ionel£rjaylor.

,kL W

THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

Gift

Dr. T.M.C. Taylor

a

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from

University of British Columbia Library

http://www.archive.org/details/manualofindiantOOgamb

A MANUAL OF

INDIAN TIMBERS

FOREST OF LONG-LEAVED PINE. TONS VALLEY, N.-AY. HIMALAYA.
{Photograph by F. Oleadow.)

A MANUAL

OF

INDIAN TIMBERS

AN ACCOUNT OF THE GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION, AND

USES OF THE TREES AND SHRUBS

OF INDIA AND CEYLON

WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR WOOD-STRUCTURE

BY

J. S. GAMBLE, M.A., CLE., F.K.S., F.L.S.

LATE OF THE INDIAN FOItEST DEPARTMENT

NEW AND REVISED EDITION

LONDON
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & COMPANY

LIMITED

L902

First Edition — Calcutta, 1881.

INTRODUCTION

In the Introduction to the former edition of this work, published in
1881, a full explanation was given of the circumstances under which
its preparation came to be undertaken. The Government of India
had prepared for the Paris International Exhibition of 1S78 a very
fine collection of Indian woods and forest products. The work of
collection and preparation had been done in the office of the Inspector-
General of Forests, at that time Mr. (now Sir Dietrich) Brandis,
and as Assistant to the Inspector-General, I had executive charge of
it. My own interest in the study of woods and wood-structure
had been excited while I was a student in 1869 to 1871 at the
National School of Forestry at Nancy in France, where I had the
advantage of listening to the lectures of the Professor of Natural
History, Mons. A. Mathieu, author of the " Flore Forestiere de la
France " ; and where I became greatly interested in the collection of
wood-specimens arranged in the museum attached to the school. The
work carried on in 1877 and 1878 at Simla and Calcutta was there-
fore to me a labour of love. Several sets of the wood-specimens were
prepared : the chief set was sent to Paris, other sets were distributed
to the chief Indian Forest offices, to the museum of the Royal
Gardens at Kew, and to a few similar institutions in Europe and
America; while a special set was reserved for the museum of the
Imperial Forest School at Dehra Dun, which had then been just
opened. The special Dehra Dun set was retained for a time in the
office of the Inspector-General, and it was arranged that it should
be first utilized for the preparation of descriptions of the woods it
contained.

The descriptions were prepared by a committee consisting of
Sir D. Brandis, myself, and a second Assistant, Mr. A. Smythies, B.A.
To the Dehra Dun collection many additional specimens were con-
tributed, among which were chiefly noticeable Dr. N. Wallich's
valuable collection made in 1838, Dr. Griffith's collection of 1830, Sir
D. Brandis' collections made in Burma, Berar and elsewhere, my own
private collections, chiefly made in the Darjeeling Hills and Terai,
the collections made by Mr. Sulpiz Kurz, Curator of the Herbarium
of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, those contributed by Col.
Ford, M.S.C., then Superintendent of Port Blair, and a large collection

VI INTRODUCTION

from the Koyal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, made available through the
good offices of Dr. (now Sir George) King, the Superintendent. The
wood-descriptions then made were afterwards arranged by myself,
and, with the addition of information on distribution, uses, etc., were
published by the Government of India.

From that time, until my final retirement from the service in
1899, I have steadily collected further specimens in the forest circles
of which I have held charge, in Bengal, Madras, and the North- Western
Provinces ; and many other specimens have been received from forest
officers in other parts of India. These specimens are all deposited
either in the museum of the Imperial Forest School, or in the special
collections in Bengal or Madras, and the numbering has been continued
on the same plan as before. For the purpose of this new edition of
the work, the whole of the wood-descriptions originally made have
been revised as far as possible, and new ones have been incorporated,
by myself; and, so far as I have been able to ascertain them, the
names of the officers who contributed specimens either to the original
collection or subsequently, have been inserted in the list accompanying-
each species described. In some cases (the original receipt book having
been, most unfortunately, lost) I have had either to depend on memory
only, or to leave the name blank, and this explanation will, I hope, be
taken as sufficient apology for errors or omissions. And here I think
it right to say that I am only too conscious of the inequality of the
descriptive work. I have tried to make my descriptions uniform and
easily comparable, but the fact that the specimens have not been all
available for comparison at the same place, has made it necessary
for me to leave some of them as they were written, instead of revising
them all and treating the Orders and genera fully as groups.

The want of a handbook of Indian trees is one that began to make
itself felt very soon after the formation of the Forest Department in
India. When I arrived in India in 1871, our standard work of
reference was Dr. E. Balfour's "Timber Trees," a most useful (indeed,
at that time, invaluable) work, of which three successive editions were
published, in 1858, 1862 and 1870. In it were incorporated all the
various items of information obtainable from many previous publica-
tions, the list of which, given in the third edition, forms a guide to
the literature of Indian forest economic knowledge up to 1870. Shortly
after that time, the special Forest Floras began to appear : Col. Bed-
dome's " Flora Sylvatica of Madras (and Ceylon)" in 1869 to 1874;
Mr. S. Kurz' " Forest Flora of Burma " in 1877 ; and, most important
of all, Sir D. Brandis' " Forest Flora of North-West and Central India "
in 1874. Dalzell and Gibson's "Bombay Flora," published in 1861,
to some extent provided for Bombay ; and consequently, only Bengal
and Assam remained unprovided for, representing, however, a region
of great forest richness. The " Flora of British India," by Sir J. D.
Hooker, G.C.S.I., etc., began to appear in May, 1872, and its gradual
publication lasted until 1897. When the first edition of the "Manual
of Indian Timbers " was published, the " Flora of British India " had
only completed its second volume, i.e. to the end of Calyciflok.i: ;
consequently, all after the order of the Cornacew required to be
brought into line with that standard authoritative work. This has

INTRODUCTION Vll

been done, and in this new edition the arrangement and nomenclature
of the " Flora of British India " have been adopted throughout, except
where revisions and new descriptions by recent writers have neces-
sitated alterations being made.

The question of what works should be quoted was a difficult one,
but after much consideration, I decided to quote regularly the
following : —

(1) The " Flora of British India," by Sir J. D. Hooker.

(2) The " Flora Indica " of Dr. Roxburgh.

(3) The " Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presidency," by Col. R.

Beddome.

(4) The " Forest Flora of North-West and Central India," by Sir

D. Brandis.

(5) The " Forest Flora of British Burma," by Mr, S. Kurz.

(6) The " List of Trees, Shrubs, and Large Climbers of the Dar-

jeeling District, Bengal," by myself Second edition. 1896.

(7) The " Systematic List of Trees, Shrubs, etc., of the Bombav

Presidency," by Mr. W. A. Talbot.

(8) The " Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon," by Dr. H. Trimen

and Sir J. D. Hooker.
Other works are, however, referred to when specially necessary. Con-
sidering that the " Flora of British India " is usually available in Forest
offices for reference, it might have been, perhaps, possible to dispense
with quoting some of the above, and more particularly Roxburgh's
" Flora Indica." Roxburgh's names are, however, those given in many
old books and papers, and they are therefore frequently met with ; while
not to have quoted Roxburgh would to myself have been a matter of
regret, for in the early part of my Indian service, after the publication
of Mr. C. B. Clarke's useful edition, almost all my own botanical work
had to be done with the aid of Roxburgh, ancl I naturally consider the
book as an old friend. The " Flora of the Presidency of Bombay," by
Dr. Theodore Cooke, CLE., is only just beginning to issue, only two
parts being yet out, so I am unable to quote it, and I quote Mr. Talbot's
work instead. Babu Upendranath Kanjilal's useful "Forest Flora of
the School Circle" has also appeared too late to be regularly referred
to. But Sir George King's " Monographs of the Magnoliacea± and
Anonacese," in the Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden of Calcutta,
his " Contributions to a Flora of the Mahay Peninsula" in the Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and various other species described
by him in those publications, have been quoted wherever advisable ;
some Leguminosai, and other new contributions made by Major D.
Prain, I.M.S., have been incorporated ; Sir D. Brandis' Dipterocarpese,
published in vol. xxxi. of the Journal of the Linneav Society, have
been quoted; new species from Upper Burma, described by Sir H.
Collett and Mr. Hemsley in the Journal of the Linuean Society,
vol. xxviii., and those published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society, by Mr. Bourdillon and Mr. Talbot, have been added.
In cases where my own investigations have led me to think new
species advisable or alterations necessary, I have not attempted to
bring them in, because I thought that it would be best to await the
publication of proper botanical descriptions.

Vlll INTRODUCTION

As regards vernacular names, I have inserted almost all those that
I have come across in the various works connected with Forestry
which I have been able to consult and that I or other Forest officers
have collected. For their accuracy I can give no guarantee ; and for
the correctness or otherwise of the spelling I cannot be responsible,
for no one person can be expected to know all the Indian languages
sufficiently well to be able to correct the lists. Of course, many more
names might have been added from Dr. Forbes Watson's Index, from
the " Flora Andhrica " of Sir Walter Elliott, from Dr. Watt's Dictionary,
and from other works, but I have thought it best to take only those
given in Forest works of reference and Forest Lists. The Burmese
names have all been carefully corrected by Mr. J. W. Oliver, and Mr.
Caccia has kindly compared the Lepcha names with those given in
Ool. Mainwaring's Dictionary, though, after consideration, I have
thought it better to adhere to the spelling given in my Darjeeling List,
instead of making an alteration which might have been confusing.

In this place, I think it right again once more to caution Forest
officers against the practice of adopting the scientific names given as
equivalents of vernacular words. That caution has been many times
repeated ; and perhaps nowhere has the subject been more fully dis-
cussed than in the preface to the second edition of Balfour's " Timber
Trees," where the author gives his own experience as well as that of
the botanists Drs. Wight and Arnott. To a Forest officer with some
knowledge of botany and capable of verifying descriptions, a vernacular
name may often be useful as helping him to trace quickly the scientific
name of a plant met with; but to adopt scientific equivalents blindly,
merely on the strength of a vernacular name given by an often
inaccurate native, is a practice which may lead, and to my own know-
ledge often has led, to absurd mistakes. I have myself made many
lists of the vernacular names used in different places or by different
tribes, and I know only too well how hard it is to make sure that those
given are the right ones. Any native asked for a name thinks it a point
of honour to give one, and, if he does not know the correct one, has no
compunction in manufacturing one for the occasion. The vernacular
nomenclature in the Himalaya is most puzzling, almost every valley
having different names for even well-known common trees; it is much
the same where one of the chief Indian languages is spoken over a
considerable area, as is the case with Hindustani, Bengali, Marathi,
Telugu, and Tamil. Among less-known languages, such as those
spoken in the Gondwana region, where dialects like Gondi, Kurku,
Sonthal, Mai Pahari, Kharwar, Oraon, Bhumij, K61, Khond, Saura,
Reddi, Koya and others are used, the names are probably more accurate
and more uniform. But in all cases, the names given must be
accepted and used with great caution, and the plants must be verified
botanically at the earliest opportunity.

It may be useful to mention here the geographical position of
some of the tribes whose vernacular names for trees are quoted. For
the North-West Himalaya, the names are chiefly those collected by
J. L. Stewart and Brandis, and are <riven for different reoions or river
valleys; e.g. Kashmir, Ladak, Lahoul, Kulu, Sutlej, Kunawar, Jaunsar,
Garhwal, Kumaon, Dehra Dun. For the Central Himalaya are

INTRODUCTION IX

quoted Nepal names, mostly collected by Wallich or by myself in
Parjeeling. For the Eastern Himalaya are quoted the names given
by Lepchas, Tibetans, Bhutanese, Daphla, Mishmi and other tribes ;
while those used by the Mechis and Garos, tribes of the forests at
the base of the hills, are also inserted. For Assam (besides Assamese),
Khasia, Jaintia, Naga, Manipuri and Cachari names are given, where
known ; and for Eastern Bengal, those of Tippera and the Magh,
Chakma and Lushai tribes of Chittagong. In Central India come the
Oondwana tribes already referred to, witli the Uriyas and Telugu-
speakers on the east, and the Guzerati and Marathi peoples on the
west. In South India, the chief languages for which vernacular
names are quoted are Telugu, Kanarese, Tamil, Malayalam, while some
of the names given by Badaga, Kurumber and other Nilgiri tribes, or
by Kaders, Mulsers and others in the Western Ghats are also given
where available. In addition to Burmese and Andamanese names, a
few Karen, Shan, Kachin and others are also given.

The letters prefixed to the numbers of specimens quoted, denote the
forest region from whence they come. I should have liked to have
revised the boundaries of these regions, but as the old letters are to
be found on so many widely distributed specimens, this would have
caused confusion, so I have decided to adhere to them. They are —
H. The West Himalaya, comprising the mountains of that range

from the Indus to the Sardah river on the Nepal frontier.
P. The dry region of the Punjab, Rajputana and Sind, with

Baluchistan.
O. The plains and sub-Himalayan tract of the North-Western

Provinces, Oudh and Gorakhpur (now called " United

Provinces ").

C. Central India, the country lying south of the Jumna and

north of the Goda very River, and including the Vindhia and
Satpura Hills, as well as Orissa and the Circars on the east,
Khandesh and Guzerat on the west.
E. The East Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, the Khasia Hills,
Assam, Cachar, Chittagong and the Sundarbans.

D. The Deccan and Carnatic, comprising the country to the south

of the Godavery, and chiefly included in Madras and Mysore.

W. The West Coast of the Peninsula, comprising the Western Ghats
and the country lying between them and the sea.

B. Burma, including the Andaman Islands.

No letter lias been given for Ceylon, the forest trees of which I
have included at the special request of Ceylon Forest officers.

In the region " H " come the great forests of coniferous trees of
the West Himalaya. In these, the most important tree is the deodar,
and with it are found three pines, two silver firs, the spruce, cypress
and yew; as well as broad-leaved trees, among which the most con-
spicuous are oaks, birch, alder, walnut, maple, elm, hornbeam, poplar,
willow, hazel, holly, box, horse-chestnut and others usually of different
species from, though of the same genera as, the chief trees of Europe.
Lower down are forests in which laurels, Cedrcla, Gdtis, Albizzia,
<>l(<i, Melio&ma occur, passing gradually into the forests of the lower
hills and plains. In this region palms are scarce, but canes and wild

X INTRODUCTION

dates are occasionally found, and in the eastern portion, Trachycarpus
Martiana and Wcdlichia occur. The more valuable of these forests,
those of deodar, are worked for the supply of the Indian railways, while
the other pines are used for building purposes in the plains, the
extraction being chiefly by water.

In the region " P," the chief trees of note are species of Acacia,
Prosopis, Gapparis, Salvadora, Tamarix, Populus euphratica. These
form what are known as the "rukhs " of the Punjab and the river-side
forests of Sind. In this region also come the forests of Baluchistan ,
in which the chief trees of value are Junvperus macropoda, Pistacia,
Olea, etc., with tracts of the small gregarious palm Nannorhops. The
forests are all worked for country supply.

In the region " O," the chief and most important forests are those
of Sal (Shorea robusta), a gregarious tree of great importance, which
is found mixed with species of Terminalia, Lager stromia, Bombax,
Gareya, Schleichera, Adina, Eugenia, Anogeissus, Stereospermum,
Qaruga, Odina, figs and many others. The Sal forests affect chiefly
what is known as the Bhabar tract on a soil of sand and gravel.
Where the soil is deep and moist, Sal disappears, and the mixed
forest which replaces it includes Albizzia, Acacia and Dalbergia.
Along river-banks are found gregarious forests of Acacia and Dal-
bergia, and in swampy places such trees as Cedrela Toona., Trewia
nudifiora, Diospyros Embryopteris and Pterospermwm acerifolium.
On lower Himalayan spurs and in the outer range known as the
Siwaliks, the Sal and its usual accompaniments are found, with Chir
pine on the higher points. Calamus tenuis, a rattan, and three species
of date (Phainix) represent the palms; Dendrocalamus strictus the
bamboos. All these forests are worked for country supply, only a
small proportion of the Sal and Sissu wood being utilized in railway
construction and other public works.

The region " C " is that of the great deciduous dry forest of India,
which extends over the whole of the region and passes northwards
into " O " and southwards into " D." This is the forest area which
in the Central Provinces, in Chota Nagpore, Orissa and the Circars
on the east, in Khandesh and Guzerat on the west, is chiefly worked
for country supply, affording but little timber even for railway
purposes, the chief trees so used being the Teak and Sal. In the
western part of the region, Teak is the chief tree ; in the eastern part,
Sal; the chief other genera found being Pterocarpus, Hardwickia,
Chloroxylon, Terminalia, Xylia, Lagerstromia, Anogeissus, Adina,
Stephegyne, Diospyros, Eugenia, Stereospermum, Dalbergia, Acacia,
Albizzia, Ougeinia, Bassia, Schleichera, BosweUia, Sterculia, Zizy-
phus, Bombax, with two bamboos, the deciduous Dendrocalamus
st rictus on dry slopes and the thorny evergreen Bambusa arundi-
nacea in valleys and damp places. Along river-banks Terminalia
Arjuna, Anogeissus acuminata, Pongamia, and Eugenia are most
noticeable. In ravines, the Caryota palm and tree-ferns are occa-
sionally found, with the wild mango.

Region "E" is a vast region with a great variet}' of kinds of
forest and a great number of species of Forest trees. In the higher
Eastern Himalaya are forests of fir (silver fir, spruce, larch, yew,

INTRODUCTION XI

juniper, and hemlock spruce). These pass gradually downwards into
forests of rhododendron mixed with oaks and chestnuts, and as one
descends one meets with large species of maple, laurels, magnolias,
Elceocarpus, Echinocarpus, BucMandia, Nyssa, with several species
of small bamboos, tree-ferns and canes. Lower down appear
large trees of Cedrela, Terminalia, Dvxibanga,, Canarium, etc., with
palms of the genera Garyota, Livistcma, Phoenix, Didymosperma,
and the large screw-pine Pandanus fwrcatus ; and these again
pass into Sal forest with similar accompanying species to those
mentioned under region " O," but with the addition of Schvma
Wallichii and Dillcv ia. These Sal forests, which extend across
the Brahmaputra to the .Garo Hills, produce fine trees and a good
deal of timber for export to the plains. Much wood is consumed
for various purposes on the tea estates, and for local native require-
ments. In the sub-Himalayan tract, Sal forests are the chief ones
met with ; Khair and Sissu forests are found along the river-banks,
and occasional swampy cane-brakes occur. The chief bamboo is the
thin-walled straggling Dencforocalamus Hwmiltonii. In the upper
parts of the Assam valley, Mesua ferrea is common with a great
variety of other species, among which Shorea assamica, Cedrela,
Chichrassia, MagnoUa, Michelia, Dillenia, Anthocephalus, and the
wild tea plant are noticeable. The forests of the Khasia Hills are
chiefly remarkable for containing many species of oak. Passing
southwards from Northern Bengal, the Assam Valley and the Khasia
Hills, we come to the great forest region which extends from the
valley of Cachar southwards down the Lushai Hills to the border of
Arracan and eastwards. to the boundaries of Burma, still more or less
undefined. In this great region is a vast forest with giant trees on
the alluvial lands along the rivers, and smaller growth with dense
masses of the Meloccmna bamboo on the hills. Prominent in what
maybe called the "Chittagong" forests are the Dipterocarpus trees
with other giants, Siuintonia, Tebra/meles, Ghickrdssia ; while valuable
timbers are given by Lager stromia Flos- Regince, Dichopsis, GmeliTia,
Mesua, Cedrela. An undergrowth of palms, such as Livistona and
Llcuala, provides strange foliage to mark the features of what are in
all probability, with those of Tenasserim, the most really " tropical "
of the forests in the Indian Empire. Finally, in Region " E " come
the swamp forests of the Sundarbans, composed of interesting trees
such as Heritiera, Shizophora, Bruguiera, Exccecaria, Sownsratia,
Lunmitzera, and Avicenaia, and affording quantities of small build-
ing and industrial timber and fuel for the market of Calcutta. The
scenery of the Sundarbans is also marked by a profusion of the Ni/pa
palm and Pli ten ix pa ludosa.

Region "D" consists of the southern part of the Deccan plateau,
the slopes of the plateau on the east and south and the Carnatic
country. The forests of the plateau are deciduous forests of the type
described under Region C, with perhaps more Teak, no Sal (though
an allied species, Shorea Tv/mbuggaia, which resembles it, occurs in
places), more HardwicJcia and the appearance of several species
which do not extend north. Among these species, two are especially
noticeable: the Sandal tree which affects half-bare, stony forest Lands

I,

Xll INTRODUCTION

with occasional bushy growth, in Mysore and adjoining territories:
and the Red Sanders, Pterocarpus santo lines, characteristic of the
comparatively small forest areas known as the Seshachellam, Lanka-
malai, and Veligonda hills. In the Carnatic, the chief forest growth
is that of " dry evergreen," the chief trees in which are the ebony,
satinwood, Miirmsops, Strycknos, Pterospermum, Melia, Eugenia,
with a number of smaller species, chiefly valuable as fuel. In this
region, too, are large tracts covered with the Palmyra palm, one of
the most useful of Indian plants, its strong tough outside wood
giving material for house-building, and its leaves, fruit, etc., other
valuable products. Much of this region is unfortunately infested
with prickly pear. It had been hoped that forest protection would
do much in overshadowing and killing it out, but such hopes have,
I am told, unfortunately not been fully realized. The forests of
region " D " are almost exclusively worked for local supply, only
sandal and a few fancy woods being exported with some tans, seeds
and fibres.

In Region " W " come the forests of the mountain range of the
Western Ghats, with the lands between their base and the sea. In
some places there are dry areas with a growth not unlike that of the
deciduous forest of Central India and with a good deal of teak, but
the greater part consists of hill forests on lower hill slopes, with ever-
green forest growth of large trees, such as Dalbergia latifolia, Xylia,
Artocaiyus, Pterocarpus, Lagerstromia, Terminalia, Vatica, Cana-
rium, Cullenia, Polyalthia, Mesua. Higher up, and especially in the
hill ranges of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Pulneys and Travancore moun-
tains, these evergreen forests merge into what are known as " sholas,"
where the principal forest vegetation consists of Eugenia, Michelia,
Ilex, Hydnocarpus, Elceocarpus, Ternstromia, Gordonia, Symplocos,
Rhododendrons and Laurels, with an undergrowth of Strobilcmthes,
Rubiaceous shrubs and tree-ferns. In the forests of Region " W " the
Teak is the chief tree, and is the chief timber of export. Blackwood
(Dalbcrgia latifolia) is also an export wood, but the rest are mostly
woods of local use and the forests are worked for local requirements. In
the hill ranges also are many exotic plantations, chiefly of Australian
Eucalyptus and Acacia, but also of various pines, cypress, etc., all
of much local importance for fuel and to some extent for timber. In
the coast tract the Talipat palm is conspicuous, and in the Ghat
region are found Bentinclcia and Arenga Wightii, with many canes.
Many interesting bamboos are also found in Region " W," and among
them are noticeable Teinostachyu/m Wightii, Oxytenanthera Thwai-
tesii and species of Ochlancbra, with Arundinaria Wightiana on the
higher hills.

Region " B " is, in a commercial sense, the most important of the
regions described, as it contains the extensive and valuable forests
of teak, the chief export timber of India and the chief source of
revenue of the Indian forests. The vast area covered by Region
" B " contains many classes of forest, which for Lower Burma have
been excellently and fully described by Mr. S. Kurz in his "Forest
'Flora" and "Preliminaiy Report on the Vegetation of Pegu." The
teak forests are deciduous forests, and occupy chiefly the slopes of

INTRODUCTION Xlll

the hills known as Yomas and their extensions northwards. With
teak are associated Xylia, Terminalia, Lagerstromia, Acacia, Homa-
linm, Eugenia, and other genera, with bamboos such as Bambusa
polymorpha, Dendrocalamus strictus and Gephalostachyum pergra-
cile. Another class of Burmese deciduous forest is that known as
" Eng forest," which contains chiefly Dipterocarpus tuberculatus,
Pentacme siamensis, Dillenia, Terminalia, Strychnos, Dalbergia
cultrata, and Melanorrhoea usitata, and is mostly met with on laterite
formations. Forests of cutch (Acacia Catechu) are found sometimes
nearly pure and of much value. The mixed forests, like those
described under Regions E and W, contain a great quantity of
species, many of which give valuable timbers. In the hills east of
the Sittang river, and in those in Upper Burma, the forests rise to a
considerable elevation and have a vegetation of their own, noticeable
in which are the two pines Pinus Kasya and P. Merkusii, and in which
also occur oaks, chestnuts, laurels, BucJdandia, Myrica, Symplocos,
Rhododendron, and other trees similar to those of somewhat higher
. levels in the Eastern Himalaya. Finally, Burma has its own swamp
forests, both littoral, resembling those of the Sundarbans already
described, and freshwater. In the latter forests, which are curious
and interesting, the chief trees are Mangifera longipes, Xantho-
phyllum glaucum, and Anogeissus acuminata.

The forests of the Andamans are chiefly of mixed trees, the
chief being Pterocarpus dalbergioides, giving a wood which is now
considerably exported for furniture purposes under the name of
"Paclauk," Albizzia, Artocarpus, Podocarpus, Lagerstromia, Mi/mu-
st^is. Diospyros Kurzii (the valuable marble-wood) and others.

Finally, there is the Ceylon region, which is perhaps better known
than the adjoining Indian tracts. No letter has been given to Ceylon
specimens, but, strictly speaking, none wTould be riecessary, for the
forests of the south-western part of the island, having a heavy
rainfall, wrould come into " W," and those of the north-eastern part,
which has a dry climate, into "D." The chief trees are species of
Dipterocarpe^e, with Chloroxylon, Diospyros, Berrya, Pericopsis
Mooniana, Mimusops, the hill forests being " sholas " of the same
character as those of S. India. The chief Ceylon specimens available
were those issued in a small box and sold in Colombo by Messrs.
Mendis. The old original set was a good one and fairly accurate,
but I cannot say as much for the more recent ones, one of which
I obtained in 1899 through the good offices of Mr. A. Broun. A
number of specimens in the box wrere quite wrongly named, and
some of the woods were nearly rotten and worthless.

This account of the forests of India is much too brief, but space
is not here available for a longer one, which might easily be made
to run to many pages. It suffices, however, to show the variet}'
and extent of the resources of the Indian forests and the magnitude
of the task which is imposed on the Indian Forest Department in
properly managing its splendid estate for the benefit of the Indian
people and the finances of the Indian Empire. And here it may be
as well to explain that the area at present administered by the Forest
Department in India amounts to nearly 118,000 square miles, of which

XIV INTRODUCTION

about 81,000 are " reserved " forests, that is, forests demarcated and
legally settled as a permanent Government forest estate. The permanent
forest area, it may be remarked, amounts only to about 8^ per cent,
of the total area of British territory, 945,000 square miles. The net
revenue, after paying all charges, is about £500,000, but it should be
noted that this sum does not include the value of the very large
quantity of produce which is supplied free to the people.

I regret the absence of a map. In the former edition, a map show-
ing the Indian rainfall was inserted ; since that edition was published
better rainfall maps have been made available, as well as forest maps,
in the " Statistical Atlas of India," which ought to be referred to. A
map, to be of real use in showing forest regions, forest distribution,
etc., would have to be of a rather unwieldy size and would be
difficult to insert, so I have omitted the rainfall one, and would refer
instead to the Atlas, which will probably be, from time to time,
revised by the Government of India, and made available officially
for consultation by nearly all those who are likely to use this work.

In the description of the woods, the chief characters of which note
has been given are —

1. Size and appearance of tree and whether evergreen or de-

ciduous ; mode of branching.

2. Description of bark.

3. Description of wood, both sap wood and heart wood, with its

colour, hardness, grain, scent, the characters of the annual
rings, pores, and medullary rays, etc.
These characters require a short explanation.

1. The plants are usually described as "shrubs," "large shrubs,"
"small trees," "trees," "large trees," and "very large trees," according
to general size ; or as " climbing " or " straggling " plants. So far as is
known, it is recorded whether they are evergreen or deciduous. The
character of the bole and its branching is given wherever possible.

2. The bark is described according to its colour, which usually
presents some shade of grey or brown, varying into white, or red, or
black ; its thickness, represented by the fractions of the inch ; its
roughness or smoothness, and the fissures and clefts into which it is
cut externally; its texture whether hard or soft, papery or corky,
etc. ; and the way in which it exfoliates.

3. The wood is described whenever possible according to both
sap wood and heartwood. The colour is given as nearly as possible
according to the shades, usually of white or brown, but varying into
red, grey, yellow, purple and black. The scent is recorded, should
it happen that it presents any peculiarity worthy of note. The
In* nines* is given according to the different categories as "extremely
soft," "very soft," " soft," " moderately hard," "hard," "very hard,"
and " extremely hard," and in order to give an idea of these different
categories the following examples among well-known trees may be
instanced : —

Extremely soft Cochlospermum Gossypium.

Very soft ...... Bombax malabaricum.

Soft Oedrela Toona.

Moderately hard .... Tectona grandis.

INTRODUCTION XV

Hard ....... Shorea robusta.

Very hard ...... Dalbt rgia riissoo.

Extremely hard . .... Hardwickia binata.

The grain is usually recorded as being "close," " even," " open,"
" rough," " cross," etc., etc., and the relative roughness or smoothness
is generally given.

Annual rings are referred to as regards their presence or absence,
their being more or less well marked, and the marks which so
distinguish them.

As in the case of the hardness, so, too, the pores are described
according to a scale of size which varies in those trees which possess
them, as "extremely small," "very small," "small," "moderate-sized,"
"large," "very large," and "extremely large." As examples of these
categories may be given —

Extremely small ...... Buxus s< mpt rvirens.

Very small ....... Acer cultratum.

Small ........ Adina cordifolia.

Moderate-sized ...... Bassia latifolia.

Large ........ Albizzia Ltbbeh.

Very large ....... Erythrina saberosa.

Extremely large Many climbers.

The classification of the medullary rays has been made upon a
similar plan, and they have been divided into " extremely fine,"
"very fine," "fine," "moderately broad," "broad," "very broad," and
' extremely broad," examples of which categories are —

Extremely fine ...... Euony mus lacerus.

Very fine ....... Diospyros tomentosa.

Fine Albizzia Lebbek.

Moderately bro^d ..... Dillenia pentagyna.

Broad ........ Platanus orit ntalis.

Very broad ....... Quercus <lil<ttu!u.

Extremely broad ...... Quercus incana.

In addition, the distance between the medullary rays is usually
given and is sometimes compared with the diameter of the pores.
And, as far as possible, the length and depth of the rays have been
noted, as well as those cases in which the broad rays are obviously
made up of several fine ones. The character of the "silver-grain"
given by the radial section of the medullary rays is also usually
recorded.

Other noticeable characters are the presence or absence of con-
centric lines or belts ; and of patches of looser tissue than that of the
general structure and the way such patches are disposed. These
other characters are often valuable accessories in determining the
genus, and even the natural Order to which a wood belongs. The
woods of all species of Anonace^E are characterized by regular ladder-
like concentric bars on a transverse section ; and though similar bars
may be also seen in other Orders, they are rarely so regular, and the
character affords an almost unmistakable sign for recognizing the
trees of that Order.

In Sapotack.e, again, the wavy concentric lines and the arrange-
ment of the pores in short echeloned lines afford a character which

XVI INTRODUCTION*

is almost certain ; and if any doubt could arise it would be between
that Order and its neighbour the Ebenace.e, which, however, almost
always differs in having the wood of a white, grey, or black colour,
while that of Sapotace.e is generally of some shade of red or
yellow.

Concentric lines of soft texture occur in many Orders and genera.
They are very common in the Legumixos.e, as may be seen from the
description of the groups which the woods of that family form. They
occur also in Ga.i vii via and Mesua among Guttifer.e ; in Elceoden-
dron, Celastrus, and Lophopetalum among Celastrine.e ; in Heyw
Amoora, and Walsura among Meliace.e ; Cord la in Boragine.e ;
in Ficus, and in other genera. The wood of the trees of the great
and important order of Conifer.e is always recognizable, at any
rate, by the constant character of the absence of pores ; that of the
chief Cupulifer.e by the arrangement of the pores in wavy, radial
lines, and a particular texture. Somewhat broad medullary rays
indicate the orders Dilleniace.e, Rhizophore.e, and M.YRSINEJS; as
does a close and even-grained wood, most species of the great Order
of Rubiace.e ; while the large genus Ficus has its woods extremely
uniform in character and recognizable by alternate layers of soft and
firm tissue. In this way a little practice may enable a near guess
to be made at the scientific name of the tree yielding a wood under
investigation.

Mention has been made of some Orders and genera which have
woods of similar character and structure, but it is necessary to point
out that there is no regular rule for determining Orders and genera
by means of the wood ; for in some cases the structure of the woods
of different species in a genus differs greatly in character. In the
genus Dalbergia, for instance, there is a very great dissimilarity, so
that while some species have hard dark-coloured heavy woods, others
have white, often soft, woods without heartwood ; and one species
has the peculiarity of a wood divided into concentric rings, which
are often separable, of alternate layers of wood and bast-like tissue.
But, in general, it may be said that in species of the same genus the
wood structure is fairly constant, and may often serve as a valuable
aid in the determination of recent plants, as it has of fossil ones.

It is not always easy to give the reasons which lead one who is
tolerably conversant with the structure of woods to suggest their
botanical affinities ; there are often characters of appearance, touch,
colour, odour, etc., which afford clues, as well as the arrangement and
relative size of the pores and medullary rays, and the presence or
absence of annual rings ; so experience and habit of observation have
to be added to an acquaintance with structure in order to recognize,
at first sight, the germs or Order of plants to which a wood is refer-
able. Still, it is hoped that the descriptions, aided by a few selected
photographs of sections magnified 'j\ diameters, may be of assistance.
These sections are copies of those in Dr. Nordlinger's " Holzquersch-
nitte," most of which were made from wood-specimens supplied to
him by Sir D. Brandis soon after 1878. The photographs were
made in the Botanical Laboratory at the Royal Indian Civil Engi-
neering College, Cooper's Hill, with the permission of the Principal

INTRODUCTION XV11

Professor of Forestry, by his assistant, Mr. Arthur Deane, to whom
rny thanks are due.

It has been suggested to me that a key to the principal woods,
based upon structure, would be a useful addition to this work, and
I have long considered whether such a key were feasible, and if so, how
best it could be prepared. For an example of such a key there is that
given in the handbook which accompanies Xordlinger's Wood Sections,
and which is practically the same as that prepared by Dr. R. Hartig of
Munich.* In that key, the following arrangement has been adopted : —

1. Monocotyledons.

2. Tree ferns.

3. Cycadeas.
4j. Conifers.

A. Without resin-ducts.

(1) Annual rings distinct.

(2) „ „ indistinct.

B. Possessing; resin-ducts.
5. Dicotyledons.

A. Annual rings not well marked.

B. Annual rings clearly marked, but without special belt

of pores.

C. Annual rings clearly marked by a belt of pores in spring-

wood.
In A, B, and C the subdivisions are according- to the arrangement
oi the pores.

In Mathieu's "Flore Forestiere" (4th edition, revised by Mons. P.
FHche) the following is the arrangement adopted : —

Broad-leaved species (Dicotyledons) — Examples.

Ai. Pores in groups.

Bi. Pores clearly unequal.

Ci. Pores in radial, oblique and

branching lines .... Oak, chestnut.
C2. Pores in concentric lines . . Elm, Celtis.
C3. „ short concentric arcs . Ash, mulberry.
C4. „ oblique anastomozing

lines forming a network . . Laburnum.

B2. Pores equal.

C5. Pores in oblique or concentric

lines, medullary rays broad . . Furze.
Co- Pores in radial lines, medullary

rays narrow ..... Buckthorn.
Ao. Pores scattered.

B3. Pores clearly unequal.

C7. Medullary rays broad . . . Barberry, tamarisk.
C8. „ „ narrow . . Sea buckthorn.

B4. Pores equal.

C9. Medullary rays broad . . . Plane, beech, alder.
C10. „ „ moderate-sized, narrow or very narrow.

* " Die Unterscheidungsmerkmalc iler Wichtigeren in Dcutschland Wacbsenden
HOlzer." Munich. 1S83.

XV111 INTRODUCTION

Di. Wood hard.

Ei. Wood grey to brown . . Walnut, laurel.
E2. Wood red to reddish-brown . Cherry, plum, apple.
E3. Wood yellow or tawny . Olive, box, elder.

D-2. Wood usually white, soft . Lime, poplar.
Resin-woods (conifers).
A3. No resin-ducts.

B5. Annual rings irregular in breadth . Yew, juniper.
B6 „ „ regular . . . Cedar, silver fir.

.\4. With resin-ducts.

B7. Wood white, heartwood scarcely

distinguishable ..... Spruce.
B8. Wood reddish.

Cn. Sap wood narrow . . . Larch.
C12. „ broad .... Pine.

In Prof. Marshall- Ward's work, " Timber and Some of its Diseases,"
the following, put briefly, is the classification proposed : —

1. Conifers.

Ai. No resin-canals.

Bi. No true heartwood . . . Silver fir.

B-2. A distinct heartwood . . . Yew, juniper, cedar.
A2. Resin -canals present.

B3. No true heartwood . . . Spruce.

B4. Heartwood distinct . . . Pine, larch.

2. Dicotyledons.

A3. Annual rings not distinguishable, but " partial zones "
forming incomplete bands sometimes present.
B5. Partial zones present, forming "false rings."
Ci. Medullary rays of two kinds.
C2. „ „ all of one kind and narrow.

Be- Partial zones absent.

C3. Soft wood, no heartwrood,
C4, Harder wood ; heartwood present.
A4. Annual rings always distinguishable.

B7. Annual rings clear, through conspicuousness of spring-
wood pores.
C5. Annual rings marked by larger spring-wood pores.
Di. Some medullaiy rays broad.
D2. All medullary ra}rs alike and fine.
Cc- Annual rings marked by more numerous and crowded
spring- wood pores, not larger in size.
Bs. Annual rings clear, from the closer texture of the autumn
wood, not from any special conspicuousness of the pores.
C7. Pores easily visible.
( Is- ,, minute, only visible with a lens.
I), Wood hard.
!),. Wood soft.

I have thought it useful to give these different methods of classifi-
cation in order that Forest officers who may desire to do it may utilize
them in preparing local keys to the woods of their locality. After

INTRODUCTION XIX

much consideration, I came to the conclusion that it would be useless
to attempt to make a general key, not only because it would be an
exceedingly difficult thing to do for so many species, but because
when made it would be of little or no practical utility. A key, to be
of use in any given locality, should not be complicated with references
to numbers of kinds not found or likely to be found there, but should
be short and refer only to those species of importance which are likely
to be met with. Consecpiently, in my opinion, local keys would be
much more useful than a general one, and need only take in a few
kinds of wood. As an example, a key for the chief woods which are
collected at the Hard war drift-timber depot would include a few
conifers such as Deodar, cypress, two pines, spruce and silver fir ; such
other trees as Sal, Sissu, Toon, two or three TerTwmalicbS, Bombax,
some of the softer hill woods like elm, birch, alder, poplar likely to be
floated, and so on. The list would not be difficult to make, nor would
the key to the woods.

And here it is well to explain that the descriptions given in this
work notice only characters which are readily capable of being
observed with no greater enlargement than that given b}r an ordinary
pocket lens, magnifying from 5 to 20 times, so that a Forest officer
wishing to determine the species to which the woods in a drift depot,
or the pieces which make up a stack of fuel, belong, may have the
means of doing so, without having to take the trouble of cutting thin
sections such as would be necessary if a compound microscope had to
be employed. In some of the Indian Railway fuel contracts with the
Forest Department, it is stipulated that certain woods are not to be
used, and it therefore becomes necessarv from time t.<-> timo iw™-..

NOTE.

Insert, in Introduction, p. xviii., before line 3 from the bottom.

In Sir D. Brandis' "Forest Flora of North-West and Central India" the
following is the classification adopted for the Dicotyledonous woods of
India (Preface, p. xxx.) : —

CrASsI— Pores equal, uniformly distributed, sometimes a narrow belt
' with a few pores at the outer edge of the annual ring, or a narrow
belt with more numerous pores at its inner edge.

A.— Medullary rays narrow or fine, generally all of one width.

1. Annual rings distinct.

2. Annual rings more or less indistinct.

B.— Medullary rays of two classes, broad and narrow, the broad
rays very marked.

1. Annual rings distinct.

2. Annual rings; more or less indistinct.

Ct.ass II —Pores nearlv equal in size but not uniformly distributed, crowded
in the sprint? wood and scanty in the autumn wood: annual rings
always distinct.
Ciass ITT.— Pores unequal in size, large and numerous in the spring wood,
smaller and scanty in the autumn wood; annual rings always
distinct.
A.. —Medullary rays narrow or fine, generally all of one width.
B.— Medullary rays of two classes, broad and narrow, the broad
rays very marked.

INTRODUCTION

Di. Wood bard.

Ei. Wood grey to brown .
E2. Wood red to reddish-brown .
E3. Wood yellow or tawny
D2. Wood usually white, soft
Resin- woods (conifers).
A3. No resin-ducts.

B5. Annual rings irregular in breadth .
B6 „ „ regular

A4. With resin-ducts.

B7. Wood white, heartwood scarcely
distinguishable .....
Bs. Wood reddish.
Cn. Sapwood narrow
C12. „ broad ....

Walnut, laurel.
Cherry, plum, apple.
Olive, box, elder.
Lime, poplar.

Yew, juniper.
Cedar, silver tir.

Spruce.

Larch.
Pine.

In Prof. Marshall- Ward's work, " Timber and Some of its Diseases,"
the following, put briefly, is the classification proposed : —

1. Conifers.

Ai. No resin-canals.

Bi. No true heartwood . . . Silver fir.

B2. A distinct heartwood . . . Yew, juniper, cedar.
A2. Resin-canals present.

B3. No true heartwood . . . Spruce.

B4. Heartwood distinct . . . Pine, larch.

2. Dicotyledons.

A3. Annual rings not distinguishable, but " partial zones "

INTRODUCTION xix

much consideration, I came to the conclusion that it would be useless
to attempt to make a general key, not only because it would be an
exceedingly difficult thing to do for so many species, but because
when made it would be of little or no practical utility. A key, to be
of use in any given locality, should not be complicated with references
to numbers of kinds not found or likely to be found there, but should
be short and refer only to those species of importance which are likely
to be met with. Consequently, in my opinion, local keys would be
much more useful than a general one, and need only take in a few
kinds of wood. As an example, a key for the chief woods which are
collected at the Hardwar drift-timber depot would include a few
conifers such as Deodar, cypress, two pines, spruce and silver fir ; such
other trees as Sal, Sissu, Toon, two or three Tt vmnn/naX ws, Bombax,
some of the softer hill woods like elm, birch, alder, poplar likely to be
floated, and so on. The list would not be difficult to make, nor would
the key to the woods.

And here it is well to explain that the descriptions given in this
work notice only characters which are readily capable of being
observed with no greater enlargement than that given by an ordinary
pocket lens, magnifying from 5 to 20 times, so that a Forest officer
wishing to determine the species to which the woods in a drift depot,
or the pieces which make up a stack of fuel, belong, may have the
means of doing so, without having to take the trouble of cutting thin
sections such as would be necessary if a compound microscope had to
be employed. In some of the Indian Railway fuel contracts with the
Forest Department, it is stipulated that certain woods are not to be
used, and it therefore becomes necessary from time to time, before
taking over stacks from a contractor, to make sure that the prohibited
woods are not included. A knowledge of the character of the structure
and other peculiarities of such woods is then necessary, and if at the
same time the better-class fuel woods are also known, the inspecting
officer can himself do the work speedily and thoroughly, and be free
from the obvious danger of having to rely on the diagnosis of a sub-
ordinate or workman. Again, it has sometimes happened on Indian
railways that attempts have been made by contractors to palm oil'
sleepers of inferior woods as belonging to better-class kinds ; and here
again structural knowledge is important. Cases of this care by no
means uncommon, and I have myself known Chir pine to be palmed
off as Deodar and Eng or Kanyin as Pyingado. When it is under-
stood that Chir pine wood is readily recognizable from Deodar wood
by its possessing resin-ducts, of which the latter has none, its identity
can be at once detected, even though it may have been scented with
deodar oil and otherwise '"doctored." So, too, the open structure of
Eng wood with scattered pores surrounded by loose tissue at once
enables it to be distinguished from that of Pyingado, which has its
pores smaller, grouped, and filled with resin. Teak is almost always
at once recognizable by its oily nature, its scent, and especially by its
well-marked annual rings, and a very little practice indeed makes it
possible to recognize it with certainty.

After all, written descriptions alone, though useful, are not suffi-
cient for really accurate determination of wooda : any more than they

XX INTRODUCTION-

are for naming ordinary botanical specimens. A botanist who has
plants to determine, after doing his best with the descriptions given
in books, finds it right to compare his specimens with the properly
named ones preserved in Herbaria; and so, also, must the inquirer
go to work who wishes to identify woods. After getting as near as
he can, with the aid of written descriptions, he should, where possible,
verify his conclusions by comparison with correctly named specimens
in a museum.

The remarks after each species practically explain themselves.
First comes the geographical distribution, as concisely but clearly
given as possible. Then the habitat of the species, the class of forest
in which it is found, with such remarks on its importance in sylvi-
culture as seem called for. The rate of growth is treated much more
briefly in the present than in the first edition, because it is impossible
within ordinary limits to give in detail the observations which have
been made. In the preparation of Working Plans, great advances
have been made of late years, and it seems sufficient to give generally
accepted results instead of detailed experiments. Roughly speaking,
any less number than 6 rings per inch of radius may be considered
as a, fast growth, from 6 to 12 as moderate, and over 12 as slow.

The " weight per cubic foot" is given wherever known, and at any
rate from the weighings of the specimens available. In the previous
edition, the rate, where not already known, was taken from the
weighings made by Mr. A. Smythies and Dr. H. Warth ; those since
added have been made by myself. The weight recorded is always,
unless otherwise stated, that of seasoned timber, and it is given as
" light," " moderately heavy," and " very heavy " according as the
woods give : —

Examples.

Light, less than 30 lbs. per cubic foot .... Erythrina, Bombax.

Moderately heavy, from 30 lbs. to 50 lbs. per cubic foot . Cedrela Toona, Deodar.

Heavy, from 50 lbs. to 70 lbs. per cubic foot . . . Teak, Sal.

Very heavy, over 70 lbs. per cubic foot .... Hardwickia.

In the former edition of this work were brought together the results
of all available experiments made to ascertain weight and transverse
strength, and those of Sir D. Brandis, made in Calcutta in 1802-66,
were then for the first time published. A few have been added since
then, especially those of Talbot and Bourdillon in Bombay and
Travancore respectively.

For an account of the coefficients, reference may be made to
Mr. C. G. Rogers' "Manual of Forest Engineering for India. 1900,"
vol. i. p. 88. The value of P, the coefficient of transverse strength, is the

result obtained by the formula P = E X ". where W is the weight in

pounds which, when placed on the middle of a bar, causes it to break ;
L is the length of the bar, between supports, in feet; B and D its
breadth and depth in inches. The " modulus of elasticity " E, which is

occasionally quoted, is obtained from the formula E = prrrTvj *
In this case, W is the weight in pounds supported at the centre of a

INTRODUCTION XXI

beam causing a deflection of x inches. In the case of Mr. H. H.

40

O'Connell's Madras experiments, his coefficient a is given, a being = =-.

But, ordinarily, it has been thought sufficient, in this work, to quote
only the weight per cubic foot and the value of P, as was done in the
" Forest Flora of North- West and Central India."

The information given regarding the different species has been
obtained from many sources. The notes on Sylviculture are largely
from my own observation, but wherever I have been able to find the
observations of others I have quoted the author. I am well aware
that Forest officers who perhaps know more intimately the sylvi-
cultural characteristics of some of the trees may not agree with me
in the opinions given. It is to be hoped that such officers will record
their views, say, in the " Indian Forester," so that the notes may be
revised, where necessary, should a third edition ever be called for.
In regard to economic uses, I have endeavoured in as many cases as-
possible to give the authority ; for it has often struck me how items of
information which may not always be quite correct, go on being quoted
by writer after writer until their original authorship is lost. I have not-
thought it necessary always to quote such standard works of undoubted
accuracy as the " Forest Flora " of Sir D. Brandia ; but even this has
been done in most cases. Information regarding the uses of the
wood and bark, regarding oils, gums, fibres, and similar important
products of the plant, has been given at as great length as seemed
advisable ; but in the case of medicinal uses, I have tried to be brief,,
for this book is one for Forest officers rather than for doctors;
moreover, those especially interested in drugs have ready for them a
complete and up-to-date account in the " Pharmacographia Indica" of
Messrs. Dymock, Warden and Hooper ; not to speak of the invalu-
able " Dictionary of Economic Products," by Dr. G. Watt, CLE. To
have inserted all the useful information available in Dr. AVatt's book
would have made this work too unwieldy, but I hope I have selected
what is most important.

In spite of the strong opinions — opinions whose value I fully
appreciate — held by some of my friends, and notably by Mr. C. B.
Clarke, F.R.S., that in works of this kind there should be one Index
only, I have adhered to the arrangement of the former edition, and
have prepared separate indices to scientific, European, and vernacular
names, as well as a list of the numbers of the specimens examined
and mentioned. It seemed advisable to shorten that list by omitting
the scientific names and merely to refer to the page at which the
specimen is mentioned.

In such a country as India, extending from about 6° to 36° N.
latitude, and over about 40° longitude ; with climates varying in
almost every possible way between the extremes of heat and cold,
and of dampness and dryness ; it is obvious that the number of species
found in the forests must be very large. In his Introduction to the
"Flora of British India," Sir Joseph Hooker writes of the Indian
region (including Ceylon) as " perhaps the richest, and certainly the
most varied, botanical area on the surface of the globe," and true as
this is for the flora in general, it is no less true for the woody species

INTRODUCTION

that constitute the forest vegetation. The following Table gives an
estimate which I think approximates to the statistics of such species,
so far as we know at present : —

No.ofXatur.il
Orders.

No. of genera.

Xo. of

species.

Trees.

Shrubs.

Climbers.

Total.

Thalamiflorse .

DisciflorsB ....

Calyciflorse

Gamopetalse

Apetalse ....

21
]9
17
26

23

153
157
196
228
152

462
394
525
408
628

139
126
215

606
234

136
120
189
243

4S

737
640
929
1257
910

Total Dicotyledons .
Gymnosperras .
Monocotyledons

106

3

5

886
15

45

2417
21
69

1320
11

89

736

5

66

4473

37

224

Total Phanerogams .
Cryptogams

114
1

946

4

2507
6

1420

9

807

4734
15

Grand total

115

950

2513

1429

S07

4749

Introduced trees and shrubs and a certain number of shrubs and
climbers of woody character which have not been counted would
probably raise the grand total to about 5000, which may then be
assumed to be the limiting number of species in the woody vegetation
of India. The magnitude of this great assemblage of plants is
perhaps better realized when it is considered that in the " Forest Flora
of France," by MM. Mathieu and Fliche, 54 Natural Orders, contain-
ing 143 genera with 397 species, are described, the species including
every plant in the least woody (e.g. the Rock roses, the Cranberry,
and the Thyme) as well as many introduced kinds. In the Britisli
Isles, taking the descriptions in Hooker's " Student's Flora " on the
same basis as is done in the French statistics, and including, as they
do, a few common and well-naturalized exotics, there are 33 Natural
Orders, containing 67 genera with 134 species. Sir Joseph Hooker,
who has most kindly looked over the proofs, not only of the Intro-
duction but of much of the letterpress of the book, and given me
valuable criticisms and helped me to avoid many mistakes, tells me
that the number of 5000 woody plants covers about one-third of the
Indian Flora. The proportion is very large, and is probably un-
equalled for any other country of the globe except, perhaps, Australia.

The number of species of which the wood has been described in
these pages comes to about 1450, including exotics. Among the
woods described are representatives of most of the important genera,
and there are very few of the really important timber- woods of which
no specimen has been available.

In conclusion, I desire to express my best thanks to those officers
of the Indian Forest Department, whether of the Imperial or Provin-
cial Staff, and to many in other branches of Government service, for
their help in supplying specimens, information or criticism. I hope I

INTRODUCTION XX111

have not omitted to give in the pages of the book the names of those
to whom I am indebted for help. I have also to thank the Director
and staff of the Royal Gardens, Kew, for their assistance, and for per-
mission to examine and describe many of the specimens preserved in
their splendid museum. And I must not omit, finally, to thank the
Government of India for their appreciation of the utility of the first
edition, and for the assistance they have given me in publishing its
successor.

J. S. GAMBLE.

Liss,

Oct. 1, 1902.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1"AGE

Forest of Long-leaved Pine. Tons Valley, N.-W. Himalaya Frontispiece

A Sa'l Forest in the Dehra Dun To face 78

Young Teak Trees. Forest School Park, Dehra Dun . . . „ 526

Clump op Thorny Bamboo. Forest School Park, Dehra Dun . „ 748

WOOD SECTIONS

PLATE I.

TO FACE PAGE

1. Dillenia indica. — 2. Saccopetalum longiflorum. — 3. Flacourtia Cata-
phracta.— 4. Calophyllum Inophyllum. — 5. Schima Wallichii. — 6. Eljeo-
carpus lanceiefolius ........... 4

PLATE II.

1. DlPTEROCARPUS TUBERCULATUS. — 2. HOPEA ODOKATA. — 3. SHOKEA IMBUSTA. —

4. Vatekia indica. — 5. ^Egle Marmelos. — G. Balanites Boxbukghii . 72

PLATE III.

1. Boswellia SERUATA. — 2. Melia indica. — 3. Dysoxylum Hamiltonii. —4. Swie-

tenia Mahagonl — 5. Cedrela Toona. — C, Gedrela seurata . . . 138

PLATE IV.

1. Ilex sikkimensis. — 2. Euonymtjs lacebtjs. — 3. Zizyphus Jujuba. — 4. Rhamntjs

tbiqueteb,— 5. Sauinhus detebgenb.— 6. Schleiohera tbijuga . . .168

PLATE V.

1. Aceb Campbellu. — 2. Acer cesium. — 3. Meliosma dillenijjfolia. — 4. Pistacia

integebbima.— 5. Melanobrhoea usitata. — <;. Odina AVodier . . . 202

PLATE VI.

1. Dalbebgia latifoua.— 2. Ptebooabptjs Mabsufitjm. 3. Cassia Fistula.— 4.

r.u ni.N!\ ri rpubea. — 5. Xylia dolabbieobmis. — 6. Pbosopis spicigera . 250

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE YIL

TO FACT. PAGE
1. EOSA MACROPHYLLA. — 2. BfCKLANDIA POPELXEA. — 3. CARALLIA IXTIX-ERKIMA —

4. ANOGEISSrS LATIFOLIA. — 5. TeRMIXAI.IA J iELERK A— 6. TeBMINALIA < KEPT LA SI 8

PLATE VIII.

1. EtJCALYPTTS GLOBULES. — 2. EUGENIA JAMBOLANA. — 3. BaBRINGTONIA ACUTAX-

GULA. — 4. LAGERSTRoMIA Flos-reginje. — ."i. Caseabia glomebata. — 6. Nyssa
sessiliflora ............ 352

PLATE IX.

1. LONICERA QUINQTJELOCULABIS. — "-'. AXTHOCEPHALES CADAMBA. — '.'>. AdiXA CORDI-

folia. — 4. Rhopodexhrhx ARBOBEUM. — 5. Bassia LATIFOLIA. — 6. Dio^;-
Melaxoxylon . . . . . . . . . . . .398

PLATE X.

1. SYMPLOCOS CRAT^GOIDES. — 2. SCHEEBERA SWIETEXIOIDES. — '.'>. FrAXINUS EX-
CELSIOR.— 4. Salvadoba OLEOIPES. — 5. Al.STOXIA SCHOLARIS. — 6. Calotropis
PBOCERA ............. 464

PLATE XL

I. CORDIA MYXA. — 2. C'ORDIA FRAGRAXTISSIMA. — 3. ElIRJTIA ACUMINATA. -4. II,
TEROPHRAG3IA ADENOPHYLLFM. — 5. PREMNA PYBAMIDATA. — 6. AvicENXIA

OFFICINALIS . . .' . ■ • . . ■ . . . ""Hi

PLATE XIL

1. ClNNAMOMUM C'ECICODAPIIXE. -2. I.ITS.EA POLYANTHA. — 3. PHYLLANTHUS EmBLICA.

— 4. Cleistaxthfs collinus.— 5. I'.isciiofia jayaxica. — 6. Cboton aegyratus 562

PLATE XIII.

1. Ulmus Wallichiana. 2. IIoloptelea ixtegrifoi.ia. — 3. Celtis austbalis. —

4. Mores alba. — ."i. FlCUS Bexjamixa.— 6. Artocarpus hirsfta . . . 628

PLATE XIV.
I. Qfercts semecabpefolia.— 2. Q. dilatata. — 3. Q. ixcana.— 4. Q. lahellosa.

5. Q. LAPPACEA.— (I. Q. LAX< E.EEOLIA 672

PLATE XV.

1. CaSTANOPSIS CNDICA. 2. CORYLTJS COLUBNA. — 3. TLATANrS OBIENTALIS. J. En-

gelhardtia spicata.— 5. Salix tetbaspebma. 6. Populus ALBA .

PLATE XV!.

1. CUPRESSUS TOBULOSA. — 2. PoDOCABPTJS Xl'RH r OLIA. 3. PlNUS LOXGIFOLIA.— 4.

Oededs Libani, rar. Deodaba. — 5. Abies Pinprow. 6. Piuexix pactylifeua 696

ERRATA.

im, for " wood
At page 742, line 2G, for " bracelets " read " baskets."

At page 1, 4th line from bottom, for "wood" read "stems," and for "is
read " are."

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Division I. PHANEROGAMS.

Phanerogamic plants are divided into three classes, I. Dicotyledons, II. Gtmno-
sperms and III. Monocotyledons, adopting the order of arrangement given in Benthain
and Hooker's " Genera Plantarum," and followed in the " Flora of British India " and
other works quoted herein.

In regard to wood structure, speaking generally, and referring only to easily seen
characters, these three classes are recognized :

Class I. Dicotyledons. By distinct bark aud wood ; general presence of annual
rings, or at any rate of rings of new growth added on each year at the outside of the
wood cylinder and the inside of the bark ring ; presence of vessels or pores and medullary
rays of varying size in the fibro-vascular tissue ; and usually a distinct sapwood and
heartwood.

Class II. Gymnosperms. By the same, except that vessels or pores are usually
completely wanting, and that resiD ducts are often present either vertical in the tissue
or horizontal in the medullary rays.

Class III. Monocotyledons. By the general absence of distinct bark and ol
annual additional growth on the outside of the wood cylinder ; absence of annual
rings ; presence of separate fibro-vascular bundles irregularly arranged and containing
vessels or pores, but not medullary rays.

There are, of course, some slight exceptions, as, for instance : the woods of certain
Dicotyledons, like Pisonia in Nyctagine.e and JEgialith in Plumbagine^e, show
more or less the structure of Monocotyledons ; Gnetace.e in Gymnosperms possess
pores like those of the Dicotyledons ; while, in Monocotyledons, the woody Liliace^:
and members of some allied Orders do, more or less, increase in diameter and form
new separate fibro-vascular bundles. But such exceptions are few and unimportant.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.

This Class is subdivided into Series, as follows : —

Series I. Thalamiflorae Orders 1 to 21

„ II. Discifloraj „ 22 to 40

„ III. ( 'alyciflora „ 41 to 57

„ IV. Gamopetalaj „ 58 to 83

„ V. Apetala) , S4 to 106

As already mentioned, the wood of Dicotyledons is characterized by distinct bark
and wood, the general presence of annual rings, the presence of pores aud medullary
rays, aud the usual presence of distinct heartwood and sapwood. A transverse section
shows : (1) a central pith ; (2) a series of layers of fibro-vascular tissue in which the

B

2 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

most prominent features are : (a) annual rings which are usually present only in
woods grown in a climate where there are distinct seasons, (I >) pores of greater or less
magnitude and various arrangements, usually larger and more prominent in the inner
parts of the annual rings, and gradually getting smaller and less prominent towards
the outer parts, (c) medullary rays represented on a cross or transverse section as radial
lines of greater or less breadth, on a radial section as vertical and radial plates, and
on a tangential section as lenticular patches of greater or less breadth and depth,
(d) other characters such as occasional patches called " medullary patches," or large
cells, or pores filled with resin or mineral matter, the whole set in (e) tissue, mostly con-
sisting of wood fibres, chiefly tracheides without the " bordered pits " seen in Coniferous
wood, and varying in the size of the cavities or " lumina " and the thickness of the
walls, and so showing harder or softer structure and a difference of colour ; and then
(3) a baric ring, the inner part of fibrous layers, the outer of hard dead or nearly dead
tissue.

Series I. THALAMI FLORAE.

Order I. RANUNCULACE.E.

Shrubs, erect or climbing, and herbaceous plants, of little importance in the forests.
The roots of species of Aconitum yielding an important but poisonous drug are col-
lected in the Himalaya for export. Pceonia Emodi, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 30 ; Vera.
Mamehh, Pb., is an erect perennial herb of the Western Himalaya, whose tubers are
used medicinally and whose young shoots are sometimes eaten as a vegetable in
Kumaon. Of woody plants there are two genera, Clematis and Xaravelia, with 22
species in all.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Twenty species are described in Fl. Br. Ind. i. pp. 2 to f>, and Kurz adds two more
for Burma. The commonest kinds in the Western Himalaya are G. grata, Wall.,
C. nutans, Royle, and C. orientalis, Linn., with white or yellowish-white panicles of
flowers ; C. montana, Ham., with large white star-shaped flowers, which festoons the
fir and deodar trees in the upper forests, and C. barbellata, Edgw., with dull purple
ones, common among bushes in the hill forests; while C. Buchananiana, DC, is
conspicuous for its woolly leaves and large soft tomentose bell-shaped flowers. In the
Eastern Himalaya this latter species is the most common, with C. greiuiccjlora, DC,
covered all over with golden pubescence, and the pink-flowered C. smilaa'folia, Wall.
In the sub-Himalayan forests 0. Gouriana, Boxb., which resembles the European
Clematis, is very common ; and C. Wightiana, Wad., is conspicuous in the hills of
Western and Southern India. 0. triloba, Heyne, is common in the Deccan. These
climbers are all very ornamental, but they have little or no value, though Kurz says
that the "stems of Burmese species while fresh are often used for ropes and are very
' strong." Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 9, gives the weight of the wood at 24 to 36 lbs. per cubic
foot for C. Vitalba, Linn., the European Clematis or Traveller's Joy.

Woody climbers. Bark grey, fibrous, peeling off in long strips.
Wood white or yellowish- white, soft, porous. Pores arranged in
rounded groups between the broad or very broad medu/lnri/ rays,
the groups having alternately very large pores and small ones, so
that a section (see Nordlinger, Vol. 2, G. Vitalba) has the appearance
of lacework. There is a big central pith, and the outer edge of the
small-pored groups defines the annual ring.

tt oon m i a- i uaaa j-,. (O.montana, Ham. Vera. Kangidi,

H 2851. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. I .„, ..-,'. tt;„j rc,„,;,hAi;

tt Anne, t\ i i ornn ft /•><> n \ { <//Ull< t /<< I ! , Hind. KaUhUXOalt.

H 4792. Deoban, Jaunsar, 8500 It. (.12 lbs.) j •', '

RANUNCTJLACE/E 3

H 2852. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. \C. burbellata, Edgw. Vein. Kauni,

H 3156. Theog, „ 7000 ft. (40 lbs.) / Jaunsar.

H 2820. Simla, 6000 ft C. grata, Wall.

H 2838. Simla, 6000 ft C. Bachananiana, DC.

all collected by myself.

2. NARAVELIA, DC. Two species : N. zeylarrica, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 7 (Atra-
gene zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 670) ; Vera. Sargoylt, Burm., is common in the
tropical forests throughout most of India ; and N. laurifolia, Wall, occurs in Burma.

Order II. DILLENIACEJE.

A tropical Order of plants, usually with showy flowers. There are five genera, trees
or shrubs, some climbing. They belong to two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Delimea? Delima, Tetracera.

„ II. Dillenieaa Schumacheria, Wormia,

Dillenia.

1. DELIMA, Linn.

1. D. sarmentosa, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 31 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 22 ; Gamble Darj.
Listl; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 5. Tetracera sarmentom, Willd. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645.
Vera. Monkyourik, Lepcha ; Korasa-wel, Cingh.

A woody climber. Bark red, peeling off in hard flakes. Wood
light brown, moderately hard, with large round pores and broad
medullary rays.

Northern and Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andamans, in moist forests ; low-
country of Ceylon.

The leaves are hard and are sometimes used to polish wood, etc. The stems are
used in Ceylon for cattle-ropes.

E 3370. Kasalong Forests, Chittagong (Gamble).

2. TETRACERA, Linn.

Two species. T. laivis, Vahl ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 31 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 6 (T. trigyna,
Hoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645) ; Vera. Et-korasa-vjel, Cingh. , is a climbing shrub of the forests
of Malabar extending to Ceylon ; and T. Asm, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 31 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
22, a climber of the forests of Chittagong. Both have scabrid leaves and small white
panicled flowers. The wood of T. macrophylla, Wall, of the Straits Settlements has
the following characters : —

Bark brick-red, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood red, soft.
Pores scanty, moderate-sized to large. Medullary rays broad, not
numerous.

Penang — Kew Museum (II. N. Ridley).

3. SCHUMACHERIA, Vahl. Three erect or scrambling shrubs, endemic in Ceylon.
S. castanecrfolia, Vahl; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 35 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl i. 10; Vera. Kekiri-waruy
Cingh., is common in the moist low country.

4. WORMIA, Rottb.

; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 35 ; Trirm
A moderate-sized tree. Wood red, close-grained, moderately hard.

1. W. triquetra, Rottb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 35 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 11, t. 3. Vein.
Diya-para, Cingh.

4 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullar]) rays fine to moderately
broad, silver-grain not prominent.

Moist low region of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft., endemic.

The wood is used in building ; it weighs 44 lbs. per cubic foot. The nut gives
an oil.

lbs.

Ceylon Collection, No. 22, old (Mendis) 44

Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862— Kew Museum.

5. DILLENIA, Linn.

Ten species, handsome trees witb large or very large leaves. Tbey are in two
Subgenera, viz. —

1. Eudillexia, with persistent leaves and white flowers, D. indica, J), bracteata,
and D. retusa.

2. Colbeetia, with deciduous leaves and yellow flowers, D. aurea, D. piloaa, D.
pulcherrima, D. scabrella, D. parvifiora, D. pentagyna, and D. floribunda, Hook. f.
and Th.

The last named is a very little-known species of Martaban. D. bracteata, "Wight ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 37 (Wormia bracteata, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 115), is a large tree of the hills
of the South Deccan. D.pilosa, Kurz For. Fl. i. 20, is a tree of the upper mixed forests
of the Andamans. Kurz says it has a greyish, close-grained, coarsely-fibrous, heavy
wood. In the Fl. Br. Ind. it is placed under D. pentagyna, and though Kurz identifies
his Andaman plant with Roxburgh's (Fl. Ind. ii. 652), the latter got his specimens
from E. Bengal or Assam.

Wood light red or reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores
moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, often filled with a white sub-
stance. Medullary rays of two classes, numerous broad or moderately
broad with a few very fine between them. A good silver-grain.

1. D. indica, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 36; Brandis For. Fl. 1; Kurz For. Fl. i. 10;
Gamble Darj. List 1 ; Talbot Bcmb. List 2 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 12. I), speciosa,
Thunb. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 650; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 103. Vein. Chalta, Hind.;
Chalta, hargesa, Beng. ; Otengah, Ass. ; Rai, oao, Uriya; Ramphal, meclt ia]>ha1 ', Nep. ;
Phamsikol, sun-yum, Lepcba ; Panpui, Garo ; Uva, pedda ka/inga,'L'e\. ; I'va, Tarn. ;
Betta-hanagala, Icad-hanagala, Kan.; Syalita, Mai.; Mota karmal, Mar.; Thapru,
chauralesi, Magh ; Thabyu, Burm. ; Carllow, TaleiDg; Hondapara, wampara, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Bark red, moderately thick, smooth,
peeling off' in small hard flakes. Wood red with white specks, close-
grained, moderately hard. Annual rings faint, distinguished by the
scarcity of pores in the autumn wood. Pores moderate-sized, fairly
numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays of two classes, broad
<and very fine, the latter bent round the pores and usually 2 to 4
between each pair of broad rays ; silver-grain good.

Damp evergreen forests at the base of the Himalaya from Nepal eastwards ; Assam,
Eastern Bengal, and Burma; valleys of the Circar Hills, the Konkan, Kanara, and
Malabar; low country of Ceylon : often cultivated in gardens.

A conspicuous tree in its localities, at once recognizable by t ho colour of the bark,
the large serrate leaves, large white flowers, and huge succulent fruit, which is more oi
less eilible. The leaves are occasionally used to polish ivory, and are, according to Mr.
Brovvnlow of Cachar, used to feed the "Eri" silkworm (Attacus Atlas, Linn.).

The wood is not much used, it is however made into gunstocksand helves, and in
some places in the construction of houses and ships (Brandis). If used wholly under
water, it turns jet black and lasts many years (S. E. Peal). It gives good charcoal.

I.

DILLENIA IND1CA.

SACCOPETALl'M LOXGIFLOnUJI.

PLACOUBT] \ i ATAPHR \(T\.

CAT.ornYI.T/TM INOPHTLLUM.

1ITM\ WALLTCHn.

el r. tcAnrrs lance^pomts.

(Magnified 3J times.)

DILLENIACE.E 5

Its weight per cubic foot is given as 41 to 45 lbs. (Braudis), 44 lbs. when seasoned and
55 to 60 lbs. when unseasoned (Beddorne), 41 lbs. (Kurz), 44"5 lbs. (Sniythies in 1878),
and the following are the results of experiments recorded : —

Wt. in lbs. P.
Skinner, No. 58, in 1862, in S. India . . . .45 721
Kyd, in 1831, with Assam wood, bars 2' x 1" x 1" . 45 243 (doubtful)

The growth is moderate ; countings made in 1878 gave 7 rings per inch, and a round
(No. E 2310) in the Bengal Forest Museum gave 62 rings for a mean radius of 6^ in.
or nearly 9 rings per inch.

Wt. in lbs.
E 596. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Hanson) . . .40

E 2310. Sivoke Forest, do. (Gamble) 41

E 1395. Chittagong (Chester) 48

B 2501. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 49

W4190. Cochin (Kohlhoff) 46

No. 51. Ceylon collection, new (Mendis) ...... 41

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11 and vol. 9 (D. speoiosa) (Tab. I. ]).

2. D. retusa, Thunb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 37 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. vi. ; Trimen PL Ceyl.
i. 13. Vern. Godapara, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark brownish-grey. Wood reddish-
brown, moderately hard, resembling that of D. indica, but more
compact. Annual rings not distinct. Pores moderate-sized, rather
scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays of two classes, broad
and very fine, the broad ones distinct and regular : silver-grain
handsome.

Moist low country of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.

A rather common Ceylon tree. The wood is used in building.

lbs.
Ceylon Collection, No. 29 (old), 39 (new) (Mendis) . . . .51

Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

3. D. aurea, Smith; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 37; Brandis For. Fl. 2; Kurz For. Fl. i. 20.
Vern. Chamayyai, Oudh ; Dhenyr, Nep. ; Byu, Burni.

A deciduous tree, small in N. India, large in Burma. Bark h in.
thick, reddish-grey, soft, corky, exfoliating in irregular scales. Wood
light reddish-brown, moderately hard. Annual rings rather in-
distinct. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays of two classes, the
moderately broad to broad ones separated by a few very fine ones :
silver-grain good.

Forests of Oudh and Gorakhpur ; drier hill forests of Burma, at 2-3000 ft. ;
Andaman Islands.

The wood is not used: Benson gives W = 44 lbs., P = 834; Brandis gives
W = 45 lbs. ; specimenB examined a little more.

lbs.

O 4829. Gorakhpur (H. G. Billson) 45

B 2502. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 49

B 2253. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 48

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

4. D. puleherrima, Kurz; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 37; Kurz For. Fl. i. 19. Vern.
Byu, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Ba.rk \ in. thick, light brown or whitish-grey,
corky, peeling off in small papery flakes. Wood dark reddish-brown,
moderately hard. Annual rings marked distinctly by the scarcity
of pores in the autumn wood. Pores small to moderate-sized rather

6 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

scanty. Medullary rays of two classes, broad and very fine : a good
silver-grain.

Eng forests and savannahs in low country of Burma, extending north to
Myitkyina.

Kurz says the wood is hard and strong, and gives W = 69 lbs., but the specimens
examined gave only 45 lbs.

lbs.

B 5063, 5017, 5050. Pegu forests 45

5. D. seabrella, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 653; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 38; Kurz For. Fl. i. 21.
Vern. Akdchi, Garo.

A deciduous tree. Bark grey, smooth, with horizontal short
fissures. Wood light reddish-brown, moderately hard. Annual ring*
indistinct, marked by a darker autumn belt without pores. Pores
moderate-sized, rather scanty. Medullary rays of two classes, broad
and very fine : a good silver-grain.

Assam, the Khasia hills up to 3000 ft., Svlhet, and Chittagong.

lbs.

E 4864. Goalpara, Assam (Perree) 40

E. Bot. Garden, Calcutta — cyclone 1864 (Kew Museum).

6. D. parviflora, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 38 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 21. Vern. Lingyaw,
Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark greyish -brown, rough (smooth when
young). Wood reddish-brown, moderately hard. Annual rings
indistinct. Pores small to moderate-sized, rather scanty. Medullary
rays of two classes, moderately broad and very fine : a good silver-grain.

Mixed forests of Burma, especially upper ones, up to 2000 ft. ; Andaman Islands.

Three specimens have been received from Burma, which differ slightly in bark and
structure. I think B 5016 from Prome is really D. indica, and that the others only
belong to this species.

lbs.

B 4876, 5034. Pegu 47

7. D. pentagyna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 652; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 38; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 104; Brandis For. Fl. 2 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 21 ; Gamble Darj. List 2 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 2. D. augusta and D. pilosa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 652. Vern. Aggai, Oudh ; Kallai,
C.P. ; Karkotta, Beng. ; Akshi, Ass., Mechi; Tatri, Nep. ; PashJcordi, Kajbansbi;
Agar, Monghyr; Akdchi, achki, Garo; Korkot, Sonthal, Oraon ; Korkotta, Kol;
Shukni, Lepcha ; Bai, Uriya ; Kanagalu, fatrmal, kanunhvl, kunveil, Mar.; Mirchi,
Baigas; Kallei, Gondi ; Male gem, Ooorg ; Kanagola, kalttga, kad-kanagala, machil,
Kan.; Bai, pinnai, nai-te'k, Tain.; Ramadan, chinua-kaliiiga, Tel.; Zambrun,
Magh ; Panna, kodapanna, Mai.; Pattipanna, Trav. Hills; ZinbyHn, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, grey or pale-brown, smooth,
inner substance red. Wood rough, moderately hard, reddish-grey ; apt
to split, warp, and crack ; durable. Annuel rings marked by a narrow
belt in the outer edge (autumn wood) without pores. Pores small and
moderate-sized, many of them filled with a white substance, which is
visible both on the horizontal and vertical sections, and is one of the
characteristics of the wood. Medullary rays of two classes, the larger
moderately broad, with a few intermediate very fine rays : silver-grain
good.

Sub-IIimalayan forests from Oudh eastwards; Eastern Bengal and Burma; Orissa,
the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; scarce in the C.P., and then only on Low ground :
Gujarat and the Mahratta country ; Ghats and Western Coast.

DILLENIACE.E 7

This species is a conspicuous tree, and usually affects dry forests aud open grass
lands, as well as the more open Sal forests in Northern India.

Except the teak, perhaps, it has the largest leaves of any of our forest trees,
f or they often reach 2 ft. long. The flowers, which appear in the hot season, are yellow,
in fascicles or tuberosities on the branches, and the fruit is small and fleshy. The flower-
buds and fruit are eaten, and have a pleasant acid flavour. The leaves are sometimes
used for plates, and at Poona as a substratum for thatched roofs (Dalz. and Gibs.).

The wood is but little used, occasionally only in construction, shipbuilding, and for
rice-mills (Brandis), and houseposts (Kurz); it is durable, but very liable to warp and
split, and has much the character of beech; it makes good charcoal. Its weight per
cubic foot is given as 45 to 48 lbs. (Brandis), 48 lbs. (Kurz), while the average of the
specimens examined gives 47*5 lbs. Beddome gives 70 lbs. for seasoned and 85 to
'JO lbs. for unseasoned wood : in this he probably follows Skinner, who may have made
some mistake. The following experiments are recorded : —

Wt. in lbs. P.

Skinner, in S. India, in 1862, No. 57 70 907

Benson, in Burma, with bars 3' x 1*4" x 1*4" . . . .58 960
Kyd, with Assam wood, in 1831, bars 2' x 1" x 1" . . .45 593
Brandis, with Burma wood, in 1864, bars 3' x 1" x 1" . . 45 740
Bourdillon, Travancore, in 1896, bars 2' x 1" x 1" . . .44 554

48 lbs. may probably be adopted as a fair average for the weight.

The rate of growth is moderately fast, our specimens giving 5 to 6 rings per inch
of radius. Saplings grow very fast with straight, white, fleshy-barked stems, crowned
by very large leaves, the fleshy stems helping them to resist jungle fires. The leaves
are used for thatching huts.

Wt. in lbs.

O 348. Gorakhpiir, N.-W.P. (1868) 54

E 658. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)
E 2311. Sivoke Forests, „ (Gamble) .
B 302, 303. Burma (1867) ....
B 557. Prome, Burma (Ribbentrop)
C 3571. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) .
C 4211, 4215. Ganjam Forests, Orissa (Gamble)

45
54
47
38
49
46

B 2245 (52 lbs.) and B 2275 (44 lbs.), sent by Col. Ford from the Andaman Islands
in 1866 under the name Lingyau, have a structure more like that of I), aurea. They
may belong to D. pilosa, Kurz.

order III. MAGNOLIACEiE.

An Order of great interest, though containing only a few Indian species and those
chiefly found in the more or less inaccessible forests of the North-East Himalaya and
Assam. The flowers are iisually large and handsome, often sweet-scented, and some
of the species are among the most beautiful of trees.

Since the publication of the " Flora of British Iudia," vol. i., this Order has been
the subject of a Monograph by Sir G. King, K.C.I. E., F.R.S., published in vol. iii.
of the "Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden of Calcutta." The Monograph has to
some extent revised the work of the " Flora of British India," and added a few Indian
species. There are four Tribes with eight Genera, viz. —

Tribe I. Trochodendrese . . . Euptelea.

„ II. Winterete .... Illicium.

„ III. Magnoliesa .... Talauma, Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia.

„ IV. Schizandreae .... Schizandra, Kadsura.

The two latter Genera contain only climbers. Some of the American Magnolias
are sometimes seen in cultivation in India. The Tulip tree, Liriodendrontulijiiferum,
Linn, which has a useful carpentry wood, and is found in the United States of
America, would be worth introduction into gardens in the Indian hill stations.

Wood usually soft, even-grained, white, grey, yellow or olive-brown.

8 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Annual rings distinct. Pores small, fairly regular. Medullary rays
fine, numerous, regular. In Magnolia the wood is sometimes in
alternate layers of light and dark tissue, in Schizandra or Kadsura
it has the porous structure of climbers.

1. EUPTELEA, Sieb. and Zucc. E. pleiosperma, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
39; King Ann. Calc. iii. 199, is a shrub of the Mishmi hills, found by Griffith near
the top of Mount Thumathaga.

2. ILLICIUM, Linn.

Four species. I. manipurense, Watt ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 200, is a tree (King,
doubtfully, says small, but Watt in Diet. Econ. Prod. iv. 332 says that it is a lofty
tree with a stem 30 to 40 ft. high surmounted by a dome of dense bright shining
leaves) of high elevations on the Manipur-Burma frontier. I. majus, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 40 ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 20(3, is a small tree of the Thaungyeen
Hills of Burma. /. Simonsii, Maxim.; King Ann. Calc. iii. 201, is a small tree of
the Naga Hills of Assam. They are all aromatic plants, and are occasionally used
medicinally. /. verum, Hook. f. is known as the " Star-anise " of China.

1. I. Griffithii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 40; King Ann. Calc. iii. 201.
A small tree. Bark light reddish-brown with vertical lenticels.
Wood yellowish-brown, close-grained, smooth. Annual rings marked
by a belt without pores and of a darker colour. Pores small, scanty.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, short.

Bhutan Himalaya ; Khasia Hills.

Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

3. TALAUMA, Juss.

Six species. T. andamanica, King ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 203, is a shrub or small
tree from Mount Harriet, Andaman*. T. Jlabaniana, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 40; Kurz For. Fl. i. 24 ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 204 ; Vera. Sappa, Ass., is a large tree
of the Khasia Hills and Burma whose wood is sometimes used in Assam for furniture
and planking. T. mutabilis. BL; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 40; King Ann. Calc. iii. 203 ('/'.
CandolUi, BL; Kurz For. Fl. i. 24), is, according to Kurz, an evergreen shrub of
Tenasserim and Tavoy. T. spongocavpa, King Ann. Calc. iii. 205, is a moderate-sized
tree of the Maymyo Hills in Burma. T. phellocarpa, King Ann. Calc. iii. 205, i^ a
tree 60 to 80 feet 'in height, found in the Sibsagar District, Assam. Gr. Mann gives
its name as Tita sopa, but S. E. Peal, who discovered the tree, calls it Korika sopa,
Ass., and says "The heartwood is large compared to the ring of sapwood, and the
'colour darkish green, turning brown when dry. It is a fine timber for building
' purposes, and can be used not only for posts, but for beams, flooring, and ridge poles,
' wall-plates, etc. It is too valuable to use for boxes " (Ind. 'I'm <J<tz.).

No. E 4807 Lakhimpur (F. H. Cavendish) has been sent as the wood of this
species. It is a soft grey light (21 lbs. per cubic loot) wood with thin grey, smooth
bark, small regularly distributed pores, and close tine aedullary rays, hut scarcely bears
out Mr. Peal's description.

No. 4881 Sylhet (Balm Kripa Nath 1 >e) has been sent as the wood of T. Rabaniana.
It is a greyish-white moderately hard wood, with thin greyish bark, small to moderate-
sized, much subdivided pores and regular, tine, numerous medullary rays: weight
30 lbs. per cubic foot. Vern. Sappa. The identification is, however, somewhat
doubtful.

1. T. Hodgsoni, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 40; Hook. f. 111. Him. PI. t. <; ;
Gamble Darj. List 2; King Ann. Calc. iii. 204. Vern. Siffoo, safun, Lepcha;
tatpatta, harre, Nep. ; Laigongron, Mechi ; Punkakro, Garo; Boramthuri, A.->.

MAGNOLIACE.E D

A large evergreen tree. Bark grey, 4 in. thick, smooth. Wood
grey, with a grey- black heartwood, soft, even-grained. Annual rings
distinct. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and very fine.

Sikkim Himalaya, from the Terai up to 6000 ft., common ; Khasia Hills.

A beautiful tree with large terminal white flowers and big cones with bright red
seeds. The growth is moderate — 7 rings per inch of radius. The wood is used for the
handles of knives, such as the Nepalese " kukri " and the Lepcha " ban."

lbs.

E. 3100. Darjeeling Hills, 5000 ft. (Gamble) 21

4. MAGNOLIA, Linn.

Six species. M, Gustavi, King Ann. Calc. iii. 209, is a tall tree discovered by
G. Mann in the Makum Forest, Upper Assam, at about 1-2000 ft.

1. M. pteroearpa, Roxb. ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 207. M. sphenocarpa, Wall ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 41 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 24. Liriodendron grandiflorum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 65o.
Vern. Boramthitri sopa, Ass. ; Duli champa, Sylhet.

A large deciduous tree. Wood " white, rather soft, very even in
• grain right through, and fairly light and strong " (S. E. Peal).

Forest of the tropical Himalaya from Nepal eastward ; Khasia and Chittagong
Hills.

This tree resembles Talauma Hodgsonl in appearance, and its leaves are very
large. The sheaths of the young leaves are collected by the Nagas and sold to
Assamese, who chew them ; the wood is excellent for tea-box shooks, but does not bear
exposure to wet if used for planking (S. E. Peal).

2. M. globosa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 41 ; Gamble Darj. List 2 ; King
Ann. Calc. iii. 208. Vern. Khuhie clamp, Nep.

A small deciduous tree. Bark light greyish-brown, smooth, with
shallow vertical clefts and regular horizontal closely arranged wrinkles.
Wood white, even-grained, soft to moderately hard. Annual rings (?)
marked by a white line. Pores small, often subdivided or in short
radial lines, scanty. Medullary rays fine, fairly numerous, in-
conspicuous.

Sikkim Himalaya at 9-10,000 ft.

A very handsome little tree with beautiful large white flowers in purple bracts,
common in bamboo (Arxndinariaracemom, Monro) forest.

ii.-.
E 5088. Darjeeling Hills, 10,000 ft. (C. G. Rogers) . . . .36

3. M. Campbellii, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 41; Hook. f. 111. Him. PI. t.
1,5; Gamble Darj. List 2; King Ann. Calc. iii. 208. Red Magnolia. Vein. Lai

champ, Nep. ; Sigumgrip, su(/ok, penre, Lepcha ; Pendder, patago.ri, Bhutia.

A large, tall, deciduous tree. Bark dark, branches black. Wood
white, very soft. J. nnual rings (?) distinctly marked by prominent
white lines. Pores small. Medullary rays moderate-sized, promi-
nent.

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya at 8-10,000 ft.

A magnificent tree with beautiful rose-coloured, occasionally white, flowers. It
used formerly to be very common, and King says that specimens 150 feet in height
w.re common at the time of Sir Joseph Hooker's visit to Sikkim in 1849; but "the
demand for building and lea-boxwoods has made lar^e trees scarce. The beauty of
the tree may be well seen by an inspection of the two splendid plates. Nbs. ! and 5 of

10 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Hooker and Cathcart's Illustrations. The wood is used for planking chiefly. Growth
moderate, 1L| rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

E. 365. Eangiriim Forest, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Johnston) . . .25

4. M. Grifflthii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 41 ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 209.
Yern. Bor gahori sopa, pan sopa, Ass.

A large tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown, smooth, with many small

lenticels. Wood greyish-brown, at first sight greatly resembling that

of Ficus, but with regular alternate layers of dark, fairly hard, and

light soft tissue : they may represent annual rings, but this is doubtful.

Pores small, very scanty, irregularly distributed. Medullary rays

fine, numerous, rather short.

Valleys of Assam and Cachar.

lbs.
E 4868. Lakhimpur, Assam (F. H. Cavendish) 28

3. M. Pealiana, King Ann. Calc. iii. 210. Vera. Gahori sopa.

A lai'ge tree. Outer bark dark grey with longitudinal markings;
the ivood " has no heart, but right through is white, soft, and even,
■ more or less destitute of ring markings, light, and pretty strong "
(S. E. Peal in Ind. Tea Gaz.).

Makum forest in Assam.

The wood is used, according to Peal, for tea-boxes.

No. E 4702, sent by H. C. Hill from Dibrugarh, is called Gahori sopa. It has
an olive-brown heartwood, which resembles closely the wood of Miclielia excelsa. It
has 10 rings per inch of radius, and weighs 40 lbs. per cubic foot, but the difference in
colour from Peal's description makes its identification with this species doubtful.

5. MANGLIETIA, Blume.

Two species. M. Caveana, Hook. f. ami Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 42 ; King Ann. Calc.
iii. 212 ; Vera. Phul sopa, Ass., is a large tree of the lower hills of Assam, possibly
only a variety of M . insign is.

1. M. insignis, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 42 ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 211. Yern. &
soah, Nep. ; Phul sopa, Ass.

A very tall, handsome tree. Bark thin, greyish-white, smooth.
Wood yellowish-white, even-grained, smooth, satiny ; with numerous
concentric lines, narrow and pale, often joining. Pores small, scanty.
Medullary rays line to moderately broad, not numerous.

Nepal, Sikkim (very scarce), Assam, Khasia Hills, Shan States, usually at 3-6O00 ft.

Has a beautiful wood to work, but it does not last in the ground (S. E. Peal).
Wallich, in Tent. FL Nep. 4, t. 1, says, " It is scarcely possible to contemplate a more
' magnificent object than this noble tree exhibits, both when it is covered with flowers
' and with fruit," and that the wood is pale yellow in colour and close-grained.

Sikkim, 3000 ft. — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker), marked .¥. Cai-w

<;. MICHELIA, Linn.

Ten species. 31. Kisopa, Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 43; King Ann. Calc. iii. 217.
Vern. Banchampa, Kumaon ; Champ, chobsi, Nep., is a tall tree of the Central
Himalaya at 5-7000 ft., extending eastwards to Sikkim, where it is rare. A. Aikin,

MAGNOLIACE^E 11

in Lis Catalogue of Indian woods collected by Wallich, says the wood is yellowish, is
used in Nepal for light works, and has S to 11 rings per inch of radius. M. pun-
duana, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 43 ; King Ann. Gale. iii. 217, is a large tree
of the Khasia Hills at 3-6000 ft. M. Mannii, King Ann. Calc. iii. 218, is a
rare tree collected only in the Makuni forest, Assam, by G. Mann ; and M, montana,
Bl. ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 218, is a tree of the Sikkim Himalaya and the Langai forest
in Sylhet.

Wood white, grey, yellow, or olive-brown, soft, even-grained.
Annual rings distinct. Pores small or moderate-sized, regular,
sometimes in radial lines. Medullary rays tine, numerous, uniform,
with a good silver-grain.

1. M. Catheartii, Hook. f. and Th. ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 42 ; Hook. f. III. Him. PL t. 7 ;
Gamble Darj. List 2 ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 214. Vern. Kala champ, titi champ, Nep. ;
Atokduiig, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark-coloured. Wood moderately
hard ; sapwood large, white ; heartwood dark, greenish when wet,
when dry olive-brown. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white
line. Pores small. Medullary rays line, not very prominent.

Sikkim Himalaya, common at 5-7000 ft. ; Naga Hills.

A pretty tree; flowers white, turning red in drying. The wood is used for plank-
ing. Growth about 8 to lJ rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
E 2314. Kangbiil Forest, Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gramblt-'j . . .41
E 3321. Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble) —

2. M. lanuginosa, Wall. ; FL Br. Ind. i. 43 ; Gamble Darj. List 3 ; King Ann.
Calc. iii. 215. Vern. (iotjaij champ, Nep.

A large deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, greyish-brown, smooth.
Wood greyish-white, soft, shining. Annual rings doubtful. Pores
small, scanty. Medullary rays tine and very fine, closely packed.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan at 5-7003 ft., common about Darjeeling ;
Khasia Hills.

"Wood little used. Weight about 31 lbs. per cubic foot. Growth fast, about 6 rings
per inch radius.

lbs.

E 30519. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 27

E 3331 „ 6000 ., „ 36

3. M. exeelsa, Bl. ; FL Br. Ind. i. 43 ; Gamble Darj. List 3 ; King Ann. Calc.
iii. 215. Vern. Bara champ, safed chump, seti champ, Nep.; Sigvgrip, penre,
Lepcha ; 66k, Bhutia.

A lofty deciduous tree. Bark greyish-brown, I in. thick. Wood
soft: sapwood small, white or" grey; heartwood olive-brown, glossy,
yellow when freshly cut. A nnual rings distinctly marked by tinner
autumn wood with fewer pores. Pores small, evenly distributed,
sometimes subdivided. Medullary rays rather long, fine and mode-
rately broad, very numerous, showing a satiny silver-grain.

Forests of the Eastern Himalaya at 6-8000 ft. : Khasia Hills.
The most important building tree of the Upper Darjeeling Forests, formerly used
largely for planking, door and window frames, and furniture, but now scarce; a bad

fuel and having an unpleasant smell when freshly cut. Growth variable ; young trees
show often only 1 to 7 rings per inch of radius, older ones 12 to 16, while a round
(E 3631) in the Darjeeling Forest Museum with a girth of 91 in. gave 7 rings per
inch mean growth. In the Darjeeling Forest Working Plan the mean rate of growth

12 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

is given as 8 to 11 rings per inch, and the rotation is fixed at 160 years. Weight
33 to 34 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is very durable: e.g. specimen No. E 1442 was
cut in 1836 and kept in Calcutta uncut till 1878, when it was found to be quite sound.
The tree has been largely planted, its natural reproduction being somewhat difficult,
partly because it requires some shade for germination and then light, without danger of
being choked by weeds, partly because wherever grazing is permitted the cattle eat the
seedlings freely. It seeds profusely : the seeds are usually good, and if sown at once
germinate well, so that nursery propagation is not difficult. But they are very oily,
and difficult to keep or send to a distance.

lbs.
E 657. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Johnston) . . 33
E 2312. Bangbiil Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . 33

E 1442. Mishmi Hills (Griffith 1836) 34

E 3586, 3631. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

4. M. Champaea, Linn. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 42 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 656 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. vi. ; Brandis For. Fl. 3 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 25 ; Gamble Darj. List 3 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 2; Trimen Fl. CeyJ. i. 15; King Ann. Calc. iii. 216. Vera. Champa, Hind.;
Oulia champ, Nep. ; Tita sopa, Ass. ; Champa, champaea, Beng. : Shimbu, sempangam,
chambagam, Tarn. ; ChampaJcamu, sampenga, kanchanamu, Teb. ; Sampige, kola
sampige, Kan. ; Kud champa, Mar. ; Ghampaham, Mai. ; Saga, sagaiua, Burm. ; Sapu,
hapu, Cingh.

A tall evergreen tree. Bark grey, smooth, J in. thick. Wood
soft, even-grained : sapwood white, heartwood light olive-brown.
Annual rings distinctly marked by a dark line. Pores moderate-
sized, evenly distributed, often subdivided into 2 to 5 by thin par-
titions. Medullary rays regular, fine and moderately broad,
numerous, showing a satiny silver-grain of narrow dark plates.

Cultivated throughout India from the Ravi southwards and up to 5500 ft. in the
Western Himalaya. "Wild in Nepal, the Eastern Himalaya, and Assam up to 3000 ft.,
also in Burma and perhaps in the Western Ghats.

A beautiful tree, much cultivated about Jain and Hindu temples and prized on
account of its scented flowers. In the forest it has a cylindrical stem, and reaches
8 to 10 ft. in girth. Beddome mentions one on the Balarangam Hills in Mysore which
had over 50 feet in circumference. The specimens examined show an average growth
of 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. S. E. Peal says that the wood of Tita sopa is
intensely bitter, and that "it seems not unlikely that the lasting quality of the wood
'is due to a bitter deliquescing salt, that prevents rot; old posts are often on removal
' found to be as wet inside as the day they were put in" (Ind. Tea Gaz.). The wood
is very durable ; e.g. specimen No. 1437 was cut by Griffith in 1836, and when after
storage for 42 years in Calcutta it was cut into, it was found perfectly sound. In
N. Bengal it is used for planking, door-panels and furniture; in Assam for building
and canoes ; elsewhere for house and carriage building and native drains. The bark is
said to have been used as a febrifuge, but is now rarely used ; the flowers and seeds
also are occasionally used in medicine. The flowera are used in religious ceremonies.
The wood is made into beads, and necklaces of the beads are sold to pilgrims at
Hardwar.

Weight and strength: Brandis' experiments of 1864 with Nepal wood gave weight
37 lbs. per cubic foot, four trials with bars 6' x 2" x 2" gave P=5(54, and three with bars
6' x 2" x H" gave P = 561. Puckle's experiments in Mysore with bars 2' x 1" x 1"
gave weight~42 lbs., P = 642. The average of the specimens examined gives 36 ll>s.
for weight per cubic foot. The average weight may he taken at 37 lbs. The experi-
ments on Ceylon wood made by Prof. W. C.Unwin, F.H.S., tor the Imperial [nstitute
(Imp. Inst. Journal, May, 1899), gave the following results: —

Weight 41 '41 lbs. per cub. foot.

Eesistance to shearing along the fibres . . . 753 lbs. per sq. inch.

Crushing stress 1-570 tons per sq. inch.

