N.Y., Ashe in 1898.

Panicum umbrosum LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. 342. 1818. Not
P. umbrosum Retz., 1786. New York.

Panicum commutatum var. ashei Fernald, Rhodora 36: 83. 1934. Based on
P. ashei Pearson.

(49) Panicum auburne Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115. 1900.
Auburn, Ala., Earle and Baker 1527.

(32) Panicum barbulatum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 49. 1803. ‘‘Carolina”’
[but type from Canada].

Panicum dichotomum var. barbulatum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861.
Presumably based on P. barbulatum Michx.

Panicum pubescens var. barbulatum Britton, Cat. Pl. N.J. 280. 1889. Pre-
sumably based on P. barbulatum Michx.

Panicum nitidum var. barbulatum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 586. 1897.
Based on P. barbulatum Michx.

Panicum gravius Hitche. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. Between Centre-
ville and Mount Cuba, Del., Chase 3620.

(120) Panicum bartowense Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Circ. 35: 3. 1901. Bartow, Fla., Combs 1220.

Panicum bergii Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 147, 1894, Uruguay.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 9QO0I1

(22) Panicum bicknellii Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 193. 1897. Bronx
ark, N.Y., Bicknell in 1895.

Panicum nemopanthum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 42. 1898.
Raleigh N.C., Ashe in 1895.

Panicum bushii Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 568. 1899. McDonald
County, Mo., Bush 413.

Panicum bicknellit var. bushit Barwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 85. 1921.
Based on P. bushit Nash.

(30) Panicum boreale Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895. Cairo,
N.Y., Nash in 1893.
(110) Panicum boscii Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 278. 1816. Carolina,
osc.

Panicum waltheri Poir., in Lam., Encyel. Sup. 4: 282. 1816. Not P. walteri
Pursh, 1814. Based on P. latifolium as described by Michaux.

Panicum latifolium var. australe Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 34.
1889. Alabama [type, Thomasville, Mohr] to Texas.

Panicum porterianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 420. 1895. Based
on P. waltheri Poir.

PANICUM BOSCII var. MOLLE (Vasey) Hitche. and Chase, in Robinson, Rhodora 10:
64. 1908. Based on P. lattfolium var. molle Vasey.

Panicum latifolium var. molle Vasey; Ward, Fl. Washington 135. 1881.
District of Columbia, [Ward].

Panicum walteri var. molle Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 194. 1893.
Presumably based on P. latifolium var. molle Vasey.

Panicum pubifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 577. 1899. Based on
P. latifolium var. molle Vasey.

(156) Panicum brachyanthum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 67. 1854. [Rusk
County], Tex., Vinzent 124.

Panicum sparsiflorum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 36. 1889.
Not P. sparsiflorum Doell, 1877. South Carolina to Texas, [type, San Ber-
nardino, Ridell 20).

This species was described as Panicum angustifolium Ell. by Chapman (FI.

South. U.S. 574. 1860).

(83) Panicum breve Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 271. f. 301.
1910. Jensen, Fla., Hitchcock 734.

(139) Panicum buibosum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 99. 1815. Guana-
juato, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Panicum avenaceum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 99. 1815. Ecuador,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Panicum gongylodes Jacq., Eclog. Gram. 30. pl. 21. 1815-1820. Cultivated
at Vienna.

Panicum nodosum Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 260. 1841, as synonym
of P. bulbosum.

Panicum maximum var. gongylodes Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 203. 1877.
Based on P. gongylodes Jacq.

Panicum maximum var. bulbosum Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 295. 1878. Presumably based on P. bulbosum H.B.K.

Panicum polygamum var. gongylodes Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 28. 1886. Based on
P. gongylodes Jacq.

Panicum bulbosum subvar. violaceum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 27. 1886. Chi-
nantla, Mexico, Liebmann 451.

Panicum bulbosum var. avenaceum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 132. 1896.
Based on P. avenaceum H.B.K.

PANICUM BULBOSUM var. MINUS Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 38.
1889. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona [type New Mexico, Rusby in 1880].

Panicum sciaphilum Rupr.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 19. 1886. Yavesia, Mexico,
Galeotti 5759.

Panicum bulbosum sciaphilum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
15: 83. f. 73. 1910. Based on P. sciaphilum Rupr.

(35) Panicum caerulescens Hack.; Hitche., Contrib. Pus. Natl. Herb. 12: 219.
1909. Miami, Fla., Hitchcock 706.

(23) Panicum calliphyllum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 15: 31. 1898.
Watkins, N.Y., Ashe in 1898.

(125) Panicum capillare L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 454].

Milium capillare Moench, Meth. Pl. 203. 1794. Based on P. capillare L.

Panicum bobarti Lam., Encycl. 4: 748. 1798. [Virginia, Bobart.]

Panicum capillare var. agreste Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. Tennessee,
[Ridgetop, Gattinger].

902 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum capillare var. vulgare Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 44.
1894. Presumably Knoxville, Tenn.

Chasea capillaris Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum
capillare L.

Leptoloma capillaris Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913. Based on
Panicum capillare L.

PANICUM CAPILLARE var. OCCIDENTALE Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:
186. 1895. Whitman, Nebr., Rydberg 1788.

Panicum capillare brevifolium Vasey; Rydb. and Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 5: 21. 1897. Manhattan, Mont., Shear 436.

Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 21.
1900. Based on P. capillare var. brevifolium Vasey.

Leptoloma barbipulvinata Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913.
Based on Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash.

Milium barbipulvinatum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. Based on
Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash.

Panicum barbipulvinatum var. hirsutipes Suksdorf, Werdenda 1: 17. 1927.
Spokane, Wash., Suksdorf 9068.

Panicum elegantulum Suksdorf, Werdenda 1: 16. 1927. Not P. elegantulum
Mez, 1917. Spokane, Wash., Suksdorf 9069. (No. 11792, also cited, is
P. capillare.)

(131) Panicum capillarioides Vasey, in Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
1: 54. 1890. Point Isabel, Tex., Nealley (634).
(81) zane chamaelonche Trin., Gram. Pan. 242. 1826. North America,
nslin.

Panicum nitidum var. minus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 30. 1892.
Florida, [type, St. Augustine, Canby].

Panicum baldwini Nutt.; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 1: 21.
1895, name only; Chapm. Fl. South U.S. ed. 3. 586. 1897. Florida,
Baldwin.

Panicum dichotomum var. nitidum Chapm.; Scribn., U.8.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 11: 48. 1898, as synonym of P. baldwinit.

(1) Panicum chapmani Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 61. 1884. Southern
Florida, Chapman.

This is the species described as Panicum tenuiculmum Meyer by Chapman

(Fl. South. U.S. 572. 1860).

(15) Panicum chrysopsidifolium Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 100, 1327.
1908. Leon County, Fla., Curtiss (no. D).

(11) Panicum ciliatum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 126. 1816. Presumably
South Carolina.

Panicum leucoblepharis Trin., Clav. Agrost. 234. 1822. North America,
[type, Enslin].

penreuin ciliatifolium Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 36. 1829. Based on P. ciliatum

ll

Panicum ciliatifolium Desv., Opusce. 88. 1831. North America.
(108) Panicum clandestinum L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Pennsylvania, Kalm.
Milium clandestinum Moench, Meth. Pl. 204. 1794. Based on Panicum
clandestinum L.
Panicum latifolium var. clandestinum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 68. 1814.
Based on P. clandestinum L.
Panicum pedunculatum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 141. 1823. ‘‘Island
of New York.”’
Panicum clandestinum var. pedunculatum Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 426. 1843.
Based on P. pedunculatum Torr.
Panicum decoloratum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 570. 1899. Tully-
town, Pa., Bicknell in 1899.
Chasea clandestina Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Pani-
cum clandestinum L.
(29) Panicum clutei Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 569. 1899. Between
Tuckerton and Atsion, N.J., Clute.
(68) Panicum columbianum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 78.
f.60. 1897. District of Columbia, Scribner in 1894.
Panicum heterophyllum Bosc; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 227. 1829. Not P. hetero-
phyllum Spreng., 1822. North America, Bosc.
Panicum psammophilum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 576. 1899. Not P.
psammophilum Welw., 1899. Toms River, N.J., Clute 175.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 903

PANICUM COLUMBIANUM var. THINIUM Hitche. and Chase, in Robinson, Rhodora
10: 64. 1908. Based on P. wnetphyllum thinium Hitche. and Chase.
Panicum unciphyllum thinium Hitche. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 209. 1906.
Toms River, N.J., Chase 3577.
Panicum heterophyllum var. thintum F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 172. 1912.
Based on P. unciphyllum thinium Hitche. and Chase.
(151) Panicum combsii Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
24: 42.f. 16. 1901. Chipley, Fla., Combs 583.
Panicum longifolium var. combsti Fernald, Rhodora 36: 69. 1934. Based on
P. combsii Scribn. and Ball.
(64) Panicum commonsianum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 55. 1898.
Cape May, N.J., Commons 341.
(104) Panicum commutatum Schult., Mant. 2: 242. 1824. Based on P.
nervosum Muhl.
Panicum nitidum var. majus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 67. 1814. North
America.
Panicum nervosum Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 122. 1816. Not
P. nervosum Lam., 1797. Carolina and Georgia.
Panicum enslini Trin., Gram. Pan. 230. 1826. North America, Enslin.
Panicum polyneuron Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 91. 1854. Based on P.
« nervosum Muhl.
Panicum commutatum var. minus Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8:
34. 1889. Southern States [type, Aiken, 8.C., Ravenel].
Panicum commutatum var. latifolium Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 20: 476. 1893. Pine Mountain, Ky., Kearney 299.
Panicum commelinaefolium Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 29. 1898.
Not P. commelinaefolium Rudge, 1805. Stone Mountain, Ga., Small in 1895.
Panicum currant Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1899. Based
on P. commelinaefolium Ashe.
Panicum subsimplex Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115. 1900. Wil-
mington, Del., Commons.
(77) Panicum concinnius Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:
263. f. 289. 1910. Based on P. gracilicaule Nash.
Panicum gracilicaule Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 98. 1903. Not
. FP. gracilicaule Rendle, 1899. Sand Mountain, Ala., Harbison 2415.
(148) Panicum condensum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 93. 1903.
[Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 5576.
Agrostis purpurascens Bert.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 42. 1840. Not
= Ls ea Swartz, 1788. Name only. Dominican Republic, Bertero,
albis.
Panicum coniractum Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 254. 1841. Name
only. Guadeloupe and Dominican Republic, Balbis.
Panicum agrostoides var. condensum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 74. 1934. Based
on P. condensum Nash.
(16) Panicum consanguineum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 36. 1829. Based on
P. villosum El.
Panicum villosum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 124. 1816. Not. P. villosum
Lam., 1791. Presumably South Carolina.
Panicum commutatum var. consanguineum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 141.
1896. Based on P. consanguineum Kunth.
Panicum georgianum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 36. 1898.
Darien Junction, Ga., Small in 1895.
Panicum cahoonianum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 15: 113. 1899.
Based on P. georgianum Ashe.
(102) Panicum cryptanthum Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115. 1900.
Wilsons Mills, N.C., Ashe in 1897.
(80) Panicum curtifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 569. 1899. Ocean
Springs, Miss., Tracy 4598.
Panicum earlei Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 571. 1899. Auburn, Ala.,
Earle and Baker 1532.
Panicum austro-montanum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 85. 1900.
Northern Aiabama and adjacent parts of Tennessee, Ashe.
(63) Panicum deamii Hitche. and Chase, in Deam, Ind. Dept. Conserv. Pub.
82: 284. pl. 75.f.18. 1929. Pine, Lake County, Ind., Deam 43287.
(5) Panicum depauperatum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 112. 1817. Pennsylvania,
Carolina [type].
Panicum strictum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 69. 1814. Not P. strictum R.
Br., 1810. Pennsylvania.

904 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum rectum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 457. 1817. Based on
P. strictum Pursh.
Panicum tinvolutum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 144. 1823. Deerfield
Mass., Cooley. :
Panicum muhlenbergit Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 314. 1825. North America.
[Type, New Jersey, Torrey].
Panicum junceum Trin., Gram. Pan. 220. 1826. North America.
Panicum sprengelit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 39. 1829. Based on P. muhlen-
bergit Spreng.
Panicum depauperatum var. involutum Wood, Class-book 786. 1861. Based
on P. involutum Torr.
?Panicum depauperatum var. larum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull.
8: 29. 1889. ‘Virginia, Florida, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri.”’
Panicum depauperatum var. psilophyllum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 1938. 1921.
Canton, Maine, Parlin 1957.
(119) Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48. 1803. Western
Allegheny Mountains, Michauz.
Panicum miliaceum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not P. miliaceum L., 1753.
South Carolina.
caren geniculatum Muhl., Cat. Pl. 9. 1813. Based on P. dichotomiflorum
ichx. .
Panicum multiflorum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 282. 1816. Carolina,
Bosc.
Panicum brachiatum Bose; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 321. 1825. Not P. brachi-
atum Poir. Bermuda cited [but type probably from South Carolina, Bosc].
Panicum elliotttz Trin.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 170. 1829, as synonym of P.
proliferum Lam. [misapplied to P. dichotomiflorum|].
Panicum retrofractum Delile; Desv., Opuse. 96. 1831. North America.
[Type from Carolina.]
Panicum proliferum var. pilosum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 232. 1866. Hané-
bana, Cuba, Wright [186].
Panicum proliferum var. geniculatum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 392.
1870. Presumably based on P. geniculatum Muhl.
Panicum amplectans Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3:20. 1878. South Florida,
[Blodgett].
Leptoloma dichotomiflora Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913.
Based on Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.
This species has been referred to P. proliferum Lam., an Old World species.
PANICUM DICHOTOMIFLORUM var. PURITANORUM Svenson, Rhodora 22: 154.
f. 1-5. 1920. Barnstable, Mass., Fernald in 1919.
(31) Panicum dichotomum L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 458].
Panicum angustifolium LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2: 342.
1818. Not P. angustifolium Ell., 1816. New York.
Panicum tremulum Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 108. 1821. New Jersey [Torrey].
Panicum dichotomum var. viride Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 30.
1889. No locality cited. [Type, Washington, D.C., Ward in 1881.]
Panicum dichotomum var. divaricatum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull.
8: 30. 1889. No locality cited. [Type, Lake, Miss., Tracy 127.]
Panicum nitidum var. pauciflorum Britton, N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 14. 1889.
Morris County, N.J., Britton.
Panicum nitidum var. viride Britton, N.Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 9: 14. 1889.
Based on P. dichotomum var. viride Vasey.
Panicum dichotomum var. commune Wats. and Coult., in A. Gray, Man. ed.
6: 633. 1890. No locality cited.
Panicum ramulosum var. viride Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 194. 1898.
Presumably based on P. dichotomum var. viride Vasey.
Chasea dichotoma Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum
dichotomum L.
(78) Eee ensifolium Baldw.; Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 126. 1816. Georgia,
Baldwin.
Panicum nitidum var. ensifolium Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 29.
1889. Based on P. ensifolium Baldw.
Panicum brittoni Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 194. 1897. Forked
River, N.J., Britton in 1896.
Panicum cuthbertii Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 48. 1898. St.
Helena Island, 8.C., Cuthbert.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 905

Panicum glabrissimum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 62. 1898.
Manteo, N.C., Ashe in 1898.

Panicum shallotte Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 16: 84. 1900. Based
on P. glabrissimum Ashe.

Panicum parvipaniculatum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 87. 1900.
Onslow County, N.C., Ashe in 1899.

(107) Panicum equilaterale Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 42.
pl. 2. 1898. Eustis, Fla., Nash 1674.

Panicum epilifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 571. 1899. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 45.

(72) Panicum erectifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 148. 1896. Based on
P. sphaerocarpon var. floridanum Vasey.

Panicum sphaerocarpon var. floridanum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull.
8: 33. 1889. Not P. floridanum Trin., 1834. Florida, [type, Mosquito
Inlet, Curtiss 3599].

Panicum floridanum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 585. 1897. Not P.
floridanum Trin., 1834. Presumably based on P. sphaerocarpon var. flori-
danum Vasey.

(i oa Panicum fasciculatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Jamaica,
wartz.

Panicum chartaginense Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Cartagena,
Colombia.

Panicum fuscum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Jamaica, Swartz.

Se eet flavescens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. Jamaica,

wartz.

Panicum fusco-rubens Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. West Indies.

Panicum fastigiatum Poir., in Lam., Encyel. Sup. 4: 277. 1816. Based on
P. fasciculatum Swartz.

Panicum spithamaeum Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 152. 1829. Name only.
South America, Humboldt.

Panicum illinoniense Desv., Opuse. 91. 1831. North America.

Panicum reticulatum Griseb., Abhandl. Gesell. Wiss. Géttingen 7: 264. 1857.
Not P. reticulatum, Torr. 1852. West Indies or Panama.

Panicum fuscum var. fasciculatum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 547. 1864.
Based on P. fasciculatum Swartz.

Panicum fasciculatum var. flavescens Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 205. 1877.
Based on P. flavescens Swartz.

Panicum fasciculatum var. fuscum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 205. 1877.
Based on P. fuscum Swartz.

Panicum fasciculatum var. carthaginense Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 205.
1877. Based on P. chartaginense Swartz.

PANICUM FASCICULATUM Var. RETICULATUM (Torr.) Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 117.
1896. Based on P. reticulatum Torr.

eh Sigh reticulatum Torr., in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 299. 1852. Red River,

ex.

Panicum fuscum reticulatum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 32: 4. 1901. Based on P. reticulatum Torr.

(132) Panicum filipes Scribn., in Heller, Contrib. Herb. Frankl. Marsh. Coll. 1:13.
1895. Corpus Christi, Tex., Heller 1809.

(4) Panicum firmulum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:27. f. 9.
1910. Elsordo, Tex., Griffiths 6446.

(76) Panicum flavovirens Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 572. 1899. Lake
County, Fla., Nash 2061.

(121) Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
20: 476. 1893. Based on P. capillare var. flerile Gattinger.

Panicum capillare var. flexile Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. [Nashville,
Tenn., Gattinger.]

Chasea flerilis Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 65. 1911. Based on Panicum
flextle Scribn.

(18) Panicum fusiforme Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 222. 1909.
Based on P. neuranthum var. ramosum Griseb.

Panicum neuranthum var. ramosum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 232. 1866. Not
P. ramosum L., 1767. Western Cuba, Wright 3454.

(122) Panicum gattingeri Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 92, 1327. 1903.
Based on P. capillare var. campestre Gattinger.

Panicum capillare var. campestre Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887. Not P.

campestre Nees. [Nashville, Tenn., Gattinger.]

906 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum capillare var. geniculatum Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 20: 447. 1893. Wasioto, Ky., [Kearney 378].

Panicum capillare gattingert Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 1: 123.
1896. Based on P. capillare var. campestre Gattinger.

af Sateen geminatum Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 18. 1775. Rosetta,
gypt.

Paspalum appressum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. South America.

Digitaria appressa Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Based on Paspalum appres-
sum Lam.

an beckmanniaeforme Mikan; Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 83. 1821.

razil.

Panicum brizaeforme Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 302. 1830. Luzon.

Panicum glomeratum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 3. 1866.
Not P. glomeratum Moench., 1794. Western. Texas.

Panicum appressum Lam.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 184. 1877. Not
P. appressum Forsk., 1775. Based on Paspalum appressum Lam.

Paspalidium geminatum Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 585. 1920. Based
on P. geminatum Forsk.

This species has been referred to Panicum paspalodes Pers., not known from

America.
(135) Panicum ghiesbreghtii Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 29. 1886. Mexico,
Ghiesbreght.

Panicum hirtivaginum Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 223. 1909.

Cuba, Wright 758.
(82) Panicum glabrifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 196. 1897. Tampa,
Fla., Nash 2415a.
it oie ara gouini Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 28. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico,
outn 4,

Panicum gouini var. pumilum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 28. 1886. Mexico, Vera
Cruz, Virlet 1300; Antigua, Liebmann 450.

Panicum repens var. confertum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 25. 1886.
‘‘Louisiana”’ [erroneous, type from Bay St. Louis, Miss., Langlois].

Panicum halophilum Nash, in Lloyd and Tracy, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28:
86. 1901. Based on P. repens var. confertum Vasey.

(160) Panicum gymnocarpon Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 117. 1816. Savannah,
Ga., Baldwin.

eee monachnoides Desv., Opusc. 86. 1831. ‘‘Brazil’’ [locality erro-
neous].

Panicum drummondii Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 63. 1854. New
Orleans, La., Drummond [574].

Phanopyrum gymnocarpon Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 104. 1903.
Based on Panicum gymnocarpon Ell.

(133) Panicum hallii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11:61. 1884. Austin, Tex.,
Hall 816 (in part).

Panicum virletii Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 29. 1886. San Luis Potosi, Mexico,
Virlet 1305, 1371.

(148) Panicum havardii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 95. 1887. De-
scribed from type of P. virgatum var. macranthum Vasey.

Panicum virgatum var. macranthum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 26.
1886. Not P. macranthum Trin., 1826. Guadalupe Mountains, Tex.,
Havard.

(91) Panicum helleri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 572. 1899. Kerrville,
Tex., Heller 1759.

Panicum pernervosum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 576. 1899. Houston,
Tex., Hall 830.

Panicum oligosanthes var. hellert Fernald, Rhodora 36: 80. 1934. Based on
P. hellert Nash.

(159) Panicum hemitomon Schult., Mant. 2: 227. 1824. Based on P. walter
Muhl.

Panicum dimidiatum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not P. dimidiatum L., 1753.
South Carolina. Referred by Elliott to P. walteri.

Panicum walteri Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 115. 1816. Not P. walterz Pursh,
1814. Charleston, 8.C.; Savannah, Ga., [type].

Panicum waltert Muhl., Descr. Gram. 108. 1817. Not P. waltert Pursh,
1814. No locality cited, probably Georgia.

Panicum carolintianum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 310. 1825. Based on P.
waltert Ell,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 907

Oplismenus waltert Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on Panicum
waltert Muhl.
Panicum carinatum Torr., in Curtis, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 137. 1835.
Not P. carinatum Presl, 1830. [Wilmington], N.C., [M. A. Curtis].
Panicum digitarioides Carpenter; Curtis, Amer. Jour. Sci. (II) 7: 410. 1849,
not P. digitarioides Raspail, 1833, as synonym of P. carinatum Torr.
Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 75. 1854. North America [type, Louisiana,
Carpenter].
Panicum curtisii Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 578. 1860. Not P. curtisii Steud.,
1854. Based on P. walteri Ell.
Oplismenus colonum var. waltert Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 40. 1886. Based on
O. waltert Kunth.
Brachiaria digitarioides Nash, in Britton, Man. 77. 1901. Based on P.
digitarioides Carpenter.
(154) Panicum hians Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 118. 1816. Charleston, S.C.
Panicum oblongiflorum Desv., Opuse. 89. 1831. Carolina, Bosc.
Panicum jejunum Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 103. 1836.
Louisiana.
Aira incompleta Bosc.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 45. 1840. Name only.
[Carolina, Bosc.]
Steinchisma hians Nash, in SmalJl, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 105. 1903. Based on
Panicum hians Ell. ‘This name, credited to Raf., is listed in Index Kewensis
(4: 982. 1895.) assynonym of Panicum debile [Poir.] which is Festuca obtusa.
(126) Panicum hillmani Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14: 345. f. 1.1924. Ama-
rillo, Tex., Hitchcock 16206.
(1386) Panicum hirsutum Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 173. 1797. Jamaica, His-
paniola, Swartz.
Panicum elatum Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 256. 1841. Name only.
South America, Humboldt.
(127) hon cia hirticaule Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 308. 1830. Acapulco, Mexico,
Haenke.
Panicum flabellatum Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France II. 27: 293. 1880.
Omotepe Island, Nicaragua, Lévy 1166.
Panicum polygamum var. hirticaule Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 28. 1886. Based on
P. hirticaule Presl, but misapplied to P. maximum Jacq.
Panicum capillare var. glabrum Vasey; T. S. Brandeg. Proce. Calif. Acad. II. 2:
211. 1889. Nameonly. Baja California, Brandegee in 1889.
(46) Panicum huachucae Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 51. 1898.
Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., Lemmon in 1882.
Panicum nitidum var. pilosum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824.
Not P. pilosum Swartz. New York.
Panicum languinosum var. huachucae Hitche., Rhodora 8: 208. 1906. Based
on P. huachucae Ashe.
Panicum lindheimert var. fasciculatum subvar. pilosum Farwell, Amer. Midl.
Nat. 11: 45. 1928. New York.
PANICUM HUACHUCAE var. FASCICULATUM (Torr.) F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 171.
1912. Based on P. dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr.
Panicum dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 145.
1824. New Jersey.
Panicum nitidum var. ciliatum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824.
New Jersey.
Panicum huachucae var. silvicola Hitche. and Chase, in Robinson, Rhodora 10:
64. 1908. District of Columbia, Chase 2400.
Panicum lindheimert var. fasciculatum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 228. 1921.
Based on P. dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr.
Panicum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 77. 1934.
Based on P. dichotomum var. fasciculatum Torr.
(45) Panicum implicatum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost Bull. 11: 43. f. 2.
1898. Cape Elizabeth, Maine, Scribner in 1895.
Panicum unciphyllum implicatum Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora 3: 123. 1901.
Based on P. implicatum Scribn.
Panicum lindheimert var. tmplicatum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 228. 1921.
Based on P. implicatum Scribn.
Panicum lanuginosum var. implicatum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 77. 1934.
Based on P. implicatum Scribn.
(106) Panicum joorii Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31. 1889. Loui-
. giana, Joor. oe

908 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum letophyllum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 20. 1886. Not P. leiophyllum
Nees, 1829. Cérdoba, Mexico, Bourgeau.

Panicum manatense Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 42. 1897. Manatee
County, Fla., Nash 2428a.

(85) Panteun lancearium Trin., Gram. Pan. 223. 1826. North America,
Enslin.

Panicum nashianum Scribn., U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 79. f. 61.
1897. Eustis, Fla., Nash 466.

(56) Panicum languidum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 232.

f. 245. 1910. Based on P. unciphyllum forma prostratum Scribn. and Merr.
Panicum unciphyllum forma prostratum Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora3: 124. 1901.
Not P. prostratum Lam.,1791. South Berwick, Maine, Fernald in 1897.

(48) Panicum lanuginosum Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 123. 1816. Georgia,
Baldwin.

Panicum dichotomum var. lanuginosum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861.
Presumably based on P. lanuginosum Ell.

Panicum orangense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 113. 1899.
Orange County, N.C., Ashe in 1898.

Panicum ciliosum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 568. 1899. Biloxi,
Miss., Tracy 4580.

(109) Panicum latifolium L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. America.

Milium latifolium Moench, Meth. Pl. 204. 1794. Based on P. latifolium L.

Panicum macrocarpon LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2: 341. 1818.
New York.

Panicum schnecki Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Southern
Indiana and Illinois [Schneck].

(9) Panicum laxiflorum Lam., Encycl. 4: 748. 1798. North America.

Panicum dichotomum var. laxiflorum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 139. 1896.
Based on Panicum laxiflorum Lam.

Panicum pyriforme Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 579. 1899. Orange
Bend, Fla., Nash 239.

Panicum aureum Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
27: 4. 1900, as synonym of P. laxiflorum Lam.

(95) Panicum leibergii (Vasey) Scribn., in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 497.
1898. Based on P. scoparium var. leibergi Vasey.

Panicum scoparium var. leibergii Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 32.
1889. Plymouth County, Iowa, Lezberg.

Panicum scribnerianum var. letbergit Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
6: 32. 1897. Presumably based on P. scopartum var. letbergit Vasey.

Milium leibergit Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 218. 1915. Based on Panicum
scoparitum var. letbergit Vasey.

(134) Panicum lepidulum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 75.
f.64. 1910. Chihuahua, Mexico, Pringle 497.

(40) Panicum leucothrix Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 41. 1897. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 1338.

Panicum parvispiculum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 347. 1897. Darien
Junction, Ga., Small in 1895.

(39) Panicum lindheimeri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 196. 1897. [New
Braunfels], Tex., Landhermer 565.

Panicum funstont Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 35: 4.
1901. Three Rivers, Calif., Coville and Funston 1286.

Panicum lindheimeri var. typicum Fernald, Rhodora 23: 227. 1921. Based
on P. lindheimert Nash.

Panicum lanuginosum var. lindhetmert Fernald, Rhodora 36: 77. 1984.
Based on P. lindheimert Nash.

(7) Panicum linearifolium Scribn., in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 500. f.
268a. 1898. New York and New Jersey to Missouri. [Type, Washington,
D.C., Vasey in 1882.]

Panicum strictum var. lineartfoltum Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 11: 44. 1928.
Based on P. linearifoltwm Scribn.

(150) Panicum longifolium Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 149. 1824. New
Jersey, Goldy.

Panicum anceps var. pubescens Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 37.
1889. Mobile, Ala., Mohr.

Panicum pseudanceps Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 85. 1898. Florida,
Simpson in 1889.

Panicum longifoltuum var. pubescens Fernald, Rhodora 36: 69. 1934. Based
on P, anceps var. pubescens Vasey.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 9()9

(41) Panicum longiligulatum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 574. 1899.
Apalachicola, Fla., Vasey in 1892.

(36) Panicum lucidum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 47. 1898.
Lake Mattamuskeet, N.C., Ashe in 1898.

Panicum taxodiorum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 91. 1900.
Lake Charles, La., Mackenzie 460.

(62) Panicum malacon Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 197. 1897. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 628.

Panicum strictifoluum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 579. 1899. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 603.

(90) Panicum malacophyllum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 198. 1897.
Sapulpa, Indian Territory [Okla.], Bush 1228.

Panicum scoparium var. minus Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 48. 1894.
Tennessee, Gattinger.

(28) Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 45.
1898. Lake Mattamuskeet, N.C., Ashe and Pearson in 1898.

?Panicum barbatum LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 342. 1814.
Not P. barbatum Lam., 1791. New York.

?Panicum nitidum var. barbatum Torr. Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824.
No locality cited.

Panicum flecuosum Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 27: 3. 1900. Not P. fleruosum Retz., 1791. Name only for speci-
men a Muhlenberg Herb. (See ‘‘(174)’’ Hitchcock, Bartonia 14: 39.
1932.

(137) Panicum maximum Jacq., Coll. Bot. 1: 76. 1786. Guadeloupe.

Panicum polygamum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Not P. polyg-
amum Forsk., 1775. [Jamaica, Swartz.]

Panicum laeve Lam., Tabl. Encyl. 1: 172. 1791. Dominican Republic.

pean jumentorum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 88. 1805. Based on P. polygamum

wartz.

Panicum scaberrimum Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 2. 1816. Mexico, Sessé.

Panicum trichocondylum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 74. 1854. Guadeloupe,
Duchaissing.

Panicum praticola Salzm.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 208. 1877, assynonym
of P. maximum. Bahia, Brazil, Salzmann 683.

(43) Panicum meridionale Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 59. 1898.
Chapel Hill and Burke County, N.C., Ashe.

Panicum filiculme Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 15: 59. 1898. Not
P. filiculme Hack., 1895. Chapel Hill, N.C., Ashe in 1898; Stone Mountain,
Ga., Small in 1895.

?Panicum microphyllum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 15: 61. 1898.
Chapel Hill, N.C., Ashe in 1898.

Panicum unctphyllum meridionale Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora 3: 123. 1901.
Based on P. meridionale Ashe.

Panicum lindheimert var. implicatum subvar. meridionale Farwell, Amer. Midl.
Nat. 11: 45. 1928. Based on P. meridionale Ashe.

(25) Panicum microcarpon Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 127. 1816. [Geor-
gia, Baldwin.]

Panicum heterophyllum Muhl., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. 3: 160. 1793. Name
only.

Panicum nitidum var. ramulosum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824.
Quaker Bridge, N.J.

(130) Panicum miliaceum L., Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. India.

Milium panicum Mill., Gard. Dict. Milium no. 1. 1768. Based on Panicum
miliaceum L.

Miliwm aetna Moench, Meth. Pl. 203. 1794. Based on Panicum mali-
aceum L.

Panicum milium Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 83. 1805. Based on P. miliaceum L.

Leptoloma miliacea Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 86. 1913. Based on
Panicum miliaceum L.

(105) Panicum mutabile Scribn. and Smith; Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast.
U.S. 103. 1908. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 3074.

(21) Panicum neuranthum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 232. 1866. Eastern Cuba,
Wright 3453.

(26) Panicum nitidum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. Carolina, Fraser.

Panicum nodiflorum Lam., Encycl. 4: 744. 1798. Carolina, Fraser; South
Carolina, Michauz.

910 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum dichotomum var. nitidum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861.
Presumably based on P. nitidum Lam.

Panicum dichotomum var. nodiflorum Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 234. 1866.
Based on P. nodiflorum Lam.

Panicum subbarbulatum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
29: 9. 1901. Based on P. barbulatum Michx. as described by Elliott, not
Michaux’s species. Presumably South Carolina.

(98) Panicum nodatum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 293.
1910. Sarita, Tex., Hitchcock 3865.

(24) Panicum nudicaule Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31. 1889.
Santa Rosa County, Fla., Curtiss [3583*].

(158) Panicum obtusum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1:98. 1815. Near Guana-
juato, Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Panicum polygonoides C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 323. 1861. Not P. polygonoides
Lam., 1798. Texas, Drummond 371.

Panicum repente Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 3. 1866.
Texas [Buckley].

Brachiaria obtusa Nash, in Britton, Man. 77. 1901. Based on Panicum
obtusum H.B.K.

(53) Panicum occidentale Scribn., Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 10: 48. 1899. Nootka
Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke.

Panicum dichotomum var. pubescens Munro; Benth., Pl. Hartw. 341. 1857.
Name only. Sacramento, Calif., Hartweg 2024 (344).

(93) Panicum oligosanthes Schult., Mant. 2: 256. 1824. Based on P. pauci-
florum Ell.

Panicum pauciflorum Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 120. 1816. Not P. pauci-
florum R. Br., 1810. Georgia.

Panicum scoparium var. angustifoltum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull.
8: 32. 1889. South Carolina, Ravenel.

Panicum scoparium var. pauciflorum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7:
48. 1894. Based on P. pauciflorum Ell.

(69) Panicum oricola Hitche. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 208. 1906. Lewes, Del.,
Hitchcock 47.

Panicum columbianum var. oricola Fernald, Rhodora 36: 79. 1934. Based on
P. oricola Hitche. and Chase.

(59) Panicum ovale Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 123. 1816. St. Marys, Ga.,
Baldwin.

Panicum ciliiferum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 195. 1897. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 147.

Panicum erythrocarpon Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 90. 1900.
New Hanover County, N.C., Ashe in 1899.

(20) Panicum ovinum Scribn. and Smith, U. S8.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 16:
38. 1899. Waller County, Tex., Thurow.

Panicum redivivum Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 262. 1841. Name
only. [Jalapa], Mexico, Schiede.

(54) Panicum pacificum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 229.
f. 241. 1910. Castle Crags, Calif., Hitchcock 3070.

(112) Panicum paludivagum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:
32. f. 18. 1910. Eustis, Fla., Nash 746.

(128) Panicum pampinosum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:
66. f. 48. 1910. Wilmot, Ariz., Thornber 193.

(88) Panicum patentifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 574. 1899.
Eustis, Fla., Nash 72.

(86) Panicum patulum (Scribn. and Merr.) Hitche., Rhodora 8: 209. 1906.
Based on P. nashianum patulum Scribn. and Merr.

Panicum nashianum patulum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Cire. 27: 9. 1900. ‘‘Braidentown” (Bradenton), Fla., Combs 1296.

Panicum lancearium var. patulum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 80. 1934. Based on
P. nashianum patulum Scribn. and Merr.

(97) Panicum pedicellatum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 28. 1889.
[Kimble County], Tex., Reverchon.

(6) Panicum perlongum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 575. 1899. Creek
Nation, Okla., Carleton 98.

Panicum pammeli Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Iowa
[Cratty in 1881].

Panicum strictum var. perlongum Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 11: 44. 1928.
Based on P. perlongum Nash,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES |. 911

(123) Panicum philadelphicum Bernh.; Trin., Gram. Pan. 216. 1826; Nees,
Agrost. Bras. 198. 1829. [Philadelphia, Pa., Bernhard1.]}

Panicum capillare var. sylvaticum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 149. 1824.
Not P. sylvaticum Lam., 1798. New York City.

Panicum torreyi Fourn., in Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 497. 1885.
Based on P. capillare var. sylvaticum Torr.

Panicum capillare var. minimum Engelm.; Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 94. 1887.
[Green Brier, Tenn., Gattinger.]

Panicum minus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895. Based on
“Panicum capillare var. minus Muhl.”

Panicum capillare var. minus Muhl.; Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421.
1895, assynonym of P. minus Nash. Muhlenberg does not give this a varietal
name, noting only “ varietas minor occurrit ubique in cultis magis aridis.”’

Panicum minimum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
27: 4. 1900. Based on P. capillare var. minimum Engelm.

(138) Panicum plenum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 80.
f. 69. 1910. Mangas Springs, N.Mex., Metcalfe 739.

(71) Panicum polyanthes Schult., Mant. 2: 257. 1824. Based on P. multi-
florum Ell.

Panicum multiflorum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 122. 1816. Not P. multi-
florum Poir., 1816. Presumably South Carolina.

Panicum microcarpon Muhl., Descr. Gram. 111. 1817. Not P. microcarpon
Muhl.; Ell., 1816. Virginia, ‘‘Cherokee”’ [type], and Delaware.

Panicum firmandum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 418. 1854. North Carolina,
M. A. Curtis.

Panicum microcarpon var. tsophyllum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
7: 51. f.54. 1894. [Alleghany Springs, Tenn., Gayle.]

(12) Panicum polycaulon Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 200. 1897. Tampa,
Fla., Nash 2420a.

Panicum dichotomum var. glabrescens Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 558. 1864.
Jamaica, Purdie.

(84) Panicum portoricense Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 11. 1825.

“Puerto Rico.

Panicum pauciciliatum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 87. 1900.
Wilmington, N.C., Ashe in 1899.

(51) Panicum praecocius Hitche. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 206. 1906. Wady
Petra, Ill., V. H. Chase 649.

(58) Panicum pseudopubescens Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 26: 577. 1899.
Auburn, Ala., Earle and Baker 1537.

Panicum villosissimum var. pseudopubescens Fernald, Rhodora 36: 79. 1934.
Based on P. pseudopubescens Nash.

(113) Panicum purpurascens Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 47. 1823. Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, Raddi. (P. purpurascens Opiz, 1822, is a name only.)

Panicum barbinode Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 256. 1834.
Bahia, Brazil.

Panicum guadaloupense Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 61. 1854. Guadeloupe.

Panicum equinum Salzm.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 67. 1854. Bahia, Brazil,
Salzmann.

Panicum pictigluma Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 73. 1854. Brazil.

This species has been referred to P. numidianum Lam. Together with that
and P. barbinode Trin. it is included under Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf, in
Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 526. 1919.

(2) Panicum ramisetum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.(\Circe. 27: 9. 1900.
Based on P. subspicatum Vasey.

Panicum subspicatum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 25. 1889.
Not P. subspicatum Desv., 1831. Texas, Nealley.

Chaetochloa ramiseta Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 89. 1913. Based on
Panicum ramisetum Scribn.

Panicum ramosum L., Mant. Pl. 1: 29. 1767. ‘In Indiis.”’

(94) Panicum ravenelii Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
24: 36. 1901. Based on P. scopartum as described by Elliott. [South
Carolina and Georgia.]

Panicum scoparium var. majus Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 32.

‘ 1889. South Carolina, Ravenel.

Panicum scoparium var. genuinum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 48.
1894. Based on P. scoparium Lam., as described by Elliott.

(140) Panicum repens L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 87. 1762. Southern Europe.

Panicum littorale Mohr; Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 4: 106. 1879. Mobile, Ala., Mohr.

55974°—35——58

912 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(114) Panicum reptans L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. [Jamaica, Browne.]

Panicum grossarium L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871. 1759. [Jamaica, Browne,
typonym of P. reptans L.]

Panicum prostratum Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 171. 1791. West Indies [type
from Dominican Republic].

Panicum caespitosum Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 146. 1797. Jamaica, Swartz.

Panicum insularum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 61. 1854. Lesser Antilles,
| Hohenacker].

Brachiaria prostrata Griseb., Abhandl. Gesell. Wiss. Gottingen 7: 263. 1857.
Based on Panicum prostratum Lam.

Panicum aurelianum Hale, in Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 787. 1861. New
Orleans, La., Hale.

Panicum prostratum var. pilosum Eggers, Fl. St. Croix and Virgin Isl. 104.
1879. St. Croix.

Urochloa reptans Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 601. 1920. Based on Pani-
cum reptans L.

(3) Panicum reverchoni Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 25. 1889.
[Dallas], Tex., Reverchon.

Chaetochloa reverchoni Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 88. 1913. Based on
Panicum reverchoni Vasey.

(153) Panicum rhizomatum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 109.
f. 104. 1910. Orangeburg, 8.C., Hitchcock 450.

Panicum anceps var. rhizomatum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 738. 1934. Based on
P. rhizomatum Hitche. and Chase.

(34) Panicum roanokense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 44. 1898.
Roanoke Island, N.C., Ashe in 1898.

Panicum curtivaginum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 85. 1900.
Petit Bois Island, Miss., Tracy [4584].

(101) Panicum scabriusculum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 121. 1816. Savannah,
Ga., Baldwin.

Panicum lanuginosum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 319. 1825. Not P. lanugi-
nosum Ell., 1816. Georgia.

Panicum eriophorum Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 591. 1827. Based on P.
lanuginosum Bose.

Panicum nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 25. 1886. Texas, Nealley.

Panicum dichotomum var. elatum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 31.
1889. No locality cited. [Mobile, Ala., Mohr.]

Panicum viscidum var. scabriusculum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 1438. 1896.
Based on ‘‘P. scabriusculum Chapm. non Ell.” Chapman uses Elliott’s
name correctly.

(60) Panicum scoparioides Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 58. 1898.
Centreville, Del., Commons 283.

Panicum villosissimum var. scoparioides Fernald, Rhodora 36: 79. 1934.
Based on P. scoparioides Ashe.

(99) Panicum scoparium Lam., Encycl. 4: 744. 1798. South Carolina, Michauz.
Panicum pubescens Lam., Encycl. 4: 748. 1798. South Carolina, Michauz.
Panicum viscidum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 123. pl. 7. f. 3. 1816. Presum-

ably South Carolina.

Panicum nitidum var. velutinum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 247. 1877. Based
on P. viscidum Ell.

Panicum laziflorum var. pubescens Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 586. 1897.
Not P. laxiflorum var. pubescens Vasey, 1892. Based on P. pubescens Lam.,
but misapplied to P. strigosum Muhl.

Chasea pubescens Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum
pubescens Lam.

(92) Panicum scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895. Based
on P. scoparium as described by Watson in Gray’s Manual. [Type,
Pennsylvania, Carey in 1836.]

Panicum macrocarpon Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 148. 1823. Not P.
macrocarpon LeConte, 1818. Deerfield, Mass., Cooley.

Panicum scoparium 8. Wats.; Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895, as
synonym of P. scribnerianum Nash.

Panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 80. 1934.
Based on P. scribnertanum Nash.

(61) Panicum shastense Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
35: 3. 1901. Castle Crags, Calif., Greata in 1899.

(70) Lele sphaerocarpon HEll., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 125. 1816. Georgia,

saldwin.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 913

Panicum kalmii Swartz; Wikstr., Adnot. Bot. 6. 1829. Pennsylvania, ?Kalm.

Panicum heterophyllum Swartz; Wikstr., Adnot. Bot. 6. 1829. Not P. hetero-
phyllum Spreng., 1822. As synonym of P. kalmii Swartz.

Panicum dichotomum var. sphaerocarpon Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 786. 1861.
Presumably based on P. sphaerocarpon Ell.

Panicum nitidum var. crassifolium A. Gray; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 247.
1877. New Jersey.

Panicum microcarpon var. sphaerocarpon Vasey, Grasses U.S. 12. 1883. Based
on P. sphaerocarpon Ell.

Panicum vicarium Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 20. 1886. Cérdoba, Mexico, Schaffner
285.

PANICUM SPHAEROCARPON Var. INFLATUM (Scribn. and Smith) Hitche., Contrib.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 253. f. 275. 1910. Based on P. inflatum Scribn. and
Smith. (Published as P. sphaerocarpon inflatum.)

Panicum inflatum Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 16:
1899. Biloxi, Miss., Tracy 4622.

Panicum mississippiense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 91. 1900.
Mississippi River below New Orleans, La., Ashe.

(37) Panicum sphagnicola Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 422. 1895. Lake
City, Fla., Nash 2500.

(38) Panicum spretum Schult., Mant. 2: 248. 1824. Based on Muhlenberg’s
Panicum no. 37. New England.

Panicum nitidum var. densiflorum Rand and Redfield, Fl. Mt. Desert 174.
1894. Mount Desert, Maine, Rand.

Panicum eatonit Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 84. 1898. Seabrook, N.H.,
Eaton.

Panicum octonodum Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 73. f. 369.
1899. Waller County, Tex., Thurow in 1898.

Panicum paucipilum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 573. 1899. Wildwood,
N.J., Bicknell in 1897.

Panicum nitidum octonodum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 24: 34. 1901. Based on P. octonodum Smith.

(149) Panicum stipitatum Nash, in Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull 17.
(ed. 2): 56. f. 352. 1901. Based on P. elongatum Pursh.

Panicum elongatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 69. 1814. Not P. elongatum
Salisb., 1796. New Jersey to Virginia. [Type, Delaware.]

Panicum agrostoides var. elongatum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 42.
pl. 9. f. 34. 1894. Based on P. elongatum Pursh.

(129) Panicum stramineum Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:
67. f. 50. 1910. Guaymas, Sonora, Palmer 206 in 1887.

(13) Panicum strigosum Muhl., in Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 126. 1816. [South
Carolina and Georgia. ]

Panicum lazxiflorum var. pubescens Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 30.
1892. No locality cited. [Type, Duval County, Fla., Curtiss (no. H).]
Panicum longitpedunculatum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 53. pl. 16.

f. 61. 1894. Tennessee, White Cliff Springs, [Scribner, type], Tullahoma.

(52) Panicum subvillosum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 86. 1900.
Carlton, Minn., Ashe.

Panicum unciphyllum forma pilosum Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora 3: 124.
1901. Orono, Maine, Fernald 501.

(146) Panicum tenerum Beyr., in Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
1: 341. 1834. Georgia, Beyrich [62].

Panicum anceps var. strictum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 573. 1860. Florida,
Chapman.
This species has beenreferred to Panicum stenodes Griseb., of tropical America.

(47) Panicum tennesseense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe. 15: 52. 1898.
La Vergne County, Tenn., Biltmore Herbarium 7087.

Panicum lindheimert var. septentrionale Fernald, Rhodora 23: 227. 1921.
Woodstock, New Brunswick, Fernald and Long 12527.

Panicum lindheimert var. tennesseense Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 11: 45.
1928. Based on Panicum tennesseense Ashe.

Panicum lanuginosum var. septentrionale Fernald, Rhodora 36:77. 1934.
Based on P. lindheimeri var. septentrionale Fernald.

(73) Panicum tenue Muhl., Descr. Gram. 118. 1817. No locality cited.

Panicum deustum Brickell and Enslin; Muhl., Deser. Gram. 119. 1817.

Not P. deustum Thunb., 1794. As synonym of P. tenue.

914 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Panicum liton Schult., Mant. 2: 250. 1824. Based on P. tenuwe Muhl., that
name changed because of P. tenwe Roxb., name only, 1813, not described
until 1820.

Panicum unciphyllum Trin., Gram. Pan. 242. 1826. North America.

Panicum macrum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 40. 1829. Based on P. tenue Muhl.

Panicum parvulum Muhl.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
react :4. 1900. Not P. parvulum Trin., 1884. As synonym of P. tenue

uhl.

(118) Panicum texanum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 3.
1866. Austin, Tex.

(55) Panicum thermale Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 2: 181. 1862. Sonoma
County, Calif.

(50) Panicum thurowii Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ.
16:5. 1899. Waller County, Tex., Thurow in 1898.

(75) Panicum trifolium Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 580. 1899. Macon,
Ga., Small in 1895.

(67) Panicum tsugetorum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 86. 1898.- Bronx
Park, N.Y., Nash 287.

Panicum lanuginosum siccanum Hitche. and Chase, Rhodora 8: 207. 1906.
Starved Rock, Ill., Chase 1602.

(124) Panicum tuckermani Fernald, Rhodora 21:112. 1919. Lake Mem-
phremagog, Vt., Tuckerman.

Panicum soboliferum Tuckerm.; Scribn. and Merr., Rhodora 3: 106. 1901,
as synonym of P. minimum. Lake Memphremagog, Vt., Tuckerman.
(157) Panicum urvilleanum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 408. pl. 115. 1831. [Con-

cepcion], Chile, Dumont-d’ Urville.

Panicum megastachyum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 305. 1830. Not P. megastachyum
Nees, 1826. Hudnuco, Peru, Haenke.

Panicum preslit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. X. 1830. Based on P. megasta-
chyum Presl.

Panicum urvilleanum longiglume Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
17 (ed. 2): 49. 1901. San Jacinto, Calif., Parish Brothers 887.

(79) Panicum vernale Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 266.
f. 293. 1910. Lake City, Fla., Hitchcock 1020.

(155) Panicum verrucosum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 113. 1817. New Jersey,
Delaware, and Georgia.

Panicum debile Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 129. 1816. Not P. debile Desf.,
1798. Presumably South Carolina.

Panicum umbraculum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 314. 1825, as synonym of
P. verrucosum. [Bosc.]

Panicum rugosum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 314. 1825, as synonym of
P. verrucosum. [Bosc.]

(57) Panicum villosissimum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 149. 1896.
Macon, Ga., Small in 1895.

Panicum tectum Willd.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 313. 1825. Name only.
North America.

Panicum dichotomum var. villosum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull.
8:31. 1889. [Type, District of Columbia, Vasey.]

Panicum nitidum var. pubescens Scribn., in Kearney, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
20: 479. 1893. Name only. Harlan and Bell Counties, Ky., Kearney 58
and 141 in part.

Panicum atlanticum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 346. 1897. Bronx
Park, N.Y., Nash.

Panicum haemacarpon Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15:55. 1898.
District of Columbia, Kearney in 1897 [type]; North Carolina, Ashe in 1898;
Iowa, Carver 258.

Panicum xanthospermum Scribn. and Mohr, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 6: 348.
1901. Greenville, Ala., Mohr.

(142) Panicum virgatum L., Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. Virginia [Clayton 578].

Panicum coloratum Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. Not P. coloratum L., 1767.
South Carolina.

Eatonia purpurascens Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 104. 1819. New York
[type, Long Island].

Panicum pruinosum Bernh.; Trin., Gram. Pan. 191. 1826, as synonym of
P. virgatum. North America [Delaware], Bernhardt.

Panicum giganteum Scheele, Linnaea 22: 340. 1849. Between San Antonio
and New Braunfels, Tex., Lindhevmer.

: MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 915

Panicum glaberrimum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:94. 1854. Grown at Berlin,
seed from North America.
Ichnanthus glaber Link; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:94. 1854, as synonym of
P. glaberrimum Steud.
Panicum kunthii Fourn.; Hemsi., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 490. 1885. Not
P. kunthit Steud., 1841. Based on P. coloratum L. misapplied by Kunth.
Panicum virgatum var. confertum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886.
No locality cited. [Type, Atlantic City, N.J., Vasey.]
Panicum virgatum var. elongatum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 26. 1886.
No locality cited. [Type, White River, S.Dak., Wilcox 13.]
Panicum virgatum var. diffusum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18: 26. 1886.
‘‘Kansas, Colorado, ete.”
Panicum virgatum var. glaucephylla Cassidy, Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 12: 29.
1890. Colorado.
Chasea virgata Nieuwl., Amer. Mid]. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Based on Panicum
virgatum L.
Milium virgatum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. Based on Panicum
virgatum L.
Milium virgatum var. elongatum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 212. 1915.
Based on Panicum virgatum var. elongatum Vasey.
PANICUM VIRGATUM var. CUBENSE Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. 233. 1866. [Hand4-
bana], Cuba, Wright in 1865.
Panicum virgatum var. obtusum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 392. 1870.
New Jersey.
Panicum virgatum var. breviramosum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 150.
1896. Augusta, Ga., Small in 1895.
Panicum virgatum var. thyrsiforme Linder, Rhodora 24: 14. 1922. Indian
River, Fla., Fredhoim 5580.
PANICUM VIRGATUM var. SPISSUM Linder, Rhodora 24:15. 1922. Great Pubnico
Lake, Nova Scotia, Fernald, Long, and Linder 19766.
(87) Panicum webberianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 149. 1896.
Eustis, Fla., Nash 781.
Panicum onslowense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 88. 1900.
Ward’s Mill, Onslow County, N.C., Ashe.
(8) Panicum werneri Scribn., in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 501. f. 268b.
1898. New York and Ohio [type, Painesville, Werner 60].
Panicum delawarense Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Cen-
terville, Del., Commons [48] in 1878.
Panicum linearifolium var. werneri Fernald, Rhodora 23: 194. 1921. Based
on P. werneri Scribn.
Panicum strictum var. linearifolium subvar. werneri Farwell, Amer. Midl. Nat.
11: 44. 1928. Based on P. werneri Scribn.
(89) Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 8: 32. 1889.
Nebraska [Fort Niobrara], Wilcox in 1888.
Milium wilcorianum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 213. 1915. Based on
Panicum wilcorianum Vasey.
(66) Panicum wilmingtonense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 86. 1900.
Wilmington, N.C., Ashe in 1899.
Panicum alabamense Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 116. 1900. Not
P. alabamense Trin., 1854. Auburn, Ala., Alabama Biological Survey 1530.
(42) Panicum wrightianum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 44. f. 4.
1898. Vueltabajo, Cuba, Wright 3463.
Panicum strictum Bosc; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 447. 1817. Not P.
strictum R.Br., 1810. North America [type, Carolina, Bosc].
Panicum minutulum Desv., Opusc. 87. 1833. Not P. minutulum Gaud.,
1826. Carolina.
Panicum deminutivum Peck, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 10: 27. 1907. Suffolk
County, N.Y., Peck in 1906.
(10) Panicum xalapense H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 103. 1815. Xalapa
[Jalapa], Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Panicum pumilum Bosc; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 228. 1829. Not P. pumilum
Lam., 1798. Name only. North America [Bosc].
Panicum rariflorum Rupr., Bull. Acad. Sci. Belg. 92: 240. 1842. Not P.
rariflorum Lam., 1798. Name only. Jalapa, Mexico, Galeotti 5733.
Panicum ruprechtit Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 21. 1886. Not P. ruprechtiz Fenzl.,
1854. Described from type of P. rariflorum Rupr.
Panicum caricifolium Scribn.; Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 57.
1898. Nameonly. Washington, D.C., Kearney in 1897.

916 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

This is the species described as Panicum acuminatum Swartz by Muhlenberg

(Deser. Gram. 125. 1817).

PANICUM XALAPENSE var. STRICTIRAMEUM Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 15: 161. f. 148. 1910. Jackson, Miss., Hitchcock 1311. (Pub-
lished as P. xalapense strictirameum.)

Panicum laxiflorum var. strictirameum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 75. 1934. Based
on P. xalapense strictirameum Hitche. and Chase.

(96) Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray, Gram. and Cyp. 1: no. 28. 1834. Oneida
Lake, N.Y.

Panicum xanthophysum forma amplifolium Scribn., in Brainerd, Jones, and
Eggleston, Fl. Vt. 104. 1900. Burlington, Vt., Jones.

(33) Panicum yadkinense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 85. 1900.
Based on Panicum maculatum Ashe.

?Panicum dumus Desv., Opusc. 88. 1831. Tropical America (locality erroneous).
Panicum maculatum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 15: 44. 1898. Not
P. maculatum Aubl., 1775. Raleigh, N.C., Ashe in 1895.

(37) PAPPOPHORUM Schreb.

(3) Pappophorum bicolor Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 133. 1886. Toluca, Mexico,
Karwinsky 1483.
(2) Pappophorum mucronulatum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 412. 1829. Bahia and
Piauhy, Brazil, Martius.
Pappophorum vaginatum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 1.
1866. Western Texas [type, Wright 803].
Pappophorum apertum Munro; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 148. 1882.
Camp Lowell, Ariz., Pringle. =
Pappophorum apertum var. vaginatum Scribn.; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 2: 535. 1894. Based on P. vaginatum Buckl.
(1) Pappophorum wrightii S. Wats. Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 178. 1883.
[Devils River, Tex.], Wright 751 and 2029.
Pappophorum mexicanum Griseb.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 183. 1886. Mexico,
Guadalupe, Bourgeau; valley of Mexico, Schaffner 184.

(128) PASPALUM L.*

(2) Paspalum acuminatum Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 25. 1828. Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, Raddz.
(11) Paspalum almum Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 1387.f.1. 1933. Beau-
mont, Tex., J. F. Combs in 1932.
(42) Paspalum bifidum (Bertol.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 192. 1897.
Based on Panicum bifidum Bertol.
Panicum floridanum Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 248. 1834.
Not Paspalum floridanum Michx. Florida and Alabama.
Panicum bifidum Bertol., Mem. Accad. Sci. Bologna 2: 598. pl. 41. f. 2. e-h.
1850. Alabama.
Panicum alabamense Trin.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 64. 1854. Alabama,
locality erroneously cited as North Carolina.
Paspalum racemulosum Nutt.; Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 571. 1860. Florida
to North Carolina and westward.
Paspalum interruptum Wood, Class-book 783. 1861. Louisiana and Texas,

Hale.
(25) Paspalum blodgettii Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 571. 1860. Key West, Fla.,
Blodgett.

Paspalum dissectum Swartz; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 308. 1817. Not
P. dissectum L. 1762. Erroneously given as synonym of P. caespitosum
Fligge. Jamaica, Swartz.

Paspalum simpsoni Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 39. 1897. No-Name
Key, Fla., Sempson 184.

Paspalum gracillamum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 73, 1326. 1903.
Key West, Fla., Blodgett.

Paspalum yucatanum Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28:121. 1929. Mérida,
Yucatan, Schott 597.

(41) Paspalum boscianum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 170. 1810. Carolina, Bosc.

Paspalum virgatum Walt., Fl. Carol. 75. 1788. Not P. virgatum L., 1759.
South Carolina.

26 For discussion of types see Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 7-239. 1929.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 917

Paspalum brunneum Bose; Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 171. 1810, as synonym of
P. boscianum. Carolina, Bosc.

Paspalum purpurascens Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 108. pl. 6. f. 3. 1816.
South Carolina.

Paspalum confertum LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 285. 1820. Georgia,
[LeConte]. ,

Paspalum virgatum var. purpurascens Wood, Class-book 781. 1861. Based
on P. purpurascens Ell.

(26) Paspalum caespitosum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 161. 1810. Hispaniola,
Poiteau and Turpin.

Paspalum gracile Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 313. 1816. Not P. gracile
Rudge, 1805. Dominican Republic.

Paspalum heterophyllum Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 315. 1816.
Dominican Republic.

Paspalum poiretii Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 878. 1817. Based on
P. gracile Poir.

Paspalum lineare Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 12. 1886. Not P. lineare Trin., 1826.
Mexico, Liebmann 187 [type; the other specimen cited, Liebmann 192, is
P. langet}.

Paspalum caespitosum var. longifolium Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13:
164. 1886. No locality cited. [Type, Garber in 1877.]

(19) Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 1803. Carolina, Michaucz.

Paspalum debile Muhl., Cat. Pl. 8. 1813; Desecr. Gram. 91. 1817. Not
P. debile Michx., 1803. Georgia.

Paspalum spathaceum Desy.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 314. 1816.
America.

pam latifolium LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 284. 1820. Columbia,

Paspalum ciliatifolium var. brevifoltum Vasey, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc.
1886: 285. 1886. Philadelphia, Pa., Burk.
Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifoltum Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:
17. 1892. Based on P. ciliatefoluum Michx.
Paspalum chapmant Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 290. 1899. Florida,
Chapman.
Paspalum eggertit Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 484. 1900. Arkansas,
[type, Pine Bluff, Eggert in 1896].
Paspalum blepharophyllum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 71, 1326.
1903. Central Florida, Nash 1426.
Paspalum epile Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 72, 1326. 1903. Key
West, Fla., Blodgett.
(33) Paspalum circulare Nash, in Britton, Man. 73. 1901. New York to North
Carolina; Missouri. [Type, Bergen County, N.J., Nash in 1889.]
Paspalum praelongum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 74, 1826. 1903.
Washington, D.C., Nash in 1894.
Paspalum laeve var. circulare Stone, N.J. Mus. Ann. Rept. 1910: 187. 1911.
Based on P. circulare Nash.
(28) Paspalum conjugatum Bergius, Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7: 129. pl. 8. 1762.
Dutch Guiana.
Paspalum tenue Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 2: 2. pl. 80. 1791. Apparently
based on P. conjugatum Bergius.
Paspalum ciliatum:-Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 175. 1791. Tropical America
[French Guiana, Leblond].
Paspalum renggert Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 17. 1854. Paraguay, Rengger.
Paspalum longissimum Hochst.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 19. 1854. Dutch
Guiana, Kappler 1556.
Paspalum bicrurum Salzm.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22:55. 1877,assynonym
of P. conjugatum. Bahia, Brazil, Salzmann.
Paspalum conjugatum var. parviflorum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 55.
1877. Brazil, Mandos, Spruce 894; Piauhy, Gardner 3502.
(14) Paspalum debile Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 18038. Carolina [type]
and Georgia, Michauz.
?Paspalum dissectum Walt., Fl. Carol. 75. 1788. Not P. dissectum L. 1762.
South Carolina.
Paspalum dubtum DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 130. 1813. Native country
unknown.
Paspalum infirmum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 307. 1817. Based on
Paspalum debile Michx.

918 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Paspalum villosissimum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 40. 1897. Eustis,
Fla. Nash 946.
(36) Paspalum difforme LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 284. 1820. Georgia.
(29) Paspalum dilatatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 35. 1804. Argentina,
Commerson.
Paspalum platense Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 247. 1825. Montevideo, Uruguay.
Paspalum ovatum Nees; Trin., Gram. Pan. 113. 1826. Brazil, Besser.
Paspalum lanatum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4: Cur. Post. 30. 1827. Not P. lana-
tum H.B.K., 1816. Brazil.
Pea ertophorum Schult., Mant. 2: 560. 1827. Based on P. lanatum
preng.
Paspalum ovatum var. grandiflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 48. 1829. Monte-
video, Uruguay, Sellow.
Paspalum selloi Spreng.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 43. 1829, as synonym of P.
ovatum var. grandiflorum Nees.
Paspalum pedunculare Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 217. 1830. Habitat unknown.
Paspalum dilatatum var. decumbens Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 13: 166.
1886. No locality cited. [Type, Point-a-la-Hache, La., Langlois 27.]
Paspalum dilatatum var. sacchariferum Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo
1: 90. 1894. Uruguay.
Panicum platense Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 368. 1898. Based on Paspalum
platense Spreng.
Digitaria dilatata Coste, Fl. France 3: 558. 1906. Based on Paspalum
dilatatum Poir.
(1) Paspalum dissectum (L.) L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 81. 1762. Based on Panicum
dissectum L
Panicum dissectum L., Sp. Pl. 57. 17538. Locality erroneously given as
‘‘Indiis’’, the type in the Linnaean Herbarium being from North America,
collected by Kalm.
Paspalum dimidiatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759. Based on Panicum
dissectum L.
Paspalum membranaceum Walt., Fl. Carol. 75. 1788. South Carolina.
Paspalum vaginatum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 109. 1816. Not P. vaginatum
Swartz, 1788. Savannah, Ga., Baldwin.
Paspalum walterianum Schult., Mant. 2:166. 1824. Based on P. membrana-
de Walt. In Chapman’s Flora (570. 1860.) the name is givenas P. waltert
chult.
Paspalum tectum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 29. 1854. Florida, Chapman.
Paspalum drummondiu C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 332. 1861. St. Louis, Mo., |
Drummond 182. |
(5) Paspalum distichum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759. [Jamaica, Browne.] |
Digitaria paspalodes Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 46. 1803. Charleston, S.C.,
Michauz. |
eal digitaria Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 316. 1816. Charleston,
iC, Bose
Milium paspalodes Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 104. 1816. Based on Digitaria
paspalodes Michx., but misapplied to Azonopus furcatus (Fligge) Hitche.
Milium distichum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 78. 1817. Presumably based
on Paspalum distichum L.
Paspalum michauzianum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1:25. 1829. Based on Digitaria
paspalodes Michx.
Panicum paspaliforme Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 296. 1830. Peru, Haenke. |
Panicum polyrrhizum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 296. 1830. ‘‘ Monterey, Cali- |
fornia”’ [but specimens probably collected in Baja California], Haenke. |
Paspalum fernandezianum Colla, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino 39: 27. pl. 59. |
1836. Juan Fernandez, Chile, Bertero. |
Paspalum chepica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 21. 1854. Juan Fernandez,
Chile, Bertero 1223.
Paspalum vaginatum var. pubescens Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 75. 1877. |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Glaziou 3612. |
Paspalum schaffneri Griseb., in Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2:6. 1886. Mexico, Chapul-
tepec, Schaffner 19a; San Angel, Schaffner 19c; Mirador, Schaffner 19b.
Paspalum elliottii 8. Wats., in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 629. 1890. Based on
een paspalodes Ell. but misapplied to Azonopus furcatus (Fligge)
itche.
Paspalum paspaloides Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 29. 1894. Based
on A ua paspalodes Michx. but misapplied to Azonopus furcatus (Fliigge)
itche.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 919

Digitaria disticha Fiori and Paol., Icon. Fl. Ital. Illustr. 1: 16. f. 136. 1895.
Based on Paspalum distichum i

Anastrophus paspaloides Nash, in Britton, Man. 75. 1901. Based on Pas-
ame paspaloides Scribn. but misapplied to Axzonopus furcatus (Fliigge)

itche.

Paspalum distichum var. digitaria Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires 13: 424. 1906. Based on P. digitaria Poir.

Paspalum distichum subsp. paspalodes Thell., Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg
38: 77. 1912. Based on Digitaria paspalodes Michx.

(37) Paspalum floridanum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 1803. Florida and

Georgia, Michauz.

Paspalum macrospermum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 172. 1810. Carolina, Bosc.

Paspalum glabrum Bosc; Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 172. 1810, as synonym of
P. macrospermum.

Paspalum laevigatum Bosc; Poir., Encycl. Sup. 4: 313. 1816, as synonym of
P. floridanum Michx.

Paspalum laeve var. floridanum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 782. 1861. Pre-
sumably based on P. floridanum Michx.

PASPALUM FLORIDANUM Var. GLABRATUM Engelm.; Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club

13: 166. 1886. No locality cited. [Type, Mobile, Ala., Mohr in 1884.]

epaepelwe altissimum LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 285. 1820. Salem,

?Paspalum laeve var. altissimuwm Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 782. 1861. Based
on P. altissimum LeConte.

Paspalum glabratum Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21. 1897. Based on
P. floridanum var. glabratum Engelm.

(38) Paspalum giganteum Baldw.; Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 166.
1886. No locality cited. [Ty pe, Pablo Creek, a Curtiss in 1875.]

Paspalum longicilium Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 435. 1900. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 1359.

(8) Paspalum hartwegianum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 12. 1886. lLeén, Mexico,
Hartweg 245.

Paspalum buckleyanum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 167. 1886. Texas,
Buckley. In Jacks., Ind. Kew. Sup. 1: 312. 1906, the name is erroneously
listed under Panicum.

(31) Paspalum laeve Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 44. 1803. Georgia, Michauz.

Paspalum undulosum LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 284. 1820. Georgia,
[LeConte].

Paspalum angustifolium LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 285. 1820. Caro-
lina and Georgia, [LeConte].

Paspalum lecomteanum Schult., Mant. 2: 168. 1824. Based on P. undu-
losum LeConte.

Paspalum punctulatum Bertol., Mem. Acead. Sci. Bologna 2: 599. pl. 42. f. a-e.
1850. Alabama.

Paspalum alternans Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 26. 1854. Louisiana, Hartman
40

Paspalum tenue Darby, Bot. South. States 576. 1857. Not P. tenue Gaertn.,
1791. Georgia and northward.

Paspalum laeve var. undulosum Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 782. 1861. Based
on P. undulosum LeConte.

Paspalum angustifolium var. tenwe Wood, Amer. Bot and Flor. pt. 2: 390.
1870. New Jersey and south.

Paspalum laeve var. angustifolium Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 165.
1886. Based on P. angustifoliwm LeConte.

Paspalum laeve var. brevifolium Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:18. 1892.
No locality cited. [Type, Texas, Nealley in 1886.]

Paspalum australe Nash, in Britton, Man. 1039. 1901. Stone Mt., Ga.,
Small in 1895.

Paspalum laeve australe Nash, in Hitche., Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. Based on
P. australe Nash.

(24) Paspalum langei Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 179. 1912. Based on Dimor-

phostachys langet Fourn.

Panicum senescens Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 263. 1841, name only.
[Mexico, Schiede.]

Paspalum abbreviatum Trin.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 10. 1886, name only.
Mexico, Schiede 888.

Dimorphostachys langet Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 14. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann
186,

920 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Dimorphostachys drummondii Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 15. 1886. Not Paspalum
drummondii C. Muell., 1861. Texas, Drummond [350].
Panicum squamatum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2:18. 1886. Not Paspalum squamatum
Steud., 1854. Mexico, Karwinsky 982.
Paspalum drummondiu Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 18. 1892. Not
Ee drummondit C. Muell., 1861. Based on Dimorphostachys drummondii
ourn.
Paspalum oricola Millsp. and Chase, Field Mus. Bot. 3: 28. f. 28. 29. 1903.
Island of Cozumel, Yucatan, Millspaugh Pl. Uto. 1480.
Dimorphostachys ciliifera Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 78, 1327. 1903.
Manatee, Fla., Simpson 97.
Paspalum ciliiferum Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 201. 1909.
Based on Dimorphostachys ciliifera Nash.
(27) Paspalum laxum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Tropical America
[probably St. Croix], Richard.
Paspalum glabrum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 30. 1804. Puerto Rico, Ledruw.
Paspalum miliodeum Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 315. 1816.
Puerto Rico.
Paspalum miliare Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 247. 1825. Based on P. miliodeum
Desv.
Paspalum ischnocaulon Trin., Gram. Icon. 2: pl. 126. 1828. Source errone-
ously given as East Indies, doubtless error for West Indies.
Paspalum floribundum Desv., Opusc. 58. 1831. West Indies.
Paspalum rhizomatosum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 17. 1854. Guadeloupe,
Duchaissing.
Paspalum koleopodum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 18. 1854. Guadeloupe,
Duchaissing.
Paspalum laxum var. lamarckianum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 86. 1877.
Based on P. laxum Lam., but misapplied to a Brazilian species.
Paspalum helleri Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 376. 19038. Santurce,
Puerto Rico, Heller 10.
Paspalum tenacissimum Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 56: Beibl. 125: 10. 1921.
Puerto Rico, Hioram 804.
(35) pesuaure lentiferum Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 175. 1791. Carolina,
raser.
Paspalum lanuginosum Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12. 1812. Name only.
[Carolina, Bosc.]
Paspalum lanuginosum Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 271. 1841, as
synonym of P. lentiferum Lam.
Paspalum curtisianum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 26. 1854. Carolina, M. A.
Curtis.
Paspalum praecox var. curtisianum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 165.
1886. Based on P. curtisianum Steud.
Paspalum glaberrimum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 76, 13826. 1908.
Central Florida, Nash 1619.
Paspalum tardum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 76, 1326. 1903. Florida,
Nash 2047.
Paspalum kearneyi Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 77, 1326. 1903.
Nicholson, Miss., Kearney 357.
Paspalum amplum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 77, 1326. 1903.
Marianna, Fla., Tracy 3682. ©
(7) Paspalum lividum Trin., in Schlecht., Linnaea 26: 383. 1854. Mexico,
Schiede.
(12) Paspalum longepedunculatum LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 284.
1820. North Carolina, [LeConte].
Paspalum setaceum var. longepedunculatum Wood, Class-book 782. 1861.
Based on P. longepedunculatum LeConte.
Paspalum kentuckiense Nash, in Britton, Man. 1039. 1901. Poor Fork, Ky.,
Kearney in 1898.
(32) Paspalum longipilum Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 435. 1900. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 1027.
Paspalum laeve var. pilosum Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 7: 34. 1894.
Tennessee, [type, Madisonville, Scribner].
Paspalum plenipilum Nash, in Britton, Man. 73. 1901. New Jersey, [type,
Clifton, Nash in 1892].
(10) Paspalum minus Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 6, 1886, Mexico, Bourgeau 2298
[type], Leebmann 154,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 921

(23) Paspalum monostachyum Vasey; Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 2. 665. 1883.
South Florida, Garber [224].
Paspalum rectum var. longispicatum Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 54,55. 1884. Miami,

Fla., Garber.

Paspalum solitarium Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 77, 1826. 1903.
Based on Paspalum monostachyum ‘‘Vasey not Walp.’’ Walper’s is a name
only.

(9) Paspalum notatum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 106. 1810. St. Thomas, West
Indies.

Paspalum taphrophyllum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 19. 1854. Martinique,
Sieber 365 |error for 364].

Paspalum distachyon Willd.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 73. 1877. Not
P. distachyon Poit., 1834. As synonym of P. notatum.

Paspalum notatum var. latiflorum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 73. 1877.
Brasil and Uruguay, Sellow.

Paspalum saltense Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 53. 1894. Department
del Salto, Uruguay.

Paspalum paucispicatum Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 281. 1893.

Guadalajara, Mexico, Palmer 243 in 1886.

(40) Paspalum plicatulum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 45. 1803. Georgia and
Florida, Michauz.

Paspalum undulatum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 29. 1804. Puerto Rico,
Ledru.

Paspalum plicatum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 86. 1805, error for plicatulum.

Paspalum lenticulare H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 92. 1815. Venezuela,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Paspalum gracile LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 285. 1820. Not P. gracile
Rudge. Georgia, LeConte.

Paspalum leptos Schult., Mant. 2: 178. 1824. Based on P. gracile LeConte.

Paspalum montevidense Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 246. 1825. Montevideo,
Uruguay, Sellow.

Paspalum tenue Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 26. 1829. Not P. tenue Gaertn., 1791.
Based on P. gracile LeConte.

Paspalum muliiflorum Desv., Opuse. 58. 1831. Brazil.

Paspalum orthos Schult.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 57. 1833. Apparently
misprint for P. leptos.

Paspalum marginatum Spreng., in Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 272. 1841.
Not P. marginatum Trin., 1826. Assynonym of P. undulatum Poir. [Puerto
Rico. ]

Paspalum campestre Schlecht., Linnaea 26: 131. 1853. Not P. campestre
Trin., 1834. Venezuela, Wagener 392.

Paspalum atrocarpum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 25. 1854. Habitat unknown.
Dumont-d’ Urville.

Paspalum virgatum var. undulatum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 390.
1870. Eastern States.

Paspalum antillense Husnot, Bull. Soe. Linn. Normand. II. 5: 260. 1871.
Guadeloupe, Husnot 76.

Paspalum sazxatile Salzm.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 76. 1877, as synonym
of P. plicatulum Michx. Brazil, Salzmann.

Paspalum decumbens Sagot; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 77. 1877. Not
P. decumbens Swartz, 1788. Assynonym of P. plicatulum. French Guiana,
Sagot 1342.

Paspalum plicatulum var. intumescens Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 78. 1877.
Lagoa Santa, Brazil, Warming.

Paspalum pauperculum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 10. 1886. San Luis Potosi,
Mexico, Vzrlet 1320.

Paspalum pauperculum var. altius Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 10. 1886. Orizaba,
Mexico, Bourgeau 2033 [probably misprint for 2633].

Panicum plicatulum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 32: 363. 1898. Based on Paspa-
lum plicatulum Michx.

(34) Paspalum praecox Walt., Fl. Carol. 75. 1788. South Carolina.

(20) Paspalum propinquum Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 291. 1899. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 1427.

(16) Paspalum psammophilum Nash, in Hitche., Rhodora 8: 205. 1906. Based
on P. prostratum Nash.

Paspalum prostratum Nash, in Britton, Man. 74. 1901. Not P. prostratum
Scribn. and Merr., 1901 (earlier than the preceding). New York to Dela-
ware, [type, Kingsbridge, N.Y., Nash 514).

922 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(18) Paspalum pubescens Muhl., in Willd., Enum. Pl. 89. 1809. Carolina.

ie deere Que in Bon Nae 75. 1901. Massachusetts to
eorgia, issourl, ahoma, an ississippi. [Type, Van

Parle N.Y.) Gichnell a (S960 aan aero sis)

Paspalum pubescens var. muhlenbergit House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244:
39. 1923. Based on Paspalum muhlenbergiit Nash.

Paspalum ciliatifolium var. muhlenbergii Fernald, Rhodora 36: 20. 1934.
Based on P. muhlenbergii Nash.

(6) Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 11. 1886. Mexico,
Galeottt 5747.

Paspalum planifolium Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 10. 1886. Mexico, San Luis
Potosi, Vzirlet [type; the other specimen cited, Miiller 2062, is P. lividum].

Paspalum pubiflorum var. viride Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2:11. 1886. San Luis
Potosi, Virlet 1328.

Paspalum hallii Vasey and Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 165. 1886,
as doubtful synonym of P. remotum Remy, a Bolivian species. Description |
drawn from Hall 804, Texas. |

Paspalum remotum var. glaucum Scribn., in Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13:
as No locality cited. [Type, Grapevine Canyon, Tex. Havard
in :

Paspalum pubiflorum var. glaucum Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 19. |
1892. Southwestern Texas and Mexico [type same as preceding]. |

PASPALUM PUBIFLORUM Var. GLABRUM Vasey; Scribn., Tenn. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Bull. 7: 32. pl. 5. f. 18. 1894. Belle Meade, Tenn., Scribner in 1892.

Paspalum remotum var. glabrum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 166. 1886.
No locality cited. [Type, Plaquemines Parish, La., Langlois 26.]

Paspalum geminum Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 484. 1900. Eustis, Fla.,
Nash 680.

Paspalum laeviglume Scribn.; Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 75, 1326.
1903. Based on P. remotum var. glabrum Vasey.

Paspalum racemosum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Peru.
(3) Paspalum repens Bergius, Acta. Helv. Phys. Math. 7: 129. pl. 7. 1762.
Dutch Guiana.

Paspalum gracile Rudge, Pl. Guian. 20. pl. 26. 1805. British Guiana.

Paspalum mucronatum Muhl., Cat. Pl. 8. 1813, name only; Georgia; Descr.
Gram. 96. 1817. Mississippi and Georgia.

Ceresia fluitans Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 109. pl. 6. f. 4. 1816. Ogechee, Ga.

Paspalum natans LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 285. 1820. Georgia.

Paspalum fluitans Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 24. 1829. Based on Ceresia fluitans
E

ll.
posal frankiit Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 19. 1854. New Orleans, La., |
rank. |
Paspalum bistipulatum Hochst.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 29. 1854. Dutch |
Guiana, Hostmann 707a.
Cymatochloa fluitans Schlecht., Bot. Ztg. 12: 822. 1854. Based on Ceresia |
fluitans Ell.
Cymatochloa repens Schlecht., Bot. Ztg. 12: 822. 1854. Based on Paspalum |
repens Bergius. |
This is the species described under Paspalum paniculatum by Walter (Fl. Carol.
fo: LSS)
(21) Paspalum rigidifolium Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 292. 1899. Eustis,
Fla., Nash 629.
Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Mant. pl. 1: 29. 1767. India.
(13) Paspalum setaceum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 48. 1803. South Carolina,
Michauz.
Paspalum hirsutum Retz., misapplied by Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 5: 28. 1804.
Carolina, Bosc.
Paspalum leptostachyum DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 130. 1813. Not P. lepto-
stachyum Humb. and Bonpl., 1810. No locality cited, type without locality.
Paspalum incertum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 308. 1817. Based on P.
leptostachyum DC.
Paspalum eriophorum Willd.; Nees., Agrost. Bras. 56. 1829. Not P. eriophorum
Schult., 1827. Native country unknown.
(17) Paspalum stramineum Nash, in Britton, Man. 74. 1901. Nebraska [type,
Hooker County, Rydberg 1582], Kansas, and Indian Territory [Oklahoma].
Paspalum ae Nash, in Britton, Man. 74. 1901. Missouri [type, Bernie,
Bush 730].

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 923

Paspalum ciliatifolium var. stramineum Fernald, Rhodora 36: 20. 1934. Based
on P. stramineum Nash.
(15) Paspalum supinum Bosc; Poir., in Lam., Enecycl. 5: 29. 1804. Carolina,
Bosc.
Paspalum dasyphyllum Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 106. 1816. South Carolina.
Paspalum setaceum var. supinum Trin., Gram. Icon. 2: pl. 130. 1829. Based
on P. supinum Bosc.
Paspalum ciliatifolium var. dasyphyllum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3. 578.
1897. Based on P. dasyphyllum Ell.
(22) Paspalum unispicatum (Scribn. and Merr.) Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 193.
1912. Based on Panicum unispicatum Scribn. and Merr.
Panicum unispicatum Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 24:
14. 1901. Oaxaca, Mexico, Pringle 6717.
(30) Paspalum urvillei Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 24. 1854. [Brazil], Dumont-
d@’ Urville.
Paspalum ovatum var. parviflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 48. 1829. Brazil,
Martius.
Paspalum velutinum Trin.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 43. 1829, as synonym of P.
ovatum var. parviflorum Nees.
Paspalum dilatatum var. parviflorum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 64. 1877.
Pernambuco, Forsell; Lagoa Santa, Warming [type].
Paspalum virgatum var. parviflorum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2%: 89. 1877.
Brazil, Raben.
Paspalum virgatum var. pubiflorum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 167.
1886. No locality cited. [Type, Atakopus, La., Langlois in 1884.]
Paspalum larranagai Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 60. pl. 2. 1894.
Uruguay.
Paspalum vaseyanum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 32. f. 328.
1899. Based on P. virgatum var. pubiflorum Vasey.
Paspalum griseum Hack.; Corréa, Fl. Brazil 128. 1909. Name only. Brazil
[Glaziou 16559].
(4) area vaginatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21. 1788. Jamaica,
wartz.
Digitaria foliosa Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. Habana, Cuba.
Paspalum tristachyum LeConte, Jour. Phys. Chym. 91: 285. 1820. Georgia
[LeConte].
Digitaria tristachya Schult., Mant. 2: 261. 1824. Based on Paspalum tris-
tachyum LeConte.
Paspalum brachiatum Trin.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 62. 1829, as synonym of P.
vaginatum. Martinique, Sieber.
Paspalum foliosum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 25. 1829. Based on Digitaria
foliosa Lag.
Paspalum kleineanum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 209. 1830. Peru, Haenke.
Paspalum inflatum A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 298. 1850. Habana,
Cuba, Sagra.
Paspalum didactylum Salzm.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 20. 1854, as synonym
of P. vaginatum. Brazil, Salzmann.
Panicum vaginatum Gren. and Godr., Fl. France 3: 462. 1855. Not P. vagi-
natum Nees, 1829. Based on Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.
Paspalum distichum var. tristachum Wood, Class-book 783. 1861. Presumably
based on P. tristachyum LeConte.
Paspalum distichum var. vaginatum Swartz; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 541.
1864. Based on P. vaginatum Swartz.
Paspalum reptans Poir.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 75. 1877, as synonym of
P. vaginatum.
Paspalum vaginatum var. nanum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 75. 1877. Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, Glaziou 4346.
Paspalum reimarioides Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 665. 1883. Not P. reimarioides
Brongn., 1830. West Florida [Chapman].
Paspalum vaginatum var. reimarioides Chapm., Fl. South. U.S.ed.3.577. 1897.
Presumably based on P. reimarioides Chapm.
Paspalum distichum var. nanum Stapf, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 371. 1898. Based
on P. vaginatum var. nanum Doell.
Sanguinaria vaginata Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 258. 1901. Based on Paspalum
vaginatum Swartz.
(39) Paspalum virgatum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 855. 1759. Jamaica.
Paspalum virgatum var. linneanum Fliigge, Monogr. Pasp. 190. 1810. Based
on P. virgatum L.

924 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Paspalum virgatum var. jacquinianum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 190. 1810. West
Indies, Jacquin.

Paspalum virgatum var. willdenowianum Fligge, Monogr. Pasp. 190. 1810.
Para, Brazil.

Paspalum virgatum var. straminewm Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 543. 1864.
a Wullschlaegel [the other specimen cited belongs to P. arundinaceum

oir

Paspalum leucocheilum Wright, An. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 203. 1871;
Fl. Cub. 194. 18738. Isla de Pinos, Blain.

Paspalum virgatum var. ciliatum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 22: 88. 1877. Based
on P. virgatum var. linneanum Fligge.

(136) PENNISETUM L. Rich.”’

Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 303. 1825. Based on
Panicum alopecuroides L.
Panicum alopecuroides L., Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. China.
(1) Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br:;)Prodr:. Fly: Nev) Holl e195) cise:
Based on Panicum glaucum L.
Panicum glaucum L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.28 India.
Holcus spicatus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. India.
Pennisetum typhoideum L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Based on
Holcus spicatus L.
neues spicata Willd., Enum. Pl. 1037. 1809. Based on Holcus spicatus

Setarta glauca Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum
glaucum L., but misapplied to S. lutescens (Weig.) F. T. Hubb.

Pennisetum spicatum Willd.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 499. 1817, as
synonym of Penicillaria spicata Willd.; Koern., in Koern. and Wern.,
Handb. Getreidebau. 1: 284. 1885. Based on Holcus spicatus L.

Panicum spicatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 286. 1820. Based on Holcus spicatus L.

Penicillaria typhoidea Fig. and DeNot., Agrost. Aegypt. Frag. 55. 1853.
Based on Pennisetum typhoideum “‘ Delile’”’ (same as L. Rich.).

Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891. Based on Panicum
glaucum L., but misapplied to Setaria lutescens (Weig.) F. T. Hubb.

Pennisetum spicatum var. typhoideum Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 785.
1894. Based on Penicillaria typhoidea Fig. and DeNot.

Izxophorus glaucus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Based on
Panicum glaucum L. , but misapplied to Setaria lutescens (Weig.) F. T. Hubb.

Chaetochloa glauca Seribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum glaucum L., but misapplied to Setaria lutescens (Wieg.)
Pt wubb:

Pennisetum americanum Schum. (in Engl. Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. 58: 51. 1895)
based on Panicum americanum L. (Sp. Pl. 56. 1753) has been used for this
species, but the Linnaean name was based on an unidentifiable figure in Clusius
(Rar. Ply Mists(2:% 205. - 1601): )
Pennisetum latifolium Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 302. 1825. Montevideo, Sello.
Pennisetum macrostachyum (Brongn.) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci.

Nat. 1: 177. 1834. Based on Gymnothrix macrostachys Brongn.

Gymnothrix macrostachys Brongn., in Duperrey, Bot. Voy. Coquille 22: 104.
pl. 10. 1830. Moluccas.

(3) Pennisetum nervosum (Nees) Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
1: 177. 1834. Based on Gymnothrix nervosa Nees.

Gymnothrix nervosa Nees, Agrost. Bras. 277. 1829. Bahia, Brazil.

Cenchrus nervosus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 32: 347. 1898. Based on Gymno-
thrix nervosa Nees.

Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl. 64. 1827. Guinea, Africa.

(5) Pennisetum ruppelii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 107. 1854. Abyssinia.

(2) Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) L.., Rieh., ,in—Pers., Syn.) Pl. 1: @2.14,9805:
Based on Cenchrus setosus Swartz.

Cenchrus setosus Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. West Indies.

Panicum cenchroides U. Rich., Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 1: 106. 1792.
French Guiana, Leblond.

Panicum erubescens Willd., Enum. Hort. Berol. 1031. 1809. St. Thomas.

27 For discussion of types see Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 213-234. 1921.
28 For discussion of this name see Chase, Amer. Jour. Bot. 8: 41-49. 1921.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 925

Setaria erubescens Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 169,178. 1812. Based on Panicum
erubescens Willd.

Pennisetum purpurascens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 113. 1815. Jorullo,
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Pennisetum uniflorum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 114. pl. 34. 1815.
Venezuela, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Setaria cenchroides Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817. Based on
Panicum cenchroides L. Rich.

Gymnothriz geniculata Schult., Mant. 2: 284. 1824. Martinique, Szeber.

Pennisetum alopecuroides Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 11. 1825.
Not P. alopecuroides Spreng., 1825. West Indies.

Pennisetum erubescens Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 215. 1827. Based on Panicum
erubescens Willd.

Pennisetum hirsutum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 284. 1829. Brazil, [Martius].

Pennisetum pallidum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 285. 1829. Minas Geraes, Brazil,
[Marttus].

Pennisetum richardt Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 49. 1829. Based on Panicum
cenchroides L. Rich.

Pennisetum sieberi Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 50. 1829. Based on Gymnothrix
geniculata Schult.

Pennisetum flavescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 316. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Pennisetum hamiltonii Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 297. 1841. Based on P.
alopecuroides Desv.; Hamilt.

Pennisetum nicaraguense Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France II. 27: 293. 1880.
Granada, Nicaragua, Levy 1304.

Pennisetum indicum var. purpurascens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 787. 1891.
Based on Panicum purpurascens H.B.K.

(4) Pennisetum villosum R. Br.,in Salt, Voy. Abyss. App. 62. 1814, name only;

in Fres., Mus. Senckenb. Abh. 2: 134. 1837. Abyssinia.

Cenchrus villosus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3%: 347. 1898. Not C. villosus
Spreng. Based on Pennisetum villosum R. Br.

(110) PHALARIS L.

(6) Phalaris angusta Nees; Trin., Gram. Icon. 1: pl. 78. 1827. Uruguay and
southern Brazil.

Phalaris ludoviciana Torr.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 3}:
56. 1839, as synonym of P. angusta Nees.

Phalaris laxa Spreng.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 315. 1841, as synonym
of P. angusta Nees.

Phalaris intermedia var. angusta Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 568. 1860. Based
on P. angusta Nees.

Phalaris intermedia var. angustata Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 182. 1896.
“‘P. angustata Hort.”’ [San Diego] Calif., Pringle in 1882.

(9) Phalaris arundinacea L., Sp. Pl.55. 1753. Europe. (P. arundinacea Michx.,
listed in Index Kewensis, is the Linnaean species.)

ae colorata Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 116. 1789. Based on Phalaris arundina-
cea L.

Typhoides arundinacea Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794. Based on Phalaris
arundinacea L.

Calamagrostis variegata With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 124. 1796.
Based on Phalarts arundinacea L.

Arundo ae Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 24. 1796. Based on Phalaris arundi-
nacea L.

Baldingera colorata Gaertn., Mey., and Scherb., Fl. Wett. 1: 96. 1799.
Based on Phalaris arundinacea L.

Digraphis arundinacea Trin., Fund. Agrost. 127. 1820. Based on Phalaris
arundinacea L.

Baldingera arundinacea Dum., Obs. Gram. Belg. 130. pl. 10. f. 40. 1823.
Based on Phalaris arundinacea L.

Digraphis americana Ell.; Loud., Hort. Brit. 27. 1830. No description,
Phalaris arundinacea Michx. cited, Loudon assuming the American form
to be distinct from the European, and that Phalaris americana Ell. was the
same as the American P. arundinacea.

Endallex arundinacea Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 839. 1898, as synonym
of Phalaris arundinacea L.

PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA var. PicTA L., Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. Europe,

926 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Phalaris americana var. picta Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 352.
1840. Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Ontario.

Phalaris arundinacea var. variegata Parnell, Grasses Brit. 188. pl. 82. 1845.
Scotland.

Digraphis arundinacea var. picta Pacher, Jahrb. Nat. Landesmus. Karnt.
14: 119. 1880. Presumably based on Phalaris arundinacea var. picta L.

(3) Phalaris brachystachys Link, Neu. Jour. Bot. Schrad. 13: 134. 1806.
Based on P. canariensis as described by Brotero (Fl. Lusit. 1: 79. 1804).
Portugal.

Phalaris canariensis var. brachystachys Fedtsch., Bull. Jard. Bot. Prin.
U.R.S.S. [Pierre le Grand] 14 (sup. 2): 47. 1915. Based on P. brachy-
stachys Link.

(8) Phalaris californica Hook. and Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 161. 1841.
California. This is the species referred to P. amethystina Trin., of Chile,
by Thurber and others.

(2) Phalaris canariensis L., Sp. Pl. 54. 1753. Southern Europe and the
Canary Islands.

Phalaris avicularis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 17. 1796. Based on P. canariensis L.

(5) Phalaris caroliniana Walt., Fl. Carol. 74. 1788. South Carolina.

Phalaris intermedia Bose; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 300. 1810. Caro-
lina, Bosc.

Phalaris microstachya DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 131. 1813. South Carolina,
Fraser; Bosc.

Phalaris americana Ell., Bot. 8.C. and Ga. 1: 101. pl. 5. f. 4. 1816. South
Carolina.

Phalaris occidentalis Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 144. 1837.
Fort Smith, Ark., on the Arkansas to Red River [Nuttall].

Phalaris trivialis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 3!: 55. 1839.
Charleston, 8.C., Beyrich.

Phalaris intermedia var. microstachya Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 2: 512. 1894. Based on P. microstachya DC.

(7) Phalaris lemmoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 42. 1892. Santa
Cruz, Calif., Lemmon.

(4) Phalaris minor Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 8. 1783. Orient.

(1) Phalaris paradoxa L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1665. 1763. Mediterranean
region.

Soo PARADOXA var. PRAEMORSA (Lam.) Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger.

: 25. 1854. Based on P. praemorsa Lam.

Phalarts praemorsa Lam., Fl. Frang. 3: 566. 1778. France.

Phalaris tuberosa L., Mant. Pl. 2: 557. 1771. Europe.

PHALARIS TUBEROSA var. STENOPTERA (Hack.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 24: 292. 1934. Based on P. stenoptera Hack.

Phalaris stenoptera Hack., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 5: 333. 1908. Mel-
bourne, Australia, Ewart, cultivated. This species has been referred to
P. bulbosa (see under Phleum subulatum).

(117) PHARUS L.

(1) Pharus parvifolius Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 301. 1908. Haiti
Nash and Taylor 1482.
This is the species described under Pharus latifolius L. by Chapman.

(65) PHIPPSIA (Trin.) R. Br.

(1) Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br., Sup. App. Parry’s Voy. 185 [err. for

285]. 1824. Based on Agrostis algida Soland.

Agrostis algida Soland., in Phipps Voy. 200. 1810. Arctic regions.

Trichodium algidum Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 2838. 1817. Based on
Agrostis algida Wahl. (same as A. algida Soland.).

Colpodium monandrum Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 37. 1821. Based
on Agrostis algida Phipps (error for Solander.).

Vilfa algida Trin., Gram. Unifl. 159. 1824. Based on Agrostis algida Phipps
(error for Solander).

Vilfa monandra Trin., Gram. Unifl. 159. 1824. ‘‘Sin. Laurentii”’ [probably
St. Lawrence Island, Alaska], Chamisso.

Phippsia monandra Trin. . Gram. Unifl. 159. 1824, as synonym of Vulfa
monandra Trin.; Hook and Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. 132. 1841. Based
on Vilfa monandra Trin.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 927

Catabrosa algida Fries, Nov. Fl. Suec. Mant. 3: Add. 173, 174. 1843. Based
on Agrostis algida Soland.

Poa algida Rupr., Fl. Samoj. Cisural. 61. 1845. Not P. algida Trin. Based
on Agrostis algida Soland.

(72) PHLEUM L.

(2) Phleum alpinum L., Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. Europe.
Phleum haenkeanum ’ Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 245. 1830. Nootka Sound,
Vancouver Island, Haenke.
Phleum pratense var. alpinum Celak., Prodr. Fl. Bohm. 38. 1869. Based on
P. alpinum L.
Phleum alpinum var. americanum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 90. 1886. Nootka
Sound, Vancouver Island, Haenke.
Phleum alpinum var. scribnerianum Pammel, Davenport Acad. Sci. Proc.
7: 238. 1899. Geranium Park, Wyo., Pammel 6.
Plantinia alpina Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 272. 1901. Based on Phleum alpinum
L

Phleum arenarium L., Sp. Pl. 60. 1753. Europe.
Phleum paniculatum Huds., Fl. Angl. 23. 1762. England.
Phalaris aspera Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 14. 1786. Europe.
Phleum asperum Jacq., Coll. Bot. 1: 110. 1786. Europe.
Plantinia aspera Bubani, Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital. 5: 317. 1873. Based on
“ Phleum asperum L. (error for Jacq.)
(1) Phleum pratense L., Sp. Pl. 59. 1753. Europe.
Phleum nodosum var. pratense St. Amans, FI. Shoat 23. 1821. Based on
P. pratense L.
Plantinia pratensis Bubani, Fl. Pyr. 4: 270. 1901. Based on Phleum pratense
Huds. (error for L.).
Stelephuras pratensis Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 216. 1915. Based on
Phleum pratense L.
Phleum subulatum (Savi) Aschers. and Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 154.
1899. Based on Phalaris subulata Savi.
Phalaris bulbosa L., Cent. Pl. 1: 4. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 264. 1759.
Not Phleum bulbosum Gouan, 1765. ‘‘In Oriente.”
Phalaris subulata Savi, Fl. Pis. 1: 57. 1798. Italy.
Phalaris bellardi Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Neue Schrift. 3: 415.
1801. Europe.
Phalaris tenue Host, Gram. Austr. 2: 27. pl. 36. 1802. Europe.
ia tenue Schrad., Fl. Germ. 1: 191. 1806. Based on Phalaris tenue
ost.
od bellard: Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 85. 1809. Based on Phalaris bellardi
illd.
Phleum bulbosum Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 37. 1890. Not P. bulbosum Gouan,
1765. Based on Phalaris bulbosa L.

(49) PHOLIURUS Trin.

(1) Pholiurus incurvus (L.) Schinz and Thell., Vierteljahrs. Nat. Gesell. Ziirich
66: 265. 1921. Based on Aegilops incurva L.
Aegilops incurva L., Sp. Pl. 1051. 17538. Europe.
Aegilops incurvata L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1490. 1763. Europe.
5 ig incurvata Scop., Fl. Carn. 1:62. 1772. Based on Aegilops incurvata

Rotiboellia incurvata L. f., Sup. Pl. 114. 1781. Based on Aegilops incurvata L.

Ophiurus tncurvatus Beauv. ., Ess. Agrost. 116, 168, 176. 1812. Based on
Rotiboellia incurvata L.

Rotiboellia incurva Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 799. 1817. Presumably
based on Aegilops incurva L.

Lepturus incurvatus Trin., Fund. Agrost. 123. 1820. Based on Aegilops
incurvata L.

Lepturus filiformis var. incurvatus Hook. f., Stud. Fl. 455. 1870. Based on
L. tncurvatus Trin.

a eke tncurvus Druce, List Brit. Pl. 85. 1908. Based on Aegilops incurva

Lepturus tncurvus subsp. incurvatus Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 183. 1910.
Based on L. incurvatus Trin.

55974°—35——59

928 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pholiurus incurvatus Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 106.. 1920. Based
on Aegilops incurvata L.

This species has been called Lepturus filiformis (Roth) Trin. Rottboellia filiformis
Roth, upon which that name is based, is considered a doubtful species by some
European botanists and as a distinct species of Pholturus by others (P. filiformis
Schinz and Thell.).

(26) PHRAGMITES Trin.

(1) Phragmites communis Trin., Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Based on

Arundo phragmites L.

Arundo phragmites L., Sp. Pl. 81. 1753. Europe.

Arundo vulgaris Lam., Fl. Frang. 3: 615. 1778. Based on A. phragmites L.
The name is untenable

Arundo palustris Salisb., Prodr. Strip. 24. 1796. Based on A. phragmites L.

Reimaria diffusa Spreng., Neu. Entd. 3: 14. 1822. Martinique, Sieber [81].

Cynodon phragmites Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on
Arundo phragmites L.

Phragmites vulgaris Crép., Man. Fl. Belg. ed. 2. 345. 1866. Based on
Arundo vulgaris Lam., an untenable name.

Phragmites -berlandiert Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 24: 178. 1877. Laredo,
Tex., Berlandier 1446.

Phragmites phragmites Karst., Deut. Fl. 379. 1883. Based on Arundo
phragmites L.

Trichoon phragmites Rendle, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 2!: 218. 1899. Based on
Arundo phragmites L.

Oxyanthe phragmites Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 332. 1914. Based on
Arundo phragmites L

Phragmites communis var. berlandiert Fernald, Rhodora 34: 211. 1925. Based
on P. berlandiert Fourn.

(83) PIPTOCHAETIUM Presl

(1) Piptochaetium fimbriatum (H.B.K.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28: 453.

1933. Based on Stipa fimbriata H.B.K.

Stipa fimbriata H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 126. 1815. (Guanajuato,
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Milium mexicanum Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 251. 1825. Mexico, Humboldt.

Piptatherum mexicanum Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 564. 1827. Based on
Milium mexicanum Spreng.

Avena stipoides Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 146. 1841, as synonym of
Milium mexicanum Spreng.

Oryzopsis fimbriata Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 538. 1885. Based on
Stipa fimbriata H.B.K.

Oryzopsis selerzt Pilger, Vert: Bot. Ver. Brand. 51: 192. 1909. Guatemala,

Seler 3238.
(9) PLEUROPOGON R. Br.

(1) Pleuropogon californicus (Nees) Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 40. 1883.
Based on Lophochlaena californica Nees.
Lophochlaena californica Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 283. 1838. California,
[Douglas]. .
Pleuropogon douglasi Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 355. 1841. Name
only, North America.
Lepitoma brevifolia Torr.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 355. 1841, as synonym
of Pleuropogon douglasti Trin.
(2) Pleuropogon refractus (A. Gray) Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 40. 1888.
Based on Lophochlaena refracta A. Gray.
Lophochlaena refracta A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 8: 409. 1872. Oregon,

(Hall 636).
(10) POA L.

(48) Poa alpina L., Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. Lapland.
Uralepis mutica Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 110. 1886. Not U. mutica Fourn.;
Hemsl. 1885. Mexico, Liebmann 611.
Poa alpina var. minor Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 543. 1896. Not
P. alpina var. minor Koch, 1837. Montana, Scribner [388] in 1883.
(24) Poa alsodes A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 562, 1856. New England to Wisconsin.
[Type, New Hampshire], ;

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 929

inantha Wood, Class-book 797. 1861. Montgomery, Ala.
ae was described as Poa nemoralis L., in Torr., Fl. North. and Mid.
U.S. 1: 111. 1823.
(64) Poa ampla Merr., Rhodora 4: 145. 1902. Steptoe, Wash., G. R. Vasey
009.

Pon laeviculmis Williams, Bot. Gaz. 36: 55. 1903. Several specimens from
Washington and Oregon mentioned, the first being Steptoe, Wash., G. R.
Vasey 3026. ;

Poa truncata Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 607. 1905. Dillon, Colo.,
Clements 378. we

Poa confusa Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 32 : 607. 1905. Medicine Bow
Mountains, Wyo., Nelson 7787.

(5) Poa annua L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Europe.

Aira pumila Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 76. 1814. Pennsylvania.

Poa infirma H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 158. 1816. Colombia, Humboldt
and Bonpland.

Megastachya infirma Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 585. 1817. Based on
Poa infirma H.B.K. :

Catabrosa pumila Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 696. 1817. Based on Aira
pumila Pursh.

Poa aestivalis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 272. 1830. Peru, Haenke.

Eragrostis infirma Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 563, 1840. Based on Poa
infirma H.B.K.

Poa annua var. rigidiuscula L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 262.
1895. Nez Perce County, Idaho, Sandberg 134.

(7) Poa arachnifera Torr.,in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 301. 1853. Headwaters of
the Trinity River [Ark., Marcy Exped.].

Poa densiflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 96. 1863. Northern
Texas.

Poa arachnifera var. glabrata Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 79. 1885, name
only, [for staminate plants with glabrous spikelets]; Vasey; Beal, Grasses
N.Amer. 2: 535. 1896. [Texas, Buckley in 1881.]

Poa glabrescens Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 154, 1327. 19038. Based
on P. arachnifera var. glabrata Torr. (error for Vasey).

(21) Poa arctica R. Br., Sup. App. Parry’s Voy. 288 (err. typ. 188). 1823.
Melville Island, Arctic America, Parry.

Poa grayana Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 272. 1893. Grays Peak,
Colo., Patterson 14 in 1885.

Poa laxa occidentalis Vasey; Rydb. and Shear, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 5: 32. 1897. Name only, for Shear 690 and Rydberg 2440, Grays
Peak, Colo.

Poa longipila Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1:46. 1900. Electric
Peak, Yellowstone Park, Rydberg 3614.

Poa alpicola Nash, in Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1:47. 1900. Based on
P. lara Haenke as misapplied by Thurber (in Watson, Bot. Calif. 2: 312.
1880).

Poa williamsit Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 156. 1901. White Pass,
Alaska, Williams in 1899.

Poa aperta Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 35: 4. 1901.
Telluride, Colo., Shear 98.

Poa callichroa Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 32: 603. 1905. Dead Lake,
near Pikes Peak, Colo., Clements 457.

Poa phoenicea Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 605. 1905. Pikes Peak
Valley, Colo., Clements 466.

Poa tricholepis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 606. 1905. Pagosa Peak,
Colo., Baker 210.

Poa chionogenes Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 302. 1920. Grays
Peak, Colo., Crandall [in 1898].

Colorado specimens of this species have been described as Poa cenisia All. by

some recent American authors.
(19) Poa arida Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 270. 1893. Socorro, N.
Mex., G. R. Vasey in 1881.

Poa andina Nutt.; 8S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 388. 1871. Not
P. andina Trin., 1836. ‘‘Colorado, East and West Humboldt Mountains
and in Clover Mountains, Nevada; also in the Trinity Mountains, Watson
1319.’ The name is given as P. andina “ Nutt., Ms. in Herb.; (not of Trin.).’

930 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Poa californica Munro; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 420. 1885. Not P.
californica Steud., 1854. Based on P. andina Nutt.

Poa andina var. purpurea Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 223. 1888.
Name only, for Macoun 92, Red Deer Lakes, Alberta.

Poa sheldonit Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 276. 1893. Buena Vista,
Colo., Sheldon 615.

Poa pseudopratensis Scribn. and Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 531.
pl. 20. 1896. Not P. pseudopratensis Beyer, 1819. Hot Springs, S.Dak.
Rydberg 1151.

Poa pratericola Rydb. and Nash, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 51. 1900. Based
on P. arida Vasey.

Poa fendleriana var. arida Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on P. arida Vasey.

Poa pratensis var. pseudopratensis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 15. 1912.
Based on P. pseudopratensis Scribn. and Rydb.

Paneion aridum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915. Based on Poa arida
Vasey.

Paneion pratericola Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 223. 1915. Based on Poa
pratericola Rydb. and Nash.

Poa pratensiformis Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 79. 1917. Based on P.
pseudopratensis Scribn. and Rydb.

Poa overt Rydb., Brittonia 1: 84. 1931. Custer County, S.Dak., Over 18100.

(12) Poa atropurpurea Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 53. pl. 10.
1898. Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish 2968.

(42) Poa autumnalis Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 159. 1816. Columbia,
S.C., Herbemont.

Poa flecuosa Muhl., Descr. Gram. 148. 1817. Not P. flexuosa Smith, 1800.
Virginia, Carolina, and Cherokee [Tennessee].

Poa campyle Schult., Mant. 2: 304. 1824. Based on P. flerwosa Muhl.

Poa elliottzi Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 338. 1825. Based on P. autumnalis Muhl.

Poa vestita Bosc; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 363. 1841. Name only. Caro-
lina.

Poa hexantha Wood, Class-book 797. 1861. Atlanta, Ga.

(3) Poa bigelovii Vasey and Scribn.; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 81. 1885.
Based on P. annua var. stricta Vasey.

Poa annua var. stricta Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 31. 1883. Rillita
River, Ariz., Pringle.

(1) Poa bolanderi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 32. 1882. [Yosemite National Park],
Calif., Bolander 6115.

Poa howellii chandlert Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 60. 1902. Siskiyou
County, Calif., Chandler 1703.

Poa bolanderi chandleri Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 132. 1906. Based
on P. howelliz chandlert Davy.

(35) Poa bulbosa L., Sp. Pl. 70. 1753. France.

Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Koel., Descr. Gram. 189. 1802. Europe.

Paneion bulbosum var. viviparum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915.
Based on Poa bulbosum var. vivipara Koch (same as Koel.).

(60) Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 132. 1906.
Based on Glyceria canbyi Scribn.

Aira brevifolia Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 76. 1814. Not Poa brevifolia DC.
Plains of the Missouri, Lewis.

Airopsis brevifolia Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 578. 1817. Based on
Aira brevifolia Pursh.

Poa tenuifolia Nutt.; S. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 387. 1871.
Not P. tenuifolia L. Rich., 1851. Nevada, Watson 1318.

Poa tenuifolia var. rigida Vasey, in Wheeler Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid.
6: 290. 1878. Name only. Nevada and Colorado [Wolf] 1138, 1140.

Poa tenuifolia var. elongata Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid.
6: 290. 1878. Nevada, Colorado [Twin Lakes, Wolf] 1141.

Glyceria canbyi Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 77. 1883. Cascade
Mountains, Wash., Tweedy and Brandegee in 1882.

Aira missurica Spreng.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1; 68. 1893, as synonym of A. brevi-
folia Pursh, erroneously credited to ‘‘Spreng. Syst. 2: 578.” Azra brevi-
folia Pursh is given in Spreng., Syst. 1: 276. 1825.

Poa laevis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 273. 1893. Not P. laevis
R. Br., 1810. Montana, Scribner in 1883.

Poa lucida Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 274. 1898. Georgetown,
Colo., Patterson 73.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 931

Atropis laevis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 577. 1896. Based on Poa laevis
Vasey.

taeoste nesses var. rigida Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 578. 1896. Utah, Jones.

Atropis canbyi Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 580. 1896. Based on Glyceria
canbyt Scribn.

Poa laevigata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 31. 1897. Based
on P. laevis Vasey.

Poa wyomingensis Scribn., Davenport Acad. Sci. Proc. 7: 242. 1899. Big
Horn, Sheridan County, Wyo., Pammel 192.

Poa leckenbyi Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 2. 1899. Scott,
Klickitat County, Wash., Leckenby in 1898.

Poa helleri Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 534. 1909. Lake Waha,
Idaho, Heller 3274.

Poa buckleyana var. elongata Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on ‘‘P. andina var. elongata Vasey’’, error for P. tenutfolia var. elongata
Vasey.

Poa pei oe var. laevigata Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on P. laevigata Scribn.

Poa nevadensis var. leckenbyi Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on P. leckenbyi Scribn.

(4) Poa chapmaniana Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 38. 1894. Knox-
ville, Tenn., Scribner. ‘‘P. cristata Chapm. not Walter’’ cited as synonym,
but what Chapman described as Poa cristata Walt. is dubious. Scribner’s
description is ample, and the type is in the National Herbarium.

(6) Poa compressa L., Sp. Pl. 69. 1758. Europe and North America.

Poa compressa var. sylvestris Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 110. 1823.
New York.

Poa compressa forma depauperata Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 472. 1892. Monongalia,
along Falling Run, W.Va.

Paneion compressum Luneil, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915. Based on Poa
compressa L.

(10) Poa confinis Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13?: pl. 75. 1898.
Oregon to Alaska [type Tillamook Bay, Oreg., Howell 69 in 1882].

(13) Poa curta Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 534. 1909. Spread Creek
[Jackson Hole], Wyo., Tweedy 18.

(62) Poa curtifolia Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 16: 3. 1899.
Mt. Stuart, Wash., Elmer 1148 [type] and 1150.

(50) Poa cusickii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 271. 1893. Oregon,
Cusick 1219.

Poa filifolia Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 271. 1893. Hatwai Creek,
Nez Perce County, Idaho, Sandberg 138.

Poa idahoensis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 5389. 1896. Based on P. filifolia
Vasey, not P. filifolia Schur, that name, however, published as synonym
only.

Poa subaristata Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 5383. 1896. Not P. subaris-
tata Phil., 1896 [earlier than P. subaristata Scribn.]. Yellowstone Park,
Tweedy 633.

Poa scabrifolia Heller, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 310. 1897. Based on
P. filtfolta Vasey.

Poa spillmant Piper, Erythea 7: 102. 1899. Douglas County, Wash.,
Spillman in 1896.

Poa capillarifolia Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 1.
1899. California, Hansen 2614.

Poa cottoni Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 146. 1905. Rattlesnake Moun-
tains, Yakima County, Wash., Cotton 557.

Poa nematophylla Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 606. 1905. Meeker,
Colo., Osterhout 2601.

Poa scaberrima Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 534. 1909. Beaver
Canyon, Idaho, Rydberg 2055.

(18) Poa cuspidata Nutt., in Barton, Compend. Fl. Phila. 1: 61. 1818. Based
on P. pungens Nutt.

Aira triflora Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 158. 1816. Not Poa triflora Gilib.,
1792. Athens, Ga., Green.

Poa brevifolta Muhl., Descr. Gram. 188. 1817. Not P. brevifolia DC., 1806.
Pennsylvania.

Poa trinervata Willd.; Muhl., Descr. Gram. 138. 1817, as synonym of Poa
brevifolia Muhl.

932 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Poa pungens Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 66. 1818. Not P. pungens Georgi, 1800, nor
Bieb., 1808. Near Philadelphia.
Poa brachyphylla Schult., Mant. 2: 304. 1824. Based on P. brevifolia Muhl.
Triodia greeni Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 380. 1825. Based on Azra triflora Ell.
Graphephorum elliottta Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 80. 1829. Based on Aira
_ ériflora Ell.
Graphephorum melicoides var. triflorcum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 398.
1870. Based on Aira triflora Ell.
(9) Poa douglasii Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. 1838. California, Douglas.
Poa californica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 261. 1854. California.
Brizopyrum douglasit Hook. and Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. Suppl. 404. 1840.
Based on Poa douglasi Nees.
(52) Poa epilis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 5. 1899. Buffalo
Pass, Colo., Shear and Bessey 1457.
Poa purpurascens Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 297. 1881. Not P. purpurascens
Spreng., 1819. Mount Hood, Howell [in 1881].
Poa alpina var. purpurascens Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 543. 1896. Based on
P. purpurascens Vasey.
Poa paddensis Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17 (ed. 2): 261. f.
557. 1901. Based on P. purpurascens Vasey.
Poa subpurpurea Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 606. 1905. Based on
_ P. purpurascens Vasey.
Poa purpurascens var. eptlis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on P. epilis Scribn.
(40) Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 132: pl. 74.
1893. Based on Eragrostis fendleriana Steud.
Eragrostis fendleriana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 278. 1854. - ‘‘ Mexico”’ [now
New Mexico], Fendler 932.
Uralepis poaeoides Buck]., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 94. 1863. New
Mexico, Fendler 932.
Atropis californica Munro; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336.
1863. California, Douglas in 1833.
Poa eatoni 8. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 386. 1871. Wasatch
Mountains, Utah, Eaton [in 1869].
Poa andina var. major Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6: 290.
1878. Arizona; Colorado.
Poa andina var. spicata Vasey,in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid. 6:
290. 1878. Colorado. [Wolf] 1135.
Atropis californica Munro; Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 309. 1880.
Near San Francisco, Bolander; Monterey, Hartweg.
Poa californica Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 31. 1883. Not P. cali-
fornica Steud., 1854. Based on Atropis californica Munro.
Panicularia fendleriana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 782. 1891. Based on
Eragrostis fendleriana Steud.
Atropis fendleriana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 576. 1896. Based on Eragrostis
fendleriana Steud.
Poa fendleriana spicata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 31. 1897.
Based on P. arida var. spicata Vasey, error for P. andina var. spicata Vasey.
Poa longepedunculata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 54. pl. 11.
1898. Laramie, Wyo., Nelson [3292].
Poa brevipaniculata Seribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 9:
2. 1899. Table Rock, Colo., Breninger 554.
Poa scabriuscula Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 10: 4. 1899.
Glenwood, Utah, Ward 136.
Poa longepedunculata viridescens Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 10:
4. 1899. Sheep Mountain [near Laramie], Wyo., Williams 2302.
Poa brevipaniculata subpallida Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 10:
5. 1899. Rocky Mountains, Colo., Hall and Harbour 674 in part.
Poa fendleriana arizonica Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 10: 5.
1899. Yavapai Creek, Ariz., Rusby in 1888.
(45) Poa glauca Vahl, Fl. Dan. pl. 964. 1790. Norway.
Poa caesia J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 1: 103. 1800. England.
Poa nemoralis var. glauca Gaud., Agrost. Helv. 1: 182. 1811. Based on P.
glauca Vahl.
Poa glauca var. caesia Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3. 11: 118. 1873.
Based on P. caesia Smith.
Paneion glaucum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915. Based on Poa
glauca Vahl.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 933

(20) Poa glaucifolia Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 10:
6. 1899. Based on P. planifolia Scribn. and Williams.

Poa planifolia Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 3.
1899. Not P. planifolia Kuntze, 1898. Spring Creek, Big Horn Basin, Wyo.,
Williams 2814.

Poa plattensis Rydb., Brittonia 1: 84. 1931. Lawrence Fork, Nebr., Rydberg
461.

(58) Poa gracillima Vasey, Contrib. U.S.Natl. Herb. 1: 272. 1893. Mount
Adams, Wash., Suksdorf 33.

Sporobolus bolanderi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 337. 1886. Not Poa bolanderz
Vasey, 1882. Multnomah Falls, Oreg., Bolander. [The type an over-
mature specimen from which all but the lowermost floret had fallen from the
spikelets. ]

Atropis tenuifolia var. stenophylla Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 580. 1896.
[Roseburg], Oreg., Howell in 1887.

Poa saxatilis Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 1.
1899. Mt. Rainier, Wash., Pzper 1964.

aap tenerrima Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 4. 1899. Cali-
ornia.

Poa invaginata Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 9: 6.
1899. Summit Camp, Sierra Nevada, Calif.

Poa multnomae Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 435. 1905. Multnomah
Falls, Oreg., Piper 6459. ;

Poa alcea Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 436. 1905. Portland, Oreg.,
Piper 6463.

Poa buckleyana var. stenophylla Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912.
Based on Atropis tenutfolia var. stenophylla Vasey.

Poa gracillima var. saxatilis Hack., Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 21: 79. 1915. Based
on P. sazatilis Scribn. and Williams.

Poa englishiit St. John and Hardin, Mazama 11: 64. 1929. Mount Baker
National Forest, Hardin and English 1391.

(2) Poa howellii Vasey and Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 132: pl. 78.
1893. California to Oregon. [Portland, Howell 25 in 1881, type.]

Poa howellit var. microsperma Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 273. 1893.
Santa Cruz, Calif., Anderson 99.

Poa bolanderi var. howellii Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 15. 1912. Based
on P. howellit Vasey and Scribn.

(39) Poa interior Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 604. 1905. Headwaters of
Clear Creek and Crazy Woman River, Wyo., Tweedy 3706.

Poa caesia var. strictior A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 629. 1867. ‘‘Lake Superior,
C. G. Loring, especially Isle Royale, Prof. Whitney.”

Poa coloradensis Vasey; Pammel, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 9: 41.
1897. Name only, for a specimen collected by Pammel in Colorado in 1895—

96.
Poa subtrivialis Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 536. 1909. Big Horn
Mountains, Wyo., Tweedy 2141.
Poa glauca var. strictior Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based on
P. caesia var. strictior A. Gray.
Paneion intertus Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915. Based on Poa
interior Rydb.
(49) Poa involuta Hitchc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159. 1928. Chisos Moun-
tains, Brewster County, Tex., Ferris and Duncan 2811.
(63) Poa juncifolia Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 52. pl. 8.
1898. Point of Rocks, Sweetwater County, Wyo., Nelson 3721.
Poa brachyglossa Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 145. 1905. Douglas
County, Wash., Sandberg and Leiberg 267.
Poa fendleriana var. juncifolia Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on P. junczfolia Scribn.
(15) Poa kelloggii Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 137: pl. 79. 1893.
[Mendocino County], Calif., Bolander 4705.
Poa bolanderi var. kelloggii Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 15. 1912. Based
on P. kelloggii Vasey.
(25) Poa languida Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 158. 1928. Based on
P. debilis Torr.
Poa debilis Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 459. 1843. Not P. debiltes Thuill., 1799.
[Gorham], New York,

934 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(46) Poa laxa Haenke, in Jirasek, Beob. Riesengeb. 118. 1791. Europe.

Poa laxa var. debilior Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 15. 1912. ‘‘The eastern
plant’’, no particular locality nor specimen cited.

(16) Poa laxiflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. Proc. 1862: 96. 1863. Co-
lumbia Woods, Oreg., Nuttall.

Poa leptocoma elatior Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 71.
1910. Cape Fox, Alaska, Trelease and Saunders 2982.

Poa remissa Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 158. 1928. Sol Due Hot
Springs, Olympic Mountains, Wash., Hitchcock 23468.

(56) Poa leibergii Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 8: 6. pl. 2. 1897,
Owyhee-Malheur Divide, Oreg., Lezberg 2171.

Poa hanseni Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 53. pl.9. 1898.
Silver Lake, Amador County, Calif., Hansen 605.

Poa pringlei var. hanseni Smiley, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot.9: 104. 1921. Based
on P. hanseni Scribn.

(33) Poa leptocoma Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 374.
1830. Sitka, Alaska, Mertens.

Poa stenantha var. leptocoma Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 373. 1853.
Based on P. leptocoma Trin.

Poa crandallii Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 301. 1920. Mountains
of Larimer, Colo., Crandall in 1898.

(55) Poa lettermani Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 273. 1893. Grays
Peak, Colo., Letterman 7.

Poa brandegei Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 544. 1896. Grays Peak,
Colo., Jones 714.

Atropis lettermant Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 579. 1896. Based on Poa
lettermant Vasey.

(41) Poa longiligula Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
9: 3. 1899. Silver Reef, Utah, Jones 5149.

Poa montana Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Monthly Rept. 155. 1874. Not P.
montana All., 1785. Nevada, Watson 1312.

Poa longiligula wyomingensis Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 10:
3. 1899. Tipton, Wyo., Nelson 4799a.

Paneion longiligulum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915. Based on Poa
longiligula Scribn. and Williams.

This species was referred to Poa alpina L. by Watson, in King, Geol. Expl. 40th

Parad: 386. 187k:
(8) Poa macrantha Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 11. 1888. Mouth of
Columbia River, Oreg., Howell [in 1887].

Melica macrantha Beal, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 153. 1890. Based on Poa
macrantha Vasey.

(37) Poa macroclada Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 604. 1905. Rogers,
Gunnison Watershed, Colo., Baker 802.

(23) Poa marcida Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 158. 1928. Sol Duc Hot
Springs, Olympic Mountains, Wash., Hitchcock 23466.

(36) Poanemoralis L., Sp. Pl.69. 1753. Europe.

Paneion nemorale Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915. Based on Poa
nemoralis L.

(14) Poanervosa (Hook.) Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13?: pl. 81. 1893.
Based on Festuca nervosa Hook.

Festuca nervosa Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 251. pl. 232. 1840. Nootka Sound,
Vancouver Island, Scouler.

Poa columbiensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 261. 1854. Columbia River,
Douglas.

Poa wheeleri Vasey, Cat. Pl. Survey W. 100th Merid. 55. 1874. South Park,
Colo., [Wolf] 1131 [1131a].

Poa pulchella var. major Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13?: pl. 82.
1893. Southern Oregon, no specimen cited, and none so named by Vasey
can be found.

Poa vaseyana Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 532. 1896. [Georgetown],
Colo., Patterson in 1885.

Poa cuspidata Vasey; Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 6. 1899.
Not P. cuspidata Nutt., 1818. Assynonym of P. wheeler Vasey.

Poa olneyae Piper, Erythea 7: 101. 1899. Spokane, Wash., Piper 2820.

Poa subrefleca Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 535. 1909. Steamboat
Springs, Colo., State Agricultural College 3731.

(61) Poa nevadensis Vasey; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 66. 1888,
[Austin, Nev., Jones in 1882.]

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 935

Atropis pauciflora Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 310. 1880. Not Poa
pauciflora Roem. and Schult., 1817. Sierra Valley, Calif., Lemmon 1871.
(Though credited to Lemmon the type specimen appears to have been
collected by Bolander, Lemmon’s name not appearing on the label.)

Poa pauciflora Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 42. 1883. Not P. pauczflora
Roem. and Schult., 1817. Based on Atropis pauciflora Thurb.

Poa tenutfolia var. scabra Vasey; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 66.
1883, as synonym of P. nevadensis. (California, Lemmon.]

Panicularia thurberiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on
Atropis pauciflora Thurb.

Poa thurberiana Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13?: pl. 84. 1893. The
name based on Pantcularia thurbertana Kuntze, but the plant described and
figured is Melica imperfecta Trin.

Atropis nevadensis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 577. 1896. Based on Poa
nevadensis Vasey.

(27) Poa occidentalis Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 274. 1893. Las
Vegas, N.Mex., G. R. Vasey in 1881.

Poa flexuosa var. occidentalis Vasey, in Wheeler, Rept. U.S. Survey 100th Merid.
6: 290. 1878. Twin Lakes, Colo. [Wolf] 1132.

Poa trivialis var. occidentalis Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 85. 1885.
Colorado and New Mexico, the type being the specimen later described as
P. occidentalis Vasey.

Poa flexuosa var. robusta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 271. 1893.
Rocky Mountains, Colo., Vasey 673 [Powell’s Expedition].

Poa autumnalis var. robusta Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 534. 1896. Based on
P. flexuosa var. robusta Vasey.

Poa occidentalis Rydb., Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 50. 1900. Based on P.
flexuosa var. occidentalis Vasey.

Poa platyphylla Nash and Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 266. 1901.
Based on P. occidentalis Vasey, the name changed because of P. flexuosa
var. occidentalis Vasey, thought to be different.

Poa lacustris Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on P. flexuosa var.
occidentalis Vasey.

(34) Poa paludigena Fern. and Wieg., Rhodora 20: 126. 1918. Wayne County,
N.Y., Metcalf and Wiegand 7572.

Poa sylvestris var. palustris Dudley, Cornell Univ. Bull. 2: 128. 1886. Michi-
gan Hollow, N.Y.

(38) Poa palustris L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 874. 1759. Europe.

Poa serotina Ehrh., Beitr. Naturk. 6: 88. 1791, name only; Schrad. FI.
Germ. 1: 299. 1806. Europe.

Poa triflora Gilib., Exerc. Phyt. 2: 531. 1792. Europe.

Poa crocata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 68. 1803. Lake Mistassini, Quebec,
Michauz.

Poa glauca var. crocata Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 15. 1912. Based on
P. crocata Michx.

Paneion triflorum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 223. 1915. Based on Poa
triflora Gilib.

(47) Poa pattersoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 275. 1898. Grays
Peak, Colo., Patterson 154.

(32) Poa paucispicula Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 69. pl. 15.
1910. Yakutat Bay, Alaska, Coville and Kearney 970.

(17) Poa pratensis L., Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. Europe.

?Poa wridis Schreb.; Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 79. 1814. North America.

Poa angustifolia Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 160. 1816. South Carolina.

Paneton pratense Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915. Based on Poa
pratensis L.

(54) Poa pringlei Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 31. 1883. Headwaters
of the Sacramento River, Calif., Pringle [in 1882].

Poa argentea Howell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 11. 1888. [Ashland Butte],
Siskiyou Mountains, Oreg., Howell [in 1887].

Melica argentea Beal, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 153. 1890. Based on Poa
argentea Howell.

Melica nana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 504. 1896. Based on Poa argentea
Howell. Name changed because of ‘‘M. argentea Desy.’’ [error for M.
argentata Desv.].

Atropis suksdorfii Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 574. 1896. [Mount Adams].
Wash., Suksdorf 1116. Beal gives as synonym ‘“‘ Poa suksdorfii Vasey ined.’’

936 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ayes pringle: Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 578. 1896. Based on Poa pringlei
cribn.
Poa suksdorfit Vasey; Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 135. 1906. Based
on Atropis suksdorfii Beal.
(30) Poa reflexa Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 276. 1893.
Kelso Mountain, near Torrey Peak, Colo., Letterman in 1885.
Poa acuminata Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 538. 1896. [Mount Black-
more], Mont., Tweedy 639 in 1885, 1027 in 1886.
Poa pudica Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 603. 1905. Near Grays Peak,
Colo., Rydberg 2443.
Poa leptocoma var. reflexa Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 15. 1912. Based on
P. refleca Vasey and Scribn.
(11) Poa rhizomata Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 155. 1912. Oro Fino,
Siskiyou County, Calif., Butler 1205.
Poa piperi Hitche., in Abrams, Illustr. Fl. 1: 201. f. 461. 1923. Waldo, Oreg.,
Piper 6496.
(48) Poa rupicola Nash, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 49. 1900. Based on P.
rupestris Vasey.
Poa rupestris Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 94. 1887. Not P. rupestris
With., 1796. Rocky Mountains [Wolf 341 in 1873].
(26) Poa saltuensis Fern. and Wieg., Rhodora 20: 122. 1918. Gaspé County,
Quebec, Fernald and Collins 357.
Poa debilis var. acutiflora Vasey; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 225. 1888. Name
only, for Macoun 28 and Burgess 12 and 13, Truro, Nova Scotia.
Poa saltuensis var. microlepis Fern. and Wieg., Rhodora 20: 124. 1918.
Newfoundland, Fernald and Wiegand 4633.
(57) Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 42. 1883. Based on
Atropis scabrella Thurb.
Sclerochloa californica Munro; Benth., Pl. Hartw. 342. 1857. Name only, for
Hartweg 2035, Sacramento Valley, Calif.
Poa tenuifolia Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 96. 1863. Not P.
tenuifolia A. Rich., 1851. Columbia River, Nuttall.
Atropis scabrella Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 310. 1880. Oakland,
Calif., Bolander.
Atropis tenuifolia Thurb., in 8. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 310. 1880. Based on
Poa tenuifolia Buckl.; Thurb.
Poa orcuttiana Vasey, West Amer. Sci. 3: 165. 1887. San Diego, Calif.,
Orcutt [1070] in 1884.
Panicularia scabrella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on Atropis
scabrella Thurb.
Panicularia nuttalliana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 783. 1891. Based on
“* Atropis tenutfolia Thurb., Poa tenuifolia Nutt., 1862” (error for Buckl.).
Poa buckleyana Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 465. 1895. Based on P.
tenuifolia Buckl.
Poa capillaris Seribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 51. f. 11. 1898.
Not P. capillaris L., 1753. Potrero, Calif.
Poa nudata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 1. 1899. Based on
P. capillaris Seribn.
Poa acutiglumis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9:4. 1899. Grave
Creek, Oreg., Howell in 1884.
Poa limosa Scribn. and Williams, U.8.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9:5. 1899.
Mono Lake, Calif., Bolander.
(59) Poa secunda Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 271. 1830. Chile, Haenke.
Poa sandbergii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 276. 1898. Lewiston,
Idaho, Sandberg 164.
Poa incurva Scribn. and Williams, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 6.
1899. Duckaloose Glacier, Olympic Mountains, Wash., Prper 1989.
Poa buckleyana var. sandbergvi Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on P. sandbergit Vasey.
Paneion sandbergit Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 228. 1915. Based on Poa
sandbergii Vasey.
(44) Poa stenantha Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 376.
1830. Kamchatka, Unalaska, Sitka, Karaghinski Island.

(29) Poa sylvestris A. Gray, Man. 596. 1848. Ohio and Kentucky, Short,
Sullivant, Michigan and southwestward [type from Ohio, Short in 1842].
(28) Poa tracyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888. Raton, N.Mex.,

Tracy in 1887.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 937

Poa nervosa var. tracyi Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 538. 1896. Based on P.
tracyt Vasey.
(22) Poa trivialis L., Sp. Pl. 67. 1753. Europe.
Poa stolonifera Hall.; Muhl., Descr. Gram. 139. 1817. Pennsylvania.
Poa trivialis var. filiculmis Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 532. 1896. Van--
couver Island, Macoun 282.
Poa callida Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 533. 1909. Helena, Mont.,
Rydberg 2145.
(51) Poa unilateralis Scribn.; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 13?: pl. 85.
1893. San Francisco, Calif., [Jones 15 in 1882].
Atropis unilateralis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 581. 1896. Based on Poa uni-
lateralis Scribn.
Poa pachypholis Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 146. 1905. Ilwaco, Wash.,
Piper [4900].
(53) Poa vaseyochloa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 9: 1. 1899.
Based on P. pulchella Vasey.
Poa pulchella Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 32. 1882. Not P. pulchella Salisb., 1796.
Columbia River [mountains, Klickitat County, Wash.], Suksdorf [in 1881].
Atropis pulchella Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 574. 1896. Based on Poa pulchella
Vasey.
Poa gracillima var. vaseyochloa Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 14. 1912. Based
on P. vaseyochloa Scribn.
(31) Poa wolfii Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 21: 228. 1894. [Canton], IIL,
Wolf [in 1882].
Poa alsodes var. wolfit Vasey; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 228. 1894, as
synonym of P. wolfiz Scribn.

(70) POLYPOGON Desf.

(4) Polypogon australis Brongn., in Duperrey, Bot. Voy. Coquille 2?: 21. 1830.
Concepcioén, Chile.
Polypogon crinitus Trin., Gram. Unifl. 171. 1824. Not P. crinitus Nutt., 1818.
Chile, Chamisso.
Polypogon interruptus var. crinitus Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires 13: 473. 1906. Based on P. crinitus Trin.
(3) Polypogon lutosus (Poir.) Hitche., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bull. 772: 138. 1920.
Based on Agrostis lutosa Poir.
Agrostis littoralis With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 129. pl. 23. 1796. Not A.
littoralis Lam., 1791. England.
Polypogon littoralis J. E. Smith, Comp. Fl. Brit. 13. 1800. Based on Agrostis
littoralis With.
Agrostis lutosa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 249. 1810. Based on A.
littoralis With.
rae lutosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 148, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis lutosa
oir.
Polypogon interruptus H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 134. pl. 44. 1815. Vene-
zuela, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Alopecurus interruptus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 5: 495. 1817. Based on
Polypogon interruptus H.B.K.
Polypogon lutosus was thought by Duval-Jouve to be a hybrid between P.
monspeliensis and Agrostis alba (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 2: 288. 1875).
(2) Polypogon maritimus Willd., Gesell. Naturf. Freund. Berlin (n.s.) 3: 443.
1801. France.
Alopecurus maritimus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 8: 779. 1808. Based on Poly-
pogon maritumus Willd.
Polypogon monspeliensis var. maritimus Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 70.
1867. Based on P. maritimus Willd.
(1) Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Fl. Atlant. 1: 67. 1798. Based on
Alopecurus monspeliensis L.
Alopecurus monspeliensis L., Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. Europe.
Phleum crinitum Schreb., Beschr. Gris. 1: 151. 1769. Based on Alopecurus
monspeliensis L.
Alopecurus aristulatus var. monspeliensis Huds., Fl. Angl. 28. 1778. Based on
A. monspeliensis L.
Agrostis alopecuroides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 160. 1791. Based on Alopecurus
monspeliensis L.
Phleum monspeliense Koel., Desecr. Gram. 57. 1802. Based on Alopecurus
mons peliensis L.

938 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Polypogon crinitus Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 50. 1818. Based on Phlewm crinitum
Smith (error for Schreb.).

Polypogon flavescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 234. 1830. Peru, Haenke.

Santia monspeliensis Parl., Fl. Palerm. 1: 73. 1845. Based on Alopecurus
monspeliensis L.

(5) PUCCINELLIA Parl.

(7) Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl., Fl. Ital. 367. 1848. Based on Poa distans L.
Poa distans L., Mant. Pl. 1: 32. 1767. Europe.
Aira aquatica var. distans Huds., Fl. Angl. 34. 1778. Based on Poa distans L.
Hydrochloa distans Hartm., Gen. Gram. Skand. 8. 1819. Presumably based on

Poa distans L.

Glyceria distans Wahl., Fl. Upsal. 36. 1820. Based on Poa distans L.
Festuca distans Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 129. 1829. Based on Poa distans L.
Sclerochloa distans Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. 370. 1848. Based on Poa distans L.
Catabrosa distans Link; Heynh., Nom. 2: 126. 1846. Based on Glycerza distans

Wahl.

Atropis distans Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 388. 1853. Based on Poa
distans L.

Glyceria distans var. tenuis Uechtr., in Crép., Notes Pl. Rar. Belg. 229. 1865.
Germany.

Sclerochloa multiculmis subsp. distans Syme, in Sowerby, English, Bot. ed. 3.
11: 104. 1873. Based on Poa distans L.
Panicularia distans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 782. 1891. Based on Poa
distans L.
Atropis distans var. tenuis Rouy, Fl. France 14: 195. 1913. Based on Glyceria
distans var. tenuis Uechtr.
Puccinellia distans var. tenuis Fern. and Weath., Rhodora 18: 12. 1916.
Based on Glyceria distans var. tenuis Uechtr.
Puccinellia suksdorfii St. John, Wash. State Coll. Contrib. Dept. Bot. 2: 80.
1928. Rockland, Wash., Suksdorf 5089.
(4) Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 197.
1908. Based on Poa fasciculata Torr.
Poa aie aay Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 107. 1823. New York
[ Torrey].
Poa delawarica Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 174. 1827. Delaware.
Festuca delawarica Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 129. 1829. Based on Poa dela-
warica Link.
Festuca borrert Bab., Linn. Soc. Trans. 17: 565. 1837. England.
Chae delawarica Heynh., Nom. 1: 360. 1840. Based on Poa delawarica
ink.
Glyceria borrert Bab., in Smith and Sowerby, English Bot. Sup. 3: pl. 2797.
1843. England.
cae borrert Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. 370. 1848. Based on Glyceria borrerz
ab.
Poa borrert Parnell, Grasses Brit. 220. pl. 98. 1845. Based on Sclerochloa
borrert Bab.
Sclerochloa arenaria var. fasciculata A. Gray, Man. 594. 1848. Based on Poa
fasciculata Torr.
Sclerochloa multiculmis subsp. borrert Syme, in Sowerby, English Bot. ed. 3.
11: 105. 1878. Based on S. borreri Bab.
Atropis borrert Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 92. 1890. Based on Glyceria borreri Bab.
ae scrmcrcd borrert Hitche., Rhodora 10: 65. 1908. Based on Festuca borrert
ab.
(5) Puccinellia lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17:
276. f. 572. 1899. Based on Poa lemmoni Vasey.
Poa lemmont Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878. Sierra County, Calif., Lemmon.
Glyceria lemmoni Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 88. 1885, name only; Bull.
Torrey Club 13: 119. 1886. Based on Poa lemmoni Vasey.
Atropis lemmont Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 137: pl.90. 1893. Based |
on Poa lemmoni Vasey.
pee rubida Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 56. 1903. Prineville, Oreg., Cusick

(6) Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl., Fl. Ital. 1: 370. 1848. Based on Poa
maritima Huds.
Poa maritima Huds., Fl. Angl. 35. 1762. England.
Poa maritima Muhl., Descr. Gram. 148, 1817. New England.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 939

Glyceria maritima Wahlb., Fl. Gothob. 17. 1820. Based on Poa maritima
uds

Festuca distans var. maritima Mutel, Fl. Frang. 4: 116. 1837. Based on Poa

maritima Huds.

Solas es Bigel., Fl. Bost. ed. 3. 36. 1840. Cambridge and Dorchester,

ass.

Diachroa maritima Nutt.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 497. 1840, as synonym

of Glyceria maritima Wahlb.

Sclerochloa maritima Lindl., in Bab., Man. Brit. Bot. 370. 1843. Based on

Glyceria maritima Smith (same as Wahlb.).

Sclerochloa arenaria var. maritima A. Gray, Man. 594. 1848. Based on Poa

maritima Huds.

Atropis maritima Griseb., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 389. 1853. Based on Poa

marituma Huds.

Atropis distans var. maritima Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 141. 1867.

Based on Poa maritima Huds.
Panicularia maritima Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 54. 1894. Based on
Poa maritima Huds.
(10) Puccinellia nutkaensis (Presl) Fern. and Weath., Rhodora 18: 22. f. 49-53.
1916. Based on Poa nutkaensis Presl.
Poa nutkaensis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 272. 1830. Nootka Sound, Vancouver
Island, Haenke.
- This species has been referred to Puccinellia festucaeformis (Host) Parl., of
urope.
(8) Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schult.) Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 162. 1912.
Based on Poa nutialliana Schult.

Poa airoides Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1:68. 1818. Not P. airoides Koel., 1802. Man-

dan, N.Dak., Nuttall.

Poa nuttalliana Schult., Mant. 2: 303. 1824. Based on P. airoides Nutt.

Festuca nuttalliana Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 129. 1829. Based on Poa nuttal-

liana Schult.
Glyceria montana Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 96. 1863. Rocky
Mountains, Nuttall.

Glycerta airoides A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 336. 1863. Not
G. airoides Reichenb., 1829. Based on Poa atroides Nutt.

Puccinellia airoides Wats. and Coult., in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 668. 1890.
Based on Poa airoides Nutt.

Panicularia distans atroides Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 54. 1894.
Based on Poa airoides Nutt.

Atropis airoides Holm, Bot. Gaz. 46: 427. 1908. Based on Poa airoides Nutt.

Puccinellia cusickii Weatherby, Rhodora 18: 182. 1916. Grande Ronde Val-
ley, Oreg., Cusick 3271.

Atropis nuttalliana Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9: 291. 1925. Based on
Poa nuttalliana Schult.
Wyoming specimens cited by Fernald and Weatherby (Rhodora 18: 16. 1916)
vee Puccinellia lucida (the type from Quebec) are here referred to P. nuttal-
iana.
(1) Puccinellia parishii Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 157. 1928. Rabbit
Springs, Calif., Parish 9799.
(9) Puccinellia pumila (Vasey) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 129. 1934. Based
on Glyceria pumila Vasey.
Glyceria pumila Vasey, cry Bot. Club 15: 48. 1888. Vancouver Island,
Macoun {in 1887].

Puccinellia maritima var. minor 8. Wats.,in A. Gray, Man.ed.6. 668. 1890.
Mount Desert, Maine, Rand.

Glyceria paupercula Holm, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 3: 337. 1907. Mansfield
Island, Canada, Geol. Surv. 34782.

Puccinellia alaskana Scribn. and Merr., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 78. 1910.
St. Paul Island, Alaska, Merriam.

Puccinellia paupercula Fern. and Weath., Rhodora 18: 18. 1916. Based on
Glyceria paupercula Holm.

Puccinellia paupercula var. alaskana Fern. and Weath., Rhodora 18:18. 1916.
Based on P. alaskana Scribn. and Merr.

This is the species referred by American authors to Atropis angustata Griseb.,
Glyceria angustata Vasey, and Puccinellia angustata Nash. The names are based
on Poa angustata R. Br., a species of Arctic America.

(3) Puccinellia rupestris (With.) Fern. and Weath., Rhodora 18: 10. f. 17-22.
1916. _ Based on Poa rupestris With.

940 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Poa rupestris With., Bot. Arr. Veg. Brit. ed. 3. 2: 146. 1796. England.

Poa procumbens Curtis, Fl. Lond. 6: pl. 11. 1798. England.

Sclerochloa procumbens Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 98. 1812. Based on Poa pro-
cumbens Curtis.

Festuca procumbens Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 129. 1829. Not F. procumbens
Muhl., 1817. Based on Poa procumbens Curtis.

cron procumbens Parl., Fl. Ital. 1: 474. 1848. Based on Poa procumbens

urtis.

Atropis procumbens Thurb., in 8. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 309. 1880. Based on
Poa procumbens Curtis. [The specimen mentioned by Thurber (Bolander
6467) is Poa unilateralis Scribn., with a fragment of Puccinellia rupestris,
which is not known to occur in California.] ?°

Panicularia procumbens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 782. 1891. Based on Poa
procumbens Curtis.

(2) Puccinellia simplex Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 16: 1. f. 1.
1899. Woodland, Calif., Blankinship.

(17) REDFIELDIA Vasey

(1) Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 133. pl. 70.
1887. Based on Graphephorum flexcuosum Thurb.
Graphephorum flecuosum Thurb.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1863:
78. 1863. ‘‘Colorado Territory’’, latitude 41° [probably Nebraska], Hall
and Harbour 635.

(127) REIMAROCHLOA Hitche.

(1) Reimarochloa oligostachya Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 199.
1909. Based on Reimaria obligostachya Munro.
Reimaria oligostachya Munro; Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 34. 1881.
[Jacksonville], Fla., Curtiss 3566.

(149) RHAPHIS Lour.

(1) Rhaphis pauciflorus (Chapm.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 67. 1903.

Based on Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm.

Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. Jacksonville, Fla.,
Chapman.

Chrysopogon pauciflorus Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 20. 1883. Based on
Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm.

Chrysopogon wrightii Munro; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 29. 1885.
Based on Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm.

Andropogon pauciflorus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 548. 1889. Based
on Sorghum pauciflorum Chapm.

(153) ROTTBOELLIA L. f.

(1) Rottboellia exaltata L. f., Sup. Pl. 114. 1781. India.
Manisuris exaltata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 779. 1891. Based on Roté-
boellia exaltata L. f.
Stegosia exaltata Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17: 84. 1909. Based on Rottboellia
exaliata L. f.

(142) SACCHARUM L.

Saccharum ciliare Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Foérh. 12: 155. 1855.
India.
(1) Saccharum officinarum L., Sp. Pl. 54. 17538. India.

(131) SACCIOLEPIS Nash

Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 21: 8. 1908. Based on
Aira indica L.
Aira spicata L., Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. India.

29 See Hitchcock, in Jepson, W., Flora of California, pt. 1, p. 158. 1912.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 94]

Aira indica L., Sp. Pl. in Errata. 1753. Based on Aira spicata L. (p. 63). A
change of name because of Aira spicata on page 64 of the same work. (See
footnote 32, p. 975.)

Panicum indicum L., Mant. Pl. 2: 184. 1771. Not P. indicum Mill., 1768.
Based on Azra indica L.

Hymenachne indica Buse, in Miquel, Pl. Jungh. 377. 1854. Based on
Panicum indicum L.

Sacciolepis spicata Honda, Tokyo Univ. Jour. Faculty Sci. sec. 3. Bot. 3: 261.
19 Based on Aira spicata L., Sp. Pl. 63.

Panicum spicatum Farwell, Rhodora 32: 262. 1930. Not P. spicatum Roxb.,
1820. Based on Azra spicata L. Sp. Pl. 63.

(1) Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 383. 1903.
Based on Holcus striatus L.

Holcus striatus L., Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Virginia, [Clayton 590].

Panicum striatum Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 172. 1791. Carolina, Fraser.

Sorghum striatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 132, 165. 1812. Based on Holcus
striatus L.

Panicum gibbum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 116. 1816. Presumably South
Carolina.

Panicum aquaticum Muhl., Descr. Gram. 126. 1817. Not P. aquaticum
Poir., 1816. No locality cited.

Panicum fluitans Brickell; Muhl., Descr. Gram. 126. 1817, as synonym of P.
aquaticum Muhl.

es hydrophilum Schult., Mant. 2: 237. 1824. Based on P. aquaticum

uhl.

Panicum elliottianum Schult., Mant. 2: 256. 1824. Based on P. gibbum Ell.

Panicum aquaticum Bosc; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 319. 1825. Not P. aquati-
cum Poir., 1816. Bermuda.

Hymenachne striata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864. Based on Panicum
striatum Lam.

Sacciolepis gibba Nash, in Britton, Man. 89. 1901. Based on Panicum
gibbum Ell.

(97) SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.

(1) Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel., in Branner and Coville, Rep.

Geol. Survey Ark. 18881: 236. 1891. Based on Lepturus paniculatus Nutt.

Lepturus paniculatus Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 81. 1818. Mandan, N.Dak.

Rottboellia paniculata Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 300. 1825. Based on Lepturus
paniculatus Nutt.

Schedonnardus texanus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 146. 1854. Texas, Drum-
mond 360.

Sptrochloe paniculata Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 220. 1915. Based on
Lepturus paniculatus Nutt.

(51) SCHISMUS Beauv.

(1) Schismus barbatus (L.) Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 182. 1925.
Based on Festuca barbata L.
Festuca barbata L., Amoen. Acad. 3: 400. 1756. Spain.
Schismus fasciculatus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 74, 177. 1812, name only; Trin.,
Fund. Agrost. 148. 1820. No locality cited.
ee marginatus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 177. pl. 15. f. 4. 1812. No locality
cited.

(29) SCHIZACHNE Hack.

(1) Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 204.
f.1. 1928. Based on Trisetum purpurascens Torr.

Avena striata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 78. 1803. Not A. striata Lam., 1783.
Between Hudson Bay and Lake Mistassini, Michauz.

Trisetum purpurascens Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S.1: 127. 1823. Will-
iamstown, Mass., Dewey; also Boston, Catskill Mountains, N.Y., and
Montreal.

Avena callosa Turez., in Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 416. 1853. Siberia.

Avena striata forma albicans Fernald, Rhodora_7: 244. 1905. Mount Albert,
Quebec, Collins and Fernald 26.

942 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Melica striata Hitche., Rhodora 8: 211. 1906. Based on Avena striata
Michx.

Melica purpurascens Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 156. 1908.
Based on Trisetum purpurascens Torr.

Schizachne fauriei Hack., Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 7: 328. 1909. Sachalin
Island, Faurie.

Avena torreyi Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 219. 1913.
Based on Trisetum purpurascens Torr., not Avena purpurascens DC., 1813.

Bromelica striata Farwell, Rhodora 21: 77. 1919. Based on Avena striata

Michx.
(7) SCLEROCHLOA Beauv.

(1) Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 98, 174, 177. pl. 19. f. 4. 1812.
Based on Poa dura L. (error for Scop.).
Cynosurus durus L., Sp. Pl. 72. 1753. Southern Europe.
Poa dura Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 1: 70. 1772. Based on Cynosurus durus L.
Crassipes annuus Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 18: 684. f. 1-4. 1931. Between
Salt Lake City and Ogden, foot of Wasatch Mountains, Utah, Fallas in 1928.

(4) SCLEROPOA Griseb.

(1) Scleropoa rigida,(L.) Griseb., Spic. Fl. Rum. 2: 481. 1844. Based on

Poa rigida L.

Poa rigida L., Cent. Pl. 1: 5. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1759. Europe.

Poa cristata Walt., Fl. Carol. 80. 1788. Not P. cristata L., 1767. South
Carolina.

Sclerochloa rigida Link, Enum. Pl. 1: 90. 1821. Based on Poa rigida L.

Festuca eae Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 445. 1825. Based on Poa
rigida L.

SULEDNS rigida Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 90. 1867. Based on Scleropoa rigida

riseb.
Diplachne rigida Munro; Chapm. FI. South. U.S. ed. 3. 609. 1897. Based

on Poa rigida L.
(38) SCLEROPOGON Phil.

(1) Scleropogon brevifolius Phil., An. Univ. Chile 36: 206. 1870. Mendoza,

Argentina.

Festuca macrostachya Torr. and Gray, U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 24:177.
1855. Name only. Pecos, Tex. [Staminate specimen. ]

Tricuspis monsira Munro; Hemsl., Diag. Pl. Mex. 56. 1880, as synonym of
Scleropogon brevifolius Phil.

Lesourdia karwinskyana Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 102. pl. 4. f. 12.
1880. Mexico, Karwinsky 992.

Lesourdia multiflora Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 102. pl. 3, 4. 1880.
Tampico, Mexico, Bernier.

Scleropogon karwinskyanus Benth.; S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 181.
1888. Based on Lesourdia karwinskyana Fourn.

(50) SCRIBNERIA Hack.

(1) Scribneria bolanderi (Thurb.) Hack., Bot. Gaz. 11: 105. pl. 5. 1886. Based
on Lepturus bolanderi Thurb.

Lepturus bolanderi Thurb., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 7: 401. 1868. Russian
River Valley, Calif., Bolander.

(42) SECALE L.

(1) Secale cereale L., Sp. Pl. 84. 1753. Europe.
Triticum cereale Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 27. 1796. Based on Secale cereale L.

(135) SETARIA Beauv.?

Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 47. 1829. Based on Panicum
barbatum Lam.
Panicum barbatum Lam., Tabl. Encyel. 1: 171. 1791. Mauritius.
Panicum costatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 1: 314. 1820. Mauritius.
Panicum viaticum Salzm.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 155. 1877. Bahia,
Brazil, Salzmann 706.

30 For discussion of types see Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 156-208. 1920.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 943

Chamaeraphis viatica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based on Panicum
viaticum Salzm.

Chamaeraphis costata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891. Based on
Panicum costatum Roxb.

Chaetochloa barbata Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 348.
1917. Based on Panicum barbatum Lam.

(8) Setaria corrugata (Ell.) Sehult., Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Based on Panicum
corrugatum Ell.

Panicum corrugatum Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 118. 1816. Savannah, Ga.,
Baldwin.

Pennisetum corrugatum Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 55. 1818. Presumably based on
Panicum corrugatum Ell.

Setaria glauca var. corrugata Schrad., Linnaea 12: 429. 1838. Based on S.
corrugata Schult.

Chamaeraphis corrugata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based on
Panicum corrugatum Ell.

Chaetochloa corrugata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum corrugatum Ell.

Chaetochloa hispida Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 25. f. 13: 1900: Cuba, Wright.

Setaria hispida Schum., Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 28!: 417. 1902. Based on
Chaetochloa hispida Scribn. and Merr.

(2) Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on
Panicum geniculatum Lam.

ee geniculatum Lam., Encycl. 4: 727 (err. typ. 787). 1798. Guade-
oupe.

Cenchrus parviflorus Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 6: 52. 1804. Puerto Rico.

Setaria gracilis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 109. 1815. Colombia, Hum-
boldt and Bonpland.

Setaria purpurascens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 110. 1815. Ecuador,
Humboldt and Bonpland. °

Pennisetum geniculatum Jacq., Eclog. Gram. 3: pl. 26. 1815-1820. Based on
Panicum geniculatum Lam.

Panicum imberbe Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 272. 1816. North America
and Brazil.

Panicum laevigatum Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 112. 1816. Not
P. laevigatum Lam. 1778. Eddings Island, 8.C. (Published as new in
Muhl., Descr. Gram. 100. 1817 for the same species.)

Panicum glaucum var. purpurascens Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 118. 1816.
Muhl., Paris Island and Charleston Neck, 8.C.

Panicum medium Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 113. 1816, as synonym
of P. glaucum var. purpurascens Ell.

Setaria imberbis Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 891. 1817. Based on
Panicum imberbe Poir.

Pennisetum laevigatum Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 55. 1818. Presumably based on
Panicum laevigatum Muhl.

Setaria laevigata Schult., Mant. 2: 275. 1824. Based on Panicum laev-
gatum Muhl.

. Setarta affinis Schult., Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Based on Muhlenberg’s Panicum
no. 4. Georgia and Pennsylvania.

eee berteromana Schult., Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Dominican Republic,

ertero.

Setaria glauca var. purpurascens Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 153. 1824.
Based on Setaria purpurascens H.B.K. Published as new by Urban (Symb.
Antill. 4: 96. 1903) based on the same type.

Panicum flavum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 238. 1829. Brazil.

Panicum dasyurum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 241. 1829. Brazil, Hoffmansegg;
Montevideo, Sellow.

Panicum fuscescens Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 241. 1829, as synonym of
P. purpurascens H.B.K. [South America, Humboldt].

Panicum penicillatum Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 242. 1829. Not P.
penicillatum Nees; Trin. 1826. Brazil.

Panicum tejucense Nees, Agrost. Bras. 248. 1829. Tejuco, Brazil.

sae hai flava Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 46. 1829. Based on Panicum flavum

ees.

Setaria ventenatii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 251. pl. 37. 1830. Puerto Rico.

Setarta teyucensis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XI. 1830. Based on Panicum
teyucense Nees.

55974°—35—— 60

944 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Setarta penicillata Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 314. 1830. Based on Panicum
penicillatum Willd.

Panicum ventenatit Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 265. 1841. Based on Setaria
ventenatit Kunth.

Panicum berteronianum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 50. 1854. Based on Setaria
berteroniana Schult.

Setaria glauca var. laevigata Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 578. 1860. Based on
Panicum laevigatum Muhl.

Setaria stipaeculmis C. Muell., Bot. Ztg. 19: 323. 1861. Rio Brazos, Tex.,
Drummond.

Setaria glauca var. penicillata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 554. 1864. Based
on Panicum penicillatum Willd.

Setaria glauca var. imberbis Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 554. 1864. Based on
Panicum imberbe Poir.

Panicum imberbe var. dasyurum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 157. 1877.
Based on P. dasyurum Nees.

Panicum imberbe var. purpurascens Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 157. 1877.
Based on P. purpurascens H.B.K.

Setaria streptobotrys Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 47. 1886. Mexico, Galeotti 5832,
Liebmann 358, and several other collections cited.

Chamaeraphis glauca var. imberbis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891.
Based on Panicum imberbe Poir.

Chamaeraphis glauca var. penicillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891.
Based on Panicum penicillatum Willd.

Chamaeraphis glauca var. geniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891.
Based on Panicum geniculatum Lam.

Setaria perennis Hall; Smyth, Check List Pl. Kans. 26. 1892. [Hutchinson],
Kans., Smyth.

Setaria gracilis var. dasyura Arech., An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 165. 1894.
Based on Panicum dasyurum Nees.

Chamaeraphis ventenatit Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 153. 1896. Based on
Setaria ventenatit Kunth. :

Chamaeraphis glauca var. laevigata Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 155. 1896.
Based on Panicum laevigatum Muhl.

Chamaeraphis glauca var. perennis Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 156. 1896. ;
Florida, Curtiss 3614.*

Chaetochloa imberbis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum imberbe Poir.

Chaetochloa penicillata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum penicillatum Willd.

Chaetochloa flava Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897,
Based on Panicum flavum Nees.

Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 25: 105. pl. 329. 1898.
New York City, Bicknell.

Chaetochloa perennis Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 107. 1898. Based
on C. glauca var. perennis Beal.

Chaetochloa laevigata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 10. 1900.
Based on Panicum laevigatum Muhl.

Chaetochloa imberbis penicillata Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.°
Bull. 21: 11. f.2. 1900. Based on Panicum penicillatum Willd.

Chaetochloa imberbis perennis Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 21: 12. 1900. Based on Setaria perennis Hall.

Chaetochloa imberbis geniculata Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. |
Bull. 21: 12. 1900. Based on Panicum geniculatum Lam. . |

Chaetochloa imberbis streptobotrys Scribn. and Merr., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. |
Bull. 21: 18. 1900. Based on Setaria streptobotrys Fourn.

Chaetochloa purpurascens Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 13. 1900. Based on Setaria purpurascens H.B.K.

Chaetochloa gracilis Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: |
15. 1900. Based on Setaria gracilis H.B.K. |

Chaetochloa corrugata parviflora Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 21: 24. 1900. Based on Cenchrus parviflorus Poir. |

Ixophorus glaucus-laevigata Chapm., Gattinger, Tenn. Fl. 38. 1901. Pre- (
sumably based on Setaria glauca var. laevigata Chapm. |

Panicum glaberrimum EI1.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.
29: 3. 1901. Not P. glaberrimum Steud., 1854. As synonym of Chaeto-
chloa imberbis Scribn.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 945

Chaetochloa ventenatit Nash, in Kearney, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 5: 515.
1901. Based on Setaria ventenatiz Kunth.

Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash, in Britton, Man. 90. 1901. Kansas [type,
Hutchinson, Smyth] and Oklahoma.

Panicum imberbe var. gracile Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Ztschr. 8: 13. 1902. Based
on Setaria gracilis H.B.K.

Setaria glauca var. geniculata Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 96. 1903. Based on
Panicum geniculatum Lam.

Setaria glauca var. purpurascens Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 96. 1903. Based on
S. purpurascens H.B.K.

Chaetochloa geniculata Millsp. and Chase, Field Mus. Bot. 3: 37. 1903. Based
on Panicum geniculatum Lam.

Chamaeraphis amberbis Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 76.
1904. Based on Panicum imberbe Poir.

Chamaeraphis gracilis Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 76.
1904. Not C. gracilis Hack., 1885. Based on Setaria gracilis H.B.K.
Chamaeraphis pentcillata Presl; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 76.

1904. Based on Setaria pentcillata Presl.

Setaria imberbis var. perennis Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on S.
perennis Hall.

Setaria imberbis var. purpurascens Hack., in Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos
Aires 13: 442. 1906. Based on S. purpurascens H.B.K.

Chaetochloa tmberbis versicolor Stone, N.J. Mus. Ann. Rept. 1910: 213. 1911.
Based on C. versicolor Bicknell.

Panicum versicolor Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Not P. versicolor
Doell, 1877. Based on Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell.

Panicum occidentale Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Not P. occi-
dentale Scribn., 1899. Based on Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash.

Chaetochloa geniculata var. perennis House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 254: 85.
1924. Based on Setarza perennis Hall.

Chaetochloa viridis var. purpurascens Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 38: 197. 1924.
Based on Setarta purpurascens H.B.K.

Panicum lutescens var. flavwm Backer, Handb. FI. Java 2: 142. 1928. Based
on P. flavum Nees.

(10) Setaria grisebachii Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 45. 1886. Orizaba, Mexico,
[Schaffner 36].

Setaria laevis Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 45. 1886. Bernal, Mexico, Karwinsky 961.

Chaetochloa grisebachit Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Setaria grisebachw Fourn.

Chaetochloa grisebachit ampla Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
pe rai 36. f. 21. 1900. Federal District, Mexico, Pringle 4670 [error
or 6470].

Chaetochloa grisebachit mexicana Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 21: 37. 1900. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Schaffner 1044.

Setaria mexicana Schaffn.; Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
oy 37. 1900, as synonym of Chaetochloa grisebachit mexicana Scribn. and

err.
(13) Setaria italica (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 170, 178. 1812. Based on
Panicum ttalicum L.

Panicum ttalicum L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. India.

Panicum germanicum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Panicum no. 1. 1768. Europe.

Panicum italicum var. germanicum Koel., Descr. Gram. 17. 1802. Europe.

Pennisetum italicum R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810. Based on
Panicum italicum L.

Setaria germanica Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 169,178. 1812. Based on Panicum
germanicum Willd. (same as Mill. 1768).

Pennisetum germanicum Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 277. 1816.
Based on Setaria germanica Beauv.

Setaria italica var. germanica Schrad., Linnaea 12: 430. 1838. Based on
Panicum germanicum Roth (same as Mill. 1768).

Setaria californica Kellogg, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 1 (ed. 2): 26. 1873. Shasta,
Calif., Dash.

Panicum italicum var. californicum Koern. and Wern., Handb. Getreidebau 1:
272, 273. 1885. California.

Chamaeraphis italica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891. Based on Panicum
italicum L,

946 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Chamaeraphis ttalica var. germanica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891.
Based on Panicum germanicum L. (error for Mill.).

Izophorus italicus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Based on
Panicum ttalicum L.

Chaetochloa italica Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum ttalicum L.

Chaetochloa italica germanica Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 6:
32. 1897. Based on Panicum germanicum Mill.

Chaetochloa germanica Smyth, Trans. Kans. Acad. 25: 89. 1913.: Based on
Panicum germanicum Mill.

Setaria italica subsp. stramineofructa subvar. germanica F. T. Hubb., Amer.
Jour. Bot. 2: 189. 1915. Based on Panicum germanicum Mill.

Setaria italica subsp. stramineofructa var. brunneoseta subvar. densior F. T.
Hubb., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 192. 1915. Weston, Mass., Williams in 1895.

(9) Setaria liebmanni Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 44. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 389.

Setaria rariflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 313. 1830. Not S. rariflora Mikan,
1821. Acapulco, Mexico, Haenke.

Panicum rariflorum Presl; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:51. 1854. Not P. rari-

florum Lam., 1798. Based on Setaria rarzflora Presl.
Chamaeraphis caudata var. pauciflora Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 158.
1896. [Baja] California [type, Guaymas, Mexico], Palmer 191.

Chaetochloa liebmanni Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 31. 1900. Based on Setaria liebmanni Fourn.

Chaetochloa liebmannt pauciflora Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Seite Bull. 21: 33. 1900. Based on Chamaeraphis caudata var. pauciflora

asey.
(1) Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 18: 232. 1916. Based on

Panicum lutescens Weigel.

Panicum lutescens Weigel, Obs. Bot. 20. 1772. Germany.

Panicum glaucum var. elongatum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 81. 1805. America.

Panicum glaucum var. flavescens Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 113. 1816. Pre-

sumably South Carolina.

Panicum glaucum var. laevigatum LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2.

339. 1818. Northern and Middle States.

Setaria glauca var. elongata Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 49. 1823. Based on Panicum

glaucum var. elongatum Pers.

Panicum compressum Balb.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 254. 1841, errone-

ously cited as synonym of P. glaucum R. Br. [Dominican Republic, Bertero.]

Chaetochloa lutescens Stuntz, U.S. Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Inventory

Seeds 31: 36, 86. 1914. Based on Panicum lutescens Weigel.

Panicum glaucum L. has been shown to apply to pearl millet (see Pennisetum
glaucum, p. 924). The name at an early date came to be used for the species
here called Setaria lutescens. The following names have been misapplied to this
species:

Panicum glaucum L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.

Setaria glauca Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812.

Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891.

Izophorus glaucus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895.

Chaetochloa glauca Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr:, Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
(4) Setaria macrosperma (Scribn. and Merr.) Schum., Just’s Bot. Jahresber.
281: 417. 1902. Based on Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. and Merr.
Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.

Bull. 21: 33. f. 18. 1900. St. Johns River, Fla., Curtiss 3617.
(6) Setaria macrostachya H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 110. 1815. [Guana-
juato], Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Panicum macrostachyum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 245. 1829. Based on Setaria
macrostachya H.B.K.

Chamaeraphis setosa var. macrostachya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 769. 1891.
Based on Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.

Chaetochloa gibbosa Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
24. 1900. Mexico [probably Tamaulipas] Berlandier 528.

Chaetochloa leucopila Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
26. f. 14. 1900. Parras, Coahuila, Palmer 1363 in 1880.

Chaetochloa macrostachya Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 29. f. 16. 1900. Based on Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.

Chaetochloa rigida Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
30. 1900. La Paz, Baja California, Palmer 125 in 1890.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 947

Setaria leucopila Schum., Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 28'!: 417. 1902. Based on
Chaetochloa leucopila Scribn. and Merr.

Setaria gibbosa Schum., in Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 28!: 417. 1902. Based on
Chaetochloa gibbosa Scribn. and Merr.

Setaria rigida Schum., in Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 28!: 417. 1902. Not
S. rigida Stapf, 1899. Based on Chaetochloa rigida Scribn. and Merr.

Chamaeraphis macrostachya Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11:
76. 1904. Based on Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.

Setaria commutata Hack.; Stuck., An. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 13: 439. 1906.
Based on Chaetochloa composita as described ard figured by Scribner and
Merrill (U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 27f. 15. 1900), not Setaria
composita H.B.K. on which the name Chaetochloa composita Scribn. is based.
The name is published as ‘‘Setaria commutata (Scribn.) Hack.”’

(11) Setaria magna Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864. Jamaica, Purdie.

Chamaeraphis magna Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 152. 1896. Based on Setaria
magna Griseb.

Chaetochloa magna Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Setaria magna Griseb.

Setaria nigrirostris (Nees) Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 774. 1894.
Based on Panicum nigrirostris Nees.

Panicum nigrirostris Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 55. 1841. South Africa.

Chaetochloa nigrirostris Skeels, U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 207: 22.
1911. Based on Panicum nigrirostris Nees.

Setaria palmifolia (Willd.) Stapf, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 186. 1914. Based
on Panicum palmifolitum Koen. (Naturforscher 23: 208. 1788, same as
P. palmifolitum Willd., but inadequately published.)

Panicum plicatum Willd., Enum. Pl. 1033. 1809. Asia. Not P. plicatum
Lam., 1791.

Panicum palmifolium Willd.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 282. 1816.
Based on P. plicatum Willd.

Chamaeraphis palmifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891. Based on
Panicum palmifolium Willd.

Chaetochloa palmifolia Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 348.
1917. Based on Panicum palmifolium Willd.

Setaria poiretiana (Schult.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 47. 1829. Based on
Panicum potretianum Schult.

Panicum elongatum Poir.,in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 278. 1816. Not P. elonga-
tum Salisb., 1796, nor Pursh, 1814. Brazil.

Panicum poiretianum Schult., Mant. 2: 229. 1824. Based on P. elongatum
Poir.

Chaetochloa poiretiana Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 159. 1920.
Based on Panicum poiretianum Schult.

Setaria rariflora Mikan; Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 78. 1821. Brazil.

Chaetochloa rariflora Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 349.
1917. Based on Setaria rariflora Mikan.

Panicum rariflorum Makino and Nemoto, Fl. Jap. 1475. 1925. NotP.
rariflora Lam., 1798. Based on Setaria rarijflora Mikan.

(7) Setaria scheelei (Steud.) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 163. 1928.
Based on Panicum scheelei Steud. :

Setaria polystachya Scheele, Linnaea 22: 339. 1849. Not S. polystachya
Schrad., 1824. New Braunfels, Tex., Lindheimer 564.

Panicum scheelei Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 51. 1854. Based on Setaria poly-
stachya Scheele.

Chaetochloa polystachya Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 37. f.22. 1900. Based on Setaria polystachya Scheele.

Chaetochloa scheelei Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 207. f. 62. 1920.
Based on Panicum scheelei Steud.

Setaria setosa (Swartz) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum
setosum Swartz.

Panicum setosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. Jamaica,
Swartz.

Panicum caudatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. Brazil.

Setaria caudata Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817. Based on Pani-
cum caudatum Lam.

Setaria setosa var. caudata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 555. 1864. Based on
Setaria caudata Roem. and Schult.

948 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pennisetum swartzit F. Muell., Fragm. Phyt. Austr. 8: 110. 1873. Based on
Panicum setosum Swartz.

Chamaeraphis setosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891. Based on Panicum
setosum Swartz.

Chamaeraphis caudata Britton, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 264. 1893. Based
on Panicum caudatum Lam.

Chaetochloa setosa Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum setosum Swartz.

Chaetochloa caudata Scribn., Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 10: 52. 1899. Based on
Panicum caudatum Lam.

(3) Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on
Panicum verticillatum L.

Panicum verticillatum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 82. 1762. Europe.

Pennisetum verticillatum R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 195. 1810. Based on
Panicum verticillatum L.

Chamaeraphis italica var. verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891.
Based on Panicum verticillatum L.

Chamaeraphis verticillata Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 196. 1893. Based
on Panicum verticillatum L.

Izophorus verticillatus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 422. 1895. Based on
Panicum verticillatum L.

Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum verticillatum L.

Chaetochloa brevispica Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
15. f. 5. 1900. Published as a new name for Panicum verticillatum var.
parviflorum Doell, the identity of which is uncertain. The plants described
and figured by Scribner and Merrill are S. verticillata.

Setaria brevispica Schum., in Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 28!: 417. 1902. Based on
Chaetochloa brevispica Scribn. and Merr.

Chaetochloa verticillata var. breviseta (Godr.) Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers

1: 86. 1921, is based on a European type I have not examined.
SETARIA VERTICILLATA Var. AMBIGUA Parl., Fl. Palerm. 1: 36. 1845. Based on
Panicum verticillatum var. ambiguum Guss.

Panicum verticillatum var. ambiguum Guss., Fl. Sic. Prodr. 80. 1827. Sicily.

Setaria ambigua Guss., Fl. Sic. Syn. 1: 114. 1842. Not S. ambigua Merat,
1836. Based on Panicum verticillatum var. ambiguum Guss.

Setaria viridis var. ambigua Coss. and Dur., Expl. Sci. Alger. 2: 36. 1867.
Based on S. ambigua Guss.

Panicum ambiguum Hausskn., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 25: 345. 1875. Based on
Setaria ambigua Guss.

Chamaeraphis italica var. ambigua Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891.
Based on Setaria ambigua Guss.

Chaetochloa ambigua Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
18. f. 7. 1900. Based on Setaria verticillata var. ambigua Guss.

(5) Setaria villosissima (Scribn. and Merr.) Schum., Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 28}:
417. 1902. Based on Chaetochloa villosissima Scribn. and Merr.,

Chaetochloa villosissima Scribn. and Merr. U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
34. f.19. 1900. San Diego, Tex., J. G. Smith in 1897.

(12) Setaria viridis (L.) Beativ., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Pani-
cum viride L.

Panicum viride L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Europe.

Pennisetum viride R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810. Based on Pani-
cum viride L.

Setaria weinmanni Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 490. 1817. Europe.

Panicum viride var. brevisetum Doell, Rhein. Fl. 128. 1843. Europe.

Setaria viridis var. weinmanni Borbds, Math. Termesz. Koézlem. 15: 310.
1878. Based on Setaria weinmanni Roem. and Schult.

Panicum italicum var. viride Koern., in Koern. and Wern., Handb. Getreide-
bau. 1: 277. 1885. Based on Panicum viride L.

Setaria viridis var. purpurascens Peck; Dudley, Cornell Univ. Bull. 2: 122.
1886. Not S. viridis var. purpurascens Peterm., 1838. New York, Peck.
Chamaeraphis italica var. viridis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891. Based

on Panicum viride L.

Chamaeraphis viridis Millsp., W.Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 2: 466. 1892.
Based on Panicum viride L.

Izophorus viridis Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Based on
Panicum viride L.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 949

Chaetochloa viridis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897
Based on Panicum viride L.
Setaria viridis var. breviseta Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on Pani-
cum viride var. brevisetum Doell.
Setaria italica subsp. viridis Thell., Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38: 85.
1912. Based on Panicum viride L.
Chaetochloa viridis var. breviseta Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 86. 1921.
Based on Panicum viride var. brevisetum Doell.
Chaetochloa viridis var. weinmanni House, N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 39.
1923. Based on Setaria weinmanni Roem. and Schult.
Chaetochloa viridis var. major (Gaudin) Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1:
86. 1921, and C. viridis var. minor (Koch) Farwell (1.c.) are based on Euro-
pean types I have not examined.

(44) SITANION Raf.

(1) Sitanion hanseni (Scribn.) J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18:

20. 1899. Based on Elymus hansent Scribn.

Elymus hanseni Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 56. f. 12.
1898. Amador County, Calif., Hansen 1742.

Sitanion planifolium J. G. Smith, U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 19.
1899. Skamania County, Wash., Suksdorf 924.

Sitanion anomalum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 20
pl. 4. 1899. Pasadena, Calif., Allen in 1885.

Sitanion leckenbyt Piper, Erythea 7: 100. 1899. Wawawai, Wash., Piper
3003.

Sitanion rubescens Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 30: 234. 1903. Mount
Rainier, Wash., Prper 1954.

Elymus leckenbyi Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 151. 1906. Based on
Sitanion leckenby1 Piper.

Sitanion hansent anomalum Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928.
Based on S. anomalum J. G. Smith.

(3) Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18:

15. pi. 2. 1899. Based on Aegilops hystrix Nutt.

Aegilops hystrix Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 86. 1818. Plains of the Missouri.

Sitanion elymoides Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 103. 1819. Missouri [River].

ce ara sttanion Schult., Mant. 2: 426. 1824. Based on Sitanion elymoides

af.

Polyanthrix hystrix Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284. 1838. Based on Aegilops
hystrix Nutt., but misapplied to S. jubatum.

Elymus elymoides Swezey, Nebr. Pl. Doane Coll. 15. 1891. Based on
Sitanion elymoides Raf.

Sitanion minus J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 12. 1899.
Jacumba Hot Springs, Calif., Schoenefeldt 3277.

Sitanion rigidum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 13.
1899. Cascade Mountains, Wash., Allen 178.

Sitanion californicum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 13.
1899. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., Parish 3295.

Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 14. 1899.
Coso Mountains, Calif., Coville and Funston 914.

Sitanion cinereum J. G. ‘Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 14.
1899. Reno, Nev., Tracy 229.

Sitanion insulare J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 14. 1899.
Carrington Island, Salt Lake, Utah, Watson 1338.

Chretomeris trichoides Nutt.; ma G. Smith, U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18:
15. 1899, as synonym of Sitanion hystriz.

Elymus difformis Nutt.; J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 15.
1899, as synonym of ‘Sitanion hystriz.

Sitanion montanum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 16.
1899. Spanish Creek, Mont., "Rydberg 3091.

Sitanion caespitosum J. e. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 16.
1899. Cliff, N.Mex., J. G. Smith in 1897.

Sitanion strigosum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 17.
1899. Sheep Creek, Mont., Rydberg 3298.

Sitanion molle J. G. Smith, U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 17. 1899.
Larimer County, Colo., Shear and Bessey 1469.

Sitanion brevifolium J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 17.
1899. Tucson, Ariz., Towmey 797.

950 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.$. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sitanion longifolium J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 18.
1899. Silverton, Colo., Shear 1213.

Sitanion pubiflorum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 19.
1899. Tucson, Ariz., Toumey 795.

Sitanion latifolium Piper, Erythea 7: 99. 1899. Blue Mountains, Walla Walla
County, Wash., Pzper in 1896.

Sitanion marginatum Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 469. 1902.
Leigh Lake, Teton Mountains, Wyo., Merrill and Wilcox 334.

Elymus glaber Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 57. 1902. Based on Sitanion
glabrum J. G. Smith.

Elymus pubtflorus Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 58. 1902. Based on
Sitanion pubiflorum J. G. Smith.

Sitanion velutinum Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 233. 1908. Steptoe,
Wash., G. R. Vasey in 1901.

Sitanion basalticola Piper, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 30: 234. 1908. Coulee City,
Wash., Piper 3924.

Sitanion albescens Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 57. 19038. Ellensburg, Wash., Whited
670.

Sitanion ciliatum Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 58. 1903. Wenatchee, Wash., Whited
in 1901.

Hordeum elymoides Schenck, Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 109. 1907. Based on
Sitanion elymoides Raf.

Elymus brevifolius Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Sitanion
brevifolium J. G. Smith.

Elymus hystrix Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Not #. hystrix L.
Based on Aegilops hystrix Nutt.

Elymus insularis Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Sitanion
ensulare J. G. Smith.

Elymus minor Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Siztanion
minus J. G. Smith.

Sitanion rigidum var. californicum Smiley, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 9: 99. 1921.
Based on S. californicum J. G. Smith.

Sitanion hordeoides Suksdorf, Werdenda 12: 4. 1923. Spangle, Wash., Suks-
dorf 8705.

(2) Sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 10.
1899. Waitsburg, Wash., Horner 578.

Elymus sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18:
10. 1899, as synonym of S. jubatum.

Sitanion villosum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 11. pl. 1.
1899. Almota, Wash., Elmer 266.

Sitanion multisetum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 11.
1899. Tehachapi Valley, Calif., Coville and Funston 1121.

Sitanion polyanthrix J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 12.
1899. California, Douglas. New name given to the species described by
pees under Polyanthriz hystrix, that name being based on Aegilops hystrix

utt.

Sitanion breviaristatum J. G. Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 18: 12.
1899. Panamint Mountains, Calif., Coville and Funston 833.

Sitanion strictum Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 36: 59. 1903. Parker, Wash., Elmer in
1898.

Elymus multisetus Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 20. 1912. Based on Sitanion
multisetum J. G. Smith.

(148) SORGHASTRUM Nash

(2) Sorghastrum elliottii (Mohr) Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 130. 1912. Based on
Chrysopogon elliottii Mohr.
Chrysopogon elliottii Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 24: 21. 1897. Based on
Andropogon nutans as described by Elliott, not A. nutans L.
(1) Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 66. 1903.
Based on Andropogon nutans L.
Andropogon nutans L., Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753. ‘‘ Virginia, Jamaica.” [Type |
eastern America, Kalm *!; cited localities erroneous. ] |
?Stipa villosa Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina. }
?Stipa stricta Lam., Tabl. Encycl.1: 158. 1791; Encyel. 7: 453. 1806. South
Carolina, Fraser.

31 For discussion see Hitchcock, A. S. Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 125. 1908.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES JYQO51

Andropogon avenaceus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 58. 1803. Illinois, Michauz.

Andropogon ciliatus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 144. 1816. Port Royal, S.C.

Sorghum nutans A. Gray, Man. 617. 1848. Based on Andropogon nutans L.

Sorghum avenaceum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 583. 1860. Based on Andro-
pogon avenaceus Michx.

Chrysopogon nutans Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 73. 1881. Based on
Andropogon nutans L.

Chrysopogon avenaceus Benth., Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 73. 1881. Based
on Andropogon avenaceus Michx.

Sorghum nutans subsp. avenaceum Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 274. 1883.
Based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx.

Sorghum nutans subsp. linnaeanum Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 276. 1883.
Based on Andropogon nutans L.

Andropogon albescens Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 56. 1886. Vera Cruz, Mexico,
Gouin 53.

Andropogon confertus Trin.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 55. 1886. Texas, Berlandier
1873.

Andropogon nutans var. avenaceus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 530. 1889.
Based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx.

Andropogon nutans var. linnaeanus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 531.
1889. Based on Sorghum nutans subsp. linnaeanum Hack.

Chrysopogon nutans var. avenaceus Coville and Branner, Rep. Geol. Surv.
Ark. 4: 234. 1891. Based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx.

Poranthera nutans Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 606. 1894, as synonym of
Chrysopogon nutans.

Poranthera ciliata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 606. 1894, as synonym of
Chrysopogon avenaceus.

Chrysopogon nutans var. linnaeanus Mohr, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 24: 21.
1897. Based on Sorghum nutans subsp. linnaeanum Hack.

Sorghastrum avenaceum Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1901. Based on Andro-
pogon avenaceus Michx.

Andropogon linnaeanus Scribn. and Kearn.; Scribn. and Ball., U.S. Dept.Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Bull. 24: 40. 1901. Based on Sorghum nutans subsp. lin-
naeanum Hack.

Sorghastrum linnaeanum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 66. 1903.
Based on Andropogon nutans var. linnaeanus Hack., but misapplied to
S. elliottit (Mohr) Nash.

Holcus nutans Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904.
Presumably based on Andropogon nutans L.

Holcus nutans var. avenaceus Hack.; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48.
1904. Presumably based on Andropogon avenaceus Michx.

Chalcoelytrum nutans Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. Based on
Andropogon nutans L. é

(3) Sorghastrum secundum (Ell.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 67. 1903.
Based on Andropogon secundus Ell.

Andropogon secundus Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 580. 1821. Between Flint and
Chattahoochee Rivers, Ga.

Sorghum secundum Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 588. 1860. Based on Andro-
pogon secundus Ell.

Chrysopogon secundus Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U.S. 20. 1883. Based on
Sorghum secundum Chapm.

Andropogon unilateralis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 5388. 1889. Based
on Sorghum secundum Chapm.

(147) SORGHUM Moench

(1) Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805. Based on

Holcus halepensis L.

Holcus halepensis L., Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753. Syria.

Blumenbachia halepensis Koel., Descr. Gram. 29. 1802. Based on Holcus
sorghum L.

Milium halepense Cav., Descr. Pl. 306. 1802. Based on Holcus halepensis L.

Ela La halepensis Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 89. 1804. Based on Holcus hale-
pensis L.

Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepensis Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 501.
1889. Based on Holcus halepensis L.

Andropogon halepensis var. anatherus Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 28: 28.
1915. Marco, Fla., Hitchcock Fla, Pl. 1900. Spikelets awnless.

952 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sorghum virgatum (Hack.) Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 111. 1917. Based
on Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepensis var. virgatus Hack.

Andropogon sorghum subsp. halepensis var. virgatus Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 504. 1889. Egypt.

Holcus virgatus Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on Andropogon
sorghum subsp. halepensis var. virgatus Hack.

(2) Sorghum vulgare Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805. Based on Holcus sorghum L.

Holcus sorghum L., Sp. Pl. 1047. 17538. India.

Andropogon sorghum Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 88. 1804. Based on MHolcus
sorghum L.

Holcus cernuus Muhl., Descr. Gram 276. 1817. Garden plant.

Andropogon vulgaris Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 307. 1825. Based on
Sorghum vulgare Pers.

Sorghum vulgare var. bicolor Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 488.
1840. Not S. vulgare var. bicolor Schrad., 1838. North America.

Sorghum sorghum Karst., Deut. Fl. 367. f. 189. 1880. Based on Holcus
sorghum L.

Andropogon sorghum var. sativus Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 505. 1889.
Group name.

Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. vulgaris Hack., in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6: 515. 1889. Based on Sorghum vulgare Pers.

Andropogon sorghum var. vulgaris Hack.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 184. 1896.
Based on A. sorghum subsp. sativus var. vulgaris Hack.

SoRGHUM VULGARE var. CAFFRORUM (Thunb.) Hubb. and Rehder, Bot. Mus.

Leaflets Harvard Univ. 1:10. 1932. Based on Holcus caffrorum Thunb.
Holcus caffrorum Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. 1: 20. 1794. South Africa.
Sorghum caffrorum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 131, 164, 178. 1812. Based on

Holcus caffrorum Thunb.

Holcus sorghum var. caffrorum Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 133. 1923. Based on

Holcus caffrorum Thunb.

SoRGHUM VULGARE var. DRUMMONDII (Nees) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 139.
1934. Based on Andropogon drummondii Nees.

Andropogon drummondii Nees, in Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 398. 1854. New

Orleans, La., Drummond 588.

Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. drummondii Hack., in DC., Monogr.

Phan. 6: 507. 1889. Based on Andropogon drummondii Nees.

Sorghum drummondiit Nees; Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 507. 1889, as
synonym of Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. drummondii Hack.
Holcus sorghum drummondii Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 29: 128. 1916.

Based on Andropogon drummondii Nees.

SORGHUM VULGARE var. DURRA (Forsk.) Hubb. and Rehder, Bot. Mus. Leaflets
Harvard Univ. 1: 10. 1932. Based on Holcus durra Forsk.

Holcus durra Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 174. 1775. Egypt and Arabia.
Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. durra Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6:

516. 1889. Based on Holcus durra Forsk.

Holcus sorghum var. durra Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on

Holcus durra Forsk.

SoRGHUM VULGARE var. ROXBURGHII (Stapf) Haines, Bot. Bihar and Orissa, pt. 5:
1034. 1924. Based on Sorghum roxburghii Stapf.

Sorghum roxburghii Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 126. 1917. Africa.

SORGHUM VULGARE var. SACCHARATUM (L.) Boerl., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 8:
69. 1890. Based on Sorghum saccharatum Pers.

Holcus saccharatus L., Sp. Pl. 1047. 1758. India.

Sorghum saccharatum Moench. Meth. Pl. 207. 1794. Based on Holcus sac-
charatus L. Listed as new Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805, same basis.

Andropogon saccharatus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 307. 1825. Based
on Sorghum saccharatum Pers.

Andropogon sorghum var. saccharatus Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 313. 1866. Based

on Holcus saccharatus L.

Sorghum halepense var. saccharatum Goiran, Nuov: Gior. Bot. Ital. n. s. 17:

39. 1910. Based on Holcus saccharatus L.

Holcus sorghum var. saccharatus Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based

on Holcus saccharatus L.

SORGHUM VULGARE var. SUDANENSE (Piper) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17:
147. 1927. Based on Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper. (Published
as S. vulgare sudanense.)

Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 28: 33. 1915.

Grown at Arlington Farm (near Washington, D.C.), seed from Sudan,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 953

Holcus sorghum sudanensis Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 29: 128. 1916.
Based on Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper.

Sorghum sudanense Stapf, in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 118. 1917. Based on
Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper.

Holcus sudanensits Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 132. 1923. Based on Andropogon
sorghum sudanensis Piper.

SORGHUM VULGARE var. TECHNICUM (Koern.) Jav. Magyar Fl. 1: 63. 1924.

Based on Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern.

Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern.; Koern. and Wern., Handb. Getreide-
bau. 1: 308. 1885. Cultivated.

Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. technicus Koern.; Hack., in DC.,
Monogr. Phan. 6: 508. 1889. Based on A. sorghum var. technicus Koern.

Holcus saccharatus var. technicus Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Ann. Rept. 20: 163.
1918. Based on Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern.

Holcus sorghum var. technicus Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 1382. 1923. Based on
Andropogon sorghum var. technicus Koern.

(99) SPARTINA Schreb.

(4) Spartina alterniflora Loisel., Fl. Gall. 719. 1807. France.
Dactylis maritima Walt., Fl. Carol. 77. 1788. Not D. maritima Curtis, 1787.
South Carolina.
Trachynotia alterniflora DC., Fl. Frang. 5: 279. 1815. Based on Spartina
alterniflora Loisel.
Spartina glabra Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 95. pl. 4.f.2. 1816. South
Carolina and Georgia.
Limnetis glabra Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 38. 1818, name only; Eaton and Wright,
N.Amer. Bot. 301. 1840. Presumably based on Spartina glabra Muhl.
Spartina laevigata Bosc; Spreng., Schrad. and Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk. 13: 92.
1820. North America, Bosc.

Trachynotia alternifolia Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 695. 1841, error for T.
alterniflora.

Spartina stricta var. alterniflora A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 552. 1856. Based on
S. alterniflora Loisel.

Spartina stricta var. glabra A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 552. 1856. Based on S.
glabra Muhl.

Spartina stricta maritima Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 45. 1894. Based
on Dactylis maritima Walt.

Spartina glabra alterniflora Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9:
9. 1902. Based on Spartina alterniflora Loisel.

Spartina glabra pilosa Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9: 9.
1902. Atlantic City, N.J., Scribner in 1895.

Spartina alterniflora var. glabra Fernald, Rhodora 18: 178. 1916. Based on
S. glabra Muhl.

Spartina alterniflora var. pilosa Fernald, Rhodora 18: 179. 1916. Based on
S. glabra pilosa Merr.

Spartina maritima subsp. glabra var. glabra Gray; St. Yves, Candollea 5: 24,
49. pl. 1. f.b-2. 1932. Based on S. glabra Muhl.

Spartina maritima subsp. glabra var. alterniflora Merr.; St. Yves, Candollea 5:
25, 53. pl. 2. f.a-4. 1932. Based on S. alterniflora Loisel.

Spartina maritima subsp. glabra subvar. pilosa St. Yves, Candollea 5: 51. pl.
1. f.c-38. 1932. Based on S. glabra pilosa Merr.

X Spartina merrillit Chevalier, Bull. Soc. France 80: 787. pl. 8. f. 3. 1933.
Long Island, N.Y., Bicknell 11300.

(6) Spartina bakeri Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9: 14. 1902.

Lake Ola, Fla., C. H. Baker 14.

Spartina juncea var. bakert St. Yves, Candollea 5: 27, 91. pl. 9. f. e. 1932.
Based on S. bakerzt Merr.

(2) Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth, Catal. Bot. 3: 10. 1806. Based on

Dactylis cynosuroides L.

Dactylis cynosuroides L., Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. Virginia, Canada.

Trachynotia polystachya Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 64. 1803. New England
to Florida. [Type, South Carolina, Michauz.]

Trachynotia cynosuroides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 64. 1803. Based on
Dactylis cynosuroides L., but misapplied to S. pectinata.

Paspalum cynosuroides Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1: 83. 1804. Based on Dactylis
cynosuroides L.

954 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Limnetis cynosuroides L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Based on
Dactylis cynosurovdes L.

Limnetis polystachia L. Rich.,in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Basedon Trachy-
notia polystachya Michx.

Spartina polystachya Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 25, 178, 179. 1812. Presumably
based on Trachynotia polystachya Michx.

Cynodon cynosuroides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 303. 1825. Based on
Spartina cynosuroides Roth.

Spartina cynosurotdes var. polystachya Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 398. 1896.
Based on Trachynotia polystachya Michx.

(7) Spartina gracilis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 110.
1840. North America.

(3) Spartina leiantha Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1840. (Feb. or March.)
Bay of Magdalena, Baja California, [Barclay].

Spartina foliosa Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 114. 1840
(later than June). California.

Spartina densiflora subvar. brongniartt forma acuta St. Yves, Candollea 5: 76,
81. 1932. Eureka, Calif. [Heller 13871.]

(8) Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 55. 1817. Based on Dactylis
patens Ait.

Dactylis patens Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 104. 1789. Grown in England, seed from
North America.

Trachynotia guncea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 64. 1803. South Carolina
and Georgia, Michauz.

Limnetis juncea L. Rich., in Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72.~- 1805. Based on Trachynotia
quncea Michx.

Spartina pumila Roth, Catal. Bot. 3: 10. 1806. New York.

Spartina juncea Willd., Enum. Pl. 81. 1809. Based on Trachynotia juncea
Michx.

Spartina americana Roth; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!:
109. 1840, as synonym of S. guncea Willd.

Spartina patens var. juncea Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on Tra-
chynotia guncea Michx.

Spartina juncea subvar. americana St. Yves, Candollea 5: 27, 84. pl. 8. f. b-20.
1932. Based on S. juncea Willd.

Spartina juncea var. patens St. Yves, Candollea 5: 27, 86. 1932. Based on
Dactylis patens Ait.

SPARTINA PATENS var. CAESPITOSA (A. A. Eaton) Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906.
Based on S. caespitosa A. A. Eaton.

Spartina caespitosa A. A. Eaton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 338. 1898.
Seabrook, N. H., A. A. Eaton.

(1) Spartina pectinata Link, Jahrb. Gewachsk 1%: 92. 1820. North America,
[type collected by Bose probably at Wilmington, N.C.].

Spartina cynosuroides var. aureo-marginata Irving, Gard. Chron. 38: 372. 1905.
Grown at Kew Gardens, received from New York Botanical Garden.

Spartina michauxiana Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 1538. 1908.
Based upon the plant described by Michaux as Trachynotia cynosuroides
(that name based on Dactylis cynosuroides L.). [Near Hudson Bay, Michauz.]

Spartina michauxiana var. suttier Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 352.
1920. Orchard Lake, Mich., Suwttie.

Spartina michauxiana var. tenuior Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 352.
1920. River Rouge, Mich., [Farwell] 5138.

Spartina cynosuroides var. michauxiana St. Yves, Candollea 5: 58. pl. 3 f. a-7.
1932. Based on S. michauxiana Hitche.

Spartina cynosuroides var. michauxiana forma major St. Yves, Candollea 5:
61, 62. 19382. Canada, Victorin 113858; Victorin and Germain 9055; other
specimens cited from Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Massachusetts, Ohio,
Illinois, Minnesota, and Missouri.

Spartina cynosuroides X gracilis St. Yves, Candollea 5: 66. pl. 4. f. b-10.
1932. * * * ‘Oregon, Ballards Landing, Cusick 221 in 1890” [error for
2221 in 1899].

Spartina pectinata var. suttiei Fernald, Rhodora 35: 260. 1933. Based on
S. michauxiana var. suttiei Farwell.

(5) Spartina spartinae (Trin.) Merr. U.S.Dept.Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 9: 11.
1902, as synonym of S. junciformis Engelm. and Gray; Hitche., Contrib. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 17: 329. 1918. Based on Vilfa spartinae Trin.

Vilfa spartinae Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 82. 1840. Texas.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 955

Spartina junciformis Engelm. and Gray, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 5: 238.
1845. Texas, Lindheimer [207].

Spartina gouint Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 135. 1886. Vera Cruz, Gouin 72.

Spartina multiflora Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 400. 1896, as synonym
of S. junciformis Engelm. and Gray.

Spartina pittieri Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 52: 237. 1902. Costa Rica,
Pittier 4209.

Spartina densiflora var. junciformis St. Yves, Candollea 5: 26, 77. pl. 7. f.
a-16. 1932. Based on S. junciformis Engelm. and Gray.

(53) SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn.

(5) Sphenopholis filiformis (Chapm.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based
on Eatonia pennsylvanica var. filiformis Chapm.

Eatonia pennsylvanica var. filiformis Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 560. 1860.
Florida [type, Chapman], to South Carolina.

Eatonia filiformis Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 117. 1886. Based on Eatonia penn-
sylvanica var. filiformis Chapm.

Eatonia hybrida Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 491. 1896. Florida,
Curtiss in 1886. (The Hunting Creek, Va., specimen referred to is Trisetum
pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv., which see.)

Reboulea filiformis Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916. Based on
Eatonia pennsylvanica var. filiformis Chapm.

(2) Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 533.
1909. Based on Eatonia intermedia Rydb.

Koeleria truncata var. major Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 117. 1823.
Deerfield, Mass., Cooley.

Koeleria? pennsylvanica var. major Torr., Fl. N.Y. 2: 469. 1848. Based on
Koeleria truncata var. major Torr.

Reboulea pennsylvanica var. major A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. Presumably
based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr.

?Aira controversa Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 224. 1854. Cincinnati and
Miami, Ohio.

? Aira capillacea Frank; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 224. 1854, as synonym of
A. controversa Steud.

Eatonia pennsylvanica var. major A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 558. 1856. Presuma-
bly based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr.

Vilfa alba Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1863. Not V. alba
Beauy., 1812. ‘‘Oregon, Spalding’’ (locality probably erroneous, the ticket
on the type specimen crossed out).

Eatonia intermedia Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 602. 1905. East
Gallatin Swamps, Mont., Rydberg 3174.

Sphenopholis pallens major Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Koeleria
truncata var. major Torr.

Sphenopholis pallens var. major Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908.
Based on Koeleria truncata var. major Torr.

Reboulea pallens var. major Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916.
Based on Koelerza truncata var. major Torr.

This is the species which has recently been called Sphenopholis pallens Scribn.,

but it is not the same as Aira pallens Spreng., on which that name is based.
(3) Sphenopholis longiflora (Vasey) Hitchc., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453.
1933. Based on Eatonia pennsylvanica var. longiflora Vasey.

Eatonia pennsylvanica var. longiflora Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 2: 544. 1894. Houston, Tex., Nealley in 1892.

Eatonia longiflora Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 494. 1896. Based on E. penn-
sylvanica var. longiflora Vasey.

Sphenopholis pallens longiflora Seribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on
Eatonia pennsylvanica var. longiflora Vasey.

Reboulea pallens var. longiflora Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916.
Based on Eatonia longiflora Beal.

(4) Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on
Aira nitida Spreng.

Aira nitida Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 32. 1807. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg.

Aira pennsylvanica Spreng., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. 2: 299. pl. 7. 1807-08.
Pennsylvania.

Koeleria pennsylvanica DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp. 117. 18138. Based on Aira
pennsylvanica Spreng.

Aira mollis Muhl., Descr. Gram. 82. 1817. Not A. mollis Schreb., 1771. Penn-
sylvania.

OE Te cr

956 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Trisetum pennsylvanicum Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
fe 66. 1830. Not T. pennsylvanicum Beauv. Based on Aira pennsylvanica

preng.

Glyceria pennsylvanica Heynh., Nom. 1: 361. 1840. Based on Aira pennsyl-
vanica Spreng.

Reboulea pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. Based on Koeleria pennsyl-
vanica DC.

Eatonia pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. ed. 2: 558. 1856. Based on Koeleria
pennsylvanica DC.

Eatonia dudleyi Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 116. 1886. Michigan to Long Island,
and Pennsylvania to North Carolina. [Type, Ithaca, N.Y., Dudley in 1882.]

Eatonia nitida Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 511. 1895. Based on Aira
nitida Spreng.

Eatonia glabra Nash, in Britton, Man. 1048. 1901. Madison County, Tenn.,
Bain 507.

Sphenopholis nitida glabra Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Hatonia
glabra Nash.

Sphenopholis nitida var. glabra Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908.
Based on Eatonia glabra Nash.

Sphenopholis glabra Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on EHatonia
glabra Nash.

Reboulea nitida Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916. Based on
Aira nitida Spreng.

Reboulea nitida var. glabra Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916.
Based on Eatonia glabra Nash.

(1) Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on
Aira obtusata Michx. :

Aira obtusata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 62. 1803. Carolina to Florida
[type], Michauz.

Airopsis obtusata Desv., Jour. Bot. 1: 200. 1808. Based on ‘“‘ Agrostis’’
[error for Aira] obtusata Michx.

Festuca obtusata Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 163. 1812. Name only, prob-
ably error for Azra obtusata Michx.

Aira truncata Muhl., Deser. Gram. 83. 1817. Pennsylvania.

Koeleria paniculata Nutt., Gen. Pl. 2: (Add. 2): 1818. East Florida, T. Say.

Koeleria truncata Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 116. 1823. Based on
Aira truncata Muhl.

Poa obtusata Link, Handb. Gewiachs. 1: 71. 1829. Based on Azra obtusata
Michx.

Reboulea gracilis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 341. pl. 84. 1830. New England to
Florida.

Trisetum lobatum Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 66.
1830. North America.

Agrostis obtusata Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2.1: 41. 1840, as synonym of Airopsis
obtusata Desv.

Koeleria lobata Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 849. 1840. Not K. lobata
Roem. and Schult., 1817. As synonym of Reboulea gracilis Kunth.

Koeleria obtusata Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 849. 1840, assynonym of
Airopsis obtusata Desv.

Reboulea obtusata A. Gray, Man. 591. 1848. Based on Aira obtusata Michx.

Eatonia obtusata A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 558. 1856. Based on Azra obtusata
Michx.

Reboulea truncata Torr.; Munro, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 6: 43. 1862, as syn-
onym of R. gracilis Kunth.

Graphephorum densiflgrum Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 24: 182. 1877.
Name only. Mexico [Texas], Berlandier 1617.

Eatonia densiflora Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 111. 1886. Bejar, Tex., Berlandier
1617.

Aira mexicana Trin.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 111. 1886, as synonym of Eatonia
densiflora Fourn.

Eatonia obtusata var. robusta Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
2: 544. 1894. Western Texas [Wallisville, Wallis in 1881] to Arizona.

Eatonia obtusata var. robusta Vasey; Rydb., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 190.
1895. Mullen, Nebr., Rydberg 1807.

Eatonia obtusata var. purpurascens Vasey; Rydb. and Shear, U.S. Dept.Agr.,
Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 30. 1897. ‘‘Vasey in U.S. Natl. Herb.” This, the
type, from False Washita, Okla., Palmer 404; Nebraska, Shear 252, 252%,
Rydberg 2002, Kearney 271, also cited.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES © 957

Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 6.
1900. Starkville, Miss., Tracy.

Eatonia robusta Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 602. 1905. Based on E.
obtusata var. robusta Vasey.

Sphenopholis obtusata lobata Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on Tri-
setum lobatum Trin.

Sphenopholis obtusata pubescens Scribn., Rhodora 8: 144. 1906. Based on
Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr.
Eatonia annua Suksdorf, West. Amer. Sci. 15: 50. 1906. Dalles on Columbia
River, Oreg., Suksdorf 1553. [Plants depauperate, flowering first year.]
Sphenopholis obtusata var. pubescens Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65.
1908. Based on Eatonia pubescens Scribn. and Merr.

Sphenopholis obtusata var. lobata Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908.
Based on Trisetum lobatum Trin.

Sphenopholis annua Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia
annua Suksdorf.

Sphenopholis pubescens Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia
pubescens Scribn. and Merr.

Sphenopholis robusta Heller, Muhienbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia
obtusata var. robusta Vasey.

Reboulea obtusata var. lobata Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 182. 1916.
Based on Trisetum lobatum Trin.

Reboulea obtusata var. pubescens Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916.
Based on Eatonta pubescens Scribn. and Merr.

(6) Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on

Aira pallens Spreng.

Aira pallens Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 33. 1807. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg.

Aira pallens Muhl., Descr. Gram. 84. 1817. No locality cited. Azra
pennsylvanica Spreng., erroneously given as synonym, Muhlenberg’s descrip-
tion agreeing with that of A. pallens Spreng., not with that of A. pennsyl-
vanica Spreng.

Eatonia aristata Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 7.
1900. South Carolina, Curtiss in 1876.

Eatonia paliens Scribn. and Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 7.
1900. Based on Azra pallens Spreng.

Trisetum aristatum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 130. 1903. Presum-
ably based on Eatonia aristata Scribn. and Merr.

Sphenopholis aristata Heller, Muhlenbergia 6: 12. 1910. Based on Eatonia
aristata Scribn. and Merr.

Reboulea pallens Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 17: 181. 1916. Based on
Atra pallens Spreng.

(76) SPOROBOLUS R. Br.

(26) Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 7: 21.

1856. Based on Agrostis airoides Torr.

Agrostis airoides Torr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y. 1: 151. 1824 Branches of the
Arkansas River near the Rocky Mountains, James.

Vilfa airoides Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 766. 1841. Based on
Agrostis airoides Torr.

Sporobolus diffusissimus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1863.
Western Texas [Wright 726].

(18) Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth, Rév. Gram.1: Sup. XVII. 1830. Based

on Vilfa arguta Nees.

Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 395. 1829. Brazil.

Vilfa arkansana Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 64. 1840.
Arkansas, Beyrich.

Vilfa subpyramidata Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 61.
1840. Texas [received from Hooker, the type being Drummond 377].

Vilfa richardi Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 153. 1854. West Indies.

Agrostis pyramidalis Rich.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 153. 1854, as synonym
of Vilfa richardi Steud.

Vilfa agrostoidea Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 88. 1863. Llano
County, Tex.

Vilfa sabeana Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 90. 1863. San Saba
County, Tex., Buckley. Given as Vilfa (Sporobolus) sabeana.

Sporobolus arkansanus Nutt.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 61. 1892,
as synonym of S, argutus Kunth.

958 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sporobolus sabeanus Buckl.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 61. 1892,
as synonym of S. argutus "Kunth.

(8) Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Based on
Agrostis aspera Michx.

Agrostis aspera Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 52. 1803. MTllinois, Michauz.

Agrostis composita Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 254. 1810. Carolina, Bosc.

Vee Heaoane Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis aspera

iehx;

Vilfa composita Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis
composita Poir.

ellen involuta Muhl., Descr. Gram. 72. 1817. Susquehanna, Pa., and New

ersey.

Agrostis longifolia Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 90. 1823. Kingsbridge,
N.Y.; Hoboken, N. J. Deerfield, Mass.; Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg.

Muhlenbergia aspera Trin.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 210. 1833. Based on
Agrostis aspera Michx.

Muhlenbergia composita Trin.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 229. 1833. Based on
Agrostis composita Poir.

Vilfa longifolia Torr.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 107.
1840. Based on Agrostis longifolia Torr. ;

Sporobolus longifolius Wood, Class-book 775. ed. 8. 1861. Based on Agrostis
longifolia Torr.

Sporobolus compositus Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 35: 6. 1901.
Based on Agrostis composita Poir.

SPOROBOLUS ASPER var. HOOKERI (Trin.) Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 43.
1885. Based on Vilfa hookert Trin.

Vilfa drummondii Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 106. 1840.
Texas, received from Hooker and Endlicher [the type Drummond II. 306b].

Vilfa hookert Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 106. 1840.
Texas, received from Hooker [type Drummond II. 306].

Glyceria stricta Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Middle
Texas, Buckley. Inflorescence abnormal, the spikelets diseased, with 2 or 3
several-nerved lemmas.

Sporobolus drummondii Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. ‘44. 1885. Based on
Vilfa drummondi Trin.

Sporobolus asper var. drummondii Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 60.
1892. Based on Vilfa drummondii Trin.

Sporobolus attenwatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 123. 1908. Stark-
ville, Miss., Kearney 83.

SPOROBOLUS ASPER var. PILOSUS (Vasey) Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161.
1928. Based on S. pilosus Vasey. (Published as S. asper pilosus.)

Sporobolus pilosus Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 26. 1891. Kansas, Smyth.

(25) ee buckleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 128. 1883. Texas,
Buckley

(10) Sporobélus clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12:
150. 1908. Based on Agrostis clandestina Spreng.

eee clandestiné Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 32. 1807. Pennsylvania, Muh-
enberg.

Muhlenbergia clandestina Trin., Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824. Based on Agrostis
clandestina Spreng.

Vilfa clandestina Nees; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 767. 1841. Based on
Agrostis clandestina Spreng.

?Vilfa riehlit Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 154. 1854. North America.

Sporobolus canovirens Nash; Britton, Man. 1042. 1901. Tennessee to Kansas
[type, St. George, Kellerman in 1890], Mississippi and Texas.

(23) Sporobolus contractus Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915. Based
on Sporobolus strictus Merr.

Sporobolus cryptandrus var. strictus Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 103.
1882. Camp Lowell, Ariz., Pringle.

Sporobolus strictus Merr., U.8.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Circ. 32: 6. 1901.
Not S. strictus Franch., 1893. Based on Sporobolus cryptandrus var. strictus
Scribn.

(20) Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848. Based on
Vilfa cryptandra Torr.

Agrostis cryptandra Torr., Ann. Lyc. N.Y. 1: 151. 1824. Canadian River
[Texas or Oklahoma], James.

Vilfa tenacissima var. fuscicola Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 239. 1839. Menzies
Island, Columbia River, Wash.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 959

Vilfa cryptandra Torr.; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 69.
1840. Based on Agrostis cryptandra Torr.

Vilfa triniana Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 156. 1854. [British] Columbia.

Sporobolus cryptandrus vaginatus Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 123. 1911.
Benson County, N.Dak., Lunell in 1911.

Sporobolus cryptandrus var. involutus Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Rept. 22: 179.
1921. Rochester, Mich., Farwell 5393.

(13) Sporobolus curtissii (Vasey) Small; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 1: 24. 1895. “‘S. floridanus curtissii Vasey in Herb.” cited; Scribn.,
U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 142. f. 124. 1897. Based on S. flori-
danus var. curtissit Vasey; Beal.

Sporobolus floridanus var. curtissii Vasey; Kearney, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 1: 24. 1895, as synonym of S. curtissii; Beal, Grasses N.Amer.
2: 290. 1896. Florida, Curtiss.

(19) Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XVII. 1830.
Based on Vilfa domingensis Trin.

Vilfa domingensis Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 59. 1821. Dominican
Republic.

Agrostis domingensis Schult., Mant. 3 (Add. 1): 570. 1827. Based on Vilfa
domingensis Trin.

Sporobolus inordinatus Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 294. 1921. Cuba,
Ramon de la Sagra.

(21) Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurb.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 601.
1905. Based on Sporobolus cryptandrus var. flecuosus Thurb.

Vilfa cryptandra var. flecuosa Thurb.; Vasey, in Wheeler Rep. U. S. Survey 100th
Merid. 6: 282. 1878. Nevada and Arizona, Wheeler Exped.

Sporobolus cryptandrus var. flecuosus Thurb., in 8S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 269.
1880. Based on Vilfa cryptandra var. fleruosa Thurb.

(15) Sporobolus floridanus Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 550. 1860. Middle and
west Florida, [Chapman].

(24) Sporobolus giganteus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 88. 1898. Dofia
Ana County, N.Mex., Wooton 394.

Sporobolus cryptandrus var. robustus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56.
1890. Texas, Nealley [746].

Sporobolus cryptandrus var. giganteus Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912.
Based on S. giganteus Nash.

(16) Sporobolus gracilis (Trin.) Merr., Rhodora 4: 48. 1902. Based on Vilfa
gracilis Trin.

Agrostis guncea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 52. 1803. Not. A. guncea Lam.,
1783. Carolina, Michauz.

Heleochloa juncea Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 24, 147. 1812. Based on Agrostis
juncea Michx.

Colpodium junceum Trin., in Spreng., Neu. Entd. 2: 37. 1821. Based on
Agrostis guncea Michx.

sh or guncea Steud., Nom. Bot. 1: 242. 1821. Based on Agrostis juncea

ichx. '

Vilfa juncea Trin., Gram. Unifl. 157. 1824. Based on Agrostis juncea Michx.

Sporobolus junceus Kunth, Réyv. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Based on Agrostis
quncea Michx.

Vilfa schiedeana Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 73. 1840.
Arkansas, “‘Schiede.”” [Type specimen annotated by Ruprecht ‘“‘ Beyrich
non Schiede.’’]

Vilfa gracilis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 74. 1840.
Carolina.

Vilfa fulvescens Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 76. 1840.
North America, Bosc, Willdenow Herb. no. 1750.

Agrostis thyrsoides Bose; Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 76.
1840, as synonym of Vilfa fulvescens Trin.

Vilfa subsetacea Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 183 (in note).
1840. Based on V. gracilis Trin., op. cit. (page 74, not op. cit. page 104).
(See synonymy under Muhlenbergia cusptdaia.) Discov ering that he had
named two distinct species Vilfa gracilis, Trinius changed the first to V.
subsetacea. Since V. gracilis has come into use under Sporobolus and is
valid, it is retained over V. subsetacea, V. schiedeana, and V. fulvescens all of
the same date.

Vilfa vinzenti Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 155. 1854. [Rusk County], Tex.,
Vinzent 62.

55974°—35——61

960 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Aira triglumis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 223. 1854. [Rusk County], Tex.,
Vincent 62.

Bennetia juncea Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 1: 291. 1893, as synonym of Sporo-
bolus junceus. Rafinesque (Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830) cites Agrostis
juncea Michx., after his description of the new genus Bennetia, but does not
transfer the specific name.

Sporobolus ejuncidus Nash, in Britton, Man. 106. 1901. Based on Sporobolus
junceus Kunth.

(12) Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray, Man. 576. 1848. Based on
Vilfa heterolepis A. Gray.

Vale heterolepis A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N.Y. 3: 233. 1835. Watertown, N.Y.,

rawe.

Agrostis heterolepis Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 598. 1847. Based on Vilfa
heterolepis Gray.

(5) Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 170. 1810. Based
on Agrostis indica L.

Agrostis indica L., Sp. Pl. 63. 1753. ‘‘India”, but the type from Jamaica,
sent by Patrick Browne.

Agrostis elongata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 162. 1791. Not Sporobolus elongatus
R. Br., 1810. South America. Agrostis indica L. cited as synonym.

Vilfa elongata Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis
elongata Lam.

Sporobolus lamarckit Desv.; Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 4. 1825. Based
on Agrostis elongata Lam.

Sporobolus jacquemontit Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 427. pl. 127. 1831. Domini-
ean Republic.

Vilfa jacquemontiz Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 92. 1840.
Based on Sporobolus jacquemontiz Kunth.

Vilfa iniliee Trin.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 767. 1841. Based on Agrostis
indica L.

Sporobolus littoralis var. elongatus Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 821.
1894. Based on Vilfa elongata Beauv.

(11) Sporobolus interruptus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 8. 1888.
Arizona, Coues and Palmer 66 in 1886; San Francisco Forest, Rusby 15 in
1883 [the Rusby specimen, distributed as no. 885, the type].

Sporobolus arizonicus Thurb.; Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 8. 1888, as
synonym of Sporobolus interruptus Vasey.

(9) Sporobolus macrus (Trin.) Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915. Based
on Vilfa macra Trin.

Vilfa macra Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 79. 1840.
Louisiana.

(2) Sporobolus microspermus (Lag.) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 453.
1933. Based on Miliwm microspermum Lag.

Milium microspermum Lag., Gen. and Sp. Noy. 2. 1816. Grown from seed
sent from Mexico by Sessé.

Agrostis minutissima Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 171. 1854. New Mexico,
Fendler 986.

Vilfa confusa Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 101. 1886. Mexico (several localities
cited including Schiede and Deppe 913 which is the basis of ‘‘ Vilfa ramulosa
Schlecht.”’ cited by Fournier); United States, Hall and Harbour 643.

Sporobolus confusus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 293. 1888. Based
on Vilfa confusa Fourn.

Sporobolus confusus var. aberrans Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 10. 1912,
Bowie, Ariz., and Colonia Judrez, Mexico, [Jones}.

Sporobolus minutissimus Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928.
Based on Agrostis minutissima Steud.

(22) Sporobolus nealleyi Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888, name
only; Contrib. U.S. Natl., Herb. 1:57. 1890. Brazos Santiago, Tex., Nealley.

(7) Sporobolus neglectus Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 464. 1895. Massa-
chusetts to Kentucky, Tennessee, and Kansas. [Type, Woodruff Gap,
N.J., Britton in 1887.;

Sporobolus vaginaeflorus neglectus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17
(ed. 2): 170. f. 466. 1901. Based on S. neglectus Nash.

Sporobolus ozarkanus Fernald, Rhodora 35: 109. 1933. Webb City, Mo.,
Palmer 3138.

(4) Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. and Schult.) Hitche., Bartonia 14: 32. 1932.
Based on Axonopus potretit Roem. and Schult,

a

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 961

Agrostis compressa Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 258. 1810. Not A. com-
pressa Willd., 1790, nor Poir. (op. cit.) 1: 259. 1810. Carolina, Bosc.
Milium compressum Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 1: 258. 1810. Not M.
compressum Swartz, 1788. As synonym of Agrostis compressa Poir.
Axonopus poiretit Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 318. 1817. Based on
Agrostis compressa Poir., ‘“‘n. 78,” not A. compressa Willd., 1790, nor Poir.
(op. cit.) no. 82, on the following page.
Agrostis tenuissima Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 258. 1825. West Indies and
South America.
Vilfa exilis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 89. 1840.
Jalapa, Mexico, [Schiede].
Vilfa berieroana Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 100. 1840.
Dominican Republic, Bernhardt.
Sporobolus angustus Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 88. 1863. ‘“‘Bu-
chanan county” [probably error for Buchanan] Tex., [Buckley].
Vilfa tenacissima var. exilis Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 99. 1886. Based on Vilfa
exilis Trin.
Sporobolus berteroanus Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 370.
1917. Based on Vilfa berteroana Trin.
This species has been included in Sporobolus zndicus in some manuals.
(17) Sporobolus purpurascens (Swartz). Hamilt., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 5. 1825.
Based on Agrostis purpurascens Swartz.
a purpurascens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. Jamaica,
wartz.
Vilfa purpurascens Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 16, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis
purpurascens Swartz.
Vilfa grisebachtana Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 98. 1886. Cuba, Wright 3427a.
Vilfa liebmanni Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 100. 1886. Mexico, Liebmann 693.
(1) Sporobolus ramulosus (H.B.K.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Based
on Vilfa eamulosa H.B.K.
Vilfa ramulosa H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 187. 1815. Jorullo, Mexico,
Humboldt and Bonpland.
Agrostis ramulosa Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 361. 1817. Based on
Vilfa ramulosa H.B.K.
Vilfa minima Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Monthly Rept. 1874: 155. 1874. Not
V. minima Trin., 1854. Twin Lakes, Colo., Wolf 1077.
Sporobolus wolfii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 52. 1883. Twin Lakes,
Colo., Wolf [1077].
Sporobolus racemosus Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 9. 1887. Chihuahua,
Mexico, Palmer [4B in 1885].
Muhlenbergia wolfii Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 600. 1905. Based on
Sporobolus wolfit Vasey.
(14) Sporobolus teretifolius Harper, Bull. Torrey, Bot. Club 33: 229. 1906.
Near Moultrie, Ga., Harper 1642.
(28) Sporobolus texanus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 57. 1890. Screw
Bean, Presidio County, Tex., Nealley [755].
(29) Sporobolus tharpii Hitchc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 161. 1928. Padre
Island, Tex., Tharp 4772.
(6) Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood, Class-book 775. ed. 3. 1861.
Based on Vilfa vaginiflora Torr.
Vilfa vaginiflora Torr.; Gray, Gram. and Cyp. 1: no. 3. 1834; Trin., Mém.
Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4!: 56. 1840. New Jersey.
Cryptostachys vaginata Steud., Flora 33: 229. 1850, name only; Syn. Pl.
Glum. 1: 181. 1854. North America.
Sporobolus minor Vasey; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 646. 1890. Not S. minor
me 1830. Virginia to North Carolina [type, Boynton], Tennessee and
exas.
Sporobolus filiculmis L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 519. 1894.
Not S. filiculmis Vasey, 1885. Based on S. minor Vasey.
Sporobolus ovatus Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 300. 1896. Based on S. minor
Vasey.
Sporobolus vaginatus Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 21: 15. 1896. Based on Crypto-
stachys vaginata Steud.
?Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. minor Scribn.; Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. ed. 3.
598. 1897. North Carolina and Tennessee.
Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. tnaequalis Fernald, Rhodora 35: 109. 1933.
Concord, N.H., Batchelder in 1901.

962 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(3) Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Based on

Agrostis virginica L.

Agrostis virginica L., Sp. Pl. 63. 17538. Virginia.

Agrostis littoralis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 161. 1791. South America, Richard.

Vilfa littoralis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 147, 181. 1812. Based on Agrostis
littoralis Lam.

Vilfa ie ge Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 16, 182. 1812. Based on Agrostis vir-
ginica L.

Agrostis pungens Muhl., Deser. Gram. 72. 1817. Not A. pungens Schreb..,
1769. Eastern United States.

Crypsis virginica Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 49. 1818. Based on Agrostis virginica
Willd. [error for L.].

Podosaemum virginicum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 85. 1827. Based on Agrostis
virginica L.

Sporobolus littoralis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 68. 1829. Based on Agrostis
littoralis Lam.

(27) Sporobolus wrightii Munro; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 103. 1882.

Pantano, Ariz., Pringle.

Bauchea karwinskyt Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 87. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky 1015,
1015b.

Sporobolus altissimus Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 2: 212. 1889. San
Diego, Calif., Palmer [in 1888].

Sporobolus altissimus var. minor Vasey, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proce. II. 2: 213.
1889. San Enrique, Calif. [Brandegee].

(123) STENOTAPHRUM Trin.

(1) Stenotaphrum secundatum ( Walt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 794. 1891
Based on Ischaemum secundatum Walt. Kuntze misspells the specific name
“secundum.” ®

Ischaemum secundatum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina.

a ae stolonifera Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 6: 310. 1804. Puerto Rico,

edru.

Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monae. pl. 98. 1819.”
Since Schrank cites Trin., Fund. Agrost. 1820, his work must be later than
that of Trinius. Greenhouse plant.

Stenotaphrum sarmentosum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 98. 1829. Based on Rott-
boellia stolonzfera Poir.

Stenotaphrum glabrum var. americanum Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 300.
1877. Based on Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank.

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum var. americanum Hack., in Stuck., An. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires 21: 57. 1911. Based on Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank.

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum var. secundum [secundatum] Domin, Bibl. Bot. 85:
332. 1915. Based on Ischaemum secundatum Walt.

Stenotaphrum secundatum var. variegatum Hitche., in Bailey, Stand. Cyel.
Hort. 6: 3237. 1917. Greenhouse plant.

(84) STIPA L.

(31) Stipa arida Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 725. 1895. Marysvale,
Utah, Jones 5377.
sigh eee Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 17: 209. 1921. Utah, Jones
2106].
(8) Stipa avenacea L., Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. Virginia.
Stipa barbata Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 53. 1803. Not S. barbata Desf. 1798.
Virginia and Carolina, Michaux.
Stipa virginica Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 99. 1805. Based on S. barbata Michx.
Stipa diffusa Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 643. 1841, as synonym of
Stipa avenacea L.
Stipa avenacea var. bicolor Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed. 8. 444,
1848. Philadelphia and Chester, Pa.; Boston, Mass.; Ontario; Florida.
Podopogon avenaceum Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 580. 1894, as synonym of
Stipa avenacea.
(7) Stipa avenacioides Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 423. 1895. Cassia,
Lake County, Fla., Nash 2051.
Stipa brachychaeta Godr., Mem. Acad. Monsp. (Sec. Medic.) 1: 450. 1853.
Originally described from specimens from unknown source. Native of
southern South America.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 963

(21) Stipa californica Merr. and Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 61. 1902.
San Jacinto Mountains, Calif., Hall 2556.

(27) Stipa columbiana Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 191. 1888. Yale, British
Columbia, Macoun [28, 940]; Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun [28,941].

Stipa viridula var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 50. 1892.

[Kelso Mountain, Colo., Letterman 95.]

Stipa minor Seribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Based

on S. viridula var. minor Vasey.

STIPA COLUMBIANA var. NELSONI (Scribn.) Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24:
— any Based on S. nelsoni Scribn. (Published as S. columbiana
nelson

Stipa occidentalis [Thurb.; misapplied by] Boland., Proc. Calif. Acad. 4: 169.

1872. Larger plant with “awns almost entirely smooth’’, confused with
true S. occidentalis.

Stipa nelsoni Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:46. 1898. Albany

County, Wyo., A. Nelson 3963.

(10) Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5!: 75.
1842. Carlton House Fort, Saskatchewan River, Drummond; Columbia
River, near Missouri Portage, Douglas.

Stipa comata intonsa Piper, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Rock-

land, Klickitat County, Wash., Suksdorf 1026.

This is the species described by Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 72. 1814), and
Nuttall (Gen. Pl. 1: 58. 1818) under Stipa guncea L., and by Hooker (Fl. Bor.
Amer. 2: 257. 1840) under S. capillata L
STIPA COMATA Var. INTERMEDIA Scribn. and Tweedy, Bot. Gaz. 11: 171. 1886.

Junction Butte, Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 610.

Stipa tweedyz Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 47. 1898. Based

on S. comata intermedia Scribn.

Stipa spartea var. tweedyt Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912. Based

on S. tweedyz Scribn.
(5) Stipa coronata Thurb., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 287. 1880. California,
Julian, Bolander; San Bernardino, Parry and Lemmon 422.
STIPA CORONATA Var. DEPAUPERATA (Jones) Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24:
292. 1934. Based on S. parishti var. depauperata Jones.
Stipa parishit Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 33. 1882. San Bernardino Mountains,
Calif., Parish 1079.

Stipa parishiw var. depauperata Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 14: 11. 1912.
Detroit, Utah [Jones].

Stipa coronata parishit Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 227. 1925.
Based on S. parishii Vasey.

(22) Stipa curvifolia Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 456. 1933. Guadalupe
Mountains, N.Mex., Wilkins 1660.

Stipa elegantissima Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 1: 23. pl. 29. 1804. Australia.

(17) Stipa elmeri Piper and Brodie; Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11:
46. 1898. Based on S. viridula var. pubescens Vasey.

Stipa viridula var. pubescens Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 50. 1892.

Not S. pubescens R. Br., 1810. Washington, Suksdorf.

(13) Stipa eminens Cav., Icon. Pl. 5: 42. pl. 467. f. 1. 1799. Chalma, Mexico.

Stipa erecta Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 75. 1886. NotS. erecta Trin., 1824. Tehua-

ean, Mexico, Iiebmann 654.
Stipa fleruosa Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888. Western Texas,
[Chenate Mountains], Nealley.

(18) Stipa latighumis Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 198. f.1. 1933. Camp
Lost Arrow, Yosemite Valley, Calif., Abrams 4469.

(24) Stipa lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn., U.S. Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 3.
1901. Based on S. pringlez var. "lemmoni Vasey.

Stipa pringlet var. lemmoni Vasey, Contrib. U. 8 Natl. Herb. 3: 55. 1892.

Plumas County, Calif., Lemmon [5456].
pins lemmoni var. jonesii Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 4.
1901. Emigrant Gap, Calif., J ones 3298.

(14) Stipa lepida Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 302. 1915. Santa Ynez Forest,
Calif., Chase 5611.

STIPA LEPIDA var. ANDERSONI (Vasey) Hitchce., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 303. 1915.
Based on S. eminens var. andersoniz Vasey. (Published as S. lepida ander-
sonit.)

964 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Stipa eminens var. andersonit Vasey, Contrib. U.S: Natl. Herb. 3: 54. 1892.
California, [Santa Cruz, Anderson 58, type]. ‘‘ Lower California’’, cited by
Vasey is erroneous.

Stipa hasset Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 267. 1893. Santa Monica,
Calif., Hasse. Abnormal specimen, the spikelets distorted by a smut.

(28) Stipa lettermani Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 138: 58. 1886. Snake
River, Idaho, Letterman [102].

Stipa viridula var. lettermani Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 50. 1892.
Presumably based on S. lettermani Vasey.

(3) Stipa leucotricha Trin. and Rupr., Nae ‘Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5!:
54. 1842. Texas, from Hooker.

Stipa ciliata Scheele, ‘Linnaea 22: 342. 1849. New Braunfels, Tex., Romer.

(20) Stipa lobata Swallen, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 199. f. 2. 1933. Ranger
Station, Queen, Guadalupe Mountains, N.Mex., Hitchcock (Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 819).

Stipa neesiana Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5!: 27.
1842. Montevideo, Sellow.

(1) Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17:
132. f. 428. 1899. Based on S. pennata var. neo-mexicana Thurb.

Stipa pennata var. neo-mexicana Thurb., in Coulter, Man. Rocky Mount. 408.
1885. New Mexico [type, Rio Mimbres, Thurber 269], Colorado, and Texas.

(19) Stipa occidentalis Thurb.; 8. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 380.

1871. Yosemite Trail, Calif., Bolander 5038.

Stipa stricta Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 42. 1883. Not S. stricta Lam.
1791. Washington (erroneously cited as Oregon), Suksdorf.

Stipa stricta var. sparsiflora Vasey, Contrib. U.S. ‘Natl. Herb. 3: 51. 1892.
Yosemite Trail, Calif., Bolander 5038.

Stipa oregonensis Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 180. f. 426.
1899. Based on S. stricta Vasey.

Stipa occidentalis montana Merr. and Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 62.
1902. Yosemite Trail, Bolander 5038.

Stipa pennata L., Sp. Pl. 78. 1753. Europe.

(30) Stipa pinetorum Jones, Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. II. 5: 724. 1895. Panguitch
Lake, Utah, Jones 6023 p.

(15) Stipa porteri Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 599. 1905. Based on the
plant described as S. mongolica Turez. by Porter and Coulter (Syn. Fl. Colo.
145. 1874). [Rocky Mountains, Hall and Harbour 648, [error for 646].

This is the species described under the name Oryzopsts mongolica (Turez.) Beal

(Bot. Gaz. 15: 111. 1890), but the name is based on Stipa mongolica Turez., an

Asiatic species.

(12) Stipa pringlei Scribn.; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 54. 1892.
Mexico, Pringle [1410 type], and Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon, Tracy. No ref-
erence to Oryzopsis pringler Beal.

Oryzopsis pringler Beal, Bot. Gaz. 15: 112. 1890. Chihuahua, Mexico,
Pringle 1410.

Stipa pringlet Scribn.; Beal, Bot. Gaz. 15: 112. 1890, as synonym of Oryzopsis
pringler Beal.

Oryzopsis erecta Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 230. 1896. Apparently based on

pringlet Beal, Pringle 1410 being cited, the name changed because of
O. pringler Seribn.; Beal 1896 (page 226 of the same work). The latter is
the same as Stipa virescens H.B.K. of Mexico, not known from the United
States. Beal erroneously gives the authority of O. erecta as ‘‘(Scribn.) Beal.”

(11) Stipa pulchra Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 301. 1915. Healdsburg, So-
noma County, Calif., Heller 5252.

(6) Stipa richardsoni Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 245. 1833. Western North America.
Grown at Berlin from seed sent by Richardson.

Stipa richardsonit var. major Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 24: 191. 1888, without
description. Columbia Valley, British Columbia, Macoun.

Oryzopsis richardsont Beal, Bot. Gaz.15:111. 1890. Based on Stipa richard-

sont Link, but misapplied to Oryzopsis canadensis.

(26) Stipa robusta Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 5: 23. 1897.
Based on S. viridula var. robusta Vasey. Not invalidated by S. robusta
Nutt.; Trin. and Rupr., published as synonym of S. spartea.

Stipa viridula var. robusta Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 56. 1890.
Presidio County, Tex., Nealley [714].

Stipa vaseyt Scribn., U.S.Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Based
on S. viridula var. robusta Vasey.

es ee ee ae

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 965

(23) Stipa scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 125. 1884. Santa Fe,
N. Mex. [Vasey].

(9) Stipa spartea Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1: 82.
1830. North America [Rocky Mountains near the Missouri]. By typo-
graphical error the name is spelled “‘sparta.”’

Stipa robusta Nutt.; Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
51: 69. 1842, as synonym of S. spartea.

STIPA SPARTEA Var. CURTISETA Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24: 230. 1925.
Hound Creek Valley, Mont., Scribner 339. (Published as S. spartea curtiseta.)

(2) Stipa speciosa Trin. and Rupr., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5!:
45. 1842. Chile, Cuming.

Stipa californica Vasey, Amer. Acad. Proc. 24: 80. 1889. Name only for
Palmer’s no. 505 in 1887 from Los Angeles Bay, Baja California.

Stipa speciosa var. minor Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 52. 1892.
Empire City, Nev., Jones.

Stipa humilis var. jonesiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 371. 1898. Empire
City, Nev., Jones 4111.

Stipa humilis var. speciosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 371. 1898. Based on
S. speciosa Trin. and Rupr.

(4) Stipa stillmanii Boland., Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. 4: 169. 1872. Blue Canyon,
Sierra Nevada, Calif., Bolander. h
Stipa tenacissima L., Cent. Pl. 1: 6. 1755; Amoen. Acad. 4: 266. 1759. Spain.
(32) Stipa tenuissima Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 21: 36. 1836.

Mendoza ‘‘ Chile’’, [Argentina], Gillies.

Stipa cirrosa Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 75. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky 1009.

Stipa subulata Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 75. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky 1009b.

(16) Stipa thurberiana Piper, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 10. 1900.
Washington, north branch of the Columbia and Okanagan, Pickering and
Brackenridge.

Stipa occidentalis Thurb., in Wilkes, U.S. Expl. Exped. Bot. 17: 483. 1874.
Not S. occidentalis Thurb.; 8. Wats., 1871. North Branch of the Columbia
River [Washington, Pickering and Brackenridge].

(25) Stipa viridula Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2!: 39. 1836.
North America [Saskatchewan].

Stipa parviflora [Desf., misapplied by] Nuttall, Gen. Pl. 1: 59. 1818. Plains
of the Missouri.

Stipa nuttalliana Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 643. 1841. Based on Stipa par-
viflora as described by Nuttall.

Stipa sparta Trin.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 237. 1840. Name only. S.
parviflora Nutt., not Desf., cited as synonym.

(29) Stipa williamsii Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 45. 1898.
Big Horn Mountain, Wyo., Williams 2804.

Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 794. 1891. Based on
Agrostis maxima Roxb.

Agrostis maxima Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 319. 1820. India.

Thysanolaena agrostis Nees, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. 18: 180. 1835. Based
on Agrostis maxima Roxb.

(151) TRACHYPOGON Nees

(1) Trachypogon montufari (H.B.K.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 342. 1829. Based on

Andropogon montufart H.B.K.

Andropogon montufart H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 184. 1816. Ecuador,
Humboldt and Bonpland.

Heteropogon stipoides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 335. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Heteropogon secundus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 335. 1830. Mexico, Haenke.

Andropogon secundus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXXIX. 1830. Not A.
secundus Ell., 1821. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl.

Andropogon stipoides Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 487. 1883. Not A. stipoides
H.B.K. Based on Heteropogon stipoides Presl.

Trachypogon preslii Anderss. Ofvers. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Férhandl.
14:50. 1857. Based on Heteropogon stipoides Pres}.

Trachypogon preslit var. secundus Anderss., Ofvers. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad,
Forhandl. 14:50. 1857, Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl,

966 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Trachypogon polymorphus var. montufart Hack., in Mart., Fl. Bras. 23: 263.
1883. Based on Andropogon montufarit H.B.K.

Trachypogon polymorphus var. montufarit subvar. secundus Hack., in DC.,
Monogr. Phan. 6: 326. 1889. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl.

Trachypogon secundus Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 32:1. 1901.
Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl.

Trachypogon plumosus var. montufart Hack.; Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden
40: 40. 1921. Based on Andropogon montufari H.B.K.

Trachypogon plumosus var. montufart subvar. secundus Hack.; Henr., Med.
Rijks Herb. Leiden 40: 40. 1921. Based on Heteropogon secundus Presl.

(86) TRAGUS Hall.

(1) Tragus berteronianus Schult., Mant. 2: 205. 1824. Dominican Republic,
Bertero.
Tragus occidentalis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 286. 1829. Brazil.
Lappago berteroniana Schult.; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 112. 1854, erron-
eously cited as synonym of L. aliena Spreng.
Tragus racemosus var. brevispicula Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 123. pl. 18.

1877. Brazil. 7
Nazia occidentalis Scribn., Zoe 4: 386. 1894. Based on Tragus occidentalis q
Nees.

Lappago occidentalis Nees; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 97. 1896. Presumably q
based on Tragus occidentalis Nees; erroneously cited as synonym of Tragus .
racemosus All. 4

The following two names refer to Tragus berteronitanus, though they are based P

on Lappago alienus Spreng., which is Pseudechinolaena polystachya (H.B.K.)
Stapf.
Nazia racemosa aliena Scribn. and Smith, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
12. 1897. Based on Lappago aliena Spreng.
Nazia aliena Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 28. f. 324. 1899.
Based on Lappago aliena Spreng.
(2) Tragusracemosus (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 2:241. 1785. Based on Cenchrus
racemosus L.

Cenchrus racemosus L., Sp. Pl. 1049. 1753. Southern Europe. d

Lappago racemosa Honck., Syn. Pl. Germ. 1: 440. 1792. Based on Cenchrus
racemosus L.

Tragus muricatus Moench, Meth. P1.53. 1794. Based on Cenchrus racemosus L.

Tragus racemosus var. longispicula Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2?: 122. 1877.

Based on T. racemosus Desf. (Sameas T.racemosus All.)

Nazia racemosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 780. 1891. Based on Cenchrus

racemosus L.

(120) TRICHACHNE Nees

(2) Trichachne californica (Benth.) Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 455
1933. Based on Panicum californicum Benth.
Panicum californicum Benth., Bot. Voy. Sulph. 55. 1840. Bay of Magdalena,
Baja California.
Panicum lachnanthum Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 73:21. 1856. Not
P. lachnanthum Hochst., 1855. Burro Mountains, N.Mex.
Panicum saccharatum Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App. 2.
1866. Texas, Buckley.
Trichachne saccharata Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 88. 1903. Based on
Panicum saccharatum Buckl.
Valota saccharata Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 19: 188. 1906. Based on
Panicum saccharatum Buckl.
Digitaria californica Henr., Blumea 1: 99. 1934. Based on Panicum cali-
fornicum Benth.
(4) Trichachne hitchcockii (Chase) Chase, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 4654.
1933. Based on Valota hitchcockit Chase.
Valota hitchcockit Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 24: 110. 1911. San Antonio,
Tex., Hitchcock 5329.
Digitaria hitchcockii Stuck., Ann. Cons. Jard. Genéve 17: 287. 1914. Based
on Valota hitchcockii Chase.
(1) Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 86. 1829. Based on Andro-
pogon insularis L.
Arar omagen insularis L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1304. 1759. Jamaica,
oane.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES . 967

eae lanatum Rottb., Act. Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 269. 1778. Dutch
uiana.
Milium villosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. Based on Andro-
pogon insularis L.
Milium hirsutum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 13. pl. 5. f. 5. 1812. No locality cited.
Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 97. 1815. Venezuela
and Colombia, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Panicum insulare G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 60. 1818. Based on Andru-
pogon insularis L.
Saccharum polystachyum Sieb.; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 124. 1833. Not S.
polystachyum Swartz. As synonym of Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K.
Agrostis villosa Poir.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 48. 1840. Not A. villosa
Poir., 1786. As synonym of Milium villosum Swartz.
Panicum saccharoides A. Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 306. 1850. Not P.
saccharoides Trin., 1826. Cuba.
Panicum falsum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 67. 1854. Cuba.
Panicum duchaissingit Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 93. 1854. Guadeloupe,
Duchaissing.
Tricholaena insularis Griseb., Abhandl. Gesell. Wiss. G6ttingen 7: 265. 1857.
Based on Andropogon insularis L.
Digitaria leucophaea Stapf, in Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 382. 1898. Based on Pani-
cum leucophaeum Swartz (error for H.B.K.).
Syntherisma insularis Millsp. and Chase, Field Mus. Bot. 1: 473. 1902.
Based on Andropogon insularis L.
Valota insularis Chase, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 19: 188. 1906. Based on
Andropogon insularis L.
Digitaria insularis Mez; Ekman, Arkiv Bot. 13: 22. 1913. Based on
Andropogon insularis L
Andropogon fabricit Herzog; Henr., Med. Rijks Herb. Leiden 40: 44. 1921.
Jamaica, Swartz. (Sterile specimen with large galls.)
(3) Trichachne patens Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 442. f. 5. 1932. Near
Lake Mitchell, San Antonio, Tex., Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 294 (Hitchcock 5328).
sy ash patens Henr,, Blumea 1: 99. 1934. Based on Trichachne patens
wallen.

(103) TRICHLORIS Fourn.

(1) Trichloris mendocina (Phil.) Kurtz, Mem. Fac. Cienc. Exact. Univ. Cérdoba

1896: 37. 1897. Based on Chloris mendocina Phil.

Chloris mendocina Phil., An. Univ. Chile 36: 208. 1870. Mendoza, Argentina
[Philtppz].

Trichloris blanchardiana Fourn.; Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9: 146. 1882.
Tucson, Ariz., Pringle.

Chioridiopsis [error for Chloropsis] blanchardiana Gay; Scribn., Bull. Torrey
Club 9: 146. 1882, as synonym of Trichloris blanchardiana Fourn.

Trichloris verticillata Fourn.; Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 61. 1885, name
only; U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12?: pl. 25. 1891. Arizona [Tucson,
Pringle].

Trichloris fasciculata Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 142. 1886. San Luis de Potosi,
Mexico, Vzrlet 1440.

Chloropsis blanchardiana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891. Based on
Trichloris blanchardiana Hack. (error for Fourn.).

Chloropsis fasciculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891. Based on
Trichloris fasciculata Fourn.

Chloropsis mendocina Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3%: 348. 1898. Based on
Chloris mendocina Phil.

Trichloris mendocina forma blanchardiana Kurtz, Bol. Acad. Ciene. Cérdoba
16: 270. 1900. Based on Trichloris blanchardiana Fourn.

Leptochloris greggii Munro; Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 32: 7.
1901, as synonym of Chloropsis mendocina Kuntze.

(2) Trichloris pluriflora Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 142. 1886. Mexico, Karwinsky;

Texas, between Loredo and. Bejar [Bexar], Berlandier 1430.

Trichloris latifolia Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 32. 1883. Texas
and New Mexico [Wright 763]. Name only.

Chloropsis pluriflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: W71. 1891. Based on Trichloris
pluriflora Fourn,

968 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(134) TRICHOLAENA Schrad.

(1) Tricholaena rosea Nees, ‘‘Cat. Sem. Hort. Vratisl. a. 1836”’; Fl. Afr. Austr.

17. 1841. South Africa, Drége.

Panicum roseum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 92. 1854. Not P. roseum Willd.
1825. Based on Tricholaena rosea Nees.

Panicum teneriffae var. rosea F. M. Bailey, Queensl. Grass. 22. 1888. Based
on Tricholaena rosea Nees.

Melinis rosea Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. 51: 464. 1901. Based on Tr-
cholaena rosea Nees.

Rhynchelytrum roseum Stapf and Hubb.; Bews, World’s Grasses 223. 1929,
basis uot given; Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 880. 1930. Based on Tricholaena
rosea Nees.

(91) TRICHONEURA Anderss.
(1) Trichoneura elegans Swallen, Amer. Jour. Bot. 19: 439. f. 4. 1932. Devine,

Tex., Silveus 343.
(31) TRIODIA R. Br.

(12) Triodia albescens Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 122: pl. 33. 1891.
Texas [type, Hall 782] and New Mexico. Tricuspis albescens Munro is
erroneously cited as synonym (see this name under 7’. congesta).

Sieglingia albescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia
albescens Vasey.

Rhombolytrum albescens Nash, in Britton, Man. 129. 1901. Based on Triodia
albescens Vasey.

Tridens albescens Woot. and Standl., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 129. 1912.
Based on Triodia albescens Vasey.

(5) Triodia buckleyana (L. H. Dewey) Vasey; Hitche., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
23: 452. 1933. Based on Szeglingia buckleyana L. Hi: Dewey.

Sieglingia buckleyana L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Here 2: 540. 1894.
Southern Texas, Buckley.

Triodia buckleyana Wines Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 540. 1894, as syno-
nym of Sieglingia buckleyana L. H. Dewey.

Tridens buckleyanus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. South-
ern Texas; Triodia buckleyana Vasey given as a synonym.

(4) Triodia congesta (L. H. Dewey) Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 67.
pl. 10. 1902. Based on Sieglingia congesta L. H. Dewey.

Tricuspis albescens Munro; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 335.
1863. Name only, for Drummond 314, Texas.

Sieglingia congesta L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 538. 1894.
Corpus Christi, Tex., Nealley 24.

Tricuspis congesta Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2.28. 1900. Based on ‘‘ Triodia’”’
lerror for Sieglingia] congesta L. H. Dewey.

Tridens congestus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. Based on
Sieglingia congesta L. H. Dewey.

(6) Triodia drummondii Scribn. and Kearn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
37. 1897. Jacksonville, ‘‘Fla.”’ [Louisiana], Drummond.

Tridens drummondii Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 148. 1903. Based on
Triodia drummondii Scribn. and Kearn.

(14) Triodia elongata (Buckl.) Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 17
(ed. 2): 210. f. 506. 1901. Based on Uralepis elongata Buckl.

Uralepis elongata Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 1863. North-
ern Texas.

Triodia trinerviglumis Benth.; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35.
1883, name only, with Tricuspis trinerviglumis Munro, also name only, as
synonym. Texas. Described in Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull.
12?: pl. 40. 1891. Texas to Arizona, northward to Colorado.

Tricuspis trinerviglumis Munro; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr., Spec. Rept. 63: 35.
1883, as synonym of Triodia trinerviglumis Benth.

Sieglingia trinerviglumis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on
Tricuspis trinerviglumtis ‘‘ Buckl.”’ (error for Munro).

Steglingia elongata Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Lllustr. Fl. 3: 504. 1898.
Based on Uralepis elongata Buckl.

Tricus pis elongata Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2. 28. 1900. Based on
“‘Triodia”’ [error for Uralepis] elongata Buckl.

Tridens elongatus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 148. 1908. Based on
Uralepis elongata Buckl.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES - 969

(8) Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 58.
1890. Texas, Nealley.
Sieglingia eragrostoides L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 539. 1894.
Based on Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn.
Sieglingia eragrostoides var. scabra Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 465.
1896. Texas, Nealley [probably no. 96].
Triodia eragrostoides var. scabra Bush, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans. 12: 71. 1902.
Based on Sieglingia eragrostoides var. scabra Vasey.
Tridens eragrostoides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on
Triodia eragrostoides Vasey and Scribn.
(9) Triodia flava (L.) Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 95. 1913. Based on
Poa flava L.
Poa flava L., Sp. Pl. 68. 1753. Virginia.
?Poa lara Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: 183. 1791. Not P. lara Haenke, 1791.
Virginia.
Poa sesleroides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 68. 1803. Not P. seslerioides All.,
1785. Illinois and the mountains of Carolina [type], Michauz.
?Poa subverticillata Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 92. 1805. Based on P. laza Lam.
Tricuspis caroliniana Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 179. pl. 3.f. 29, pl. 15. f.10. 1812.
South Carolina.
Tricuspis novae-boracensis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 77, 179. 1812. Name only.
New York, Delille.
Poa caerulescens Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 77. 1812, name only; Kunth,
Rév. Gram. 1: 108. 1829, as ‘sy nonym of Uralepis cuprea Kunth.
Festuca quadridens Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 2: 640. 1812. Carolina, Bose.
Triodia cuprea Jacq., Eclog. Gram. 2: 21. pl. 16. 1814. Grown in botanic
garden, source unknown.
Poa quinquefida Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 81. 1814. New England to Carolina.
?Panicum festucoides Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 283. 1816. East Indies,
Desvaux, but Desvaux later (see Triodia festucoides below) corrects this to
North America.
Poa arundinacea Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 329. 1816. Based on P.
sesleroides Michx.
Tridens quinquefida Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 599. 1817. Based on
Poa quinquefida Pursh.
feadan poaeformis Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 70. 1818. Based on Poa sesleroides
sehx:
Tricuspis sesleroides Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 118. 1823. Based on
Poa seslerovdes Michx.
Cynodon carolinianus Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 302. 1825. Based on
Tricusptis caroliniana Beauv.
rene cuprea Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Based on Triodia cuprea
acq.
Eragrostis tricuspis Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:
414. 1830. Based on Tricuspis caroliniana Beauv.
Tricuspis quinquefida Beauv.; Don, Loud. Hort. Brit. 31. 1830. Based on
Poa caerulescens Michx.
?Triodia festucoides Desy., Opusc. 98. 1831. North America, Panicum fes-
tucoides Desv., in Poir., cited as synonym.
ae caerulescens Desy., Opusc. 99. 1831. Based on Poa caerulescens
ichx.
Triodia novaeboracensis Desv., Opuse. 99. 1831. Based on Tricuspis novae-
boracensis Beauv.
Uralepis tricuspis Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 564. 1840. Based on Eragrostis
tricuspis Trin.
Festuca purpurea Schreb.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 632. 1840, as synonym
of Uralepis cuprea Kunth.
Tricuspis sesleroides var. flecuosa Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 398. 1870.
Pennsylvania.
Festuca flava F. Muell., Sel. Pl. Indust. Cult. 87. 1876. Based on Poa flava
‘‘Gronov”’ [L.].
Triodia sesleroides Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883.
Based on Tricuspis sesleroides Torr.
Sieglingia flava Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Poa flava L.
pa ara Millsp., Fl. W.Va. 471. 1892. Presumably based on Triodia
cuprea Jac
Sieglingia i ae Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 48. 1894. Based on
oa sesleroides Michx,

970 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ae ati Bg Se Ss he

Sieglingia sesleroides var. intermedia Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 2: 539. 1894. Texas to Oklahoma [Sheldon in 1891].

Sieglingia chapmani Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 365. 1895. Florida,
Chapman.

Triodia sesleroides var. aristata Scribn. and Ball, U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost.
Bull. 24: 45. 1901. Clarcona, Fla., Meislahn 90.
Triodia chapmani Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 74. 1902. Based on

Sieglingia chapmant Small.
Tridens sesleroides Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on
Poa sesleroides Michx.

Tridens flavus Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Based on Poa flava L.

Tricuspis flava F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 14: 186. 1912. Based on Poa flava L.

Eragrostis arundinacea Jedw., Bot. Archiv Mez 5: 192. 1924. Texas.

(2) Triodia grandiflora Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 59. 1890. Chenate

Mountains, Presidio County, Tex., Nealley 828.

Triodia nealleyt Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 15: 49. 1888, name only;
U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12?: pl. 36.1891. Western Texas, Nealley.

Sieglingia nealleyt L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2: 538. 1894.
Based on Triodiza nealleyz Vasey.

Sieglingia avenacea var. grandiflora L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 2:
538. 1894. Based on Triodia grandiflora Vasey.

Sieglingia grandiflora Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 471. 1896. Based on Triodia

grandiflora Vasey.

Tricuspis nealleyi Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2. 28. 1900. Presumably

based on Triodia nealleyi Vasey.

Tridens nealleyi Woot. and Standl., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 129. 1912.

Based on Triodia nealleyi Vasey.
Tridens grandiflorus Woot. and Standl., N.Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 129.
1912. Based on Triodia grandiflora Vasey.

This species has been referred to Triodia avenacea H.B.K., a Mexican species
not known from the United States.
(7) Triodia langloisii (Nash) Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 72. 1902.

Based on Tricuspis langloisit Nash.
Poa ambigua Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 165. 1816. Not Triodia ambigua R.
Br., 1810. South Carolina and Georgia.

Windsoria ambigua Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 70. 1818. Based on Poa ambigua Ell.

Tridens ambiguus Schult., Mant. 2: 333. 1824. Based on Poa ambigua Ell.

Unalers ambigua Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Based on Poa ambigua

ll

A Pacvaa ambigua Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 559. 1860. Based on Poa ambi-
gua Ell.

Triodia ambigua Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883.
Based on Tricuspis ambigua Chapm.

Sieglingia ambigua Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Poa
ambigua Ell.

Tricuspis langloisit Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 298. 1899. Louisiana,
Langlois.

Triodia elliottit Bush, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans. 12: 73. 1902. Based on
Poa ambigua Ell.

Tridens langloisii Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on
Tricuspis langloisit Nash.

(13) Triodia mutica (Torr.) Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 30. 1883.
Based on Tricuspis mutica Torr.

Tricuspis mutica Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 156. 1857. Laguna
Colorado, N.Mex., [Bigelow].

Uralepis pilosa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 95. 1863. Not
U. pilosa Buckl., op. cit. 94. ‘‘ Northern Texas” cited, but the type is from
western Texas, collected by Wright.

Uralepis mutica Fourn.; Hemsl., Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 569. 1885, assyno-
nym of Triodia mutica Benth. (U. mutica Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 110. 1886,
based on Liebmann 611, is Poa alpina.)

Sieglingia mutica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Tricuspis
mutica Torr.

Tridens muticus Nash., in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 143. 1903. Based on
Tricuspis mutica Torr.

(8) Triodia pilosa (Buckl.) Merr., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire.32: 9. 1901.
Based on Uralepis pilosa Buckl.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 971

Uralepis pilosa Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862. 94. 1863. Middle
Texas, [Buckley].

Tricuspis acuminata Munro; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 335.
1863, as synonym of Uralepis pilosa Buckl.

Triodia acuminata Benth.; Vasey, U.S.Dept.Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35. 1883,
name only, with Tricupis acuminata Munro given as synonym; Vasey, U.S.
Dept.Agr., Div. Bot. Bull. 12?: pl. 32. 1891. Texas [type, Austin, Hall
779] to Arizona and Mexico.

Sieglingia acuminata Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia
acuminata Vasey.

Sieglingia pilosa Nash, in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 3: 504. 1898. Based
on Uralepis pilosa Buckl.

Tricuspis pilosa Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2: 28. 1900. Presumably based
on Uralepis pilosa Buckl.

Erioneuron pilosum Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 144. 1903. Based on
Uralepis pilosa Buckl. °

Tridens pilosus Hitche., Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 17: 357. 1913. Based on
Uralepis pilosa Buckl.

(1) Triodia pulchella H.B.K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 155. pl. 47. 1816.
Mexico, Humboldt and Bonpland.

Koeleria pulchella Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 332. 1825. Based on Triodia pul-
chella H.B.K.

Uralepis pulchella Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Based on Triodia pul-
chella H.B.K.

Dasyochloa pulchella Willd.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 484. 1840, as syno-
nym of Uralepis pulchella Kunth; Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 67. 1917.
Based on Triodia pulchella H.B.K.

Tricuspis pulchella Torr., U.S. Rept. Expl. Miss. Pacif.4: 156. 1857. Based
on “ Trichodia”’ [error for Triodia] pulchella H.B.K.

gi re aaa prolifera Cervant., Naturaleza 1870: 346. 1870. Near Mexico

ity.

Sieglingia pulchella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia
pulchella H.B.K.

Sieglingia pulchella var. parviflora Vasey; Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 468. 1896.
Southern California, Orcutt.

Tridens pulchellus Hitche., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 141. 1912. Based on Trio-
dia pulchella H.B.K.

(11) Triodia stricta (Nutt.) Benth.; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rept. 63: 35.
1883. Based on ‘ Tricuspis”’ [error for Windsoria] stricta Nutt.

Windsoria stricta Nutt., Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. (n.s.) 5: 147. 18387. Arkan-
sas (probably Arkansas Post), Nuttall.

Tricuspis stricta Wood, Class-book 792. 1861. Based on Windsoria stricta
Nutt.

Uralepis densiflora Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 94. 1863.
Middle Texas, [Buckley].

Sieglingia stricta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Windsoria
stricta Nutt.

Tridens strictus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 148. 1903. Based on
Windsoria stricta Nutt.

(10) Triodia texana S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 180. 1883. Coahuila,
Mexico; western Texas and New Mexico, Wright 776, 777, and 2045 [error
for 2055, type, from Texas].

Tricuspis texana Thurb.; S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 180. 1883, as
synonym of Triodia terana 8. Wats. ee
Sieglingia texana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia

tecana S. Wats.

Tridens texanus Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 142. 1903. Based on
Triodia tecana Thurb. (error for 8S. Wats.).

(32) TRIPLASIS Beauv.

(2) Triplasis americana Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 81. pl. 16. f. 10. 1812. United
States, Delile.
Uralepsis cornuta Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 580. 1821. South Carolina
and Georgia.
Tricuspis cornuta A. Gray, Man. 590. 1848. Based on Uralepsis cornuta Ell.
Triplasis cornuta Benth.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 2: 1121. 1895, as synonym of
Triplasis americana Beauv.

972 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sieglingia americana Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 466. 1896. Based on Triplasis

americana Beauv.
(1) Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm., Fl. South. U.S. 560. 1860. Based on

Aira purpurea Walt.

Aira purpurea Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. South Carolina.

Festuca brevifolia Muhl., Deser. Gram. 167. 1817. Delaware, Georgia, and
New York.

Diplocea barbata Raf., Amer. Jour. Sci. 1: 252. 1818. Carolina; Long Island.

eee purpurea Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 62. 1818. Based on Aira purpurea

alt.

Uralepsis aristulata Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 63. 1818. Wilmington, Del., Baldwin.
eqns ? brevifolia Schult., Mant. 2: 387. 1824. Based on Festuca brevifolia
uhl.

Tricuspis purpurea A. Gray, Man. 589. 1848. Based on Aira purpurea Walt.

Merisachne drummondi Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 117. 1854. Texas, Drum-
mond 330. 2

Festuca caroliniana Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 312. 1854. Carolina, Bose.

Festuca purpurea F. Muell., Sel. Pl. Indust. Cult. 88. 1876. Based on
Uralepsis purpurea Nutt.

Triplasis sparsiflora Chapm., Bot. Gaz. 3: 19. 1878. Punta Rassa, Fla.,
[Chapman, specimen affected by fungus. ]

Sieglingia purpurea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Aira
purpurea Walt.

Panicularia brevifolia Porter, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 205. 1893. Based
on Festuca brevifolia Muhl.

Triplasis intermedia Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 564. 1898. Tampa,
Fla., Nash 2426.

Triplasis floridana Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 303. 1920. Punta
Rassa, Fla., Hitchcock 533.

Triplasis glabra Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 303. 1920. Rhode
Island and Florida. ;

Triodia purpurea Smyth, Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 95. 1918. Based on
Triplasis purpurea Chapm.

(92) TRIPOGON Roth

(1) Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman, Arkiv Bot. 114: 36. 1912. Based on

Bromus spicatus Nees.

Bromus spicatus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 471. 1829. Piauhy, Brazil.

Diplachne spicata Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 2°: 159. pl. 28. f. 2. 1878. Based
on Bromus spicatus Nees. ?

Triodia schaffnert S. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 18: 181. 1883. San Luis
Potosi, Mexico, Schaffner 1077.

Diplachne reverchont Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 118. 1886. Llano
County, Tex., Reverchon.

Leptochloa spicata Scribn., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1891: 304. 1891. Based
on Diplachne spicata Doell.

Sieglingia schaffnert Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Based on Triodia
schaffnert S. Wats.

Rabdochloa spicata Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 121. 1904.
Based on Bromus spicatus Nees.

Sieglingia spicata Kuntze; Stuck., An. Mus. Nac.Buenos Aires 11: 128. 1904.
Based on Bromus spicatus Nees.

(157) TRIPSACUM L.

(1) Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1261. 1759. Based on

Coix dactyloides L.

Coix. dactyloides L., Sp. Pl. 972. 1753. America.

Coiz angulatis Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Coix no. 2. 1768. North America.

Ischaemun glabrum Walt., Fl. Carol. 249. 1788. South Carolina.

Tripsacum monostachyum Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 202. 1805. South Carolina.

Tripsacum dactyloides var. monostachyon Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot.
ed. 8. 461. 1840. Connecticut. Wood, Class-book 453. 1845. Gray,
Man. Bot. 616. 1848. No basis given. j

Dactylodes angulatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 773. 1891. Based on Coz

—-angulatis Mill.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES = 973

Tripsacum dactyloides var. monostachyum Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3:
6. 1892. Based on T. monostachyum Willd.
Dactylodes dactylodes Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 349. 1898. Based on Trip-
sacum dactyloides L.
(2) Tripsacum floridanum Porter; Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 6. 1892.
Florida, Garber.
Tripsacum dactyloides var. floridanum Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 19. 1896.
Based on T’.. floridanum Porter.
{3) Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr.; Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 68. 1886. Aguas
Calientes, Mexico, Hartweg 252.
Tripsacum acutiflorum Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 15: 466. 1876, name only;
Nash, N.Amer. Fl. 17: 81. 1909. Same type as T. lanceolatum Rupr.
Tripsacum lemmoni Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 6. 1892. Huachuca
Mountains, Ariz., Lemmon [2932].
Tripsacum dactyloides var. lemmonit Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 19. 1896.
Based on T’. lemmoni Vasey.
Tripsacum dactyloides hasan Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 41: 295. 1906. Las
Candas, Mexico, Pringle 3811.

(54) TRISETUM Pers.

Trisetum aureum (Ten.) Ten., Fl. Napol. 2: 378. 1820. Based on Koeleria
aurea Ten.
Koeleria aurea Ten., Cors. Bot. Lez. 1: 58. 1806. Europe.
(6) Trisetum canescens Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863.
Columbia Plains, Oreg., Nuttall.
Trisetum elatum Nutt.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 337. 1863,
as synonym of 7. canescens Buckl.
Trisetum cernuum var. canescens Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 380. 1896. Based
op T. canescens Buckl.
Trisetum canescens forma tonsum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 216. 1928.
Trinity County, Calif., Yates 522.
Trisetum canescens forma velutinum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 216. 1928.
Lassens Peak, Calif., Austin in 1879.
Trisetum projectum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 217. 1928. Fresno County,
Calif., Hall and Chandler 359.
(4) Trisetum cernuum Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat.
1: 61. 18380. Sitka, Alaska.
Avena nutkaensis Pres], Rel. Haenk. 1: 254. 1830. Nootka Sound, Van-
couver Island, Haenke.
Avena cernua Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Sup. XXVI. 1830. Based on Trisetum
cernuum Trin.
Trisetum sandbergii Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 378. 1896. Mount Stuart,
Wash., Sandberg and Leiberg 823.
Trisetum nutkaense Scribn. and Merr.; Davy, Univ. Calif. Pubs., Bot. 1: 68.
1902. Based on Avena nutkaensis Presl.
Trisetum cernuum var. luxurians Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 213. 1928.
Seaside, Oreg., Shear and Scribner 1705.
Trisetum cernuum var. luxurians forma pubescens Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30:
213. 1928. Eureka, Calif.
Trisetum cernuum var. sandbergit Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 214. 1928.
Based on 7. sandbergii Beal.
(8) Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 88, 153. pl. 18. f. 1. 1812.
Based on Avena flavescens L.
Avena flavescens L., Sp. Pl. 80. 1753. Europe.
Triseium pratense Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 97. 1805. Europe.
Trisetaria flavescens Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 2638. 1816. Based on
Avena flavescens Schreb. (error for L.).
Rebentischia flavescens Opiz, Lotos 4: 104. 1854, as synonym of Trisetum
flavescens Beauv.
(10) Trisetum interruptum Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 100. 1863.
Middle Texas [Buckley].
?Calamagrostis longirosiris Buckl., Prel. Rept. Geol. Agr. Survey Tex. App.
2. 1866. Texas.
Trisetum hallii Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 6. 1884. Texas, Hall 799
in part.

974 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sphenopholis interrupta Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Trisetum
interruptum Buckl.

RS eaRnore halla Seribn., Rhodora 8: 146. 1906. Based on Trisetum hallii

cribn.
Trisetum interruptum hallit Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928.
Based on 7. hallaz Buckl.
(1) Trisetum melicoides (Michx.) Scribn., Bot. Gaz. 9: 169. 1884. Based on
Aira melicoides Michx.

Aira melicoides Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 62. 18038. Canada.

?Arundo atroides Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 6: 270. 1804. North America,
Michaux.

Graphephorum melicoideum Desy., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189.
1810. Based on Azra melicoides Michx.

?Deyeuxia airoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 44, 152, 160. 1812. Based on Arundo
atroides Michx. [error for Poir.].

Poa melicoides Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 68. 1818. Based on Azra melicoides Michx.

Triodia melicoides Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 331. 1825. Based on Azra melicoides
Michx.

?Agrostis airoides Raspail, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5: 449. 1825. Based on
Deyeuxia airoides Beauv.

?Calamagrostis airoides Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 249. 1840. Based on
Arundo atiroides Poir.

te cooleyt A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 556. 1856. Washington, Mich.,
[Cooley].

Graphephorum melicoides var. major A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 5: 191.
1861. Based on Dupontia cooleyi A Gray.

Graphephorum melicoideum cooleyi Scribn., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 53.
1894. Based on Dupontia cooleyi A. Gray.

Trisetum melicoideum cooleyi Scribn., Rhodora 8: 87. 1906. Based on
Dupontia cooleyi A. Gray.

Trisetum melicoides var. majus Hitche., in Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908.
Based on Graphephorum melicoides var. major A. Gray.

Graphephorum cooley: Farwell, Mich. Acad. Sci. Papers 1: 88. 1921. Based-
on Dupontia cooleyi A. Gray.

(7) Trisetum montanum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18: 118. 1886. No
locality cited. [Type, Las Vegas, N.Mex., G. R. Vasey in 1881.]

Trisetum argenteum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 49. f. 8.
1898. Not 7. argenteum Roem. and Schult. Silverton, Colo., Shear 1214.

Trisetum shearw Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 8. 1901.
Based on T’. argenteuwm Scribn.

Graphephorum shearii Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 602. 1905. Based
on Trisetum shearvi Seribn.

Trisetum canescens var. montanum Hitche., Biol. Soe. Wash. Proce. 41: 160.
1928. Based on JT. montanum Vasey.

Trisetum montanum var. pilosum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 212. 1928.
Caroles, N.Mex., Standley 4536.

Trisetum montanum var. shearit Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 213. 1928. Based
on Trisetum shearvi Scribn.

(3) Trisetum orthochaetum Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 21: 134 f. 3. 1984.
Lolo Hot Springs, Bitterroot Mountains, Mont., Chase 5129.

(9) Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 658.
1817. Based on Avena pennsylvanica L.

Avena pennsylvanica L., Sp. Pl. 79. 17538. Pennsylvania, Kalm.

? Avena caroliniana Walt., Fl. Carol. 81. 1788. South Carolina.

Avena palustris Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 72. 1803. Carolina and Georgia,
Michaux.

Aira pallens var. aristata Muhl.; Ell., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 151. 1816. South
Carolina.

Avena pennsylvanica Muhl., Descr. Gram. 185. 1817. Pennsylvania and
North Carolina. No authority cited but the Muhlenberg specimen belongs
to the Linnaean species.

Trisetum palustre Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 126. 1823. Based on
Avena palustris Michx.

Arrhenatherum pennsylvanicum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 1: 130. 1823.
Based on Avena pennsylvanica L.

?Arrhenatherum kentuckense Torr.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 185. 1840.
North America. Name only. ‘‘ Avena pennsylvanica Muhl.”’ doubtfully
cited as synonym.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 975

Trisetum ludovicianum Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 12:6. 1885. Pointe

4a la Hache, La., Langlois.

Sphenopholis palustris Scribn., Rhodora 8: 145. 1906. Based on Avena

palustris Michx.
Sphenopholis palusiris flexuosa Scribn., Rhodora 8: 143, 145. 1906. Wilming-
ton, Del., Commons 274.

Sphenopholis palustris var. flecuosa Scribn.; Robinson, Rhodora 10: 65. 1908.
Based on S. palustris flecuosa Scribn.

Sphenopholis pennsylvanica Hitche., Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 304. 1915. Based
on Avena pennsylvanica L.

Sphenopholis pennsylvanica var. flecuosa F. T. Hubb., Rhodora 18: 234. 1916.
Based on S. palustris flecuosa Scribn.

The plant from Hunting Creek, Va., discussed by Vasey (Bot. Gaz. 9: 165.
1884) as a hybrid between Trisetum palustre and Eatonia pennsylvanica, is an
exceptional specimen of Trisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. with short-awned
and awnless spikelets.

(5) Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 59. 1890. Based on Aira

spicata L., Sp. Pl. 64. 1758.

Aira spicata L., Sp. Pl. 64. 1753.22 Lapland.

Aira subspicata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 873. 1759. Based on A. spicata L.
(Sp. Pl. 64. 1753), the diagnosis copied.

Avena airoides Koel., Desecr. Gram. 298. 1802. Based on Aira subspicata L.

Avena mollis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 72. 1808. Canada. Not Avena mollis
Salisb., 1796, nor Koel., 1802.

Avena subspicata Clairv., Man. Herbor. 17. 1811. Based on a phrase name in
Haller which refers to Aira spicata L. :

Trisetum subspicatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 88, 149. 1812. Based on Aira
subspicata L.

?Melica triflora Bigel., New England Jour. Med. and Surg. 5: 334. 1816.
Mount Washington, N.H., Boott.

Trisetaria airoides Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 265. 1816. Based on
Avena atroides Koel.

Trisetum atroides Beauv.; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 666. 1817. Based

on Avena atroides Koel.

si ine molle Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 101. 1829. Based on Avena mollis

Tichx.
sere subspicata Reichenb., Fl. Germ. 48. 1830. Based on Aira subspicata

Koeleria canescens Torr., in Trin., Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2):
13. 1836, as synonym of Trisetum molle Kunth.

Trisetum subspicatum var. molle A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 572. 1856. Based on
Avena mollis Michx.

Koeleria spicata Reichenb.; Willk. and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp. 1: 72. 1861,
as synonym of Trisetum subspicatum Beauv.

Rupestrina pubescens Provancher, Fl. Canad. 689. 1862. Based on Avena
mollis Michx.

Trisetum spicatum var. molle Beal, Grasses N.Amer. 2: 377. 1896. Based on
Avena mollis Michx.

Trisetum brittonii Nash, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 487. 1900. Marquette,
Mich., Britton in 1883.

Trisetum congdoni Scribn. and Merr., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 470. 1902.
Mariposa County, Calif., Congdon. (T. sesquiflorum Trin., to which T.
congdoni has been referred, is a distinct Alaskan species.)

Trisetum americanum Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 182. 1902. Colo-
rado; Idaho.

Trisetum majus Rydb., Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 100: 34. 1906. ‘“‘T.
subspicatum major Vasey’’, an unpublished name, cited as basis. A tall speci-
men collected by Vasey, Pen Gulch, Colo., in 1884 and marked ‘‘var. major
Vasey” in his script is taken as type. No description by Rydberg except the
distinctions given in the key.

Avena spicata Fedtsch., Act. Hort. Petrop. 28: 76. 1908. Not A. spicata L.
Based on Aira spicata L.

Trisetum spicatum var. pilosiglume Fernald, Rhodora 18: 195. 1916.
Newfoundland, Fernald, Wiegand, and Bartram 4593.

32 On page 63 of this work is another Aira spicata L. In the errata at the end of the second volume of the
Species Plantarum (issued a few months after the first volume) Linnaeus changes A. spicata of page 63 to
A. indica (now referred to Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase).

55974°—35—62

SE ee

976 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Trisetum spicatum congdont Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 160. 1928.
Based on Trisetum congdoni Scribn. and Merr.

Trisetum spicatum var. brittoniz Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 239. 1928. Based
on T. brittoni Nash.

(2) Trisetum wolfii Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Monthly Rept. Feb. Mar. 156.

1874. Twin Lakes, Colo., Wolf.

Trisetum subspicatum var. muticum Boland., in S. Wats., Bot. Calif. 2: 296.
1880. Upper Tuolumne, Calif., Bolander 5019.

Trisetum brandegei Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 64. 1888. Cascade
Mountains, Brandegee and Tweedy in 1882.

Graphephorum wolfit Vasey; Coult. Man. Rocky Mount. 423. 1885. Based
on Trisetum wolfit Vasey.

Trisetum muticum Scribn., U.S.Dept.Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 50. f. 10.
1898. Based on Trisetum subspicatum var. muticum Boland.

Graphephorum muticum Heller, Cat. N.Amer. Pl. ed. 2.31. 1900. Presumably
based on Trisetum subspicatum var. muticum Boland.

Trisetum wolfii muticum Scribn., Rhodora 8: 88. 1906. Based on TJ. sub-
spicatum var. muticum Thurb. (error for Boland.).

Graphephorum brandeget Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mount. 61. 1917. Based on
Trisetum brandegez Scribn.

Trisetum wolfit var. brandeget Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 241. 1928. Based
on T. brandeget Scribn.

Trisetum wolfii var. brandeget forma muticum Louis-Marie, Rhodora 30: 241.
1928. Based on 7’, wolfit muticum Scribn.

(40) TRITICUM L.

(1) Triticum aestivum L., Sp. Pl. 85. 1758. Cultivated in Europe.
Triticum hybernum L., Sp. Pl. 86. 1753. Cultivated in Europe.
Triticum compositum L., Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 108. 1774. Egypt. Form with
branched spike.
Triticum sativum Lam., Fl. Frane. 3: 625. 1778. Cultivated in Europe.
Triticum vulgare Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 158. 1787. Cultivated in Europe.
Triticum vulgare var. aestivum Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 1: 168. 1825. Based on
T. aestivum L.
Triticum sativum var. aestivum Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 619. 1847. Pre-
sumably based on T. aestivum L.
Triticum sativum var. compositum Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 619. 1847. Pre-
sumably based on 7. compositum L.
Triticum sativum var. vulgare Vilm., Blumengartn. 1: 1217. 1896. Based on
T. vulgare Vill.
Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare Thell., Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38:
142. 1912. Based on T. vulgare Vill.
Zeia vulgaris var. aestiva Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 226. 1915. Based on
“Triticum vulgare aestivum L.”’ error for T. aestiviiin.
Triticum compactum Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 4. pl. 7. 1809. Cultivated in
Austria.
Triticum dicoccoides Koern., Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell. 26: 309. 1908. Palestine.
Triticum dicoccum Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 389. 1789. Cultivated in Europe.
Triticum aestivum subsp. dicoccum Thell., Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38:
141. 1912. Based on JT. dicoccwm Schrank.
Triticum aestivum var. dicoccum Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 133. 1928. Based
on TJ. dicoccum Schrank.
Triticum durum Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 114. 1798. North Africa.
Triticum aestivum subsp. durum Thell., Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38:
148. 1912. Based on T. durum Desf.
Triticum monococcum L., Sp. Pl. 86. 1753. Cultivated in Europe.
Triticum aestivum var. monococcum Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 183. 1928. Based
on 7’. monococcum L.
Triticum polonicum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 127. 1762. Cultivated in Europe.
Triticum aestivum var. polonicum Bailey, Man. Cult. Pl. 116. 1924. Based
on T.. polonicum L.
Triticum spelta L., Sp. Pl. 86. 1753. Cultivated in Europe. j
Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta Thell., Mitt. Naturw. Ges. Winterthur. 12:
147. 1918. Based on T’. spelta L.
Triticum aestivum var. spelta Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 183. 1923. Based on
T. spelta L.
Triticum turgidum L., Sp. Pl. 86. 1753, Cultivated in Europe.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 977

(20) UNIOLA L.

(2) Uniola latifolia Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 70. 1803. The locality as pub-
lished is Allegheny Mountains, but the type specimen is from Illinois.
(6) Uniola laxa (L.) B.S.P., Prel. Cat. N.Y.69. 1888. Basedon Holcus lazus L.

Holcus laxus L., Sp. Pl. 1048. 1753. Virginia.

Uniola gracilis Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 71. 1803. Carolina to Georgia,
Michaux. ;

Uniola virgata Bartr.; Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 82. 1814, as synonym of Uniola
gracilis Michx.

Chasmanthium gracile Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 159. 1827. Based on Uniola
gracilis Michx.

iia uniflora Benke, Rhodora 31: 148. 1929. Memphis, Tenn., Benke

(3) Uniola nitida Baldw.; EIll., Bot. S.C. and Ga. 1: 167. 1816. Camden
County, Ga., Baldwin.

Uniola intermedia Bosc; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 75, 181. 1812. Name only.
[A Bose specimen so named in Padua is U. nitida; another in Paris is U.
sessiliflora.]

(4) Uniola ornithorhyncha Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 280. 1854. Alabama,
Drummond 51.

Chasmanthium ornithorhynchum Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 280. 1854, as
synonym of Uniola ornithorhyncha Steud.

(1) Uniola paniculata L., Sp. Pl. 71. 1753. Carolina.

Briza caroliniana Lam., Encyel. 1: 465. 1785. Carolina.

Uniola maritima Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 71. 1803. Carolina, Michaux.

he a paniculata Raf., Fl. Ludoyv. 144. 1817. Based on Uniola paniculata

Nevroctola maritima Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 311. 1894, as synonym of
Uniola paniculata L.

Nevroctola paniculata Raf.; Jacks., Ind. Kew. 3: 311. 1894, as synonym of
Uniola paniculata L.

Uniola floridana Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 304. 1920. Santa
Rosa Island, Fla., Tracy 4545.

Uniola heterochroa Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 304. 1920. Punta
Rassa, Fla., Hitchcock 535.

Uniola macrostachys Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 667: 304. 1920. Breton
Island, La., Tracy 462.

(5) Uniola sessiliflora Poir., in Lam., Encycl. 8: 185. 1808. Carolina, Bosc.

Poa sessiliflora Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 111. 1829. Based on Uniola sessiliflora
Poir.

Uniola longifolia Scribn., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 229. 1894. Georgia
[type, DeKalb County, Small in 1893], Florida, Mississippi, Tennessee.

(30) VASEYOCHLOA Hitchc.

(1) Vaseyochloa multinervosa (Vasey) Hitchc., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 452.
1933. Based on Melica multinervosa Vasey.
Melica multinervosa Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 16: 235. 1891. Brazos Santiago, Tex.,
Nealley.
Distichlis multinervosa Piper, Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 18: 147. 1905. Based on
Melica multinervosa Vasey.
Triodia multinervosa Hitche., Biol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 41: 159. 1928. Based
on Melica multinervosa Vasey.
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S. 67. 1903. Based
on Phalaris zizanioides L.
Phalaris zizanioides L., Mant. Pl. 2: 183. 1771. India.
Andropogon muricatus Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 43 [31]. 1783. India.
Anatherum muricatum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 150. pl. 22. f.10. 1812. Based on
Andropogon muricatus Retz.
Vetiveria muricata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 560. 1864. Based on Andro-
pogon muricatus Retz.
Vetiveria arundinacea Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.Ind. 560. 1864. Jamaica and
Trinidad, .

978 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Sorghum zizanioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 791. 1891. Based on Phalaris
zizaniordes L.

Andropogon zizantoides Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 79. 1903. Based on Phalaris
zizanioides L.

Holcus zizanioides Kuntze, Stuck., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 48. 1904.
Based on Phalaris zizanioides L.

Anatherum zizanioides Hitche. and Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 285.
1917. Based on Phalaris zizanioides L.

(96) WILLKOMMIA Hack.

(1) Willkommia texana Hitche., Bot. Gaz. 35: 283. f. 1. 1908. Ennis, Tex.
J. G. Smith in 1897.

(159) ZEA L.

(1) Zea mays L., Sp. Pl. 971. 1753. America.

Zea americana Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Zea no. 1. 1768. West Indies.

Zea vulgaris Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Zea no. 3. 1768. Northern parts of
America.

Mays a Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1: 6. pl. 1. f. 9. 1788. Based on Zea
mays L.

Zea segetalis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. 28. 1796. Based on Zea mays L.

Mays americana Baumg., Enum. Stirp. Transsilv. 3: 281. 1816. Based on
Zea mays L.

Zea mays var. precox Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 500. 1818. Northern

and Middle States.

Mayzea cerealis Raf., Med. Fl. 2: 241. 1830. Based on Zea mays L.

Zea hirta Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 29. pl. 4. 39. pl. 4. 1886. Cultivated, seed

from California.

Zea mays pensylvanica Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 33. pl. 7. f. 4. 1836. Culti-

vated.

Zea mays virginica Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 37. pl. 10. f. 15. 1836. Culti-

vated.
Zea erythrolepis Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 30. pl. 5; 38. pl. 11. f. 17. 1836.
Cultivated along Missouri River.

Zea mais hirta Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 309. 1866. Based on Zea hirta Bonaf.

Zea saccharata Sturtev., N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. 1884°: 156. 1885.
Group name for sweet corn.

Zea canina 8. Wats., Amer. Acad. Sci. Proc. 26: 160. 1891. Mexico. Hybrid

with Euchlaena mexicana Schrad., fide G. N. Collins.

Zea mays saccharata Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 4: 2006. 1902. Based on Z. sac-

charata Sturtev.
ZEA aee var. EVERTA Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 4: 2005. 1902. Based on Z. everta
turtev.

Zea everta Sturtev., N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. 1884: 188. 1885.

Group name for popcorn.
ZEA MAYS var. JAPONICA (Van Houtte) Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 409.
1870. Presumably based on Z. japonica Van Houtte.

Zea japonica Van Houtte, Fl. Serr. Jard. 16: 121. 1865. Japan.

ZEA MAYS var. TUNICATA St. Hil., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 16: 144. 1829. Uruguay.

Zea cryptosperma Bonaf., Hist. Nat. Mais 30, 40. pl. 5 bis. 1836. Based on

Z. mais var. tunicata St. Hil.

Zea tunicata Sturtev., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 335. 1894. Based on Z.

mays var. tunicata St. Hil.

Of the many names published for forms of Zea mays only those based on ma-
terial from the United States are given above, and of these only such as apply
to the better-known races. See Sturtevant, N.Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept.
and Bailey, Cycl. Hort. for additional names.

(113) ZIZANIA L.

(1) Zizania aquatica L., Sp. Pl. 991. 1753. Virginia. [Jamaica, also cited, is
erroneous. | ’
Zizania clavulosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 75. 1803. North America,
Michaucz.
Hydropyrum esculentum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 252. 1827. North America.
Stipa angulata L.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 642. 1841, as synonym of
Hydropyrum esculentum Link. . =

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 979

Zizania effusa Munro, Jour. Proc. Linn. Soc. 6: 52. 1862, as synonym of Z.
aquatica L.
Ceratochaete aquatica Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 214. 1915. Based on
Zizania aquatica L.
Zizania aquatica var. interior Fassett, Rhodora 26: 158. 1924. Armstrong,
Iowa, Pammel and Cratty 764.
Zizania interior Rydb., Brittonia 1: 82. 1931. Based on Z. aquatica var.
interior Fassett.
ZIZANIA AQUATICA Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA Hitche., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906. Bel-
grade, Maine, Scribner in 1895.
Zizania palustris L., Mant. Pl. 295. 1771. North America.
Melinum palustre Link, Handb. Gewachs. 1: 96. 1829. Based on Zizania
palustris L.
(2) Zizania texana Hitchce., Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 454. 1933. San Marcos,
Tex., Silveus.