Transverse strength, coefficient of . . . . 3*488 „ „

Coefficient of elasticitv 502-15 „ „

MAGNOLIACE^ 13

E 576. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)
E 2313. Sukna Forest, „ „ (Gamble)

E 5110. Tista Valley, Darjeeling (C. G. Rogers)
E 2195. Nowgong, Assam (Maim)
E 1049. Eastern Diiars, Assam (Mann)
E 1437. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) .
E 4704. Dibrugarh, Assam (B. C. Hill)
Ceylon, Collection, No. 123, new (Mendis)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

lbs.

35
37

28
40
36
42
29
42

5. M. nilagiriea, Zenk.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 44; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 62; King Ann.
Calc. iii. 216 ; Tiimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 14. Yern. Fila champa, Hind., Mar. ; Shembugha,
Tam. ; Wal-sapu, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark brown, ^ in. thick, cleft, but not deeply, into
.small rectangular plates. Wood moderately hard, smooth : sapwood
grey, heartwood olive-brown, glossy, yellow when fresh, and at first
turning blue on contact with the saw. Annual rings marked by a
line pale line. Pores small, not very numerous, often in lines or
groups of 3 to 4. Medullary rays fine, numerous, showing as parallel
horizontal plates in the silver-grain.

Higher mountains of South India and Ceylon above 5000 ft. ; common in Nilgiri
" sholas."

A handsome tree and valuable for house-building in the Nilgiri and other S.
Indian ranges : much used in Ceylon, and worthy of cultivation. Trimen says, " One
' uf the best of the mountain timbers. One sort (variety) is often called by carpenters
* ' Wal-buruta,' and distinguished from the ordinary ' Wal-sapu ' by darker colour and
'greater weight. This was the ' Buruta"1 wood used for sleepers on the Nanu-oya
' Piailway." Growth slow, 16 to 18 riDgs per inch of radius. The bark is reported to
have been formerly used as a febrifuge. The leaves also are accounted antipyretic
(Ind. Agt., Dec. 11, 1886).

lbs

W 3879. Aramby Forest, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .38
Ceylon Collection, No. 147, new (Mendis) —

6. M. Oblonga, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 43; King Ann. Calc. iii. 217. Vern. Sopa,
phul-sopa, bor-sopa, Ass.

A very large tree. Bark whitish-grey. Wood white or greyish -
white, soft. Annual rings marked by a definite white or pale line
adjoining the harder autumn wood. Pores moderate-sized, often in
short radial lines or subdivided into 2 or 3. Medullary rays fine,
uniform, closely packed, distinct.

Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylhet, in lower forests.

A useful wood, extensively used for tea-boxes, also for canoes and rough furniture.
S. E. Peal says, "Occasionally Bor sopa trees run so lar^e that they would easily cut
'to 250 tea-chests from the one stem, allowing liberally for waste; but such trees
'arc actually too large to cut up profitably unless near a large saw-frame. Towards
' the east of Assam this tree attains a height of 80 ft. in the shaft and 150 to the
' crown, with a girth of 13 and 14 ft. at 10 ft. up. One tree would suffice to floor a
' bungalow 60' x 40' with 1 J" planks " {Ind. 'J'"' Gaz.). Weight about 40 Lbs. per
cubic loot.

lbs.

E 1268. Lakhinipur, Assam (Mann) 40

E 470:;. Dibrugarh, Assam (B. C. Hill) 36

This latter specimen was received at Dehra Dun under the name " phul-sopa."

14 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

7. SCHIZANDRA, Michaux.

Climbing glabrous shrubs, of which four species are described. S. elongata, Hook. f.
and Th. is found in the Eastern Himalaya; S. propinqua, Hook. f. and Th., in the
Central Himalaya in Nepal and Kumaon, extending west to the Jumna; and S.
axillaris, Hook. f. and Th., in the Khasia Hills and the Shan Hills in Burma.

1. S. grandiflora, Hook. f. and Th. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 44 ; Brandis For. FL 571 ;
Gamble Darj. List 3; King Ann. Calc. iii. 219. Vera. Klandru, haljendru, Simla;
Banoi, Jaunsar ; Sillangti, sirkul, Kumaon; Singhata, Nep. ; Tahsidrik, Lepcha.

A woody climber. Bark papery, light brown. Wood soft. Por<>
large. Medullary rays broad. Has a strong resinous odour.

Forests of the Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan at 6-10,000 ft. Very common
in Jaunsar, also at Darjeeling.

H 3029. Nagkanda, 9000 ft. (Gamble).

8. KADSURA, Kaempfer.

Two climbing shrubs. K. Wightiana, Am. is found in the forests of Malabar and
Ceylon at 2-3000 ft. Trimen says that " the old stems often develop thick prominent
' wings of soft cork."

1. K. Roxburghiana, Arn.; FL Br. Ind. i. 45; Gamble Darj. List 3; King
Ann. Calc. iii. 222.

A large climbing shrub. Bark brown, thick, corky, deeply cleft.
Wood yellowish-brown, soft, porous. Pores moderate-sized to large,
scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, not numerous.

Tropical Eastern sub-Himalayan forests ; Assam. The fruit is sometimes eaten.
Soormale river, Assam — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

Order IV. ANONACEiE.

An Order containing only woody plants, and found almost entirely in tropical
regions only. It is a very " natural " Order, not only in its unmistakable outward
botanical characters, but in the structure of the wood. It contains, in the region
herein dealt with, 21 genera and about 127 species — trees, shrubs, or climbing woody
plants. Since the publication of the FL Br. Ind., the Order has been carefully and
fully revised by Sir G. King, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., whose Monograph forms vol. iv. of
the " Annals of the lloyal Botanic Garden of Calcutta." The genera are grouped in
five Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Uvariea? . . Sagersea, Uvaria, Ellipeia.
,, II. Unoneaj . . Cyathocalyx, Artabotrys, Canangium, Unona,

Polyalthia, Anaxagorea.
„ III. Mitrephorese . Goniothalamus, Orophea, Mitrephora, Popowia,

Oxymitra.
„ IV. Xylopiea3 . . Melodorum, Xylopia, Anona.
„ V. Miliusetc . . Pha'anthus, Miliusa, Saccopetalum, Alphonsea.

One genus, Anona, contains only introduced fruit trees ; the others chiefly trees
of the moist evergreen forests of Burma, Eastern Bengal, the Malabar Coast and
Ceylon. Only a few species extend to Northern or even to the drier regions of Central
India. The woods of the Custard-apple Order are not important, but some of them
are useful and suitable for furniture- or carving-work.

Wood pale-coloured, usually yellowish or grey, soft to moderately

AXOXACEvE 15

hard, even-grained ; traversed by narrow, pale concentric bands which
form ladder-like cross-bars between the medullary rays. Annual
rings rarely distinguishable. Pores small to moderate-sized, rather
scanty, often radially subdivided or in strings. Medullary rays fine
to moderately broad or broad, regular. The concentric bars are
formed by lines of wood-cells larger than in the rest of the cellular
tissue.

Tribe I. UVARIE^E.

1. SAGEILEA, Dalz.

This genus contains four species. S. elliptica, Hook. f. and Th. ; King Ann. Calc.
iv. 6 (Bocagea elliptica, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 92 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 50), is
a large evergreen tree of Tenasserim. S. Listeri, King Ann. Calc. iv. 7, is a tree of
the Chittagong Hill Tracts. S. Thwaitesii, Hook, f. and Th. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. viii. ;
King Ann. Calc. iv. 7 (Bocagea Thwaitesii, Hook. f. and Th. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 92 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 33), is a tree endemic in the lower moist country of Ceylon.

1. S. laurina, Dalz. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. viii. ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 7. S. DalzelUi,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. viii. Bocagea DalzelUi, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 92 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 6. Yern. Sajeri, kochrik, har-hinjal, undie, Mar. ; Nedu natta, Tel. ;
Kanakayitha, Trav. Hills.

A middle-sized tree. Wood light yellow, sometimes red, hard,
even-grained, rather heavy; cross-bars prominent, not numerous,
many, regular. Pores moderate-sized to large, very scanty, often
filled with a white substance. Medullary rays moderately broad,
long, not numerous but very regular.

Konkan, Kanara and Travancore forests.

The wood is handsome and looks likely to be useful for cabinet work. Bourdil-
lon's experiments in 1896 gave : Weight 49 lbs., P = 788 ; he says the wood is tough
and elastic and used for shafts. Annual rings about 7 per inch. The leaves are used
as a fomentation in rheumatism (Pharm. Ind.).

lbs.
W 4587. Travancore (Bourdillon) 47

2. U VARIA, Linn., is a genus of 16 scandent or sarmentose shrubs, of which the
three following are probably the most important. XI. Hamiltonii, Hook. f. and Th. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 48 ; Gamble Darj. List 3 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 17, is a powerful climber
of the N. and E. Himalaya, Assam, E. Bengal, Shan Hills and Andamans. XI. macro-
phylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 6G3 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 49; Kurz For. Fl. i. 28; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 18 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 19. Vera. Bagh-rtmga, Beng. ; Thabut, Burm., is a
widely distributed species of E. Bengal, Burma and Ceylon. U. Xarum, Wall. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 50 ; Talbot Bomb. List 3 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 19 ; Kins; Ann. Calc. iv.' 27 ;
Vera. Narum panel, Mai., is a large climber common in the Konkan, Kanara, Malabar
and Ceylon forests.

3. ELLIPEIA, Hook. f. and Th. E. costata, King Ann. Calc. iv. 34 (Poli/althia
costata, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 67), is a shrub about 10 ft. high found ou
the Moolyet Hill in Tenasserim at 5000 ft.

Tkibe II. UN0NE.E.
4. CYATHOCALYX, Champion.

Two species. C. martabanicus, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 53 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 30; King Ann. Calc. iv. 36, is a small evergreen tree of tropical forests from
Martaban to Tenasserim, with, according to King, " a white, fibrous but rather close-
' grained, perishable wood."

1G A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. C. zeylanieus, Champ. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 53 ; Bedd. PL Sylv. ix. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 20 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 36. Vern. Kekala, ipetta, Cingh.

A tall tree. Bark smooth. Wood yellowish-white, moderately
hard, with very prominent cross-bars, not regularly concentric but
generally so, about 120 per inch. Pores large, extremely scanty.
Medullary rays tine to moderately broad, not regular, not numerous,
prominent.

Western Coast and Western Ghats, in Malabar, Travancore and the Anamalais ;
forests of the moist low country of Ceylon at 1500-3000 ft.

Trimen says that this tree is very straight, often attaining an immense height,
with slender, horizontal or deflexed branches. The wood is used for the lacquered
sticks carried by Kandyan chiefs.

Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

5. ARTABOTRYS, R. Brown, contains eight large scandent shrubs, the most
important one of which is A. odoratissimus, R. Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 54; Kurz i. 31;
Talbot Bomb. List 3 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 21 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 44, a large erect or
scandent shrub indigenous in S. India and Ceylon, and largely cultivated in other
parts of India for its fragrant flowers. A. zeylanieus, H ok. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 54; Talbot Bomb. List 3; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 22; King Ann. Calc. iv. 43; Vern.
Petika-wel, yakada-ioel, Cingh., is a large climber with compressed stems common in
the evergreen forests of the Western Coast and the moist region of Ceylon.

6. CANANGIUM, Baill.

1. C. odoratum. Baill. ; King Ann. Calc. i. 51. Cananga odorata, Hook. f. and
Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 56 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 33. Uvaria odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 661.
Ilang-ilang. Vern. Kadatnyan, Burm.

A tree. Wood grey, light, soft, with the ladder-like cross-bars
rather distant. Pores large, very scanty, often subdivided by 2 to •">
bars across them. Medullary rays moderately broad, giving a con-
spicuous silver-grain.

Tenasserim : elsewhere cultivated for its very strongly scented flowers which give
the well-known "Ilang-ilang" perfume. Roxburgh says that it was introduced in
1707 from Sumatra into the Calcutta garden.

lbs.

D 4133. Agri-Horticultural Gardens, Madras (Steavenson) . . . 19

7. UNONA, Linn.

Contains eleven species of trees, shrubs or climbers. U. elegans, Thw. and /'.
zeylanica, Hook. f. and Th. are shrubs of Ceylon only. U. pannosa, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
58 : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ix. ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 55, is a tree of the forests of the Konkan,
Kanara and Malabar, up to 3500 ft., which "gives a valuable strong fibre" (Beldorne).
TJ. Desuios, Dunal. is an evergreen shrub of Burma. lT. discolor, Vahl; Vern. Tanatsa,
Burm., is a spreading shrub found throughout N.E., 8. and W. India and in Burma.
/'. viridiflora, Bedd., is a gigantic climber of the Anamalai hills and Travancore; and
/ '. Lawii, Hook. f. and Th. a climber of the West Coast. U. latifolia, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 60; Kurz For. Fl. i. 35; King Ann. Calc. iv. 58, is a tree found
by Brandis in the hill forests on the Salween river in Burma. /'. prcBCOX, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 60; King Ann. Calc. iv. 58, is a tree of the Mikir Hills in Assam.
U. Vasymaschala, Bl. is an erect or sarmentose shrub of Burma and the Audamans.

1. U. longiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 668 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 61 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 35 ;
King Ann. Calc. iv. 58.

A small tree. Bark greenish-grey, thin, smooth. Wood yel-
lowish-white, moderately hard, close-grained ; ladder-like bars white,

ANONACE.E 17

numerous. Pores small, scattered, scanty. Medullary rays mode-
rately broad.

Assam, Khasia Hills, and Chittagong forests, remarkable for having flower petals
often 6 in. long.

E 3368. Kasalong Forest, Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble).

8. POLYALTHIA, Bl.

In this genus come about 14 trees or shrubs. Besides those specifically mentioned
below, there are others of some note. P. acuminata, Thw., P. persicifolia, Bth. and
Hook, f., and P. Moonii, Thw. are Cevlon endemic trees or shrubs. P. coffeoides, Bth.
and Hook. f. ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 62 ; Talbot Bomb. List 4 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 24 ; King
Ann. Calc. iv. 67 ; Vern. Nedunarai, Tarn. ; Villa, Trav. Hills ; Omara, Cingh., is a
large tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon, having the flowers usually from the trunk.
P. Jenkinsii, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 64 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 70, is a tree of
Assam and Eastern Bengal. P. simiarum, Bth. and liook. f. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 63, is a
tree of Eastern Bengal, Burma, and the Andamans ; an<l P. obliqua, Hook. f. and Th.
a tree of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. P. Korinti, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 64 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 25; King Ann. Calc. iv. 79; Vern. Uluvintai, Tarn.; Miwenna,
Cingh., is a shrub of the Coromandel coast from Vizagapatam southwards and Ceylon.
P. rufescens, Hook. f. and Th. is a tree of Cochin.

1. P. suberosa, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 65 ; Brandis For. Fl. 5 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 4 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 25 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 64. Uvaria
suberosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 667. Vern. Bara chali, Beng. ; Banderhola, Ass. ; Chilka
duduga, Tel. ; Sandi ome, K61 ; Kuradia, Uriya ; Kalati, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree or shrub. Bark very thickly corky, brown.
Wood close-grained, hard, tough and durable, olive-grey; the ladder-
like bars very numerous, fine, distinct, equidistant. Pores small.
Medullary rays s,hort, broad or moderately fine.

Oudh, Bengal, the Konkan, and South India, common along ravines in dry forests
like the scrub of the Circars and Carnatic ; Ceylon, on the south-west wet coast.
Weight about 40 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis).

C 3483. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum (Gamble).

2. P. eerasoides, Bth. and Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 63; Brandis For. Fl. 5 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 1 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 38 ; Talbot Bomb. List 4 ; King Ann. Calc.
iv. 65. Uvaria eerasoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 666. Vern. Room, Mar. ; Yubbina, Kan. ;
Gutti, chilka duduga, Tel. ; Nakulsi, mulili, nublay, Tarn.

An evergreen tree. Bark rough, grey, £ in. thick. Wood olive-
grey, moderately hard, close-grained, with extremely numerous dis-
tinct bars, 250-300 per inch. Pores small, scanty. Medullary ray*
moderately broad or broad, short, with a good silver-grain.

Behar, Eastern and Western Ghats, Deccan, Burma. Chiefly found in dry forests,
but occasionally in the wet evergreen.

Wood said to be used in carpentry and for boat-building. H. H. O'Connell's
Madras experiments of 1886 gave: W = 47 lbs., and o = 0*00845; specimen examined
gives W = 52 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

C 997. Poona (Shuttleworth) 52

D 3872. Nigadi Hills, Cuddapab, Madras (Gamble) . —

3. P. andamanica, Kurz ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 67. P. Jenkinsii, Bth. and
Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 64 (in part) ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 37. Vern. Tlianlung, Burm.

A small tree. Wood grey ; cross-bars numerous, faint. Pores
small, often subdivided. Medullary nnj* moderately broad, the

c

18 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

distance between them many times larger than the transverse diameter
of the pores.

Andaman Islands.

lbs.

B 2281. Andamans (Col. Ford, 18GG) .;•_'

(The identification of this wood is not quite certain.)

4. P. longifolia, Bth. and Hook f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 62 ; Brandis For. Fl. 4 ; Bedo.
Fl. Sylv. t. 38 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 24 : King Ann. Calc. iv. 72. Uvaria longifolia,
Lam.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664. Vern. Asok, debdari, Hind.; Assothi, mara-illupai,
Tam. ; AsoJca, devadaru, Tel.; Choruna, uruna, Mai.

A large evergreen tree. Bark smooth, dark greyish-brown. Wood
white, yellowish-white or greyish- white ; the cross-bars extremely
numerous, equidistant, rather faint. Pores small to moderate-sized,
rather scanty, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays short, fine to broad, the distance between them about equal to
the diameter of the pores.

Ceylon, also (according to Wight) in Tanjore. Elsewhere cultivated as an orna-
mental tree, as which it undoubtedly is one of the finest in India. Fine avenues may
be seen in most Government Gardens, as at Calcutta (Royal Botanic, Zoological, and
Eden Gardens ; Barrackpore Park, etc.), in the Taj Gardens at Agra, and elsewhere ;
also on private estates and along roads.

As its name indicates, it is held in great value by Hindus, and planted near temples
by them.

The wood is useful for some purposes, and in Madras it has been used by the
< )rdnance and Commissariat Depts. for barrels, as it is tough and bends easily. Weight :
according to Skinner, No. 76, 37 lbs.; Brandis says " between 30 and 48 ; " specimen
examined gives 37 lbs. Skinner's experiments give P = 547.

lbs.

E 2479. Calcutta Bot. Garden (King) 37

1) 3970. Madras (Gamble) —

5. P. fragrans, Bth. and Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 63; Talbot Bomb. List 4 ;
Kina; Ann. Calc. iv. 73. Vera. Gauri, Kan.; Xedu ndr, Mai.; Chela, udumbatti,
hodanyi, Trav. Hills.

A tree. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard ; the cross-bars
exceedingly numerous and regular. Pore* rather small, very scanty.
Medullary rays moderately broad, unequal, giving a conspicuous
silver-grain.

Forests of the S. Konkan, Kanara, and Malabar.

Bourdillon says the wood is used for masts ; he determined W = 41 lbs. per cubic
foot, P = 567.

lbs.

W 4593. Travaucore (Bourdillon) 39

9. ANAXAGOREA, St. Hilaire. A. luzonensis, A. Gray: Fl. Br. 1ml. i. 68; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 39; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 27 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 85, is a shrub of Burma, the
Andamans and Ceylon, with smooth reddish-grey bark.

Tribe III. MITREPH0RE.E.
10. GONIOTHALAMUS, Bl.

About 13 small trees or shrubs of little importance. Of these 7 are described by
Trimen as occurring in Ceylon, 6 of them being endemic.

G. Wiijlrfii, Hook. f. and Th. is a small tree of Tinnevelly and Travancorc ; O. wyna-
adensis, Bedd. a shrub of the Wynaad, and O. cardiopetalus, Hook. f. and Th. a shrub
or small tree of Kanara, North Wynaad, and the Anamalais. G. Simonsii, Hook. f.

AXOXACE.E 19

and Th. is a small tree of the Khasia Hills, and G. Griffiihii, Hook. f. and Th. a
large shrub or small tree of Mergui in Burma. G . peduncularis, King and Prain, is
found in Upper Burma.

1. G. Thwaitesii, Hook. f. and Th.; PL Br. Ind. i. 72; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. viii.;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 29 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 88. Vern. Kalukera, Cingh.

A small or moderate-sized tree. Bark smooth. Wood yellowish -
white, soft ; the cross-bars very numerous, faint. Pores small or
moderate-sized, often in pairs, scanty. Medullary rays moderately
broad to broad, not numerous, but giving a good silver-grain of
speckled plates.

Travaucore and Tinnevelly in South India; lower hills of Ceylon.

Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

2. G. sesquipedaliS, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 73 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 41 ;
Gamble Darj. List 3 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 98. Vern. Sane, Xep. ; Singnok, Lepcha.

A small shrub. Bark black. Wood dark grey, soft; the cross-
bars very numerous, very fine. Pores extremely small. Medullary
rays fine to moderately broad, wavy.

Tropical forests of the Sikkim Himalaya, Assam and Burma, in undergrowth.

E 3300. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble).

11. OBOPHEA, Blume, contains 10 small trees or shrubs. Three of these, 0. uni-
flora, Hook. f. and Th., O. Thomsoni, Bedd. and O. erytltrocarpa, Bedd., are small
trees of S. India, chiefly in the Western Ghats. 0. zeylanica, Hook. f. and Th. is a
small tree of the W. Ghats and Ceylon. O. obliqua, Hook. f. and Th. ; King Ann.
Calc. iv. 110 (Bocagea obliqua, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 93 ; Trimen FL
Ceyl. i. 33) and 0. coriacea, Thw. ; Kins: Ann. Calc. iv. 109 {Bocagea coriacea, Hook,
f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 93; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 31); Vern. Keku, Cingh., are small
trees endemic in Ceylon, the latter common and having a bark which is used for tying
packages. O. Katschallica, Kurz, is a small tree of the Nicobar Islands. 0. Bran-
disii, Hook. f. and Th., U. hexandra, Bl. and 0. polycarpa, A. DC are small trees of
Burma, the last extending to the Audamans.

12. MITREPHORA, Bl.

Six species. M. toiuentosa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 76 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
41 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. Ill, is a tree of the forests of Assam, Chittagong and Pegu, at
the bases of the hill ranges. M. grandiflora, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 78 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 75; King Ann. Calc. iv. 112, is a large handsome tree of the S. Kanara ghat
forests with a tough wood. M. Heyneana, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 77; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 32 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 113, is a small or medium-sized tree of the base of the
Tinnevelly Hills in S. India and the dry country of Ceylon. M. reticulata, Hook. f.
and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 77 ; Kurz For. FL i. 44; King Ann. Calc. iv. 113, is a small
tree of Teuasserim. M. Prainii, King Ann. Calc. iv. 115, is a tree of the Andaman
Islands.

1. M. Maingayi, Hook. f. ami Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 77. M. obtusa, Bl.; FL Br.

In ■!. i. (G. M. vandceflom, Kurz For. Fl. i. 45.

A deciduous tree. Wood grey, moderately hard ; cross-bars
numerous, regular. P<>r<* small to moderate-sized, not numerous.
Medullary rays moderately broad.

I hittagong and Burma, chiefly in the Martaban Hills.

B 3380. Toungoo Hills (Kurz).

13. POPOWIA, Endl. contains five species. P. nitida, King Ann. Calc. iv. 118 is
a shrub of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; and two others are found also in the
Audamans, but extend in addition to Teuasserim. These are P. Helferi, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 09; Kurz For. Fl. i. 39; King Ann. Calc. iv. 118, and P. Kurzii

20 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

King (PolyaWtia macrophylla, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Iud. i. G6. P. dubia, Kurz
For. Fl. i. 38). P. Beddomeana, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 68; King Ann.
Calc. iv. 119 (P. ramosissima, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. viii.) is a small tree of S. Tinnevelly
and S. Travancore. P. Hooker i, King; Ann. Calc. iv. 123 (P. argentea, Hook. f. and
Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 67) is a shrub or small tree of the forests of Assam, Sylhet, the
Khasia and Naga Hills.

14. OXYMITRA, Blume, contains three climbing shrubs: O.fornicata, Hook. f. and
Th. of Assam and Chittagong and two of the forests of Burma, of no great importance.

Tribe IV. XYLOPLM.

15. MELODORUM, Dunal. is a genus of about six climbing shrubs and one tree.
Of the climbers, five are found in Assam and Eastern Bengal, and one in Burma ; the
chief one being M. polyantlium, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 81; King Ann.
Calc. iv. 131, which is a large climber found in the forests from Assam through the
Khasia Hills and Sylhet to the Chittagoog Hill tracts. M. macranfhiim, Kurz For.
Fl. i. 42 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 140, is a rather rare evergreen tree of the forests of
S. Andaman.

16. XYLOPIA, Linn.

This genus contains three Ceylon trees, one of which extends to South India.
A', nigricans, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 84; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 28; King
Ann. Calc. iv. 147, is an erect tree of the low country of Ceylon with smooth bark.
A". Championii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 84; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 28; King
Ann. Calc. iv. 149 ; Vern. Dat-ketiya, Cingh., is a tree common in the moist low
country of Ceylon with brown bark.

1. X. parvifolia, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 84; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 172:
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 28 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 145. Vern. Netavm, atuketiya, Cingh.

A lofty tree. Bark light yellowish-brown, smooth (young plant).
Wood white or greyish-white, moderately hard to hard ; cross-bars
numerous, prominent, regular, about 170 per inch, not regularly
concentric. Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty, prominent on the
longitudinal sections, often in twos or threes, or much subdivided.
Medullary 'rays white, fine, clearly marked, irregular.

Travancore forests ; Ceylon, in the moist low country.

A handsome straight tree. Bourdillon's experiments with the wood gave weight
45 lbs., P = 725. Trimen, quoting Thwaites, says that "the bark, especially of the
' root, the flowers, and the fruit are all very sweet-scented and aromatic, and are chewed
' with betel."

Iba

W 4528 and W 4597. Travancore (Bourdillou) . . . . 35 and 47
Ceylon — Kew Museum (S. Jayeteleke).

17. ANON A, Linn.

This genus contains four introduced fruit trees, one of which, A. squamosa, Linn.,
is now to be found naturalized over large areas, especially in the drier parts of India.
A. reticulata, Linn.; Vern. Ramphal, found, Hind.; Nona, Bens.; Odm, Sonthal;
Hamsita, Tarn.; Pamasita palam, Tel.; Awza, Barm., is the "Bullock's Heart."
.1. Gherimolia, Miller, is an American species occasionally found in cultivation.

1. A. squamosa, Linn. ; Fl. hub i. 78 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 657 ; Rrandis For. Fl. 6 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 46; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ix. ; Gamble Darj. List 3; Talbot Bomb. List f>.
The Custard Apple. Vern. Sharifa, sitaphal, Hind. ; Ata, lima, Beng. ; Ata, katvl,
Ass.; Mavdar gdm, Sonthal ; Sirpka, atta, Mai. ; Sita, Tarn. ; Sita jMndu, Tel. ; Atta,
Cingh. ; Awza, Burm.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft, close-grained, greyish -
white, with numerous firm, clear, wavy cross-bars. Pores moderate-

ANONACE.E 21

sized, scanty, subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary rays
moderate-sized.

Introduced from the West Indies, and now naturalized.

The Custard Apple is cultivated for its fruit almost all over India. It is very
common in a wild state near old forts in the Deccan country, as may be seen at such
places as Gooty and Penukonda in Anantapur, Guramkonda and Gandikota in
Cuddapah, Kondavid, Kondapalle and Bellamkonda in Kistna District, in Madras; also,
according to Brandis, in the Central Provinces and Bandelkhand. General Cunningham,
quoted by Watt (Diet., vol. i. p. 259), having discovered carved representations of the
fruit and leaves on the Bharhut Stupa, believed the tree to be indigenous; but Watt
himself disagrees with this view. Dr. Boyle says the seeds are often powdered and
mixed with grain flour and used to kill insects in the hair (R. N. Brown's Handbook).

lbs.

B 2317. Myanaung, Burma (Gamble) 40

D 4318. Kondavid Fort, Kistna, Madras (Gamble).

The wood of Anona muricata, Linn., the " Soursop," which is occasionally found in
cultivation in India, has a similar structure (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4).

Tribe V. MILIUSE.E.

18. PHiEANTHUS, Hook. f. and Th. ; P. andamanicus, King Ann.iCalc. iv. 153,
is a small shrub of the South Andaman Island. P. malabaricus, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 72 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 151, is a small tree of the Wynaad forests in Malabar.

19. MILIUSA, Lesch.

This genus contains seven Indian species, one of which, M. velutina, is remarkable lor
being one of the few plants in the Order to extend to Northern India. M.macrocarpa,
Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 86 ; Gamble Darj. List 4 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 155,
is a small tree of the Sikkim Himalaya and Khasia Hills, at about 3-5000 ft.,
"common in the Tukdah Reserve" (Gamble, loc. tit.). M. WigJdiana, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 87 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. x. ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 156, is a small tree of
the hills of Travancore and Tiunevelly ; and M. nilagirka, Bedd. is a large shrub of
the Nilgiris at about 5000 ft. In Ceylon, M. zeylanica, Gardn. is an endemic shrub;
and M. indlca, Lesch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 86, a shrub which also extends to Malabar and
Mysore, as well as to Kanara and the Konkan (Talbot Bomb. List 5).

1. M. Roxburghiana, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 87 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 47 ;
Gamble Darj. List 4 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 155. Uvaria dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 659.
Vern. Sungden, Lepcha ; Tusbi, Sylhet.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey to greyish-brown, with small
vertical lenticels. Wood greyish-white, hard ; cross-bars numerous,
white, wavy. Pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays short,
white, of all sizes from tine to broad, very numerous ; the silver-grain
marked like " bird's-eye " maple.

Terai and valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya up to 2000 ft.; Assam, Chittagong,
and Burma.

lbs.
E 2316. Chunbati, Darjecling, 2000 ft. (Gamble) 51

2. M. velutina, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. ind. i. 87; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 37;
Brandis For. Fl. (J ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 47 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 158. Uvaria villosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664. Vern. Dom-sid, Hind.; Datdo, Kumaon ; Gausal, Garhwal ;
Kari, C.P. ; Kharrei, kajrauta, Oudh; Karikaput, Koderma; Peddacitdka dvduga,
nalla duduga, Tel. ; T/ial>ut/:yi, Burm.

A deciduous moderate-sized tree, with a short erect trunk ; in
Burma a large tree. Bark h inch thick, rough. Wood yellow when
fresh cut, grey or greyish-brown when dry, moderately hard: cross-

22 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

bars distinct, numerous, about 100 per inch. J. n n ual rings indistinct.
Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in short radial lines, rather
scanty. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, the distance
between two rays larger than the transverse diameter of the pores ;
silver-grain good.

Forests of the sub-Himalayan tract from the Jurrma eastwards to Nepal, common
in Dehra Dun ; Oudh, Central Provinces, Orissa, Northern Circars, Burma.

A fine tree with large soft leaves. The wood is easily worked and durable, but
rather liable to warp ; it is used for carts and agricultural implements, spear-shafts and
oars. Brandis gives the weight as 40 to 50 lbs., Kurz as 42 lbs., Beddome as 50 lbs.,
Benson's experiments give 60 and Skinner's (No. 93) 50 lbs. Benson gives P = 833,
and Skinner P = 839. Bourdillon says, "Weight 50 lbs., P = 847, but his specimens
are from Travancore, where the tree is apparently not indigenous. The leaves are
apparently not eaten by either cattle or goats. The tree is frequently found associated
with Sal.

lbs.

O 3113. Dehra Dun (Bailey) 53

O 4799. Kotri coppice, Saharanpur (Gradon") ..... .".7

B 3062. Prome, Burma (Eibbentrop) ....... —

B 3122. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 48

Nordlinger's Section, vol. 10, seems not to be from an Anonaceous wood.

20. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett.

Five species. S. sclerocarpum, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 88; King Ann.
(Jala iv. 160 (MUiu&a schrocarpa, Kurz i. 4S), is a tree of the upper mixed forests of
the Martaban hills and Tenasserim, having, according to Kurz, a rather heavy, fibrous
but close-grained, soft, yellowish wood.

1. S. tomentosum, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 88; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 39
Brandis For. Fl. 7; Talbot Bomb. List 5; King Ann. Calc. iv. 159. TJvarw
tomentosa, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 667. Vera. Kirua, karri, Hind.; Homba, Melghat;
Hoom, Bombay ; Wumb, hessare, Kan. ; Chilkadudu, Tel. ; Tosha, Gondi ; Humba,
Kurku ; Oine, Sontbal ; Heeran, Mai Pabari ; Umbia, umbi, Merwara ; Umb, Jeypore ;
Ome, hake humii, K61 ; Gonda pedasu, Uriya.

A large deciduous tree with straight stem. Baric \ in. thick, of
various shades, sometimes black, deeply cracked. Wood yellow to
olive-brown, moderately hard, smooth, close-grained; no heart wood :
cross-bars regular, narrow, about 150 per inch. No an mm I ring*.
Pores small and moderate-sized, fairly numerous. Medullary rays
moderately broad, numerous, showing a well-marked silver-grain.

Oudb, Nepal Terai, Gorakhpur, and southwards throughout the Peninsula.
In Oudh it is often gnarled and knotty from lopping (Brandis); the wood is used
only for huts and sheds, and the leaves as cattle-fodder. Weight of wood about
40 lbs. per cubic foot.

n».s.

O 342. Gorakhpur (1868) —

C 1109. Ahiri Forest, C.P. (R. Thompson) 45

C 3471. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble') . . . . —
D 4337. Ballipalle Forest, Cuddapah (Gamble) . . . . .34
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

2. S. longiflorum, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 88 ; King Ann. ( ale. iv. 160.

A deciduous tree. Wood yellowish-brown, moderately hard, smooth,
even-grained, with regular fine prominent cross-bars, about 150 per
inch, more clearly marked than in S. tomentosum. Pores moderate-
sized, scanty, much subdivided radiall}', sometimes into as many as
four. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, regular.

ANONACE.E 23

Purneah District of N. Bengal ; Chittagong.

This tree is at present only known in cultivation in the Calcutta R. Bot. Garden,
where it was introduced in 1810. Buchanan-Hamilton discovered it in Purneah, but
it has not again been found either there or in Chittagong.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Uvaria Badajamba, Roxb.). (Tab. I. 2.)

21. ALPHONSEA, Hook. f. and Th. contains five species. A. lutea, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 89 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. x. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 49 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i.
36 ; King, Ann. Calc. iv. 162, is a tree of Eastern Bengal, Burma, Orissa and Ceylon.
A. ventricosa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 89; Kurz For. Fl. i. 48; King Ann.
Calc. iv. 162 (Uvaria ventricosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 658) ; Vern. Chooi, And., is a tall
tree of Assam, Chittagong and the Andamans, where it is used in boat-building and
for native bows and squares to 30 ft. by 15 in. (Heinig). A. madraspatana, Bead. Fl.
Sylv. t. 76 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 89 ; King Aim. Calc. iv. 165, is a handsome evergreen tree
of the hills of Cuddapah and N. Arcot up to 3000 ft. A. zeylanica, Hook. f. and Th. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 89 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. x. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 36; King Ann. Calc. iv.
165, is a tree of the Tinnevelly and Travancore hills, and the moist low country of
Ceylon. A. sclerocarpa, Thw. is a rare endemic Ceylon tree only known from near
llaragama, on the Kandy-Badulla road.

Order V. MENISPERMACEJE.

An Order which, however interesting botanically and structurally, is of very little
consequence in Forest Economj^. Most of the species are climbing plants, only one
reaching the dimensions of a small tree. Of the 17 genera found in India, many contain
only single species. These 17 genera belong to 4 Tribes, viz. : —

Tribe I. Tinosporea? .... Aspidocarya, Parabaena, Tinospora,

Fibraurea, Anamirta, Coscinium.
„ II. Cocculeas .... Tiliacora, Limacia, Cocculus, Peri-

campylus.
„ III. Cissampelidea) . . . Stephania, Cissainpelos, Cycles,

Lophophyllum.
„ IV. Pachygonea) .... Pachygone, Pycnarrhena, Hamiato-

carpus.

Wood of anomalous structure, usually with large or very large
pores and broad or very broad medullary rays. The pores occur in
a concentric series of wedges separated radially by the medullary
rays and concentrically by a belt of tissue similar to that of the
medullary rays. Sometimes, however, as in Coscinium, the belts are
wanting. In the outer end of each wedge is often a small mass of
tissue resembling that of the pith, which is usually large and composed
of large cells.

1. ASPIDOCARYA, Hook. f. and Th. A. uvi/era, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 95; Gamble Darj. List 4; Vern. Pangla, Nep.; Myungarer, Lepcha, is a climber
of the Lower Darjeeling Hills at about 1-5000 ft.

Hooker and Thomson in Fl. Ind. 180 (1855) say, " The wood of Aspidocarya differs
' remarkably from that of other Me nispermacece, in respect of the crescent-shaped bundles
' uf tissue, altogether resembling liber, which are found at the inner (? outer) end of
' each wood-wedge."

2. PARAB^JNA, Miers. P. sagiltata, Miers ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 96; Gamble Darj.
List 4 ; Vern. Karpvii, Nep., is a climbing shrub of the Eastern Himalaya, from
Nepal eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong; also in
Upper Burma.

Hooker and Thomson in Fl. Ind. ISO Bay the wood is spongy, with lax cellular
tissue and radiating wood-wedges, beyond which is an outer layer of liber-like tissue.

24 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. TINOSPORA, Miers.

Five species, all climbers, chiefly of E. Bengal and Burma (see Kurz For. Fl. i. 52).

1. T. COPdifolia, Miers ; Fl. Br. Tnd. i. 97; Brandis For. PL 8; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 52; Gamble Darj. List 4; Talbot Bomb. List 6; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 39. Meni-
spermum cordifoliuni, AVilld. ; Roxb. Fl. hid. iii. 811. Vern. Batindu, gilo, gulel, Pb. ;
Golancha, Beng. ; Gurcha, Kumaon ; Gurjo, Nep. ; Galwail, gulaveli, giroli, gulo,
Mar.; Giiruj, Monghyr; Cldntil, Tarn. ; Tippa tiga, Tel. ; Basa-kinda, Cingh.

A glabrous, succulent, climbing shrub, often reaching a great height
and sending down long thread-like aerial roots. Bark grey or creamy -
white, deeply cleft in spiral longitudinal clefts, the space between the
clefts usually dotted with large rosette-like corky lenticels. Wood
white, soft, porous. Pores small to large, rather scanty, irregularly
arranged between the few broad medullary rays.

Throughout India, except in the colder hills.

The root is used in native medicine, chiefly as a febrifuge and tonic. Elephants
are very fond of the stems, and pull them down off the trees to eat.
D 3968. Sandur, Bellary (Gamble).
0 4825. Thano forest, Dehra Dun (Gleadow).

4. FIBRATJREA, Lour. F. tinctoria, Lour.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 98; Kurz For. Fl. i.
53, is a lofty climbing glabrous shrub of Tenasserim.

According to Hooker and Thomson, Fl. Ind. 204, the wood is firm, consisting of
narrow wedges separated by narrow dense medullary rays. Pith loose. Bark papery.

5. ANAMIRTA, Colebr. A. Cocculus, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 98 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 8 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 53 ; Talbot Bomb. List 7 (Menispermum Cocculus, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 807. Anamirta paniculata, Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 40) ; Vern. Kakmdri, Hind. ;
Karwi, Mar. ; Titta-wel, Cingh., is a climbing shrub of Oudh, E. Bengal, South India,
Ceylon and Burma, with bitter berries, which in India are used to poison fish and
crows, and in Europe under the name "Cocculus indicus" to adulterate beer (Hook,
f. and Th.).

G. COSCINIUM, Colebr.

1. C. fenestratum, Colebr.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 99; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 41. Meni-
spermum fcnestratum, Gaertn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 809. Vern. Weni-wel, Cingh.

A woody climber. Bark yellowish-brown, corky, \ in. thick.
Wood bright yellow, porous, soft, pith large. Pores of all sizes, chiefly
very large. Medullary rays extremely broad, gradually increasing in
size outwards.

Moist low country of Ceylon ; perhaps also in S. India.

The wood is used as a bitter tonic by the Cinghalese, and has been exported as a
substitute for Calnmba root (Jateorhiza palmetto, Miers). It is alsi used to give a yellow
■ lye (Trimen). Roxburgh quotes a letter from General Macdowall which says that the
stems are strong and are used for ropes to tie cattle, etc.

Ceylon — Kew Museum (Thwaites).

Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (Menispermum fenestratu //<).

7. TILIACORA, Colebr.

1. T. racemosa, Colebr.; Fl. Br. Inrl. i. 99; BrandiB For. Fl. 10; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 54; Talbot Bomb. List 7; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 42. Menispermwm polycarpon,

lioxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 816. Vern. Tiliakoru, Beng.; Karwanth, raxyoe, Hind.; Tiga
■nnishadi, Tel.

A large climbing shrub. Bark light brown, smooth. Wood greyish-
brown, soft, porous, in oblong radial wedges arranged concentrically

MEXISPERMACE.E 25

in a ring which alternates with rings of liber-like consistence. Po7*es
moderate-sized to large. Medullary rays very broad.

Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, chiefly affecting hedges and busby clumps
in open land, but often again climbing high over forest trees.

The long branches are used for thatching and basketwork (Brandis). The root is
used as a cure for snake-bite (Roxb.).

D 3755. Tamminapatam, Nellore (Gamble).

8. LIMACIA, Lour. Three climbing shrubs of little importance found in Eastern
Bengal and Burma, one also in Ceylon, L. cuspidata, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
100; Kurz For. Fl. i. 54; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 42, t. 4; Vern. Niri-wel, Cingh.,
common in the low country up to 4000 ft.

9. COCCULUS, DC.

Five species of straggling or climbing shrubs, one of which runs to the dimensions
of a small tree. C. villosus, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 101 ; Brandis For. Fl. 9 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 7 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 44. (Menisper mum hirsutttm, L. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 814) ; Vern. Karsane, Oudh : Kursan, zamir, Sind ; Vasanvel, Mar., is a straggling,
scarcely woody, but very bushy climber common in most parts of India. O. mollis,
Wall, is a climber of Nepal and the Khasia Hills.

Wood in wedges containing -pores, and at the end of each a small
mass of pith-like tissue. The wedges are separated radially by the
medullary rays, and concentrically by belts of tissue of similar
structure to that of the rays.

1. C. maeroearpus, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 101 ; Talbot Bomb. List 7;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 43. C. glaucescens, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 55. Vern. Vatoli,
vatyel, Mar.

A large woody climber. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft, dark grey,
with large pores and broad medullary rays which join broad con-
centric bands of similar tissue.

"West and South India, Ceylon, and Burma.

W 3033. Coonoor Ghat, Xilgiris, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

Chittagong — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

2. C. laurifolius, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 101; Brandis For. Fl. 9; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xii. Menispermum laurifoUum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 815. Vern. Tilpara, Jcakra,
Hind. ; Padma-golancha, Beng.

A small or moderate-sized bushy evergreen tree. Bark very thin,
dark grey. Wood greyish-white, soft to moderately hard, with belts
of tissue containing pores in narrow wedges alternating with narrow
more or less concentric but anastomozing bands of texture resembling
that of the medullary rays. Pores small and moderate-sized, scanty.
Medullary rays broad and very broad, forming a marked satiny
silver-grain. The medullary rays in one belt are not always con-
tinued in the next, but sometimes are divided up into several.

Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Nepal ascending to 5000 ft.; higher ranges of
the Anamalais in S. India from 5-7000 ft. ; Shan Hills in Burma.

A handsome plant with beautiful glossy leaves and a very interesting wood. The
concentric rings are not regular, but anastomoze, like the similar rings in the wood
of some Capparidece and Avicennia. The leaves are not eaten by goats. It is

tetimes planted in gardens, and has been introduced iuto South Europe.

lbs.

11 L".i39. Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3000 ft. (Gamble) 42

E 2466. Calcutta, R. Botanic Garden (King) 40

26 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.
0 4407. Malkot Forests, Dehra Dun, 4000 ft. (Gamble) ... 40
0 4643. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Babu Birbal) . . .3(5

3. C. Leseba, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 102 ; Brandis For. Fl. 9; Talbot Bomb. List 7.
Vera. Vallur, illar, Hilar, Punjab ; Pilwari bel, Jeypur.

A climbing shrub, stem often reaching 3 to 4 ft. in girth. Bark
pale yellowish-brown, corky, thick, deeply cleft vertically. Wood
structure very similar to that of ft laurifolius, but the pores much
larger, and larger pith masses at the end of each wedge.

Dry and arid regions of India : Punjab, Baluchistan, Sind, Deccan.
Sind— Kew Museum (N. A. Dalzell, 1860).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

10. PERICAMPYLUS, Miers. P. incanus, Miers; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 102 (Menisper-

raum villosum, Ptoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 812), is a climbing shrub of Northern and Eastern
Bengal and Burma.

Hooker and Thomson in Fl. Ind. 194 (1855) describe the stem as cylindrical and
groved, the wood as in wedges separated by broad medullary rays.

11. STEPHANIA, Lour.

Three species. S. hermandifolia, Walp. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 103 ; Talbot Bomb. List
8 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 45 (Cissampelos hernandifolia, Wilhl. ; Poxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 842) ;
Vera. Lunuketiya wel, Cin°;h. ; Thanaze, Burm., is a climbing shrub of Northern and
Eastern Bengal, South India and Ceylon. In the Nilgiris it is often met with of
considerable size. S. elegcms, Hook. f. and Th., is a small species chiefly of the Central
and Eastern Himalaya, at 6-7000 ft.

1. S. rotunda, Lour.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 103; Brandis For. Fl. 571 ; Gamble Darj.
List 4 (Cissampelos glabra, Poxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 810). Vera. Nimi, Nep. ; Uajera,
ijarjial, Kumaon ; 1'arha, Dehra Dun.

A tuberous-rooted, large climbing shrub. Wood soft, spongy, with
large loose pith arranged in wedges, separated by broad medullary
rays, and concentrically by a belt of soft similar tissue. Pores large
(after Hooker and Thomson, Fl. Ind. 195).

Almost throughout India.

The bark gives a fibre sometimes used for fishing-lines.

11 CISSAMPELOS, Linn.

1. C. Pareira, Linn.; Fl.Br. Ind. i. 103; BraDdis For. Fl. 10; Gamble Darj. List
4; Talbot Bomb. List 8; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. L6. O. convolvulacea, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
842. Vern. Katori, parbik, patahi, tikri, Pb. ; Dahh nirbisi, purhe, pari, N.-W.P. ;
Gajuro, Kumaon ; 1'arai, Garhwal : Harjeuri, Oudji; BatfCHpati, Nep.; Pata, Tel.;
1'aharvcl, paharmul ', Mar. ; Diya-mitta, Cingh.

A small climber. Wood brown, divided by very broad medullary
rays and regular concentric bands of similar texture into small
rectangular divisions, each with from two to eight small to very large
pores, as in Cocculus, but more distant.

Throughout India and Ceylon, very common.

The leaves and root are used medicinally, and were said to give the " Radix
pareiraj " of druggists; but this has lately been disproved by Banbury. It gives a
strong fibre.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

A specimen of the wood of this climber, sent from South America by D. Haubury,
is in the Kew Museum. It shows radiating ovate patches of fibro-vascular tissue,

MENLSPERMACE.K 27

arranged star-fashion and separated by rnedallary-ray tissue both radially and con-
centrically; the pores in the patches more numerous than in Nordlingers specimen.

13. CYCLEA, Arnott. Two species: small climbing shrubs. C. Bu rman ni, Miers;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 104 ; Talbot Bomb. List 8 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 47 ; Yern. Pakur.
Mar.; Kehi-pittan, Tcesi-pissan, Cingh., is found on the Western Coast and in Ceylon.
G. peltata, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 104; Talbot Bomb. List 8; Vera.
Paryel, Mar., is found in Assam, Eastern Bengal, and Western and Southern India.

Wood in linear-clavate wedges, separated by broad medullary rays (Hook, and
Thomson, 201).

14. LOPHOPHYLLUM, Griffith. L. Ucristatum, Griff.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 105, is
a tall climber of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya and Khasia Hills, with white bark.

15. PACHYGONE, Miers. P. ovata, Miers ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 105 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
i. 45 ; Yern. Kadduhkodl, Tam., is a small woody climber of the Carnatic coast
and Ceylon.

16. PYCNARRHENA, Miers. P. plmiflpra, Miers: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 106, is a
suberect or climbing shrub of Sylhet.

17. H^EMATOCARPUS, Miers. if. Thomsoni, Miers ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 106, is a
large climber of the North-East Himalaya and Khasia Hills.

Order VI. BERBERIDEiE.

An Order of shrubby plants, erect or climbing, found in temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere, in India in hill regions only. It has two Tribes, with four
Genera, viz. —

Tribe I. Lardizabaleee ..... Decaisnea, Parvatia, Hollbollia.
„ II. Berbereaj ..... Berberis.

Podophyllum Emodi., Wall. ; Vern. Riklipeta, Jaunsar, is a herbaceous plant found
in the undergrowth of Himalayan forests of oak, fir and deodar. It has usually two
somewhat fleshy leaves, a large white flower and big red fruit. The root gives a kind
of " podophyllin " which can be used as a medicine, much as is that of the real source
of the drug, P. pdtatum. L., of N. America.

1. DECAISNEA, Hook. f. and Th.

It may be interesting to note the recent discovery of a second species of this ^enus
in D. Farrjesii, Franchet, found in the provinces of Yunan and Szechuen in China.

1. D. insignis, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 107 ; Hook. f. 111. Him. PL t. 10 ;
(ramble Darj. List 4. Vern. Nomorchi, Lepcha; Loodooma, Bhutia.

An erect shrub or small tree. Bark brown, moderately thick,
smooth, with shallow vertical clefts. Wood hard, yellowish-white.
Pores small, often in pairs or threes, scanty, usually radially arranged.
Annual rings marked by a nearly continuous line of pores. Medul-
lary rays moderately broad to broad, very short, somewhat lenticular
in cross-section ; silver-grain well marked, with rather broad plates.

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, in inner ranges at 6-10,000 ft.

The fruit is edible. It is of a pale yellow colour, with a white juicy pulp.

Sikkim — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

_. PARVATIA, Decaisne. P. Brwnoniana, Dec; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 108, is. a climb-
ing shrub of Assam and the Khasia Hills.

3. HOLLBOLLIA, Wall.

1. H. latifolia, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 24, t. 16; Fl. Br. Iod. i. 103; Brandis For.
Fl. 13; Gamble Darj. List I. Yern. Jangli sharifa, Carhw. ; Gophlu, Kumaon ;
Chiriyanaugri, goopha, baegul, Nep.; Proncharik, Lepcha; Domhyem, Bhutia.

28 A MANUAL OF INDIAX TIMBERS

A climbing shrub. Bark soft, corky. Wood soft, porous. Pores
large. Medullary rays broad.

Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan, at elevations above 7000 ft. in Xorth-West and
4000 ft. in North-East.

Fruit red, edible, but not so good as that of Decaisaea, being mealy and insipid.
Vern. Kolepot, Lepcha (Hook. f. in 111. Him. PI.).

This species and its variety, H. angustifolia, Wall., I.e. t. 17, are said by Wallich to
grow sometimes to a gigantic size ; he also says that he procured for the East India
Company's Museum portions of a trunk " as thick as a good-sized arm."

E 2859. Tukdah, Darjeeling, r>000 ft. (Gamble).

4. BERBERIS, Linn.

About thirteen species, but some of them are only quite small shrubs of the inner
Himalaya. I am of opinion that one or two of the shrubs which are placed as
varieties under B. vulgaris in the Fl. Br. Ind. deserve to be admitted as species, as
they seem to be very constant in character and to affect a different climate and
situation. The exceedingly well-marked plant which in Man. Ind. Timbers, 1881,
was given as B. coriacea, Brand is, appears to be B. coriaria, Boyle, which, in the Fl.
Br. Ind., is placed under B. aristata : it is certainly quite distinct from that species,
and is here given separately from it. It has glaucous purple fruit. B. unxbdlata, Wall. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 110, is a shrub of the Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan, found at
9-11,000 ft., with pale flowers in umbels. B. WaMchiana, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 110,
is found in the Central and Eastern Himalaya at 8-10,000 ft. and in the Khasia and
Shan Hills at 5-6000 ft. B. insignis, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. Ill; Gamble
Darj. List 5; Vern. Timburjhien, Lepcha, is a large species of the Sikkim and Bhutan
Himalaya at 8-10,000 ft. B. concinna, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. Ill; Gamble Darj.
List 5; Vern. Tsema, Bhutia; Sinsur, Lepcha, is also a shrub of the Sikkim moun-
tains at 10-13,000 ft., with reddish branches and leaves, and is characterized by Hooker
and Thomson as the most beautiful of all species for its size. B. macrosepala, Hook. f.
also occurs in the same region. B. ulicina, Hook. f. and Th. is found in the inner
North-West Himalaya at 14-16,000 ft., and is very thorny.

All the Barberries are handsome shrubs, and worthy of cultivation equally with the
American species, the best known of which are B. aquifolium, L. and B. Darwinii,
Hook. Most of them have a pleasant edible fruit, 'the extract from the wood and
bark of almost all the species (Busot) is a tonic and febrifuge, and the drug is usually
obtainable in Indian bazars. A yellow dye obtained from the root and wood is some-
times used in tanning and colouring leather, and is perhaps one of the best tanning
dyes in India (Watt).

The Himalayan Barberries, like the European species, are subject to the attacks of
the wheat-rust, Puccinia graminis, Pers., which on the Barberry has its ajcidial stage
iu the form of small cups with bright orange spores.

Wood yellow, bright when fresh cut, afterwards darkening, hard
or moderately hard, splits in seasoning. Annual rings well marked.
Pores small, larger and more numerous on the inner edge of each
annual ring ; in the rest of the wood small and in irregular short
tails of loose pale tissue. Med/idlary rays bright yellow, mode-
rately broad or broad, giving a marked silver-grain.

1. B. nepalensis, Spreng. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. HA) ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xi. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 12; Kurz For. Fl. i. 58 ; Gamble Darj. List 5. B. pinnata, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
184 (probably). Vein. AmUdanda, chiror, Pb.; Kamal, kamla, Ravi; Pande Idhnora,
cliotara, chotra, Kumaon ; Khora, Jaunsar; Chatri, milkisse, jamnemtinda, Xep. ;
Kyarho, Lepcha; Jakkahi, Nilg.; Maranthu, Trav. Hills.

An evergreen pinnate-leaved shrub or small erect tree. Bark
light brown, soft, corky. Wood bright yellow, darkening after
exposure, hard. Pores very small, arranged in radial lines or patches,
those of the annual rings larger. MedvMary rays moderately broad,

BERBERIDE^E 29

prominent, numerous ; well marked on a radial section as a pretty
silver-grain.

Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Bhutan ; Khasia Hills ; Shan Hills of Burma,
Tenasserim; Nilgiris and other hills of S. India above 5000 ft.

An ornamental species well known in European gardens. The wood weighs about
45 lbs. per cubic foot. In the Travancore Hills, the bark is considered a remedy for
snakebite (Bourdillon).

lbs.

H 4815. Chakrata, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .43

E 2318. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 49

W 3913, 3996, 4098. Nilgiri Hills, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . 44, 45, 40

2. B. vulgaris, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 109 ; Brandis For. Fl. 11. The Barberry.
Epine-Vinette, Ft.; Sauerdom, Germ.; Crespino, Ital. Vera. Zirishk, hashmal,
chochar, tutrum, kembal, Pb. ; Chatroii, Jaunsar.

A deciduous thorny shrub. Bark soft, brown, | in. thick. Wood
lemon-yellow, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked
by an irregular belt of small pores, which are larger than those in the
rest of the wood. Pores in the main portion of the annual rings
grouped in short, whitish, irregularly bent lines or tails. Medullary
rays fine to moderately broad, distant ; well marked in silver-grain.

Himalaya, from Nepal westwards, in shady forests above 8000 ft. elevation ;
Afghanistan and Baluchistan, Europe.

Weight: specimen examined gives 55 lbs. per cubic foot; Mathieu Fl. For. p. 12,
gives 45 to 57 lbs. Fruit edible. The wood is a good firewood.

lbs.

H 3037. Mativana, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) —

H 3040. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. „ 55

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

3. B. aristata, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 110; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xii.; Brandis For. Fl.
12 ; Gamble Darj. List 5 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 48. B. angiistifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 183. Vern. Siunlu, simlu, kasmal, chitra, kashmi, tutrum, kulsu, Pb. ; Tsema.
Bhutia; Chitra, matekisse, Nep. ; Chotra, Hind.; Kashmoi, Jaunsar; Kingora,
Garhwal ; Kilmora, chathur, Kumaon ; Surribul, Kashmir.

An erect spinous shrub. Bark soft, light brown, corky. Wood
bright yellow, hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow
belt of numerous pores. Pores small, in short, narrow, wavy tails of
light-coloured tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad, regular,
making a pretty silver-grain.

Outer Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan ; in the North-West Himalaya,
6-10,000 ft. ; in Darjeeling, above 10,000 ft. ; Western Ghats at high elevations ;
Ceylon.

Wood used for fuel, the root in native medicine. Growth 12 to 15 rings per inch.

H 80. Simla, 7000 ft 52

H 2888. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) .

H 3053. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. „

H 4420. Jaunsar, North-West Himalaya (Gamble)

W 3741. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft.

W 3928. Avalanche, Niluiris, 7000 ft. „

W 4039. Cairn Hill, Nilgiris, 7000 ft.

51

51

4. B. coriaria, Royle. B. aristata, var. floribunda, Fl. Br. Ind. i. 110. B.
coriacea, Brandis; Man. Ind. Timbers, 1st ed. 14. Vern. Kashmal, Simla; Kashmoi,
Jaunsar; Kingora, Garhwal.

A large erect thorny shrub. Ba rk soft, corky. Wood yellow, paler
than in the other species, moderately hard. Annual rings marked

30 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

by a belt of small or moderate-sized pores ; in the rest of the wood
the pores are very small or extremely small, and arranged in numerous
confluent, irregularly shaped tails and patches of whitish tissue.
Medullary rays short, tine to broad, giving a pretty silver-grain.

"Western Himalaya above 8000 ft. ; often forming alone or with other shrubs large

extents of scrub jungle, e.g. in the valley south of Ragkanda near Simla, and in some

places in Jaunsar.

1 lbs.

H 48. Kaokanda, Simla, 9000 ft —

H 2894, 3939, 3041, 3043. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 It. (Gamble) 55, 52

H 3038. Matiyana, Simla, 8000 ft, (Gamble) —

H 3042. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 ft. „ —

H 4453. Bodyar, Jaunsar, 8000 ft. , 56

H 4776. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble) .... 56

5. B. Lyeium, Royle; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 110; Brandis For. Fl. 12. Vera. Ka&mal,
Simla; Kashmal, chotra, Hind. ; CJmtroi, Jaunsar ; Kirmora, Garhwal.

An erect rigid shrub. Bark rough, corky, white or light grey.
Wood yellow, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a narrow
porous belt. Pores very small and extreme^ small, in narrow
irregular lines of white tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad,
numerous, giving a marked silver-grain.

Western Himalaya, 3-6000 ft., usually on dry hot slopes ; Baluchistan.
This species is recognized by its small glaucous leaves.

H 45. Simla, 6500 ft —

H 3054. Mahasu, Simla, 7500 ft. (Gamble) 52

H 4810. Jaunsar, 6000 ft. „ 54

P 4485. Baluchistan (Lace) —

6. B, asiatiea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 182 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 110 ; Brandis For. Fl. 12.
Yern. Kingora, Garhwal ; Kilmora, Kumaon.

An erect thorny shrub. Bark soft, light brown, yellow in bast
layers, corky outside, and deeply cleft vertically. Wood yellow,
hard. Annual rings fairly distinctly marked by a narrow belt of
large pores. Pores usually small, in small oblique patches of pair
tissue. Medullar;/ rays moderately broad, regular, showing a pretty
silver-grain.

Dry outer Himalaya at 3-6000 ft., from Garhwal (Jumna R.) to Bhutan;
Parasnath Hill in Behar; Afghanistan.

Easily recognized by its markedly net-veined leaves.

lbs.
0 4456. Malkot Hills, Dehra Hun, 4000 ft. (Gamble) 56

7. B. angulosa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. Ill ; Gamble Darj. List 5. Vein.
Chutra, Nep.

A large erect shrub. Bark soft, brown, corky. Wood dark grey
or yellowish-brown, hard. .1 nnual rings marked by a belt of small
pores; in the rest of the wood the pores are veiy small, arranged in
irregular radial tails of whitish tissue. Medulla ry rays fine, numerous.

Inner ranges of Nepal and Sikkim above 11,000 ft.

E 2862. Suburkum, Darjecling, 11,000 ft. (Gamble).

CAPPARIDE.E 31

Order VII. CAPPARIDE^E.

An Order of small trees, shrubs, herbs or climbers, the woody plants of which all
come into the Tribe Capparece — Genera Niebuhria, Majrua, Cratseva, Cadaba, Boscia,
Capparis and Roydsia. Some of the species are important sylviculturally from their
growing in the driest regions where the number of woody plants is small ; otherwise
they are of but little forest importance.

Wood white or yellowish- white, moderately hard or hard. In
Cratceva and Capparis the wood is homogeneous, of normal type ; the
pores small to moderate-sized, rarely large, and usually arranged in
radial lines; the medullary rays moderately broad, wavy. In Nie-
buhria, Mazrua, and Cadaba trifoliata, the structure resembles that
of some Menispermace.e, such as Cocculus, also Amcennia in Verbe-
xace.e, Dalbergia paniculata and Derris in Leguminos^e; the wood
being divided into more or less concentric rings by belts of liber-like
tissue which occasionally anastomoze — the wood belts containing
small or moderate-sized pa res and moderately broad medullary rays.

The main character useful in determination is that of pores in radial lines, not
between each pair of medullary rays, but at intervals, pairs without pores coming
between those that contain pores.

1. NIEBUHRIA, DC.

Two species. N. siamensis, Kurz For. Fl. i. 59, is an evergreen small tree of the
Piadbooree province of Siam adjoining Burma, where it ma}'' also occur.

1. N. linearis, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 171.

A small tree. Bark brown, thin, granular. Wood white, moderately

hard, divided by narrow, concentric, free but occasionally anastomozing

rings of liber tissue into concentric layers. Pores small, scanty, in

radial strings of from 2 to 12 between pairs of medullary rays, these

rays being usually separated by 2 to 5 rays free from pores. Rays

tine, numerous, wavy.

Hilly parts of the Carnatic.

J l lbs.

D 4163. Venkatayapalem Forest, Kistna (Gamble) . . . .48

2. M.ERUA, Forskahl.

1. M. arenaria, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 171; Talbot Bomb. List 9;
Trimeo Fl. Ceyl. i. 58. Capparis heteroclita, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 570. Vern. Putta-tiga,
Tel.

A large climbing shrub. Bark yellow, thin, reticulated. Wood
white, divided, like that of Niebuhria, into layers by narrow con-
centric bands of liber tissue, which occasionally anastomoze. Pores
small, scanty, radially disposed between the tine regular medullary
rays, but with usually one or more rays without pores between each
pair that has them.

Western Himalaya; Gangetic plain, about Agra and Delhi; Central India and
Carnatic; throughout Bombay Presidency ; Ceylon.

D 4155. Konanki Forest, Kistna (Gamble).

32 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. CRATiEVA, Linn.

Three species. C. hygrophila, Kurz For. Fl. i. 67; Vera. Yekadat, Burm., is a
shrub of the swamp forests of the Irrawaddy delta. C. lophosperma, Kurz Journ.
Bot. xii. (1874) 195, is found in Assam and the Shan Hills.

1. C. religiosa, Forst. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 172 ; Brandis For. Fl. 16; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 116; Gamble Darj. List 5; Talbot Bomb. List 9. C. Nurvala, Ham.; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. xiv. G. Eoxburghii, Br.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 66 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 59. Capparis
trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 571. Vern. Brarua, barua, bildsi, bila, biliana, Hind. ;
Ilarim, tikto-shak, Beng. ; Barmal, Melghat ; Varana, barana, Jeypore; Purbony,
Lepcha ; Tailadu, bunboroiidu, Mechi ; Maralingam,m.arviUn<ja, navala, Tam. ; I'skia,
usiki, ulimidi, urumatti, tella voolemara, Tel. ; Xirvilla, Kan., Mai. ; Bitusi, Kan. ;
Kumla, karwan, Mar.; Nirujani, Coorg; Kadat, hadut, Burm. ; Lunu-warana,
Cingh.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, h inch thick, with
long horizontal wrinkles. Wood yellowish-white, when old turning
light brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Porrs moderate-sized,
numei'ous and uniformly distributed, often subdivided, each pore
surrounded by a whitish ring. Medullary rays short, very wavy,
fine and moderately broad, the distance between the rays slightly
greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon from the Punjab down, common in some
places, rare in others. (The Fl. Br. Ind. says it is wild only in Malabar and Kanara
and elsewhere cultivated, but I have seen it growing apparently wild in so many
places that I think this is a mistake.)

Talbot says it is planted near Mussulman tombs; Trimen that it is planted by the
Tamils in Ceylon for its bitter leaves, which are used as a stomachic ; Brandis that
the pulp of the fruit is mixed with mortar as a cement and is used in dyeing. The
smooth wood is used for drums, models, writing-boards, combs, and in turnery, but is
anything but durable and very liable to the attacks of boring beetles. Bourdillon's ex-
periments of 1896 with Travancore wood gave P = 279, weight 28 lbs. ; the specimens
examined give 42 lbs., so that it would seem that his were not of very good wood.

lbs.

P 3217. Nanpahar, Ajmere —

0 270. Garhwal (1868) 33

0 3112. Dehra Dun (Bailey) 47

C 3115. Chanda, C.P. (Brandis) 45

B 565. Prome, Burma (Ribbentrop) 43

Salem Collection 44

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

4. CADABA, Forskahl.

Four species. C. heterotricha, Stocks; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 173, is a small branched
tree, 10-20 ft. high, found ouly on the rocks near Cape Monze in Sind by Stocks.

Wood white, soft to moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small,
in radial strings between the fine numerous medvZlary rays, a certain
number of rays without pores between them intervening between the
pairs that enclose pores. In C. trifoliata, also in the Arabian
G. glandwlosa, Forsk. (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5), there are
concentric but anastomozing bands of liber-like tissue separating
the wood into layers as in Niebiihria and Mcerua.

1. C. trifoliata, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 172 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 59. Stromeria
trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 7'.'. Vern. Kodikalht, mallaguru, peddasiva honita, Tel.

CAPPARIDEJE 33

A large shrub or small tree. Bark very thin, slightly rough, brown.
Wood white, divided by somewhat concentric, often anastomozing
rings of bast tissue (as in Xlebuhria and Maerua) into layers. Pores
small, in long radial and oblique strings broadening out towards the
outer part of each layer. Medullary rays fine, short, rather scanty.
Numerous concentric very fine and even but wavy belts of loose
tissue, as in Anonacece.

Eastern Deccan and Carnatic ; dry low country of Ceylon.
A very interesting wood. Flowers showy.

lbs.

D 3991. Ballipalle Forests, Cuddapah (Gamble) 50

2. C. indica, Lamk. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 172 ; Talbot Bomb. List 9 ; Trimen PL
Ceyl. i. 60. Strumeria tetrandra, Vahl ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 78. Vera. Kali taka,
Mar. ; Chemoorda, Tel. ; Vili, Tam.

A shrub, often straggling or half climbing. Bo rk brown, somewhat
rough, with horizontal lenticels. Wood white, moderately hard, close-
grained. Pores small, numerous, in long radial strings between the
fine wavy medullary rays, usually one or two rays without pores
between each string. Faint, rather distant, concentric lines which
may be annual rings.

South India from Guzerat through the Konkan, Deccan and Carnatic, often on
black cotton soil, sometimes on other trees or on old walls, common ; dry region of
Ceylon, scarce.

lbs.
D 4053. Dhone, Kurnool (Gamble) ....... —

D 4152. Gudibanda, Kistna (Gamble) —

D 4272. Anantapur (Gamble) 51

3. C. farinosa, Forsk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 173 ; Talbot Bomb. List 9.

A straggling much-branched shrub. Wood white, soft, even-
grained. Pores small, single or few or many in radial strings between
the rays, there being usually a few rays without pores between each
pair that contains them. Medullary rays very fine, regular, numerous.

Sind and about Multiin in the Punjab.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

5. BOSCIA, Lamk. B. variabilis, Coll. and Hemsl. ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 18.
(Niebuhria variabilis, Kurz For. Fl. i. 59); Vera. Tltamon, Burin, is a small tree
common in the open forest tracts about Meiktila in Upper Burma.

6. CAPPARIS, Linn.

A large genus containing about 40 species, small trees, shrubs or climbers, most of
them of very little importance in forest economy. C. spinosa, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
L73; Brandis For. Fl. 14; Talbot Bomb. List 10; the Caper; Vera. Kabarra, Afg. ;
Rubra, Tibet ; Kaur, keri, kandar, kakri, laker, b< r, barari, bauri, bassar, Ph.; Kiari,
•■""//, Jaunsar ; Ulta-kanta, Kumaon ; Kalcari, Sind, is a small shrub which grows
on rocks in the Punjab, Baluchistan, Sind, N.-W. Himalaya and the hills of Guzerat
as far as Mahabaleshwar ; affecting the hottest localities, and very pretty with its
greyish-green leaves and handsome rlowers. The flower-buds are the "capers'' of
commerce, and are pickled and eaten in Sind aud the Punjab. J. L. Stewart says
that the leaves are eaten in Ladak as a vegetable ; he mentions that along the
Himalayan rivers the plant ascends far, e.g. to Wangtu (5000 ft.) on the Sutlej, to
Iskardoon the Indus (10,500 ft.), and to Leh (12,000 ft.). C. zeylanica, L.; Fl. Br.

D

34 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Ind. i. 174; Talbot Bomb. List 10; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 61; Vera. Wagutty, Mar.:
Katoddi, vmnachchi, Tarn., is a common shrub in dry regions in S. India, especially in
the Circars and Carnatic, the Konkan and Kanara, and in Ceylon, with handsome
flowers. C. Ileyneana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 174 ; Talbot Bomb. List 10 ; Vera.
Clmyrnka, Hind., is a shrub of the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats; where also
is found G. Roxburghii, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 175 : Talbot Bomb. List 10 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 62; Vern. Poorwi, Mar.; Punai-vira ruli, Tarn., which also occurs in the
Carnatic and Ceylon. On the western coast and in Ceylon is also found 0. Moonii,
Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 175; Talbot Bomb. List 10; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 62, an
ornamented shrub with large white flowers. C. viminea, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 179; Gamble Darj. List 6; Vern. Chiuli, Nop.; Pundri, Lepcha, is a large
shrub of the tropical valleys of the Eastern Himalaya, of Assam, and of the Shan hills
in Burma. C. micracantha, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 179; Kurz For. Fl. 61. is a small
tree, shrub or climber (Kurz) of Burma. C. burmanica, Coll. and Hemsl.; Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxviii. 19, t. 2, is a shrub of Upper Burma ; C. flavicans, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 179, is also found in the same region, in Yemethen and elsewhere ; C. glauca, Wall. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 180, also occurs about Pagamew (Wallich) and Meiktila (Collett) ; while
C. hastigera, Hance, and C. xanthophylla, Coll. and Hemsl. !.<■. 20, are found on dry
plains in the same region. C. Cathcarti, Hemsl.; Gamble Darj. List 6; Ann. Calc.
ix. S, t. 10, is a large climbing shrub of the Darjeeling Hills at O-4000 ft.

Wood white, hard or moderately hard, sometimes with incomplete*
concentric liber rings. Pores of various sizes, single or in radial
groups, at intervals, between the rays. Medullary rays fine or
moderately broad, short.

1. C. divaricata, Lamk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 174; Talbot Bomb. List 10; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 61. O. stylosa, DC; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xiii. Vern. Toaratti, Tarn. ; Buda-
reni, Tel. ; Pachunda, Mar.

A small tree. Bark very rough, brown, deeply cleft, 1 in. thick.
Wood white, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, sometimes sub-
divided. Medullary rays fine, clear, prominent, not equally distant.
Faint concentric lines across the rays.

Deccan and Carnatic, both on stony land and on black cotton soil ; dry districts
of Ceylon.

D 4160. Guttikonda Forest, Kistna (Gamble).

2. C. aphylla, Roth ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 174 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xiii. : Brandis For. Fl.
14; Talbot Bomb. List 10. Vera. Karil, Pb. ; Kind, Sind ; Karl, i'.ehar; Kera,
Mar. ; Ker, Guz. ; Shipri gidda, Kan. ; Kher, Merwara.

A small tree with scanty, small, caducous leaves, found only on
the young shoots. Bark \ in. thick, grey, corky, with deep irregular
cracks. Wood light yellow, turning brown on exposure, shining, very
hard and close-grained. Pores small, often subdivided, generally in
radial lines at intervals between the prominent, very short, numerous,
wavy, fine medullary rays, often filled with resin.

Dry open lands or "rukhs" in the Punjab, Baluchistan, Sind, Guzerat, Rajputana.
Central India, the Deccan and S. Carnatic, extending westwards to Arabia and Egypt.

Stewart says, " A curious green twiggy-looking shrub, which has handsome red
'flowers in spring and red fruit in April. It attains at times a considerable size, the
' largest on record being one of 8 ft. girth, mentioned by Edgeworth, near Chichawatni,
'but its ordinary girth is not a fourth of this" ("Punjab Plants,"' p. 15). The wood is
bitter, and is not touched by white ants; it is used for small beams and rafters in roofs^
(in Sind, for the knees of boats), for oil-mills and agricultural implements; as fuel it
answers well for brick-burning; for locomotives it must be mixed with other wood
(Stewart and Brandis). Dr. Bonavia, writing in the Gwdener's Chronicle for Aug.

CAPPARIDEJ-: 35

1884, describes how it is eaten by goats, and so forms a bush which entangles leaves
and dust blown by the wind ; but when so placed that goats cannot reach it, as on the
edges and sides of precipices, it is quite pretty, whether when covered with a profusion
of small maize-coloured flowers, or when decked with its rose-coloured berries. Brandis
says that its natural reproduction, whether from seed or cuttings, is difficult. It is,
with " Jhand " (Prosopis splcigera), perhaps the most important tree of the " rukhs "
or open forest lands of the Punjab. The buds and fruit are eaten, the latter usually
pickled. The young shoots and leaves are used as a blister. Weight 53 to 54 lbs. per
cubic foot.

lbs.

P 444. Ajmere —

P 892, 941, 3056. Multan 53

Kordliuger's Sections, vol. 9.

3. C. grandis, Linn, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 176; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xiii. : Kurz For.
PI. i. 64; Talbot Bomb. List 10; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 63. C. bisperma, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 569. Vern. Gfuli, regguti, ragota, nallupi, Tel.; Kauntel, Pachoonda, Mar. ;
Pacharan, Berar ; Torate, Kan.; Mudkondai, Tam. ; Kaunggwa, kawywa, Burm.

A small tree. Bark thick, extremely irregular, rough, and corky,
deeply and irregularly cracked. Wood white or greyish-white,
moderately hard. Annual rings sometimes marked by a broken
line of pores. Pores scanty, small, moderate-sized or large, arranged
irregularly and at intervals between the rays. Medullary rays
moderately broad, short.

Chanda district, the Deccan, Eastern Ghats and Carnatic; Dharwar District in
Bombay; dry regions of Ceylon ; Prome District in Burma.

Wood durable, much used by the natives in the Madras Presidency, according to
Beddome. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

C 1134. Ahiri Forest, C.P. (R. Thompson) 46

C 3957. Bhadrachalam, Upper Godavari (Gamble) . . . .46
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

4. C. sepiaria, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 177; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. 568; Brandis For. Fl.
i 5 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 66 ; Talbot Bomb. List 11 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 64. Vern.
HI an garna, Pb. ; Katan, Jeypore ; Kanti kapali, Uriya ; Kanthar, Guz.

A straggling large shrub. Baric brown, ^ in. thick, often studded
with thorns in pairs. Wood white, hard, sometimes with occasional
rings of dark liber-like tissue. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, in white
lings. Medullary rays short, fine to moderately broad. Faint white
concentric bands across the rays.

Dry thickets throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon. Coast of the Andamans (Kurz).
A useful hedge plant.

lbs.

P 3242. Ajmere —

C 3580. Khurdha, Orissa (Gamble) —

D 4157. Reinedicherla, Kistna „ ....... 47

0 4649. Kasumri Forest, Saharanpur, N.-W. Provinces (Gamble) . . 46

This latter specimen has also the incomplete rings of liber tissue noticed under
Niebuhria, Mcerua and Cadaba. It was more of a climber than the others.

5. C. multiflora, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 178; Kurz For. Fl. i. 61;
Gamble Darj. List 5. "Vern. Suntri, Nep.

A climbing thorny shrub. Bark smooth, dark. Wood whit.
moderately hard. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays short, fine.
Faint concentric lines across the rays.

Eastern Himalaya and Upper Burma.

E 3349. Nagri, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

36 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

6. C. hOPPida, Linn, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 178; Brandis For. Fl. 15; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 62; Talbot Bomb. List 11; Trinien Fl. Ceyl. i. 64. C. zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 567. Vern. His, karvila, Pb. ; Bins, his, khahs, jhiri, Dehra Dim ; Karrallua,
Oudh; Ulta kanta, bipua kanta, Kumaon ; Adonda, Tel.; Katerni, Gondi; Kalis,
jhiri, Hind.; Gitoran, Ajmere ; JhaJ, Jeypore; Waghoti, Berar ; Bagnai, Monghyr ;
Atanday, Tarn.; Oserwa, Uriya; Wag, gowindi, Mar.; Nwamanitharibyet, Burm. ;
IVelangiriya, Cingh.

A climbing thorny shrub. Bark \ in. thick, yellowish-brown,
rough. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small to moderate-
sized, often subdivided, occasionally in long, radial strings, at inter-
vals, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, not numerous, short.
Faint wavy concentric lines.

Most parts of India from the Punjab to Ceylon and Burma, usually in hedges or
growing over isolated trees.

Very pretty when in flower. Wood used for fuel ; the twigs, shoots and leaves
eaten by elephants and goats. The fruit is pickled in the S. Punjab and Sind
(Stewart). In dry regions the wood is harder and closer in texture than in those
which are fairly wet.

lbs.

P 3244. Ajmere 47

D 4171. Bollapalle Forest, Kistna (Gamble) 38

C 4325. Chicacole, N. Circars „ 37

0 4650. Kasumri, Saharanpur, N.-W. Provinces (Gamble) . . .37

7. C. Olacifolia, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 178 ; Gamble Darj. List 5.
Vern. Naski, hais, Nep. ; Jhenok, Lepcha.

A thorny shrub. Bark I in. thick, brown, rough. Wood white,
moderately hard. Pores small, often subdivided, or in radial lines.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, bent where they touch the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal to Assam, chiefly in the undergrowth of Sissu
forests along rivers ; N. Circars ; Shan Hills.

lbs.

E 3297. Balasun Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .44
C 3832. Mahendragiri, Ganjam, 4000 ft. „ . . . . —

7. ROYDSIA, Roxb., contains three woody climbers. B. svaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
€43; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 180 ; Gamble Darj. List 6; Vern. Kasonli, Nep. ; Tunggom, Lepcha,
is found in the tropical forests of Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills. B. obtusi folia,
Hook, f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 180 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 67 ; Vern. Ngapyu, Burm., is
a large evergreen climbing shrub of the swamp forests of Burma. B. parviftora, Griff. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 409; Kurz For. Fl. i. 67, is also a climbing shrub of Burma, extending
north to the Kachin Hills, originally found by Griffith near the Hookoom serpentine
mines.

Order VIII. RESEDACEJE.

The Order of the well-known " mignonette." One woody genus only.

1. OCHRADENUS, Delile.

1. 0. baceatUS, Delile; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 182; Talbot Bomb. List 11.
A much-branched shrub. Wood yellowish-white, soft. Pores of
various sizes, small to moderate- sized, arranged in a rough oblique
network. MedvMary rays fine, scanty, the distance between them
equal to the diameter of the largest pores.

Sind.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6.

VIOLACE.E 87

Order IX. VIOLACEJE.

The Order of the " violets." One woody genus.

1. ALSODEIA, Thouars.

Eight species. A. Roxburghii, "Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 186; Kurz For. Fl. i. 69
( Vareca heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 648), is a small shrub of Oudh, Sylhet and the
Andaman Islands, the distribution apparently rather strange. A. zeylanica, Thw. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 187 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 229 ; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. i. 68, is a shrub of
Travancore and Ceylon. In Ceylon there are also two endemic species: A. decora,
Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. i. 69, a small tree, and A. virgata, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 189 ; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. i. 69, t. 5, a shrub. A. racemosa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 187 (A. longiracemosa, Kurz For. Fl. i. 70), is a small tree of the tropical
forests and upper mixed forests of Martaban and Tenasserim, up to 1500 ft., with a
pale brown, close-grained wood. A. Griffitlui, Hook. f. and Th. and A. mollis, Hook,
f. and Th., are also Burmese shrubs, the former of Upper Burma, the latter of
Tenasserim.

1. A. bengalensis, Wall.; PL Br. Ind. i. 186; Kurz For. PL i. 70; Gamble
Darj. List 6. Vern. Kalipat, Nep. ; Kyadoo, And.

A shrub or small tree. Wood white, scented, with numerous
faint concentric lines of soft tissue. Pores scanty, moderately large.
Medullary rays moderately broad, wavy.

Lower Sikkim Hills, in damp valleys ; Sylhet ; tropical forests, also entering drier
hill forests, of Pegu and Martaban, up to 4000 ft.; common in Andaman Islands.
B 3198. Andaman Islands (Home, 1874, No. 26).

The identification of this specimen is not quite certain, but is probably correct, a.-
it was confirmed by Kurz (see Brandis's Memo, on the Forest Resources of the Anda-
mans, dated Aug. 25, 1874).

Order X. BIXINEJE.

A somewhat miscellaneous Order, but one of some importance in Forest Economy,
as it contains a few species of value in sylviculture or on account of their products.
There are three Tribes, with 13 genera, one of which contains only an introduced
plant, which, however, is now practically wild and belongs to the Flora.

Tribe I. Bixeae .... Cochlospermum, Bixa.

,, II. Flacourtiea; . . . Scolopia, Erythrospermum, Flacourtia,

Bennettia, Xylosma, Aberia.
„ III. Pangiese .... Gynocardia, Trichadenia, Hydnocarpus,

Taraktogenos, Asteriastigma.

Wood usually reddish-brown, moderately hard or hard. Pores
small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, closely
packed. The structure closely resembles that of the red-wooded
section of Ewphorbiaceai. Cochlospermum has an extremely soft
wood of different structure.

1. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth.

1. C. Gossypium, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 189; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xiv.; Brandis For. FL
7; Kurz For. Fl. i. 72; Talbot Bomb. List 12; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. i. 20. Bombaa
Gossy2)iu)n, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 169. Vern. Kihiibi, gabdi,ganidr, galgal, gangal, Hind. :
QejrO) arlu, Saharanpur; Ganer, chaor, Melghat ; Ganglay, galgal, Mar.; Oaneri,

38 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Bhil ; Gangam, Gondi; Hiljpu, K61, Sonthal ; Onkur, Saora ; Konto palds, bendia
murdoni, popso konidri, Uriya; Guagu, hong, kandugogu, konda buraga, pethiri
puliki, Tel.; Kdd buraga, Kan.; Tanaku, dluva, kongu, kongiUam, Tain. ; Appa-
kodakka, Mai. ; Kiniliiriya, EJa-intbid, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree, with short, thick, spreading branches.
Bark 1 in. thick, fibrous, deeply furrowed; inner substance red.
Wood extremely soft, greyish-brown ; no heartwood. Pores large,
scanty, often subdivided into compartments. Medullary rays broad,
visible on a radial section as long rough plates.

Forests at the base of the West Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastwards; Guzerat,
Central India, Deccan, Prome District in Burma ; cultivated in Ceylon near temples..

The wood is quite useless, being when dry nothing but a loose bundle of fibres,
when green a soft spongy mass. The tree is characteristic of the hottest, dryest,
stoniest slopes, and is always conspicuous, whether leafiess but covered with large
brilliant yellow flowers, or in full foliage with its glossy green digitately-lobed leaves,
or when the large capsules are opening to let loose the cotton-covered seeds. This
cotton is one of the silk cottons or " Kapok fibres " of India, and, though useless for
textile purposes, can be used for stuffing pillows, for which it is even better than that
of Bombax. The seeds give an oil which is little used. The gum, of a clear white
colour, is known as " katira," it is insoluble in water, but, according to Baden-Powell,
used in the shoemaking trade. The bark gives a cordage fibre. Though of no value
for its wood, the tree is useful sylviculturally as helping to reafforest bare rocky denuded
hills, and so pave the way for more valuable species.

lbs.

C 1141. Ahiri Beserve, C.P. (B, Thompson) 17

C 3958. Bhadrachalam Forests, Upper Godavari (Gamble) . . .17

2. BIX A, Linn.

1. B. Orellana, Linn. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 31 ; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 190 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 19 ; Brandis For. Fl. 17 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 72 ; Gamble Darj. List (3 :
Talbot Bomb. List 12; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 70. The Arnotto. Vern. Latkan, nat-
kdna, Hind., Beng. ; Jarat, Ass.; Jafra, Tel.; Kuragumangjal, Tarn.; Kuppa-
manhala, rangamali, Kan. ; Kisri, sendr-i, Bombay ; Tld-din, Burm. ; Kaha, Cingh.

A large shrub or small tree. Baric brown, -1 inch thick. Wood
pinkish-white, soft, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a line
without pores. Pores moderate-sized, in radial strings of 3 to 6,
prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, closely packed,
bent round the pores or groups of pores, so that the distance between
the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Indigenous in America, and thence introduced into India and cultivated for the red
dye obtainable from the pulp surrounding the seeds. The dye can be made to give
various shades of red and orange, and is in considerable demand (for further infor-
mation, see Watt. Diet. Econ. Products), especially for colouring butter. It is a very
handsome plant, and is often planted for ornament, especially in Ceylon. Beddome
says it is quite naturalized in S. India. Growth moderate, 5 rings per inch of radius.

E 3401. Jalpaiguri, Bengal (Gamble).

3. SCOLOPIA, Schreber.

Trees, usually spinous. There are five species in India, Burma and Ceylon. S.
Eoxburghii, Clos. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 190 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 73, is an evergreen tree of
'IVnasserim "dreadfully armed with long, strong, straight and compound spines"
(Kurz); and S. lucida, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 7."., is also an evergreen tree of the
same region.

BIXINELE 39

1. S. rhinanthera, Clos. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 190.

An evergreen tree. Wood red, hard. Pores small, in short radial
lines. Medullary rays very fine, closely packed.

Malay Peninsula ; Andamans (?).

The specimen is of Kurz' own collecting, and the identification is his, but the
species has otherwise not yet been recorded from the Andaman Islands.

lbs.

B I960. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) 60

2. S. erenata, Clos. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 191 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 78 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 12. S. acuminata, Clos. and S. crassipes, Clos. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 70-71. Vern.
Eitterhl, terene, Badaga ; Dodda jepalu, japle, Kan.; Charalu, Trav. Hills; Katu-
Jeenda, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark smooth, rufous-grey, the branches and stem
thorny when young. Wood reddish-brown, hard, close- and even-
grained. Pores small or moderate-sized, subdivided or in short radial
lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, close, bent round the
pores.

Western Ghats, in the Konkan, Kanara, Mysore and Malabar, common in Nilgiri
sholas ; hills of Ceylon.

Beddome says the wood is so hard as to resist the saw and injure tools. Trimen's
two species ought probably to be kept separate ; S. acuminata beiug a small tree of
the low country, and S. crassipes a " very large tree " of the hill region. It is probably
to this that the specimen described should be attributed.

Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

3. S. Gaertneri, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 191 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xv. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. 71. Vern. Katu-Iiitranda, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree, the trunk beset with large, woody, com-
pound, branched spines. Bark grey. Wood reddish-brown, rather
soft. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided. MedvMary
rays fine, regular, numerous.

Low country of Ceylon, up to 1500 ft. ; Travancore (Bourdillon).
The wood is used for the handles of tools, and in cart-building.

Ceylon Collection, new, Xo. 66 (Mendis).

4. EBYTHROSPERMUM, Lam. E. pkytolaccoides, Gard. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 191 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xv. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 72, t. 6, is a small endemic tree of the moist
low country of Ceylon.

5. FLACOURTIA, Commers.

Seven Indian trees or shrubs, often spinous. F. sumatrana, Planch.; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 192 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 74. and F. mollis, Hook. f. and Th. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 192 ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 74, are trees of Tenasserim. F. inermis, Boxb. FL Ind. iii. 833 : FL Br. Ind.
i. 192; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xvi. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 74; Vern. Tomitomi, Mai.; Ubbolu,
Kan., is a tree of Sylhet. S. India, and l'.urma with an edible fruit, perhaps introduced.
F. montana, Grab.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 102; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xvi.; Talbot Bomb. List 12:
Vern. Attak, clamper, Mar. ; Han Sampige, Kan., is a tree of the Western Ghats with
a pleasant fruit.

1. F. Cataphraeta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 834; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xvi.; Kurz For. FL
i. 74; Talbot Bomb. List 13. Vern. Paniala, panizali, Beng. : Pachnala, jamwta,
Pehra Dun: Talispatri, paniala, Hind.; Vayangharei, Tarn.; Thallira, MaL;
Jugguru, Bomb. ; Abblu, Kan.; Naywe, Murm.

40 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A small tree with compound spines on the trunk. Wood red or
orange-red, hard, brittle. Pore* numerous, small, often subdivided,
Medullary rays very numerous, fine, closely-packed.

Damp forests in Dehra Dun, and thence but scarce through Bengal, Chota Nag-
pore, Assam and Chittagong to S. India and Burma. Often cultivated for its fruit.

lbs.

0 4511. Nakraunda, Dehra Dun (Gamble) 52

W 4631. Travancore (Bourdillon) . 54

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. I. 3).

2. F. Ramontehi, L'Herit. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 193 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xvi. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 18 ; Talbot Bomb. List 13 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 23. F. sapida, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 835 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 75. Vera. Kukai, kakoa, kokoa, kangH, kandei, Pb. ;
Bilangra, bhanber, kanjii, kango, kandi, kattdr, katti, Hind. ; Kala kandei, Kumaon ;
Bilaguru, Garhwal ; Tambat, poker, kaker, bhekal, Mar. ; Kaikun, khakeran, Merwara ;
Kakai, gargati, parbekat, Berar; Baincha, Monghyr; Kangori, Jeypore; Mei'Je,
Sonthal; Benti, Mai Pahari; Serai I, merlo, Kdl ; Katail, Palamow; Bali baincho,
potwa, bonicha, Uriya; Sapka, Khond; Mulu andm, Palkonda; Kondagogu, kanregu,
pedda-kanru, kaka, nakka-naregu, puli-eliJei, Tel. ; Katuka li, Tarn. ; Ugurassa, Cingh. ;
Naywe, Burm.

A small thorny deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood red, hard,
close- and even-grained, splits but does not warp, and is durable.
Pores small, in radial lines. Medullary rays fine, uniform, closely-
packed and somewhat wavy.

Dry hills throughout India; Prome district and Shan Hills in Burma ; Ceylon.
A very common small tree in the deciduous forests. The wood is used for turning
and agricultural implements, the fruit and leaves are eaten, and the branches are
lopped for cattle-fodder. Weight : Brandis gives 50 lbs. per cubic foot, specimens
examined give 53 lbs.

lbs.

P 460. Ajmere 52

P 3221. Nagpahar, Ajmere —

0 260. Garhwal (1868) 50

C 2739. Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) 52

B 3125. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 59

C 3453. Saidope Reserve, Palamow (Gamble) . . . . . —
C 3488. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum „ 51

3. F. sepiaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 835; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 19.4; Bedd. FL Sylv.
xvi.; Brandis For. Fl. 18; Kurz For. Fl. i. 75; Talbot Bomb. List 13; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 73. F. rotundifolia, Clos. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 75. F. obcordata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 835. Vera. Sharawani, dajkar, jidkar, Hind.; Tambat, Mar.; Kanru, Tel.;
Baincha, Uriya.

A small thorny shrub. Bark yellowish-red, thin. Wood light
red, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores very small in radial lines.
Medullary rays very fine, uniform, closely packed, wavy.

Dry forests in Peninsular India, Burma and the upper slopes of the Andamans;

dry regions of Ceylou ; Brandis says it has been found in Kumaon.
A common shrub of the dry evergreen forests, of no particular use.

lbs.

C 3519. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

6. BENNETTIA, Miq. B. longipes, Oliv. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. L596, is a small tree of
Sylhet.

BIXINE/E 41

7. XYLOSMA, Forster.

Three species. X. controversum, Clos. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 194, is a tree of Nepal and
the Khasia Hills, nearly allied to X. longifolium. X. latifolium, Hook. f. and Th. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 194, is a large thorny tree of the Bababuden Hills in Mysore.

1. X. longifolium, Clos. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 194 ; Brandis For. Fl. 19, t. 4. Vern.
Chopra, chirunda, chirudi, drendu, Pb. ; Kattdwa, Oudh ; Danddl, katdri, sialu,
kandhdra, Hind. ; Phalama, Garhw.

A small evergreen tree. Bark -$• in. thick, grey, rough. Wood
pinkish-brown, roughish, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small,
in short radial lines. Medullary rays wavy, very fine and closely
packed, with a satiny silver-grain.

North-West Himalaya, ascending to 5000 feet, Assam, Chota Nagpore, N. Circars.
A common plant in shady ravines. The wood is used for fuel only.

lbs.

H 2947. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3500 feet (Gamble) .... 55
O 5005. Dehra Dun (R. C. Milward) 45

8. ABERIA, Hochst. A. Gardneri, Clos.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 195; Trimen FL Ceyl. i.
74, t. 7. Vern. Ketambilla, Cingh., is a small endemic tree of the lower hills of Ceylon
up to 4000 ft., with an edible fruit.

9. GYNOCARDIA, R. Br.

1. G. Odorata, R. Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 195; Kurz For. Fl. 76; Gamble Darj.
List 6. Chaulmoogra odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 835. Vern. Chaulmilgri, petwrkura,
Beng. ; Kadu, Nep. ; Tuk, Lepcha; Toungpung, Magh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, readily recognized by the hard,
round fruits which grow on the stem and main branches. Bark J in.
thick, grey, smooth. Wood hard, close-grained, yellow or light brown.
Bores very small, in radial lines. Medidlary rays white, very
numerous and prominent.

Northern and Eastern Bengal and Assam : Chittagong and Burma.

The wood is used in Chittagong for planking and for posts, and the pulp of the

fruit in Sikkim to poison fish.

1 lbs.

E 708. Chittagong (Chester) 47

10. TRICHADENIA, Thw.

1. T. zeylanica, Thw. ; FL Br. Ind. i. 19G ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 75, t. 8. Vern.
Tolol, titta, Cingh.

A very large tree. Wood yellowish-white, hard. Pores moderate-
sized, often subdivided, rather scanty, in radial patches. Medidhiry
rays fine, very close, regular, bent round the pores.

Moist low country of Ceylon.

Trimen says the wood is useless, and that an oil is obtained from the seeds and
used in skin-diseases and for burning. The tree is now scarce, owiug to the extensive
clearings of forest.

Ceylon: Int. Exhn., 1802— Kew Museum.

42 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

11. HYDXOCARPUS, Gaertn.

Five species. H. octandra, Thw. is a tree of the low country of Ceylon. H. cas-
tanea, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 107, is a tree of Tenasserim, the Mergui Archi-
pelago and the Andamans.

1. H. alpina, Wt. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 1(J7 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 77 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
i. 77. Vern. Maratalti, Badaga; Sanua solti, Kan. ; Attuchankalai, Tarn. ; Gromma,

Cingh.

A large tree. Bark greyish-browri, slightly rough, \ in. thick.
Wood light brown, hard, with streaks of darker colour and clearly
containing tannin. Annual rings faint. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided radially into 2 or 3, scanty. Medullary rays fine, very
numerous and closely packed, the distance between them much less
than the transverse diameter of the pores.

A large tree, very common in the sholas on the eastern side of the Nilgiris up to
6000 ft., throughout the Western Ghats, and in Ceylon.