(114) ZIZANIOPSIS Doell and Aschers.

(1) Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Doell and Aschers.; Doell, in Mart., Fl. Bras.
2?: 13. 1871. Presumably based on Zizania miliacea Michx.
Zizania miliacea Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 74. 1803. North America,
Michaux.

(87) ZOYSIA Willd.

Zoysia japonica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 414. 1854. Japan.
Zoysia pungens var. japonica Hack., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 642. 1899. Based
on Z. japonica Steud.
Osterdamia japonica Hitche., U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 166. 1920. Based
-on Zoysta japonica Steud. _
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., Philippine Jour. Sci. Bot. 7: 280. 1912. Based on
Agrostis matrella L.
Agrostis matrella L., Mant. Pl. 2: 185. 1771. Malabar, India.
Zoysia pungens Willd., Gesell. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Neue Schrift. 3: 441.
1801. Malabar, India.
Osterdamia matrella Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 781. 1891. Based on Agrostis
matrella L.
Osterdamia zoysia Honda, Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 36: 1138. 1922. Based on
Zoysia pungens Willd.
Zoysia tenuifolia Willd.; Trin, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 2!: 96. 1836.
Mascarene Islands.
Osterdamia tenuifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 781. 1891. Based_on Zoysia
tenutfolia Willd.
Zoysia pungens var. tenuifolia Dur. and Schinz, Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 734. 1894.
Based on Z. tenutfolia Willd.
Osterdamia zoysia var. tenuifolia Honda, Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 36: 113. 1922.
Based on Zoysia tenusfolia Willd.

UNIDENTIFIED NAMES

The following names of grasses, based on specimens collected in the United
States, cannot be identified from the descriptions, and the types have not been
located. Several of these names are not effectively published.

Agrostis affinis Schult., Mant. 2: 195. 1824. Based on Agrostis no. 17 in
Muhlenberg’s Descriptio Graminum p. 75. Sporobolus muhlenbergit Kunth,
Rév. Gram. 1: 68. 1829, and Vilfa muhlenbergiz Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 162.
1854, are also based on this. (See Hitchcock, Bartonia 14: 38. 1932.)

Agrostis altissima var. laxa Tuckerm., Amer. Jour. Sci. 45: 44. 1848. White
Mountains, N.H., Trichodium altissimum var. larum Wood, Class-book ed. 2. 600.
1847, presumably based on this.

Agrostis michauxii Zuccagni, in Roemer, Coll. Bot. 123. 1809. Seed received
from Thouin, collected in Kentucky by Michaux. Not A. michaugxit Trin., 1824?

Agrostis pauciflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 63. 1814. Not A. pauciflora
Schrad., 1806. ‘‘On high mountains in Virginia and Carolina.’’ In the Kew
Herbarium is a specimen of Muhlenbergia schrebert marked ‘‘N. Amer. Mr. Fred.
Pursh, Herb. propr.’’ but with no name on the label. The description does not
agree with this specimen, though it suggests some species of Muhlenbergia.
A. oligantha Roem. and Schult., ts Veg. 2: 372. 1817, Polypogon pauciflorus
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 248. 1825,and Muhlenbergia tenuiflora pauciflora Scribn.,
Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 37. 1894, are based on this.

980 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Agrostis viridis Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. 356. 1811. Not A. viridis Gouan,
1762. [United States.]

Aira capillacea Lam., Tabl. Encycl.1: 177. 1791. Carolina, Fraser.

Aira compressa Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. 356.1811. [United States.] Name
only.

Aira serotina Torr.; Trin., in Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 45. 1840. North
America. Name only.

Andropogon sesstliflorus Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 221. 1830. [United
States.] Name only, under section Dimeiostemon. In Index Kewensis (1: 760.
1893) the name is listed as Dimetostemon sessiliflorus Raf.

Anthipsimus gonopodus Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 105. 1819. Dry hills
of the Ohio.

Apluda scirpoides Walt., Fl. Carol. 250. 1788. South Carolina. Not a grass,
apparently a sedge.

Arundo confinis Willd., Enum. Pl. 127. 1809. North America. Calamagrostis
confinis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 15, 152. 1812, Deyeuxia confinis Kunth, Rév.
Gram. 1: 76. 1829, and C. neglecta var. confinis Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 353.
1896, are based on this.

Arundo glauca Hornem., Hort. Hafn. 1: 74. 18138. Not A. glauca Bieb., 1808.
North America.

Arundo pallens Muhl.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 144. 1840. Pennsyl-
vania. Name only, in Schrader Herbarium.

Briza virens Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. Not B. virens L., 1762. See
Hitchcock, Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 49. 1905. Poa virens Jacq., Eclog.
Gram. 54. pl. 36. 1820, is based on this. The figure represents a species of
Poa.

Calamagrostis pumila Nutt.; Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 334.
1863. Not C. pumila Hook., 1851. Name only for a plant collected in the
Rocky Mountains by Nuttall.

Calotheca macrostachya Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 268, 351. 1830. In Addenda et
Corrigenda (p. 351) the original ‘“‘in montanis Peruviae. . . ” is changed to
‘ad Monte-Rey Californiae.’’ This locality, as in the case of several other species
described by Presl, is erroneous. (See Hitchcock, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24:
335. 1927.)

Cenchrus carolinianus Walt., Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. South Carolina. (See
Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 76. 1920.)

Cenchrus gracilis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 57, 157. 1812. Name only for a speci-
men sent by Bosc, presumably from the Carolinas.

Chloris longibarba Michx.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 79,158. 1812. Name only.

Deyeuxia airoides Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 44, 152, 160. 1812. ‘‘Arundo airoides
Mich. ined.” is referred to Deyeuxita. Arundo airoides Lam. was described from
a plant collected in North America by Michaux and is probably the species
Beauvois had in mind. lLamarck’s description suggests Trisetum melicoides
(Michx.) Scribner, which was collected by Michaux and described by him as
Aira melicordes.

Deyeuxia halleriana Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U.S. 50. 1885. Name only
for a specimen from Washington Territory.

Eragrostis alba Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 279. 1830. ‘‘Monte-Rey, California’,
Haenke. Locality erroneous, the plant probably collected in Peru.

Eragrostis lugens var. major Vasey; L. H. Dewey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb.
2: 542. 1894. ‘‘Texas to Arizona and eastward to Florida.”’

Festuca glabra Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 353. 1825. Not F. glabra Lightf., 1777.
Long Island, N.Y. The description suggests Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.

Festuca grandiflora Lam., Tabl. Eneyel. 1: 191. 1791. Carolina, Fraser.

‘ Flezularza compressa Raf., Jour. Phys. Chym. 89: 105. 1819. Kentucky and
hio.

Koeleria airoides Nutt.; Steud., Nom. Bot. 456. 1821. Name only. Referred
doubtfully in Index Kewensis to Arundo airoides Lam.

Leptopyrum tenellum Raf., Med. Repos. N.Y. 5: 351. 1808. [United States.]
Name only.

Lolium canadense Michx.; Brouss., Elench. Pl. Hort. Monsp. 35. 1805,
name only; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 893. 1817. Grown in Montpellier.
The description rather suggests a tall plant of L. perenne L. Lolium temulentum
var. canadense Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 406. 1870, based on this.

Melica altissima Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. Not M. altissima L., 17538.
(See Hitchcock, Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 16: 47. 1905.) -

Muhlenbergia anemagrostoides Trin.; Steud:, Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 164. 1841.
America. Name only. ---- -- ---+- =? 5? SN SE I ane ee

7

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 981

Paneion buckleyanum var. maius Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 222. 1915.
Change of name for ‘‘ Poa tenuifolia var. maior (Vasey)”’, but. that name was
never published, and no specimen so named by Vasey can be found.

Panicum americanum L., Sp. Pl. 56. 1758. America. This name and
Pennisetum americanum Schum., based on it, have been used for P. glaucum (L.)
R. Br. The original description is unidentifiable, probably based on a con-
fusion of two or more species. (See Chase, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 218.
1921; Amer. Jour. Bot. 8: 48. 1921.)

Panicum anomalum Walt., Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. South Carolina. A species
of Setaria. (See Hitcheock, Mo. Bot. Gard. Rept. 16: 35. 1905.)

Panicum barbatum LeConte; Torr., in Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2. 342. 1818.
Not P. barbatum Lam., 1791. New York. The description rather suggests
P. barbulatum Michx.

Panicum cartilagineum Muhl., Deser. Gram. 128. 1817. Georgia. (See Hitch-
cock, Bartonia 14: 41. 1932.)

Panicum debile Torr.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 255. 1841. Not P. debile
Desf., 1798. As synonym of P. pubescens.

Panicum densum Muhl., Deser. Gram. 122. 1817. No locality given. The
description suggests one of the Lanuginosa group.

Panicum dichotomum var. curvatum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 145. 1824.
No locality given.

Panicum dichotomum var. gracile Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 145. 1824.
‘‘Common in swamps, New York.”

Panicum dichotomum var. pubescens Munro, in Benth., Pl. Hartw. 341. 1857.
Sacramento, Calif., Hartweg. Name only.

Panicum dichotomum var. spathaceum Wood, Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 393. 1870.
No locality mentioned.

Panicum discolor Spreng., Mant. Fl. Hal. 31. 1807. Pennsylvania. A
species of the subgenus Dichanthelium.

Panicum elliottia Spreng.; Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 256. 1841. Not P.
elliotita Trin., 1829. As synonym of P. pubescens.

Panicum fimbriatum Willd.; Spreng., Syst. Veg. 1: 316. 1825, as synonym of
P. viscidum Ell. [P. scoparium Lam.] South Carolina. A specimen in the
Willdenow Herbarium so named is P. albomaculatum Scribn., from Mexico, col-
lected by Humboldt.

Panicum flexcuosum Raf., Jour. Bot. Desv. 4: 273. 1814. Not P. fleruosum
Retz., 1791. New Jersey. P. rafinesquianum Schult., Mant. 2: 257. 1824,is
based on this.

Panicum gracilescens Desv.; Poir., in Lam., Encycl. Sup. 4: 279. 1816. Caro-
lina. Desvaux gives a later description (Opusc. 95. 1831), which disagrees in
some respects with that of Poiret.

Panicum iowense Ashe, N.C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 175: 115. 1900. Iowa to
Kansas. The description suggests P. huachucae or P. praecocius. (See Contrib.
US: Natl Herb: 15: 330. 1910.)

Panicum muhlenbergianum Schult., Mant. 2: 230. 1824. Based on Panicum
no. 27 of Muhlenberg’s Descriptio Graminum, the description of which is copied.
Muhlenberg gives ‘‘ Habitat in Georgia.”

Panicum mtidum var. glabrum Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824.
No locality cited. The description suggests P. commutatum Schult.

Panicum nitidum var. gracile Torr., Fl. North. and Mid. U.S. 146. 1824.
Near New York. The description applies fairly well to the vernal phase of P.
dichotomum L.

Panicum nitidum var. majus Vasey, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 30. 1892.
No locality cited. Vasey says, ‘‘Here could be placed several variable forms.”

Panicum pensylvanicum Spreng., Nachtr. Bot. Gart. Halle 30. 1801. Penn-
sylvania.

Panicum pumilum Raf., Med. Repos. N.Y. 5: 353. 1808. Name only.

Panicum speciosum Walt., Fl. Carol. 73. 1788. South Carolina. The
description faintly suggests Sporobolus gracilis (Trin.) Merr.

Panicum uniflorum Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. 2: 120. 1817. Flatbush, N.Y.
Some species of subgenus Dichanthelium.

Panicum vilfiforme Wood, Class-book ed. 3. 785. 1861. East Tennessee.
Appears to be a species of the group Agrostoidia.

Paspalum compressum Raf., Fl. Ludov. 15. 1817. Louisiana prairies, Robin.

Paspalum dasyphyllum var. floridanum Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 390.
1870. [Florida.]

Paspalum geniculatum Raf,, Fl. Ludoy, 15, 1817, Louisiana, Robin,

982 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Paspalum supinum Rich.; Hornem., Hort. Hafn. 1: 77. 1813. Not P.
supinum Bosc, 1804. Baltimore, introduced in the Royal Botanic Garden in
Copenhagen in 1807. Probably P. pubescens Muhl.

Paspalum virgatum var. latifoliwm Wood, Amer. Bot. and Flor. pt. 2: 309.
1870. Eastern States. Wood’s P. wirgatum appears to be Paspalum boscia-
num Fligge; the variety may be a luxuriant form of this species.

Pennisetum glaucum var. purpurascens Eaton and Wright, N.Amer. Bot. ed.
8. 346. 1840. Virginia and northward.

Poa alata Desv., Opuse. 102. 18381. ‘‘Carolina?”’
‘ Poa nemoralis [L., misapplied by] Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 79. 1814. North

merica.

Poa tenuifolia Raf., Med. Repos. N.Y. 5: 358. 1808. [United States.] Name
only.

Saccharifera spontanea Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 1382. 1812. South Carolina.
Probably a species of EHrianthus.

Sesleria americana Nees; Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 296. 1854. Staten Island,
NEY:

Setaria caudata var. pauciflora Jones, Contrib. West. Bot. 16: 18. 1930. No
description, ‘‘(Vassey) as Chaetochloa’’ cited. There is nothing of Vasey’s that
can be associated with this (Chaetochloa was published 5 years after Vasey’s
death). Arizona, Jones 24697, 24698 cited. Mr. Jones states in a letter of Sep-
tember 28, 1932, that he could not recollect the basis for the name, and that he
could not find the specimens cited.

Stipa spicata Walt., Fl. Carol. 78. 1788. Not S. spicata L. f., 1781. South
Carolina. Apparently a species of Andropogon.

Triodia repens Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 49. 1888. Name only fora
specimen collected by ‘‘ Nealley, Western Texas.”

Triticum aegilopoides Thurb.; A. Gray, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1863: 79.
1863. Name only. Rocky Mts., Hall and Harbour 656.

Vilfa varians Buckl., Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1862: 89. 18638. Rocky
Mountains, Nuttall. Apparently a species of Sporobolus.

PERSONS FOR WHOM GRASSES HAVE BEEN NAMED

This list includes names of persons for whom valid genera, species, or varieties
of grasses in the Manual have been named.

Addison. See Brown.

Anderson, C. L. ( —1910). Botanist of Santa Cruz, Calif. Stipa lepida var.
andersont.

Arséne, Bro. Gerfroy (1867- ). Professor in the Sacred Heart Training
College, Las Vegas, N.Mex.; collected extensively in Mexico. Muhlenbergia
arsenet.

Ashe, W. W. (1872-1932). Botanist and forester, United States Forest Service.
Panicum ashet.

Baker, C. F. (1872-1927). Botanist and entomologist, collected in the United
States, Cuba, and Philippine Islands. Agropyron bakeri; Agrostis bakert.

Baker, C. H. (1848- ). Botanist of Florida. Spartina bakert.

Barrelieri, Jacques (1606-73). French botanist. Hragrostis barreliert.

Beckmann, Johann (1739-1811). German botanist. Beckmannia.

Bélanger, Charles. French botanist, who collected extensively in the Old
World. Steudel used belangeri as specific name for Anthephora belangeri (Hilaria
belangert), apparently through inadvertence, to commemorate Berlandter, collector
of the type specimen.

Berg, F. G. C. (1848-1902). Director, Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires.
Panicum bergit.

Bertero, C. G. (1789-1831). Italian botanist. Tragus berteronianus.

Beyrich, H. K. (1796-1834). Prussian botanist, who collected from Georgia to
Texas. Eragrostis beyrichit.

Bicknell, E. P. (1859-1925). Botanist of New York City. Panicum bicknellu.

Bigelow, J. M. (1804-78). Botanist, who collected in the Southwestern States.
Blepharidachne bigelovit; Poa bigelovit.

Blasdale, W. C. (1871- ). Chemist of California, who collected grasses in
that State. Agrostis blasdalet.

Blodgett, J. L. (1809-53). Physician of Key West, who collected in southern
Florida. Paspalum blodgettit.

Bloomer, H. G. (1821-74). Botanist of California. Oryzopsis bloomer.

Bolander, H. N. (1831-97). Botanist of California. Calamagrostis bolanderi;
Poa bolanderi; Scribneria bolandert.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 983

Bose, L. A. G. (1759-1828). French botanist, who collected in North Carolina
and South Carolina from 1798 to 1800. Panicum boscii; Paspalum boscianum.

Boutelou, Claudio (1774-1842). The brothers, Claudio and Estéban, Spanish
gardeners, are commemorated by the genus Bouteloua.

Brewer, W. H. (1828-1910). Botanist of California. Calamagrostis brewert.

Brown, Addison (1830-1913). Botanist of New York; joint author of Britton
and Brown’s Illustrated Flora. Panicum addtsonit.

Buckley, S. B. (1809-84). Collected plants from Georgia to Texas; described
grasses from Texas and Oregon. Sporobolus buckley1; Triodia buckleyana.

Cabanis, Jean (1816-1906). German ornithologist, who collected plants in
Florida. Andropogon cabanisit.

Cain, 8. A. (1902- ). Botanist of Indiana. Calamagrostis cainit.

Canby, W. M. (1831-1904). Botanist of Delaware. Poa canbyt.

Chapman, A. W. (1809-99). Botanist of Apalachicola, Fla.; author of Flora of
the Southern United States. Gymnopogon chapmanianus; Panicum chapmani;
Poa chapmaniana.

Clute, W. N. (1869— ). Professor of botany, Butler University, Indian-
apolis, Ind. Panicum clutet.

Combs, Robert (1872-99). Botanist, who collected in Florida and Cuba.
Panicum combsit.

Commons, Albert (1829-1919). Botanist of Delaware. Panicum common-
stanum.

Cotta, Heinrich (1763-1844). German botanist. Cottea.

Curtiss, A. H. (1845-1907). Botanist of Jacksonville, Fla. Aristida curtissiz;
Calamovilfa curtissit; Sporobolus curtissit.

Cusick, W. C. (1842-1922). Botanist of Oregon. Poa cusickit.

Danthoine, Etienne. French botanist. Danthonia.

Deam, C. C. (1865- ). Botanist of Indiana. Panicum deamit.

Deschamps of St. Omer. Naturalist, who accompanied de la Billardiere on the
expedition in search of la Pérouse in 1791.2 Deschampsic.

Desmaziéres, J. H. (1796-1862). French botanist, who wrote a work on the
grasses of northern France. Desmazeria sicula.

Deyeux, Nicolas (1753-1837). French botanist. Deyeuzia.

Douglas, David (1798-1834). British botanist, who collected in California and
northwest North America. Poa douglasit.

Drummond, Thomas (1780-1835). Scotch nurseryman and botanist, curator
of the Belfast Botanic Garden, who traveled with the Second Franklin Expedition,
and collected in northwestern America and in Texas. Sorghum vulgare var.
drummondii; Triodia drummondit.

Dumont-d’Urville, Jules S. C. (1790-1842). French explorer, who commanded
the expedition of the Astrolabe and Zélée around the world. Panicum urvilleanum;
Paspalum urvillet.

Eastwood, Alice (1859- ). Botanist of California. Festuca eastwoodae.

Elliott, Stephen (1771-1830). Botanist of Charleston, S.C., author of A Sketch
of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. Agrostis elliottiana; Andropogon
elliottii; Eragrostis elliottiz; Sorghastrum elliottiz.

Elmer, A. D. E. (1870- ). Botanist, who collected in the State of Washing-
ae and later in the Philippine Islands. Agropyron elmeri; Festuca elmeri; Stipa
elmert.

Emersley, J. D. Botanist, who collected in the Southwestern States.
Muhlenbergia emersleyi.

Fendler, August (1813-1883). Botanist, who collected in New Mexico, also
in Panama’and Venezuela. Aristida fendleriana; Poa fendleriana.

j ae Joseph ( -1835). Botanist, who collected in Ohio. Lragrostis
rankit.

Gattinger, Augustin (1825-1903). Botanist of Tennessee. Panicum gattingeri.

Gay, Jacques (1786-1864). French botanist, who traveled in Africa. Chloris
gayana.

Geyer, C. A. (1809-53). Botanist, who collected in Illinois and Oregon.
Melica geyeri.

Ghiesbreght, August (1810-93). Botanist, who collected in Mexico. Panicum
ghiesbreghtit.

Gouin. French physician, who lived at Vera Cruz, Mexico. Panicum gouini.

Gray, Asa (1818-88). Professor of botany, Harvard University. Festuca
grayt.

33 Laségue, Mus. Bot. Deless. 75. 1845.

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984 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Greene, E. L. (18438-1915). Professor of botany at the University of California,
and later at Catholic University of America. Orcuttia greene.

Griffiths, David (1867— ). Botanist, United States Department of Agri-
culture. Agropyron griffithst.

Grisebach, A. H. R. (1814-79). German botanist, author of Flora of the
British West Indian Islands and other works. Setaria grisebachit.

Gussone, Giovanni (1782-1866). Italian botanist. Bromus rigidus var.
gussoni; Hordeum gussoneanum.

Hackel, Eduard (1850-1926). Eminent Austrian agrostologist. Hackelochloa.

Hall, Elihu (1822-82). Botanist, who collected in Texas, Oregon, and the
Rocky Mountains. Agrostis hallit; Andropogon hallii; Panicum hallit.

Hall, H. M. (1874-1932). Professor of botany, University of California.
Bromus orcuttianus var. hallii.

Hansen, George (1863-1908). Botanist, who collected in California. Sitanion
hansent.

Harford, W. G. W. (1831-1911). Conchologist, colleague of Bolander.
Collected in California and Oregon. Melica harfordii.

Hartweg, Theodor (1812-71). German botanist, sent by the Horticultural
Society of London to Mexico to collect plants. Paspalum hartwegianum.

Havard, Valery (1846-1927). Army surgeon, who collected in Texas. Panicum
havardit.

Heller, A. A. (1867— ). Botanist, who collected in the Western States,
Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. Panicum helleri.

Henderson, L. F. (1853- ). Curator, Oregon University Herbarium,
Eugene. Collected plants in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Agrostis hender-
sonii; Oryzopsis hendersont.

Hilaire, Auguste St. (1779-1853). French botanist (Saint-Hilaire). Hilaria.

Hillman, F. H. (1863- ). Botanist, United States Department of Agricul-
ture. Panicum hillmant.

Hitchcock, A. 8S. (1865- ). Agrostologist, United States Department of
Agriculture. Trichachne hitchcockit.

Hooker, W. J. (1785-1865). Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
Avena hookerz; I mperata hookerv; Sporobolus asper var. hookerv.

Howell, Thomas (1842-1912). Botanist, who collected in Oregon; author of
Flora of Northwest America. Agrostis howellii; Alopecurus howellii; Calamagrostis
howelli1; Festuca howellii; Poa howellit.

Imperato, Ferrante (1550-1625). Italian botanist. IJmperata.

James, Edwin (1797-1861). Botanist of Major Long’s Expedition to the
Rocky Mountains (1819-20). Hilaria jamesiz.

Jepson, W. L. (1867— ). Professor of botany, University of California.
Elymus glaucus var. jepsont.

Jones, M. E. (1852-1934). Curator of herbarium, Pomona College, Claremont,
Calif.; collected in the Western States. M uhlenbergia jonesit.

Joor, J. F. (1848-92). Professor of botany, Tulane University, New Orleans,
La. Panicum joort.

Kalm, Peter (1715-79). Swedish botanist, who traveled in Canada and the
northeastern United States. Bromus kalmit.

Kellogg, Albert (1813-87). Botanist of California. Poa kelloggii.

King, Clarence (1842-1901). Geologist in charge of exploration of the fortieth
parallel. Blepharidachne kingii; Festuca kingii; Oryzopsis kingit.

Koeler, G. L. (1765-1807). German botanist. Koeleria.

Lamarck, J. B. (1744-1829). Eminent French botanist.” Lamarckia.

Lange, J. M. C. (1818-98). Danish botanist. Paspalum langei.

Langlois, A. B. (1832-1900). Botanist of Louisiana. Triodia langloisit.

Leers, J. D. (1727-74). German botanist. Leersia.

Leiberg, J. B. (1853-1913). Botanist, who collected in the Northwestern
States. Panicum leibergi1; Poa leibergit.

Lemmon, J. G. (1832-1908). Botanist of California. Eriochloa lemmoni;
Phalaris lemmont; Puccinellia lemmoni; Stipa lemmont.

Leprieur, F. R. ( —1869). F rench botanist, who traveled in Senegal.
Chloris prieurt.

Letterman, G. W. (1841-1913). Botanist of Missouri, who collected in the
Rocky Mountains. Poa lettermani; Stipa letterman.

Liebmann, F. M. (1818-56). Danish botanist, who collected in Mexico.
Setaria liebmanni.

Lindheimer, Ferdinand (1801-79). Botanist of New Braunfels, who collected
in Texas. Muhlenbergia lindheimeri; Panicum lindheimert.

Macoun, James (1862-1920). Canadian botanist, son of John Macoun.

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 985

Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouniana.

Macoun, John (1831-1920). Canadian botanist. Elymus macounii.

Metcalfe, O. B. (1878- ). Botanist, who collected in New Mexico. Muh-
lenbergia metcalfet.

Michaux, André (1746-1802). French botanist, who collected in eastern United
States. Author of Flora Boreali-Americana. Eriochloa michauzii.

Mohr, Charles (1824-1901). Botanist of Mobile, Ala. Andropogon mohrii;
Aristida mohrit.

Molina, J. I. (1740-1829). Chilean missionary and botanist. Molinia.

Montufar, Carlos. Owner of an hacienda in Ecuador, visited by Humboldt.
Trachypogon montufart.

Morton, J. S. (1832-1902). Secretary of Agriculture (1893-97). Avena
mortoniana.

Muhlenberg, G. H. E. (1753-1815). Botanist of Pennsylvania, author of
Descriptio Uberior Graminum. Muhlenbergia; Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum.

Munro William (1818-80). British botanist, who wrote on grasses. Munroa.

Nealley, G. C. Botanist, who collected in Texas. Leptochloa nealleyi; Sporo-
bolus nealleyt.

Nees, C. G. D. von Esenbeck. (1776-1858). Eminent German botanist.
Sitpa neesiana. .

Nelson, Aven (1859-1934). Professor of botany, University of Wyoming,
Laramie. Stipa columbiana var. nelsont.

Nelson, E. W. (1855-1934). Zoologist, United States Department of Agricul-
ture, who collected plants in Mexico. Ertocholoa nelsont.

Nuttall, Thomas (1786-1859). Eminent botanist of Philadelphia (born in
England) who collected widely in the United States and published The Genera
of North American Plants. Puccinellia nuttalliana.

Orcutt, C. R. (1864-1929). Botanist of San Diego, Calif. Orcuttia; Aristida
orcuttiana; Bromus orcuttianus; Eragrostis orcuttiana.

Otis, Ira C. (1861- ). Botanist of the State of Washington. Glyceria
otisi. .

Palmer, Edward (1831-1911). Botanical explorer, who collected in the South-
western States andin Mexico. Agropyron smithiw var. palmeri; Eragrostis palmert.

Parish, S. B. (1838-1928). Botanist of San Bernardino, Calif. Agropyron
parishi; Aristida parishii; Puccinellia parishit.

Parry, C. C. (1823-90). Botanist, who collected in the Western States and
in Mexico. Bouteloua parryi; Danthonia parryt.

Patterson, H. N. (1853-1919). Botanist of Illinois, who collected in Colorado.
Poa pattersont.

Phipps, C. J. (1744-92). British explorer, who led an expedition to the polar
regions. Phippsia.

Pickering, Charles (1805-78). Botanist, who accompanied the Wilkes Exploring
Expedition. Calamagrostis pickeringit.

Poiret, L. M. (1755-1834). French botanist. Sporobolus potretii; Setaria
poiretiana.

Porter, T. C. (1822-1901). Professor of botany, Lafayette College, Penn-
sylvania; collected in Colorado. Calamagrostis porteri; Melica portert; Muhlen-
bergia portert; Stipa portert.

Prieur. See Leprieur.

Pringle, C. G. (1838-1911). Botanical explorer, who collected in the South-
western States and in Mexico. Agropyron pringlet; Agrostis hallit var. pringlet;
Poa pringlet; Stipa pringler.

Puccinelli, Benedetto (1808-50). Italian botanist, professor in Lyceum at
Lucea. Puccinellia.

Pumpelly, Raphael (1837-1923). Geologist, United States Geological Survey.
Bromus pumpellianus.

Pursh, Frederick (1774-1820). German botanist, who collected in the eastern
part of the United States, author of Flora Americae Septentrionalis. Ampht-
carpum purshit. M

Ravenel, H. W. (1814-87). Botanist of South Carolina. Panicum ravenelit.

Redfield, J. H. (1815-95). Botanist of Philadelphia. Redfieldia.

Reimarus, J. A. H. (1729-1814). German botanist. Reimarochloa. ‘

Reverchon, Julien (1834-1905). Botanist of Dallas, Tex. Muhlenbergza rever-
chon; Panicum reverchont. ‘

Reynaud, J. J. (1773-1842). Surgeon on the Chevrette, a French exploring vessel,
who collected plants in the Orient. Neyraudia, an anagram of Reynaudia, a
genus of West Indian grasses; Neyraudia reynaudiana.

986 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Richardson, Sir John (1787-1865). British botanist, who traveled in Canada.
Stipa richardson.

Roemer, K. F. (1818-91). German botanist, who collected in Texas, 1844-47.
Aristida roemeriana.

Ross, Edith. Collected in Yellowstone Park. Agrostis rossae.

Rothrock, J. T. (1839-1922). Professor of botany, University of Pennsylvania.
Bouteloua rothrockit.

Rottboell, C. F. (1727-97). Danish botanist. Rottboellia.

Roxburgh, William (1759-1815). Scotch botanist, director of the botanical
garden at Calcutta. Sorghum vulgare var. roxburghit.

Riippel, Edward (1794-1884). German botanist. Pennisetum ruppelii.

Runyon, Robert (1881— ). Photographer and amateur botanist, Browns-
ville, Tex. Digitaria runyont.

Saunders, William (1836-1914). Horticulturist, United States Department of
Agriculture. Agropyron saundersit.

Scheele, Adolf (1808-64). German botanist, who described plants from Texas.
Setaria scheelet.

Schreber, J. C. D. (1739-1810). German botanist, who wrote on grasses.
Muhlenbergia schrebert.

Scribner, F. Lamson (1851- ). Agrostologist, United States Department
of Agriculture. Scribneria; Agropyron scribneri; Calamagrostis scribneri; Pani-
cum scribnerianum; Stipa scribnerr.

Sello (Sellow), Friedrich (1789-1831). _ German botanist, who traveled in
Brazil. Cortaderia selloana.

Short, C. W. (1794-1863.) Botanist of Kentucky. Festuca shortit.

Silveus, W. A. (1875- ). Botanist of San Antonio, Tex. Eragrostis silveana.

Simpson, J. H. (1841-1918). Botanist who collected in Florida. Digitaria
simpsont; Eriochloa michauxw var. simpson.

eae C. E. (1820-1900). Botanist, who collected in Michigan. Melica
smithit.

Smith, J. G. (1866— ). Botanist, United States Department of Agriculture,
later of Hawaii. Agropyron smithit.

Stillman, J. D. B. (1819-88). Pioneer botanist of California. Stipa stillmanit.

Suksdorf, W. M. (1850-1932). Botanist of Bingen, Wash. Bromus suksdorfit.

Swallen, J. R. (1903- ). Agrostologist, United States Department of
Agriculture. Hragrostis swallent.

Tharp, B. C. (1885- ). Professor of botany, University of Texas. Sporo-
bolus tharpit.

Thurber, George (1821-90). Botanist of New York, who collected along the
Mexican boundary and wrote on the grasses of California. Agrostis thurberiana;
Festuca thurberi; Muhlenbergia thurber1; Stipa thurberiana.

Thurow, F. W. (1852- ). Botanist of Waller County, Tex. Panicum
thurowwt.

Torrey, John (1796-1873). Physician of New York City and eminent botanist.
Melica torreyana; Muhlenbergia torreyana; Muhlenbergia torreyt.

Tracy, J. Pp (s79— ). Botanist of Eureka, Calif. Festuca tracyt.

Tracy, S. M. (1847-1920). Botanist of Biloxi, Miss., who collected in the
Southern and Western States. Andropogon tracy1; Eragrostis tracyi; Poa tracyt.

Trinius, K. B. von (1778-1844). Agrostologist of St. Petersburg, Russia, who
described many American grasses. Bromus trinit.

Tuckerman, Edward (1817-86). Botanist of New England. Panicum tucker-
mant.

Tweedy, Frank (1854— ). Topographic engineer, United States Geological
Survey, collected in the Western States. Bromus pumpellianus var. tweedyi;
Calamagrostis tweedy.

Urville. See Dumont-d’ Urville.

Vasey, George (1822-93). Botanist, United States Department of Agriculture,
eminent agrostologist. Vaseyochloa; Poa vaseyochloa.

Walter, Thomas (1740-88). Botanist of Charleston, 8.C., author of Flora
Caroliniana. Echinochloa waltert.

Webber, Dr. (1740-88). Physician of Sierra Valley, Calif. Oryzopsis webbert.

Webber, H. J. (1865- ). Botanist, United States Department of Agricul-
ture, now of California, who collected in Nebraska and Florida. Panicum web-
bertanum.

Werner, W. C. (1852- ). Botanist of Painesville, Ohio. Panicum wernert.

Wilcox, T. E. (1840-1932). Army surgeon, who collected in the Western
States. Panicum wilcoxianum.

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MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 987

Williams, T. A. (1865-1900). Agrostologist, United States Department of
Agriculture. Sittpa williamsit.

Willkomm, H. M. (1821-95). German botanist. Willkommia.

Wolf, John (1821-97). Botanist of Canton, Ill., who collected in Illinois and
Colorado. Poa wolfii; Trisetum wolfit.

Wright, Charles (1811-85). Botanist, who collected in Texas and New
Mexico, and in Cuba. Andropogon wrightii; Aristida wrightit; Muhlenbergia
wrighti1; Panicum wrighttianum; Pappophorum wrightii; Sporobolus wrightit.

Zois, Karl von (1756-1800), German botanist. Zoysia.

GLOSSARY

Abortive. Imperfectly developed.

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to a sharp point. Compare acute.

Acute. Sharp-pointed, but less tapering than acuminate.

Aggregate. Collected together in tufts, groups, or bunches. Applied especially
to inflorescences. The racemes are aggregate in several species of Andropogon.

Annual. Within 1 year. Applied to grasses which do not live more than 1 year.
Winter annual. A plant which germinates in the fall, lives over winter, and
produces its seed the following spring, after which it dies.

Anthesis. ‘The period during which a flower is open. In grasses, when the
lemma and palea are expanded and the anthers and stigmas are mature.

Antrorse. Directed upwards or forwards. Applied especially to scabrous or
pubescent stems, sheaths, awns, and so on. Opposed to retrorse.

Apiculate. Having a minute pointed tip. Applied especially to fertile lemmas
in fruit, such as certain species of Eriochloa.

Appressed. Lying against an organ. The branches of an inflorescence may be
appressed to the main axis or the hairs on a stem may be appressed to the
surface.

Aristate. Awned; provided with a bristle at the end, rarely to the back or edge,
of an organ. In grasses applies especially to the awns at the end of the bracts
of the spikelet. Compare awn. Arvistulate. Bearing a short awn.

Articulate. Jointed. Joined by a line of demarcation between two parts which
at maturity separate by a clean-cut scar. Certain spikelets are articulate
with the pedicel; certain awns with the lemma. Articulation. The point of
union of two articulate organs.

Ascending. Sloping upward. Applied to stems which curve upward from the
base, to the branches of an inflorescence which slope upward at angle of about
40° to 70°, and to other parts such as blades and hairs. . Compare appressed
and spreading.

Attenuate. Gradually narrowed to a slender apex or base.

Auricle. An ear. Applied to earlike lobes at the base of blades and to the
small lobes at the summit of the sheath in Hordeae. Auriculate. Provided
with ears.

Awn. A slender bristle at the end (rarely on the back or edge), of an organ.
In grasses the awn is usually a continuation of the midnerve (sometimes also
of the lateral nerves) of the glumes or lemmas, rarely of the palea.

Azil. The angle between an organ and its axis. Applied especially to the angle
between a leaf and its stem and between a branch or pedicel and its axis.
Azillary. Growing in an axil.

Azis. The main stem of an inflorescence, especially of a panicle. Compare
rachis.

Barbed. Furnished with retrorse projections. Applied to the spines of Cenchrus.

Beak. A hard point or projection. Applied to seeds and fruits.

Bearded. Furnished with long stiff hairs, as the nodes of Andropogon barbinodis,
the callus of Stipa spartea, the throat of the sheath of Sporobolus cryptandrus,
and the main axils of the inflorescence of Eragrostis spectabilis.

Bifid. Two-cleft or two-lobed, applied to the summit of glumes, lemmas, and
paleas. The lemmas of Bromus are usually bifid at apex.

Blade. The part of a leaf above the sheath.

Bract. The reduced leaves of the inflorescence and upper part of a shoot.
Compare scale.

Branch. A lateral stem. Applied to the foliage stems or culms, and to the
lateral stems of an inflorescence. Branchlet. A branch of the second or
higher order.

In open much-branched panicles the main branches from the axis are branches
of the first order, the branchlets from these are branches of the second order
and so on. P4

988 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Bristle. <A stiff slender appendage likened to a hog’s bristle. An awn is a kind
of bristle. In grasses the term is applied to the modified branchlets at the
base of the spikelets in Setaria and allied genera, and to the prolongation of the
rachis in Panicum, sect. Paurochaetium, and a few other groups.

Bulb. A subterranean bud with fleshy scales like the onion. The so-called bulbs
of grasses are corms (which see). Bulbous. Swollen at base like a bulb or
corm. Said of the base of the stem of some species of Melica, Phleum, Phalaris,
and so on. JBulblets. Small bulbs or corms. Applied also to the proliferous
buds in the inflorescence of certain grasses, as Poa bulbosa, proliferous forms of
P. arctica, P. alpina, and others.

Callus. The indurate downward extension of the mature lemma in Stipa, Aris-
tida, and some other genera. Morphologically such a callus is a part of the
rachilla. In Heteropogon and other Andropogoneae the callus is an oblique part
of the rachis which extends downward from the spikelet. In Raphis the callus
isa part of the peduncle. The term callus is also applied to the thickened lower
joint and first glume of Eriochloa (callus, a thickened part). Callus hairs.
The hairs at the base of the floret of Calamagrostis and some other genera.

Canescent. Gray-pubescent or hairy.

Capillary. Very slender or hairlike.

Capitate. In a globular cluster or head.

Carinate. Keeled. Said of glumes, lemmas, and other parts when flattened
laterally, with a sharp keel.

Cartilaginous. Hard and tough but elastic, like cartilage.

Caryopsis. The grain or fruit of grasses. The seed coat is grown fast to the
pericarp as in the grain of wheat or corn. In a few grasses the seed is free
within the pericarp, as in Sporobolus and Eleusine.

Cespitose. ‘Tufted; several or many stems in a close tuft.

Chartaceous. Having the texture of writing paper.

Ciliate. Fringed with hairs on the margin (like an eyelash). Ciliolate. Mi-
nutely ciliate.

Circinate. Coiled from the top downward.

Clavate. Club-shaped; gradually thickened upward, and more or less circular
in cross section.

Cleistogamous. Applied to flowers or florets when fertilized without opening.
Cleistogene. A cleistogamous flower, such as found in Trzplasis and Danthonia.

Collar. The area on the outer side of a leaf at the junction of sheath and blade.

Column. The lower undivided part of the awns of certain species of Aristida; the
lower twisted segment of the awn in Andropogoneae.

Compact. Said of closely flowered inflorescences. Compare dense.

Compressed. Flattened laterally, as the compressed spikelets of Uniola latifolia
and the compressed sheaths of Andropogon virginicus. If the organ is also
sharply keeled, it is said to be compressed-keeled.

Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise with the upper surface within, as in
the blades of many grasses.

Continuous. Said of the rachis or other organ which does not disarticulate. The
opposite of articulate or disarticulating.

Contracted. Said of inflorescences that are narrow or dense, the branches short
or appressed. The opposite of open or spreading.

Convex. Rounded on the surface. Said especially of glumes and lemmas that
are rounded on the back instead of keeled.

Convolute. Rolled longitudinally. Said mostly of blades, one edge being inside
and the other outside.

Cordate. Heart-shaped. Said mostly of the base of blades. Cordate-clasping.
Heart-shaped at base with the lobes overlapping around the stem.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Corm. The hard swollen base of astem. In Melica the corm is a single enlarged
lower internode. In Panicum bulbosum several internodes are involved. Com-
pare bulb.

Crown. The persistent base of a tufted perennial herbaceous grass. Also the
hard ring or zone at the summit of some species of Sttpa. The ‘‘pappuslike
crown”’ of dissected teeth is mentioned under Pappophorum.

Culm. The jointed stem of grasses.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped with the narrow part below.

Cuspidate. Tipped with a sharp short rigid point. ;

Deciduous. Falling away, as the awn of Oryzopsis, the spikelets of some species
with articulate pedicels, and the blades of some bamboos. The opposite of
persistent.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 989

Decumbent. Curved upward from a horizontal or inclined base. Said of stems
or culms.

Decurrent. Extending down an organ below the insertion. Said especially of
ligules decurrent on the margins of the sheath.

Dehtscence. Spontaneous opening of an organ, as the opening of anthers to let
out the pollen.

Dense. Said of inflorescences in which the spikelets are crowded. The opposite
of open or loose. Compare compact.

Depauperate. Reduced or undeveloped. Said especially of impoverished or
dwarfed plants below the average size.

Diffuse. Open and much-branched. Said of panicles.

Digitate. Several members arising from the summit of a support. Said espe-
cially of racemes or spikes from the summit of a peduncle, as in Digitaria and
Cynodon.

Dioecious. Unisexual, the two kinds of flowers on separate plants, as in Buchloé.

Disarticulating. Separating at maturity. Compare articulate.

Distichous. Conspicuously two-ranked, as the leaves of Distichlis and Zea.

Divaricate. Widely and stiffly divergent as the branches of certain open panicles
(e.g., Oryzopsis hymenoides).

Dorsal. Relating to the back of an organ.

Dorsiventral. With a distinct upper and lower surface. Said of shoots bearing
broad flat blades in a horizontal position, the blades turned into the same plane.

Drooping. Erect to spreading at base but inclining downward above, as the
branches of a panicle.

Ellipsoid. An elliptic solid. Said of the shape of panicles, spikelets, and fruits.

Elliptic. Shaped like an ellipse. Said of blades and other flat surfaces.

Elongate. Narrow, the length many times the width or thickness.

Emarginate. Notched at the apex.

Equitant. Astride. Said of approximate compressed-keeled sheaths or blades
at the base of a culm that infold each other like the leaves of Jris.

Erose. Irregularly notched at apex as if gnawed. Said of glumes and lemmas.

Excurrent. Running beyond. The midnerve is excurrent from the lemma as
an awn in many grasses.

Exserted. Protruding. ‘The awns of some species of Calamagrostis are exserted,
protruding beyond the spikelet.

Falcate. Scimiter-shaped, curved sidewise and flat, tapering upward. Said of
certain asymmetric blades.

Fascicle. A little bundle or cluster. Said of clustered leaves, branches of a
panicle, and spikes or racemes on an axis.

Ferrugineous, ferruginous. Rust colored.

Fertile. Capable of producing fruit, having pistils. A fertile floret may be pis-
tillate or perfect.

Fibrillose. Furnished with fibers. Said especially of the old basal sheaths of
some grasses.

Filiform. Threadlike.

Fimbriate. Fringed, the hairs longer or coarser as compared with ciliate.

Flabellate. Fan-shaped. Said of the nerves of the lemmas of Anthochloa and
the inflorescence of Miscanthus sinensis.

Flexuous. Bent alternately in opposite directions.

Floret. The lemma and palea with included flower (stamens and pistil). Florets
may be perfect, staminate, pistillate, neuter, sterile, and so on.

Folded. Conduplicate. Said chiefly of blades.

Fruit. The ripened pistil. In grasses the fruit is usually a caryopsis. The
term fruit is also applied to the caryopsis and parts that may enclose it per-
manently at maturity. In Panicum the indurate fertile lemma and palea
with the enclosed caryopsis is the fruit. In Cenchrus it is the entire bur.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. A solid that is terete in the middle and tapering
toward each end.

Geniculate. Bent abruptly. Said of awns and of the lower nodesof the culm.

Gibbous. Swollen on one side as the glume of Sacciolepis.

Gland. A protuberance or depression, usually minute, that secretes, or appears
to secrete a fluid. Glandular. Supplied with glands. The glands may be
depressed as in Hragrostis cilianensis and Heteropogon melanocarpus.

Glaucous. Covered with a waxy coating that gives a blue-green color as in the
leaf of the cabbage, and the bloom of the grape.

Glomerate. Collected in heads.

Glumes. ‘The pair of bracts at the base of a spikelet.

990 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Gregarious. Growing in groups or masses.

Herbaceous. Having the characters of an herb; opposed to woody; thin in texture
and green in color, as the herbaceous lemmas of Poa.

Hirsute. Pubescent with straight rather stiff hairs. Hvrsutulous, hirtellous.
Minutely hirsute.

ea hae Pubescent with stiff or rigid hairs. Hispidulows. Diminutive of
hispid.

Hyaline. Thin and translucent or transparent.

Imbricate. Overlapping, as the lemmas in many spikelets.

Implicate. Tangled, as the branches of the panicle of Panicum implicatum.

Indurate. Hard. Compare chartaceous and coriaceous.

Inflated. Puffed up, bladdery.

Inflexed. ‘Turned in at the margins. Said especially of the margin of the glumes
or lemmas in some species.

Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant.

Innovation. The basal shoot of a perennial grass.

Internerves. 'The spaces between the nerves. Said of glumes and lemmas.

Internode. The part of a stem between two successive nodes.

Interrupted. The continuity broken. Said especially of dense inflorescences
whose continuity is broken by gaps.

Involucre. <A circle of bracts below a flower or flower cluster. In grasses applied
to the cluster of bristles or sterile branchlets below the spikelets in Pennisetum
and a few other genera, and to the bony bead of Coiz.

I meas: Rolled inward from the edges, the upper surface within. Said of

lades.

Joint. 'The node of a grass culm. The internode of an articulate rachis.

Keel. The sharp fold at the back of a compressed sheath, blade, glume, or lemma.
The palea and sometimes the glumes and lemmas may be two-keeled. Keel
is used because of the similarity to the keel of a boat.

Lacerate. Torn at the edge or irregularly cleft, as in some ligules.

Lanate. Woolly, clothed with long tangled hairs.

Lanceolate. Rather narrow (surface) tapering to both ends, the broadest part
below the middle.

Laterally (compressed). Flattened from the sides, as certain spikelets, glumes,
and lemmas.

Lax. Loose. Said of a soft or open inflorescence and of soft or drooping foliage.

Leaf. The lateral organ of a stem, in grasses consisting of sheath and blade.

Lemma. The bract of a spikelet above the pair of glumes.

Ligule. The thin appendage on the inside of a leaf at the junction of sheath and
blade.

Linear. Long and narrow with parallel sides. Said of surfaces, such as a blade.
Said also of spikelets and other organs, having in mind the shape of a longi-
tudinal section.

Lobe. A segment of an organ, usually rounded or obtuse. Applied especially
to the divisions of a cleft lemma.

Loose. Open. Said of panicles. The opposite of dense or compact.

Membranaceous. Thin like a membrane.

Monoecious. Unisexual, the two kinds of flowers on the same plant, as in Zea
and Zizania.

Mucro. A minute awn or excurrent midnerve of an organ. Mucronate. Pro-
vided with a mucro.

Navicular. Boat-shaped. Shaped like the bow of a canoe. Applied especially
to the tip of blades.

Nerve. The vascular veins (mostly longitudinal) of the blades, glumes, and
lemmas.

Neuter. Without stamens or pistils. Said of florets or spikelets.

Nodding. Inclined somewhat from the vertical. Said of panicles.

Node. The joint of a culm.

Ob-. <A prefix meaning inversely, as obovate.

Oblong. Longer than wide, with parallel sides, but not so long as linear. Applied
also to panicles and other parts, having in mind a longitudinal section.

Obsolete. Almost wanting. Applied to organs usually present.

Obtuse. Rounded at the apex. Contrasted with acute.

Open. Loose. Said of panicles. Opposite of dense or compact.

Oval. Broadly elliptic.

Ovate. The shape of the longitudinal section of an egg, broadest below the middle.

Ovoid. An egg-shaped solid.

Palea. The inner bract of a floret.

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES 991

Panicle. An inflorescence with a main axis and subdivided branches. It may be
compact and spikelike (Phleum pratense) or open (Avena sativa).

Papery. See chartaceous.

Papilla. A minute nipple-shaped projection.

Papillose. Bearing papillae. Papzllose-pilose. Bearing stiff hairs arising from
papillae.

Pappus. In grasses mentioned under Pappophorum, referring to the awns as
forming a pappuslike crown, similar to the pappus in certain species of
Com positae.

Pectinate. Comblike. Used especially with some species of Boutelowa where the
spikelets are set close together, parallel and divergent from the rachis like the
teeth of a comb.

Pedicel. The stalk of a spikelet. Pedicellate. Having a pedicel. Opposed to
sessile.

Peduncle. Thestalk or stem of aninflorescence. Peduncled. Having a peduncle.

Pendent. Hanging down.

Perennial. Lasting more than 1 year. Applied to grasses in which the under-
ground parts last more than 1 year; and to woody culms to distinguish them

_ from those which die to the ground (herbaceous) even though the underground
parts are perennial.

Perfect. Applied to flowers having both stamens and pistil.

Pericarp. ‘The ripened walls of the ovary when it becomes a fruit.

Persistent. Remaining attached, either after other parts have been shed, or
for a considerable period. The paleas of certain species of Eragrostis persist
after the fall of the lemmas. Also used as the opposite of deciduous.

Petiole. The stalk of a leaf blade. Used with the leaves of many bamboos,
and with some other broad-leaved species in which the blade contracts into a
petiole. Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Pilose. Pubescent with soft straight hairs.

Pistillate. Applied to flowers bearing pistils only and to an inflorescence or a
plant with pistillate flowers.

Pitted. Marked with small depressions or pits. Applied to the fruit (fertile
lemma) of certain species of Olyra. Also applied to the pinhole depression
in the glume of certain species of Andropogoneae.

Plicate. Folded in plaits lengthwise as the blades of Panicum, sect. Ptycophyl-
lum.

Plumbeous. Lead colored, greenish drab, as the spikelets of Eragrostis cili-
anensts.

Plumose. Feathered, having fine hairs on each side. Said chiefly of awns and
slender teeth.

Proliferous. Bearing buds or bulblets in the inflorescence. Compare bulblets.

Pruinose. Having a waxy powdery secretion on the surface. Having a more
pronounced bloom than when glaucous.

Puberulent. Diminutive of pubescent. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs. Applied especially when the hairs are short and
soft. Pubescence. A hairy covering.

Pulvinus. The swelling at the base of the branches of some panicles which
cause them to spread.

Pustulose. Blistery, furnished with pustules or irregular raised pimples as in
the spikelets of Panicum angustifolium. Not as definitely roughened as
papillose.

Pyramidal. Pyramid-shaped. Applied sometimes to panicles that are actually
conical.

Pyriform. Pear-shaped. Obovoid with attenuate base. Applied to the shape
of spikelets.

Raceme. An inflorescence in which the spikelets are pediceled on a rachis.
Racemose. In racemes.

Rachilla. A small rachis. Applied especially to the axis of a spikelet.

Rachis. The axis of a spike or raceme.

Reticulate. In a network. Applied especially to the cross-veining on some
spikelets, as Panicum fasciculatum.

Retrorse. Pointing backward, as the hairs on the sheaths of certain species of
Bromus.

Revolute. Turned or rolled backward from both edges, Said chiefly of blades.

55974°—35——63

992 MISC. PUBLICATION 200, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Rhizome. An underground stem; rootstock. The rhizomes of grasses are usually
slender and creeping. They bear scales at the nodes, the scales sometimes
remote and inconspicuous (Poa pratensis), sometimes imbricate and prominent
(Spartina). Rhizomatous. Having rhizomes or appearing like rhizomes, as
the base of a decumbent stem.

Rosette. A cluster of spreading or radiating basal leaves, as in the overwintering
stage of Panicum, sect. Dichanthelium.

Rudiment. An imperfectly developed organ or part. Rudimentary. Under-
developed. Applied also to one or more rudimentary florets at the summit
of the spikelet of some genera, as Melica, Bouteloua, Chloris.

Rugose. Wrinkled. Said especially of the fruit of some species of Panicum and
allied groups.

Saccate. Bag or sac-shaped, as the second glume of Sacciolepis.

Scabrous. Rough to the touch. Covered with minute points, teeth, or very
short stiff hairs. Scaberulous. Minutely scabrous.

Scale. The reduced leaves at the base of a shoot. Said especially of the reduced
or rudimentary leaves on a rhizome.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranaceous, not green.

Secondary. Subordinate; below or less than primary. Said of branches arising
from primary branches.

Secund. One-sided or arranged along one side.

Self-pollinated. Pollinated in the bud or by pollen from the same flower. The
opposite of cross-pollinated.

Serrate. Saw-toothed; having sharp teeth. Serrulate. Minutely serrate.

Sessile. Without a pedicel or stalk. The opposite of pediceled. Said of blades,
spikelets, and other organs.

Setaceous. Bristlelike. Said especially of slender teeth attenuate to an awn.

Sheath. The lower part of a leaf that encloses the stem.

Sinuous. Wavy.

Smooth. Not rough to the touch. Compare glabrous, without hairs but which
may be rough to the touch.

Spathe. A sheathing bract of the inflorescence found especially in the Andro-
pogoneae.

Spike. An unbranched inflorescence in which the spikelets are sessile on a rachis.
Sptkelike. A dense panicle in which the pedicels and branches are short and
hidden by the spikelets as in Phleum.

Spikelet. The unit of the inflorescence in grasses, consisting of two glumes and
one or more florets.

Spreading. Having an outward direction. Said especially of the branches of
a Soran when they lie between ascending and the horizontal direction (right
angles).

Squarrose. Spreading or recurved at the tip. Said of the tips of lemmas.

Stamen. The part of the flower that bears the pollen. Staminate. Containing
stamens only. Also applied to an inflorescence or a plant with staminate

owers.

Sterile. Without pistils. A sterile floret may be staminate or neuter. It
may even lack a palea, and consist of nothing but a lemma.

Stipe. A minute stalk to an organ. Applied especially to a pistil. Also some-
times to the prolongation of a rachilla as in Calamagrostis. Stipitate. Having
a stipe.

Stolon. A modified propagating stem above ground creeping and rooting or
curved over and rooting at the tip. Stoloniferous. Bearing stolons.

Stramineous. Straw-colored, pale yellow.

Striate. Marked with fine parallel lines or minute ridges.

Strict. Stiffly upright.

Strigose. Rough with stiff hairs; harshly pubescent.

Sub-. A prefix to denote somewhat, slightly, or in a less degree; as subacute,
somewhat acute.

Subtend. To be below, as a bract subtends a branch in its axil.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succulent. Fleshy or juicy.

Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed. Said chiefly of stems, sheaths, and slender
blades.

Tawny. Pale brown or dirty yellow.

Teeth. Pointed lobes or divisions.

Terete. Cylindric and slender, as the usual unflattened stems or culms of grasses.

Tessellate. The surface marked with square or oblong depressions,

Trifid. Divided into three parts as the awns of Aristida,

MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES . 993

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off horizontally.

Tuberculate. Furnished with small projections.

Turgid. Swollen, as the pulvini of a panicle during anthesis.

Unilateral. One-sided or turned to one side.

Unisexrual. Said of flowers containing only stamens or only pistils.

Verticillate. In verticils or whorls.

Villous. Pubescent with long soft hairs.

Virgate. Straight and erect; wand-shaped.

Web. The cluster of slender soft hairs at the base of the floret in certain species of

Whorl. A cluster of several branches around the axis of an inflorescence.
Wing. A thin projection or border; for example, the thin borders on the rachis of
certain species of Digitaria and Paspalum.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

Page 77. Festuca tdahoensis. Omit Arizona and New Mexico from range.

Page 158. Eragrostis hirsuta. Add Tennessee to range.

Page 204. The three varieties of Melica imperfecta should be in italics. They
are scarcely worthy of formal varietal standing.

Page 231. Agropyron repens. Omit New Mexico from range.

Page 237. Agropyron pseudorepens. Reconsideration of this species in the
light of collections received while the text was in press shows it to be distinct
from A. pauciflorum. ‘The variety magnum is doubtful, the underground parts
are lacking in the type specimen and the blades are wide and rather lax.

Page 286. Trisetum montanum. Add Arizona to range.

Page 313, after Calamagrostis perplexa insert the following which was described
while the Manual was in press.

Calamagrostis cainii Hitche. Culms slender, erect, scabrous below the
panicle, 30 to 40 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; blades erect, flat, more or less involute
toward the finely attenuate tip, glabrous beneath, scaberulous on the upper
surface, narrowed toward the base, the basal ones as much as 35 em long, 1 to 2
mm wide; panicle pale or whitish, loose, 6 to 10 cm long, the branches ascending
or somewhat spreading, verticillate, scabrous, naked below, 1 to 2 cm long,
bearing 1 to few spikelets, the whorls 7 to 15 cm apart, the pedicels scabrous-
pubescent; glumes narrow, acuminate or slightly aristate, 5 to 6 mm long; lemma
narrow, acuminate, minutely scabrous near the summit, the callus hairs about 1
mm long, the awn arising about 1 mm above the base, somewhat geniculate,
twisted below, the tip bent to one side, somewhat exceeding the glumes; palea
a little shorter than the lemma; prolongation of the rachilla very short, the hairs
1 to 2 mm long. Known only from the type collection, shrubby summit of
Mount LeConte, Tenn.

Page 373. Muhlenbergia racemosa. Extend range to Virginia.

Page 445. Aristida bastramea. Add New Hampshire and New York to range.
Probably extends to Maine as a native species. (Fide Rhodora 36: 406. 1934.)

Page 466, line 7 from bottom. For (H. longifolia Vasey), read (H. cenchroides
var. longifolia Vasey).

Page 535. For Phleum tenue Schrad. read P. subulatum (Savi) Aschers. and
Graebn. See page 727.

Page 626. Panicum annulum. Add Michigan to range.

Page 774. Transfer paragraph on Agropyron japonicum to Unidentified
Names, page 979.

Page 816, under (27) Bromus racemosus insert: Bromus mollis forma leiostachys
Fernald, Rhodora 35: 316. 193838. Based on B. mollis var. letostachys Hartm.

Page 982. Setaria caudata var. pauciflora Jones. An examination of the
cited specimens shows them to belong to Seterta macrostachya H. B. K.

INDEX

[Synonyms are in italic type.

Page
Acamptoclados sessilispica__----.-.-------_- 144, 852
PACH EPIC GENICHINLE sm Se Ce ee 873
Achnatherum miliaceum_____-_-_------------- 898
SOOUIST ET TUTE ea ee eh ee 893
AUT OCS es a a ee ae 187
iy) = pg) i) tie eh Re sae Efe ake ee ny a 875
PACES CHLON WRT UME se 805
GLAS 1) Steel SSO as Se Rage, SE en ao 2 AN el 807
EG See ny Se DEE Pe ee Sa Ee: Ae 808
i so— oe OS ee eee 809
Tit) Ces 9 Se Sal es Spee 28 ee alee Seeds ee 806
AIC OCI ITI ioe Oe ee Se 809
co eS sate a5 ESSE Se eee te 809
ona dig gone Se Ree ae ee ee 809
ie Op ohare ee BS EE, 2 tea ee a ene ee Be 809
wey 4 G1 (rene es gee eee ee ee 243, 772
PEL Te Ret a es ee a, Se a
Exige, © es a ee 245, 772
oS ees eens ie 9
2 ie Se ee eee 927
TET OS as nce = ara a
Type ke el SS CE ee ee 243, 256, 772
aT ee TD La) a eee a eS ea “pS
Drerencanles eles Sa fete ees et Pt SS 246, 772
PEEP OTP Gis te: NRE Me ee we SF ee 469, 772
ULE TSC CN ee ee oe ae 469
geminifiorus Var. unisetus_-___-_________- 772
Fe ee a a a a 772
PAMAIRED ILS Shes ets oe Spree! oe aot a 809
Lecicie Cs eS eee ee ee eee 469, 772
SETSRELGLS 2 et 2 2 ee Se Se 772
PEER O TI CIEMELO LS = Bes ae ees ad Pe 481
Agraulus brevifoltus_-__._-_.--_-----_-.------- 781
OTT ee i eee a 2 ee 780
we ieee ee ee 2 ae an 779
CUT Aas oe eer oN 780
pea te ee Oe ae ee a 782
SILLPTTAL TAB nas oo oe ne Fe 783
WOTISESMME AT SS. Fan. Salis es Tie 786
PIPCORT OME sO =) = SS. 2s 2 eS 229, 772
ai cts ee ee ee ee ee 235, 772
TG FLIRT [2] C1] ee ee Se Sa ee pee eee aiet NG), 778
apeRICp ii 2. 5.20 Jo! 2) ok ee SER 233, 772
iri Tiitte | 2:7 eee tear fe. eee) 241, 773
ee Ss Se eS eee See Ee 238, 773
ISIN SE ia 24 oe ee eG 231, (49
ADEA 2 Fh Be A 778
Raisghrie a ee 774
Dr piusestni ss 6. Pee}. Sol pt ee Se 778
CINE S = 2 ee a eS 778
enantio YF 2 es 230, 237, 773, 778
TEPC TE | eS SO ss Se StS ST
LITE Si SS es ne Se 778
in dt i a nee ae ae me ees See 775
TING Ce Peels se idee 775
RODEO AF 2 ye ee 775
palgss NG a) 2 So 775
Satinisime=s- os). _ 7 Catt lee ee ee 774
SNUB wee ee So ues as ae 773
PUP ARONE St ce ee ee 778
UCIT ee oe = 2s ee 778
fenerum——- =—~-= Eee ee ees. ea 775
Cnn 2S 2s oe 775
ELUM © > 2 en SP ee on 775
RINT eT te re 778
olintim 2 20s. 2 ae ae 778
DIOUICES CONS. 7 ey ee oe pe ee 778
eristatiras 2. 228. ea 2, 231, 773
dasystacbyumt qe ee 230, 234, 773
SUOMUGSILT 2 5 ee 8 8S 773
GAMOT DONS 2. 22 ee Bie eee Ce 777
SCT INE =. Je eS a Ee 773
"||? apa Ses. Ese ER pean = AGE Sl 777
LERUSS TCU See oes 777
SLMBrT 2 Sea ee eee eS 234, 773
PET UOSU To ac om ee ee he 776

The page numbers of the principal entries are set in heavy-face type]

Agropyron—Continued. Page
Gurucnin 2) es > eee 773
occuientole: ).—. | = 2 ae 717
Pine. sy 28 tS eee 775, 778
ANGIE 8 ee ee 775
SYIAISH oo oe oP ee ee 235,773
inerme se | ee eee 241,773
PaLCrmMoGigT 2 2 2s See 236, 773 774
NADUIHCUN 2 ks ee eee 7774
Ri Ce es ees 236 774
foc oe eee ee Seeger eS Ns ! TT, 8 , 774
lanceplatum = 2) on ee eae 773
fatiplgme: Ue 22c. es eee eee 237 774
Peersianiny! = i eee 231, 776
MRASBCIIN Se 2 O52. SS eee 775
MOU Orme aie Wii) sth £38 9s ee 777
RET HG ie eee sae: A oe eee 775
Ooculentiiere..< siya IN eee 777
MONG 32 A ES ae 777
FUEL MNETS eet eS. See 777
PETE =e eee 2 ee 5 BERS 717
(2 gS Se ee eee narra © 241, 774
Pai: ee ae eel 2 eee » 774
Pauewinnmie.. see. 2, 3, 230, 237, 774
prin glo: ee Se ee » 119
DY OSIM: © 32 oe. ts Se ey 779
Psppderenens 2 ee 237, 775
AGI set 2 ee ee 237, 775
DHBECUS 22a ae eee 2179
TOPOUS= 3 o-oo Shak 4, 230, 231, 776
Goreninium: >: 2-231 1 Pan See 776
Glouenin =. 23 = ee 773
PaOMUM > oo 3228 kee ae eee a 77
DUNG EUS. 28 2S 22 2 SP 776
stoloniferume © 2-25 <2. Se ee 776
ETL TETAS (| eae Se ee ee eee tes Oe a 776
heberhachise nse) AAS a Bs 776
SACI = ee oe ee ee 776
saillanhonum: <2 ae 776
PNET ANS Bees ee ee ee 77
FICHITGSO99 == oa 3 77
Ce LITH RT| j] Cee eS ee ee oe 778
fi | a aE oe 779
FipArigi = Se 12 eS A ee 234, 776
Saundershit 2 2 es eee 242, 776
SaMieglas so) See eS eee 242, 776
SGRDHGEE = sees ds eee 239, 776
SANHEOSLA LUNE 255 = 2 = ee 241, 776
SUOMIOMIES == nee ke 776
SEL Cais 6 eee eS: 2, 230, 233, 777
r12(0) Lt ue SRE Se oe Say! 27a
poy Eee Ee ee Ss eee Soe 7 cae
OPIATE ee 77
Sic: Sit ae a eer ae aoe 3, 230, 240, 747
QiZONICUM: = ee | aie 773
SIROTII ES eee es e e 241,7 773
TOUE eee ae Oe eee ss) ee “Ti7
WIRES 88 oe Se 777
girenyler se ee 2k Fe ee es ee 777
PUDCTIMETUALTY: .. -< - e 775
[Ss <a ene ene AE 240, 777
MOMMISIICUNY =o #2 fs te les 777
eet | EEE RE ae ee eae ke 777
Oirilee ee OL ee 777
SiROSUIR 9 = ssn en 2 a 777
SiSSOCUMGUNEE <2 2. oo 0 1k ee 230, 236, 778
CN TUG S17 | 67 ee ea ES ADE 237, 778
OLIN | ce a as pL SUT SE 77
a en EE aT he EE, StS Say 230, 237, 774
puaatut hc! ee EE see ee 774
PROD Tian ie DRS og 774
| SS a See eee Oe 775
MII U oe ote lt eee 775
meGume-Cnmene oa NA Be Ne 775
TINCOLOTODENS = Ft 5 ka ot 775
frrcnocolewiMm oA Be 2 BE he 775
a See: SS Le ae es 776
995

996 INDEX

Agropyron—Continued. Page | Agrostis—Continued. Page
trachycaulon. 2s se we a eee eee 774 caryophyllea: 28. ee as 787
trachycaulwme: 25-3 Soe ee eee ee 775 CUNND 222 tN hee eee 826

cherilescens.- es ee eee 778 clandestini =: Soe ss as Oa) Eee eee 958
CLUGEU INS > oe RS Sc a ae 778 COMPLAN ALT As Nee 28 ae Ee eee =
fernalditesd..i Soo VE eee oe eae 775 COMpPOStlGs =. 22S Ae ee eee
glancescenss= led ee 775 CONUPTESSA 2s 2 Lh Al ee Se Tee 804, 895, a
glaucum so eee 778 CONCINN G22 2 = Ee ee eee
LOU EAC | He a te es © ee Nee be EI RAG 778 COndenSsatas i ae Aa a) ea 136
TRUS ee US Ne eee 775 CONMUCODULE = 6 5 OCS Se Saat Rae Ee ee 784
novie-angliae— EPS eee 775 eryplandrniss. 223) eS os Se eee eee 958
pilosighume:.2-=-- Use ee 778 CY i 2c ES TS 2 a ee ee 781
TENCHU MN. 2 ee ee 775 Cet S Se Sune Oe CSCS NRE Cee 891
irichocoleim 22-3. So eee 775 décumbensao ee ee Oe eee 783, 784, 786
unilaterale 42. 2-0. ee ee 77 denstflora:2 ee ee ees 336, 780
irichophorum 232 22--2-- 2 eee 236, 778 Grénarigs i eee ee ee
GRUPICOUM TI eet re eee ee 229, 231, 77S UiliOr dis. ee eee 783
WUNGUMLET OL 3 eo SE ee 778 deDr essa. 3-32 eo ES ee eee 783
nrseyes | Ae eee 240, 777 diezeenisise {cf Se SO ia eee 334, 780
Violaceume ==. 3 Sess ie eee 237, 775 PouOsd. = 2 Se ee oN eas 780
andinum._2.2=-22 228 ees 778 Cif iso Te eee EE RS Cee 786, 894
caninoides.- a2. 2. AL ee eee 778 dispar? 28 Ree 779
latiglume =) 2. =. eee 774 aishchophylia. 32 ee eee 886
WAGON, eo ood can 774 domingensis. = S722 e 3 Pease ee 959
DIDLUCESCENS. 223. ee 778 elabas ee oe "ae a ee eee 784
Vulpmim 2203.) ee 236, 779 eleqganss ee Ne eee 784

Werostidiese sc. 2. =e ol 2 a eee 22, 306 ellobtiariat c.f ees See eee 333, 780

APYOStISs 252 = yee. | gees eee 323, 779 elongata”. 2? 3 oot ee eee 960
abakanensis =) Se 2 eee eee 784 erecta a ee a ee eee 811
eigen aS ee eee §28 crenophua. 22 2 ee ee 6
AOGMIVAl VIS! => sake > Mi ee 329, 779 Cxaratast ot sees Se eee 325, 335, 780
afnimis >= lio) 2 os Ae ee 979 amples 2 e505 ee ee ae ee 336, 781
CRE es eS 2 Us ee ee 957, 974 manervolig ee RAE ene 781 [
alba a=------------------ --------- 2, 328, 331, 779 (itor aise a ee 783

Mristanniss 3 oa eS ae ee 786 microphylla. 20.2 207! ae 336, 781
Conn ctotd 23 ee ee 783 Minor er ee ig) Ne
decumbens _----- a=. seen 783 mMonolepis§ 3-5 Lee es 336, 781
Dh 11) i Spee er SRE Os Jesu aaes= 779 PACiea 5 ka aes ee Ne ee 781
TTI Oe es me 779 stoloniferd2 eee 783
TOT 2 3 oe oak eee 783 exipta= 2 pelea 6 OS eee 333, 781
FLL) Cae ae Se eee SR | 785 eqpansa.- 5 ee ee eee 888
pualaratris 2 o's 2 215 et ee eee 783 festucoides. 25 2s AS Cee 892
spoloniferd_--—_- 28 == 22 ne 785 flicnlmisic. “2 ee 336, 781
SENUCLO ES Pe 8 ee 786 filiformis <0 eS a ee 889
SULOUUEI. = Seren keen 785 Jolinga es ee ee ee 780, 889
nerticillata 22> 28 ese oe Sere 786 geminata: 22 ee ee 7
vulgaris___.-------------------------- 785 ernyistate ee eee 782
Onistald =: 22) = ee eee “ 80 (laticas a er ee ee 820, 890
albicans__-_------------------------------ 781 glomendha 225 So TEES a eee 336
aigida___-- 35 - -_ 926 gracilie 20041. See ee eee 785
alopecurvidés: es te ee 781, 937 Granite. ee Lc Re ane one eae 336, 780
albigsvma:: 2. a2 ao ee eee 153 het alii: coe ee Oe Vines A ene 333, 781
bag 979 enlifornica 2.7: Use 2 ae
ampla___-- SEE Seo eee nn ah 781 jay ereH (ya ee Peete Gey: 333, 781
anemabrostis._- =" - 1 2 = BS 785 fendershni 0. io. Cee es 332, 781
ROLETT UDI 9 ee ee 783 hieterolepis. 2 ES ee 960
Spicu-DEnth So 785 hiemalis > 2 \" 1 eee ee ae 337, 781
CUI 2 ee ee 784 geminata... 0-2. st ee 337, 782
antecedens: 2.) SUP A en Sa e PE Mit (7 nutkaensis.. ee eee 782
CODEN ead 893 hillebraniti_. 2.02 Sh ae 786
CQ WAEHALE eee ea ee 786 howelltt:- (is 3 he Cee 336, 782
arachnoides,) 0) gus es ee 888 homie. ee ee 332, 782
arachnoides.___--.------2-- == 23-2222 - = 780 ligemalis var. lata. 3.2" - ea 784
CILLA Si SO RIS A I ae 789 idaho@ensis)..22).4 =. ee ee 337, 782
aspera -___------------------------------- 958 Andica. 22s. oe os ee eee 960
TS DCTI DIES. Sa ee Pos Se ae ee eee 780 MME. a Le ee 336, 781
atrata_____-.-.--------------------------- 786 snterinedia.____ 3. So. Ss See 784
CBbO TILE Ee ek i es ek 783 interrupts... ° oso ee a 327, 782
CTT G1) (8 Se INSEE AGM BOS Eee oe aS 863 inpoluta. 20) Nee eee 958
[O24 i eee eee oR eM oe a ae PS 338, 779 jamaicensis..-.. Ue eee 836
borbatass G22 )). ees eee eee eek tee! gineeds 2 95
Gergndianne 22 2: Ye ae eee a ee 830 lateriflora 22. oe ee 890
blasdalei:2-.teo3 2 os eh eee eee 334, 779 filiformis... 0-520) ae 889
hoeckelentiee sie se a ee 867 lotifolia <<. - 20. 21 3 ee 827
orealis.224). S22 can et sae a ae 340, 779 ALG, eee ae ie NT a pe 781
CTE ACI 2 ae eens oh eS eee 780 fatifiori = 781, 782
TUCT EME t- 3 el 23 hss el Ae 780 ChexDUORO. <2. ts 782
DLE VACHMIS( 9 eee eA a eee eer eee 334 Moning... 2.2 Le Se eae 782
OKEUI GIG o) 23S ee se a Pe ae Sen 887 SCOOTO:, = ah Oe oe ee eee 782
CACSDULOS tN =e Re ee ee 833, 895 tems. soo Soi ei eee 782
Califomica 2. 2s. 2 eee ae eae 336, 780 kendigenas. 2522225 ee eee 864
COUTAQNA UCL yo ae SE 2 ee eee 784 lepidas. ste ot. oe 2 ae ee 334, 783
CAUUT SE hae AI cag ek I CR SN eee 340, 780 leptog= 2. ese 786
Hequivalyiss:! 34 2 >) ewes ae 779 hittordlis 225, a eee ee 937, 962
Glpin Sass Nadas LaLa eee 779, 780 longifiord... 22 24220 5 ee eee 888
Rize maligned £20 Dineen eS eee 782 longifolia: 2s ee ae ee 958
SLOLONIfEn Gs = Sk was Lis ee oer 780 Loneiioula 0. Ae ee Use oan 341, 783
LONE Ons wigs a gh Nee Dem oat Se 779 lutos@ ae 2 Ose Se ee 937
capillanisaa 2242. ei. eeemer 332, 341, 785, 786 Marini 2 2 ae ee ee 330, 783
CT IST OLDE 5a 2 Se eA eee 786 matr elas. < 22. Re ee a ee 979
Oristulataes S23 5222 eee 786 MOLVA 5 oat eB Sete Se, SE Cee ee ee 965

INDEX — 987

Agrostis—Continued. Page | Agrostis—Continued. Page
MOTI a ee ee 890 LONUACUIMIS Poe 2 eae 782
SHSCHOUDI 8 aon eee othe Se 784, 979 TEC ee tt Se oon 782
STETOT OCU TIME oa ee ee ce 891 LONUSLOT OL ee eee 894
TTERCT ODIO oe en a 781 tenuis_-_.__- eye Eb et et 2 2, 4, 325, 332, 782, 785

TNGGOTS eee a ee Ne ee 781 anistatain 2 2: i 2 sees 332, 786
MISCTOSDCTIIM 5 So a ee 891 ig Te | COL ee ep rE DPSS ES 8 eT 2
MTSELOLCENL ee 898 LENUISSIIN es 2 a eee 961
TTITITUL. Ree, oe Pee eee te ee 885 thurbertes 23 ee es eee 327, 786
MENUASSING =) a eS ee 960 thyrsoidegt: Bee a ae ee
SLLACHLLINIS 0 ee ee 730 COVULCENSISCLE See eee 336
TIGDUGLOSA: SSO we SNe Ble oe ee 341, 783 LOTT CY QT te ee ee ee 895
PPTs Se eee eee eee ees 330, 783 LOTT EU Dee ae net a 782, 895
monlkaennrs~—° 25) So TE. 2 782 trichopodes.- <2 -~ = so 888
PEL TE STG [11] 11) acta ha AA re OBE AERIS 2 780, 784 Darigirltme oa se ee 785
MODEDOFECONSS oe ee Eo ee 784 DUT UNIS ee Se ee ee 735
MUONS 2 ae NS ee eee eee 900 DENLOSOS SNe So ee oe ee eee 785
ot ah. ee Sa ee Se te 782 DORIICOS * ee 3 Se ee 863
UTTERTLELL Set eS ee et eS Set PSE oe 956 MEPUICUIA LH ata yes) ae eee ee 329, 786
TESS EO eh ERR ce a Ra al oe allarsit. 22-2 ne 786, 967
olipoerca i oe eee 979 virescens microphylla __________----------- 781
ie ills! Soe a oe 325, 340, 783 <UL eee Spee RoE Eos BEL 962
Tet to) eee ae aes pena eee eae 781 ads d=. 3 a 980
oT he aE Sen SS See ae ee 784 RUIN = 223) ee ee eee 332, 785
i oS ies ee eee eee 334, 783 GY ISU 2 a 786

(oT REUSE Bee ee eee 780 sialontfera.—-_ = 2: 2 785
“a ad ae ree ee 325, 330, 331, 779, 733 Agrostoidea, group of Panicum______________ 678

chats iit, ae ae hy ees Wah Se Bae TORU ANT OSEOMLNE OG) OUEST ee 827
SUS Do aes beeen ee ee ees DPC | LNT ee Soe ee eee 288, 292, 786
Then poke ees SSO ee eee 895 OTOL) ORE ae St Sepia eaten AS SE 826
TT Te ae Ee ee ee eee 338, 784 WO DICOUD FE ee Se ce 834

TEE LT Dae ts as Ra a ea ae ae 784 CEL TART ee aS oe ne ee ee ae 869

EINeTODNONE: (es Seeks ee 785 CETTE FLAE ei Se eet ee) See Se ee 833

purebapmre 2 ee ee 784 ri (12 AT Se ae oe re Sey ee ee ee at 824

Pree oe ee Se 340, 784 USTONS ee ae Oe ae ee ed 938

Rebtiitts on ee ee 784 CHCds os Poe. eA he ees 834
2 eS ee ee 779 TLL eo Samana + ais 833

TT) es enna crmns Ser ee Ra S 780 PT OMUNIU TED. eS ee See 833
polymorpha var. palustris ______---------- 783 Dr pipOlae ere ee 2 ee 930
7 EE ee ee eee Sees ea 885 ila gt he OSS ene aes ener tee Se 885
amps” 2 > So5 2 28 Se 899 CM CRO ee 8 ee 833
erg ee SS Oe So 787 mingug 2 2a he ee hee 833
Pi a ee ee ee eS a 781 OUCH 2 eee ee ee ae 834
Te eee 6 ee 855 WNOTUNNN oa 2h se 833
guupuidoenier medial. <—-* 784 re Lole i (1 pyle ates. Se ae Bek eS SN 834
Fe OE SE i ne ae See er oe 856 LOTESCONS eo eae ee ee ee 828
ON Oe SE eee ee 962 capilarens 2 22) oe ee 955, 980
purpurascens _—__---_---==_-----_--_-- 903, 961 esyilingis (2 S225 Poe eS Nee 294, 786
CE ee ae ee ee re 957 Ganyophyllea. .- 222 it 293, 787
PAP RITIDS Ee Te oS Se ee 892 COSDUOSAS 22 Sees See ee, eee 833
Met ee ae Seg aR isa | it a 826 CUM DUNE... SOL Ee EN 2 Se ee 826
UMMOSE ee oe Ae ess hee ee 855 COMMDTLCRSIR == ee | 980
ALTOS eS 2 ie res ee 961 Controuersas: 252 Pere ee 22 ee eee 955
ed ie See Nepal ee en aE MORES 783 OHASHI 2 Soe eae ae Ble 873
POLEOIACLALe fee: eee!) Pa lere See 327, 785 CUT Ola Been es ee ee 834
EpSSaC bee ee 2 eee ee ee Sees 325, 335, 785 TULMELONIOINCS 2 eo 2 sae ee ae 834
PILUICUTUUE 2522 A = vas See SS Ee 888 CLOT 1 eso mcas 2 PES te eT a ee 834
TIEN ee ee eee = OREM © FTE NES EE ea ne 779 WLEDILOSU = ween), 3 eee 834

inlgipie = 2 oo 780 JOS DOTIegaise-— 2-2 2s eee Ie ee 289

(ERTETICIO >. Oe ee 780 OTC TS: Se eee a eS eae 873
THOGSHnISe amet =a tee!» Bens eee oo 780 POUCH OTITIS =e a oe ee 835
CDT eee 2s 2 VE Bape sn al EO 337, 781 Rolcus-lanatusie 2 se oe ee 870

POTEET Saal) BSA he SD EE 782 ROLEVS-11OL Sse ee ee 2 ee 870

OT CODD ate 2 Pe yee Se 782 ANCOMDIELO! SE ee es ee 907

PCT ORUINS <3 78 se) oe 8 Se eee eon Ves 4 (fie) OE ise Se ans Sk oe pee ee ELS 941

Peni sens ae EE Foo ee os eee ee 782 POLO ae ere oe a 833

PAEICCR TILT th Re 2k Se 782 TGIOT SSP) COESTALOSW aa = is 833
SADT = Oe eee eee eS Las See 782 WNCWCOULES Ra ne eS 2 J ee 974
BCUUT INCU ae mes => os See ae a 782 METICUND eee = ek eS 956
SCHICOCA TUE Se oer. 22 oes a 784 TTEUSSUN ACIS ene ete 58 Se Loe eee 930

CITE s 2 28 I 783 STOLL ee nO enn 870, 955
SChWe Int Zits he eee eee ees 784 Nua! © Pee eee 7
RCOULETY 5 es Lees SIA 336, 781 DDG A SEES ft ee eee
SCTIDNENIGTU Sn ee Se eS eee 784 THELLENS opt ae ok SS 280, 281, 282, ny
SCPE eae ee ee eo ee 887 CAA A1 | Ree alae ne eet meee Me Ts
SET ON wel Fe see eee 895 PUNTO tee cee SWEETS aS eee ee pe
BELOSE 2s =o So FF = 2 =e ee <= 887, 891, 892 pennsylvanica_______--! Rei lied BEE RS: op 955
sobolifera__ =—=- ---=- --4-====----===-~_-- 893 PDEACCO Ne Bees 8 es re eee eee 292, 787
SPica-venbie.- Ss ae oe 327, 785 Pee a POE SO NES eee 929

ANLETTULDE Ms ae ee 783 IRD 2a: 088 SEE ee ee 972
Sfolonifera2 22 323, 329, 785 SON DR IAS eee tl on. Sees eee oe ee 980

Gristiger W: =.) See as Se Ne 779 SPICIEa ie Fees Fe ee ea 940, 975

COMMPACLE!... ea eee ke es DOE 783 SU CTAOIE: Re Soe PE 2 Te 975

NO OF 2 = 28 Re ens 779 GES ANY Cee oo ee ese SL a eee 931

NOt NG = > eee Eee 783 BRUNE ee Be 959

PONS. = oe 783 re Liye ae gk Ba Sie eee eee 956

DET 2 os eT tt Ee ee 786 IGPU So tee Se Oe Eee 834

Bi LE eee eee a os Eee MOON IePOLEE CINELAT IS. == | et re ee Oe ee 7s
Sys oe oe ee 786 Corpophulled eu. ro? O88 oe eee TS7
Te” i a a setae PSEA es Geet SRE 785, 894 Po Sahel ele ee Fa ae eres 787

998 INDEX

Page
VArrochloaicristara cess os ate ae ae 873
GTOCUT SSE Se Ts Aas eS PO pee 873
AITO DSISHOTCULOLIO sae te hes a ee eee 930
CR DILL ATIS HS Ca Oe eens TA eo 786
Caryophylled 32 ese ee a eee el ae 787
ODEUSALEE 222 Ue eer et Eee 956
AITILE COT oe AND A Ae Ee WN ee Sa oe 787
AASKe| OMIONPTASS 4s SL Bess ee See een 197
nid OCS fF pene a a al Bade Bee Lae 8 SO 273
NB 225 2h AR SM RTO wa HN OL Geer Le Le a 3
SASS aaa ae eh i ieee La a ee ere 423
ICCTA Od tee ye kere yee ee fh eines 294
AT callie ble grass ¢ ea win EUR? Dee 136
COLGRTASS Ee. Si seins 0 re Li See ater, 492
DNV se Wf es oa RI ee pee BS 77
INFUG alba Sens AS 0S 82
SA CRUOTT Mors Seems Senna: fo 3 hv Se eee 408
Alloiatherosambiguiise:. 2 2 eee 867
ATASTALALS 2 Sa RES SE ce 867
lepiuroides! = oes Ao i ee 867
IOP CULUS! 23h es ee ee 345, 787
Bequalistwte ss Wels Lee ee eee 345, 348, 787
NOLAN Ss 02s Pate: A ee ls eRe Fe 787
YT CSUIS Ho aE eS Eee ee 347, 788
UIP UNUIS Sis eS 2 Ce cee 347, 787
OFTStUL LACUS Mee Dien he ee ee eee ae 348, 787
MENTION eae Se Oe Se Be ee
MONSDENENSISE = fen 1 See eae ne 937
RUNS Or oes eS ae ee eee 787
behringianis #24 ee ee 787
DON COLiS a Bers nie ae a eer ere 787
CUCSDILO SUS a 28e ee eee eee 787
CHUZFOTMICUSE Se See ess RIN ae 788
Carolinianuss 208 2! eee eee eee 348, 788
CONOUNIONUSE eee eee ee 784
Creticuis. 2) 2 Cee eee 349, 788
tC DUS AD Pea eee Ue LAP SOUS ERIE aL Ye 787
Peniculs tse ee TE ee 348, 788
CUISEULATI Ee CINE eee hoes 788
COCSDILOSU Seo te eee a ee 788
HULL es tS aS he 787
LLL AA 3 aS See ARB RENO? Sh 8 Ws BA 787
TAIMOSUS BCE Le SE ee ear 788
TODUSTALR De Pee i ep tS RR Nae 787
Qlomenatits 202 aS ee oe See eae 892
ROC iS ae Sie ee ees 788
1 OVO} 4 2) db WS eg nance he tai ale) Se Neer 348, 788
TENT LIT ae ee ae ee 787
QETTMN ONE one teen tat | ae 787
PLIETTILPDUUSH reel eek eta 2D eee en ee 937
ATEALCOUTUY Soar ye ON eS ae” Se ee a ee 788
SNOT TAS kp RE See ee 937
INORSDEHENSIGL. Mas eIe Eee ten See 937
ANY OSUFOLGOS:. © OU eres. Seine ey vcun ee 347, 788
OCcidentalisee 1 ou abe ei eigen ae: eee ee 787
pallescensve :.)Gie* eee ieee eee eter 347, 788
PLAHIRS fo OP Ie es ee pe 788
Pratensists: 2s! Sek ow ee we 345, 347, 788
GUDESLY 18 25 ee ee ee ee 788
VOLMLOS USSSA IOS eee 348, 788
SACCAUHS= |= S At Sanwa ae oe eae eee 349, 788
SUDONISTALU So tre etait See SV Seg ees 7
DENUTICOSULS San Bere inte Ronee) Sahn an ee eee 863
‘Al pine ‘DINE ZTASs Mass fas ee eae eee 126
CSCIC US en SRR EB Fs Ty ae Rees eee 58, 76
LOREAL Uwe Bie er a ae ee eh ae 34
CENT Ae Eee ieee ee eS Ae eee 297
ABD ULESICCETALL ED. nae re eta emer eee 886
AIMETICAM VG UNELTASS oases en see 249
TILA A PTASSES swe Seen ee ee ee Te ee 84, 92
SANTITITO PLA AG Sees roma sje teen ees 319, 788
AT OHA LA Mie te a OSe pe heme a eee cee, 4, 320, 788
OTUNAUTACED SR See See copie sree 788
revailigiilata ls see eee Vek eee 4, 320, 788
DR GUA Sas ee DG ID vt NL eee 823
CUTLISSTY RRS Ree he ee eee ee 824
LONG UT OL CS: ao RNA sere ES i SE ee 824
PANTUD CLOG EST ane ee o at ae Ree ee ee ate 191
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus______________- 191, 788
UD NUN atari na Ph eae Nee BG Bs a bie oh fl Pe Beg 8 788
VAM DNICON DOS. eee eee One tea eee ee ee 714
CMNDPIVMCAT PONS et SP eer eh eae ae eae 714, 789
Us\acatje) ou (Gzheto) pba ne Smeornupeh Ne Nur ec Fa ei uh 714, 788
LOR UL CTL TT es et Se eas Ae ge 714, 788
muhienbergianuMl]-— 2-2 714, 788
DOTS ee ea eee eee 714, 789