Wood fair, "used for beams and rafters, and a good fuel" (Beddome). Growth
good, 5 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
W 4286. Hulikal, Nilgiris, 5000 ft. (Gamble) 40

2. H. Wiglltiana, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 196 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xvi. ; Talbot. Bomb.
List 13. Vern. Maravetti, Tarn. ; Kowti, hostel, Icantel, Mar. ; Toratti, Kan. ; Yetti,
Kader ; Kodi nirvetti, Trav. Hills.

A tree. Wood whitish. Pores numerous, small, often subdivided.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous and closely packed.

Forests of the Malabar coast from the Konkan southwards.

The wood is fair and occasionally used ; weight about 33 lbs. per cubic foot.
Bourdillon gives 33 lbs., and P = 464. The seeds give a lamp-oil.

lbs.
W 4529, W 4712. Travancore ^Bourdillon) . . . .31 and 36

3. H. venenata, Gaertn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 196; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 75. Vern.
Makulu, Cingh.; Mahal, Tarn.

A tree. Bark smooth, whitish. Wood light yellow, hard, close-
grained. Pores small, scanty, in pairs or threes. Medullary rays
fine, regular, not prominent.

Low country of Ceylon, on river-banks, up to 2000 ft.

The fruits are used as a fish-poison, and the oil given by the seeds in skin-diseases
(Trimen).

Ceylon: Int. Exhn., 1S62 — Kew Museum.

12. TARAKTOGENOS, Hassk. T. Kurzii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lix. ii.
630 (flydnocarpns heterophylla, Kurz For. Fl. i. 77, non Bl.); Vern. Kalanzo, Burm.,
is a tree of the forests of Sylhet, Chittagong and Burma, the seeds of which give the
well-known Cltax/m/igra oil, which is valuable for the treatment of cutaneous diseases,
especially dysentery (see Prain in Ann. Report R. Bot. G. Calc. 1900-1901).

13. ASTERIASTIGMA, Bedd.
1. A. macroearpa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 166. Vern. Vellei ndngu, Tarn.
A large tree. Wood grey, soft. Pores small, in radial lines between
the fine even medullary rays, which are bent where they touch them.
On the Ghat between Cottyam and Peermerd in Travancore, 2000 ft.

lbs.

W 089. Travancore (Bourdillon) 35

ITfTOSPORE.E 43

Order XL PITTOSPOREiE.

1. PITTOSPORUM, Banks.

This genus contains about nine Indian species, small trees or shrubs, chiefly of hill
regions, aud of but little importance. But they have pretty, often sweet-scented, flowers
aud bright foliage, and are all deserving of cultivation, just as are cultivated in
European gardens so many species from Australia, Xew Zealand, Japan and the Cape.
P. gldbratum, Ldl. and P. humile, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 198, are both
shrubs of the Khasia Hills, found above 4000 ft. P. ceylanicum, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 199; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 78. Vern. Ketiya, Cingh., is an endemic small tree of
Ceylon, found in the moist low country and hills up to 6000 ft. P. dasycaulon,
Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 199 ; Talbot Bomb. List 13 ; Vern. Gapsundi, Mar., is a small
tree of W.India in the Konkan, Kanaia and Belgaum. P. ferrugineum, Ait.; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 199 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 78, is a spreading tree of Tenasserim, and from thence
southwards to Australia.

Among species in cultivation : P. undulatum, Vent., an Australian shrub, is much
grown in gardens in the Xilgiris. In Australia its wood is used as a substitute for box-
wood (Kew Museum). P. Tobira, Dryand. is a sweet-scented Japanese shrub much
cultivated in Europe, and probably also in gardens in the Indian Hill stations.

Bark thin, lenticellate. Wood white, moderately hard, even-
grained. Annual ring8 faintly marked. Pores small, rather scanty
and irregularly distributed. Medullar)/ ray* tine, prominent, not
numerous, pale.

1. P. tetraspermum, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 198 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xvii. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 77. Yern. Kuimaru, Badaga; Kaccha patti, Trav. Hills.

A small tree. Bark greyish-brown, thin, peeling off in small
flakes, lenticels horizontal. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores
small, scanty, often subdivided, arranged somewhat in concentric-
rings. Medullary rays fine, white, short.

Hills of N. Circars, Xilgiris and Ceylon, 7000 ft.

lbs.
C 3778. Mahendragiri Hill, Ganjam, 4500 ft. (Gamble) . .48

W 3862. Aramby Forest, Ootacamund, Xilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gambit) . —

2. P. nilghirense, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 198; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xvii.

A small tree. Bark dark grey, with white horizontal lenticels.
Wood white, moderately hard, with a strong fennel-like odour when
i'resh cut. Pores very small, scanty, in short oblique lines. Medullary
rays fine, white, rather short.

Nilgiri Hills, above 5000 ft. ; Satyamangalam Hills.

W 3761. Coonoor, Xilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

D 4936. Satyamangalam Hills, Coimbatore (A. Lushington).

3. P. floribundum, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 199; Bedd. Fl. Svlv. xvii.;
Brandis For. Fl. 19 ; Gamble Darj. List 6 ; Talbot Bomb. List 13. Cefastrus ver-
ticilhiUt, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 624. Vern. Tumri, Garhwal ; Raini, Kumaon ; Yekaddi,
Mar. ; Prongzam, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark very thin, light greenish-grey with
very prominent horizontal lenticels, up to nearly i in. long. Wood
white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, often subdivided
or in strings, scanty and irregularly distributed. Medullary rays
fine to moderately broad.

44 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya, from the Jumna to Sikkim, along rivers
and in ravines ; Khasia Hills ; Western Coast Districts ; Shan Hills of Burma.
A handsome evergreen tree deserving of cultivation for ornament.

lbs.

0 4836. Ramgarh, Dehra Dun (U.N. Kanjilal) 40

4. P. eriocarpum, Royle; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 199; Brandis Fur. Fl. 19. Vern. Meda
tumri, gar-silung, garskuna, Hind. ; Agni, Kumaon ; Kakria, Dotial.

A small tree. Bark silvery grey, very thin, with prominent
rounded or slightly horizontal lenticels. Wood white, moderately
hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a white line. Pores
small, in small clusters or oblique groups. Medullary rays fine,
prominent, rather scanty.

Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to the Sarda at 3-6000 ft. ; common below
Mussooree.

A handsome evergreen tree, easily recognized from other species by its tomentose
young leaves and fruit.

lbs.

H 4839. Jharipani, Mussoorie, 4000 ft. (U.N. Kanjilal) . . 45

Order XII. POLYGALEJE.

Three Indian genera of woody plants : Polygala, Securidaca and Xanthophyllum.
Maraltia juniper if ol 'da, DC, from the Cape, a pretty thorny shrub with purple flowers,
has become naturalized on the Nilgiris.

1. POLYGALA, Linn.

Milkworts. A genus of herbs for the most part, one Indian species only reaching
the size of a shrub.

1. P. arillata, Hamilt. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 200; Gamble Darj. List 6; Trimen Fl.

Ceyl. i. 79. Chamcebuxits arillata, Hassk. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 79. Vern. Karima,
Nop. ; Michepnor, Lepcha.

A large shrub. Bark thin, greyish- white. Wood white, mode-
rately hard, close- and even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty,
single or in short radial lines. Medullary rays short, fine, scanty,
the distance between them about equal to the diameter of the pores.
A anual rings well marked by a white line.

Hills of the Eastern Himalaya at 5-8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Nilgiris ; hills of Upper
Burma; Ceylon, at 4-7000 ft., in the montane zone.

A graceful shrub with pretty yellow flowers; reaching a fairly large size in the
Nilgiris and Ceylon. Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. The root is said to
be used in the fermentation of murwa beer by Bhutias, and the wood to procure fire by
friction.

lbs.

E 3393. Jalapahar, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Gamble) . —
W 4040. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. „ 1 !

2. SECUKIDACA, Linn. 8. tavoyana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 208 (& inappi ndi-
ciilata, Hassk.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 80), is a large woody climber of Eastern Bengal,
Arracan and Tenasserirn, with crimson flowers. It has recently been discovered also
in the Kachin Hills near Myitkyina. The wood of plants of the genus is usually in
alternate belts, as in some Capparidece and Dalbergia paniculata.

POLYGALEvE 45

3. XANTHOPHYLLUM, Roxb.

Four species. X affine, Korth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 209 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 82, and X.
Griffithii, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 210 (X. eglandulosum, Griff.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 81),
are evergreen trees of Tenasserim.

1. X. flaveseens, Poxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 222 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 209 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 81 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 84. X Arnottianum, Wight; X. angustifoUum, Wight; and X.
virens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 221; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xix. Vern. Ajensak, gandi, Beng. ;
Thitpya, Burm. ; Mattel, Tarn. ; Madaku, Mai. ; Falala, Cingh.

A large tree. Wood white or yellowish-white, hard, close-grained,
with many pale, closely-packed concentric bands. Pores large, very
scanty. Medullary rays exceedingly fine and numerous.

Eastern Bengal, Burma, South India and Ceylon, up to 4000 ft. in evergreen
forests.

Clearly a useful wood, but rarely of very large size in South India. Bourdillon's
experiments of 1896 give W = 48 lbs., P = 567.

lbs.
W 4633. Travancore (Bourdillon) 51

2. X. glaueum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 209; Kurz For. Fl. i. 81. Vern. Tlutpyu,
Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark \ in. thick, dark grey with distant, deep,
very long, horizontal clefts. Wood light grey, moderately hard, with
many dark concentric bands of loose texture. Pores small, scant}',
often subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, incon-
spicuous.

Swamp forests and inundated jungle-swamps of the alluvial hills and bases of the
hills of Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim (Kurz), Kachin Hills of Upper Burma.

Kurz describes the wood as comparatively strong, and probably valuable for
furniture ; W = 30 to 38 lbs., breaking weight 155 to 179 lbs. Three specimens have
been sent as the wood of this species ; that described is only the most probably correct
one — the others are B 5049 from Bassein, and B 5059 from Henzada. They are all
grey woods, but differ from each other in bark and structure. The Vernacular name
of Thitpyu, meaning " white wood," might be given to many trees, and an officer not
personally determining a tree botanically, and relying only on the Vernacular name,

might easily be deceived.

lbs.
B 5072. Thaungyin, Burma 35

Order XIII. TAMARISCINEJE.

A small Order containing bushes or small trees with small sessile or scale-like
sheathing leaves: two genera, Tamarix and Myricaria.

Wood white or reddish, sometimes darker in the centre, but no
heart-wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, often in groups, more
numerous and large in the spring wood if the annual rings are
distinct. Medullary rays generally moderately broad to broad, short,
distant, giving a marked silver-grain.

46 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. TAMARIX, Linn.

Seven species, bushes or small trees with scale-like leaves and white or pink
flowers, chiefly found on the banks of streams and on the lowlands near rivers. The
two principal species along the Ganges and other chief Indian rivers are T. gallica, L.
and T. dioica, Roxb., species which, as Brandis says, are easily mistaken for each other.
T. ericoides is a low shrub frequenting rocky river-beds in Central and Western India
instead of the sandy " churs " affected by the others. T. salina, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i.
248, is a glabrous glaucous shrub of the Punjab Salt Range, and T. stricta, Boiss. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 249; Talbot Bomb. List 14 is a tree of Sind and Baluchistan allied to
T. articulata. T. macrocarpa, Bunge ; Vern. Kirvi, gaz-surkh, Baluch. ; Gazlei, Sind,
is a large shrub of Baluchistan said by Lace to be one of the chief camel fodders in
Peshin.

1. T. g-alliea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 248; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xx. ; Brandis For. Fl.
20, t. 5 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 83 ; Talbot Bond). List 14 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. Ml. T. indica,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100. The Tamarisk. Vern. Komi, rukh, leinya, ghazlei, pilchi, Pb. ;
Lei, lai, jhau, Sind; Jhau, nana, Beng. ; Palivi, Tel.; Kiri, Tam.

A shrub or small tree. Bark rough, greenish-brown, that of young-
branches reddish-brown, smooth, with small whitish specks. TF<»»/
whitish, occasionally with a red tinge, open- and coarse-grained, fairly
hard and tough, but not strong. Pores small and moderate-sized,
numerous, more so in spring wood. Medullary rays numerous, broad
but short. Annual rings distinct (Brandis).

Throughout India from the Western Himalaya to Burma and Ceylon; extending
westwards to Europe, eastwards to China and Japan, and southwards to Africa.

Banks of rivers and near the sea-coast, often on salt lands.

The wood is largely used for fuel for steamers and otherwise, and in Sind and the
Punjab for agricultural implements, turning, and lacquered work. Mathieu in Fl. For.
gives the weight at 40 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. T. dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 101; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 24!) ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xx. ;
Brandis For. Fl; 21, t. G; Kurz For. Fl. i. 83; Gamble Darj. List G; Talbot Bomb.
List 14. Vern. Lei, pilchi, koan, kachlei, Pb. ; Gaz, too, jhau, Sind; Lai jhau,
Beng.; Jhau, Hind.

A gregarious shrub or small tree. Bark grey, with reticulate
cracks, showing the red inner bark. Wood moderately hard, red,
outer portion white. Pores small to moderate-sized, in groups or
short radial lines, more abundant and larger in the spring wood.
Medullary i-a.ys very prominent, short, fine to very broad, very
prominent on a radial section. The distance between the rays is
generally three or four times the transverse diameter of the pores.

Throughout India from Sind and the Punjab to Assam, S. India and Burma.
The wood is chiefly used for fuel, for baskets and brooms, also for native hut-
building. The galls are used in dyeing as a mordant, and in tanning; also as an
astringent in medicine. It gives a gum of a bitter-sweet flavour. The growth is very
fast; the experiments recorded by Minniken in his Report of Ls78 on the Delhi Bela
plantation give an average rate of 1*4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 4!» lbs. per
cubic foot.

lbs.

P 888. Multan, Punjab (Sbakespear) 48

P 1388. Lahore, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 51

3. T. articulata, Vahl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 249 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xx. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 22, t. 7; Talbot Bomb. List 14. T. orientalis, L. ; Stewart Pb. Plants 92. Vern.
Faroe, farwa, rukh, ukhan, kharlei, narlei, Pb. ; Asrelei, Sind.

TAMARISCINE2E 47

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, rough. Wood white, mode-
rately hard. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, often
in groups or subdivided or singly between the medullar)* rays, scanty.
Medullary rays short, fine to very broad, the distance between the
rays somewhat greater than the transverse diameter of the groups
of pores ; prominent on a radial section as irregularly shaped plates,
giving the wood a handsome silver-grain.

The Punjab and Sind, Baluchistan, extending westward to Egypt, often cultivated.

One of the most important trees of the arid regions. It sometimes reaches 60 ft.
in height, with spreading branches and the general appearance of a conifer. The twigs
are often hoary with a saline efflorescence. The wood is used for many purposes — for
ploughs, Persian wheels, small ornaments, fuel, and charcoal. The green wood when
burnt gives an offensive smell, but it is not considered a good railway fuel. The bark
and the galls (Mai, Pb. ; Safatn, Sind) are used in tanning. The wood weighs 40 to
GO lbs. per cubic foot when seasoned, 92 lbs. (according to Stewart) when green. The
growth of the tree seems to be rapid, for Brandis mentions trees that have reached '2 to
3 ft. in girth in 12 years, and one which measured 4 ft. 10 in. at 15 years old. It
reproduces well either by seed or from cuttings; and coppices well. The Cerambycid
borer Pachydissus holosericeus, Fabr., has been found in this tree in Dera Ismael
Khan.

lbs.

P 886. Multan, Punjab (Shakespear) 61

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6.

4. T. erieoides, Rottl.; F!. Br. Ind. i. 249; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xx.; Talbot Bomb.
List 14. Vern. Javra, Merwara; Jao, sarub, sarata, Mar.

A shrub. Bark dark brown, vertically cleft. Wood moderately
hard, reddish-white. Pore* small to moderate-sized, often in groups
and more numerous in the inner part of each ring. Medullary rays
moderately broad, the distance between them greater than the
transverse diameter of the pores or groups of pores.

Beds of rivers in Bengal, Central, Southern and Western India. A pretty heath-
like shrub, usually found associated with such river-bed plants as Rhabdia viminea
and Homonoya riparia.

C 3648. Kechki, Palamow, Cliota Nagpore (Gamble).
D 4168. Ketavararn, Kistna (Gamble).

2. MYRICARIA, Desvaux.

The genus contains, besides the species given below, M. elegans, Royle; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 250, a small bush of the inner Western Himalaya and Tibet, where it is very
valuable as fuel. T. Thomson in "W. Himalaya and Tibet," p. 162, describes the
exceptional growth of Myricarias (he does not say which species) in the valley of the
Pugha river, a tributary of the Iudus, in Ladak, occasioned by the presence of hot
springs. The trees were 15 ft. in height, with trunks 5 to 6 in. and even 1 It. in diameter.
a quite exceptional size for Myricarin.

1. M. g-ermanica, Desv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 250 ; Brandis For. Fl. 23, t. 8. Vern.
8*8, shalakdt, kathi, humbu, Ph.; Ombu, Lahoul.

A shrub with rough brownish ba rk. I J'ood hard, white. Annual
rt iu/s marked by porous spring wood. Pores small. Medullary rays
broad, short, very numerous and prominent.

Inner Himalaya from the Punjab to Sikkim, at from 10-14.000 ft.

This shrub is very common along the rivers in the inner Himalaya, and often

48 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

affords almost the only woody vegetation. The wood is used for fuel, and the branches
as fodder for sheep and goats.

H 133. Lahoul, 10,000 ft. (Heyde)

E 074. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 ft. (Schlich)

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6 (Tamarix germanica, Linn.).

Order XIY. HYPERICINEJE.

A small Order of two Tribes, each of a single genus.

Tribe I. Hypericea? Hypericum.

„ II. Cratoxyleas Cratoxylon.

1. HYPERICUM, Linn.

St. John's Worts. Small shrubs or herbs, of small importance, but with showy
yellow flowers. H. cernuum, Koxb. Fl. Ind. hi. 400; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 253: Vern.
Pingniaro, phiunli, Jaunsar ; Piuli, Malkot, is a small, pretty, large-flowered shrub
•common in the North-West Himalaya at from 5-7000 ft., chiefly on rocks. H.
Booker in mi ik, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 251 ; Gamble Darj. List 7, is a tall shrub
of the Sikkim Himalaya, Khasia Hills, and Nilgiris, with handsome golden flowers,
well worthy, like H. cernuum, of cultivation. The rest, except those given below, are
quite unimportant.

1. H. mysorense, Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 153.

A handsome large shrub. Bark brown, thin, cleft both vertically
and horizontally into small rectangular plates. Wood white with an
orange-red heartwood, hard, close- and even-grained, smooth. Pores
very small, numerous. Medulla ry rays very fine, extremely numerous.

Hills of S. India from the Konkan to the Pulneys, also Ceylon at 5-8000 ft. ;
common on open grassy land, and very conspicuous.

W 3716. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).
AV 1185. Ballia, Nilgiris, 6500 ft.

2. H. patulum, Thunb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 251; Gamble Darj. List 7. Vern.
'J'ii iiihiiiiiri, sung ri/ong, Lepcha.

A handsome shrub. Bark brown, branchlets red. Wood white,
close-grained, moderately hard. Pores very small, scanty. Medullar!/
rays tine, very numerous. Annual rings marked by a ring of larger
pores than those in the rest of the wood.

Himalaya from Chumba to Bhutan, at from 5-8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Kachin
Hills in Upper Burma. Very common about Darjeeling on open hill-sides; some-
times used for hedges.

lbs.

E2861. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) l.1.

2. CRATOXYLON, Bl.

Five species of trees or shrubs of Burma or the Andaman [slands. C. polyanthum,
Korth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 257, and C. prunifolium, Dyer Fl. Br. Ind. i. 258 (C.jwtmm-
floritiu, Kurz For. Fl. i. 81), arc trees of t lie Eng and other forests from Martaban to
Tenasserim and the Andamans. C. urborescens, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 258, is a large
shrub of Tenasserim. C. formosuin, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 258; Kurz i.
85, is a pretty tree, rather rare in open places of the tropical forests of S. Andaman ;
cultivated in Calcutta.

hypericinea: 49

1. C. neriifolium, Kurz For. Fl. i. 85; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 257. Vera. Bebya, Burm.
A tree. Bark dark-coloured, rough. Wood dark grey, hard, close-
grained. Pores large, in short narrow wavy irregular patches of
loose tissue. Medullary rays not prominent, tine, numerous, on a
radial section visible as a silver-grain of dark narrow plates.

Chittagong and Burma, in the drier upper hill forests.

Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. According to Kurz, the wood is used for building
purposes, for ploughs, handles of chisels, hammers, and other implements. In the
Mandalay District it is considered a good fuel (J. W. Oliver).

lbs.
B 312. Burma (1867) 47

Order XV. GUTTIFERJE.

An important Order of tropical trees, some of them of great value as timber-yielders,
some as giving the valuable pigment called " gamboge," some as fruit-trees, and almost
all as possessing beautiful flowers and foliage. There are 6 Indian genera, belonging to
two tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Garciuiese . . . Garcinia, Ochrocarpus.

„ II. Calophylleaj . . . Calophyllurn, Kayea, Mesua, Poeciloneuron.

Since the publication of the " Flora of British India," other works, such as Kurz'
" Forest Flora of British Burma," Trimen's "Ceylon Handbook," King's "Materials for
a Flora of the Malay Peninsula," Hooker's " Observations on Some Species of Garcinia "
(Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 484), and finally the Monograph of the Guttiferze by J. Vesque,
which forms vol. 8 of De Candolle's " Monograph ias Phanerogamarum," 1894, have
appeared; and, after consideration, it seems best to adopt the species as given in the
last-mentioned, and in the order given, as far as possible.

Wood usually reddish, generally with a distinct heartwood, and
marked by characteristic faint concentric lines, which are often
interrupted. Pores variable in size, usually rather large, single or
in more or less oblique wavy lines. Medullary rays tine or very fine,
clearly marked.

Tribe 1. GARCINIEJ].
1. GARCINIA, Linn.

A large genus of evergreen, opposite-leaved trees, usually with a yellow juice,
generally giving a more or less useful description of gamboge. They are almost entirely
tropical trees, none extending to the Punjab or North-West Provinces and very few
even to the North-East Himalaya. The Genus is subdivided into two Subgenera,
Xanthochymus with 5, and Eugarcinia with 31 species.

Wood moderately hard or hard, close-grained, yellowish- white, red
or grey, with numerous and characteristic wavy bands of loose texture.
Pores scanty, small to large. Medullary rays usually fine.

The following extract from an official report, obtained from the Madras Mail of
Nov. 17, 1885, will explain the value of the species of Garcinia as gamboge-
yielders : —

" The Collector of Malabar reports that there are four species of Garcinia indigenous
4 in the forests of his district. (1) Garcinia Morella grows on the Peria ghat in the
' extreme north-west portion of the Wynaad taluq, up to an elevation of about 1500 ft.
' This species yields the tree gamboge of commerce. There is a considerable export
* from Ceylon, but none from the district. (2) Garcinia pictoria is widely distributed
' and is found growing along the slopes of the Western Ghats, from 1-4000 ft. elevation
' It is very abundant in the Chenat Xair forests, and fairly common everywhere. 1

E

50 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

' yields an excellent pigment, samples of which were sent to the International Forestry
' Exhibition, Edinburgh, last year ; also to the Calcutta Exhibition. The gamboge is
'collected by lightly scraping the moss and the old bark of the stems of the trees, and
' then pricking them all over, with an instrument resembling a hair-brush, with wire
' nails fixed in it at intervals of J inch apart. The work should he done from December
'to March, when there is no rain. The gamboge collects in little tears, about the size
'of a small pea, in from three to four days, and is quite hard in a week, when it can be
'collected. The cost of collection amounts to about Rs.l 8a. per pound, which is as
'much as the product is worth in the London market, hence there is no trade in it here.
' A second way of collecting the gamboge is to clean the bark of the trees of all extraneous
'matter, and then to strip it off, pound and boil it. A yellow extract is thus obtained,
'which when inspissated yields a golden-brown gamboge of inferior quality worth about
l6d. a pound. The stripping of the bark, of course, kills the tree. The method is,
' therefore, a wasteful and expensive one. The fruits of both species are rich in gamboge,
'and the seeds yield an oil. (3) Garcinia Xanfhochymus. This species is indigenous
' to the ghat forests above Karimpoya, in Nilambur. It bears a large golden-coloured,
' thin-skinned edible fruit of a pleasant sub-acid flavour, in bunches of 3 or 4 together.
' It is cultivated at Calicut and in the Wynaad, and is a tree of exceedingly slow growth.
'The gamboge yielded by it is resinous, and worthless as a pigment. (4) Garcinia
' Caivbogia, A very common tree on the Western Chats, up to 4500 feet, where, how-
'ever, it rarely exceeds 20 ft. in height. It yields a translucid resinous gamboge useless
' as a pigment. The fruit is ribbed, and of a bright canary colour. The aril is edible,
' being of a pleasant sub-acid like the mangosteen. The rind of the fruit when green is
'intensely acid, and is used by the Kurumbers and other wild tribes as a substitute for
'tamarind in their curries. The seeds yield an oil. (5) Garcinia purpurea. — A very
' rare tree on the ghats, but cultivated at Calicut for the sake of its edible fruit, which
' is of a bright purple colour. It yields a gamboge which might be used as a pigment.
' Gardnias travancoricaand. Wiyhtii are both said to yield excellent pigments, but they
'do not occur in this district. The Collector of the Nilgiris reports that the Garcia in
' pictoria does not grow in his district."

Subgenus I. XANTHOCHYMUS.

Five species. G. malabarica, Talbot in Journ. Bomb. Xat. Hist. Soc. xi. 234
(G. ovalifolia, Hook. f. var. macrantha ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 2(.i9), is a small or moderate-
sized tree of the Western Ghats, common in evergreen forests about Gairsoppa. G.
andamanica, King Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lix. 170 {G. dulcis, Kurz For. Fl. i. 92), is
an evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands.

1. G. spicata, Hook, f.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 98. G. ovalifolia, Hook, f . ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 269 ; Talbot Bomb. List 15. Xanthochymiis ovalifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
032; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxi. Vern. Baldi, Mar.; Kokottai, Tarn.; Elagokatu, gonapana,

Cingh.

A small or medium-sized evergreen tree. Bark thick, smooth,
olive-green or brownish, wrinkled in horizontal folds. Wood yellowish-
white, hard, close-grained, with numerous concentric white bands
which are slightly wavy and occasionally broken. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, numerous, long, making a
pretty silver-grain.

Forests of both coasts of the Western Peninsula: on the west, in the Konkan,
Kanara, Malabar and Travancore in evergreen forests; on the east, in the Northern
Circars and Carnatic, common in Striharikota forest ; Ceylon, in the dry region, common
about Jaffna.

lbs.

W 4727. Travancore (Bourdillon) 59

D 4257. Striharikota, Nellore (Brougham) 01

2. G. Xanthoehymus, Hook. f. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 269; Kurz For. Fl. i. 93;
Talbot Bomb. List 15. Xanthoehymus jnctorius, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 033; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 88. Vera. Tcpor, Ass. ; Maoshla, Phekial ; Dampei, Hind.; Tamal, Beng.;

GUTTIFEP..*: 51

Mukki, Tam. ; Iwara memadi, tamalamu, chitakamraku, Tel.; Divarige, janagi,
deavkai, Kan. ; Ana-vaya, Trav. Hills ; Madaw, Burm.

A medium-sized evergreen tree. Bark brown, \ in. thick, exfoli-
ating in small round scales. Wood dark greyish- brown, very hard
and close-grained ; concentric bands thin, white, numerous. Pores
very scant}r, moderate-sized, scattered and unevenly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, white, numerous but irregular.

Eastern Himalaya and E. Bengal ; Western Coast from Kanara southwards through
Coorg and Nilgiris ; Eastern Coast in the X. Circars ; throughout Burma ; Andaman
Islands.

The wood is strong and good, but apparently not used. The yellow gum is copious,
but apparently useless as gamboge. The fruit is yellow, about the size of a small
apple, and very acid ; it is sometimes used like the fruit of G. indica, by drying the
pulp in the sun, when it is eaten in curries or used in medicine (see Pharmacogr. Ind.
i. 166). (Vera. Am&ul, hokam, onth, osht.) The bark is used as a dye in Assam.

lbs
C 3826. Mahendragiri, Ganjam, 4000 ft. (Gamble) .... 57"

3. G. Imberti, Bourdillon in Joum. Bomb. Xat. Hist. Soc. xii. 34!'.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark brown and white, smooth, ■]- in.
thick. Wood yellowish grey, hard, with very numerous regular,
pale, close, wavy concentric lines of loose texture. Pores small,
scanty. Medullary rays line, white, irregular.

Evergreen forests of S. Travancore, above 3000 ft.

lbs.
W 4691. Travaucore (Bourdillon) 56, P = 685

Subgenus II. EUGAHCINIA.

The species are grouped by Vesque in four sections.

Section 1. Mangostana. About 16 species.

G. merguensis, Wight; El. Br. Ind. i. 2<i7 ; Kurz Eor. Fl. i. 89, is an evergreen tree
of Tenasserim ; and G. eugenicefolia, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 268, is also found there
and in the Andamans. In the Andaman Islands also occur G. Lunessanii, Pierre ;
Vesque Monog. 358 (G. Caddliana, King), a tree; G. Kurzii, Pierre, a shrub; and
Cf. Kingii, Pierre, apparently also a shrub. In the Nicobar Islands is found G.
Hombroniana, Pierre, a tree with quadrangular branchlets. In Eastern Bengal there
are 5 species. G. pedunculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 625; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 264; Gamble
Darj. Eist 7 ; Vera. Tihtil, tiliir, Beng. ; Bor tekera, Ass., is a tree of Rungpore,
Goalpara and Sylhet, with a large fruit, weighing, according to Roxburgh, 2 lbs., of
.'i yellow colour and very acid. Roxburgh recommended its being dried and preserved
as a substitute for limes. The tree is often cultivated, and the wood is " used for planks,
'beams and ordinary building" (Mann). G. anomala, PL and Trian. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
266; Kurz For. Fl. i. 89; Vera. Usaqueng, Ass., is a small tree of the Khasia and
raintia Hills and the hills of Martaban in Burma at 3-6000 ft. G. Keeniana, Pierre
is a tree of Cachar. G. <>J/i»is, Wall. ((?. cornea, Chois. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 26'0 ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 88), is a small tree of Sylhet. G. "(roriri'Hs, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 266, is
found at Tabong in Upper Assam.

4. G. terpnophylla, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 268; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxi.; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 97. Vera. KokaUya, I high.

A small tree. Bark greyish -brown, very smooth. Wood hard,
close-grained, deep orange-brown streaked with yellow; with promi-
nent regular concentric pale bands. Port's moderate-sized to large,
very scanty, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays
numerous, moderately broad.

52 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Low country of Ceylon and up to 4000 ft.

This is a beautiful wood, which deserves to be better known, unless by some chance
or other Mendis has made a mistake. The structure of his specimen, however, agrees
with Garcinia, and I see no reason to doubt it. Beddome speaks of the wood as
weighing 58 to 60 lbs. per cubic foot, and as well adapted for bridge building and
framing, easily worked, but unsuited to joinery because apt to split.

lbs.

Ceylon Collection (new), No. 76 (Mendis) 56

5. G. Stipulata, G. And. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 267 ; Gamble Darj. List 7. Vern.
Hanahadan, Lepcha.

A tree with brown bark. Wood light orange-yellow, moderately
hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided.
Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous. Numerous wavy con-
centric bands of soft texture, and of colour lighter than the rest of the
wood, often anastomozing.

Sikkim and Bhutan in damp forests up to 4000 ft.

The fruit is yellow and sometimes eaten by Lepchas. It gives a yellow gum,
chiefly from the fruit, but it does not seem to be used.

E 3352. Kalimpiing, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

6. G. travaneorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t, 173; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 268. Garcinia sp.
No. 2 in Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxi. Vera. Malampongu, Tinnevelly.

A large tree. Wood yellowish-brown, sapwood pale yellow, hard,
heavy, close-grained. Pores small, in wavy somewhat concentric
anastomozing lines. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, long,
numerous, showing a pretty silver-grain on a radial section. Annual
rings not prominent.

Ghat Forests of Travancore and Tinnevelly, at 3-5000 ft.

Beddome says, " Every portion of the tree yields an abundance of bright yellow
' gamboge, not yet examined." Apparently no information has since become available.

lbs.
W 4693. Travancore (Bourdillon) 49

7. G. MangOStana, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 618; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 260; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 87. The Mangosteen. Vern. Mangustdn, Hind., Beng. ; Mingut, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark dark brown or almost charcoal-black,
inner bark yellowish. Wood brick-red, hard. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, single or in small groups surrounded by loose tissue, the
groups very irregularly run together into moi'e or less concentric
patches, sometimes long and continuous, more often subdivided.
Medullary rays moderately broad, not very numerous, of the same
colour as the patches.

Malay Peninsula (doubtfully Avild); cultivated in Tenasserim and in special
localities in India, as at Barliyar in the Nilgiri Hills.

This is the tree that yields the Mangosieen fruit, considered by many as the finest
fruit of the Eastern tropics. Heifer says that one tree may yield 1000 fruits yearly,
valued at Rs.3 per 100, and one tree at Barliyar has been said to yield 1200 fruits.
The rind of the fruit is used in tanning and as a medicine. For successful cultivation
a very hot and moist and uniform climate is required, and it has never been successfully
grown in Northern India.

Singapore — Kew Museum (Ridley).
Java — „ „ (Scbeffer).

GUTTIFERvE 53

8. G. speeiosa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 260; Kurz For. Fl. i. 88. Vern. Payava,
Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, greyish-black. Heartwood red,
very hard, cross- and close-grained, with numerous short, wavy,
transverse bands. Pores small, very numerous. Medullary rays
very fine, uniform, equidistant, not very distinct.

Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, according to Major Protheroe, 72 lbs. ; our specimens give only 52 lbs., and
Wallich (Nos. 73, 74, Garcinia sp., Pidlowa) 45"5 lbs.

The wood is used for house and bridge posts, and other purposes ; and it is said
to be used by the Andamanese to make bows. According to Vesque, this species does
not occur in the Andamans, and our tree should be G. Kurzii, Pierre, but he seems
to have ignored King's remarks, in view of which no change is made here. Kurz
clearly identifies the timber tree as G. speeiosa.

lbs.

B 504. Andaman Islands (General Barwell) 52

B 2492. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 18) 52

Two specimens marked B 2493, Pantagah, No. 20 (51 lbs.), and B 2500,
Phungnyet, No. 19 (62 lbs.), brought by Home from the Andamans in 1874, resemble
G. speeiosa, but the pores are in short radial lines and the medullary rays more
distinct.

B 2206 (47 lbs.), received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Thinganee,
is similar in structure to B 2493 and 2500, but the pores are larger.

These specimens probably belong to one of the other Andaman tree Garcinias,
G. Kingii, Pierre, or G. Lanessani, Pierre.

Section 2. Cambogia. Six species.

G. lancecefolia, lloxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 623 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 263 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 91 ;
Vern. Kan tekera, Ass. ; Kirindur, Sylhet, is a small tree of the forests of Assam,
Sylhet, the Chittagong Hills and the Kachin Hills of Burma. G. microstigma, Kurz
For. Fl. i. 91, is a shrub of South Andaman.

9. G. paniculata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 626 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 266 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 92.
Vern. Bubi-koiva, Sylhet.

An evergreen tree. Bark very thin, grey, peeling off in small thin
flakes. Wood reddish-grey, moderately hard ; with very minute
closely-packed pale concentric bands. Pores moderate-sized, scanty.
Medullary rays fine to moderately-broad, not numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Chittagong, up to 3000 ft.
Fruit edible, resembles the mangosteen. I do not feel very certain of the
identification of the specimen.

lbs.
E 4882. Sylhet (Babu Kripa Nath De) 39

10. G. echinoearpa, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 264; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxi. ; Trimen
Ft Ceyl. i. 96. Vern. Pura, Trav. Hills ; Madol, Cingh.

A tree, 40 to 50 ft. high. Wood dark red, hard, heavy. Pores
moderate-sized, in more or less concentric bands of soft texture and
light colour. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, not numerous,
showing a marked silver-orain.

Moist region of Ceylon, 1-6000 ft. ; Travancore, in evergreen forests 2-4000 ft.
"Easily recognized by its numerous aerial roots, which are copiously produced
' from the lower part of the stem, as in the mangroves " (Trimen). " Wood largely used
' for shingles in Ceylon " (A. F. Broun). The seeds give an oil which is used for
burning.

lbs.
\Y 1692. Travancore (Bourdillon) 51

54 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

11. G. indiea, Chois. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 2G1 : Talbot Bomb. List 15. G. purpurea,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 624; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxi. Vera. Brindall, Goa; Murgal, Kan. ;
Bhairnd, ratamba, Mar. ; Kalian, Hind.

A slender tree with drooping branches. Bark light brown, rather
shiny, very thin, smooth. Wood greyish-white, hard ; many dark
concentric lines, resembling annual rings, without or with very few
pores ; very numerous, wTavy, narrow, anastomozing white bands, in
which the few scanty moderate-sized pores appear. MedvZlary rays
moderately broad, white, regular.

Western India, forests of tbe Konkan, Kanara, Coorg and Wynaad ; often planted.

Fruit the size of a small orange, purple, edible, sometimes called " Wild mangosteen."
An oil, called " Kokam butter," is obtained from tbe seeds and used for food and as a
medicine (see also Watt Diet. Econ. Products, vol. iii. 467).

lbs.

W i:J03. S. Kanara (Peak e) 49

12. G. Cambogia, Desr. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 261; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 621; Bedd. FL
Sylv. t. 85; Talbut Bomb. List 15; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 95. 0. amicarpa, Wight;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxi. Vern. Aradal, upagi mara, manthulli, Kan.: Heela, Badaga ;
Korakkaipuli, Tarn.; Kodupidi, pinaru, Mai. : Goraka, Cingb.

A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, sometimes patched with red,
shining, hard, close-grained, smooth ; concentric bands forming trans-
verse bars, very numerous, wrhite and prominent. Pores small and
very small, in short radial lines, between the closely packed, uniform,
line medullary rays.

Western Coast and Ceylon, ascending to 6000 ft. on the X iigiris.

Beddome says the wood would answer for common furniture. Bourdillou gives the
weight at 47 lbs., P = 608.

Thwaites states that this tree yields a yellow insoluble gum, which is consequently
valueless as a pigment. It is, however, said to be soluble in spirits of turpentine, and
to form a beautiful yellow varnish. Mr. Cherry says it gives an oil which is used in
medicine. " The fruit is eaten ; it is of a pleasant acid taste" (A. F. Broun). The rind
of the fruit is acid, and is said to be used by Kurumbers as a substitute for tamarind in
their curries.

lbs.

W 845. South Kanara (Cherrv) 54

W 4625. Travancore (Bourdillon) 46

Section 3. Oxycarpus. Two species.

G. sua- i folia, Kurz For. Fl. i. 91 (G. loniceroides, T. And.: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 264),
s an evergreen tree of the swamp forests of the Irrawaddy and Sittang deltas.

13. G. Cowa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 622; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 262: Kurz For. Fl. i. 90. G.
Kydia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 623 : Kurz For. Fl. i. 90. Vein. Cowa, Hind. ; Taungthale,
Burm.

A tall evergreen tree with round stem. Bark dark grey. Wood
greyish-white, moderately hard, with many wavy, fine, concentric
bands of soft tissue. Pores moderate-sized to large, semtv. often
subdivided. Medullary rays fine to broad, short.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis, 1862, No. 19, also Kurz); our specimens
give an average of 40 lbs. Kyd gives weight 47 lbs., P = 815. Wood not used. Is
said to give a kind of gamboge of a rather different colour to that produced by G.
Morelhi, insoluble in water, but soluble in turpentine, and so affording an excellent
yellow varnish.

lbs.

B 549. Martaban (Seaton) 4.".

B 3148. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 37

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. L

guttifeim: oo

Section 4. Hebradendron. Seven species.

G. Choisyana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 265, is a tree of Tavoy. G. heteraadm, Wall. ;
PL Br. Ind. i. 265. (G. elUptica, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 92); Vern. Thanattaw,
Burra., is a tree of the hills of Burma up to 3000 ft., said by Kurz to have a soft white
wood and to give a superior quality of gamboge. A sample obtained from Tavoy and
analyzed gave : resin 76*5 per cent., gnm 23*5, so that it is only partially soluble
(R. A. Mack, cf. Ind. For. xi. 392, 1885). G. pictoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 627 ; Bedd.
PL Sylv. t. 87 (G. Morellu, Desr. ; FL Br. Ind. i. 264, part), is a tree of the Western
Ghats, especially Kauara and Malabar, from 1-4000 ft., and abundant in the Chenat
Nair forests. It gives an excellent gamboge, which is obtained either by scraping off
ihe dead outer bark and then pricking the stem and collecting the small tears which
exude, or by stripping the bark, pounding it, and boiling.

G. catycina, Kurz, is a tree of the Nicobar Islands. G. elUptica, Hook. f. and Th.,
is a tree of the Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Eastern Bengal.

14. G. Morella, Desr. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 264 ; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 86 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 15; Trimen FL Ceyl. i. 96. The Gamboge tree. Vern. Aradal, arsina gurgi,
hardala, punar puli, hankutake, Kan.; Kantb-goraJca, Cingh. The gum resin, Goto,
garriba, Hind.; Maklci, Tarn.; Revachinni, Mar.; Chigiri, Trav. Hills; Gokatu,
Cingh.

An evergreen tree. Wood yellow, hard, mottled, with numerous,
wavy, concentric bands of soft texture. Pores large, subdivided.
MeduUa/ry rays moderately broad.

Forests of the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Western Coast and Ceylon.

The tree which produces the true gamboge. The gum is, however, not collected in
the forests of South India, and the chief trade supply is obtained from Siam. Whether
it would not be advisable to do more with the Indian gum and to cheapen its cost of
production by growing it in regular plantations in suitable places in Kanara and
-Malabar, is well worth consideration. In Ceylon it is usually collected by cutting a
thin slice off the bark of the tree here and there of the size of the palm of the hand.
On the fiat space thus exposed the gum collects, and is scraped off when sufficiently
dried.

lbs.
No. 14, Ceylon Collection, old (marked Cambogia Gutta, Vern. Cocatiye) 56

E 3365 is a specimen of the wood of a Garcinia from Burkhal, Chittagong Hill
Tracts. Bark thin, brown. Wood reddish-white, moderately hard. Pores large, scanty,
often subdivided. Medullary rays fine to broad. Numerous, wavy, concentric bands
of soft tissue across the rays. It may belong to G. elUptica.

15. G. Wigntfi, T. And. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 265. Vern. Puli maranga, Mai. ; Koli-
vala, Trav. Hills.

A small tree (?). Wood white, hard, close-grained, with narrow
concentric wavy anastomozing bands of light tissue. Pores small.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, long, rather scanty.

Forests of Southern India ; in Travancore on river-banks up to 500 feet.
The gamboge of this species is very soluble and yields a good pigment (T. Anderson).

lbs.
W. 4724. Travancore (Bourdillon) 59

2. OCHROCARPUS, Thouars.

Two species.

1. 0. longrifolius, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 270; Bedd. FL Sylv.
Talbot Bomb. List 15. Vern. Chhuriana, Oriya; Suringi, Mar.; Sura-ponna,1
Wundi, punay, surungi, suragi, gardundi, Kan.

A large evergreen tree. Ba/rk reddish-brown, \ inch thick.
exuding a red gum. Wood red, hard, close- and even-grained. Po

56 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

moderate-sized. Medullary rays moderately broad, very numerous,
the distance between them equal to, or less than, the diameter of the
pores. Annual rings marked by a dark line. Lines of soft texture
numerous, but indistinct. Numerous resin-ducts in radial long cells,
which appear as shining lines on a horizontal, and black points on a
vertical section.

Western India from Bombay through the Konkan and N. Kanara to Malabar.
Cultivated in Orissa and the N. Circars and elsewhere.

A handsome tree. The small forest of Kohori near Khurdha in Orissa is interesting.
It was planted on an area of about 12 acres by a former Raja of Khurdha, and was
thriving well in 1880. Beddome says the flower-buds are used for dyeing silk. Skinner,
No. 35 (Ccdophyllum longifolium, Wall.), gives weight 45 lbs., P = 546. Growth in
Orissa moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. The flower-buds are used to dye silk
(T. Cooke).

lbs.

C 3513, 3524. Kohori, Khurdha, Orissa (Gamble) . . . .55

2. 0. Siamensis, T. And. ; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 270 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 94 (also
0. nervosus, Kurz For. Fl. i. 94 according to Yesque). Vern. Talapi, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark brown, £ inch thick, with prominent
lenticels. Wood dark red, hard, close- and even-grained. Annual
rings marked by a dark line. Pores moderate-sized, very scanty,
unevenly distributed. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
numerous, causing a neat silver-grain. Resin-ducts as in 0. loitgi-
folius.

Burma, in the Pyinmana and Prome Hills, the Arracan Yoma and the Eng forests
of Martaban.

An excellent wood, but the growth of the tree is apparently slow, about 15 to 16
rings per inch.

U>s.

B 4849. Pyinmana, Burma (G. E. Cubitt) til

Tribe II. CALOPHYLLE^.

3. CALOPHYLLUM, Linn.

A large genus of chiefly tropical trees, of which many species occur in the Malay
Peninsula and Ceylon. They are all remarkable for handsome flowers and beautiful
parallel-veined, opposite, coriaceous leaves.

Wood soft or moderately hard, reddish, with a darker-coloured
heartwood, seasons well, weight moderate. Cellular tissue regular,
cells roughly rectangular. Pores moderate-sized or large, prominent
on a vertical section, arranged in wavy strings or groups. Medullary
rays fine or very fine, indistinct on a cross-section, but prominent as
straight narrow lines on a radial section. Interrupted concentric
lines of darker colour and larger cells, also prominent on a vertical
section. Wood very characteristic.

Of the 14 species, 8 are endemic in Ceylon, one common to Ceylon and S. India,
another to Ceylon and the Andamans. One species is found only in Northern and
Eastern Bengal, one in S. India, and one in Burma and the Andamans, while one only,
the most common, has anything like a wide range. C. bracteatum, Thw. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 274; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 102; Yern. Walu-kina,
Cingh., is a large tree, endemic in the low country of Ceylon, and remarkable for the
leaves when young being white and flaccid, and hanging down perpendicularly like
those of Amherstia and ether Legumiuosaa. < '. Walkeri, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 275;

GUTTIFERiE 57

Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxii. ; Trimeu Fl. Ceyl. i. 104; Vern. Kina, Cingh., is a beautiful
round-headed large tree of the hill country of Ceylon, endemic and giving its character
to the forests. It is common and conspicuous about Newera Ellia, where some
individuals of very large size may be seen at about 6-8000 ft. Trimen says that the
wood is " pale reddish-brown, hard, rather light, durable." It is used for shingles.
The fruit gives an oil used for lighting and in medicine. C. amcenum, Wall., Kurz
For. Fl. i. 95, is a tree of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

1. C. inophyllum, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 273 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 006 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. xxii. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 95 ; Talbot Bomb. List 15 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 100.
The Alexandrian Laurel. Veru. Syltana champa, Hind., Beng. ; Pinnay, punnai,
Tarn.: Poonang, Uriya ; Undi, Mar. ; Wuma, hona, pinefari, Kan.; Puna, punas,
Tel.; Domba, tel-domba, Cingh. ; Pun nyet, Burm. ; Bintangor, Malay.

An evergreen tree. Ba rk grey or blackish-brown, smooth. Wood
reddish-brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized,
arranged in groups or oblique strings. Medullary rays extremely
fine and numerous, bent round the pores. Occasional interrupted
concentric lines of darker but softer tissue, prominent on all sections.

Coast of South India from the Konkan and Orissa southwards ; Burma, and the
Andaman Islands ; Ceylon ; often cultivated for ornament in other parts.

A beautiful tree with a round fruit from which an oil is extracted and used for
burning. The wood is said by Beddome to be " valuable for some purposes in ship-
' building," and by Kurz to be " good for masts, spars, railway-sleepers, machinery, etc."
Mendis says it is used for the masts and spars of dhonies and fishing-boats. Sebert, in
" Les bois de la Nouvelle Caledonie," saj's that it is a magnificent wood for cabinet-
maker's work, and that it gives a yellowish-green, pleasantly scented resin. He gives
the weight at about 59 lbs. per cubic foot, Kurz says 63 lbs., but the specimens average
only 42 lbs., omitting the last, which was rather decayed. In the Andamans it gives
squares up to 25 ft., siding 1 ft. 6 in.

lbs.

W 733. South Kanara (Cherry) 38

B 2257, 2258, 2263. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) . 45, 44, and 26

No. 26, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 40

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. I. 4).

2. C. tomentosum, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 274; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxii.; Talbot
Bomb. List 16; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 101. C. elatum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t, 2. The Poon
spar tree. Vern. Poon, poo/w, Mai. ; Pongu, malampunna, Tarn.; Nagari, Mar.;
Surhoni, siri, poone, huve, bobbi, Kan.; Punnapay, Mai.; Yiri, Trav. Hills ; Kina,
Cingh.

A large tall evergreen tree. Bark with longitudinal cracks.
Wood reddish-brown, moderately hard, streaked on the vertical
sections by the dark concentric lines and the pores. Pares large,
scanty, in oblique strings. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, bent
round the pores. Concentric lines long or short, interrupted, dark.

Evergreen forests of the Western coast from X. Kanara to Travancore, ascending to
5000 ft. ; moist country of Ceylon at 2-4000 ft.

The tree yields the poon spars of commerce, but the spars are now in but small
demand, though Beddome says that some years ago a single spar has fetched as much
as Bs.lOOO. Cleghorn, writing in 1858, complained of the use of poon for bridge work,
and commented on the wood becoming scarce ("Forests and (i aniens of S. India," p. 11),
so that in his time the spars must have been valuable. More information is badly
wanted on the subject of the mast trade. The wood is now in use for building and
bridge work. Couch's experiments at Plymouth dockyard gave the weight 36 to 43 lbs.
per cubic foot ; the specimens give 36 lbs. ; Molesworth, in " Graphic Diagrams for
Strength of Teak Beams," gives weight 37 lbs., P = 640, E = 3500. The seeds give an
orange-coloured oil, probably used for burning. The tree also affords a black opaque

58 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

gum, apparently but little used. Bourdillon says the rate of growth is rapid, 2 to 4
rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

W 762. S. Kanara Forests (Cherry) 32

D 1279. Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore (Beddome) 38

W 4145. Malabar Forests (Morgan) 38

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

3. C. polyanthum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 274 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 95 ; Gamble Darj.
List 7. Vern. Kandeb, Beng. ; Kironli, Nep. : Sungtyer, Lepcha ; Kraidone, Magh.

An evergreen tree. Wood red-brown, moderately hard, in structure
similar to that of the other species.

Northern and Eastern Bengal, Khasia Hills, Chittagong forests, and damp hill
forests of Martaban, up to 5000 ft.

An excellent wood, strong and good. Chester says it is largely used in Chittagong
for masts, spars, rafters, and sometimes for building boats and canoes. The Darjeeling
specimens have a darker colour than the others. Weight 41 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

E 2490. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .38

E 2953. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 3000 ft. „ .... 39

E 1400. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Chester) 44

E 3692. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble) 41

4. C. Wightianum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 271; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 90; Talbot
Bomb. List 16. Vern. Bobbi, Mar.; Irai, kalpoon, kull-ponne, Kan.: Siruptinna,
client pinnay, Tam.; Purapunna, Mai.

An evergreen tree. Bark yellow, very characteristic. Wood
hard, red. Pores large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed.
Medidlary rays very fine, not very distinct. Numerous interrupted,
wavy and anastomozing concentric bands of soft tissue.

Western Ghats from the Konkan to Travancore, along river-banks.
Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. It is probably No. 36 of Skinner's List (C. spuria m),
W = 39 lbs. ; P = 567. Bourdillon gives weight 44 lbs. P = 579. Beddome says
the timber is much esteemed and valuable for engineering purposes.

lbs.
W 861. South Kanara (Cherry) 45

5. C. Burmanni, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 272; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxii. ; Trimeu Fl.
Ceyl. i. 99. Vern. OMrupunnai, Tam. ; Ourukina, hinhina, Cingh.

A small, round-headed, much-branched tree. Bark thick, furro we< 1.
Wood dark reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores large, scant}',
filled with resin. Medullary rays moderately broad, indefinite. Broad
concentric belts of loose tissue, alternating more or less regularly with
narrow darker belts.

Low country of Ceylon, on the coast and in the dry districts ; common and
endemic.

The wood-structure is curious and differs a good deal from that of the other
Calophylla. 1 cannot help feeling doubtful of its authenticity. Mendis says the wood
is used for bullock-cart poles and in house-building.

lbs.

No. 42. Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 44

6. C. spectabile, Willd.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 271; Kurz For. Fl. i. 94; Trimeu Fl.
Ceyl. i. 99. C. Mooi/ii, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxii. ft amcemtm, Wall., in Paris
Exhibition Catalogue, 1878. ft tetrapetalum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 608. Vern. Pantaga,
Burm. ; Dakar talada, And.; Lul chuni, Hind, (from Andanians) ; Domba-kina,
Cingh.

A tall evergreen tree. Bark smooth, yellowish-grey. Wood light
red, shining, cross-grained, moderately hard. Pores large, in scattered

GUTTIFE1LK 59

groups, and wavy lines prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary
rays fine, very numerous, prominent in the silver-grain as long,
straight, dark-coloured narrow plates. Concentric lines of soft tissue,
interrupted, visible on a vertical section.

Tenasserim and Andaman Islands ; moist low country of Ceylon, but scarce.

Weight, 38 to 39 lbs. per cubic foot. No. 13, from the Andaman Islands, of Brandis'
experiments of 1866, is probably this : Weight, 39-5 lbs., P = 530 — mean of eight experi-
ments with bars 2' x 1" x 1". The wood is used for masts and spars, also for planking,
for which purpose it has been employed in building barracks at the Andamans. It

squares up to 25 ft., siding 18 in.

lbs.

B 525. Andaman Islands (General Barwell) 39

B 1992. „ „ (Kurz, 1866) 3>s

B 3197. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 14, Teeni) . . .39

No. 145, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis), 39 lbs., is probably this species.

4. KAYEA, Wall.

Four Indian and one Ceylon species. K. floribunda, Wall.; PI. Br. iDd. i. 276 ;
Gamble Darj. List 7 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 96 ; Vera. Karramrjowa, lan-tat, kurul,
Sylhet, is a tree of the tropical forests of the Eastern Himalaya and of the hills of
Martaban, ascending to 3000 ft. K. nervosa, T. And. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 277 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 97, is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim. K. assamica, King and Prain ; Ind.
Forester, xxvii. 62 ; Vera. Sia nahor, Ass., is a tall handsome tree of the North
Lakhimpur District of Assam, recently discovered by Messrs. Barker and Young.

1. K. Stylosa, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 276 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 102 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 101. Vera. Suvanda, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark dark grey. Wood red, moderately hard.
Pores moderate-sized, in radial strings, which are more or less in
echelon and rather scanty. Medullary rays very fine, indistinct.
Very fine concentric bands of soft texture across the rays.

Ceylon, south of the island.

A. Mendis gives the weight at 56 lbs. and P = 814.

n.s.
No. 82, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 129, new (Mendis) . . . .56

5. MESUA, Linn.

There has been much diversity of opinion regarding the limits of species in this
genus. In the " Flora Sylvatica," Beddome has described, following Wight and others,
six species from India and Ceylon. In the '; Genera Plantarum," Bentham and Hooker
admit only three, viz. the three adopted by T. Anderson in the " Flora of British
India."' The same view is taken by Trimen and King, but Vesque in his Monograph
goes still further and admits only one species. Bourdillon (Travancore Forest Report,
1.892), says, regarding Beddome's three South Indian species, " The varieties arc very
' strongly marked, the Kam-n&ngu, or broad-leafed variety with small flowers and fruit,
' bas the strongest timber, the M.ferrea of Beddome. The Ndngu, the J/, coromandelina
'of Beddome, has larger flowers and fruit, but small and narrow leaves; while the
' least strong is Beddome's M. spec iota with long leaves and large showy flowers, Xir-
1 it dm i it.'' Here it is proposed to accept the Flora of British India and consider that
there are two Indian and Ceylon species.

1. M. ferrea, Linn.: Fl. Br. Ind. i. '-'77: Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 605; Kurz For. Fl. i.
97; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxiii. (with also .1/. speciosa, Choisy ; .V. Roxiburghii, Wight;

60 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Kan.; Peri, Trav. Hills ; Atha, Coorg; Stirli, Kader; Behettachampagam,M.Si\.; Nat
Cingh ; Kaing-go, Magh. ; Naksher, Mechi ; Qangaw, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark \ in. thick, reddish-brown, peeling
off in flat thin flakes, having a slightly roughened surface. Wood
somewhat resembling that of Calophyllnni, but much harder and
heavier. Heartwood dark red, extremely hard. Pores moderate-
sized, scanty, often filled with yellow resin, singly or grouped, or in
oblique strings of varying length. Medullary rays extremely fine,
uniform, equidistant, very numerous. Numerous fine, wavy, concentric
lines of dark-coloured tissue, regular and prominent, but of very
different lengths.

Eastern Bengal from the Monas eastward (though traces of its having formerly
heen found west of that river occur sometimes in the names of places, e.g. Nagesh-
warbari, or Naksarbari, a town in the Sikkim Terai on the Nepal frontier); Assam;
West and South India ; Ceylon ; Myitkyina District, Hukong Valley and Tenasserim
in Burma ; Andamans : often cultivated. It rises, in the hill valleys, to about
6000 ft.

A beautiful tree, formerly much planted, especially by Buddhists. Trimen mentions
that it is now often planted by Buddhist temples ; and S. E. Peal, writing of its frequency
in Assam, where it was probably much planted in Burmese (i.e. Buddhist) times, says,
" The forest, if properly studied, often yields information of a peculiar kind : thus the
' Nahor gives a clue to the density of population compared to what we see now. The
' large, old, and crooked branching Nahor trees clearly indicate that when young thp.
1 country, now forest, was then open. They are often along the sides of old ' bunds '
' (embankments) in dense forest, and evidently planted, and from the seed the surrounding
' Nahor forest has sprung up, and it is generally as straight as the old trees are the reverse "
(Ind. Tea Gaz.). It is planted about Buddhist monasteries in Burma, and is also held
in great estimation by Hindus. The timber is very strong, hard and heavy, and it is
just its weight and hardness, and the difficulty of extracting it from the forest and
converting it, that leads to its comparatively little use. It gives good sleepers, as good
as those of Pyingado (Xylia doldbriformis), but the cost of cutting, extraction,
conversion and freight is so great as to make its extended use unlikely. Where it can
be cut and laid down near at hand, it should be invaluable, and the fine forests of it in
the Assam valley should yield quantities of sleepers for the Assam-Bengal and other
railways of those parts. It would also do well for wood-paving blocks. In the
Andamans it has given squares up to 60 ft. long, 2 ft. siding, but more usually they
are 30 ft. and 1 ft.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

Weight
in lb

A. Mendis, Ceylon, No. 59, old, 99, new, with bars 2' x 1" x 1", found 72

Brandis, Burma, No. 18, 1862

Bennett, Andamans, No. 4, 1872

{Assam (4 specimens), 1878 ....
Kanara (1 „ ), „ ....
Burma (6 „ ), „ ....
Molesworth, " Graphic Diagrams," etc

H.H.O'Connell, Tinnevclly, 1886

Bourdillon, Travancore, 1896

It is possible that O'ConnelPs specimens were unseasoned, and lnmrdillon's of his
lightest variety. Several of the specimens, however, reached 74 to 76 lbs. per cubic
foot in weight. The wood is very durable. It is used for building, for bridges, gun-
stocks, and tool-handles; but, as above explained, its more general use is prevented by
its great hardness, weight, and the difficulty of working it. In Ceylon an oil is obtained
from the nut, and used to burn and as an application to sores. The fruit is edible, ami
the flowers are used to perfume essences and oils.

u lbs.

Value of P.

72

994

69

—

70

1053

67-6

—

62

—

70

—

71

1040

E = 6000

80

—

a

= 0-00545

60

951

GUTTIFER.E 61

lbs.

E 2309. E. Diiars, Assam 64

E 793. Kamrup „ (G. Mann) 61

E 2190. Nowgong „ 75

E 1273. Cachar 70

E 3687. Chitta°;ong (Gamble) 71

W 741. South Kanara (Cherry) 62

B 2504. Burma (Brandis, 3 862) 69

B 554. Martaban (Seaton) 75

B 2700. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 60

B 2238. Audamans (Col. Ford, 1866) 76

B 2491. „ (Home, 1874, No. 10) 67

B 520. „ (Genl. Barwell) 74

No. 59. Ceylon Collection (Mesua Nagaha) old ; No. 99, new . . 72
Nordliuger's sections, vol. 11.

2. M. Thwaitesii, Planch, and Trian. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 278 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 106.
Vera. Diya-na, Cingh.

A tree. Bark smooth. Wood reddish-brown, hard. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, short.
Concentric lines apparently absent.

Moist low country of Ceylon, near streams.

The wood is used for building bridges, etc. The identification of the specimen is a
little doubtful.

Ceylon Collection, No. 22, new (Mendis).

6. PCECILONEURON, Beddome.

Two species, both of S. India. P.pauciflorum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 93 ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 278 ; Vera. Pudangalli, is a large tree of the Ghat forests of Tinnevelly and
Travancore, with a valuable, hard, reddish timber, used for building and to make
walking-sticks.

1. P. indicum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 3 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 278. Vein. Kirballi, ballagi,.
Kan.; Puthang holli, Tarn.; Vayila, Mai.; Vaiya, Kader.

A large tree. Wood dark red, heartwood darker, very hard.
Pores moderate-sized, ringed, single or in short slanting irregular
lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, the distance between them
less than the diameter of the pores. Occasional very short, fine,,
white, concentrically running lines, especially in the sapwood.

Forests of Western India from S. Kanara to Travancore, at 3-4000 ft.
This is an important tree in the forests of South Kanara, and endeavours have been
made to introduce the timber as a sleeper and paving-block wood. Some of the latter
were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1900, and looked very suitable. In S. Kanara.
the tree is more or less gregarious, seeds profusely, and reproduces admirably, giving,
besides being a useful tree in high forest for timber purposes, an excellent coppice
growth for fuel-supply. The wood is used for rice-pounders in Travancore.

lbs.
W 4733. Travancore (Bourdillon) 59

Order XVI. TERNSTROMIACEiE.

An Order containing 13 genera of forest interest, belonging to three Tribes.

Tribe I. Ternstromieae . . . Anneslea, Temstromia, Sladenia,

Adinandra, Cleyera, Eurya.
„ II. Sauraujea? .... Actinidia, Saurauja, Stachyurus.
„ III. Gordoniea? .... Pyrenaria, Schima, Gordouia, Camellia.

62 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIM HERS

The species mostly occur iu the hills, chiefly in the Himalaya, the hills of S. India,
those of Burma, and the upper ranges in Ceylon. Only one of them is of special
forest importance, Schima Wallichii of the lower Darjeeling hills, but others are
locally useful, especially in S. India and Ceylon. The tea plant is, of course, of the
greatest importance.

Wood usually reddish, close- and even-grained, not liable to split.
Pore* small, uniformly distributed, numerous. Med/uMary rays line
or very line, regular. Eurya and Ternstromia have a few broader
rays alternating with the line ones. Actinidia has the porous wood
of a climber.

1. ANXESLEA, Wall. Two evergreen trees of Burma: A.fragrans, Wall. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 280 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 98 of the Eng forests and the Shan Hills, said by
Kurz to have a " pale brown, rather heavy, close-grained wood, of a short fibre and
'rather brittle" ; and A. monlicola, Kurz ; For. Fl. i. 98, of the hills of Upper Burma
and Martaban, at ."-7000 ft.

2. TERNSTROMIA, Linn.

Three species. T. emarginata, Choisy ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 281 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i.
108, is a shrub 10 to 16 ft. high, endemic in the upper montane zone of Ceylon,
common on Horton's plains. T. penangiana, Choisy; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 281, is an ever-
green tree found in Tenasserim and the Andamans.

1. T. japoniea, ThuuK; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 280; Kurz For. Fl. i. 99; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 107. T. gymnanthera, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 91. Vern. Kiamonu, Badaga ;
JPena-mihiriya, rattota, rattatiya, Cingb. ; Taungkan, U. Burma.

An evergreen tree. Bark brown, ^ in. thick, smooth or tesselated
in small ridges by wavy vertical lines. Wood reddish-brown,
moderately hard, smooth- and even-grained. Pores small, numerous,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays of two kinds — few moderately
broad, short, with about 4 to (i fine ones in the gaps between them,
the distance between them equal to the diameter of the pores ; on a
radial section the raj's show a pretty silver-grain. Annual rings
faint.

Two localities — (1) in the hilly region from the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft. south
to Martaban and Tenasserim ; (2) in the hills of S. India and Ceylon at 4-7000 ft. ;
common in Nilgiri " Sholas."

A very handsome tree with yellow flowers which have the scent of jonquil. The
wood is useful for building, but requires careful seasoning. Growth slow, 8 to 10
rings per inch of radius. Weight about 40 lbs. per cubic foot, the Coouoor specimen
was from a voung tree, and possibly not quite dry.

lbs.

W 3750. Coonoor, Nilgiris, (iOOO ft. (Gamble) 54

W 3890. Aramby Forest, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .40

No. 120, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 40

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

3. SLADENIA, Kurz. S. celastri/olia, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 281; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 100, is a tree of the hills to the east of Bhamo in Upper Burma.

4. ADINANPliA, Jack. There are three Indian species. A. villosa, Choisy; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 283; Kurz For. Fl. i. 100, is an evergreen tree not uncommon in the open
and Eng forests of Pegu. A. Qriffithii, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 282, is a tree of the
Khasia Hills. A. lasiopetala, Choisy: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 283; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxiv. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 108; Vern. Batu-mihiriya, Cingh., is a small endemic tree
common in the montane region of Ceylon, especially about Newera Elba.

A specimen o( the wood of A. dumosa, Jack, sent by Ridley from Singapore to the

TEENSTROMIACEjE 63

Kew Museum, has a light reddish-brown, soft, even-grained wood; numerous small,
regular pores ; and numerous fine, regularly distributed medullary rays. The wood is
quite characteristic of the Order, and that of the Indian and Ceylon species is probably
very similar.

5. CLEYERA, DC.

Two species. C. grandijlora, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 284, is a small tree
of the Khasia Hills in Assam, at 4000 ft.

1. C. oehnaeea, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 283.

A small tree. Bark reddish-brown, thin, smooth, with prominent
round lenticels arranged in vertical lines. Wood moderately hard,
yellowish-pink, very smooth, close- and even-grained. Annual rings
marked by a dark broad line without pores. Pores small and very
small, evenly distributed and numerous. Medullary rays very fine
and regular, very numerous.

Central and Eastern Himalaya : Khasia Hills at 2000 ft.
Jaj^au — Kew Museum (R. Oldham).

6. EURYA, Thunb.

Four species, all rather variable. E. trichocarpa, Korth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 285, is a
small tree of the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills.

Wood soft, light red, close- and even-grained, rather like pear
wood. Pores small or very small. Medullary rays of two kinds, fine
and moderately broad. Medullary patches prominent.

1. E. japonica, Thunb.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 284; Brandis For. Fl. 24; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 92 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 101 ; Gamble Darj. List 7 ; Talbot Bomb. List 16 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 109 (includes also E. chinensis, R. Br. and E. ceylanica, Wight of
the Fl. Br. Ind.). Vern. Jhingni, Xep. ; Tungchong, Lepcha ; IJooJooni, Badaga ;
Taung-lapet, Burm. ; Neya-dasse, Cingh.

A small or moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, grey-brown, with
lines of small lighter-coloured lenticels. Wood brown, soft, close-
grained, with occasional medullary patches. Pores, small, scanty.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, very numerous, close.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, at 3-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; hill forests
of Martaban and Tenasserim at 4-7000 ft.; hills of South India from the Konkan
(doubtful) southwards, and of Ceylon, above 4000 ft.

A useful fuel tree. In Sikkirn the trees are pollarded and left in jhum cultivations
so that the leaves may be regularly cropped for leaf-manure.

lbs.
E 3723. Kalimpiiug, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble) . —

W 3876. Aramby Forest, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. „ .... 45

2._ E. symplocina, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 284 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 102 ; Gamble Darj.
List 7. Vern. Bara jhingni, Nep. ; Flotungchong, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, thin. Wood reddish-white,
soft, close-grained, many medullary patches. Annual rings marked
by more numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores very small.
Mdidlary rays very fine and moderately broad, the latter short,
prominent.

Hills of the Eastern Himalaya, from 5-7000 ft. ; Burma, in the Martaban Hills,
7000 ft.

64 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. Used only for firewood. Growth moderate, 7 rings
per inch of radius.

lbs.
E 385. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . . .35

E 2319. „ „ ' „ (Gamble) 42

E 3381. Darjeeling, 6000 ft —

3. E. acuminata, Bl. ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 285 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 101 (also E. serrata,
Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 102, according to Fl. Br. Iud.) ; Gamble Darj. List 8. E. japonica,
Thunb. ; Brandis For. Fl. i. 24 (part). Vera. Bauri, Kumaon ; CKhena, Garhwal ;
Jingan, Dotial ; Lapet, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, thin, smooth. Wood
reddish-brown, soft, even-grained, medullary patches conspicuous.
Pores very small, evenly distributed. Med/ullary rays very fine and
moderately broad, the latter smaller and less prominent than those of
E. symplocina ; silver-grain well marked.

Himalaya, from the Jumna eastwards, 5-8000 ft. ; Eastern Bengal; Assam; hill
forests, especially pine forests, of Martaban at 6-7000 ft.

An excellent fuel tree, not uncommon in the hills of Mussoorie and Malkot in
Dehra Dun, and very like the tea-plant. Weight, according to Kyd, 32 lbs. ; the
specimen gives 47 lbs. Kyd's experiments on a bar 2' x 1" x 1" gave P = 337 for
wood from Goalpara.

lbs.

E 2320. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Gamble) 47

7. ACTINIDIA, Lindl.

Two climbing shrubs. A. strigosa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 286 ; Gamble
Darj. List 8; Vera. Tihphal, Nep. ; Taksing, Lepcha, is common in the Sikkim
Himalaya, at 6-8000 ft., and bas a pleasant edible fruit.

1. A. callosa, Ldl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 286 ; Gamble Darj. List 8. Vera. TikphaT,
Nep. ; Ta7csing, Lepcha.

A large climbing shrub. Bark brown, rough, corky. Wood
brown, soft, very porous. Pores of various sizes, numerous, small to
large or very large. Medullary rays moderately broad, short, bent
round the pores.

Himalaya from the Jumna (Dehra Dun, 3500 ft. — P. Mackinnon) eastwards, at
2-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Shan Hills of Burma.

Fruit edible, of good flavour, might be worth cultivation, especially as the plant (as
also is A. strigosa) is very ornamental. In Japan the wood is used to make tobacco-
boxes, on account of its porous character (Kew Museum).

E 2858. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 'J (-4. arguta, Pi.).

8. SAURAUJA, Willd.

A Genus of about nine small trees or shrubs with handsome, parallel-veined leaves
which are generally scaly and rusty-tomentose, and pink or white flowers. S.fasci-
culata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 287; Gamble Darj. List 8; Vera. Gokul , scire gogeu r
Nep. ; Sipha, Lepcha, is a pretty shrub, common about Darjeeling. The others,
except those given below, are unimportant.

Wood light red or reddish-brown, soft. Pores small. Medullary
rays fine, close and numerous.

tebnstrObqaceje 65

1. S. napaulensis, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 286 ; Brandis For. Fl. 25 ; Gamble Darj
ListS. Vera. Gogina, pangara, gogana, goganda, Hind.; Gogan, Kumaon; Gogen,
Nep. ; Kaswr, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark reddish-brown, thin. Wood light pink, very
soft, spongy ; shrinks much. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and
moderately broad, prominent on a radial section.

Outer Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan above 3000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.
Flowers pink ; the leaves are lopped for cattle fodder.

lbs.
E 2321. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) 25

2. S. Roxburg-hii, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 287; Kurz For. Fl. i. 103; Gamble
Darj. List 8. Ternstromia serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 521. Vern. Daliip, Sylhet ; OuU
gogen, Nep. ; Dangsipha, Lepcha ; Laidonto, Mechi.

A small tree. Bark thin, reddish-brown. Wood reddish-brown,
soft, with large central pith. Pores small, very numerous. Medullary
•rays fine, very numerous and closely set.

Eastern sub-Himalayan tract, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma, up
to 4000 ft,

lbs.
E 3271. Borojhar Reserve, Western Duars (Gamble) . . . .42

3. S. Griffithii, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 286 ; Gamble Darj. List 8. Vern. Gogen,
Nep. ; Hlosipha, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey-brown, with very prominent
corky lenticels. Wood light brown, soft. Pores small, scanty.
Medullary rays fine, close, numerous.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 3-5000 ft., common about Sitong, otherwise scarce; Assam.
A very handsome plant with large leaves, bright green above, densely yellow-
tomeutose beneath. Berries white.

E 3637. Sitong, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

4. S. punduana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 287 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 103 ; Gamble Darj.
List 8. Vera. Rata gogen, Nep. ; Sipha, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark dark brown, vertically cleft, with prominent
lenticels. Wood light brown, soft, resembling that of S. Griffithii,
but with rather larger pores.

Sikkim Himalaya, up to 5000 ft. ; Assam ; U. Burma ; tropical forests of
Martaban at 2-3000 ft.

A very pretty tree with pink flowers, leaves very yellow-tomentose beneath, and
white berries.

E 3722. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

9. STAOHYURUS, Sieb. and Zucc. S. himalaims, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 288 ; Gamble Darj. List 8, is a small straggling tree of the Eastern Himalaya,
from Nepal to Bhutan, at 5-8000 ft.

10. PYRENARIA, Blume. Four evergreen trees or shrubs of Eastern Bengal and
Burma. P. camelliosflora, Kurz; P. attenuata, Seem. (P. serrata, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 105) and P. diospyricarpa, Kurz, are found in Burma, chiefly in the hill forests of
Martaban. P. barringtuuiafolia, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 290, is a shrub of the Giro
Hills in Assam.

66 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

11. SCHIMA, Reinw.

Seven species, all of the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Burma. King,
however, in " Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula,*' reduces these to four, and
apparently places S. mollis, Dyer, and 8. monticola, Kurz, as well as 8. crenata, Korth.,
all under S. Noronhce. As the latest worker, with the advantage of the fuller material,
he is probably the most likely to be right. & khasiana, Dyer Fl. Br. Ind. i. 289, is
a white-barked tree of the Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft. 8. bancana, Miq. ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 108, is a tree of the Eng forests of the lower hills of Tenasserim and Martaban,
up to 3000 ft.

Wood red or reddish-brown, rough, moderately hard. Pores
small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine,
numerous, equidistant.

1. S. Walliehii, Choisy ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 289 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 106 ; Gamble Darj.
List 8. Gordonia integrifolia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 572. Vera. Chilauni, goechassi,
Nep. ; Makusal, Hind. ; Sumhrong, sungsung, Lepcha : Gugera, Groalpara; Makriah
chilauni, makusal, nogakat, nogabe, Ass.: Dingan, Khasia; Doldalc, gugera, Garo ;
•Turn, Cachar ; Gogra, p h ulgog ra, Mechi ; Sangrdban, Magh. ; Sambaw, An-. ; Mukru,
Manipur.

A large evergreen tree. Bark black or dark grey, with deep
vertical cracks. Wood rough, red, moderately hard, shrinks much in
seasoning, but is durable. Pore^ small, round, very numerous,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, short,
wavy, bent round the pores, very numerous : the silver-grain visible
as narrow, dark-coloured plates.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, common in Darjeeling, up to 5000 ft. ;
Assam, Khasia Hills and Chittagong ; hills of Upper Burma.

This beautiful tree is probably, after the Sal, the most important of the trees of the
lower forests of the Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts. It is essentially a tree of the
lower hills, and ascends only a little way, at most up to 6000 ft., while it is quite
scarce a few miles out from the foot of the hills. The " Darjeeling List " says. " It is
' perhaps most common in the forests east of the Tista, and in the Murti-Jaldoka
' forest and the Lower Hills towards the Bhutan frontier it is the prevailing tree.
' Fine forests of it also exist in the Dalka Jhar, on the Bamunpokri upper plateau, and
'at Sukna. In the hills it is generally smaller, and at Kalimpiing is generally
' preserved in cultivated lands for the branches, which are cut off and burnt for
'manure. It coppices well, and is profusely regenerated from seed, provided that
'sufficient light is obtainable for the seedlings." In thick forests seedlings are rarely
found, but wherever light is admitted, and the soil has been sufficiently stirred, they
come up freely. The growth is moderately fast, about 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius.
The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength : —

Kyd with G-oalpara wood in 1831, No. 48, bar 2' x 1" x 1", found
Brandis with Sikkitn wood in 1864, bar 6' x 2" x 2", found .

The average of the specimens examined is 44 lbs., which is probably a correct
estimate.

The wood is durable: E 1449, brought by Griffith from the Mishmi Hills in 1836,
was perfectly sound when cut up in 1878. It is used in Northern Bengal and Assam
for many purposes, but chiefly for building. Many of the tea factories in Darjeeling
liave been built of it, and the Public Works Department have sometimes used it for
bridges. Mann states that in Assam it is used for planks and ordinary building
purposes and for canoes. S. E. Peal says of it, " The grain is eveu and close and in
' general working qualities and colour it is very like Jutuli (Altingia excelsa). If
' the wood is cut into planks, the sapwood should first be removed ; even then, if the
' planks are wide, care should be taken to keep the ends moist or shaded from the sun,

Weight

in lbs.

P =

43

383

. 45

760

TERNSTROMIACE.E 67

'or they will split. It is rather heavy for boxes" {Ind. Tea Gaz.). Hooker, in the
" Himalayan Journal," i. 157, says, " It is much prized for ploughshares and other
' purposes needing a hard wood." In 1875 several sleepers were made over to the
Northern Bengal State Railway for experiment, but the result is not known to me.

Like its relative, the tea-plant, the chilauni is liable to the attacks of " mosquito
' blight," a Hemipterous insect, Helopeltis theivorn, Moore.

11)8.

E 491. Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling (Manson) . . . .43

E 646. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

E 3602. Sivoke Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble)

E 636. Eastern Duars, Assam (G. Mann) .

E 1449. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836)

44
41
42
50

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10. (.S'. WaMichii and Gordonia Wallichii) (Tab. I. 5).

2. S. Noronhse, Rwdr. ; Kurz For. FI. i. 107. S. crenata, Korth.; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
107. Vern. Panma, tldtyabyu, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark brown, irregularly cracked. Wood
reddish-brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, in short
radial lines between the very line and closed-packed medullary rays.

Tenasserim and Martaban Hills.

lbs.

B 299. Burma (1867) 45

There is some doubt about the identification of this number.

12. GORDONIA, Ellis.

Four species, one from N. India, one from the hills of S. India, and two from
Ceylon. G. excelsa, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 291 ; Gamble Darj. List 9, is a tree of the
Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, at 4-6000 ft. G. zeylanica, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
291 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 110 (including G. elliptica, Gardn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 291), and
G. speciosa, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 292 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. Ill, are fine trees of the
Ceylon Hills. The former, Vern. Mihiriya, Cingh., has a grey smooth bark and red
wood, used in building at Nevvera Eliya.

1. G. Obtusa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 291 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 83 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 17. Vern. Nagetta, Badaga.

A tall tree. Bark brown, smooth. Wood pinkish-white to
reddish-brown. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly arranged
between the fine, short, very numerous medullary rays, the distance
between which is equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.
Annual rings faintly marked by a line. Silver-grain good and
pretty.

Western Ghats of Bombay and Madras, up to 6000 ft.

This tree is cpuite common in the dry " sholas" on the eastern side of the Nilgiris,
and very pretty when in flower. It has a good straight upright growth, but the
diameter growth is slow, about 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. The wood is occasion-
ally used for building, but is liable to warp. Bourdillon's Travancore experiments
of 1896 give weight 40 lbs., P = 533.

11)9.

W .".765. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) —

W 1607. Travancore (Bourdillon) 43

13. CAMELLIA, Linn.

There are four species of Indian wild teas, and perhaps a fifth. They come into
two sections: I. Thea, containing C. Thea and C. caudata ; and II. CAMELLIA, con-
taining C. drupifera and O. lutescens, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 293, a shrub of the
Mishcui Hills.

68 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

C. japonica, L. is the cultivated garden Camellia, which grows well in the Nilgiri
Hills and elsewhere where the climate is sufficiently temperate. It has a light brown
wood, with numerous very small evenly-distributed pores and short medullary rays,
broader at the middle than at the ends (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8).

Wood light-coloured, moderately hard, close- and even-grained.
Pores numerous, very small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous.

1. C. Thea, Link ; Brandis For. Fl. 25 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 109 : Gamble Darj. Li>t
9. C. theifera, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 292. The Tea plant. Vern. Cha, Hind. ; Lapest,
Burm.

A shrub or small tree. Bark thin, grey, smooth. Wood creamy-
white or greyish-white, moderately hard, close- and even-grained.
Pores numerous, very small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
very fine, numerous.

Upper Assam, Manipur and Cachar ; Katha forests, Buby Mines District, and
Shan Hills of Burma; cultivated in many districts, especially in Kangra, Kulu,
Dehra Dun, Kumaon, Darjeeling, the Western Duars, Assam, Cachar, Chittagong,
Hazaribagh, Nilgiri Hills, Pulney Hills, the bills of Travancore and Ceylon.

It is unnecessary to describe at length the Indian tea-industry and the discovery
of the wild plant in Assam, for the subject is fully treated by Dr. G. Watt in his
"Dictionary of Economic Products," vol. ii. The shrub is sometimes found run wili
in the forests, elsewhere than in the regions where it is indigenous.

lbs.

0 3143. Dehra Dun (Bailey) 56

E 5104. Darjeeling (C. G. Sogers) 48

2. C. caudata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 293; Kurz For. Fl. i. 108. Vern. Lapet,
Burm.

An evergreen shrub. Bark light brown, smooth, very thin. Wood
yellowish-white, close- and even-grained. Pores very numerous,
extremely small, regular, some containing a white substance. Medul-
lary rays very fine, very numerous, occasionally fine and dark-
coloured.

Eastern Himalaya in Bhutan and the Mishrai Hills ; Khasia Hills and Sylhet ;
Martaban Hills of Burma, at 3-6000 ft.

Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

3. C. drupifera, Lour. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 293 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 109 ; Gamble Darj.
List 9. Vern. Kissi, hingua, Nep; Chashing, Bhutia, Lepcha; Lapet, Burm.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark very thin, greyish-white. Wood
pinkish- white, moderately hard, close- and even-grained. Pores very
small, uniformly distributed, very numerous. Medullary rays very
fine, very numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Khasia Hills, up to 8000 ft. ; Tenasserim and
Andaman Islands.

lbs.
I "..".111. Kalimpiing, Darjeeling, 4500 ft. (Gamble) . . . . —
E 3358. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1500 ft. „ .... 60

DIPTEROCARPE.E G9

Order XVII. DIPTEROCARPEiE.

An Order of very great importance in the forest economy of India, Burma and
Ceylon, containing, as it does, some of the largest and finest trees, and some of the
most important timbers. Many of them are especially valuable, because they are, like
the Sal tree of North and Central India, and the Eng tree of Burma, gregarious kinds,
and consequently suitable for careful working in forest. The latest account of the
Order is contained in Sir D. Brandis' "Enumeration of the Dipterocarpere," in vol.
xxxi. of the Journal of the Linnean Society, and it is that which it is proposed to
adopt here in giving an account of the trees and their woods and timbers.

Besides being valuable as timber trees, most Dipterocarps abound in resin or wood-
oil. On this Brandis says, "Dipterocarps form resinous substances on a large scale in
' their leaves and deposit them in their wood. In the living tissue these substances
' are in a liquid, oily condition ; while in the old wood solid, in Dryobalanojts crystalline,
' masses are deposited."

Most Dipterocarps are characterized by tall stems with no or only small branches.
Thus, the huge Diptcrocarpus trees of Eastern Bengal, Burma and Ceylon are at once
recognizable by their tall straight leafless boles, from which the branches only begin to
show at a considerable height above the ground. And the same peculiarity is notice-
able in the Sal and other similar species of Shorea. As young trees, they grow straight
up, if gregarious preferring to be in close approximation to each other, and in the
distance a forest of such trees often presents the uniform appearance which is charac-
teristic of the forests of spruce in England.

Brandis divides the family into five Tribes with 16 genera, of which 13 occur
in the areas to which this work relates. Among the other three, one, Dryobalanops,
is especially noticeable, as containing the Camphor tree of Sumatra, the Malay
Peninsula and Borneo, D. aromatica, Gaertn. f. The following account of it
appeared iu Nature in February 1871 : —

"One of the most interesting and important trees of Sumatra is the Camphor tree,

• Dryobalanops camphora. This camphor attracted the attention of the earliest voyagers,
' and was then, as it is now, an important article of commerce with China and Japan,
' the people of those countries attributing to it extraordinary virtues and paying a high
' price for it. The tree grows to a height of 100 or 130 ft., and forms a trunk 7 to 10 ft.
' in diameter. The quantity of camphor contained in the trunks is very unequal ; the
' young trees appear to contain little or none. It is said that, on an average, about nine
' trees are required to produce 100 lbs. weight of crystallized camphor. It is obtained by
' cutting down the tree and dividing the wood into small pieces, in the divisions of
' which the camphor is found. It differs in the form of its crystals from the camphor of
' commerce, is harder, more brittle, and does not so readily condense. Great quantities
' are used by the Bataks for the preservation of the corpses of their chiefs. The trees
" are spread over a portion only of Sumatra and Borneo, and generally occur in localities
'into which commerce and civilization have as yet but little penetrated. Notwith-
' standing the contiuued destruction of the trees, for the sake of procuring the camphor,
' no means are taken for the future preservation of the species. This camphor is

• seldom seen in England, except in museums. The Chinese eagerly buy it in preference
1 to the ordinary camphor — their own produce — which they send in such large quantities
' into the European markets."

Another account is given by H. T. Colebrooke in "Asiatic Researches," vol. xii.
p. 537 (1818), from which it would appear that the procedure formerly was much more
wasteful, as only trees were sought for that had cavities in which the camphor had
crystallized. The wood of Dryobalanops resembles that of Diptcrocarpus (Ridley in
Kew Museum).

Tribe I. Dipterocarpeae .... Dipterocarpus, Anisoptera.

,. II. Shorese Doona, Ilopca, Pentacme, Shorea.

Parashorea, Balanocarpus.

„ III. Vaticea? Cotylelobium, Vatica.

,, IV. Vateriea; Stemonoporus, Monoporandra,

Vateria.

Wood generally hard, strong and durable ; reddish or yellowish-

70 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

brown, often cross-grained ; heart wood distinct, resinous. Pores
round, often in groups, small to large, generally moderate-sized, often
rilled with resin, enclosed in a ring of loose texture due to large wood-
cells. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, generally equi-
distant, silver-grain usually good.

Tribe I. DIPTEROCARPE^E.

1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. f.

Seventeen described species, of which five are endemic Ceylon species; two are
found in South India, and the rest in Eastern Bengal, Burma or the Andaman Islands.
I), vestitus, "Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 295, is a tree of Tavoy which is not mentioned by
Kurz. D. Bourdilloni, Brandis in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 2403 ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 34, is
an enormous tree, 150 ft. high, with a straight trunk 5 ft. in diameter. It was found
by Bourdillon in evergreen forests on the Periyar river in N. Travancore at 2-500 ft.
(Vern. Kar anjili, Trav. hills), and by Brandis on the Carcoor Ghat in Malabar. The
wood is not good, but the stems are used to make dug-out canoes. D. costatua,
Gaertn. f. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 117, is a tree of Eastern Bengal and Burma, found in the
hill Eng forests of the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim, up to 2000 ft. D. scaber,
Ham. is found in the hills of S. Tippera. D. incanus, Koxb. ; Fl. Ind. ii. 614, is
found in Pegu and the Andamans. I). Griffithii, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 209 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 116, is a large tree, up to 150 ft. in height, of Tenasserim and the upper mixed
forests of the Andamans. D. hispidus, Thw. ; Vern. Bu-hora, Cingh. ; D. scabridus,
Thw.; D. glandulosus, Thw. ; Vern. Dorana, Uingh. ; and I), insignis, Thw. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. pp. 114-116, are trees of Ceylon.

Wood reddish-brown, hard. Pores moderate-sized and large, often
resinous, usually surrounded by a pale ring. Medullary rays usually
of two classes, the one fine or very fine, the other moderately broad or
broad ; silver-grain well marked.

1. D. indieus, Bedd.Fl. Sylv. t. 94; Brandis Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 26. D. turbi-
natus, Dyer; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 295 (part); Talbot Bomb. List 17. Vern. Gaga, challane,
Kan. ; JEnnei, Tarn. ; Kalpayin, Mai. ; Varangu, oclayani, Trav. Hills.

A lofty tree. Wood dark reddish-grey, hard. Pores moderate-
sized to large, scanty, ringed. Medullary rays fine, long, irregular.

Evergreen forests of the Konkan, Kanara, Malabar and Travancore, up to 3000 It.

Beddome says the timber is open in the grain and not durable, Bourdillon that it i>
soft but useful for building. It gives a wood-oil. Bourdillon gives weight 47 lbs., P =
695. Dr. T. Cooke reunites this species with I). turbinatus, Gaertn.

lbs.

W4710. Travancore (Bourdillon) 44

2. D. turbinatUS, Gaertn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 295 (part) ; Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 612 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 114. D. Icevis, Ham. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 114. The Grurjun-oil tree.
Vern. Uvrjnu, tilii/a-gurjun, Beng. ; Kanyoung, Magh.; Kanyin, Jcanyinni, Jcan-
ym-toetta ang, Burm.

A lofty evergreen tree. Wood rough, soft to moderately hard,
sapwood white, heartwood red-brown. Pores round, moderate-sized
to large, numerous, ringed, joined by pale concentric bands. Medulla ry
ray 8 prominent, of two classes, broad and fine, a large number of the
latter between each pair of the former, prominent and shining on a
radial section.

Forests of Cachar and the Chittagong Hills; tropical forests throughout Burma;
Andaman Islands.

DIPTEROCARPEiE 71

A magnificent tree, reaching 150 to 200 ft. in height. In Chittagong it is con-
spicuous, and in the Hill Tract reserves it forms the highest tier of the forest vegetation,
having beneath it in a second tier trees which are themselves very large and valuable.
The wood-oil is largely collected and exported, " 20 to 30 trees give 150 to 200 lbs. of
' oil, capable of making 2000 to 3000 torches, selling locally at Rs.l 8a. per 100 " (Burma
Forest Report, 1881-82). It is also used for painting houses and ships. " To extract
* the oil, a hole is made, about 3 to 5 ft. above the root of the tree, and burnt with a
' few dried leaves every third day. Oil from i to lh seer collects in the hole during the
' night, in the hot season, and is taken out next morning by a spoon formed of cocoanut-
' shell. It is in much demand, and sells at from 6 to 10 rupees a maund. More than
'4000 to 5000 maunds of oil are exported yearly to Calcutta and other parts" (Lewin,
" The Hill Tracts of Chittagong ").

The wood is used in housebuilding and for dug-out canoes, also for packing-cases ;
but it is soon destroyed by white ants, and therefore not much in estimation, though
the large size of the logs and scantling points to its value for temporary purposes. Logs
40 to 60 ft. in length are often brought out.

Skinner, No. 64, gives the weight at 45 lbs. and P = 762 ; Kurz gives 55 lbs. for
the weight, while the specimens examined average 50 lbs. per cubic foot. In the
Andamans it squares up to 60 ft., siding 24 in.

E 709. Chittagong Forests (Chester) .

E 3690. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble)

B 292, 293. Burma (1867) .

B 2506. „ (Brandis, 1862)

B 2555.

B 2216. Andaman Islands (CoL Ford, 1866)

lbs.
49
51
43
49
56
52

3. D. Obtusifolius, Teysm.; PL Br. Ind. i. 295; Kurz For. Fl. i. 115. Vera.

Kanyingok, inbo, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark -f in. thick, ash-grey, longitudinally
cracked, rough. Wood reddish-brown, rough, moderately hard. Pores
large and moderate-sized, ringed. Medullary rays moderately broad,
numerous, making a good silver-grain.

Eng forests of Prome and Martaban, ascending to 3000 ft.
Weight 55 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood similar to " Eng."

lbs.

B 3128. Kya-eng, Attaran Valley, Burma 59

B 4073. Tavoy (Palmer) 51

4. D. pilosus, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 615; FL Br. Ind. i. 296; Kurz For. Fl. i. 115.
Vera. Hollong, Ass.

A large evergreen tree. Wood light red, moderately hard. Pores
numerous, moderate-sized, ringed, single or grouped in a roughly
concentric arrangement. Medidla/ry rays line to moderately broad,
the distance between them rather greater than the diameter of the
pores.

Upper Assam, very common in damp forests ; Chittagong, Arracan and Burma.
Not gregarious.

A line tree which likes well-drained land. It is often of very large size. " Black-
water " in Ind. Tea Gaz., Sept. 1, 1883, mentions one 9 ft. in girth and 120 ft. to the
first branch, another 18 ft. girth and !)0 ft. to first branch, and a third 23 ft. in girth
and perhaps 100 ft. high. He says the wood is a splendid one for sawing, but is not
suited for tea-boxes on account of the resin in it. Chev. Pagauiui, in Ind. Tea
Gaz., April 28, 1885, says, however, that it is used for boxes, but is not durable.
S. E. Peal thinks it must have formerly been largely used for canoes, though now it
rarely is.

lbs.

E4700. Dibrugarh, Assam (H. C. Hill) 43

72 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

5. D. tubereulatus, Roxb. PI. Inr). ii. 614 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 297 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
113. I), grandiflorm, Wall. The Eng tree. Vern. Eng, in, Burui. ; Sooahn,
Taleing.

A large deciduous gregarious tree. Bark dark grey. Wood dark
red-brown, hard. Pores circular, large and moderate-sized, often filled
with resin, rather unevenly distributed. Medullary rays prominent,
moderately broad, with a number of fine rays between each pair of
broad ones ; the distance between the broader rays equal to or up to
twice the transverse diameter of the pores, the smaller rays passing
through or round the pores.

Plains and low hills in the valleys of Burma, the chief constituent tree of the " Eng
deing," one of the most characteristic of the Indian classes of forest ; Chittagong.

The Eng forests of Burma correspond more or less to the Sal forests of Northern
and Central India ; and, as Brandis points out. the conditions of growth and the
advantages which such gregarious trees possess in the struggle for existence are the
same for both. The forests are chiefly and almost exclusively found on laterite, and
are badly subject to fire in the dry season. They cover several thousand square miles
of country, over 2000 in Pegu alone. For an account of the companion trees of Eng
(properly " In "), reference may be made to p. 36 of Kurz' " Preliminary Report of
Pegu, 1875." The wood of the Eng is probably the best of the woods given by species
of Dipterocarpus, and it is in considerable demand and use for building and boats.
Were it not that Burma has so many valuable timbers, and especially teak, Eng would
probably be in even greater demand.

Weight : Brandis in Burma List of 1862, No. 12, gives 55 lbs. : Skinner, No. 63,
gives 45, and Benson 46 lbs. ; while the average of the specimens gives 54 lbs. Benson
gives P = 758, Skinner 750.

It has been often recorded that the Eng tree did not give a wood-oil, but J. W.
Oliver (see Watt Diet. Econ. Pts. iii. 160) explains that it does give a thick oil or rather
oleo-resin, which is extracted for making torches and for caulking boats. The method
of extraction is similar to that employed for gurjun-oil. The value of the torches is
given by Brandis in 1875 as 64 per rupee, by Branthwaite in 1892 as 25 per rupee (for
further information see Watt's Dictionary above referred to ; Brandis in Ind. Forester
i. 365 ; Branthwaite and H. Hobart-Hampden in Ind. Forester xviii. 8).

lbs.

B 2505. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 50

B 306. „ (1867) 52

B2480. „ 59

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (/>. grandiflorus, Wall.) and vol. 11 (Tab. II. 1).

6. D. zeylanieus, Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 114 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 297 : Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. xxv. Vern. Ilord, Cingh.

A very tall tree with straight trunk, branching only near the top.
Bark smooth, flaking off in small pieces. Wood red, moderately hard.
Pores moderate-sized to very large, scant}*, prominent on a vertical
section. Medullary ray* fine and moderate^ broad, frequently
bending.

Ceylon, up to 3000 feet, but chiefly in the moist low country, endemic.

It is not clear why Mendis calls this "Thief tree.'' Trimen says the wood is not
durable, but, as long lengths are obtainable, it is valuable for scaffolding. It gives a
wood-oil and gum-resin.

lbs.

No. 37. Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 52, new (Mendiss . . . .45

7. D. alatus, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 614; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 298; Kurz For. Fl. i. I Hi.
Vern. Kanyiribyu, Burm.

A very large tree with grey bark. Sapwood white : heartwood
reddish-grey, moderatel}* hard, smooth, mottled. Pores scanty, large
ringed, often oval and subdivided. Med/tillary rays undulating, long,

II.

DIPTEROCARPUS TTJBERCBIiATUS.

nnPKA nRuRATA.

SIKiKKA IIdCI'STA.

VATERIA INDICA.

.EGLK MARMELOS. BALANITES BOXBURGHH.

i Magnified oh times.)

DIPTEROCARPE.-E / 5

fine and moderately broad, some 2 to 6 fine ones between each pair of
broad ones. Pores prominent on a longitudinal section.

Tropical forests of Bhamo, Arracan, Pegu and Martaban down to Tenasseritn ; Cocos
Islands (Prain) ; Mascal Island (Roxburgh).

Tbis fine tree grows cbiefly on laterite. It gives a large quantity of ratber tbin
wood-oil, whicb, according to Brandis, is found cbiefly in the long horizontal cells of
the medullary rays, whicb are up to 0-08 to 0-12 in. long. The oil is probably
considerably mixed witb that of tbe Eng.

Weight : Brandis in Burma List, 18G2, No. 11, gives 38 lbs. ; tbe specimen gives
50 lbs. ; Bennett, No. 9, Andaman woods (Kanyin), gives weight 49 lbs., P = 727. The
wood is used for house-building and canoes, but is not durable.

& lbs.

B 818. Burma (Pubbentrop) 50

B 2243. Andamans (1866) (rather eaten) 38

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

E 720 is a wood sent from Chittagong under tbe name Mtchamma. In structure it
resembles Dipterocarpus, and differs chiefly by the very numerous, very fine, equi-
distant medullary rays. The pores are joined by white, wavy concentric lines. The
wood is interrupted by concentric belts of fibrous substance resembling liber, about
i inch thick.

E 1257 (43 lbs.) from Tezpur, Assam, has the structure of Dipterocarpus.

E 1960 (37 lbs.); Vern. Lowa, Beng. ; Chakijai, Magh, from Chittagong, is
probably a species of Dipterocarpus. It is distinguished by numerous broad and fine
medullary rays, and moderate-sized, often subdivided pores.

These specimens are mentioned, as perhaps some day they may be identified. There
are probably some other species of Dipterocarpus yet to be collected and properly
determined.

2. ANISOPTERA, Korth.

Two Indian species. A. oblonga, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 301 (Shorea nervosa^ Kurz
For. Fl. i. 119), is a tree of Tenasserim which gives a clear yellowish resin like
colophany.

Brandis says that "in the circumference of the pith there are IS to 24 resin ducts,
' often large and close together."

1. A. 'glabra, Kurz For. Fl. i. 112. Vern. Thinkadu, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark (of young trees) light brown with
shallow vertical clefts, J< in. thick. Wood reddish-brown, moderately
hard, rough-grained. Pores large, often subdivided, not numerous or
evenly distributed, of ten resinous. Medullary rays moderately broad,
numerous, giving a shining silver-grain.

Evergreen forests of Upper Burma, the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma and the

Martaban Hills.

This is a very large tree, for Kurz says it runs up to 120 ft. with 12 ft. in girth.

The wood resembles that of Dipterocarpus.

lbs.

B 4853. Pyinmana, Burma (G. E. Cubitt) 38

B 5071. Thaungyiu, Burma (Cappel) 38

Tribe II. SHORES.
3. DOOXA, Thw.

Twelve species, all endemic ( 'eylon trees, must of them quite rare aud local. Eleven
of them are described by Trimen under Doona, tbe twelfth is I). disttcJta, Pierre ( Vatica
diaticha, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 303. Sunaptea disiicha, Trimen Fl. Cevl. i. H'7).
D. trapezifolia, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. ::il ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 121; Vern. Yakahalu,

Cingh., is a large tree of the moist low count ry up to 2500 ft. or mure. The dried fruits

74 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

are pounded and made into flour for food, but are said to be available only every
seventh year.

1. D. zeylaniea, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 311 ; Bedd. For. PI. t. 97 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 119. Vern. Dun, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark rough and cracked. Wood brown, moderately
hard. Pores large, often subdivided, enclosed in rings of pale loose
tissue which sometimes run together into irregular patches. Medullary
rays prominent, fine, uniform and equidistant, not numerous.

Central Province of Ceylon, up to 4000 ft.

This is a characteristic tree of the lower hill forests, now fast disappearing to make
way for tea. Trimen says of it, " The mode of branching horizontally chiefly at the
' top, and the preference of the tree for the crests of hills, which causes its outline to
'stand out against the sky, gives the tree at a distance much the appearance of the
'stone pine of Italy. The timber is light, moderately hard, pale greyish -brown,
' durable, and greatly in request for shingles, whence the tree is often called ' Shingle
' tree.' It burns with a bright flame. An excellent colourless dammar-like resin exudes
' from the trunk."

lbs.
No. 25, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 28, new (Mendis) . . . .29

2. D. COPdifolia, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 312; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 122. Vein.
BeraUya, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark smooth, peeling oil in large flakes. Wood
dark reddish-brown, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized,
enclosed in rings of pale loose tissue which run together into irregular
patches and then again spread concentrically into irregular belts.
Medullary rays fine, prominent, not numerous.

Moist low country of Ceylon.

A rather rare tree. Trimen says that it gives a good varnish resin, and that the
seeds are roasted and eaten.

Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

4. HOPEA, Roxb.

Eleven species, of which four from South India, four from Burma, and three from
Ceylon. //. racophkea, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 310 (H. sp. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxvii. ; H.
malubarica, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 42, 1. 185) ; Vern. Kallu, Mai. ; Karung kongu, Tarn. ;
NeduvdU kongu, Trav. Hills, is a tree of the forests of the Wynaad, common on the
Carcoor Ghat, with a dark-coloured bark which peels off and hangs in long shreds on
the trunk, and a deep red, hard, heavy, durable timber, likely to be useful for engineer-
ing purposes. It extends south to Travancore. II. discolor, Thw., Vern. Malmora,
Cingh. ; II. jucunda, Thw., Vern. Pini-beraliya, rat-beraliya, Cingh. ; and H. conli-
folia, Trim., Vern. Mendora, Cingh., are rare endemic large Ceylon trees. II. oblongi-
folia, Dyer; II. HeJferi, Brandis, and II. Griffithii, Kurz, are trees of Mergui.

Wood yellow, yellowish-brown or brown, hard, smooth, even-grained,
seasons well. Pores small to large, ringed. Medullary rays uniform,
fine or moderately broad.

1. H. Wightiana, Walk ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 30!> ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 96; Talbot Bomb.
List IS. Vern. Kalbow, kiralbcxjhi, hai</<t, Kan.: Kavsi, Mar.; llapongu, Trav.
Hills.

A large tree. Wood brown, hard and close-grained, smooth. Pores
moderate-sized, surrounded by a white ring, resinous, often grouped
2 or 3 together. Medullary rays white, distinct, uniform, line,

DIPTEROCARPE^E 75

moderately numerous. Concentric white lines resembling annual
rings.

Western coast forests, from the Konkau to Tinnevelly.

This tree is, according to Beddome, common in many of the evergreen forests on
the west coast, and is noticeable for the curious echinate galls common in the axils of
the leaves and on the inflorescence. The wood is au excellent fuel and affords a valuable
timber, said to be the best of the timbers of Tinnevelly.

lbs.

W 4289. Tinnevelly (Brasier) . . ' 54

2. H. parviflora, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 7 ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 308. Vera. Kongu, Tam. ;
Kiralboghi, tirpu, Kan. ; Thambagam, kambagam, irubogam, Mai.

A large tree. Wood brown, hard and close-grained. Pores small
and moderate-sized, numerous, ringed. Medullary rays moderately
broad, prominent, generally bent where they touch the pores, uniform
and equidistant.

Western moist zone : Malabar and South Kanara up to 3500 ft. ; Travancore and
Tinnevelly.

A handsome tree with a beautiful wood somewhat like but smoother than Sal ; it
is but little known, though valued in South Kanara for building temples. It might be
useful for sleepers. H. H. O'Connell's experiments with Tinnevelly wood gave weight
64 lbs. ; our specimens give weight 60 lbs.

The following is an abstract of F. Foulkes' notes on this tree (published Mangalore,
August, 1895) :—

" A very large handsome tall tree with small leaves ; straight growing ; when young
'has a cone-shaped crown. Found either (1) in dense moist evergreen forests, or (2) as
' the remains of former patches in open plains ; a strong shade-endurer. Prefers rich
' deep moist soil, growing best on river-banks and in moist valleys, but will thrive even on
'dry hard laterite, which it prefers to gneiss. Has a long deep tap-root with only few
' lateral shoots. Flowers January, February and early March, the fruit ripening in
' May ; seed abundant and annual, germinates easily, but quickly loses vitality ; heavy
' seed crops about every three years, Reproduces naturally, better than any S. Kanara
' species except Xylia ; light requires to be let in after third year. Broad-cast sowing
' is generally successful, especially along river-banks. If planted, requires great care
'as it does not stand careless handling. Gives logs of large size, average 25 ft. long,
' 45 cubic feet ; is locally considered by the people the best of timbers, and is now,
' consequently, more difficult to procure than formerly. Is used in shipbuilding, for
' road-rammers and rice-mills. Is not eaten by white ants."

lbs.

W 745, 759. South Kanara (Cherry) 62 and 63

W 4530. Travancore (Bourdillon) 54

3. H. glabra, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 309. H. Wightiana, var. glabra, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 96. Vera. Kong, Tinnevelly.

A large tree. Wood brown, hard, rather rough. Pores small,
ringed, single or in patches or in roughly concentric lines. Medullary
rays tine, long, numerous, the distance between them about equal to
the diameter of the pores.

Forests of the Tinnevelly Ghats and of Travancore, on the banks of the Periyar and
Colatoor rivers.

The wood resembles that of If. Wightiana, and seems likely to be valuable. Bour-
dillon gives weight 68 lbs., P = 857.

lbs.
W4671. Travancore (Bourdillon) 60

4. H. odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 609; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 308; Kurz For. PI. i. L20.
11. eglandulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. (ill. Vera. Thingan, Burm. ; Rimdd, And.

A large evergreen tree. Bark h in. thick, dark, with deep longi-
tudinal furrows. Wood yellow or yellowish-brown, hard, close and

76

A .MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

even-grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, rather scanty, ringed.
Medtdlary rays short, moderately broad, with a few intermediate tine
rays, very prominent, joined by very numerous but very faint, pale
transverse lines. The rays are visible on a radial section as long
straight bands, giving the wood a beautiful silver-grain.

Tropical moist forest of Burma, not gregarious: not in Upper Burma except
Pyinmana ; Andaman Islands.

A beautiful and valuable wood, durable and capable of resisting white ants and
other xylophagous insects. The timber pieces run up to 60 ft. in length and 2| tt.
siding.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following

experiments : —

Wt. in lbs. Value of P.

Baker in 1829, 4 experiments with Tavoy wood V X 2" X 2", gave .... 51 839

Skinner in 1862, No. 80, Burma wood, gave 45 706

Bennett in 1872, No. 5, 3 experiments with Andaman wood 3' X H" X li", gave . 58 711

Wallich, experiments with Martaban wood, gave 39

Brandis in 1862, No. 14, experiments with Burma wood, gave 46 —

Smythies in 1878, 8 experiments with Burma and Andaman wood, gave ... 50 —

The wood is very durable, e.g. the specimens brougbt by Wallich from Tavoy in
1828, which, though 50 years old when cut up in 1S78, are perfectly sound and good.
Boats made of it are said to last 20 years. It is the chief timber tree of Southern
Tenasserim. It is used for house-building and canoes ; also considered good for solid
cart-wheels. In the Andamans it gives squares up to 40 ft. long with 2 ft. siding, and
is reputed good for ships' blocks, bits and capstan bars, for carriage and boat building
(Heinig). It gives a yellow resin, which, according to Major Protheroe, is used by the
Aodamanese, mixed with beeswax and red ochre, to make a wax used to fasten their
spear and arrowheads. The resin is that known as " rock dammar," and is classed by
merchants as a copal, and used in coach-building varnish and for mounting microscopic
objects.

An analysis of the ash of Thingan wood and bark made by B. Bomanis (Ind.
Forester, xii. 73) gave —

Sapwood.

Heartwood.

Bark.

Potash

45-62

29-64

9-72

Soda

094

0-37

—

Lime

24-39

4430

64-90

Magnesia

12-62

18-49

5-50

Oxide o£ iron

2-61

2-23 \

Phosphoric acid ....

8-91

1-97 1

Not

Sulphuric acid ....

1-71

0-80 (

determined.

Silicic acid

3-20

2-20 )

B 282, 285. Burma (1867) .

B 546. Martaban (Seaton^ .
Burma (Brandis, 1862)
Tavoy (Wallich, 1828)

B 2509
B2698
B2714
B 2716
B 511
B2201

Andaman Islands (Genl. Barwell) .
(Col. Ford, L866)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tali. II. 2).

lb*.
44
53
43

52

49

5t;

51

54

B 3702; "Veru. Thin-ganshwe, Burm., said, in the Burma Forest Beport for 1880-
81, to be found in narrow belts along streams, and to lie of great value for boat hulls.
is probably this species.

DIPTEROCARPE.E • 77

5. PENTACME, A. DC.

1. P. suavis, A. DC; Brandis Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 72. P. siamensis, Kurz
For. Fl. i. 119. Shored siamensis, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 304. Vera. Ingyin, Burm.

A large deciduous, often gregarious tree. Bark \ in. thick, dark
grey, with deep vertical fissures. Wood very hard, very heavy and
cross-grained ; in this respect similar to Sal, which it also resembles in
colour. Pores- moderate-sized, rarely large, sometimes in groups and
filled with resin, enclosed in narrow white rings and joined by fine,
wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant.

Eng forests of Burma ; also in the Shan Hills Terai at 2000 ft. ; very common in
the Shan States (Aplin), and in Upper Burma geuerally.

Weight : Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 16, gives 55 lbs. ; the specimens average
54 lbs. The wood is much prized on account ot its durability; it is used for house-
building, bows and other purposes. It resembles Sal in the peculiarity that on the
vertical section it has alternate belts in which the grain changes, so that a very sharp
plane indeed is required to smooth it. It gives a red resin.

lbs.

B 2507. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 48

B 3127. Kya-ensr, Attaran Valley, Burma 69

B 2972. Prome, Burma 46

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (Hopea suavis, Wall.).

6. SHOREA, Roxb.

Twelve species, five of which are endemic Ceylon trees, three are found in Burma,
two in South India, one in Assam, and one, the well-known Sal, in Northern and Central
India. Of the Ceylon species, the only one which is at all common is 8. dblongifolia,
Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 307 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 116 ; Vera. Dim, Cingh., found in the
moist low country, and resembling S. Tttmbuggaia, Boxb. 8. floribunda, Kurz For.
FJ. i. 119, and S. gratissima, Dyer Fl. Br. Ind. i. 307 (Hopea gratissima, Wall. ;
Kurz i. 121), are trees of Tenasserim.

Wood generally cross-grained, heartwood brown, hard or very
hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, generally filled with resin, in
patches or rings of light-coloured tissue. Medullary rays fine, broad,
equidistant.

1. S. robusta, Gaertn. f.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 306; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 615; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 4 ; Brandis For. Fl. 26 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 119; Gamble Darj. List 9. The Sal
tree. Vera. Sal, sola, salioa, sdkhu, sakher, Hind. ; Shdl, kanddr, Garhwal; Sahwa,
Nep.; Tefmrl, takral, Lepcha; Bolsal, Garo ; Jargi, Khond ; Sarjum, K61 ; Sargi,
Bhumij ; Sakioa, Kharwar ; Sekwa, Oraon ; Shal, Beng. ; Salwa, soringhi, Uriya ;
Surdi, Rewah ; Guggilapu, Palkonda ; Koroh, Oudh ; Sarei, rinjal, C.P. ; Gugal, Tel.

A large gregarious tree, never quite leafless. Bark of young trees
smooth, with a few long, deep, vertical cracks ; of old trees 1 to 2 in.
thick, dark coloured, rough, with deep longitudinal furrows. Wood :
sapwood small, whitish, not durable ; heartwood brown, pale when
first cut, but darkening on exposure, coarse-grained, hard, with a
remarkably fibrous and cross-grained structure ; the fibres of alternate
belts in the wood on a vertical section running in opposite directions,
so that when the wood is dressed a very sharp plane is necessary or
it will not get smooth; does not season well. Ann vol H/ngs only
visible in young trees or on freshly cut wood. Pores moderate-sized
to large, often filled with resin ; each pore or group of pores in a patch
of pale, loose tissue. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad,

78 • A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

straight, very prominent, joined by short white transverse lines, the
distance between the medullary rays equal to the transverse diameter
of the pores. Silver-grain rather pretty from the dark colour of the
medullary rays.

The Sal tree occupies two principal regions in India. The first is a belt at the foot
of the Himalaya and running into its valleys and up its lower hills to 3000 or 4000 ft.,
and exceptionally, as for instance at Lansdowne, to a still higher altitude. According
to J. E. T. Aitchison ("Flora of Hoshiarpur,*' Journ. Linn. Soc, 1868), the Pur wain
Range is the western limit. Brandis says it occurs in patches on the Bias. It is
found in the Kangra valley, and the regular continuous forest commences in the Ambala
Siwaliks west of the Jumna, whence it passes through Dehra Dim, Saharanpur, Bijnor,
Kumaon, Oudh, Gorakhpur, Nepal, the Darjeeling Terai, W. and E. Duars, an<l up the
Assam valley, with an outlier in the Garo Hills. The second is the Central Indian belt,
and the Sal country begins on the Ganges near Rajmehal and passes through the
Sonthal Parganas, Bewail, Chota Nagpore, the Central Provinces, Orissa and the
Northern Circars, ending in the Palkonda range of Vizagapatam and the forests of
Jeypur.

The mcst uniformly gregarious among the timber trees of India, the Sal, in the
forests in which it occurs, is always the prevailing tree, greater in number of individuals
than all the rest put together. Brandis (Journ. Linn. Soc, xxxi. 6) says regarding it,
" In a climate and on soil which suit it, it reigns supreme. The most suitable soil is
'either sandstone, as in many parts of Central India, or alternating beds of shingle and
' sand, such as are found at the foot of the Himalaya, or loam resting on gravel and sand.
' The principal factors which enable it to maintain the upper hand over its associates
' in a climate and on soil suitable to its development, may briefly be stated as follows :
'The seed ripens at the right season of the year, at the commencement of the rains ;
' . . . it is produced in great abundance and germinates readily; the leaves of the
' seedling plants are very large, thus choking other trees and shrubs which may have
'sprung up with them; ... it stands much shade when young, and remains alive
' for years under cover of tall grass, bushes or other trees." Years of exceptional seed-
production occur about once in three, and the amount of seed then given is enormous.
The seedlings which spring up so quickly as quickly again disappear from view the
next hot season : some die outright from the effects of frost ; the tops of some get burnt
by the sun, for the Sal tree is, when young, very sensitive to loo great exposure and
cannot resist frost ; some succumb to fire if the area is not protected ; few only and quite
exceptionally grow on direct into trees. The fact is that, until the roots have gone down
sufficiently far to reach a permanently moist stratum of soil, this yearly dying off
regularly takes place, but eventually the time does come when the moisture is reached,
and a stronger and finer shoot is put out capable of growing and becoming a tree. Sal
also coppices very readily, and its coppice shoots in suitable localities grow very strong
and thick and reach a considerable height in very few years. In those valuable forests
in the different provinces of India in which fire-protection has become an assured thing
over, at any rate, a very large percentage of the area, the growth of Sal has been most
satisfactory, and the tendency to form a thick crop, to the exclusion of grasses and
weeds and shrubs, has been most marked. Especially is this the case in forests which
have been worked with a view to helping the Sal to hold its own and more, as iu forests
which, like those of Dehra Dun, have been for some years under a system of improve-
ment designed to replace badly-grown trees by well-grown ones, to increase the
proportion of Sal and its more valuable allies by clearing the kinds of less value, and
to reduce the danger of fire by killing oft* the grass. Blanks in the forest, where the
soil is suitable, gradually fill up by the growth of joung trees at the edges, where they
find some protection against sun and frost, but the process is very slow.

As regards the size which the Sal is capable of reaching, Brandis (For. Fl. 27) says.
"In the gorges at the foot of the hills in the Nepal Terai, the Sal tree attains 100 to
' 150 ft,, with a clear stem to the first branch of 60 to 80 ft., and a girth of 20 to 25 ft.
'But such dimensions are exceptional ; as a rule it attains 60 to 80 It., with clear stems
' 30 to 40 ft. long and a girth of 6 to 8 ft." The largest tree I can remember was one in
the valley of the Great Rangit, in the Darjeeling Hills, which was 161 ft. high, 86 ft. to
the first branch, and 10 ft. 8 in. in girth at 4 ft. from the ground.

As regards the rate of growth of Sal, much depends, of course, upon climate and
soil. As explained in the first edition of this work, the results of experiments in Assam

A SAL FOKEST IS THE HI III. \ Dl Bf.

DIPTEROCARPEyE

79

gave 10 years per inch of radius, and the average age at which, a tree reached 30 in.
in girth was given as 30 years; 36 in. 56 years; 54 in. 63 years, and 72 in. 92 years.
The estimates for Oudh recorded in the same place gave : 18 in. at 15 years ; 54 in.
at 50 years, and 72 in. at 80 years. In the Central Provinces 78 years was determined
as the probable age of a tree 6 ft. in girth. It may consequently be assumed roughly
that the size of 6 ft. in girth is ordinarily reached at from 80 to 100 years, so that in
most forests, allowing for bark and for obtaining a size rather over than under 6 ft. in
girth for mature trees, the rotation would have to be fixed at about 100 to 120 years,
on an average. For further information, see S. Eardley-Wilmot in " Stray Leaves,"
Ind. For. xxv.

The weight of a cubic foot of seasoned wood is generally found to vary between 50
and 60 lbs. The average of the experiments recorded below is 58 lbs., but while Baker's
experiments give an average of 61'6 lbs., Brandis gives 53-6. The average of the fully
seasoned ones among the specimens examined in 1878 was 59 lbs. Clifford gives
55 lbs. as the weight of Sal when perfectly dry. It is probable that the best average to
adopt is about 55 lbs. per cubic foot.

The transverse strength has been tested by numerous experiments. The value of
P as determined by Brandis, Baker and others ranges from 648 to 939, the mean
value being 790. The following abstract shows the results of all the best experiments
on this timber.

« s

Experiment by
whom conducted.

Year.

Wood whence procured.

Size of bar.

Up

Value of P.

ft.

in.

in.

Brandis

1864

Bengal (Morung)

2S

6

< 2 x 2

57

806

„

„

.,

8

6

2

1*

56

847

,. .

„

„

20

2

1

1

50

745

><

1865-66

„ „

11

3

1

1

56

916

„

..

., „

14

2

1

i

49

802

„

(Durbhunga)

13

6

2

2

51

708

.,

„ .,

12

6

2

n

54

791

„

•5 >'

8

3

1

i

56

884

Baker

1829

(Morung)

31

7

2

2

59

778

„

M

„

54

6

2

2

64

792

„

59

..

24

:;

I

1*

—

81)3

„

99

» V

6

7

2

2

—

829

„

„

Bengal

9

7

2

2

61

717

?»

»

„

:;

::

V,

1

—

858

„

M

„

18

2

1"

1

—

823

,,

»

Gorakhpur

10

6

2

2

62

816

,

Pilibb.it

6

7

2

2

62

692

Campbell .

1831

Morung (seasoned)

4

6

2

•>

55

870

»

„

,, (unseasoned)

4

6

2

2

66

862

„

,,

Gorakhpur

1

6

2

2

65

884

Skinner, No. 132

1862

Northern India

—

—

55

880

Kyd .

1831

Morung

1

2

1

1

54

820

Cunningham

1854

Gwalior

3

2

1

1

65

1097

Wallich .

—

India and Nepal

3

—

47

Smythies .

1878

Many localities (see list)

13

—

59

—

Dunda8

1877

Oudh

12

10

4

6

59

/ 551
{E = 2500

«

1877

„

12

2

1

1

— .

864

Thornhill .

1846

Terai. N.-W.P.

38

"\

arious

—

710

Molesworth

?

—

—

—

60

/ 926
\E = 4800

Lang .

?

—

—

—

55

824

The following is a summary of Mr. Clifford's remarks about Sal in his Memorandum
on the Timber of Bengal : —

The inherent qualities of Sal render it very difficult wood to season ; it warps and
splits in drying, and even when thoroughly seasoned, it absorbs moisture with avidity
in wet weather, increasing .}± in bulk, and correspondingly in weight. During the

80 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

process of seasoning it dries with great rapidity on the surface, while beneath it remains
as wet as when first cut, and evaporation goes on afterwards with extreme slowness.
The effect of this peculiarity is to cover the surface all over with superficial flaws from
unequal shrinkage. With proper precautions, however, it can be made to dry slowly,
and under these circumstances it has been found by numerous experiments that the
ratio of drying is J of an inch annually all round the piece of wood. Sal, when once
thoroughly seasoned, stands almost without a rival, as a timber, for strength, elasticity
and durability, which qualities it retains without being sensibly affected, for an immense
length of time.

Numerous varieties of Sal timber are supposed to exist. Mr. Clifford, in the
pamphlet above quoted, says, " There are two descriptions of Sal brought to Calcutta;
' they are known as ' Morung ' and ' Durbhunga ; ' one from the forests to the east of
' the Coosi, the other from the forests to the west. The Morung Sal is the best : it is
'very straight-grained, clean and free from knots; it seasons more kindly, and is
• stronger than the Durbhungah Sal ; only a practised eye can distinguish one Sal fruin
' the other." Many of these supposed varieties, however, exist in imagination only,
e.g. of the two Buxa pieces E 3137 and E 3138, the Nepalese sawyers say that one is
a softer and redder wood than the other, but I can distinguish no such difference
between them.

Sal is the timber which in Northern India is the most extensively used. It is in
constant request for piles, beams, planking and railing of bridges ; for beams, door and
wiDdow-posts of houses : for gun-carriages ; the body of carts (not the wheels, for which
it is unsuited, and for which Sissu or even Saj is better) ; and above all, for railway
sleepers, the yearly consumption of which reaches some lakhs of cubic feet. It is used,
or used to be used, in the hills of Northern Bengal, where it is found, perhaps, of the
largest size now available, for making canoes. Owing to its not being floatable, difficulty
is experienced in those Sal forests which are in the hills, in getting the timber out of the
forest in log. The difficulty is, however, partially overcome by floating the logs either
with the assistance of boats or with floats of bamboos or light woods, such as Semul
( Bo rribax mu labaricwn ) .

An analysis of the ashes of 100 lbs. steam dry wood made at the Imperial Forest
School, Dehra Diin, gave 0"46 lb. of ash, the composition of which was —

lbs.
Soluble potassium and sodium compounds . . . . . . 4"35

Phosphate of iron, calcium, etc. ........

Calcium carbonate .......... 52*20

Magnesium carbonate ......... 34"80

Silica sand and impurities 4-30

1 nn-(>( i

As regards calorific power, Dr. Leather found in the wood, moisture 5-75, carbon
D1T0, ash 3T5 per cent., and that the calorific power of the wood was 88*8 compared
with pure carbon 100. He found that 1 lb. of wood evaporated 13-32 lbs. water at
210° Fahr.

When tapped, the tree exudes large quantities of a whitish, aromatic, transparent
resin (lal dhuna), which is collected and sold. It is used to caulk boats and ships and
as incense. In some places in the Upper Tista forests of the Darjeeling District, large
pieces, often 30 to 40 cub. in. in size, are found in the ground at the foot of the
trees. Large extents of forest, chiefly in Central India, such as Chota Nagpore, the
Central Provinces and the country between the Mahanadi and Grodavari, have been
ruined by this practice of tapping the trees to obtain the resin. The seed is eaten by the
Sonthals, especially in time of scarcity; it is roasted, and is usually eaten mixed with
the flowers of the Mohwa (JBaseia latifolia). Sal butter is the oil from the cotyledon
of the seed, which is boiled and the grease skimmed off. It sets hard and white in cold
weather, and is used for cooking and lighting. In the famine of 1897, Sal seeds were in
considerable demand as an article of food.

Sal leaves are but little eaten by cattle, except in the very young Stage, when the
new pink leaves, especially of coppice shoots, are apt to be browsed.

In the last few years experiments have been started to ascertain how far the large
amount of tannin known to exist in Sal bark could be separated as a tannin extract,
and what would be its value as a tanning material for export.

The Sal has many enemies. The chief insect enemy is probably Phcederus obesus,

DIPTEROCARPE.E

81

Dap., a Cerambycid beetle which makes big galleries in the wood, passing its pupal sta°-e
in a solid egg-like cocoon. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newn., is very destructive to
Sal timber in sleepers in Singbhum. Calosterna scabrata, Fabr., the Sal girdler, is another
Cerambycid which girdles Sal shoots and lays its eggs on the twig above the girdle.
Ohrysobothrys sexnotata, Gory, is a Buprestid beetle which bores holes in dry or girdled
Sal and sometimes does great damage. The Tusser silkworm (Anthercea paphia, Linn.)
feeds on the Sal as well as upon other trees. Dasychira Thivaitesii, Moore, is a moth
belonging to the family Lymantriidas which has been known to do very serious damage
to Sal trees in the Goalpara District of Assam, as reported by W. R. Fisher and T. J.
Campbell (see " Ind. Forester," vi. 243, and xx. 256) in 1894 and 1898. Leucoma dia-
phana, Moore, has been found as a defoliator at Dubri. Glania variegata, Snell = Eumeta
Sikkima, Moore, is a Psychid or bagvvorm moth which badly defoliates Sal in N.
Bengal. Of fungoid enemies, perhaps the most important is Meliola amphitricha, Fr.,
a sooty black Perisporiaceous mildew which covers the leaves often over large areas,
and must greatly interfere with their transpiration. Trees attacked by it have a black
appearance.

iouse at Dehxa Dun, N.W.P. (C. W

E 497.
E 702.
E 2322.
E 3137,
E 3385.
E 3616, 3618
E 3624-3630.

lbs.
53
59

51

49
69
60
59

49

0 204. Garhwal (1868) .
0 2990. „ (1874) .

O 4574. 18 years as a beam in a

Hope) .
O 4933. Post 40 years in a torrent crossing the Ganges canal at

Pathri, near Hardwar (Grenfell) ....
O 873. Ramganga Valley, Kumaon, 1800 ft. (Capt. Campbell) .

O 386, 387, 388, 390. Oudh (Wood)

O 1215. Oudh (Wood)

O 2980. „ (section of fire-damaged tree) (Wood)

O 1210, 1211. Oudh (sapling sections) (Wood) ....

O 1213. Oudh (sections of shoot) „

O 1214. „ (butt ends) „

C 173. Mandla, C. P. (1871)

C 3434, 3440, 3441, 3444. Palamow Forests, Bengal (Gamble) .

C 3650, 3651. Koderma Forest, Hazaribagh (Gamble, 1882)

C 3472, 3473, 3478, 3479, 3480. Saranda Forest, Singbhum (Gamble)

C 3490. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum (Gamble, 1882) .

C 3556, 3516. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) . . . .48

C 3825, 4000. Gumsiir Forests, N. Circars „ .... 54

C 1235. Gumsur, N. Circars (Dampier) 64

Sukna Hills, Darjeeling, 1500 ft. (Manson) . . . .58
Tista Valley „ „ „ .... 64

Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 54

3138. Buxa Reserve, Western Duars (Richardson) . . 62 and 61

Berhampore Forest, Rungpore, Bengal 80

Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling, 1000 ft,

Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai 57

47

E 3589, 3617. Sivoke Forest, Darjeeling Terai

E 3390. Dhupguri, W. Duars, Bengal (Gamble)

E 635. Eastern Duars, Assam (Mann) ...... 53

E 1440. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) 47

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (Tab. II. 3).
(The identification of No. E 1440 is doubtful ; the pores are uot filled with resin,
and the medullary rays are finer and more numerous than in Si£l.)

2. S. Tumbuggaia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 617 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 306 ; Bedd. PL Sylv.
xxvi. t. 5. Vern. Cangu, congo, tambugai, tambogtim, Tarn.; TJiambd, googgilapu-
Jearra, Tel.

A large tree. Bark dark, rough, with deep vertical fissures like
that of Sal. Wood smooth, harder than that of Sal, but similar in
structure and much smoother. Pores moderate-sized to large, ringed.
Medullary rays shorter and somewhat unequal. Concentric lines
more numerous and more distinctly marked.

82 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

South Deccan, in the Cuddapah and North Arcot Districts.

This tree has but a small area of distribution : it is not entirely gregarious, but in
places patches of it are found of considerable extent, and it then much resembles the
groves of Sal of North and Central India. After the Red Sanders, it is the most
valuable and useful tree of the Cuddapah Forests, and is especially in demand of small
size for house-posts.

Weight : Baker gives 68 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 133, 58 ; while the specimens give
69 lbs. Baker gives P varying from 902 to 996 ; Skinner, 980. It is also, probably,
Skinner's No. 137 " Congoe " ; weight 64 lbs., P = 982. The wood is used for house-
building, particularly for door frames and posts and for rafters ; also for plough-handles.
It gives a dammar, which is used as a substitute for pitch and for burning in temple-.

lbs.

D 1062. Cuddapah Forests (Beddome) 66

D 1078. North Arcot „ „ 68

D 4069 and D 4201. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) ... 75 and 67
D 3894. Ballipalle Forests, Cuddapah (Gamble) 70

3. S. Obtusa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 306 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 118. Verm TJdtya,
Burm.

A large tree. Bark ^ inch thick, grey, with deep longitudinal
fissures. Wood the colour of Sal, very hard and durable. Pores
moderate-sized to large, often filled with resin ; each pore surrounded
by a narrow pale ring. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad,
numerous, joined by short irregular transverse bars or lines of
lighter-coloured tissue. The wood of this tree is more even-graine< 1
than that of Sal.

Eng forests of Burma, up to 2000 ft., and as far north as Shwebo.
Weight : according to Skinner, No. 115, 58 lbs. ; Brandis' Burma List of 1862,
No. 17, gives 57 lbs. ; the specimens vary from 52 to 67 lbs., averaging 60 lbs. Skinner
gives P = 730. The wood is much valued on account of its durability ; it is used for
canoes and in building, also for tool-handles and planes. It gives a white resin.

lbs.

B 555, 556. Prome, Burma (Ribbentrop) 64 and 67

B2973. „ „ 52

B 283. Burma (1867) 56

4. S. Talura, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 618; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 304 ; Talbot Bomb. List 18.
S. laccifera, Heyne ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 6. Vern. Talura, talari, Tam. : Jaldri, Tel. ;
Jala, Coorg ; Jalaranda, Kan.

A large tree. Bark grejr, with longitudinal fissures. ]}'<><ui
yellow or yellowish-brown or grey, hard, smooth, with small dark-
coloured irregularly-shaped heartwood. Pores small and moderate-
sized, scanty, resinous, ringed, single or in short patches, and joined
by fine transverse bars. No distinct annual rings, but alternating
belts, with numerous and with few pores. Med diary rays fine to
moderately broad, numerous.

Sirsi taluq of N. Kanara, Mysore, the S. Deccan districts of Madras, in Cuddapah,
N. Arcot, and Anantapur, up to 3000 ft. ; Wynaad, Malabar, Coimbatore, ami
Madura.

This handsome tree is only found sporadically, chiefly in hilly country ; the wood
more resembles that of Hopea than that of Sal and Tharnba. Weight: Puckle gives
43 lbs. per cubic foot; the specimens give 48 to 70 lbs., a rather wide range. Puckle
linds P = 896. The wood is much used for house-building, and is largely sent down
to Madras for that purpose.

lbs.

D 1056. South Arcot Forests (Beddome) 70

D 1092. Madura „ „ 65

DIPTEROCARPE.E 83

D 1092 has a smooth, yellow, even-grained wood, while D 1056 is grey with a dark
brownish-red heartwood, but the structure of the two is identical.

lbs.

D 3895. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 3000 ft. (Gamble) .... 48
D 4066. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 52

5. S. assamiea, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 307. Vern. Makai, Ass.

A very large gregarious tree. Bark brown, rough. Wood light
brown, soft, open-grained. Pores large, ringed, single or in groups or
short oblique lines. Med alia ry rays rather few, fine to moderately
broad, the distance between them equal to or less than the diameter
of the pores.

Upper Assam, at the foot of the Xaga Hills in the Sibsagar and Lakhimpur
Districts.

A very fine tree, but the wood is, though structurally similar, softer and different
in appearance to that of the other species. S. E. Peal says, " A good sample of
' Makai forest is a grand sight, with the leaf canopy up so high, and there being often
' so few small trees or foliage below. The enormous stems rise all around and are easily
' seen " (Ind. Tea Gaz.). Chev. Paganini says, " Its gregarious tendency forms an
' exception to all other Assam trees [he probably omits reference to Sal] : in some
'places the forest is almost exclusively constituted by Makai trees" (Timber Trades
Journal). Mann says the wood is used for planking and canoes. Peal recommends
its much extended use for tea-boxes, and considers that one good tree might give 350
boxes valued at Pis.200. Paganini states that he has used tbe wood for bridges near
Margarita, where pieces 60 ft. long and 8 ft. in girth were required. He advises its
use for sleepers after it has been "pickled"' with crude petroleum. Growth, 5 rings
per inch of radius.

Like the Sal, this tree is often attacked by the Cerambycid borer Pachydissus kola-
s' riceus, Fahr., which does very serious damage : the leaves are often eaten, as an-
those of Sal, by the motli Dasychira 1'hwaitesii, Moore.

lbs

E 3369. Makiim, Assam (Mann) —

E 4698. Dibrugarh, Assam (IT. 0. Hill, 1896) 36

7. TARASHOREA, Kurz.

1. P. Stellata, Kurz For Fl. i. 117. Shorea stellata, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 304.
Vera. Kav/nghmu, thingadu, Bmm. ; Panthitya, Tavoy.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark brown,
longitudinally fissured. Wood yellowish-brown, moderately hard.
Pores round, moderate-sized to large, single or in small groups, often
tilled with a resinous substance ; each pore enclosed in a narrow pale
ring. Medullary rays moderately broad; the distance between two
lays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Bnrma: eastern slopes of Pegu Yoma, up to 1500 ft. ; tropical forests of Martabau.

Weight, 47 to 50 lbs. The wood is used for canoes and in boat-building.

lbs.

D 1944. Tavoy, Burma (Col. Seaton) 4 7

B 2481. Tenasserim .......... 50

13 4071. Tavoy (Palmer) 47

8. BALANOCAItPUS, Bedd. Three species. B. aeylanicus, Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i.
130, t. 11, is a small, rare tree, endemic in Ceylon. B. utilis, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxxvii.
t. ".30 (Sopea longifolia, Dyer in PL Br. Ind. i. 309); Vern. Kara hong, Tinnerelly, in

84 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

a large tree of the Tinnevelly Hills, south of Courtallurn, at 1-3000 ft., with a
valuable timber. B. erosa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxxvii. t. 329, is also a large tree of the
Tinnevellv Hills at 2-3000 ft.

Tribe III. VATICE^.

9. COTYLELOBIUM, Pierre. C. scabriu senium, Brandis (Vatico scabriuscula,
Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 303. Sunaptea scabriuscula, Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 126, t. 12) ;
Vera. Namendora, Ciugh., is a large tree, endemic in the moist low country of Ceylon.

10. VATICA, Linn.

Eight species. V. obseura, Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 129, t. 13 ; Vera. Tumpalai, Tarn.,
is a large gregarious tree forming forests on low river-banks in the Eastern Province of
Ceylon, with a bard heavy brown wood weighing 80 lbs. per cubic foot, and a sticky
gum resin used as a dammar for boats. V. affinis, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 303 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 128 ; Vera. Hal-mendora, Cingh., is another endemic large tree of the low
country in Ceylon. V. GrijfithU, Brandis in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 121, is a tree of
Mogoung in Upper Burma. V. grandiflora, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 301 (Anisoptera
odorata, Kurz For. Fl. i. 112, is a moderate-sized tree of Martaban and Tenasseritn.
V.faginea, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 301, is also a Tenasserim tree, perhaps not distinct
from the last. V. scaphula, Dyer in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 301 (Hopea scaphula, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 611 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 121) ; Vera. Boilshora, Magh., is a tree of Mascal
Island, Chittagong, with "a trunk so immensely large as to be made into canoes"
(Roxb.).

1. V. ehinensis, Linn. V. Boxburghiana, Bl.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 302; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 95 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 128. Vera. Cherv piney, Mai. ; Vellei payin, Trav.
Hills ; Mendora, Cingh.

A large tree. Wood reddish-brown, hard, close-grained. Pore*
small to moderate-sized, ringed, disposed in irregular slanting lines
and fairly regularly between the fine numerous medullary rays
which touch them. Annual rings indistinct.

Evergreen forests of South Kanara, Malabar and Travancore ; moist low country
near streams in Ceylon.

A handsome tree with a useful wood. Growth fast, about 5 rings per inch of
radius.

Tbe experiments made by Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute, on
Ceylon woods, gave the following results (imp. Inst. Jour., May, 1899) : —

Weight 59-70 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . 620*4 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress 2*619 tons „ „

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 6*125 „ „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 835*4 ,. „ „

lbs.
W 4729. Travancore (Bourdillon) 59

No. 34, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis); Vein. Gal-mendora, Cingh., agrees
with this species. He says it is "the best wood for underground purposes." W = 57
lbs., P = 370.

2. V. laneesefolia, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 302 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 122; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 601. Vera. Morhal, Ass. ; Moal, Sylhet ; Panthitya, 1'urm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark smooth, thin, grey. Wood, red,
moderately hard. Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, usually-
subdivided. Medullary rays fine, moderately numerous, bent round

DIPTEROCARPE.E 85

the pores. The wood resembles that of Meliacece, or of Pentace in
Tiliacece.

Assam valley and surrounding hills, up to 2000 ft. ; Cachar, Chittagong and
Burma.

Brandis says this is " a large shrub, sometimes growing into a tree." S. E. Peal
says that the wood is pleasant to work, makes good planking and excellent charcoal.
If this is Skinner's No. 131 (Vateria lancecefolia, Roxb.; Vern. Let-touk, Burm.), the
weight is 58 lbs. and P = 931 ; Wallich gives 54 lbs., the specimen 35 lbs. Kurz
says that the tree gives a strong-smelling balsam, the Ghtlnd of the Brahmins.

lbs.
B 2508. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 35

Tribe IV. VATERIEjE.

11. STEMONOPORUS, Thw. A genus of endemic Ceylon trees, 15 in number, all
more or less scarce. It is made a section of Vateria in the Fl. Br. Ind. 8. Wightii,
Thw. ; Trimen PI. Ceyl. i. 132 ( Vateria ceyianica, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 314) ; Vern.
Halmendora, Cingh., a large tree of the moist low country, is the principal species.

12. MONOPORANDRA, Thw. Another endemic Ceylon genus containing two
rather scarce trees, M. cordifolia, Thw. and J\I. elegans, Thw.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
i. 137, 138.

13. VATERIA, Linn.

Two species. V. acuminata, Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 313 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 131
(F. indica, L. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxvii.) ; Vern. Hal, Cingh., is a beautiful tree of the
moist low country of Ceylon, giving a light, rather hard, yellowish-grey wood, weighing
40 to 42 lbs. per cubic foot (F. Lewis), and a clear yellowish resin, said to be equal to
the best dammar.

1. V. indiea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 313 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 602 ; Talbot Bomb.
List. 18. V. malabarica, Blume ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 84. The Piney Varnish or
Indian Copal Tree. Vern. Piney maram, dhup maram, vallay kungiliam, kondricam,
Tam. ; Dupa maram, dhupa, paini, munda dhup, illupathla, gugle, Kan.; Dupada,
Tel.; Payani, paini mara, per urn piney, vella koudrihun, Mai.; Hal, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Bark whitish-grey, rough, g in. thick,
peeling off in round thick flakes. Sapwood white with a tinge of
grey or red ; heartwood light grey, rough, moderately hard, porous.
Pores large, often subdivided, ringed. Medullary rays fine and
broad, very prominent on all vertical sections, while on a radial
section they appear as rough plates with white shining fibres between
them. The distance between the broad rays is generally greater than
the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings doubtful, though
distinct.

Evergreen forests at the foot of the Western Ghats from Kanara to Travancoiv,
ascending to 4000 ft. ; often planted as an avenue tree.

Of this tree Beddome says, " It is one of the handsomest trees in the Madras
' Presidency ; it is common in all the western forests from the plaius up to 4000 ft.,
'and is extensively planted as an avenue tree, particularly near the coast in South
1 Kanara, Malabar and Travancore; the avenue of it at Karkul in S. Kanara is
'a beautiful sight. It flowers in January." The wood is not much in request; it is
occasionally used for canoes, for coffins, and the masts of native vessels. Mendis says
that it is a "first-class timber for tea-chests, packing-cases, ceilings, coffins, etc.," but
his wood specimeu does not look as if it were so good. Bourdillon gives weight -it'> lbs.
P = 415 ; the specimens give 40 lbs.

It -ives the piney gum resin, which makes an excellent varnish resembling copal.
A full account of this, by Mr. Rroughton, Government Quinologist, is given in Bedd.

86 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Fl. Sylv. J. H. Brougham, writing to me in 1885. reported that the resin was mixed
with cocoanut oil and rolled into candles, which burn with a dark heavy sruoke. The
seeds give a kind of tallow called " piney tallow,'' or vegetable butter, there beiug as
much as 50 per cent, of the tallow in the seeds. Candles made of the tallow burn
well, but are too soft. There is very little trade in the substance, which is still, there-
fore, a product to which attention deserves to be paid. The collection of seeds from
avenue trees should be easy and remunerative.

lbs.

"W 747. South Kanara (Cherry) 41

W 1187. „ „ 41

W4317. „ „ 40

W 4306. Malabar . . . . 51 wet

W 4586. Travancore (Bourdillon) 39

No. 43, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 26

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. II. 4).

Order XVIII. ANCISTROCLADEJE.

1. ANCISTROCLADUS, Wall. Straggling or climbing shrubs, of which six species
are enumerated in the Fl. Br. Ind. A. Vahlii, iCrn . ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 299 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
i. 139, t. 16 ; Yern. Gonawel, Cingh., is found in the moist region of Ceylon, and has
very long leaves. A. Heynemus, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 299 ; Talbot Bomb. List 17 ;
Vern. Kardor, Jcardul, Mar., is found on the Western Ghats. The rest of the species
are found in Burma : of these A. Griffith™, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 300 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 110; Vern. Panben, Burm., is found in the swamp forests; and A. Wallichii,
Planch., in the tropical forests, extending to Chittagong and the Andamans.

Order XIX. MALVACEAE.

An Order in which in India about 22 genera are found, mostly herbs or small
under-shrubs, with nine genera of trees or large shrubs. Few of them are valuable
for their timber, though the wood of Bombax malabaricum is extensively used for
temporary constructions and boxes. Many are valuable for their fibres, and particularly
Adansonia and Hibiscus. The cotton plants, species of Gossypium, belong to this
family; only one species of the genus, G. Stocksii, Masters, a straggling shrub found
on the plains near Karachi on the coast of Sind, being indigenous in India.

Adansonia digitata, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 348; Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 164; Beddome
Fl. Sylv. xxix. ; Brandis For. Fl. 30 ; the Baobab tree ; Vern. Gorak imli, Hind. ;
Gorah chinch, Guz. ; Kidp oriksh, Ajmere, Delhi ; Paparapulia, Tarn., was introduced
from tropical Africa, and is now cultivated here and there, chiefly in South India and
Bengal, but occasionally as far north as Gurgaon (see "Indian Forester," vol. iv. p.
102, for description of a tree at Tilpat, measuring 22 ft. in girth and rising 50 ft. to
the first branch). Brandis mentions three trees at Deogarh in the Central Provinces,
respectively measuring 16, 22, and 40 ft. in girth, ami there are one or two good-sized
trees at Calcutta and Barrackpore. A tree at Puttalam, in Ceylon, is mentioned by
Knierson Tennent (ii. 6li7) as being 70 ft. in height and 46 ft. in girth. It has since
been destroyed. In Ind. Forester xxiv. 327 is given a picture by Mr. ('. Bagshawe of a
Baobab tree at Karwand, Buldana District, 42 ft. in girth, " the biggest tree in Berar."
Dr. T. Cooke mentions an historical tree at Bijapur, in the Mahratta country. It has
been experimentally planted at Calcutta and in the Snndarbans, as. were it capable of
sasy cultivation, its rapid growth, valuable fibre and fruit would make the extension
of its growth desirable; as yet, however, it has not succeeded.

The nine genera belong to two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Hibiscese .... Julostyles, Dicellostyles, Hibiscus,

Thespesia.
„ II. Bombacese .... Kydia, Bombax, Eriodendron', Cul

tenia, 1 >urio.

MALVACEAE 87

Wood generally soft, a few species, like Thespesia popul/nea, with
small dark-coloured heartwood. Pores moderate-sized to large.
Medullary rays fine or moderately broad. Kydia calycina, Hibiscus
syriacus and Cullenia exeelsa have faint concentric lines.

1. JULOSTYLES, Thw. J. angustifolia, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 333; Bedd. PL
Sylv. xxix. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 150, is a slender tree endemic in the moist low
country of Ceylon.

2. DICELLOSTYLES, Bth. Two species. D. jujuhifolia, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
333; Gamble Darj. List 10; Vern. Kubinde, Nep. ; Dantagla, Lepcha, is a small
white-flowered tree of the hills of Sikkim and Bhutan. D. axillaris, Bth. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 333 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxix. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 150, is a moderate-sized tree of
Ceylon fouud near Badulla at 2000 ft.

3. HIBISCUS, Medik.

A genus of herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees. The ten Indian woody species
consist of three small trees, two shrubs, one climber, and four introduced garden shrubs.
H.fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 195 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 337 ; Vern. Kindrlur, Beng., is a
small tree of Assam and Cachar. H. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 200 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
.".•'!7 : Kurz For. Fl. i. 127 ; Gamble Darj. List 10, is a large climbing shrub of Eastern
Bengal from Sikkim to Chittagong; and H. collinus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 198; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 338 ; Talbot Bomb. List 19 ; Vern. Kandagang, Tel., a large shrub of the
Eastern Madras coast. H. rosa-sinensis, Linn. ; the Shoe plant ; Vern. Juwa, oru,
Beng. ; Dasivdla, Kan. ; Kaungyan, Burm., with brilliant, large red flowers ; H.
tricuspis, Banks; H. mutabilis, Linn. ; and H. syriacus, Linn. ; Vern. Gurhul, are all
shrubs which have been introduced and are now cultivated in gardens. H. Sabdarifa,
L. is the " Roselle " of Indian gardens.

1. H. fureatUS, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 204 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 335 ; Talbot Bomb. List
L9 : Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 152. Vern. Napiritta, Cingh.

A large shrub. Bark grey, shining, fibrous, dotted with prominent
brown lenticels. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores few, often
subdivided, or in close groups. Medullary rays fine and moderately
broad, short, irregular.

Forest undergrowth throughout India and Ceylon, not very common. It gives
an excellent fibre.

W 4260. Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

2. H. maerophyllus, Roxb.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 337 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 126 (H. setosvs,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 194). Vern. Kachia udal, kasyapdla, Beug. ; Mdoh, Garo; Sho,
dayban, Magh ; Yetwun, Burm.

A small tree. Bark \ in. thick, light brown, fibrous, rather
smooth. Sap wood white; heartwood light purplish-brown, soft, even-
grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary
rays fine but clearly marked, unequally distributed, short. Annual
ring* marked by fewer pores in the autumn wood. A well-marked
silver-grain.

Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma.

A pretty tree with large hispid leaves, said to give a useful wood and a good rope-
making fibre. Wallich gives the weight 27 to 28 lbs. per cubic toot ; the specimen
examined i^ives 37 lbs.

lbs.
E 3289. Rinkheong Reserve, Chittagong (Gamble) .... 37

3. H. tiliaceus, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 343; Roxb. Fl. tnd. iii. 192; Bedd. Fl.

Sylv. xxix.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 126; Talbot Bomb. List 1'.': Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. L57.

88 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

H. tortuosus, Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 192. Vern. Sola, chelwa, Beng. ; Thinban, Burm. ;
Beligobel, bellipatta, CiDgh.

A small tree. Bark grey, inner bark fibrous. Wood soft, grey,
heartwood purplish. Pores very numerous, small and moderate-
sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad,
not very prominent.

Sea-coast forests and along tidal rivers all round India, Burma and Ceylun, some-
times a tree, more usually a much-branching shrub.

This very common coast plant is useful for fuel, and occasionally for hut-building,
and perhaps for catamarans, though Heinig mentions it as " injurious to forest growth."
Sebert, in " Les bois de la nouvelle Caledonie," says it is used in Tahiti for planking
and building light boats. Darwin has called attention to its use in the same island
for rubbing to procure fire. The fibre of the bark is extensively used in Bengal for
making rough ropes ; it is readily separated, and ought to be useful for paper-making :
it has the advantage of not easily getting rotten under water. In Ceylon it is used for
mats. In the Sundarbans it gives a strong fibre used for cordage.

lbs.

E 405. Sundarbans (Richardson) .'15

Ceylon Collection, No. 7, old ; No. 11, new (Mendis) . . . .38

H. syriacus has a white wood, soft, even-grained. Pores small and moderate-sized,
sometimes subdivided, more numerous in the spring wood, where they mark two annual
rings. Medullary rays fine, short, distinct. Faint, close, even, white concentric lines
very numerous. Cellular tissue irregular. (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.)

H. mutabi/is also has a white soft wood. Pores moderate-sized, single or sub-
divided into 2 to 6, between the medullary rays, in radial lines. Medullary rays fine,
numerous. No faint conceutric lines as in //. syriacus. Cellular tissue regular, cells
rectangular. (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.)

4. THESPESIA, Corr.

Two species. Th. Lampas, Dalz. and Gibs. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 345 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
128 ; Gamble Darj. List 10 ; Talbot Bomb. List 19 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 158 (Hibiscus
Lampas, Cav. and H. tetralocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 197, 198) ; A'ern. Eanbhendy,
Mar.; Bankapsi, Sonthal; Ban kapasha, Mai Pahari ; Bonkapash, Ass. (Wallich) :
Kaphalmuk, Lepcha; Kondapatli, Tel., is a conspicuous under-shrub of Sal and other
forests, chiefly deciduous, throughout India, Burma and Ceylon. It has large yellow
flowers with a purjtle centre. According to Kyd, the weight of the wood is 2ii lbs.
and P = 407, but, though Brandis speaks of it as a small tree, and Trimen says " or
' very small tree," I, who have observed it in hundreds of places, have never seen it
even really woody, so that I doubt the identity of Kyd's specimens.

1. Th. populnea, Corr.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 345 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. (53 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 128; Talbot Bomb. List 1!»; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 158. Hibiscus populneua, Willd. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 190. The Portia tree or Tulip tree. Vern. Parsipu, Hind.; Poresh,
parash, dumbla, Beng.; Poris, purasia, porti", j>ursa, pursung, puvarasam, kavarachu.
/> u vara chu, Turn.; Gangareni, gangaraya, Tel.; Bhendi, Mar.; Bcndi, Guz. : Asha.
hurvashi, Kan. ; Bugari, Hassan ; Suriya, Cingh.

A moderate-sized, evergreen tree. Sap wood soft, heartwood hard,
dark red, smooth. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, subdivided, uniformly
distributed. Meduila/ry rays fine, uniform, the distance between two
rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Coast forests of India, Burma and Ceylon; inure often cultivated in towns near
the sea-coast, as at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay and Colombo, as an avenue tree. In
the Sundarbans it is found chiefly west of the Raimangal river.

The wood is durable ; it is used in South India for gunstocks, boats, cart and
carriage making, ami lor furniture (Beddoine) ; in Bombay for wheel-spokes (Gleadow) ;
in Burma for furniture and carts (Kurz). The weight, according to Skinner, No. 130,
and A. Mendis, is 49 lbs. : Sebert (New Caledonia) gives -12 lbs.; the specimens give
50 lbs. Skinner gives P = 716, A. Mendis 70S. The bark gives a good fibre, and a

MALVACEAE

89

yellow dye very like gamboge is obtained from the capsules, which often contain small
masses of it (Gleadow).

The experiments made by Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute,
on Ceylon woods, gave the following results {Imp. Inst. Jour a., May, 1899) : —

Weight 50-33

Eesistance to shearing along the fibres . . 926*9

Crushing stress 2*818

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 5-206

Coefficient of elasticity 452-6

lbs. per cubic foot,
lbs. per square inch,
tons „ „

C 1050. Guzerat (Shuttleworth) ....

E 2488. Calcutta (King)

B 2470. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866)

Nos. 28, 51, Salem Collection .....

No. 80, Ceylon Collection, old ; Xo. 127, new (Mendis)

lbs.
50

53 and 48
. 49

5. KYDIA, Roxb.

Two species. K. glabrescens, Mast. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 348, is a tree of Bhutan and
Assam.

1. K. ealyeina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 188 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 348 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxviii. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 29 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 121 ; Gamble Darj. List 10 ; Talbot Bomb. List
20. Kydia fraterna, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 189. Yern. Pola, pula, pi'ili, patha, potdri,
choupultea, Hind. ; Barranga, bhoti, C.P. ; Kakahi, Oudh ; Knbinde, Nep. : Sedangtagla,
tagla, Lepcha : Mahow, moshungon, Mechi ; Boldobak, Garo ; Kopdsia, Uriya : Potri,
pandiki, peddapotri, pedda kunji, kondapatti, Tel.; Buruk, bosha, Gondi ; Bendi,
bende-naru, bellaka, Kan. ; Wdraug, iliya, rdn-bhendi, Mar. : Bitha gonyer, K61 ;
Derhi, Kharwar ; Wala, Khond; Pulan, Jeypore ; Punka olat, Sonthal ; Bothi,
Melghat ; Divaluk, tabo, myethlwa, Burm.

A small or moderate- sized tree. Bark ^ in. thick, grey, peels oti*
in irregular flakes. Wood white, soft; heartwood grey. Annual
rings marked by white lines. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often
oval and subdivided. Medullary rays short, fine to broad, numerous,
joined by white transverse bars, caused by faint concentric lines, and
in this respect resembling Anonacese, except that they are irregular
and wavy; on a radial section distinctly visible as long straight
bands, giving a marked silver-grain.

In forests throughout India and Burma, chiefly in the deciduous forests, and not in
the arid region. Common in the sub-Himalayan tract.

The wood is of little value and rarely used, though Brandis and Beddome write of
it as used in building, etc. A bad fuel, dry wood burning with an unpleasant smell.
The bark gives a fibre which might be used for rough ropes or paper stock ; it also ia
used to clarify sugar (Brandis). The growth is very fast, and in coppice woods it
might easily, if not kept down, supplant better kinds, as may be seen in the Dehra
Dun. Weight 36 lbs. : Brandis says 40 to 45 lbs.

lbs.

C 1177. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 37

C 1163. „ „ „ 33

O 3154. Saharanpur Forests (Grenfell) 45

H 4428. Kalsi Forest, Jauusar, N.W.P. (Moir) 30

W 418.;. Mudumalai Forest, Nilgiris, :!000 ft. (Gamble) ... 40

6. BOMBAX, Linn.

Three species, all large trees with whorled branches, large flowers, and capsular fruit
with much cotton.

Wood white, soft. Fores large, scanty. Medullary rays broad,
silver-grain o-ood.

00 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. B. malabarieum, DC; PI. Br. Ind. i. 349; Bedd. Fl. Syh\ t. 82; Brandis
For. Fl. 31: Kurz For. Fl. i. 130: Gamble Darj. List 10; Talbot Bomb. List 20;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 160. B. heptapJnjIhtm, C'av. ;' Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 167. The Cotton
tree. Vera. Simbal, Hazara; Shirlan, Sutlej ; SJu'mlo, Kumaon : ShtTnal, Garhwal ;
Semul, sJiembal, semur, pagun, soiur, Hind., Beng. : Bourn, buroh, Uriya; Bolchu,
panchu, Garo; Siinglu, tungJu, Lepcha ; Simal, saodi, Melghat : Khatsaiuar, Bassim ;
Kamba, Khond ; Buroh, Saora; Wuraga, Palkonda; Edel, Sonthal ; Del, K61; Simur,
Mai Pahari ; Bilrga, burgu, buraga, Tel. ; Sayar, Mar. ; Saicar, Guz. ; IUavam, piila,
paratti, Tam.; Burla, sanri, buruga, Kan.: T Valla iki, Gondi ; Katseori, Bhil ; Lapaing,
Magh ; Havu, Mai.; Letpan, Burm.; Katu-imbul, Cingb.

A very large deciduous tree, with branches in whorls, spreading
horizon tally, and stem with buttresses at base. Bark grey, when
young with conical prickles with corky base, when old with long,
irregular, vertical cracks. Wood white when fresh cut, turning dark
on exposure, very soft, perishable ; no heart wood ; no annual rings.
Pores very scanty, very large, ofteu oval or divided into compart-
ments. Medullary rays fine to broad, numerous, not prominent.
Pores and silver-grain prominent on a vertical section.

Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, from the Indus eastwards and southwards,
ascending to 3000 ft., occasionally higher. Often cultivated.

The Cotton tree chiefly prefers the deciduous forests, but may be found in others in
suitable places; it is common in grass lands, and is conspicuous on hot hillsides. It
often grows to a very larse size — witness the Seraidih tree in Palamow (Y. Ball, "Jungle
Life in India," p. 652; Gamble, "Ind. Forester," vii. 296), which was 135 ft. high and
115 ft. in girth round buttresses. The growth is very fast, commonly about 4 to 5
rings per inch of radius, but often faster; S. E. Peal, in "Ind. Forester," ix. 539,
describes a tree felled in Assam which had 16 annular rings on 21 in. radius. The
tree gave 150 cub. ft. of timber, which cut up into about 2000 sup. ft. of planking.

Weight: 23 to 24 lbs. according to Braudis For. Fl., 28 lbs. Burma List of 1862,
No. 5; the specimens vary from 17 to 32 lbs., the average being nearly 2."> lbs., the
Bengal and Assam specimens being lighter than those from the Central Provinces.
Bourdillon makes it 29 lbs. The value of P is between 642 and 697 (Cunningham);
Bourdillon gives 519. The wood is not durable, except under water, when it last>
tolerably well ; it is used for planking, packing-cases and tea-boxes, toys, scabbards,
fishing floats, coffins and the lining of wells. If allowed to dry in the log the wood gets
discoloured, so that to ensure white planking the tree should be sawn up at once and
the planks dried separately. In Bombay, Bengal and Burma the trunk is often hollowed
out to make canoes. It gives a brown gum used in native medicine, regarding which
Captain Campbell says: "The collection of Semul gum commences in March, and is
'continued till June; it sells in the Kumaon Bhabar at one anna per seer, and is used
'as a medicine; it is not exported from Kumaon." Baden-Powell (Ind. For. viii. L53)
gives a detailed and interesting account of the formation of this mdcharas gum, which
he considers due to some functional disease. The cotton which surrounds the seeds
is employed to stuff pillows and quilts.

Mr. Bomauis' analysis of the ash of wood from Burma gave as follows (we quote
only the heartwood, as there is so little distinction in Semul between heart wood and
sapwood) (sec Ind. For. xii. 73) : —

Potash 36*47'

Soda 0-77 1

Lime 23"80 I

Magnesia .... 23*41 \ The ash being L"75 percent.
Oxide of iron . . . 1 "2 1 / of the wood.

Phosphoric acid . . 9'36 j

Sulphuric acid . . L*1G I

Silicic acid .... 3'60/

Dr. Warth's analysis at Dehra gave I-."..", lb-, of ash nut of 100 lb1, steam-dry v.. i >'.
(= 80 lbs. air-dry), and of this soluble potassium and sodium compounds gave 3'94,
phosphates of iron, calcium, etc., 38"12; calcium carbonate. L8*26 ; magnesium carbonate,
.".s-iL' : and silica sand, etc.. L"56 per cent.

MALVACEAE 91

The Semul tree seeds very freely every year, and seedlings come up abundantly
and grow very rapidly. It is easily reproduced by cuttings. The leaves are not eaten
by goats.

It is frecpuently attacked by the Cerambycid beetle, Plocederus obesus, Dap., as well
as by another large Cerambycid, called by E. Thompson Monochamus soongnu,
Thompson. The cotton pods are often badly damaged by the Noctuid moth, Mudaria
cornifrons, Moore. Tea-box wood at Calicut has been found much damaged by a
boring beetle, Bostrychus cequaUs, Wat. (see fig. in " Ind. Mus. Notes," v. 34).

lbs.

P 466. Ajmere ........... —

C 201. Mandla, Central Provinces (1871) 32

C 1117. Chanda (R. Thompson) 31

E 679. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) 23

E 2323. „ „ „ (Gamble) 17

E 1232. Sibsagar, Assam (Mann) 28

E 1432. Assam (Mann) 20

E 1961. Chittagong (Chester) 21

E 3606. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) .... —

E 3676. Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 19

B 3117. Burma (Brandis, 1862) '-"

No. 14, Salem Collection 20

No. 67, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) (Bombax ceiba) . . . —
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

2. B. insigne, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 349 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 130 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 21. Vern. Semul, thulu, Beng. ; Saitu, Magh ; Didu, Burm.

A large tree, trunk without prickles. Wood structure similar to
that of B. malabaricum, but pores smaller and more scanty.

Deciduous forests of N. Kanara ; Chittagong ; Burma, in the upper mixed forests
of the Pegu Yoma, up to 3000 ft., first found by Wallich in dry ravines near Yenan-
gheen ; Andaman Islands.

The wood is more durable than that of ordinary Semul; one specimen had been 12
years in Calcutta in the rough, and the wood was only slightly discoloured when cut
up. In the Andamans it squares up to 45 ft. with 2| ft. siding (Heinig).

lbs.

B 2215. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 31

3. B. eambodiense, Pierre Fl. For. de la Cochinchine t. 174. Vein. Kokhe,
Burm.

A large tree, 60 to 80 feet high, with greyish trunk, studded with
strong conical spines. Wood similar to that of B. mcdabaricibm, with
■pores perhaps slightly larger and rather wider medvMary rays, giving
a better silver-grain.

Forests of Upper Burma.

The wood is better than that of B. malabarlcttm, it is used in Burma for making
picking-cases (J. W. Oliver).

ib>.
B 4749. Upper Burma (Nisbet) 25

7. ERIODENDRON, DC.

1. E. anfraetuosum, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. 350; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxx. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 21; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 161. E. orientale, Steud. ; Kurz ForFLL 131. Bon
pentandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 165. The White Cotton tree. Vern. Safed simal,
senibal, ha/tan, hatian, Hind.; Shevet sirnul, Beng.; Shamieula, katsawar, Mar.;
Itavam, Tarn. ; Bwruga,pw, kadami, Tel.; Dudi mara, Kan. ; Pania, Mai.: Tmbul,
iml a n imbul, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark greyish-brown, giec-ii when young,
peeling off in round bosses. Wood yellowish or brownish white, soft.

92 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pores very large, very scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays
fine, the distance between them less than the diameter of the pores.
A good silver-grain.

May be indigenous on the Western Coast and at the Straits ; it is doubtfully so in
Burma or Ceylon, and Kurz says he only saw one tree wild in the coast forests of
S. Andaman (it may itself have come from a sea-borne seed). Largely planted about
villages and temples in all the coast region, and in Burma. Dr. T. Cooke mentions it
as wild in Khandesh.

The wood is of poorer quality than that of Semul. Kurz says it is good for toys.
Its chief use is for tbe cotton (kapok) given by the fruit (not from the testa of the
seed, but from tbe wall of the capsule (Trirnen)), which is of better quality than the
cotton given by Bombax, as it is more elastic, and when used for pillows and cushions,
less liable to go into knots. It is, however, not much utilized in British India, the
chief supply and the chief demand being from Java and other parts of Netherlands
India, whence in 1885 the exports amounted to about 600 tons. Skinner, No. 67,
gives the weight of the wood at 30 lbs. and P = 400. It gives a bright resinous gum.
The tree is grown from cuttings, and used as a support for the betel vine in Areca
plantations in Mysore (Graham Anderson).

lbs.
W 4307. South Kanara 28

8. CULLENIA, Wight.

I. C. excelsa, Wight; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 350; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxx.; Trirnen PL
Ceyl. i. 162. The Wild Durian. Vern. Malai-konji, aini-pillao, vedupla, Tarn. ;
Katu-hoda, kuhodda, Cingh. ; Kardni, Kader; Kar ayani, Trav. Hills.

A large tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood pink to reddish-brown,
soft to moderately hard. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays fine,
numerous, red, equidistant. Numerous faint, brown parallel bands
concentrically disposed, somewhat as in Kydia. The longitudinal
section resembles that of Calophyttv/m.

Forests of the Western Ghats in Coorg, Wynaad, Xilgiris, Malabar, the Auamalai
Hills and Travancore, up to 400C ft. ; moist region of Ceylon.

Beddome calls this a gigantic tree, in which I concur, but Trirnen speaks of it only
as moderate-sized or large. It has a large (4 to 6 in.) globose prickly fruit, which when
fallen is rather troublesome in the forest to native workers with bare feet ; it is not
edible like the Durian. The wood seems good, and likely to be valuable for planking
and boxes. It was well spoken of from Tinnevelly. Bourdillon gives weight 34 lbs.,
P = 308, but says the wood is worthless. The leaves are densely scaly, and have a
coppery appearance ; they resemble those of the Durian.

lbs.

W 3899, 4291. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 43

W 4604. Travancore (Bourdillon) 31

9. DURIO, Linn.

1. D. zibethinus, DC; FL Br. Ind. i. 351 ; lioxb. Fl. lnd. iii. 399; Kurz For. PL
i. 132. The Durian. Vern. Duyin, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark grey, smooth, except for a few vertical
clefts and horizontal wrinkles. 11'cW pale reddish-brown, soft. Pores
large, scanty, often subdivided. MeduUary rays moderately broad,
numerous, giving a well-marked silver-grain.

Wild and forming forests in Lower Tenasseriin from L4° X. hit. southwards ; cul-
tivated in Upper Tenasserim (Kurz).

The "Durian" tree produces the well-known strong-smelling, very thorny fruit in
the Malay regions, but it is little known in India. A good account of it is given in
Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," vol. i. 74-76. Dr. Wallace himself so much

MALVACEAE 93

appreciated it that he says "as producing a food of the most exquisite flavour it is
' unsurpassed." However excellent it may be to eat, it is certainly endowed with a most
disagreeable smell, and I noticed in Java that, although commonly sold in the bazaar,
it was rarely eaten by Europeans.

lbs.

B 5074. Thaungyin, Burma (Cappel) 35

Order XX. STERCULIACEiE.

This Order contains 15 Indian genera of herbs, shrubs, climbers or trees. Of these
genera three have only herbs or {Melhania') under-shrubs, and the rest shrubs,
climbers or trees. They are mostly fibre-yield ers and mucilaginous.

The Cocoa plant, Theobroma Cacao, Linn., belongs to this Order, and is grown in
suitable places in S. India and Ceylon. It has a grey, soft, perishable wood, with
scanty pores, often subdivided ; and medullary rays of two classes, few broad, and
many fine between them, bent round the pores (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8). The
Cola nut, Cola acuminata, Schott and Endl., is a tree of West Africa, especially Sierra
Leone. The nut has a bitter taste, and, like the leaves of the Coca (Erythroxylon
Coca), it has the power of staying the cravings of hunger and enabling fatigue to be
endured.

The Order is divided into G Tribes with 13 genera.

Tribe I. Sterculiese . . Sterculia, Heritiera.

„ II. Helicterese . . Beevesia, Kleinhovia, Helicteres, Pterospermum.

„ III. Eriolamese . . Eriolajna.

„ IV. Dombeyese . . Melhania.

„ V. Hermann iese . Melochia.

„ VI. Buettnerieae . . Abroma, Oruazurna, Buettneria, Leptonychia.

Wood structure various. Heritiera has a hard heavy wood ;
Pterospermum and Eriolcena moderately heavy furniture woods ;
Sterculia a soft and light wood. Pores rather scanty, often large.
Medullary rays rather numerous. Concentric bands in some species.

1. STERCULIA, Linn.

About twenty-one species, mostly from Eastern Bengal and Burma.

S. versicolor, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 355; Kurz For. Fl. i. 135; Vern. Shatv byu,
I'.urra., is a large tree of the drier forests of Pegu. S. Boxburghii, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i'
356 ; Gamble Darj. List 11, is a tree of the North-East Himalaya and Assam, ascending
to 6000 ft. S. Balanghas, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 358; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxii. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 165 (S. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 148; Kurz For. Fl. i. 138); Vern.
Cavalum, Mai. ; Nava, Cingh., is a moderate-sized tree of the West Coast and the low
country of Ceylon. 8. scaphigera, Wall.; Vern. Thibyu, Burm. ; and S. campanulata?
Wall., are large trees of the tropical forests of Burma. ,S'. cognata, Praiu Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 2, 285, is a tree of the Kachin Hills of Upper Burma.

Wood generally light, soft, often spongy. Pores large. Medul-
lary rays moderately broad or broad, very prominent on a radial
.section.

1. S. fcetida, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 354 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 155 ; Bedd. Fl. Svlv.
xxxi.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 135; Talbot Bomb. List 22; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 164. Vera.
■huigli-badam, Hind.; Pindri, Tarn. ; Gurapu-badam, Tel. ; LetIcop,'Bi\rm.; Telambu,
Cingh.

A large tree. Bark thick, whitish. Wood grey, spongy, soft, but
harder and firmer than that of S. villosa, which it resembles. Pores
moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays broad, short, pale.
joined by numerous transverse bars.

94 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

West Coast of India; Martaban and Upper Tenasserim in Burma; low country of
Ceylon ; often cultivated.

This tree is remarkable for the disgusting odour of its flowers, which appear when
the tree is leafless; and for its seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of no
value : according to Skinner, No. 118, its weight is 28 lbs. and P = 4G4.

lbs.

E 3708. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King, 1881) . . . 29

D 4138. A.-H. Gardens, Madras (Steavenson) . . . .45 (wet)

No. 136, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis), a poor specimen . . 26

2. S. urens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 145; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 355; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xxxii.; Brandis For. Fl. 33; Kurz For. Fl. 135; Talbot Bomb. List 22; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 164. Vern. Gi'dil, l-uhl, gular, tabsi,tanuku,karrai, Hind. ; Katira, Garhwal:
Odla, hatchanda, Ass.; Tabsu, yerra polki, Tel.; Vellay putali, havali, Tarn.;
Hittum, pinoh, Gondi ; Takli, Kurku; Karai, Jcandol, saldawar, gwira, Mar.: Kalrv,
Ajmere ; Kalauri, Panch Mehals; Karai, taklej, Jcufn, guru, kairu, Berar; Knrr,
Merwara ; Eaddu, karr, Jeypore; Keon ge, Manbhum : Tehy, K61 ; Mogul, karaunji,
Monghyr; Khonji, Koderma ; Koclaro, Uriya ; Gendnli, Khoud.

A large deciduous tree. Bark h in. thick, very smooth, white or
greenish-grey, exfoliating in large thin irregular papery flakes. Wood
very soft, reddish-brown, with an unpleasant smell, with lighter-
coloured sapwood, always feels wet or oily. Pores large, often oval
and subdivided, very scanty, frequently filled with gum. Medullary
rays moderately broad, on a radial section prominent as long, dark,
undulating bands, giving the wood a mottled silver-grain ; the distance
between the rays is larger than the transverse diameter of the pores.
Alternate dark and light concentric bands across the rays.

Dry forests of X. India extending west to the Ganges ; throughout Central India
and the Deccan, chiefly on dry stony hills ; common on the West Coast in the Konkan
and Kanara; dry forests in Burma and Ceylon, scarce in the latter.

This tree is always conspicuous, especially in the hot season, from its light-coloured
smooth bark. It is quite characteristic of dry rocky hills and plateaux, in company
with Bosivellia serrata, and useful in reclothing such places with forest.

Weight about 42 lbs. per cubic foot ; Kvd gives for Assam wood : Weight 18 lbs.,
P = 103, but it seems probable that Kyd's specimen was not this, but S. villosa.

The wood is used to make native guitars and toys. It yields a gum called " hatila "
or "katira." The seeds are roasted and eaten by Goads and Kurkus in the Central
Provinces. Its bark gives a good fibre.

lbs.

P 471. Ajmere 35

I' 3220. Nagpahar. Ajmere —

C 1102. Ahiri, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) 39

D 1088. Madura, Madras (Beddome) 51

(' 3436. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow (Gamble) —

3. S. villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 153; Fl. Br. End. i. 355; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xxxii.; Brandis For. Fl. 32, t. 10; Kurz For. Fl. i. 136; Gamble Darj. List 10; Talbot
Bomb. List 22. Vern. Poshtva, Sutlej ; UdaZ, udar, odal, oddla, Hind.; QuJ-bv/lu,
gul-kandar, rnassu, Punjab; Godgudala, Dehra Diin ; Fvdalu, Kumaon ; Udalu,
Garhwal; TJddlia, Dotial ; KanHyem, Lepcba; Kudar, baringa, Gondi; Butt, Kurku ;
(him/,, odela, salua, Ass.; Udare, Garo; Vdke nar, ami, ani-nar, murutthan, Tarn.;
S<iml>eing, Magh. ; Kuthdda, kudal, Berar; Sisi, walkdm, K61; Pironja, Mundari ;
Sisir, Oraon ; Udale, Sonthal ; Sarda, Mar. ; Savaya, kaithali, Kan.; Vakka, Mai.;
Shaivni, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey or brown, with
corky warts. Wood greyish-brown, very soft, spongy. Pores large,
scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays harder than the spongy

STERCULIACE.E 95

tissue between them, short, giving a marked silver-grain on a radial
section, on which, also, the pores are distinctly prominent.

Sub-Himalayau tract from the Indus eastwards ; common in forests throughout
India and Burma. Is found in the Andamans and Cocos Islands.

A conspicuous tree, with large leaves, chiefly affecting dry forests on sandy soils.
Growth fast, 3 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight 15 to 22 lbs. per cubic foot.
Wood not used. The tree is valuable on account of its fibre, which is coarse but
strong, and which is made into ropes and coarse bags, and in Bengal, Burma and South
India into ropes and breastbands for dragging timber. It gives a white pellucid gum
which exudes copiously from cuts in the bark. Bomanis' experiments in the analysis
of the ash of various Burmese woods showed that in Sterculia villosa ash there was
57"08 per cent, of lime, 20'5-i per cent, of potash, and 9-67 per cent, of magnesia. It
also gave 3'02 per cent, of chlorine. All the three woods examined, this, S.ornata, and
S. versicolor gave a large proportion of lime, much larger than other woods (Ind. For.
xii. 73). The tree coppices freely, and is extremely difficult to extirpate in clearings.

lbs.

E 2324. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 22

E 620. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Bonham-Carter) . . .15
W 847. South Kanara (Cherry) 20

4. S. ornata, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 136. S. armata, Mast. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 357
part, vide King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. ii. 171. Vern. Shawwu, Burm.

A deciduous tree, resembling S. villosa. Bark light brown,
smooth, with scattered oblong vertical lenticels -] to ^ in. long, ^ in.
thick. Wood greyish-brown, very soft, spongy ; structure the same
as that of S. villosa.

Burma, apparently in deciduous forest.

lbs.

B 5103. Toungoo, Burma 16

B 4850. Pyinmana, Burma (G. E. Cubitt) 15

B 5012. Thayetmyo, Burma (Maung Oung Ban) . . . . .18

1? 4856 from Yabe Reserve, Magwe (S. E. Jenkins), with white wood and shining
bark, may be a specimen of this cut from a very young tree.

B 4854, called Dunshaw from Pyinmana (Cubitt), resembles S. villosa and S.ornata
in wood, but has the bark lighter and smoother than that of the latter, and few round
lenticels. I incline to put it under villosa.

B 5073 received from Mr. Cappel from Thaungyin, Burma, is marked *S'. ornata.
It has grey shining bark, peeling off in papery layers, a white soft wood, very scanty
moderate-sized pores and broad medullary rays. It is clearly a different species from
B 4850 and B 5012, but I cannot identify it. The bark is like that of 8. urens, but
the wood is whiter and softer. W — 15 lbs.

5. S. guttata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 148; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 105; Talbot Bomb.
List 22; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 165. Vern. Kawili, Kader ; KuJcar, goldar, koketi, Mar.;
Il't/qtu savaya, Kan.; Thondi, Tarn.; Kdvalam, Mai.

A tree. Wood greyish- white, soft, light, porous. Pores very
large, scanty, ringed. Medullar;/ rays broad, not numerous, giving
a good silver-grain. Transverse bars spaced, not very prominent.

Evergreen forests of the Western Coast and the hilis of S. India, from the Konkan
southwards.

The bark gives an excellent fibre, which is sometimes used to make rough clothing.
The wood is of no value.

lbs.
W 4677. Travancore (Bourdillon) 15

6. S. COCCinea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 151 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 357; Kurz For. Fl. i. 137 ;
Gamble Darj. List 11. Vern. Sitto udal, Nep.; Katior, Lepcha.

96 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A small evergreen tree. Bark smooth, light grey. ^Yood grey,
spongy, extremely soft. Structure similar to that of S. areas.
Transverse bars distinct.

Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft.; Assam, Khasia Hills, hills of Burma.
The bark is used for the same purposes as that of S. viUosa, but less commonly.

lbs.

E 573. Khookloug Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .17

7. S. COlorata, Roxb. PL Ind. Hi. 146 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 359 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xxxii.; Brandis For. Fl. 34; Kurz For. Fl. i. 138; Gamble Darj. List. 11; Talbot
Bomb. List 22; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 166. Vera. Bodida, bodala, walena, samarri,
Hind.; Moola, Beng. ; Sittoudal,phirphiri,omra,'^e'p.; Ka nh lyem, Lepcha; Bolazong,
Garo; Khowsey, pinj, Berar; Bhai-koi, Bombay; Sisi, Sonthal, K61; Natol, Mai
Pahari ; Mutruh, Merwara; Lersima, Kharwar ; Kowsey, Mar. ; Malai-parutti,Ta.m.;
Kenawilu, Vedda ; Karakd, Tel. ; Wetshaw, Burm. ; Berdd, And.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey. Wood grey, very soft.
Structure similar to that of S. ureas, but medullary rays broader
and shorter, and transverse bars distinct.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ; Central, Western and Southern
India ; Burma and the Andaman and Cocos Islands ; dry region of Ceylon.

The tree is remarkable for its brilliant scarlet flowers, which appear before the
leaves. Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius.

The bark is used in rope-making.

lbs.

E 1394. Chittagong (Chester) 24

8. S. pallens, Walk; Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 105. $. fiilgens, Wall.; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 360 (part); Gamble Darj. List 11. Vein. Khardale, Dehra Dun; Kaphal,
Lepcha.

A deciduous small tree. Barh greyish-brown, fibrous. Wood
greyish-white, soft. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided.
Medullary rays of two kinds, broad and fine, joined by prominent
concentric white bands. A well-marked silver-grain.

Lower Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutau, Siwalik Hills. Ascends to nearly
5000 ft. about Mussoorie, 3000 ft. in Siklum.

Flowers resembling those of S. colorata, but yellow instead of scarlet. The roots
of young trees have tubers, which are eaten by Lepchas (Darj. List).

lbs.

O 3660. Garhwal 31

0 4637. Forest School Garden, Dehra Duu (Gamble) .... —

9. S. alata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 152; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 360; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxii.;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 134; Gamble Darj. List 11; Talbot Bomb. List 22. Vera. Tula,
Beng.; Muslini. Nep. ; Bara hiiphanzeh, Mechi; HangJcyow, Magh ; Letkok, Burm. ;
Anei Ihondi, hithondi, Tam. ; Porla, Mai.

A tall handsome evergreen tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood
white, soft, but harder than that of most of the other species of the
genus. Pores large, scanty, between the numerous regular, moderately
broad medidlary rays, which are of harder wood, and give a pretty
silver-grain. Transverse bars numerous and fairly regular.

Evergreen forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma; Andaman and
Cocos Islands ; scarce in S. India, still more so in the Bombay Presidency.
An excellent avenue tree, with large cordate leaves.

lbs.

O 4563. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (\V. Gollan) 26

W 4732. Travancore (Bourdillon) 37

NTERCULIACE.i; 97

10. S. populifolia, Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 148; PI. Br. Ind. i. 361; Bedd. PI. Sylv.
xxxii. Vern. Dalibuda, Tel.

A small tree. Bark grey, ^ in. thick, fibrous. Wood greyish-
white, soft. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays broad,
short. Concentric bands regular, forming a regular rectangular net-
work with the medullary rays.

Hills of the Deccan from the Godavari to Mysore, usually among rocks.
The bark gives a good fibre, which is easily cleaned. The tree is easily recognized
by its scarlet flowers and inflated papery capsule.

D 3891. Nigadi Forest, Cuddapah, 2500 ft, (Gamble).

2. HERITIERA, Aiton.

Five species. In the first edition of this work the Sundri tree of the Sundarbans
was erroneously described as H. littoralis, Dryand. It appears now that the Sundar-
bans tree is H. minor, Roxb., and that H. littoralis, Dryand. of the Fl. Br. Ind.
contains two if not three different species (cf. King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 79).
H. macrophylla, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 141; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7192, is a tree of
Cachar and of Burma away from the coast. It is probably this tree that was examined
in Kyd's experiments with Assam wood, when he found weight 67 lbs. P = 710.
H. dubia, Wall ; Prain in Ann. Calc. ix. 8, t. 11, is a tree of low elevations in the
Khasia Hills.

1. H. minor, Lam.; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 142; Kurz For. Fl. i. 141. H. Fomes,
Buch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 363. Vern. Sunder, sundri, Beng. ; Pinlekanazo, Burm.

A gregarious evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, with longitudinal
cracks. Wood very hard, close-grained : sap wood pale ; heartwood
dark red. Pores moderate-sized to large, often oval and subdivided
into compartments. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad,
short, wavy; the distance between two rays being generally equal
to the transverse diameter of the pores. Occasional transverse bars.

Forests of the Sundarbans, the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, chiefly in those of the
Khulna District, east of the Raimangal river ; coast forests of Burma, in the Irrawaddy
Delta.

The Sundri forests of the Sundarbans are among the most valuable of the Govern-
ment forest properties in India. Schlich (Ind. For. i. 6) describes these forests, and
explains how it is not on the front face of the forest region of the delta that Sundri
occurs, but a little inland on islands which are only occasionally flooded by salt water,
lie describes the Sundri as a tree of up to 60 ft. in height and 6 ft. in girth, whose
timber is used for many purposes (see below). At the time at which he wrote (1875),
his complaint of the unrestricted cutting of young Sundri was doubtless good, but
since that time various regulations culminating in Mr. Heinig's Working Plan have
regulated the cutting so as to protect the young growth and ensure the permanent
supply of timber suited to the demands of the market, which is that of Lower Bengal
-enerally, but especially of Calcutta.

Weight as much as 104 lbs. when wet, according to Schlich. The weight of
seasoned wood, as well as the value of P, have been determined by the following
experiments, which show that the weight may be tolerably correctly taken at 67 lbs.
and the value of P at 900:—

98

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Experiment by
whom made.

Year.

Wood whence procured.

Number
of experi-
ments.

Size "f bar.
ft. in. in.

Weight.

Value
of P.

lbs.

Brandis

1864

Bengal

9

6x2 x 2

62

80o

M " •

„

,, ...

2

6 x 2 x 1:',

63

927

??

1865-6

...

1

6 X 2 x 2"

65

783

95 ' •

, ...

5

3x1x1

66

1288

SkiiiDer, No. 79 .

1862

Burma

—

64

816

Campbell .

,,

Bengal (seasoned) .

2

6x2 x 2

625

1038

»

„

(unseasoned)

•j

6x2x2

68

744

Baker

1829

(5 years old)

4

7x2x2

64

984

„

?*

(4 years old)

1

6x2x2

62

859

JJ

„

9

3 x 11 X 1

—

848

.. ■

„

j?

10

2 x 1* x 1

—

S08

'»

??

6

7x2x2

68

88:;

Sundri wood is durable ; it is beavy and does not float, and is extremely tough. It is
used for a great variety of purposes, such as beams, buggy shafts, planking, posts,
furniture, firewood; but chiefly in boat-building, for which purpose it is extensively
used in Calcutta, and particularly in the Government Dockyard at Kidderpore. It is
the chief timber of the Sundarbaus forests. Its reproduction is most favourable. On
all lands flooded by ordinary flood-tides, a new growth of jungle springs up imme-
diately; but on lands ordinarily above high-water mark, it only establishes itself by
slow degrees. It soon spreads itself on newly formed islands inside the sea edge of the
forests. "The roots of the Sundri do not penetrate deep into the ground, but spread
' laterally 2 to 3 ft. below the surface, sending out perpendicular tough shoots, which
'stand from 3 to 15 in. in height all round the parent stem; and when there arc
* many trees close together, walking through a Sundri forest is very much like finding
'one's way among a fine growth of inverted tent-pegs" (Home, in Bengal Forest
Report, 1873-74, paragraph 13), which, as well as Dr. Schlich's article in the "Indian
Forester," vol. i. p. 6, may be referred to for further details about Sundri. Sundri
grows to a height of 50 to 60 ft., and has many buttresses.

The Sundri forests are generally very well stocked. Valuations made by Home in
1873-74 gave, for the average amount of material per acre of Sundri forest —

No.

Seedlings and saplings under 3 ft. girth 2487

Trees above 3 ft. girth L82

only-

Tlie stock seems to have decreased, for in 1893, twenty years later, Heinig found

Under 3 ft. girth, over 9 in.
Trees above 3 ft. girth

Xo.

1 103
4

So that Working Plan Regulations clearly came none too soon. Ileinig's calcula-
tions give 6'3 rings per inch radius, so that a 3-ft. tree would be about thirty-six years
old.

lbs.

E 401. Sundarbans (Richardson) 70

B 2916. „ 66

B 3123. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 69

E 3695. Sundarbans (Gamble, 1882) 75

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11 (H. littoral is).

2. H. littoralis, Dryand.; PI. Br. Ind. i. 363 ; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 142; Bedd. PL
Sylv. xxxiii.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 140; Talbot Bomb. List 22; Trimen PL Ceyl. i. 167.
Vera. Sundri, Beng. ; Pinlekanazo, Burin. ; Mawtda, And.; Chomuntiri, Tarn.;
Etuna, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, longitudinally furrowed.
Wood dark red, hard, similar and similar in structure to that of //.
minor, except that it is lighter and more open in grain.

STERCULIACE.E 99

Coasts of India, Burma and Ceylon ; Andaman and Cocos Islands ; not in the
Sundarbans (Prain), rare (Heinig). Wood used for similar purposes to that of //.
Forties, but in less demand.

The experiments made by Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute,
on Ceylon woods, gave the following results {Imp. Inst. Journ., May, 1899) : —

Weight 75*47 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the hbres . . 1333 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress . 2*938 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 6*460 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 737*2 „ „

lbs.

B 517. Andaman Islands (Gen. Barwell) 63

B 2285, 2226. „ (Col. Ford, 1866) . . . . 68 and 53

3. H. acuminata, Wall. E. Papilio, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 218 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 363.
Vera. Akhar, Cachar; Sottndalay ilnnu, Tinnevelly.

A very lofty tree. Wood red, very hard, structure similar to that
of H. littoralis, but pores less numerous and smaller, and transverse
bars more numerous and more prominent, wavy, irregular.

Cachar and Lushai Hills in Eastern Bengal; evergreen forests of the Western
Ghats in Malabar, Travancore and Tinnevelly.

A handsome tree. The wood is used for building, cart poles and agricultural
implements.

lbs.

D 1066. Tinnevelly (Beddome) 63

W4299. „ (Brasier) 50

3. REEVESIA, Lindl. Two small trees. R. WaUichn, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 364,
and R. pubescens, Mast.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 364; Gamble Darj. List 11; Vera. Eala
boeri, Nep., are trees of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya and the Khasia Hills, up
to 5000 ft.

4. KLEINHOVIA, Linn.

1. K. Hospita, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 364 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 141 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xxxiii. ; Talbot Bomb. List 22.

A tree. Bark brown, moderately thick. Wood soft, white. Pores
large, scanty, single or in short strings of 2 to 3. Medullary rays
moderately-broad to broad, not numerous.

Commonly cultivated in avenues and gardens in Calcutta and other places near the
coast; probably indigenous in the Malay Peninsula and tropical Africa.

A handsome avenue tree with large leaves, pink flowers, and rather persistent
membranous capsules.

lbs.
E 4911. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (Prain) 28

5. HELICTERES, Linn.

The genus contains, besides the common H. Isora, Linn., six other species, chiefly
small shrubs of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma, H. elotigata, Wall. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 365, and //. spicata, Colebr. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 366, extending as far north as
Sikkim.

1. H. Isora, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 365; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 143; Bedd. Fl. Svlv.
xxxiii.; Brandis For. Fl. 34; Kurz For. Fl. i. 142; Talbot Bomb. List 23; Trii'nen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 168. Vern. Thur, Jasrota; Maror-phai, fonkaphal, I:<tp(isi,bJiendii, Hind. ;
ftah, Godavari; Aita, Gondi ; Kori-buta, Kurku; Anteri, Banswara; Qubadurra,
kavanchi, <ju<ja talda, Tel.; Keutani, maradsing, Bombay; Ainthia dhamin, Monghyr;

100 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Korujbothi, marorsheng, Berar; Mwri-rrmri, on/a, Uriya ; Renta, sakomsmg, Kol :
Aiteni,'KhaYwar; Petchumra, Sonthal ; Mori, Mai Pahari; Kupeli, Khond; Kavargi,
Kan.; Vullumpuri, Tam. ; Kolnurit,M?d.; Liniya, Oingh. ; Thunge-che, Burin.

A shrub. i?«/7.; grey. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores
numerous, small, in short radial groups of 1 to 5, and somewhat
concentrically disposed between the fine and very fine medullary
rays. Annual rings marked by a pale line.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum to Nepal ; Behar ; Central and South India ;
Kachin Hills of Burma ; Ceylon in the low country.

A common undershrub of the forests, especially in second growth. It has leaves
resembling those of the European hazel (Coryhis Avellana). It is a useful plant in
coppice woods, except that it may sometimes have a tendency to choke better species.
Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. The branches are used for fuel,
fencing and thatching, and the bark yields a strong white fibre made into coarse
cordage and canvas for gunny bags. The fruit is remarkable for its spirally twisted
carpels; it is used in native medicine. The leaves are said not to be eaten by goats.

lbs.

C 2804. Melghat, Berar (Drysdale) 35

0 4801. Budhaban Coppice, Saharanpur (Gradon) . . . .47

6. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb.

Twelve species, of which two are found in North- Western India, three in North-East
India, seven in South India, five in Burma, and only one in Ceylon. They are all
handsome plants, good for garden and park and avenue cultivation, especiallj' P. aceri-
folium, which is a ver}r beautiful tree, quickly and easily grown.

P. diversifoliitm, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 367, is a tree of the South Carnatic in Tinne-
velly. P. aceroides, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 145, is a handsome evergreen tree of
Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands, resembling and often placed under P. acerifu-
lium; but King (Jour n. As. ISoc. Beng. lx. 8C), having long observed both in the Calcutta
Botanic Garden, considers them as quite distinct. P. reticulation, W. and A. and
P. obtusifolmm, Wight, are trees of the Western Ghat forests, but little known.
P. Blumeaniint,, Korth. ; King Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 84 (P. cinnamomeum, Kurz
and P.javanicum, Jungh. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 147) is a common tree in Martaban, with
a red-bro\VD, heavy, fibrous, close-grained wood.