Page
Amphilophis, section of Andropogon-.-_____- 743
Ampiilopiis barbinodiss. 222 ee ee 789
CTRENSUSTS 2 a. Sh LS eS eee ee ae 792
exaristatuss seo: 52S a ie eee eee 790
LEUCOPOGOM. Rise eye Tee eee re 789
DETfOVOUS SS SS ee eC 792
Sacchanorbes see aa eae eee 793
LOTTEYCTUUSE SRO ll ie AE bee eae hell ay ae 793
ATLL T eek SNE Wh RE i a ae et 795
Anastrophus compressus__.--..------------- 575, 804
PUT COEULS Set cas a ak Di | RS ei ee eae a 804
GISPULOIM Shee A ee oe i ee 573, 804, 919
Daten wlise seh ae Se ee ee eee 575, 804
ANUCINENWINAMNACRONT IM ee eee 790
MVUUTICOLU Me ee eee ee 977
ENIDSACOIES ee ee ee 847
VITOTNICWMN eo ae 794
ZIZUNIOIGES oo SE ee OS SE ae ees 978
AM dropogonees= 3) Loe Sas Ee ee ee 725, 789
albesctengia eo ee Eee cae ieee ees 951
alopectinoides eee ee eee 854
OMDIQUIS ee ee ey ee 867
BLCCREUS ees te Ue eee ea eae 736, 789
ORGENTCUSE 22S 2) Se ee ee aa 792, 794
OFUUTCCUS. San Fer ey ON el eee ee 794
TRACTUS oe eS ee eee ee 794
CONUS sia ew re hag es eee 794
QUENGLEUSY SEE 0 OE ST OR eK, ees 951
(at (cj MO es AN S AYE a oe ERC tat A A ea 790
OOYOCEUBES 2= 582" eS ae eee eee 826
barbinodist=2 22-53 ee eee eee ee 744, 789
DELOESHT eae NE eek ee eh Ae eae 794
brachystachys2 22 =e ee eee 737, 789
CADATISI SAAS ee ee ie eee 734, 789
campyloracheus=- 2-2 aoa) ee eee 742, 789
capillipess2{ 2250s. 22 see 738, 789
caricosus var. mollicomus__-_.----------- 792
CHYYSOCOMUS eo es re ae ee 734, 791
CUTER coy) Eee Cee Se ee 951
GIETAGUS: 222 5h Sl ey Bea ee 729, 789
CUYOTUS T-Sh Se oe ae eee 830
clandestine. 3232220, See 790
CONSENUUS 22 SLE Sg eee 951
CONLOTIUS 5. Des oo ele see ee 868
glaber- aoe oe! Se ee 868
SECUNG Ue aS See So ee a en ee eee 868
COTY MCOSUS=SS et” Sasa ee eee 791
Gboneniatins: ee ee ee 791
curtipendwlus eee -2 ne see ee 807
CUTUASIONUS so 28 i Oe 794
dissiiflorusisc 222223! 2S oe ee 794
CistachyUS225 6 Shed Meee oe 726
diarvicntus: 3. so5352 42. So See 854
Givergens:-/2) 0 ef Soe ee oe 732, 789
GOMINGENSIS 2 oe ee eee ee 791
GrumMondl..- 2 ee ee ee 952
UTUS- 2-2 os oles eae ee Se ees 855
elliobtit.2 22 a eee 741, 789
QUULCESCENS 227 22. se ee 794
Onacilions) 2 r8 eae) a Te eee ee 742, 790
LADULOTUS sas sone) oes to 789
OCMETSUS 23a. Foe Sa cee Es Ee ee 792
CNIONUNUS nos eee See ee ee 854
CTIOPROTUS. oe eNO eS 5 eS ee 79
@XaristatuS.....2252. 2252 =. 4. eee 744, 790
fabric...) 202s Se Oa 967
FeONSis= os. so A ee 791
ATMUS 4 Je Se ee See ee 868
lems 22222 see ae e a aeaaee e a FBI
floridanust 322-2222 eee eee ee 736, 790
HUITCALUS 2 235 232 ee ee 2, 3, 726, 732, 790
geminatuseo 20 u Le a en Saas a ae 91
Glaberse’ | ae a 868
GUOUCOPSI8...2 2 ae Se a BOO
QUOUCUS . 2k Be eee 789, 792
glomeratus.. 22-22 bo eee see 739, 790
BOUT EUIbUS o 8-525 — h Lee ee 791
COTY MDS Use 2S 2 eee 791
glaucopsis- 8. 28h s Se ene 795
RA SULON Boeke oe Sao ee es 795
DUTUUSS ne BI a se ea al 795
TENUASDOUN CUS ee ees eee ee 791
GTOCIOP 2S Uae se ose Bie alee 0
STACIIS Sel eS Se el Set ae 728, 791
OTOAC Se Sah ee Ue ee ee
GYUNUNG oe ow ee ee eeu eme Senet eee 790

ee eee

INDEX — 999

Andropogon—Continued. Page | Andropogon—Continued. Page
meee etree See ee Se Se ee 793 SCrIUNETIATAts PN eee 794
OS Se eee ee 951 SCTOUIFILCTES Oe ee 863
Waaerin tba! nk Cl 951 secuniis= 2 =e Se 868, 951, 965
iene et. 2 ey yee 734, 791 semiberbis-----..---------------------- 729, 793
ingentae 2S ee 791 pruinatus.-------------------------~ 793
“ont ae en tees 791 sessiliflorus__--~~------------------------ 980
) qrammsfluraas © 22> = 2 eee 790 sorghum .--------------~---=----------~ 952
suewersceme. =. ee 791 halepensis_-..------------------------ 951
rt at ren ania e mabey! SS 791 peri Se aan
FE 11,1, ee Seen ey Sea ee ope SN pall S = 5
ge er Reva. Se kee 728, ae drummonad 30>. ee 952
tee Sw ee 728, 791 ates Sg en SO 952
ISORLOCHPUS. <=> 2. =<. 5a 791 sal aig ete ae ng 952
spat agus Sulgavris se ee ee 952
: SOMERS o SIUMINENSS se! ee eee 952
hirtus____-------------------------------- pects: 5 So ee eee 952
| SAISALET ESOS 2 OE PS OE ee a 966 wilgagis oo 8 Crs ee 952
FRIESE Slew ei MENT Bee A SS ea 792 STIRGCEUS se ee ee ee eee 7920
Do pig oe en = EE 791 SISTANCE Ao Pn ee 965
agri oites es 2 ce 792 suolonifer: 2) 2-28) Se er eee 731, 794
Eeninpligiiiss 22 2 Sie ee 794 SHOLGHWISS. = 22 ee ee 742, 794
Fearn = 20 2 eee a 789 SY RS eS ole eS AR Lk ke 728. 794
liebmanni subvar. mohrii_-_-------------- 792 Ry Ter pp te AO peda Pome pie me Ss ® eh SD 793
Ey [et Le es i ea 951 BeUTIPSSPCN SIS. Uo Sia ee ee eee 790
CEPR FP or eta Oe dee ee SE oe LE 731, 791 POTIBEPOLNOCENS =... ee eee 791
Agurateee iS) = Pes: oe ee ee 737, 792 eS = ee a 7 A aes 735, 794
PrnasuEiies=~ 32 fae: eee ae Ss 791 POS ee eS ee 790
SIUIRET ATE PER es NE Be ee 7 FEUER GS eee 794
brent s So a 790 qistich ysis Se i ee ey eee 789
PIRIISTDOSILS 2 ee re St 790 TNT PUNATILSS fae ASS EES Ss 744, 792
Le Ee ee ae ae ie ane 795 asaya ea ee ee ee A. ee 736, 794
Deer ergs Se Se ne Se ae 795 Psp CIES es I NA ee ee ee 847
FATS 795 WETTALULOT (GS eee ee ee 951
aris oe Sel eee 795 SMIESITETIS oe = ee ee SO eee 793, 794
Pe rt ee eee 731, 792 ere ee ee 793
melanocarpus.——_—----_-___________-_____- 868 Lith Yo) « te Oe ee eer a a ee 856
Se a a 794 WARP RANE es a ne 738, 794
PEO PLETS 11S 2a, cs aaa a RI Ri ai, Boa 734, 792 Corpostigeh 222s ee ee 790
Co ee a a ee eee 792 demibeius =. 2 2s 3 ee 795
MDRCOTILS eS 2 2 Seas 792 PIRNCODSIS o> oe Se ee ee 739, 795
CT a a a ae 965 glamreg So 22s 8 ee 789
STAI CMIET UIG eS S ae 794 irsniiGr- <=) = ee 739, 795
SUTTONS een ee SS SES a ae 977 CE UBLOLY US. ee 794
MNVUUG Seo a ea Te PUGUINUN SS OS ass eee ee 794
Se ANETIORIILE eee SP 793 TIT SUS en 794
Py el i= Se ee ee eae 746, 792 ior eS = he es ee 795
PAT ES et Ss ed ee eee ee ee 950 “elenophylius® io.) 792
TR re [OE See ae eS ae ae 951 DALES ee ee ee ee 952
Berripriiiiin a fee ee 951 WHELs 228 ee ee 743, 795
PETE I a 847 IZNOUES Se ee 978
ETERS 141 ee eae ee a ae eS 123 MARATOpOsDTPNS =. TS ee ee 27, 715
TTT Ge ot, Ree eS ee ae eae eae TOUS sAmemagrostisanterriuwaa—- + ee 783
ED Tay pa (EL Te ea ee ea 940 RTA OM ee ee ee 785
Pg. Oe ag a ee a aera ee ae ae 791 | Angustifolia, group of Panicum__-__-_-_--___-- 620
Semeirbiaiss 2S = es ile Ton, t AUnsaLed GES 2 295
ort) aS <2 oe ae ee eae gan, 792) | Mig! Wiseerass.—.__-.--___ = ee 105
rio: | a ee ee 826 WARP ee ch ee ee 288
PL 2 a a a ee 794 Wildtice= 42ers 2 a ee 540
FO Se ae seein ae es ee 734,790 | Antephora azillifiora_-_-._-_-.._--._=.--+--=.-= 818
ar ee Cte il WR Cs ST St a eee see ee ees 549, 795
Rees nber ee Se 790 CTT ry i oe hs ee es ee Se: 549, 795
Fe Ene ge a a ras a aes 790 cog de ee ee OE ee eee) 8 795
PP ae 2 Tig eee a aia Sra COE a "RUN re eee ee Pe hye 549, 795

rye ly Lagi he, Zo) (eae a ee a Sas Se 793 ints Sy See ee eee eee 463, 7
TODETIINE Sos es oe ee 854 Geel flora t <2 8 eee 818
RIGS ee ee ee See oe 872 lelangevasa== > As =o 870
ICERIE S® = eS eS ee 952 Cogan a seek es i 463, 796
RASCHArsines= ees =) Sa TS 2, 744, 792 Hermagnrogita = 2-8 se ee 463, 796
harbinodss=- 5-65 «22 = ee ee ea eee 789 | Anthipsimus gonopodus-____-_-----__-_--_--- 980
UAE IUCRES ee et es se ee ee rs: | een eee eS eee 219, 796
faquroulessé22 > SS ee es 792 Gornsarig See 4822 hn ee 219, 796
SAUEODOUDI 20 ee ee 789 Meparchrsiss ee 2 Se a a ee ee 219
Depress ae 792: | Amthopogon brevifoltus___.....- _- - + 867
BET OFTEN RS a ee 792 ONtbes Se Sel ae eee 867
RILUUTIELS aoe ee eee ee 790 Peper Oren 80S ee Ree 7
LOTT ERTIES. Se eee ee ee oath Aw emereni gies. Se 528, 796
Sco paras 25> 5 shes Spa eee 2, 3, 726, 729, 793 he 1 0S aad Se, ee eis 5 828

CRESUE 2 ee a ee SS ee 93 STIS GATED. 55s en 530, 7
CUSCODATINS 3S A ee 792 AVRO UIE oe gs Pe 854
flecilas 793 prepale <5 ns ee ee 530, 796

gcc, 2, ee tee eee nae 793 UT ae eas 25 oes ROS aa Ss 528, 7
gimurescrns 2 8 2 2 en 793 on ela deeriee aL SRE EES 796
Eittordlis: 2 = eee 792 ge ES CREPE SS 796
aguyitemue ~~ ee 792 TE ERS TE RT RANE SS 796
dipergens.-) See ee eee 789 | Antitragus aculeatus__+-.-.-.--------------- 829
NpOMIEKICANUS. — \! ese Pals eat) emcee Sees 8 362
BoyCladUs 2.2) Se ee Beat eel erty Sree CRT ee RS ee 783
serpenieius . 5 _ 25> Soe eee eee A 793 rh tp See eee ae ee Se res 78:
SUBTNIIT = = = 242s eo 793 Sinca-Denles: ies oe ee 785

pilosissimus 22 eee 731, 793 ROMA TON TE ot sn ee ke ee 894

1000 INDEX
Page | Aristida—Continued. Page
ADEDID DING AL ees ost e ee enh eae Bae 876 MIGTESCENS S = recor ee ee ee 796
DU GUNICD a ee kas ne A 876 Gliganthacse se Aaa alk ees 446, 799
IADIUIGAISCUDOILES Soe = ee ee ae 980 TeTvalL see NY EO See 799
SAT CLIGIDLUICETASS =) eke 8 oe) oe ee oe 115 OFGUbpLANI aS. 9 2 tok Sa ee es ee ee ae 444, 800
PT ASG os sede ek ce ge ee ee eae 48 DOLleWS tan hs ben NOR ee eA aes ys Bs 799
Arictida ik pean Deel cease Bin Sey non oe FV aed | ere 439, 796 DAMEN Sk = Sat ee Gall in TE ee 798
AGSCONSIONISUS es ee 439, 446, 796, 799 DALUSEIS AEs eee ae eee __.. 457, 797
OFOMOIESS ee A ee 797 pansa 32S ie foe ee eee 450, 800
COARCLOLD= nt a ae 797 PaLiShil = 24.8 ce) eek hee een ee 457, 800
TNECLICEN Gs oot ee ene eee ee 797 Patula Ae ALS es Bees ea eee 450, 800
EGTN TILE os ee ee ae eee ee ee 800 DOMUCULON Oe ass A es 799
TMIMIG es Sey ere erate et ne ps 457, 797 PETENNGNS 2« ae AS Se ee 801
americana bromoides_____.__._-.___--___- 797 PURpULaScensS: 2322 _: bee ee eee 456, 800
ATLZOU ICH eer = = ee le ee ae 455, 797 alabamensis. 2 2 Se ee ee 797
| Oz Vel Of Vag Ale os Mie ak Ted a pe 449, 797 depauperata s2 Ie ee eee 801
SSI INGA ee ra ee ee ee ere 445, 797 QUMLEISSUIN 2 Se ee ee ee 800
Der laidicrt oe Se a Se ee ee 800 TNENONS oe See es 221 ne 800
DEVniChiQn@. 2) on. aoa ee eee 801 purpureas.. = <2 Sl 22. oe eee ee 452, 800
bromides 2a 2 Oe Se ee eee 448, 796 COGUITCMER. Joes Pee ee eee 800
CaLIfONNIGH Cele beeen elon FU eee 442, 797 berlandiert >2 2c SR eee 800
FUGA. = eee LS See 797 californica». 2 ae. eee 800
Gea Drab RS Se OR ee ee 798 capillarifolige te ee Se 800
AINE] OT oie eee Ve ERS ae re eer 798 fendlerts i. eee 5 ee ee pee 798
CHAD MOANA OD Oe ON ee 458, 801 jendleriontz- ene eee eee 798
COMODSTE Er ee a ee ee 797 hookeri! |. 2a eee eee 800
Condensatacset hs 23 520 ee pe 461, 797 ldxifloris:: -. Bea eee 452, 800
COMDSI Cree tae 6 eer eee 797 tongiseta=. J Se ee 799
CUNTISCLE I Ce ee ee 799 MACTONURG 2 eee se eae eee 801
GULLISSIE® 2 eee ee es 445, 797 TObUSstG 32 33 SR Se ee eee 799
CURES eee ate CFE Re Ee 797 TOCCMNOSCL eo Se ee ee Re 797
Gesmanit har eat a ee 5 eee See 441, 797 TAMOSISsima//ois eel Pee ee 446, 800
GiGhotormiasee es eee ie ee 445, 797 chaseana: 23 2s ee ae 800
CUTTISS Eas Dee ne eee eee ee eee 797 WNEOTISLQUG 2s =~ 3 ee eee 800
GiSPET SR tet eat ee LE Ee eS 796 TOnULONO se Se eee 799
BOTOId ES Se OE re Eke 797 TeveTCHONI ees So are 452, 798
COUT CLGLO Ree ee TES ee eee 797 ONGUSIOM es a3 ee eee 798
Given tase ane ee re 449, 797 ThizGmMOphoras. 22a eee 456, 800
ADEN TE TIS Sait Pre A Bog ee ee 444, 801 TOOMeLISNa: oe 2 ae Se eee 452, 800
COMUUNOCTISES IER ee trae ne ee 791 Scabrass. oo ee eee 444, 800, 801
CLOT Aa Tir ae ES TE cee 800 SCHOS METH oa ee ee 797
{QSCICULON EEE Lin eee ee 448, 796 Schicdenna £32 oe See ee ee 800
CUlsfOvicd se Rae ees 5 ee 800 MINOL22 22 ee ee ee ee 801
FL CTULUCT ACT a wpe se 2S Ree cre eee 798 SeCumiss. 2. ee ee Pe 806
[GOK sees? Rate e ae See 800 Sim plieiioras!= 375.2 ee ee 458, 801
MACH ANLNGS OPEL Be! a OAS SR eee ees 201 SMMnpiCifolide ss A eee 799
SUELO RES Ce Le, eS 799 CLONE oe ae 799
fendilerianacs 2: Saar ee ee 454, 798 SpICIOrMNS 205 2a. Seo eee ee oes 450, 801
PAPE. LOSS eR ee 800 SQUOTTOSO Soke OE Ler eee meee 801
TORIC Nes CASES Lh: Ne eek ee 444,798 Striciat secs Bie Ss Se eee a 455, 801
CENiICWI AE <2 ioe SEG ee eee 446, 799 CONMENRSUNE..-.- oo. oe 797
vontilis var. /Oreniaristata: 2 798 NEG CY aoe ea ee ee ee 798
GEUET Te ee OS 8 Tae eee 800 SURI! 2 ee en ee Si Vee aches 800, 801
SA pra aeeeeee wee es es CE Oa EA ee 442, 798 SUOUIU LONG Sa! So Pee: eee eee 798
MAICA: Mekee EP hi ae Ee Die oe Oe 451, 798 Lenuiste.8 soe ye eS es Se 801
OSSD oe es Bon ek epee 799 LENWISPICAs! Jos 24 ges ee eee 460, 801
OTALCHTG SS ay 2 enon 2g tee, aia eee 446, 799 bOrnipess2 220-8 Ses Se 2S see eee eee 443, 801
CEDOUU PEN ALA's Seo eo NES Sees 799 diver gens 232. i eee 801
TR GOLD oe ae: aot OD CR rere 801 MNIMOT 22. ee ee 444, 801
quscbathiana: 40s) eee 797 tubercnlosat. 2 oi ee er ee 442, 801
decoltondi ae eS ee a ae 797 qnilaterdliss oo a2.) See ee 805
PYVTANS SH <= 2 let be tb Sel 1A ie Se ees 461, 798 DOSCYULE =. J ca) Pe eee 798
HAmMUTOSH a 28 Peele eh, Bees ee 449, 798 Virgata 22) al 2 eee 457, 801
BAVA GIIS 225 da Re ee OS ae 449, 797 DOLUSETIS Pe es eS te a 79
humboldtianive es Se Vale Coan 798 WEIGH 22 SoS ores: ao. ae 453, 801
NIN OT BAe ee Se A as Lees 198) |) Amizonsa fescuests wes ce een 57,77
hypontegass \x eee Se oe 800 DAWICUIA So. eet Le) ee eee eee 664
BINORTEQUL. eee = en 2 ee 798 {hree-awil. oe ee ee 455
et paar See aaa 448, he: Aromatic grasses: ....=--2-252-2- 2485 3, 746, 747, 757
CA BI a oe Arrhenafherum <=! -85 22s ee 298, 802
fees SMe ge) 9S ee Le ee ri OmMencanwm. 2 ee eee 802
eee ee = QUENCCEWM 22282 2 2 Fe ene 298, 802
lanosa ---_---------------------------- 455, 799 elatius 2, 298, 802
lanuginosa....---------2-------------,--- 799 biihodan 2 mesh panne 298, 802
LeMMontsiae ik Ae ie et Ae eae ee 798 MEET ES paar Bees E TERE PT 4
: + EULDET OSU Lae 3 a pe ae 802
LOVELESS) OY aE ee ne eee ee eI 446, 799 Reinke re 974
CENICULTLAS. = 4 See Se ty ea 446, 799 : i aa. ERAS DKE TG Tae
: DENS OONMICUIY: ae ie a ee 974
lOnSiseta ieee a LBS eee ie eee 439, 453, 799 HoT Re 802
ifendlerianiics 32 ee es A COB Ay 2 anes terrae pipes ine so ed tp a aa
hoahen i. sek Adie eis) a ke Ol soo | Atrowteather ) 2522.02 456
TAPIA OR AS ek ees SER a ee ee 454,799 | Arthratherum, section of Aristida___-------- 44]
TODUSta se os Se oe ee Leet A54, 799.\|" ATtnraxoneer 859 bn oh ot Sk eee 725, 802
MODERNISE 222 ea ee 799 CTATIG Soya Rod, ee) Set Parsee eee 725
STIL TIL es oy Poa ee A Re 797 langsdorfii var. cryptatherus_____--_-- 802
LG RIAD AIRS Ne eels © Meee a Cea Sh 453, 801 hispidus var. ecryptatherus_____-_____- 725, 802
MUeCTOPOUAs as =e BAS seh a yon Sa Se 799 | Arthrolophis, section of Andropogon-_----___ 732
MOR Ae<. WE eas Se ee ee A585 709). || ArIn dinantass:..!2ie see sve eek ee eee 29, 802
TM OUUGZ i sere Se oh eee ee 797 S1P an peas. o 2 hee ee Se ee een 29, 802
mubklenbergi0ides- 2 12 a eee 800 CCC OPS EN ee ee 803

INDEX 1 00 1
Ardundinaria—C ontinued. Page | Ather 2 :
hee = ete sh piaas | cone Continued. nips
arborescens___-______________________- FRUIPOMEA 5 eh i San ee) de ae a
suffruticosa_________________________. wis] Alropis awoides:..) <3. ee eS
teeta es te eee 803 7 he ee he eo 939
ety Se et qs te ian 31, 803 ferinie sade re a 939
COLGAN = oe <a i. 803 cuore. fisa1 28 a Ee =
dssinckous. =. eee 803 hee Diels de Al... mo 932
WOME Se A on Se eee 803 can yi ee a a ca a el ol ond 931
reais: 5 Re, tS ee ee a 187, 803 “ligt eg a 879
mevosionder® 8009 2-3. 2: j otewe ag 819 psaplsc Sanam ae eS 938
airanies: ©2335 el 974, 980 adad ela Ba ae 939
a ee ee amen he, t 788 fail oa a 938
Th” ae Ee eee ert? 823 Saath a ee ee 932
enlemnerpsigs 52>. a te 306 ee 7 ees wre 931
eS ie Bea eet a foes 819, 820 ! Tr ct 931
eS Se ae oe ee ee te 820 ee a eee 938
cE ae ene 5S 390 CET SITS FES ee FN ee 934
7 SESS eS eee se OTe 925 epstina 2 eee 939
confinis eS 2a es fo A ee 980 MEssIensIR- — 2? SY EG a eee 935
Siam ees. <a ee HD Abana 398 LOTT SR ee eer IO ode, 939
SRST eS Pe 187, 191, 803 grencifiora—_- -* 2-1) ee 935
eariegata A jes serena tpi a =
REESIOG MGI So nol te Dein, en 190, 803 a
PRED et ok SE lee Paes 820 SRG i SCONE oes 937
RPORGICG Se = oe a ee SIE eg 820 eli ae me ee ny cee she 936
Demme Sans of 2 os A ia 863 z ee ips ee 935
(Sere a ee re 819 SEI OL Se Pr Ns £5 a eee 936
IIT ee Si a a ee oot Od ee 802 sermurmag io tS A ee eee 933
— Si e arie ea ee 803. 980 Masai 2 9) Ret Oat Ge es te 937
leagedorhi = ee 819,829 | Avlaranthus ciliatus____________-____________ 795
Dn a ee ee eee 803 a ne ee eee 795
= S045 DS ee ee ee rae 787 Abort inins: 2" + ie 5 2 SS 796
ea ee 788 i ee ee 795
~~ <3 Soe ee eee T Rant |p seeasia icin Chips © nt 52
aCe pg Mew Lait: Ci 6 2) See eae eee ek ee ain 338
PETC a 2 OY Spe SO ey ge Oe re | ee ee a a em Se 294, 803
URIALIILILE See how te nn es A A 928 pares ee ee 975
ee SEE ae CENT 820 GAREY IE Ee ee ee 804
OTE at LSS ee pie ee 191, 828 CTO Tn ne 803
STS ee a als Ce een 2 OR 896 SUES OSU IIE ea ee 833
AOS os NS ae CeMTRS SET 925 Lidge, = SO ee eRe ae See eee 294, 295, 803
SSS SS ea eee oe 867 ye Ls es ie ee ee eat ies Soh 295, 803
Sa EE ies AEE EASE Cee nag Ault 867 lag ee. er Te oR 8.3 802
27 oN goo TS Oe es so Be ee ET 803 Svyrasitiate oF es ee 295, 297, 803
COT Sees Sets ee a eet ears §28 SAIESTANE Ses neh ee ees 833
rime ne es SEs Ge ey. 3 803 COR eee eee oe eee 2) See ae et 941
emRtRy Cems a en) etl ee 788 CANESCENS _ _ --------_-_-___-_-_-___-_-____ 828
ST i eS. oe eee ee 803 SREP eA ee ee 786
TSS eG SS eee eo 928 CREOLE TLE Ne ee 974
Pieerelimeminjormiem 3! ee 872 al el Lapel gc Le a or ORE SIN AT at 6 787
oS ae ea ee 872 cermua_______--_____-________.---=---=-=- 973
ries ae See. Ve eae eee 872 PA ASUOUAY ES de nt 773
ce a a 5 See Ss 873 ER ee 802
NS ies oe ae ee eee 876 eirbiony #2 eos 802
Asperella americana__...__-____-______=___--_- 872 Guibosa 3° 2035. See See eee 802
en Oe i a SOE en Semen tn. 873 tuberosa =.= => 802
RI ONSEN eee be 872 faitine 22-2. eee, SA eee 294, 295, 297, 803
Renda ane 875 GUAT Otis 2 5 et eee 803
Osi hee ee he ee 872 Ct) aa ae aes = Sed eee 804
ETD i plot?) i Sa ee ene ees” Benet eel wee eae 876 SlMescense - 2S > 22 = 5 eee 973
Reser ans Sie. eS ee OE 875 PLETUOS eo 834
See an A ae eae es 873 OlmmOee Se Set 832
TA PTICNE St On Fn 5 EIGN 875 ipakcerise see! 2S ae ee ee 297, 803
TNT Oa. ee 8 ee ee 875 TG (TT by Pio Ss ee A Meee” es SR SAE 870
ergzoides 22 3 3: Siete FE pies aie 876 evils er its ee oom ened oe a ee 864
COTE Aer Se ee Noe oe ee ae 875 TROUIR se ee 2 a Se bk ee ee 870, 975
PEROT en tS = 876 MOFEOT ate FOS 8 oe ee 297,803
aly by LM ce sp ee se al ee ee See 292 i, een a a a ee Say 859
Pe note ee eee 786 Pre Ge Etat ns ae eee A. 295, 297, 803
CAT IODNG Cs Soe Se a en 787 WINIERORNSRS 2 oe 2 Sn > ee ee 973
bo tiide | fp a en aoe ote See ee 787 DT EE ee OE 5 ee 869
WELGrA DENG = == sah EB os ade ee ee 332 DRACULA NS rete Ss 5 Se ‘7
AIBCTONOLUS MONGUOUES 2 ~. 22 eS ee 824 Tt Ro a Se Ee ee Se Eee a
Atheropogon, section of Bouteloua____ ______ 512 yt LS [S.A PR Oe gee ac! 87
ALRCTODOGON Aijimit8 =F 5 See hs 807 BUSES Pe ee = Ss eh es 97
aynlncdinles 2 sot Pes se PS 806 SRGINIE OF a se 7
rig £7170 | laa aa RR Serene St ee MESSE RI Sr 805 PUSTRMUR ONAN ee = ee 97
romance sa re 2 Oe Fe Fe kA 808 SITIO, teen se 2 Se ee 787
CRO ISORIDMIOS. 2 2 7 oe ee An 805 pratensis var. a@mericana__-____-_- =e 803
CHE Rat ee eR ae a) 513, 807 pot Se ee See ees 297, 803
JRF OT URE os ke ee. RIN ala 807 Shc ee a EE ee Pe 294, 295, 297, 803
OT Cees ee ne eh ys ae L 807 (Sj! a oor ore ome se, Se 804
Berhera oe ae Sree 8 OS pe at F.. 808 DOCU oF 2S a 804
Tort lT Sees eS ee eS eae” ore 809 SOMINAMU ES © 435) 3552 J.-C dt tat ee 817
TREES SIE es IE. FS en 807 BOCURI o-oo Ae 857
ONG NSERC us = Asad od oes es 3 i Le 807 SOLO SFP ESS 798
SLEVELTORELS SS 2 ess FS eg tn 808 eee ee ee ee 195, 884
procumbens. Shs 4 ale Be ee Sie rely 806 RRAROTOT RSS no an ae ne 832

1002 INDEX
Avena—Continued. Page Page
SPT CULS eae a EAC iM Tet a tee 832,975 | Bent-awn plumegrass_-_....__._._.-.._.__-__. 772
STORMS Oo te oo os See eno oe 295, 297,804. } Bentgrasss.1 22 ene eee, 323
1 Glgeriensts =~ 7 oat ee ae 207,004 & Bermudaprass) 2s 82 2 ae ee 2, 4, 483, 484
SUAHOIGER So EE DE Se eee Bicknelliana, group of Panicum_____________ 624
CLA 51 a aR ie pfs ah Ses UO Se! 941 | Bifida, croup of Paspalum... ae 601
MOUCONS 2 Une 2 oe yo) ee O41-4F . Big bluegrass: < 2204 - oo. ee Ce es. 136
Strigosa se oe ee ee Sa ee ek 295, 804 corderdiss 3/422 22555. te Se eee 489
SUNSPICH Ms tes SE Oe Bie ae) ers Cee 975 lle Ges oe hipee See it UEC ee ae 468
SUA C a see ee ees S70") Bigelow iblucerass: 22 eos ea ie ee 103
COPREU Pe ee EEE Le ee Se ee 205,942) Billion-dollarierasss22." 5222 5222 ea 690, 694
PALVET OS er AN SS AS ey ee 802), Black ibentet = oes 251 0 2 er eA ee ae 330
TET SICOLOT asin eS aes aye eee ae ee 803 dropspedis a2 oh oy ae a ae 399
Avenastrum, section of Avena_-_____________ 297 Pig e202 Vga ee ea Me CIOS 381, 511, pe
CAVENOSTTAUND DULDESCENS= = eee ee ee ee 803} Blackseed neéeedlegrass. 92.222) 2 ea eae 428
ATV ENGAR Sent fae on 2 ee ee PT eee 2i275.} Blepiiaridachnes: 222.22 eee 221, 805
Avenella fleaiosa 222) 22) eee eee 834 DIPClO VATS Se a ee 222, 805
Avena DUVESCENS == - 2 == Sate eee ee 803 Fe ON 8S ts = oe eee 222, 805
IAKONO DUS (aoe ase so SRR Ae a eee 5ia,004 |} Blepharoneuron=.2- 2.228) See 409, 805
CLTACETALS rE EOE eo ee 828 trich@lopis: {bes faces oe eee 409, 410, 805
COMIPLCSSUS Si aoe 2, Ola; 344,004 § Blue feseuer. 28) oe. ee eee 5, 76
LIQ UtIeAES hk PCN Ss oe ee 2 oe eee 836 SPATS A Ss oe ee Shonall 519
Puircatuseess See ee ee eS eee 573, 804 Wild-TyOs2 2 oh oot Oe ee 253
DUMICEUSIE EA Seas ae Ae Tee eee 836 \f Bluebimneh fesene 3:2. Se ee 3, 58, 76
poiretii__.___- eee UOC Be eas St ee 961 WHIESTETASS 08 Fk NT eee a ae 3, 230, 240
aia STAs 8 oe Ee ee bs Se eee eee 583°) Blueprass, alkali ool 0 136
pakeriwheaterass! 22) 5¢ 02 es ee eee 238 AIPMIG OE ee as See ee 126
Baldingera arundinacea. __2_-_--.--2--=-___ 925 Annals ewe: ols 382, Se 4 ee ee 105
COLDEMEGT LS SP Se EL Te eee ee 925 STChGL* Set eee ee ee eee 115
Bam Does eee oa ae Bee ee eager Tol DIG, ee ee a 8 ei Se eee 136
OVMUAMICT EA Sees eee poke eae cee eee LG hoi! Bigelow sc. 22-252 22255) Soe ee 103
UISESTO Res ee ae SOF a. Vee ae Ope Se ed) Ads oe Oe ee eee 121
IB Aiea pisses oie 2 ie SE Eee ee ree Secret eeree 31 bulbous! 22. 2 ee eee 123
IDBeCHBY alte. =e Se Te oe nae ea See 4 Canada! e:2 528 55 aes ee eet in 2,99, 106
TCT ATHUTUN Gt ee eo ee et ee 802 Canby2 2.4407 Gs Bie ee 5
Tisties (2 SRST: TES be eee eee ee 5 Ciisickss ho 22 tek se Die ee 129
TUT Ee Se 803 nglishe les) sooo a eS eee 69.
IBAMIDUSERO S282" 5 She eee AS Sen ee oe Pelee ee 17, 29 fowls Boke e Jk ee eee 124
| 2 YFG] (Dies od ene Rig is oA Bs Ces edd ear ped Bi unk rd 264, 268 Howell 22 o0280 pce sete soaks, Seana 103
DEAT CIESSH EROS cs! See ae oe 268 TMMANG? | o: ae Oe ee eee
OD GALL ey ee Se he See ee ee 265 Rentiekoy 2 2s.) 3. Wael at So ees 2, 99, 112
TOME RTOS es es Sams ty by eee 265 eiberg sc: 0.20 6 ee eet oo eae 132
Netlez- se ee sc Fes peli AE AS pe: epee ope ANN 266 Newadane 223 220 ee eh ke eee 135
meadow--_-_---- x pel ye at sad SERN Eee Shi 265 New: Mexican ss 30: 2452.5) 2 eee 118
IWieditermancan 52 es eee 266 nodding #20: ..2..)- Sessa ee 119
TVIOTISO ee ee a Dee 268 ‘Pattersone2 2s. Se ee ee 128
Barn VATGerasssss: 32 oo. shee a ee 692 Dine e248 ak sak ieee ee 132
IBASKeh Crass tee sss SS eee 688 Dlainss 22 3.2 so 5-5 cee ee oe 114
IBUILCHKE CUT LOUNS KA tes ee) a eee et es 962 TOURS Ss elk ue fe en ee eee 4,116
eachprasstee 5342 5shi es Ts a Sei eee eee 4, 319 Sandberg -'... 32 ab eee ee 99, 134
AIMGnICAnS Seth 5 22 8S ee Se ee 320 Skylines 22:50 sce re daly eee aa 130
PUTO peshne ss 255 Seer ke Le eee ee ees 320 Slender. . 3 22.2. See ee ee 134
ipparded fescue a= 420 222 tS ies aS ee 67 "TAXES 22 ns4 ba tek ek oe een oe 99, 106
wheatgrass _ - ---- pe een Leck ne ee EE 236 timberline=:5 22-2 -t 32.2 eee 1
Beard erassee eee SIT wh St Li reeled ae) eee 725 Wheeler 355.22. 3232 eo ee ey ee 109
TUES iyo ee oe Ne ee 739 W005. .322 2.220 Seo ee eee 123
UI OREE eee So ea oe ee eee, ae V4) |; Bluejoints2- 2252550 2 a eee 306, 315
[2 gribct see ae eee ee ee sae ee ES So 3, 726, 729 burkeyloote. S22 oes ee ee 3, 726, 732
Si Ver nets Pee FS Oe Pee ee 744 |); Bllesteme 4.22 2. 252 ee Bee 233
ER EXAS ee Ot oo SBE RR Se Sy es ee ee 729 Colorado!) 222) 2a a ee 230
iBeardlessibanloy) Se eee eee 268 | Blamenbachia halepensis_____.-_-___._.-2_ === 951
wihesterass =) f25s 4) ste es eee eee 2A1\| Bobtail batley.:s 2222522. 5 ee ee ee 265
Wr Ly Oe ee SS os ONS a See Zo) ‘| (Bee bluegrass 25-325 ss oe ee ee 121
IBCCKIMAnHI AN 20. OS heehee eee 487, 805 | Botanists, acknowledgment of aid from______ 15
baicalensis- 2 eee Se ee 805° | (Boteluas sess 3 Se ee ee 805
CblIGACOTMIS 28 a ar ek ee ee 487,805 | Bothriochloa saccharoides___-_-.-_-___-_____- 793
Dai calensis so: ee Le yea Soa 8054] Bottlebrushis saat See eee 264
NA PLOT Bo ee a eee 805) Bemtelonss 26 ile ees cine eee ees es 511, 805
SVZIPACHHEL 2 ate BIS ee eb =a ee 487, 805 OT EMOSMit rer ik LO ae Lee arena ee 517, 806
IBBOOATLICKCTASS ee Seat ea ae ee 444 STISCIGOIGES: 2. es Ee ee 512, 805
BeNNCAGUNCED =. JN a ae 960 OTiZONICTE 9 ae oe ee ee 805
Bent VAStOras 202 Ba eR Ea Ee 332 aschenbornianwm:- = 2222 8 2 ee
AUTUMN 2 5s 5 a es es a eS 338 parbatay\-\ see eee) eee 11, 516, 805
SRI ic ie ee 330 holanderi 282222 VCs 3 eee eae 808
Cocos se Bein Re eee Eee 330 brachyatherg.s 2285s 0 os See ee 809
Coloniale. ease eee ee 325, 332 brevijolias) 2 oe ee ee eee dep hese 807
CoO0S Bayess* 2223. ches 24 ee eee 330 breviseta2t = ses ee ee 520, 806
ETOOPIN Ok ys ele Ss See 325, 330 bromoides var. radicosa__-__-_------------- 808
MOY A LN So Ro BS A ted Ne 334 bukit 52 aS eee ees 2 ee ees 521, 810
Wetropolitan2 a ea aie Pee 325, 330 chondrosioides.5 22250255) <a es 515, 806
INS w Zealand ds ee EAS eae 332 CUA ete ee ad 80.
Oresoni Colonial =e eee 332 CUrhipendtla ==. ee 511, 512, 806
Prince Edward Island:-...:..,------+4:- 332 OTISLO80. 2852.52 sep 807
Rhoderisland= ss eee ie 332 eludens 752220) ae as see ee ee oa 513, 807
@olonial. 2A eee Lee 332 CLIODOM a. es ea eh Se ee 511, 521, 807
SCASIGG =e yh 2218 ee en ea) eee 330 PU LOL IMIS Se eS Be ce 515, ee

INDEX — 1003

Bouteloua—Continued. Page | Briza—Continued. Page
nirsa@ta. 2747 So Sasa ee 3, 6, 511, 519, 808 IWediaks sok eae St ee eee ees 2 139, 811
TTR] OF, 5S) = Ne as ee 808 MEGUSLAChY Ota. 2) Se ee Ae ees 848
TRUNK 28s ee in a 808 ITU OL: ae a eA ee ee 137, 811
palin 2 ee keel eee 808 DUT DULOSCENS 2s yee ie ers) ee 848
TRAP Ta ae eas ae, ees 1s Lp 808 SDICULI es ie eee ee eS eee 838
IN OFS ee oe Se dp ee 808 UIT CNS Sa ee ee a EN ee ee 980
PLUNOY o eal 808) ||, Brizopyrum americanum. __ 22s. 838
harmboldtiang= 2s ee. 7 es 807 Gor galerie See a hee Oe SE ee ee es 838
Rwmilis. 22! 2 eat eS cy oe eae 809 douglas i oR Ae Er eee 932
PUNCH ONG 23 warns ae 9 oS a 807 Obvusi flor me ee, a eee 850
ICY eae Siete Ene Legare Pea tte sy Co) 1 807 SDICGM TREE. eee ee oe 838
TILELICILE/OF, TU4S = ne eg ay 806 SUM See a eee 838
WE COMMegeaveee = ie UE EN Ao, eee ees 806 MMUTEN OUT a Sek ee EN ee 879
ATUICT UT ee LE yee SO6o ebroadleaf uniola.22) =o 2 2 eee 180
FRICTOSLUCIY Ma eee Oe Se S0Gm Brome: Caliiornig. = = 222. Ue eee 31, 37
SIVA Rar oe ae oe ha 818 Canada? 3.1.27. 22 2og 5 3 eae eee 45
OUT OSLUCHY at wee SS eee Nh ee 520, 807 fringed. fae a ee 43
ATL CT TIBEQLUE = 9 ore ee eet oh 807 (RRUn canines. 2 ee eee eee 33
Citi i Se ES POOLE, FREES Su 807 MOGGiINg 82 oa) oh. Te Pe eee 46
POUT GEARS tam re See: ees gs Sees 807 Soon 3 5S 26a ae eee ee 33, 39
FOTOS eee ee = ee ee eee EA SOUGHT PBLOMOOTASS..- 2). a eee
ONE oe SE Sok 2 Se es Al ed 806 SChrader’ S22 oe AE eS eae 36
pM ET Ta 9 epee sO age Ts TS elas LANES 808 | Bromelica, section of Melica______.__________ 195
[Ope a carat EAs (dee ee eal Hl hss ISTOMelcd OniStald.- on = = a Pe ee 882
ICEEUIVELE Sat Se aa eee es ee Ae 519, 808 EU LT nen ee ae ee 883
PICTUS smal. Pest Sere J On eed 806 howellies. 2 ee eae 883
DOLUSLOGRY ke eo at 8 eee ee an 806 ROTOR es es 2 2 ee 883
WNION = Ses porn aks Co ee ee Nee 806 TOT eee eas Oe ee eee 883
TOA E Ne Re ee eS EE Ne od REELS SE 80 STV ieee eee ea ee 884
SL OCITIBUCIG = ae ee ee 516, 809 SECA Das ee ee) Seas eS 2 se ee 942
TIGOSES fimo ee ce BE Oey et oe 809 SILO TELL eee es eee 1 ee 884
EO THTTTVAT eS te od a eR Pe 517, 806 | Bromidium, section of Bromus-_-__---------- 48
PEST) LP ees ha ee RE ek 809 | Bromopsis, section of Bromus--------------- 39
SUEILTIEED ee Se Ne Cen 4 tae S00R |S TOMINS see ne a eee 31, 811
NERO EE RE ee eee 511, 806 aleuteHSiS sa oo a ee. 37, 811
ORAS OSU ee ke Se ate os Soe Ree 807 ULISSTN USE eee Ree eee 815
TAGICOSA seen Pee tee Se ee 515, 808 anolmMaliseese.. se: 2 ee eee 33, 46, 811
MOAN OSU = See eee ec he Sa 520, 806 invA pes =o ee 46, 811
PISIMISG be oe ee ioe te en ee 513, 809 STON ATS: 2a eee ee 52, 811
TOCNTLOC KI See no ks ee ere so 511, 518, 809 CORUNA CEUs = Se ee 858
SHEGN fa Soe eh 515, 809 ATVOGUSIS eee 2 ee ee, ee ee eee 52, 811
FEATS 1 SEIS SEE a eS 2 eee Ser ee 809 DOU eee ee ee eS ee 815
SUL CU Sen aes eee ee Tae ee 807 TOCEMUSUS= =~ =- =o ee eee 816
LENUIS oe eS. SSN he 809 OSDCi =e See oe ee 814
ECL ee Sere ere Pa ee Ep ee 513, 809 DarbaLoidegeen se - ts eee a ee ee 817
Ting 3 (5 bp ONS Re TEL aes Se RNS. re aye 611,521; ohh SULCUS ee ent es ee 817
OU eye ee ee on Bebe 810 brachypnylius= ees eee 815
EUV = RE ee eR gee, ee, Nes Ede 521, 810 Bre WiAriStAlUS. ete ee 37, 812
RIDIN OLAS oe a= a Se eee Ee 512, 810 BreCuIaTISLAUU Gt oe eee ee 813
DES AAU En Ret ee eee Be sae aE re 808 eizaelormiss] = == == ee 48, 812
LDP Gn eli Sane Ie ope a ee 570, 810 CO OMMCUS a. oe a ee 812
CUIAUISSIIN De aes oe san aed rae eee 571, 810 CONUUCTISIO oe Oe eee 813
AGU DT IOICES === ee een ae ee 907 CARING USS = eo 82 eee ee 3, 31, 37, 812
Srucaclornis!s. Se aaa en oe 570, 572, 810 MUTI ZOLICUS oo = ee ee
OXDONSA. oo 2s ae ee oe ee ee ee 572, 810 eqlijornicus:. =". __ 2s Se See $12
BRECINTIC 5 Snes es er ec ey A ee Dae 810 CENSUS 2 2 st ee Le 812
CHIE ALG a ae iS SRS RE BN Se REE 1 Cs WAR woe 911 hookerianus. 2. -2-.-. 2 ee 812
OULILS eae © ee ge re aie 1 le ee eae 910 TINGOh IS 2) ee oe en ee 812
PaAnlasined=2-- See ee 572, 810 Cathanticus ss: .2 25.9 - eee 2, 33, 36, 813
DIDI Ld Se > ae 52 enemy en epee 572, 810 Giliatuset: eae eee eee 33, 43, 813
2 OSU GU = ee a eee eee ES 912 coloradensis—-- >. ===. 22-4. ee 816
| Brachyelytrunt.: . =~ 2-22 - -"s Sear eae 414, 810 denudatus=— <22-- 4... 424 eee 814
OFiStOtumt ______- =. -___ Ae ee 810 glaberrimtus => = --.2 - +. 52 See 818
} engelmanni.2). 2 eee ee 811 INCONUS. 2 eee 815
QTiSLOSUN- == 22 ==. 2 ee 811 latighumis:=.-.-< = =__ - eee 815
glabratum>s= = eee 811 {7LONSUS Se oe Sc ee 814
PLOChIMNS . 2 abso 52S oe ee 414, 810 laeviglimis=<2.-.-3°. 2 eee 45, 814
Brachypodium commutatum________________- 814 Bauelirdtig ee oe Sh oe | ee 818
GiIStAeGhY OTs ss 8 ee ea 57, 811 INUNLOT a en eee 811
Sylvabicuin! <_ 220) eee eee 57, 811 TNONLOMUS. en a 2 ee eee 811
festucoides cs AS SNR Cee! i ot orig ie eh 860 MOU OVUS. 8 =) | Ai eee 818
| PADONICHINER ae. eee ee 774 DOT a oa 811
FEST ILC I SEU LS) CHESLALLIUS 52 so eee ee ae 873 PUTTONS. 22 8 25 UNS ee ee 816
PESTLE OTLOLATEN LOALCM moet oo 2 ee en 773 laenwaginatus |. =. +. -..---.--- Saae . 816
SIA TLCE Ee eek 2k ee ee eee 774 SCariOSus_~.- = = -- 3-52 5 ee 813
| OLR CLITUNTENUS © co oe oe ee ee 776 CommMutatis. oS. — = 8 eo eee 50, 814
YH IT (ci (eaters te nae ech ly arlene Tana ees oboe ee a vids SpricorumMs #2 20 22. Se 50, 814
Bristierrasss DUT oe ee er eee 699 CHASLOLUGS. An 2” Ste) a eee eee 773
SET GE oo = aot Oe ee ae ee 702 Genes 2 so) at ese 2 de 818
| STERN 0 28 es | ae eee 702 Gerioviaatn i he ee ee 857
Grsebach 2! [25.02 Se eee ee 701 GSRLUCA OR ae a ee ee 57, 811
IKNOUrOOU:-- = 3 == Set eee cece ee 697 LTH LT FE ES Slee SE OE Oe 814
| meee Se ee eee ee 700 GUUERON Sone nico 0 5G aoe eae 857
MOUOW sa s20eo— = 22 Shs cee ne oe anaes 697 QROChUSS sec tec Se eas 40, 818
TST ge a NS eo ONE aos Ba a ote 137, 811 Bet (hy \ pe Oe. SEN tana ¢ EDENE Seid 814
CORDUENSIS ©... Lone ee ee eee 864, 866 COAL (UL) ae eens CS a oe omer ae ae SY Oh 811
LT PUAG OLIN [1 aan aM ay Se a8, SF Gee CE 8 a 848, 977 FOO UR 0 <a << + 0 wna e ye sensemees 818
RIN Ss. o 3 a a re ee ee ee 848 ROT ORION oa << eh ene p pulses 818
Moseinias 2... oe oe oe 137, 811 PRONE, SO oa enna en euthn ees 812

1004

Bromus—Continued. Page | Bromus—Continued.
iritdraenns.. ek ee ee 47, 814 purgans—continued. Page
Cenilapus. = 2° SOP eee rN ee ee 858 POUT Ge 8 eae Ss 813
GLOMMENOLUS S22 ee es Be ee ee ee 830 DUNPUNASCENS 22 => 2 a ee ee 816
SiS ents oe ee ee 41, 814 EeTeNSIS 2s 52 ee 817
OUSSON Se ote ois te ee 816 DULGOTTS tree ee ee eee 818
MOGK erie Es Seek, Se ee i ee eee ee 812 DUTOONS. aS Se ee ee 812
CONQUENSIS= =x == SA eee i ee 813 TACCMIOSUS 233-4. - te i. Ss 51, 816
CUIGHUS 2 oe nee oR Soe ees 813 COMMULALUS. = 5. =.2 222 eee 814
MOT GUNALUS = 9 ee See ee 812 TOAMOSUSS =e oo 2 ee Se 814
MUDESCENS = 22 <ee ee ale See 816 richardsonis= =". hee ee 45, 813
ROGKEMONUS SO sss. 5 ee eee 812 DOUMUS 2352 ae Bee ee ee 8
TAIN ON ee oe. tee eee 812 TIPIGUS 32-0022 5 jw ee ee 33, 53, 816
nordedeeus 4 == - 224s Js ea ae 50, 815 SUSSONEL! et ee ee 53, 816
GLADTESCENS 2 2 Se 51, 816 TUDONS a2 se eee a oe ee 54, 817
UNLET MCAUUS a. 2 ie ee eee 815 TUPUUUS 228 io Ses we SE 816
leptosiachys————-= —_- = OS 3o eee 51 scabratis:- =. 58 a 811
RIND DETAMUS So ae! SS eee ee 816 SChTadert 256 SS ee Se 813
iNCONUS 3 ou ee ee eee 45, 815 SCODarUS! Sees ae ee 51, 817
TEI OL IMIS See eek ee Se A ee 2, 33, 39, 814 TUOENS 2 = Sas S22 ee
OrIstiius. S82 362) 22 ee ee Secalintis: <5. 0 eal ee 33, 48, 817
CUUSS ese set ee 813 gladewitztt 5 aa eee 814
TRILOSUG! ote LN ee ee 815 WelUtINnWS =. See eee eee 48, 817
NODINUHIS <= "- eR i bee eee 815 SeCUnduUs 2 5 sh Ds ees 861
J ADOMICUS. 2 25 352 ee eee 51, 815 SCLOCEUS oo oy ee) SE es Og 817
TTT ee pl Le a 46, 815 SITCHENSIS= 222 = 2 ee ee ae 36, 817
OnIStIOpas Sa oh 2 Be eee 857 SPICOUS oS. 3 972
PTO ee ee a ee 811 Squarrosus Var: pavulius=—_— eee 815
OCCIMENLRLIS 4 a= ii eee 811 FOCEMOSUS 2-22 = 2 816
DOT HEN ene. Se a ne See nt 811 Sterlise 22: 55.28. a eee 54, 817
TACiIMIARUISS =o 2s ea ee Sen ea ee 39, 815 Stendelt~- 23s 816
LCC IARINIS Be 2 Se) ap 814 SUD TIUTICUS = hee 2 eR eee 817
Jae VIDeS fess Seer eee ee eae 43, 815 SUD WLS ag eS ei a eee eee
LOTUEDES 20 i. SS See Tee ee ae 811 SUDnE lt =e = oe es eee 37, 812
s\n tl Ti eee eB Ee Se eo eee 45, 815 suksdorhit: 9% Soe eee 40, 817
TE (TE IS SU Ne a 815 tectorim: ©. 2-5-3 56a Se eee 55, 817
PLD Pee 5 So Se oe Se eee 812 glabratiis 4. *=- 2-68. 62h eee eee 55, 817
TLC ONUTIRY = ee ees 814 NUNS 22 = Le eo ee ee 55, 817
AWACTOSPACHYS.2 32203 eae ee aa 51, 815 LOXGTISIS 2 o'2 3 Wee 2 ee ee a 45, 817
TWAGTICONSIS 22 es oe = es eee 55, 815 PTs 8 2 2 SA eee 8 See 55, 817
IR TID oer ce 816 exeelslis <4 Ss Sa eee 57, 818
TIQUUS ES nS eee 816 Naladiforus: 228 eee eee 57, 817
sullene = 2 2 ee 817 anioloides:: «is 2Useek ee eee 36, 813
TATU CUS = es ee ee ee ee 816 Aaenkeanus. 22 2 ee eee 813
TEL NERSN NS Pe ee 33, 38, 812 DLUENUS oe ee a ee 817
POHOTS 2) 52 Se UL ee 812 villosusi- se) a eee Ue 53, 816
TIUATALUTITULS 2 le Se eee 38, 812 QUSSONIT 23 te ee 817
SEMTINUS 5 Oooo se ee 812 MONS ee aE 816
ITUATURITIS Se ee ce oe ee 38, 812 TUS IS 8s ae 816
TTALT ALC TIBIS Aer oa nee oe 815 UAT ENS S i es La lees Eo en oe 812
TITUS ee ee oe 53, 816 TATION i Ve ee eee 812
OUSSONN == Se eee ee 816 Volparis.:= 2255225 428 os ee eee 43, 818
MOMTOTMNS. 2 5-22 ALLE 8 eee 50, 815 CHIMING 582. Pe) LO SS eee 43, 818
mg igs. 5 2s ia bo. Le 50, 815 WODUSTUS 22s 2 2) Soest 2s tS 43, 818
COMMULALUS 2 eer ee 814 wWilldenovit--~_ 222 8- e ee eeee 813
LAOSLAChY See 2.05 ee ee 51, He Broomeorn 22.20.55) 2323 2 ee eee 750, 752
QTUCT ONGUUS 2 e- Bet Dae 5 vy eon Ee 813 TUNG ce eS a ee 669
TULA LONUS 22 = SM 813 '\| #broomsedre: =) > | ete eee ee 738
mutabilis var. commutatus_____-_------_- 14h) Brownypltimesrass: = — ess ee ee eee 723
DIET CB sg a os oe Pi Ute Be 883. | Browntopmnillets2252 ss 2 Se ee 663
TLEN GH oes. umes od Pe ale Dan 812.) Brack moinnids onset ee eee eee 805
OLrcotiianuss 22 aoe be reo BE 40;.815) |" Bucetaunt elatis =o eee 857
NONUMY 814 VOLENIRE S22 wa aw) c Gs ee 857
Nabe]. sae Ee ee 41; 816% 1). Buchlob.235 S32 o2e" se Se a ee 524, 818 -
OV EG OTUIS Note) ofl poe ae de dactyloides# 2232 es ee 3, 526, 818
OUITIUS ane eta LE BOs he 860 || GBiiftalojzrass*==3 2 Se ee 3, 526
PACTHCUS 6 he en ee eon SL ee 42, 816 PaISewe see 27 Sh ee 522
POUNACHIOUUSES 22 52 cea Se ee ee 8134 |, Bulb panieum=<*_ 2. 2222 ee 672
DOTOULOTUS 2-2 ee Me 812..| CBibili ge ot Soe a ee eee 524
DOB oe es SEIN 6 « ee OES 52, 815 DOCH IDUIER a2 222s = Se ae 818
PONETLOTILS 2a oe rae 812°) «Bilboustplaeerass: = 32. 5! Sere eee 123
PENGIUANUS 2 = 2S ab hs TET 39; Slay | Bull paspalum=: 832 2sul se eee 600
PI byeAT LNOS= nw 25 Se Tees eae 8 SE $8;/8134)' Bullgrass!) ee aos 2 eee ee eee 389
PUUTACULOCUS ns ha Dean EE 39,8138; | Bunehenrass! 6.24 oo ek eee ee 408
EV AT EON I em Sy ees WER a ie oe 46; 8115): Buri bristlegrass-~ 222-8 5282 ee eee 699
SSI S22 eh Bl eee $14.) ) Burro eTass!==-- 2264. ee eee eee 229
PRONGOSUS 2s = Le ae bs es Se 47,814: || aBishimuhily.b. - 22 he Sed eee Soe ee eee 380
havardti 223.2 sles = se 811.) (Bushy bearderassa 2222222 a 2 ees 739
LONGLIDCS 34h os ue los ee 46,811 | Caespitosa, group of Paspalum---_-_.-------- 589
DROLENSIS ee ee ee Te eet Lee 814/857" Calamagrostis- =. ae ee Sea 306, 818
PUDESCENIS =e =. See ha Dnt Le OR es eee Ae 816 GGT OSLOIdES 25 oe eee See 819
pumMpellidnus ek! Le ye Toe ae 33, 39, 816 airoidess. Sete wses 2 ee es eee 974
melicoides 816
tW COG Vato 29 Fae ee Oe
BUSAN S Sees eh Cee eee
glabrifiorus
SNCONUS ee A ee ee
laevivaginatus

latiglumis
Mnnaieaicd

INDEX

INDEX 1005

Calamagrostis—C ontinued. Page Calamagrostis—Continued. Page
ie dae Bs es eh ee eae i UR ta mee ae 823 DiCkenmNeth er cess oe See eee ces 314, 822
ro maine ee Ces A he Sees 819 GeDiis se AS ees 314, 822
ER CLICIE AEs ee aS ese SE eee 823 PAC IRET IE oo! Sees ee he ee 822
Me eTuLrde so es Fg ms Ce ee ee 788 porterh. a oe ee eee 312, 822
RET ETI COLL, eee eee Ae Re eee 319, ei pumila? & PPS eL, a el tn pee eee SE 980
miropurpuren 3-27 Se ee 819 purpurasvens;:.. = - ava sae 311, 822
Glandas2 = 2 2Ss ew ee See ee ee 819 Greed atl eee 823
poland ernie ee est ee 307, 818 VOSEUT Saw ee Eee are el 823
breeinilite 7 25 eo 222 ee ee 823 TE ONOCH DA a se oe ee ee en 785
Bremaeien Pee SS ere ee 822 TOUUATIES co re oot eo 7 ee eee

LAI fe Se sae oo eee eS Se 822 ELDOSCRIIS: =) =e oh sae 3, 306, 312, £23
LOCUST ASE oe es ae ee 822 TUONO: A ee ae 2 eee ee
DLO W Crise oe eet od ee ot tee 308, 318 SCOUT Sask. 5: See ne ee ole ae a
Caen es Se eee 818, 993 Seonulormm: 4s. 0:1! ee a 318, 823
CXLIORNI CASE ee ee ees ENE 319, 818 Dakericae. 2 eee os Se PTS 821
CaAnAGCHSIS== ee sewer ae Ae 306, 315, 819 Wicidulas— =. <4 Ae hee a 823
CUETO ES eC JS ase 819 Sen PHOrIG =: fs de ts eae 314, 823
CIMUPCSTTASE ae ee a See Se 55 819 WMNDETOIS.. = = ee ee 819
Webea 222205 o.oo eS ee oS ee 823 Sericpame 3). aah) ee 821
Bargnani eee ee cee ee ee 820 breniorie |) Pons oo. Lil ere 820
MeO ina eee, PS a 315, 819 FovuSiG= ee Se ee 820
PN itere poo 5 PPO so ee 819 BUEDTETALOS IS 0 A > i 823
NTE ie a See RE Cals ee Se 819 SUSUR IL: = = 2 at 2 SO Lee Ue eee 823.
Sealing ete ewe Eee ee 315, 819 DUAL ULIS <2 ons Se 823,
“CDTECTD Eas coll Sei a ee <A 317, 820 Svapauien. Ors) i eee 823
SPS ae a CP A Aer a ee 820 Onrericong. =< 227. ee 823
MRtICN sso Te Lede eS 819 Bren seit Fees ake 2 ies 822
DEEL PO Sa pl a EAR gai of 889 TOTO es ce Ee elt ales 820
DID Es Se ee ee 980 DUTDUTOSCORS: >) 1 ae ae 822
OS LT ee aire 319, 820 UNL o ia (1 a ee ae Ree Se RE ied Mae 309, 823
IOUS Enea ie ie oe ee ee 824 SUT sre nee ae oa coe NS liver. Se 818:
nee es ee ee Se ea 312, 823 RORY is (ed SE ee AP ERE S <> ae 925
LOTS ote et an Ba eee: SE 313, 820 DUSCY Ia a ee fee 2 Cane aes 311, 823
LTS a a ES ee eee ae ee ree es 823 IARC ei) ee aan oe ESS 9 820)
CDT Ti aoe lesa EN ie eS hae rw on 821 WIG OOM 538 FEE be 2 oN ee) ee 785
INOS See RNs ek ee 319, 820 CY OMINGENSISM = == 52 ee 821
emitters $s ot SP 22 eee ee 820 AE OMEVISISE 2 ee OES Seas ie 823;
OG oe ee ESS aia eee cee eee ae S23,.|: Calamovilfa: 2 *. 2:25. 22) 0 ae 322, 823;
TSC) aS eh ee Le ee eee ee 309, 820 IDES VIDINISMEAS Seo). ee Se latie e 322, 823
EORUICI Meret ees aoe 1 eee = 820 CUIRGISTIM gerne meree «Oe arent ee S7IESos
WAQUTCE = e SS Sie ne Bad 2 Cee 824 PIPANTCA as eres ee Oe 322, 223, 823
AGATE oe 820 ee W Pe Tied eee ee Ieee | 4, 322, 823
LeveL LS 3, nt ot RS eee See S SOdoc0 lt) Ioep cInaenaeeee se da Oe eae 322, 823
my pennenet. 2 ee 821 Calanthera ene Bae Sere 818
CINCTICHIIO = see fe tS. os ee S21) 1), California brotttes=-..-.* nie eae ee ey i
CLONGUL eta en Se ee 821 OSCUG=2 3255 set A be et ee 72
SON OL ESE cae 2 821 MOOS ee ee oe it ee ee 203
Trg) USTs ae ee eee 306, 318, 820 Gaterass 4s 88 8 ee ee 305
pan Oulatam sre ee ee 318, a Sweetonasss si a ae eee 528
Dromore en. 6622 ee a" Oh es S21) |) Calotheca macrostachya—.. |... __ 3 eee 980
CU pied astee ns ee, te + ee 821 DUnDUNTSCENS: Ae ee ee eee 848
movae-aneline = 2 -- 2 ee a18;.821..\' Calycodon. montanum.. <-->. eee 891
TOGUSUTEP Se wee: Te ee SZ |< @Gampbellarcaespitosn2 =. ae eS eee 833
KpeleriGideSsae so ee i LEAS ae 314, S2IG Ca mpylognonaciise =) sak. eet eee 829
Censt see. 2 eS ee ee 820 qMONOSLOCIY C=. 2 = SNe Fe A ee 829
lactones see ee Sate a) ee Sk Boal | GOI DULOSUS-_ =. ee 493
LECTSTT IS se on Se SE Fs ee ee 822 OnOMAUCUS(- ae fe: es se 829
inesdorinie = 2 ee 315, 819, ae chapadensisias. 3) es eee eee 494, 829
GOrMmmMala: 22) 2'o set = en Bee 819 FLOVINOIS eee ee 3 eee 2
DCL Ce El ee CE ae $21 OONGUAS ot fee 2 1 eee 829
ANAT LOROACH! = a eek ee ee 820 Graco‘. &: Pee bey 71S eee 829
SOTIDNETE Se a 823 OLacilis ss. aie eee Ee ee eee 829
eraer 0-5 el Co ee oy ee eee 822 TRNRORIRCHYUsS. See 829
Peas ee 2S. Se ee S18)" |. Canadayblucerassss Gas... 99
FONOUOMG» 203 = oe he eS eee es 824 DEOMG. 22 ee ell) 2 ee 45
LOMG2;OSITAS ss = eee ea ee 973 WHld-LV@. 2: 3 sees 3 ee 256
PILL COLLIE TUL P= ee ne S194) Canary.crasssc. ee ee ee See 530, 531
BReOLICQMEr ts eas, ihe | ee ee 819 TOO S © Aer eee a 1 ee 534
TRICRCUTH eet ee ee 819 S@ed:2= tise oe te cE AL ee ae 531
iCTONTG. ee ER ie S22 Canby bluegrass s2= = ee eee 135
SETTLE? tee eS ee 821 CE: Se OR a 5 en een eee eee a 2
SVIGHIAHGGNIS Sa 59 2's ae eee 306, 311, 821 SOGUNORN. poe ee 29
mer lectase sete Eee Se 319, 821 | Capillaria, group of Panicum______...._____- 666
Orenifolwe 22 224. Aan eee S22) Gani cordurass _ 2 3k ee eee 549
Candi li Se ee SAE eanriola.. 25 ee Se ee eee 481
COUPNISe ee SR oe sah eS ee 980 BACH LON. Te ee Os 484, 830
CASSIUS i Ns eek See 820 TRON 5 3k se 830
CRIICT IAS Mend by py ake a 2 aos late A S225 ty Carer sthiCtas aa. ooo a 2
BERCT DOT EO... 5 oo St Rete |) amiaierass..0* 260) oo 82, Le ee 566
PNETIINSO te Te gs S20vil. Oammeworass on. ee eee 2, 574
pe ile Saree 42 S._ aaeeecees oo Oeprimge. oe AS a eS 191
a a rag Caryochloa bahiensis._2_...- 2... s---2.-.- 881
ccetaniaereny “Se ae eae a) i ahs a @argonbullen airvides <8. 3 tee 787
aeponensis..- eo = are 819 ER Sa es. SSeS ee of
peallidas. = eee eed woe beh eer 819,822 | Casiostega dactyloides___...........---.------- 818

POLDICEA..-+ - 3a. ---scerecteseecs-p-aee= 3138, 822 ROORIT occa tee a ee S18.

1006 INDEX

Page | Chaetochloa—Continued. Page
WRTAITOSA ts ou oo etn ee elles gy hone 168, 824 TNDERDIS os oh ede ous Se ae ee 944
UA oO A ad sas Sates eis, GEER ER ae 927 geniculate... We te ee ee 944
aquatica: . 00202 UN es 2 ee 169, 824 pencillatg. 2. Bee eae en ee 944
Ojstansess 5 Pape he Ce ec 938 DETENNIS:. Sho aa Ss SE ee 944
PN ADS AT ae eC Be ereet ee ee 8 0 tty 929 Streploboiny Sate seen Eee ee eee 944
Cataclastos, section of Eragrostis___________- 142 CETSICOLOR 2 2 De Oa 945
Catapodium aquaticum=.s. 2.222222 824 UGG eee ae Nt RT oo eee 946
@avchilyorasss-5- sos Ste Sas eS eee 537 GeTMOANt Ch = Se ee ee 946
@athéstechum:-- 22205252 ee eee 522, 824 iaevigatia 0 See ee ae 944
Orechiia a el ee 522, 824 lewcopila nL tee Pot Oe Ll ae 946
DIGSEESLUTH eee ee Lae oe ek ee 522, ce ebmannin oo Se Cee 946
Cenchropsis myosuroides_____.____----------- DUC LONG nO S OS ae ae © te ee 946
Wench rus ey! Gi hak ES Re a 708, sot Uubescens es ee he Pe ee eee 946
CEG PVG Oo eae Se Ce ae FECT OSDCT INU: oe oe Seer ee eee 946
Glopecunoides so. Lio eee a eee 805 QNACh OSC Oe ao Lae See ee ae 946
barbatus-__._-_- __ eS x eee abe igh * 709, 824 AGT. OS AEE Ee eee 947
ON ENISELLS ee Ne 824 NUTT OSUNISS 022 ee ee es ee Se 947
GAL OUNIONUS a ee 711, 825, 980 CCCLUENTGS a= oa i es Ses ee 945
catharticugs . Sot ee eS Oe ee 709, 824 Palmipolia=. 225 Ae ae ee Oe ee 947
Cchinatils22 es Cee eee ea 708, 710, 824 penicillatasA. 00 a oe ea eS eee 944
DY CUISELUS 3 OS ee ee ee See EROS TIEVENMIS 2 oe LS, ALT UN ier oe 944
LORGISDING. SEL ae ee eee 825 DOCU 2 OO ee ee 947
tribwloides- = Se 3. es 825 ploystachy asx ok2 Sosa wee a Ee Oe 947
DIS eet se RES eS EP 825 DUT PULASCENSE. 222 ae & Eee eee 944
Cllinttite 2 5 oe eee atl eee ne 825 TOMISCL ORS Ae Peek Bs ce Oa ree 911
eracilimypsic oo 2 ees ae ee 710, 825 POTIONS A ee ee ee ees 947
OVALS ele A eae 867 reverchontts. 3-2-2: se ee ee 912
ANCOD TIS Ee sence eee ee Oe 710, 825 Tiida Shae sk a: RE eee Pe ee 946
MULE OCE DNL US ae FSi ea 825 sclveelétis: == Ge oo 05> so a 947
TNVOSHEOIGGS = eS ee 709, 825 SCLOS@: 2 2 sao 8etc LSS. AO ee 948
EEF DO SUS eh ee ine, Cee | ee EE See DENLENOT Soke Sie heen a eae 945
AL CINOLUS! (eee tenes se eae 710, 825 DETSICOLOT = soso ts. Se ee ee ee 944
UTE EUS a teeta eS Se 2h Sa, Ae 24 pertienlataas- 2 hoe kc i oe Se Se 948
TUCEMNOS ING 2 Sp ee pete eee keene age 966 DF EDISELG Ht Sk 7 he SI a da ee 948
WOSEIUR EES sk tc hae Serres gee 825 nillosisstmas ) 62 fh re a a ee 948
SCLOUICS tte Rey Ly NE ee oe ee 825 OPUS ss eh Tak 8 eR ee 949
SOEUR RE eo et Meee) ne Ee 924 breviseta : 2222 2. 353 ee ee 949
SETS CEES es oe Seg a ee ee 825 WOR 322 oe 3 ae, Sel ane eee 949
CRETOIG ES 2 eet EE ee Se eae 711, 825 MANO = «4-503 bs StL ate oe ee 949
TRUCTOCE DIMMS: see ee cen ee ae a ee 825 PUrpUrascens. 2-25. Oe 945
CUT ETUTTAL See ee Pere eS fe 825 WANMONN 2224. WR ee eee 949
THOR Se Ree BAN LS ae eee Se 925 || Chalcoelytrum nutans. ee eee 951
VEnIGIB 9 ee ah Le i A ae 709;.825 -|7 Chamaeraphis caudata. 3 ee 948
@enlipede prass= 2). Ae Eee ee eee 5, 763 Coudaia:pauciflona so. Sie eee 946
Cephklostachyume. 22222 ula Cee a ees 31 corrugnia. shi 24. see ee eee 943
Ceratochaete aquatica____...._---------------- 979 costatas: = Ue ee 943
Ceratochloa, section of Bromus___________-_- 35 UMUC =e AP, re es ey Pa ee 924, 946
Ceratochloa breviaristata Le ha ab ene |e eee 813 geniculate: Fo eee 944
CUA LO Gs Oe a ee 812 AMVETS os eo ee 944
heerikeaniat? 205s os eet ee ee oe 813 laevigata sc 222.220. eee eee 944
TNAYUANOLO wee a) ae ea a 812 penicillate 22+. <2. 3 32s seen 944
PRTG oo ec as eI Bis DET ONTNG sees ee 944
AMOLOU es SE ae gractta....-. <-.-- ssi -22. eS eee 945
@Cerpalseis eins. se 1, 20, 243, 246, 264, 294, 537, is Ambernbis. ck eee 945
Gepesta FUuanss os 2 eee ee 922 WHNiCh...... =~. 22-2 = ne a 945
Chaetaria, section of Aristida________________ 445 OmbigGua.. 22 Sabet ae 948
Gligctariniatinis™ 2a a ee 797 GeHMANICE aco a ee ee ee 946
CASCENSIONIS@ =) OO eet ee ee 796 verticillat@s.- 6 See en es 948
Uromoidess: 2. ee el ee eee 796 DITIdISoe Lo a eee 948
COUT CHIL bes ke oa AE BO a Ea 796 MNUNCT OSLACHY Ds. Ss eet ae ee 947
UU OTIC ALG ee Os ee Se a aang 798 ST eo ee ee ee ee 947
TOSCICILOL OR ets NS pale tye ee 796 DANTON EEE ee ee 947
QUA CES ea ER. SES oes eee 798 penicilata sto. A) ee ee ee eee 945
GOSSIDANG ) = S2E BR re ae ee 799 SCLOSO 2 oe ee ee eee ee 948
Olyngntha. 2222 a een ee 0 799 MOChOStAChY@-2 eee ee 946
DUTDUTASCENS see ies Se ee ee eee 800 Dentengiter 5 be eee ee 944
SOUMY ROSE toes tek) ea ae Re Lh a Be 801 WEVERCTULOE Os Line eee ae ee 948
pa A ae emer eee Si eR 801 DRC a i re oe 943
EULDEY CULLOS 0 SS eee ee Se eee eee ee 801 OU ids: ee eee 948
Charetochlod ee 3 a ee ee eee 695. |) s@haseqiamari ca oe ee ee 900
OmbIgUua = ee ee 948 angustifolid= 9.250 eee 900
LA) A AsT A We pale Sa Nghe a oe Be cei oe GE, We 943 capillaris.. See eee eee 902
DR EDIS DCO eee Sn gk nye 948 Clandestings 2222) is ee 902
COMME Re ere CE a Ee awl. heel ee eae 948 CsCRObO M2 = ee ee 904
COMNOSIL GAS eee eS: See 947 1 [Lael hh an ie BE Eee Seow aa Th Se 905
COMNUGOtU SS Ae ee BO ee ee 943 Piuvescens 23. Se A ee ee 912
PATULOT OS oie ee eae EL 944 DERG CE RE cf ee ea 915
FLAY EOIN ee 5 FAT AA SAL NO aD 944 |" Chasmanthiam gnacile 2. a) =a ee 977
GENCE Cre ee cae ee Tay eared 945 Onnithonivynchvuaits = ae ee eee ee 977
MEN ENNIS Ree Sn es EN L e Oso wi PC haat 2S eek Ls 33, 48
GENMANI Cds hh 2 Ou ee, ae Le ee eee 94602 Chess... ate ses ee 33, 48
GiODGSq Se Oe LE OES BICC ee ee 946 Avistraliane 22 23-c2e- se ce ee 52
PLAT) 1 EES ae ee Ror, RS Col Pe SOP 924, 946 Chilian. 22. 0 2c es eee 55
GRUET eee eee hare an Re dates Beak 944 downy. .--.-.---..------------__-------- 55
GVIScHUChT ee le AL. Lp eee hermes 945 foxtail________--------------------------- 54
i 94. hainye sien. ae a ee 50.
GMpia.- -------- ~~~ ~~ =~ == =~ mn anna aan 5 Japaneses... eos oe eee 51
TI CTACO NOE ss ee SLs Sian eae earns 945 SOL ee oe UTTAR: TAOS CERN ca 50
RES 2 La 943 nA C0 boys ee ee eR AEA AA A SS 47

INDEX 1007
Page Page
newilles Testu. oo 2 te sok aie nn nO | Chredomerié trichoidés.. . 2 2220255220. 1 ot 949
nian CHESS! een ate es 55 | Chrysopogon avenaceus____..-_..-.-___-______ 951
ustochion semtepnmts 2.5 ee Sh 864 CUO ee 553 38s 2 de ee 950
Whines Cavey = =. ot eee See 721 TUGUNS =e eae See, 950
TRIGrideas eee sae fe Ne ae ee 24, 469 MCNNUE << fo 8 se ee 950
Chloridiopsis blanchardiana____._.------_____- 967 linneantis-<. 2s) ee OED
SRTOrIS 2e 2 oe ae ee es eee 498, 825 DUUCHONUS2 9 I 940
i a ee ca ee 827 SECU sO a een ah A oe ee 950
mrsstulaia 222 225s Se 827 Wright. oo) 52 le Vo De eee 940
Bndrepopenmines = i672 23 a 502, 825 | Chrysurus aureus__-____.-.----..--__________ 875
OOF ON oe so anna kine 826 eynosurindrs: <= oe i ee ee 875
DUES TRICE eee pee we ee RO 508, 826 nsarieatst 6.28) = Se ere 31
Glilnridey ee Ce eas 502, 825 qi ok et AL) Deeks eee
GAD er OS ke Bete Miia ee ee a eee
ha Es SS eS oS 826 nares i eye ee 827
CLOUT P RET one ee ek et Re ae 502, 825 arachnoiien 22 oe: eee
compressa OG 5G = Se Soe es ss Weis TREREACG Dil: Ce pdepermns Menge owe Bob eg 342, 344, 890
GUT 28 te ee 498 penile SS eee 827
esipulitia] 2-22 2 hd es 508, 826 pearender gies 2. Soe st a eee eee 827
CUTLEDERO EE eee 2 ee Se eee CLDINSO === -==2 > 2 ee eee 827
NNR rene et SS 830 PORE et eS See ae
ees Bees Cees * 8 See 501, 826 (lemeraia. 3 ee ee ee 790, 892
pS eS ee Ree ee 877 dager 8 ee ee
elegans. ene as Se oy ee PAY ae ees 504, 827 Perera rir 2. a ae ee eee 890
UID ise oe eee 2h Ss Ae 809 NaAtieolae so ee a a ee ee 344, 827
EL De Pe Se eee Ss re 501, 826 MEER e 2 iy ss BN Se 892
poppies eked S830 Os hs 2, 499, 502, 826 PETAL So Pe a tS Eh ee ee ee 890
eoeapmeeies 5 2 a SB kes ee 500, 826 PA SoS e = eh eee ee ee 827
CUTS OA ae 1h he Tench eS SES NIE POPES SSS Se 826 CU OT WS = Boe ee eee pee 827
JRERT TE SNe Ss Gheed Cos Se oe 508, 826 DOT TeT 2 Anns an eee ee 827
TET G (a I Sine es es See 980 GIGTRETONIC Se) ttt ae ere Se ee ee 827
ECT OLNE ee Base i es og ee! wt eh 825 lo Terud ir 2 Se one S Soe eee Ve ee 827
TMOSUCR Us et eee Le ee 8 ee 829 TIC Ss 2 a ee ee 827
Ei RS 2 Se See he ef See 831 (Li) | SO ena Ee a a. ae 819
OUTED VE Nee as a thn SE ey ees Se 507, 826 TULCOTIOS = oe eet. Se ee ee 892
“Ue ee ee ee 504, 827 SOME > oe ee ees es 893
TICE ACC eae Se Ee SE ee in Fe Ee 501, 826 TENN ORG o> ee. Se ee 894
OE a ee SO eer ee S27), @abronella grass. 22 22) 232.5 oe Aaa 3, 746
PSUR R ea 2 sees De ce SE Sok 9s 501, 826 | Classification of grasses_______._..__________ 10
pl pig [ne ee eee nes CoS Se aeN Ee tea Pees 829 | Cleistogamous spikelets__-__.--_-.._.________ 9, 10
ef ae ee Bt ee ae 379." Clinelgmus borenig.- >" 220... 844
Doty dachyins ah: oe sass ee le ie 504, 826 CANON SIs = 32222 Se ae 843
ig cola. Race eae ela FS Oe eas ee ete ee ope ee 504, 826 DITCHES eh: 22 ee ee 844
PBIOCIIRUCTIS. semen ste. 2 WY Fe ee el 809 eoisfornigs 8 eee 844
PS ee 2 Sa eR a 826 pubescens’: 3. ose 0 844
PILDCRCOT Ss = ete we 2 AS ee 2 I SIS EY 827 COLOTOIUS: 82 2s 28 es ee ee 844
CoP Ubi Sak ee pe ee eee eee 509, 826 DEL TNIS "eee A ee ee 844
Op 0 a a ee ee martes Eee F SEP CesOmpres sho aoe ee a ee ee 341
SPINETILTADTNUIS) Se Se ie A 826i Cli wheat. 2 oss aes Repos eee 243
Subdotichostachya_2-2) = =~ =. -- 5228s. 50352605 Goastisand bur. = e223 os es eee ae 710
SIDTL LPO LIE [1 Sa perce eh oe eR ee PE SSE 826.5 GOckSinot=s 22 toh ea ee eee 184
STIS 7s | ae ee Oe ee ee - 2 Se $26" (Cocoos pents= 5 ae ees 330
MLSS: SR ro ei OMe ae RP Coelorachis corrugata__-------_---_-_-___-___- 882
BONTILIR TIC a2 ee Sa Se SE 502, 825 CHISTUUTC I OS ee ee ee ae 881
Pe ee ee ee Uae eee SS CL TNT ee ae eS SSS Se es te 882
LEROMSIS HG eres el See ae ee 502, 827 Pe OPISERIE es 9 27 Ee ee eee ee 882
itp GAt 2 eee ons 7 he er: BAe 509, 827 RETIRE (21S 2288 2 882
PT LT ATE BS i ae SS ee ees Cee 507, 827 TIES, ec es eee ee ee 764, 827
“a. ees en 826 angulatus__--------------------_---_----- 972
parr Tactte ano tart i are 826 Gacy les SF as ek ee 972
Tar) ee SS es ee ee 499, 504, 827 lacryma_.__- eee ee 827
Ghiproues | binnehardimag-> >>) eee 967 Tas yan JOD ee eee 765, 827
[pi 1a) 11171 Me aa a ee aR aie) co, eae 967 Gurrzebmes 22.2 32.5) eee 765
pe 1 ae ees ae heey mel SEE 3 Cnr 1 Calonriinis ho re te ne 341, 828
PT Tg) ee et ee le ei ne 967 SiS Ses A 341, 342, 828
Chondrosium, section of Bouteloua_________- 615, a Polonintbent=* ee ee ee 2, 4, 325, 332
Chondrosium aschenbornianum_-_-_-_.---------- 208 | Colorado bluestem: --_~-....______-_ eee
Pram MONG oe RL i ee 808 | Colpodium aguaticwm-_----_-------_-____-_-- 824
EOI 2 eS ee ee 807 COMPTESSUNE= =~ ee ee 895
CUES, ke ye a 806 JUNCOUM . -— —-- 959
opm ee, 8 8 ee a) et 808 SIDROMORIOR <= = ~~ ef io ee 926
GiGi eo en te ee 807 | Columbia needlegrass__-___ eae Sse SOF TS 436
polystachyum__..----------------_- 807 | Columbiana, group of Panicum______________ 640
hirantimneee cos ey ek ee Rs ana i) enti paspeden SE 583
hirliim ee pe en i a Bis”) erage 14
humboldtianum__________.____-_-_______- 806 | Commutata, group of Panicum______________ 656
Pipi OS Ot Re) pas Des se ie a 809 | Conjugata, group of Paspalum_______________ 590
microstachyum____-_--------------------- ROG. ly Cqnuserved Namie tS ee 13
olgostachwuim = ee eee iz |) Bre Peay hank, on 330
paniOnint 2 2, 8 ee 487
Py, en me =” i 808 tote Ea eee 492
polysiuphpesn. <0 2h oe es 805, 810 big. _------------.--.-------------------- 489
DTOCIRDEN G2 A EF) NS Fe SRT 515, 809 bei se! ee ee eS eee 489
DOMME Ro a ee 809 SPR Wht6-= ate a Jl RS 493
ncn ~-~-~------------------------- on cit. | Meee Menapicce. (ES ieeelaanaat I 491
pa eee a oe er pres 1) Saamiioe aa e Te 695, 828
Print Oe he i AS MN BSS BE 810 ool a eee 695, 828
ir Wisi: Oe eae ee Pe Ae fs SO RGN se can Ot cE a Oe Oe Bd 7

55974°—35——64

1008 INDEX

Page
Com, indians. 2 secs eee eee ae Beep A be 768, 771
TISES Ole a ees SO ae ie SESE
Cornephorus canescens PERE. BEC 294, 828
Wormucopise-aliiss7mas 22 ee eee 784
hyemmlist.£.. 32s) Ue ee ee 781
DETENTONS =. 2 a= See eet eee 784
@ortaderid.2_ = 21s ite ek ees 190, 828
arngentem@s. . {2 LSS See et ee ee 191, 828
OIC eae eee see ee ee a eee 828
MAU soe te eee Saco 28 ee ee ee 191, 828
THOTMSCUIa oO! Oe ee eee 191, 828
Selloana. Ut 2 he oat ee See ee 191, 828
Gorjcarpus@iandnuss See 835
GOSUACHISLOLO= 2 === SUR ee oe eee ee 773
Cotten. 28h rs Se eee eos ee 223, 828
Pap pOpPhoOroidessa9 eee eee eee 223, 828
CWotiontope. 2 ee oe oe See 551
@nabarasses.- =. ee ee 553
Groenatiaiiemulentiqo) | 2) eS eee 881
Crassipesiannwuss. 2 ee eee 942
ngele Dent See ee oe ee eee 4, 325, 330
Vere ee ee a ae eee Sen ee 362
Crested Goptailes esa ee ee eee eee 186
whealerass. 2) 2240.2 eee ee 2, 231
Crinkle-awn-. =. 2) ee eee 757
@rninkledvhairerass: +. 2) = ee eee 289
Gritesion geniculatum. 22 ee 871
Crithopyrum trachycaulon___----------------- 774
Grupsinna bremolumis. 2. ee 888
NUVCNS 2 ee er ee aS ae eee 893
@ySIS-e te ee aE eee 410, 828
ACUIOA La. ee ee ee ee 411, 828
GLODECUT O1GES== 225-2 eee 8
PUNCEW ES SSG Sa eee a eee 959
SCROCTIOIUES 22> 2 = 5s SS eee 868
SUUATIOSO.. 2202 ess 2s eS meee ft. BOG
OI OUNIIED 2. oe oe ee eee 962
Cryptopyrum richardsont_.._..-----=-=-------- 778
Cryptostachys vaginata® — = - 223.2 S22 2n ee 961
@iénnim:: 22-2 ee eee 493, 829
GMETICOTUNE. 325: . 2 ee ee ee 829
ATOMAGLCUIN 2” =e. oa eee 494, 829
COLOUNIONUM 22.22 See eee 494, 829
HMOLId angie 422228 ee ee eee 494, 829
GONGUUTE ee ee ee ee 829
@ultivatedioats:- = 32 ee 295
Waperass 2-6. Sie ea eee 566
ramets. Sess. 23 Ee ee eee 569
Gurly,mesquites 2-2 eo. eee se a eee 3, 466
Curtopogon dichotomus__-----.----.- 252222 =-- 797
OTOH Se ao ae Sete eee ete ee 799
WuSIGksbIUeenaAsS- ss — a ee eee 129
Cupandia meniphitical 22-23 2S eS == 169, 829
@ittendss) rice! ee oe ees eee 539
@uyamacs reederass: =2--- 222 eee ieee es 313
Cumatochloa fluitans__...--_-----==- eee eS ee 922
TEDENS. = Lee. Je ee eee 922
@ymbopopons 2" 2 ee ee awe 746, 830
CLETatiS= 3. bo See ee 3, 746, 830
GLU CUS 82 AN ee ee oe eee 789
melanocanpus 2 2. 3-220 3k oe a ee 868
Narduss s. .see ee ee ea ee 3, 746, 830
TUPUS oo ee Se ee 872
Cynod on: <2 se nee Lent. oa eee eee 481, 830
QINRLDIIS = oe oe ae Ae eee eee 847
PUENUICUS © i See ee Le = FS ee 886
COroumianus. 23-20 35225- eee 969
CHIOTISs 2 4. ee eee 849
Ciintig see eee 826
curtipendula 2 2. 2 2eeh 22. 22S US 807
CUNOSUTOIGES= 2-2. Vote ee eee 954
dactylone 224 oe ee ee 2, 483, 830
MOTULINUS Sh Se ee ees 830
daffusigit 2 ee ee ee ee 893
ONG =k = es Bee sien se ee eee 803
CVeCHUS 2 2s) 2. AR eae eee 830
SCrCularis... 22 ABLE es ee ee 877
BNOUICUS = ee coe = Oak en ee AE oie pee 842
MOTU NUS 32s ee oe ee Soe ee 484, 830
TMNeMNCOUECS = 22 ke See eee 807
MONOSLACHYOS S222 22-22 22= 2222s ee 829
OCCidenialis. 2 be o2 SS. Sos SSE eee 830
Dinagiites 22 Ca eee 928
POVLOVICENSIS 0 nt Se le es oe ee eee 830
TIVE EOL Sate i alt se aah Beene ey se 837
TOT OCUTILUE TUS 28 Oi en eee ee hd es 809
tenwigs___----_--------------_-~------_-_-- 830

Page
CyROSUTUSE 2-2 -= sae Brrr eee 184, 830
QEGYU DIALS 2 TE a EN ah ae el 831
GUTEUSLE SE TES Che eee 875
COrolinianuse : 222 ae a ee eee 831
COTOCANUS. Si 25 Ses Skee ee eee ee 842
CHIStatUS22¢ >= es 28. SE Se ee 186, 830
AOMINGENSIS 28 a2 2s RE ene a ee 876
CUP USEU Se NESE Ae ee os ee es ee
echinatus: 22/952 20+ x eee aE eee 187, 830
ANCICUS SSS AORN by 5 a ere OL ee 842
SCCUNAUSE I= 225 Det Wien ce erie eay 2 See 806
SICULUSE = LAE oot ae ee ee eee 835
benellUse: se bs yoy Pols Se ee i ee eee 772
tristachyus=**2h 57-5 th Eee eee 842
ANA PLOT UG ee ede IM lee ee Lie PE ee 830
DUT GALLUS Same ee Ss Rk ee eee ee 879
Curtopogon dichotomus. 2222 = eee 798
Dactilon:officinales = 2k. ee ay Pa 830
IDachylistse a! shee ee hao Dae a eee 184, 830
CYNOSUT OES... ee ee 953
slomeratas 226.254 2 Se eee 2, 184, 830
DOTTGOLE 2 2s 1 a ee eee 184
MOTHINGY SB OES. ee Ue eee 953
MemDniticd. See Le ee eee 829
DULENS 2h. Mes, ee ee ee 954
Dactyloctenivme =e ee See eee 481, 831
aeqypliacum = .--- =.=. 2. 3 eee 831
Beey uM 2s a ee ee 481, 831
AETUMLO TELE es 5 Se ie ee ees SS 831
MuUcTONGUM =. 222 = ee ee ee 831
erectum 28. oe eee 831
Dactylodes'anguilatum. _2-== == ee ee 972
dactylodes 2. 2. ae eee 973
Dactylogramma cinnoides___-_-_---_-----_--_- 892
Dactylon sanguinghis="- -* 2 eee 837
‘Dallis'grass: 2s. 26 eee 2, 575, 590, op
DalucehalGi-2s2 Ss - 2-2 Se eee 862
Danthonias=.) 2234205200 Shee eee 301, 831
allent..-2 35-5 2 oe oes eee
americana. 22-02 a eee 831
ealiformits=— "22 ee 301, 305, 831
americana). 2822 eee 30 5, 831
UnNISpicalas o-= - = 2s Lee ee 833
Colipressae = 25... Se eee 301, 303, 831
Cusichig2 1 (Lee ees Be eee 832
ODIs. ta ea a ee 304, 832
PORONg — 2-622 oon - 22 stk = sosece ne
glabra ~ 230 225 Sens Joe eee eee 304, 832
ghumosa .2-— a eee ee eee
grandiflora... -< 23-5. St eee eee 831
intermedia=._ 2s... 4. 5-222. eee 304, 831
CUSiChit. => ee eee 832
MACOUN Sa a oe ee ee 305, 831
Abyi- 2. 2. solo ee eee 304, 832
longifjolia_=. 2 22 L ee Se 832
pinelonumss-2 5. ie Sse ee eee 832
DSCUdO-SPICOLO = 2 oS Se ee 817
S@QliCGA: 222. obo eet eae oes 303, 832
Spieataj..< 2022 a ee ee 301, 303, ae
COMDY C880 2 ee ee
longipile 2 ee eee aS
pineorwn= 2) (2 Re ee 832
nillosas oe ee eee 832
thermale: 2-8. 502 oS. eee 303, 832
UNIS PICALAs oe eee ee 306, 832
Darnel.J-)- 25. 2-5 See ee eee 269, 272
Dasiole elliotea:«— - te ee See 862
Dasyochlou puck eS eee 209, 971
Dayelia colusana-). 2 eee ee eee 796
Decandolia albac 2. = ve eee 779
EY USO. 3-2 SS eee a a Se 885
Brolonifend 2 2 Puke Pee ee eee 785
Weererass 2202-62 oles ee ee eee 390 .
Demuazeriat 2? AS 6 eee 139
Dendrocalamus: —~2 22205 2222" 2225232 eee 31
Depauperata, group of Panicum_--_-_-_-_------ 618
‘Deschanipsia.2./ 2 es ee 288, 833
alpicolis =.) eas 2 ee eee 833
ambigua =. wae To ese eee 833
OF chic 2 aa Rs ee ee eee 834
atropurpuréa_<- 22 a 288, 833
latifolia.2 222" 2 295 22 ee ee 833
MINN. ee eee 833
brachyphyllas 22 2 ee ee 834
Drevitolin. 28s eee eee eee 834
GiespibOsse *. 22 en eee 288, 289, 833
alping 235524 ee eee 833
botinicd 25.28 2o a eetoces ee enanee 834