Wood reddish, moderately hard. Pores small and moderate-sized,
often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, closely packed.

1. P. aeerifolium, Willd. ; Fh Br. Ind. i. 368 ; Itoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 158 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. xxxv.; Brandis For. Fl. 35; Kurz For. Fl. i. 145; Gamble Darj. List 11 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 23. Vern. Muyeng, Jaunsar ; Kunnkchampu, mils, Beng.; Hatti-
paila,]$ep. ; Numbong, Lepcha ; Gail,-, Magh ; M achkwnda, Sonthal ; Mukrhnnd, Mai
Pahari; Luider, Mechi ; Tuungpetwiin, Burrn.

A tall tree. Bark thin, grey, smooth. Sapwood white ; heart-
wood soft to moderately hard, red. Pores scanty, small, oval or
elongated, generally subdivided, visible on a longitudinal section.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous, undulating, not prominent,
uniform and equidistant. Innumerable xvvy fine concentric lines.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards; Bengal, Chittagong and Burma;
Ghats of N. Kanara; Andamans. Common in swamp forests in Dehra Dun near the
Ganges. Often planted for ornament.

Weight: our specimens average 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood somewhat resembling
Tliitka, is worthy of notice; it is sometimes used for planking in Bengal. Leaves used
as plates and for packing tobacco in Northern Bengal. The down on the leaves is used
lor tinder and to stop bleeding in wounds.

STERCULIACE.E 101

lbs.

E 593. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeliug Terai (Manson) . . .44

E 3135. Sukna Forest, Darjeeliug Terai (Gamble) . . . .48

E 3596. Sivoke „ „ „ 46

B 2510. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 51

2. P. suberifolium, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 367 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxiv. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 23 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 169. P. canescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 162. Vera.
Baelo,bayalo,yirinya,Uriya.; Baili, Khond ; Lolagu, Tel. ; Muchucuda,Max.; Taddo.
vinanku, Tarn. ; Welanga, Cingb.

A moderate- sized tree. Wood light red, moderately hard. Pores
small, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays closely packed, fine,
the distance between them much less than the diameter of the pores.
Occasional dark, narrow concentric lines, not continuous, but often
breaking off suddenly.

Forests of Orissa, the N. Circars and Carnatic, common ; forests of the Konkan and
Kanara; dry region in low country of Ceylon.

A pretty tree, useful for fuel chiefly, but its tough wood is also used for building
carts and other purposes. Growth rather fast : No. D 4101 gave only 3 rings per inch
of radius.

The experiments made by Prof. W. C. Unwiu, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute,
on Ceylon woods, gave the following results (Imp. Inst. Journ., May, 1899) : —

Weight 40'41 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . 486 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress ...... 1*934 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 4-247 „ ,,

Coefficient of elasticity 430-4 „ ,,

lbs.

C 1250, 1311. Gumsur Forests, Ganjam (Dampier) . . .38 and 40
C 3523, 3534. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) ... —

D 3930, 4101. Striharikota Forest, Nellore (Gamble) . . 49 and 47

Ceylon Collection, No. 139, new (Mendis), doubtful.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (medullary rays very short, arranged on the trans-
verse section in a watermark pattern).

3. P. rubiginosum, Heyne; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 368; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 106. Vera.
Kura-toveray, Chinna polavu, Tam. ; Mala varum, Mai.; Ponanyka, Trav. Hills.

A large handsome tree. Wood red, moderately hard, easily cut.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, resinous, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous, brown. Annual rings fairly prominent.

Forests of the Western Ghats, up to 3000 ft.

The PL Br. Ind. calls it a " shrub," although Reddome had described it as a " very
large tree," and he, of course, knew it personally. Bourdillon says the wood is used in
Travancore for building and boats, Beddome says the same for Tinnevelly. liourdilloii
gives weight 40 lbs., which is nearly the average of our specimens.

W 4297. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 34

W 4531. Travancore (Bourdillon) ....... 45

4. P. semi-sagittatum, Ham.; Fl. Br. 1ml. i. 368; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 160;
Brandis Fur. Fl. 35; Kurz For. Fl. i. 146. Vern. Nagye, Burm. ; Nwaleinbyeng,
Magh.

A moderate-sized tree with an irregularly shaped, fluted stem.
Ba/rk grey, 1 to 2 in. thick. Wood reddish-grey, moderately hard;
structure the same as that of P. acerifoliv/m, but with more numerous
•jyoir* and a few broader medvMa/ry rays.

102 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Chittagong and Burma, usually in dry forests like Eng-deing ; sometimes planted
in other parts of India.

The tree is distinguished by its very one-sided leaves, semi-sagittate at base, and

laciniate stipules. Growth moderately fast, 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight 40 to

:')0 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable.

lbs.

B 2511. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 40

B 2706. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 50

Similar in structure to this is B 1418, sent from Burma under the name of Hman,
the chief difference between its wood and that of P. semi-sagittatum being that it is
scented, smoother, and has much smaller pores.

5. P. laneesefolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 162 ; Fl. Br. Tnd. i. 368 ; Brandis For. Fl.
35 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 146. Vern. Ban holla, Beng.

A large tree. Wood moderately hard, structure the same as that
of P. acerifolium, the distance between the rays being less than the
transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna (Ganges?) eastwards: Eastern Bengal down
to Chittagong ; ascending to 4000 ft.

I have never seen it between the Jumna and Ganges except in cultivation at Dehra
Pun and Saharanpur.

lbs.

O 3659. Saharanpur Bot. Garden, N.-W.P. (Gollan) . —

O 4645. Forest School Garden, Pehra Pun (Gamble) . . . .46

6. P. Heyneanum, Wall.: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 369; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxiv.; Talbot
Bomb. List 23. Vern. Polavv, Tarn.: Mala-vuraiu, thopali, palaka unam, Mai.;
Nay unam, Trav. Hills.

A tree. Bark brown, rough, £ in. thick. Wood light red, hard,
annual rings marked by a wavy dark line without pores. Structure
similar to that of P. acerifolic m .

Forests of the South Peccan and drier parts of the hills south wards. It is common
in Cuddapah, and Talbot says it is found in Pharwar.

A pretty tree, with leaves like those of P. acerifolium, but smaller and less rounded.
Bourdillon °;ives weight 43 lbs., P = 603.

lbs.

P 4225, 4226. Cuddapah Forests (Gamble) 15

W 4581. Travancore (Bourdillon) 43

7. P. glabreseens, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 369 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxix.

A moderate-sized handsome tree. Wood reddish, soft. Annual
rings prominent. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided into
2 or 3. Medullary rays very numerous, fine. Growth fast.

Forests of the Western Ghats from S. Kanara to Tinnevelly.

lbs.
W 4532. Travancore (Bourdillon) 29

7. ERIOL^ENA, DC.

Six species. E. gmnquelocularis, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 371 ; Bedd. Fl. Syl. xxxv. ;
Talbot Bomb. List 24, is a small tree of S. India very common on the slopes of the
Xilgiris and in Wynaad, also in the Konkan and South-West Peccan.

Wood hard, reddish, close-grained, mottled. Pores moderate-sized,
in rings of soft tissue often arranged in concentric bands. Medullary
rays moderately broad, uniform.

STERCULIACE^ 103

1. E. Walliehii, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 370; Gamble Darj. List 12. Vein. Ku-
hinde, Nep.

A small tree. Bark I in. thick, brown. Wood hard, mottled :
.sapwood grey ; heartwood reddish-brown. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided, enclosed in irregular patches of soft tissue, and arranged
in concentric lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and very fine.

Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya.

The wood is much esteemed by Nepalese.

lbs.

E 2326. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling (Gamble) 40

2. E. StOCksii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 370 ; Talbot Bomb. List 24.

A small tree. Bark grey, \ in. thick, cleft horizontally in narrow
lines. Wood white or yellowish-white, with a small dark grey heart-
wood, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, often in groups of
2 or 8, or joined concentrically by short white lines. Medullar y rays
line, numerous, white, prominent. Annual rings marked by a white
line.

Forests of the Konkan and South Deccan.

lbs.

D 3867. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 3500 ft. (Gamble) . . . .60

3. E. Hookeriana, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 370 ; Bedd. PL Sylv. xxxv. ;
Brandis For. Fl- 36; Talbot Bomb. List 24. Vera. Arang, Berar ; Kutfci, bhonder,
Gondi ; Bundun, oit bulung,~K6l; Pou ra, Oraon; Guagoli, Sonthal ; Qua Jcasi, Mai
I'ahari; Nar hothu, Tel.

A small tree. Bark grey. Wood light red. Annual rings
marked by an almost continuous line of pores. Pores small and
moderate-sized, often subdivided, enclosed in rings of soft texture.
Medullary rays moderate-sized, wavy.

Forests of the Central Provinces and adjacent regions; Western and Southern
India, up to 4000 ft.

Beddome says the timber is tough and strong, prized for ploughs, etc.

C 3191. Chanda, C.P.

C 3437. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow (Gamble).

4. E. Candollei, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 370; Kurz For. Fl. i. 148; Talbot Bomb.
List 24. Vern. Dwaui, Barm. ; Hadang,JL&n.

A deciduous tree. Bark grey. Heartwood brick-red, with
<»range and brown streaks, old pieces, however, losing their bright
colour ; hard, close-grained, shining, takes a beautiful polish, seasons
well. Pores round, moderate-sized, arranged in concentric lines, and
sometimes joined by narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue,
prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays numerous, white,
prominent, fine and moderately broad. Annuo/ rings marked by
sharp concentric lines.

Burma, chiefly in the dry forests and in the Shan Hills at 3-5000 ft.; deciduous
forests of N. Kanara and the Deccan.

A very fine wood. Weight, according to Kurz 47, according to Brandis' experiments
48 lbs.; the specimens average 51 lbs. According to Brandis' four experiments, made
in 1861, with bars 3' x 1" x 1", the value of P = 1020, which shows great transverse
strength. Wood used for gunstocks, paddles and rice-pounders ; it is very handsomely
marked, and is well worthv of attention. In W. India it is used in cart-building.

104 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

B 286, 326. Burma (1807) 41 and 5::

B 1455. „ 54

B 2512. „ (Brandt, 18(32) 55

Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

5. E. speetabilis, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 371.

A tree. Wood hard, light red, sapwood grey. Pores moderate-
sized, subdivided, in narrow rings of white tissue and often joined by
concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, white, prominent.

Sub-Himalayan tract of Oudh, Nepal, etc.

This is probably the tree referred to by Brandis (For. Fl. 36) as ha%'ing been found
by himself in Gorakhpur, Vera. Beem, and by R. Thompson in Oudh. Mr. Duthie's
collectors have recently brought much of it from the Oudh Forests.

E 3707. Boyal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King, 1882).

8. MELHANIA, Forsk. About seven species, all uudershrubs of little or no
importance. M. futteyporeasis, Munro; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 373, forms a considerable
undergrowth in forests of Anogrissus pendida in Merwara (Duthie). They all belong
to the dry regions of Sind, the Punjab and Deccan, except M. Hamiltoniana, Wall.,
which extends to Burma.

9. MELOCHTA, Linn.

1. M. velutina, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxv.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 374; Kurz For. Fl. i. 148.
Vera. Methuri, Bombay.

A small tree. Bark grey, rough, with small horizontal fissures.
Wood soft, sapwood light brown, heartwood light red. Pores large,
subdivided radially into 2 or 3 or single. Medullar;! rays moderately
broad, numerous, with a silver-grain of narrow horizontal plates.

Cultivated in Indian gardens, doubtfully indigenous.

Kurz speaks of this plant as "rather rare in the tropical forests of Burma," and as
having a wood fit ouly for children's toys. Beddome refers to it as a garden shrub,
introduced from Java.

Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta, cyclone of 1865 — Kew Museum.

10. ABROMA, Jacq.

1. A. augUSta, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 375 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 156 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xxxvi. ; Gamble Darj. List 12. Vera. TJllat kumal, Beng. ; Sanu-kapasM, Nep.

A large shrub. Wood light brown, soft. Pons moderate-sized,
subdivided usually into 2 or 3 by partitions. Med/uUary rays very
short, brown, fine and very fine, bent round the pores whose diameter
is greater than the distance between them.

A forest underwood shrub in various parts, as in the Darjeeling Terai. probably
introduced.

The bark gives a beautiful silky fibre, like that of hemp, and the shrub has ofteu
been recommended for growth as a crop, which would be \ ery easy ; but it would require
rich laud and plenty of moisture, and would uot do for poor or dry soiis.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

11. GUAZUMA, Plum.

1. G. tomentosa, Kunth ; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 375; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 107; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 149; Talbot Bomb. List '_'!. Vera. Budraksha, Tel.; Thainpuchi, Tarn.

A small tree Bark brown, rough. Wood white or yellowish-

STERCULIACE^E 105

white or light brown, soft, even-grained. Annual rings faintly
marked. Pores moderate-sized, fairly numerous, often subdivided.
Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, not numerous, con-
spicuous in the silver-grain on a radial section.

An American tree ; introduced into India and common in warm regions, planted or
run wild.

The tree is easily grown and is easily propagated. The wood is said by Beddome
to be used for furniture, panels of coaches and packing-cases. He also says the leaves
are an excellent fodder for cattle. Skinner, No. 77, gives W = 32 lbs., P = 596 ;
Beddome gives W = 40 to 46 lbs. ; specimen examined gives 38 lbs. The bark is said
to be used to clarify sugar in the W. Indies (Bomb. Agr. Dept. Report, 1883-84).

lbs.
E 4912. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (Prain) 38

12. BUETTNERIA, Linn. Four species, climbing shrubs. B. creimlata, Wall. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 376 (B. echinata, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 151), is found in Nepal in the
Central Himalaya and also in Burma. B. aspera, Colebr. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 377 ; Kurz
For. Fl. 151 ; Gamble Darj. List 12 ; Vera. Nahji, Nep. is a climbing shrub of the
Central and Eastern Himalaya up to 4000 ft., the Khasia Hills, the tropical forests of
Burma and the Andamans. It forms often a very dense growth, and has large fruit with
strong spikes. B. andamanensis, Kurz For. Fl. i. 152; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 377, is a climb-
ing shrub of Tenasserim and the Andamans. B. pilosa, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 618 ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 377; Kurz For. Fl. i. 151; Gamble Darj. List 12; Vera. Soli, Nep. ; Tatta-
yanwi, Burm., is a large climber of the Eastern Himalaya up to 4000 ft., and thence
down to and throughout Burma. Such climbers are usually cut as being an impedi-
ment to tree-growth.

13. LEPTONYCHIA, Turcz. Two shrubs or small trees. L. moacurroides, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 114 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 379 {L. heteroclita, Kurz For. Fl. i. 150), is a small
pretty tree of the forests of the Western Coast in the Wynaad, Malabar, and down to
Tinnevelly. L. glabra, Turcz.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 379; Kurz For. Fl. i. 150 (Grewia
heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 590) is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim.

Order XXI. TILIACEJE.

Eleven Indian genera of woody plants, some of them of considerable importance for
timber, some as affecting forest growth, and some as fibre-jielders. Species of Corchorus,
e.g. C. capsuhtris, Linn. ; Vera. Pat, Beng., the Jute plant ; and Triumfetta, Linn.,
have useful fibres, and the former is very largely grown in India for export. In Europe
the Order is represented by the Lime trees or Lindens, genus TiJia, Linn.

The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Brownlowiese .... Brownlowia, Pentace, Pityranthe,

Berrya.
„ II. Grewiere . .... Grewia, Columbia, Eriimcarpus.
„ III. Tilieaj ..... Plagiopteron, Trichospermum.
„ IV. Heteropetake .... Fchinocarpus, EUeocarpus.

Wood of various colours, usually moderately hard, sometimes very
hard. Pores numerous, uniformly distributed, small or moderate-
sized. Medullary rays tine, equidistant.

1. BROWNLOWIA, Roxb.

Three species. B. lanceolata, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 381 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 154 ; Vern.
Kedarsundri, Reng., is a tree of the tidal swamps on the coast of the Bay of Bengal
from the Sundarbaus through Arracan to Pegu and Tenasserim. 11. />e?tat<i, Bth. ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 153, is a small tree of Tenasserim.

106

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. B. elata, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 381 ; Kurz For. PL i. 153. Eumea data, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 640. Vera. Masjot, masse, Beng.

A large evergreen tree. Wood soft, reddish-grey. Pores moderate-
sized, usually subdivided, scanty. Medullar;/ rays short, moderately
broad, joined by innumerable extremely fine irregular transverse bars,
which do not join into concentric rings.

Forests of the tidal waters on the coasts of the Sundarbans, Ohittagong and Tenas-
serim, associated with " sundri."

Roxburgh says that it often reaches 15 ft. in girth. There is some slight doubt of
the identity of this wood (see note in Ed. i. p. 51), but I believe that the present
identification is correct.

lbs.
E 1951. Chittagong Forests (Chester) 42

2. PENTACE, Hassk.

Two species, both giving valuable timbers.

1. P. burmaniea, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 381 : Kurz For. Fl. i. L54, Vein. ThitJea,
Jcashit, kathitJia, Burm.

A very large, tall tree. Wood light red, shining, moderately hard,
even-grained, takes a good polish. Pores moderate-sized, often oval
and subdivided into compartments, fairly numerous, uniformly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays tine, wavy, red, visible on a radial section
as a pretty silver-grain, equidistant ; the distance between the rays
generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual
rings fairly well marked by hard autumn wood.

Burma, in the tropical forests of Pyinmana, the Pegu Yoma, Martaban and
Tenasserim.

Growth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per iuch of radius. Weight 42 lbs. on an average.
Now very largely used in Burma for boats, boxes and other purposes for which a light
wood is required. Large quantities are annually exported, and though a few years ago
the wood was quite unknown, it is now well known, even in European markets. It
resembles the wood of some Meliace.k, like Mahogany or Ghikrassia. It is sometimes
cut up into thin planking and exported to Assam to make tea-boxes.

Romanis' experiments in analysis of the ashes of Burmese timbers gave the
following results: —

Sapwood.
3260

Heartwood.

1'otash ....

18-85

Soda

0-25

2-89

Lime .

671

40-06

Magnesia

21-63

1206

Oxide of manganese

071

5-6.".

„ iron

5-45

945

Phosphoric acid .

2622

8-36

Sulphuric acid

171

2-67

Silicic acid .

4*68

"

B 281.

Burma (1867)

B 802.

Thanawaddi, Burma (Ribbentrop)

B 815.

Rangoon ,, „

B 1386.

Moulmein ,,

B 3119.

Burma (Braudis, 1862) .

lbs.

42

41
43
41

42

TILIACE.E

107

2. P. Griffithii, King in Joum. As. Soc. Beng. lx. ii. 104. P. decaptera, King in
Herb, and Mus. Dehra Dun. Vern. TMthale, Burin.

A large tree. Wood light red, hard, close-grained, resembling that
of P. burmanica. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided, rather
scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular,
giving a pretty silver-grain with a satiny lustre ; the distance between
the rays about equal to the diameter of the pores.

Forests of Tavoy ; discovered by the late Mr. T. A. Aplin, Deputy Conservator of

Forests, in moist forests and on low hills.

It has a much -buttressed stem. The wood is likely to be useful, better if anything

than that of P. burmanica.

lbs.

B 4075. Tavoy (Palmer) 47

3. PITYRANTHE, >-Thw. P. verrucosa, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 382 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 109 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 172 ; Vern. Vidpani, Tam. ; Dik-wenna, Cingh., is
a tree of Ceylon, common locally, as at Jaffna, Trincomali and Batticaloa. Trimen
says, " wood tough, yellow, heavy, very strong and much sought after in the Eastern
' Province for axles of timber carts, etc., but it is small, not exceeding 2| to 3 ft. in
' girth."

4. BERRYA, Roxb.

1. B. Ammonilla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 639 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 383 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
58 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 155 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 173. The Trincomali wood. Yern. Pet-
i.vun, Burm.; Halmillila, halmiUa, Cingh. (whence the specific name) ; Chavandalai,
Tam.

A large tree. Ba/rk thin, smooth, pale. Wood dark red, very hard,
close-grained, but apt to split ; it has, even when old, a smooth, rather
damp or oily feel and characteristic odour. Pores moderate-sized,
oval, subdivided, enclosed in pale patches, which are united by very
narrow undulating bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays moderately
broad, prominent, numerous, uniform and equidistant ; the distance
between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Forests of the dry country of Ceylon ; the Shan Hills, the drier upper mixed and
hill Eng forests of Pyinmana, Ruby mines, Martaban and the Pegu Yoma in Burma,
up to 3000 It. ; also Little Coco Island (Prain) ; said to be found in S. India, but wild
trees have not been recorded. Often planted as a forest tree or for ornament.

This fine tree is one of the principal trees of Ceylon, and gives a fine timber.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

Kxperinient by whom
conducted.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

Number
of experi-
ments.

Size of
scantling.

Weight.

Value of P.

ft. in. in.

1> rand is

1864

Burma

7

13x1 X 1 \
\2 X 1 X 1 J

64

825

No 8

1862

,_

—

—

56-62

—

Puckle .

—

Mysore

2

2x1x1

_

971

Skinner No. 28

1862

Ceylon

—

Various

50

784

No. :;i .

".,

63

1012

Oat. Exh., 1S62 .

,,

—

:: x 1! x V,

50

622-1028

Baker .

1829

3

6 x 2 x 2

;.i

700

A. Mendis. No. 33

—

—

2x1 X 1

4S

Sll

Smythies

1878

Burma

6

61

—

Molesworth .

—

—

50

Sll. K = 3000

108 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The experiments made by Prof. W. C. I'nwin, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute, on
Ceylon woods, gave the following results {Imp. Inst. Juxrii., May, 1899): —

Weight 49*93 lbs. per cubic foot.

Eesistance to shearing along the fibres . . . 830"3 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress . 3*442 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength .... 6*898 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity ..... 780*7 „ ,,

Benson's Byttneria, weighing 72 lbs., is probably this. The wood is very durable.
No. B 2722 had been fifty years in Calcutta, and was perfectly sound and good on being
cut into. It is used for carts, agricultural implements and spear-handles, and in Madras
for masiila boats, and is much esteemed for toughness and flexibility.

lbs.

B 288. Burma (1867) •'.!-'

B 327. „ (1866) 61

B 1420. Tharrawaddi, Burma 65

B 1452. Prome, Burma 65

B 2722. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 63

B 3118. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 58

No. 33, Ceylon Collection, old, No. 45, new (Mendis) — poor specimen . 48

5. GREWIA, Linn.

A large genus of plants of forest interest, containing about 34 species, of which
about 12 only are trees or small trees, and the rest shrubs or climbers. G. oppositifuli"
is found up to 6000 ft. in the North-West Himalaya, and one or two shrubby or semi-
scandent species rise to nearly that height in the hills of S. India and Burma. Their
are 7 species in Northern India, 8 in the North-East, 17 in Western India, 18 in South
India, 14 in Burma, and 10 in Ceylon.

As described in Fl. Br. Ind. it contains 3 sections, of which the first, Grewiu, con-
tains the majority of species. The second, Omphacarpus, contains only one species, G.
calophylla, Kurz For. Fl. i. 157 ; Yern. Mayanbo, Burm., a small evergreen tree of the
coast forests of the Andamans. The third, Micrvcos, contains two species : G. sinuata,
Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 392 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 158, a large shrub of the swamp forests of
Burma; and G. Jlicrocos, Linn. In the section Greivia, besides those herein described,
may be noticed : G. villosa, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 388 ; Brandis For. Fl. 39 ; Vern.
Inzurra, pastuwanne, Pb. ; Dhohin, Ajmere ; Jalidar, kashusri, thamtker, Salt Range,
a small shrub of the arid zone in Rajputana, the Punjab aud Siud ; G. sapida, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 590; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 387 ; Brandis For. Fl. 41; Gamble Darj. List L2 ;
Vern. Bistu, Jaunsar, a well-kuown, small, yellow-flowered undershrub of the Sub-
Himalayan forests, sending up yearly numerous shoots from a perennial rootstock; and
G. schroplujlla, Roxb. ; Brandis For. Fl. 39; Kurz For. Fl. i. 162 (G. scabrophylhi,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 584 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 387; Gamble Darj. List 12); Vein. Garbhali,
Dehra Diin ; Fharsia, Kumaon, a small shrub with white flowers and large leaves, of
similar localities ; while G. abut il if olid, Juss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 330 ; Beddome Fl. Sylv.
xxxvii. ((?. aspera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591); Vein. }'<d<li taraki, Tel., is a small tree
found in Southern India. G. elatostemoid< s, Coll. and Horns]. ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii.
27, is a small tree of the Shan Hills at 3000 feet. Some species of Grewia have edible
fruits, and the wood of some is strong, tough and elastic.

The wood of Grewia has small or moderate-sized pores, uniformly
distributed, and numerous line, rarely moderately broad medullary
rays. The annual rings axe generally marked. G. Microcos has a
rather different structure, with concentric bands and very short
medullary rays.

The genus is badly in need of careful revision, and J do not feel tjuite certain about
the identification of some of the wood-specimens.

TILIACE/E 109

1. G, oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 583 : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 384 ; Brandis For. FI.
537. Vera. Dhamman, pharwa, Pb. ; Biul, biting, bahul, bid ma I, bewal,behel, bhengal ',
Hind.; Bieul, Simla : Bhiunl, Kumaon ; Pastuwanne, Afg.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, with a small
mass of irregularly-shaped heartwood, hard, giving out an exceedingly
unpleasant odour, especially when fresh cut. Annual rings marked
by white lines. Pores moderate-sized, very numerous, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, white, wavy, very numerous.

North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 6000 ft.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight 45 to 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is used for oar-shafts, handles, bows, etc., and for most purposes for which
elasticity and toughness are required. The bark gives a fibre which is much used in
the North-West Himalaya for rope and paper-making, but is not durable. The tree
is much lopped for feeding cattle during the winter.

lbs.

H 100. Bhajii, Simla, 4000 ft 45

H 154. Sainj, „ 3000 „ 50

2. G. populifolia, Vahl ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 385 ; Brandis For. Fl. 38 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 26. Vern. Ganger, Pb. ; Gango, Sind ; Gaagerun, Rajputana.

A small shrub, with grey bark. Wood yellow, hard, close-grained.
A iinual rings marked by an almost continuous line of slightly larger
pores. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary
iuys very fine, white, wav}^, very numerous.

Arid country, in the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana and the Deccan.

Growth very slow. The wood is used for walking-sticks, and the fruit is eaten.

P 3228. Nagpahar, Ajmere.

3. G. salvifolia, Heyne; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 386 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxvii. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 43; Talbot Bomb. List 26. Vern. Bather, nikki-bekkar, gargas, Pb. : Saras,
Ajmere; Heriss, seriss, sarisa, katang, Merwara ; Heriss, Jey pore; Jdra, Circars ; Si-
tanga, Sonthal; Bitrsu, sita-pelu, K61 ; Kokorendua, Mai Pahari.

A small tree. Bark dark-coloured, ver\r rough. Wood yellow,
heartwood orange-brown, hard, close-grained, structure similar "to that
of G. tilicefolid, but medullary ray* more numerous and pores smaller.
Annual rings well marked by a line of larger pores.

Punjab, Sind, Central Provinces and Southern India.
Growth slow. Fruit small, edible.

P 3227. Nagpahar, Ajmere.

P 3237. Goran Hills, Ajmere.

C 3457. Barasand Reserve, Palamow (Gamble).

4. G. orbieulata, Rottl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 386 ; Talbot Bomb. List 26.

A small tree. Bark very rough, brown, ^ in. thick. Wood, yellow,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, rather scanty. Medullary rays
tine, short, numerous.

Deccan, N. Circars and Konkan.

D 4165. Kottur, Kistna (Gamble).

5. G. tilisefolia, Vahl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 386 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 108 ; Brandis For. Fl. 41 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 161 ; Talbot Bomb. List 26 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 175. Vern. Pharsa, phalsa, dhamin, Hind.; Pharsia, Kumaon;
I'harsai, Garhwal ; Khesla, kasiil, Gondi : Dhamni, Kurku ; Olat, Sonthal; Keht?
mohru, Khond ; Tara, Palkonda ; Unit, Tarn. ; Charachi,jana, tharrd, Tel. ; Dhnmono,

110 A .MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Uriya; Thadsal, batala, tadasala, Kan.; Damnak, Bhil ; Daman, Mar.; Sadachu,
chadache, Mai. ; Daminiya, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark .. in. thick, grey on young trees,
dark brown on old trees. Sapwood white ; heartwood small, brown,
close-grained, hard. Annual rings marked by a line and the harder
autumn wood. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, prominent on a radial section, giving a hand-
some silver-grain ; the distance between the rays equal to the trans-
verse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Central
and South India ; Upper Burma; low country of Ceylon.

A very widespread tree of the deciduous forests, often with Sal or Teak : quick
growing, and comes up fast in blanks in the forest. Growth moderate, about 6 rings
per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner No. 75, 34 lbs. ; Brandis says 30 to
40 lbs. ; the average of those examined gave 48 lbs. Skinner's experiments in South
India gave P = 565. Talbot's experiments in Bombay in 1885 with pieces 6' x 2"
x 2" gave weight 50 lbs., P = 650 ; O'Connell, in Madras in 1886, found weight 47
lbs., a = 0*01096 ; Bouidillon in Travancore found weight 46 lbs., P = 603. Used for
shafts, shoulder poles, masts, golf clubs, tool-handles, oars and all purposes for which
elasticity, strength and toughness are required.

The fruit is eaten and the inner bark made into cordage. Fine specimens of this
were sent from Berar for the Paris Exhibition of 1878.

lbs.

<> 5068. Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (U. N. Kanjilal) 42

( ' 188. Mandla, Central Provinces (1871)

C 1169. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson)

C 2757. Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis)

C 2766. Melghat, Berar (Brandis)

C 1253. Grumsur, Ganjam (Dampier) .

C 3818. Surada Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) .

No. 17, Ceylon Collection, old and new (Mendis)

48
46
53

49
58

1-1

6. G. vestita, Wall.; Brandis For. PL 40; Gamble Darj. List 12. O. dastica,
Kurz For. Fl. i. 160, not, I think, of Royle. G. asiatica, Linn. var. ; Fl. Br. ind. i.
387. Vern. Farri, phalwa, dhamman, Pb. ; Pharsia, dhamun, bimla, Hind. : Phar-
sidi, Kumaon ; Pkarsawon, pkarsanyi, Garhwal ; Pharson, Dotial; Poto dhamun,
Palamow; Sealposra, Nep. ; Kunsung, Lepcha ; Pershuajelah, Mechi; Vhamin, hasa
dhamin, Merwara ; Pvntayaw, Burm.

A tree. Bark grey, with numerous small horizontal clefts. Wood
greyish-white, hard and close-grained. Annual rings prominent,
marked by hard autumn wood. Pores moderate-sized or small, scanty.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, numerous, prominently
marked on a radial section, and giving the wood a tine silver-grain.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, Bengal, Central India and Burma,
where it extends north to the Kachin Hills.

A largish tree, common in Sal and similar forests. Growth moderately slow, 5 to
7 rings per inch of radius. Weight : the specimens give an average of 48 lbs. per cubic
foot ; Brandis says 50 lbs. Wood tough and elastic, used for shoulder poles, bows,
spear-handles, etc.; splits well, and is sometimes used for shingles. The branches are
lopped for fodder. The true (»'. elastica, Roj Le III. t. 22, is a small tree found in valleys
in the North-West Himalaya at 3-4000 ft., with reddish-white, very pubescent foliage
and flowers without glands or gynophore. In my opinion, it is a well-marked species
quite distinct from (I. asiatica or G. vestif".

lbs.

O 5066. Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (U. N. Kanjilal) ' 37

E 651. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Hanson) . . . . .43

B 2325. „ „ „ (Gamble) 51

B 3120. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 51

TILIACE.E 111

7. G. asiatiea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 386 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xxxvii.; Brandis For. Fl. 40; Kurz For. Fl. L 161; Talbot Bomb. List 26; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 174. Vern. Phalsa, Hind. ; Dhamni, Ajmere ; Atia dhcuuin, Merwara.

A small tree. Bark grey, rough, ^ to ^ in. thick. Wood hard,
pinkish or yellowish grey, sapwood white. Pores moderate-sized,
sometimes subdivided, scanty, unevenly distributed. Medullary rays
numerous, moderately broad, causing a marked silver-grain on a radial
section.

Wild in Central and South India, extending to Rajputana and the Siwaliks ; else-
where cultivated.

The tree is cultivated in India and Ceylon for its edible fruit. The bark gives a
fibre. It is, or was, also used in Saharanpur to clarify sugar.

lbs.
O 4834, 5067. Dehra Dun, N.-W. Provinces (U. N. Kanjilal) 47 and 39

P 470. Ajmere

P32J8. Nagpahar, Ajmere . . .....

P 3235. Goran Hills, Ajmere .......

W 4144. Palghat, Malabar (dark-brown wood) (Morgan) . . — ■

8. G. pilosa, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 388 ; Brandis For. Fl. 39 ; Talbot Bomb. List
26; G. carpinifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587. Vern. Posangni, Ajmere; Pisangan,
parangan, phiongli, Merwara ; Bhorkund, Monghyr ; Gursikri, Kharwar ; Sitarga,
Sonthal ; Ghordhaman, Berar.

A shrub with four-angled stem and brown bark. Wood yellowish-
white, hard, divided into triangular wedges proceeding from the centre
towards the four corners and sides, the annual rings in the wedges
towards the corners marked by large pores, those towards the sides
by a white line and a few moderately large pores. Pores in the rest
of the wood small. Medullary rays fine, white, numerous.

Plains of North-West, Central and South India, in dry regions.

P 3230. Nagpahar, Ajmere.
P 3256. Goran Hills, Ajmere.

9. G. multiflora, Juss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 388 ; Gamble Darj. List 12. G. sqpiaria,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 589 ; Brandis For. Fl. 42. Vern. Pansaura, Hind., Beng. ; Ni/ay,
Nep.

A shrub or small tree. Bark brown. Wood white, soft, similar in
(structure to that of G. oppositi folia, but with smaller pores.

Outer Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Khasia Hills. Used
in Bengal for making hedges, for which it is very useful.

lbs.
E 2327. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 42

10. G. laevigata, Vahl ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 389 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxvii. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 42; Kurz For. Fl. i. 150; Gamble Darj. List 12; Talbot Bomb. List 26. G.
didyma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591. Vern. Kat bhetoul, bhimul, hahhi, Hind. ; Dull bhimal,
Kumaon ; Allpeyar, Tel.; Dansagla, Lepcha ; Bolmengo, Gdro ; Kokiirsida, Mechi ;
Tayaw, Burm.

A small tree. Bark dark -grey, thin, with vertical reticulations.
Wood white, soft to moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings
marked by a dark line with few pores. Pores moderate-sized, usually
subdivided, scanty. Medullary rays few, fine to moderately broad.

Outer Himalaya, from the Jumna eastwards ; Assam ; Central and Southern India
and Burma ; more scarce in W. India.

112 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

In Northern India and in places in the centre and south, iu ravines and near
villages, this is a common plant, easilv recognized by its Ions; glabrescent leaves.

lbs.

0 4835. Dehra Dun, N.-W. Provinces (U. X. Kanjilal) ... 36

11. G. Mieroeos, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 392 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 157 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 26 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 177. G. ulmifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591. Yern. Aswar,
Beng. ; Shiriil, asolin, Mar. ; Tarah, Magh ; Thayoh, Air. ; Myatya, Burm. ; Keliya,
kohu-Jcirilla, Cingh.

A small tree. Wood grey, soft. Pore* moderate-sized, scanty,
joined by wavy belts of soft tissue, broken but concentrically arranged.
Medullary rays short or very short, moderately broad, the distance
between them about equal to the diameter of the pores.

Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma, S. India and Ceylon, very common in Burma.
Weight 51 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis No. 10).

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4.

6. COLUMBIA, Pers. Two small Burmese trees or shrubs. 0. Horibunda, Wall. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 392 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 156, is a shrub of the Martaban Hills and the
Shan Hills in Upper Burma. C. merguensis, Planch, is found in Mergui.

7. ERINOCARPUS, Nimmo.

1. E. Nimmoanus, Grab.: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 394. I'.. Nimmonii, Grab.: Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 110; Talbot Bomb. List 27. Yern. Chor, choura, chira, haladi, Mar. ; Adivi
bhendi, had bende, Kan.

A tree. Bark brown, smooth, with narrow longitudinal clefts,
fibrous, -j in. thick. Wood white, soft. Annual rings distinct,
marked by more numerous pores in the early spring wood. Many
fine, close, wavy, concentric, white lines. Pores few, large, single or
subdivided, scattered irregularly. Medullary rays fine to moderately
broad, long, rather scant}'.

Deciduous forests of the Konkan and Kanara, and adjacent Ghats.
The bark gives a rope fibre. Growth fast, 3 rings per inch.

lbs.
W 4304. S. Kanara (Peake) 29

8. PLAGIOPTEBON, Griff. P. fragrans, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 399,is a climbing
snrub of Mergui.

9. TRICHOSPERMUM, Bl. T. Kurzii, King Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Lx. ii. I in,
is a tree 40 to 60 ft. high, found by Kurz in the Nicobar Islam is.

10. ECHINOCARPUS, Blume.

Contains live large trees of the forests of the north-east and cast moist zone in
Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Burma. E. sterculiaceus, Bth. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 400; Gamble Darj. List 12; Yern. Banj, Nep. ; Saimuladdi, Mechi;
Thabola, Magh, is a very large tree of the Sikkim Terai, Chittagong and Burma, with
a deeply buttressed trunk and large fruit covered with long needle-like spines.
E. tomentosus, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 400 ; Gamble Darj. List 12 ; Vera. Kaktay, Nep. ;
Taksor, Lepcha, is a large tree of the Sikkim Hills from 2-1000 ft. E. Mtirex, Bth. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 399, is a large tree of the Khasia Hills and Burma (E. Signn, Bl. ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 162) ; and E. assmnicxs, Bth.: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 399; Vern. Jabba hingori,
Ass., a tree of Upper Assam, whose wood, according to Maun, is used for planking.

tiliace^e 113

1. E. dasycarpus, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Intl. i. 400 ; Gamble Darj. List 12. Vera.
Gdbria, Nep. ; Taksol, Lepcha.

A large tree. Bark dark grey. Wood greyish- brown, soft. Pores
small, regular. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, closely
packed, straight, prominent on a radial section.

Eastern Himalaya, 5-7000 ft. Hooker, in Fl. Br. Ind., says, " Sikkim at 2000
' feet," but I bave never seen it below 5000 ft.

An important bill tree, as tbe wood is used fur planking, for tea-boxes and to make
charcoal. It is in considerable demand in Darjeeling. The tree is very handsome, as
it has showy clusters of yellow-white flowers, capsular fruit with short close-set spines,
black seeds with a red arillus, and drooping branches. It flowers and seeds freely each
year, and seedlings come up well.

lbs.

E 694. Chuttockpur, Darjeeling, G000 ft. (Manson) . . . .32

E 3610. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

E 1289, sent from Cachar under the name " Sitarjat," has a similar structure, but
the pores are larger. This is probably E. tiliaceus of G. Mann's Assam Lists (Phut
hingori, Ass. ; Sitarsaaz, Cachar), Assam Forest Reports, 1874-75 and 1875-7fi,
perhaps E. assamicus, Bth., which is said by Mann to be used for planks and beams
where not exposed to changes of weather.

11. EL^OCARPUS, Linn.

A large genus of about 36 species, handsome trees with white flowers and fringed
petals and with drupaceous fruit resembling an olive. The botanical arrangement
of the genus requires some revision, like Grewia and other genera of this Order, and
Sir D. Brandis has most kindly given me an abstract of his work on the subject. As
it has not yet been published, however, I think it best to adhere still to the arrange-
ment of the Fl. Br. Ind., with such modifications as have been published since.
Brandis' work would not have made much change except in the arrangement
of subgenera, of which there are three. E. Braceanus, Watt, is a tree of Mauipur
and Myitkyina, of whose position I am doubtful.

Wood greyish-white, soft. Pores small or moderate-sized, rather
scanty, single, subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary ray*
numerous, fine, not prominent.

Subgenus I. GANITRUS.

Two species. E. stipularis, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 404 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 170, is
a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim, up to 3000 ft.,
which Sir G. King places in this subgenus.

1. E. Ganitrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 592 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 400 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxvii. ;
r.randis For. FL 43; Kurz For. Fl. i. 168; Talbot Bomb. List 27. Vera. Budml,;
rudraksh, Hind.: Rudai, Ass.

A large tree. Bark dark grey, nearly smooth, rough only
with small vertical lenticels and very narrow horizontal furrows.
Wood greyish-white, soft. Pore* small, scanty, often subdivided or
in short radial lines. MeduUa/ry ray* fine, numerous, inconspicuous.

Various parts of India. "Nepal, Assam, Western Ghats and probably also the
' Southern forests of the C.P." (Brandis) ; " Chittagong" (Kurz); " Kanara Ghats and
4 Bombay Presidency " (Beddome) ; " Konkan Ghats " (Talbot).

A large tree whose hard tubercled nuts are polished, made into rosaries and
bracelets, worn by Brahmins and Sanyasis, and sold in quantity at such places as

1

114 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Benares, Allahabad and Hardwar. S. E. Peal says, " The wood of Budui is par-
ticularly even and white, one of the whitest I know, with straight and fine graiu,
' strong and tough. The tree is generally tall and branches above, having a straight
'stem 30 to 40 ft. in the bole, and 5 ft. in girth. It has a thin dark bark, long
' narrow leaves and small flowers" (Ind. Tea Gaz.).

lbs.

E 4878. Sylhet (Babu Kripa Nath De) 28

Subgenus II. DICEKA.

Sixteen species. E.floribundus, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 401 : Kurz For. Fl. i. 167, is an
evergreen tree found along streams in the tropical forests of Martaban, up to 3000 ft.,
and in the Nicobar Islands. E. cuneatus, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 402 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xxxviii. (E. hicunosvs, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. 168) ; Vern. Budalet, Burm., is a tree
of the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Western Ghats of S. India.
E. Helferi, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 402, and E. leptostachya, Wall. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 403, are
trees of Tenasserim. E. hy</rophih<s, Kurz For. Fl. i. 168, is an evergreen tree of the
swamp forests of Burma, and E. WalUchii, Kurz For. Fl. i. 169, a tree of the Eng forests.
E. lucidus, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 600 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 403; Vern. Bamau, ivasopan, Burm.,
is a tree of Chittagong. E. sikkimensis, Mast. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 402 : Gamble Darj.
List 13, is a large tree of the Sikkim Himalaya, common below Darjeeling at 5000 ft.
E. oblongus, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 403 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxviii. ; Talbot Bomb. List
27 ; Vern. Bikld, Badaga ; Khas, Mar., is a fine tree of the hills of the Western Ghats,
very common in the " shola " forests of the Nilgiris, and often conspicuous by its
leaves turning red. Beddome says it has a strong white tough wood. E. amcemus,
Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 404; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. Ill; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 185: Vern.
Titta-iueralu, Cingh., is a tree of the moist country of Ceylon up to 5000 ft. There
are also three other species in Ceylon, two rare trees and E. snbvillosus, Am. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 404 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 186 ; Vern. Gal-weralu, Cingh., common in the low
country.

2. E. serratUS, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 401; Brandis in For. Fl. 43: Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. xxxviii.; Gamble Darj. List 13 ; Talbot Bomb. List 27 : Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 184.
Vern. Jalpai, Beng. ; Ulan;/ karai, uttraccham, Tarn.; Valiya hint, Mai.; Weralu,
Cingh.

A rather small tree. Wood grej'ish-white. Annual rings
prominent, marked by darker wood. Pores large, often subdivided,
scanty, prominent on a radial section. Medullary rays very numerous,
fine to moderately broad.

North-East Himalaya up to 3000 ft. ; Eastern Bengal : evergreen forests of North
Ivanara and AVestern Coast down to Travancore, low country of Ceylon.

The fruit is known as "wild olives" and eaten. The wood is not of much use;
Bourdillon gives weight 33 lbs. and P = 508.

lbs.

W 4612. Travancore (Bourdillon) 30

3. E. robustUS, Bl.; Fl. Br. Ind. i.402 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 597 ; Kurz For. FL i.
169; Gamble Darj. List 13. Vern. Jalpai, Sylhet ; Bepori, batrachi, Nep. ; Clwkio,
Magh ; Tawmagyi. Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood white, shining, soft, even-grained.
Annual rings marked by a prominent line. Pores moderate-sized,
uniformly distributed, generally oval or elongated, subdivided.
Medullar y ray* fine and very fine, closely packed, visible as long
narrow bands in the silver-grain.

Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 2000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong,
Burma and Andaman Islands.

lbs.

E. 581. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Mansou) . . .38

TILIACE.E • 115

4. E. laneesefolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 598 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 402 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
167 ; Gamble Darj. List 13. Vera. Bhadras, batracki, Nep. ; Sheplcyew, Lepcha ;
Snkalang, Ass.

A large tree. Wood soft, light brown. Pores small, in short
strings of 2 to 5. Medullary rays extremely numerous, fine and
very fine, appearing as narrow plates in the silver-grain.

Eastern Himalaya from 6-8000 ft., Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Tenasserim.
Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. The wood is used for house-building,
tea-boxes and charcoal. Fruit edible.

lbs.

E 358. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) 41

Kordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. I. 6).

Subgenus III. MOXOCERA.

Seventeen species. E. tuberculatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 594 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 404 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 113; Talbot Bomb. List 27; Vern. Rudrah, Hind.; BanaJa,
Mysore; Fahumbon, Kader ; Navddi, pulanthi, Trav. Hills, is a very large tree of the
Western Ghats from Belgaum through Coorg, Wynaad, the Western Nilgiri slopes,
the Anamalais, to Travancore. Its seeds are used for beads like those of E. Ganitrus.
E. rugosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 596; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 405; Kurz For. Fl. i. 166 ; Gamble
Darj. List 13 ; Vern. Nandiki, Nep., is a large tree of the Darjeeling Terai, Chittagong
and the tropical forests of Burma. E.ferrugineus, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 406 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. 1. 112, is a common tree of the Nilgiri, Auamalai and Pulney Hills at 6-7000 ft.,
remarkable for having its leaves always folded back on either side of the midrib into
the shape of a boat. E. bracteatus, Kurz For. Fl. i. 165 ; Vern. Thitpwe, Burm., is a
large evergreen tree of the Shan Hills and of those of Martaban. E. aristatus, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 599 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 405 ; Talbot Bomb. List 27, is a tree of various scattered
habitats, as it is given from Bhutan, Sylhet, Assam, the Konkan and N. Kanara.
E. obtusus, Blume {E. Monocera, Cav. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 405, E. venustus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 174, E. littorulis, Kurz For. Fl. i. 167), is a tree of Assam and Burma. E. acumi-
nata, Wall., is a tree of Assam, Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal ; and E. jirunifoKus,
Wall., is found in much the same region. E. Griffitlxii, Mast. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 408 ;
Vern. MaJcauksan, Burm., and E. integer, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 408 (E. petiolatus,
Kurz For. Fl. i. 164) are found in Tenasserim, while there are also three other species
in Burma described by Kurz, viz. E. simplex, Kurz, E. grandifolius, Kurz, and E.
grandijiorus, Sm. Two species occur in Ceylon, E. glandidifer, Mast. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 187, being a large graceful tree common in the montane zone, at 3-6000 ft.

5. E. Munroii, Mast. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 407 ; Talbot Bomb. List 27. E.glandulifen,,
Hook. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxxviii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 187. Vern. Narebikki, kal bikki,
1 '>adaga.

A large tree. Wood white, moderately hard. Pore* moderate-
sized, scanty. Medullary rays fine, very numerous.

Hills of South India and Ceylon, from 2500-6000 ft., not uncommon in the Nilgiris
about Coonoor, and very pretty when in flower in the "sholas."

W 3776. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

6. E. Varunua, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 407 ; Gamble Darj. List 13 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 165. Vern. Tattcaly, saulhuri, Ass.

A tree. Bark dark grey, smooth, but with prominent small
lenticels, inner bark fibrous. Wood greyish-white, soft. Pores small,
scanty, often subdivided or in short radial lines. Medidlary rays
numerous, fine.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Assam, up to 2000 ft. ; Eastern
Bengal to Chittagong.

lbs.
E 4887. Assam (Babu Tara Kisor Gupta) 30

116 -A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Series II. DISCIFLOR^.
Order XXII. LINEJE.

The Flax Order, chiefly noticeable as containing the Flax plant, I.inum usita-
tissimum, L., which is cultivated in Europe for its valuable fibre, used in linen
manufacture. In iDdia it is chiefly grown for the linseed oil obtained from its seeds.

There are, in India, four genera containing more or less woody plants, each belongina
to a separate tribe. These genera are: Reinwardtia, Hugonia, Erythroxylon and
Ixonanthes. The only one of importance is Erythroxylon, a genus in which one
species gives a wood of some value.

1. REINWARDTIA, Dumort. B. trigyna, Planch, and B. tetragyna, Planch.;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 412, are, as pointed out by Sir H. Collett, Dr. T. Cooke, and others,
merely forms of one species, a small shrub with pretty bright yellow flowers, found
in the Himalaya and in hilly regions throughout India. Yern. Basant, Dehra Dun ;
Pengun, Jaunsar ; Pyura, Garhwal ; Tila, Kumaon ; Abai, Bombay.

Wood white. Pores small. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous.

2. HUGONIA, Linn.

Two species. H. ferruginea, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 413; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i.
190, is a scarce climbing shrub of Ceylon.

1. H. Mystax, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 413: Talbot Bomb. List 28; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 189. Vera. Motira hanni, Tarn. ; Maha-getiya, bugetiya, Cingh.

A climbing shrub. Bark yellowish-white, corky. Wood greyish-
white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, very numerous and evenly
distributed. Medullary rays very faintly marked, numerous, regular.

Konkan, near the sea coast at Vingorla ; Circars and Carnatic ; dry region of
Ceylon.

D 4167. Yelagalapalle, Godavari (Gamble).

3. ERYTHROXYLON, Linn.

Six species. E. Kunthianum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 414; Kurz For. Fl. i. 171,
is a small tree of Eastern Bengal, the Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft., the drier hill
forests of Martaban and the Thaungyin Hills of Tenasserim up to 7000 ft. E. lucidum,
Moon; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 415 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 191; Vera. Chiruchemanatti, Tarn.;
Bata-kirilla, Cingh., is a shrub of forest undergrowth in the low country of Ceylon.
E. lanceolatitm, Hook, f., and E. obtuslfolium, Hook, f., also occur in Ceylon, the
former extending to Tinnevelly.

The " Coca " or " Spadic " plant of Peru and Bolivia, which gives the well-known
alkaloid " Cocaine," now in universal employ as a local anaesthetic, is E. Coca, Lam.
The leaves are chewed to afford a nervous stimulant which enables the person to
endure fatigue. The use of the plant is regular among the Indians of that part of S.
America. The E. Coca is now cultivated to some exteut in India, and the drug
appears to be much in use.

1. E. monogynum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 449; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 414; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 171 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 190. E. indicum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 81. Bastard Sandal.
Vera. Devadaru, chemunatti, Tarn. ; Adivi gerenta, gddara, gathara, gadiri, Tel. ;
Dcvadarum, Kan.

LINE.-E 117

A small tree. Bark dark brown, thick, rough. Wood very hard :
sap wood white ; heartwood dark reddish-brown, with a pleasant
resinous smell, takes a beautiful polish. Pores very small, very
numerous, often in radial strings or patches in lighter tissue. Medullary
rays short, very fine, uniformly distributed.

Dry forests of the Deccan and Carnatic ; dry country of Ceylon.

Beddome says, " The wood is used as a substitute for sandalwood " (a curious state-
ment, as I never heard of such a use, and the wood is very unlike sandalwood either
in colour, weight or scent), " and an empyreumatic oil or wood tar of a reddish-brown
' colour is procured from it which is used for preserving the wood employed in the
'construction of native boats." It does not, however, seem to be much extracted.
The leaves were eaten to a considerable extent in famine seasons in the Ceded Districts,
usually cooked, but sometimes raw. Dr. Bidie suggested that " probably they contain
' some principle like that of E. Coca," but specimens analyzed by the Govt. Quinologist
in Madras proved to have no anaesthetic property, but to possess a bitter tonic principle
which might serve to mitigate the pangs of hunger. The fruit is edible and pleasant.
The wood is little used, but is strong and hard and pretty. Its weight is about 63
lbs. per cubic foot. It is one of the most useful trees in the dry evergreen forests.

lbs.

D 1083. North Arcot Forests (Beddome) 55

D 1091. Madura Foresrs „ 65

D 2027. Mysore (Kurz) 67

D 3896. Ballipalle Forest, Cuddapah (Gamble) 66

D 4067. Cuddapah (Higgens) 63

2. E. burmanieum, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 411 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 171.
A tree. Wood pink, very hard, even-grained, with occasional fine
lines of soft tissue. Pores small or moderate-sized, scanty, joined by
the lines of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular.

Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.
Singapore — Kew Museum (Ridley).

4. IXONANTHES, Jack. 7. Masiana, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 416, is a small
tree of the Khasia Hills.

A specimen of 7. icosandra, Jack, sent by Bidley from Singapore to the Kew
Museum, has for structure —

Wood pink, very hard, even-grained, traversed by occasional fine,
wavy, not continuous, lines of soft tissue. Pores small to moderate-
sized, oval. Medullary rays very fine, close, numerous, stopping at
the pores, the diameter of which is greater than the distance between
the rays.

Order XXIII. MALPIGHIACEJE.

Two genera, both containing merely climbing or straggling shrubs.

1. HIPTAGE, Gaertner.

Five species. H. candicans, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 419 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 171 ;
Vern. Taungthawga, Harm., is described by Kurz as a small deciduous tree of the dry
and Eng forests of the Prome District in Burma, extending north to the Kachin Hills
and Manipur. H. obtusifulia, DC ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 173, is a lofty woody evergreen
climber, the simple cable-like truuk up to 100 ft. long, rather rare in the tropical forest
. of the deep ravines of the Pegu Yoma. //. acuminata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 419, is a
dense bushy shrub of the Khasia Hills at 40O0 ft. H.paroifolia, W. and A. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 419; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 193, is a climbing shrub of S. India and Ceylon.

118 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. H. Madablota, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 418 ; Brandis For. Fl. 44 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 173; Gamble Darj. List 13; Talbot Bomb. List 28; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 193.
Gaertnera racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 368. Vera. Kampti, madmaUi, Hind.: Endra,
<hopar,benJin,r, khumb, Pb. ; Banda ajdri, Kumaon ; Banda madumalti,aneta,raneta,
Garhual; Shempati, Nep. ; Tungchir, Lepcba ; Boromali, Uriya; Madhava luta,
Jeypore; Madi'ibuluta, Beng. ; Bokhi, ntiiuulta, Boxabay; Tawngsaga, Burm. ; Puwak-
'ji'di-ya-wel, Cingh.

A large straggling climbing shrub, stem often of considerable size.
Bark brown, thin, exfoliating in small thin flakes. Wood reddish-
brown, very rough, soft or moderately hard, with darker patches in
the centre. Pores small to very large, variable, irregularly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays numerous, moderately broad.

Ravines and valleys in tbe forests almost throughout India, Burma and Ceylon.

Flowers pretty, resembling those of the Horsechestnut.

lbs.
0 3655, 4569. Saharanpur Bot. Garden, N.-W. Provinces (Gollan) . 38
0 4937. Lachiwala, Dehra Dun (Gleadow) ...... 35

2. ASPIDOPTERYS, A. Juss.

About nine species of climbing shrubs, all small, and interesting only by their having
conspicuous winged fruits. A. Wallichii, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 42i (^4. nutans,
A. Juss.; Brandis For. Fl. 45); Vern. Jugter, Dehra Dun, is common in the Garhwnl
and Kumaon forests and in Dehra D:in. A. nutans, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 421 ;
Gamble Darj. List 13 (A. lanuginosa, A. Juss. ; Brandis For. Fl. 44) ; Tern. Shubung,
Nep. ; Simplut, Lepcha, is common in the Lower Himalaya.

1. A. Roxburghiana, A. Juss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 420 ; Brandis For. Fl. 45 ; Gamble
Darj. List 13; Talbot Bomb. List 29. Ilircea indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 448. Vern.
Shubung, Nep. ; Munkuknyok, Lepcha ; Begrak tiga, Tel.

A climbing shrub. Bark light brown, rough. Wood yellowish-
brown, soft, porous. Pores small to large, often subdivided. Medullary
rays fine to moderately broad, bent where they touch the pores.
Many wavy concentric pale bands across the rays.

Lower Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards ; Khasia Hills at 1-5000 ft. ; Western
Ghats, Deccan and Carnatic ; Orissa and the Circars.

C 3834. Vishnuehnkram Forest, Ganjam (Gamble).

Order XXIV. GERANIACEiE.

A large Order chiefly containing herbaceous plants, of which the largest genus is
Impatiens, the Balsams. One or two of the species of that genus become almost or
quite shrubby, e.g. I. Leschenaultii, Wall, and Lfruticosa, DC, both of the hills of
South India.

1. AVERRHOA, Linn.

Two introduced fruit trees.

The wood of the two species is at once distinguished by A. BUvmbi
having much more scanty pores and faint concentric lines. In texture
they agree well.

1. A. Carambola, Linn.; Fl. Br. bid. i. 439; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; Redd. Fl.
Sylv. xxxix.: Brandis For. FL 45: Kurz Fcr. Fl. i. 177: < iambic Darj. List 13 ;

GERANIACEyE 119

Talbot Bomb. List 29. Vera. Kamaranga, Hind. ; Kamrang, Beng. ; Kiranelli. Kan. ;
Saungya, saungbya, Barm.

A small tree. Bark dark grey, with horizontal folds. Wood
white, turning light red, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores
moderate-sized, often subdivided or disposed in short radial lines,
scanty, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous and regular, somewhat indistinct.

Cultivated in India and Burma. Talbot says it has run wild in places in North
Kanara.

Fruit useful, usually eaten in stews, puddings or tarts, or made into preserve. The
juice is used to take out iron-mould stains from linen. Home says it is used in the
Sundarbans for building purposes and furniture. Skinner, No. 18, gives the weight at
40 lbs. per cubic foot, and P = 712 ; Wallich gives the weight at 39 lbs.

lbs.

O 3658. Saharanpur Bot. Garden, N.-W. Provinces (Duthie) . . —

E 4833. Khulna, L. Bengal, cult. (T. J. Pocock) 37

E 4919. Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta (Prain) 40

2. A. Bilimbi, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 439 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 451 ; Brandis For. Fl.
46 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 117 ; Kurz For. Fl. 178 ; Talbot Bomb. List 29. Vern. Bilimbi,
bhimbu, cmvatta, Hind.

A small tree. Wood white, tough, soft, very even-grained. Ports
small or moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided, very scanty. Medulla ry
rays extremely fine and indistinct, numerous. Faint pale concentric
regular bands.

Cultivated in India and Burma, but much more scarce than A. Carambola.
The acid fruit is pickled or preserved in sugar. The juice can be used to remove
iron-mould stains from linen.

lbs.
E 4913. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (Prain) 35

Order XXV. RUTACEJE.

A large Order, which, however, contains few trees of any size or great importance,
but generally herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees, mostly aromatic, with pellucid
glands filled with essential oil. The largest tree of the Order, in India, is probably
Zanthoxylum Jihetsa of the Northern Circars. Several of the genera, such as Clausena,
Citrus, Feronia, j?Egle, give fruit trees, which are more or less cultivated. Some of
the genera, e.g. Limonia, Atalantia, Feronia, yEgle, are characteristic of the dry
regions, such as those of Central India, the Deccan and Carnatic ; but some few belong
to the evergreen forests, e.g. Acronychia, and one or two to the hill regions only
{.Skimmia, Melkope). Of the 18 genera, 11 are represented in North-West and
Central India, 13 in the North-East, 15 in Western India, 17 in South India, 17 in
Burma, and 14 in Ceylon. They belong to three Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Zanthoxylea? . . Kvodia, Melicope, Zanthoxylum.
„ II. Toddalieaj . . Toddalia, Acronychia, Skimmia.
„ III. Aurantieaj . . Glycosmis, Micromelum, Murraya, Clausena,

Triphasia, Limonia, Luvunga, Paramignya,
Atalantia, Citrus, Feronia, ^Egle.

Wood structure very uniform. Wood close and even-grained,
generally white with a yellowish tinge, of various degrees of hard-
ness. Pores small, uniformly distributed, with a tendency to form
radial lines. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant. The

120 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

wood of Skimmia is anomalous, being distinguished by extremes-
small pores, arranged in oblique wavy tails, and by very fine, very
numerous medullary rays. The wood of many species is marked by
white concentric lines, which are generally at unequal distances and
often run into each other.

1. EVODIA, Forst.

Six species. E. vlticiua, Wall. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 489 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 179, is a
small evergreen tree of Tavoy. E. rutoecarpa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 490, is
a small tree of the inner valleys of Sikkim, at 7-10,000 ft.

1. E. Roxburghiana, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 487 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 180: Talbot
Bomb. List 30 : Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 214. E. triphylla, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xli. Facjara
triphylla, lioxb. Fl. Ind. i. 416. Vera. Nebede, lunu-ankenda, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark yellowish-grey, rough, ^ in. thick with deep
indentations. Wood white, close and even-grained, moderately hard.
Pores small, surrounded by whitish tissue and arranged in zigzag
irregularly concentric lines. Medulla ry rays fine, irregular.

Khasia Hills at 4000 ft. ; hills of Western and Southern India, common in the
Kanara, Coorg, Wynaad and Nilgiri Forests, up to 7000 ft. ; tropical forests of
Tenasserim and the Andamans ; Ceylon, in the moist country, 2-6000 ft.

Growth slow, about 9 rings per inch of radius.

lb*.

W 3911, 3926. Cairn Hill Forest, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . 36

W 4080. Nilgiris (Gamble) ■

No. 60, Ceylon Collection, old; No. 101, new (Mendis), very doubtful . 51

2. E. triphylla, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 488 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 180.

A slender shrub. Wood pale red, soft. Pores moderate-sized,
oval, elongated and subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, closely
packed.

Hill Forests of Martaban and Tenasserim, 3-5000 ft., Andamans.

B 1979. Andamans (Kurz, 1866).

3. E. fraxinifolia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. t90; Gamble Daij. List 13. Vera.
Kanukpa, Nep. ; E<tnii, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark smooth, light grey, ,',, in. thick. Wood
white, soft. Pores small, often subdivided, numerous near the inner
edge of each annual ring, elsewhere scanty. Medullary rays short,
moderately broad.

Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim, at 4-7000 ft. ; Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft.
A common tree in the Darjeeling Hills. It comes up in second-growth forests,
and the leaves, flowers and fruit, when bruised, have a disagreeable aromatic smell.
Growth fast, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius. The wood is used only for posts of huts.

lbs.

E 3101. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) - 1

E 3641. The Park, Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble) —

4. E. melisefolia, Benth.; PL Br. Ind. i. 490. Vern. Maiphah, mipak, Ass.

A large tree. Bark greyish-brown, even. Wood yellowish-white
when fresh cut, afterwards turning red-brown. Pores moderate-sized
to large, often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, ->hort,

RUTACELffi 121

tapering gradually at the ends. (Wood more like that of Meliace.e
than of RutacEyE.)

Assam, especially Sibsagar District.

This is a tree well known to planters in Assam as making excellent shingles, as it

can be so easily split, and one tree can often give as many as 1500 to 2000 of size

18" x 6" x 1". S. E. Peal says that to prepare the shingles, the sapwood should be

nearly all removed and the log be then crosscut into drums 18 in. long, which can

then be split by a shingle knife at a cost of about Es.6 per thousand. He further says

that the tree is curiously liable to split right up with a loud report if not carefully

felled. The Assamese use the wood in looms, as it is strong and light. It is little or

not eaten by white ants. Cuts in the bark cause the exudation of amber-coloured

beads. The growth is fairly fast, about 7 rings per inch. Altogether, the tree is

evidently, though little known, an interesting and useful one, and Mr. Peal deserves

thanks for his careful study of it and its uses (see Ind. Tea Gaz., also " Ind. For." vols.

x. xi.).

lbs.

E 3341. Sibsagar Dist., Assam (Peal) 27

2. MELICOPE, Forst.

Two species. M. Helferl, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 492, is a dioecious shrub of
the Andaman Islands.

1. M. indiea, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 492 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xl.
A large shrub. Bark blackish-grey, rough, corky, with slender
short horizontal lines. Wood white, hard, close-grained, with
numerous white, irregularly-spaced, fine concentric lines. Pores
small, usually single or in pairs, often joined by very short white
concentric lines. Medullary ray* white, fine, numerous, wavy,
regularly distributed.

Nilgiri Hills, woods near Avalanche, 7-8000 ft.
W 4261. Near Avalanche, Kundahs, Xilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

3. ZANTHOXYLUM, Linn.

About eleven species. Z. tomentellum, Hook. f. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 493, is a small tree
of the Eastern Himalaya at about 5000 ft. Z. khasianum, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 494,
is "a small very fragrant climbing straggling bush"' of the Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft.
Z. andamcmicum, Kurz For. Fl. i. 181, is a straggling shrub of the Andaman Islands.

Wood light, soft, white or yellowish-white. Pores small, rather
scanty. Medullar;/ rays fine, numerous, evenly distributed.

1. Z. ovalifolium, Wight: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 492: Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlii. : Gamble
Darj. List 13 ; Talbot Bomb. List :!0.

A shrub. Bark thin, grey-brown, with white vertical streaks.
Wood light yellowish-white, very hard, close-grained. Pores very
small, rather scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very
numerous. Numerous sharp, white, concentric lines, as in Mu/rraya
exotica, which it much resembles in structure.

Eastern Himalaya: Khasia Hills, Assam and Upper Burma: Western Ghats.

E 3353. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1500 ft. (Gamble) .... ~>4

2. Z. alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 7r„s: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 493; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlii.;
Brandis For. PL 47; Gamble Darj. List 1!. Vera. Timbur, timur, tezmal, dtirmiir,

122 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Hind.; TezbaJ, tejmal, Garhwal ; Timber, timra. temru, Jaunsar : Baluy timur, Xep. ;
Gaira, Mougbyr ; Sungru, Lepcha.

A shrub or small tree. Bark corky, young stems with thick
conical prickles from a corky base. Wood close-grained, yellow.
Pores small, often in radial lines, not uniformly distributed; belts
with numerous pores often alternating with belts with scanty pores.
Medullary rays fine, short, very numerous.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7000 ft. : Khasia Hills.

The wood is used for walking-sticks, the branches for making tooth-brushes. The
fruit is a remedy for toothache, and is also used to purify water and as a condiment.
The whole plant has a strong unpleasant aromatic smell.

lbs

H 107. Bbajji, Simla, 4000 ft 46

E 232W. Tukdab, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . .34

3. Z. aeanthopodium, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 493 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 1S1 ; Gamble
Darj. List. 14. Yern. Bogay timur, Xep. ; Timbiir, tembar, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark \ in. thick, greyish-brown, shining, studded
with the large conical corl^y bases of the prickles, which fall off as
the tree grows. Wood yellowish-white, soft. Pores small, often in
short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Outer Himala3^a from Kumaon to Sikkim, and the Khasia Hills, up to 7000 ft. :
Upper Burma in the Chin and Kachin Hills.

A common small tree in second -growth forest. Growth fast ; the specimen (a
round) shows 11 rings on a mean radius of 2J- in., or 4*4 rings per inch of radius.

E 3415. The Park, Darjeeling, 6500 ft, (Gamble).

4. Z. oxyphyllum, Edgew. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 194 ; Gamble Darj. List 14. Vein.
Timur, Nep.

A climbing shrub. Bark greyish-brown, covered with large corky
lenticels, and armed with recurved thorns on a conical corky base,
often ^ in. high. Wood yellowish-white, soft, porous. Pores large,
usually many times subdivided radially. MeduUary rays moderately
broad, bent where they pass the pores. Annual rings marked by a
white line.

Himalaya from Garhwal to Bhutan, at 6-8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, 4-6000 ft.

E 3375. Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

5. Z. Hamiltonianum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 494; Kurz For. Fl. i. 181 ; Gamble
14. Yern. Purpuray timur, Xep.

A climbing thorny shrub. Bark dark grey with white lenticels,
armed with short recurved prickles on a thick, nearty cylindrical
corky base, often -\ in. high. Wood yellowish- white, soft. Pores
fine, not numerous. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
numerous, nearly equidistant.

Sikkim, Assam, Upper Burma.

E 3 IK',. The Park, Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

6. Z. tetraspermum, W. and A.; l'l. Br. Lnd.i. 494 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. l_: Trimen

Fl. Ceyl. i. L'l 5.

A climbing thorny shrub. Bark brown, with short recurved
thorns on a thick conical laterally-compressed corky base \ in. high.
Wood yellowish- white, soft. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided,

RUTACE^E 123

joined by faint concentric lines of white tissue. Medullary rays fine,
numerous.

Hills of S. India and Ceylon at 4-6000 ft.

W 3707. Lamb's rock Shola, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

7. Z. Rhetsa, DC ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 495 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xli. ; Talbot Bomb. List
30. Fagara Rhetsa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417. Vera. Tirphal, Usui, cochli, Mar. ; Jum-
mina, KaD. ; Pepuli, Hind.; Rhetsa, Reddi ; Rhetsa man, Tel.; MuliUam, Mai.:
Ratu Tcina, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark cream-coloured, with thick cork in irregular
masses, studded with conical spines about 2 in. long and the same in
base diameter. Wood yellowish-grey, moderately hard, close-grained.
Pores small, rather scanty, single or in radial strings of 2 to 4.
Medullary rays short, white, numerous, the distance between them
about equal to the diameter of the pores. Annual rings distinctly
marked by the darker autumn wood with few pores.

Hills of the Eastern Ghats, especially Rumpa and about the Godavari ; Konkan
and North Kanara in deciduous forest ; Anamalai and other Western Ghat forests and
Travancore.

A fine tree which grows to be 80 to 100 ft. high and 6 to 8 ft. in girth in the

Rumpa Hills. The specific name Rhetsa is the name given by the Reddis or hill men

of Rumpa, which is probably the locality whence Roxburgh (who lived close by, at

Samulkotta) first received it. He explains that Rhetsa = committee, and man a large

tree, and notes that it is under the shade of this tree that the hill men assemble for

" punchayets," or to discuss affairs. The seeds taste like black pepper.

lbs.

C 3952 (young), 3962 (old). Rumpa Hills, Godavari (Gamble) . . 40

8. Z. Budrunga, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 495 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 182. Fagara
Budrunga, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417. Yern. Brojonali, Ass. ; Mayanin, Burm.

A tree with greyish-brown bark; young stems covered with thick
conical prickles from a corky base. Wood moderately hard, close-
grained, white. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in short
radial lines. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma.

A pretty tree. When young the stems are leafless to the top, where the long pinnate
leaves are put out umbrella-fashion. I have never seen it of large size, but Kurz says
that in Burma it grows to 50 or 60 ft. high and 5 to 6 ft. in girth. Seeds aromatic.

E 3324. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble).

4. TODDALIA, Juss.

Contains two species: one the rambling, sarmentose shrub here described; the
other T. bilocularis, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 497: Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xliii. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 21, a handsome tree of the Western Ghats, of Bombay and Madras, always
unarmed and reaching 3 ft. in girth.

1. T. aeuleata, Pers. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 497 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlii. ; Brandis For. Fl.
It; : Kurz For. Fl. i. 183; Gamble Darj. List 14; Talbot Bomb. List 21 ; Trimen Fl.
Ct-yl. i. 215. Scopolia aeuleata, Sm.; Itoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 616. Yern. Kdnj, Hind.:
Dahan, lahan, Rajputana; Meinkara, Nep. ; Saphiji, Lepcha; Milkaranai, kitchUi,

l.nndai, Tarn.; Kondahashinda, Tel.: Tanilupara, han mochu, Criya ; Kudtaniri,
Cingh.: Kyan;.a, Burm.

A large scandent shrub, the branches covered with prickles on
broad corky cones often 1 in. high. Bark brown, thin with promi-
nent lenticels. Wood porous, yellowish-white, soft. Pores moderate-

124 A MANUAL OF INDIAN* TIMBERS

sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary raya very
fine, uniform and equidistant, bent where they touch the pores.

Outer Himalaya from Dehra Dun eastwards ; Khasia Hills ; Western Ghats,
ascending to 7000 ft. ; Ceylon and Burma.

This is more usually a climber, but may often be found as an erect shrub on the
hills of S. India. It merely differs according to soil ; in the damp forests of Dehra
Dun, Sikkim and Nilgiris it is a large climber, but on the dry hills of the Deccan and
Carnatic, or on the dry slopes of the Nilgiris, etc., it is a straggling or erect shrub.
The wood also differs naturally for the same reasons. The hooked thorns are very
strong, and a thicket of it is very difficult to penetrate. The root bark gives a yellow
dye and a bitter and aromatic tonic, used by natives in some parts of the country as
a remedy for fever (Bidie).

lbs.

E 2855. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) —

W 3795, 3857, 4041. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble) . . 40
W 3759. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) —

5. ACRONYCHIA, Pers.

1. A. laurifolia, BL; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 498; Kurz For. Fl. i. 184; Gamble Darj.
List 14 ; Talbot Bomb. List 31 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 210. A. peduaculata, DC ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. xlii. Vern. Paowlay, Nep. ; Lbaj'an, Ass.; Mutta-nari, Mai.; Ankenda,
Cingh.

An evergreen tree. Bark grey, granular. Wood white or greyish-
white, soft to moderately hard, smooth. Pores moderate-sized, some-
times subdivided, scanty, irregularly distributed in more or less
concentrically arranged groups. Medullary rays fine, irregularly
spaced, not numerous.

Evergreen forests, river-banks and ravines : in the sub-Himalayan tract from the
Dehra Dun to Assam ; Eastern Bengal and Burma ; Andaman Islands ; West and
South India and Ceylon : up to 5000 ft.

The wood is but little used. The leaves and bark are used in medicine.

lbs.

0 4838. Dehra Dtin, N.-W. Provinces (U. N. Kanjilal) ... 47
No. 4, Ceylon Collection, new (Mend is).

6. SKIMMIA, Thunb.

1. S. Laureola, Hook, f.: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 199; Brandis For. Fl. 50; Gamble 14.
Vern. Ner, barru, shashri, pdtrang, Pb. : Kastura, hathwchara, Jaunsar; Narpati,
Garhwal; Nurlk, Dotial : Nehar, gurlpata, naycUpati, Kumaon; Churnlani, Nep.;
Timburnyoh, Lepcha.

An extremely aromatic shrub. Bark thin, bluish-grey. Wood
white, soft, with distinct, white, concentric lines which may possibly
be annual rings ; has an aromatic scent when fresh cut. Pores
extremely small, in narrow, irregularly bent tails. MeduUary rays
fine, numerous.

Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan at 5-11,000 ft., Afghanistan.
An undershrub in the oak and fir forests. The leaves are eateu in the Eimalaya
in curries ; their scent is almost exactly that of the musk of the Musk deer (Kasturi).

lbs.

H 284G. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) —

E2330. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. <-

E 3293. Mahalderam, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . —

1 believe that the Darjeeling plant, to which Nos. E 2330, 3293 belong, is a

different species to the North-West Himalayan one. The latter is a low tufted hush

RUTACE.E 125

with close heads of yellow flowers and yellow berries, while the Darjeeling one is
a large shrub with loose panicles of whitish flowers and black berries.

7. GLYCOSMIS, Correa.

Two species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind., one of which is a rare endemic Ceylon
plant: Kurz has added three more, among which the most noticeable is G. arbor ea,
Roxb. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 185, an evergreen tree of the forests of the Andamans.

1. G. pentaphylla, Correa; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 499; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xliii.; Branrlis
For. Fl. 49; Kurz For. Fl. i. 186; Gamble Darj. List 14; Talbot Bomb. List 21 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 217. Lim<nii<i pentaphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 364. Vern. Ban-
nimbu, potla, potali, pilru-potala, girgitii, Hind.; Ash-shoura, Beng. ; Kirmira,
Bombay; Chouldua, Uriya; Laker-konta, Monghyr; Kula-pannai, Tarn.; Gulunga,
Tel.; Tawshauk, Burm.

A shrub or small tree. Bark light greyish-yellow. Wood white,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, sometimes subdivided or arranged
in radial lines. Medullary rays fine, wavy, very numerous. Sharp
concentric white lines, often running into each other, very prominent.

Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, except in very dry regions.

A very variable shrub, of which there are many varieties. It is common in the
undergrowth of forests, or still more so of mango topes, and bamboo groves, and under
hedgerow trees near villages.

E 3284. Chittagong (Gamble).

8. MICROMELUM, Blume.

Two species. M. hirsntum, Oliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 502 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 187, is a
low shrub of the dry forests of Burma.

1. M. pubeseens, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 501 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xliii. ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
186; Gamble Darj. List 15 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 218. Vern. Lasman », Nep. ; Kam-
hrong, Lepcha; Kakaipalai, Tarn.; Wal-karapincha, Cingh. ; Tanyinbo, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, white. Wood yellowish-
white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty, often subdivided.
Medullary rays fine, sharply marked. Sharp white concentric lines,
often running into each other, prominent.

Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Assam, Khasia Hills and Chittagong ; N. Circars ;
Western Coast ; Burma, Ceylon and the Andamans.

E 3355. Tista Valley, Darjeeling (Gamble).

0. MURRAYA, Linn.

Four species. One is a shrub of Upper Burma, little known, M. elongata, DC ;
another, M. Gleniei, Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 220, t. 22, is a Ceylon species, rather rare.

Wood hard, yellowish- or greyish-white. Pores small. Medullary
rays fine. The woods of the two species differ considerably.

1. M. exotica, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 502: Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 374; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xliv.; Brandis For. Fl. 48; Kurz For. Fl. i. 190; Gamble Darj. List 15; Talb. Bomb.
List 31; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 219. Vera. Marchula, jteti, atal, Hind.: Marchi,
Kumaon; Jul imer solo, Garhwal ; liilyar, Delira Dim ; Kamini, Beng. ; Nagagolunga,
Tel. ; Kunti, Bombay ; Baket-bcrar, Gondi ; Simali, Nep. ; Shitztm, Lepcha ; Thanatka,
Burm. ; Machalla, And. ; Etteriya, Cingh.

A shrub or small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood light yellow,

126 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

like boxwood, close-grained, very hard, apt to crack. Fovea very
small, sometimes in short radial lines of 2 or 3. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous. Sharp, white, concentric lines, which
frequently run into each other, unevenly spaced, roughly about 40 to
50 per inch.

Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam, ascending to 4500 ft. ; Behar ; South
and "West India; Burma and the Andaman Islands. Usually in underwood in ravines
in the forest.

The wood resembles boxwood, and has been tried for wood-engraving, for which it
seems suitable if well seasoned ; it is also used for the handles of tools, for cabinets
arid walking-sticks. It is often planted for ornament, and is sometimes called " satin-
wood" at Port Blair, where it apparently grows to a considerable size, giving squares of
10 ft. long and 4 in. siding (Heinig).

Weight: 62 lbs. per cubic foot is the average of the specimens: Wallich gives
61 lbs.

lbs.

C 3495. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum (Gamble) —

C 3949. Rumpa Forests, Godavari, 3000 ft. (Gamble) . —

B3195. Andaman Islands (Home, 1874, No. 24) 63

B 519. „ „ (Gen. Barwell) . . ... . .62

No. 26, Ceylon Collection, old : No. 32, new (Mendis) . . . .61

2. M. Konigii, Spr. ; Fl. Br. lnd. i. 503 : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xliv. : Brandis For. Fl.
48; Kurz For. Fl. i. 190; Gamble Darj. List 14: Talbot Bomb. List 31: Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 220. Bergera Konigii, Linn. : Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 375. Vera. Gandla, gandi,
howala, Pb. : Harri, katnim, Hind.: Gonti, Kumaon ; Gondeht, gam', Garhwal ;
Barsanga, Beng. ; Chanaitgi, Hyderabad : Gant, Banda ; Humivah, Mechi ; Karsepak,
karepak, kari-vepa, Tel.; Kamwepila, karivempu, Tarn.; Kari-bevu, Kan.; Kurn-
pincha, Cingh. ; Kyaung thwe, Burm.

A small tree. Bark grey with shallow netted fissures. Wood
greyish-white, hard. Pores small, sometimes subdivided or arranged
in patches of light tissue in a somewhat zigzag concentric pattern.
Pores in some lines (? annual rings) almost continuous. Medullar;/
rays fine, very numerous. Concentric white lines less strongly marked
than in M. exotica.

Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Assam; Bengal, South and "West India and
Burma.

The wood is durable, and is used for agricultural implements. The leaves are
used to flavour curries.

lbs.

O 32H5. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Duthie) 43

D 3798. Ballipalle Forests, Cuddapah (Gamble) —

10. CLAUSENA, Burm.

Nine species. C. pentaphylla, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 503 ; Brandis For. Fi. 49
(A/nyris pentaphylla, Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 247); Tern. Battanjote, surjmukJia, teyrur,
Hind., is a pretty, deciduous, aromatic shrub of the forests of the North-Western
Provinces, in Kumaon and Oudh. C. indica, Oliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 505 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. xlv. ; Talbot Bomb. List 32; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 221. Verb. Karivappilei,
Tam. ; Gorakotta, Trav. Hills, is a small tree of the forests of the "Western Coast and
Ceylon, whose leaves are aromatic and eaten in curries.

1. C. exeavata, Burm. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 504 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 188 ; Gamble Darj.
List 15.

A shrub or small tree. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown. ~\Yoo<i
white, soft. Pores small, scanty, often in pairs or short radial lines.

RUTACEJS 127

Medullary rays fine, numerous. White concentric lines often inter-
rupted, but very closely packed radially.

Eastern sub-Himalayan tract, Eastern Bengal and Burma.
E 3354. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble).

2. C Willdenovii, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 506 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. xliv. ; Gamble
Darj. List 15; Talbot Bomb. List 32; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 222. Vern. Madanay, Nep.;
Terhilnyok, sidemnyok, Lepclia ; Mot Jeurangi, Kader ; Weda-pana, Cingb.

A small tree. Wood white, hard, close-grained, resembling box-
wood. Pores small, scanty, in patches or more or less concentric
lines of light tissue. Medullary rays fine, white, not very numerous,
short. Annual rings marked by a light band made up of several of
the concentric lines referred to.

Sikkim Himalaya up to 2000 ft.; Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards
ascending to 3000 ft. ; drier parts of Ceylon.

The leaves are aromatic with a scent of aniseed. Beddome says the fruit is
" very delicious, as large as a large cherry, as succulent as a grape, and somewhat of
' the flavour of the black currant." It is strange that such a wonderful fruit should
not be in regular cultivation, while the " Wampi," which is just a sub-acid very
small cross between an orange and a lime, should be common in orchards.

ib>.
W 4719. Travancore (Bourdillon) 61

3. C. Wampi, Blanco; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 505; Kurz For. Fl. i. 189. Cookia
punctata, Sonn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.ii. 382. Vern. Wampi — whung-pi, Chinese; Ampeach,
Dehra Dun.

A small tree. Bark grey, thin. Wood white, hard, close-grained.
Pores small, numerous, fairly evenly distributed between the fine,
white, numerous, medullary ray-*. Distant concentric white lines
which look like annual rings, but probably are not, as they are not
continuous.

A cultivated fruit tree : introduced from China.

A pleasant sub-acid fruit, like a very small lime, with large seeds and a flavour of
orange. Would be excellent for preserves, but is apparently not very well known.

lbs.
O 4745. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun, N.-W. P. (Babu Birbal) . 57

11. TEIPHASIA, Lour. T. trifoliata, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 507 ; Kurz For. Fl. L
192 ; Talbot Bomb. List 32, is a small thorny shrub, found in gardens throughout
India, and as an escape. It is a native of China. The fruit is eaten and is made into
I reserves and pickles in China. Prain records it even from Car Nicobar.

12. LIMONIA, Linn.

Three species. L. alternans, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 508 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 192, is a
slender unarmed shrub of the upper mixed and occasionally of the moist forests of the
Pegu Yoma, usually gregarious.

Wood hard, light yellow, close-grained. Pores very small. Mi -
didlary rays very fine and numerous. Prominent concentric white
lines.

1. L. aeidissima, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 507; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlv. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 47 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 192 ; Talbot Bomb. List 32. L. creniilata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
381; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. '-'l'.;. Vern. Ikli, Hind.; Tor-daga, Tel.; Kawat, Mar.;
Bharassi, Jeypore ; Ktiri, harit Merwara ; liehian, Palamow ; BJienta, Uriya ; Xaibela,
Kan.; Thihaza, thanatka, Burin.

128 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A tree or small tree, thorny. Bark thin, light brown, corky,
slightly cleft vertically. Wood very hard, like boxwood, yellowish-
white, often darker, sometimes even dark olive-grey in the centre.
Pores small, surrounded by pale tissue, solitary or arranged in
oblique strings. Medullar;/ rays very fine, numerous, uniform and
equidistant. Numerous concentric rings marked by white lines as
in Murraya exotica, though not so markedly anastomozing.

Outer North-West Himalaya up to 4000 ft. ; Monghyr, Sonthal, and other forests
in Behar ; drier forests in Assam ; Upper Burma forests down to Prome ; Central
Provinces, Chota Nagpore, Orissa, Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, common in dry
deciduous forests. Scarce in Ceylou.

Trimen has explained that the proper name of this tree should he Hesptrethvsti
crenulata, Rom., hut as this is not a critical botanical work, I prefer to adhere to the
old name. The tree is an interesting one ; the wood is a very likely substitute for
boxwood, and as such was sent to the Edinburgh Forestry Exhibition in 1884, but no
report was received. Brandis says it is used for the axles of oil-pressers and for rice-
pounders, and is a good fuel ; also that the fruit is used in native medicine, and as an
antidote to venomous poisons. Growth variable, 3 to 10 rings per inch.

lbs.

C 3530, 3570. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 61

C 3645. Palamow Forests (Gamble) —

C 3822. Surada Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 63

C 3846. Kurcholy Forest, Gumsur „ 59

O 4565. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Gollan) 61

2. L. alata, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 508; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlv. ; Trimen IT.
Ceyl. i. 223. Vera. Tu ntpat-kurundu, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark J to -j in., brown, nearly smooth. Wood
yellow, hard, close- and even-grained. JJore« very small, more scanty
than in L. acidissima. Medullary rays very fine, clear, numerous
and equidistant. Concentric lines sharp, white, narrower than in
L. acidissima,. The wood is almost exactly that of Murraya exotica.

South India and Ceylon, chiefly in dry country like the Deccan and Carnatic.

lb?.
D 4161. Dornal Forests, Kurnool (Gamble) 64

13. LUVUNGA, Hamilt. Two climbing shrubs. L. scandevs, Ham. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 509 (Limonia scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 380), is a large thorny scandent shrub
of Eastern Bengal ; and L. eleutherandra, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 50M ; Talbot Bomb. List
32; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 224, is a large thorny climber of the Western Ghats and
Ceylon.

14. PARAMIGNYA, Wight.

Five shrubs or climbers of Eastern Bengal or Burma, mostly of but little con-
sequence. P. longispina, Hook. f. is, according to Heinig in Sundarbaus Working
Plan, a thorny undershrub; Vern. Ban-nebu, Beng.

1. P. monophylla, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 510; Kurz. For. Fl. i. 193; Gamble
Darj. List 15; Talbot Bomb. List 33; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 224. Yern. Natkanta,
Nap.; Jhitnol; Lepcha ; Kurwa wagutti, Mar.; Banyeed, Bombay; WeUangiriya,

Cingh.

A stout, climbing, evergreen shrub. Bark white, corky, vertically
cleft. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores very small to mode-
rate-sized. Medullar!/ ''",</* very fine, extremely numerous. Promi-
nent, sharp, white, concentric lines at unequal distances and often
joining each other.

RUTACKE 129

N.-E. Himalaya at 2-5000 ft.; Khasia Hills; Burma; W. and S. India and
Ceylon.

E 3295. Babookhola, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

15. ATALANTIA, Correa.

Contains six small trees of South India, Ceylon and Burma. A. racemosa, W. and
A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 512 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlvi. ; Talbot Bomb. List 33 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 226 ; Vern. Katta naragam, Tam., is a small tree of South India and Ceylon ;
A. cavdata, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 513, a shrub of the Khasia Hills ; and A. macro-
phylla, Kurz For. Fl. i. 195, an evergreen tree of the coast forests of the Andamans.
A. zeylanica, Oliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 512 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlvi. ; Talbot Bomb. List 33 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 227; Vern. Peykuruatu, Tam.; Yakinaran, Cingh., is a small
tree or branching bush of the Western Ghats of S. India and the low country of
Ceylon.

1. A. monophylla, Correa ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 511 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlvi. ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 195 ; Talbot Bomb. List 33 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 226. Vern. Arawi nvm, Tel. ;
Katyala, Tam.; Pan UmJbu, makur limbo,, Mar. ; Na/rguni, kata narunga, Uriya ;
Motameri, Palkonda ; Perunkuruntu, Tam.

A small tree. Wood yellow, very hard and close-grained. Pores
very small ; single or in pairs in radial lines. Medullary rays very
fine, numerous ; the distance between the rays greater than the trans-
verse diameter of the pores. Numerous white concentric lines at vary-
ing distances. The wood much resembles that of Marraya exotica.

Sylhet in Eastern Bengal; dry evergreen forests of the Deccan and Carnatic in
Southern India ; dry region of Ceylon ; Upper Burma.

The wood is recommended by Kurz as a substitute for boxwood, and for cabinet
work and turning, a recommendation which I fully endorse. A considerable number
of the small trees of this Order which occur mostly in the dry evergreen forests of
the Deccan and Carnatic have woods suitable for engraving purposes, especially
Murraya, Limonia and Atalantia. They have never nad the trial they deserve.
When sending specimens to the Edinburgh Forestry Exhibition in 1884, a set of 16
species, including A. monophylla, was sent from the Madras Forests, and it was asked
that they might be reported on, but no notice was taken of the request (see Exh. Cat.
N.C. Madras, p. 7).

lbs.

C 3515. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

C 3888. Gumsur Forests, Ganjam „ 56

No. 10, Salem Collection 65

2. A. missionis, Oliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 513 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlvi. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 33 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 227. Vern. Kur until, Tam. ; Pamburu, Cingh.

A small tree. Wood yellowish-white, moderately hard, close-
grained. Annual rings marked by a white line and a belt of more
numerous pores. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
fine, wavy, very numerous, uniform, not equidistant.

South India and Ceylon, in dry evergreen forest.

The wood is used for furniture and cabinet work ; it is sometimes variegated
(Mend is).

lbs.
No. 66, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 108, new (Mendis) . . . .48

10. CITRUS, Linn.

I do not propose here to go into the difficult question of the forms of the different
cultivated or semi-wild species of Citrus. Those who are interested in the subject
can consult the excellent account of the genus given in Brandis " Forest Flora," the

K

130 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

arrangement of which has been followed by Hooker in the " Fl. Br. Iud." The
question has been much studied by Dr. Bonavia, and a very full account of the various
opinions and the information up to date is recorded in Dr. "Watt's Dictionary, vol. ii.
I propose to consider the woods under the three species as described in the " Fl. Br. Ind."
C. medica, Linn., the Citron, Lemon, Sour Lime and Sweet Lime; G. Aurantium, Linn.,
the Orange, and C. decumana, Linn., the Pumelo or Shaddock. Besides these, C.
Hystrix, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 515 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 196 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 228 ; Vern.
Shankput, Burm., is a shrub of the Khasia hills, found in woods at the Living
Bridge, Moflong and My rung at 2-5000 ft.; in the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim in
Burma ; and (probably this species) wild or semi-wild in the east of Ceylon.
C. japonica, Thunb. is the " Kumquat," well known from Chinese preserves, but not
usually cultivated in India.

1. C. medica, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 514 ; Brandis For. Fl. 51 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 197 ; Gamble Darj. List 15 ; Talbot Bomb. List 33. Vern. Shankthakwa, Burm.

Var. 1. medica proper. The Citron. Vern. Bejaura, Hind.; Begpura, Beng. ;

Karanphal, Kumaon.
Var. 2. Limonum. The Lemon. Vern. Bara nimbit, Hind. ; Korna ncbu, Beng.
Var. 3. acida. The Sour Lime. Vern. Lebu, nebtt, limbu, nimbu, Hind., Beng.
Var. 4. Limetta. The Sweet Lime. Vern. Mithanebu, Hind.; Amritphal, Kumaon.

A shrub. Bark yellowish- white, thin. Wood light yellow, mode-
rately hard. Pores small, subdivided or in small radial groups of
1 to 3, occasionally joined by faint tangential lines. Medullary rays
fine, numerous. Concentric white lines distant.

Wild in places throughout India : valley of Dehra Dun and Lower Himalaya east
to Sikkim ; hills of the C.P. near Pachmarhi ; "Western Ghats ; Sitakund hill near
Chittagong ; Khasia Hills. Cultivated everywhere.

lbs.

0 4812. Nakraunda Swamp, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . .52
E 3348. Darjeeling Hills (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11 (C. medica, L. and C. Limonium, Biss.).
Hough's "American Woods," vol. v. No. 104 (C. Limonium).

2. C. Aurantium, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 515 ; Brandis For. Fl. 53, 572 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 197; Gamble Darj. List 15 ; Talbot Bomb. List 34. The Orange. Vern. Narangi,
naringi, santara, kumla nebu, Hind.; Jairum, Kumaon ; Janmera, Jamera, Garhwal ;
Suntala, Nep. ; Silum, Lepcha ; Narangi, Mar. ; Kitchli, Tarn. ; Kittali, Tel. ; Shaungr
pang, Magh. ; Leinmaw, Burm.

A small tree. Bark thin, greenish-grey. llroo^ yellowish-white,
moderately hard, close and even-grained. Pores small, scanty, joined,
as in G. medica, by white tangential lines, only here they are more
conspicuous; they occasionally join, forming concentric circles. Me-
dullary rays fine, very numerous, equidistant.

Wild, or apparently so, in valleys in Garhwal, Kumaon, Sikkim and the Khasia
Hills, up to about 4000 ft. ; also E. slopes of Nilgiris. Cultivated everywhere.
Skinner, No. 48, gives W = 49 lbs., P = 767.

E 3371. Kajabhatkhawa, W. Drlars (Gamble).

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 ; also vol. 11 (C. vuhjaris, Biss. and C. nobilisr

Lour.).
Hough's " American Woods," vol. v. No. 103.

3. C. decumana, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 516; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 393; Brandis
For. Fl. 55; Gamble Darj. List 15; Talbol Bomb, last 34. The Pumelo or Shaddock.
Vern. Batavi nimbu, maha nimbu, chakdtra, Hind. ; Kaljemi, Nep.; Bumbo, Lepcha;
■Shouktono, Burm.

A small tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown or greenish. Wood
white or yellowish-white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, arranged

RUTACE.E 131

in wavy tangential white patches more prominently than in either of
the other two species. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Cultivated throughout India, having been originally introduced from Java.

lbs.

O 4510. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Babu Birbal) . . .45

17. FERONIA, Correa.

1. F. Elephantum, Correa; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 516 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 411 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 121 ; Brandis For. Fl. 56 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 198 ; Gamble Darj. List 15 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 34; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 228. The Wood-apple. Vern. Bilin, ha.it,
kat-bel, Hind.; Kath-bel, Beng. ; Kabit, Melghat ; Koito, Uriya ; Caivtha, Bombay;
Vallanga, vela, kavit, Tel. ; Velaga, elaha, yellanga, vellam, vila, vilatti, Tarn. ; Bihvar,
Kan.; Kawat, Mar. ; Diivul, Cingh. ; Thibin, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark dark grey or nearly black. Wood
yellowish- or greyish-white, hard. Pores small or moderate-sized,
ringed, subdivided or in small patches, often filled with resin.
Medullary rays short, white, prominent, moderately broad. Annual
rings marked by a white line and the fewer pores of the autumn
wood.

Dry open forests from the Ravi eastwards and southwards through Central India
and the Deccan ; Guzerat, the Konkan and Kanara ; Prome District in Burma; dry
region of Ceylon, where common.

Wood used, according to Brandis, for housebuilding, naves of wheels, oil-crushers
and agricultural implements. Skioner, No. 74, gives W = 50 lbs., P = 645 ; Cunning-
ham gives W = 49 lbs., P = 623 ; O'Connell (1886, Madras) gives W = 54, a = 0-00895.
It gives a gum similar to gum arabic. The pulp of the fruit is acid, and is made into
jelly ; the large grey fruit mav be seen for sale in most Indian bazaars.

lbs.

E 2487. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) . —

D 4030. Madras 45 (not a good specimen)

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

18. AEGLE, Correa.

1. A. Marmelos, Correa ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 516 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 579 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 161 ; Brandis For. Fl. 57 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 198 ; Gamble Darj. List 15 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 34. The Bael tree. Vern. Bel, Hind. ; Beta, Beng. ; Mahaka, Gondi ;
Beta, Kurku; Vilva, viham, Tam. ; Maredu, patir, marat, Tel.; Bilapatri, Kan.;
Baelo, Uriya; Belana, Khond ; Marudu, Palkonda ; Maika, Gondi; Lohagasi, K61 ;
Singjo, Sonthal ; Kuvalam, Mai. ; Okshit, Burm.

A small tree with thorny branches. Bark ^ in. thick, outer
substance soft, grey, exfoliating in irregular flakes. Wood yellowish-
white or greyish-white, hard, with a strong aromatic scent when
fresh cut; no heartwood. Pores small, ringed, in small groups of 2 or
3 together, sometimes, but not always, more numerous in the autumn
wood. Med/uUcvry rays wavy, fine, short, white, numerous, uniform
and equidistant. Annual rings marked by distinct lines, and often
by a continuous belt of pores.

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Jhelum eastwards ; Central and South India, scarce
in Western India ; Burma. Always in the dry forests. Often cultivated.

Weight 40 to 50 (Brandis) ; Wallich gives 49 lbs. ; specimens examined average
56 lbs. An analysis of the ash showed that out of 2'65 lbs. of ash in 100 lbs. of steam-
dry wood 2-16 lbs. consisted of calcium carbonate.

The tree is not often cut, as it is chiefly valued for its fruit, the pulp of which is
used medicinally in diarrhoea and dysentery, as a sherbet and as a conserve, keeping

132 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

•well when dry. The wood is used in construction, for the pestles of oil and sugar-
mills, naves and other parts of carts, and for agricultural implements (Brandis).

The young leaves and shoots are eaten by the caterpillar of the butterfly, PapiJio
erithoniits, Cramer. The leaves are used in Sivaite religious ceremonies, and the wood
is used for sacrificial fires (U. N. Kanjilal).

lbs.

P 441. Ajmere —

O 248, 268. Garhwal (1868) 57 and 60

C 1176. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .52

C 2785. Melgbat, Berar (Brandis) 62

C 3790. Surada Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 51

E 2486. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) —

E 638. Goalpara, Assam (Mann) 53

B 564. Prome, Burma (Ribbentrop) 60

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. II. 5).

Order XXVI. SIMARUBEJE.

A small Order, containing eight Indian genera, trees or shrubs, almost always with

bitter bark, and often with bitter wood. Quassia wood is the produce of Quassia

amara, L. and Picrcena excelsa, Ldl., trees of the West Indies. The Lignum-vitaj wood

is "iven by Guaiacum officianale, L., occasionally cultivated, as in Calcutta and Madras.

°The genera belong to two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Simarubeae . . . Ailanthus, Samadera, Picrasma, Brucea,

Eurycoma, Suriana.
„ II. Picramnieas . . . Harrisonia, Balanites.

Wood white or yellow, soft. Pores moderate-sized. Medullary
rays moderately broad to broad. That of Balanites is anomalous.

1. AILANTHUS, Desf.

Besides the two species described, a third, A. grandis, Prain in Ind. For. xxviii.
131; Vern. Gogul, Nep., has just been discovered in Assam and the Darjeeling Hills.
It is a very large tree, 120 ft. in height. A. glandulosa, Desf., is a lofty tree, indi-
genous in Japan, but occasionally planted both in Europe and in Northern India.
It wrows rapidly, throwing up abundant root-suckers, and has for that reason been
employed in plantations made to clothe barren stony bills in the south of France.
It is also often employed as an avenue tree, and is cultivated in gardens.

Wood white, soft. Annual rings marked by rows of large pores.
Pores in the spring wood large ; in the rest, small or moderate-sized,
scanty. Medullary rays few, moderately broad.

1. A. excelsa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; PI. Br. Ind. i. 518: Bedd. PI. Sylv. xlix. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 58 ; Talbot Bomb. List 35. Vern. Araa, Meywar ; Maha nikh, Hmd.,
Mar.; Mdrup, maruJch, Berar; Peru, pee. Tarn.: Pedu, pey, pedda, pedda manu,
Tel.; Gormi-kawat, mahanim, Uriya; Ghor-karam, Palamow; Peddamandu, Pal-
konda.

A large tree. Bark light greyish-brown, fibrous or granular,
rough. Wood white, soft. Pores large, scanty, subdivided, ringed.
Medidlanj rays broad, numerous, close, the distance between them
less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

From the Ganges southwards, Chota Na^pore, C.P., N. Circars, Khandesh, Guze-
rat, Deccan and Carnatic. Often planted, and very easy of cultivation.

'The liuht wood is used for fishing-floats, catamarans (rough raft-like boats used on
the Coromandel coast), sword-handles, spear-sheaths. Weight about 25 lbs. per cubic
foot. The bark is used as a febrifuge and tonic.

SIMARUBE^E 133

lbs.

C 2784. Melghat, Berar (Braudis)

C 3449. Betlah Forest, Palamow (Gamble)

C 3941. Ganjam Forests (Gamble)

C 4464. Chanda, C.P. (Lowrie) .

No. 4, Salem Collection ....

23

2. A. malabariea, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 518; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t, 122; Braudis
For. Fl. 58; Kurz For. Fl. i. 200; Talbot Bomb. List 35; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 230.
Vera. Peru, Tarn., Tel. ; Bhup, baga-dhup, gogul-dhup, Kan. ; Matti pal, Anamalais ;
Thuma, Trav. Hills; Kambalu, walbiling, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, rough. Wood white, very
soft and spongy. Pores large, scanty, subdivided. Medullary rays
short, moderately broad, the distance between the rays being greater
than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Forests of the Western Ghats up to 5000 ft. ; Burma, rare in Pegu. Often planted
in South India for ornament.

A fine ornamental tree. The wood is not used. The tree gives a gum resin which

is used medicinally, especially in dysentery. For Mr. Broughton's report on an analysis

of it, see Beddome, t. 122.

lbs.

W 746. South Kanara (Cherry) 23

2. SAMADERA, Gaertn.

1. S. indiea, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 519 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xlix. ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 200; Talbot Bomb. List 35; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 231 ; Vera. Samadara, Cingh.;
Karingotta, Mai. ; Kathe, Burrn.

A small tree. Bark pale, transversely cracked. Wood light yellow,
soft, no heart wood. Pores small, very scanty. Medullary rays very
fine, uniform, closely packed.

South India and Ceylon ; usually on the coast in salt or brackish water-channels.

An interesting tree, whose bark is used as a febrifuge. The wood also is bitter,
like Quassia. On the Travancore-Cochin coast it is much used for making clogs. The
seeds give an oil, used for lighting.

lbs.

AV 3907. Cochin (Gamble) 27

No. 76, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 122, new (Mendis) . . . .26

3. PICRASMA, Bl.

Three species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind., and Kurz adds another, which,
however, though he gives no synonyms, must include one of those of the Fl. Br. Ind.
King, however, has set matters right in his " Materials for a Flora of the Mai. Penins."
(Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxii. ii. 228), where he explains that P. nejxilensis, Benn. aud
P. andamanica, Kurz are both referable to P. javanica, Bl.

1. P. quassioides, Benn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 520; Brandis For. Fl. 59. Vera. Tuthai,
fil/iii; haht, Pb.; Charangi, Hind. ; Karui, Jaunsar. •

A small tree. Bark light brown, rather smooth, shining, thin.
Wood bright yellow, moderately hard, sapwood white. Annual rings
well marked by a line of pores in the autumn wood. Pores moderate-
sized, unevenly scattered except on the line of the annual rings.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, short, distant, forming on a
radial section a pretty silver-grain.

Forests of the higher hills of the West Himalaya from the Chenab to Nopal, in
ravines under forest of deodar, oak, firs, etc., at 6-8000 ft.

134 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The bark and wood are bitter, and are used in native medicine as a tonic ; the
growth is slow, 16 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
H. 4413. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal, 7500 ft. (Gamble) .... 32

" 2. P. javaniea, Bl.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 520; Kurz For. PI. i. 201. P. nepalensis,
Benn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 520 ; Gamble Darj. List 15. P. andamanica, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 520. Vern. Tungchir, Lepcha ; Thityu, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood white or yellowish-white, soft. Pores
small, uniformly distributed, joined by fine concentric lines. Medul-
lary rays short, fine.

East Himalaya at about 5000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; forests of Martaban and Tenas-
serim ; Andaman Islands.

lbs.
B 1977. Andamans (Kurz, 1S66) 27

4. BKUCEA, Mill. Two bitter shrubs. B. sumatrana, Koxb. Fl. Ind. i. 449;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 521 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 202, is a large evergreen shrub of Assam, Tenas-
serim and the Andaman Islands. B. mollis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 521 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
202 ; Gamble Darj. List 15, is a shrub of the North-East Himalaya and Sylhet,
ascending to 6000 ft. ; also of the Kachiu Hills, the Karen Hills and the mountains of
Tenasserim in Burma.

5. EURYCOMA, Jack.

1. E, longifolia, Jack ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 521 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 202.

A small tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown, peeling off in small flakes
and with very narrow fine horizontal markings. Wood greyish -
white, soft to moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, resi-
nous. Medulla/ry rays fine, distinct, numerous, stopping at the pores.

Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.

The bark is bitter, and is used in the Malay Archipelago as a febrifuge.

Straits Settlements : Col. and Ind. Exhibition, 1886 — Kew Museum.
„ — Kew Museum (ltidley).

6. STJEIANA, Linn. S. <mariMma, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 522 ; Trimen Fl. ( Vyl. i.
232, is a sea-coast shrub with thick velvety branches and yellow flowers. It is appa-
rently scarce, as Kurz does not mention it, and Trimen says it has only been found
in Ceylon at Jaffna and Trincomalee. It is found in the Laccadive Islands.

7. HARRISONIA, Brown.

1. H. Bennettii, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 519 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 203. Vera. Tabu,
Burm.

A small thorny, deciduous tree, the stem armed with small spines
on large corky excrescences, as in Toddalia and Pterolobiwm. Bark
thin, greyish-white, with many small circular or oblong lenticels when
young; when older brown with rounded bosses. Wood moderately
hard, sapwood white, heartwood brown streaked with black. Annual
rings marked by a pale line. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided
into two or three, evenly distributed, numerous. Medullary rays
fine, regular. Pith large.

Dry forests of Upper Burma, the Tronic District and Martaban.

SIMARUBE/E 135

lbs.
B 4855. Yabe Eeserve, Magwe, Burma (S. E. Jenkins) .... —

B 4874. Myittha, Burma 58

B 5000. Minbu, Burma (Calthrop) 56

8. BALANITES, Delile.

1. B. Roxburghii, Planch.; FL Br. Iud. i. 522; Brandis For. Fl. 59; Kurz For.
PI. i. 204. B. cegyptiaca, Delile; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 1. Ximenia cegyjotiaca, Eoxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 253. Vera. Eingu, ingua, hingol, hingota, Hind. ; Oarrah, Gondi ; Gari,
ringri, Tel. ; Nanjunda, Tarn. ; Hingan, hingu, Mar.

A small tree. Bark grey, \ in. thick. Wood yellowish- white,
moderately hard, no heartwood, no annual rings. Pores small or
moderate-sized, scanty, distributed in irregular bands and groups.*
Medullary rays short, moderately broad; on a radial section _ visible
as narrow plates, the pores being also well marked as wavy lines on
that section.

Drier parts of India and Burma.

This tree is characteristic of black cotton soils, but is found on other dry soils also.
It is readily recognized by its ashy-green foliage. The wood is used for walking-sticks
and for fuel. From the seed a fixed oil is expressed. The seeds, bark and leaves are
used in native medicine, and the kernel of the fruit, filled with gunpowder, in fire-
works. The pulp of the fruit is used to clean silk in Eajputana (Duthie).

lbs.

P 450. Ajmere 48

C 1171. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces (E. Thompson) . . . —

C 4466. Chanda District, C. P. (Lowrie) —

D 4205. Kistna District (Gamble) . . . . . • .48

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. G (B. segyjpUaca) (Tab. II. 6).

Order XXVII. OCHNACEJE.

Two genera, Ochna and Gomphia, all trees or shrubs with simple leaves and bright
yellow conspicuous flowers.

1. OCHNA, Linn.

Seven or eight species. 0. WigMiama, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 524; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. Ii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 233 ; Vera. Kat-harai, Tain.; Bo-kera, Cingh., is a tree
of evergreen forests in Travancore and the low country in Ceylon, with, according to
Trimen, a light, soft, pale yellow wood. O.fruticulvsa, Kurz For. Fl. 206, is a stunted
dwarf shrub.of Eng-deing and other open forests in Burma ; while O. pumila, Ham. is
a small dwarf shrub of the sub-Himalayan tract, principally in Sal forests and especially
common in the Darjeeling Terai and Western Duars, where, in places commonly over-
run by jungle fires, the thick rootstock sends up annual stems with large bright yellow
conspicuous flowers. O. rufescens, Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 234, is a small endemic
tree or shrub of Ceylon.

Wood reddish-brown, even-grained. Pores small, uniformly dis-
tributed. Medullary ray* not prominent, moderately broad, short,
giving a pretty silver-grain.

* The arrangement of these groups, which contain from two to twelve or more pores of
all sizes, is very interesting if only on uccount of their irregularity. Sometimes, too, they
are between the medullary rays, sometimes the medullary rays pass through them, and
again sometimes they stop, and may begin again or not afterwards. The cellular tissue
also is curious; Bometimes it is loose, and the cells are large; sometimes the cells are
very small and the texture thick, but the patches of either texture make more or less con-
centric zigzag bands. The plate is probably from an African specimen, but the wood
of the Indian tree is the same.

136 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. 0. squarrosa, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 523 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 643 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. 1. ; Brandis For. Fl. 60 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 205 ; Talbot Bomb. List 36 ; Trinien
Fl. Ceyl. i. 233. Vern. Sunari, yerra-juvi, Tel.; Chilanti, Tam. ; Narole, mudah,
Kan. ; Konidri, nobunisero, Uriya ; Mal-kera, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark brown, thin, smooth. Wood reddish-brown,
moderately hard, close-grained. Pores very small, numerous, regular,
in the spaces between the moderately broad but not prominent
medullary rays, which give a pretty silver-grain.

Dry forests of Central and Southern India : on the east, especially common in
Orissa, the Circars and Ceded Districts ; on the west, in the forests of the Konkan and
Kanara, both near the sea and inland up to 2000 ft., more scarce to the south ; Shan
Hills and Prome Hills in Burma ; dry country of Ceylon.

The wood is worthy of attention for inlaying and carving, but requires careful
seasoning, as it warps badly. It is used for walking-sticks. Weight about 50 lbs.
per cubic foot.

lbs.

C 1305. Gumsur Forests, Ganjam (Dampier) 51

C 3541, 3639. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 46

C 3781. Kurcholy Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 51

Var. glauca. O. Gamblei, King MS. in Herb. Calc. Vern. Kuhur-moi, kuka-mogi,
Tel.

Wood like that of 0. squarrosa, but bark thicker, pores larger, aud
there are bands of darker wood at intervals which show well on a
tangential section.

This is a small tree, very common in places, especially on the hills of Cuddapah and
on Kambakam hill in Chingleput. It has very glaucous, nearly sessile leaves, tufted
at the ends of much thicker branches, and small almost umbellate panicles on the old
wood. But the flowers resemble those of O. squarrosa. It may prove to be a separate
species, as I have always thought it to be. It likes drier localities and more rocky
sites than does O. squarrosa.

lbs.
D 3799. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 4000 ft. (Gamble) .... 50

2. O. Walliehii, Planch; PI. Br. Ind. i. 524 (part); Kurz For. Fl. i. 205. Vein.
Yodaya, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood reddish-brown, hard, close-grained. Pores
small, rather scanty, between the fine to moderately broad medullar;/
rays. A pretty silver-grain.

Tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim ; less common in the Pegu Yoma.

lbs.
B 3132. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 54

3. 0. andamanica, Kurz For. Fl. i. 205.

A small deciduous tree. Wood red. hard, similar in structure to
that of 0. squa rrosa.

Tropical and moister upper mixed forests of the Andamans.

lbs.
B 1978. Andaman Islands (Kurz 1866) 58

No. 13, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis), called " Bokela " — Sandoricum, is probably
an Ochna, perhaps 0. Wightiana, but Trimeu says that both species have a "pale
yellow " wood, while No. 13 is reddish-brown, with the structure of O. squarrosa.

2. GOMPHIA, Schreb.

Two species. G. suiaatrana, Jack ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 525; Kurz For. Fl. i. 206, is a
small tree uf the sea-coast of Tenasserim,

OCHNACEyE 137

1. G. angUStifolia, Vahl; PI. Br. Ind. i. 525; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. li. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 235. Vera. Bo-kera, Cingh.

A small branching tree. Wood reddish-brown, hard, close- and
even-grained, cuts easily. Pores very small, very numerous, regularly
distributed. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, very numerous,
regular.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats and Coast ; low country of Ceylon.
Ceylon— Int. Exhn., 1862 (Kew Museum).

Order XXVIII. BURSERACEiE.

Six genera, mostly trees, some of them of large size, a few important for timber,
others important in forest economy. They are mostly resinous, and the Order con-
tains the trees which give the fragrant resins myrrh and frankincense.

Genera : Boswellia, Garuga, Balsamodendron, Bursera, Canarium, Filicium.

In accordance with Trimen's opinion, I have placed Protium under Balsamo-
dendron ; but I have not followed Engler (DC Monog. Phan. iv.) in transferring both
Balsamodendron and Protium, W. and A. to Commiphora, Jacq. and Bursera to Pro-
tium, Burm. To make such a change might be confusing, but it apparently has been
accepted in the " Index Kewensis."

Wood soft or moderately hard (Filicium very hard). Pores
small or moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medidlary rays fine,
distant.

1. BOSWELLIA, Roxb.

1. B. serrata, Roxb. ex Colebr. in As. Res. ix. 379 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 528 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 36. B. thurifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 383 ; Brandis For. Fl. 61, 573 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. Hi. B. glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 384; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 124. Vern. Salhe,
salai, saiga, Hind. ; Guggar, salaia guggar, Kumaon ; Salla, bor-salai, ganga, Gondi ;
Luban, salai, Beng. ; Kungli, giigidu, kundrikam, morada, Tarn.; Anduku, anduga,
parangi, Tel. ; Salai, salphullia, Mar.; Chitta, Kan.; Sdlgd, Sonthal ; Saler, Jeypore.

A deciduous tree, often large, sometimes only moderate-sized,
often gregarious. Bark ^ in. thick, yellow or greenish-yellow, ex-
foliating in small hard irregular flakes or thin plates. Wood
moderately hard, smooth : sapwood white ; heartwood brown (dark
greenish-brown, cf. Ind. For. vi. 328), sometimes very small, so that the
wood has been described as white, but when present rather handsome,
often streaked in darker and lighter bands. Pores scanty, moderate-
sized, often subdivided, often containing resin. MedvMa/ry rays
moderately broad, very short, not very numerous.

Common on dry hills throughout India; commencing from the Sutlej, it follows the
southern slopes of the Siwaliks of Umballa and Saharanpur and the lower hills east-
wards to Nepal. It is common throughout the deciduous forests of Rajputana, Behar,
the C.P., Khandesh, Orissa, the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, preferring the driest,
hottest exposures and rocky hills, especially trap. Not in Assam, Burma or Ceylon.

This is an important forest tree, for it grows where others of greater commercial
value refuse to thrive, and often forms considerable forests to itself alone, reproducing
freely both by seed and in coppice. Its timber has been, rather unjustly, considered
of poor quality, but I have seen some pieces of it, and especially a piece cut by Mr.
A. F. Gradon in the Saharanpur Siwaliks, which were quite handsome (see also " An
' apology for Salai " — Ind. For. vi. 328). Good pieces of the wood are fairly durable
and not much liable to the attacks of white ants. It has been tried for sleepers, but
the results were probably not very good. It is a good fuel, but burns quickly in small

138 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

pieces, slowly and with much smoke in big. The weight of the wood varies from
28 lbs. to 42 lbs. per cubic foot according to quality ; Brandis gives 30 to 35 lbs. It
gives a quantity of a green gum-resin from wounds in the bark ; and this, which is a
kind of frankincense, has an agreeable scent when burnt, and is used for incense
{Labanu), but it is not, as H. T. Colebrooke (As. Res. ix. 377, 1807) and T. Fleming
;(As. lies. xi. 158, 1810) have supposed, the real frankincense, which is given by various
species of Bosioellia growing in Arabia and Somalilaud (Birdwood in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xxvii. 111). The gum is also used medicinally as a diaphoretic and astringent and to
make ointment for sores. The foliage is said to be used as cattle fodder in Merwara
(Duthie), but this may be a mistake.

Fernandez (Man. Ind. Sylv. 99) says that the Salai forms pure forest where the
amount of iron in the soil becomes marked, as it is in places on the dry trap and sand-
stone hills of Central India. He specially remarks on its capability of withstanding
the effects of forest fires; its immunity from being browsed or lopped for fodder on
account of its too resinous leaves ; its power of withstanding insolation and drought
and its preference for localities where frosts are not serious ; and its great powers of
reproduction by seed, by coppice and by suckers. It is, consequently, a valuable tree
in the process of reclothing dry hills where vegetation is poor and complete protection
against overcutting, grazing and fire is not always feasible.

lbs.

P 3215. Nagpahar, Ajmere —

0 4828. Saharanpur Siwaliks (Gradon) 42

0 1112. Ahiri Forest, C.P. (R. Thompson) . . . .36
G 2780. Melghat Forest, Berar (Brandis) . . . .28 (sapw.)

C 3G80. Palamow, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . . .28 (sapw.)
D 4140. Sandur Forests, Bellary „ .... 49 (wet)

Nordlinger's Sections, vol 8 (Tab. III. 1).

2. GARUGA, Roxb.

1. G. pinnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 400 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 528 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 118 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 62, t. 13 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 207 ; Gamble Darj. List 16 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 36. Vern. Kharpat, katula, kilmira, sarota. ~Pb. ; Ghoyar, kuikar, Hind.; Til-
madi, kanman, Kumaon ; Chirja, Banda; KaiJcar, kaikra, ghunja, maharut, C.P. ;
Jinn, kharpat, nil bhadi, Beng. ; Mohi, sompotiri, Uriya ; Gia, Mechi ; Dabdabbi, Xep. ;
Maidit, r6jn, Lepcha ; Gendeli poma,As&.; Chitompa, Ga.ro; Mroung-shisha, Magh ;
Garuga, gdrgd, Tel. ; Gupni, gharri, kekra, Grondi ; Karur, Sonthal, Bhumij ; KSkwr,
Kharwar; Niajoiva, K61; Kosornara, Ghatwal ; Kosromba, MalPahari; Sompotri dope,
Khond ; Kahud, kekda, Berar ; Kekkeda, Kurku ; Karre vembu, Tarn. ; Kuruk, kudak,
kangkur, kakad, Mar.; Halabalagi, Kan.; Ghinyok, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 1 in. thick, soft, red inside, grey
or brown outside, exfoliating in large irregularly shaped scales. Wood
variable : sapwood white, large ; heartwood reddish-brown, moderately
hard, even -grained. Pores large, not numerous, often subdivided,
sometimes filled with resin. Medullari/ rays short, moderately broad ;
on a radial section visible as narrow horizontal plates, and giving a
pretty silver-grain.

Very widely distributed in forests almost throughout India; found from the
Umballa Siwalik hills eastwards, and in the lower hills and valleys of the Himalaya
up to over 3000 ft., to Assam ; throughout Central, Western and Southern India,
usually in deciduous forests ; mixed forests all over Burma ; the Andaman and Coeos
Islands.

This is another tree of not very great timber value, but of considerable forest impor-
tance as an associate with Teak and Sal, and as a useful kind on account of its power
of seed and coppice reproduction, lis wood, too, like that of Boswellia, has been much
undervalued, for when grown into a big tree it gives a rather handsome reddish-brown
heartwood of good quality quite fit for furniture. But it is most usually found as a
comparatively small tree with little or no heartwood, and then the wood is of poor
quality, not durable and naturally rejected. It is a bad fuel. The weight of the wood,

III.

BUSM'KLLTA PEIiRATA.

MELT A IXDICA.

DTSOXYLXJM HAMILTONII.

SWIETENIA MAHAGONL

OEDRELA TOONA. CEDRELA SE1MJATA.

(Magnified :!§ times.)

BURSERACE.E 139

according to Brandis, No. 45, is 52 lbs. per cubic foot ; the specimens examined vary
from 31 to 46 lbs., 40 lbs. being probably about right. It is probably Wallich's Jeeah,
36 lbs. The bark is used for tanning, and the leaves for fodder. It gives a copious
clear gum of no value. The fruit is sometimes eaten. It grows readily from cuttings.
The leaves have very often on their petioles oval, smootb, round galls which are caused
by a Hemipterous insect, Phacopteron lentiginosum, Buckton.

lbs.

0 225. Garhwal (1868) 39

O 346. Gorakhpur (1868) 39

C 1107. Chanda, C.P. (B. Thompson) 39

E 648. Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .• 39

E 3604. Sukna Forest, Darieelimj; Terai (Gamble) . . . .40

E 3677. Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 31

E 1389. Chittagong (Chester) 46

B 812. Burma (Ribbentrop) 39

Nordlinger's Sections, Vol. 9.

3. BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth.

Contains five species of balsamiferous, often spiny, shrubs or trees. Besides the
two described below, it contains B. pubescens, Stocks ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 529 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 65; Talbot Bomb. List 67; Yern. Buyi, lai, Baluch., a small tree of
Baluchistan and the hills between that country and Sind, as far south as Karachi.
It yields a small quantity of tasteless, inodorous, brittle gum, almost entirely soluble
in water. B. Berry i, Arnott; Fl. Br. Ind. 529 ; Brandis For. Fl. 65 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 126 ; Talbot Bomb. List 37, is a tree of Coimbatore, very largely cultivated as a
hedge plant. It is very fragrant, and gives a gum-resin. B. Boxburghii, Arm; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 529; "Vera. GugahClieng., is a small tree of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The
drug called "Myrrh" is the gum-resinous exudation of B. Myrrha, Ehrenb., a small
tree of Arabia and the African coast of the Red Sea.

1. B. Mukul, Hook.; Fl. Br. Inch i. 529; Brandis For. Fl. 64; Talbot Bomb.
List 37. Vera. Gugal, Sindi, Jeypore, Berar.

A small tree. Bark greenish-yellow, peeling off in long thin,
shining, paper-like scrolls. Wood soft, white. Pores small. Medullary
rays fine, short.

Abundant on rocky ground in the arid zone, in Baluchistan, Sind, Kattywar,
Rajputana and Khandesh.

An important tree on account of its growth in localities where other and better
species do not thrive. The wood is not used. The tree yields a gum called "Gugal"
or Indian Bdellium, which is obtained from incisions made in the bark, and is used in

native medicine and for preparing an ointment for bad ulcers.

lbs.

P 448. Ajmere —

P2919. Rajputana (Brandis) 20

P 3238. Dewair, Ajmere —

2. B. eaudatum, March.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 236. Protium caudatum, W. and
A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 530; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 125. Vera. Konda mamidi,Tel.; Konda
mavu, Kan.; Kilevay, niluve, Tam.

A deciduous tree. Bark green, turning brown and peeling off in
thin papery flakes, J in. thick. Wood : sapwood white, heartwood
grey with darker streaks, cuts smoothly. Pores few, small, scanty.
Medullary rays moderately hard, numerous, whitish.

Forests of dry hills in the Deccan and Carnatic and the drier parts of the West
Coast.

The tree is occasionally used as an avenue tree, and is often planted, as it grows
so easily from cuttings. The leaves and bark have the resinous smell of mangoes.

lbs.
D 4311. Kodur, Cuddapah (Gamble) 33

140 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

4. BURSERA, Linn.

1. B. serrata, Colebr. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 530 ; Brandis For. Fl. 61 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
208. Limonia pentagyna, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 382. Vern. Murtenga, Ass. ; Sorupotri
men, Uriya ; Urmu, Sonthal ; Sari, Mai Pahari ; Saradi, Khond ; Chitreka, Tel. ;
Thadi, Burin.

A large evergreen tree. Wood hard, sapwood light brown, heart-
wood red, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Me-
dullary rays fine, red, making a good silver-grain.

Forests of the Garo Hills and Chittagong; Bajmehal Hills, Sonthal Parganas,
Chota Nagpore and Northern Circars down to the Godavari, usually along streams.
Very common in the Saranda Forests, in Ganjam and Rumpa. In Burma, along
streams in tropical forests of Pegu and Martaban, extending north to Myitkyina.

It is strange that Beddome makes no mention of this common Circar tree, so

common in valleys and along watercourses. It gives a useful wood, said by Kurz to

be good for furniture.

° lbs.

B 313. Burma (1867) 46

B 2225. Andamans (doubtful, but structure similar) . . . .37

5. CANARIUM, Linn.

About nine species, all large trees of a resinous character. Three of them are only
known from the Andaman Islands, two from Ceylon, two from Assam, odc from Sikkim,
and one, a very conspicuous common tree, from S. India. C. reziniferum, Brace ;
King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxii. ii. 188; Vern. Dhuna, dhua, Ass., is also a large
tree of Assam and the Khasia Hills, giving a resin which is used for torches. C.
euphyllum, Kurz, 0. coccineo-bracteatum, Kurz, and C. Manii, King, are large trees
of the Andaman Islands.

1. C. Sikkimense, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxii. ii. 187 ; Gamble Darj. List
16. Vern. Goguldhup, Nep. ; Narockpa, Lepcha.

A tall tree with straight cylindrical stem. Bark light coloured,
hard, thin, rough with horizontal wrinkles. Wood shining, white
when fresh cut, turning grey on exposure, soft, even-grained, does
not warp, but decays readily. Pores scanty, large, often oval and
subdivided, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary re;/* fine,
the silver-grain conspicuous.

Sikkim, in tropical valleys at 1-3000 ft.

This is a beautiful tall tree, with clean grey bole, very straight and cylindrical ;
it was formerly very common, but is now scarce, perhaps because the wood has been
largely used for tea-boxes and shingles. It yields a clear amber-coloured brittle resin,
used for incense.

lbs.

E 703. Great liangit Valley, Darjeeling, 3500 ft. (Mauson) . . 28
E 3592. Sukua Forest, Darjeeling (Gamble) —

2. C. bengalense, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. L36; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 534; Kurz For. Fl. i.
209. Vern. Neribi, Ass.

A tall evergreen tree. Bark .', in. thick, rather smooth, greyish-
white, with numerous lenticels, peeling off in small round thick Hakes.
Wood soft, sapwood yellowish- white, heartwood reddish-brown.
Pores large, scanty, often subdivided, prominent on a vertical section.
Medullar ji rays fine, not numerous, giving a satiny silver-grain.

BURSERACE.E 141

Assam, Sylhet and mixed forests of the Pegu Yoma.

A fine tree, not very well known, but the wood seems good. It clearly does not
warp, and looks suitable for planking for tea-boxes and other purposes. The tree
gives a clear brittle amber-coloured resin which resembles copal, but is apparently not
used (Roxb.).

lbs.
E 4886. Assam (Babu Tara Kisor Gupta) 39

3. C. Strictum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 138; PI. Br. Ind. i. 534; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
128; Talbot Bomb. List 37. The Black Dammar tree. Vern. Karapu kongiliam,
karang kunthrikam, Tarn. ; Manda dhup, raldhup, Kan. ; Thelli, Mai.

A very large deciduous tree. Bark grey, roughish. Wood
moderately hard, heartwood pink, sapwood greyish-white. Pores
moderate - sized, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine,
numerous.

Evergreen forests of the West Coast up to about 5000 ft.

This handsome tree is one of the most conspicuous trees in the forests of the
Western Ghats, especially when coming into new leaf, for the young leaves are of a
bright crimson colour, very hairy, and like red velvet. The timber is little used, but
the resin, which is " obtained by the barbarous and destructive method of cutting
'gashes in the lower part of the stem and then setting it on fire " (G. King), is a con-
siderable article of trade. For Mr. Broughton's analysis of this resin, see Beddome
under t. 128. Bourdillon's experiment of 1896 gave for the wood: W = 35, P = 523.

lbs.

W 4533, 4614. Travancore (Bourdillon) . . . . 44 and 32

4. C. zeylanicum, BL; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 532; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Iii.; Trimen FL Ceyl.
i. 239. Vern. Pakkilipal, Tarn. ; Kekuna, Cingh.

A large resinous tree. Bark thin, pale, smooth. Wood light
greyish-brown, soft. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays moderately broad.

Low country in the moist region of Ceylon.

The whole tree is fragrant, and gives a clear gum-resin, used to burn for fumigation
and for light. The oily seeds are eaten. Weight 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood
is used for packing-cases and coffins (.Mendis).

No. 69. Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

5. C. brunneum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 127 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 531 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
i. 238, t. 23. Vern. Maha-hul dmora, Cingh.

A large resinous tree with buttressed trunk. Bark rough, blackish.
Wood soft, sapwood grey, heartwood light red. Pores moderate-
sized, often transversely barred, scanty. Medullary rays fine, not
numerous, inconspicuous.

Upper zone of moist low country in Ceylon.

Trimen says the pulp of the fruit is pleasant, but rather bitter, the seeds being
very bitter.

Ceylon, Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

6. C. commune, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 531 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 240. The Java
Almond. Vern. Rata-kekuna, Cingh.

A very large tree. Wood greyish-white, soft, smooth. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays brown, moderate-sized,
not numerous.

A Malay tree, introduced into and cultivated occasionally in India and Ceylon.
The seeds are eaten as a substitute for almonds.

lbs.
D 4134. Agri-Horticultural Gardens, Madras (Steavenson) . . .37

142 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

G. FILICIUM, Thwaites.

1. F. deeipiens, Thw.; PI. Br. Ind. i. 539; Bedd. PL Sylv. t. 129; Trimen FL
Ceyl. i. 240. Vern. Katu puveras, atkalanghi, Tarn.; Vol murichha, nirvaJi, niroli,
Trav. Hills ; Pehimbiya, Cingh.

An evergreen tree with elegant fern-like leaves. Wood very
hard, heartwood red. Poi-es small, in groups or short radial lines.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, at unequal distances.

Forests of the Western Ghats from the Nilgiris southwards and up to 5000 ft.,
abundant in the Anamalais ; low country of Ceylon.

A very handsome tree, often cultivated. Wood strong, useful for building.
Bourdillon's experiments of 1896 gave : W = 59 lbs., P = 902. Trimen mentions
having measured trees of 10 ft. in girth in Ceylon.

lbs.

W 4622. Travancore (Bourdillon) 65

No. 70, Ceylon Collection, old (Mendis) 68

(No. 114, Ceylon Collection, new, is a grey wood, of different character.)

Order XXIX. MELIACEiE.

A very important Order to the Indian Forester, considering that it contains such
valuable timber trees as the Toon and Satinwood, not to mention others. But it is a
difficult Order to describe, because, chiefly owing to the imperfection of material from
the great evergreen forests, but also to diversity of opinion as to the limits of species,
there is still much confusion. I have, after some consideration, thought it best, on
the whole, to adopt the arrangement given in Bentham and Hooker's " Genera Plan-
tarum " and the FL Br. Ind., instead of that of C. de Candolle's monograph (" Mono-
graphic Phanerogamaram," vol. i. 1878), with such further alterations as may have
been introduced by Sir G. King in his " Malay Contributions." The Meliaceje are
renowned for their bitter tonic and astringent qualities, and for the excellence of the
timber given by almost all the species. Eoughly speaking, the Mahogany wood, so
well known, may be taken as the type of a Meliaceous wood, for most of the other
woods of the Order approximate to it more or less in colour, texture, scent and
properties.

The Order is divided into four tribes, containing 21 genera, of which one is intro-
duced—

Tribe I. Melieai .... Turrsea, Naregamia, Munronia, Melia,

Cipadessa.
„ II. Trichilieaa . . . Dysoxylum,Chisocheton,Sandoricum,

Aglaia, Lansium, Pseudocarapa,

Amoora, Walsura, Heynea, Beddo-

mea, Carapa.
„ III. Swieteniese . . . Swietenia, Soymida, Chickrassia.
,, IV. Cedreleee .... Cedrela, Chloroxylon.

It may be noted that many authors separate Azadirachta from Melia, some split
up Cedrela into Cedrela and Toona, and other changes o\' Less interest have been made
in recent works. I think it best, however, in this work, to adhere, as far as possible,
to the names to which Forest officers are most accustomed.

Kliaya seneyahnsis, Juss. is the " African mahogany," now much imported for
furniture purposes from the west coast of Africa to Europe.

Wood usually red, sometimes yellow or grey, more rarely white,
sometimes with irregular concentric bands of loose texture. Pores
various, rather scanty, generally moderate-sized. Medullary rays
usually moderate-sized.

meliace^: 143

Tribe I. MELIE^.

1. TURRiEA, Linn. Two species, shrubs or trees, rather imperfectly described.
T. virens, Linn. ; FJ. Br. Ind. i. 541 ; Talbot Bomb. List 38, is found on the Konkaii
Ghats of Western India, apparently chiefly on lava-heaps ; while T. villosa, Benn. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 542 ; Talbot Bomb. List 38, is found in Guzerat, about Mahabaleshwar^
in the moist forests of 1ST. Kanara and in the Anamalai Hills of Coimbatore.

2. NAREGAMIA, W. and A. N. alata, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 542, is a
small glabrous tmdershrub of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards.

3. MUNRONIA, Wight. M. Wallichii, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 543; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 211 ; Gamble Darj. List 16, is a small, pretty, pink-flowered shrub of the Sikkim-
Himalaya, the Khasia Hills, the jSTilgiris, and 'the Pegu Yoma. M.pumila, Wight;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 543 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 242 ; Vera. Bin-kohomba, Cingh., is a Ceylon
endemic shrub giving a bitter tonic.

4. MELIA, Linn.

Four species. King explains how M. excelsa, Jack probably belongs to some other
genus.

1. M. indiea, Brandia For. Fl. 67. M. Azadirachta, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 544 ;.
Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 394; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 13 (14 by mistake); Kurz For. Fl. i. 212;
Talbot Bomb. List 38. Azadirachta indiea, A. Juss. ; C. DC Monog. i. 459 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 244. The Neem or Margosa tree. Vera. Azad-darakht, neb, Pers. ; Nim,
Hind. ; Bctain, Kumaon ; Agas, Palamow ; Limbo, C.P. ; Kohumba, Guz. ; Nimuri,
Sindi ; Vepa, veinpu, Tarn. ; Yapa, yepa, taruka, vempa, Tel. ; Limb, nimbay, Mar. ;
Bevina, bevu, heb-be'vu, hirri bevu, Kan. ; Tamaha, thinbaiv-tamaka, Burm. ; Kohombay
Cingh.

A large tree. Bark grey, with numerous scattered tubercles.
Wood hard, close-grained ; sapwood grey, heartwood red. Annual
rings doubtful : the wood shows alternating bands with numerous
and with fewer pores ; also pale concentric lines, but whether these
are annual rings is doubtful. Pores scanty, moderate-sized and large,
often oval and subdivided ; visible on a vertical section. Medullary
rays fine, numerous, white, prominent, bent outwards where they
touch the pores ; the distance between the rays less than the trans-
verse diameter of the pores. The wood is scented ; it much resembles
mahogany.

If wild anywhere in India, it is probably so in the forests of the Carnatic and in
parts of the Deccan, perhaps also in the drier inland forests of Burma; elsewhere it is
planted or has come up self-sown from planted trees. It is only found in avenues and
gardens and about villages in Northern or Western India. J. W. Oliver says it is
" wild and cultivated in Upper Burma."

A very important Indian tree, held in great estimation by the natives, who use its
leaves very largely in medicine, as food and in their religious ceremonies. Indeed,
almost every part of the tree has its use — the bark, the leaves, the flowers, the seeds
and the oil they give, the gum, the wood, all have their uses in medicine or as food
(see Watt's " Diet. Econ. Prod.," vol. v.). It is an excellent avenue tree, giving shade
in the hot season when other trees are bare. It thrives on the black cotton soil.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments : —

144

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Puckle in 1859, three experiments, with bars 2" x 1" x 1", found

Skinner in 1862, No. 19 „

Cunningham in 1854, two experiments, with bars 2' x 1" x 1" „

Fowke in Catalogue, South Kensington Museum, 1859 . „

Wallich „

Molesworth in " Graphic Diagrams for Strength of Teak

Beams " „

Bourdillon, Travancore, 1896 ........

O'Connell, Madras, 1886 „

The average, weight may be taken at from 50 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot.
The experiments made by Prof. W. C. Unwin, P.E.S., for the Imperial Institute,
on Ceylon woods, gave the following results (Imp. Inst. Journ., May, 1899) : —

Weight

in lbs.

Value of P.

49

539

50

720

52

587

45

315

46

—

50

736

E :

= 2900

45

961

50

—

o =

0-01401

Weight ......

Resistance to shearing along the fibres

Crushing stress

Coefficient of transverse strength .
Coefficient of elasticity

47-32 lbs. per cubic foot.
1326 lbs. per square inch.
2*987 tons per square inch.
.o'l_o „ „

4.»'_) ,, ,,

The rate of growth is fairly good ; some specimens gave 5 rings per inch of radius.

The wood is durable ; it is used for the construction of carts, in ship-building and
for making agricultural implements, and in South India for furniture. It is held sacred
by Hindus, and idols are made of it. The use of it in furniture is believed to keep off
moths and other insects. The bark is bitter and is used as a febrifuge. The leaves are
made into a poultice for ulcers. The gum is clear, amber-coloured and used as a
stimulant. The seeds are employed to kill insects and for washing the hair. The fruit
gives a fixed, acrid, bitter, yellow-coloured oil, which is used to burn, but smokes badly
in burning; it is also used in medicine as an antiseptic and anthelmintic.

lbs.

P 463. Ajmere (sapwood) ......... 48

C 3647. Daltonganj, Palamow (Gamble) —

D 3910. Gooty, Anantapur „ (much sapwood) . . . 46

D 4200. Cuddapah (Higgens) ....'.... 52

D 1053. Salem, Madras (Beddome) 53

No. 11, Salem Collection 59

No. 75, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (called M. Azedarach) (Tab. III. 2).

2. M. Azedarach, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 544 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 395 (also M. sem-
pervirens, Sw.); Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 14 (13 by mistake); Brandis Fur. Fl. 68; Kur/.
For. Fl. i. 212 ; Gamble Darj. List 16 ; Talbot Bomb. List 39. The Persian Lilac,
Bastard Cedar or Bead tree. Vern. Darachk, Kuram Valley ; Clicin, Jcachein, Sutlej ;
Drek, bakdiu, bakdyan, betain, deikna, bakarja, Hind.; Deknoi, Jaunsar ; Bitan,
Kumaon ; Denkan, Garhwal ; Bitrayaa, Dotial ; Maha Umbo, media nim, muhli, C.P. ;
l',<i kainu, Nep. ; Pejri, padrai, Mar. ; Mallay vembu,Tam.; Taraka vepa, maka/nim,
Tel. ; Bevu, chik bevu, heb-bcuit, Kan. ; Thamaga, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark grey or greyish- brown, with long shallow
vertical fissures. Wood soft ; sapwood yellowish wrhite ; heartwood
red. Annual rings marked by a broad belt of large pores, the outer
part of each annual ring containing a few smaller-sized pores which
are joined by irregular, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue. Me-
dullary rays moderately broad; visible in the silver-grain as long-
rough plates. Pores very prominent on a longitudinal section, often
filled with resin.

Said to be indigenous in the sub-Himalayan tract up to 6000 ft., but this is
doubtful. J. L. Stewart, in " Punjab Plants," says he never saw it truly wild

MELIACE.E 145

anywhere. Stocks described it as wild in Baluchistan. Elsewhere it is commonly
cultivated all over India and Burma, away to the Shan Hills.

The wood is useful and pretty. Brandis, Beddome and Kurz all say that it warps and
splits, but Mr. Halsey of Madhopur described it as very useful either green or seasooed.
The wood was used at the Imperial Forest School for museum cases and other furniture,
and behaved quite well. The specimens cut for the Paris Exhibition of 1878 only
split slightly, not more than is usual with most woods, so that it may be assumed
that it has been rather unjustly condemned. The growth is quick, often very quick,
3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. The wood is handsomely marked and takes an
excellent polish. Skinner, No. 92, gives W = 30 lbs., P. = 596 ; O'Connell gives
W = 50, a = 0*01437, the specimens average 38 lbs. weight per cubic foot.

The bark is bitter and is used as an anthelmintic. The fruit gives an oil, and the
nuts are strung as beads. The leaves and fruit are used in native medicine.

lbs.

P 145. Sainj, Giri Valley, Punjab 38

P 946. Lahore, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 35

P 1201. Madhopur, Punjab (Halsey) 40

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6 (marked M. Azadirachta) and vol. 10
(M. japonica, G. Don).

Hough's American Woods, vol. v. No. 105.

3. M. eomposita, Willd. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 12 (excl., as elsewhere, syn. M.
superba, Roxb.) ; Bi andis For. Fl. 69 ; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxiv. ii. 506.
M. dulia, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 545 ; Talbot Bomb. List 39 ; Gamble Darj. List 16 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 243. JSI. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 397. Vern. Eisur, limbarra,
nimbarra, Bombay; Dingkurlong, Khasia; Mallay vembu, Tarn.; Bevu, betta bevu,
had bevu, Kan. ; Lunu-midella, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth, dark brown. Wood soft ;
sapwood grey, heartwood reddish-white. Pores large, generally
round, visible on a vertical section. Medullary rays white, fine,
scanty, prominent in silver-grain. The structure resembles that of
Toon, but all the pores are of the same size and the wood is softer.
The annual rings are marked by more numerous, but not larger pores.

Sikkim Himalaya, up to 6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Hills of the Western Ghats in
S. India and West coast forests from the Konkan down. Moist low country of Ceylon.

Growth .rapid ; 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius in the Madras specimen ; that from
Bengal was moderate, 7 rings per inch. Roxburgh says that a tree of M. robusta
grown in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens from Malabar seed produced, in seven years,
trees 46 feet high, with a girth of 44 in. at 4 ft. from the ground, which is equivalenc
to one ring per inch of radius. Weight 26 to 33 lbs. per cubic foot ; Bourdillon
gives W = 26, P = 391.

The experiments made by Prof. W. C. UnwiD, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute,
on Ceylon woods, gave the following results {Imp. Inst. Journ., May, 1899) : —

Weight 20*39 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . 478 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress 1*358 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 2*550 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 330*1 „ „

The wood will probably be found useful for tea-boxes and similar purposes, and the
tree should be cultivated on account of its rapid growth. In Ceylon, the outriggers of
native boats are made of this wood, which is highly esteemed also for various other
purposes. I do not know why Mend is called it the " Common Bread tree."

lbs.
E 705. Great Rangit Valley, Darjeeling (Manson) . . . .33
E 3357. Kalimpiing, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble)
E 3360. Ranginim, „ 5000 ft. „

C 4032. Guinsur forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 28

D 1093. Madura, Madras (Beddome) 26

No. 49, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 85 new (Meudis) . . . .26

146 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

B 507 (28 lbs.) sent from the Andamans under the name of Barringtonia speciosa.
Vera. Kyaigyee, Burm. ; Doddd, And., has a wood in every respect similar to that of
M. com.pom.ta, but that tree has not yet been reported from the Andaman Islands.

4. M. birmaniea, Kurz For. Fl. i. 213. M. superba, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 396 (pro-
bably, fide King). Vera. Tauthamaga, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark h in. thick or more, dark brown, corky,
deeply fissured vertically. Wood soft to moderately hard ; sapwood
white, heartwood red. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty,
closer in the spring-wood belt, where they mark the annual rings.
Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Tropical forests in Upper Burma and Martaban.

lbs.

B 4860. Magwe, Burma (S. E. Jenkins) —

B 4897. Minbu, Burma (Calthrop) 40

5. CIPADESSA, Bl.

1. C frutieosa, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 545 ; Talbot Bomb. List 38 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
i. 245. C. baccifera, Miq. ; Kurz For. Fl. 214. Ekebergia indica, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
392. MaUea Bothii, A. de Juss. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. liv. Vera. Nal bild, Hind. ; Chend-
hera, purudona, Tel. ; Kiner, Khond ; Banabili, Uriya ; Hal-bembiya, Ciugh.

A bushy shrub. Bark thin, reddish-brown. Wood red, moderately
hard, with a faint odour resembling that of the Toon wood. Pores
very fine, numerous, usually in lines between the very numerous
close and fine medullary rays. These latter are slightly wavy and
short, and bend where they meet the pores. The pores are prominent
as red lines on a vertical section. Annual rings marked by a white
line.

Dry stony hills and laterite plateaux of Orissa and the Circars; fairly common in
the Deccan and in Western India ; Upper Burma and the Shan Hills ; low country of
Ceylon.

A very common and more or less gregarious shrub in many places on the Eastern
Coast and on the ghats of the Deccan and South Mahratta country. The wood is used
for fuel. Growth sometimes quick, 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius ; sometimes slow,
16 to 19. Weight about 50 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

C 3499. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 50

C 3831. Kurcholy Forests, Ganjam „ f>l

C 3988. Bekapalle Forests, Godavari „ —

Tribe II. TRICHILIE^E.
G. DYSOXYLUM, Bl.

About 14 species, seven described in Fl. Br. Ind., and the others added since. Six
species occur in Northern and Eastern Bengal, two in Burma, four in the Andamans
and three in S. India. D. pollen*, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. ."> is, is a tree of the Sikkim
Himalaya and the Mishmi and Khasia Hills; and D. reticulatum, King in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. lxv. ii. 9, is a tree found in the Tista Valley, in Sikkim and iu Cachar. D.
Beddomei, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 548; Vern. Adanthei, Tarn., is a very large tree of
S. Travancore, common about Peermerd. I). glandulosum, Talbot Bomb. List 39;
Vern. Bill devdari, bili budlige, Kan., is a very large tree of the evergreen forests of
N. Kanara, whose wood is used in building, and is said to be suited for tea-chests, cigar-
boxes and similar purposes. D. (irboresctns, Miq. ; D. thyrsoideum, Griff. ; D. racemosum,
King, and D. andamanicum, King, are all trees of the Andaman Islands, to some of

MELIACE^E 147

which probably belong specimens B 2484 (44 lbs.), B 2250 (40 lbs.), and B 2255 (31 lbs.),
which have a structure resembling that of 1), procerum. The leaves of several species
give out a strong odour of garlic ; the leaves are compound, with oblique, often large
leaflets, and the capsules are generally large, containing large brightly coloured seeds.

Wood reddish, rough, moderately hard. Pores prominent on a
vertical section, moderate-sized to large, often subdivided, or in short
strings. Medidlary rays fine. Concentric lines in some species fairly
prominent.

1. D. bineetariferum, Hook. f. ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 546 ; Kurz For. PI. i. 215 ; Gamble
Darj. List 10. D. macrocarpum, Bl. ; Bedd. PJ. Sylv. liv. t. 150; Talbot Bomb. List
39; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 247; Guarea binectarifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 240. Vera.
Katongzu, Lepcha ; Bangirata, Cachar ; Borogotodhara, bandordema, Ass. ; Agil,
kadgandha, Coorg; Yerindi, Bombay.

A large evergreen tree. Wood red or reddish-grey, rough, close-
grained, hard. Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided.
Medullary rays moderately broad, red, wavy, irregularly distributed ;
the distance between the rays generally larger than the transverse
diameter of the pores, but occasionally less when they are bent round
them.

Sikkim, ascending to 2000 ft.; Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong; Western Ghats;
moist low country of Ceylon.

Weight : the specimen gives 44 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is worthy of notice.
Kyd {Guarea Gotodhara, Ham.) gives weight 40'5 lbs. and P = 290.

lbs.
E 644. Khyrbani Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .44
Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

2. D. procerum, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 547 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 214 ; Gamble Darj.
List 16. Vera. Dingori, govorpongyota (Wall.), Ass.

An evergreen tree. Wood bright red, moderately hard. Pores
large, often oval and subdivided, prominent on a vertical section.
Medidlary rays fine, numerous, wavy, not prominent; the distance
between the rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the
pores.

Sikkim, Assam, Khasia Hills and Cachar to Pegu and Tenasserim.
Kyd {Guarea Gobara, Ham.) gives weight 47 lbs., P = 617 ; the specimens weigh
from 37 to 40 lbs. It is a handsome wood, well deserving of more extensive notice.
It is said by Hamilton to be used for canoes.

lbs.

E 631. Eastern Diiars (Mann) 40

E 1434. Assam 37

E 3595. Rungdung Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) .... —

3. D. grande, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 547. Vein. Uieren, Sylhet.

A tree. Bark J in. thick, dark grey, smooth except for small
lenticels. Wood moderately hard ; sapwood dark greyish-brown,
heartwood not seen ; with occasional narrow interrupted concentric
lines of soft tissue. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays
fine to moderately broad, not numerous.

Sylhet in Eastern Bengal, Kachin Hills.

lbs.

E 4880. Sylhet (Babu Kripa Nath De) 47

148 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

4. D. Hamiltonii, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 548; Gamble Dari. List 16. Vera.
Bauriphal, Nep. ; Gendelli poma, bosun.it/apoma (Wall.), Ass. ; Bolashin, Garo.

A large evergreen tree. Bark brownish-red with long scales.
Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, rather scanty,
usually in strings of 2 to 4. Medullary rays line, uniform; the
distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of
the pores, the rays bent where they meet the pores.

Darjeeling Terai, Assam and Sylhet.

5. E. Peal says this tree is often very large, and that he has measured them 18 ft.
girth at 10 ft. from the ground. Growth moderate, 6 rings per inch of radius. Kyd
{Guarea Alliariu, Ham.) gives weight 405 lbs., P = 523 ; the specimens average
40 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in Assam for boats and planks, but is said
not to be durable. Hamilton says it is used for canoes.

lbs.

E 1259. Tezpur, Assam (Mann) 47

E 2189. Nowgong, Assam „ 36

NordliDger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. III. 3).

5. D. malabarieum, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 548. D. sp. Bedd. PL Sylv. liv.
White cedar. Vera. Velley agil, Tarn., Mai. ; Porapd, Kader.

A very large tree. Wood light red, hard, close-grained, elastic.
Pore* moderate-sized, numerous, evenly distributed, sometimes in fine
concentric white lines, sometimes alone. Medullary rays fine,
numerous.

Forests of the Western Ghats, in Coorg, Malabar, the Anamalai Hills and Travancore
at about 1-3000 ft.

Bourdillon says, " A very lofty tree, wood sweet-scented, used for oil-casks." He
gives weight 45 lbs.

lbs.

W 4534. Travancore (Bourdillon) 51

There is also the "white cedar" wood sent me by the late Mr. H. R. P. Carter,
when Engineer-in-chief of the Madras Railway. The wood is light orange-red, with
numerous dark concentric lines which cannot be annual rings though they look like
it. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous (W. 4234). It
might perhaps be a C/usocheton.

6. D. purpureum, Bourdillon in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 349. Vera.
Kdr agil, Mai.

A very large tree. Bark pale, smooth. Wood reddish-brown,
hard. Pores small to moderate-sized, very scanty, single or in short
radial groups of 2 to 3, joined by very narrow but prominent pale
concentric, wavy, often interrupted, lines. MedvMary rays tine, short,
not numerous. Annual rings marked by dark lines.

Forests of the R.avi river in Travancore at 1-2000 ft.

This is a very large tree growing up to 100 ft. in height and 10 ft. in girth.
Bourdillon gives the weight of the excellent useful-looking wood at 52 lbs., and P =
708. Growth fast, about 6 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
W 4623. Travancore (Bourdillon) 52*

7. CHISOCHETON, Blume. Four species. O. dysoxyli/olius, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 551 (Schizochiton dysoxylifoUus, Kurz i. 215), is a large tree discovered by Brandis
in the Thaungyin Forests in Tenasserim. C. grandiflorus, Hiern is an evergreen tree
of the tropical forests of Martaban, with, according to Kurz, a pale brown, heavy, close-
grained, hard wood. ft paniculatus, Hiern in PL Br. Ind. i. 552 ; Gamble Darj. List 1G
(Guarea paniculata, Koxb. FL Ind. ii. 242; Schizochiton panicidatus, Kurz For. FL

MELIACE.K 149

i. 216) ; Vern. Bandriphal, Nep. ; Kalikoura, Sylhet, is an evergreen tree of the
Sikkim Himalaya, Assam Valley, Khasia Hills, Cachar and Upper Burma. (E 4869
Lakhimpur, Assam (F. H. Cavendish) ; Vern. Bandordema, 30 lbs., has been sent as
this species, but I feel doubtful of its accuracy. Wood soft, greyish-white. Pores
moderate-sized to large, scanty, often subdivided. Medullar// rays fine, numerous.)
C. costatus, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 552, is a tree of Cachar.

8. SANDORICUM, Cav.

1. S. indieum, Cav. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 553 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 392 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
lv. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 217. Vern. Thitto, Burin.

An evergreen tree with grey, not very rough, bark. Sapwood grey ;
heartwood red, moderately hard, close-grained, takes a beautiful polish.
Pores small, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, undulating,
not prominent ; marked as long narrow bands in the silver-grain.

Tropical forests in Burma; introduced only in Southern India.

Weight : specimen examined gives 36 lbs. per cubic foot ; Wallich, No. 175, gives

28 lbs. The wood is used for carts and boat-building.

lbs.
B 804. Burma (Ribbentrop) 36

9. AGLAIA, Lour.

Nine species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind. ; four more have been added by Kurz,
another four by Cas. de Candolle, three by King, and one by Bourdillon. But several of
these must be quite rare. There are apparently about six species in Assam and Eastern
Bengal, three in South India, two in Ceylon, about seven in Burma, and five in the Anda-
mans. A. apiocarpa, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 555 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 245, is a small
Ceylon tree considered by both Beddome and Trimen not to differ from A. Boxburghiana.
A. Wallichiiy Hiern is a tree of Sylhet; A. -perviridis, Hiern and A. khasiana, Hiern
are trees of the Khasia Hills ; and A. Ohittdgonga, Miq. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 218, is a tree
of Chittagong and Arracan. A. edulis, A. Gray ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 556; Gamble Darj.
List 16 (Milnea edulis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 637) ; Vern. Lati mahwa, Nep. ; Siaaka-
dang, Lepcha ; Gumi, Sylhet, is a pretty tree of the Darjeeling hills up to 3000 ft.,
and of Sylhet, with edible fruit. A. minutiflora, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. i. 44, t. 193;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 557 ; Vern. Nir mulei, Travancore Hills, is a tree of the Anamalai Hills and
the hills of Travancore in South India. A. paniculutu, Kurz For. Fl. i. 219, is the most
common of the species found in Burma. A. odorata, Roxb., is a Malay tree occasionally
cultivated in Indian gardens.

1. A. Roxburghiana, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 555; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 130;
Talbot Bomb. List 40 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 246. Vern. Yerra aduga, Tel. ; Chokkala,
Ttanna kompu, Tarn.

An evergreen tree. Bark light brown, smooth, peeling off in flat
rectangular scales. Wood bright red, hard, close-grained, handsomely
marked. Annual rings (?) distinguished by a darker belt. Pores
small, scanty, in narrow rings of whitish tissue which run concentrically
and appear on a cross-section as narrow wavy lines. Medullary rays
fine, numerous, evenly distributed ; the distance between them equal
to or less than the diameter of the pores.

Northern Circars, hills of the Deccan aud Western Ghats, usually in ravines near
water, and under shade.

A pretty tree with a handsome wood. Growth fast, 4 to 5 rings per inch of radius.
Lourdillon gives W = 57 lbs., P = 896, and says the wood is useful for the spokes of
wheels.

lbs.*
C 3964. Kumpa Hills, Godavari, 3000 ft. (Gamble) - - • -58
D 3969. Ballipalle, Cuddapab, 1000 ft. „ . . . . ■
W 4582. Travancore (Bourdillon) 61

150 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. A. Maiae, Bourdillon in Journ. Bomb. Fat. Hist. Soc. xii. 350.
A moderate-sized tree. Bark mottled brown and white, smooth,
\ in. thick. Wood dark reddish-brown, hard, close and even-grained,
smooth. Pores moderate-sized, resinous, scanty, joined by narrow
irregular interrupted concentric wavy bands. Medullary rays fine,
numerous, regular, with a marked silver grain on a radial section.
Forests about Ariyaukam and Colatoorpolay in Travancore at 5-1500 ft.
An excellent-looking wood. Bourdillon gives W = 70 lbs., P = 1061.

lbs.
W 4535. Travancore (Bourdillon) 56

10. LANSIUM, Rumph. L. anamalayan urn, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 1. 131 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 40 ; Vern. Santhana viri, Tarn. ; Vandakamin, Mai. ; Thevathdli, Trav. Hills, is a
tree of the "Western Ghats in Kanara, Wynaad, the Anamalai Hills and Travancore up
to 2000 ft., with a sweet-scented wood and more or less edible fruit. L. domesticum,
Jack, is a Malay tree which gives an excellent fruit, much esteemed in Java, where it is
known as " doekoe."

11. PSEUDOCARAPA, Hemsl. P. < 'hamptonii, Hemsl. ; Trimen PI. Ceyl. i. 248,
t. 24 (Amoora Championii, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 562 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.lv.) ;
Yern. Gonapana, Cingh., is a very large tree with rough grey bark and hard, heavy,
close-grained reddish wood. It is endemic in Ceylon in the moist region at 1-4000 ft.
Ceylon Collection No. 41 (new), Mendis, is " Gonapana," but the wood is grey and
seems very doubtful.

12. AMOORA, Roxb.

Eight species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind., to which Kurz has added two, and
Cas. DC has added two more, total 12. Of these, four species occur in Northern and
Eastern Bengal and Assam, three in Southern or Western India, two in Ceylon and
seven in Burma. A. Ghitiagonga, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 560 ; Vern. Thitpasaing,
Magh, is a tree of Assam, the Khasia Hills and Chittagong, with an excellent timber.
A. canarana, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 560; Talbot Bomb. List 41, is a tree of
the forests of the Western Ghats from North Kanara to the Anamalai Hills; and A.
Laivii, Bth. and Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 561 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 133; Talbot Bomb.
Iiist 41 ; Vern. Madrasada, Kan. ; Bueramb, Mar., is a tree of the forests of the Konkan
and N. Kanara, common at Ainshi Ghat.

Wood hard, close-grained, red, with a darker-coloured heartwood.
Pores small to large, often subdivided, visible or prominent on a vertical
section. In A. Roh ituka the pores are joined by wavy concentric bands
of soft texture. Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform.

1. A. Rohituka, Wr. and A. | Fl. Br. Ind. i. 55'J ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 132; Brandis
For. Fl. 69; Kurz For. Fl. i. 220; Gamble Darj. List 16; Talbot Bomb. List 41;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 249. Andersonia Rohituka, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 213. Vern.
Rohituka, Sans. ; Harin Kafra, harin khana, Hind.: Sohdga, Oudh ; Tikta-raj, pitraj,
Beng. ; Bandriphal, Nep. ; Tangaruk, Lepcha; Lota amari, amora amari, Ass.;
Okhioungza, okhyang, Magh; Sikru,K6\; Chem-maram, Mai.; Thitni, than thatkyi,
Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood reddish, close- and
even-grained, hard. Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary
rays moderately broad, uniform and equidistant, distinctly visible on
a radial section. Pores joined by reddish, soft, wavy, concentric lines.
The concentric bands in this species are remarkable, as they are absent
from the two other species here described.

Moist ravines of the Gonda forests in Oudh ; forests of the Sikkim Terai and Lower
1 » Ills up to 6000 ft. ; Assam. Sylhet, Cachar and ChittagODg ; tropical slopes of the hills

MELIACEjE 151

of Burma up to 3000 ft. ; evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, in the Konkan,
North Kanara and southwards, especially the Anamalais ; moist region of Ceylon ;
Andamans and Cocos Islands.

A handsome tree, sometimes planted for ornament.

The wood is good, but little used, in Chittagong canoes are sometimes made of it.
Average weight, 40'5 lbs. per cubic foot. In Bengal, an oil is expressed from the seeds.

lbs.

0 1362. Gonda, Oudh (Dodsworth) 42

E 2331. Mangwa, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 36

E 1261. Tezpiir, Assam (Mann) 39

E 711. Chittagong (Chester) 45

2. A. eueullata, Roxb.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 560; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lv.; Kurz For. Fl. i.
221. Andersonia eueullata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 212. Vern. Amur, latrni, natmi, Beng.;
Thitni, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood red,
hard, close-grained, but apt to split. Pores small and moderate-sized,
joined by narrow concentric lines of lighter colour. Medullary rays
very fine, uniform, very numerous.

Coast forests of Bengal and Burma, common in the Sundarbans.

This tree is found in low-lying swampy localities near water-channels, associated
with " pussur." It sends up blind root-suckers. Weight 43 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood is used for posts and other purposes in Lower Bengal, and for firewood.

E 414. Sundarbans (Richardson) 44

E 3697. „ (Gamble, 1882) 42

3. A. Walliehii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Ben?. Ixiv. ii. 544. A. spectaUUs, Hiern
non Miq. in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 561 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 221. Vern. Amari, Ass.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, even, grey. Wood red, hard, close-
grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, often oval and subdivided,
distinctly visible on a longitudinal section. MeduUary rays fine,
clear, uniform, equidistant, prominent on a radial section, the distance
between them less than the transverse diameter of the pores, passing
round them or stopping at them.

Eastern moist zone. Sikkim, Assam, Burma and the Andaman Islauds.

" A magnificent tree and an equally magnificent timber, for furniture and such work,
' at times it reaches 50 ft. in the bole with 8 to 9 ft. girth, and quite straight " (S. E.
Peal in Lid. Tea Gaz.). The wood is used for boat-building and furniture in Assam.
This is probably Kyd's Quarea {Amari), weight 47 lbs., P = 792.

lbs.

E 1255. Tezpur, Assam (Mann) . 49

E 2192. Nowgong, Assam „ 48

Nordliuger's Sections, vol. 10.

4. A. decandra, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 562; Gamble Darj. List 17. Vern.
Tangaruk, Lepcha.

A tree with thin grey bark. Wood pinkish white, hard. V
small, scanty, joined by wavy, occasionally concentric, bands of soft
tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, at 2-6000 ft. ; Kachin Hills of Upper Burma.
E 3392. Lebong, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Gamble).

13. WALSURA, Roxb.

Ten species, of which seven are described in Fl. Br. Ind., two added by Kurz and
oue by King. Two species occur in Northern and Eastern Bengal, one in the Circars,
one in South India, two in Ceylou, three in Burma, acd four in the Andamaus. TT.

152 A MANUAL OF IXDIAN TIMBERS

Gardneri, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 563 ; Berld. Fl. Sylv. lvi. ; Trimen EL Cey]. i. 250, is a
small endemic tree of the moist region of Ceylon. W. tubulata, Hiern is a tree of the
forests of the Sikkim Himalaya and Khasia Hills ; and W. ternata, Roxb. FL Ind. ii.
389 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 563; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lvi. ; Vern. Chinna train, -si, Teh, is a small
tree of the forests of the Northern Circars down to the Godavari. W. villosa, Wall. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 564; Kurz For. FL i. 223; Vern. Gyobo, Burm., and IF. puhescens,
Knrz For. bl. i. 225, are evergreen trees of Burma, the former often found in Eng
forests or in stunted forests on laterite, the latter in damp localities.

1. W. piseidia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 387 ; FL Br. Ind. i. 564; Bedd. FL Sylv. lvi. ;
Talbot Bomb. List 41; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 250. Vern. Wahura, chadavakku, Tarn. ;
Walursi, Tel.; KiriJcon, mol-petta, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Barh jt in., greyish-brown, tessellated in
somewhat rectangular squares. Wood hard ; sap wood reddish-brown,
heartwood dark red, much streaked with black, close-grained. Pores
small, clear, surrounded and joined together by wavy anastomozing
concentric belts of light tissue. Medullary rays very fine, clear and
regularly distributed.

Forests of the Northern Circars and Carnatic ; those of the Konkan, S. Mahratta
country and Kanara, and southwards to Travancore ; dry region of Ceylon.

The wood is used, according to Beddome, for various purposes in S. India, and the
pulp of the fruit to intoxicate fish. Bourdillon gives W = 59 lbs., P = 947.

lbs.

D 4232. Cuddapah Forests (Gamble) —

W 4627. Travancore (Bourdillon) 61

2. W, robusta, Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 386; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 565; Kurz For. FL i. 223.
Vern. Djpjphing, Sylhet; Gyobo, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Wood light red, very hard. Pores small,
joined by numerous, prominent, wavy, concentric lines. MedvUary
rays very fine, numerous.

Assam, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet; tropical forests of Pegu, Martaban and
Tenasserim ; Andaman Islands.

lbs.
W 1986. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) ...... 63

14. HEYNEA, Roxb.

1. H. trijug-a, Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 390 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 505 ; Brandis For. Fl. 70 ;
Gamble Darj. List 17; Talbot Bomb. List 42. IT. affinis, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 134.
Wahura trijuga, Kurz For. Fl. i. 225. Vern. Yak'ushi, alchaterwa, Nep.; Tahta,
Lepcha; Limbara, Bombay ; Gundira, Mar. ; Kara, Kan. ; Kvrakadi, Mai.

A small tree. Barh thin, rough, reddish-brown, with lozenge-
shaped depressed lenticels. Wood grey, when young yellowish-white,
moderately hard. Pores small, often subdivided, in groups or in short
radial strings, surrounded with white tissue and arranged in wavy
concentric lines. Medulla ry rays fine, short, numerous.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, from Kumaon and Oudh to Bhutan up to 4000 ft.;
Khasia Hills and Burma; hills of Chota-Nagpore ; hills of the Western Ghats up to
6000 ft., common in N. Kanara and Nilgiris.

A pretty little tree, often cultivated. The seeds give an oil used to burn by Nepalese.

lbs.

C 3459. Bandgaon, Singbbum, 2000 ft. (Gamble) . —

C 3948. Rekapallc Forests, Upper Godavari (Gamble) . . • —

C 3963. Rumpa Forests, Godavari, 3000 ft. „ 54

MELIACE^E 153

15. BEDDOMEA, Hook. f. Two species: B. indica, Hook, f.; PI. Br. Ind. i.
566 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. lvi., a large shrub ; and B. simplicifolia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 135 ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 566, a tree, of the Western Ghat forests from S. Canara and Coorg down
to Travancore.

16. CARAPA, Aubl.

Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. ii. 221, explains that he finds it difficult to
believe that C. obovatu, Bl. and C. moluccensis, Lamk. are the same species, for the
former grows on muddy flats and in mangrove swamps, while the latter is common on
rocky coasts. Not knowing exactly to which of the two the wood specimens examined
belong, I think it best to consider them as belonging to one species, as in the first
edition.

It may be as well, however, to say that in the Sundarbans Working Plan Mr.
Heinig considers them as varieties of the same species, with the following differences : —

1. moluccensis. Keserved Forests east of the Arpangassia. Grows to 60 ft. in
height. Sends up blind root-suckers. Fruit, size of an orange, gives an oil.

2. obovata. Same localities. Grows to 40 ft. in height. Has no blind root-suckers.
Fruit, size of a shaddock, used in tanning.

If also, as he seems to think, the woods differ, the case for their being separate species
seems strong.

Sir D. Brandis tells me that the Sundarbans tree is C. obovata, and that C.
moluccensis is only a Malay species extending to the Andamans.

1. C. moluccensis, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 567 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 136 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 42 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 251. C. obovatu, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. L 226. Vera.
Poshur, pussur, dhundul, Beng. ; Kandalanga, somunthiri, Tarn. ; Pinleun, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in
regular flakes. Wood red, hard ; sapwood lighter. Pores small to
moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty. Medullary rays prominent,
fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings distinctly
marked by a continuous belt of pores, and a dark line.

Coast forests of Bengal, Malabar, Burma and Ceylon.

One of the principal trees of the mangrove forests ; and one of the best timber-givers
in the Sundarbans. It reaches a height of 45 ft., and the wood is used for building,
furniture and firewood (Schlich).

Captain Baker, in May, 1829, in Gleanings in Science, spoke of Pussur or Pussooah
as being a jungle wood of a deep purple colour, extremely brittle and liable to warp.
He said that native boats made of the best species last about three years, and that the
wood, if of good quality, stands brackish water better than Sal. The average of his
experiments made in 1825-6 with pieces 6' x 1J" x 2" gave W = 47 lbs., P = 526 ;
specimens examined give W = 43 lbs. ; Brandis, No. 24, Burma List, 1862, gives
47 lbs. ; Wallich, 47 lbs. The wood is used in Burma for house-posts, handles of tools
and wheel-spokes ; it gives a clear, brown, brittle resin. The fruit yields an oil used
for burning and for the hair. Growth moderate, 6'6 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
E 402. Sundarbans (Richardson) 41

E 3696. „ (Gamble, 1882)

B 2514. Burma (Brandis, 1862) .

B 2239. Andamans (Col. Ford, 1866)

D 4114. South Arcot (Wooldridge)

49
42
41
43

Tribe III. SWIETENIEJ].
17. SWIETENIA, Linn.

Two introduced trees, much cultivated in India in gardens, avenues and forest
plantations.

1. S. Mahagoni, Linn.; Brandis For. Fl. 70. The Mahogany tree.
A large evergreen tree. Wood hard, reddish-brown, seasons and

154 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

works well. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of pores,
with few or no pores in the autumn wood. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, uniformly distributed, often subdivided, sometimes filled with
resin. Medullary rays very short, very numerous, moderately broad,
uniform and equidistant, giving a handsome silver-grain.

Jamaica and Central America ; cultivated in Bengal and as far north as Saharanpur.

The tree was introduced into the Eoyal Botanic Garden at Calcutta in 1795 (plants
from the West Indies), and although it was largely propagated by layers, no further new
introductions were probably made until 1865, when about 8000 seeds were sown in
Calcutta by Dr. T. Anderson. A number of these seeds did not succeed, but in the end
460 plants were procured, three-fourths of which were planted in the Mohurgong Forest
in the Darjeeling Terai, and the remainder at Calcutta. The plantation at Mohurgong
was a failure, but the growth of Mahogany at the Calcutta Botanic Garden, and at
other places in Bengal to which it was distributed, has been very satisfactory. The
experiment has been continued in Bengal, South India and Burma, and in time it may
be hoped that the conditions under which the tree thrives will be so well ascertained
that it can be regularly planted for timber. It apparently thrives best near the sea.
In a report submitted to Government by Dr. T. Anderson, of December 27, 1866,
he states that three trees, presumably 73 years of age, gave, at 4 ft. from the ground,
girths of 14 ft. 3 in., 12 ft. 3 in. and 13 ft. respectively, equivalent to a growth of 3*11
rings per inch of radius. In the great cyclone of 1864 a number of the trues originally
introduced in 1795 were blown down ; they had then, most of them, attained 12 ft. in
girth at 4 ft. from the ground, and logs cut from them sold at 4i to 5 annas per
superficial foot 1 in. thick, or at about Bs.3.6 annas per cubic foot.

The results of measurements of Saharanpur trees were as follows : —

5 trees planted in 1827-28, measured in May, 1872, gave 341 rings per inch.

2 „ „ 1839 „ „ „ 4-78 „ „

3 „ „ 1842-43 „ „ „ 6-09

The mean growth being 4*94 rings and an age of 58 years, corresponding to 6 ft. in
girth. The growth in Calcutta gave only 36 years for the same size. Measurements
made in Akyab by Mr. J. Nisbet ("Ind. For." vii. 219) gave an average radial growth
of 5 in. in 4 years, which is extremely quick. A section cut at Nilambur (W 4288)
showed a growth of 2"2 rings per inch. The result of these few data seems to show
that the growth near the sea in a moist equable climate is very quick, and that as one
goes inland and the climate gets drier the growth gets less, though at such a distance
as Saharanpur, 1000 miles from the sea, with a frosty winter season, the growth is still
fast, averaging 5 rings per inch. This all seems to point to the advisability of its
artificial cultivation being more largely extended, especially near the sea and on good
soil. On poor soil it will not thrive, as is natural considering that its home is in the
dense forests of the West Indies, where the soil has probably many feet of humus and
rich mould. It has been successfully grown at Nilambur, at Kullar at the foot of the
Nilgiris and elsewhere ; at Bamunpokri in the Darjeeling Lower Hills it was a failure,
also in various other places, such as Dehra Dun, where there are trees, but of unhealthy
growth.

The weight of Mahogany wood varies much. Tredgold gives for Honduras wood
35 lbs. and for Spanish Mahogany 53 ibs., and Fowke gives 52 lbs. as the weight of
Jamaica Mahogany. Our Calcutta specimen, cut from one of the trees destroyed in
the 1864 cyclone, gave 45 lbs., and the Saharanpur one 43 lbs. Tredgold gives for
the value of P for Honduras wood 637, for Spanish Mahogany 125; Fowke gives
for Jamaica wood 546. Molesworth gives for Honduras wood W = 35 lbs., P = 615,
E = 3100. Laslett's experiments give the following results :-

Cuba Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7' x 2" x 2" (6

between supports) .......

Honduras Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7' x 2" x 2"

ft. between supports)

Mexican Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7' x 2" x 2"

ft. between supports) 42 587

For India, \Y may be taken ordinarily as = 44 lbs. and P = <>00.

ft.

Weight

ill U.S.

Value of 1'.

48

(112

(6

41

601

(6

MELIACE^E 155

In Europe the wood is, perhaps, used more extensively than any other for furniture ;
it is also used in ship-building. In the Calcutta market it fetched, in 1878, from 64
to 8 annas per superficial foot of planking one inch thick ; and in London from Ad. to
Is. 6d.

Planted trees suffer a good deal from the attacks of the Toon borer moth, Magiria
robusta, Moore.

lbs.

E 1361. Eoyal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) 45

0 4568. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Gollan) 43

W 4288. Nilambur Pin., Malabar (P. Lushington) . . . .23 (young)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. III. 4).

2. S. maerophylla, King in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1550.

A large tree. Bark brown, rather rough. Wood light red, mode-
rately hard. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays fine, the distance
between them about equal to the diameter of the pores. Occasional
concentric bands of light tissue, some of which may be annual rings.

Introduced from the W. Indies.

The history of this species is as follows (see " Ind. For."' xv. 55). In 1872 seeds of
mahogany were sent by the India Office to the Royal Bot. Garden in Calcutta. They
were said to be from Honduras. As soon as the seedlings were a few inches high, they
were recognized as not belonging to S. Mahagoni. In their twelfth year, some of the
young trees had reached 20 ft. in height and begun to flower, and in 1885 they seeded.
The material obtained enabled Sir G. King to describe the tree.

It is a beautiful tree, far more hardy than >S'. Mahagoni, and as it seeds freely, it is
being largely cultivated in many places in India. The wood is similar, but seems likely
to be not quite of so good quality as the true Mahogany ; but this, time alone can prove
satisfactorily.

lbs.
E 3923. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) 35

18. SOYMLDA, Adr. Juss.

1. S. febrifuga, Adr. Juss. ; Plor. Dr. Ind. i. 567 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 8 ;
For. Fl. 71 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 228 ; Talbot Bomb. List 42. Swietenia febrifuga,

Brandis
AVilld. ;

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 398. Indian Red Wood. Vera. Bohan, Hind.; liohina, Beng. ;

Mohan, rohini, pohora, Berar ; Shem, wond, Tam. ; Sumi, Tel.; Sohan, mam,

Uriya; Soimi, Gondi; ltmjta, Bhil ; Somangi, Khond ; Soymide, Palkouda; Palara,

Mar.

A large deciduous tree. Bark \ to ^ in. thick, bluish-grey or
dark brown. Sapwood small, whitish; heartwood extremely hard
and close-grained, very dark red-brown, very durable, with numerous
fine, concentric lines of lighter colour, often closely packed. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, distinctly
visible on a radial section as dark shining plates, making, with the
sections of the dark pores, a very pretty silver-grain having a satiny
lustre.

Dry forests of Central and South India, found, according to Brandis, at its northern-
most limit in the Banswara State of Rajputana and the Mirzapore Hills. It is. how-
ever, most common in the C. P., Orissa and the Circars, but extends also across the
Deccan to the Konkan Ghats and the S. Mahratta country, and southwards into the
Carnatic. It prefers low hills of laterite and kankar, and is often associated with
Satinvvood.

A beautiful and interesting tree, with a valuable wood. The latter is somewhat
cross-grained, like Sal and some others, owing to the fibres in different vertical layers
>:oing in different directions, so that it is difficult to plane. In Ganjam, where it ia very
common, it is rarely cut, as the villagers and the Khonds consider it an unlucky tree,

156 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

and so large trees are not uncommon. When good pieces are obtainable it makes
beautiful furniture, if well seasoned to begin with.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 117, and Fowke, 66 lbs. ; R. Thompson gives 71,
and Bombay specimens gave 76 ; Wallich (Swietenia febrifugal) 55 lbs. ; the specimens
give an average of 74 lbs. According to Skinner's experiments, the value of P is 1024,
Fowke gives 626. The wood is durable. Skinner says that a scantling 3' x U" x 1?,",
taken out of the workshop at Fort Saint George, which had been erected in 1803 and
pulled down in 1859, stood 1232 lbs. without breaking. It is not much attacked by
white ants. It is used for construction, well-work, ploughshares and oil-mills. The
bark is bitter, and is used as a febrifuge and in diarrhoea and dysentery. For Mr.
Broughton's opinion of it and its chemical properties, see Bedd. t. 8.

It gives a beautiful clear gum in large pieces, and this gum is said by Dymock to
afford a good mucilage. The bark may be used in tanning, giving a brown colour ; and
it also gives a strong red rope-fibre.

lbs.

C 194. Mandla, Central Provinces, 1871 73

C 1123. Ahiri Beserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)

C 1240. Gumsiir, Ganjam (Dampier) ....

C 3824. Gullery Forest, Gumsiir (Gamble) .

D 4060. Godavari Forests (Gamble) ....

D 2113. Mysore

72
74
77
73
75

19. CHICKRASSIA, Adr. Juss.

1. C. tabularis, Adr. Juss.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 568; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 9; Brandis
For. Fl. 73; Kurz For. Fl. i. 227; Talbot Bomb. List 42; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.L 252.
C. velutina, Roemer : Kurz For. Fl. i. 227. Swietenia CMchrassa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 399.
Chittagong wood. Vern. Chikrassi, Beng. ; Boga porna, Ass.; Aglay, aged, eleu-
tharay, Tarn.; Madagari vembu, Tel. ; Ganti malle, Salem ; Dalmara, Kan. ; Pabba,
led devadari, Mar. ; Main, Hyderabad ; Mallei vepu, Trav. hills; Saiphra, sey barasi,
Magh ; Chegarasi, Chakma; Yinma, tawyinma, Burm. ; Arroddh, And.

A large tree. Bark reddish-brown, deeply cracked. Wood hard,
varying from yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, with a beautiful
satiny lustre, seasons and works well ; sap wood of a lighter colour.
Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided, isolated, uni-
formly distributed. Medullary rays fine, uniform, mostly equidistant,
slightly undulating; the distance between the rays generally equal to
the transverse diameter of the pores. A a n rial ri rigs distinctly marked
by a sharp line. A fine silver-grain with a satiny lustre. Like
Soymida, it is difficult to plane owing to the fibres running in dif-
ferent directions.

Forests of the Sikkim Himalaya, scarce ; Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong,
common, especially in the latter, where, after Jamil, it is probably the chief timber
tree; throughout South India on both sides, but especially in the W. Ghats, also in
Ceylon ; forests of Burma from the Shan Hills down ; Andaman and Coeos Islands.

A beautiful tree with a fine furniture-wood, such as in Europe is used for piano-
cases, tables, etc. Roxburgh says of it, " It is of a light colour and most elegantly
'veined, at the same time very close in the grain; it is employed to make furniture of
' different kinds." It deserves to be better known, and perhaps exported from localities
in which, as in the Chittagong Hills, it is sufficiently common. It would also be worth
cultivation in suitable places.

From the description given, it is probable that this is the " Cul gerweygay, Kan.''
of Graham Anderson's list, said to be very prejudicial to coffee if used as a shade tree.

Growth moderate, 8*6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner,
No. 46, 42 lbs.; the specimens give an average of 49 lbs. Skinner's experiments give
P = 614. The wood is used for furniture and for carving. The bark is a powerful
astringent, and the flowers give a red or yellow dye. It also gives a gum, apparently
not used.

MELIACE<E 157

lbs.

E 3678. Darjeeling Lower Hills (Gamble) 54

E 1260. Tezpur, Assam (Mann) 40

E 2197. Nowgona, Assam „ 45

E 1401. Cbittagong (Chester) 49

E 3689. Chittagong (Gamble) 55

D 3979. Agri-Hortl. Gardens, Madras (Steavenson) . . . .59

W 764. South Kanara (Cherry) 43

W 1218. North Kanara (Barrett) 44

B 2516. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

Tribe IV. CEDRELE.E.

20. CEDRELA, Linn.

In the Fl. Br. Ind. all the species or varieties of "Toon" are brought together
under one, G. Toona. But no one who has ever seen G. serrata, or indeed C. micro-
carpa, could possibly think that as species they were identical with C. Toona. In
Cas. de Candolle's Monograph, luckily, we have the Cedrelns properly described, and
five species are made, to which Sir G. King has added another. C. glabra, Cas. DC is a
large tree found by "Wallich in Nepal. It has also been collected in Kumaon, and
King says it is only a variety of C. serrata. G. hirsuta, King MS., is a scarce tree of
the valleys of the Darjeeling Hills.

All the Cedrelas are handsome trees, with a red, rather soft wood, called "Rel
Cedar," having a pleasant scent, and well known as the usual wood for cigar-boxes.
In the W. Indies, the wood is given by C. odorata, Linn., in the E. Indies by the
species here described, while a similar wood is afforded in Australia by G. australis,
F. von Muell.

Wood red, soft, durable, scented, easily worked. Pores moderate-
sized, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine or mode-
rately broad, evenly distributed but distant. Annual rings marked
by a continuous belt of large pores.

1. C. Toona, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 568 (in part); Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 635; Bedd.
PI. Sylv. t. 10 ; Brandis For. Fl. 72 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 228 ; Gamble Darj. List 17 ;
'Talbot Bomb. List 43. The Toon tree or Red Cedar. Vern. Tun, tuni, Urn, maha nim,
Hind.; Tuni, tun, lud, Beng. ; Malta Jimbu, Uriya ; Mahhm, Satpuras ; Drawi, Pb. ;
Tuni, bobich, Nep. ; Simal, Lepcba ; Somso, Bhutia ; Poma, henduri poma, Ass. ;
Goria nim, Melghat ; Grawa, Khond ; MahaJimo, Saora ; Kujya, Tippera ; Katangai,
K61 ; Madagiri vembu, Madura ; Santhana vembu, Tam. ; Mathagiri vembu, Mai.;
Vedi vembu, Trav. Hills; SuM, malt, Salem; Kal kilingi, Nilgiris ; Sandani vembu,
Tinnevelly; Tundu, kemjnl gandagheri, Kan. ; Noge, belandi, Coorg. ; Devdari, todut
maJumim, hui-uk, kuru/c, Mar. ; Chikado, tseetkado, Magh ; Shuruzbed, Chakma;
Thitkado, Burin.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thin, dark gre3r-brown, exfoliating
when old in irregular woody scales. Wood brick-red, soft, shining,
even- but open-grained, fragrant, seasons readily, does not split or
warp. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of large and
numerous pores. Pores frequently double or subdivided, unequally
distributed, scanty in the autumn wood, somewhat unequal in size,
prominent on a vertical section; those in the spring wood larger.
Medullary rays red, fine and moderately broad, uniform, bent round
the pores ; giving a marked silver-grain.

Forests of the sub-Himalayan tract and valleys in the North-West Himalaya up to
4000 ft., in the Punjab and eastwards, chiefly along streams, to Sikkim and Assam ;

158

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Eastern Bengal and Burma, less common ; throughout "Western and Southern India at
low elevations; ofteu planted in avenues and gardens.

The Toon tree is one of the most important of Indian trees, and is very largely
cultivated, and almost everywhere where cultivated can extend itself by self-sown
seedlings.

Growth rapid: Brandis says that in 1863 he measured the following trees on the
Eastern Jumna Canal near Saharaupur : —

Age 30 years, girth 58 inches, mean of 6 trees.
„ oo „ ,, oo ,, ,, o ,,

This would give a growth of 2| to 3 rings per inch of radius, which is very fast.
The specimens show a growth varying from 3 to 9 rings per inch of radius, showing
that some have come from fast-grown trees, while others have had only a moderate
growth. The average measurements of 50 trees in the Kulsi Plantation in Assam
gave for 22 years' age a height of G3 ft., girth 22 in., which is a growth of about
6 rings per inch.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

Experiments by whom
conducted.

Year. Wood whence procured.

* c

o | Size of bar.

Clifford

Campbell

Kyd . . . .

Cunningham

Skinner, No. 45 .

Baker . . . .

Fowke.

Brandis, No. 25 .

E. Thompson

Wallich,JNos.39and40

Hamilton

liourdillon .

1862
1831
1831
1S54
1862
1829
1S59
1862
1868

Bengal

Morung

Assam

Gwalior

Travanoore

Chittagong

Burma

Central Provinces

Assam aud India

it. in. in.
6x2x2
6x2x2
2x1x1
2x1x1

6x2x2

1896 Travancore

34
35
33
34
31
40
35
2S
35
34
36
29

Value of P.

369

423 (unseasoned)

465

541

560

550

420

349

Considering these experiments and the specimens here described, we may take
W = 35 and P = 4 05.

The wood is durable, and is not eaten by white ants ; it is highly valued and
universally used for furniture of all kinds, and is also employed for door panels and
carving. From Burma it is exported under the name of " Moulrueiu Cedar," and as
such is known in the English market. It there fetches about lis. 65 per ton, the cost
of cutting and delivery being Rs.44, according to Col. Seaton. In North-West
India it is used for furniture, carvings and other purposes. In Bengal and Assam it is
the chief wood for making tea-boxes, but has got scarce on account of the heavy
demand. It is also used for the purpose in Kangra. In South India it is very largely
used for cigar-boxes. In Bengal, Assam and Burma it grows to a Luge size, trees 2U
ft. girth with a height of 80 ft. of clear stem being not uncommon in forests which
have been only little worked, like those in some parts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Though easily distinguished when growing from G. microcoria, the woods are very
similar, so that they are cut and used or exported indiscriminately.

An analysis of the wood shows that calcium carbonate is the principal ingredient
of the ash. The leaves are used to feed cattle, and the flowers give a red or yellow
dye (Guhiari). The bark is astringent, and gives a resinous gum ; it is also used as
a febrifuge.

The seed is very small and light, and runs about 1200 to the ounce. Seedlings
are easily raised, but difficult to transplant The roots are surface-feeders, so that it
ought not to be grown on the edges of lields.

The Toon tree suffers considerably from an insect enemy, the " Toon twig-borer," a
moth of the Family of the Phycitidaa, the Magiria robusta, Moore, which bores along
the pith of the leading shoots, which are consequently destroyed, this destruction

MELIACE.E

159

seriously damaging the proper growth of the tree (see "Injurious Insects," by E. P.
Stebhing, p. 122). The same borer attacks also the leading shoots of allied species,
especially of mahogany (Swietenia Mahagoni and macrophyUa). No remedy for the
damage has yet been suggested, but in young plants the best thing is to cut and burn
the young shoots directly the presence of the larva is ascertained from the appear-
ance of the usual gummy exudation.

Madhopur, Punjab (F. Halsey)

Simla, Punjab

Sirmur, Punjab

Garhwal, 1868

Mandla, C.P., 1871

Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble)

Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble).

Kamrup, Assam (Maun) \ some of i

Tezpiir „ „ I these may I

Sibsagar „ „ | belong to j

Chittagong (Chester) j C. microcarpa \

Salem, Madras (Beddome)

South Kanara (Cherry) .

Malabar

Burma, 1867

Tharrawaddi, Burma (Pibbentrop) .
No. 18, Salem Collection ....
No. 19, „ „ (marked Chickrassia tabirfaris)

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (Tab. III. 5).

p

1191.

11

8.

II

5.

0

214.

C

177.

c

3476.

C

3545.

I]

640.

E

1266.

E

1229.

E

712.

D

1054.

W

763.

W 4147.

B

272.

B

803!

lbs.

35

37

36
37

31

44
34
31

39
29
34
35
38
35
37

2. C. microcarpa, C. DC ; Monog. Phan. i. 745. Vera. Tun, tuni, Hind,
(names much as in C. Toona).

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark brown, rough. Wood as in
C. Toona, but pores rather smaller, and medullary rays finer and
more clearly marked.

Hills of the Sikkim Himalaya at about 2-4000 ft. ; hills of Eastern Bengal and
Chittagong ; hill forests of South India up to 5000 ft.

This is a larger tree than C. Toona, and affects the sides and slopes of valleys in
the hill country. The wood is used for the same purposes as that of C. Toona. The
growth is faster. It is, in all probability, the tree referred to by Mr. Graham Anderson
(" Forest Trees in the Coffee Lands of S. Mysore," Bangalore, 1888) as "Qund gerweygay,
' gunda gerigay, nogwarra, nof/ya, chitkye. card bayeiv, Kan.," and apparently considered
an excellent shade tree for coffee.

E 655.
E 2332.
E 3599.
E 3619.
E 3623.
B 5052.

Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .
Sukna, Darjeeling 2000 ft. (Gamble)

■>t 5> )) >J

Latpanchor, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble)

Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 2000 It. „

Thongwa, Henzada, Burma (marked Mdia birmanica)

lbs.

30
36
39

35
37

In the Darjeeling Hills is another Toon, which Sir G. King also identifies as
C. microcarpa, but which I cannot help thinking to be distinct. It grows into an
enormous evergreen tree with reddish-brown bark, exfoliating in long flakes. The
wuodused to be largely in use for rice-pounders and for dug-out canoes, but the demand
for tea-box wood has cleared off most of the large trees, so that it must now hi scarce.
In the " Ind. Forester," i. 91, the cubic contents of four trees in the Reyang Valley are
given as 211, 375, 720 and 40D cub. ft. respectively, the largest having a mean girth
of 12 ft. and a length of 80 ft. Its identity requires, I think, some further investi-
gation. The wood is redder and softer than that of C. Toona.

lbs.

E 360. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Johnston) 34

E 2333. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 34

160 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. C. multijuga, Kurz For. PI. i. 229. C. Toona, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. lad. i. 569 (in
part). Vem. Taungdama, Burm. ; Nee, Karen.

A laro-e evergreen tree. Wood light, soft, pink, with structure like
that of C. Toona, but pores more scanty.

Tropical forests of the Eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma, west of Toungoo.

lbs.
B 3378. Salween Valley, Burma, 2000 ft 36

4. C. serrata, Royle ; Brandis For. Fl. 73; Kurz For. Fl. i. 229. C. Toona,
Roxb.; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 568 (in part). Vera. Drawi, dalli, ddl, dauri, khishing, Jchinam,
durla, N.-W. Him.; Soni, Kumaon ; Darin, darli, darloi, Jaunsar.

A tree. Bark dark grey, ^ in. thick, with regular longitudinal
furrows. Heartwood light-red, even- but open-grained, scent often
unpleasant. Annual rings distinctly marked by broad belts of
numerous large pores. Pores often double or divided into three
compartments, very unequal in size from small to large, and unequally
distributed, very prominent on a vertical section, scanty and small
in autumn wood, large and very numerous in spring wood, usually
filled with resin. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, rather
few, bent round the pores.

Western Himalaya up to 8000 ft., from the Indus to the Jumna.