INDEX 1009
Deschampsia—Continued. es Digitaria—Continued. Page
caespitosa—continued. age Daherg eee owe Se eee 561, 835
brenijolas— ee Ee et eee 834 DarDaiaeess 22s. ees eso es 555
CONJUNIS=2 ont ea eee 833 CUO = a oo ee eee 966
longiflora= ee Fe 2 [= SSN ee 833 chinenng 2 ee ae 838
NUTTIN eee 2S = Fo She ee 833 ddcyloitse. eee eee 830
MNONLONG ae eee Fae Se. eat ® 833 Uigigiges = ase Se. ee eee eee $36
LLY CLT Se ese ne eRe ee 834 GUM eek es eee eee 918
Cinta: Us = 6 ae S28 es SS eS > 834 GIStiCh (Meee 220-5. 22 A UN eee 919
CONTEN IG ee A aoe tT lie wha pom 833 qouicophyita = = te. ees ee 836
CUT OU eee Se Fe Pe PE 834 MOMINGCNSIS=_ 5 eee 804
dan thonigidesws= 52 a = 288, 834 tiliformises Ss = os. te aoe ee ee 559, 835
plonra tae ses ee Se ea 288, 834 villosa. 226.) Be Se 838
CATT Fi Se 2 SS Re ee ee 834 EDL 2 es be es ee ee 555, 837
CCN ILI Ras ee ee ae SS RE ee 834 Horidanne. 29-1 Soy 2 ee 557, 835
HOXUOSA 2e-5- Boers pa eee 2 9s ee 289, 834 OUOSOS A Peeks 2 SON NE eS ees 923
QUACI pe ee Ae ees PLS eee Shue 288, 834 QUEDA Soh saree. 5 ee LSS) TOES ey eee 836
GIGHORIIS = ee ass ee as 7 OY Nee 290, 834 eracilimiaee 2 et ee Te ee 560, 835
BOOKETIC TUT 52 5 2) oe BS _ 833 IICCRCOCKIt 2 oe ee ee eee 966
LOU a re te hens eh eae 833 onizontalis: —-=".- 42. 36 ee 555, 835
PETRIE eh ee oe EE ee ae? 833 ALTA OIS ees os. ts oe ee eee ee 836
iDesert-neediegrass. 7) —* bat eee eee 425 ENSULOF IS hee 2 oe 2S a ee 967
SALES TASS Ht See ee 2 RS Shoe ne meen eee TS 177 ischaemum. =... Was 55 2 53 eee oe
IDestmTAven a sae Sas 9S 2 oe ee NS eee 139 MISSISSIPPIGNSIS: 2 = =) ee ee 557, 836
SIC eee ere SUR sb) eh eRe 139, 835 PUMCETAIS on, EY SS ok) ee 836
DONTE TUUONS. -Ses- > e- Nee 1 Bee 865 LAEDIQUILIMNIS = ee ee 560, 835
Deyeuxia, section of Calamagrostis---------- 306 LCULOCOI en 28 ee oe 560, 838
APP ILTUE PIAL LU TS he 2 eae oe ES eS 779 TEN COpRGCH es 2 5 Sc eee 967
TET op BS See ee ee 974, 980 LLOTRD Ree eens See 2! a eee 830
TATA eS ee hee 822 TIDOVH TIAL ee oe Nees 837
WD DCCUMDICES Eee os <2 =F bes Pea J See 781 TOTAL el ee, ae 837
OTA ee ak ol ee aes 2 A ae 818 TUTE open ar os oe an Se 8 830
DOnCO Se eet eee 2 SPL ee ee 822 EN A ES Se ae ee 837
COTTA SLOTS oe 2 eer eee et os Sut 822 PaAnicea: - eee a es 560, 836
DT eIen seen sees oe SEs eee oe 818 OS DULOGES 8a ss. = 2 2 28 ee ee ee 573, 804, 918
TULARE Oe eee Ss 22 eee 819 BALENS ets ee ooo ee Se ad 967
CO ree Se TOF 2 Le gt ee 980 Paucillorass- == 5 a eee 561, 837
CLUSSIOU NS ees ates 2 ee Sorte Bie 820 DUCs ieee 3 Ie cS ewe ee 837
ayaa pe eee ee Se ae i ee 823 DIGCOUISise 2 ee ee ee 804
TEI ERE Ses CES St NS Apa a 823 GW ECOL ees Soe. wile. Si eas 837
TLOMEROL eS ees oo ee eh eS 8S ey ee 821 TUT YONI eee eee ee ee ee 562, 837
HiTLOTIA eer. SNe ee 2 980 SMP IANS Bee 2 oo 553, 555, 837
Ee ee a oe SS Aas 820 MOT OGTNGIO a. 2s 2 > ee 837
hyperboren elomgata__-___ —. -- -..--.--2=222 821 BOEDLINA e225 ee 558, 837
SICNOUC A he 8 See 821 BCLIG ES C= ee ee oe ee te eee 836
WICLEIL eee ered 2 See St Jt Te eee 821 SCLOSU= et BONS ee en ot ek 836
PUAUSMON IU eo es eS 820 SiMMpPSORISee —-ss aS See tt eee 558, 837
THUSOVU De es ee ts See 819 SLOLOWUICTA. oe a SR eee ee 830
TIL TERTUATE TESTS oe et 821 SHbCalvae es oe Sees le ee 562, 837
ip reripeiee © Se 8 er se Seas See 821 Th at ae eS a ae eae ss. -* 561, 837
MLINERICUNG ene es Ae 820 LTISLOCKY Ge aes WS a ee 2
Uren Ole Se eee 822 MULLS Eten aint Oe eae ee 560, 837
OvACH Ise = eee ee See 821 Wi OlASCENS 2s aan eso. es ee 557, 838
SADUSHI Re ee ees oe S20 h PGT OTIS OMEN ICHAT 2 = 2 Seen 925
WPULE LE TESTS et ee te ee ee 822 Greece Bae ek Oe er ee ee ei re 925
IAL AIO eae Ee ee 820 SELL TR Rt aee we EN 2 Ss 926
DICkerAng = ee ee a ees “eee 822 | Dilatata, Le of,Paspalum_..- =) __ _ eee 590
SOTTE Te ee NT Se LI eee $22), | Dilepyrum aristosim__-.._ -— 2 ee 810
Parte] SE ee RE ag Eee Seeley AF ok 819 CTEGIUIN. 2 Se 811
Py cele a | Se a eee, Be eee ieee RSS ey oy Me 820 TTS Lg 5 | a a ek Se at Seda 2S 893
TEL ROMMICH ETS tee Ses 2 ee eee 785 | Dimeiostemon macrourus-_-_------------------ 790
TILCRER NER ee ee eS 2 2 eS 823 teimasiachySs. =) eo ee 795
SLESAONIIR ee eS ee 823 DONO S = ene eens 3 ee 795
wplvaiitt _22 2-22 8 S23) Pamesaeragrans..o 869
REN ee 823 TREN ee ee te? ee 869
i ag mele eK ee a Dimorphostachys, group of Paspalum_-___--_- 588
PRICHFOR Marts. 2 SF ee a 939 meee ree s ciliifera__--.-------------- 589, eo
SIFOCINDEND = 20 oes > eee tee 877 TESS OST = OD NR, ee Seo tS 919
Big TS ee See ee A 171 ae a ko on
(750 eer gn Mliatne eed Sek EY 2S 171,835 | Dineba chloridea___-------------------------- 825
CTT a1 haa Se eae natn sug), Se) Wess 835 curtipendula____.------------------------ 806
Banrrhorias os ee nate a To. Feet es 171, 835 hirsuta____..----------------------------- 805
RINOFICATINN. 2 seee Toe ee Foe 171, 835 melicoides___----------------------------- 806
ane. 5... Len eee 824 ea Lt RSS SRS EE eae eee ee 2 806
eames 32 Ah Ns eee eer eee 835 | Dinebra aristidotdes-___-.....-.--------------- 805
(PS I haedn Ra EaN ae 835 bromoides___-.-.-.----------------------- 808
STS EE ee Ws 2 a EE 860 CHORUTOSTOUES = oo = oo oe eee ree 806
Dichanthelium, subgenus of Panicum---_---- Gi2: |, Dinlachne acuminata -=°- 22 es 878
Dichanthum nodosum... ---------------------- 792 CUR e oa oo ae eS Seer 879
Dichotoma, group of Panicum--_------------ 625 CRiOriGa OF ants 3. 3 2-2 ke ee ee 876
Dichotomiflora, group of Panicum--__-------- 665 OATES. te Be AS Pe eee 877
Dichotomous: panicums=o- 2 Ss 613 UM ee 87L
Diftusa,. group of Panicam > -. see oes se 670 CR RR ES Cee eek SE: 877
Digitaria. 1645. =5 ee te ee eee 553, 835 PR LITLUNGRERE RR TRE = os Re 877
Casrendeng es eae eee 837 PIG Onn oo ee eh See 877
DDT ESS es eet ne eweenen ee eaee = 906 TACIRRIOT ERS eee Lee. Wee eke 475, 877

1010 INDEX
Diplachne—Continued. Page | Echinochloa—Continued. Page
CALA) eee EN oat eRe Mh Ue lage NOE TL 878 erusgallli: «22222 Uae eae heats 690, 692, 839
RILOTICOLG © Denies aan a ee pelt hae ee ae 879 CTtStOlG 23 SU Se Nene els Sai 839
PILOT ALU ITU ne Saas 2 a tac ae ee 475, 878 COLOTUUL I = EUS Fee eos gaa 839
TILEM OCU Gs 28 oa oes eerie See SRR ree 877 edulis. ce ee ake A ee 840
OULCTS 2 2 oer an eae aa eee 877, 878 ChUS-PAVONIS. es Eek ee 694, 841
TUN QUEL) Peels OU RL eT Be pees th eee ae 7 COU SiS 2 DLA ee oe 694, 840
DVOCUMLUDENS 2 Oey aC ee aur 41 See eee a 475, 878 TruUMeNTaACea se ee 690, 694, ae
never chon.» svete 3120 See eee 972 LiSDidG 2. NEL Nd | ea ay een
TUG ESCOTS Gare Reta Ntaees ARE Sate re 861 Uaevigata Ne a Brae nek ee 542
TG eek te scene eee aA Sb oe 852, 942 STC OALTI ata na ae oe Lens 0
SDICALOM a eee oe SE ees 2 eee 972 SDIGIS SS Spee Ske ie 2 693, 840
tarapacana-_--_------- Je 32 SEE se eee 879 TUTICOLOR cs 2a SAC ae se ee
ONG Te Ee Se oe ee 878 zelayensiss. 3. .-¥ 222% 2 Prose 693, 841
MTU VET UL) 2s US Se ee ee 879 GRUSWAVONIS Se 26 Sire 2 we Ce ene 694, 841
Denticilalaes soe ee ae eek hed ae 879 CONUTOE GN IN ie SOE A re ee 839
VISCIEO ose == Sas CSS TEE Te ea 879 CUCU OTIS aes. Se SEY vee Se ie ie 810
Diplocee, barbataz22- =e e eeee 972 jramentaceas) 2c. \ ls) Se a ea 840
Dissan thelium 2 ooo ee 173, 838 longearistaiaqn eat tee © eee 695, 841
Calilormi Cuan SS. soon ee) 2s eee 173, 838 Mecroslachy@i22- 22) 2 ea ee 840
PSU UTS ee ee ee ee eee 173 MNVUTICOLO: PN. Sd TAN ah a wae 693, 840
Dissecta, group of Paspalum_________________ 579 budoviciangs2 8s 2 ee aes eee 840
Disticha, group of Paspalum _-_---_____-_-____ 579 ANAUCTOSLACHY deere eee See cee S40)
IDIstichlige! 225 chs he ae See 175, 838 MUD AlON OE 2 See 840
dentata.230 2! Se ee eee eee 177, 838 OCCIdeNt Alison. eae Ce eee 840
MON UMO Ss ae BSS eee aa 838 Occidentaligsi=! Jis2 2? ee eee Seen 840
SLNICLO eo 2 See EP ee eee ar 838 paludigena = 4282 224 Peel E ieee 694, 841
IMUM ETUOS§ 2a 528 2 IN) Ree eee 207, 977 SOLOS 2 28 ee a ee pee 841
MOGOSO 2525 22222582 S eee ee 838 PUNGENG 2 <2 fe oh eS Ee ee 840
SDlCdtais S22. ee ee eee 177, 838 Sabwlicola S42 33200 oe ee eee eee 841
OL ee ee eee RG el 838 Wallteri 23s 2 2 Se eee 694, 841
SUrichie se She ee ie 838 laenigatasi< 22 8 ee ee 842
SUniChale Sees ae ea ee 177, 838 Zelayensige st. 92S) Cee ai aes 841
PON ANA | lle Se Sete ee eee 2 ee 177, 839 IMOGCENO? 22d oe as Se eee 840
DSOMOMISCRILS MLYUTOSsa ee a eee 859 subaristata =o 22a 841
IDISMIDUGONIONLTASSCS= =e ae ee eee 5 LONG GOS a AS Reh CE 839
Ditch Moly poronsess=aa0 se ee 350. || Beyptian wheat. 223225. ee 243
DOP bailees = ln Tees Ik PS ee ee 184-| Bhrhartiaclandestina =) ee 876
CLestedie =| wo seee a pee SS Ses eee 186: Winkornes: 32. 20252 0 ee ae 243
ONCOL ONUTMINECEUS» a= eae ke eee 803) |) Bléphant/erdss*- es eee ee 705
ONES Se Se Sis ey 2 ae 803). |) Hleusine:2s>-226 <2. ur seis 2 eens 479, 842
Dowmiyachessas se et cee) a ae ee 55 aegyptias. 3 2) 3 ee ees ee 831
Oaterass =) 222 St 552 Sear. See ee 303 degypudcd... 2552 eee 831
Drooping WOOdreeM 2-2 see 344 Corsicana. = 11 Shs ae ee a 479, 481, 842
Dropseed sass seo has. oe aCe ee ele 392 CTUCIOEGE A es = ee eee 831
black. -S ere Le eee ae 399 AGIMIUNGENSIS 228 oe ee 842, 876
Piant les oe ee 406 elongala 322422 SS eee 878
MMIOSBE 2k os Seo ae ee 404 Silifor mises 2! 1k ese ee eee 878
Wesley 2 2 S28 os fee LEC ee 406 QTACIIS. 20a 28 Seo He a ee eee eee 842
DPaInIOe ss eh ee eee, 400 ING Gale. 22 EOS tn ae A 481, 842
TOUS See oes eee ee eee 393 MTUOG OF ae Ke SD re nee 842
SANG oe ost he ee ee ee ea 402 MVUCKONGG 2) = Pe ee 831, 878
SUMWGEKS ssn no ee eee eee 393 pectinttts..) 2 ee ee 8
Spike cess 22s ee ee ees eee 406 SCObnds 2. Soe. et Se ees 842
DUNG tent seme =. 32 ot oo eee 334 SONS. 2525628005) 9 ole eee oe 878
Sori ya Thee 2 ee ae ren ee eS 2 711 SUICIDE. oats Be 878
Duneerass, Asnorican. 2's! ae 249 tristachya.. +... 73 323s See 481, 842
Dupontiarceateyt a2 hak. hon Ae ee ee 974 unioloides._----------------------------- 879
Durra 750, 752 ENE oo ea = ae
rapa SET GR GT 5 ROL OTe ERTS SaaS ee Billiott bearderass.2- 2s eA
Dylepyrum diffuswm--_----------------------- R03) Fiemns he he ee a 246, 842
OREO TI 893 actcularig = Teeter Sea, oe eae JG SAS
Eastern mannagrass::-.. 2.2222 ko 522. = 86 amibipimus:— 2.) es. eS Se ae 252, 842
EOEOTAM (UIUC ee a ee ee 957 SETISOSUS2. 2250 ae ae SI ro eee 252, 842
OU ASEOL G2 POC Baa heat eee eee 281, 282, 957 OMenicanus. 2 eee A ene eee 843
densiflora 225 es ee 9. ampliculmise® -2..2 3.325 SSS Se 845
UG CY I 2 Bd ee ea he eT ee 956 ONGUSH{OLIIS tee See ee eee 254, 844
ULGTONINIS. 2a ee ee es Re = eA 955 Chesmiiosuse Le oe ees 844
GLGOR OO Ue ee SR Oe ee ee 956 QrOHanlliS... . toss) Pe eee 249
haybridasee le sears os ees el Pee eae 955 COMDOSILUS: 2s Se Sa eee 249, 845
UNLer aed eS eee eae 8 eee 955 MNOLLS oo > sees es Se ea ee
LONGULOTG 5 eS SS ee eee 955 ViLLOSUS: Se ee es 845
TUG s ae. 2 Se Se Ee | se Bee 956 ATENICOlAL Ss = Bees Sees eevee 248, 250, 842
ObLUSGL a= eee ee ee 2 ee 956 AMIStahs: 22242252 2 Rie eee 255, 842
DAUD UT OSCONS ee ae en ee 956 OV kONsanis £23326 ee oe See 845
TOOUSIA = EF 2 eee = See eae 956 QUSET CUS oe SO eS nae 846
DMallenssss Ces es Sa A ee eee 957 Glabriflorus.2— = see see eee 846
DENTS LOUNICO 2 hrs ee Se 956, 975 BOReCtSo aa. at ee ae ee Sy J eae 844
LUIS OT NAS OS ne ee ea 955 brachystachye<-22 = 2-8 2b4 a Seer 843
Longeflonds |e eee i eee 955 brevifoliue. oo.) ass. eee 950
INA ON Soo ah Bet LL AEE 955 Grow ni 8 22352. ele a eae eS 844
Miupescens- tous. & ee eae SS es eye 957 CANAGENSIS_2 22s ea ae eee 246, 256, 842
DUNDUTOSCEN Sas He eee on ee ae ees 914 prachystachys--- == 235 see See 258, 843
TORUSiO tee Seo ee eS 957 ChESCENMUS 22 2. ase Se Eh a ae 843
HE ehinochloas: 2-- J22->- 2 ce ee ae eee 690, 839 Glabrtflorus 22 es ee ee 846
colonuim.uo 2 = 2 5 2 eee 690, 692, 839 glaucifolius. 92225 ee 842
Vrmentaces 22502205. ee eee 840 Antenmedius =. Ae ee 857
ZO TUE LES a eran e ee Egat ee eee 839 (ATTIRE oe ae sec acs se Ses Se 842
COM DOSS oo on ee oo eae ee ee 841 philadelphicus....----- iors ee Sree 843

OE a i SR aa tar a i ee tI mw

INDEX 1011
Elymus—Continued. Elymus—Continued. Page
canadensis—continued. Page SEFIG OSU aoa sas Aa bake 252, 42
TODUStUSH42 Se 2 oa ee 258, 843 SUDNVULICUS Be 2 Ss 55st SS oes ee 847
Dillosis eee ES Eso ee ee 843 (libiCOldeses 45 ee ee ee 248, 251, 845
CUDA E TE aE Ee eee 845 DUbeseensfe9 4oe ey | ee eee 251, 845
CapUut-medUsags ase an eee 248, 843 SIMplexe $29 2 a ee eee 252, 845
COTOLINOTT USE a ee ee 846 VANCOUVErensISs ovo Ske pea cld 250, 845
Ciliatius.. Sees ae he a ee ee 844, 845 UCU TSA oe eee eee 844
CINENEUS. 2 PI eee 253, 843 OHM SlOTus je 22d is Cea neeees 252, 842
condensalilisse 2.35 Seer een 248, 252, 843 DILLOSISSUNINS ee a2 Sos oe ee $45
PUDENS s 2s Va es Lee Sees 253,843 VWillosus: Aes eS. a ae ee ee 256, 845
ETTUCOTACS SANE ice! at SEES swipes 845 On ONSOTIUS Set Se ee ee 846
CrESCendise 2) tS Sa See eee 843 GUAUDTIUSCULIUS eo eee 843
CUTDOLUS. DR at Be See i Ree 847 VITOSCOMS Heese Pe ee Pits 254, 846
UOT = eee ES eee 949 Wirginicus_o=__ — Ans BEEP A Es gs 7 ti 5 258, 846
divengensms =P ae se Pes Oe Delt) se 844 OTEUQUUS oe es ee | Se 847
diwersiguims = ee ee ee Ae ee 256, 845 BUSUTAMISs- 222 a= a ee 259, 846
inept a TAS ee EE Ges ey ee OER 845 Slabrilorus #252 ¥'=.. 2% 26s 259, 846
ETI So Diy ete yt | RR PN 846 GUST OLS seo ee 846
CACTUS a Os foe NaS WARE A oh PUOULCUSS 25 2 a oe eee oe 846
CLUTLOULES Es ene FY). 1 = AED prea 949 Halopinltise 22: 22a set eee 259, 846
TIA V CSCOTSO ee tise tans sie ae ee 248, 250, 843 LOSiGLEDIS 25540 Ee ee ee 846
SIP AML OUS soe eee a EE Ra ape 259, 843 hirsutighimis- = 2a ieee 847
(TPA ee en, Sa ee le ne Epc Se Eee 950 inlermediss =) 2 bes ae 259, 846
Glabisflonisses ee CE a a 846 CHUNUUS ose FS STUN. 2h Se 846
GD UECT LOUISE re Ber Se ee 842 BUIOT = eeetee sy i SS ee 846
CTESCENA US eee ee es Seen Ie, 843 SUDMULICUS==2= =") "a hee 259, 847
MOULLSUULS a eae Ve nde Le AL Med 843 PULDUN Ue tee ee ee ee 236, 779
SSP TICUS ee et ee so See NE hea 246, 253, 843 UUCOONM er oe ee See ee 843
AT ISLOLILG seh oh Se Fg Pia 58 SE SS 342 CUlpescens oe 2 = 3 843
DTU OTUSEQUMES =P: SRN POL SASK bly Onuniises = 222 oUe Ae) Tee te ea 757, 847
ACDSO Mie ees ee ak ee Oa 254, 844 aL Dicuss) 6 See a eee 760, 847
IED UTIVELS 2 een et eae OOS as Sat 844 DUTUYLONUS Saale Ee Ss Re 847
CETUS eet eR ee 3 Le ae 844 CALCU NT soe Es SS 2 ot LS 847
halophilusees sas fat RO GNS 4 | ae ee 846 TULL es Te ee ee 847
OTESCT Te AOR ef Be eg Ss Se ee 949 iripsacoides === =... J. ee 757, 760, 847
RUSULIQUUANIS =. Se ee | BE EOS ZOOVSAT. | Elan Gres 22 ees LA ee ae 243
IT SUGIS eae ae hla eee e204 844845) | Hndallarianundinaces_ 22. = ee 925
Rin GIO IS Ee ay ee es he AN No 21 S44 ||) SEM dodinnlentiCulanis™. ——- 92255) ae eS 875
Rispiduluss = = se. eee Ae 8445) | abinslishibinesrass 222. °* = Ses ae eee 69
RORGCtONINIStS 2 ee Ee I Sa ee 846 EYCOTaSS: ne 2 Sie Fe ee 269
TOUR LL en BE as 8 ee Ae 846 | Enneapogon, section of Pappophorum______-_ 227
| DORR HRS Ss = ae ee 2 ea ee 262, 8%2,.950 | Hnodnimicoenulewm=__-..- == ee 886
AMMO VAGIS =e oa ee eS he ee 251,844 | Ensifolia, group of Panicum_________________ 644
EUSULDT AS ee ee Yo St 2 GhO MN EipiCanepes \@iOMmlalds = ae 890
BPE TICCUVIL Six see FS Le 84 berlanidieni ss | ee 890
AMPLE UD EUS 2s eee nt ee 5 256, 844 distichophylla var. mutica__._______----_-- 890
EIETIRTLL SPA eee eke Se 846 Cutensleyt. 52-0 3 eT ee 888
PCI Bint eae 2 eee ee 2 ee 871 QNOCIISSo= =" S082 Ac Re = eee 890
NECK ENDY ies aoe sie 2 on 2 kee 949 ligitlatae SS 32... Se eee 387, 890
RAILC CERO Zier Soe stone | N=! ee 844 TAGQENS eo ae ee ae). 2 Ee eee 390, 893
TCO ee eee Pea ee. Se eee, 254, 845 SEICHD Val. TUliCG-. = = 2 ee 890
INU GUIDIAG yi eee BS 28 5 a SUN PENG 2 0 so on on 5s 389, a
TRU TOT ek a ied WPI) SF aaa Ve a 950 | Epigeos, section of Calamagrostis____________
ATO LISP se eee ee Oe es ae 246, 248, 249, re racrostises 4. oes Fa ee 139, sey
DT CUES TICUS S585 nie Sea ee ee ees abyssinica 33 2. 1. ee eee 168, 847
FTMLUILUS CEILS. = = Sine se 1 ed 550 ACUUASa2 oe et Se eee 164, 847
ALLS een ae et a ee ee Le 1 ee ee 843 nlipae Soese 2 = eek ae ey. SL ee 980
OCCULETIEG 18 oe ene Ny pe ee eee 844 SMa Dis! oe eee ne Le eee 147, 847
DR CER TITTLE IES © eRe A A Shas F9 845 PULMOSG see ee , S 848
BLT 2) (i ek RS EE SR hs See olen ad = 4h PN 8 844 STIG AL aes Seek eer a ed oa 157, 848
PALE PICS| Iae Ae ss 842 CIBUNUTNOCEH Sake ees ote ee ee 970
OT CONUSLACKYS Ce > oe ea Se we eee fe 843 Dahiensis.*:.- 222s seee 4. Lo ee 166, 848
TATSUPUS oS Eee LE a eee 843 Dasreliert. =. 22.2. 4-2. 2 2 156, 848
DENGULUSS 2s Sehe soo. SNE Se 843 Beynchit= st = 5-65 sas. ees 145, 848
MOUUSLUS: vn ee Saas SOS IAS Yaka te 843 brevinedicellatg=-- = a ee 849
DINGEp2 2 ese Lk Se 845 Oni ZOUeS hee ees eee 850
DUO DUIGILUS eee = 3 = ee eel 845 DrGWwnel ses c222 cee) ooo. Se ee oe 852
DSCUMONYSHTAL® 3 = VY ETE 2 See ag 872 DROW Net. 3: = 2. |g ees es 852
AUDESCONS Se Aaa SAS Ee ee ye 846 COATLDESUTISp tee 2! |. kee 851
WUUUOTU R= eS et ge es be tee 950 Wiermamemctee cs = Lt a eee 852
TPArlUseesys see oo 5 SSA eee ae 258, 845 Or UO a eS nee ee eee eee 853
MODUS US eee eo Ate ee ENCE ee ae 843 Gapillanis=- Soe-. 25.» ae 149, 848
DESTHAUS EF) toe os OM Wed Bae. 843 PEAS tT Eee gerne bee Ee. 3 2% 849
Saline je een SE ene eee EES 252, 845 CODA ee aan JE ee 148, 852
SUUNMET Sit ees Sed re eh eS ie 242, 776 COROUTIONGSE Shen se) = ee 151, 851
SATICOla A 2 a2 oe Fk 776 GHATS feet os ok) ae ae: 4 166, 848
SCTIDNET ES a SS ees Ree Se 5 De 776 Gh Oromelas <= 2 Se ee 168, 848
SibIricus=2= 2 ese 262 ee eee 246 CINANONSIS 220.505 lee er ee 154, 848
OMETICOMUUSE 225. 5-5 ee Se ee aL 843 GUITARS 265k eh pct J ly ee 145, 849
QUT CU SS Ee ie Rese nt A, 843 i SE EIE Ck CREE ae Paes CLE 147, 849
(1 (2, ees =e Eee ema a ek TE 252, 845 PRON SE Sako le RR 6 fe Pe 848
dpriania. at Ee ead bce 45 COUR et. re... 58. IES oe ees: 851
SHANNON ao oa 2 22 eee eee age Ieee iss 949 pr Cr RS 6 ee eee ed 147, 850
JUDD. oo se eee Se eee 950 jeotn sti 311) aa se ae or ane 144, 849
SUNMTLUS S25. See a Be ga eee 2 846 CVI es eee RSE | cpt ee 168, 849
OPRANSONUS SCs 5 eeu ge tee 845 GUO oe aes owe So 168, 849
EE FR step a Sake EES sR 845 iermreemanmnie ee fot MEE Us a 851
DOME. Gm Saeed = DO a ee od: 845 Condens ss23e- oe ES 851
SU QEUE 5 oo nadie cnetaese ener eseuneccccene 846 (Ee FOE as Se a ed ia BRI ele ye 853

1012 INDEX
Eragrostis—Continued. Page | Eragrostis—Continued. Page
MUS 5 2 eee ec ee eee eee 151, 849 veluting=. Flin ey OL ne ee 853
CLE GOUT ULL US SR Ree tS a eS Reet Se Ae ome Srl 848 DEL MECTUCIS 22 =- NaNL 2 is eee eae a 852
elhotpite = 2252. 2eke ee Se oe 164, 849 ViLLOSAE ae oe eS ee ed 8
CHEAQTOSTAS 2 © =. comes = Sel alee 156, 849, 851 VALOSCONS UE 5 So eat ee eae 151, 853
LeeTSiOid sess US ee ee eae ee 849 DIGINICOS S26 Fb ge 851
IMEGOSLACHY OC 295" Bu ae es ae 849 DiTlelits oe sats. Sees SO 848
MMICTOSLACHY Gees oe ee 851 DISCOS? Gs eI Oey Lito A Nas Sn te ae 849
CLOSA 2 22 Bee 2 a ee 159, 849 vulgaris var. megastachya_________________ 848
CTYENTOQONGS 2.) 2 28s eee eee bea 849 MACTOSLACHY C22 ee a Be
fendlerigna tie Ae BE ae eae ek 932 Wiegeltignaes . 5.07 ges h i ais 01 ee
iL fOTINI SS LEE Lee 8 iy ek ae ee 851 »| Eremochioa ciliaris. 9 2) DOP aay 763, 5e3
floridanass = 2 as) ok 2s aaa ee eee 853 ophiuroidess=—20): ae ses UG 5, 763, 854
APART ee ee I ss ee 150, 849 | HEremochioé bigelovit____._____:__||__- - 0 805
brevipes:2-! os. oe i eee 150, 849 URC Ue Ss Sees | oa BU, ee Ne 805
eyenta oro Oe Cie Te ke ee a ee 853 Chir beris3 2) uc) a a eee 805
slomerata see se Pee eee a £47, 800). Torisiitings ee) uN, Sek at aa 721, 854
OTONGLOT OIE Aes Lee Te ae Meee 163, 851 AlOMECUTOId esse ka een ee 722, 854
NES Wea ee Paes a ee ee ae ane 158, 850 brevibanbis 22 ee 2 ei ee 854
ny pnoeideses sls eh Ne aan 148, 850 CONLOTLUS LE Ee ne ne 854
INPUT 20s Pe ke ae 2 Sok eee eee 929 IITSUGUS Joe ae ee ae a 723, 854
Inbernmediae | 2 .28)-2 es tee ee 139, 160, 850 brevibarbis el. Siler aie 723, 854
VET UD oe Se een ea a 852 COMUPECEUS SE Ss Oe a ee 723, 854
JODONICE: 5 Fs ie Whe eee a aeons 168, 853 Contortust 22) was Le eee 722, 854
Jimnbata e526 Se ls A ee ee a 850 divaricntusene fe. 5 UE. elem Lee pe 722, 854
SLO 1 ene ae ec ume a See aM a hl) RU gp tae ee 851 PISANTOTS: 29. bsw se ee ae ae 721, 723, 854
Longer adiala® a 1s eee. Ce eeu 851 GUS wie is IL RE ee ane ee , 854
AI ONS eee OE Ee Eien mek Bea, 158, 850 TAaVenNae ss 4 ..Cke wl ae Ree Le 5, 723, 854
AUTH (4) uci ak eens oui ace RPE aN SUT Sia 980 Sacchanoides:!-= 20 Maui vaan i eas 721, 723, 854
litescenss 6 2h Sod PAE 5 SE A, 154, 850 brewmbarbise>2 3! bee ee ee 854
ATUCECTO P00 CL ist Se er see Bae US ees ee Ae CONLONCUS = Ae ee cen eee Naa eae hue) 854
TIL] OF ei NARs Nee DER Nl oe UG RE 154, 848 MACHU: He AO Ee ees 854
AEG USHICIEY (eet siete St it 154, 848 STANT Ree eT eee ee 854
CLACTON SIS son oe See YAS eae ea 849 SETiChUS? 2st Be Se eee a 721, 855
AMNENACO SINGS. ey ib ee EOLA on BAe a 877 UR GCYIDE 28 Se ee Pe ee eee 723, 854
MMO XICHTIG = 55 5 e SU ee he a See es 156,'850'3) “Mrigchloas 22 Sans i as a ee 566, 855
CLS pene ee ests ee Ses See ee LL 156, 851 Aciminata 2. 225: Sa hes Re 569
Megastichyas. 02 Ae. Meth Sele ee 849 Qnmnulata Sees ee SESE a 855
MCOMERI CANA 2.2. NE Ta 156, 850 ATISlataes Sees es Ne ae eee 566, 855
MUA ose ae es eee iy Vente 849 Contracta 2433 to ae eee 569, 855
MUM ON 2 ee a Re ee 851 debilign 222 Die de 5 es ey 855
ObiUSa 22 222 Nav RE ee oe 168, 850 distach yas} Jo) 26s 3252: Sea eee
Gbissifigra.- 22500" 7) 2s ese 142, 850 PrAcius. 4.05.2 Sol ces ee 566, 567, 855
OLCHUMaNna=2!08) Sa ae eee ee 153, 850 MAINO +=. = 5 5-2. Ue ee » 855
Ovylepis.. 64 - > St ek 2 Se ee see 8 kanthitec2 6 od Bee ee 856
pallida: = Ses. aie Soe Le Ae 850 lemmoni san joe lee 2 ie eee 567, 855
palmer: +22.) =... Se eee 160, 850 longrfolia=e-— 2o2e. tosh. eo ee ee 855
OChIMACent en.) 2) he ee 151, 850, 853 mich@uxils: 3 9-2 22 Fe ee 570, 855
NEMA 0 Se ek ee eee ee 851 simpsonii.=--__--_ sib ce pies Ae Be 570, 855
SPECLUDIISS: 2 eee 2. Es ee eee 853 MOL IS2-D Io ks 0. A Es ie a eee 570, 855
PENNSYWANICH 25 Tessa De eee eee eee 851 longifolia: 2322 0a ais eee 570, 855
peregrina: 3-2 228 2 ee Je 152, 851 melsonil: 24 els 2s TaN a eee 570, 855
Dilifera= Sees SS ee ees 163, 851 polystachya: ==... ub tee Peer eenees 566
Dilosas sso A. ee eee 150, 851 annvilate.- 2.22: he ses ele ee 856
COROMNIONO so oo ae Se eee 851 DUNC. £2225. 2 SS ee Se
condensatd 2.2 = Se sCHa Ls eee 851 procera: 2-43. 24s see eee 567, 855
damensiang se. 2) a ee 851 PUN ctatas oo 22-3. ee ee ee 569, 856
delicate. APs OL ee ee ae 853 Oristald. 22223 se See ee 855
Dlumosa= 222 ee LI ee ed ee 147, 847 MNO.) 52s eS eee 8
poseoides 2:22 ails. oe bes 156, 851 FOMOSGS 32 Ses eee eS eee 567, 855
Megastachyaee2. 2 Tee et ee 848 Seniceas 24 52. Ue eos Dees Ue 567, 856
DUT SNe a eee ce Sa 151, 851 subglabrous eT Pe ee 566
delicntila 3.250. a2 oe ee eee 849 UCONN. 2 leha2. Ae Sal | eee 855
iffUS 0222 SSAA re 2 EN 849) 1) “Eiriocoma caduca 224.25. 5 ee See 897
TOirachas: 52 veiw ieee ve tee Ad Sarees 166, 851 CUsPIdaL t= J. Les SS ee eee 898
TODtANS Ske es 2 Bn ee ee 148, 852 hymenoides- 2354220. ee ee ee ee 898
TIGUG 8 eee eh 4 OS Bh 852 MEMOVONACED 20a yt ee
Secundiflora iss. s ee eae 144, 852 WW CDDER Raya. 3 555 Care EA Ae ae ee
Sessilispicdss' Seo sees tsb eo ae 143852) 1 Emoneunon piloswm == ae4- oes eae 211, or
SUvea ages ae eden as | uni ea 1625852) eB Ochloe G@manilis= =). 2) seen ae ee 848
Sim plexes 25 Sraiin et anee 17 a Naa es 148, 852 SPECLOUIiSs oe Bee ae 2 5 eee 848
Spectabilisse 1253 = eee DSTA GS 852511 pEIOSION: CLVION Ce = en ny ek me eee ere 849
S DOT SININSULT= ee es el 853 Rypnoides®: (9.22825 2 Se oe 850
SPUCA as a Bit ie ke Ol ee 145, 853 | Erosion, grasses used in prevention of_______ 4
SPOO0N IOI eae 2. Oe Ee Ae ae 850 TES parton. = Se bs St) Se A el ES 8 a 3, 423, 439
stenophyllat: 28530232 Vay ees 166, 853 | Euavana, section of Avena__________________ 295
Suaveolensas 02's 3s eee see ees 157, 853 | Eubromus, section of Bromus___--__________ 33, 53
Swalleniiee caso ak hs ee eal ae 1615-853) 4} Enichlaena-2252 224400 es oe aes 768, 856
UG O12) 0 eae ied A ce NEC ge TT 2 168, 853 VUDUNIONS = ca 3 eo ER Sy
DU MNOS Os Ho 2s as pt Se sed ee) Bip ae ee TMOXIGANA S22 ksh OO ae 2, 768, 856
COTS i as RE 8 ee eee 848, 853 LUGUTIONS 22 ee eee 856
CELENSIS RIE ISS Ne te ES ey a Oe perennise: 98. 2 2. eos ae ee 768, 856
tephrosanthosea) at ao tee ae 152, 853 | Euchloris, section of Chloris__.._.____-_______ 501
ACG eg ie A ae ee Des a ae 161, 853 | Eufestuca, section of Festuca_____-----____-- 66
trichocoleas2 es ee 159, 853 | Euglyceria, section of Glyceria___.-._-------- 85
__trichodes 163, 853 Eulalia___--------------------------------- 723, 856
oS TASTE, oT eo aD f VIMInige se) 32s ee ee 723, 856
UTE ID fae oe 2S se ae se 900 Birlalid ov ee ae Le ee 5, 718
UUTUORTID 2 eee ee oe 879 MADONICI ps eee en Nee ve Rieobe 2 885
wnioloidess Sissi sec 8 ee 149, 853 giocillima.+ 245222 ae ze | 885
TUNOTTS ae a ey RL Se age 851 Nepulensts. 95. assess - ase eee 885

INDEX 1013

Page | Festuca—Continued. Page

Eumelica, section of Melica___.......------- 197 Clatlorsc iv he ada aeetee 2, 58, 67, 857
Eupanicum, subgenus of Panicum_____----_ 661 apuiidivincdas <5. 9-355 ete 69, 858
Eustachys, section of Chloris_____-__-------- 500 AVON SES 2 2 NS ee ed 857
Eustachys distichophylla____.......----------- 826 Ghingri sie st ys kD, ae 67, 858
florida ee ee eS ee 501, 826 Contertal > y= tere Jes” sees Pe 67, 858
Qlaula eee ee nee RERIE ON ES ee 501, 826 LULU ee SOF 5 EASES: 858
NEGICCH fee ee een ES a ee eee 501, 826 CECE 25Re ST S ee eee 814

DEES CED a ne tp eT te) Say 501, 826 eTiole pina eS Sy Se ea 856
PAgriang Chie ee ee ee 807 SOMEE i OAD) 5 SS, ae ee 75, 861
Crishidpmies ee ta Se a ee ee 805 SECLEU TERS © So ine ON | se” Pek es 877

Her bape meme is MP ES EINES Ae 805 Siliforniigs (4) gee eh = 25) 3 Fee 878
AIL cle Se led let Bs A ee OR aie a 808 TONE See Sy sea ee SO Se eee 969
Chloride See ee eee 825 pI ULE TIE yo cn 2a eee eS eh). Seas 864
COIS Se ne ee eee ot oe 806 DICTATED TY FF Sh UES ye "SS ae 857
CUT DENA ee eee I Be RE 806 Beni calata essen eee ih ere ee 77, 858

OT CTT). CEOS Fae Pern ns ee ete Eee 807 PICATILE A es SI Gn Ne Ni eee see eee 69, 858

Fe SObL {0 oe ee tami ER Ces OL Py OE TM 805 iL (: See Rae tbe aaa, ee a NY SPE Le 980
PB Ra Sees LE se Re NS Pg mae MEDS f opodd dd 808 Binet 2) hs F ik he a ee 76, 861
PAUSE ae eas I Po Eee eee 8 Geer abe 2's Ss: OS yi ae Ph Se aoe 830
OLGOSTRCHY =e on tes ee ee Se eee 807 REET ThE ok tN, 2 apo es Con 860
alli panicnias se s5 poe eee 85 ee 665 CROTAUSIOv Oe ee Se LE ee ee 980
Halse bithal operas ts as een Soe ee eee 522 Bie ae! el eehitds. rt See ee 65, 858
FLIES Nad we Si Te se Ne 205 BOs ft od eee eae Ee eee 71, 862
Fasciculata, group of Panicum_-_____________ 661 WEEK OUNY Ue rs. oo Se ee 861
Henpherancererasss) 0 es ee 504 OWE aN 2:55 RR Gwe A 73, 863
Feathergrass, New Mexican-_-_-_-------------- 425 clatter sis seen. OF WR. SP anh aA ei poe 3, 58, 76, 858
Hea THEr ODE 2 sees. Sc Abs > Ah ee 707 79 ST a OS Spee ee ori Lk och Ne 4
Mendior throe-aw let S922 22 fo Fae 454 DROS LSS SAAN Tt ie FS 814
Fendleria rhynchelytroides___...--_-_-_-_-_--- 898 PILOT OLS eee AES, ede Lo Ee EES 858
aeee are ea Pade ee ee See BAe ee 5 PULL: Si ea FAG gee ee 858
GEMe@D UIT Cheet tes Sinete Sv eet Sg ge 3 (EIST C2 TORE ene Sy ee oS EE 70, 863
PTECTH CH iapera = a Suet et Sues f ets BT ee: ae 2S 3 OTE) nals Sten ehh a PROTO ORR, + 863
PAT NN ere I Bee st SS RE 5 CORSET, ee 1S ha ee ee 67, 858
THEA O Witte ee eae ae ee, eS 2 FALTICE ate ate Sats Saeco ee Te OUT 774
TG] ee eI. OE Sk EY 9 noses Aa Yo dn eo 5 icing Sarees Ts aes 2 2 EE 69, 858
ST Cee es eee ED 9 ooh , = ENE 5 TADIOSAR 3) Wi es | Saas 2 69, 858
SHEO (ee sees SRN Fn Sse ys 1s PRED 2,5 lipilstaeree 4) Civ O. -Le e 71, 859
SS tats fc ln a SOUS 0 Nahe ale $e ES Se 57, 856 TILILETOSLICIY A= Lee ee See SF 942
DEPT OS( eee edo hel S ee Ct EEE 884 MULUTULENSISE: ST ee eee eee 815
ETE ON De ates wee SELES 864 IMO Sal Tae Ys: ays a hail tel ee ee 61, 859
altaica var. aristulata___.-_..------------ 857 TAT CTOStAChyS satel ie! sot 1a RTE 66, 859

TP ZOTTCLI et a Oey es Sak EE 857 CIOL sh Siar he wees Se. 857, 858

ROGUES te See). 2s PE 862 OT UE se fe ES 65, 858

IE TILO LO TEs seers ee were = ae <= HI AS PUULCHHOT eee ee ee LETS 861
PALO ACU OE me ee | Gas Fs ees 835, 857 SUVA PDIESSA 2a. See 859
SIREN Sil oe 2 AY oes. a Ee 77, 856 MINUS Oy Os 8 oe Sea a 76, 860
ESPON TANG oe abe ere. a Ce 860 TOR ONG? Ces g A eS tain heen 862
AUOROCNSI Si es eat Se 858 NULUALOT 288 5 <d ) _5a, 2 2 838

RODUSU res Pets ee ss ee 858 THR NOS i awa . Sa et es > SEE 63, 859

DE eae Se 877 TUT O See Res 2 A ies Ley a eee 859

RC TUAT TG ws 2 eS ys ss SE 861 TIETU CSUR Sen prey 1 ae 3 | A Os 934
THEG YE ea oe ee Se See eee rh) 65, 856 DVT OUI Sie maa Sat 3 ee 9 70, 859, 862
TART ULOL GE ee 5 Boake Lie 2 int Migs a 72, 857 HORNSOT IR aes) 2 ars ae. Hee 63
PURASNA 2 Fee. 2 2 ask a 8 NILE) OF tate Bak. Es IAD os TE 862

AAT OWMICA LS. & Ne Siw" bal ee 57, 77, 856 Dalisiiissae eee) 2 Se HE O 859, 862
LAUT NOCEU S222 5 > gee NY 858, 863 BNOTUITS states reas fT ch 862

DOS BOLO aE Fos Se age swe 2 a Sy es SE 941 MUL ang= Sees 2 ee A 939

DON END Sas sn) ep NS ie, BALES 938 OD GUSa see 3 Fees OS MN + 2 bg Sa 70, 859

BR OChY DIU HO a SOS te Son ee te 860 eprengehang\-8 eee TS 859
brevifolias 2 Ss 22 Se ee: 2 972 DERSUL GH ee Se as te 2. De 2 863
MLORENSIS io) ee ial hay ea IE SES 860 OULUSTHLOT! 3. «) 2a eho eae ih) i Se WEE 956
Gromoides) 2535. 3 OE A STE 63, 857 ODISISLON ES). J eben eos GTS 877

CO LRIVEG eee S S e, E 88 occidentalis: apse ie eT Hees 58, 75, 859
Californicat sil Soa ob) ie A ey 72, 857 OCHOT Oras wie ries > a 61, 859
DORIS a ee io eRe SEE 72, 857 CU ASUUULAL Se oR oly 3 in 3) <2 Ss ae 860

COUR CTO Pane Ph Noe peasy TON 76, 860 LT CAE ee Gee eee Ais). 860
COIN DOSEN US NS yi md yd ws RAL SD 72, 862 BIrvellae Sees Pine lt ee 61, 860
capillate ee sak ee 2 s85 i eet a PSL 76, 857 tenclia msi at Se al 2 |) ee ES 860
corolmiana See 6. oe ee ee 972 ORCU OTA RIES Bg a pe 861
CEDUCED aS ae Bt pn -- | 885 OV INA a Saree ba tee 2, 5, 58, 76, 860
clandestings Os Ss Se Qe A En 8i7 CONUZOTUACH 2a os 2 BUA SE Ae Leh 856
CONTINIS ates Sten ee iy | ES 69, 858 ONICHA TNS e 8s oS 5 oY 58, 76, 860
TODOS eS 5 eee. ee. epee EE 8 DRENUO IG ca 8 «hg totes Ee 860
Confisa-=_5- Bae Ba) se TE eel ase 65, 857 COUQ ER Os seen SA eee 860
CTISLQUUTI SS ns EEE Fe 873 COP = Ss wee Se ae ee ee 857
Gasycladaas 42-5" = eee ee 73, 857 Colum blaNG. =a. ee 858
Celawarier== 2)... jt ee Tees * Dee 938 GuTTUISCIN A ee a eo __ 5, 76, 860
Centiculabasees 2 Fa 2 A ne 2 A 863 ISI OR sts <A eek Ss =| 5, 76, 861
dertonensis ==.) 5-2-8. i- 4. 2 63, 857 BGT OLE. Se ge 858
CONG 0 ae Pe Rn Py ae LS ee 835 OPEGON ss = 2 se ke pe ee eS 858
CISLONGER: 2 3 Mae Dee", 5, Bee 5 a 938 POU NYU 0M F202 eRe AIP 859
RON UV = PIS ps Ga ota SY 939 DSQNOUING 4 =e - eo ee se SES +S 861
distichophyWax~ == 228 ote ew eek ED 838 UOT Gres ee 5 ah eR 861
(inggeectr a. 2d iE Te ike 9 2 OE 861 CUTUNONLONG = sso Bo ee S60
GOMingenss 2 ee ee Pe 876 PUT DUSIUNG 2) Se he 8 860
CUT TUS CUNT a ea OR le i ie I 1 hw 860 SHCUETONG Ace eee ee eee Be S60
TUT ee eho bee ee Ce 861 OUP NUL: a. Sind Nie See” Ss Se an 7 861

Or lets [Se ee ee Se 861 RUD PS oe ee Bra hg 861
east WO00dSOs22 546 seaan 2a RATE 66, 857 Sara es oc. See ee ee 860

1014 INDEX
Festuca—Continued. Page Page
pacinica: soo NEL Ss 4 ask oe eee G3,86L.4 Mlafigrasse ose cea eee eee ee aoe 2
POrviShit | = ees ha eee Soy) MhumMineas 2.22.) oe see Joes a 95, 863
DONUT Os i Le ae eee 859 Tesiticacea Lk kets Se Sa 95,
phieordes ess ee A Oe ee 874°] ood srasseS=22-~_< 32: = si 22° See oe eae
Pogeodes NaS Pee ee ee 857 25, 168, 179, 243, 246, 253, 264, 268, 294, 295, 392°
OMeETICONG SS ek ee 857 481, 537, 540, 601, 602, 690, 697, 705, 718, 750, 768
Poly stachya 22. ee eae oe 877 | Foothill needlegrass Eeguncent am meeee eee ark 432
PYALeNSISES 2 eee! Bene 695857] Porage Brasses ss ae 3, 31, 33,
PPT OCUMUENSA 20 Vee 1s Aa. eee 877, 940 36, 57, 58, 73, 78, 84, 95, 99, 100, 139, Te te 194,
PrOULET Gee she 75, 861 223, 229, 230, 243, 269, 276, 278, 282) 288, 301, 306,
DY OST AS aT See 878 308 345, 349, 352, 353, 357, 392, 408, 410, 415, 423,
PSEUAOMUTIUSCUME 2 2 Ns ee eee 859 439, 466, 469, 484, 487, 494, 499, 511, 526, 534. 549,
PUT DUT CMe! ee an a ey eee 969, 972 5b1,/5a3; 563, 566, 575, 601, 602, 672, 690, 694, 697,
Dust oes. Re ae, a eee 860 705, 708, 726, 734, 748, 750, 755, 764, 767, 768, 771.
gquadridensi 2 oS A Ae 969) 1 JPOrasaccus: GTNENSIS! =~ ee 811
QUOUT OVO 2 ee. LORE ot 862 brebiaristatuss ==) sae ae 813
TOMOK A ee a ee 65, 861 Ciligtuses.~ 320 BN eS 818
sichardsonizes eS Ue So eee 861 laevighumis:=s-> => eS ee ee 814
TIPCSCENS: he, SR 8 le ee ee 73, 861 COMMULA USS SS. A ee 814
FIGs Hh ER ole oe 2 a eee 942 CTOCLUS: oC Soe ee ae ed ee eee 814
FUvCN SE ee eee 81 Giganteus. 2.225. Eyes eee eee 858
TUDES. 1 See Se ee 58, 75, eee INN MISS 3 oo tas ee 815
OGPeWOTIGS Ss 8 es Se LOtigluNis = 22a = Se oe A eee 815
Ccommutatace.. eee eee eee os $61 MUATGINALUS 222 He to 812
Censtuscula 22 8 ee oe eee 861 IMATIMNUS2 22 ti 2 ee 5 ee oe 816
allay 9. SY a ae he ee ee 862 IOUS ee ae nn ee ee 815
OlUUCONER. Ba 528 22 ee ae 862 DORMUS S20 5 a ee eee 815
Heterophylls ee ee ee 5, 75, 861 DPUMDEUANUS os en Se 816
Witawelonien Sel ee a ee ee 862 PUNGORS 36 2 282 2 A ee ea 816
Rano InOSa= ee! 2h ee eee 75, 861, 862 WACOMOSUSC.. 22-5 222 5 ee ee 816
PALOT OURS ty PS Sa SS ae a ee ee 861 SCCOUMUS #2815 + a. I a ee eee 817
ANE GUSTACI YO aso Pie Say eRe Se eek 362 Mountain grass... <2 ee 5, 708
TUULLES ROVE soo rs bo Se eng ee $62: | dow! bluerrass.22 2 32s es eee 124
PTOI EN Gi ee ae eae 75, 861 MAnNNAeTASS! 2:22.22. 84, 90
PDYUNN OSE Ae Lei. Se ee ee eae 862:.4) a oxtail 22022 22S eo ee 345
PRIMESCENG 2s 3.-bu LE Se ae eee 862 SID ies. ee be ee ee ee 347
REC Tit Sa !s8 ee SU UNS eh Oe a ee 862 barley. 2202-422 ee ee ee eee 265
subvillosa forma vivipara______-------- 862 @hess.20) 25. Moe ee eS a 54
TRULOSO fs, Pte eee ee 862 1OSCUGS. a ee ee 1
SOTUNONIGNES — 2 | SER ee ee 76, 860 meadows 2-72-22 ee 345, 347
Scapnpella cts) oe a ene ey 71, 862 MUOUNGG === ase ee es ee 697, 704
MIS TORS Se ae ae See ees 72, 862 St ye So Se ee ee
DOSCY TNE 2 ae eS ee 5 shortawil-- 322.222 222s ee 348
SOHITGs 0 Be ee a ae oe 61, 862 Washington .o a: 2 2 ee eee 347
SLC) EON TES MOE IER ST Ps We Bi he MU Ife 5 Water: == s2-- 522 Shae ee 348
SHORT a eI a Rhee ie 70, 862 | Bragrant grasses.--.22.-- =.= 526, 528, 746, 747, 757
SOROGIS S222 Sa ee G9; 862 il! (Rringed (brome) +050. oe ee ee 43
SPICOL Ses Beng a ne tae eee Zits S08.) Bhussia Capillaries. 22 yt Ss. 2 eee 786
SUICK-VENT UE as 5s es Se eee 785 carvophyllewe2 ts. 2 22 ee ee 787
STLUOTILON etn Ue 2 eee are 861 DICT | Sn 5 ee Ye 787
Sup ula iaege ese Pa ek eee eens 67,8604) Gallota- 322-2 2o2. >. See ee ee eee 468
GONE 3b 2 ac Tet pees eee Salem 863 big) 2222 Jes Se 468
SOR OVAGSE 22 2 F 2 Me = eye ee a $62 3] (Gamncrass 0.2 25s ae ees eee 765
STEM CET OT ee ok el ae ee eee 66, 863 eastern: <0 22-454 ee ee eee 767
SOLUULIA FOUR Se SS | Ls Se ee 863 Mloridae =< eh ee ee 767
SUURSAGTIUD 2 Ae aot oe ee a 857 Mexican: 4:— 1. <2. 52 5.8 Shae) oe eee 768
SY LDOTACU a ENS Ad 2 ae ee ee Sil. | «Gardener's garters =<. > Sees 534
LONE Gis Sree SEL te Sale ee 61,859: |) \Gastridigms =. 2-2-4 ee eS ee 355, 863
CRISES eee eee 860 australe. 22-23 252 es eee 864
OHGUCE = as a LO nee 860 lendigerwm.... 2-274 -2 A ee e 864
LOCO NG: Paes Re eS. 2s See Oe 70, 863, 877 Veniricosuim-25 <2 5 2-- e ee ee 355, 863
GOUT Per es! a aha TS ee ee 58, 71, 863 | Geminata, group of Panicum_-_-_-_----___---- 661
toluecensisissp: Chwunbert =e eee 863 | Geographic range of grasses__----------------
UT (Chg SON ORS 3 Be OE SMR ER ae Bere ws» 66,'863' |) ‘(Geyeronionerass.-- = 2 eee eee 197
UNiCeas ee Ee a ee 838 >] Giant bristlesrass-—..-+ -5- 2-85) eee 702
ETILICORAES Son on ee ee ge 838 GrTODSG0d |. 22 ete 406
SETAOLOLGES 3328 Es he Se ye apes 813 TOOG Soi 28 Pe! we 5, 187
PNR ACOUB 2. 2c ie eee, | 1 yee Dare gee 861 Wild-nyet-: 3.2.22 se et ee eee 252
UO RCY OT Eee a ee eae oe PO. Le 857) \Ginanniailanaia® "= 22 ae ee 870
PMOTSTL ok See No ee ee 70, i INOUIS AS oe 2 ee oe ee ee ee eer 870
CARO CEST 5 Ee ihn Le es Re DHULDESCENSS. = 222 2 ee ee 870
SVALICT ES tee e tole BaP Leen ke 3, 58, 73, 863 Guumes = 42 2k Ae ee 9
OwWellit eS ol See ee Eee ee ee Gy cebincst= <= - i= 2 eke ie ee 83, 864
PESCYUCN GS es coe ye oe te 863 acutifiora. =. 28) =3.. eee 85, 864
AD OLSOTED es 2 aoe ge st ee ig ee 858 GINOWMES {= ks pees NE eh A 824, 939
Nestuceae se ee ee Ai ee 17,31 emericang.£) >: ei. . * eee 865
IHeStwColdeaes SF ok ere ie es Ree 16 angustata: 9. = Ae es _ 939
JRO LORL Gea 5 de eh eT Rens 2 San eee eee 750 OPUMNCH =. 8 28
Hiber-producing grasses. 6220 eee 3 STKANSANAS eo oe ees 86, 864
RDC CEYLON 2 206 nee 830 Dorenlis( 2 2 Ue a eae 85, 864
EINE SI BI 5 ORT AS Ue Fe 830 borrers sis 3 te 2p a ee ee 9
eldisandbur.2)23 0 hee Ae ee 710 brevijolia =)... ee ee 972
MINGErErASGH ok) poy Bh ee AEG ee 498 bulbosd. ee 8 2 ee ee ee 883
PORTO.) yee ene 2) Ty ee poe 2 ee 504 GAnadenSIS SU ee oa eee eee 89, 864
MRO Se osu, Sao ee 38 A oa Dou 325 E> ¢: Neenah Oe he ee 89, 864
Blexularia compressa. 2022s ees 980 PUT OLfLON een a ee
Moral organs 0c) 2 Beat Lo eee 8 COND YE 02 ok. Sect ne ee D2 eee 930
Floridana, group of Paspalum_-__-_-_---------- 597 COMADS OR ae 824
Mlower of Prasses 2 j= 2 2 2322 se ae 10 CClUOFICG = <b een eee 938

INDEX 1015

Glyceria—Continued. Page | Gymnopogon—Continued. rage
stg ee ee ee 938 CORUNA 2 eee ee 867
tous: Ss se 38 ery (ig elk led BE al Nets 6 OAS, ae plate ain 825

EN ey Nee cee dine ee Py see 84, 90, 864 TILE TSIEN ene et es ee ek ee 496, 867
Clonguie nee ae 2 eee 865 SCOTRILER oo Se) 5 Sees ee 867
Grecia! shee Se) 2 eS ee ee 88, 864 DUES oe i ee ee eee 825
jerngldif Behe oe SE 94,865 | Gymnostichum californicwm _-__--------------- 872
Slqvescens en A ee re. eae 8 hysirig- sh fe oe oe 8 es 872
nitans ees ee ee oe eee 84, 87, 864 (Loti [th £8 SEE Se set ee ey 2 873
Ghipisaiintee Oo etre 8 5 A Gymnothriz geniculata_._..__....--2-___=.-__- 925

TGiIsss = ee ee ore 5 Us See Se 84, 92, 865 TMAICTOSIACHY 8 = 5 < ee eee 924
latifolia es Se 864 TETDOSIUS SE tear se fn eee 924
here ei eo de SRI eS ey poryncniniries. 225 ve. oie kN E ei 190, 867
Lenina ee ee LE es ae ae OLGCHIFUN Lee: = Seren Se ee eee 191, 828
leptestacliyn oe $23 toe oie es 86, 865 DUCES Ras 2 Eo Sen ee 867
FRAT ILS TA ee ae ae 9) De en Sn SE 939 ROECH AT OER Se eal ie nee a ts Le e Ee 190, 867
aviolionsaat oo eee 5 5 3 ot 2 sy WIE 89, 865 Bap etki siie 72 oer 0 ake Bek ee 190, 867
Spachauerae el 28 PF nn es, Se ee ee Sie nemmlecitoa Was 8 oO Fe 763, 867
SHOOT RGR Oe A 866 As ee ee eee 763, 867
ne ene: Site ck Dts ae Be ee eee Co 93 22 OIC Se en et a SO gd de 76

Tp Cr eee eee Hy SeIEPTHSS, AiaNIAN 8 2 eke 288

SEF TNIL TL Oe ae, 2 1 SAREE 90, 866 erro: =~ 52 ae ees a eee See eee 289
rAliptil sds Ee Se en espe Moeeates SBS As AUG TATAG EO ks ee a ee 288

MER OE eE e) Seaeh POS 8 tee 90, 866 ULES a ee Sapo SCS ee ees OS oa SL 293
Hibipana. ee so ee 93, 865 SULIT peep ae ee Fe so iene on ni 2 bP 288
Oiabrass 2es e o ek. 89, 865 tilted ce hee ee Se 289
qepprlerignlin 2s oe 85 d=. ae Be es SS OE Se a eal Veg OD a el ae a 50

GL iSitee eee res Se Pak De ele Fae ee 92, 865 ary pulaa yee ee 2 al el SN FS 3, 511, 519
penile ee Se as eS 94, 866 REE co 1 age Se near 1 ae ee eee es SE Al 211

fie (tS See ee Sees See eee s See Rapa agen =F 58 E e 671
De gee ae 2 oe 2 ae eee ee Es Peas ls eee Pe ete 76
Pitti) hefty]? oe a a Ree See a eg OI eet ar tO ASS! oases Souk) La ST 535
PETRY LOM AONE 22 aa ee fe 2 as hyn? ihe O5GL prtarion@laniches 2 2 ee 195
ALTA OL ee oe pee Se we HE G30 A ley erree-ay rs 22 ey A 449
Septentmonalis 2-252 = fas= 2. Se Ee OG, SHG Enel ype asses sss 29 -- oJe 2 to eee 2, 33, 39, 48, 58,
spectabilis var. flaccida______-------------- 866 69, 95, 184, 229, 230, 231, 243, 294, 298, 301,
Sted ee en eee 84, 90, 865 306, 325, 345, 353, 408, 484, 487, 489, 499, 511,

REV ROD ra en we he SL ee ES 90, 8 534, 553, 601, 602, 695, 726, 750, 752.

SET ECE eae eS nett «Se Ae 958 Tea eee ies 1 3
LOFT EV OSD A 2k a Ee So 51500) e PicicochiGn see = 5 A 411, 868
Grompnid clitoral eee 858 MOPeCOTOIGeS: 22 eee 411, 412, 868
ATHELS: SOLES Wis 22 (5s ee ea eae 859 SEED oT pel A NE i Loe 868, 959
OCLOHLOT IS Se 2 1 oR 859 PURLEY OLE G es ene. EAL ey CS ee 868
Onna Se «he es oe ee eee 859 schoenoides___________ Si il eee 411, 868
CaS NE = Sa hs 8 RO se Ais EIEIO US MIN NVUGLUS 28 855
oaterass =< 850 92 eo fo ees ce eee 243 TP hag ES Se a RO Ow PL 855
pare! =. 8 See StS) 22 = ee 246 LUSTRE: Lens SO ee ee Let ee awe 856
HOt Od 2 _- 32 See 5s See 245 RAL ag ee a ee eee 856
Goldentop 2S =<5 2 s-2... 22. eas 187 LNT TET pe a iD SOE OS = lg er oa nt Sect A 855
Golf courses, 2rasses for... 2.25. eee 4 PLS TE | ee ee ee i eS. 856
REISE EAS 5 aaa el 2 os os ASS) SP AeTiren Tee fOSCICUMOLO. > = 881
rr en a 511 RLU It pata yi hs i ae See epee eS eRe 881
Dinek = <252 28 52a 87S eee 381, 511, 521 | Hemitoma, group of Panicum______________- 682
HD SS Spee ok. Ae 2p Willis EY | ALE Lois Eee 9 TG ee ese ae 353
IBY Son Soe 8 ee pull, o19 |. Besperochiow Kingit.. 2 = 2. _. 69, 858
MAG = oss sess scseet Sed SS Biol) Heber povOne: ese ks rons t SM ee Cee 755, 868
nepdle.. 205.5. S88SS. 2 eee ee 512 PEEING ee ee + OO SER es 869
Pargy 2 ian ee ee eee 517 TSE Dia Sere: SN PNY Begs eee 755, 868
purple 2 ers le ee ee eee 51 Ti a eS ea eee | A ERR 868
WO tRrOGk. 28-8 PE 511, 518 ics: Seen ee ee eee 868
SIGG-BAtS sae ae ee Se 2 oS 3, 512 MECUNUUS Pee SP a 868
SIR WGOKS 22 ose a ee) BA SS 516 SETI LS ee os eee See SS eee 868
slondeg = 3. = a ee 515 ete ee eee 2 ho ee 755, 868
Graphephorum brandegei_-__-_---------------- 976 heres ne Pee ae ne eee 868
Coolegia Fos. ae es ee ee 974 melanocarpus- -____- Ret ae Saree tha 2 2 755, 868
densiflopuntsse. «3 eee ne 2S Pa 956 SIPLIROCIY DUS = mee ees = & se ee 869
CLD ee he a eS 932 RET ODICUMITUS nn Soe eee ee ee 869
JestUCOCCG Mh 2 2S aes 8 es le2 8 SERNA T ee Oo ee, Fe 965
UGOSUN TE Soe 5 2 a2 Set oe 2 es See 940 CL LOE ee ele as aS Bae me Sette Pe Rebs 8 SSP 965
ea Ny eee Se ee 974 | Heterostegon curtipendulus____-_-- eds seal iat 807
STE LOT MATE La aa a 5 8 eg) acre ciemeins nuoescens ee 803
STUCLIC OMIT eS Pe I es ST Gyan “HaeniehloG a fee eo EERE 526, 869
COOLEY eee ee oe 29S ee A 974 Relyanris renin © eet tes oe eS 527, 869
SREGT Sey Ses ad Nh 974 Te LST Oa AE eee ee ED REISE = 869
SD OLE eee eae Oe Pl ol a. ET 976 SniierhiGae. nce Se ML a ee ee 526
Grass collection in the U. S. National Her- Tcl ea = es ee Oe ee ee 869
ATI nee ee ne ee ek ee 14 Premier t a2 Sah Bi Ce oe ee 869
Groen brishlopmass = o- 242i. Fe se ee 702 a raTECNR See Fer eee ae Os, Be. NT eee 869
noodlerrass-c-2-S> Tee ee 435 TANCTODN GIG = 2) So ee eet 528, 869
Spranpletep ss eS eee 471 irs OE Ra eee Ad a3 ee eee 528, 869
Green arkansimnate no 2s es ee ee 880 Goudentalise: ) sc _ Sess ie ee 528, 869
Groonloaf iesene ee 3, 58, 73 Siar sus eee oe ee _. 526, 527, 869
Grisebach) bristiecrasss.. 25.5. aeoe st ee 701 Wagner ee ee ee 869
eins Pree eee ee eh ee ET Te fe, TR s WEN gt: iets pce a a arc See See Se een Se 465, 870
Gymnocarpa, group of Panicum_-_-___------- 683 palanocenies = 09 - wees Soo eer, 3, 466, 870
Gyianoporenee ten tes ee ee eee 496, 867 NOnpiION a ee CEES OS 466, 870
SE TS a a FA SE: Te eee 496, 867 ESTOS eee Bes ee 466
DIOVUGUOSE 8 ese ee ee 496, 867 Cece a Ree a ne es 87
CHBRERAMIRGN. . sac nacauc= 4 smenecas 498, 867 RRS Sens conn gun Ven xeneuiwede 870

1016 INDEX
Hilaria—Continued. Page | Hordeum—Continued. Page
PATIOS Se Ee SR eet anaes 468, 870 riehlit- st ets he ae ES ee oe 871
TTNUGICA See 2 ere eee ele eee eee 466, 870 Sabine 2285 SF Lee eee, pene eee 871
TCI Cae ees eke ee ee 468, 870 DUGOUT C= = 2 SOE, ea nae he 87
Senet e esas AO Se 2 ee ee ee 870 spontaneum 230 sae eee See 268, 871
EETONGRS oo ten? ye SOR Dae ti emt ars Sees 466, 870 SUMOIUM 2. ee ee ee ele eee 846
malay ataleyeSTass- 2 ses oe ee eee 718 Crifurncatum 222 Sle Sk See ries eae ae 871
SETUP DOO OSEUSISELOTUUSS = in ae eee 897 DILLOSWT 2 Bo aR SR ee ee ene 845
REV LG US reas es ee Shea 301, 870 DATO URUCUIN = oe inte eae Oe 846
QUDINO2 Oa an Re Seen ae A 869 vulgares: 51k oe. See = Jee 264, 268, 871
GEO DULDUT EO 2 aes ee nea eee 833 tritureca times: ee eee eee cere, 268, 871
UETOCEUS? 2© Sere foo ets ees ween ee 802: | Howell bluegrass”. 2 yar. eae ee ee eee 103
OULUOSUSS = ee mee ee hy, eee cere anaes 802. ||) 2lungarian > Dromes 2222.2 eae ee ee a
DOCU Sree Ce ES eee ae 869 TASS = oe BUS ee SR ee ge
DULL OS TS hase ce See ee oA eal eg 802 Hea-cchiant bie Be So Re ies 544, 7
CAPONE 2 = eke oe ee ne 952 QinOides 220 ee ay Boe i ee
COTTA Ss Oke ee ee a a 952 CONOLINIENS13/2. > eae Fe ee 546, ra
COMLOTUUS i= = ee ee 868 GiSlOnSe 8 SS Soe Oe eee
GUAT Oe eet ee ee Mane ee ee 952 PIONS Ee ae ee ee 864, 872
PECOTONS 22 Ne IEE Us OE oe ee 869 | Hydropoa, section of Glyceria__________1____ 88
halenensisusss 2 ee ee 750, 951 | Hydropyrum esculentum -_-___-_.-------------- 972
LONE USS SESE RS IST ee eee 2, 301, 870 PUUREC SS ee Ep ey ae 872
1 Te ape te) Ce eS IRC eS 2h ERymenachneandicd {22 oe eee ees ee 941
TOUTS oe yee Am ES Se ee ees 301, 870 SETAE hee ey es ae aS ee 941
MOTIEICOLG Bre ete ea ee ee ae Hymenothecium tenellum________------------- 772
MULAN Sane ea eee ae ee ee 951 UNISELUTYE = 22 oe a ee ea 772
QUENaGeUs Lae ST ere Eee ees 951-1], Eiyparrhenia 2. oe Sac J. 2 es eee 747, 872
Odor atts ss et oT S SPENSER ee eee ae 869 hontaeec 2 Ss oie ee Oe 748, 872
SOCCRATOLUS Se See a Eee. oe Me 952 pseudocyimbaria. 2-25. 5 ee eee 748
LOCHNICUS Eos 2 ome aah ee ee hee ge we 953 PUTA ik pn oS ka es 748, 872
SQCCILOTOIES Scere = ce ean eter ye a Se 98> Ne FAVS URI Bee a” Re aie ea Nae akan aa 261, 872
WON DUNOGIS: 2 8 caret Be ree ee ne 789 CANTOR GR ot St ee ea a eee 264, 872
LEGIT OLS eee = ane cay. SER Ae gee ee ee 793 CL MOIES Ss oN A 5 eee Sees 873
DET] ON GUUS se cies are oe eae 792 BUSine ee ete Sel ale See 264, 873
SOTO UA et en le Se ee er ey ee 750, 952 eben s SS ee be ae 262, 264, 872
COROT UMS a2 ck See ee ee 2 eee 952 bigeloviana. | =< 2 8 ee 264, 873
CURUMUMON GBA = ac a ee eee eee 952° ||) Tehnanthus glaber= =) = Bees eee 915
RTT ee eG a ns, ae 952: Wdahowedtop+: 22.) oo xs eae 337
SCCM OLUSS, oe yh nares ys ages 952) Plmperatas sae. so bee ee eee 715, 873
SUMO EN SCs ee ie ee ey Nl Leone ee 953 arundinacea, = 2° > 21 phe ee 873
LOCI TCU St apne ey tS Se neem ae ee 953 @mertcand= = = 2222s 2 ae ee 873
STCHEIS Sate eet, hee ee ne a ee 924 brasiliensis. «224. 330 Se eee 715, 873
SLT ELEMIS, 5 Ode ee ne ety ny es hn a a ee 941 brevifolia... -22~ F.c5 22 (eee ee ee 873
LES (Ek es SS ie he Leas Ae RNS 953 COUMOIO: 32 2 ea eS Fon ye 873
1) Slee | eter meres Sears arate he owe 952 cylindrica: = —- 49 492 2s =) eee ee 715, 873
DATUUNICU SA 2 sete te eee oe Lee ae 794 WOOK ON oh 5 2) he ee 715, 873
CLCUMAOTUCS eee ote nth eed ee bk oe ee 978) |) dndiajloveerass=/ 2" 555.2 ee eee 150
Holygerass 02s seen ON es a 526 | ndianvcormn ss: ee A > ee eee 768, 771
Homalocenchrus:gouini-_- 22 i 875 TASSe Ce eS A SD gpa 3, 752
DETONATUSE. Sees Oe ee eee 0 PL ee 875° | Industrial arts; erassesin. 2 ee eee
LETUACULONIS ote ee ee ea ee age 875, ||& Inflorescences <2) eee ee 8
TRONGNUTUS! ee i 2S. ae Sie ee $76) |) Imjunious grasses) ) See ee ee 53,
OF ZOIGES Tete © See ere Pere tae 876 54, 55, 243, 260, 264, 423, 439, 708, 755, v7
OV GL hn xe as Meee Ree eae ay. Le SAL, 875 | Inland bluegrass. be i ee 125
WATURIVIGIS on no? OS IEE eur ees et 876 fh Lpnum\mendocinum. 22s ee ee ee 877
(TOR ea CEs 22 hal BE REE ST ee on ees 20,229 | Ischaemum glabruwm_________________- Lo. Shae O02
ELOLGGUIiae ae ake een ane Sree eee 264, 871 leersioides2a=- =. 3) eee : se 01763
SCSCanNdenS ae Sse Ee Se. seer 268, 871 OpNiUT Odes ows ee eee og sos B54
CECT AC CWI Se EEE oe ay ea 2 SCari0siim- =~ <3 32S ee ee 881
DONERLEe SR aa Te Ce te oe 266, 871 SCCUNGOIUM: == =) Lei ae ee 962
COESDILOSUIM = oe Or ee eke Rages Ttalian mullet. . ee e 697
CONUDGENSE TR s es a Ae ey eee Sere 842 TY CRTASS Se es al a eee, eee 2, 269, 272
CODU-TMCAUSOE Sat ee re eee eee 843) |) Txephorusiglaucus: 22 ee ee ee 924, 946
Cartilageneiy 2) ee we eee ee eee 846 glaucus-laenigeta... 222 23a sa ee 944
coelesie var. trifurcatum..--' 3 ee 871 {OCU Soe: ee 8 eb 946
EDT ESSER Se ae ny oe ee are eet 871 DEVEICHLOEUS. 25 ae ee 948
Gistichorn: 222 Oss Nees Se eae 268, 871 ViNSOISe ek 2 Oe 948
BL TOU ESS BSaig cee ee ate at ee cea 950): Japanese chess: : 2-2-8 22 eo ee 1
SUISSONE AUT te eles ceeyeen See ere ee 266, 871 TS WHETASS 2. 22h ee ae Ae 463, 464
Hexastichow- fie. SO ee ces a ae 268, 871 MMU Ge 2 se 2, ee ae 690, 694
fuystrice 2s Tau 1 oe ee ee 873 || Jaragua<..- 2... 3 eee eee 748
(Ua Rosana: = osc es | eee seen es 264, 265; 871- | dobs-tearsss2 2.2) ee ee 764, 765
CAeSpICOSum yee. 2 Oe ie aie ee ;oek | Johnson; eTrasss 2-2. = hel 2k ae ee 2, 750
PAPILLA! 282s Se ee Se ee 266;.871%"| Jumeigrass.- 2s Ne os oe ee ee 276
GUSSONIONUNS® 22 er ee S720 Jnpie-vieel es fe ee ee ee 692
AIR AEUTIEUD TI He te Sa I ear ae 266, 871 Oi eee Oe Pk a a a ea 750, 752
GUSSOTUONUN 22 So 2S a 871) KWeaoliamere ea ye oe ee ee 0
MONTANENSE2 205 eee ee ee eee 265, 871 RCE: SUT | 540
POUUT UTE UTS 2 yh ag eee a ae ee 268,871 | Kentucky bluegrass_____.___------___- 2, 4, 99, 112
MOGOSIN We ahh P ee ae ee ae 265/871: ||. Kolias-khas ses a Dee
boreale hes: "22! 2 See Oi eee 266; 871: |) Kahtus-khus2. 22. -5 2.05 ee ae ee 747
Cepresstinits = Se Sani) Dee ene 871) KmOterass= oe = 55> Ae a i, es 580
DUNTTEIE S/S sean. ee se eee 265,871 |) Knotrootibristlerrass=< 289 2 3 2 hat eae ee 697
OLIN. 2s 2h a a9 POR. SRN IDIESAS a G42 -|° Koelenias 2.20 3a eee ee ee 276, 873
polystichum var. vulgare__._____________-- 871 airoides.. oe 980
IROLENES Che iho eh eRe NGI SER en ae ene 871 arkansana. 2) ie ee ee 873
MOGOSTN 2 Fao) A Gh a Ue eg 871 CURCO eee ee A Sea 973
UIST up se tS Le ee ee 266, 871 brachystachys:=: 2.2 225 3). 2 a ee 874
PUDCDS Hee Se eee ee ane Se OG OTA CONESCENS 2 oe a ae Eee ee 975

INDEX 1017
Koeleria—Continued. Page | Leersia—Continued. Page
Cristata oe eee One FE. Senn ee 276, 873 LT, i es ee es Se 875
QYACUIS Se Ee Be Se ee ee 873 CLONO RE ee Se ee ee 875
longifolig® 2 2 ee 278, 874 GUIS a es a ess 875
NGjDy eee en eS ee 873 Hesanaraisisi- 7 See Be ee be 539, 875
RES, OE ee 873 bnirgcaite 2. se es ee 876
DUET ee oe ee 874 femsciiaris. 2. 2-82. 8. ae 537, 875
puheacens te: Ye A Se 874 TRETICIN EN! cee ee ee ee 875
eleqaniaigae es 2 oe ee 874 TNOWNONGTA 53 ete SS eee 540, 875
gracilis 5 Se a ae eee 873 OCEY TOI OSH eS ea ee a 537, 539, 876
CUSgelie- = 2 2 Ne eS eee 874 GUADT fle EERE) ss oe Le aa ee 876
JGROETIET EO Re ae ieee 874 SNCIM ee 2 asi ee ee 539, 876
pseudocristatoides_______------------- 874 ae CS ENE Oe ee ie a Se 875
latifrans ee fe ee 874 UG UES Ds) SS 76
lobutia: a eee ae a ee 956 VATE CH eet = ae Se Se eee 539, 876
TICS IE ee Fon eee Sie WMeINGrS DINePTASS 22 eS 132
Bi finrics te ee ee a ee 874 TUTMIAS = Say ies oS Sk Wa 9
Guadriflora= 2 i o2e5- = 3. 874 | Lemmon needlegrass-__----_-_----------------- 435
raya ee th oe eS ee peer eNIIOT! SPARS ee to 3,746
pete FEI IE Td OL A SS Ee ie pai ag Sia ehepuome brerijolia.... 928
Gx eyes 2 2 ee eS ee 225) TPCT 710 C1 (ry: See a aa See ee ee 469, 876
ITF CREUSET ee 874 TESTE TT FT eget AEE OR le SEE ER Ee od gee 473, 878
COliOrnicn 2 =e = os a ee 874 Ditters ae eS a 878
MuUbpond 2-2 st 874 Cilliateh tinct a rsa OS 471, 876
Even ss ee Eee eee 874 MGININIECRSIS! — =k te se ee ee 472, 876
PF | RS ie SES mt ae SS 874 (Td ay Wee ek ee ne eat 469, 471, 877
IROL NE Re 2 Se WES ere 874 DYANDUEOE = Pe = ES ee 877
pos le oe ee 874 PASGICENALISS = ne. | St ee ie 473, 877
a Serer. ae ee ee oe 874 gM GIG es ee Se te a are
eaasaieata ie eee eee 874 NOVEM IP eee et eer BE 476, 878
PETE TET 0 Go eee a 5 ae ae he aie ae 874 | TIS Slade wo De Ee Se oe: See Se 78
SLATUGINOS = = = = Sek BE 874 LUITACULO en a he eA 475, 879
Sra OT 22 ees 2s 8 eee eS 874 PERUSE Ee * SEALS FOE Bae ak 78
SILT PIONES = ee ale Se ee 874 DE ROTTESD TE ee ee a 878
ODEAtROTAD Sede ee TE eS oe 956 ATLCEA TOL fate ee ee he Tk ay 473, 878
PINOCHUIEL 8 ee She Se os 956 ATIC CUE Ee ee 32 Sel ee 5 878
pennayinanicn = ts Se a ee 955 CULE Ee ee ee ee eee ee ee 879
TTUIOT ee aE Be eee 955 PTT i <i ee ee ek eee 475, 878
phicoides ee te - ee 8 278, 874 ETE (1) 91 ea ee a > 877
SOLS ATL 8 Aree Se He eS eS Ee 874 SMUNICOUDE SS 2 = | k= 22S ee 476, 878
calijorniensis®: - = 25. 3e8 es eee rele 874 SU a tht Si = eS SS ae 878
SCUMOCTISUAU 2 8 5s ee ee 874 GMILEN Se EBs Fn Le aoe 877
caliornigas+! 225 Aa YS 874 melita = 2s es 878
gensevesitity == |: 238s Seite 2S Sees 874 ELEN IR eo ORE Le ok ee ee 879
barn) 5522 ti eA 2 eee 874 SVUOSD Se Se eo en 878
Lonmfoin = >= 3 sees eee 874 OLY SHICR GE ne = es 2 ee 877
Ofegang 22) 2 eee 874 Ditnylestaenes k= 2S. ES, Se Nee ee 77
pseudonwide 2-2-2) - ee 874 SUS ees teers 8 eee 852
SOCK EUS 22 ts sex 8: | See eee 971 SPA isos pete oy spree ae 476, 878
RODENSONUTI 3S S22 . ° eee 874 yi let Cee 2 ee ee eee ae 972
qusirnlis= os 4 eee 874 ie 1 ee a a ei eee ee 878
RICO EEO Oa a= Bh ee eee 975 Tite (oS ee a ee ee he aes oe 878
SHBSICMG = 22) =! Sa 2 eee 975 Tainehyia” - ee" 22 ee ee 475, 879
6 Pet es EE ere ah al 956 META oe oe ee 469, 472, 879
SROIOT a9 fo) oe eee 955 SIR SRLAEE S.A OS ek ee es a, 879
Korearitawnerass: 2 = ee eee 463 ESETIQENSIS eth OS ee ee 877
welvel STass <9) 52 oes ee 464 ACR CU ae ee eT, a 879
Korycarpus arundinaceus_-_------------------ 835 RIDING ea Be ST Se oe eee 879
BQCCOTISS) 9 ee ee eee 149 DIR LCI Ae: oo eee eS a ge ee 879
Suchnngrostis phieowes. 2-2-2 ee 864 Misti ness ees 2 2) 473, 879
TPO TICE! 6 ee ee eee Ade LeCpOCHIOTES OT COUT = eg 2 a 967
STUUMORGNES RA Sel ee ee eee 785 | Leptocoryphium drummondii____________--_-- 795
TieregmOrg codes 2 ee ne eee 876 ORETISAAR 32 = Ane eee 6S Cee eee 796
Laevia, group of Paspalum. _--_------.--__--- me SOD LOIGINAY so = 2 Se A Sree oe ST ee 563, 87
aris Se eo oN Sos) anes Ye 355, 874 DSL DILUANU ae ee eee 902
CORNGTIEILE SS 5) ee ee eee 873 PUT IRE St RO Oe. ee 902
OVSbMSee soe ota eee 356, 874 CORBALTE Ts ene ek ere ee eT EAE 563, 879
Wamiarckintees ss eo ae es 6 187, 875 CHGNGEO TNA flOT Oc 22 Oe eee 904
STE ee ee hat a ee 187, 875 SUSI ICEULN Ea: ween 8 a. nc ee ee 909
“ry Pelt tile Oe Sek EO ge aie as ee eee sizes weplopyram ceneiliom: =. = == Se 980
Lancearia, group of Panicum __-_-_------------ 647 | Leptostachys domingensis________------------- 876
Lanuginosa, group of Panicum__--_---------- 632 TTT, Bee inl ee See RR Ee IR. “ee D 877
Jey pio) Cpe ee a ee Oe es 966 UAT IS a nS | ee S78
berleroninniee | Se 8 2 a a ees 966 DING Sot eee Lk Ee See 879
OCCIDentOES = fe ee 5 ee Sian PASC S eee SO en ee eB 273, 880
TACEIMNORG eee ES oe eee 966 AIT, 7 ee, ee eae at 3S! 942
TasiaGis: So eee ee oon sh 685, 875 eylinGmiens:_* es es ee 74, 880
diyaricaincee seers eee eS 685, 875 fal SOMMER eT Se 8 Ne 928
EGS OSE OID TANT aig eee te Sn eS 818 SME UINILGES > © oe ee ee oS eee 927
Latifolia, group of Panicum_---------------- 658 INPUINOLUS 2 2 ee es 927
SaWHheTASS. Japaneses 22> 3 ke 463, 464 PETES LT ates ects Re ane Se ee ea SR 927
LG) gt ee Se ee ee ee 4 MRCUYOOUS ce ~ <r ei es 927
Lawns, grasses for___ 4, 58, 76, 99, 114, 325, 330, 331, PUM CUTAIUS 2 ee ee 2 Sn 941
332, 463, 484, 565, 573 PO DON ao eis eg eis SE SES 273
LaxaJproupiot-ranieums =. oes. = 8 Ee See SS Glltt Hepgroexns canatlonsis_© = 2): == ee S90
Laxiflora, group of Panicum_-_-_-----.-------- GIDL TE Dercnensenduw fier moads £205 3 2 834
Dest ef erasses = ee re eee 7 | Lesourdia karwinskyana_____._.__.-_________- 942
Leersia: 2256. 2 eee 5 ee 537, 875 mmetearpores <2 AS Te ee Oe. Se We 942
OS DENT SOME ss me ee NE Se ee ES 876 | Letterman needlegrass____.--...-____________ 436
CONTA ee een ee hig | BUA TT 8 SERS eS Ae ae) ee eee Se 7

1018 INDEX
Page Page
TAMNAS OKANSONMs 252 seat ee ee S80" al Miannagrass® 222 ese eee ee ee 83, 87
Dilosa@2S A 352 eS aa 880 AmMenicanic® a0 0s >. sere ee ae ee 84. 92
WANES CY ILOSUT, OLDE Sa 954 CaS bernie saree. By 5 stall Np hy ye) oe eee ana 86
Glabrae ek oe A ee i a 953 fowls 6 Jee ee OU ee ee 84, 90
GRICE hay PR Ls 954 northernms: we. te ee eee 85
polystachiaa cos a ee ea ae 954 rattlesnakes. a. 850 oF ee a re ae ee 89
AGTITITI OMEGA Sse teh nee en 344, 880 (2 bie Sn NM Dot By lie cane te 84, 90
ADKANSAM Ass Ai ool ned h Best en 344, 880 Weakvieieie 2523. 0s eae ie eae eee 84, 88, 90
DAVOS ete weep ea oe pO 3452880 iW: Niarram sc 280 27 yee ea Ee ee 320
Ath agnosis Lecryma-jO0l- S27) Wiarsh) tmaigblys ses = 10 ey ee Se ae 372
ibe barley ve. ee ee ee 260". Mascarone erass® <>) ek eee Ona es 464
OMIGHETASS..- 502 ly el eee 199 |) Mat erama 252. 22) en Oe ee 515
leileseeds miihiyie Sa i ee ee 360 italy es SRE ke a A 363
ivan eroup Of ls p altro eee 581 Mined ie vroup of Panicom=! 23.02) sa 672
Wodicules ie eee 8 | Maysamericann = 22-3 ae Ie eee 978
NOliimet Poe SAU ee Le 269, 880 ZOOS Ree 2 Ne Se Es Et SE eae 978
OTVEMS Cs ey a ah SRL I Way zeaicercatiss ows Lae ee eee 978
brasiianwmee Ae ee 880' "| Meadow barleye2 2220 2 ee a a ee 2
CONACENSE. = sss ten eae Se eee 880, 980 OSCUG 22, Saas 4. Sake ee ee 2, 58, 67
cylindricwm..=.2 i223... Shi 254 ee 880 foxtanle 221 e282 soto uch eee pee eee 345, 347
TAAL (one Mae We Ee WR SECIS 272, 880 STASS PTOULM Stalked =a. seen eee e ye 116
imeoUhnee lo quecolwe ee) Bee 25269272, 880) | Wiediterancan barley. —- y= e ee 266
MN Mase Se 22.3 332 ee S80) Wilegustachy wa mavilise 2202 = = ee ee 847
TCU 2 2G Bo 3s BL eee on 880 CONDMENSIS 22 cA ET ee eee 864
RIVICT OSLO CHU ALIN ae ee ee 272, 880 CHAT IS a Ea Te ea ol yt en 849
Perennie oo. 2 Nh: al el ee 2, 269, 880 CNCOTOStIS 92 SE LN SEG eee 840
CRISUATUIME S26 er 272, 880 glomeratdi.2 ACES See ee 859
RMACHAIOS 2k a ae de 880 hypnoides hho ake ee Laas” S850)
MVUNMAROT UN: <2 =~ 4 oes Sea 880 VININGS ssh ee ee 929
DOCU. - se dea ee Le eee 880 OOUUSO See: CE SPS een ee 848
FIG oe Sak ba aie ee eee 880 OLY LEDS es Le ee eee 852
SECO Dad ee Outre Sen Je Rie cen a BN el 272, 880 CODLOLG Meo Se La eee 852
SCODTAGTIN ais. ibe Be ee ae + ae ee ee DONICHIAES tas Sean Le gs ae 878
SU CCL E00 eee eae Ae, Sy Re ela 272, 881 DUPDUTASCENS === ee Soe ee ee 848
Subwmlatum Js 2 eee. Ao ean lee 272, 881 TEDLONSE Se oo et See es Pee le eee 852
temilentiaim = ee) 269, 272, ei SPeCLAp ie sh oe PETS ee ee 853
OTDENSE Si BS ee ee UBUNTU = ee ee ee 879
CONDDENSES- BS ASI. Je Sah Rae eee 980 WVielic. \Californigss (25. ssn eta eee 203
Jeptochaetone se sis lene Oe 272, 881 BISGE 2 32 re Shed Ne ee ae 205
DIVILIELLOVADITU in ee 2 8 AE 880 a riord 322% 8 eee epee ee 195
Longtongue mutton grass. -..---_ 2224-222 126 Porters 2222s ee es Se ee 200
Lophochlaena californica______---_----------- 928 ROCK eee ee ee eee ae eee 200
MEVRACEO: Am Doe) Sane. a eee 928 MIG se ee eS eee 195
Hophochlompnicoidess 4+. as Se 874 three-flower..2: 7-42. 2) eee 203
OVER TASS ie teen ALE es RS NEN Sl Se ee) 139 TOLFOY 5= 2-= 2 Sao ee oe a 203
d Sava tsiei* <0 par ROC RAE dere a ete, LD 150 two-flower 262 eee i eae
dU! a1 621 eae Coa AER REE Meeps, = dla P65) Iiphoa- = os eo ee See 193, 882
[0 Gib ch eee RE eee a ee hs SEs ey dd 1 GOUNUNGLGS = =< De eee os ee 884
[OEE 7 0) (=e ee pee FO, ene td eat es 163 altissimas = tees eee Se eee 204, 882
iudolphia macrospermas.—- — 2-222. | 802 GUASSITD SSO ar ee ee ee 980
TECHS Ses hee ROE Ae 2) eee 803 CNOMUG2 se hee ee es 890
MEIZA Lat Ys 5 hole tL TT Ee cet ako bs 2 544, 881 Qquahtds 2 ee a ee 824
OCOD INTENSE Sas ee ST Pa 1 Ongenbeds 2 ut eee ee a ee 935
[BURTON SIS es Sate ee ss nl 544, 881 ATISbALAS eee Lee eee ee 195, 882
CLabMMETSIS = Fae) eee ee 881 bella = 22-5. eee ee ee 199, 882
COTO INANE Lee ee Pe ase ae eee 872 ATOMS Oe aren os oe ee ee ee 199, 882
COLOLINNEN SIGS 2) lok ole a eee 872 bromoides 2 Soot Sa ee a 883
Vongwalviuliss | aAe i se = eee 881 howellit_. 2 2 58 Soe ee ee ee 883
longiwaloutna. 2. 2 A 3 ee 881 bulbosas: 2222-323 oe eee 198, 882
DCL VIAM ae | Ue es eee eee 544, 881 bulbosa.o. 2 2b2 oe 228 he 2S ae aes 204, 882, 884
DUSILGR ene Geta ONE ee oe 881 califormicac22* —22ne 222 Se 2 ae ee 204, 882
SUG los.) Se ee ed Ae ee 881 CODACER Sena - ae ee ee ee 885
DV CURIS so 2: Berea ee he Sue ee eee 352, 881 Ciligtale 2 422232 ee ee ee eee 204, 882
phievidess. 9.22232 cs) ee 352, 881 colporwnides: - =. 6228 ee 883
Gla wei folitis S22 Sak 2 ae ine eee 881 CUSIDENGUG 22.” 1 Se ee 886
SChapjinerie sno. o Sasi) ee ee Seen 887 P11 | (Et [oe el eee eae Bee Sa 884
PV CUMS PA bin ae ee ee eet See 3 YEA). PARA NRE hata ety BARGE RE Eh ga 884
Macoumivnld=ryes: oo: eke ck. See 254 CU OES e a rs 2. ie ee Re 885
Macroblepharis\contractus>-=2— 2 849 UU Se) Le ee eee eee ee 865
IMiaidencane = 22200. ski ae se Eee ee 682 TPUTCSCONS 2.22255 Sees tee ee a ee 204, 882
VIRIZE Set ae eS Ooo eee a As rane SCT Sees 768, 771 MUP AK 205 2 ea ee ee 199, 883
UISES|@ fee sets = tes Se a ee. | SE eee ae ee 3 inexpansd-=- 2 See a eee 883
MV Oji ae ea re OI ee Pe ees 566 madopny lla Le. See ee ee ee 883
Wiamtlai erases £: 0 eeu ee De Ee ee 464 POV OL = 22 ae es eee ee 197, 883
VETS TAS 25 ey nO 2 a es 760, 881 GENCE ee RR ea 883
BITISSHMNI ASS os 2 Ee a ICE ee 761, 881 CMDT Os es ee 884
Chap Manes 22 tee EEL Ee Set eee 882 ali s< 2252 Seon ae ae See 862
CONTALG OLDS eA oe Sees ee ee ee 882 ariordil 228 2 = 22 eee ee ee 195, 883
OT eOLGlGS) = seer Aiea eee eee nee 882 TMUNOTS 2 os ee. ae ER 197, 883
CYLNGTICa eel al Oleh Soe eee 761, 881 LONUOT 220 es ey ee
CTOMLOLE= 2A SE eee es Ae Sar eee Oe 760, 940 POTUAS 2 3) 0 OV 2 ARIS Sa eke ee ee 883
WOSCICI Ata. eo ek hl aie eee 761, 881 DUTTON ® Coa rake e ae eT ay ea ote 883
OQLOMMLNIS See ekhs Se eee 867 rm pertecta ss. ie |e eee ees 194, 203,883
PTIITOS! as ses SW be Ses eee eee 761 CLU0S0 =. ars eS ee ee eee 204, 883
UL SOS ee ot ee ee ere ee 761, 881 INANOY, «2 PE Oe ae ape a 204, 883
ChapMant es 5s ke Nes ee ee ae 8 PDE NS Pins k 0 Sih Tae Nees he ete 883
ESSE at aes a ee ee 761, oe TEJNACE ee a eee ee ee 204, 883
OT COLGED ae Ree Bere Le ee ea SORT UASLOT Oo ee eee 885
LUDEECHIOSa tae ee ie 763, 582 EIN DETLOTOL 25 Re i ee

INDEX 1019

Melica—Continued. Page
inflata tee 2s Se oe ee 199, 884
Longiiqus le eee
SNUICUTIOCL pe ee
STULCTONLM et ee See 934
MeTiCNnt = 28 ee 8 eee 818
muhlenDerguanis | =- =~ 3h ee ee
miullMeToos = Ea Ee ee 207, 977
Ine e S eee :

LE RTE 7 ele ee ee Se ee ee 884
CA 884
TRENTO nm 884
NENG ee ee 935
MibCH See ee ee a ee 203, 884
NvLANS! | oe A ee ee ee 1
SMETIUITIONY on ee 883
panicoides __-_- Jee oe ee eee 883
CP Tigh || Lt eee as Seen SE See a ee 883
PET gd) [Ty hee ee a ee 884
TUNUCOLAES ee Soe ee eo 882, 883
Gcumingia. _-- 2 a ee
DTONTLOUIES nS ee es me ee 883
enflati ni. ke ee eet
DOULA ee. ee A ee eet 194, 200, 884
PU TITER CEND es oe a I ee 205, 942
STICPUND RE ee ee ee SS See ee 884
SALTS /LTAD ete ee ee 884
TOUT OFT CE en se ee 884
STL Rel le ee ee SES 884
SPLOT IEE ee ee ee ee
SUA ci 5 SE eee 195, 884
RINCTIOM Pee ke one 2 ae
SPILL AS ee 197, 884
Tap yl) ees ee oS 205, 942
SLEiC ee ee 200, 884
SUrtepl tite ee ee Rae 194, 197, 884
Gore yan! es a eS 3, 884
iTiflOTie na ee ee 975

Meliceriss. =" = =: Ss SS eee 193

Rilatinidend. eee es es 26, 546

MVieliniS. en ee ee
THIN LI Ora es a ee es Be 547, 885
TOSEM. 2 tet See! Od 2 See te oe eee 968

Meinum palustre == 2. 2s == 979

MMerathrepus americana. --- ==. 5 831
CRIS OT MCI Se OS 2 Sa Pe ee ee 831
CONDT ESSA = 2 ee 831
SLETINEULE 22 5 eS Bee 832

CUsickit 2 Soe ee ee, eee 832
Su pe ee ee 832
MNICLOT ULM = = = See 2 ee 832
RPrICEU 2 Sa See eS ee 832
STMOUUE 8-2 2 OR ee 832
FR CTANLE At Se eS ee 832

TANAOTUTIS 2 SS ee he 832
SENS SIVICUILM 2 oe 8 ee 833

Merisachne drummondii_.__------------------ 972

iMess dropsced =o ee eee 404
LO i i = a a ee 378

Mes@uiteseuriyon. : — 2 22 i ess ee 466
TOS ea oS ioe = See ee 381
WAH G22 es Ree ae ee 682

Metropolitan bent. 3) 2 2s 2s 325, 330

Wexicanidoverrass 28s 2 eee 156
LOOSTAC Ge ot es eee ee es 768

MMGDOTS dni ay. 2 eee ee 342, 885

Wvseunie aremnaimaces = eee sae 802
SGU ne eee eee ee 802
TTICTOSDET ANE Os PPO PE ee ee 802
LATERAL a oe a Se 31, 803

PAOTTUUD CIES 2 we es 885

CULT RT E00 eapeliog a ot See ae Se eee 414, 885
QMpRiCdypOt. === oS ee eee 714, 789
HhasvbipulanpneLum ee ee a2 O02
Capillare Ser 2 Fe wea ee Ne ee 901
CURIE UTI SS es es Ee 788
CLICHE ee ee a 828
ClANdERA TI es a ee 902

Milium—Continued. Page
MEN OSTERT st Se eee 355, 863
TOTTI ee ed ee 8 733
TETUOTALU ES Se Oe 2 eo 928
STUCTOS DET UE oo oe ge ee 960
TUL EN DET QUT po 788
PUVIICEUL. 10 ees Se Se ee DS 836
WNETISPYINTE: = oe on a Sk 2 ae | ee ee 909
SUIS TNEQUES Os 2 ee De 918
DUTTON ES sae se ee 2 856
PLS LT (See a, See a 898
SCewoSsiin. 22 > a eee ee 898
TilOR Ta Se ee ee a ee ee 967
TAT UCU eee 2 AO a eee 915

CLOMOOIUTE: 82 4 Sy ot Se 915
COTO See 915

1 ELL eI <2 ee ae a eee ist 5%
aTICAT tp. Le ee eee 481
DLOOMCorne- > Wiese... Se ee 669
Drowntop). 2225.2 erat 663
COTRCAR = ta. shia. 2 ae es 2 ee 481
TSOP eB et ea Pe ee i 481
Stalin: 2. S26 te A A ee Pe 6
SeATOSC o> Pa a ee 690, 697
Benn eo w sO ee ees 705
BOG! oo fe | he a ee ee 601
pee Ka Ne det. est Nos 2 St a eee ee 665

TS (pee Re Ys ey 1 eee ee eee 750

Marae p wea ee Se oa ee eee 243

Miscanthus: oS ES Se SE nt es 5, 6, 718, 885
TEV SDC Ce Re ee ee ee eee 718
TELS OCT Chet (oa ae eek Se A 718, 885
SITIOHSIS sees eee Se TE er be 718, 885

STACHHINGS == 2 5 ee eee 718, 885
WARIO AGS sey fat EATS eee so 718, 885
7) ati he es Ss eae 718, 885

IMI OTASSES OT ASG Ee * 2h Ee 547

LY) Lev Se ee eee eS 171, 885
TURE ee 2h oS Ce Se ee ee 824
Caprimledeet =: oh es ee ee 171, 885
Rei] Se A es Sean eee ee Se eae 9 SA 877

Wiovnehne pinctata? == 22." See ee, ee 856
FAA. SOT oe it EI UL Fk 795

MPT ANRLNOCHIGS. 2.00 = Oe ss eee 175, 886
WGC OAIS esr ae 2 ee ee 175, 886

Monet cyaniricn.- eee re 880

MONOCET RTONUGICO. 02S oF eee 829

Morpholosy: of erasses: 2) = 3 ee 6

RN Sil TaNOSt: 22 8 se ee 799

MiNGni Ai DUNCRETASS 3) 2. ee 58
RAIEPTASS Soaks ea ee See oe
peas bad ye Pye So Sk ee TS a a 376

MG ESeIpArlO y= =? <i. 2 oe ee

WVinilenhermia <= eS eee 356, 886
Moreen. ie PhP ee 383, 887
CDG we ee ee 889

TAOS =a SS a eee ee 889
nina. oe ee Le Oe 375, 886
CGNETIUYT OSEOMLES a2 9k SE 980
CTUCRNOUIED = eet FS Ree 888
CN STG 07) ee 2 ee eee 365, 886
ECT COLA. os ek ee » 886
MSL? 2 Se 1) eee 810
TOOT Ra De el SS ee ST &89
AED TIGA ee 369, 886
OES EY (oy a ea te ee ee ee 378, 886
CRDET ES. on ee ee a eee eee 958
GSDETACIUS © 0 Sie BE Se ee ee 893
BSPOLMIOUANS oe 522. ee 366, S86
bemuindserg: 22 5: see 384, 893
DE He ie, ee ee mele ee Ee 893
PencChyelytnnn 5. =. 8 ee 810
jie Veireg 0) Ok Lt eee eee fe eR 372, 886
DETISE SS eee ee ae ee eee 885
Ores Se vee ee S87

PICHON MES. «f=, se ae 894

Se ly SO ee 894

1020 INDEX
Muhlenbergia—Continued. Page | Muhlenbergia—Continued. Page
Ger iio lias: 2 eS | Se ee ee es 364, 887 Sylvalica +2: 42) A ei ees 374, 894
OniUNSH os Se na 894 COlifornicd <2.) Ae ae 886
curtisetosa. 2a ee eee 375, 887 FlCTWOSO_. Osa ees te 891
cuspidata. 6000-0. hs ote Sas 364, 887 GTC se Les 894
Mebies ae. ae AEN eee ee 891 pringlet-o 7 oss US eS eee 891
dopauperata. se 3 ee 361, 887 selighumis_-.2 1s. 235.5 2 ee 889
QBIQUSO SE a ee oa ee el ene 893, 894 oulpingd: 02 =e ei, Se Aa
Gila see a eee NS ee 382, 887 tenuiflofal 2220 2) ee ae 371, 894
GUIMOSH esses PINS Fae ee ee ee 369, 888 paeucilora: <3 ie 6 a 979
Pini eke 2 ce) Jone Se ee 888 vartabilig.. 23... Soc, ee ae 894
GMEerSle yale soe eae ee ee ee 358, 389, 888 lexanasee. iss eu ae Re 360, 894
CECCED Sie tas en Sea Le en 810 tevantds. . on ead OD EE
expansas ©. 23) 2 eet eee 386, 888 thurbenis 2 =) 9.8 22 es ee 363, 894
fasciculata: ? 223 Somes 2 eee 891 Lonreyana 2 se% 7 ee ee eee 366, 895
filieulmais.. <8 See? CL eee 368, 888 TORROYTeee E28 20 ot Sa 381, 895
LUCULINIS S20 eee VE ee ones eee 894 drichodes: 2220 2 hols le nae eee 887
filiformis = she oos Ot Fee Rae 361, 888 trachonodesss Sac. 7 = se eee 386, 888
PES koe LS ee oe ee 386, 887 trifidai ten 2rd ee A Oe 377, 891
folGeh ne ee ee ee es ee 374, 889 UD ORE ec O eee 374, 894
WI0IGUa ek Se 889 Gilenwata esas Si ks aes ee ae
Saioluimnis. ok 375, 889 Bn Ore eee ee eee 367, 895
foumilenians =~ 2S ea. SL ee 890 ternae-nondes 24 ds oo ee eee 895
plabmnoras 2. 202, Mis 2 Sak eee 373, 889 tiS= Sue etd Ca ee 362, 895
Cl AUCH ea ee SEE Oe ee 370, 889 DUSEYONG 282 2 So eS 888
olomeratacs ue. See eee 892 VIRESCENS. 52223 _<.:c see ee ee 377, 895
brevifolia Bra ees i es 2 oe eS AT 886 willdénowitsk2_ =: 2. tk Ree a
FOLINOSG eee RN NE eee 892 WW Ol fits os) 25 ie ee LE ee
IV OCU IS as mg et ee AER 2 saree res 377, 891 WEIR bE 2S pak Se eee 358, 365, sn
OR CUTOUT ESTOLOM 0 ser fee See eee 891 anmulotay: i <=) 43>. Ss ee
TAGIOG Se NO ea ts eee SOl yt WMarbily "aa 2 a) eee ae
QRACIILIMNUn emer ee, el 382, 895 USH Ste oe 205 Ne a eA ee ee 380
ETE e S at a SE OT EN Se 880 Creeping tit. PRA SCC ee eee ee 362
[DATTA CRAIG 1 WS oe SNE Os Me eee Bee 890 TOMGATIE RS Pee JAG Ia erage ea 375
CO Tap) 11.21 aan a Sag Chee Tey ee te yn Sg ALS 783 Iitileseed = 8 3 ee 360
imiygaleeiae 2 9 2S 387, 890 ASAT 2 eS I ae 372
FOMGNHOE eee en Se be eee 376, 890 TUN 0 se ee 363
latesifiong....2 ek 2s A Se ee 890 NTIS AS P25 ess a 378
Tern ia es. Wee ee Eee eae: 370, 890 mountain 3) 5s Ie eee 376
lindheimerion tte ae ene 387, 890 New: Mexican 223.295! oe aes eee 380
1 Yotarend ited eee Me a pe Me 387, 890 DINGS se Se 22 ee ee) 2 ee 382
gnpkeuliol- 2822. ee eee 384, 890 Blais: ..°= 2229. Pee) Ca eee 364
Mexicanas. 0 Awe Sh Re ee 373, 890 Bulla pk 2 as eee 361
commiutata soe 373, 890, 891 j0)) of O\( teueaeeve eB meet UN A ecw ty TN? 383
filtfornmisl2se Se 928.5 Pe Smee 889 Serewleatin. 3 eee ee ee 377
munpureds = 8 at ee ee 889 Slimistem: 32255 SS.80n oo ee eee 368
marcbospernas. 0e oe <a sda ee 360, 891 SDIKG>) we. 5-5 e 5 ole a ee 365
TNUANONG.05 > ee 893 WHERGSG@RY 58s ae ee 373 ,
MOwtaAnNas: | coo ee eee SES Se SovsfalOy COL, |) WMinnmmy. wheate ens neuen Senne 243
Syst ale ea GEESE ae MES OE - B78, 808 | Miginrons 4-0 ial 68 a 522, 896 |
maghifdlea. =. 0c. dere ans 895 SQUALEOSS en =o eee ee 522, 896 |
NPO-TMETACH TMM a ae a 891 LOBCULOS LE ol HOLST One Eee eee ee 523, 896
CTA La 9 teal Sn ee Es Re OSE LIN AT 893.) ‘WMinttamerdss= 0) 21" tie ee oe eee 99, 125
POMTAS i ee ea so ee ee 887 lonptongue: o-oo eee 126
PaGwig uM 2 os Sree ets ge 329;891. | Naked oat. 2. 2 Le eee ee 295
Dalieitlonay see. ee Se ee ee 358, 380, Seo INapierprasse ssc tet. - 2 Rees ee 2, 705
PICTOU)! 6 sobre ee EN Re ae Nard: srasse\ Ce 2 5 2. 2) Se ee 746
Molycaulise.. 0... SEES 378, 801 Wardus cifaris:..2 2b 2S ee eee 853
MoU POGON = 2: | sooo oS ase ee ee 887 GANGS SLE LE Ds 5) Ee eee eae 829
polystachyanes st ee 889 Scoparioides>->.\= 1.2 58ne) es ace ee ee 829
POLEeR AS 1a ets oe Sa a eee 380, 891 Strieta._= 2 cosh eee ee eee 272, 896
DUN GER. os a Ee ee! es S91 | Narrow plumegrasss- 2 45 * ee aeee 721
UB ERS 2S. 3 oO See oe See ee 368, 892 |. Wassella maior ..:— 3 =2oss ee eee 421, 896
DUT DUTCU a ce A Sees eee 891) ONastusearoliniasins =. Soe eee eee 825
TACEMOSH 2 oa ee ee 372, 892 MACHOSDENNULS OC es eee ee 802
brenifoliaa 2250 ee ee eee S87) ||. Natal prass:28. “=. ooo ye een 2, 695
FOTOS so NN wage ee es es S92 ING Za eee oe ee Ee 462
THOLACEN eae ee ere 892 alievia 262. 3202 8s Oo eee) ee ee 463
FO MOSISSUN see ee Ree 891 Occidentalis.<. Upiiee oe eee 966
REPENS § 23. Ses se) 2 ee 362, 892 TOCEMOSO © 5A oe ee eee 463, 966
FOVELCHO Ni ee ee ea) ee ce ee ee 386, 892 CCNA) Sey Oe ees Ee a 966
PICHUTASONIS ee ee ee 8941) Nealley dropseed {222-22 22-02. = eee 406
TIP ONS Aso a ae ean ole Ca 390; 892: | Needle-and-threads:" 2%: 52555255) ee 430
TIPU ee SS ee a eee 383, 593: | Weedleerass3> 6 2 2522 2 ee ee 423, 512
SCQDTO:s he a See ee eee 801 blackseed 0222" — enh eee EP Se he eee 428
SChafinent= vio 3 Be ol. SON ee ees 887 Columbia=st Se) fs tes ee eee 436
sehreberi-s. 22 = se ee ee 357, 375, 893 Geserk 22s se eS OE ee ee 425
curiiscosa.. 2 22 ee es eo aaa ae 887 foothill sce 3-2 ee ee ee ee 432
palustris 42-22-23 2S Se 375, 893 Preonss oo Sole Cece ee eee eee eee 435
SOiifOliaw= 22 Ae ee ee ee 382, 893 TeMmmone 222 2 20 a Nee cS Pee ere 435
BELIGLUINAS oe 2 A es eas 889 ettermian== 222-85 S222 5 ee res 436
SCLOSCMee oh Set 2 a eee 891 IPTIngless: <. 22 te Pee Bees eee 431°
SAPD a ah ee ENS OS Fa co, a 362, 889 DUDDIOS= Sethe aos elle he 431
Sopoliferay 2. 922 ee 370, 893 Riehardson? =~. 3322 See eee 427
setigerac: 4222 eee ae ee 371, 893 Seribner: 292022 2 shank Se Ss eee 434
spica-venti pa ait Be Sh 785 Sleepy 22 as 22a ee ee ee Ne eee 435
SOUATTOSAM ste 6b Sk ee ee 363, 893 Wexass cue. S82 - 5. 2 x 2 eee oe ae 426
SERGIO. 5 2 8 2 08 2 ah Le oe ee 895 ‘Thurberie>: 25.22 2oh= 22 {St iat oe ee 432
SOL DMU pS 29. tL a 3 891 westermets. ¢-: 2 se 2vee se eee 433

SULDGTE TS od ee ee 892 Willianiss: 222 62S Seb ee oes eee 437

INDEX 1021
Page | Oplismenus—Continued. Page
Neeragrostis hypnoides =.=. 2 850 TOSTURI SIP ct ANE 2 OEE UT © i Sry 841
wiegeltiangee’ 28. bath hh FOR 852 OTILOACL TSIEN: Are 5 2 et pie ee eae, Oi 841
Neobromus, section of Bromus__--__________-- 55 WUIRELGS eRe 5 a a eS A Sn 841
wNeostapfiacolusand 222, sk Pes 796 SLR ae Soe is ad 840
Westlera festucacjonimisa. =). = et eee 808 POU OIR AES cSt SAS Ee ee ee 896
Wevada biegrass:#.. 24-2. ee Ree 135 TOTICIIS Pps 09 A ES Oe ee 839
WNeoroctloa mantiman SF) oe een 977 SOU Colts se: Se) Oe See 841
DPaNicwuliins ese es SA eS 977 Beran 222 3525522222 es 688, 896
Nevroloma canaieisise 53225289 ENS 864 WDaliet the Sie Seat Sy 2 sy Oa? Se 907
New Mexican bluegrass---__-_._------------- 118 HAT cs [! (ae eae Se eis CRYIN SS DD 841
fenthorprags ee oo $8923 20 be), TAI ge E | uly dic gig ¢, COS Sy ee i eS ane ee aS 2, 184
mahily ste he eS eee SOUR ROLCULIIA eee Sees ee hah: ee ee 220, 897
New Zealand bent... ie s-. ory ae Fee 332 Reeilornicger ety Pee ep eno 220, 221, 897
Weyrandia:t< 25) 2. Bes Rog se 193, 896 SLOCROIS Nee eye = JE ee oe Sh se 220, 897
arnndinaceas. - S= ata Ser)) 193 LOTUS Sees 2 ee NS, Ee ee ee 220, 897
MACAGASCUTENSIS se as =e 19gepeorecon colonial bent. =:—- ==. = 2. 332
FOYNAUGI A wee ee oe. 193, 896 Red Lopes Neves Acie hd ta 340
Naniblewailie ser es Siom oruamentalerassess: |. 8 Ue eee 5,
INS oT ass...) Doras To en eS 355 31, 39, 48, 57, 76, 77, 137, 139, 168, 179, 184, 187,
Noble caneste eatin. 2 RR ae 721 190, 191, 204, 259, 262, 356, ‘439, 549, 565, 688,
Nodding) bineerass: 5-20 oe = bn nas ee ARE 119 697, 705, 707, 708, 718, 721, 723, 765
TONG see so 6 ee ek SE 46 | Ortachne eine 2 Sere Le 798
fESCUOE Peek: aes Se oe ee 70 SCADTCR ASL.) ne ee ee 801
trisetam ese. os... 28> eset ees 283 LUI EOE, ee ee es SO Nee eon, a Fat 801
Nomenclattres-= 6s. sae at Ded ie erninopogoierusgailt. ke 840
Northern)mannagrass= 2200S 272222 ee 85 PeneyA Sb 2 2k 3. See Se Se ee 840
ECGUUTUSSS oe oF we ee ee ie ee ee De 318 inert es Se 896
RUMLATICORS Sac ee, eee tn ee 542 ILL | ea Ae I go) Bal 841
Notata, croup of Paspaltim:= 22) 202) ss. 583 IBURSIOUUS in hoe 22 J) ee te 896
INR OROLCUSLONUIUS << ae Pe eT 870 SELLS eee oa 5s oF yl BI EL oe 896
WNOtHGIC Wg ee oe keg ee ie 8 al TS SOUS Ony7 pee = seceres SU eR ee 535, 897
PTE (TCR ee Se ae a Re ee IO 870 CLOURICSIA ne Ss eee 2 aa ee 876
FTOLLI GI Aa etapa Penta 2 eg wis OSs TEEN! = 870 NTUETUES PEE eS a 876
Notonema arachnoides___________-___-_------- 780 Rene ee 8 ee eee 875
Nudicaulia, group of Panicum_______________ 624 LO CT) aE ee eel Suan wear t 875
Nuttall alkali-grasss: (os eee) 82 LOT Ue eee ts st I eS oe eN 876
Oaty Sigenian: 2220222 Se 294 OYIGDU Ree 80s 2 eS es ee EN ae
alpine EES Et ee OE res CoE ee oes 297 RILOTIDUT DISH Awe ee ee ba
ANIMALCMS Ate w oes ue 2 So PPE PEST 295 SALT VA are Ly fe ah a, 530s hams 207
CUltiVvated 2223) esl: as oo 294, 295 PRENTADOT WER 2h ca on) Bee Se 897
TAK CGNs. See eS oe i ae ie eee VOTE: 29 SOVIMINE Pas Oe eee, ee See eM 897
TOG eae. aes Die eds ee ewe 2 me |) OnyZeae: eee eee 25,535
Slender? 22 Ss. ek Sh ee eee ZOD ROY ZODSIS see a Le A eens ee 415,897
Spee kee See ek ok Ri eee ee 297 i Ue) Le See SS Sey eee 415, 418, 897
OaneT Asa en $28) 5 RAE Os hs 2 301 Placmenise bi¢.0 5 ot Ee 420, 897
Walifomnian = <->. = A eee 305 CAD COLE aes ae a ee es 97
OW DW = Bees od eee 303 GARR RSIS Ss 6)) cee Se ee, 417, 897
ONe-SpiKOt <2 ce aes ee 306 CUSPICUL GS Ose. 5 ee SO 898
ATC. oe et eo + a eee 304 BTCC Des eo 2. OE et. PERS 964
OOVEhiy =. fe es 6 Sere 303 CRIP TAMA ae Oe eee mre Be ee ee 416, 898
ens Pe ed ee 2, 298 endersoyr rs: (2 Gh See 898
GN bens 2 2 2 a 304 GIA eS SS SS ee NE 423, 928
SRIDOR Ss = oo 3s Soe ve eee 298 eersyenit ss» S22 2-2 416,898
ats Wate eae = Fee) fe et eee 294, 295 nygiivmerdes 9 e582 2.52, Se 415, 421,898
Ohtusa, group of Panicant 22 —- 4-2 =e ee 682 DUTCCU Sn eS ees oA 897
Ocdipachne punciata.22 a et I: 856 Thies leas Cake? 6°) es ene een v 415, 418, 898
Oil grasses >. 2. 5 | es Se 746, 747 fevrennperiit meet a 2 ee ae 897
Oligosanthia, group of Panicum_-_-___________ 649 TIVECOWTATS =) Mle 2 5 x NS 897
Clyro ®t R0G TREMITIOCOT Dilts Bete a eo. 2 898
Graiiuicey ae toe See 896 AIERTUOR AT CODES tee at 898
intifenaes©>- 2) Sr ee 715,896 meena hia 260 Sa 2 oe 415, 416, 898
Onmndingcea ss tes teas ee 896 AU aCeae ee 5 eee ee oe ed 415, 416, 898
‘PINTER 3 aed = _ AS ee Se 896 TBR EPICS. ere CS a one RE 964
One-spikeoaterass!s. = ee eee 306 VDI ES ee Se = cee ae 897
Onionerasss= eo ae 2S Pea ee eee 198 DUNO LOT Ome epee tere SL ae 898
Alaska we mce Be"). om 20% ban OO? Wor’, 197 DTU LEY ears Bee 2 Ae, 5) 964
Gey ares, ot he ee eee eee ere 197 DUET See eo 2 oe ee 417,898
Ti CG eS eae 58 9). 5 ES Oe reir WE, 199 TACEM OSAP re eS 8) a ee 420,898
EDO ee eh Ee 197 TACIORUSON Peres sie koe 3 dy 2 a 964
@phinrusegiindricus << ee Se REN, 880 nds ke a Uelee ee ee MORN apa oe ITS 2s a da 928
ANCUTIOLU Be ope oe SON ge Pe 927 SUB URC ee ales oo eee 897
Oplismenwas: oP ee oe. ha 688, 896 sel, Eee eS ee eee Sse lst ree 420,899
AITiCAn TIS eee ee ar 1 Oe A RE <. GSS) cin SEONG ICU wee uit 8 Os a ee eee 463
GNGUSUTOLIURS oa ot are et ook A es 841 Faponieg rato fae 8s oko 979
TIAN eee ee Pe ee ee 688 TROUT CUE SO eee ce 97
COLO UAE AE NE eas Bete ON RY 839 CETOUMOR EES Ad hh TL ES 97
alters: erik be eo Fe OS 907 ZOUSHIAR eS TS hs) BT eA OS a eee Q7
OAS URPL US eo a TES SF CS ee a 839 PemUI ONG 2 seer he seit) ed 8 979
COHIPOSItuS Var: selarius 2 ee SO7 1 OLyanuie pRrag miles. 6 ke see ae 928
CTUS-PAVORI 6) ons abate RTP S4i) 1) *Gzydenia uitanuata.. 2... 0.22 2 878
Chagall ee Ee a a eS 840 ELULOVATINS Roe So) tee A a 878
COMOWNGT. © oo ee ee 839 Wee ce etee oe 6-2 a 87
eggs 2 aes) = oe Soe RS Nps Tsao SLs Oa ea Ae 10
_ muticus.____------------------------- se NU beemete eee Cursing SS eto RCS cS 829
COMER he 2 ee * fae Ee ee DE ee e
erinniheeses = et ea EG 796 bahia bs Dee See aS oT me d
Primmmntnnntia (2 Bie 3s eh gap | Peampasgrass.—--_---2__.-_______ <2... 5, 190
Pirgatie (232 54 FASS 2 SE i ee gs Se 26, 549
COT HO ie «ons ccccauass te ac LRRD Wa of TS oS 2 ie RA Be NA Speen Se 17

1022 INDEX

Page | Panicum—Continued. Page
Paniculanida2 32 SSC ee ee eee 3 OUNCUM ES Ee. eS 5 ee 903
OCUliflora:. 2 ee ee ee 85, 864 austro-montunum. 2222) a 1 a ee 908
americana. 4. BIN a ee 93, 865 auiwmmnaile.-= sesh ea: Sees eee 563, 880
borealis’ 22:50 2ee 325 86, 864 avenucewm, - 252. ___ 2 ee ee 901
brachyphylla.: {2222 ee 87, 865 baldwintt: -- 28 ahs 902
brepifolia. 2 ee ee ee 972 bombusioides Eee
conudensis22 35. ise ie eee eee 89, 864 barbatus oT ee eee 909, 942, 981
diigo oo. 2 EY ae fae 86, 865 barbinode.2 =) 2) ss a 661, 911
istans= cs hE Ee ae 938 barbipulvinatum._____--_-----=.-.12--+- 667, 902
Giroidés. 2. -2. bs se eee eee 939 hinsutipes= 222-2. ks ue 902
Glabas y E oa e a e 92, 864 barbulatum...-- <2 22°) 2, eee 629, 900
elongata oe eee 865 bartowense)..232 #8: 2 ieee 666, 900
Creche. 22 A ee ee 88, 864 beckmanntaeforme....-. J a 906
fendleriana.__. 2.5 =: -_-4 4 932 bengit 2 223-282 aoe os 670, 900
fernaldwl._ 2.2.25". 2212 eee 865 berteronianwm_.._---.--_.--_- 42. 3s 944
flaccida: +... 2. 2s. 2a 866 bicknelin Y20)) eee 624, 901
FiUHONS 2-2! So ee ee 87, 865 Oushiis = =. ee Se 901
septentrionaus. 24) 1 eee 866 bifidumit eee nee ee 916
Grands = 6.055 ee 865 bobartit col oe Oe a ie a 901
holies 282 2 Se ee ee 866 bogueanwin 22532 ee 900
lava coke. oA Ls eae eee 89, 864 borealez: 2-22. st 32. ke 627, 901
leptostachyaz.-_ ) 2 ae eee 865 DOSCHs 2 Se ee ee 659, 901
MOT. =.) 225 LS Ss ee 939 miolle: =. 3 Se ee ee 661, 901
melicaria.... 222s Se ee 89, 865 brachiatum..-. 33 = eee 904
MULIfOTO. = 22 ee 866 brachyanthime 2s. eae ee ee 681, 900
Meéervalax 22 a Pee ee eee 90, 866 DEVE so. ou re ae ee pe ae 647, 901
elatas. 22. ee 92, 864 britiont 20 eee Re ee ae ACOH:
filiformise:. 2212. 2 eae eae 866 brizaeforme_ = 2222 a ee 906
Major a!) 2 Ls eee 866 bulbosumies 2225 22 aga eee 602, 672, 901
parvigluais: _- ! = eae eee 866 avenaceum. 22-2 = 2a ee 901
DUPDULASCENS.2. See eee 867 TMINUS = ee 674, 901
TAG G: L825 ok eae 866 SCtaphtlwm == 2 se ee ee 674, 901
stricta 22) 2. See Pe eee 866 MOlacew iN. 22 es ee 901
VITUS 2 2 Se « 867 bipshitic eee Sa ee eee 901
nutialliona...22.-- eee 936 caerulescens 25 ee sa ee eee 630, 901
obtusa ast. 2. 2 Ee ee 89, 865 Caespitosuim 2 Se Ae = ee eee 912
occidentalis... - 5225 2 ee ee 87, 865 cahooniantum=-2-—.-. 3.22 ee 903
DAWG. 2 a es Gare 94, 866 californicume sas Sue eee 966
MaUcilOrd 228 ee ee 88, 866 calliphyllum _ ">_< =54_ 2" es 624, 901
DrOcumbpens-=- 2. Ve eee See 940 capillare:: 225-5455 5. ke Dees See 667, 901
rigidad=....*--.. = eee ee 866 OQTESle 2 2. 2. -= see a, 901
Béabréllas.~) 2.23) Ce 936 brevifolium 2222-8 22226 ae eee 902
Senlienivionalis#s. eee 87, 866 COmpestre:2- 5222 A ee 905
tharberiane 2. ee eee 935 fletile.. 2. Soe ee a eee 905
forreyana_ os 2b 2 8 eee 89, 865 Gathingert 22.2 2 Ee ee 906
Panicum... 2/2 et es See 601, 899 Genicwlatums- = sa ee ee ee ee 906
aciculare. 222 ee a Ugo ee 620, 899 glabrams. s i225 Pee eee 907
aculeatum 22 = 3 eee 654, 899 MINUNUMLE 2 ee ot 911
acuminatum.-___-_-_--_- Shooto ee ee 916 MINUS. 22432 ee 9
addisoni-s 2) ee ee eee 641, 899 occidentale 2.2 ae 667, 902
adscendeng:_ ¥.-- 2. eS eee 837 sylvalicumt.. 4 32 a eee 9
adspersum 2:2.) 2) 3 ea eee 664, 899 milgare: 22 eS ee 902
aprostoides:. 22152... ee 678, 899 capillarioides_--_ = - ==. eee ae 670, 902
condensums..2 2 2 eee 903 cariciyolium:- 5-2 ee eee 915
elongatum.... = eee 913 COrindium: 2 ee 907
alabamense:22.42 i eee eee 915, 916 COrolinianum.s see 2 ae 906
albemarlense: ==... 2225-0 eee 633, 899 cartilagineum(-2) {= ee 981
albomarcinatum 222) =e 644, 899 caudatum ..c- 2 see ee ee 947
alopecurcides...--. =.) 22) ae 924 eenchroides: --bo2 a. Lk 825, 924
amaroides2:. <2 _ 2k ee eee 899 chamaelonche! 2s. 7-224 se eee 646, 902
amarulim: 32°35 90 Se ee eee 676, 899 chapman: -"225. 220 SE ee 611, 902
amarim: 22 2 ee ee 676, 899 chauvintiz 2 A ees 875
MINUS os 8 Ss ee 899 chrysopsidifoltamis = = 2a eee 621, 902
ambiguiwm..- 222.2242. ee 948 ciliatiflorum:. = ee 796
AMENICONUMN 222 eee 924, 981 TUPUTI 2 ee et ee ae 795
amplectanss 22 o_o eee 904 ciliatifolium22 2 ee eee 902
ANCEDS 6b. Sewn el ee See 679, 900, 908 ciliatissimum. cca 3 Se eee LO
angustatum. = eee 900 Giliatum 2 eee ee ne 620, 902
densiflorum=s.= 22.5%. SS 900 ciliferwm ss: 2 ee 910
Thizomatwimn. ee ee ee 912 CInOSUM 2 bs a ee 908
SUTIN ee Sa. Tee 913 COMdinum 2 eee 828
AUEISHMOUUME= 22s eee 621, 900, 901 clandestinum.= 2s eee tara 658, 902
angustifolwwma22 = 22> ts Eee eee 901, 904 pedunculatumss. 2.5 ee 902
annul 222 ae Pe sitar ele Ses Sen cee 1) 626, 900 elute a ee eee 627, 902
anomalwm: 225 2s ie fee ae eee 981 COgnatvwm 23. se = ee ee 563, 880
anthacnontig-2: 2 o_o ee 796 colonivim lst 255) So ea ees eee ae 839
CODDUCSSUNS. 25a Ne | ages Oe a 906 ZONClE 2 ee ee eee 839
OQUAMCUM 228250 2.62 3103 eee 941 coloratum = sco 07 ae ae eee eee 914
GR ENICOLG 2 ba his ws ee EN 899 columplanwm’ __ = Bee eee 642, 902
Arenicololdes=. 2 Se eee 622, 900 OFiCOlG. FV SSe ee 910
OUUSCOUIL TT is Ee ee eee 841 Rhine se ee 642, 903
ALIZONICUIN Ss a ee 664, 900 COMPS. Soe SS See 679, 903
UREDIG LTC a eae eee ela 900 COMLMEMNACTOIWM.2- = ae ee
TIMOFULS es A eS 2 ES ie 900 COMMONSIAnUM. 2 640, 903
COTE eae OS BRIE SR ee 900 Qddisontt. 2 2 ee eee 899
CNS oS) EUs a She oe ia ee ene EN Eo 656, 900 Commu paps See a eee 656, 903
OUONLICUNU aso nee ee eS Se ee 914 SNE) 8 = 2. Sas SS ee
FEUD DDS ci oY ess yh a NI Dey SS 635, 900 CcOnsanguineum._--- es 903 .
CULOZONLR US eS Sat TOs eee an 795 latifoliini 2 Se 903
CUTCIONUIMN See see ee ee eee 912 MINUS oe oe ee ee eranaes - 903

—————-

—_—-

INDEX 1023

Panicum—Continued. Page | Panicum—Continued. Page
oe a a 946 eréectifollim: 42 so 644, 906
CONGHITINIS =o eee es eee 645, 903 Cr ne "195
audenmape S229 02 Seale. ae oe 678, 903 GODOT ee ee ne. Suk 912
CONSANGHINOMIN: © 8 4c-3 ee ee 621, 903 CCAIR a ead 924
COTETUCL ee Ek ee 903 PIICNNee REO tig pit 810
CONTIG OLAL TIER Sect oe Ce I ed ees 942 CRUUNT GEAR DOE. Sal Lo URtONSS et ol ag 910
rpms a eae 8 fe ae 942 iC es a eS 967
Pie et Aes =e A 839 fasciculatum_._.........--------------- 663, 905

ORISA ae nets Tee 839 CHANLAGINCNSe ea ee eee 664, 905
TE ei a See eed 839 dissitiflorum_...._..-____..-------- : 900
0 ae ee ee ee oe 840 POUCA EAE ef i es ee 905
CORI ULL ot re Se a Ee 840 PISEMI ed Ie ard a aL 905
frumentaceum ie ep 5 AR eS 840 Majus - MERINO RS eT Bel he 900
Rigas eae eae ee 841 feliculatun see sane SUNS) “664, 905
TAL Ce aed NWS Ve A ey 840 (astigintims a S32 ee 905
WMAUMICUL NS. a ae 840 fest icuides Rea ET To uamee = ule betel 969
NOL MMIC. Petes eA Pat a = ee ee 840 filiculine 2 aia os Se NaS ol 909
CUE ea RE ee i le) 840 FEPON EL — sons Lene cepa ta at 835
DU GIES 2 ON eee 841 filipes\: °<°: Se See en ar 671, 905
pus paren so 2 2 oo ae a ES 840 ane 2 24 ee a * g99
Saiiicoha Soe I ae 841 pembriativn.. = oa > haa eee eae 837, 981
erie -panemis 2 8 eh oe ee 841 EL LO, aeons ae ame SETS "91
Te pire oe an 841 MURALI >. es ee ee 612, 905
ery ptantivarites 22. 2p 2. NEON 655, 903 Ae OR RS SITET es 9S ” 398
CURTENG 2 Sos Fs 903 SU ae ean oY 52 Oe 907
@ireiliaigm ste Sion Ve 646, 903 Lie i ar eae iC Se eS 905
Ramer ee GeO 900, 907 Haveyinens 0... 8 oS. ee ei 645, 905
CULL AGINU NG 2 ae ee LR 912 Ls | a ee ate ATE © 943
Mactiieertage = 228i, Sony Cah See ae, CODE 904 omiener i AES! bs rah pay 666, 905
DECET LOT neh i oe ee AR Sie |S 830 Demat oe Sa eek cn 909, 981
Piaene Mint ees CS a ee Fee 943 Htanaias a 7 eee Fon 905, 916
Pennie Bes 625 os 640, 903 Martheee ss Wa mee a pie 941
TEE yee ic Me OP ean aa a 859, 914, 981 ie ET SES SOREN Se 880
UECOLOL ATE SS OES ees Sa as SSRN CRED 902 fTUMentacein 2... <. L2ee) abuse 840
GED UTENS 6 =a Fo eS PS 915 PION ee ta eet Beak 908
feminine. 915 faiccecensi 44295. ot ead. ee RGAE
Genstime =.) Le oo 5 eee SOT as 981 (oo a a) EE 905
depanperatum 25... 2. ge aes 618, 903 iene eee ae 905
ANDOU ee 2 5 TEES) ee SO 904 fascienlatumn. i... ee. et 905
MEE wane Pee a sch 904 Loc 7 RS 2°, Sa 900
PSO DRGUL TIL» o> a es ee eee 904 RECUR dh 32 pra ae 905
DCU STMANS i OS S 5 at Bi A 913 fusifonmiene 22. SS od 622, 905
dichotom#iflorgm=. <2... ages 665, 904 gubbingeri.. 2... .i. 5. l= 666,005
ms PURANOFII A. ee 665, 904 peminatams-_ 37. --... eee 661, 906
IChHOLOMUMNS- ~s- ak 8 CO 629, 904 geniculanims= seen ea 904, 943
Oar DOULA: oa eS at SRS 900 qearguinun... ee ‘ 903
CONTINUED. a awe! 2 ee 904 Grol giedt a ee 855
CUTOUTS a 981 jean... 5. eee 945
(ADUTACOHLIM =< oe = a a a ae 904 eiiesbroghtil... aps eee 671, 906
Sle 223" Ses. | eM 912 gigs tee! a we 688, 941
JASCICUIOML 2 soe 907 qQuaneuinie te a ; 914
alpbrescens Bevin) eaten. aa ne Ce 911 glaberrimuan..--. a BeASOLS 944
ee Bods a i es ee oe 981 claprifoiiaime 2 ee 22) ee eae 647, 906
anugmoswm_-.. 222222202 908 ST Siri | aa I "905
LOLAROF UIT 2 ete Ss te TAY 908 LIN a1 (ee oats eae ae mien © 836
LC | es a ELE renee DES ae 902, 910 mississippiense_...____________---___- 836
SOUULOTALIES = eee we oe 910 GTS | Se 2 oS LR RE ET 924, 946
Pubeacria ee on. ae 910, 981 plongulaiiee welt, >see 946
Ck 1) > Sa ee I so 981 igcscenselon. |. eel atelee 94
sphacrocarpon. 013 De gat pen es nn 946
v1 DOSEN SS So A 914 purpurascens._____________-.____--_- 943
MRE Se ses easel 5. Se A Le 904 Chaminade 90
Wigilaypoidea a ae. 65 5 Bs eh a 907 gonggpdeseme ei eee ;
imMidiGiitiee cas > sy. er gee 906 7) 7) Se ie REO SAR 75 See
Miscifenuay ae ee items 810 TTT a aD DES Re 008
discolor = ------- == 2222222 981 Giirninaieae en = eae ae 359
BBOCOLIRM Ee ee eae ee a eS 918 Ginetecconst se ae 981
dissitifiorwm Fc pel Sa ae es a ets Be. 900 (etwas os. ee 903
- vere ee Cee en Meare eae OL Te See 810 ee 5 a aaa SEES 2 83
paricadiinn 5-259 Sage <a sein 859, 875 Tit), 1h Sl a ES ELIE ;
= stenostachyum____.__________________. ” 875 Grosmaeeo keeles a2
ke tO A eae ees oe 879 Mass ee =o ue 9
ciakalicieai Spat eee He oi Sie ss) ee ae guadgloupente > - Ae ee oil
ee es See SE eyimnocarpon=-2-- . = ee ¢
rons SOE 22 = ane Ae are eae ND A ee 916 eeaiiurpon ae ae =. 40
pn hater gage i ae heehee 903 LO i DES oe 671, 906
CMON nanan nanan nnn 913 TAD AT ire BASE SE "906
OF MADAETD oe een = hamiltonit...-.------------2-n2-annan ane 836
ee a a a inn le ee DONATING DDG 22 ee ee Pe ye ge
sch SA) Se TS ee 902 CIE a Ras DEN. =o €50° 906
eliiottionum...—------------------------2 941 Renitiomione se... 228 aes RR 908
one 904, 981 heterophyllum___...-_...--__--___- 902, 909, 913
PPA a EI fae a 913, 947 thiniwm Be O08
ORIREE ees he Es eh uh ted Ny 899 RGU ede, "Cyt. P Be oe —
eri a ee ae: Gas, 904 | illmani=227277727770777700777TTTI. tot
BN a en rice a oa me Paneer ett ay oo) Sant rate seth ” 907
pete Sad <a ae a 905 UCT 7 eee en ane a AY RIND Y DE re ro
equilaterale. ----.....-----.----------- 657, 905 hirticalycinum__-_..-....-..-..-....... ” 795
ri hale ee Hiice Wiblshent. <0 796
ne A em a Se a

1024 INDEX

Panicum—C ontinued. Page | panicum—Continued. Page
Ninticawles <2 es i el 669, 907 LuteSCens. = 52 ae el ee 946
Nantivag ann 2 oe tLe ee 906 LOO WTI = Rep eg ei ce aa ee 945
RAS DICUTORRE 22 Se 3 teh ES See day ee 841 MAChOCURDO I: = Re ee ee 908, 912
horizontales =o... Sa ee ee ee 836 ANACY OSLQCRYU TUS 2s ae Sake ee eee 946
MUACHUCRE NM Gees bas wee Sure 633, 907 GLEN TH (ea ae NA SEO GN Sat ere D Ree mes 914

fasciculatwmM ya ee Be eee 634, 907 MMUACULOLU TVD AD 2 ec ee Ue eas ean ee 916
SULDICOLOS © iw RAS gs. Nee ee ele meas 634, 907 AN Ala COMM sree oo aa ete ee ee 640, 909
UTES WIN se ee ee 836 MAACO phyA eee ee ee 650, 909
hydrophilum.-- 2. 3! ha Sea ee 941 MONQLENS Cae eo Ss se a ee 908
AO MOT OCILIN Yep eT ee ee 796 mattamuskeetense______*_____________ 627, 909
*LiNONiEnse ee Ss ec tut ee 905 INARI IN eee eee onan 2, 601, 672, ~
STUDER DERE oo Bas LOLS od ae 943 OULDOS TS ee See a ee na
GOSUUTUM = a ee ae 944 GONGULOdEes he > ee, eee Bei
OT GCE =e Se ae ee 945 MCAT oe ees 943
DULDUTASCENS: == 2h ets ee 944 METASLOCKYUM aa ae ae ee ee 914
implicatum./2 2) 2.240223) eee 633, 907 MelCONUMN a2 2. = he a ee 865
TN CETEU TIE Sk IN eee 839 MUCLINGS 2 Rea Ss en a eA ky 885
Nd CUT oe. eB el 941 meridionale._ 2:5 22 4.3)" aia 632, 909
CNPLOLU Neos ay a 913 albemarnlenses et eo. AU eee 899
INSULENE Las es a a 967 MIChQUAIANUMN = s- e ee eg re 855
iNSUlOTWIMN: 228. Se eee 912 MichQuiit: 25 ee ee ae es eee 855
involitume..2225.-°2 1-5 A ee 904 INICrOCAT POM so eae Fe a ere 625, 909
TOWeNS@2 2) jo Se ae ie 981 MICTOCONDON s2- s2- 22 = et ere ee 911
ISOC SL e vos Los a a eo re 810 isophyllum=a-< 222 oe a 911
2 TNELICONG = sos eoee ee EN 810 sphaecrocarpon.-2_.---2- = 2) tae 913
4SCROCMALTI 22-<— o ee S ee aae 836 microphy lium. 2. = oe 909
1GliCw Ms. 2. 62 4 ae ee 945 miliaceuml {one we eee 601, 669, 909
Calzfornicuni ee. Ll Bees ee ae 945 MINOCCUNM = 222 = oso Le, ee 904
genmanicum = eee eee ak 945 MAU A ge 2 a 909
DUO eA a Bee pire ae 948 MINN 205 = yea eye Se 911
Vamarcense.. wees 7 ham ealy y ieter te 841 TULTULLS rena Ree Ae pce Repeal aa 911
FCPULW AL TIPS es Game tL: Aen eae 907 Minwtiplonunys 2 Lo. Le ee oe 885
OOM eae RE cle, eee Pore Ae 656, 907 MTU ae ae a ae 2 rae 915
ALTE NLORALAT 0 ee OE iy IW 909 IMUUSSTSSTD DICTSC= A> es he 913
UR CEU TIVE...) ne en mete” 2 SE 904 MOLLE is ars 5 a ey 855
KOU se uh NE ae es eal 913 monachnoides. =" — 5.2 at ere 906
REYCN SEC ee ~<A RD ee Mel Ny oe 664, 899 muhlenbereiam ume co eee 981
PTAA [is ts Rae 8S ONL SS 2 915 MuUblenvengitse: sane oe) ae ery ee 904
Lachwamthaint =.= {eee a as 8 966 MUliflOnU T= 2s Sie ee 904, 911
lacie ee) Se ee 909 TVUTICOULT =e 8 ee ee 839
laevigata: = Se a eee 943 mutabileccs =... <5. 4.22 te ee 656, 909
lanai <<) Se eee aan 967 NaShignwn 2 ses a ee ee 908
lanceantum: =. [eae a ye Sa ee 647, 908 patulums. 22-2. 3 oa ea ae 910
DAtUNLN <=: 2 aee e ae es 910 nealleyt. o- 222 se i pe 912
languidiim: =- 2 so ey ee. Sais 638, 908 nemopanthums. =. 229" 23k 901
Lanupinosum. se. ee ea 634, 908 NETUOSWM 52 2c ee oe oe ee ee 903
jasciculatum®. 2s eee 907 neuranthwme = Ske sa ee 623, 899, 909
huachucae= =) 2 eee 907 TAMOSUM. SF oe eee 905
wmplicatum— 2.2.2. ee ee 907 NiIQTUOStTiS a es ee O47
lindhetmeri-. 3 2 ee eee 908 nitidum 2-3. a es oe 625, 909
Septentrionalée: =.= eee 913 barbatwmes a2" 2a ee ee 909
SICCONUN. 2 oe ee Oe 914 barbulatum=: = 27 ee eee 900
lanuginvsum: 2 eee 912 Chhatwmso. = 8 907
latifolium: 2 2 ee 658, 908 enassifoliwm-.2 2-52 52 ae eee 913
australe 2 cA se or ee 901 densiflorum 2-2... 5 ae eee 913
clandestinum22 2: = 622 Sa 902 ensifolium. : 2-2... 2. > ea 904.
MOE 2s Sgt RUS eee 901 Glarus. 2 ee en ee 981
laxifiorum.22 oes eee 619, 908 gracile 2.3. SUSE en a te 981
pubescenssou 2 ae ee 912, 913 MOjUS..- 22 Sos eee 2S ee 903, 981
siriclinamewm se eee 916 MINUS: 4.322 43S. 3 eee 902
leandrf.. 3S eee 810 octonodum 2-2-2 eee _ 913
Jeiberpil?..2-222 ee ee ee 652, 908 pauciflorum:-2-- 72. 2 eee ~ 904
leiophylluma.. ee ee ee eee 908 pilosum<./.5-...- 2. 907
lepidulum 02) 2 eee See 671, 908 pubescens:= 0-0 =. ee 914
leucoblephariso 2 ee ee ee 902 ramulosum. 2 =. = 909
lencocomum 2 eee 837 velutinums.-->-2. 3). ee ee 912
leucophacum:) > oe eee 967 viride. 35. 3e J See ye en 904
leucothrix:2 2 ee eee 631, 908 nodatiwm: 2. =5-8 5 ee eee 653, 910
lindheimeri:2 222) Soe eee 631, 908 Nodiflornum.-=- ee ee. a 909
fasciculatums. 2 i ae eee 907 MOdOsum ..-- =. Paseo 901
pilosums..255- eee 907 MUGicaule =. au ee See eee aye ieee 624, 910
implicatum.. 221 ee eee 907 TMU 222s TS Se ee i ee 879
METICLONGE eee 909 DuUMidianwmM: 9 eS eee 911
Sepientrionale. - kau wes een a 913 MULTE 2 oo. Ue ee ees eee 900
tennesseensés...2 eee 913 MIONliOnUun. == 2 ee 896
typicum.. 22 ee ee ee 908 oblongifionum=—-- 2 eee ee ee ae 907
linearess2 2 oA aie Fea 836 ODUUSHTae io i ae ae ee 602, 682, 910
MTUSSISSLD DIENSE ee 836 ocelidentale4=2.- = 5a = a ee 637,910
Lime ani fol vii soe ee mero eee 618, 908 occidentale... 2: 3... ane ee 945
WETNET Seok. Ao ee ee 915 OclOnodwmnN | 5a ee eee 913
linkianum.2220 0 2) eee 837 Oligesanthes.-.-... 25.2 eee 651, 910
LiL GTe AR erage ds os ee A 914 | Le eri eS NEI ee 906
loneufeliumice 2) orcad i ne Les aes 679, 908 SCHLONETIANUM 2.2 2 ee 912
COMmDSIS soi e Fe ae a 903 ONSLOW ETS E22 se Le. ea 915
DUveSCONS== Le sees. nt Si ee 908 ONOngense= 22-2 e 2h Less ee ees 908
loneilioulatimieassescos ~-.ee 632, 909 OLICOlAE yee ne ee eee 642, 910
longipedunculatum sss. -2 2 ee ees 913 orthophyllume ee 900
LONGISCLUIN oo eee a, 841 Ovale sie Gah Ceres ae al S558 eer 639, 910
lucidum 3 ee 630, 909 OVINUM eae aoe ae 622, 910

INDEX 1025
Panicum—Continued. Page | Panicum—Continued. Page
DWenhe te ee aS OS 3 eee 899 TUDO EE a ee re a ee 915
pacitiggie Sa = 3 2 637, 910 SUDUUICOI NT = 2 ee oe ee 841
DAlMION = = a eee 947 ged ek | See ee Re I EET oe 966
palndwynetee as 5. ==. Sa ee 661, 910 SAMOS ORNEB So a nn Se 967
DUM eee SUNOUITUNE 3 ee a ee 837
pampinosum -------------------------- 669, 910 WOM 52 ee 8346
gervpaniculaium.-...__- -_-..—---- 22 905 MOTIZN Ole = > ee te 836
parvispiculam __—-—--_.<------- = 2s 908 mergimetne< —— =... es 837
Semen. 9270 c -. = . Seee 914 SPURTE Sn at ee 837
eninge =. 2. te | ee 918 ED, PEE oe IIe 909
OTe | be ah a SRR Spare ec 906 Srabrimseninin: 52-5 to eee 655, 912
prilearnLamennnian = 2) 8s ae 648, 910 WOME PIES ony oe 947
piatcsiammemmeim 220 2525" ee 859 SONTTE so 908
pistheet > 2 ee 648, 910 BERD TITENIS oe Se nd 901
Oe ee a ee a ee 647, 911 WETIUNETR eS Sos 840
MUMCSIOTIEND es ee ee, 910 SCODATIOINES > as a eee 639, 912
Sey LT ae. a ee oe Set Aes oe See 913 SCAT RAT TOIT N = = tk ee ees 654, 912
peeicoliniat {3.2 - = 5 2 2) 653, 910 ANGUS Ovum... eh ee 910
peduacalatemn: 22>... S:... see 902 DSIRE 8 2. 911
eer enn et = Se So ee 943 NT 33 oe eee ee es 908
Meusgipaasennl 2.2. 20.2522. 2S eee 981 FURS 2 See es Es 911
ECS a eee ee oem 618, 910 it noes a eT et 909
gerapreesatm 2.5 2. = 20> 2 soa te 906 PCH OTUM 2-2 a 910
phacocarpum var. drummondianum - ----- 836 OL y 5 || a aes 2, Sea 912
pinindoliphicatas. 252... 3245) 2e5s5 666, 911 eenbenPringigm: 2-2 eee 650, 912
pepeplenaS © 228 = 2 ee ee 911 Jo SS as eae ee 908
Sumingnenns so 2 2 ee. 810 SERENE on 2h oen SS a ee 919
00 ee a ee ee 918 ROTSEMI TS 2 oom” os 5 2h Are bee 856
SE ea ae rn eee eee 804 CLOUT aS a ae oe eee ae 899
SILA YLANG <= Soe ee eS See 810 SELISSUM Re oe ae Se ee 896
“TEL a a a ae a Sa 672, 911 CL ee Se a era ee 947
OE ee: i See ee eae 921 OT Ti ee i a ei eS ee Se 905
Gen rs 9 Se os 704, 947 SHasipuse 22 32 ae ee 639, 912
OS CLONAL 2 hE 2 947 iy ite a a 837
SLA on ne oe oth hE 643, 911 SOUDII EIU = ee. 914
polyamine. = SP 620, 911 Tn ile ae Ss. 602
DOUAGGAMMNAMN 2 = = 2S 22 SAS 2 = 2 8 SESE 909 SPI SE OTAL = = ee Ot 901
gongylaies= <2 | se > es 901 RPLIOSUI ES =e eT 981
hardienule 2 s2 > sh) Oe a eee 907 SPHASTREARpOD =" 2. a2 See ee oe 643, 912
DOVTORGMES Foe 2 ee 3 910 PUSAN = 905
egy ee Se a a a ee 903 agent Se eee oe 643, 913
POLUT TDSC e 2 ea oe a Se ee 2 918 Rpnapiicola: 2 22 231. 5 ee ee 630, 913
snememmtieie 29 222 ee Ss S32 ee 901 i ea a ee 2 924, 941
DOTLGEICERSO Ss ee | 2 Dek. ES 647,911 SMUG. 2-2). ee ae 905
gencenemas. 222 os ts 2 636, 911 UA (2 ans enemas Ti eZ 8e 904
OT ee ee ee eee 909 PCNA BTA Se 2d eee 631, 913
Berra is fs ee Se ee 914 ROGIER. ee ae eS
EL ol 2S a ee ee 904 ot nie a repene es koe 913
To ee eo er 904 cet ie: 1 a a oe ae 679, 913
FLT ef ae ee ee ee pe ae 904 Simaine@nmios eae. ee 669, 913
grease ae a oe on es NE 839 th | he Te ee eens Sagem TY Se 899, 941
SirenOnne 2 t= er Se ee __. 912 REURSPOUN nn oe 909
ANDROS aoe Sees 912 Sis a. A ee 903, 915
PTUPMOSUAD! oes Tae = Seda Me 914 lineariolatim = — >= "+3 NS eee 908
pemnNpns 2A es SSeS WUPTMENS ahi 5 Se SR 915
DEPUMONCEDS” 28 xe Se. ee == 908 PETLONGUN - e aE 910
Psendepubescens. == | <= So <= s222 =e 638, 911 SERINE a 8 oe ee 620, 913
SIMIC se tos Bo Soe an BS 912 li Ea a, eens FT o 910
UV EPLLGLIL TB Se ES 900 Sree. See ee 8 ee 903
Dib (OUI eo oe aes 901 SOLDSSENIL ILI =, 3 2 ee 911
UT 2 eb 8 ee 915, 981 SHDILOTUIR ~*~ 2 ae 899
PUNGONS wee a ee a ee ES 839, 899 Supyillosum. = oo) ee 636, 913
pur DETAScens— =. ee 2, 601, 661, 911 FOTOMOTUM = ee 909
DONTE os See ae 2 AES 908 LOGE IE oe a 2 eS 914
PveprnneTe hS Pa t e = 2S 981 ign | a a cere Se 943
Porter’ e iii 0) Be See ee ee ee eer 611, 911 POMCTITLL WAL TOSEH. 2 = ee 968
Wekati OS Trane es oe ee LE 664, 911 LODCra ees -..- Se S 676, 913
TILSEN eee NE ee Tenilesscense ee ee ee 634, 913
Lhe hm x Ee Ne ea ee te ERP 904 fennee 644, 913
TUTIOTEN ee a Pe) FS PTY 915, 946, 947 PAMACUL Ne? ee
THVeTIOW ee oe er a ES 651, 911 Texans] 6 ee ons eee 602, 665, 914
TONS res ee 904 PEPRWNes. 5 ee ee ree 637, 914
EAU aes ee ee SS eee 910 ThOMASIGNUM = se 5 eee
TOUTE eee oe 2 et os Se 904 BETO Wile ee 635, 914
Tepe ee ee ee 694, 911 SORT CM es Sn ee 911
CD ET LU ve et BTC VINUL UTNE oe 904
ep my) Shade ee Daigle ae ee Ae eh ee 910 TIER OCONOgMN Rs eee 909
SED) PhS el pA oe © ye a ca nes 663, 912 irielient ae sa ee 645, 914
SERED oe ee br, Se 905 tseretonnis oe a ee 641, 914
TOVerenon= = ea. ae ee 612, 912 turikermant 25 .- See P oe ae 667, 914
PINTOMAAR ome. oy oe EEE ESS 680, 912 WPMD YUPULEE Seo eee 5. 914
op AT Wied Bane oe at ee Sila 899 elie ches aa ee ee es Bee eae SE Set oes 900
CUE ALIS iT Sa ot SAI 630, 912 unciphyllum___-------------------------- 914
roseum 968 implicatum wer er eens erere= 907
SP Se, Cee gt | a Pa mmbritenminle. Me 2G EB Oe 909
rostratum___.-~----~---~----------------- 900 a. SEP 913
he ge gon ee en ee ee: 795 ES ee 908
A (iy) 1 eae AOA LAS 5 oe Skee Se Oe Re 914 St er a een ya See 903

1026 INDEX

Panicum—Continued. Page | paspalum—Continued. Page
uniflorum 2g aS ON sag See BS ee SS 981 ONNUGIUMN ¢ SOS eee 855
UAISPICOLU TM. 255 oe. Sok Seba eee 923 Onhillense-. 225-3 2 ey 921
urvillegnm Ws} ees ee ee 682, 914 EpPressum: so- 2 ee eeee 906

slongighume 22.353 5-5 sees ee Ce 914 OU OCONDAUWT soe | Se oe ee 921
PAPINGUIMN = =a == wa 923 USER CLC E TR coAe Stas ee eles 595, 919
VONIEGOLUM 5 2 oe oo oe a ee 688, 896 DICHUTWIN Efe eo 917
eluent os ee a 896, 899 bifidum: 22452332 ee ee 601, HH
VENLENAL ae ee sa a ee eee 944 bistipulatwimns. 905 5.25 62 eee 922
MODI AG aes se ey ee ee 645, 914 blepharophyllams 2 586, 917
VEEDUICOSHM =e es Se ee eee 681, 914 blodgettii* 2 Se eee 589, 916
DETSICOLOT 2s sees eee. See ae 945 boscianum? =..." =. 25 600, 916
DETUCILIGIUT Sues ee Ee ere ae 948 brachiatwmss: 62 Fe eee ee 923

QMNDIGULMN sia! 3 ee Se ee 948 Orennewm =< i 917
vidhicwm.- 2222252 h22- = 3s) ee _ 942 bucklevanumscA Se ee eee 582, 919
picatium- 2 _ et 913 Quisisana a ae ee 586, 922
Vilfiforme. =. <..222-= 124-40 - oe eee 981 caespitosuaim. -_—<--- Wo eee 589, 917
Villosissimuim.)5-22 242. ee ae 638, 914 longijolium= 25 = 4 3 eee 917
DSEUAODULOESCENS 25 => ee ee 911 COMPCSE Cas SE a SR a 921
SCOPATIOINES 2 35 = ee ee 912 Carolinianwm. 25825 New Se OR ae 837
DiLLOSUTD 5 2 oe os oe ee 903 chapmants2. eS ee es 586, 917
VIOINSCENS 2.22226 ee eee. 838 chepic@-2 ee SB i ee ee 918
VITC aU 304 ee eee ee 2, 3, 601, 674, 914 chinenses oe se ee eee 838
DreviramMosum 2 eee 915 ciliatifolinme: 24.2 ee Sa aee 586, 917
COnfertu m= =o 2. oso Clee eee ye eee 915 brevifoliumc:) 24 5 Sea ee 917
eubense 0 32.0 see eee 676, 915 dasyphyltum 2 =. 2 a eee 923
Cifuswin es oe ee 915 munlenber Git. = Ae ee 922
CLONG QUIT oe a ee ee 915 stramineum:=..--- 3S eee 923
glaucephilla 35 ee eo eee 915 Ciiatum 20 en ee ee eee 917
MACTONENICIN. sere een se 906 Cilitferum:. << 2 0a ee ee 589, 920
OOLUBUTD Ss oes ee es ce 915 circulare. [ae . ee ie S eeee 595, 917
SDISSUINLS: So: seer. ee Do 676, 915 COMPDNESSUME = oa ce 804, 981
LUT SONG sees eee Char evams 915 CONfETIU MNS oe a ee 917
ILA Le, ata Meer ee E's as Riche = Stal tae 948 cConjugahum 02" = ee ae ee 590, 917
Drevisetiim <= 948 parviflorum=.<.- +. eee 917
Dinletiiseaet | oO Te ee eee 906 cibense- v2 Se vo 3 ey Ts seen ae 876
viscidum_-.-._----- SO ee ee 912 CUTMSIONUM 22 = 2 ee 920
SCOUTLUSCULLILTIU Sy 5 aoe Cee 912 cynosuroides.- 2-622. -) ee ae ee 953
AGL CT era ee Le ie | ae” 2 841, 906 dadylon. 2-2 ue ee eee 830
TOC. ta en ee Si ae! 901 dasyphyllwm:) 252 2 a 2 i 923
Malienpee: 262. TI er ae ee 901 floridanum... -- "8 eee 981
WebDDOn ANU ee os ya ee eee 648, 915 debiles <2... 5. Se se ee 585, 917
WOLTOD a2 eae Se en Oe ee eee 619, 915 debjle 25. oo... be Se eee 917
Wilcoxianimee ele 222) Cae 649, 915 decumbens io = a ee 921
wilmingionenses!/.0 2.2/2.5 3 see ples 641, 915 depresswimn ..* 22- 20.88 2 eee 804
WHGHGINHIA: ool re ee ee 632, 915 didactylum=..-__-=.=- = -._ -- = See 923
RSNONSOS seco 208. oy 5 eer 619, 915 difforme.-** 2-22-2527 a Le eee 597, 918
SirichirAmenm 2 oe So. a= ee 619, 916 Uigirra. 2252 * ae eee 804, 918
Tani nophysam. 60. oot ane 652, 916 digitatum....2. --=-- 5 ee 836
an piijoliem sete 2 ee 916 dilatatwim (22322222 oe ee 2, 6, 575, 590, 918
TANROSPETSUAR. ee 914 decumbens - -~./.. --- sna sens 918
wed kaneHSe=>. ... Soe eee les 2 ee 629, 916 POFAPlOTUIN _ .- oe ante ee 923
zelayense_____- PE Rae a NE 841 _, Sacchariferum...-— = "5 -.- = Seana 918
Cis (Tt eat aN ie UGE ho eS ies qi S58 dimdiatum. _- --____**--=- =~ ee 918

(PANO Gd Ti ee Oe a 930 GISseqh M3 oe oe 575, 579, 918
buckleyanum var. majus___.-_--.-------- 981 CIARECEWM = oS ee 916, 917
bulbosum var. viviparum______.-_-------- 930 distachyon..--- --.- _ 42> a ee 921
COIN DYEENLM. Se 8 3 2 931 distichunr. 222-42. 4-3 Se eee 576, 580, ne
ginucum 2. ee. en 932 digttaria. 222 2222 eee 919
interiig: ee ee eee 933 NONUM. 2 222 2-225 - Se 923
longiliguiatum 25-322 ee 934 paspalodes. - 2 22 ea 919
NEMOTALEs se LN ee 934 tristachywms = 2-22 eee ee 923
Pratense a ee A ne 935 OAUTNAUU. = =. aoa eS ok eee = 923
pratericola- ok ee eee 930 CFUM MONON = Soe. 3 eee eee 918, 920
Sandbergit ee eee 936 dubtwm 5. 2=-.+ 222552. Soe acess ee 917
triflorin =. 28S a Se eee ee 935 AIG LS) We eee see 885

IPApPOPNOLUM ae eee eee eee 223, 916 CETUS yn 586, 587, 917
alapecuroideami...= 22-2"). a eae 223 CURD 8 oe 918
apertinn.. 52 Ae Es SEE 227, 916 Cp AEE Ree ES ARE 586, 587, 917

DAGINGLILI I 2 oe OE ope een ee 916 ETiODOTUM — 2-8 Pee ee ee 918, 922
Dicolore 8 Sete ee So 227,916 jermandezianum:2 se 2625 a 918
MeELICUNWMN s.r eae 916 BUfONMe= oa. oe ee es 835
IMUCTONUMALTI Se ee ee ee 227,916 floribunda. see ee ee 920
pauINatim= = =) cea ees 916 Noridanunt. 2-33) ee ee 597, 919
WEED > es eeu ee es 227,916 glabratuim- = <2 see ees ae ee 597,919

PAN PUSBLASS: <2 Ae ee ee ee 223 PUMLONS 2 222 oS ne 922
Spike: S26. 0 ee aS ae ee 227 POIOSU INO =e ee 923

Paraterass ac Sak Res Se ae ee eee 2, 601, 661 framkyi: 283° ae eee 922

iParnyserama oo. eon eee WUT COUN 2 = 2 She US 804
oatgrass____- oS eats ae 304 Pilsforme 22% 22 SE ee 835

Paspalidium geminatum_______-------------- 906 DOYvi florins. See ee ee 804

Paspalum 2 oo ee eee 575, a villoswm 2 222-2 ee ee 804
GODT CUINL UTI AO ae as 919 QENUNUM =. 2 2222 SSS ee ee ees 582, 922
ACUMINALMO ee ae 579, 916 geniculatum:: 2 Soto. ee ee eee 981
RTT eee ee it at are 583, 916 Pigantenm os oe ee ee 599, 919
Gllermans= 2 ee eS ee ee 919 glaberrimium » 2 ee 597, 920
alissimum. se Oe ae 919 plabratum: -2. 2622-0372 ee eee 919
CID TI 597, 920 (GDM A. Se ee ee 590, 836, 919, 920
angustifolitm:.”- "te eee ee 595, 919 ORACLE Ss eae eee ee 917, 921, 922

PONIES ee ee ee 919 Qrdcillimum... 2 - e e ee 589, 916

Paspalum— Continued. Page
ONSCUM oe eas ore ee oe eS 923
guadaloupense= = aa) ee 804
Rallies 8 ee 581, 922
hartwegisuni 5°) Se 582,919
hhellerss 70 3x t ee es Ye ee ee 920
heteroppgiia.. "> oe 55 5 SSR 917
hirsutum se 4 > I eri 922
hemifgsine s ee ee 836
PIECCTIU 2 oe oe 922
PRT ee ee SLL 917
aNlAU oe Se 923
SLT TUDE 2 =o ee ee | ee eS 916
EXCRTOCUMLG = oe eten ys. ee ee 920
G1] [Ves l; bz ee A Sen ee ee 597, 920
Kentickyiennes n-ne ee ee 920
Lei Canin - bee > eee 923
KOLCOPORU Ae LD 920
lasye! Seer ie eS ee 595, 919

ESTE )| ee aati ee 919
ONGUSHI OM ==. She a ee 919
CUSLFGIES ED es Pe bo, ee 919
bremjpoluemns i eee 919
CI CUMOT Ee: 383 a | 917
VIOVIMATULT = a ee ee ee 919
DUDS er a2 oo ee 2 920
BUTI ORILII Pe Peek. 2 ee 919
PROTA CHANT eo ee ON 919
PENILE 22a 5 en, oe LN 582, 922
TCT T RIN] ee 2 Ses = Mier OO a ee a ge 918
Nets es See ere an SE aap ee eal 588, 919
EIU NOS 22 eG ett ee 920
POT TOAIIG ties = eS. LS Ree 595, 923
Tete VL ei], ao ae ee EO ae ee ra 804
ML GI en es Be 917
Pega raa es ices «er nae 2 > cia af ee 590, 920
lamarckianum______________-----_---
SECO IUSEIIIEN I oe RAS tee EL 919
ROTI Oa ne Brat 2 Sees eee 921
| VESOW REC e) of PI 6s eecar emne Gy e aam tee pE 597, 920
LE DLOS See see eS Le! A 921
LEPLOSIA CHUL 2 eo 922
DUC DCI C UTED tte has 8 a SIE Fe 924
Ey ee Oe oe Es a ee ee ee © eee ee 917
jth até te hs ce ee ees oe ee ee eS 582, 920
longepedunculatum.-_________-________ 584, 920
fonciewinim=-* ee 2-2 599, 919
HOH Pape eee Se et oe 595, 920
PONIES SUING =o eI LS 917
RUIMICNOSTIEL NBII ee se 919
TILE TE TUTEAL ATE oe ee 921
IRE TRUISIL CI bots en Oe See 918
OTRICIATLLT ALLTEL TIE se es ee 918
CMOS: = ae ES 804
LLL T ea aoe Ae a ee RE Es Mera 920
TRRELOUERL TT se ee ee
THINGS Seer oe et See 583, 920
; qNONGStACH YUAN >.> See = Ss 588, 921
| corte ic) | ka a ee © eens ae Se ee area | 7) |
. mucronatum.__-------- eee ete 579, 922
) MPU ENUET I= Sees ee Se 586, 922
MMILOVALIN = == ee) ens ee 921
TOTES = Fok 8 A Sere Eo a 22
NGL S.” noe ee Sn _.-- 583, 921
‘ latiflonum:_2=- Jee Sele 921
OTSCOUD se Se Eo ee 920
OTTO ee a ee 921
OUTLET ee op ee oe SE Bee Oe 918
OTOUNMUIORITN soos 2 ES eS 918
i TUTOR LOTION Sos oS ee 923
DONACULOU TN SS oe 5 a ELS 922
TRISPOLIdEs =. Se REN ot Oe 804, 918
CATO RUA 5a re
DAUCISPICALIIE 5552 ae~ 5 255 = OES 581, 921
PN IUDER CULTS 3 cA ot Fe ES 921
CNIS ee S523 ere 921
PEUUNCUOT EM So ee 918
DLN a So ea ea ees 922
PIGLOTSE Ree oe ee a eee 918
PUB CHIN Paes oe Se ee peaen> 804
plabycmile® = ae eS Sos te ee 804
platyphy m= ces = 8 ee cue 810
a leni pine: | ea es ee oe ee 595, 920
plivatiitm =<: +s 24s. 25 2-5 late eee 600, 921

antumescens.- c= + =. 3 ie ee oe eee, » OR
PLAGE 2s Bye pa Ee OAL

DOU CLE ae te Se eS ae kw een 917
Draecuxs 4 5-< 52-2 Ee es ee 596, 921

CUTINOANUIN See ee 920
DICE ee ee eee 596, 917
PrOpWiGWUM ce oe sane Sera 587, 921

INDEX 1027

Paspalum—Continued. Page
TT ORFS ee, oe ao) tee a 921
psanimopinitim. o>)... 2 st Se 585, 921
ui | Se ee eae nee. 1 586, 922

TONE CH Bo os 922
pubifigornmies..30- 5. ae 581, 922

Clalit 5-5 tae 575, 582, 922

Gigs. Po Je ee

OES 5 5 A pe ee 922

DUT 2 oss 2 oo ea BG
DUNCAN: 222 Seo ee, OS

DUT DUS OBCENE os 5 Se 917
TACEHIOSHIM: 2 = Ae ey a 579, 922
TOUCEMOSUI sn ss SSS 856
rdcemilesim2 2s ee LS ee 916
FOUUNKICES =) = od eee oo eee 804
rectum var. longispicatum________________ 921
LEVITON 2 SS eee 923
remotum var. glabrum___.......-__---+-- 922
La] | ee ee etter so 922
PEUGEOT St a oS eee 917
FOpeUSs. ot 4 el eee 579, 922
FEDS 2 eS ee eee
TNEZOMALNSUN 2 Ls en
MeiGvolom..-- <2. 2-22 |) _ 3 ee 587, 922
SU PIRE Se 5S, eee 921
SONGUINBION. —e S ee 837
SUC Pn ee, BS pa 921
SOM UIehE a tere et 2s 918
SCEGDICNI NGM ess 32 2224 - ==. eee 600, 601, 922
SCL Gree ee tt) a a ee 918
SETICCIQ IE ee ee... ee. 2 856
SCNT ee fs: eae LS eee 836
SCLACEHIMNEa = 22.2. 2 ee eee 584, 922
CHOON ee ee ee 917
longepedunculatum_____.._________--- 920
SU pin AN Se Ss eA eee. See 923
SUINDSOM 2 2. okey 2 ee 589, 916
SOULOTINM ae. edt 588, 921
SPU AUAN Sa on ee ee 917
StrAmIneggnt..... =) Sees 585, 922
SDM = Se ee es oe ae 585, 923
SUDUMEN SS oe ee ee 982
taphrophylium. 230 Ss ee eee 921
COROT ee iis Sanh SEE 597, 920
COCHIN 4 So ey ae ee ee 918
TENGCISSIMUIN.. eee 920
3 (1) 1 SR ee ten See FT 917, 919, 921
inistachyon:.~22-. = eee
fristachyum_._ e ee 923
UNGULGTNI . e e eeeee e 921
undilosith- =. eS ee eee SS 919
unispicatom: 2 >. ee. ae 588, 923
urvilleia. = ee Et ee 2 6, 575, 595, 923
Varinaium > eee Sen Nae 580, 923
NANUEM one a a ees 923
UvEsweN SS ae Rs ea aa 918
FeLMaATOER! i ee 923
DOQURUEI AN - 2 eee ot a ee 918
vaseyanum-_-_---.----- a ee 595, 923
pelutiniuin- 2 oe ce i 923
villosissi ms 8. eee 918
VilPaltlin (28ers oon <a ta eee _<2= S83, 923
ehatum= "= = bn ee 924
Jacquinwenum.- = 5. ae 924
LOR OWNIA. 2 oo Se ee 982
lwvinernum=. 5. 5. ~_ =- oe Ck ae 923
parviflorum___------- 2a ee 923
TRUAOTUNN oe one So eee ee 923
purpurascens... .-....=-- Sa niches et 917
Rg Y| ee ae nt kes SP ae 924
udulosum_-__.------ ide Be oe ee 921
WiHIENGWIARG MN <2 2 2c ee eS 924
CL, eR ae A ea ee ee ee oe 916
iho g eee Se ae eee ae eee eM Ne Sd 918
ADUULOTI ORME oe ie eee Jaa GIS
WUD TB 23 os Gre i Serie eee 916
Paspalum, Comps... oo ec Cee 583
PROS Se ee SS ges Seen 575, 504
PAStHrS PTASSES eck x ae eee eee ee

33, 39, 58, 69, 75, 99, 106, 114, 116, 184, ar
269, 276, 325, 484, 549, 573, 575, 594, 672, 750

Patterson ‘bluegrass eee oe ects A ee 128
Paurochaetium, subgenus of Panicum. ee i) 8 |
face 1 EY (ee ae Is Mp fee 2, 705
Pedicellata, group of Panicum.- “21-5 OS
Penicillaria ~e See Se Ree ee ere eats tee 705, 924
typhoidea _- PSE OR ee eae, OE es
Pennisetum: = 2. --sccu. SUS PE he 705, 924
Pn GU he ee ee ae .. 708, 925
GOTECUPOREE NS kde ncn cn ncen see 2

1028 INDEX
Pennisetum—C ontinued. Page | Phalaris—Continued. Page
CMETLCANWMN = 2 eae ee ee 924 CUDErOSa eS ene ce eee eae 534, 535, 926
CONMUGOLUIN 2k. Boss 2 Se eo ee ee 943 stenoptera:s=t2_ 22a 534, 535, 926
Chusgally> >. 282 So ae IS ee eee 839 DCN. 2 8 LAS eee 835
Crubescens 22 = 227 2852 ee er eee 925 villostie == 2 tS Se, ae ee 795
AMORESCENS a3 aks 28 hee ee eae A 925 ZiZaNIOM ES: 2 os Sas ee Se 977
genicilatu mae 2S ie Se eee 943 «| Phalona echinatas 2." <- 1 es a eee 830
OCCRMOAMICU IN == Sa = SO Se ee oo Sone eee 945 rats guMmnocarpon=— === 2 eee 906
SIA WCU Sse ee SE ee eee 23,405; 924,946 5 Phang?! 2 ot ee 2 Bee epee ae 546, 926
DUIDUTASCENS <== Se bso te 982 latifolius Unie ae aT ney nie Ey URN 2 546, 926
hamiliontic® 22-2245 bl Ue ee 925 Parviloliuss. oo ee eee 546, 926
AT SULUT So eS eee ee 925.4) Phip psig: 20. 2 ee ee 341, 926
indicum var. purpurascens__------------- 925 algida = aot. oe bee ie oe ee 6, 341, 926
AQUI CUI See ae 2 ee ee ee 2 ee 945 MONGNGTO2. 22225 Se ee 926
JLDONICUIMN Hee aa 22 ee ee 108" iPhleum45. 2282S oto Te ee ee eee 352, 927
ldenigatin =e" 3 Se ee 943 aculeatum 2 = 2.23 52 Se eee 28
latifolinm 22 2223. ee oh es 708, 924 alopecuroides: oe 2c. ee 868
longistylim. 2222-22 2 ee 707 alpinum. 2 oe Se ee 353, 927
macrostachylmM=_ 2 ee 708, 924 QMERIiCONUM Ss Se ee ee eee 927
MUOSUTOIDES 222 Ue ee 2 od eae 825 SCTIONCTIONUT 224 = = 92
NerVOSUIMY 2 28. Seo ae ee 707, 924 STOMAMUM 222.2. se. eo Ue ee ae 355, 927
MACOTOGUENS C22 = aa so eee 925 OSDETUM S58 nee 2 eS
pallidiim: 28-3504. ee 925 bellandt. = ee ee ee 927
DU LOTUM -s-= S255 SS 943 bulboswtim 2 2 A Sc Eee ee ee ee 535, 927
DUNGEONS: =. 6 eae ee ee 825 ChINUUM2 oe 22 oe a
DUN DUNASCENS =e oe a ee 925 haenkeanwm = = 2— = eae eee 927
DULPULCUIM 22 ee 2,705, 924 MONSPENENSE: 2 22225 ee 937
RiChar dit = 2% eo es Soe a ee 925 NOGOSILI’ VAL. DIAleNSea- n= = eee 927
TUpP peli ees eee eee ee 5, 705, 708, 924 panicula times 2- 5°22 eee 355, 927
SCLOCEIIN! OS SS 2 oe a Se a 708 pratense 2 oe. 2e ees ee ee 2, 353, 927
SehosuInzae = = See, ee Lee 705, 924 QUI NUM ao ee ee ee
SIEDCH Is re Sa ik ee ae ee 925 SChOCNOIGES =. 62 ee eee 8
SPICES 2 = oe Se eee 924 subulatumes: (2-2 2s ee 355, 927
LU DROME So eae ae eee 924 COMMU Sees eke oe ee 2 535, 927
SIDOTE ZH | Se Se ee se a ee 948 |). (Pholturus® 3222-0522 ee ee 274, 927
iphowWeuwm =.= ne eae 705, 924 filiformis=. = Sees ee 928
ALNIPLOTAL IN 2 eee oe 925 INCUTDOLUS © Ae 2 ee 274, 928
VENMCII OHM 222 oe asc > eee eee 948 INCUIVUS so ae ee ee 274, 927
willosuim.j22 e222 oe see as ee "708, 707, 925 pannonica.- =o os a ee 274
Vini iceman. Ai ee eee 948 |, Bbragmites: 9203 20> 22. Sees eee 191, 928
IPENUMEeTIS CTRETICON(G= es = a eee 831 berlandiert. 222) 255 ee. ok eee ae ee 928
CORON MICH: 2 t= 24" oes eee. eee 831 COMMUNIS- 22 35S ee eee 191, 928
COMPDYESS os oe a ee ee 831 berlandiert.-_.=5--- 2-2 eee 928
CDIUS Ht Se Se oo net oe ee ee 832 phragmibes 23. ee. ae ee re 191, 928
inkermegias. 2 26 en es eee 832 TUNMGOTIS se ce ae ee ee
SCvICEO + Shs 2 eB eS ee 832° |), Phyllostachys..22 22.5... see 5
SPICES 223 fe eo Poe eee ee al ee 832 QUIC8 2. 2 2 acs eee sees 31
thermitle 3-2 ee 832 Camis 22 A a Se ees 4
UNUSPACOLOS e228 =e oa 2S eee $32) Pali oo oe Se Be ee ee Ae 755
Rertivianswiltenerasss2 2222s or eee 535: } JPine blueerass: 5222.) 2. <a 132
Phalanideaes j22 = =. sa Oe ee 25,526} Pine mubhy. 2-22 = 2 eee 382
IBWaarish: eRe. oe ee) eee 530;925: |) ineorase = fs 2s ek ee 3, 77, 306, 312
CMerniCOnte ase S.A ee ee 926 || Pinelawd three-awn.. ----5-=- 52 ee 455
ANCL es, Sen a ee 926 | Piptatherum mexicanum... .---=252 222-225 928
qmethy stiles pee ao oe ke ee 926 MUNOCOU MN = ooo ota Na ee ee 898
ammaphilt.. <-- es eeeeaes 788 NOTUM 8 = Sao ae ee 898
ancusta Ss eur eee’ 2. | see 533, 925 DUN CEN as Se a 856
ATINGINACCH! 2. Sees Soo 5345925 .|' Piptoehaetionm +. 2°22) 2 ee eee 421, 928
iebae. oe ee ae ee 5, 534, 925 fimbriatuim. 35.22 2S eee 423, 928
DITGEG AL. 25 eee ee 1 ee 926 setifolium- 352 22282222 2 eee 423
OS DENG S— = rn ee te ee) ee 927.| ‘Plains bluegrass: 222 === 5. = 5 ee 114
MUiCULOTIS 2 Pies Sone. eee 926 bristlegrass....-_-2 422 "2 ae eee 700
Bellardiz2 2. = 223522 eles 9 lovegrass: 202.5225 -= 2s see a eee 160
brachystachys=2=.. = 5 eee 531, 926 miunhlye. ee Ba ee 364
bulbosa ss 222225 8) 22 eee 535, 926, 927 TOSGSTASS 28 = es ee a ere 311
californica. 2227 405% 2 eo §30;3926..|) geLaNUNIG GLDINNe oo 3b ee 927
Cananiensis= 2 -==_ 8 hore = ee 530, 531, 926 OSPCN Gs. 8-2 ot eS eee ee, 927
brachystachys- 5-2) 2 2 eee 926 DIGLONSIS oe Ss ee 927
caroliniana <9): 3S Re ol: wo ae eee 533,926 | Pleopogon selosum _.--__=----__- a eee 881
INLENMEUIG. © os 52 ae 2 eee ee eee 926 | Pleuraphis jamesit-__--_------------------- 468, 870
ONGUSED 22 Use 2 ae ee 925 MMUACO os ee ee ae 468, 870
ONGUSIOLN 2 2 eee eee 925 TAQIG2 o e o e 469, 870
MACTOSLACHY O..2 San ae eee 926 SOTICEOQ $2 5s 8 ee 870
Laat se SI ER SKN RL ic le eee eee 925 Pleunopogon-_=. 2=2-=2 = = 2 a ee 97, 928
Temimoni? 222572 eases) on eee 533, 926 ealiformicusSs:-2 222 = ee 97, 928
tudovicianas = 22 oe 925 GOUGLOSIY == 2 oe Sota eee eal ae Ss pee Se 928
WNONUEVING eS ee ee Se ee 788 TOMACUUS: so ee ee a ee 97, 928
WMCTOSLACKYO _— ee ee 926 | Plicatula, group of Paspalum____--_._._--__- 600
AMMUINON YS. 6s ese ee ee 532,926) )| iplameprass 2-020 ooo Oe es eee 5, 721
occidentalis 3 82s as 1 ee ee 926 DENT-aAWMe | 2. Ue oe ee ee 722
OFM ZOICES) 23 fe Ss pe SS a ee 876 DLoWwne=2- 225 ee eee 723
paradoxes 22. sesso ee a a ee 530, 926 MAITOW.. 322-2252 bee eee eee 721
PIACMOTrsAL-2 i222 eee 531, 926 Silivers2-=- 2-2 sae eek ee 722
DI ACMOS SORA BE OE Ws ee he a a 926 SUPAnCaAne:- 552 22 22) oa ee 723
SLENODRUU G22 2 ao ee 535, 926 OD ee a se oe Be 99, 928
SLENOPLEN A= 2 Ae ee ee eee 535, 926 QDYUSSINICO ee re 847
SUD ab Se see es Sree ye 927 QCUMINOIG. |. = 252. ee 936
LOTUS? So RE eS a Je ee te 927 QCULOULTNIS. 22 SL oa ee eee 936
ERIDICIS Bow oe Sa ks Se ee ela 926

COSiVAS 2) 2S eo el ae ee eee 929

Oe ee

—

i i i i i i i ll ee oe i, be ee ee

INDEX 1029
Poa—Continued. Page | Poa—Continued. Page
G01 68: ie JS eee 824, 939 CUS oT 9 23 gad a 934
ct: Eo a eee ae eRe Naf 982 CUDEOULE gb Janis 2 or 849
ODODE a rominiee 6 asta ets Spt ale 933 CUB Rests Jo Ae iw ee bea 118, 933
OGG. endo ooo chen eet eee 927 CLIDAON 3 poe Sete at eds ee
OpICOld <2 22 abs ck nate roc epeeteee AGATE. cist he oe Link ee 938
elplliaes es ee ee 99, 126, 928, 934 GENK Ge 2 sab fe ee 929
MUN ON aSn5 = =e soo aeons 28 OONM sf 2505 es bine phe ee 66
DULPUTISCENS 25s Son ee eee 932 MUON vest OS Ls ee 851
alsodes2n2- 22-4. <-25-=-- neal dane 117, 928 NLL ith 1 oe en ee ae a TTR eS 929
WOW 2 oon ar Rita 937 Witte! pee, tn a ee Oe 852
Omav Nghe oh je soo ee ee 847, 853 COE rn ek ee
OMDIQUA Jac ao) 2 oo me FUT i) | ei na San ae ET 106, 932
QINDIA 2 24. ose Se ames 100, 136, 929 TIT d) hee es Oe eR ee 942
ONUIN@ 228 2225023 onde atts sete ee CU ID 5 ois Sc aida ot ete 932
ChOR GLO =o a pone ee 931 CEO URPS nsodei aS ek wm eos ee 848
WY ON 22S sad oS a oe 932 Clegdnihp aso oe ee 848
DUNDPUNCWS 3c es eet ee 930 elliottii_.__.------ sano t cedar 930
SPlICOlOss2 22S eee eee ee 932 ClONGAIGS so ee ee es 865
mache ae Be eee ee BS 935 CRON 225 sso hese ake 933
wa eee era 99, 105, 929 6Diig S. -s e se emct ge aa
TUIMUUSCULO: 2 eee CLAGT OSS apes oh tiie ne Beda 850, 851
StHiClOe ee at eee ee ees 930 VOSCICUIOLG. 32 eee eee 938
COROT ee ee eee 115, 929 fendleriana________- aes eee 99, 125, 932
aquatica: var. americana... === 22 S2 =e 865 QTidG. 2 Le) ee ee ee Pee 930
BTOCNMN Cts = o~ sen toe ee 99, 106, 929 QUI ZOTAR oso scaia 2 ax 1 932
giabratas see =e eeeast soba tet eee ees 929 WONG she oo = ue ie 933
6,0 Cee Ae er ee eee 99, 115, 929 SONOIINE eS 3. 3t es 932
argente@. . .-----.----------------.=<----- 935 ESUILCOIDES shits 95 e323) sds ea eee 859, 863
Sig (6 (teks = eee ee eee eae 100, 114, 929 A a ere croae 931
OP UNOINOCEW eae ae ee es 969 la Si ee eb . Rika ee 969
SURO DMEUEER. 22 2ae ease 2 108, 930 (ici ae a TIS Ss. 3 930
sttiimenmalis: = 2522255205222) 222s eee 126, 930 occidentalis 2. Ses ea 935
ROOUSIO 2 so See aes teers 935 TODAS aa os SO ee es 935
bigelowlies.. = es fee 100, 103, 930 DUIBUEBSCENS 3. = 23522 5s LS an a 929
holanderic=: 2525-4. . 5ese5ccse dese e2 103, 930 PACH cones sea ee. 127, 932
chandler = ess ee ee 930 CUESOS 8S 2s eee ee. 932
Nowellit. 222 Se ee eee eee 933 Grocaiae- "2. A eee eee 935
Kelloggs soo. =o 2 She as SOS 933 StTACLIOT ==. otk 2) ee = ee 933
OOneAlis eee soe. ee oh ee See 838 ol aueiolia 2-5 eis ss ae eee 115, 933
BOM CNS ae does ACES 8 eee Stes seo 938 glomeraias. °.+ -oe ee ee oe ee 850
rach ige ee eee eee 859 grace =... 2 522s. 2 ee 100, 134, 933
brachyglossase = 222 ee - = 2s eee 136, 933 SATUS... Hae. pee eee 933
brachyphylldzss 222 22e ees et 114, 932 PUSCYOCNION 2s. 3 3 937
brandeget ss 222 223-2 See cee ee eee ee 934 WON ANU ee 53s ee 115, 929
brevifjolig. =< 5-825 22 - == S522 =o sote ee 931 QT CONN. 21s so oe
brevipaniculatdu- 2-22-48 eee. 932 hansent. 2. ote a eee eee 934
euUbpallida 22-2250 5 = SUE 932 Nelleris.. 226 5 ees et ee 931
buckievandss.2%- 2!) 2 so 3-222 ae ee 936 herontievsc32* 225s soe eee 930
ClOngatse Se 2s etek ee 931 hirgsitiate-<-: -- 533 ee 850
SOMdbengiit seas sae ae tS Be 936 gnpectabilis.<+. 22223226. 853
SLENOPNYNO? «0c Je 2 lees: Bee 933 howelliis.-22. 41556 <2 2... eee 103, 933
DE GSA =e eo Ste eee 99, 123, 930 chandler... 2... 2 Se
OUD UT ee. = ee eee ee ee 930 MUCTOS DENIM oe = a ee 933
CHET ANLESCENS eae ss ae ao totes eae ene ee 969 hypnoideso2 2 o-oo see eS 850
COCR et aie se ee ee ates ee eusiiee 932 AUCNDONSIS: Meee Se 2 Sat Ske oe 931
SETAC ON ee sae eee oa ee ae Soe 933 INCUNUR EE ee oe 2 et er ee eee 936
californict 2 =~ 25222 22ssssssessseas5- 222 930, 932 INAIIMME = ose Sinan nteecs eee 929
Callichtod=— == -S2eStae ea eee See ee 929 MNGONlOGs ee cee te 99, 125, 933
Collidaeset 2-28 = ee eo aeceee 937 interruplass Ae ks eee 852
CON py ES SA ees 2 net Bee oto eee 930 invaginata ____- peed oti cus can ee eee 933
CURMRENIS 22 ene ae soe nee eee 864 involutam 26-544. 5.8235 2 Pa ie 129, 933
EGanbVlseiss 2! 2 sso Sed ce eee sete 99, 135, 930 japonitede tes: 4. oe e222. ee 853
ecailanfatia ss Se oe BER Gece ea 931 junciiolig2).¢25.. 3: esa 99, 136, 933
Capillange. 2223 22shse sss e22 848, 850, 852, ed i i eee, aren acer | 863
COPIA. == a2 hana een ee enon relloggli..s_ << 225-322 eeeteee nee 110, 933
COTOMMONO ==. -oaee = ene ee oe 350 Rint 228s eee a a eee Se 858
Cenesias ss. << 22-23 eS inctivtrise.. 28 Wok Lat eee 935
Chapmanianar 2242250. 53 22 Cea 105, 931 Laeniculmit:c= =. =... -. -. .2oc See SS 929
Chariisseeee 25.15 2 se 3. eS ee laevigatiizs.<Sa25~ 2: ee Ae ee 135, 931
chionogenes.....---e-2--- +22 7222 -1h2 a8. Jeo “O28 COON hc Saks ans Sake Se eo Ret Sap ekonenlane 930
cilianensisi:. 3-22 se eee eee SS 848 LOMNONGRIN. cone -o h a se ooo eee eae 866
CHOI B ot ae Sees oe ees en a 849 [CN et-gri ts Ce ee ee ee Te ae So 117, 933
COlOnadensts=*. == =26 coe tese epee coe beacoee 933 WaX0 0 ened hos oes ac oan ee 128, 934
Columbtensts= sb eeo 22-23 eos San stae sees 934 dettitore = tocst 225.2. 6-- Bees 93
COMUPEOSSAS shee se oe See ee eee 99, 106, 931 occidentalis ____- S.cnsae -.. 929
depniumernta +. 024 2 sea ge. 5 Et 931 ce Se CES Se eee ee 929, 969
SY WESUTISE = ss 2 oe see sbe- = Set 931 JS hilrig: Ske See ee ae epee ET 111, 934
CONFER ESS ase fee ees 5 a5e ete eee 850 leckenbyt.... ....<<.--~2--0eoc5--2 ios sde5- 931
CONMNIS= = tek oes See eon ee eee 100, 107, 931 lelberstloat oe os 2 Se eee cee 132, 934
CONUSU GR se cee ae Sime 136, 929 donimninnn 2S Sk sc. Keke eee eee 938
COUONt Rose cen sho a eee god anne 931 leptesemeassen te : Sane 121, 934
Cranddlitesa=8* 2 see sh onde oe 3 OO ee ae ee Bee Eee ae Eire. Un 934
Cristatd a. a ee ee eee 8738, 931, 942 yejete sek Pee 936
ChOCHL AS. 2 <- seine St es ee ty lettermani__ : 132, 934
CURA St aso Soha ees oS SS cae eee 109, 931 COVA S Ee coder ake ee Se Se 134, 936
rvifolin? pe Sie ee Se ee Se 136, 931 Hrbutdee 3. ee ee §
CUTDULO ans soso seen Se be eons tena eo 849 VaVURE aks Sas oes cote. Soe es 851
CUSICKIISeE=s 54s Ss ae oe 129, 931 longepedunculata............-.-..--.----- 932
CUSDI GGA See ea esc te seeenn dus cous 114, 931 OtVIROREUR ES 5 io has ew con cdaeeed 932