The wood is at once distinguishable from that of C. Toona by the prevalence of very
much larger pores and much more marked annual rings. In appearance the tree is
also quite different; it has very loDg leaves, usually pink flowers, and the young trees
spread like an umbrella ; it has also different bark, and is always found at much higher
elevations. In Ceylon it has been introduced as a shade tree for tea, and it is very
largely planted for the same purpose over coffee in Java. In Jaunsar the wood has
been used considerably in the building of forest houses, and for beams and sleepers on
the sledge-roads, wet-slides and bridges. The growth is sometimes very fast, some-
times as fast as 2 rings to the inch of radius.

Average weight, 33 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for many purposes about
Simla, also for the hoops of sieves and for bridges. The shoots and leaves are lopped

for cattle fodder.

lbs.

H 3181. Dungagalli, Hazara, 6000 ft —

Hazara, Punjab, 6000 ft, (Baden-Powell) . . . .88

Murree, Punjab, 7000 ft. „ 29

Salan, Chamba, 5000 ft. (Pengelly) 28

Matiyana, Simla, 7000 ft. 31

Ueoban Ran2,e, Jaunsar, 5500 ft. (Bagshawe) . . . .30

H4486. DehraDun,2300ft. (cult.) (Gamble) 30

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. III. 6).

B 505, sent from the Andaman Islands under the name of Diospyros undulata,
Vera. Thikado, Burm. ; Padd, And., has a reddish, moderately hard, even-grained
wood which seasons well. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided ; very prominent on a
vertical section. Medullary rays numerous, fine, uniform ; the distance between the
rays many times less than the transverse diameter of the pores. It evidently belongs
to Meliaceaj, but has not yet been identified.

21. CHLOROXYLON, DC.

1. C. Swietenia, DC: Fl. Br. Ind. i. 569 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 11 ; Brandis For. Fl.
74 ; Talbot Bomb. List 43 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 253. Sivietenia Chloroxylon, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 400. Satin wood. Vera. Behra, girya,behru, bihri, C.P. ; Bhirra, girya,
Berar ; lihira, Gondi ; Bhirwa, Baigas ; Bella, Palkonda; Ealda, bheria, bit hi, Mar. ;
Mududad, mutirai, burns, punish, Tarn. ; Billu, bilgu, Tel. ; Sengel, sail, K61 ;
Bli ar h ul, Khar war ; Behru, Uriya ; Huragalu, Mysore ; Burnt a, Cingh.

II

920.

11

897.

II

782.

II

25.

II

430.

MELIACE/E

161

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark J in. thick, soft, spongy,
light grey or yellow. Wood very hard, yellow or cream-coloured, the
inner wood darker than the outer, but no distinct heartwood ; having
a fine satiny lustre. Annvxd rings distinct. Pores very small, evenly
distributed, single or in short radial lines, between the fine uniform
and equidistant, very short medullary rays, which are visible on a
radial section as small shining plates which cause the beautiful
silver-grain.

Central and Southern India and Ceylun. It commences in the Satpura Eange,
and is found in dry forests through the Circars, the Konkan, the Deccan and Carnatic,
especially on rather poor soils, as on sand and Luerite. The finest I have seen were in
the Gumsur and Surada Forests of the N. Circars. In Ceylon (see A. F. Broun, " Ind.
For.," xxv. 181, with map) it affects the dry regions of the north and east, the finest
forests being those about Puttalam and Batticaloa.

This beautiful tree gives the satinwood of commerce, wbich is largely exported
from Ceylon, and, to a much less extent, from India. It is much used for cabinet
work and the backs of brushes, also for pretty furniture and picture-frames. Locally
it has been used for building, for carts and agricultural implements. It has been tried
as a substitute for boxwood for engraving, but not very successfully. Sleepers made
of it bave lasted for 20 years on the Ceylon Railway ; and so far the experiments
as to its behaviour in sea-water point to its resisting teredo. A celebrated bridge
at Peradeniya, near Kandy, with a single arch of 205 ft. span, was built entirely
of it. " Figury " wood fetches a good price, reaching as much as Rs.7 per cubic foot
in Colombo, ordinary wood being valued at about Rs.2J. Logs sometimes run to a
girth of 8 to 9 ft.

The cause of " figury " wood has been somewhat discussed, but scarcely yet satis-
factorily determined. Mr. H. S. Hansard in " Ceylon Forester," ii. 253, maintains that
it is caused by irregular growth from the cambium ; Mr. Armitage in the same
paper, that it is caused by the irregular healing of wounds in the bark made by the
sambhar deer.

The data regarding rate of growth are not very good. Broun, however, gives 20
years as the time in which a tree reaches 18 in. girth, 45 years for 36 ins., 75 years for
54 in., and 125 years for 72 in. He seems to consider that 6 ft. is the best exploitable
size, but in India I suspect that trees of that size would be long over-mature and
probably hollow.

The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength : —

1

Kxperiment by ,.
whom conducted. ica»-

re D-

P'S

re

No. of ex-
periments.

Size of bar.

iC
1

Value
of P.

Remarks.

Baker . . 1829

A. Mendis . 1855

Skinner . . 1*62
Puekle . . —

Paris Exh. Cat. 1862

Wallich . . —

Molesworth

II. H.OConnell 1886

The specimens 1899

Broun

Madras

Ceylon

Madras
W. Mysore

C.P.

< 'eylon

Tinnevelly
Various places
Ceylon

3
2

1
3

12

ft. in. in.
6X2 X 2

2x1 X I

2X1 X 1
3 x Ji x H

lbs.
65

56

60

61

51
60
61
59
60

744
(1042 |

t 504 /

870

812
1 620 to
\ 1059

950

—
1000

Nos. 8, 52

No. 47
Balfour, p. 317

No. 1S7
E = 5200
o = 0-00699

1 am inclined to agree with Broun that P = 1000 is perhaps the best to take.
His weight of 60 lbs. is probably also correct.

The experiments made by Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute, on
Ceylon woods, gave the following results {Imp. Just. Journ., May, 1899) : —

M

162

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Weight . 64*32 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . 1903 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress 3*374 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 6#150 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 699 „ „

Broun describes the tree as a " shade-avoiding " tree, requiring, however, some low-
cover when young. It comes up readily in clearings and on the sides of forest roads,
and he considers the reproduction good.

C 1153. Ahiri, C.P. (R. Thompson)

C 1412. Seoni, C.P

C 2742. Jamui, Berar (Brandish ....

C 1239, 1304. Gumsur, N. Circars (Dampier)

C 3443. Seemah Forest, Palamow (Gamble) .

C 3572. Khurdha Forests, Orissa „

C 3823. Kurcholy Forests, Ganjam (Gamble)

C 3943, 4065. Rekapalle Forests, U. Godavari (Gamble)

D2926. Madras

D 1069. N. Arcot (Beddome)

D 4448. South Arcot (Wooldridge) ....

No. 20, Salem Collection

Nos. 8, 52, Ceylon Collection, old ; Nos. 14, 90, new (Mendis)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

lbs.
54
49
52
56

57
56
65

61

61

56

Order XXX. CHAILLETIACEJE.
1. CHAILLETIA, DC.

Three species. C. Helferiana, Kurz For. Fl. i. 230 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 570, and
(J. longipetala, Turcz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 571 (C. macrqpetala, Kurz For. Fl. i. 231), are
evergreen shrubs or trees found in Teuasserim.

1. C. gelonioides, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 570; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lix. ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 230 ; Talbot Bomb. List 43. C. sumatrana, Miq. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 254.
Moacurra t/donioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 69. Vern. Moakurra, Beng. ; Bahma kuta,
Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, light yellowish-brown, with
prominent rough lenticels in horizontal lines. Wood light yellowish-
brown, moderately hard. Pores small, rather scanty, the annual rings
marked by the absence of pores in the spring wood. MedvMary rays
variable, line to broad, often short, several fine rays between the broad
ones ; silver-grain of whitish plates.

Khasia Hills and Sylhet : Chitfcagong ; Western Ghats (common in N. Kanara near
the falls of Gairsoppa) ; Ceylon, in the moist low country, up to 3000 ft.

The wood somewhat resembles that of the oaks, especially that of the first-
mentioned specimen, which is clearly from an older tree than the other.

East Indies — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

Khasia Hills, 2-3000 ft.— Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

Order XXXI. OLACXNEJE.

An Order of very small forest importance, but still containing about 20 genera of
trees, shrubs or climbers, found in the forests of India. They are chiefly found in the
moist zones of the forests of Bengal, Burma, the Western Ghats and Ceylon, and none
of them are particularly common. A few genera afford large trees, but none of them
have timbers of any importance.

OLACINE.E 163

The Order is divided into four Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Olaceai .... Ximenia, Olax, Erythropalum, Strorn-

bosia, Anacolosa, Schopfia.
,, II. Opilieai .... Cansjera, Natsiatopsis, Lepionurus,

Opilia.
„ III. Icacineas .... Lasianthera, Gomphandra, Apodytes,

Mappia, Phlebocalymna.
„ IV. Phytocrenese . . . Phytocrene, Miquelia, Sarcostigma,

Natsiatum, lodes.

1. XIMENIA, Linn.

1. X. amerieana, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 574 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 252 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 232 ; Talbot Bomb. List 44 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 255. Vera. Uranechra, Tel. ;
Kakira, Piumpa; Chiru-illantai, Tarn. ; Pinle kayin, pinlezi, Burm.

A large shrub. Bark dark reddish-brown, very rough with deep
fissures, \ in. thick. Wood yellowish -red, hard, heavy, close-grained.
Pores small, evenly distributed, less numerous in the autumn wood.
Medullary rays very fine, short.

Dry forests of the Deccan, on stony ground ; Trincomali and Batticaloa in Ceylon,
scarce; rocky coast of the Andaman Islauds.

A thorny shrub with bright-orange edible fruit. The kernels of the fruit are also
eaten, and taste like filberts. The wood is used as a substitute for sandal by Brahmins
on the East Coast iu their religious ceremonies (Roxb.).

lbs.
C 3920. Peddapuram Forests, Upper Godavari (Gamble) . . . —
D 3986. Ballipalle Forest, Cuddapah „ ... 67

2. OLAX, Linn.

Seven species, mostly scandent shrubs. 0. Wightiana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 575 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lx. ; Talbot Bomb. List 44; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 256, is a large climbing
shrub or small tree (Bedd.) of S. India and Ceylon. 0. merguensis, Planch. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 576 is a low tree of the Margui District of Tenasserim. 0. nana, Wall, is a
small undershrub of the plains and lower hill forests of the North-West Provinces
up to 5000 ft., common in the Oudh forests. 0. acuminata, Wall, is a climbing shrub
of Assam, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, and the Kachin Hills of Burma; and 0. inibricatu,
R ixb., a similar shrub of Chittagong and Tenasserim.

1. 0. seandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 163; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 575; Brandis For. Fl. 75 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 233 ; Talbot Bomb. List 44 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 256. Vera. Dhcniani,
Hind.; Koko-arn, Beng. ; Arthil, Monghyr ; liimmel, K61 ; Bodobodoria, Uriya ; Ehir,
Sonthal ; MadaJkura, Khond ; Kadalranchi, Tarn.; Kurpodur, murki malle, turka-
vepa, Tel. ; Harduli, urchirri, Mar. ; Lelu, Burm.

A large rambling shrub, sometimes a climber. Bark grey, £ in.
thick, deeply cleft vertically. Wood porous, yellowish-white, soft.
Porea numerous, large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, often
oval. Medullary rays fine, numerous, not prominent.

Sub-Himalayan tract in Kumaon ; Behar; Central and South India; Burma, extend-
ing to the Shan Hills.

This is a destructive climber, doing considerable damage to forest trees. It is chiefly
found on wet ground near rivers and in ravines. The fruit is used in Hazaribagb. for
making sherbet.

164 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbe.
40
36

C 1184. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (B. Thompson)

C2762. Moharli „ „ „ (Brandis) .

C 3820. Surada Forests Ganjam (Gamble) .

C 3467. Bandgaon, Singbhum „ ...

C 3494. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum ,, ...

2. 0. zeylaniea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 576 ; Bedd. PL Sylv. lx. ; Kurz For. PL i.
233 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 257. Vera. Mella, Cingh.

A small tree with angled branches. Wood yellowish-white, hard,
close- and even-grained, resembling boxwood. Pores small, in narrow
rings of light tissue and roughly in concentric lines. Medullary rays
fine, regular, prominent.

Upper Burma (Kurz) ; moist low country of Ceylon.
The leaves are eaten in salad and curries.
Ceylon — Kew Museum (S. Jayateleke).

3. ERYTHEOPALUM, Bl. Three climbing shrubs. E. scandens, Bl. occurs in
Eastern Bengal and Burma; E. vagum, Mast., in the Sikkim Himalaya and Assam ;
and E. populifoliurn, Mast., in Travaucore.

4. STBOMBOSIA, Bl. Three large trees. 8. javanica, Bl. ; FL Br. Ind. i. 579 ;
Kurz. For. Fl. i. 235, is a lofty tree of Tenasserim, said to have a hard white wood.
S. ceylanica, Gardn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 579 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 1. 137 ; Talbot Bomb. List 45 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 257, is a large tree of the Western Ghats, in the Konkan and
Kanara, also in Ceylon. Trimen says the wood is " moderately heavy, rather soft,
' pale yellowish-brown, shining." S. leprosa, Talbot in Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi. 235
(S. ceylanica, Gardn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 579 (in part)), is a large tree of the forests of
N. Kanara.

5. ANACOLOSA, Bl.

Four species. A. ilicoides, Mast, in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 580, is a small spreading tree of
the Khasia Hills. A. Griffithii, Mast. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 236, is an evergreen shrub of
Tenasserim, and A. puberula, Kurz, a large shrub of the Andaman Islands.

1. A. densiflora, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 1. 138 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 580.

A large tree. Wood light reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores
moderate-sized, in radial or slightly oblique strings. Medulla ry rays
very fine, very numerous, the distance between them much less than
the diameter of the pores. Cells large and prominent under the lens
on a cross-section.

Anamalai Hills of Coimbatore at 2000 ft. ; hills of Travancore.

lbs.
W 4679. Travancore (Bonrdillon) 50

G. SCHCEPFIA, Schreb.

S.f ragra ns, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 581, is a small tree of Nepal, the Khasia Hills,
and the Kachin Hills of Upper Burma.

1. S. acuminata, Wall. ; Fl. Ik. Ind. i. 582.

A tree. Wood yellowish-white, soft, with narrow, irregular,
broken or anastomozhig bands of soft texture. Pores small, often
subdivided, scanty ; usually but not always in the soft bands.
Medullar y ray* line, not numerous, wavy.

Mishmi Hills, Khasia Hills and Sylhet.
Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

OLACINE/E 165

7. CANSJERA, Juss.

Three species, two of which are climbing shrubs of the Burmese forests, of little
i mportance.

1. C. Rheedii, Gmelin ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 582 ; Brandis For. Fl. 75 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clxxix.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 237; Talbot Bomb. List 45; Trimen FL Ceyl. i. 259.
O. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 441. Vern. Pita-bodalya, TJriya ; Eta-mura, Cingh.

A large evergreen climbing shrub. Bark cream-coloured, some-
what corky. Wood yellowish-white. Pores small, rather scanty.
Medullary rays fine, white, short, moderately numerous. Annual
rings distinct.

Forests of Oudh, South India, Burma and Ceylon.

C 3946. Rekapalle Forests, U. Godavari (Gamble).
C 4321. Juddengy Forests, Godavari „

8. NATSIATOPSIS, Kurz. N. thunbergicefolia, Kurz For. Fl. i. 237, is a climbiDg
shrub of Upper Burma.

9. LEPIONURUS, Blume. L. ohlomjif alius, Mast, in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 583 ; Gamble
Darj. List 17 (L. sylvestris, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 330), is a small tree of the North-East
Himalaya and Eastern Bengal.

10. OPILIA, Roxb. 0. amentacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 87; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 583 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. lx. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 258 ; Vern. Baleekoma, Tel., is a scandent shrub or
small tree of South India and Burma.

11. LASIANTHERA, Pal. de Beauv.

1. L. apicalis, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 584 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 139 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 260. Vern. Uru/canu, wuhonda, Cingh.

A moderate-sized or large pyramidal tree. Bark smooth. Wood
greyish- or yellowish-brown, soft to moderately hard. Pores small,
evenly distributed, usually in patches of soft light tissue. Medullary
rays fine, short, numerous, with occasional broad ones ; silver-grain
very prominent, speckled, in small oblique patches.

Moist low country of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.

Mendis says the wood is used for building and for coffee and plumbago casks.

No. 140, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).
Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

12. GOMPHANDRA, Wall.

Five species. Besides the two described, there are three species, all trees, given in
Kurz' " Forest Flora" under the generic name of Stemonurus, 131., as found in Burma.

l. G. polymoppha, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 586. G. coriacea, Wight; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. lxi. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 261.

A small tree. Ba.rk thin, light greyish-brown, smooth. Wood
greyish-white, soft. Pore* small, scanty. MedvMary rays broad,
white, showing a good silver-grain. Very many tine, white, irregular
and wavy transverse bars.

166 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Hills of South India and Ceylon, above 6000 ft. ; common in the underwood in
thick Nilgiri sholas.

lbs.

W 3816. Lamb's rock shola, Nilgiris, 5000 ft. (Gamble) ... 40

2. G. axillaris, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 586 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxi. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 45 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 261.

Wood grey, similar to that of G. ^)olymorpha.

Forests of Sylhet ; Western Ghats from Konkan and N. Kanara to Travaucore, up
to 4000 ft.

A small tree of forest undergrowth at lower levels than G. polymorpha. Bourdillon
gives W = 30 lbs., P = 358.

lbs.
W 4619. Travancore (Bourdillon) 31

13. APODYTES, E. Meyer. Four species. A. Benthamiana, Wight; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 588; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 140, var. a, is a tree of the hills of South India, at
5-7000 ft. A. Gardneriana, Miers ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 262, is a tree of the hill
region of Ceylon up to 6000 ft. A. Beddomei, Mast, in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 588 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 140, var. £, is a tree of the Nilgiri northern slopes and the hills of Travancore.
A. andamanica, Kurz For. Fl. i. 239, is an evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands.

14. MAPPIA, Jacq.

Four species. 21. tomentosa, Miers ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 589, like M. fcetida, Miers, is a
common tree of the Nilgiri sbolas, up to 7000 ft. M. ovata, Miers ; Fl. Br. Ind. 589 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 262; Vern. Gandapana, Cingh., is a tree of South India and
Ceylon at rather lower levels than the other two. M. oblonga, Miers; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
589; Talbot Bomb. List 45 ; Vern. Gur, halgur, Mar. ; Chorla, pilipiccha, Trav. Hills,
is a tree of the Western Ghats in the Konkan and N. Kanara, having, like most of the
species, flowers with a very strong unpleasant smell.

1. M. fcetida, Miers ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 589 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 141 (not the text).
Vern. Ardli, Tarn.

A tree. Bark greenish-grey, rough. Wood white or greyish, soft.
Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty, in radial strings. Medullary
rays numerous, broad, prominent in the silver-grain. Cells easily
seen under the lens.

Nilgiri Hills at 5-7000 ft. ; hills of Mysore.

lbs.

W4036. Cairn Hill, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) .... 32

15. PHLEBOCALYMNA, Griff. Three species, shrubs or small trees of Burma.
P. Grijfithiana, Mast.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 590 (Gonocaryum Griflithianum, Kurz For. Fl.
i. 241), is an evergreen tree of the swamp forests of Burma.

HI. PHYTOCRENE,Wall. ; P. gigantea, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 591 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 241, is a gigantic climber of the forests of Chittagong and Burma, whose stem on
being cut gives out a quantity of fresh water <_;ood to drink. The wood has " very
' large porous vessels and thick medullary rays, but no annual rings " (Fl. Br. Ind.).

1 have not seen any specimen of the wood of P. gigantea, but there are good
representatives ot those of P. hrachata. Wall., and /'. pidnvata, Wall., both Malay
species, in the Kew Museum. In the former there is a large central pith with a few
small fibro-vascular bundles arranged radially round the outer edge. Then comes a
riDg of very porous wo <1 with large radially arranged oblong blunt wedges about 9 to
10 in number, the outer part of which is bast tissue, the inner wood tissue with a few
large pores. Then comes a bast ring, and then further wood rings of similar character.
In the latter there is a small ring of central pith, followed by starlike irregular
patches of wood tissue set in bast, then irregular scattered but more or less concentric

olacine^: 167

patches of large-pored wood tissue. In both the bark is dark coloured, rou«h, some-
what leathery. There is also a drawing of the wood of /'. gigantea, with a drawing of
a section of a young stem in Wallich PI. As. Rar. t. 215, which shows a central pith
with short broad medullary rays radiatirjg from it and surrounded by tissue with very
large and large pores. This is followed by a ring of tissue without pures, and this
again by another similar ring of pores and medullary rays, and so on.

17. MIQUELIA, Meissn. Two climbing shrubs : M. Kleinii, Meissn., of Assam ;
and M. dentata, Bedd., of the Anamalai Hills.

18. SARCOSTIGMA, W. and A. Three climbing shrubs, one Burmese (S.Wallichii,
Baill.), one of the Andamans (S. edule, Kurz), and the third (S. Kleinii, W. and A.)
of West and South India.

19. NATSIATUM, Ham. N. herpeticum, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 595; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 242 ; Gamble Darj. List 17 ; Vern. Sitngoo-rik, Lepcha, is a common climber of
Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma.

20. IODES, Blume. About four species, evergreen climbers of Eastern Bengal and
Burma.

Order XXXII. ILICINEiE.

One genus, Ilex, the Holly. Most of the hollies are found in hill regions.

1. ILEX, Linn.

About 23 Indian species. Three species are found in the Western Himalaya;
eight in the Eastern Himalaya; seven in Assam and the Khasia Hills; four in
Burma; five in South India, and three in Ceylon. Watt mentions also some new
species from Manipur. I. exceha, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 603 (I. exsulca, Brandis For.
Fl. 76); Vern. Katonj, Kumaon, is a small tree of the Himalaya from the Tons river
(collected at Moragadh above Thadiar) eastwards, up to 6000 ft., Assam and the
Khasia Hills, nowhere very common, and preferring shady underwood near streams.
This with Nos. 2 and 3 are the species of the Western Himalaya. In the Eastern
Himalaya are found Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 7, with I. excelsa, also J. intricata, Hook. 1. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 602, a straggling shrub of high elevations (10-11,000 ft.) in the Sikkim
Himalaya; I.fragilis, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 002; Gamble Darj. List IS, a small
tree found in the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya at 7-10,000 ft., and in the Khasia
Hills; and I. Godajam, Colebr.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 604; Gamble Darj. List 18 ; Vern.
Tirsam, Ass., a small tree found in the Darjeeling Terai and Western Duars, extending
to Assam and Sylhet. I. thecefolia, Wall. ; I. embelioides, Hook. f. ; I. Griffithii, Hook.
f. ; I. Thomsoni, Hook. f. and I. venulosa, Hook, f., are trees or shrubs of Assam and
the Khasia Hills. 1. sulcata, Wall.; 7. macrophylla, Wall.; I. cymosa, Bl. and I.
Wallickii, Hook, f., are trees of Burma, also I. thecefolia, Wall. (I. gaultheritefoKa,
Kurz For. Fl. i. 245), before mentioned. 7. malabarica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 143; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 600; Talbot Bomb. List 46, is a large tree of the Ghats of the Konkan
and N. Kauara and of the Penne Forest in S.-E. Wynaad. /. Qardneriana, Wight;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 003 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxii., is a small tree or large shrub of the Western
sholas of the Nilgiri plateau. I. Walkeri, Wight and Gardn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 600;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxii.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 264, is a small thickly branched tree found
in the Pulney Hills in the Madura district and in the higher forests of Ceylon at
5-8000 ft. The European holly is I. Aquifolium, L., while the Mate or Paraguay
tea is made from the leaves of J. paraguayensis, St. Ilil.

Wood white or grey. Pores small, arran^vd in radial lines or
irregular elongated patches of loose texture. Med/iittary rays of two
classes, very line and broad, the latter prominent on a vertical section,
and causing a marked silver-grain.

168 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. I. insignis, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 599 ; Gamble Darj. List 18. Vein.
Lasuni, Nep.

A small evergreen tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood white, soft,
close-grained. Annual ring* marked by a white line. Pores very
small, numerous, often in radial lines, several such lines between each
pair of broad medullary rays. Medullary rays very fine and broad,
prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a fine silver-grain.
Medullary 'patches often prominent.

Hills of Darjeeling, above 6000 ft.

In winter this tree has clusters of bright red berries like those of the comniou
holly, and is used for similar purposes of decoration. Growth about 5 rings per inch
of radius.

lbs.

E 355. Gumpahar Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . .40
E 3407. The Park, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 41

2. I. dipyrena, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 599 ; Brandis For. Fl. 76, t. 15 ; Gamble
Darj. List 18. Vern. Shangala, Jeandlar, kalueho, diusn, dodru, drunda, kanflu, Pb. ;
Kanderu, Jaunsar; Kandailo hanj, hantal, Kumaon ; Garddr, Garhwal: Thinkiyo,
ilso, Dotial; Kaula, haraput, munasi, gulsima, Nep. ; Kandara, kaderu, kateru,
Simla.

A small evergreen tree. Bark light grey, sometimes nearly white,
thin, smooth or slightly wrinkled. Wood white, hard, close-grained.
Pores extremely small, in long irregular wavy radial lines, in patches
of loose texture. Medullary rays of two classes, very fine and
moderately broad, the latter darker than the cellular tissue, prominent
on a radial section, giving the wood a pretty silver-grain.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, above 5000 ft.

In the North-West Himalaya this holly is chiefly found in ravines and valleys, and
sometimes attains a large size — witness the one near Naini Tal, recorded by Madden
and mentioned by Brandis as having 16 to 17 ft. in girth.

ll>3.

H 21. Matiyaua, Simla, 7000 ft 46

H 4765. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble) .... 44

3. I. Odorata, Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 599; Brandis For. Fl. 77. Yern. Oarshun,
garkaula, gadkanira, gadmel, Kumaon ; Gadgair, gaddrit, Garhwal : <S<m, Dotial.

An evergreen tree. Wood greyish-white, structure similar to that
of I. iiix'tijn is.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Sikkim, up to 6000 ft.

lbs.

H256. Garhwal Hills (R. Thompson) 32

4. I. sikkimensis, King Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Iv. ii. 265. Vera. Harre, Nep.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood white, soft, close-grained,
with white concentric lines, which seem to correspond to annual
rings. Pores very small and numerous. Medullary rays very fine
and broad ; the latter prominent, giving the wood a reticulate
silver-grain.

Darjeeling Hills at 6-10,000 ft., common on Seuchul.

lbs.
E 692. Chuttockpur, Darjeelinu, (iooo ft. (Johnston) . . . .39
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (J. thecefolia) (Tab. IV. 1).

IV.

ILEX SIKKIMEXSIS.

ETJONYMUS LACERUS.

ZIZYrHUS JUJl'BA.

RHAMNTS TRIQUETER.

■\TM\prs DETEBGENS. s< ni.Ili Ul'i; \ Ti:Mi >..

(Maynijied iJj times.)

ILICINEJ5 169

5. I. dentieulata, Wall. ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 600 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. t. 142 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 265.

A large tree. Bark ^ in. thick, grey, somewhat rough. Wood
grey, soft, warps somewhat. Pores veiy small, in long radial lines,
between the fine medullary rays, several of which come between the
moderately-broad rather dark-coloured ones, which give a pretty
mottled silver-grain on a radial section.

Hills of S. India, common in the sholas of the Nilgiris and Anamalais at 6-8000 ft. ;
scarce in the Ceylon hills, though found about Newera Ellia.

Beddome says the timber is much valued and said not to warp or crack, but it is
not held in much esteem on the Nilgiris, and the specimens warped a good deal.

lbs.

W 4050. Cairn Hill, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 31

W 4094. Lovedale, Ootacamund (Gamble) 40

6. I. Wightiana, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 603; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxii. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 265. Vern. Horralu, Badaga; Velloday, Tarn. ; Andun-wenna, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark }, in. thick, smooth, greyish-white. Wood
greyish-white, soft. Pores very small, numerous, in radial lines, often
6 or 7 between each pair of fine medullary rays. Medullary rays
long, fine and broad, dark, the broad ones on a radial section giving a
silver-grain of curved lines and dots, and on a tangential section a
speckled grain.

Hills of S. India, very common in Nilgiri sholas, also found in the Pulney, Anamalai
and Travancore Hills, all at 6-8000 ft. ; hills of Ceylon, but scarce.

A pretty tree with white flowers and clusters of red berries, one of the most
noticeable of Nilgiri shola trees. Beddome says the wood is useful for building
purposes, bowls, platters, etc. If carefully seasoned it would make a pretty wood for
cabinet work on account of its marked silver-grain.

lba.
W 3874. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .35
W 3749. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 40

7. I. Hookeri, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lv. ii. 265. Vern. Lisay, Nep.

A small tree. Bark grey, J- in. thick, somewhat rough. Wood
very white, close- and even-grained. Pores very small, in irregular
more or less zigzag patches of loose texture. Medidlary ray* of two
kinds, very fine and broad, numerous. Structure much resembling
that of I. di'pyrena.

Higher Sikkim Himalaya at 9-10,000 ft., common on Mount Tonglo.

lbs.

E 5087. Darjceling Hills, 9-10,000 ft. (C. G. Rogers) . . . .50

Ilex Aquifolium, L., the European holly, is occasionally cultivated in the Indian
hill stations. The wood is "heavy, hard, homogeneous, with a fine silver-grain; it

• has a very dominant fibrous tissue. The medullary rays are few, moderately broad,

• and between them are a number of very fine rays. Fores very small, not numerous,
'equal, some forming a ring at the beginning of each annual layer, and others grouped
' in series of 5 to 12 between the fine medullary rays *' (Mathieu Fl. For. 58).

Order XXXIII. CELASTRINEjE.

An Order of trees, shrubs and climbers, sometimes thorny, and recognized by the
Howers having a conspicuous disc. It contains 12 genera, four of which are found in
North-West India, and the remainder in the Eastern and Western moist zones.

The Order is divided into two Tribes, the first being subdivided into three. These
are —

170 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tribe I. Celastrese

Sub-tribe I. Euonymea? . . . Euonymus, Glyptopetalum,

Microtropis, Lopkopetalum,
Kokoona, Pleurostylia.
„ II. Celastreae . . . Celastrus, Kurrimia.
„ III. Elasodendreee . . Eteodendron.

,, II. Hippocrates Hippocratea, Salacia, Sipkono-

don.

Elceodendron, Pleurostylia, Lophopetalum, Kokoona, Kurrimia, Siphonodon give
trees of more or less forest importance and (some of them) useful woods. Euonymus
woods are used in the hill regions for utensils and other carved work, and some
species of Celastrus are of similar value in the plains.

Wood even-grained, hard, white or light brown ; generally without
heartwood. Pores uniformly distributed, very or extremely small.
Medullary rays very line, very numerous. Many genera have con-
centric bands of different colours. The climbing species have a
different wood-structure.

1. EUONYMUS, Linn.

A genus of about 27 species, of which some are merely small shrubs or climbers.
Five are found in the Western Himalaya, six in the Eastern, four in Assam and
Eastern Bengal, four in Burma, six in South India and three in Ceylon. Few are
of any importance, but most of the tree species have an even-grained white wood,
useful for turning.

E. bullatus, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 610; Gamble Darj. List 18, is a small tree of
the lower Darjeeling Hills and of the Khasia Hills up to 4000 ft. E. cjlaber, Roxb.
Fl. Iud. i. G28; Fl. Br. Ind. i. G09; Kurz For. Fl. i. 248, is an evergreen tree of
Chittagong and Burma, extending to the Shan Hills, and said by Kurz to have a
yellowish-brown wood, heavy, close-grained, useful for furniture. E. javanicus, Bl. ;
Kurz For. F). i. 249, is an evergreen tree of the forests of Tenasserim. E. indicus,
Heyne; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 608; Talbot Bomb. List 47 (E. Goughii, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
lxiii.), is a tree of the evergreen forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara, S. Kanara and
Coorg. E. dichotomus, Heyne ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxiii., is an evergreen tree of the higher
hills of S. India, common on the Anamalais up to 4500 ft. E. echinatus, Wall. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 80; Gamble Darj. List 18; Vera, Sanu himu, Nep. ; Palo, Kumaon;
Laduli, Garhwal, is an ivy-like shrub of the Himalaya from the Jhelum to Sikkim at
7-10,000 ft., common at Deoban and about Darjeeling, growing over rocks. The " Spindle
tree" of Europe is E. europceus, Linn., the wood of which, carefully carbonized, is
used to make drawing charcoal and in the manufacture of gunpowder (Mathieu Fl.
For. 56).

Wood compact, even-grained, white. Pores very or extremely
small. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous.

1. E. erenulatus, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 608; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 144.

A small evergreen tree. Bat -h grey, smooth. Wood light brownish -
white, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores extremely small and
numerous, evenly distributed. Med nil" ry nn/s very fine, very
numerous. Annual rings marked by a dark line.

Hills of S. India, common in the Nilgiri and Pulney bill sholas up to 8000 ft.

A harder, rather heavier wood than those of the North Indian species. Beddome
thinks it would do as a substitute for boxwood, but it seems a little too open in
texture.

lbs.
W 4049. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .47

CELASTRINE^ 171

2. E. maeroearpus, Gamble in Hook. Ic. PL No. 1763 ; Darj. List IS.

A large climbing shrub. Wood very white, soft, compact. Pores
extremely small. MeduUa/ry rays very fine, very numerous.
Hill forests of British Bhutan at 7-8000 ft.
E 3667. Khutnpung, Br. Bhutan, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

3. E. grandifolius, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 608.

A small branching tree. Bark light brown, smooth, vertically
wrinkled. Wood yellowish-white, moderately hard, close- and even-
grained. Pores small, rather scanty. Medullary rays very fine,
numerous.

Central Himalaya in Kumaon and Nepal at 3000 ft. ; Ehasia Hills at 4-6000 ft.
Khasia Hills, 5000 ft.— Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

4. E. Hamiltonianus, Wall.; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 612; Brandos For. Fl. 78, t. 16.
E. atropurpureus, Roxb. Fl. lnd. i. 627. Vern. Site, singi, chual, watcU, papar, rithu,
randi, brahmdni, bancltor, kardn, skioch, sidhera, naga, Fb. ; Dadid, dharua, Jaunsar;
Agniun, agnu, Kumaon.

A large deciduous shrub, or small or occasionally moderate-sized
tree. Bark I in. thick, grey, corky, with deep irregular fissures.
Wood white, with a slight yellow tinge, soft, close- and even-grained.
Annual rings marked by a narrow belt of firm wood with few pores.
Pores extremely small, regular. Medullary rays extremely fine and
numerous.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, usually in shady places and not very
common, chiefly at 8-UO00 ft. ; Khasia Hills.

A beautiful wood, used for carving into spoons, and in China for engraving. It
would do well for purposes for which a very even-grained soft wood is requisite.
Weight 38| lbs. The young shoots and leaves are lopped for fodder.

H 3173. Dungagalli, Hazara, 8000 ft. .

H 919. Hazara, Punjab, 8000 ft. (Baden-Powell)

H 172. Murree, Punjab (1866), 7000 ft.

H 778. Kalatop Forest, Punjab, 7000 ft. (Pengelly)

H 2897, 3012. Nagkanda, Simla, U000 ft. (Gamble)

H 4770. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. „

36

34
44
40

5. E. laeerus, Ham. ; Brandis For. Fl. 78. E. fimbriatus, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
611. Vern. Site, pattali, papar, hanclwr, dudha/p&r, haaclm, pdsh, mara, cMkan,
rangcldd, teoch, Punjab; Gidc, griti, Simla; Lichhoi, angdo, Jaunsar.

A small deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood white,
moderately hard, exceedingly compact, close- and even-grained.
Annual rings visible, but not very distinct. Pore* extremely small,
regular, barely visible under the lens. Medullary rays extremely
fine and numerous.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, at 6-11,000 ft., in forests of oak or in
open places or " thachs" in the coniferous forests.

A pretty tree with even-grained white wood, which is used for carving. Weight
48 lbs. per cubic foot. The seeds are strung as beads in Bussahir and used for
ueck laces.

lbs.

H 67. Nagkanda, Simla. 9000 ft Is

E 2883, 3011. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . . . 46 and 49

H 3187. Dungagalli, Hazara, 8000 ft —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. IV. '_').

172 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

6. E. pendulus, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 612 ; Brandis For. Fl. 79. Vera. Bhambela,
Jaunsar ; Chopra, pincha, garur, hunku, N.-W. Provinces.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark grey, rather corky, \ in.
thick. Wood white, moderately hard, compact, with a light red
tinge, very close- and even-grained. Annual rings marked by an
almost continuous line of pores. Pores very small, very numerous,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous.

Himalaya, from the Jhelum to Nepal, at o-8000 ft., in valleys in the forests and
shady places.

A pretty tree, the wood similar to but not quite so good as that of the last two
species. It can also be used for carving. Flowers white.

lbs.
H 86, 2837. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft 35 and 41

7. E. tingens, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 610; Brandis For. Fl. 79. Vera. Kunghu,
N.-W. Provinces; Newar, kasuri, Nepal; Chopra, mer mahaul, Simla; Bhambeli,
roini, Jaunsar ; Gioali, kunkan, Kumaon ; Keshiabaru, Dotial.

A small evergreen tree. Bark dark, rather corky outside and
yellow within. The structure and appearance of the wood are the
same as in E. lacerus, except that the wood of this species has a
slightly reddish tinge.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Nepal, at 6-10,000 ft., in rather dry forests.
This species is easily recognized by its large flowers with pretty brown markings
on the petals. The wood can be used for carving and utensils.

lbs.

H 32. Madhan, Simla, 7000 ft 48

H 2811. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft 46

H 2881. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft —

8. E. thesefolius, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 612; Gamble Darj. List 18.

A shrub. Wood white, moderately hard, compact. Annual rings
distinct. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays very fine.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, at 5-8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.
E 3308. Rangbiil, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

9. E. frigidus, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 611 ; Gamble Darj. List 18.

A straggling shrub. Wood yellowish-white, moderately hard, com-
pact. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays extremely fine.
Annual rings marked by the darker colour of the autumn wood.

Himalaya, from Kumaon to Bhutan, at 8-12,000 ft.
E 340<;. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Gamble).

2. GLYPTOPETALUM, Thw. About four species, shrubs or small trees. G. zey-
lanicum, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 612 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxiv. ; Trimon Fl. Ceyl. i. 268, is
a small tree of the Anainalai hills, the Tinnevelly and Travancore Ghats and the moist
low country of Ceylon. Hourdillon says the wood is white, hard and close-drained.
G. sclerocarpum, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 613 (Euonymus sclerocarpus, JLuxz For. Fl.
i. 250), is a tree of the forests round Kambalataung in the Pegu Yoma. G.calocarpum,
l'rain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. ii. 209 [Euonymw calocarjms, Kurz; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 609) is a shrub of Tenasserim and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. G. grandi-
Jlorum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxv. ; Fl. l'>r. Ind. i. 613, is a tree of the forests around Devala
iu S.E. Wynaad, at about 2-3000 ft.

CELASTRINE.E 173

3. MICROTROPIS, Wall.

About nine species, evergreen shrubs or trees, five of which are " shola " plants of the
hills of South India. Three are found in Burma, two in Ceylon and one in the North-
East Himalaya and Assam. M. WaUichiana, Wight ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 613 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. lxv. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 269, is an endemic tree common in the lower montane
region of Ceylon. M. longifoliq, Wall., and M. Uvalvis, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 251,
are shrubs or small trees of the forests of Tenasserim. M. ramiflora, Wight ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. lxv. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 269, is a tree of the sholas about Ootacamund and
Avalanche in the Nilgiris at 7-8000 ft. and of the Ceylon hills. M. latifolia, Wight ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 613; Talbot Bomb. List 47, is a small tree with large wrinkled leaves
of the forests about Sispara, extending northwards along the Ghats to the Konkan ;
and M. densiflora, Wight ; Fl. Br. Iud. i. 614 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxv., a small tree of the
Nilgiri Western slopes.

Wood light-coloured, soft. Pores small, in radial groups. Medul-
lary rays many, very fine. Faint concentric lines.

1. M. discolor, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 614 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 251 ; Gamble Darj.
List 18. Euonymus garcinifolins, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 628. Vern. Suglim, Lepcha ;
Mori, Sylhet.

An evergreen shrub. Bark very thin, greenish-grey. Wood white,
soft. Pores very small, rather unevenly distributed in long radial
broken strings. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Faint,
concentric white lines.

Found in the undergrowth of the forests of the Central Himalaya up to 7000 ft.,
from Kumaon to Sikkim ; the Khasia Hills and damp hill forests of Burma, as far north

as Myitkyina.

lbs.
E 3345. Lebong, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 30

2. M. mieroearpa, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 614 ; Talbot Bomb. List 47.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark grey, rather rough, very
thin. Wood grey, soft. Pores in long groups, sometimes oblique,
very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Faint, pale
concentric lines.

Hill forests of South India, especially the Nilgiris, 6-7000 ft., extending north to
the Konkan.

W 3742. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

3. M. ovalifolia, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 614; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxv.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, rough. Wood light yellowish-
brown, soft. Pores rather scanty, in long radial groups. Medullary
ray 8 very fine, very numerous. Faint, pale concentric lines.

Hill forests of the Nilgiris, about 6-8000 ft., extending south to Tinnevelly.

lbs.

W 3777. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) —

W 3858, 4084. Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 37

4. LOPHOPETALUM, Wight.

A genus containing seven species of Indian trees, of which six are Burmese, one from
Eastern Bengal, and one from South India. L. fimbriatum, Wight : Fl.Br. Ind. i. 615,
is a tree of Sylhet and Tenasserim ; and L.floribundum, Wight, is a tree of Tenasserim.
There is a tall cylindrical-stemmed tree, of this genus apparently, in the forests of the
lower Darjeeling hills, having large winged seeds, which 1 have not identilied fully.

174 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Wood light, soft to moderately hard, even-grained, somewhat
shining. Pores small to moderate-sized. Med/uMary rays very fine,
very numerous. Concentric very narrow dark lines of loose cellular
tissue, prominent, interrupted, wavy.

1. L. littorale, Kurz For. Fl. i. 255. Kohoona Kttoralis, Lawson ; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
617. Vera. Mon-daing, Burm.

A tree. Wood grey, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small
and moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays very
fine, uniform and equidistant, very numerous ; the distance between
the rays much less than the transverse diameter of the pores.
Numerous parallel, concentric, wavy lines.

Pegu and Tenasserim, especially on the inundated low lands along rivers.
Weight, on an average, 35 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

B 278. Burma (1867) 27

B 2513 „ (Brandis, 1862) 36

B 2300. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) doubtful . . . .41

2. L. Walliehii, Kurz For. Fl. i. 255 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 615. Yern. Mon-daing,
Burm.

A large tree. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores moderate-
sized, scanty, in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, not so
uniform and not so numerous as in L. littorale. Numerous very
narrow, parallel, concentric, interrupted wavy dark lines of large
wood-cells.

Tenasserim, Tavoy and the Andamans.

There is just a little doubt of the identity of the specimens. Kurz says the wood
is recommended for furniture. Col. Ford says it is used in the Andamans for writing -
boards, and the bark, root and fruit as a febrifuge.

lbs.

B 1947. Tavoy (Vern. Kanazo-ta-loo) (Seaton) 31

B 2248. Andaman, 1806 (Vern. Taunghmayo) —

3. L. Wightianum, Am.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 615; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 145; Talbot
Bomb. List 47. Vern. Balpale, Kan. : Vengalhattei, Tarn. ; Vengkotta, karitka,
Mai. ; Vengkadavan, Trav. 1 1 ills.

A large evergreen tree. Wood reddish-grey, moderate^' hard,
close-grained, structure similar to that of L. littorale. Pores large,
usually subdivided, sometimes in short strings. Medullary rays fine,
conspicuously bent round the pores when they meet them. Parallel
narrow concentric lines prominent.

Western coast from the Konkan to Cape Comorin, in evergreen forests and on river-
banks up to 3000 ft.

Weight 28 to 29 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is much esteemed in South Kanara,

where it is used for house-building. Bourdillon gives W = 30 lbs., P = 467, and says

it is "durable if smoked."

lbs.

W 723,853. South Kanara (Cherry) 29 and 28

W 4618. Travancore (Bourdillon) 127

Nordlingcr's Sections, vol. 10.

5. KOKOONA, Thwaites. K. zeylanica, Thw. : PI. I»r. Ind. i. 616 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 146 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 270; Vern. Kokun, wana-potu, Cingh., is a very large
tree of the forests of the moist region of Ceylon at 1-4000 ft. Trimen says of it,

CELASTRIXE.K 175

" Wood pale yellowish-brown, smooth, light, readily splitting. The inner bark is of
' a brilliant yellow colour, and is used by jewellers for polishing gold embroidery and
' also as a snuff when powdered." It has also been found by Beddome on the Anamalai
Hills of Coimbatore.

6. PLEUROSTYLIA, Wight,

1. P. Wightii, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 617 ; Bedd. PL Sylv. lxvi. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 48 ; Trimen Ceyl. Fl. i. 271. Vern. Chiru-piyuri, Tam. ; Piyari, panaka,
Cingh.

A. small evergreen tree. Bark ^ in. thick, grey, tessellated in small
rectangular squares : inner bark yellow. Wood light red, yellowish-
red or greyish, moderately hard, close- and even-grained, divided into
belts of narrow dark tissue with no or few pores and broader light
tissue with pores, the dark tissue very prominent on vertical sections.
Pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, equi-
distant.

Evergreen dry forests of the Deccan and Carnatic, especially near watercourses ;
dry country of Ceylon.

A very pretty wood, used in Caddapah to make combs. The fruit is white, like
a small egg.

The experiments made by Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.K.S., for the Imperial Institute,
on Ceylon wood, gave the following results {Imp. Inst. Journ., May, 1899) : —

Weight 54*86 lbs. per cubic foot.

Eesistance to shearing along the fibres . . 745 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress . 2*768 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 5*784 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity ..... 658*3 „ „

lbs.
C 3955. Eekapalle Forests, Upper Godavari (Gamble) . . . .48
No. 152, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) (Weera).
Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

7. CELASTRUS, Linn.

As settled in the " Gen. Plantarum," i. 997, 998, 1 include with this genus the genus
Gymnosporia of the Fl. Br. Ind. This is in accord with Brandis, Beddome and Kurz.
Talbot and Trimen retain Gymnosporia ; so does King (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxv. ii.
354), though he expresses himself as doubtful on the subject ; and so, too, does the
" Index Kewensis." The Celastrus section of the genus consists of four climbing shrubs,
the Gymnosporia section of about 16 shrubs or small trees, mostly thorny.

C. stylosa, Wall, and C. monosperma, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 618 ; Gamble Darj.
List 18, 19, are lanre climbing shrubs of Northern and Eastern Bengal.

C. Kothiana, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 620; Talbot Bomb. List 48; Vern.
GawUn,moti yeklcadi, Mar., is a shrub of the evergreen forests of the Konkan and
North Kanara. Gymnosporia pallida, Coll. and Hemsl. ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 32,
is a shrub of the Shan and Kachin Hills of Burma, at 3-4000 ft. With the exception
nf these and the species whose wood is described, the Gymnosporia shrubs have no
particular interest.

Wood close- and even-grained. Pores small or very small. M> ckdr
Ut/ry rays very fine and very numerous. Concentric bands prominent
in most species, caused by variations in the size of the wood-cells,
some of the cells being filled with a dark resin-like substance. G.
'panicidata has the usual loose structure of a climber.

1. C. panieulata, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 617 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 621 ; Braudis
For. Fl. 82; Kurz For. Fl. i. 252; Gamble Darj. List 18; Talbot Bomb. List 48;

176 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 272. C. nutans, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 623. Vern. Mdlkakni, mat
kangani, kond gaidh, Hind.; Kakwndan, rangul, wahrangur, C.P. ; Kanguni, pigavi,

Mar.; Pinguel, Melghat ; Kttjuri, K61; Kujri, Sontbal : Chiron, Mai Pahari : Iiuglim,
Lepcha ; Korsano, noi bada, Uriya ; Kariganne, Kan. ; Duhudu, Cingh. ; Wina,
myingaungnayaung, Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Bark usually yellow, corky, sometimes
fibrous, spirally twisted and smooth. Wood porous, soft, very variable,
according to locality and climate. Pores usually large, in lines
between the moderately broad or broad medullar}) rays, sometimes
very large in the annual rings.

Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon ; common in the deciduous forests especially.
An orange-coloured oil is extracted from the seeds and used medicinally and
occasionally burnt. Destructive distillation of the seeds gives a black oil called " Oleum
nigrum " by pharmaceutists, who chiefly used it as a diuretic.

lbs.
0 4648. Saharanpur Forests, N.-W. Provinces (Gamble) . . .47
E 2334. Tukdah Fortst, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. „ ... 51

C 3448. Barasand Pieserve, Palamow ^Gamble) .... —

C 3842. Kurcholy Forests, Ganjam „ —

Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (C. nutans).

2. C. oxyphylla, Wall. 0. acuminata, Wall. ; Kurz Fur. Fl. i. 252 ; Gamble Da rj.
List 19. Gymnosporia acuminata, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 619. Vern. Phugong,
Lepcha.

A large thorny shrub. Bark greyish- white, thin. Wood white,
hard, close-grained, with numerous pale concentric bands. Pore* veiy
small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Sikkim Himalaya at 4-7000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Northern Circars, on Mahen-
dragiri, 4000 ft. ; Upper Burma.

E 3391. Lebong, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Gamble).
Nordlingers Sections, vol. 7.

3. C. rufa, Wall. ;Brandis For. Fl. 80. Gymnosporia rvfa, Wall.: Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 620.

A small tree. Bark dark brown, rough, tessellated in small scales,
| in. thick. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores small, usually in
radial or somewhat oblique lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous.
Concentric lines thin but well-marked, irregularly spaced.

Himalaya, from the Jumna to Bhutan, up to 6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Northern
Circars.

C 3827. Mahendragiri Hill, Ganjam, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

4. C. spinosa, Boyle ; Brandis For. Fl. 80. Gymnosporia Royleana, Wall. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 620. Arern. Dzaral, Trans-Indus; Kandu, kandidri, pataki, lei, phupari,
badlo, kadewar, Ph. : Kura, bagriwala darim,gwala darim, N.-W. Provinces.

A thorny shrub. Bark thin, grey, corky. Wood lemon-coloured,
hard and close-grained, with numerous concentric bands. Pores very
small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Outer Western Himalaya, from Kumaon westwards, on hot dry rocky slopes and
often on Kankar.

The wood deserves attention as possibly suitable lor carving and engraving ; it
resembles boxwood in texture.

lbs.

P 913. Salt Rarme, Punjab 49

II 2932. Suni, Simla, 3000 ft 49

H 2950. Sutlej Valley, Punjab, 3500 ft. (Gamble) .... —

CELASTPJNE.E 177

5. C. emarginata, Willd. ; Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 620 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxvi. Gymno-
sporia emarginata, Roth ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 621 ; Talbot Bomb. List 48 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 273. Vern. Bali bhains, gouro kosai, Uriya ; Sinni, Palkonda; YenJcul, ingli,
ikari, Mar.

A thorny shrub. Bark whitish-grey, £ in. thick, somewhat corky.
Wood white, hard, in structure resembling that of C. spinas".

Orissa, West and South India and Ceylon ; a common shrub on dry laterite soils.

C 3521. Kburdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble).

D 3866. Kottakota Forest, Anantapur (Gamble).

6. C. senegalensis, Lam. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxvi. ; Brandis For. Fl. 81 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 252. C. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 620. Gymnosporia montana, Lawson in
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 621 ; Talbot Bomb. List 48. Yern. Sherawane, Trans-Indus ; Talkar,
dajkar, mareila, kingaro, khardi, Pb. ; Baikal, ga/achinni, CP. ; Bekal, yekal, Berar ;
Mdl kanguni, Bombay; Danta, babur, Gondi; Dhatti, Bhil ; Bharatti, yekal, yekkadi,
Mar.; Danti, dantdusi, pedda chintu, Tel.

A tall spinescent shrub. Bark }, in. thick, grey, with longitudinal
cracks, exfoliating in small scales. Wood light reddish-brown, soft,
close-grained. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Me-
dullary rays very fine, very numerous. Faint concentric lines very
numerous.

Dry and arid forests in the Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, Rajputana and North-West
India, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Central India and the drier parts of the Peninsula.

Weight 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, but not used. The leaves are
used for fodder, and the branches as dunnage for the roofs of houses (Brandis).

_ lbs.

G 1162. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . . —

C 2752. Moharli „ „ „ (Brandis) . . . .46

D 3898. Kottakota Reserve, Anantapur (Gamble) . . . .44

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

8. KURRIMIA, Wall.

Four species. K. pidcherrima, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 622 (K. robusta, Kurz For.
Fl. i. 253. Celastrus robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 626) ; Vern. Kwedauk, Burm., is a*
large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Tenasserim extending to Pegu and north-
wards to Chittagong, with a brown, heavy, fibrous and close-grained but brittle wood
(Kurz). A", bipartita, Laws, is a tree of the Sivagiri Hills in South India.

1. K. zeylaniea, Arm; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 622; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 147; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 274. Vern. Konnai, Tam. ; Palen, ethcraliya, uruhonda, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark smooth, dark grey, thick. Wood pale yellowish-
brown, moderately hard. Pores small, rather scanty. Medullary
rays fine, numerous. Concentric rings of loose tissue, very narrow,
not prominent. Occasional dark bands.

Moist region of Ceylon, up to 5000 ft.

Mendis says the wood is used for tea-chests, packing-cases, and furniture backs.

No. 31, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

2. K. paniculata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 622. Trochisandra indica, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 120. Vern. Berungundu, Kader.

A large tree. Wood white to greyish- brown, moderately hard.
Poixs small, very scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous, bent round
the pores. Concentric rings of loose tissue numerous, not very

N

178 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

prominent and much broken. Occasional dark bands without pores,
which may be annual rings.

Hills of South India: damp forests of the Anarnalais at 3-6000 ft. ; hills of Tra-
vancore, abundant at Peermerd.

The woods of the two specimens differ in colour, but agree in structure. Bourdillon
gives W = 40 lbs., P = 505.

° lbs.

W 4634, 4538. Travancore (Bourdillon) 43 and 34

9. ELvEODENDRON, Jacq. fil.

1. E. Roxburghii, W. and A.; Bedd. PI. Sylv. t. 148; Brandis For. Fl. 82;
Gamble Darj. List 19. E. glaucum, Pers. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 623 ; Roxb. Fl. In"1, i. 638 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 48; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 271. NeeHja dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
646. Vern. Mirandu, padriun, bakra, janwa, Pb. ; Bhutta, Kashmir: Bakra, shawria,
chauli, daberi, mdmri, N.-W. P. ; Dhebri, Dehra Dun : Chauri, metkur, < Hidh ; Chikyeny,
Lepcba ; Jamrdsi, kola mukha, ruhi, C.P. ; Bhutikassi, jarnrdsi, Berar; Dhakka,
nisur, Gondi ; Niru, Kurku ; Batanyeru, Koderma; Miri, Kol ; Aran, tamruj, bilur,
buta pala, burkas, Mar.; Bata haras, Bhil ; Karkava, irkuli, selupa, siri, l-aruvali,
piyari, Tarn.; Xirija, neradi, botanskam, kanemis, boutigi, Tel.; Bhutrakshi, Hydera-
bad; Neralu, Cingb.

A tree. Bark }■ in. thick, grey, often blackish, exfoliating in four-
sided very small scales. Wood moderately hard, even- and close-
grained, light brown, often with a red tinge ; the outer wood white,
but no distinct sapwood ; no annual rings. Numerous, wavy, con-
centric, lighter-coloured bands. Pores small, scanty. Mrdullonj r<ii/«
fine, short, very numerous, visible on a radial section, as a pretty
silver-grain, which is assisted by the alternations of the dark and
light bands.

Throughout the greater part of India: common in the Siwalik tract, outer hills
and valleys of the Himalaya up to 6000 ft. from the Ravi to Sikkim ; Oudh, Behar,
Central India, Orissa, Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, also Western Ghats, in deciduous
forests.

A graceful tree with a pretty wood, which is used for cabinet work and picture
frames. It seasons well, but requires careful treatment, as thin planks are somewhat
liable to warp. Weight: Brandis gives 40 to 50 lbs.; Skinner and Fowke, 46 lbs.;
R. Thompson, 53 lbs. ; C. P. List, 40 lbs. ; the specimens examined average 53 lbs.
Skinner, No. 65, gives P = 513, Fowke P = 511. The root is said to be specific
against snake-bite, and the bark is used in native medicine, said to be a virulent
poison (Brandis). It gives a small amount of gum. The tree prefers clay soils.

lbs.

O 235. Garhwal (1868) 56

O 2991. „ (1874) 48

C 183. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 50

C 1182. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .55

C 2781. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 49

E 2335. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 57

D 3987. Ballipalle Forest, Cuddapah „ 58

No. 63, Ceylon Collection, old 56

10. HIPPOCRATEA, Linn.

About ten species of climbing shrubs. //. arborva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 167; Fl. Hr.
Ind. i. 625; Brandis For. Fl. 83; Vern. Katha-paharia, Beng. ; Ainth, Oudh, is
found abundantly in the forests of Oudh, extending to Northern Bengal. II. indica,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 165; PL Br. Ind. i. 624 ; Brandis For. FL 83; Talbot Bomb. List 49;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 276 ; Vern. Kazurati, turndi, Mar., is found in naosl of the warmer
] arts of India and Ceylon, scarce in Burma. II. Graliami, Wight, is found in Bombay.

CELASTKINE.E 179

1. H. Obtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 166; PI. Br. Ind. i. 623 (excl. syn.) ; Talbot
Bomb. List 49 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 275. Vern. Daushir, Mar. ; Diya-kiriadi-wel,
Cingh.

A climbing shrub. Ba/rk grey, corky, rough, vertically fissured,
inner bark yellow. Wood in radial wedges separated by soft (bast ?)
tissue in deep bays from the outside, moderately hard. Pores
moderate-sized, regular, between the broad medullary rays.

Evergreen forests of tbe Deccan and Carnatic, frequent in Nellore near the coast ;
Konkan and Kanara ; Ceylon.

D 4254. Ballipalle Forests, Cuddapah (Gamble).
D 4153. Dornal Forests, Kurnool „

11. SALACIA, Linn.

About 18 species, mostly climbing or straggling shrubs, not common, and of slight
importance.

S.prinoides, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 626 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 260; Talbot Bomb. List 50;
Trimen Ceyl. Fl. i. 276 (Johnia coromandeliana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 169) ; Vern. Dined,
modhuplud, Beng. ; Nisid-bondi, Mar.; Ein-himbutu-wel, Cingh., is a straggling or
climbing shrub of the Northern Circars and Orissa, of the Konkan and Kanara Ghats,
of the low country of Ceylon and of tidal forests in Burma, the Andamans and Cocos
Islands, with a very bad smell. 8. oblonga, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 628 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 50; Trimen Ceyl. Fl. i. 277; Vern. Chuudan, Tain., is a large climbing shrub of
Western and South India and Ceylon, with a big fruit, S. Boxburghii, Wall. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 627 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 259 {Johnia sidacioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 168), is found in
the Sikkim Himalaya, and in Chittagong, Martaban and Tenasserim.

1. S. verrucosa, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 628; Kurz For. Fl. i. 259.
A large scandent shrub, the stem deeply grooved. Bark yellowish-
white, thin, with corky lenticels. Wood light brown, soft, in irregular
masses separated by hard bast tissue. In the wood masses, pores
very large, irregular, much subdivided, more or less radially arranged.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, inconspicuous.

Tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim.
Java — Kew Museum (M. Treub).

12. SIPHONODON, Griff.

1. S. celastrineus, Griff.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 629; Kurz For. Fl. i. 254. Vern.
Myaukokshit, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark of young trees grey, granular ; of old
trees darker, rougher, with corky lenticels. Wood white, often bluish-
grey inside, but scarcely a heartwood ; soft to moderately hard, even-
grained. Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided.
Medulla rii rays fine, uniform, numerous. Annual rings marked by
a, line without pores in the autumn wood.

Tropical forests of Burma, especially on the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma and
in Martaban ; Little Coco Island, abundant, less common on Great Coco (Prain).

lbs.

B 5021. Tharrawaddy, Burma 37

B 5101. Toungoo, Burma 48

180 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Order XXXIV. RHAMNEJE.

Contains twelve Indian genera, of which six are climbing or straggling shrubs and
the remainder shrubs or small trees. The Order is subdivided into four Tribes : —

Tribe I. Yentilagineae . . . Ventilago, Smythea.
„ II. Zizyphese .... Zizyphus, Berchemia.
„ III. Ehamneae .... Rhamnus, Hovenia, Scutia, Sageretia,

Colubriria.
, IV. Gouaniea? .... Apteron, Gouania, Helinus.

The Order is not one of great importance as giving timber trees, but some of the
species of Zizyphus are important in the forest economy of the dry regions of India.
Noltia africana, Harv. and Sond., is a Cape shrub, introduced into and run wild in the
Nilgiris, where also some species of Pomaderris are occasionally similarly found.

Wood hard or moderately hard. Pores small or moderate-sized.
Medullary rays fine or very fine, numerous, equidistant. The arrange-
ment of the pores in patches in Rhamnus is characteristic of the
genus.

1. VENTILAGO, Gaertn.

Five species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind., but King (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixv.
ii. 665) considers that the two common species, V. maderaspatana, Gaertn., and V.
calyculata, Tub, are really one, and so I propose to consider them. Two other species
occur in Tenasserim, and one, rare and doubtful, in the Konkan.

1. V. madraspatana, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 631 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 629 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 96 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 262 ; Talbot Bomb. List 51 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 279.
V. calyculata, Tub; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 631 ; Brandis For. Fl. 96; Kurz For. Fl. i. 262 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 51. Vern. Kali bel, Dehra Dun ; Baktapita, kala lag, Kumaon ;
Raktapita, Bens:.; Lokandi, hanwail, Bombay; Kharhel, Berar; Sahal yd, Mar.;
Papri, C.P. ; Bonga sarfam, K61 ; Kyonti, Kharwar; Saji malo, Khond ; Chorgn,
Hyderabad ; Yerra chictali, surati cheklca, Tel. ; Pupli, Tarn. Kan. ; Vempadam, Tam.;
Yaccada-wel, Cingh. ; Wasonwe, Burin.

A large climbing shrub. Bark dark grey with vertical cracks,
exposing the inner surface, which has a vermilion colour. Wood
yellow, porous, soft. Pores large, oval, often transversely subdivided.
Medullary rays moderately broad, undulating, bent at the pores.

Throughout the plains of India, chiefly in the drier forests, also in Burma and
Ceylon, ascending the hills to some extent in the centre and south.

A very conspicuous forest climber, climbing over the tallest trees and hanging its
branches down in festoons. The bark is made into cordage, and the bark of the root,
which gives a valuable dye, is an important article of minor forest produce in the
Deccan and Carnatic, also in the Nilgiris. It is also used in native medicine.

lbs.

C 2920. Central Provinces —

C 3484. Saranda Forests, Singbhiim (Gamble) —

C 3843. Yishuuchakram Forests, (ianjain (Gamble) .... —
D 4330. Juddengi Forest, Godavari (Gamble) 47

2. SMYTHEA, Seem. 8. calpicarpa, Kurz For. Fi. i. 264; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 632, is a
scandent evergreen shrub of Tenasserim.

3. ZIZYPHUS, Juss.

About 16 species, and there are others, for I have at least one from the South Deccan
which I do not find anywhere described. Z. wynadensis, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxviii. ; FL
Br. Ind. i. 633, is a large tree of the Wynaad. Z. Napeca, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 635 ;

rhamnej: 181

Bead. Fl. Sylv. lxix. ; Trirnen FL Ceyl. i. 281 (includes also Z. ludda, Moon, and Z.
Linncei, Laws., in FL Br. Ind.) ; Vern. Yak-eraminiya, Cingh., is a shrub of the low
country of Ceylon. Z. horrida, Both; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 636 ; Talbot Bomb. Fl. 52, is a
thorny shrub of dry tracts in the Konkan, Circars and Deccan. Z. glabra, Boxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 614 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 267, is a climbing shrub of the forests of Chittagong and
Burma, and of the Andaman and Xicobar Islands. Z. Spina- CJiristi, Lam., is cultivated
about villages in Baluchistan (Lace).

Wood reddish, moderately hard or hard, no heartwood. Pores-
small to moderate-sized, often subdivided, between numerous fine or
very fine medullary rays.

1. Z. Jujuba, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 632 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 608 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 149; Brandis For. Fl. 86, t. 17; Kurz For. Fl. i. 266; Gamble Darj. List 19;
Talbot Bomb. List 52 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 280. The Jujube. Vern. Ber, baer, beri,
Hind.; Kid, ber, Beng. ; Bengha, regi, Tel.; Yellande, ellandi, Tarn.; Bhor, ber,
Mar. ; Ilenga, Bhil ; Elentlia, Mai. ; Yelchi, ilanji, ilantai, Kan. ; Yellantha, Madura ;
Boray, Mel ghat ; Jura janom, Sonthal ; Janumjan, Kill ; Bore, Khond ; Binga, Gondi ;
Bor, Baigas; Bogri, Rajbanshi; Jibang, Magh ; Ber, bogri, Ass.; Boro-koli, Uriya ;
Zi, Burin. ; Maha-debara, Cingh.

A moderate-sized deciduous thorny tree, almost evergreen. Bark
I in. thick, dark grey, nearly black, with irregular cracks. Wood hard,
reddish; no heartwood. Annual rings distinct in specimens from
N. India, indistinct in those from warmer regions. Pores small or
moderate-sized, scanty, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays
fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant; the distance between
two rays much less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Pores
frequently joined by short fine concentric lines.

Distinctly wild in the forests of the Siwaliks and sub-Himalayan tract of the
Punjab and North- Western Provinces, and also in the Deccan and in Upper Burma
and Ceylon in dry forests. Elsewhere mostly cultivated or run wild.

An important tree in the dry regions, as it comes up readily and easily on poor
land and grows cpuickly, furnishing an excellent fuel, much material for hedging, tood
for camels and goats in its leaves, and for man in its fruit. It is very variable in
appearance, size and shape and pubescence of leaves, and size, colour and shape of
fruit. In the grass-lands of the Dun it comes up freely as a small-leaved, small-
fruited shrub of quite distinct appearance, but if allowed to grow will, I believe,
become a tree and adopt the characteristic appearance of a short bole with spreading
branches and rounded head, killing the vegetation beneath. But it may sometimes
grow very large, e.g. the tree mentioned by E. D. M. Hooper (Ind. For. vii. 227) on
the Weinganga C.P., which was 80 ft. high with a girth of 16| ft. at 5 ft. from the
ground. It coppices well, and gives a good fuel for lime-burning and good charcoal.

The wood is universally used for saddletrees, also for agricultural implements,
sandals, bedstead-legs, tent-pegs, oil-mills, golf-clubs (Chicago Exh. Cat.) and other
purposes. Coldstream says it is the best tree in the Punjab to grow lac on (Ind. For.
vi. 218). In Assam, the Eri silkworm, which is usually fed on leaves of Castor-oil or
lleteropanax, is sometimes fed on it (Stack). It is one of the food-plants of the cater-
pillar of the butterfly Bapiho trithonius, Cramer, and of the tasar silkworm Antheraa
jjuphia, Linn. The root bark is used for tanning. The growth is often fast, a
Saharanpur specimen giving 4 rings per inch, other specimens 6 rings. The fruit
is eaten by many wild animals, including jackals, who thus help to propagate the
tree. For its fruit the tree is regularly cultivated all over India, and the cultivated
fruit, which is usually egg-shaped and not round like that of the wild tree, is pleasant
to eat. It is often dried, and the dried fruits are sometimes brought from Afghanistan
by traders.

The weight of the wood, according to Skinner, No. 135, is 58 lbs. per cubic foot ;
Cunningham gives 57 lbs.; the specimens an average of 48 lbs. Cunningham gives
P = 495 ; Skinner, 672. The experiments made by Prof. W. 0. Unwin, F.B.S., for
the Imperial Institute, on Ceylon woods, gave the following results (Imp. Inst. Jourtk
May, 1899) :—

182 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Weight 48.87 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . . 1013*4 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress ....... 2*778 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength .... 3*479 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity ...... 426*7 „ „

The Lyniantriid moth, Thiaddas postica, Walk., feeds on the leaves and defoliates
the tree. It is frequently attacked by the dodder, Cusciita reflexa, Roxb., which often
covers its branches with a yellow sheet.

lbs.

! 45

0 265. Garhwal (1868)

O 4736. Ivasumri Forests. Saharanpur (Gradon) .

C 2815. Melghat, Berar (Brandis)

C 1128. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson)

C 3788. Surada Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) ....

D 1071. North Arcot (Wooldridge)

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11 (Bhamnus Jujuba, L.) (Tab. IT

43
54
52

3).

2. Z. tPinervia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 606. Z. glabrata, Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 633 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxviii. Vern. Karukava, Tarn.

A small unarmed tree. Wood hard, close-grained, olive-brown,
smooth. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, evenly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, white, distinct. Occasional fine concentric lines.

North-East Himalaya, Nilgiri Hills, Coimbatore and Mysore, and south to
Travancore.

lbs.
D 4249. Collegal Forests, Coimbatore (Peet) 70

3. Z. nummularia, AV. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 633 ; Bedd. Fl. Svlv. lxix. : Brandis
For. Fl. 88. Z. microphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 613; Talbot Bomb. List 52. Vern.
Karkanna, Afgh. ; Malta, ber, birdr, jhari, kanta, N.-W. P. ; Gangr, jangru, Sind ;
Jhari, Jeypore ; Bhor, jhalbhor, Merwara ; Parpaili gidda, Kan.

A thorny shrub. Bark grey. Wood yellow, hard, compact, in
structure similar to that of Z. Jujuba, except that the pore* are larger
and the meduZlary rays are somewhat further apart; the distance
between the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

A gregarious shrub characteristic of the arid and dry regions where it covers
extensive areas in the Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, Rajputana, Central India, and the
Deccan. It is very common on black cotton soil.

Bonavia (Gard. Chron., 1884) describes how the bushes of this shrub in desert
regions form mounds by stopping leaves or dust and other things when the hot winds
blow. The fruit is eaten by jackals, who thus help to scatter the seeds.

Growth: No. P 2931 shows well-marked annual rings and a fast growth of 2 to 3
rings per inch of radius. Weight, 43 lbs. per cubic foot on an average. The branches
are used to make fences round fields and gardens. The leaves are threshed out and
used as fodder for sheep and goats. The fruit is eaten.

lbs

P2931. Bhajji, Simla, 3000 ft 4l'

P 3077, 3093. Sabathu, Punjab, 3000 ft 42

P 442. Ajmere 46

4. Z. vulgaris, Lamk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 633; Brandis For. Fl. 85 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
609. Jujubier,Y\\; Giuggiolo,lu\. Arern. Sinjli,simli, b<i/>, burj, p}<Hni,ber,kandika,
kandidri, birdri, Pb.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark rough, with longitudinal
furrows, dark grey. Wood pale yellowish-brown, heartwood dark
brown, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, evenly distributed.

RHAMNE/E 183

Medullary rays fine, short. Annual rings marked by a belt of more
numerous pores.

Wild in the Punjab from the Indus to the Eavi ; much cultivated in the Punjab,
Kashmir, Baluchistao, etc. ; Europe.

Stewart says this is the handsomest species, and that he has seen it as large as
5 or 6 ft. in girth and 25 to 30 ft. high. The fruit is eaten. Mathieu gives the weight
at 60 to 70 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

P 885. Multan, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 4rt

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

5. Z. oxyphylla, Edgw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 634 ; Brandis For. Fl. 86. Vern. Kurkun
ber,Afgh.; Pitni, kokan ber, anrtlad, amnio,, heri,shamor, Pb. ; Giggar, N.-W. Provinces.

A thorny shrub. Bark thin, brown, rough with prominent vertical
lenticels. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty, some-
what larger and more numerous on the inner edge of each annual
ring. Medullary rays equidistant, very fine ; the distance between
the rays equal to the diameter of the pores. Faint concentric lines
occasionally joining the pores.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to the Ganges at 2-6000 ft.

A very pretty shrub, with a bright orange-coloured small fruit, which is eaten and
tastes like tamarinds. It is described as black ; perhaps it turns black as it gets past
ripeness, but I have not seen it so.

lbs.

H 2949. Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3000 ft. (Gamble) —

H 4818. Tiuni, Jaunsar, 3000 ft. „ 44

6. Z. (Enoplia, Mill. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 634; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxix.; Brandis For. Fl.
86 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 266 ; Talbot Bomb. List 52 ; Trirnen Ceyl. Fl. i. 280. Z. Napeca,
Ptoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 612 ; Vern. Mukoh, makai. Hind. ; Shyakid, Beng. ; Barokoli, kontai
koli, Uriya; Irun, C.P. ; Mahkoa, Monghyr ; Makor, Berar ; Parana, jiararnie^ariki,.
porki, Tel. ; Tawzinive, sudauk, Burm.

A straggling or climbing shrub with rough, grey or gre}T-brown
bark with occasional thorns. Wood reddish, with the structure of a
climber. Pores moderate- sized to large, often subdivided, between
closely packed medullary rays, which bend outwards where they
touch the pores.

All the drier and some of the moist regions of India ; from the foot of the Himalaya
and the Siwaliks, eastwards to Nepal ; Assam, Sylhet and Chittagong ; all over Burma
and in the Andaman Islands; West and South India and Ceylon.

A very troublesome climbing plant covered with small but very strong thorns,
difficult to cut and troublesome to passers-by along the roads. It prefers open bushy
places to the regular forests. It is much used for making fences for fields ; and the
fruit, which is black, about as big as a pea, is eaten and has a pleasant acid taste. The
seeds are sometimes made into rosaries.

C 2753. Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis).
C 4346. Mojagodo, Ganjam (Gamble).

7. Z. xylopyra, Willi ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 634 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 611 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
lxviii.; Brandis For. Fl. 90; Talbot Bomb. List 52; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. 282. Vern.
Kal-ber, beri, goti, gotaha, kakor, chittania, sit, the,-, gltont, Bind. ; Goti, Tel; Goti,
bhorgoti, Mar. ; Ghota, Melghat ; Ghalle, mullukare,'Klxi,; Ghatbor, Berar : Karkata,
Kol; Goit, Bhumij ; Kankor, Kharwar; Gut, goto, goioboro, kanta bohul, Uriya;
Ghattol, (jhotia, Gondi; Ka/rkat, Sonthal; Ghont, Mai Pahari, Monghyr; Kotori,
Khond; Gote, Palkonda; Kottei, nari-ilaniai, Tarn. ; Kotta, Mai.; Kakuru, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark grey or reddish-brown, with thick oblong
exfoliating scales. Wood reddish- or yellowish-brown with a small

184 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

dark-coloured centre, hard. Pore* small and moderate-sized, in patches
of soft tissue which are often confluent, forming oblique bands.
Medullary rays fine, equidistant, very numerous, the distance between
the rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual
rings not prominent.

Sub-Himalayan and Siwalik forests from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3000 ft. ;
Bajputana, the C.P., Chota Nagpore, Orissa, the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; Western
coast from the Konkan to Travancore ; dry country of Ceylon.

A common small tree in the deciduous forests, often with Z. Jujvba. The wood is
not as good as that of Z. Jujaba, but it is used for carts, agricultural implements, fire-
wood and charcoal. Skinner, No. 136, gives W = 60 lbs., P = 800 ; the specimens
give W = 50. The fruit is not edible, but is used in tanning to give a black dye to
leather. In some parts of the C.P. it is the chief tree to give lac.

lbs.
O 4735. Kasumri Forest, Saharanpur (Gradon) . . . . .46

C 2736. Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) 49

C 2764. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) . . . . . . . —

C 3433. Palamow Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) ... . —

C 3508, 3559. Khurdha Forests, Orissa „ .... 53

D 4228. Cuddapah (Higgens) 54

8. Z. rugosa, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 636 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxvii. ; Brandis For. Fl.
89 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 265 ; Gamble Darj. List 19. Z. Jatifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 607.
Vern. Bhand ber, Dehra Dun; Dhaura, dhauri, makoi, Oudh ; Suran, churna, C.P. ;
Turan, Mar. ; Buhh baer, harray baer, Nep. ; Sekra, Sonthal : Hohnoi, Mai Pahari ;
Sana gadu, Kbond ; CJmrni, solria, Berar ; Thodali, Mai. ; Cliunu 7coH, Uriya ;
Churai, Tarn. ; Maha-eraminiya, Cingh. ; Myaulizi, Burin.

A large scrambling shrub or small evergreen tree. Bark rough,
dark. Wood reddish, moderately hard. Pores large and mode-
rate-sized, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, extremely
numerous, uniform and equidistant, the distance between the rays
much less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Pores frequently
joined by very faint, wavy, concentric lines.

Valleys and lower hills of the N.-W. Himalaya and sub-Himalayan forests, up to
3000 ft., from the Jumna eastwards (perhaps from the Sutlej), common in Sikkim ;
Assam, Sylhet and all over Burma ; Central and AVestern and South India, ascending
in the Nikiris to nearly 6000 ft.

A troublesome thorny climber of no use ; the wood is used for fuel, and the fruit
said to be eaten, but I imagine it is rather too dry.

lbs.
E 2336. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 45

4. BERCHEMIA, Neck.

A genus which, besides this species, contains about five erect or climbing shrubs, of
which the chief is /,'. Uneata, ])(■ Fl. Br. Ind. i. 638; Brandis For. Fl. 91, of the
North-Wt'M Himalaya, a very pretty small shrub often found on rucks at about 7000 ft.

1. B. floribunda, Brongn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 637; Brandis For. PL 91; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 264; Gamble Darj. List 19. Vern. Kouloi, Jaunsar ; Amili, Garhwal ; Kalalag,
Kumaon; Chiaduh, Nep.; Bungyeong rile, Lepcha.

A large climbing shrub. Bark whitish, exfoliating and showing
a purple inner layer. Wood yellow, turning grey on exposure, porous.
Pores large, oval, subdivided, between undulating moderately broad
medullary rays.

RHAMNEyE 185

Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum to Bhutan, rising to 6000 ft. ;
not uncommon in the Dehra Dun ; Khasia Hills ; hills of Upper Burma. A pretty
climber, usually found in swampy places or moist valleys.

E 2864. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

5. RHAMNUS, Linn.

Contains eight species, found in the Himalaya and the mountains of the Western
Coast and Ceylon. B. Arnottianus, Gardn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 638; Trimen Ceyl. For. i.
283, is a small tree of the higher hills of Ceylon, especially round Newera Ellia. There
are several species in Europe, with similar curious wood-structure.

Wood generally with a brown heart wood, close-grained. Pores
very small, arranged in oblique patches which generally anastomoze,
or marking the annual rings. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Mathieu describes the pores thus : " Pores fine, equal, grouped together in great
' numbers and forming, in the inner edge of each ring, a broader or narrower belt from
' which run undulating, branching and radiating lines, which on a transverse section
' produce an elegant and remarkable reticulated design, of lighter colour than the rest
' of the wood " (Fl. For. 67).

1. R. Virgatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604 ; Brandis For. Fl. 92 ; Gamble Darj. List
19. B. dahuricus, Pall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 639. B. hirsutus, W. and A. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
lxx. Vera. Phipai, dddur, tadru, seta pajja, Jcdnji, mamrdl, shomfol, reteon, gogsa,
sindrol, mutni, nior, chair, romusk, Pb. ; Thalot, cfietain, Simla ; Tsdpo, mail, Tibet,
Spiti; Chato, chedivala, chadua, Hind.; Ohaurdha, chandul, charyulo, Kumaon ;
Chhendula, chhithula, Garhwal ; Thantha/r, Dehra Dun.

A shrub or small tree, deciduous. Bark thin, grey to black, peeling
off in small square flakes, smooth. Wood very hard, close-grained ;
sapwood whitish ; heartwood brown. Annual rings distinctly marked.
Pores very small, arranged in oblique anastomozing irregular patches
of soft texture, forming an irregular network. Medullary rays fine,
very numerous, prominent in the meshes of the network.

Throughout the Himalaya and Western Ghats, in forest undergrowth.
Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used, except as firewood. The fruit is
bitter, emetic and purgative, and is given in affections of the spleen.

lbs.
. 57
. 55

H 79. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft.
H 2877. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft, (Gamble)
H 3168. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild)
H 4780. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble)
W 4045. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. „

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

66
56

The S. Indian plant seems to be a different species to that of X. India, and I think
the retention of B. hirsutus as a species may prove desirable. The wood of B. dahu-
ricus, Pall., as shown in Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 3, is different, having much larger
pores not arranged in a network of light tissue.

2. R. persicus, Boissier; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 638 : Brandis For. Fl. 93. Vern. Shera-
tvane, war ah, Afgh.; Kulcei, nar, nihki kander, jalidar, kuchni, Pb. ; Charyulu,
Kumaon ; CIthetulo, Garhwal ; Chirla, Dehra Duq.

A small deciduous tree. Bark thin, very dark astry brown, rough,
peeling off in small rounded flakes. Wood hard, close-grained ; heart-
wood yellowish-brown, the grain " water-marked " on vertical sections.
Pores very small to small, arranged in an irregular branching reticulate

186 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

pattern amid patches of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, very short,
very numerous and regular.

Suliman and Salt Ranges ; Himalaya, from the Jhelum to Garhwal, at 2-5000 ft.
A beautiful wood, much resembling that of B. triqueter, and with it probably the
best in the genus. It would make very pretty turnery articles.

lbs.
0 5004. Dehra Dun (Milward) 58

3. R. Wightii, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 639; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Ixx. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 52; Trimen FL Ceyl. i. 283.

A large shrub. Bark brown, with scattered corky diamond-shaped
lenticels. Wood yellowish-brown, moderately hard, close-grained.
Pores very small and small, arranged in narrow irregular radial and
oblique patches of soft tissue which often anastomoze. Annual rings
marked by a belt of larger pores. Medullary rays fine, close.

Hills of Southern India and Ceylon, from the Circars (Makendragiri Hill, 4000 ft.)
and Konkan southwards, and up to 7000 ft.

D. Hooper says the bark is exported to Bombay under the name of " Raktarohidd"
and gives a drug similar to Cascara.

W 3745. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

W 4093. Fairlawns Shola, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

4. R. purpureus, Edgew. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 639 ; Brandis For. Fl. 91. Vem. Bat
sinjal, tunani zanani, tadra, tundhi, mimarari, kunji, chaterni, Pb. ; LuJtisii, Ihish.
Jaunsar ; Paydn, Kumaon ; Bakauro, handru, Garhwal.

A large deciduous shrub. Bark thin, greyish-brown, marked with
short black vertical lines. Wood brownish-grey, close-grained, heart-
wood red. Annual rings marked by an interrupted belt of pores.
Bores very small, in narrow irregular oblique patches of soft tissue,
which anastomoze and have a reticulate appearance. Medidktry rays
fine, numerous, straight, prominent.

North-West Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 4500 and 10,000 ft.
The fruit is used as a purgative. Both this species and B. virgatus are host-plants
of the cereal rust, Pucdnia coronata, Corda, the aicidial form appearing on various grasses.

lbs.
H 70. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft 41

H 2848. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble)
H 4707, 4418. Jaunsar Forests, N.-W. IVovi

nces (Gamble) . . .40

5. R. triqueter, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 639 ; Brandis For. Fl. 92. Vem. Gudlei,
Simla; Fugora, gardhan, phulla,l?b.; Qogsa, ghant, N.-W. l'rovinces ; Katheru, Jaunsar.

A small tree, deciduous. Barb thin, grey. Wood yellowish-
brown, hard, close-grained. Annual ring* distinctly marked by an
interrupted belt of large pores. Pores very small to small, arranged
in irregular branching patches of soft tissue, which anastomoze, giving
an irregular pattern. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad,
short.

North-West Himalaya from the Jhelum to Nepal, at 3-6000 ft., common about
Mussoorie and in the Tons Valley.

This species gives a handsome wood of an olive-brown colour, which would be
useful for turning and small carving.

lbs.

H 75. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft —

H 2903. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) —

H 4808. Tiuni, Jaunsar, 3000 ft. „ . . ;><">

Nordliugei's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. IV.

KHAMXE/E

187

6. R. nepalensis, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 640; Gamble Darj. List 19. Vera.
Acha?, Nep.

A large shrub. Bark dark brown, rough. Wood brownish-grey,
moderately hard. Pores very small to small, arranged in oblique
anastomozing patches, and sometimes in softer whitish tissue. Medul-
lary rays fine and moderately broad, short.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Kachin Hills
of Burma.

E 3346. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

E 3364. Dhupguri, W. Duars (Gamble).

7. R. proeumbens, Edgew. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 640 ; Brandis For. Fl. 03.

A small procumbent shrub, climbing over rocks. Woool yellowish,
structure the same as that of B. virgatus.

Western Himalaya from Simla to Kumaon, at 7-8000 ft., especially on limestone.
H 2952. Naldehra, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

6. HOVENIA, Thunb.

1. H. dulciS, Thunb.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 640; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 630; Brandis For.
Fl. 94. The Coral tree. Vera. Chamhun, Ravi ; SicJca, Hind.

A tree. Bark greyish-brown. Wood light yellowish-brown, soft.
Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided, evenly scattered.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, bent where they touch the pores, or
starting from them. Annual rings prominent.

Valleys of the North- West Himalaya, common in those on the north side of the
Tons river in Tehri-Garhwal at 3-5000 ft. (e.</. Mora, Salla and Mautar-gadhs),
also about Mussoorie. Much cultivated in the Punjab Himalaya, also in Nepal.

In suitable places it grows to be a large handsome tree, but the wood is not used.
The fruit is eaten, the part eaten being the enlarged fleshy peduncle?.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7.

7. SCUTIA, Coram.

1. S. indica, Brongn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 640; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxx. ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 268; Talbot Bomb. List 53; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 284. Rhamnus circumscissus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604. Vera. Garihi, Tel. ; Chimat, Bombay; Tuvadi, Tam.

A straggling thorny shrub. Bark brown, rough, somewhat corky.
Wood light reddish-brown, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized,
single or in short radial lines of 2 to 4. Medullary rays fine, very
numerous, short, the distance between them less than the diameter of
the pores, round which they bend.

South India from the Circars through the l>eccan and Carnatic, ascending to 6000
ft. on the east side of the Nilgiris ; Western India from the Konkan through the Supa
Ghats of N. Kauara ; dry country of Ceylon; Attaran valley in Burma.

A very thorny plant, troublesome to penetrate, used for hedges. Dr. T. Cooke says
it is called " Wait-a-bit thorn " at Mahabaleshwar.

D 4255. Striharikota forests, Nellore (Gamble).

8. SAGERETIA, Brongn.

Five species, erect or straggling shrubs. S. hamosa, Brongn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 641,
is a large straggling shrub of the Himalaya (Dehra Duo, 3000 ft.), N. Circars (Mahen-
dragiri, 3000 ft.) and the hills of South India, such as the Nilgiris and Pulneys, armed

188 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

with long recurved thorns. 8. costata, Miq. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 284, is a straggling
shrub of the Ceylon hills.

Wood close-grained, hard. Pores small, round. Medullary rays
fine and very fine. S. oppositifolia has a more open structure, with
larger pores and broader medullary ra}rs.

1. S. oppositifolia, Brongn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. Gil ; Brandis For. Fl. 95 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 53. Vera. Kanak, giddrddk, drange, girthan, Pb. ; Aglala, Kurnaon ;
Gonta, E. Dun.

A large, usually straggling or climbing shrub. Bark grey, smooth,
peeling off in thin flakes and leaving the cinnamon-brown under-bark
exposed. Wood moderately hard to hard, sapwood white, heartwood
pink. Annual rings marked by white lines. Pores round, moderate-
sized, often subdivided and surrounded by white rings. Medullary
rays fine to moderately broad, numerous. Structure more open than
that of the other two species.

Xorth-West Himalaya from the Indus to Kumaon at 2-6000 ft. ; Konkan.
This straggling shrub is conspicuous below Mussoorie; it has a sweetish edible
fruit.

II 1841. Jharipani, Mussoorie, 1500 ft. (U. X. Kanjilal).

2. S. theezans, Brongn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 611 ; Brandis For. Fl. 95 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 267. Vera. Dargola, Simla; Drangu, ankol, Jeauli, Imrur, phomphli, Jcdnda,
brinkol, chaunsh, katra/in, thum, kum, Pb.

A large spinescent shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood very hard,
white, with irregular dark-coloured heartwood. Annual rings (?)
marked by white lines. Pores round, small, in rings of soft texture,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

Salt Range and Suliman Pange; Western Himalaya from Kashmir to Simla, at
3-8000 ft. ; Upper Burma. Fruit eaten.

lbs.

II 2016. Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3500 ft. (Gamble) —

H 2951. Naldehra, Simla, 7000 ft. „ —

H 3129. Koti, Simla, 6000 ft. „ 56

3. S. Brandrethiana, Aitch.; Fl. Br. Inch i. 642; Brandis For. Fl. 95. Vera.
Ganger, goJier, Pb. ; Maimuna, Afg.

A small deciduous shrub. Bark grey, with long wrinkles. Wood
light-brown or yellow, hard, close-grained. Pores small, round,
numerous, between the fine, short, very numerous medullary rays.

Suliman Range and Salt Range, and North- West Himalaya between the Iudus and
the Jhelum.

The fruit is sweet and much eaten by Afghans and in the frontier districts.

P 914. Salt Range, Punjab (Baden-Powell).
Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

9. COLUBRINA, Rich.

Three species. C: pubescens, Kurz For. Fl. i. 269; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 642, is a large
straggling shrub of open forests all over Burma. O. travancorica, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 643, is found in Travancore.

1. C. asiatica, Brongn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 642 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 268; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
lxix. ; Talbot Bomb. List 53 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 285, Ceanothus asiaticus, Roxb. Fl.

RHAMNE2E 189

lad. i. 615. Vera. Guti, Mar.; Mayirmanikkan, Tam. ; Tel-hiriya, Cingh. ; Kwe-
nwe, Burm.

A shrub or small tree. Bark thin, greyish-white, slightly rough.
Wood hard ; sapwood white, heartwood orange-pink, satiny. Pores
moderate-sized to large, prominent, often subdivided, thick-walled.
Medullar y rays fine to moderately broad, prominent ; silver-grain of
fine plates.

Coast forests of South Iodia, Buruia, the Aadaoiaus and Ceyloa.
Siagapore — Kew Museum (Ridley).

10. APTERON, Kurz. A. lanceolatum, Kurz ; PI. Br. Iud. i. 643 ; Kurz For. FL
i. 623, is a large scandent shrub, cotamou in the tropical forests of the eastern side of
the Pegu Yoma and in Upper Tenasserim.

11. GOUANIA, Linn.

Four species, climbing shrubs. G. microcarpa, DC ; PL Br. Ind. i. 643 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 574 ; Talbot Bomb. List 53 ; Trimeu PL Ceyl. i. 286, is found in S. India and
Ceyl. ; G. Brandisii, Hassk. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 270, in Martaban and Tenasserim ; and
G. nepalensis, Wall., in the Central Himalaya.

1. G. leptOStaehya, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 643 ; Brandis For. Fl. 574 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 269 ; Gamble Darj. List 19. Vera. Kalalag, Kumaon ; Batwasi, Nep. ; Tangcheong,
Lepcha ; Khanta, Uriya; Tayawnyonwe, Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Bark rough, brown, \ in. thick. Wood
brown, soft. Pores large, very numerous. Medullary rays broad.

Sub-Himalayan tract and lower hills from the Jumna eastwards (common in
Dehra Dun and Daijeeling) ; Assam and Khasia Hills ; all over Burma ; Chota
Nagpore and Orissa.

E 3430. Darjeeling Hills, 6500 ft, (Gamble).

12. HELINUS, E. Meyer. H. lanceolatus, Brandis in For. Fl. 574 ; PL Br. Ind. L
644, is an unarmed, scandent, cirrhose plant, scarcely reaching woody size, but very
common and often covering trees and bushes very largely in the sub-Himalayan region
from the Punjab to Nepal and up to 4000 feet. It is very common in the Dehra Dun
and on the Siwaliks. It is also found iu the higher hills of Chota Nagpore as at
Neturhat in Palamow and in Saranda.

Order XXXV. AMPELIDEiE.

Two genera, Vitis and Leea, containing more or less woody plants. Since the
publication of the Fl. Br. Ind., the whole Order has been the subject of a Monograph
by J. E. Planchon in vol. v. of De Candolle's " Monographic Phanerogamarum " •
Kurz has also written his " Forest Flora of British Burma," and other botanists have
discussed the family, especially Sir G. King in his papers in the Journ. of the As.
Soc. Beng. Nearly all the species of Vitis are climbers, those of Leea large soft shrubs
or small trees. The " woody " species of Vitis seem to be about 28, those of Leea
about 6.

1. VITIS, Linn.

From 60 to 70 species of climbing or semi-erect shrubs with soft porous wood,
only a few being of interest to the Indian Forest officer, and that interest chiefly
reduced to a desire to cut them, to free the trees upon which they climb from their
constricting stems or the weight of their hanging branches. V. quadrangularis, Wall.,
is a vine with 4-angled fleshy stems common in the dry regions of India and Ceylon.
V. discolor, Dalz. is a climber of the Sikkim Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and Burma,
with pretty velvety blotched red and white and green leaves, often cultivated for

190 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

ornament. V. Janata, Roxb. (E 484, Darjeeling Terai ; V. repanda, W. ami A. (E 485,
Darjeeling Terai ; C 4341, Ganjam Forests) ; and V. latifolia, Roxb., are soft-wooded
climbers of the Indian Sal and other forests with corky hark, very large pores and
broad medullary rays. V. lanceolaria, Wall., is a large pedate-leaved climber of
Northern Bengal, Assam, Burma and South India, extending, but scarce, alon? the
Himalaya to the Dehra Diin, with flattened stems. The Orape Vine, V. vinifera,
Linn. ■ Vern. Ddlch, dakki, drdksha, angur, Hind. ; Lanang, Kunawar ; Sabyit, Burm..
has been introduced and successfully cultivated in Kashmir and other parts of India ;
it has the usual structure of very large pores and very broad medullary rays, and the
wood is rather harder than that of most kinds (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1). The
big climbers contain much watery sap, which flows out readily from a cut end when
another cut is made a little above, and is by no means unpleasant for a thirsty person
in hot dry weather.

1. V. semicordata, Wall., var. Eoylei, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxv. ii.7 and
€83. V. himalayana, Brandis For. FI. 100 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 655 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 273 ;
Gamble Darj. List 20. Vern. Chappar tang, tipti, Kumaon ; Phlankur, Simla:
Zemardaehan, zemaro, Sutlej ; Kanddr, Jaunsar ; Philuna, Garhwal ; Burn churcJn ri,
Nep. ; Hlotagbret, Lepcha.

A large climber, often 6 in. or more in diameter. Bark dark
brown, thick, fibrous, marked by longitudinal rings and vertical clefts,
peeling off in fibrous strings. Wood rather hard, dark brown, with
large pith and conspicuous concentric (? annual) rings. Pores in the
concentric rings large, in the rest of the wood small. Medullary rays
broad, long and deep, forming a very good silver-grain.

Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim, usually at from 6-10,000 ft. ; Kkaeia Hills ;
Nilgiris and Pulneys and other hills of S. India ; hills of Martaban, E. of Toungoo in
Burma.

This and the ivy are the only climbers of any consequence in the Upper Hima-
layan forests, requiring to be cut and destroyed. It is often called u Virginia creeper,"
and it much resembles that well-known plant (Vitis (Ampelopsis) qiiinqaefolia) of
N. America, when, in autumn, the spruce and silver fir trees are draped with its
branches and leaves of every tint, from green through yellow and orange to scarlet
and crimson. The wood is good, strong and pretty (1 have a picture-frame made of
its wood, cut so as to show the silver-grain to advantage, and it is quite handsome),
but it requires long seasoning. The weight varies considerably.

lbs.

H 44, 2913. Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 33

H 4802. Konain Forest, Jaunsar, 8000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .52
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. '.I

2. V. pallida, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 647 ; Talbot Bomb. List 55.

A large erect or straggling shrub. Bark brown, in parts smooth,
in parts rough, corky. Wood reddish-brown, soft. Pores small to
large, very scanty, scattered in the cellular tissue between the very
broad, red, pithy medullary rays.