1030 INDEX

Poa—Continued. Page | Poa—Continued. Page
longilicula S22) 282 e- 99, 126 934 Scaberrimaes: 20020 2) ie ee Fee 931
wyomingensis__------------------_--- 934 Sscabrellases htc Sa ees 99, 132, 936
Wengupila= 2 os ee ee eee 929 Seabrifolind. = a5 2 eee ee eee ce
ee pre OSE ON os Se eke eres eae gl ae 135, at SCADYUUSCULG 2-0 ee ee ie
UGeNS = ek OL ee eee 50 secundasest See). ee) eee
TI ACTANL EH Aas geet nee ee eek 100, 106, 934 SECUNGULOY (Ae oe Be Seen ate ae ‘ liga: a8
macroclad awe ah Salep eet eT ae 124, 934 Senoltina ks See See. one Be
TATCIOBo Se bs met Eee eae 117, 934 Seslenioides 52 een 2 Pena aa 969
GROTLVIS ea ESS a ee a ee 938, 939 SESStUlOT@ 2 sk re 977
MMEGARtAChY A ~ 2-522 ee SEL eS ee 848 sheldomi2=. 6’ 32 5 eee 114, 930
MUCOLAES ens) Pi. ine i eee 974 Sunpler 3. 3.2- 8) eo ie ea ny "850
FIVER CON DE ae 2S ee 850 SPectavilis? 1a a ee eee 853
MUCOUS = ees ae ee ae ae 838 Spillmaniie <2. Sh Ee Ree 931
MIECTONENG ee ee I ee 849 Stenanthal = 22.5 2 Sa ee ee eee 127, 936
TIONED Se ace Ee he Rt eg er 895 leplocoma:s == 2 ss ae ee ee es 934
AN OTT 22 AAS ge a i Oe 934 Stoloniferd. 2 28s 02" eG Se ea eee 937
MULENOTUAE = eee hs UL Eh ee ae 134, 933 Stiga 2 ie Ni eli Slee 866
mematopiyllas 2/322 eee on eae 931 Stricle UNRTlORE= 9 Ol a. ee 895
TOT OFAN ses va se A See 123, 929, 934 SUDATISLOLE Oo Ae OT a Pee 931
GCC Ui Se eS eee 932 SUODUED UTEO.. ok Oe ai ae ae G22 55099
MeMOralis: = 2 ee ea 982 SUOTEPIETG 6-92 20.0 hee ya ane 934
NWO Se. eS eee 866 SUDITIVIGUS2 WR ee eet ST ee 933
NOLV OSA 52 3 JE See he Oe 99, 109, 934 e Subverticillatas.. ae ee 969
trey ee oe ic Bol ee ee 937 Suksdorfiie—. 2 See eee 936
nevyadensis. 22... a eee 135, 934 Silcatl as 2552 is Bi ae a = Oe 866
ldengala..2 22222 931 SYIVOStriS Ses ee ee ee 118, 936
Leck en Dyt eee Se 5 ee ee a 931 DOUUSUTISEES 3 SOA ee 935
Midas ee ae ee ae 849 CONC ee Rae ah ee ee 850, 851, oe
MUCUS oS BO Nc: SONI eRe Re Sal aa 936 LETION TRING So oe oo en 2 ee 134, 933
PUL NS ones = Fee 0. RS Te Reece 8 ele 859 LE TLTPOINL 2 Sh a ta RR fo 930, 936, 982
MUEKMENSS 3-22 ee ees Se ee 939 CLONE GLEE irae st Oe ape a eae 930
MULLLU ONO: 2 VE eee Bee ee 939 INO oo ee. es Sel el © oe 981
TULA ee ee a ae 848, 851 PEL LAT Re ee CER cst eS RENEE ET 930
ODL Soe ae. ee ee Ee RE 848, 865 SCGDTG He CZAR: Sooke see ee ieee 935
OvWisatd =. ee 956 LOTUS Se ee as Re 848
occidentalis? 4-8 ss Berra e wid 118, 935 tephrosinthos. <2 ee eee eee 853
occidentalis... ee ee a tee 935 bevang = See ee» ee eee 839
OUNEU CC ee a ee Ae a Bae 110, 934 thurberiana 2 oS eee ee 935
OT CHING Se oe ee 936 COTTEYONG 6-25 5.22 ee ee 865
(ill p aig SEO aa IRE Necs SetU pe G_ pe 930 CPaC Vleet be See ie eee 118, 936
OLY LCDS nes ch Pe, Sas ee eee a 852 trichOdeSe Sole ee ee ee 853
DachypRolis.<. = oases 130, 937 bFIChOLEPIS es ee NS ON ee 929
DAUGENSIe ss. ere ee 932 Criflor gs. ee a ee ge -
paludivena ++.) 2. eee Eee ee 122, 935 CFINET DOLE Ae eens epee ee 931
aAlUStHIS = 2 tea es eee 99, 124, 935 thiviahise 2s ee ee eae 4, 99, 116, 937
PMMCOMES foo = a ee 878 fitieulmis. 2.30.76 eee 937
MOTO = a ee ee Ee 849, 866 OCCLOENDALS. Vise =) 25 ee ee 935
(Dabrersonis..<. Ses 22 ee ee 128, 935 PRU COL ee Se eee 929
DUUCHLON GE» 2 0e ee TO ee eee 935 WN PLOT OI ee 895
Pancispiculas:.<.—.- == See eee 120, 935 Unilateralis 2-5 22-2. eae eee 129, 937
DECHIICED . 2 ee ee, er eee 850, 853 UNINC UIs. ee ee ae 879
DENNSULANICH >. 3 eee 848 ALTLOLOIE S22 OE oe ae ee ee 853
philadelphica: =o) 22 S20 Se eee 848 VUSCYONGR NOL a5 eae soda eee 934
PNDENIEED 2 oe SoS oe ee 929 vaseyachlesd ==. oe ae 131, 937
Mins ae ees BS Se ae ee 851 VEMU A 22 3225 ee 8 ee 930
LOC ee. ee” eee 936 Hillosge 2 es ee eee 852
a TOLE 2 ae ee 933 UITENS2 9 se ee eee 980
MlGiHenSIS— 2 See 933 UGE... <2 52 See 851
glatyphylla_—. 222 es. Se 935 UNDG ao 2 8 ets So es 935
plimnosa so Fe ee 3 847 WUT eRe be yah aos ee 850
PATE ONUST UTI ne ee 930 WEEN Se on eae eee 852
DIaAbensis sae otek oe eee 2, 99, 112, 935 apheelent 25 o_o ge SoS ar eee ea ee 110, 934
PseuNOPTaLenstys 82 _ Sua ae ee 930 WLW = 2. = See 929
pratencola® 922222) ae ee ee 930 WOlfis 42.2208 2 so es ihe ca 119, 937
Prince 2235 ee se ee 131, 935 ROYOIMITMCTISIS 3 = 2 oe ee ee epee 931
hansen ee ee ae ee ee 9345) Podagrostisiacquivalvis oe) ee ee 779
Mrocumbens.- 228. Sess SS A ee 940 | Podionapus caespitosus-._-- += 22 = a 833
DSEUAODIILENSIS == 32 - ee es | a eee 930 leRMOSU SS ok 22. oe 2 ee ee eee 834
MUCH oe 2 Se Ba ee eee esas 936 | Podopogon avenaceum_____..------ = 2-2 = 2-2 = 962
miulehella-222 Se i See eo. ae See 937 | Podosaemwm agrostidewm-.---_---------------- 887
Majors =. t=. See ae te eee 934 arenicola: 223 ees ee 886
TUNGENS == = a Soe Ae Se 932 capillaré=s..2 257. Se ee eee 887
DUTLDUNGSCENR Se eee _ eee ae 932 debile 2-2 22225 ee oS 891
epilis. 0 Res USS see 2 ee 932 filipeg 2 ose Sos eee - 887
quinguifida.. 22-3 2 sce22._ See ees 969 fOlOSsiMN = oo) Se ee oe 889
TONOKA=- 2202 eee ee ees 119, 936 GlOMCUMN ED. Wen se et ee e e 889
PENELO oe ees oe Se eee 852 glomeratum. 2. 2) se 20 eo eee 892
Rein acha. -2 oS. oS ae ee eee 851 ALOR TI = ee 895
TEMISSOs 22.32 ee ee ee 934 METIOONUM: <2 252 oS 890
TEDPLONS 2 eee ee ee 851 PONTE ee ae ee es ee 892
CheSDIULOSG. 2 eee 850 DUNGENS = os Fe ee 892
PHIZOM ata ee ee eee a eee 108, 936 DUN DUT CUI so sa 3 Oe et 888
PiGiddsa tear. Te hee ere ee ae 942 TeVeErChONt - 54 ee ee 5 892
TUDES Sas ee oe eS Se | ee 936, 940 TigiduUnite 2 ese Se Se Ce 893
TUDICO easy ee ee ee 99, 129, 936 SCLOSWIN ere Se ae ee ee 891
SaltHENSIS tte ee ee ees 118, 936 Ssobolifertimts i> 2/25 sos ah oer alr a 893
MUCK OLE DIS. Seas ea ee eal ee 936 Len uiflonima = ek ee 894
SOndbengi:, 22 ee Se Se ee 135, 936 CODON ee Ae nd ts ee 894

SODAS sss ES Ss Se ee 933 trichOPOGes 5 2 See ne Se So eee ee 888

INDEX (1031

Podosaemum—Continued. Page
birescéenss 222). 22 oe ee eee 895
virgins S22 ee eee 962

Polish wheat:20 3 as See 243

Pollinia dug-2 eee 855
scoparia se ora ee eae 793
vimingaS Se he ae ee 856

Polyanthriz hgatree oe 3 eee DS 949

Polgoion tems so SR 513, 809

Polypopen427 = 2 a 349, 937
Mopecuraiies: = 22 i Bees Penn ot pe 781
Sustralis=se-= = 2) SL ae ee a 352, pil
CONIA SIR as SE ee Se ee ees
Crinilia eee re, Sot ee 352, 937, 38
Slabestensesss. 328 tebe oak = eee
glomerapis= So ss Se ee eee 302
INET UDLUS ee a ee ee 937

CTR Se oe eee ee ee 937
itor elise eae ee et eee 937
lntoSUs = es an ee ot eS) eS 350, 937
APLC ee aa eee 350, 937
THONSPOHENSIS” ae 22 tee eee oe 349, 350, 937

TALIS ae ee 937

TROND SIRES SS Sk On ees 781
PUES LOTS = Pe et Ee ees 979
TRCEINOSI Re ee ae Se eee 892
SEY ICE ee a Se Re pe ae 887
SPLOS STAI eS = eee hey ee eee ee ee eee 892

Polyraphis, section of Pappophorum__-_-_-_-__- 227

MCOTELIEROT OCHA IE So oe wee ae Be J te 951
UOTE Es An Se ett 3 eee Se 951

Eira [snrees pager ek eo! Ss ED 430

Porteranelig see 5.2 9h dae 2 a 200

Poslandownesien 2= "= esse es a eee 243

PP OVCLLSPOUDET OSS fatto ESR nT) ee ee 303
Bhrec na witer 52288 2 te ls see ee

Prairie beargerass ts 25 Pe eset es 9 ne 3, 726, 729
POT AERA ee Se ea ee a Es 489
CRIES ASS ee eee eee ne 561
ATA Se ree eS 5 ee ee ee 400
aes ES Se Jae ee ee 446
VG MEIGS Rete ime ee Os ee 2 a aw eet 278

Prince Edward island penta: 2s Fe ones 332

ran iewmeedieerass.= 235 5 Cos 2 Nid ts 431

Prepay Alsatian = se 2S Sense 2 oe a A 7

CEPTS Es La UO fe aap a oa a 601

TECTURE eS eee Pan pe Be 320
TEM TE iT Td Shee ae ene SD eg a SR 788
EES en rt pe 788

Pteroessa, section of Eragrostis______________ 148

Ptychophyllum, section of Panicum__-_______ 704

pee CTT Rte ee tes a OS ee 77, 938
TSP UTE Ee eS Pe ee eee ey cA 82, 939
SEER KALE SE Sel) LPTs Wane ad he = a os oe CIN 939
WENLUESLMUN = == 2-5) Sees = eee ER 939
LER ah a ee ae ee 938
ihe 2 OS eRe ere eee eee. 82, 939
LEST RES a ee ep, er a 81, 938

PRT, oe ee a eg Oe 938
Ieee ane ee 2 oe Se 80, 938
TPES RTE TE [oC ee 93
STOOP 3 rr 80, 938
eT = Ts ee 93
SYVAAN MGREA Tso ee rs eee 81, 938

AT eee ee I 939
MU ICAB TSG ee espns FR 2 8 83, 939
mint Latico oe Sees SS ns 82, 939
parishes ese Pe ey ee ee ae 79, 939
Ty 2 1 | eae SEO Ny ee ee 83, 939

ii Le Se eee en ee eee 83, 939
Prams Se oe ht en eee 82, 939
TU DIG ee oe ee ea Se 938
Supesuetsse. 83 eas 38 ae at 79, 939
Simplegs ss sho 5 se 2355 BoA 79, 939
wean yes 2 se U2 ns ee 5 938

Pril-ap muhly 5222s". ys oS ee 361

Prixpile wreise 223 -se ct S 515
Wave bah sa oe ek ee 383
needleerass . 22-2525. 2 a= Pos 431
OniONSIRRS = 588s o-oo 197
Teed STasG 2s sne es a te a ee ee 311
three-awis see 2S Ss assets nelle 452

Parpletop. 2-22 — 2 ete a8 son ante een ee S558 213

Purpurascentia, group of Panicum ee) Gb

itaekprang = 185 eas eS <9 4, 230, 231

Quaking prassses- >. ees en i Cem ey,

Ip 2 Seti Beek she ot. = ECU ca Se 137
little: 23 fie a Reo oc ane age US 137

Page

ian GDTNNTERRE 9 <5, 53 A ee ® 876
eS Se LOD 5) tee I eee 877

pies arb oe Sen Ss Se 5 eee 879
TOU nS ee, Oe ae 831
SDC ns oe NE oe = 4 Pie 5s Te eae 972

Si CGE eee A ee ee 827
EeACUIIAS en eee a ee ee 9
GL eg ee oe teen ES Oe bal ee 481

Range grasses__3, 39, 73, 99, 139, 229, 230, 248, 282, 301,
306, 325, 345, 357, 392, 415, 423, "439, 466, 511,

551, 566, 697.

Rattlesnake rang 4s renee 5-02) ase el eee 48
ATTA EAS 2 Ss, rhe 7 eee eee 89

nary Grier pecage e425 98 8 se od ae ee 5, 72
MEPIS LIGETI ONS Fors oe es. ae 856
aebentischia flavescens_.- =e Bee 973
SONU, WOT IIS. 2 le ee 955
UALS Ns a eS ee ee 956
SUT os 8 a ee ae el ee TY 956
QUITE 222 = = Ss ee Se rl ae 956
URIS Et 5 2 EN ee ges -. 956
FOOTE. [20345 ae ia aa SE 957

PUMP Sreys 2 ane es SEES Oe 957 |

eT ee 2 a = Xk 10 ae by Ca 957
Pengilovidt 22 = 2.” 2? er ee 955
UTTOY ea” Ss 2 ee Sb: ee 955
MISTS UNEIICL. = 2 Se eee 956
TID eee oe WS Ce BS | 8 955
UI Chie en en eS eee 956
TapGLTatemeneoess fo oo. Bis FF Ss 393
CSCHG Does 22a ai 2 Si Se Se ee 5, 58
ORES = ee Se eee 294
Sprinrlétopes so WS tant ae 472
Three suit ee 2 ett bee o> - ee a 453
Redhieldidesss& ot a ee ee 173, 940
HexwOsa ee sere > ee eee ee 4, 173, 940
HCL LO Teed ene a Sak ee eat 2, 325, 331
TARGA eee” FS es Se ae ee 337
Orecarise <} 2s ee ee 340
SDike Sages ot 2 eee ne ee 335
AE Dere 2-8 ak eee 327
Reed canaryrrass= \ os) (S.. seehee. ee 534
feed, common |. 58). 2s) ee eee 191
giant pS Se See oe oe ee eee 5, 187
Beer rusn! eee he ee ee 306
NOD Nera Se Oe es eee 318
Putin oo 8 ee eee 311
puTploss Ses a ae eee 311
IRAN AG G2 fusG 22. 2252 Se aa 928
BUAOSLAChYyeee: = 22 on Seine. 575, 940
emmiarocnioag se 26. 32s aR = eee _- 575, 940
AGI bat ae ee ae eee ee 575
Glivostachyne- =) =f oe. eee 575, 940
ESCO larass eee as ari Wee es : eee or 2, 33, 36
Reverchon three-awn______ feteee eet ee 451
PACTS 2 AE pe pS 753, 940
ACICMIAIS = eter at oS. ed Te 753
PAVCIHOMIS. eee ee A I 753, 940
PRS. - eee ee es ee ee 75:
Fuhicomes <2 2 = Wee ee - ov ss Se ee 7
inode isiand beat. -—-. =. — a ee 332
Colonial -benipe==-2--- + == _ - - eee 332
SUNOGES PTUSS2 © Bae se aS fn es Bi Se eee 2, 502
Rhombolytrum albescens-_-___- 8 ee 216
Rhy nchelyintsn FEPens- 2. = =< => ae kee 695
TOSCANO oo ee ee 968
HaBOOH PTASS= .> 222-2. ._4_- sce 5, 534
TPG In ees Je ate 2 2 $e 535
Cullgrass== =2=* == =.= _2--=2i2be-=2 = ee 539
LSet g2 eS ae ee aS

hiding 8 415, 421
iad a eee

Mi tlesepede<* =. 4e=- = =e ie ee 416
Richardson needlegrass__-_________- = lay 427
RUNS ERASS 223 fe ae 82a ok ee 381
Pi re Le 33, 53
Tipu TAvenNle | 8s 2 Sk cee eee 84
Reck mel” 5-86. 3. oe 200
RUTCTINOL UE ROOD Sa oe ng ee
Pupots/ OF Brasses =< =< =... ee I eS 7
Rothrock gramps oe. oc soe ce ces SUL HIS
(cde | a a ee ents aes eee 760, 940

pleearme? o- Ws Boe : foe OSI

Re dt) ee ee ee Sag Ae eae a 2 SSI

ee i a aoe SE S47

compressa Var. fasciculata_____._-___ wee tt
corregatag =~ <=... SS Be eee nema oe = SSI
OS eh ee ee &S2

1032 INDEX
Rottboellia—Continued. Page Page
CHlindnicas ee ae ea oe A 880/881 |) Schenodorus amencantss------ seen 857
Cxaltataees woes oe tek eee 760:)940":|. SGRISINUS=-o- = 2s = See, ee eee 275, 941
fasciculata. 822.) eee ea 881 barbatus= 2-3 Soe ae 275, 941
PULEFOT IAS aoe See ces es ee eee 928 OSCICULOLUS o.oo 2 ee ee ee 941
TCURUE co8 te oe eae an See ae ee 927 TONGRTIOLUS So ey aes ee oe 275, 941
INCURVOLO = ee a na ee Dee eee 927 DUbON Ser eS a ee en ae ee ae 877
Daniculabie. sea eee See OAs | Schizachn@s= ja. Siem. aa oe 5 nee te 205, 941
RUGOSOH a Nah eee een seine eee eee 881 LUT LCL ee ote ee eee ee 205, 941
CRODMON ee oe eee es oe 882 DUGDUTASCENS 6242 pene ee ee 205, 941
SCORDIONCES Sie = oes IL RN ele ee sae 829)" Sclerochlog 22225. See en a) Auge he Seen 94, 942
StOlLONU ends. os =. oe eee eee ae 962 GFENUNO VAL. [OSCICUlLCe. a nee 938
LESSCLLOLO Ee ee ee Se ee reer ae 882 TMORUVING ape so eee ee ee 939
bilber culosa nee a aie at cote ae anne 882 borers Sane a hay oo alee eee 938
our hiblaesrass:. 222 a2 see es ee 4,116 COMPOTNACC an Beano eee shee tee ner 936
TOSCULG areas ie co ee eee ce ecg et ee 71 G1SUQTS oo Sse ie er ee eee ee 938
Stalked meadow, grasss2=- se oes eee 116 £6 DD eh eg Se sai NE tel ie Nah od ted 8 94, 942
EE DESTINO PUVESCENS. = ee 975 MONG 2 cence ha ak eee eee ae eee 939
IR;VORTASS ss Oke tases oS TRI SEES eee 269 mvuliiculmms ssp. bonnents- 22 22— 22a 938
Australian®.—222222 225222 eee 272 GiStONS = se 5 eee ve eg 1 eee 938
Relishes 2232252020525 5e 222 ee 269, 272 DIOCUMDBENS® oo ee. -, Nae en Sele ee 940
italiane se: oo sen 2a eee 2, 269, 272 TAGE a he Se oe ee 942
perennial. 22 oso ee 2269" |); SCLELODOReas- 5 .e awn = ae Sede eee eee 77, 942
Rytihitiglandulosai esse = ee ee 868 DEOCUTILVENG oa eet Oe ee ee 940
QnONULONIS 2 oe eee 868 pigidat. oe coe Ae ee ny ee 77, 942
Sacaton 4-222 0 (ae eee eee 3,408 | Schizachyrium, section of Andropogon______- 728
alkalis: 8 oo 22 ie ee ee ee 3,408 | Schizachyrium acuminatum.-._------------ 731, 793
SACCHORI ENA S DONLQILE Cee ee 982 CUT OLWT = a. a ee Oe ee 9
Saccharum 225! 2 ee 718, 940 COMINGENSE 2 oo a ee 791
QLODCCUTOLUCILIN oe ee ee ee 854 SCCNSE-= oe 2) SER er ee 791
DAC WN as ee eee 855 gracile. 2 I J ee 7
bar berise te 2s sic 2s eae See een 721 Hartiflonums ssc 2 Ft DIN ee ee Oe ae 791
RET DONDE a eS neers ey ae he ena 8 Lifton ale co ae oe ee eee 792
GUAR eye secon he ee ea Re eee 721, 940 QIVOM ALT TUT oe a, Ue Se lec 792
contortum_----- A ae a eden ae a ne NEOMETICHTUUNT ae aeaeah eae a 731, 793
CHUNATICUM. 20 Le eee ee ee ee 873 oligostachyum os. =. se a eee 791
CHLGTUNOIDESE.. = OE nee ean a oe ey ee ee 854 SCODOMUME ool oo eos Sa See eee 793
CED MTTA UT EEE 2 SPS a BOS LE 854 Somber Dee oo ote oe eee re 793
JODONICUOL. oo on ae eee oe Se 885 SLOLONASENUM oo et ee ee 794
Offieimarim .. = 2802 ee eee 2 718, 940 CENETUM oo aoe eS DE ee ee 794
ONT EIHS 5 opts osSee esses: 826 CriGristatums 20 oe So ee eee oe ee 731, 794
DOWSLOCHYULM = = a eae ae ee 967 DILLOSISSUNVU Tb 3 ne ee ee 731, 793
TDC TUT ee ee a S04: | Schleropeia Stolonijend- 2 -a2e 2 eee eee 870
Sagittal eee SOU SChIntgiid BUDE a = sae ae ea ee 828
SINGHSIS=2 9. 5). Se ee ee eee eee (2. |FSthoenms aculegtuse 22. eee 828
Spontameumi.--_-----_-__--_-_-.-_-.--__e d2U°|) Achraders bromeprass:_”- 2-5 *" aes eee 36
Sirichum —— 2-2-2 Cee see eS Soo) || -Schaulfesia meraed.... = = eee 826
SPEC) (2) OF RI = = SR ee Se Eee eo 687, 940 | Sciadonardus distichophyllus__...._..-__-_--_- 867
QU0DUs. oo a neese sees eee 688, 941 | Sclerachme arkansana____--_---.._.._----_--- 880
indica 22 8. Be ee ee ee 688, 940 DOS Gree 2 ee Be a eee 880
ODO s oe sade asas See esses = 222 225=5 941" | Seleropogons es Ss ee 227, 942
Strlata=. 225-228. 8 a eee oe 688, 941 brevitolitis=-- os. eee aoe 229, 942
Saint -AvpuStine PTass =a — 5 eee ae 5, 565 arwinskeyaniws. 2-2. Se ee 229, 942
Salinaewald-rye iss. = jose soe Ae ee 202): SeolochlOG= = oes se ee 95
SQUNOSO leruosa. 2 Seenco eno ee eee 834 OPMUNOIN ACE os 28s 5 ene ee 803, 863
DV OCC0L! Sas aes seen eee 787 ONOT oe eae AX. 2 a ee 803
LTA Pe oe eT I IS SES SoS EB LSS 787 festuchced=. ee 863
alterass; desert: ==. 225 on ano. (ee sees iid |) Seopania, Sroup lol Panicume ss >. asso sae 654
Saltmeadow COrdgrassss- 2 2-2) eee 493°) Scratch grass: onc seek aa See ae ee 366
Sand-binding grasses..._ 4, 100, 143, 173, 179, 320,322 | Screwleaf muhly___..__-._.__-_____-_.._______-_ 377
Sandidropseed’-- 2225 2222 sae eee 402) Senibner necdlegrass=92 sles. 25s eee ee 434
Sandberg bluegrass. -°---— = =2 = ee eee 99, 134 TOPUPTASS: 23> snes ALN ee a 314
Sand burscd2 0 asso aa ae ee ees 708 | Senibneria..-- 2224252 oo ee ee 275, 942
CO9St Sie 2 bean esl eee a eee 710 polanderi._2---- =) 42 eae eke 275, 942
GUNG 24-2 2. eee ee ee ALL, lt Sesoats: 2 32-52-22 oe ee ee 180
feldf2 ss oes ee ee es 710 sandreed 222-22. Se ee ee ee 320
Sandreed, Seas: 9-4 3 ee ee ee eee 320) li Seaside bent. 24-2555 8 22226 ee eee 330
Sanguinaria vaginata____--------------- ae 023i Secalence. 222 eves 2+ ee Lo 246, 942
SUNG MMOTOSDEMENS 1S =e ee ee 938 cereales 22. 222s ee eee 246, 942
Sasa Japonica... 2. 222--2 )5e eee ee 5, 31 mMontanwIMs 22... 22 css ee eee 24
Satin taille 2535 Satie a ae 715 PTOStTAlUM 2 2 o28 52 oe eae ee ee 779
Sanastana-2/ ss 3 os asc e e ee 026) |) (SeMlaphore-Srass= a= sce ee ee 97
GIpiNG 223A oe 3 eee 869 NOGdING: #2. 2-25-24 555 0 ee ae 97
macrophylla. 2-2. 2 se eo ee 8691) Serrafalcusanvensis. == =—s ee a eee 811
Nasties. Leo S22 5a eee 528, 869 CONMUMULOUUS.- 25 ee 814
Od ON OLDE ee ahem a eink <1 N oe e 869 MIUlUs «af. see ee 815
LOGTANS= 252: o 2 okee SEIS a ee 869 racemosus var. commutatus__.------------ 814
Schedonnardus=. 202) 3-92) es 484, 941 SeCalinus:. 22 Le ae ee 817
PAaniculatws +2 2-55. eee ee 484, A87, 941. |; Sesleniaiamentcand.. 2222222222 2 a eee 982
UBT) Raia hake aie a NS en ES 484, 941 dactyloides 5-5 ia eee 2 ee 818
Schedonorws clarion. 42 oe es eee 857 | Setacea, group of Paspalum_--__------------- 583
INETINGG? soo 55 ee ee en a eee S14 eS efarigstes 220 aoe. ae ek eee 695, 942
OOEUS TES AGI 2 eT I a 859 OPUNISE 2s So 5 SE ee ee 943
TEEN STS te SEN Ltd SE a ee ee 857 OND UO cee EN Se ere Be ne 948
SUCHE S 2 I RTD, fee 777 Danbatae. ia see Bas a ee ee eae 704, 942
SHOTS LUE 8 es ee eee 817 berteroniana: 2.222 2-- 2 2s eee ee 43
tectonwms 22.02 22 Sane aie A aera aS cae 817 OR EDISTIICU Le) eee, SENG oa Oa ee nee ae 948
EON CLANS a ae a i 859 COMPO MICU. + 2 net ee ee ae 945
UNiOlOides ee 2k s se Lee ee ee 813 COUMUDS = See ee 947
Schellinguntenend 24 eee ee eee en B07 DWUCHLON Mee sees eae ee eee 982, 993

INDEX 1033
Setaria—Continued. Page | Sieglingia—Continued. Page
centhroidés =. 2 eS 925 I ee 2 SP een OT es 969
contmidatl== |» 3 8s ee ee 947 GHOSE ns ne ee 970
COM POSsits 22. 25252... 5s eS 947 TCE 1g 1 Me 2 LO eS PE 970
eornigstasl =} «2 ee eee 701, 943 NEM Eh Sree ee ee oe ee 970
ellioniant= 2 oe 825 DU ONES 2 et. 5 a ea ee 971
eribescenss! ei. = eee 925 TANCES ee een 971
GOOD = RS pS pk Le oe at 943 POSIT 52 2 2s ee 971
Gentewlata 2 oe 697, 943 PUD ee ee ee 972
GeTMmInICl: -. = e 945 SCROR ROT Eee os 3 972
GiDOR Ee ee =. oe. eee 947 Ses erpnies 99 es es 2 ee 969
glourae = =. ey, Fee 697, 924, 946 VLETINGNG = 970
COTTUGO eS eee SUC 3s 55 = ee 972
elongata ss ne ee eee 946 SOIC ee ee 971
Ceniculgig oe 2 ee eee 945 LOL fe ee, ee eee 971
SINDEN IS a hk ee 944 PUETOIOIN INS 23 se 968
tnengiin. 7 = tar = pe ee 944 TOT IGN bere 2 Se a ee a, 839
ENICIUALE BP. eet See wy LL ae ar ae 2, 705, 768
DUGPULOSCENS 22" = 3 ee S25" (Silver. bearderass.-2...- -.. ---- ee 744
Grats haere. ee oe ee 943 hairgrass. ee ee ee ee ee: 293
isyurn: =~. ee” eee 944 Dlumeerass: <3 2--- 2 =) ee 722
STISOHACHIt += =... ee =e FOLSOM Di ht rr are a eae 259, 949
iirichaeee ee 2 ee CLESCCT Bk 2 ae ee een
RISD Se ra eg 8 ee 943 ICM. - == eee 260, 949
amber 2 oe ee 943 nasaiicola: 2... 23 = es
DE CNRISA SA eS Saas 945 Drenasslatmn = 260, 950
DUTPUSOSCENSs.2 =e Se, 945 ice t()!5])|| <n ae eee fe 261, 949
PERT (Ere Se ee Se ee eee 2, 697, 704, 945 Dodie. sf Se ee
WETAMONICI Ses 2 oka SSS St Se eS 945 GIESTBIASII = 2. 949
stramineofructa var. brunneoseta_____- 946 CUOMO =o eee 949
Rernnniicr 2 a ee 946 Chih Be A. ee
SAN De Pe ae we RC 949 CIEL Ces 3 a Ss Se es 261, 949
LOCUINHS = 32 a oS 943 Clogs Sg ee ee 259, 949
Lite) Tire eee nS eS ROEM, Ser Ss 945 LETIUASTD pee 2 2 et ge 776
iucipilipe 32° a. Ke Ee 947 GUabr att ee. - eres 949
Tiehmarinias > ee ee 701, 946 ManSentj=2 Sees Ses eS ee 260, 949
TRGESCRN Se se Se 697, Cun = ee _ eee 949
mMACTOSpenMA: Sse ee 699, 946 herdcmies:--. te eee
mMiacrostachya:* - 2 3. ee 697, 700, 946 Wiystayme eh 259, 260, 949
UAC oot oo os ee 702, 947 PISTUOT ES =o ee 261, 949
METICONN os so ee 945 DAL GN. 2 = ee 260, 950
SUT AOND ie) Rs se 839 lomceolain == ee eee 776
MGTIFOSUTIS 2 5 ok od eee 698, 947 laigjoluin <= ee 950
Palniloiae Ws es Ee ee ee 697, 704, 947 leckeubys- <0. ee ea 949
DOOM 5 P= on oS Penge 28 A 2st ee ee 261, 950
DOTORUIS ES 2 oe or 5 ee ee 944 TRATION 2 = I 261
BOGE a oe es a ee pee 704, 947 SNS. ee ee 261, 949
DOSSOCHY I 2 6 oss 947 SIOUE2 2 de ee ee
WUPPUTOSCENS—- ===. =... SSeS Se 943 TROMUNUAN == e ee 8 261, 949
Taira. eek eee 700, 947 MU. 3 950
TATE OT in ys 2 eR eee plano. 2. = 949
THQ Se ee ks es EI 94 pogmiihiT. 22 ee ee 950
Seheslen son he a Se ee ee 700, 947 PUN OTN 2 = Se 950
Splosast tte ee wt os eee 700, 947 TURAN S282 te ee 949
COAL pn ne tyes 2 947 CU OIRO 2. 950
SUEDCETUTS a ee 5 oS 944 SRUICRCEN Stems 5. es. == Ee ee 949
SEE TRIE Be oe RS =f 5 OS 944 ig ek | eee ee ao ee ee Se = 950
LITE Se aa Ee Pee ED 704 SEISGUSVIGIS) + er se te ee 949
PCIe SS ee So eee 943 DODIRTITL TE See eS 3 5 ee 261, 950
Ta ite i, i ee a a ee Sap 943 TAMOR UT ee ee ee 260, 950
WEMACHInta ss 2.80 Sa. 5) es EERO 699, 948" | ‘Sixweeks Gropmecd:. --.—-. = 2. Sees 393
eunbipgin= Sos) 2502022 es 699, 948 CSOT tS Se ee 61
WALI GSISS1H91 eee, a 700, 948 Rar eee os 561
VATAGIS 3), See 695, 702, 948 STGSS: ot ee ee 439, 511
LATE = ae 2 = re OE ChrOS-O Wee sa sa eee 446
DY ENISELG. AP eee = 39s Foe ee 949°) Skyline biaeprass: >... eee 130
PUPPUTASCenst 2 = ei eS gis] Sloony- cress. fete. 7 ene ee 435
WEMUNANTH ee 8 943: 1) Slender biuetrass.. >=... 4.2 Va eee 134
WEIN TATNMNE 55 2 PS op os. SRE 948 Sr et ee a 515
Shade fpsetie =< = 2. - 45. ee ne 75 ee ene ae oer Oe PEE. 288
Saat es cA Ge ee sie 2s ee 750, 752 CEI ee BES 8 5 a 295
Sheep ‘fescue: s+... 5 ee es eee 5, 58, 76 WOGPOPDHES 225. <3 ohne Se 280
Shortawnioxtall..22939 = ee 348 roe? a ts ee ee eee ee 2, 3, 230, 237
Shorthair: <=... eee. oaks eee eee BOS] Piet EOC aie 2 ne eee ee 216
Shortleaf triedia ..- = 2.2 oo a eee 200; 4 Sivan y 22. =. = ee 368
Sigkle STrass 29 2 SPS sole ee eos Se cee eee SUS 5 its AO oe se ee 195
HIGe-OAtS Sram sos 252 ae eS FS ole ae 3; ole. 1 Si0obn Brome@-- == © 5.2. 2 2 2 2, 33, 39
Sieglingia acuminata ss. 22.2 s2 = eS 971 Garderaseia tac. * 25 ea. Se) ee 491
GLBESCENB oo a 2 ee 968 ERR PTOSS: cnc k ge ec ee 557
ambigist =~) o-— seee ee 2 ee O70 a (ete OPeNg 0. 88 to eee ee 395
QMETIONNE 402 2 A eh Set eS Daa a) V5S0l G OROSS 22 ee ee a 50
avenacea var. grandiflora_____-_-_-_------- O70") Sall-helding erases..." = Ee aS Se 4, 33,
butkleyanas.2-%225242 San SE eet 968 100, 173, 230, 248, 320, 322 , 489, 576
chapmeanin se Se 2 Oe 7D OPP ASSOS ot ks 7% 672, 705, 768
congesig..2 Fo ee eee es QGS 8 Tre ARI INT od fs tee ee fo ef 752, 950
CUDTCE: Hae Ss See eee 969 dae ee aa MO 752, 951
dubia’... So Saree ees See TOA 2 877 NUT) Eee a2 SS Snr. e eae 753, 950
Clongali: 2222 er a Ser n,n de EES. Beet eae 51
CLOUT ORDER S27 kes ee SE 969 SUL ee a he ee 3, 752, 950
Scnbra===25— nae + Se eee 969 SOOUNGUM i -nos- 2 -cscsetscseceu al: 5, 753, 951

1034 INDEX

Page | Spartina—Continued. Page
Sorghos sass. - ssa 50 S50 see b owen blk 750, 752 patenS =. 252 Soo en ae Shoe 489, 493, 954
Sorfhumt sss so eS ho es 748, 750, 951 Gaespitosdsfytou See A93, 954
ONGOHINMN Si 787 (UNCED =H eh ee ee 493, 954
OQNGENCEWM 3 = = 22s eee ee ee ae Se 794 pectinata s. --22 4 sana mE i eee 2, 489, 954
QveTaCeuMm =< ees = oe ee ee ee 951 SUM EIS AS 2 No ee 1 54
brachystachyums2 = ee 789 Dillielti=< ee Se 5 ee eee 955
CODUNISID#. 2 = 2h 2c eee 22 ae 789 polystuchyus eons... 2) 225 ee 491, 954
COPTONUM 22 = eae et ee eee 952 pumila. eee ee ee Se 954
Cinrahimn eee oe a en ee 789 schreberi 2 2e-2. 2 a ee 487
CONLOTUTI Se ee ee ee 868 Spartinaes: 2. 2b. fens She 492, 954
GrumMondti se As tee ee ee 952 Stricta var:altenniflord_.--__ =). es 953
Clitotti tee hee ed ee 790 QUOTE 2) ener oe ee 953
GlLOMer ALU 2s ee ee ee eee 790 INOTHIMM See <n Se 953
ORO Giles Sees Sa oaks ee oO ee A 791 townsendiic: 22°. eee ee 4, 489
halépense-s.4. 2 kee ee Wa0951: >}. Spelt 622 eee ee Ce ee 243
Saccharnatum 22-282 Se ee 952>| Sphaertwumilacryma. ee ee 828
halite 791 | Sphaerocarpa, group of Panicum____________ 643
histiflorumS es: ae 791- |. Sphenopholis=== 232 eae 278, 955
Rin ees Se ee ee 870 ORNs 2 ee ee eee 957
longibenbesse 2. oe op ee a cere 792 OTishatd 2a a ee ee 957
IMeLUNOCANDUM 22222522 2222 eee 869 filiformis: 22 5 Vo a ee 281, 955
TOPOS eee 2 Aone he ee 25 eee 830 Glabras 2. oo. oe Se 956
NULONS EEE jy 2s re Le 951 hallit 22 Shc eee ae 74
quendctew M223 eS eee 951 intenmedias. 2 SS) Vee eee 278, 280, 955
lianneanum..2:_ 22.3 eee 951 interrupt... ae Ce eee 974
DUUC HON wes ete ee 940 longifloray.= 2! eA eee 280, OLB
TOLOUL ONS Se ete ee en hele 952 101 £6 bee een ee uaee eT een eae! FOR AT Pet oe 280, 955
WALA 82 ee ee i akc ha 5 ee ere ae 872 lOO x. ie i a ee OE 956
ROCCIMAN LLL TIO pce kt ee ek ne 750, 952 ODLUSH basa) Aste st 4a ee 278, 955
RMCCILAT CLUES eee ee eee eee ee 792 LODGEG 222 3 38nd oes Ss end de ee 957
SCG DENETEN Gt a a et oe 793 pulescens: 27s, lee 2 Oooh ae a 957
RAIA DAN a ee eS ae ake Sena Te 951 pallens. .2 ee sre 280, 281, 955, He
SOMLUETUE HS. foe ht Dan See ne een 793 tongijlong <2! = os ae eas

NONOIUAD i oe. ee re Pee ene 952 WOOT eo i a, es ee ae oe
SET ICLILT Gs ee = Sto J aS. he, eR 941 Pilustris. 2 eA ee a ee 975
SUMOTENSE oe - oo ee 953 jlerupsas -... 2-2 ee Se 975
COMET ALTERS. Oe ee Sa 794 pennsylvanica:: + 325 32 ee orb
DUR OUALTID es Ae ae Se: oe 952 fepuosas.. 2 ee eS ee 975
TR GUNCU Ne oe es ee oe 795 PUCSCENBS = 2 ae OO pe ee 957
WU GAG meee) 2S oe A ee ae 750,952 robusta. 22-22. "= eee 957
hicolors == =e Sets eee ae 952°} ‘Spider grass: b:o-t 2. Aes Ti me eee 443
Ccafironum 3) 4-22 os ee es 762,952" | Spikeidropseed = 228 2 2ss. 27 2s oe ae 406
ariinimon diis2 Ae 952 GSCUB 2252S sou Se ee ee 69
AIDS Sak eg Ee ee ae Se 752, 952 TNC ea oe ee a ae 365
TOxDUre nl. eee ee 752, 952 Oatse sf 2 5 Dee ee ee 297
Saccharatin 22.6 = ee ee 752, 952 redtap:2-4et Sess 2) ee 335
sudanense-2- >. + = es 750, 952 trisehimn = 82 a eS ee 284
fechnicum= 2) eee 752, 952° |) ‘Spikelet, stracture ote... eee 8
COVAOIE 4S ik oe ed TS as 2 ee 795"| “Spirochloe paniculata. 2 a eee 941
ZIZANNOLES 528s ee ee 978 | Spirotheros melanocarpus___..--___._____----- 869
SUNTSTHSS Se See Oe ee BSE S| SS POLO DOlUSs 2.22 55-2 a ee eee 392, 957
SanthiGerman bent. .....-=).. +. sa 330 SITOIGES et Ae ee 392, 408, on

Soar binite seeetse nee. are oe a ee 487, 953 alnssimuss <2 a eS ee 962
RIGEENITIGKA= e- - 2 Ue. 22 Se ne 491, 953 MINOT Se 962
UD Ee Oke Ee I Ee ees 492, 953 QNGUSIUS 2. =. ee ee 961
ilOSti ee es NO poe eer See 492, 953 QTENEACEUS 2-2 2 = 5 de 886
QMETICONNe 26 Se ae i! Se 954 ATMS) 2. Je ee See ee 402, 957
Dakenieee es) eee ee Se 492, 953 aristulatus! 329.2 «Ree ee ee 889
EES TILOSI. 228s et See BE Jy eee 854 QTiZONICUS: oP a ag ae ees 960
CYNOSUTOIGES 20 2- e ee 489, 953 OT KANSONUSS Toon Os ee «Oe 957
@UTEO-Marginale- eee eee 954 ASPEN owes ee Se 397, 958

SO OTIICI IS, co eee I 954 OTUWIMNMONT 2S ee 958
WRICHOUTIONG 62 ee 954 TiGokerds 3. Oe ten 398, 958
MVGION ss Ne ee 954 DiUloOsuS2 2. 2u2! ee el 398, 958
Nolystachy@.. > 32 ae oe ee oe 954 QSNEFICT USS A 2) Oh 893
densiflora subv. brongniarti forma acuta_. 954 OSDCTUONUS 2222. 3 ee eee 366, 886
JWT OTIS EOS oe ae eel ee 955 DY COtfOlUS 5. eo Ee Oe 886
ROMO SOs eco are CS ee ee 491, 954 MAJOT 2a he On 886
Glabrae i ee ek Ee ete OF OLECTUEUS AS Sa ok rel A ed oe 398, 958
allerntflon as tae e aS 953 LUT ACU SBS i Na a ae es a 365, 886
pilosa: 78ers 2 es ee 953 Der her OQgTUs es a 26 eh eS ee 395, 961
GOUT 2 ey OO Sa i 2 ee 955 Dolanibert oo oi ne ee 933
STACIMNS So ee oS ee ee ee 492, 954 brempoltus oe 2s ees 887, 894
JUUNCEG te a LES See. Ue eee 493, 954 buckdeyi =: 2222-2 eee ee ee 406, 958
Gmericang hs. e Re re 954 CONOUIT ENS <3 oo ee re ee ee 398, 958
bakeries: 3 oe ee ae 953 elandestinus.2 2.222 92) tae eee 398, 958

Maken gs 6 Lee eS. ob ee a ee ae 954 COMPOSIVUS: 2 25 5S See

FUNCT OR MNISs Fos ee. SOs ae ee 492. 955 COMDTESSUS 2 eee 367, 895
LACUIGALO S28 = SS ee 953 COTUSUS SN je ee eae 394, 960
leiantha then ee ee se 491, 954 aberrans 22 oe es See 960
maritima ssp. glabra__------------ ages Se 953 COn{LACtUS:. 2202. se ee ee 406, 958
Ober NiflOnG ie ee ee Se 953 CLY PtanarusSe = aes. oe eens 392, 402, 958

Qlibra2 Seer ee rn a 953 LEDUOS US a= ee oS a ea 959
DN OSG ae es Se ee 953 CUCTEEUS: (=.= 528 ee ee 959
TELA BILL | ape np ee RE Ae SE 953 ANDOVULUS oa tee ee ae ee 959
TCR NE oa) ES ae 489, ner MOWUSHURE 2 Soe eee ee yes 959
SUE CT a Oe a ae Oe eee 954 SHICHI Sa 2 ee ee ee

CONUAOT 2 Sos ae Bee ee 954 DOQULUS - a ee 959
MVS LOT Oe ae ee co ee 955 GULEDISST ee eae en ae eee 400, 959

INDEX 1035
Sporobolus—C ontinued. Page Page
cusmidatiige. 1. Pye ee eee COR Rr 5 5 1 ae a 7 a 563, 962
CEDOUUDETINUS nn 7 Ho 363, 893 Cent eS 962
UO MSS a ee ee 888 dimidiatum var. americanum____-------- 962
desenticols: = —. > . 3 Fh ee 886 MECH MIT x88 ee se Se as 962
diffissimus "532 Se Se 957 Slapriie s 2-5 ess eT ee 565
disiichophyliis-— 22> oe eee VINCI = o> 32 = a ee oe 962
doniinrensis. 23. 222" A 402, 959 SULINERLOSUAT 8 ee ee ee 962
tritaymiinds Pies te See 398, 958 Secuudniqim 2's 5534) e ieee 565, 962
JUNCUS AS 5 ae ee DROW es a ee 565, 962
elonpatuss so. 2) tS. = ee 395 SCOUNMIG I es ee eee 962
jilicnimse- oe BOTT SUITE PT ARS: (a8. SPS ey ee aE es 154
Ju Or as SI 2 ee 2 = Dek Cote a Boe Shi paeen set ete ot ee ss ee 423, 962
flexqigsnss-—* 922 = = 3 Se ee 392, 404, 959 anquloa= =. ee ee 978
floridannn) 3-2 ee ee 401, 959 STidyeetee ne , ee SE ee 437, 962
CUTLIRS M8 Sar se ee 959 Avennced 7 2 Ses ee ee aes 428, 962
pipnmienn scenes SL ee ee 406, 959 elon fe ee ee
PrACNise eee os 2 as ee 401, 959 BVENACIOIGGS = ee = ee ee 428, 962
Gratings. 2852 2. |. 888 ries. Se ss ap ee eae ei 962
HeSLERIE PISS: = | Soe ee ee 400, 960 bloomer <=. ee 897
iit SS. 2 ere ee eee 392, 395, 960, 961 Drachyenneta) o>. Ae ee 439, 962
UCTS ee oe 888 Galifornica- = 2) = ee eee 434, 963
INOTOINMNSS ee enn ee 959 CALORIC 2 ea ee 965
TRUGTET bs = 392, 399, 960 COmanenists...- 2s J ee eee 897
JOCHIETION ES Ss a ee 960 Cipibines 5 2 es ee ee 887
JOULE AS oR 88 a ek Se 890 CO niet: OSS TE Ps ee 963
junc 402, 959 Spa eee 964
LOTS Chr es te ee 960 CMOS =. 965
lindatusise a os ee. pee 383, 887 GColnimbiana =< fan) ee 423, 436, 963
ILO See a ee ee 395, 962 NeISGRP se et
Clongiiis 28 ee te ee CONTA THe es 42s es Sie 2, 423, 430, 963
i! es <2 i ete, 958 Sree pees 3: oa 430,
THR CR aSseees | ee eee SS a Seed 398, 960 TNONSO 5... ee ee a 430, 963
MCTOSPEHMNUS se ee ee 393, 960 COFOna ase te. ae ad 427, 963
INNO pe NR es Be ee 961 deparmerita=—. . Seeee es 427, 963
ARINUESSINUS ee ee ot Pe 394, 960 SUITASR sa eee ee 963
muphlenberey» oss 22-5 at ee 979 Cig gtiit: 2 a Ses 434, 963
mien ey 22 ae a eee oe 406, 960 dems = ee eee 880
MCPICC LUSH => 5+ AS ee 397, 960 aise Se ee ee 887, 962
DOTS a ee aS eee 961 plerpantissima..- = 5° eee ee 439, 963
DZIRTICON RES ea Se) Se 5 ee 397. 960 SNe eee 2 ot eee ae 433, 963
pilosus __ ----- ne at ae hh ees ee ee Grane. ©. <2 eee 431, 963
Pere Ss. Ss ee 395, 960 GIMETSONY. = 2 oe
DUEPUEASCONSa2 2 29 ose ae 402, 961 CECI ee I See. 963
TOCAMOSU RRs 22 oe 2 5 i Se 961 CLPRUN SE ek kt ee 867, 888
FARWBIOSTIS | 352 oe ee 393, 961 JEMUWGE = 2 2a. Sk ee
TERPS Sees Ws te 2 a Sie ee 892 MLOTUORE S.. = 73 eo ae eee 963
TACO MROMIS 282 es le ge 363, 894 MIRRED eo Se en ee 964
SHDCIIMCR= fae) aol k Se. pos SE 2 _ 958 (nas var. JONESsONG. 2 ee 965
ICTS) 1] RE Re DORE PAP SIRE 895 SIICCIOSG. 2-2 30-2. Jae. ee 965
SIMMIENIOSG = == | AU. 2 ee Romnenetdes:. eae ts ee 898
SOT OUTS ee fo 5 ae 2 oe Babes 368, 895 qoNCeRS SS ee te. ee ae 963
ELLY 1) ft fae oo” OR ae Oe REE, =e RUNCENs 2-2 eo Se + 2 897
CENT 6 2a ee on SE 889 Rig "22. 45 223 ch ot eee 898
REF ICL Saree. a I IN MORE 5 et Soe 958 hE Ole os BS en. es Se 896
EONS aaa = i See os eS 853 (a(t ith ae ae enn _ hae 433, 963
LARC IONS = es ee on Be) 400, 961 BOTT Tee rat so 2 Ase: Mette fn Pes EY 423, 435, 963
LGWANHS =. 22 P52 See Foo 2 3 Net peo 408, 961 JONG RE Sn a ee ee 963
Pare so Nn EES 409, 961 Mappa GN as ee 432, 963
DILTON =e oa ee Se ek oe ee ee 894 SIGOTSO TT ee gl ee a 432, 963
LOTT EY OTS es AS enn ttn TN ne = SS 367, 895 leftermiawsia. 22. =. <a 423, 436, 964
Tricholepig ==. = 2-2 55 fous va A RE 805 levcotriebas=-—2 2 hee 426, 964
WUE TLOT SES Oa ern ete Ny et ee ee 368, 895 lobatays\ 20 eee. 2 2k eee 434,
CDP TE eS es ee = See ee Ae a 362, 895 SHUCOUM HS Ses Se 6 2 8 Py 897
DUGRIOLUE oes et ee ae ee ee 961 MEeELANOCOTIMING = 8. 2 => 52. 52+ = 868
VWarinilorns 22:4 = ee 395, 961 MeMUTANOeN SO. Fe ks on a S98
eeysales. te 1s ea Nee See UES 961 SURTUOT ett 436, 963
TREN OM 1s ee Take eee ne ae Se 961 TICE TILOTIU NR ae = 5 ea ee 2
PEGLECLULS aos 2h a tre NGSSIN TD ees. 8S ee, 439, 964
Vir Pinicns! {5.2020 aie oo eee 394, = Felt) ae ee ge ee a
WOLTER SED Se ae Sens BO bee Cee MOQMeETICATIOS Ss. See <a 423, 425, 964
WEL 33 | 859 serene 508s 3, 392, 408, 962 TITLE ee ee eee 5
Sprangletopsss 222 4 = Ate Se OCCIGEN Gals as 2. = ER ei ee 423, 433, 964
CTCRT 3 oe As ON ee en a hee ee 471 NONLIN A=» 3. 2328 e0 ee. a ee
TOG 5 Sess i Se Se Oe Bee es} 472 ca dae ge EE ee eee 963, 965
Spreading: wheatgrass! ~22— s | See 239 OT EDO TIEN RR ia 8 i
Spreta, group of Vanicum: 35-25 *s* = 631 WET PARR ee a od 2 ws es ees Le 963
Squirreltan. 2223 a eee 259, 260 LOT NRONATECIENE «52 ee 5s a en 963
DIP sos eas See ee ee eee 260 SI SE IRON TEe 8 = Se Ee Ce 965
Hanson)? 522202 a ee ee 260 Pela ee ee eee 423, 439, 964
Stapjia colusanas ee 796 Ce a See ee eaeean SR g
Starprass 9522 oe eee ee 509 DIR oe 437, 964
Steogosia evaitiine oo 2 = Se ee 940 tee ee
Steinchisma divaricatum__.._...-.------------ 859 pines «Sp Segeuiauapabeesiees soos 431, 964
hians___.-------------------------------- one puldhra: 22 = ~_ 423, 481, 964
Stelephuras pratensis a 927 TIGHRRUSOIE 2 ee 80 He oi eS 427, 964
Stam of erases shoe 7 richardsonii_ ic a oe a Oe
Stenochtloa californica......--2.-.-----=------- 838 MONE Oo ler SAC oe eee aS O64

1036 INDEX
Stipa—Continued. Page | errellia —Continued. Page
TODUS tA eee a WO. a ee ee ee Sa 423, 435, 964 Glaucifolia esas ios Sa SNe Bi ih nee 842
TOO USE a fet = nade ok eet ee ea 965 TNOCOUNUE as ER eS per ee 845
SCEL DTC E ES aoe ie a Ne IG Sh ed 434, 965 Strigta sees Ils oe UE a ee 846
SETICCOs as ae aed Te et eS 887 DIN GUIUCI na RE I 2 oe 846
SDOTIG Reh AL Doe Se ee ee 965 SUbMUC CO Ss hs SER eae 847
Sparteae cote ee Se 423) 4505 96bu i POXAS CAG OT ASS sets ees en 729
Curbisetay=— 2522 es 430, 965 blue sr asses ee eee ree e 99, 106
tweediizs22- ss eee 963 mullet: see ae ee ne eee og eae 665
SPeClOSHiee =e Ce ae 423, 425, 964 meedlegrass: 43022 Sa. oe ie eee 426
MAN OT 2s sae 964 Wildric@sy 22253 ee ee 542
SDICH Ha aS See ue Es Ceyy | Sibarhootarerieynn piss ee 31
Stillmanies .o 2 see eee A26, 965) |’ ‘Thickspike wheaterass.. - 2-222 234
GETTER 950964: |) “hin grasseil 2 aus ee ee le eee 334
SDONSU/LOT Ose eo al ee O64) nim talsss RT os aes oe ee 274
Sibulatas Sao. ae a ee 965. IF Whree away Arizomas ss 5 a a a 455
TENACISSIIMNAs yas eee ee 3, 423, 439, 965 Fendilerie- cue Sao oy ec 454
CONUS so i ee Le Se 801 Biaviards ta fii jaa Stat oie ee ee 449
teniiSsimay sees ee eee 437, 965 pinelandss) 02528 ee 455
Par bers see een 423, 432, 965 POVCLY 22 2. oe ee ee 449
POCERYI ee a eee eee eee 63 PE BINIO SS he os 5 ke, Sd ee 446
DOSY Ins cee a a ee 436, 964 purpleh-2i<te26- ei oes 452
VillOst.- 4 ah ee eee 50 POQs2 6 2. e554. 4 ee EO ee ee 453
VIRGUNICO os Ae oe 962 Reverchons: 62225244 ee ae ee 451
Vinidulay 29h ena 423, 435, 964 SIXWOGKS2 i. es See oe ee 446
letter mantis -4 5 Se ee see ae 964 Wooton. 2 Soo. See es cee 450
FIVETUOT Se aa ed Ae ON ee EU 963) |) ‘Three-flower melicz-22:2 23. ee 203
DUBESCEN'S Ee RAS Fe hE ee 963.4); Thurber fescte!2) 22225 eo ee ee 58, 71
POUIUSE C5 aac Ane Ag a 964 meedilegrasst).2 2.28 oo ee eee 432
Walllsarnisil eee eee Ee See 437, 964 redtopan ses os a ee ae 327
SPOLOTIS See ee eh ee) a ee Tur Ceni@iarkansang= seas 880
Stowmiawoodnecd ss 226s 2 ye ne hare ae LE 344 OSS aes ers fh cele NU yk be 2 880
Streambankiwheaterasse. os eee 234 || Thysanolgenaagnasiisee saa kee eee 965
Streprachnerewoenstss. ] meee = eee eee 801 IML Aa es 2 See 2 a eee 549, 965
GONNINGENSTSY 02 2 Ee 2 ae ee 791 DR OCCT Se he BS ee Le a ee a 856
HLOFIG ONO O_o ee SR ee 7987 | SRB ISCO2 Se Se ae eee 685
SCODT OSes. lene So eae oleae SOL.) Licklesrass 3s tec ee eo epee ea 337
LEN UTS eo oe a rea SOL) Dilletisiasperifolia 22222 -2 eee 366
SuGanvcrass oes 2 SU La ee | ate 27500); “Rimber aaterass S222 Se ee OE ene 304
Dllganrcanesa sts: 3 5 Se ares 2 VER 3) 1S.) himiberline blueerasss = 25.) ena eale naa 129
DUTP TASS He... ee es ee oe ieee (2ae\t Dimotity 2 2 222) ee ee eee 2, 352, 353
Sweetitanclehead.- 62 2 ee eee 755 alpine 225 Buse ee ee eee 353
VERNAIPTASGE ss 22. Sie SST ieee ai 528)=|)-Roothachesrasse= 220 es el eee 494
Sweelerassaere 2 ot eee 2a. ee eee eae B20 | -POnnesia a= oo eee RL ae a gs 526
@alifomiads ea 2o5 2 ee ee eae 528 Glpinge: oes oe ee ee 869
Swatcheorasceee et ee ee ee 3, 601, 674 MUCrODhYLlan sas. =. Toe es ee 869
SUMED RCMIOIG = ane fk OD ee ne 942 NUS ips SI eee 869
SUE CTG ST eee ee Se 553 OU alata ee. es I ee 869
Da ker ea 2 ea ie Le ee ee S35! |? Morreymelics) ees se oe 2 Ne 203
DORUCRUT: = te = as, Va ee > ee 55d: le Mosagrisagrosiided 22 ee 887
CHUTENSIBe> = ee ene. pean 838) |; Roxewmiaigigantcamas 22 222 ee 824
TELTAOMON Lee eR RE REE r= BDDs830 |i LOeZeeI AUT CSLIS= see at ae. ce ee 788
WLUONMISt= sa auee . Sea el a ae 834 PUNO DS aE 2 LO a 787
FT LLURIOUIUT 3 see oe ON ue SR Oe Se 837 génicwlatdsn2 2-2 Be ae 788
CLLR TAT Se ncee S ese te 836) |) Lrachynotimalternifiora=- 953
Gnaciitnde oe ee a eee ong ee 835 aléernnifolid 22 ts se 953
RUT USUTN Smo so ee ee 557, 836 cymosuroidess 2-2-2352 5424— 5 = ee 953
ATCO ONES eee an aS cy eh ee ee 967 JUNC a2 SS ae ee 954
PECHILEMLIE == een ae Sa Fe Se eee 836 polystnchyae 2 2) ee Se eee 953
VEUCOCOING 2 ors 8S ee ee S37 |) Lnachy poe Viulganis= =a ea 830
UNEONCR Rete gi ss CE a BE a Se eee 836) ||; Drachypogone’ =. - 228s sean ss eee ee 757, 965
TUSSI SSUDDILCTUS Che eas nee eee 836 ONGENTEUS a Sea oe ee toe ae eee 792
TRON UTUELUL TIO aaa Oe eka eee 837 RUTALS ee ere ees DS a a ee 870
PUL TULCOQ TU eon othe nor a at ek ae 836 LOGUTOIDES SS PE nu ee ee ee an 792
PY CCCOLS Rasy ei NEE |e ls ie eR 837 MON Glan oes. ale ees ie 757, 965
SOMOUUNOLE® sees aT) a es 837 DIUMMOSUS WAL: MONLUSOTIse ae 966
SORE IIUG ets eee A SS sae Oe 9) en eee 837 SECUNGUS Yur. 2 aid Senet Onan ana 966
| SELOSUL TIDE ot eee eee eae, Sear 555, 836 polymorphus var. montufari___..-_------- 966
SUNUDS ON eres eae = ee eee: eae eae 837 SCCUNGUS. =. 2 ee ee ee a 966
| DLL OSU TE ae eee ee Se 837 MVE tees oes las aoe ee ee 965
! FR ADOSAS TASS ee ee ee ee ge = aie eas ene 466 SECUNQUS: 2 - = 2. Se ee eee 965
Mall emannag eT ass: se wee a oe ee hee ae ee 84, 90 RUPUSH eet 28 5. sae ate ee 872
OALCTASS SS cee eee ck Sl gee 2, 298 SCRODICILGPUS: 3.2 a eee yee ee ee ee 868
GTISC LUISE. 2 ee oe eee 286 SECUNMUSER | 2 oe 5 ee a ee ee ee 966
Mangleheagiica. Sie tanee epee Ns ony tea DO: ee AADAC US Sopa ee oe Ce ets 462, 966
SWGC U2 See Lt elas eee The ee i 755 berteronianus::.. 2222552 eee ee 463, 966
ares ee. ome tage SGU! Sgr Ae tad paeee eee 269 ClOMON = eas 2 ee ee 858
FIR @ fh Ae Ses ee a es er es 168 AUUMAC OMS po 2 Eon eee a 966
Meneraseroup ol anicumees esse 676 OCCILENIAUS = = 5- Be- 5 ee 966
MOOSIING OURS Co. oo rc aie ee ee a 2, 768 BACHIMOSUS S228 ee eee 462, 463, 966
Ve xT Gari: Ste Sse SUE ee eee a ee 768 DRevISPICUlE. = oS ae ee eee 963
Merrell lonassee cs ise eee ee) ee 259 longispicula2= a2 ee oe 963
Penn CllanCunvat dss 2am ae eee ee ee 847 UNiOloidest. 2" ee ee eee 813
Ralophila Ree ges coe Se eee re S46 feinathena arisHidoidese =a eee 512, 805
hirsuliguiiniss se ee eee 847. ||'- Drichachneze:5) 28.0 5 ee ee 550, 966
CHIE TU een ed te tag ae 846 californt cate 2.5 s= 2 Ses eee 551, 966
UT TUTUL Cee pel ae re ae oe ng 846 hitcheocksl:s 2... - a eee 551, 966
Perr ell OnCANQQENSIS== eae ee es 842 INStilariste 2 = at yes ee ee 551, 966
CIVETSIOULTNIS Se pee eee 845 Datensess 228.2. Le Rea ee eee, 551, 966

CG LED LR GLE fs IEF ee OO aE I NIT aed ore 9 Sty Ket 844 sacchararg=6.2 22 Lk ee eee 551, 966

INDEX (1037

Page | Tridens—Continued. Page
Trichloris..-. 3340 2 ee 509, 967 te Fe ET EY a a ey a 215, 970
blanched... 511, 967 ss OF ES Se Se ee eee ee eer 216, 971
fasciculata > i 3 FS eee 967 PRCAISILE 8 ED ed et whee Ye 215, 971
latifolia. =e oe eas ae CON ghia io Ee a a 207, 968
mendocina! 2s ss a ee 511, 967 GOUTIHUNE =~ > 5228 oe a ee 211, 971
blanchardiana___-- ee SEE Oa 967 RIDESCRHR == 22 20S te= s) = ee eS 216, 968
Diorio - >= eS ee 509, 511, 967 Lien Ae Nn a ne a 212, 970
verticillale 22 ee ee ee 967 RVpHCeHe 7 ose es Ee 209, 970
Trichochloa.calgycina=.. 22 5 5 ee ee 892 Darkioymins bie. ss se 211, 968
capillaris SS ee ee rf COCR COONS Soo a ee 969
delist Ts ee ee 891 CLOTS Oe 32 Pinker oe 970
expanse A a eee 8838 COHPES ass = ee = es ee 211, 968
fitjorna=. "Os SS 2 ree 889 Cn ee ee
joosa. ee ee 889 CRIHHMMIAI 125.222 se 212, 968
glomeraia <2 ee ns Oe 892 CCS So ere Ss ee 212, 970
tongifioyn. 22> 5 eee 894 Gissenine: soe ee 207, 217, 968
longiselat.. 65. eee 894 CAPT OS GIG es et nt Shere ee Se 213, 969
METICENE: 5 oS ae eS 890 SCRDK AS Se Oe ee ee 969
TRICT OSDORING =< = ee, SE 891 fie Te 2 he 2 ae Se gaa eae capa ie eS 863
polgnogets Sei 2 te ee Se ees 887 baci ee. ek Ee Serene et oeie 969
DUT DUT Se oe es ote ee 888 Li a Se ee Ie ais A ne Mla rt 213, 969
rigidt,...32 5. ge ee 893 ROSE ©. 08)" 52 Cee yee 832
eh, eR ae ie Ee eed ee pee ee LY 891 Peers 22 see 207, 209, 970
sobplifers = 422 = ee ees 893 LEN Sao eas tea ieee St ee 7) 212, 970
eae Oe tS See 894 i A Ne OOS 74
| ee a ee 895 STESPET IOS a> =. eee 977
Trickadicisda proijera®. 2 > Se 971 Ree oe 216, 970
i ium Sip pe kg ee 782 LE epee ees Pe 970
TEPTTCITE (jE Pile ones ee i a a OE Ss =X 926 Seirpmmiceiins <2 2 S250 1 258 ee 2 969
Se ee eee ae 7 pn Sagoo Sa Se
ee aes ee 979 Pile ee 207. 211, 970
CONSTNILIR 2 ee er ee ee SOs aS 780 pulchelinete ss pers <= Sea et 207, 209, 971
COULSON 7 PUN PENS ee ee ee 207
dergusatiens oF er oe 7 Fg eT a pe a a 972
Glataray ee ees oe ee, Oe ee 784 Fae oe ee ae i eae 982
Ristilorwis = ae eee 781 Seen erne en es ee 972
[ra 17 |) eee eee Oe ae RRs F oe ts 782 SCSler Onis Seen ee Eee 969
monlanum. 26-3 eas 8. ee 782 eran a ee ee 970
muhlenbergiamum: +. 5-2-5 7 Sie oo Ra ee ea SS te 215, 971
| Momebprarense—....-..2---46 12223322 784 texana_-_--- SRS ese 215, 971
Prbenaens = 2 te ee eee 784 iremermiyetiamete! Se 968
SCOUT . 2 See ee 781, 7. Aral ASES oes seers AR ee 217, 971
SSCS = ee 786 SIR Cra CAT se eee SL |e ee 217, 219, fi 1
‘Prichplacna: > 2-3 695, 968 Ce) CS Se eet Se eek ane aie earner es ia 971
SNSUIOTIS 5. 2 oe Se 967 SLOT ewe eee tee ae 972
mMicanth;-—. >. Sea eae 695 plage tee ees 2 ae 972
rosea = S25 5 ee eee 2, 695, 968 SERINE RNE > 2 ee ree Pak ae eR kD ee 219, 972
‘ncheneura.. 2232 __- ee 476, 968 Dit Puledes = 6 2252 ew ee 217, 972
Glegans: 3 _..__ eee eee 477, 968 SPIED. 22 -ne tee Sa ee 972
hooker: + -....__. =. =a Bia || gaat OPO ==. soit. = eee es > Sea 477, 972
fyichoon: phragmites... =. > 2 ee 928 [ane etlen = = Doe es ee Ss ee ES 477
DPICUSDIS MOURNE: 2 971 Y BYRepeIS 9 Se es oS. 2 477, 972
nlbescens 29-2 2 eee ee ae O68 Dewetsrette 29 x of ee Seer 29, 764
guligna. 320 ae a UN ek Co, oT ae 765,972 ~
CUT OLE oo ees eee oe ON 969 TT ch ag oe ae ei Se 973
CORGPS Poe ee ee ee 5) le fal) | Se ee ae oe IL, Dade Se 881
PSL ol tr ae kp ae ae I 2 ALIVE 971 dacbyledess oe. - 25. ars Soka EN 767, 972
Lo T he Se eee ere 217, 968 formats. <i" Baca Oe 7
pm st 970 Rin pig eR Wek 2 2 2ST te Res eee 973
langioumeeer ers 2 8. OL eS 970 Repeat Se ne et ve ae Ee 973
SROMMME ol BENE 942 quainnbcchynwes: = =: Sage” 2 972
TSP st eet ek BSS DR 970 TRONDRMACHYTEND 22 Ss. &- 2 tee Te 973
sienlivge wer. 5 a. Fs PS 970 Sicuiserpariend 5 2 sen = Be Be oe 767, 973
NODAL-UOT ACORN S HA - t s ee 2.) Ei 9 CTY EA <5 ate Ae ie or ee 867
UBS SSP oe es Se ee. Re ee 211, 971 hevmerparodenim 0 coe = Sa 796
putt: Ve!) ep ee Seo Simaeen saeco 971 EN ee dt 768, 973
DMNA Rn rt ee ee oe 972 lamnnenntie ns 3 Oe 767
usngsde = _- = 2 5 ee En 969 ARG eo so 2 767
aT ee ee eee eee Onan Se renner Sy 215, 969 CepeMONNS 2 ==? gs I 768, 973
1 ae ean PT Pee eS 969 SRORBEIOCR ETAT 2 Se 972
SETTER BS ales ST. 4, iG O71; |) 2 Tesla enOMies . 2 es ee 975
$eLanG ES 5 sk ey Pe SE 971 imran send a8 28 FY to 973
~ErineroighamaO = 22 25 os 3 ot O68: 8) “Tikegene ee eh ee ee OFS
FYMOR SS ie Soe eh nt oe 207 a OS ie
albcacemi se 5s eee eto BOS 968 mr a te
Omi GWE. secs ee 212, 970 RE SCE Seek” Sebineet
buckleyemeng 280). otk SEs 2 212, 968 pe) ee es SSE ES Se
CONG CSS 8 Se oe See 211, 968 BHUORNTIS Sect i. ae Te
GrUmimoneit ja-2- oes IS EE 212, 968 eg 26S © A
ClonGGbME ab ee 217, 968 tee ea ee eee
CY OGTOSAMER SS ~ Soo a rs 213, 968 oe ee = PERE ES Se Oa
a nS ee eee 215, 970 acne a2 = Sh ee ee
grandifiar io Fes 8. 2 eS - 970 nn ie AR
Tr eee ae ee en Core 970 Li) Milles Sea eee Sage Daa
MUCUS SS tee Se SR 216, 970 Crete ee ee oe
JL, on ie ae ere ees oe 970 ACTER ee ne Se
PU ORE wn ne EE ie ee ee 2 971 ta ae ees Ge Sel
Pulebalaa Tas tee ee hg 209, 971 pubescens
GUI GUAR ee ee ee repre ee BE 969 | See iel aa at See a tT

1038

Trisetum—C ontiuued.

Rallies Sees eee ee

palustre
pennsylvanicum

DY OLETISE Se = OE ee

OyuOnit . 2° SAS

subspicatum

Trisiola paniculata
Tristegis glutinosa
Triticum

MONOcoccUM. -__ ===.
OLOTICUIM a eee
roy Oe FAT Nae aes Ne 2 TR

cristatum
cylindricum
dasystachyum
dicoccoides
dicoccum

Ginergens22 2 <a ee

TERT ee eee

junceum

paucifiorum.-.-.----------
pOlOnIenMes 2-2 A= ee
POSER CELL Tete a es

dasystachyum__--------
LECCE SION ee
ENTS eee ee ee

LONSUTN ae

pennsylvanicum___________-

pilosiglume_____-------

compactum
CONLMOSUAN Ma eet

INDEX
Page | Triticum—Continued. Page

a Re 975 richandsoni___.--- ee ees
Soo eee ee 973 sativim. 222 80716
2.22 97 aestivwme: 2 3-ce ee aS
Ee fae 973 cOmpostum..... 3 ee 976

282, 287, 973 Vulgdnes ce A ee 976
eee 834 Ssemicostatuntz 22-22. os ee eG
ea Ses ee 973 Speltaetc3-2 ee ee ee Se eG
een ee 817 StraQ OSU nn 2 a ai
Le Seca 287, 973 SUDSECUNCUM |. 2 ee eerie
tee we 974 trachycaulwm 2305 2 eT:
Lee eee 956 trichophorwm soe ee ee
ee aes 975 EFINITION Se Te ete ee me
Sener: Ss 975 tUrei dum. 2) ie ee a OG
ti See ees 282, 974 poillantianwm 22 2 kee eo
2 oa eee 974 vulgare =. 252 ee eee AS 976
2s Ege 974 aestivum: = 325 =e ee ee ee OO
Loses oe eae O75 -|. Drizostis gracilis':2-22- ee eee oe
oo 2865974"): Douberoaterasss 22 = Se eR eee
eer a 974| > Dufted hairgerass=2-. =< 2-2 =. ee ee SO
3 Sse Seo eee 287,974) -Dumbleerass= 222585 =< Se ee ee een,
= EE ae 976° |. Thainis:erass==> .- Soca Ss es ee ee
ee SH oe 9 973° | -Turkeyioot- 22-322 ee ee ee eet
Seapets TS 283, 974 bhuiejoint 2 223.2 2 22 2422 a RG aoe
ee ae EM 972,975. | “wo-flower melic== 23. = = ee ee 00
Bere ata, 281,974) Type specimens< ==" eee 14
tS eels AL 956 |. Lyphoides arundinacea = ee 2,
gt 3 Gee ae Te (80) |oWniola 22 ee ee eT,
eee a. ae 973 distichophylia. =. 2-2-9 ee ees
2 il sh eee 286, 973 CUTUOSO. 2 2p 5 ee ee Ee
See eee = floridana2 2 5° 23 ee Oe aa
Ah et oo ee 973 QUOCUISES a ee dl
5 oa 74 heterochroale. 60) a ee a

282, 284, 975 ANTCTINEGIG 2) 3 a
ee eer Es 976 latifolia. s_-: 32.4256 2 eS ROS So 7a
Sh oa 284, 976 1:5. a Re PE SR A FN .
222 2 ere 284, 975 longifolia....-- 2-222. 22 282-22 ee aa
2. ie ers 975 MACTOStAChYS 3 Eo es I aid
£2. = Sas 975 MANNE. 5-2 eh
i... ps Sareea 975 miultiflord 2222250 6 ee ee eee eae
i 2d 3 976 Nitidas.< 203.0 Se 2 eRe
= ee 817 ornithorbyncha. 2. 2-22-22 ee sz
bp Ss 3 817 Palmers 22 22528 ee ee ee
Bee a? 817 paniculata. 2222222. OES OO ae.

282, 283, 976 Sessiliflora.. . 2. /os2 42 ee 183, 977
Speen es 976 Spicnla...2 = 32.2 ee ee ae
3. a 976 SUACIO. on ee ees
aa ee 976 UNAOTO. 2 Se ee ene
= 2 eee a 977 VIFGOO 22 ee ee
epee: © kat 885 | Uniseta, section of Aristida_____.___--------- 448
Gia eee 242.976" Urachne asperijolia. = === --<- - oan
nee Se ee 982 brencutdata.... =. 22 22 ee eee see

242, 243, 976 canadensi§..--2: =. 2. ee 897, 898
_ 52 ee eee 7 lanata:- = 2 eee
23 Shea ee 976 levicos Per MG. 235 = <5. 2 en Sas On
ee 8 eo) 976 MUON. 6 8 nono he ca
Se Rk eet 976 melanosperma.__.5 =. =<. 22 Psa
voi ae 976 MicTanthG 2-0 ae er SOS
Geese eee Se 976 MUICGs = oe oh OO
Jj See 773 VOCEMOSG! 22 eee ee ee
eee ee 775. | aOralepis ambigua_...5 2 22) = ee ETO
Saba, Stace on agen 942 brevicuspidata__2.. 2-22 Sa
Bh Ie = SENS 243, 976 CUpred se ko ee eee be
Ponte ee et S 976 densiflora... 2 os. a ee en
Ee ee 8 773 elongata... 2. ee ee ee oe
ae ee ie he 772 MUbiCd ooo ee SS eS aa
eee 773 Dalida@==< = 2 ee OD
Mee ea Oe 243, 976 pilasa....2 2... 2 ees
Pe ae Be 243, 976 Notes: ss Se ee
ae 58 ee puilchella.. 2-235 ee
go SS I 243, 976 HICUSDIS.=. oo =e = 5 Ge
EERE ee ee 773 verticillata_.- =. -2" 2 eS
iS Ee ees 976 | Uralepsis aristulata__.....------------------= 972
Bae 3 Wk ae 776 composita...____~--_--— 1--3-- 3 ee
Pe Petes ae 773, 774 corniuta = ee a ee
2. ee RES 77 PUPPUTEO = 2 2 oe =
ee a ee 716. |} Wrochloa reptans... 2
= ee eee 774 | Urvilleana, group of Panicum--_------------- 681
3 See 243, 976.1) Uva erass. _- 2k eee
Se. FOS See 871 | Vahlodea atropurpurea__.-------------------- 833
Bed ee et Sy SON 77) Vo Valoine ct 8
Bnei fi Re 774 hitchcockti_w 5... 2 ok Oe
Se ORS ae 243, 976 INSULOTIS> 2-25 oe Oe
penta ee prise 779 SECCHOTOIM. . 2c a OO:
tS eee ee aes 775 | Vasey S6ASS i025 u. = oka es 595
2 TE eee 776 | Vaseva.comata...-_-.-. ._.- =. = oe
Tiger eae 773. |. Wesevochliod 5.2... --/ 3s ee
7 Ae ee 773 ‘ miuUlbinervesa__.-... 23.5) i eee 207, 977
SO en aes 776 eretative Organs. =2-5)- eee
epi sage vie ao 775 1s Velvet betibos. sete o0 ee ee

TONS S Sueno 773 STASS. co oe te ae ee ae eee

< eed
7 ti

ra Oo Fee ee

INDEX 1039

Page Page
7, Sg Dee St ee ee Balt yoni WHO-TWO 222.082 SS ee os 258:
Vernaleets sit ae -1 0 Pees 528 | Vulpia, section of Festuca................ 61
Verrucosa, group of Panicum---------------- erg oY CU CEONP UMS: oo). tes sone 857
Vetiver: ei eee 3, 747 re (SIU Ee eee ey ee 859
Vetiveria arundinacea_-_--------------------- 977 TPCT OUOEN YA 2 a ee 859
Musicale. = A eas ee 977 CHULA I oi $e 859
FiZAHIGIeS =. ee ee 3, 747, 977 USGL ET Eee os ae = ee ee ee = a ee 859
Vilfa agrosteides 22. =. + - ==. ee aL Ne ee ee epee Ee Bee 860
airotilés_-2 222s ee 957 (Lie (a Se En ee ee eee 861
Gliese eee ee 779, 955 GUAAT flOnd Ee ee 5 ee ee 862
olgidan Ss. te ee Be Se eee 926 COPTER oe oY Fae bd eee 861
arachnoiden. 2 a 888 PONT, Oo Ae ea ee he 860
arg, 2 oh Se eee S570 ae asalchia-Kingit. = 8 ee SES 858
Orkansinis 22 2 Be es ee Svein Washington bent... #22. 222 325, 330
asnerien oer oe 958 SORE een So Pl ep 347
ase 2 le ee BBA eaviaieP bento 522s eat OSs 329
beriproatit| ee ee ee 961 oxtail ss Oe tee Pee 348
clamiestinn..-= 352 =) See Ee eee 958 Pe ge ed OP ee SURES, mace d 575, 594
COMpORA So ea eee 958 Pasian so ee 594
COMPIESM Spee a Oe ae 895 | Weak mannagrass____---_---------------- 84, 88, 90
RONpIgN Nie Se ee A Dee NVedrorrass. 0k = ot eae 278
Oring ge ee ee 959 RAIIe =. ues ee eee 278
perigee Fe a ee 959 © PEL (2 a RIE LOS aces NOE GPS te 280
CRMs SF SS e 887 | Weingaertneria canescens_-__..------------- 294, 828
enampenala 8 es es 363, 893 | Western fescue__.........---.---------_----- 58, 75
fOr IS 28. > Pe 888 CET | IS: a oe ae oD ee gE Stn 433
ispar __--------------------------------- 779 WORDLET ASS ob an AS oo es Se eee 230
MNUINGPN SES. O88 Pt et Si eee oe a eign eS ee eee ee es 243.
drummondi Ss a ee 958 Wiheatorasstees. sc. 2) Se) oe eee 2, 229
Te ee ee 960 Hint EE ee ee 238:
erilis - _._-------------------------------- 961 ify 2 ja a a any en ae ae 236
filiculmis - ------------------------------- 894 BeArieSSe meee, = Sees 2 241
fulvescens___----------------------------- 959 Dlcietseiat te eee crs - 0) Saige -F- 3, 230, 240
glomerata ___----------------------------- 0 cer hi Ges So ee 5: Se ee ape 2, 231
gracilis _.------------------------------ 887, 959 slonder=_ 1.5/5) e. eet 2 tae 2, 230, 237
gracillima_------------------------------- 888 rata: YS C1 tn ace 5 SMe a eee ee 239
grisebachiana_-_--------------------------- 961 Srnmiaeian cy ee ek 234
8 ae Pricksprkeee- ce Oh ess 234
hookeri_______---------------------------- 958 VES LONE ae ee et OT, 2 Fe 230:
indica __--- SSR sas a ag 960 | Wheeler bluegrass___------------------------ 109
Jacquemontit . ---------------------------- BON wynitariodtat i.) umes ste eae 216
jumeed __--------------------------------- al Wn Peo» le en a 539
lateriflora__-_---------------------------- Ee jae ahaa ee ee 721
PIP DCEATT SS) Ee ea eee 961 cee in wie aie aa 47
TARRTLES Os Sa ee ae ee 962 Wil d-rye eRe roe abt Died Sates CoS 246
l sek Ee 958 RRERGURE ee ee en 251
So a a eh “SSR oie I ee
ie Na Seca = eatin een ite Seto ok cere Lo 256
RRPTSCONG se Se a Sa 890 Sa Se ae SERS CS es TRL a
ose LATS 9 EY Pose NS SRS i a ee ie I Bie 252
PIAS ORS TIAN See ae ae Be et 961 ‘iden 254
See eT, Se IRS ERS See, Mae en 926 Sal rE eae eet ame ee eee 359
OE ES ee ee EP ee 979 Virsinia oe SoS
RS hE RT» | ae 900 | witari Se si,
plemrmeingr as 2) ns Pe ae 961 aoe == === ~----------------------------- os
TUICEONE =) ee ee ee 892 annual __--_-----------------------------
PORE OS ARE apy i.” 18 Raa ee ae Pe 961 TIGL EMER seers 22 Seiete heme ee ae = WS 542
Femme eee Se a A et ee eee 892 Southern + 2/2 = 2 oe ee 544
peri 7 Fi el pees. 2 Ste ape, De am ar Pe 785 | py, ee 542
AOA Ep a ee RT Spe Do 957 eiibaldin sttetlis® eee ae 828
yichareaggis 8 CS... ? 2) Sees 363, 893 | Williams needlegrass--__-_-__.-------------- 437
Tipe oe a oe a a ae ee Ong |) WAR OnTIR. «28h 0 ts Se a 484, 978
Yinens! 260) os Be ee 892 BEEIBERLOSA: = 2 Se eas ee 484
FIGUal se ee eee 824 pt S28 Se See 2 a ee eo eS 484, 978
Since oo. 2 ee ee Gaye ts Wanidendliprass= 0.2" ES 507
MiCaHa so eb ee ee eee Cee, 895 | Windsoria ambigua__-_.__--_.-_-------------- 970
eT ee tee: ie 8 ee sat 781 PO0) Eas Bae ive 35 Pee er 2 ae 866
nengenennis 2.5 eee ee 959 seetet OTIS! 20 OS et a 969
ST aa TP ae NES a 895 en 38 oe ee ee 971
aviente. 3 ee ee ie ine marie eh. A eee ee 484
BRGEEOS =. 2 ee ee Geass a AW eee ayy 2 ee, 37
MiaimieyiL._.._-.__.___ - See fen te Wp Pet. ee ee 667
seers _.___ _____ yi.) Weta trisoues fo on 283
MOVE... 957 Qa ee 2 See 352
MIRE. OT i VEG eCPIOSS © 0.2 5 2 Ee) 123
PONMEATENIG VAT CTUIS..” = 2 ee DELS fe Wendevnde 22 22-2. a ee 342
WISCICONE = =. 958 Grooping == oe ee ES Ee 344
Weiter t,— — 2 - 2 ea oe 895 SHOU ae et Se a 344
SANTO Se ee See 8 St 805. |= Wwootontbree-awn =. o- . e 450
Ui 326 ee 959 | Xanthonanthos odoratum______..__.___-______ 796
Tere ee Ae S95.) Atphagrostis japonica... 885
Co rr 8 2 SB Lai VeuowsprstiesTass sos s<¥ oes: ee Fe 697
Tie id 3) re eo 982 | Zawadke alkali-grass___..._.__..___._______. 78
DETACH IEE eee es te Ot ON We eo ae _ eee ee ce 768, 978
IaH eS Ee eae 959 CUIEI ACUI oe ene et Ee ee 97
TO PTE 2 a eo ee 962 ee, ER eg ie 97.
i, 0 eo = ee eee 785 Spneerinn a 978
gi ee 682 ES SS aS Sepa es 978
Virgata, group of Panicum___-_-______-----..-- 674 1 OST ORT a eee oe eal 07
Virgata, group of Paspalum__---.-...-------- 599 os aa eae = SE aie ae a 978

55974°—35——66

1040 INDEX

Zea—Continued. Page Page
ODO NICH ae 2 fe ke Cee ae Sa ee a ee S783, | Aerna nen mis. 2128 = eee eee 815
QUES ATED en ea ee i ee a 978 MAdrilensise aoe Vote ee 815
i GOES Nic ae ia a fs a SI Ae ge ES 768, 978 MYUT 082. 62 3a eee ee ee 859

CVenbae oe ee Sle ee eee 78 SECTS LOR EI ot ee 817
ADO CAS Lee ee eet Ee eee 771, 978 CECLOTULTIVE Sars So UE AE Se ae ae ieee 817
MENSULUOTCD. eae ile! Vasey ee 978 UNOLOIMES o> oN aS ees 813
(DI ECOD = oe ee SR Des OFS Zizania ve es ek es eA eee ce > oe ee 540, 978
SOCCROROIG 222 oe es eee 978 aQlaticg ss ooh ee 540, 978
tunicatale 9. Ree a ee 771, 978 angustifoliae = 2 22s Se ae 542, 979
OU GUNIC aes ee ee 978 UNbETION 2 2 eG ee Seen We a 979
SUCCHATOLG atl oak any ie re eek Sere 978 clavulosais 2s. o Se Rei eae e els eae 978
SCOCLT IG Cte ree nT. Leen te ae 978 CU USCS 26 28). Cas 28) RE ee 979
TUTMCOL DR es en ee ae Se 978 PUONSES AU se st ere a ee 872
CULGOTIS= 82 mie ns Se ee eee 978 interior 2222 5 Leis She Ree ee 2 Cee eee 979

LATIN O10 I a Ie AEG 2 VNR a 773 latifolia c= CR Oee Hee sepa oe eee 540
CT LSUCL ee et St SS ae se 773 lenticilaris: 2 Oe ee 875
GOSYSEOCI YO eee AG eee Me a cae 773 miliacea = = ee ee a ee ae 979
GUD TEC a et a ce a I = eS 773 NOLLN 8 oe ee ee eee 872
TLS 5 aes oe ener eee Sd Sp OSS 777 palustris. 5-8 ode ee 979
WCCIFEMER Rc 0 2) 8s oe 0S ae 777 as Bee ee Ee a es
pana PI aS ica aes eis ZiZANIOGe se Bee NE eee 26, 540

Baia aaa s Sea SSeS aS SSO SS SSS SETS ZAIZANIOPSIS! = ee Pere as ee ee 542, 979
richardsoni ------------------------------- 778 microstachyas.2.20 toe eee 544
TUDO ee satan ae as poe ee 776 THU ACA os eae ee ns 544, 979
CTA ae Ra Se eM EI AE oe EE Nr (iio) *eOySlae. tees oe ee See eee 463, 979
BOUCOLIS Seek” ees gk a eg ea epee 777 japonica Ce ee ee nee pe
2d (hd) Rae Ro ee TOS ge at MOEA AU er 775 matrella._.--_-...--------------------. ,
CUIGATASCCSHUG Soe Sie ae eee 976 pungens -___---------------------- 463, 464, 979

= : JODO TIE ae Papa a al A OE ae 979

ELCOCT LOT Y SET EL = Mo Ne EAN Lene 872 teniolia Gea) eas ae 979
OT 871 tenuifolia= ..32- 224 2 Vv See eee 464, 979
PUGAGS UTD ec = Se ee ee StL | Oysiese 5.22 oo Se eee 24, 462

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