Dry regions of the Deccan, rather conspicuous on rocky dry hills.

D 3887. Nigadi Hills, Cuddapah, 2000 ft. (Gamble).

3. V. planicaulis, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 658.

A large climbing shrub with flattened stems. Bark light-brown,
I in. thick, with prominent rough lenticels. Wood soft, brown when
dry, porous, in layers at either end of a narrow, flattened, undulating-
edo-ed stem, the layers bounded by bands of bast tissue. Pores veiy
laro-e to extremely large. Medtdlary rays many moderately broad,
occasional ones very or extremely broad.

Sikkim Himalaya and Khasia Hills at 3-4000 ft.

AMPELIDE^: 191

In the PL Br. Ind. this is described as " a vast climber, reaching to the top of the
4 highest trees and sending down from its branches long, thin, leafless bands."
Sikkim Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

2. LEEA, Linn.

The species of Leea are found in the undergrowth of the forests, and one or two
also in open grass-lands like the large-leave 1 L. macrophylla, Iloxb., and the red-
flowered L. (data, Edgw. Among the forest ones, L. aspera, Wall., is very common in
deciduous forests all over India, from the Dun down ; L. crispa, Willd., is similarly
common in the Darjeeling Terai ; where also occurs the larger L. sambncina, Willd.

1. L. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 655 ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 667 ; Gamble Darj. List 21 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 57. Vern. Galeni, Xep. ; Pantum, Lepcha.

A large shrub. Stem fluted, with very large pith. Bark smooth,
grey, striped. Wood moderately hard, brown. Pores small. Me-
dullary rays broad.

Sikkim Himalaya and Khasia Hills up to 5000 ft.; X. Circars; West Coast, in
N. Kanara.

A handsome plant ; wood used for fencing and temporary huts in the Darjeeling
Terai.

E 879, 2860. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai.

2. L. umbraeulifera, C. B. Clarke; Gamble Darj. List 21. Vern. Galeni, Nep.
A small tree. Wood greyish-brown, moderately hard. Pores

small, radially distributed. MeduLlwry rays of two kinds, very broad
and fine.

Forests of the Sikkim Himalaya, Terai and Duars, up to 3000 ft., in the under-
growth of evergreen forests. Also, perhaps, in N. Circars.

?] 3278. Muraghat Reserve, W. Duars (Gamble).

Order XXXVI. SAPINDACEJE.

An Order of about 23 genera coming within the limits of this work, some of them
containing trees of great importance in Indian Forest economy. ^Esculus, Acer, and
Staphylea belong almost entirely to the cold climate of the Himalaya and its offshoot
ranges; Stochsia and Dodoncm belong to the dry regions; Schhichera is an important
forest tree of the great deciduous forests, but most of the rest are from hot tropical
climates in S. India and Burma. Several species give useful timbers; others some of the
best fruits of the East; others again articles of minor produce in considerable demand.
The nomenclature of the genera is somewhat confusing, the Gen. Plantarum, the Fl.
Br. Ind., Beddome, Kurz, Trimen and finally King all taking more or less different
views of their limits, especially in Cupania, Ratonia, Nephelium and Sapindus.
Under these circumstances, I have thought it best to adhere as closely as possible to
the Gen. Plantarum. The Order is divided into four Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Sapindea) . . Hemigyrosa, Dittelasma, Erioglossum, Al-

lophylus, Stocksia, iEsculus, Scyphope-
talurn, Cupania, Paranephelium, Lepisan-
thes, Schleichera, Gleniea, Sapindus, Xero-
spermum, Nephelium, Pometia, Harpullia,
Zollingeria.

„ II. Acerinea? . . Acer, Dobinea.

„ III. Dodonaiea? . . Dodomea.

„ IV. Staphylea) . . Staphylea, Turpinia.

Blighia sapida, Kon. the AJcce fruit, has been occasionally cultivated in Indian
gardens.

192 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Wood generally soft or moderately hard, even-grained, sometimes
hard; no distinct heartwood except in Schleickera, Nephelium and
Dodoncea. Pores small or very small, generally uniform and
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very line or fine, rarely
moderately broad, often closely packed. Apart from the annual
rings, concentric bands occur in Sapindus and some other genera,
but not in all.

Tribe I. SAPINDEJ].

1. HEMIGYROSA, Blume.

Two species. H. deficiens, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 231 ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 671 (Anomo-
santhes deficiens, Bl. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxii.), is a tree of the hills of South India,
found especially in the Anamalais at 2-5000 ft. and in the Tinnevelly Ghats.

1. H. eanescens, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 671 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 1. 151 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 290; Talbot Bomb. List 58; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 301 (Molincea eanescens, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 243). Vern. Nekota, karadipongan, Tarn.; Korivi, Tel. ; Kalv. yette, kurpah,
Ivan. ; Kurpa, lakhandi, lokaneli, Mar. ; Eskombo, Khonil.

A tree. Wood white, hard, close-grained, with very numerous,
very prominent wavy white concentric bands and concentrically
arranged patches, about 70 to the inch. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays extremely fine, regular
and regularly distributed.

Forests of the East Coast from the N. Circars southwards : moist forests of the
Western Ghats from the Konkan to Tinnevelly ; low country of Ceylon ; Tenasserim
in Burma.

Beddome says the wood is occasionallv used for building.

lbs.
D 3981. Agri-Horticultural Gardens, Madras (Stcaveuson) . . .5-4

2. DITTELASMA, Hook. f. I). Barak, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 672 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 297, is an evergreen tree of the Pegu Yoma forests and of Tenasserim, sometimes
cultivated in Ceylon, and giving a berry which is used for soap, and called Penela,
Cingh.

3. ERIOGLOSSUM, Blume.

1. E. edule, Blume ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 672 ; Talbot Bomb. List 58. E. rubiginosum,
Bl. ; Brandis For. PL 108. Pancovia rubiginosa, Baill. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 296; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. lxxiii. Sapindus rubiginosa, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 282. Vern. Ritha, Hind.;
Ishi rashi, Tel.; Manipangam, Tarn.

A large tree. Wood grey (with pinkish-brown heartwood (Kurz)),
soft, with alternate wavy concentric bands of soft and hard texture.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, wavy, the distance between
them much less than the diameter of the pores.

Oudh forests; Eastern Bengal; Northern Circars: Burma and the Andaman,
Nicobar and Coco Islands ; often planted for ornament.

Our specimen is small and pour, so that the wood is not quite representative.
r^xburgh says it is chocolate-coloured towards the centre.

lbs.

O 4662. Oudh (Pandit Keshavanand) 34

SAPIXDACEJi 193

4. ALLOPHYLUS, Linn.

Two species, both extremely variable. A. Cobbe, Bl. has trifoliate, A. zeylanicus,
Linn, unifoliate, leaves. A. zeylanicus, Linn. ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 673 ; Gamble Darj. List
22; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 302 (also A. hispidus, Trin., Schmidelia hispida, Thw. ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 152); Vera. Kantiemyok, Lepcha; Wal-kobbe, Cingh., is a small tree of
the Sikkim Himalaya, Assam, Cachar and Ceylon.

1. A. Cobbe, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 673 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 299 (also A. serratus, DC
and A. aporeticus, Kurz) ; Talbot Bomb. List 58 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 303. Omitrophe
Cobbe, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 268 (also 0. aporetica, Roxb. I.e. 264, 0. villosa,
Boxb. I.e. 265 and 0. glabra, Roxb. I.e. 267). Vera. Amarai, Tarn. ; Kubbe, bu-kobbe,
Cingh.

A shrub or small tree. Bark dark grey, with corky lenticels.
Wood grey, moderately hard, divided into belts by numerous parallel
and equidistant white concentric lines. Pores small, scanty, often in
radial strings of 3 to 4. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous,
equidistant, prominent on a radial section.

Eastern Bengal, South India, Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and
Ceylon.

This somewhat gregarious and extremely variable shrub is very common in the
undergrowth of forests in the valleys of the hills of S. India, as on the Coonoor ghat in
the Nilgiris ; also in Ceylon up to 6000 ft.

Trimen, quoting Mr. Nevill, says that the Veddas use the wood for bows, and that

the fruit is eaten.

lbs.

B 1988. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 40

W 3752. Coonor, Nilgiris, 5000 ft. (Gamble) —

5. STOCKSIA, Benth. S. brahuica, Bth. ; Hook. f. Ic. PI. t. 1724; Vera.
Karghauna, Baluch., is a stiff spinous shrub of Baluchistan.

6. iESCULUS, Linn.

Two species. The Horse-chestnut, indigenous in Asia Minor and Greece, and
commonly planted in other parts of Europe and completely naturalized there, is ^E.
Hippocastanum, Linn.

Wood white, soft to moderately hard. Annual rings distinct.
Pores numerous, small or very small, generally abundant in the
spring wood. Medullary rays uniform, equidistant, very fine, very
numerous.

1. M. indiea, Colebr. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 675 ; Brandis For. Fl. 103. The Indian
Horse-chestnut. Vera. Torjaga, Trans-Indus; Hdiie, hanudwi, hdn, kishing, Kash-
mir ; Gun, Ravi ; Bankhor,gugu, kanor, pdukar, Hind. ; Kandar, Jaunsar ; Ptl, Sutlej ;
Pangar, Kumaon.

A large deciduous tree. Baric grey, exfoliating in long flakes,
which remain attached at their upper ends and hang down and out-
wards, having a strange appearance. Wood white, with a pinkish
tinge, soft, close-grained. Aantud rings marked by a line, and
sometimes by fewer pores in the autumn wood. Pores very small,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, at 4-10,000 ft. It prefers moist shady
valleys, where it grows of lar?e size, e.g. Chachpur in Raiengarh, the northern slope
of Kedarkanta, the Saras and Moriru valleys in Tehri-Garhwal.

A very handsome, ornamental tree reaching 100 ft. or more in height in suitable
places, with perhaps 25 ft. in girth; in appearance it is much like the European
species, with similar upright thyrsi of flowers and similar seeds, but the capsule is not

O

194 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

echinate. The wood is used for building, water-troughs, platters, packing-cases and
tea-boxes, but most especially for cups, plates and vases to hold butter and ghi. The
Tibet drinking-cups are sometimes made of it. The twigs and leaves are lopped for
fodder. The fruit is given as food to cattle and goats, and in times of scarcity the
embryo is soaked in water and then ground and eaten mixed with flour by the hill people.

lbs.

H 31. Matiyana, Simla, 7000 ft 34

H 166. Kangra, Punjab (1866) —

H 936. Hazara, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 35

H 776. Kalatop, Punjab, 7000 ft. (Pengelly) 34

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

2. JE. punduana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 675 ; Gamble Darj. List 22. 2E. assa-
mica, Griff.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 286. Vera. Cherinangri, Nep. ; Kunkirkola, ekuhea,
As. ; Dingri, Duars ; Bolnaivak, Garo ; Segabin, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood white, soft, close-
grained. Pore* small, in short radial lines between the very fine,
closely packed medullary rays. Annual rings marked by a faint
white line.

Northern Bengal, Khasia Hills, Assam and Tenasserim, ascending to 4000 ft.; also
in damp forests in Upper Burma.

Growth moderate, 10 riugs per inch of radius. This also is a large handsome tree,
not unlike JE. indica in leaves, but the flowers are smaller. Tt prefers rather wet
places in evergreen forests.

lbs.
E 3139. Buxa lleserve, Western Duars (Gamble) 36

7. SCYPHOPETALUM, Hiern. S. ramiflorum, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 676, is a
small tree found by Griffith in hilly woods of the Hookhoom Valley in Burma.

8. CUPANIA, Plum, (including JIatonia, DC). About 9 species. They are all
included under Cwpania by Hiern and Kurz, but King has redistributed them (see
Journ. As. Soc. Beng., lxv. ii. pp. 4-43-4:4:9) under genera Guioa, Arytera, Lepidopeta-
him and Mischocarpns. C. pentapeUda, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 678 (ScMeichera
]>entapetaJa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 275) ; Vera. Koipura, poorakoi, Sylhet, is a large tree of
the forests of Sylhet ; and C. sumatrana, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i, 678; Kurz For. Fl. i.
285, is also a Sylhet tree, extending to Burma. C. glabrata, Kurz For. Fl. i. 284; Fl.
Br. Ind. i. 676 (Sapindus squamosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 282, Guioa squamosa, King), is
an evergreen tree rather frequent in tropical forests in Burma. C. Jachiattay Hiern in
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 678 (Lepidopetalum Jachianum, Radlk. ; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.,
lxv. ii 735) is a small tree of Car Nicobar Island, whose fruits, as Prain has recently
shown, are a favourite food of the big Nicobar pigeon (Calcenas nicobarica). C.fttscidula,
Kurz, C. adenophylla, Planch., C. He/feri, Hiern and C. Griffithiana, Kurz, are all
trees of Tenasserim. C. Lessertiana, Cainb. is an evergreen tree of tropical forests in
S. Andaman.

9. PARANEPHELIUM, Miq. P. xestophyllttm, Miq. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 20(5, is a
small evergreen tree of Upper Tenasserim.

10. LEPISANTIIES, Bl. Three species, the chief of which is L. bturmanica,
Kurz For. Fl. i. 291 (L. montana, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 679, an evergreen Burmese tree
with a " white, rather heavy, fibrous but close-grained wood " (Kurz). It is found as
far north as Myitkyina.

11. SCHLEICHERA, Willd.

1. S. trijuga, Willd.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 681 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 277; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 119 ; Brandis For. Fl. 105, t. 20 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 289 ; Talbot Bomb. List 59 ;
'Crimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 304. Vera. Kosum, gausam, Hind.; Ritsam, Tcusumo, Uriya ;
I'usku, may, roatanga, Tel.; 1'dvd, pu, piivan, puvu, kida, 2>«tachi, zolim-burikiy

SAPINDACE.E 195

Tara. ; Sagdi, shargadi, sagade, chakota, al'ota, Kan. ; Chendala, Coorg ; Puvatti,
Kaders ; Kassumar, koham, kocham, Panch Mehals ; Kusumh, Icoon, kohan, peduman,
Mar. ; Komur, pus/cA, Gondi ; Barn, Kurku, K61 ; Kosengi, Palkonda ; Puvam, Mai. ;
Gyo, Burin. ; Cong, kon, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, grey, exfoliating in small
rounded plates of irregular shape and size. Wood very hard : sap-
wood whitish ; heartwood light reddish-brown. Pores scanty, mode-
rate-sized, often oval and subdivided, often joined by pale, interrupted,
wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous,
wavy, uniform and equidistant, closely packed ; the distance between
the rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Dry, chiefly deciduous, forests in the greater part of India, Burma and Ceylon, but
apparently absent from Bengal and Assam. It is found from the Sutlej to Nepal in
the Lower Himalaya, sub-Himalayan tract and Siwaliks up to 3000 ft. ; throughout
Central India, the East and West Coast regions, the Deccan and Carnatic; in all
deciduous forests throughout Burma; and in the low country of Ceylon up to
2000 ft.

An important forest tree, both for its products and for its influence. In some
places it is almost gregarious ; that is, it forms a considerable portion of the crop (e.g. at
Kalsi, at the junction of the Tons and Jumna), and it is useful, as it gets its new
leaves before the hot season, when their bright red colour renders it conspicuous, and
reminds one that the tree is shady when others are leafless and bare. It grows to a
considerable size " up to 70 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth " (Kurz).

The weight and transverse strength of the wood have been determined by the
following experiments : —

Brandis, 1862, No. 22. Burma .... found

„ 1864, 8 experiments with bars 3' x 1" x 1" „
Baker, 4 experiments, 1829 „ 7' x 2" x 2" „

Wallich, No. 179 (Scytalia trijuga) „

The specimens examined ......

A. Mendis, Ceylon Collection, No. 47 . . . „

So that the weight may be taken on an average as 68 lbs., and P = 980.

The wood is very strong and durable ; it is used for oil and sugar mills, rice-pounders
(the best wood for the purpose in S. India), agricultural implements and carts. It
seasons well, and takes a good polish. It gives a first-rate firewood and charcoal, and
is reckoned by Beddome as one of the most valuable timbers of Madras.

The fruit is often eaten, and the seeds give an oil which is used to burn in S. India
and Burma, and is reputed to be the Macassar oil of hairdressers. It is considered
the best tree for lac, and the Mirzapore lac grown on it is considered to be the best,
the best-lasting, and to give the finest-coloured shell-lac, valued in London at £10 12s.
per cwt. (Watt). The fruit is eaten, and the leaves and twigs are lopped for cattle-
fodder. Analytical experiments on the ashes showed that in 100 lbs. of steam-dry wood
T4b lbs. fcere ash, and that of this ash no less than 69 per cent, consisted of calcium
carbonate, 12.^ and 1H- per cent, respectively being phosphate of iron, etc., and mag-
nesium carbonate. Only 51 per cent, were sodium and potassium compounds.

Garhwal (1868) 65

Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) 65

Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 66

Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .66

Melghat, Bcrar (Brandis) 62

Khunlha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 65

South Kanara (Cherry) . 70

Burma (1867) 75

„ (Brandis, 1862) 72

No. 47, Ceylon Collection, old; No. 79, new (Mendis), doubtful . . 57
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Melicocca trijuga, Juss.) (Tab. IV. 6).

Weight

in lbs.

Value of P.

70

—

68

1160

68

618

60

—

65

—

57

—

0

206.

0

536.

c

191.

C

1110.

C

2769.

c

3533.

w

732.

B

319.

B

2515.

196 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

12. GLENIEA, Hook. f.

1. G. zeylaniea, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 682 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 153 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 305, t. 25. Vern. Kama, Tarn.; Wal-mora, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, whitish. Wood yellowish-
white, like boxwood, hard, close- and even-grained, with numerous
very narrow white concentric bands which often anastomoze. Pores
moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty, usually in radial or oblique
strings. Medullary rays fine, numerous, prominent.

Dry region of Ceylon, where common.

Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

13. SAPINDUS, Plum.

Seven species, three of which are trees or shrubs endemic in and scarce in Ceylon.
The West Indian " Soapberry " is >S'. Saponaria, Linn.

1. S. emarginatUS, Yahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 279; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 1. 154; Brandis
For. Fl. 107; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 307. S. trifoliatus, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 682;
Talbot Bomb. List 59. 8. luurifolius, Yahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 278; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Ixxiii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 306. The Soapnut tree. Vern. Ritha, Hind. ; Bara-ritha,
Beng. ; Mukta maya, Uriya ; Rita, Mar.; Konkudu, Tel.; Pounanga, }>i(candi,ney-
Icoddan, panalai, Tam. ; Tlialay marathu, arataia, antawdla, Kan.; Areeta, Mai.;
Chdna, shothali, nitha vanji, Trav. Hills; Puvella, penela, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark shining, grey, with rough deciduous scales.
Wood yellow, hard. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, surrounded by
patches of light tissue which are joined together in more or less
concentric wavy bands, between which are darker bands without
pores; the pores often filled with white mineral matter. Medullar y
rays very fine, numerous.

Forests of the drier country of the Deccan and Carnatic, common in Striharikota
and other forests, much planted about villages ; evergreen forests of the Konkan and
Kanara ; dry region of Ceylon. The var. iaurifolia apparently affects moister regions.

The chief produce of this tree is its fruit, which, under the name of " Ritha " or
" Soapnut," is in universal use for washing as a substitute for soap ; in preference to
which it is used for some things, like flannel. The wood is very little used, occasion-
ally only for carts and in building. Skinner, No. 114, gives W = 64 lbs., P = 682 ;
Bourdillon gives W = 66 lbs. and P = 725, and he says the wood is used for oil mills.
The root, bark and fruit are used in native medicine, and a semi-solid oil is extracted
from the seed.

lbs.

D 3209. Cuddapah, Madras (Higgens) —

D 3940. Nellore, Madras (Brougham) 62

D 4331. Kondavid Forest, Kistua (Gamble) 72 (wet)

B 2259 (51 lbs.) is a white moderately-hard wood sent by Col. Ford from the
Andamans in 1866 ; it perhaps belongs to this species.

2. S. detergens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 280; Brandis For. Fl. 107. S. Mukorossi,
Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 96. The Soapnut of N. India. Vern. Ritha, dodan, kanmar,
Hind.

A handsome deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood light yellow,
rough, moderately hard, compact and close-grained. Annual rvngs
distinctly marked by a band of pale tissue with large pores; the
poises in the rest of the wood very small, surrounded by and united
by patches more or less concentric of pale tissue. Medullary rays
not straight, short, fine, numerous.

SAPINDACE.E 197

Apparently wild in the valleys of the West Himalaya at about 2-4000 ft. ;
elsewhere and largely cultivated about villages, in avenues, etc.

The fruit is used for the same purposes as that of 8. emarrjinatus. The wood is
not used ; it weighs about 44 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are cut for fodder and the
seeds used in native medicine.

lbs.

H 117. Waziri Rupi, Kulu, 4000 ft 44

H 3050. Kepu, Sutlej Valley, 2000 ft. (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. IV. 5).

3. S. attenuatUS, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 6S4 ; Gamble Darj. List 22. Sapindm
ruber, Kurz For. Fl. i. 298. ScytaUa rubra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 272. Vern. Achatta,
Nep. ; Sirhootungchir, Lepcha ; Lai koi-pura, Sylhet.

A shrub or small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, moderately
hard. Annual rings marked by darker lines. Pores moderately
large, scanty, often in short radial or wavy lines. Medullary rays
short, white, very tine, numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal, down to Chittagong.
Flowers red. Fruit eaten in Sylhet.
E 3272. Western Duars (Gamble).

4. S. Danura, Voigt ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 684 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 298. ScytaUa Danura,
Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 274. 8. verticiUata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 273. Aphania Danura,
Badlk. ; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxv. ii. 712. Vern. Nancha, danura, Beng.

A small tree. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores moderate-
sized, scanty, surrounded by and joined by more or less concentric
patches of pale tissue, alternating with darker bands of harder
substance without pores. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

Northern and Eastern Bengal, Burma, the Andamans and Nicobar Islands, often
in tidal forests. Sometimes cultivated as a garden shrub.

E 3373. Kaptai, Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble).

14. XEROSFEBMUM, Blume. X Noronhianum, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 686; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 295, is an evergreen tree of Sylhet, the Khasia Hills and Tenasserim.

15. NEPHELIUM, Linn, (with Euphoria).

About seven species, but the synonymy seems confused, and it is difficult to
reconcile the accounts given in the Fl. Br. Ind. and those of Kurz and King. Except
those described below, none are, however, of much consequence. .V. Gardneri, Thw. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 309 ; Vern. Nurai, Tam., is a rare tree of Ceylon. N. hypoleucum,
Kurz For. Fl. i. 293 ; Vern. Kyetmauk, Burm., is an evergreen tree of tropical forests in
Burma. N. Griffithiauum, Kurz For. Fl. i. 294, is an evergreen tree of the Upper Burma
Hills. The " Mamboetan" fruit is the produce of N. lappacewm, Linn., which Beddome
says has been introduced into gardens in India and Ceylon, but I have never seen it.
It is a beautiful red fruit with echinate rind, and, with the similar " Poelassan " (A.
niutabile, Br.), is largely grown in Java and much appreciated. They may both be
seen for sale in the Javanese bazars and in baskets at the railway stations.

Wood red, hard ; prominent wavy concentric bands.

1. N. Longana, Camb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 688 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 294 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 59 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 309. Euphoria Longana, Lamk. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 156.
Scytalia Longana, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 270. The Longan. Vern. Ashphal, Beng.;
Poovati, katta puvan, nurai, Tam.; Puna, Courtallum ; Wumb, Mar.; Mai aJicotd,
kanakindali, Kan.; Shemp&van, mulei, Trav. Hills ; Kyetmauk, Burm.; Jlora, rasa-
mora, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Bark smooth, yellowish-grey. W<>o>/
red, moderately hard. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed ;

198 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

the transverse diameter equal to the distance between the fine and
very fine medullary rays. Prominent, wavy bands, broader than the
rays, divide the wood into a succession of concentric strata.

Common in all the forests of the Western Ghats, in the Konkan, Kanara, Malabar,
the Anamalai, Travancore and Tinnevelly Hills up to 3000 ft. ; scarce in Burma, only
in tropical forests of the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma ; common in Ceylon.

A handsome tree, young leaves red. The wood is hard and durable, but little used.
Kurz says it is good for furniture and takes a fine polish. Wallich, No. 179, gives
W = 44 lbs. ; A." Mendis 62 lbs. ; Bourdillon gives W = 61 lbs., P = 1061 ; O'Connell
gives W = 61 lbs. ; our specimens have an average of 59 lbs. The fruit, the " Lougan,"
is eaten, but is much inferior to the Litchi, Ramboetan and Poelassan. Mendis calls
it " Eyeball tree."

The leaves of the Longan suffer greatly from damage done by a Limacodid moth,
Parasa lepida, Cram., which eats the leaves, sometimes completely defoliating the
tree.

lbs.
D 1278. Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore (Beddome) .... 51

W 4539, 4668. Travancore (Beddome) 59 and 65

No. 57, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 95, new (A. Mendis) ... 62
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

2. N. LitChi, Camb.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 687; Kurz For. Fl, i. 283; Talbot Bomb.
List 59. Scytalia Litchi, Roxb. FJ. Ind. ii. 269. The Litchi. Vern. Litchi, Hind.
(originally Chinese) ; Kyetmauk, Burm.

A handsome evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, rough. Wood red,
hard, heavy. Pores moderate-sized, the transverse diameter usually
considerably greater than the distance between the rays. Medullary
■rays very fine, very numerous. Wavy bands not so prominent as in
N. Longana.

Introduced from South China, and now cultivated largely in Northern India for
its delicious fruit. It thrives admirably all over Bengal and northwards to Saharanpur
and Dehra Dim. It is common in Chittagong, and has been planted in Bombay and
Madras, but I never saw any good fruit produced at the latter place.

lbs.

0 3260. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Duthie) —

0 47ri2. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . .68
D 3973. Agri-Hortl. Garden, Madras (Steavenson) .... 56
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

3. N. stipulaeeum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 155; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 690. Vern. Kdnam
mayili, Trav. Hills.

A handsome tree. Wood red, very hard. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, filled with light-coloured matter. Med/ullary rays very fine,
very numerous. Concentric bands of darker colour frequent.

Hills of S. India from the Nilgiris southwards, un the western slopes, up to
3000 ft.

lbs.

W 4688. Travancore (Bourdillon) 64

16. POMETIA, Forst.

1. P. tomentosa, Btk and Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 691 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 295.
Pometia exijnia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 157; Trimcn Fl. Ceyl. i. 310. Vern. Thdbyay,
Burm.; Badoh, And. ; Qalmora, bulumora, Cingh.

A very large tree. Wood red. Pores large, scanty, uniformly
distributed, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays very
tine, closely packed. Prominent concentric lines of darker colour.

Moist low country of Ceylon ; Andaman Islands, very common.

SAPINDACE.E 199

The specimen does not agree very well with Kurz's description of the \\ ood as
" whitish, very light and very coarsely fibrous." It agrees better with TrimenV.

lbs.

B 1973. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 48

17. HARPULLIA, Roxb.

1. H. eupanioides, Eoxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 692 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 287 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 59. H. imbricata, Bl.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 158; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 311.
.Yern. HarpulU, Beng. ; Ghittila madafcu, Trav. Hills; Na-imbul, pundalu, Cingo..

A large tree. Bark smooth, pale. Wood white, soft. Pores
moderate- sized, scanty, in whitish patches. Medullary rays fine,
numerous.

Forests of Chittagong ; the Andaman Islands ; the western coast from the Konkan
southwards ; moist low country of Ceylon.

A handsome tree with a brilliant orange-coloured fruit, which is used in Ceylon
for washing.

° lbs.

W 4717. Travaucore (Bourdillon) 40

18. ZOLLINGERIA, Kurz. L. macrocarpa, Kurz For. Fl. i. 288 ; Fl. Br. Iud. i.
692 ; Vera. Wethyut, Burm., is a large tree of the mixed dry forests of the Prome
District with a white wood.

Tribe II. ACERINBJE.

19. ACER, Tournef.

About 16 species, all Himalayan or from the hills of Upper Assam, three species
only extending to the hill forests of Burma. A. niveum, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 693;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 289, is a tree of the hills of Upper Assam and of the ranges east of
the Sittang Eiver at 4-6000 ft. A.isolobum, Kurz For. Fl. i. 289; Fl. Br. Ind. i.
694, is an evergreen tree of the damp hill forests of Martaban at 5-7000 ft. A. stachyo-
phyllum, Hiern in Fl. Br. Ind. i. 694, is a small tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya
at 9-10,Q00 ft, A.pectiriaturn, Wall. (4. caudatum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 695 (part) ;
Gamble Darj. List 22) ; Vera. Kabashi, Nep. ; Yali&hin, Bhutia ; and A. Papilio, King
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxv. ii. 10, are small trees of the inner Sikkim Himalaya at
8-12,000 ft., the former common on the Singalila Range.

The common European Maple is A. campestre, Linn. ; the Sycamore is A. psendo-
platanus, Linn. ; the Norway Maple is A. platanoides, Linn., and the Sugar Maple of
America is A. saccharinum, Wang.

Wood generally shining, soft and close-grained ; no heartwood.
Annual rings generally well marked. Pores small and very small,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, often of
two sizes. Concentric medullary patches frequent. (The structure
of the wood of the different species of Maple, European, Indian and
American, is so uniform that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to
distinguish the different species by it alone.)

1. A. Oblongum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 693; Brandis For. Fl. 110; Gamble Darj.
List 22. Vera. Murk, Pb. ; Pharengala, patangalia, kirmoli, N.-W. P.; Pamjoi,
paranga, Jaunsar; Parpat, galif/a, potai,putli, Kumaou; Kirmola, Garhwal ; Pangydla,
Dotial ; Mugila, buzimpala, Nep.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, smooth, with
horizontal wrinkles. Wood light reddish-brown, moderately hard,
close-grained. An mud rings faintly marked. Pores small, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, red, distinctly visible on a radial
.section, giving the wood an elegant silver-grain.

200 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Himalaya from the Jkelum eastwards to Bhutan, up to 6000 ft. A low-level
species descending even to the Dehra Dun at 2000 ft., and most common in valleys
of the outer hills.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. The wood is used for agricultural
implements and drinking-cups.

lbs.

H 221. Garhwal (1868) 45

H 2944. Sutlej Valley, near Suni, 3000 ft. (Gamble) . —

2. A. laevigatum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 693; Brandis For. Fl. 110; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 289; Gamble Darj. List 22. Tern. Saslendi, cherauni, thali kabashi, Nep. ;
Tiiucjnyok, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, smooth, gre}\ Wood white,
shining, hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty, often subdivided.
Medullary rays short, not straight, fine and moderately broad,
prominent, dark.

Himalaya from the Jumna eastwards to Bhutan, at 5-9000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; hills
of Upper Tenasserim, and those of the Piuby Mines District in Burma.
The wood is used for'planking and tea-boxes.

lbs.
E 684. Sepoydura, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Johnston) . . . .43
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. '«».

3. A. Sikkimense, Miq.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 6'.t4 ; Gambler Darj. List 22. Vern.
Palegnyoh, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood shining, grey, annual
rings distinct. Pores small, very numerous. MedvMary rays fine,
numerous.

Hills of Sikkim and BhutaD, at 7-9000 ft. ; Mishmi Hills.

Growth slow, 10 to 15 rings per inch of radius. It sometimes is found apparently
epiphytic from the seeds having germinated among debris in the branches of other
trees.

lbs.

E 3102. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 37

4. A. Hookeri, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 694 ; Gamble Darj. List 22. Vern. Lai
kabashi, Nep. ; Pale, Lepcha.

A deciduous tree. Bark brown, }. in. thick, deeply cracked.
Wood grey. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, red, very numerous.

Sikkim and Bhutan, above 7000 ft.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Plants with copper-coloured foliage
are not uncommon about Darjeeling.

lbs.
E 2338. Ilangbul, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Gamble) . . . ... 37

5. A. pentapomicum, J. L. Stewart, ox Brandis For. Fl. Ill ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 694.
Vern. Trehan, huhandra, kakkri, kitla, kunghi, tidn, serdn, tUpatto, hilpaftar, Pb.

A small tree. Bark grey, thin, very prettily tessellated by shallow
vertical clefts, joined more or less ladder-like but irregularly by
horizontal ones. Wood pinkish-white, soft, close- and even-grained.
Annucd rings marked by dark lines, but with many false rings. Pores
small, uniformly distributed. Medulla ry rays fine, not very numerous,
causing a marked and elegant silver-grain.

Punjab Himalaya, from the Jhelum to the Sutlej at 2-7000 ft., in exposed hot dry
places in valleys.

This is only a small tree : Brandis says that the largest trunk noted by Stewart
had 5i ft. in girth, but was much above the average. Mr. Elliott's specimen

SAPINDACE.E 201

about 17 in. in girth for nearly 50 years of age. The wood is used for ordinary
domestic and agricultural purposes.

lbs.

H 4843. Chamba, Punjab (Elliott) 36

6. A. caesium, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 695 ; Brandis For. Fl. 111. Vera. Trekhan,
tarkhana, tilpattar, mandar, kauri, kalindra, salima, hanzal, bodal, Pb. ; Kcmar,
Kashmir; Kanshin, Tibet; Jerimu, shumanjra, Simla; Kilu, Kumaon ; Kainju,
Jaunsar.

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, exfoliating in long vertical
strips. Wood white, close-grained, soft to moderately hard. Annual
rings distinct. Pores small, fairly numerous, uniform, between the fine,
very numerous dark medullary rays, which give a pretty silver-grain.

West Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, at 7-11,000 ft.

Growth slow, 9 to 31 rings per inch of radius, giving an average of 18. Weight

40 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is scarcely used ; drinking-cups are sometimes made

of it by the Tibetans.

J lbs.

H 33. Matiyaua, Simla, 7000 ft 40

H 915. Hazara, Punjab, 7000 „ 41

H 3009, 2901. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . —

H 431. Deoban, Jaunsar, 8000 ft. (Bagshawe) 40

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. V. 2).

7. A. Thomsoni, Miq. ; Gamble Darj. List 22. A. villosum, Wall. var. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 695. Vern. Kabaslii, Nep.

A large tree. Bad: thin, grey. Wood, greyish- white, soft. Pores
small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, numerous.

Hills of Sikkim and Bhutan above 4000 ft.
Growth slow, 16 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

E 3103. Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) 44

8. A. Villosum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 695; Brandis For. Fl. 111. Vern. Karen-
dera, Simla ; Kainju, Jaunsar.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, mode-
rately hard, close-grained, beautifully mottled and shining. Annual
rings distinct. Pores scanty, small, uniform, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays short, fine and moderately broad, making a pretty
silver-grain.

West Himalaya from the Jhelum to Nepal at 7-9000 ft.

Growth slow, 16 rings per inch of radius. The wood is not used. The large

leaves are lopped for fodder.

lbs.

H 62. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 38

H 30060 m u x
:I 2899.} " " " (Gamble) —

II "l67! Kangra (1866) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

9. A. caudatum, Wall. ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 695; Brandis For. Fl. 112. Vern.
Kanzlo, kandaru, kanjara, Simla ; Kninjli, kanjla, Jaunsar ; Khansing, kabashi, Nep. ;

Yalishin, Bhutia.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark grey. Wood white,
with a faint pink tinge, shiny, compact, moderately hard, sometimes
with small masses of heartwood near the centre. Annual rings
distinct. Pores small, rather scanty, uniform and uniformly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, short, giving a good
silver-grain.

202 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Himalaya, from the Chenab to Nepal at 7-11,000 ft.

Growth slow, 26 rings per inch of radius. Weight 43 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

H 27. Matiyana, Simla, 7000 ft 45

H 41. Mahasu, „ 8000 „ 44

H 74. Kalashi, „ 6000 „ 41

H 3007. Nagkanda, „ 9000 „ (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

10. A. Campbellii, Hook f. and Th. j Fl. Br. Ind. h 696 ; Gamble Darj. List 23.
Vera. Kabasld, Nep. ; Daora, ddm, yali, yatli, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree. Bark, smooth, grey. Wood greyish-white,
moderately hard, shining, close-grained. Annual rings marked by
a thin line. Pores small, scanty, uniformly distributed, often sub-
divided. Medullary rays numerous, fine and moderately broad, short,
dark, showing a pretty silver-grain and a satiny lustre.
Sikkim Himalaya, above 7000 ft.

The chief Maple of the East Himalaya, often reaching a height of 100 to 120 feet.
It reproduces freely either by seed or by coppice, and plays an important part in the
regeneration of the hill forests. The wood is extensively used for planking and for
tea-boxes.

Growth moderate, 8 to 15 rings per inch of radius, but rather faster when young.

lbs.
E 436. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . . .37

E 2337. „ „ „ (Gamble) 40

E 686. Sepoydura, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Manson) . . . .37
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. Y. 1).

12. A. eultratum, Wall. A. pictuvh Thimb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 696; Brandis For.
Fl. 112. Vera. Kilpattar, trehhan, tarkhana, kakru, kanzal, kanja/r, jerimu, laur,
tian, Pb. ; Kancheli, leainfli, N.-W. P. ; Kainchli, kabasi, Jaunsar; Dhadonjra, Simla ;
Tilda, pata, banhima, Kumaon ; Gadkimu, potli, dumitha, Garhwal; Chindia, tUdni,
chitulia, Dotial.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, soft to
moderately hard, close-grained. Poi-esvery small, scanty. Medullar;/
rays fine and very fine, dark, with a pretty, fine silver-grain.
Outer and Middle Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, at 4-9000 ft.
The commonest Maple oi the West Himalaya. The wood is used for construction,
ploughs, bedsteads, and poles to carry loads. Tibetan drinking-cups are made of the
knotty excrescences. The branches are lopped for fodder.

Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight 41 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
H 931. Hazara, Punjab, 8000 ft. (Baden-Powell) . . . .41

H 3008. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) 43

H 432. Deoban, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. (Johnston) 38

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

20. DOB1NEA, Hamilt. D. vulgaris, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 696 ; Gamble Darj.

List 23 ; Vera. Saudi, Nep., is a shrub of the Central and Eastern Himalaya, not
uncommon in the Darjeeling Hills at 4-6000 ft.

Tribe III. DODONuEEJ).

21. DODON^EA, Linn.

1. D. Viscosa, Linn. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 697 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxv. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 113 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 287 ; Gamble Darj. List 28 ; Talbot Bomb. List 60 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 312. D. dioica, Roxb. and D. angustifolia, Linn. f. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
256. Vera. Sanatta, Tnendru, ban mendu,¥h.\ Banderu, C.P. ; l)and>irgi,bandrike,

iCEB c \Mrr.i:Li,n.

ACEB CBSIUM.

■"Mr*

MELIOSMA DILLENLEFl >EIA.

FISTACIA INTEGEREIMA.

ill i UTORRHCEA I 8ITATA,

"M\\ WODIER,

(Mugnijkd .">i (tints.)

SAPIXDACE.E 203

Kan.: Lutchmi, paqrki, Mar. ; Barn, Melghat; Vullari, bhandaru, Badaga; Virdli,
Mai. ; Eta-werella, Cingh.

An evergreen shrub. Bark thin, grey, exfoliating in long thin
strips. Wood extremely hard and close-grained, dark brown, with
an irregular outline, sometimes mottled with black, sapwood pale.
Annvxil rings (?) marked by line white lines. Pores very small,
scattered or in short radial lines. Medvtta/ry rays fine, very numerous,
the distance between them equal to the diameter of the pores.

West Himalaya from the plains up to 4500 ft. ; Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan ; South
India, iu the Deccan and Carnatic as a shrub, in the hills ascending to 8000 ft. and
attaining, in suitable places on the Nilgiris and elsewhere, the size of a small tree ;
Burma, on the sandy shores from Amherst to Mergui ; Great Coco Island and Nar-
condam ; planted throughout India as a hedge plant.

Growth slow, 11 to 12 rings per inch of radius. The wood is used for engraving,
turning, tool-handles and walking-sticks, and the branches to support the earth of
flat roofs. It is very heavy, 75 to 78 lbs. per cubic foot, and often ver}r prettily marked.
The shrub is likely to be important in reclothing denuded tracts like the Siwalik
Hills of Hoshiarpur, and the ravines of the outer Himalaya. It is often gregarious.

lbs.

P 894. Salt Eange, Punjab (Baden- Powell) —

D 3967. Cuddapah Forests (Gamble) —

W 3730. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 75

W 3877. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble) 78

Tribe IV. STAPHYLE.E.

22. STAPHYLEA, Linn.

1. S. Emodi, Wail.; PI. Br. Iud. i. 698; Brandis For. PL 114. Vera. Marchob
(Serpent Stick), Afg. ; Nagdaun, chitra, chual, bcm-bakhru, banshagali, guldar,
kdghania, Hind.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark grey, with darker longitudinal,
anastomozing streaks. Wood moderately hard, greyish- white. Pith
large. Pores very small, evenly distributed. Medvllary rays fine
to moderately broad, short, rather scanty.

West Himalaya above 6000 ft. from the Indus to the Sarda; nowhere very
common, but found fairly evenly distributed iu ravines and moist forests of fir and
oak and mixed trees.

Sticks are made of the wood, which are sold in the hill bazars. They are supposed
by the Afghans and frontier tribes to have the property of keeping off snakes. Weight
43 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

H 3189. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) 47

11 2900. Nagkauda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) 41

114419. Lambatach Forest, Tehri-Garhwal, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . 44

23. TURPIXIA, Vent.

Contains two Indian species, which in the "Flora of British India'' are described as
one. T. pomifem, DC; Kurz For. PL i. 292: Gamble Darj. List 23; Talbot Bomb.
List 60; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 313 ; Vera. Nagpat, Nep.; Singnok, Lepcha; Bo/aiibru,
Mechi, is a tree of the tropical forests of Bengal, W. and S. India, Burma and Ceylon ;
while T. i/r/iaJensis comes from the hills. As seen <j;ro\vini_r, they look perfectly dis-
tinct, as I fully believe them to be, iu agreement with Kurz.

1. T. nepalensis, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 159; Kurz For. Fl. i. 292; Gamble
Darj. List 1'.".. T. pomifera, DC; PL Br. Ind. i. 698 (part). Vera. Thali, Nep.;
Murguf, Lepcha; Nila, Badaga: Tauk6hama,daukyama,Bwvo.', Pambavetti,8antha,
Trav. Hills.

204 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark j^-in. thick, grey, rough
with corky protuberances or smooth. Wood grey, soft, even-grained.
Pores small, very numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
of two classes, the first being moderately broad, scanty, short, and
the second fine, very numerous.

Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, between 4000 and 7000 ft. ; Assam, Cachar,
Chittagong and Burma, in hill forests ; hills of S. India and Ceylon at high levels.
Weight 30 to 35 lbs. per cubic foot. "Wood not used, leaves given as fodder to

cattle.

lbs.
E 649. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Manson) . . 30

E 3108. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) —

W 3734. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) —

W 3917. Aramby Reserve, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . .35

W 4594 from Travancore (Bourdillon), 28 lbs., is T. pomifera, but unfortunately
no note of structure has been kept. It was, however, like the wood of T. nepalensis.
Bourdillon gives W = 27 lbs. and P = 388, and says the wood is useless.

Order XXXVII. SABIACEiE.

An Order of but small importance ; containing, however, several handsome trees,
chiefly of the hilly regions.

Two genera, Sabia and Meliosma, the former of climbing shrubs, the latter of trees.

1. SABIA, Colebr.

About ten climbing or sarmentose shrubs, often with blue drupes, usually in pairs.
S. leptandra, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 2; Gamble Darj. List 23: Vern.
Simali, Nep. ; Payongrilc, Lepcha ; is a climber of the Sikkim Himalaya. S. parviflora.
Wall, and S. limoniacea, Wall, also occur in the Central and Eastern Himalaya, and
S. malabarica, Bedd. in the hills of S. India, especially the Anamalais. The rest are
found chiefly in Assam.

1. S. campanulata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 1 ; Brandis For. Fl. 116. Vern.
Bakalpata, Kumaon.

A small climbing shrub. Wood soft, porous, brown. Pores large,
scattered. Medullary rays broad.

Western and Central Himalaya from Simla to Sikkim above 5000 ft., in under-
growth of fir and oak forests. Drupes turquoise-blue.

H 3030. Nagkanda Forest, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble).

H 3193. Theog, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. S. panieulata, Ed^ew.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 3; Brandis For. Fl. 117; Gamble Darj.
List 23.

A large extensively-climbing shrub. Bark dark brown, thick,
warted with prominent lenticels. Wood soft, porous. Pores large,
uniformly distributed in the wedges of tissue between the very broad
medullary -ray*.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Sikkim up to 3000 ft., iu swampy forests.

O 4834 (bis). Dehra Dun, 2300 ft. (Babu U. N. Kanjilal).

2. MELIOSMA, Blume.

Ten species: five with simple and five with pinnate leaves. Two are found in
the West Himalaya four in the East Himalaya and E. Bengal, three iu S. India and

SABIACE.E 205

Ceylon, and three in Burma. M. pinnata, Hook. f. ; Gamble Darj. List 24 (Mil-
lingtonia pinnata, Koxb. Fl. Ind. i. 104) ; Vern. Bolay, Nep. ; Batiwa, Sylhet, is
a tree of the East Himalaya, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet, up to 3000 ft.
ill. Collettiana, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxv. ii. 11, is a tree found recently at
Maymyo, Ruby Mines District, Upper Burma.

Wood soft to moderately hard, white or brown. Pores small,
scanty, in groups or short radial lines. Medullary rays moderately
broad to broad, the silver-grain conspicuous.

1. M. dillenisefolia, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 4 ; Brandis For. Fl. 115 ; Gamble Darj.
List 23. Vern. Bakraina, bakrasang, shapra, Sutlej ; Porda, parenga, philli, Simla ;
Gwep, N.-W. P. ; Goi, Jaunsar ; Moya, Garhwal ; Patmoya, Dotial ; Siamunu, Nep.

A small deciduous tree. Bark dark grey. Wood white, moderately
hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of
pores, and darker colour. Pores small, single or subdivided or in
rounded groups, except along the annual rings. Medullary rays
wavy, moderately broad and tine, distinctly marked in a silver-grain,
which has a satiny lustre.

Throughout the Himalaya, at 4-11,000 ft., from the Sutlej to Bhutan, in shady
ravines in the forests of fir or oak or mixed trees.
Growth moderate, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 60. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 38

H 2892. ., „ „ (Gamble) 35

H 4769. Deota, Tehri-Garhual, 8000 ft, (Gamble) . . . .38
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. V. 3).

^ 2. M. pungens, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 4 ; Brandis For. Fl. 116. Vern. Gardar,
Khards, Kumaon ; Bushkua, Jaunsar ; Khards, Garhwal.

A moderate-sized or small tree. Bark reddish-brown, -J- in. thick,
longitudinally wrinkled. Wood soft to moderately hard, light reddish-
brown. Pores small, in groups or radial lines of 2 to 8. Medullary
rays moderately broad to broad, making a conspicuous silver-grain.

West Himalaya from the Sutlej to Nepal at 2-5000 ft., usually in valleys and
along streams.

H 4910. Upper Tons Valley, Tehri-Garhwal (B. B. Osmaston).

3. M. ferruginea, Kurz ; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxv. ii. 11. Vern.
Sindwri dabdabbi, Nep.

A large tree. Bark \ in. thick, greyish-brown, smooth. Wood
brown, soft. Pores moderate-sized, scant}^ single or in radial lines
of several. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, giving a
conspicuous silver-grain.

Sikkim Himalaya at 2-6000 ft.
„ lbs.

E 4866. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (C. G. Rogers) .... 30

4. M. Wightii, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 4 ; Brandis For. Fl. 116 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 60 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 314. M. pungens, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxvii. Vern. Tode,
Badaga.

A large tree. Bark h in. thick, brown, smooth. Wood dark
reddish-brown, soft. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty.
Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous, giving a pretty silver-
grain.

206 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Hills of "Western and Southern India, from the Konkan southwards, common in
Nilgiri sholas at and above 5000 ft.

A fine tree. Beddome says it is called " Hill Mango " by Europeans on the Nilgiris,
from its likeness to a Mango tree when in flower. Tbe wood is poor, and not used
even for fuel.

lbs.

W 3882. Aramby Forest, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . .41
W 4182. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) .... 31

5. M. Simplieifolia, Hook, f.; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 5; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxvii.; Brandis
For. Fl. 116 ; Kurz For. Fi. i. 301 ; Gamble Darj. List 23 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 315.
Millingtonia simplieifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 103. Vern. Kosru, Nep. ; Hingman,
Lepcha ; Koho, Mechi ; Dibru, Ass. ; Dantrunfji. Sylhet ; Bong, Chittagong ; Gokjxtk,
Magh; Elbedda, Cingh.

An evergreen tree. Wood reddish, moderately hard, warps. Pores
small and moderate-sized, single or in short radial lines, numerous,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, very
numerous ; silver-grain pretty and conspicuous.

Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, South India and Ceylon, in ravines
and shady places in the forests, at 2-3000 ft.

AVeight : Bourdillou gives W = 31 lbs., P = 370 ; the specimens give an average
weight of 33 lbs.

lbs.

E 2339. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 36

WT 4635. Travancore (Bourdillon) 30

6. M. Walliehii, Planch.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 6; Gamble Darj. List 24. Vein.
Dabdabbi, nuneivalai, Nep.; Himan, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree. Wood white, very soft, spongy. Pores
large, in scattered groups of five to ten. Medullary rays broad and
fine, distinctly marked on a radial section in a conspicuous silver-
grain.

Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, above 5000 ft. ; common about Darjeeling.
Growth moderate, 8 to 10 rings per inch of radius. The tree is, however, often
fast grown, especially if from coppice shoots : one in the Park, Darjeeling, showed a
girth of 22 in. and a height of 32 ft. at an age of 22 years, giving thus Qh rings per
inch of radius. Specimens showing still faster growth are not uncommon. Weight
18 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used only for firewood or very occasionally fcr
boxes.

lbs.

E 361. Pangbiil, 7000 ft. (Johnston) 18

E 3672. The Park, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . —

7. M. Arnottiana, Walp.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 6; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 160; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. i. 315. Vern. llnli mukJci, Badaga ; Massivara, Mysore; Kusavi, kalavi,
Trav. Hills; Nihadawulu, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark brown, rather thick. Wood dark reddish-
brown, soft, liable to warp. Pares moderate-sized, scanty. MedvUary
rays moderately broad, numerous, giving a marked silver-grain.
Soft concentric lines regular, about 8 to the inch, doubtfully annual
rings.

Hill tracts of South India at 4-7000 ft., very common and conspicuous in Nilgiri
and Anamalai sholas, when in flower; similar regions in Ceylon.

Beddome says the Badaga name signifies " Tiger wood," and that the heartwood is
striped red and while; this 1 have, however, never noticed. The wood is scarcely, if
ever, used. Bourdillon gives W = 21 lbs., P = 325 ; the specimens average 25 lbs.

lbs.

W 3905. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 5000 ft, (Gamble) 30

W 4608. Travancore (Bourdillon) 20

AXACARDIACE.E 207

Order XXXVIII. ANACARDIACEiE.

Contains 20 Indian genera of trees, rarely shrubs or climbers. Many of the
species are very important forest trees, and they are dispersed over the whole of
India, but most particularly in Madras and Burma. They have often an acrid juice
capable of raising blisters, and several species give a varnish. The Order is divided
into two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Anacardiere . . . Ehns, Pistacia, Mangifera, Anacardium, Bouea,

Gluta, Buchanania, Melanorrhoea, Swintonia,
Solenocarpus, Tapiria, Odina, Parishia, Seme-
carpus, Drimycarpus, Holigarna, Nothopegia,
Campnosperma.
„ II. Spondieaj . . . Spondias, Dracontomelum.

Schinus molle, L., the "Pepper tree," is sometimes cultivated, especially on the
Xilgiris.

The woods of the trees of this family are very variable as to colour,
weight and hardness. Pistacia, some species of Rhus, Gluta, Melavor-
rhoea, Odina, Nothopegia and Drimyca rpvs have hard woods, red
or yellow; those of Semecarpus, Mangifera, Spondias, Holigarna,
Buchanania are more or less soft, and light grey or brown. In some
the medullary rays are numerous, in others scanty, but the chief
general character is that of large pores, scanty, prominent on a vertical
section, and medullary rays soft, dark and inconspicuous. Concentric
lines occur in some species, very numerous in Nothopegia, less so and
much interrupted in Melanorrhoea, Mangifera, etc.

Tribe I. ANACARDIEJ!.

1. RHUS, Linn.

About 12 species, chiefly Himalayan. Only one species extends to South India,
and two to Burma. R. paniculata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 10; Kurz For. Fl. i. 319 ;
Vera. Pyidin, kaunggale, Burm., is a small deciduous tree of Bhutan, which also
extends to upper Burma and the Shan Hills. The bark is used to adulterate cutch.
JS. lehasiana, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 10; Kurz For. Fl. i. 320, is a large tree of the
Khasia Hills and Chittagong. R. Griftithii, Hook, f., is a small tree of the Khasia
Hills at 4-6000 ft. Rhus Coriaria, Linn., is the Sumach tree of Europe, whose leaves
are used in tanning in the preparation of Morocco leather, and are probably amon? the
best tans known, being at the head of those of the pyrogallol category. For hi^h-class
bookbinding Sumach-tanned leather is considered the best.

Wood grey, often streaked with a yellow or brown heartwood.
Fores small, often large and in continuous porous belts in the spring
wood. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. In hardness the
different species vary considerably.

1. R. Cotinus, Linn.; PL Br. Ind. ii. 9; Brandis For. Fl. 118. The Wig plant.
Sumac fustet, Fr. Vera. Padn, khan, manu, banthra, tiing, tugang, titri, Pb. ; Tunga,
tiing, chunidf, ami, X.-W. P.; Gadtung, Kuniaon; JaUunya, Garhwal; Chichri,
Dotial.

A shrub or small tree, deciduous. Bark thin, reddish-brown,
rough. Wood moderately hard ; sapwood small, white ; heartwood
mottled, of a rich dark yellow colour, often streaked with brown or
greenish-grey. Annual rings marked by a belt in the spring wood

208 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

of moderate-sized and large pores, the pores in the autumn wood very-
small, arranged in irregular, radial groups. Medullary rays fine, short.

Sulimau Range, West Himalaya to Kumaon, ascending to 6000 ft. It is chiefly
found in the underwood of forests of Pinus longifolia, and often more or less
gregariously, but nowhere very common. Throughout South Europe.

Growth moderate; a specimen shows 7 rings per inch of radius (from Konain,
Jaucisar). Weight : Mathieu gives 47 lbs., one specimen (not numbered) gives 51 lbs.,
No. 85 gives 56 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in South Europe for inlaid ano
cabinet work. It has a beautiful colour, and when obtainable of sufficient size makes
pretty carvings, picture-frames, etc. In the Himalaya the twigs are used for basket-
making, and the bark and leaves for tanning.

° lbs.

H 85. Bhajji, Simla, 6000 ft 56

H 3182. Dungagalli, Hazara (Wild) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. R. parviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 9; Brandis For. Fl. 119.
Vera. Tiinga, rai tung, dungla, tiimra, rand, Hind.; Ninas, Jaunsar.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark thin, rough, reddish-brown.
Wood dark reddish-brown, streaked, very hard, close-grained ; sap-
wood light brown. Annual rings marked by a line and rather more
numerous pores. Pores small, scattered, sometimes in short radial
strings. Medullary rays fine, numerous, the distance between them
about equal to the diameter of the pores.

West Himalaya in hot dry valleys up to 4000 ft., from the Sutlej eastwards to
Nepal ; the Pachmarhi Hills, C.P. ; the hills of the N. Circars and Godavari.

A gregarious shrub on bare dry slopes, as in the Tons Valley in Jaunsar. The fruit
is eaten, and the leaves are dried and mixed with tobacco in Jaunsar.

lbs.

H 4814. Tiuni, Tons Valley, Jaunsar, 2500 ft. (Gamble) ... 61
C 3945. Sukmamri Hill, Upper Godavari, 3000 ft. (Gamble) . . —

3. R. mysorensis, Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 9 ; Bedd. Fl.Sylv. lxxviii. : Brandis For.
Fl. 119; Talbot Bomb. List 61. Vern. Dasarni, damn, davan, dasni, Ajmere.

A small shrub. Bark thin, brown. Wood hard, reddish-yellow,
close-grained, heavy. Pores moderate-sized, evenly distributed. Me-
dullary rays fine, very numerous, wavy, bent where they touch the
pores.

Suliman Range, from 2-5000 ft.; Sind, Punjab, Rajputana and the Deccan,
gregarious in dry hot places. Common in Dharwar, Bellary and other parts of the
8. Mahratta country, Ceded Districts and Mysore ; often very spinous.

The wood is only used for fuel. The bark is used as a tan in Merwara (Duthie).
The branches are used to fence fields.

P 3231. Nagpahar Forest, Ajmere.

P 3248. Ajmere.

4. R. semialata, Murray; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 10; Brandis For. Fl. 119; Gamble
Darj. List 24. B. buckkimela, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 99. B.javanica, Linn.; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 319. Vern. Tatri, titri, chechar, arkhar, arkol, kahri, dUdla, kakkeran, wansh,
hulashing, Pb. ; Bashtu, kashin, Sutlej; Dakhmila, ddswUa, X.-W. P.; Tibri, arkhoi,
Jaunsar; Dasmila, khunJcia, Garhwal; Bhankachu, Dotial; Bakkiamela, bluxginili,
Nep. ; Takhril, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, rough, with
deep vertical furrows. Wood soft, shining, grey with darker streaks.
Annual rings marked by a broad belt of closely packed large pores,
in the rest of the wood pores very small, in patches. Medullary
rays fine, numerous.

ANACAKDIACE.E 209

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, ascending to 7000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ;
Shan Hills plateau at 5000 ft. Often found in second-growth forests, i.e. in places
where forest lands have been cultivated and then abandoned.

Growth variable : the Simla specimens had a slow growth of 1G rings per inch,
while the Darjeeling specimen had grown very fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius.
Weight 26 to 27 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not used. The fruit is eaten by
Nepalese and Lepchas, who also make a wax of it called Omlu, Nep.

lbs.

H 89. Bhajji, Simla, 5000 ft 26

H 2942. Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3000 ft. (Gamble) 27

H 3079. Annandale, Simla, 6000 ft. „ —

E 2340. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. „ 27

5. R. punjabensis, J. L. Stewart; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 10; Brandis For. Fl. 120.
Vera. Titri, arkhar, palai, choklu, kangar, kakkrein, dor, rashtu, haJashang, Punjab.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bo/rk rough, dark grey, f in.
thick, deeply cleft, lenticels prominent, horizontal. Wood consisting
of alternate layers of soft, porous spring wood and hard autumn wood,
yellow or yellowish -grey, with dark longitudinal streaks, soft. Annual
rings marked by a broad belt of closely packed large pores in the
spring wood ; the pores in the autumn wood scattered, small or very
small, in groups or patches of soft tissue. Medulktry rays fine,
numerous, regular, giving a lustrous silver-grain.

West Himalaya, ascending to 8500 ft., usually in valleys and ravines in moist
localities.

A graceful tree with pinnate leaves. Growth slow, 9 to 14 rings per inch of radius.
Weight 31 lbs. per cubic foot. Leaves aromatic.

H 3170. Dungagalli, Hazara (Wild) .

H 19. Matiyana, Simla, 8000 ft.

H 3051. Kotgarh, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) .

H 4451. Kathian, Jaunsar, 8000 ft. (Gamble)

H 4767. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal, 8000 ft. (Gamble)

lbs.

33
35

27
30

st 24. Vern.

6. R. insignis, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 11 ; Gamble Darj. Li
Kagphulai, Nep.; Serh, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood grey, soft ;
heart wood yellowish-brown. Pores small and moderate-sized, uni-
formly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, above 4000 ft., in rather dry localities.
Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
E 3104, 3105. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . 26 and 27

7. R. Wallichii, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 11. Ii. vernicifera, DC; Brandis For.
Fl. 120. Vern. Kambal, gadumbal, rikhali, arkhar, arkol, lohdsa, uruk, harkii,
Punjab; Akoria,, kaunki, M«/?W», N.-W. P.; Arkhoi, Jaunsar; Kathbhalaia, Kumaon ;
Ulkhuru, khonki, Garhwal; Kakbhaldo, Dotial; Bhalaio, chosi, Nep.

A small or moderate-sized tree, exuding, from between the bark
and the wood, a black acrid varnish, which draws blisters. Sap wood
white, soft; heartwood reddish-brown, yellow when dry (Bmndis).
Structure similar to that of ii. semialata.

West Himalaya, at 2-7000 ft., in hot dry localities.

The wood is used in the Sutlej Valley for saw-frames and axe-handles. The juice
of the leaves is corrosive and blisters the skin.

H 3078. Annandale, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

H 4826 in the Forest School Collection, Dehra Dun, is marked B. p
The wood is bright yellow with white sapwood, and closely resembles that of B.
2~>nnjabensis, but is harder and heavier. Ports large, many in spring wood, smaller

P

210 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

and scanty in autumn wood. Medullary rays few, distant, giving a pretty silver-grain.
Weight, 39i lbs., locality unknown. It probably is R. WaUichii, the description of
which may require some modification.

8. R. sueeedanea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 12; Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 98; Brandis
For. Fl. 131. B. acuminata, DC ; Gamble Darj. List 24. Vera. Tatri, arkol, titer,
lakhar, rikhul, shash, liurku, Pb. ; Raniwalai, Nep. ; Serhnyok, Lepcha; Binghain,
Khasia.

A small deciduous tree. Bark thin. Wood white when fresh
cut, turning brown, shining, soft, with a small yellow heartwood.
Annual rings marked by a line with large pores. Pores otherwise
moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, not
numerous.

Himalaya, from the Juelum to Assam ; Khasia Hills, at 2-8000 ft.
The wood is not used. The juice is acrid and causes blisters, the seeds give a good
wax, and the tree is planted in Japan along roads and regularly worked for this wax,
which is of a snow-white colour, and is made into candles. The valuable Japanese
lacquer varnish is obtained by tapping the trees.

lbs.

H 2907. Nagkanda, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 32

H 3167. Dungagalli, Hazara (Wild) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

2. PISTACIA, Linn.

Contains two Indian species, the second being P. coccinea, Coll. and Hemsl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 36, is a small tree of the Shan Hills at 4000 ft. Besides these,
P. Khinjuk, Stocks, and P. mutica, Fisch. and Mey., var. cabulica, are common and
important small trees of Baluchistan. Lace, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 308, says
that P. mutica, var. cabulica, is common on some of the arid stony hills and in dry
watercourses at 4-7500 ft. It never forms forests, but occurs scattered, but gre-
gariously, over the ground. It reaches 20 to 25 ft. in height and 6 to 10 ft. in girth.
The bark is dark brown with longitudinal fissures, and the wood is very hard, dark
and finely grained, and the fruit (tihnee) is much prized. Prain, in " Records Bot. Survey
of India," i. 125 (1896), gives it as his opinion that P. cabulica, Stocks, is a distinct
srecies. P. Khinjuk is usually a shrub growing in clefts of limestone rocks between
5000 and 6000 ft., or near Ilarnai as a tree 20 tt. high, much branched from the base,
having a light grey bark, smooth and exfoliating. (P. mutica, var. cabulica = Vern.
Owan, Baluch.; Khanjak, Peshin ; Badwan, Harnai. P. Khinjak = Vera. Ushgai,
buzgai, Baluch.)

The pistachio nuts (pista), which are imported into India from Afghanistan, are
the produce of Pistacia vera, Linn., a small tree of Western Asia, cultivated iu South
Europe. Most of the nuts sent to India come from the Badghis District (Aitchison).
P. Lentiscus, Linn., a shrub of the Mediterranean region, is the true Mastic of Chios.
P. Terebinthus, Linn., the Terebinth tree, gives the Chio or Cyprus turpentine, and
the galls found on it are used in tanning.

1. P. integerrima, J. L. Stewart; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 13; Brandis For. Fl. 122, t. 22.
Vera. Kaka, kakkar, kakrangche, kakring, hangar, tungu, sish, hurkli, Pb. ; Kakroi,

Jaunsar ; Karkar, hangar, batkal, Kashmir; Kakar singi, Kumaon ; tihuc, sarawan,
masua, Afg.

A deciduous tree. Bark rough, grey. Wood very hard ; sapwood
white ; heartwood yellowish-brown, beautifully mottled with yellow
and dark veins. Annual rings marked by a belt of large pores.
Pores in the rest of the wood very small, forming irregular patches,
which are frequently arranged in zigzag lines. Medullary rays fine,
very numerous.

Suliman and Salt Ranges ; outer Western Himalaya, ascending to 6500 ft. and
extending east as far as Kumaon. It is chiefly found on dry slopes and in valleys
along the rivers.

ANACARDIACE^E 211

Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight 54 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is used for furniture, carvings and all kinds of ornamental work. It is
usually sold in the hill bazars and particularly at Simla, in the form of thick short
planks. The leaves are lopped for fodder for buffaloes and camels, and the galls
(KaA-rasiw/i) are used in native medicine.

Brandis says that in Kangra, under native rule, the tree was a " badshahi," or royal
tree. The young leaves are red, and the tree, if well grown, is graceful and pretty.

lbs.

H 160. Hazara, Punjab (1866) 52

H 926. Hazara, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 46

H 898. Murree, Punjab, 7000 ft. (Baden-Powell) .... 56

H 6. Julung, Simla. 4000 ft —

H 11. Komharsen, Simla, 6000 ft 50

H 2930. Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 63

H 227. Garhwal (1868) 60

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. V. 4).

2. P. eabuliea, Stocks.

A tree. Bark grey, very rough, \ in. thick, peeling off in small
scales. Wood very hard, close-grained ; sapwood yellowish-white ;
heartwood purplish-red. Annual rings marked by lines of more
numerous and larger pores in the spring wood; pores in rest of wood
small, scanty, in elongated or somewhat oblique strings and surrounded
by loose tissue. Medullar y rays tine, very numerous, rather short.
(For Distribution, etc., see above.)

Kuram Valley — Kew Museum (Aitchison, 1881).

3. MANGIFERA, Linn.

About seven species. M. andamanica, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixv. 756, is
ji tree of the Andaman Islands. Besides the universally cultivated mango, M.foetida,
Lour. ; Vera. La-mut, Burm., is cultivated in South Tenasserim for its fruit, which is,
however, much interior to the mango.

No heartwood. Wood soft or moderately hard. Pores large,
prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, generally
closely packed. Occasional, fine, wavy, concentric lines.

1. M. indiea, Linn.; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 13; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 641 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
162; Brandis For. Fl. 125 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 301 ; Gamble Darj. List 24; Talbot Bomb.
List 61; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 318. The Mango tree. Vera. Am, Hind.; Ghari am.
Ass.; Jef/achu, bocho, Garo ; Market , Gondi ; Uli, K61 ; Ama, Baigas ; Ul, Sonthal ;
Malta, Khond; Ambo, Uriya; Tsaratpaaq, Magh ; Airibe, Kurku ; Amba, Mar. ; Mad,
ntangas, Tarn. ; Mamadi, muiuid, Tel. ; Mavena, mdvu, marveen, Kan. ; Mdvu, JSaL ;
TUayet, Burin.

A largo evergreen tree. Bark thick, dark grey, nearly black,
rough, with numerous small fissures and exfoliating scales. Wood
grey, in old trees sometimes dark brown with black streaks, and
hard ; in younger trees, coarse-grained, soft. Pores scanty, moderate-
sized and large, distinctly marked on a longitudinal section, often
subdivided and sometimes joined by short concentric bands. Medullary
'ray a fine, wavy, closely packed, interrupted by, or bent round, thi;
pores.

The Mango is found in almost all the forests of the plains of India, here and there,
probably marking the sites of old villages or places where people have camped ami
left the stones. Brandis says, "Indigenous in Burma, along the <M:;its of the western

212

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

'coast (extending northwards into Khandesh), in the Khasia Hills, in Sikkim, in ravines
'of the Satpuras;" doubtfully, "in the sub-Himalayan tract, in gorges of the Bahraich
' and Gronda Hills in Oudh, and the outer hills in Kumaon and Garhwal." I have seen
it apparently wild in valleys in the hills of Cuddapah in the S. Deccan. Elsewhere,
it is cultivated all over India wherever the climate permits, and the soil is good enough.

The wood is used for planking, doors and window-frames, in Calcutta for packing-
cases, and in Behar for opium- and indigo-boxes ; canoes and masula boats are made of
it. In Dehra Dun and some other tea districts it is in large demand and universal
employ for tea-boxes.

Weight 42 lbs. per cubic foot (the specimens) ; 37 (Puckle) ; 42 (Skinner, No.
90) ; 41 (Bourdillon) ; 42 (Molesworth) ; 44 (Cunningham) ; 41 (Baker) : the average
giving about 4H lbs. Puckle's three Mysore experiments with bars 2' x 1" x 1"
gave P = 587 ; Cunningham's two experiments with similar bars save P = 650 ;
Skinner's P = 632 ; Bourdillon's P = 399 ; Molesworth's P = 592 and E = 3100 ; and
Baker's, with bars 6' x 2" x 2", P = 471.

Romanis' analysis of the ash (" Ind. For." xii. 73) gave —

Sap wood.

Heart wood.

Potash

Soda ......

Lime

Magnesia .....
Oxide of iron ....
Phosphoric acid ....
Sulphuric acid ....

26-08
272

44-80

11-80
0-64

12-28
0-78

12-25

0-S5

6862

10-40

0-61

7-18

The Mango has many insect enemies, some of which, like the umluri or ampotoni
silkworm (Cricula trifenestrata, Heifer), which feeds on its leaves in Assam, may be
useful to man ; but even this gives only a poor silk. The white insect-wax (Ceroplastes
ceriferus, Sign.) is sometimes found on it ; the buds are often completely distorted
and the fruit crop ruined by an aphid (PsyUa, cistellata, Buckton, Ind. Mus. Notes, iii.
91) ; the leaves and shoots are infested occasionally with species of Idiocerus ; the seeds
are attacked by a weevil (Cryptorhynchvs rmangiferce, Fabr.) which is very destructive ;
and the fruit is spoilt by dipterous flies (J)acus ferrugineus, Fabr. and Rivellia pei'sicce,
Bigot). There are doubtless other enemies, especially some of the moths, but a few
only have been mentioned. In unsuitable places, young Mango trees suffer from the
sun, and in South India, as pointed out by Mr. Higgens in reference to Cuddapah
topes, the bark on the western side often gets cracked by hot winds and dries up,
when the white ants come and soon make a serious and unsightly wound.

The tree is chiefly grown for the sake of its fruit, which is, with the exception of
the plantain, the chief and most important of the fruits of India, and is carefully
cultivated, the best kinds being raised from layers and grafts. Plants raised from seed
will sometimes produce good fruit, but there is no dependence to be placed on the
quality of the fruit of such trees. The seeds do not retain their vitality long, but
germinate well if sown when quite fresh.

The bark gives a gum used in medicine; the seed contains gillie acid, and is also
so used. The dried kernels of the seeds are eateu in curries or pickled, or ground up,
or in other preparations. The fruit is made into preserves and chutnies. The Mango
tree is an important one in some of the ceremonies of the Hiudus.

The Mango is probably the best tree in India for avenues and for camping " topes,"
wherever the soil is good and deep enough for it. Trees for avenues and topes are
raised from seed, the seeds requiring to be sown when quite fresh. They usually
germinate very quickly, sometimes within ten to fifteen days. They may be obtained
from May to August, but best in June and July. The plants may be reared in
nurseries, though it is better to employ pots or baskets, as the tree has a long tap-
root which is liable to be injured in transplanting. In dry localities, the plants require
watering for long, perhaps till 10 to 15 ft. high, but in such places it is best not to
attempt to plant Mangoes, as they are unlikely to make good trees. The Mango may
also be grown by sowing seeds at stake in previously prepared soil, and in many
localities, especially where there is sufficiently good soil and moisture enough, this is

ANACARDIACEvE 213

probably the best plan. Ribbentrop recommends sowing in boxes in rich soil and
transplanting after three months, but in my opinion sowings at stake are better.

lbs.

O 4901. Saharanpur District (Gradon) 47

E 637. Goalpara, Assam (Mann) 48

B2302. Assam 38

E 3131. Calcutta 41

E 1957. Chittagong (Chester) 39

D2053. Mysore 39

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

2. M. ealonewa, Kurz For. PI. i. 305 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 14. Vern. Tauthayet, Burm.
An evergreen tree. Wood light brown, moderately hard. Pores

large, scanty, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine,
very numerous. Fine, wavy, concentric lines.

Burma, in the low forests on the eastern and southern slopes of the Pegu Yoma.

lbs.

B 294. Burma (1867) 38

B 2519. „ . (Brandis, 1862) 32

3. M. sylvatiea, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 644 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 15 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 304 ;
Gamble Darj. List 24. Vern. Bun am, Ass.; Lalcshmi am, Sylhet ; Baynal, Mechi ;
Clmchi am, Nep. ; Katiir, Lepcha ; Sinninthayet, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark thick, grey. Wood grey, moderately
hard, with numerous wavy, concentric lines. Pores large, scanty,
prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, indistinct.

Nepal, Sikkim Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and Khasia Hills ; rare in Burma. In
the Darjeeling District, it is common in the Dulka Jhar forest and in the valleys
of the Tista and Great Rangit.

Weight 34 to 41 lbs. The wood has been used for tea-boxes in Assam, but its
use was, it is believed, given up since it was discovered that it had the effect of
corroding the lead and spoiling the tea (see " Ind. For." ix. 27, 610). The fruit is
sometimes eaten, fresh or dried ; it is also used medicinally (Roxb.).

lbs.
E 594. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .41
E 952. Golaghat, Assam (Mann) 34

4. M. longipes, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 15 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 103. Vern. Thaytt-
thini, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark brown, smooth except for numerous
rounded lenticels. Wood light greyish-brown, soft. Annual rings
marked by a pale line. Pores large, often subdivided, scanty, irregu-
larly distributed. Medullary rays fine, brown, fairly close.

Freshwater swamp forests of Burma.

One of the characteristic trees of the curious freshwater swamp forests of Burma,
such as those between the Hline river and the Irrawaddy, where it is associated chiefly
with Anvyeissxs acuminata and Xanthophyllum glaucum. For an account of these
forests, see Kurz " Prel. Rep. on Veg. of Regu," p. 29. Kurz mentions that Col. Seaton
told him that the trees in these forests are deciduous in the rainy season. So far as I
know, the only tree in India proper that has that peculiarity is Fiats glomerata,

lbs.
15 5036. Pegu Division, Burma 38

5. M. zeylaniea, Hook. f. ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 16; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 317. Vern.
Kaddu-ma, Tarn.; Et-amba, walramba, Cingh.

A very large tree. Bark rough, brownish-grey. Wood greyish-

214 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

white, soft. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided or in
small groups. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad.

Low country of Ceylon ; endemic.

F. Lewis, in " Ceylon Forester," says that the tree is a great favourite, and that
W = 35 lbs. Mendis says the wood is used for brake blocks for railway carriages,
packing-cases, coffee and plumbago casks. The fruit is occasionally eaten raw or
pickled, but is not good.

lbs.
No. 142, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 25

4. ANACARDIUM, Rottb.

1. A. OCCidentale, LinD. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 20; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 312; Bedd. PI.
Sylv. t. 163; Kurz For. Fl. i. 310; Talbot Bomb. List 61 ; Trimen PI. Ceyl. i. 317.
The Cashew Nut tree. Verfi. Kajii, Hind. ; Ilijn/i, Beng. ; Kola mava, rnundiri,
Tarn. ; Kajii, Mar. ; Jidi mamidi, Tel. ; Jidi, kem'ptt geru, godambe, Kan. ; Geru mavu,
Dharwar ; Thihothayd, Burm. ; Caju, Cingb.

A small evergreen tree. Bark rough. Wood reddish-brown, mode-
rately hard. Pores large, filled with pithy substance, prominent on a
vertical section. Medullary ray* fine, dark, interrupted, indistinct.

Originally from America, now established in the coast forests of India, especially
in sandy places, and often gregarious.

Growth moderate, 8 to 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight 30 to 38 lbs. per cubic
foot ; Bourdillon gives W = 30 lbs., P = 317. The wood is used for packing-cases
in Ceylon and Burma, for boat-building and charcoal. The nuts are roasted and eaten
as dessert. They also give, by expression, a yellow oil similar to almond oil. The
pericarp of the fruit gives a black acrid oil which is called " cardol," and gives an acid
called " anacardic acid." The oil is very caustic, raises blisters, and is used for warts,
corns and ulcers ; also to prevent the attacks of white ants to woodwork and of insects
to the binding of books. In the Andamans it is used to colour and preserve fishing-
lines. The enlarged pedicels of the fruit are also eaten,' but are very astringent. Like
the mango, it is a food-plant of the silkworm, Cricida trifenestrata, Heller. The tree
is best propagated by sowings in sittt ; in S. India it does well as underwood in
Palmyra groves; and it is important in coast dune reclamation.

lbs.

B 2227, 2229. Andamans (Col. Ford, 1866) 38 and 39

D 3934. Nellore Forests (Gamble) 32

W 4624. Travancore (Bourdillon) 30

This specimen is probably only sapwood, it differs by having smaller pores and finer
medullary rays.

No. 15, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) — wood dark grey, perhaps seasoned in
water.

:>. BOUEA, Meissner.

1. B. burmaniea, Griff.; Fl. Br. End. ii. 21; Kurz For. Fl. i. 306. B.oppositi-
folia, Meissu. ; Kurz For. PI. i. 306. Mangifera oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 640.
Vern. Miriam, uridm, Beng.; Mayan, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark dark grey. Wood grey,
hard, with a dark reddish- brown heartwood. Pores scanty, moderate-
sized, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
undulating. Wavy concentric lines dividing the wood into a succes-
sion of concentric bands, which may possibly be annual rings.

Sundarbans, Burma and Andaman Islands.

The wood is said by Roxburgh to be very durable ; llcinig says it is used for parts
of boats above the water-line, in the Sundarbans. It is on his authority that it is
given as a Bengal tree. The tree has an edible fruit, for which it is often cultivated.

lbs.
B 2213. Andamans (Col. Ford, 1866) 55

ANACARDIACE^E 215

6. GLUTA, Linn.

Three species, of which one is South Indian and the others from Tenasserim and
the Andaman Islands. They afford woods which are among the most beautiful of the
timbers of India, but are unfortunately not sufficiently common to be regular trade
timbers. They are well worthy of cultivation in the localities suitable for them, and
then perhaps in the future they may appear in the markets of Europe and America.
No one who has ever seen these woods can doubt that, when once well knowu and
procurable in sufficient quantity and regularly, they would take as high a place as
Mahogany in the trade. G. elegans, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 22 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 310;
var. Helferi, Hook, f., is a small evergreen tree of the coast of Tenasserim. Kurz says
of it, "Wood good for furniture, and when steeped in ferruginous mud, turns jet
' black, looking like ebony. Used also for building purposes, boxes, etc., and for dyeing,
' with different mordants, from orange to black."

Wood dark red, more or less streaked with orange and black.
Pores few, often filled with resin, large, prominent or vertical sections.
Medullary rays very fine. Interrupted, very narrow, undulating
concentric bands.

1. G. tavoyana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 22 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 309. Vera. Cltay,
thoomay, Karen ; Thayetthitse, Burrn.

An evergreen small tree. Heartwood dark red, streaked with
dark and light streaks, but rather less so than that of 0. travancorica.
Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty, often filled with resin. Medul-
lary rays very fine, very numerous and regular, the distance between
them much less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Light,
very narrow undulating concentric bands, occasionally interrupted.

Coast forests of Tenasserim, from Tavoy southwards.

Col. Seaton (Burma Forest Report, 1880-81) gives W = 67 lbs. for the timber, but
the specimen examined, though a good one, only gives 52 lbs. The wood is said to
be durable, but brittle. It is a fine wood, and the tree is worthy of protection and
care, as it might give, at any rate, a turnery wood, if not sufficiently large or abundant
to be fit for export for furniture. Two door panels of this wood exhibited at Paris in
1900 were much admired, though they had suffered in beauty by having been oiled.

lbs.

B 3701. Tenasserim (H. C. Hill, 1882) 52

B 4844. „ 48

2. G. travancoriea, Bedrt. Fl. Sylv. t. 60 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 22. Vera. Shmm-
rungi, Tinnevelly; Shenkurani, shenchanthanam, Tam.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark I in. thick, grey. Sap wood
light reddish-grey ; heartwood dark red, very hard and close-grained,
beautifully mottled with dark and light, i.e. black and orange,
streaks. Pore* moderate-sized, scanty, filled with resin. MedviUa/ry
rays very fine, very numerous, prominent, visible in the silver-grain
as narrow bands. Numerous pale, undulating, concentric lines, often
interrupted.

Dense moist forests on the hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, ascending to 4000 ft.
Beddome says it is most abundant above Papamisam, in the Tinnevelly District.

Beddome says that this tree grows to a great height, with a very straight bole and
to a girth of 15 ft.

Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Beddome,
40 lbs. per cubic foot; specimens examined give an average of 53 lbs.; Bourdillon
gives 53 lbs. The wood is little used, but its splendid colour and markings should
rapidly bring it to notice as a valuable wood for furniture, and it is a great pity that
its range is so small. It seems to season very well, and works and polishes admirably,

216 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

and is distinctly one of the finest and most beautiful woods of India. The tree is
deserving of every encouragement in the forests where it is indigenous, and ought to
be specially recognized and provided for in Working Plans, and perhaps planted.

lbs.

W 1065. Tinnevelly (some sapwood) (Beddome) 46

W 3155. „ (heartwood only) 58

W 4031, 4290. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 51 and 56

W 4540. Travancore (Bourdillon) 55

7. BUCHANANIA, Roxb.

Nine species. One is common almost all over India; another frequent in South
India, with a third less common ; the rest are all Burmese or Andaman trees.
B. acuminata, Turcz; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 24; Kurz For. Fl. i. 308, is a common tree in
Tenasserim. B. platyneura, Kurz; King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxv. ii. 748, is a
common tree in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. B. lancifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 386 ;
Fl. Br. Ind. i. 24; Kurz For. Fl. i. 309 ; Vern. Thinbaung, Burm., is a large evergreen
tree of tropical forests in Chittagong, Arracan, Burma and the Andamans. B. lanceolate,
Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 24, is a small tree of deciduous forests in Travancore. B. glabra,
"Wall. ; Vern. Tldttwet, Burm., B. lucida, Blume (B. arborescens, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl.
i . 308), and B. laxiflora, Kurz, are Burmese trees.

Wood greyish-brown, moderately hard. Pores large, scanty,
prominent on the vertical sections. Medullary rays numerous, fine,
reddish.

1. B. latifolia, Tvoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 385 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 23 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 165 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 127 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 307 ; Talbot Bomb. List 62. Vern. Ohirauli,
Pb. ; Pull, paydla, murid, kaibhilawa, Garhwal; Piclr, peirah, perua, Oudh ; Achdr,
char, chironji, C.P. ; Saraka, herka, Gondi ; Taro, Kurku; Cham, Uriya ; Parop,
Sonthal; Char, Merwara ; Kat mad, aima, mordla, Tarn. ; Chara, chinna moral, morli,
Tel.; Gharwari, Hyderabad; Nurhul, murkalu, Kan.; Sir, Bhil; Pyal, charoli,
Bombay; Jam mamidi, Palkonda ; Tarum, KG1 ; Pidl, Bhumij; Peea, Kharwar ;
Mungapera, Mai. ; Mora Jeangi, miira, Trav. Hills; Lonbo, Burm.

A tree, leafless only for a short time. Bark 1 in. thick, dark grey,
sometimes nearly black, rough, tessellated with regular " boss "-like
prominences. Wood greyish-brown, moderately hard, with a small
dark-coloured heartwood. Pores large, round or oval, scanty, fre-
quently subdivided, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays
very numerous, fine, reddish, uniform and equidistant, bent outwards
where they touch the pores, and giving a silver-grain of narrow dark-
coloured plates.

Dry forests throughout India and Burma; in Xorth-W'est India from the Sutlcj to
Nepal, ascending to 3000 ft. and common both in the Sal forests and on dry outer
Himalayan and Siwalik slopes; Central Provinces, Bebar, Chota Nagpore, Orissa, the
Circars, the Mahratta country, Deccan and Carnatic ; open and dry forests especially
with " Eng " all over Burma.

Its characteristic bark makes this tree conspicuous wherever it is found. On dry
hills like the Siwalik Range it is very useful in covering the ground, and it is equally
at home on newly formed landslips as on gentle slopes with fairly good soil. The wood
is of poor quality, and I do not remember to have seen it used, or known it to be in
demand, even as fuel. Brandis, however, says, " Used for boxes, bedsteads, bullock-
' yokes, doors, window-frames, tables and the like ; " and Beddome also says it is used
for bullock-yokes and other purposes and for charcoal. Brandis says the wood will
stain clothes unless polished, and that the bark is used for tanning. It gives a gum
copiously in large irregular pieces ; this gum is only partially soluble in water (about
10 per cent, insoluble), but what is soluble gives a good mucilage, and it has been
reported as likely to be \iseful for cheap manufacturing purposes, and valued at 20s.
per cwt. The fruit has an edible kernel, eaten by hill tribes in Central India, also by
Europeans sometimes for dessert, and used in native sweetmeats. The kernels, which

ANACARDIACE.E 217

resemble Pistachio nuts, are the part eaten : they also give an oil. Analysis of the

wood ashes gave l-44 per cent, ash in 100 lbs. steam-dry wood ; and of the ash 33 per

cent, proved to be calcium carbonate, 27 per cent, magnesium carbonate and 20 per

cent, potassium and sodium compounds.

Brandis (Burma List, 1862, No. 108) gives W = 36 lbs. ; Bourdillon gives also

36 lbs. and P = 452 ; the specimens give an average of 33 lbs.

lbB.

0 245. Garhwal (1868) 35

C 1124. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 01. Thompson) . . .29

C 2751. Moharli „ „ (Brandis) . . . .36

C 2763. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) —

C 1249. Gumsur, Madras (Dampier) - 32

C 3532. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 34

C 4216. Ganjam Forests (Gamble) 31

2. B. angUStifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 386; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 23; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
lxxix. ; Talbot Bomb. List 62 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 386. Vern. Sara, chara, pedda-
mordli, Tel.

A tree. Bark black-brown, h to J in. thick, rough, tessellated with
deep irregular cracks. Wood greyish-brown, moderately hard. Pores
large, scanty, sometimes subdivided. Medullary rays very numerous,
uniform and equidistant, the distance between them less than the
transverse diameter of the pores.

South India, in the forests of the Deccan and Carnatic, also in the Konkan and
South Mahratta country ; dry forests in Travancore ; low country of Ceylon, where
scarce. It is chiefly found on dry hill slopes.

The wood is not used. The nuts are eaten in the same way as those of B. latifoUa,
to which they are superior. When freshly extracted, the kernels are excellent, but
they soon get rancid if kept ; like Pistachio nuts, they are usually eaten roasted. They
are known as " Sara pappu " in the Deccan.

lbs.

D 4229. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 43

8. MELANORRHCEA, Wall.

Contains two species : that here described and M. glabra, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Iud. ii. 25 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 317 ; Vern. Thitsi, Buxm., a tree of Tenasserim.

1. M. USitata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 25 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 318. The Varnish
Tree of Burma. Vern. Kheu, Manipur ; Thitsi, Burm. ; Soothan, Taleing ; Kiahong,
Karen.

A deciduous tree. Bark dark grey. Wood dark red with yellow-
ish streaks, turning very dark after long exposure ; very hard. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided ; each pore or group of pores
enclosed in a small patch of light tissue. Medullary rays very fine,
wavy, very numerous. Numerous undulating, often interrupted, very
narrow, concentric lines of soft tissue, unequally distributed in the
wood.

Manipur and Burma, chiefly in open forests like those of Eng, rare in dry forests.
This tree also gives a handsome wood worthy of being better known and in more
demand. It is heavier than, but not unlike that of Gluta.

The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength : —

Weight

in lb8. Value of P.

Benson in Burma, with bars 3' x 1'4" x 1*4", found . . 61 526

Skinner, in 1862, No. 91 . . . . „ . .61 514

Brandis* Burma List, 1862, No. 44, also Kurz, „ . . 54 —

The wood is used for tool-handles, anchor stocks, and has been recommended for
building, railway sleej ers, gun-stocks and other purposes (Kurz). It gives a black

218 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

varnish, used to cover buckets to make them watertight. This vanish is used by the
Burmese in lacquer-work, as size in gilding, for writing in palm-leaf books and other
purposes. It has been used as medicine as an anthelmintic with success (see also
Brandis in Ind. Fur. i. 3G2, also Inch For. xviii. Appx.).

lbs.

B 551. Moulmein, Burma (Seaton) 56

B 2518. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 62

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. V. 5).

B 3704, sent by H. C. Hill from Tenasserim in 1882 under the name Tliitsibo, is
clearly the wood of a Melanorrhoea, and differs only from that of M. usitala by being
rather lighter coloured, and having the pores more scanty and the concentric lines
further apart. It may belong to M. glabra, Wall.

9. SWINTONIA, Griff.

Three species. 8. Griffith™, Kurz and S. Helferi, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 26 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 316, are large evergreen trees of Tenasserim, the latter extending to
the Andaman Islands.

I. S. Sehwenckii, Teysm. and Binnend. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 26; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
316. Vern. Boilam, boilsur, Beng. ; Sambung, sanginphroo, Magh; SMbika, Ohakma;
Thayetkin, thayetsan, Burm.

A tall tree with cylindrical bole. Bark grey, often nearly white,
smooth but with shallow vertical fissures, ^ in. thick. Wood greyish-
white, soft, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullar}/
rays moderately broad to broad, long, numerous, regular, giving a
conspicuous silver-grain.

Chittagong and Burma, along rivers and in tropical forests.

In the Chittagong forests, this is one of the most conspicuous trees, especially along
the banks of the Karnafuli river. Its tall grey straight bole, often as high as 80 ft.
without a branch, and its spreading head, make it very conspicuous. In the cold season
the foliage has a tinge of red. The wood seems of fair quality for a soft wood. Major
Lewin savs it lasts better than other woods in salt water.

lbs.

E 1964. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Chester) — (lost)

E 4885. '„ „ (Stebbing) .... 38 (doubtful)

E 4927. „ „ (A. H. Mee) . . . .46

The last a fine specimen, from which the description is taken.

10. SOLENOCARPTJS, W. and A. S. indica, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 27;

Bedd. Fl. ftylv. lxxix. t. 233; Talbot Bomb. List 62, is a tree of the hills of Western
India, from the evergreen forests of Yellapur in N. Kanara to the Palghat, Anamalai
and Tinnevelly hills up to 2500 ft.

II. TAPIRIA, Juss. This genus only contains one climbing shrub of the Eastern
Himalaya and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong. T. hirsuta, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 28; Kurz For. Fl. i. 320; Gamble Darj. List 24; Vern. Mashul, Nep. ; Renchilingt
Lepcha.

12. ODIN A, Roxb.

1. 0. Wodier, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 293; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 29; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 123;
Brandis For. Fl. 123; Kurz For. Fl. i. 321; Gamble Darj. List 24; Talbot Bomb.
List 62 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 318. Vern. Kiamil, Mmul, kamldi, kashmala, jhiTigan,
tuotuen, mohin, moyen, moyna, ginyan, Hind.: Jigna, Oudh ; Garja, Bijeragogarh ;
JJara dabdabbi, halloray, Nep. : Jiyal, lohar bhadi, Beng.; Gob, Ajmere; Gol, Mer-
wara ; Wodier, >i>udi>, uthi, odi, Tain. ; Gwmpini, gumpina, gumpna, dumpini, dumpri,
dumper, Tel. ; Kaikra, gumpri, gharri, Condi ; Kekeda, Kurku; Shimti, punil, gojal,
Kan.; Moi, moja, moye, shimbat, shimti, Mar.; Kalasan, Mai.; Jir, jiyal, Monghyr ;
Dowka, Sonthal, Kol ; Dowkagia, Bhumij; Afoi, Uriya ; Dop6, Khond ; Hneingpyoing,
Magh; Nahe, Imahr, Burm. ; Eik, Ciogb.

Weight
in lbs.

Value of P

50

821

60

281

65

—

59

483

54

—

60

673

48

—

ANACARDIACE.E 219

A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark h in. thick, com-
pact, grey, smooth, exfoliating in small irregular plates. Wood
moderately hard, close-grained ; sapwood large ; heartwood light
red when fresh cut, turning reddish-brown on exposure. Pores
moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, scanty, often subdivided. Me-
dullary rays fine, short, bent where they touch the pores.

Dry forests in most parts of India and Burma ; from the Indus eastwards it is found
in the Lower Himalaya and along valleys up to 4000 ft., also in the sub-Himalayan
forests, away to Assam ; throughout Central India, the East and West Coast regions
and South India, especially in dry places ; all deciduous forests in Burma; Ceylon and
the Andaraaos ; very commonly planted.

In dry localities this is merely a small tree of somewhat ungainly appearance, the
ungainliness often accentuated by the knobs on the stem, the result of tappings for gum.
But in places where, as in the Sal forests and mixed forests at the foot of the hills, it
meets with more moisture and more companions, it grows into a handsome spreading
tree; and it is only then that its really valuable heartwood is formed in sufficient
amount to be useful.

The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength : —

Skinner, No. 101, 1862 found

Benson, Burma wood, bars 3' x 1'4" x 1'4" . . „
Brandis, No. 46, Burma List, 1862 . . . . „
Bennett, No. 11, 1872, 3 experiments with bars 3' x \

U" x lh" / "

H. H. O'Connell, 1886, Madras

Bourdillon, Travancore, 1896 . . . . ,,

Specimens examined average ......

The wood is used for spear-shafts, scabbards, wheel-spokes, cattle-yokes, oil-presses
and rice-pounders ; it might be good for cabinet work (Brandis). It has been tried for
sleepers both in Madias and in the Oudh and Rohilkhand Line, but has not succeeded.
The tree is pollarded for fodder, especially for elephants; its bark is used for tanning;
it gives a brown, clear, brittle gum used by the Nepalese as paper-sizing, by weavers in
cloth-printing, and in native medicine. With regard to this gum, Captain Campbell,
writing from Kumaon, says, " It sells at Es.2 per maund, and is used in mixing with
' lime when whitewashing; it is also used for pasting, and is exported annually to the
1 amount of about 100 maunds from Garibolchand forest in the Kumaon Bhabar." The
gum is found in irregular angular or, more often, rounded pieces obtained by makiDg
shallow short cuts all over the bark. Specimens examined at the Imperial Institute in
1895 were found to be soluble in twice their weight of water, and to have about three-
fourths of the viscosity of a similar solution of gum arabic. They were valued at 20s.
to 25s. per cwt., so that the gum is undoubtedly an important one.

The wood, like that of Sal (pp.80, 81), is frequently attacked by the Cerambycid beetle,
l'Jocederus obcsus, Daporet, the larva of which, when pupating inside the wood, forms
a hard egg-like cocoon, over 1 in. long and of an oblong, somewhat flattened shape.

Odina is often grown as an avenue tree, but has the disadvantage of being leafless
in the hot season. I have, however, seen it along roads in Madras, in leaf, at that
season, and this seems to demand inquiry. It is easily propagated either by seed or by
cuttings, but seeds must be sown at once and not kept, as they rapidly lose vitality.

lbs.

H 3049. Kumharsen, Sutlej Valley, 2500 ft. (sapwood) (Gamble) . . 35

P 447. Ajmere

P 3225. Nagpahar, A j mere ....

O 226. Garhwal (1868) ....

0 2992. „ (1874) ....

C 202. Mandla. C.P. (1870)

C 1103. Aluri Reserve, C.L\ (It. Thompson .

C 3529. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) .

1) 4246. Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool „

E 661. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

43

38
41
38
48
66
47
46

220 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

E 2342. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 48

E 1399. Chittagong (Chester) 44

E1965. „ „ 61

B 1414. Tharrawaddv, Burma 64

B 2517. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 35

B 516. Andaman Islands (Gee Barwell) 60

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. V. 6).

13. PARISHIA, Hook. f. P. insignia, Hook, f.; PL Br. Ind. ii. 30; Kurz For.

Fl. i. 318, is a large evergreen tree of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.

14. SEMECARPUS, Linn. f.

About 24 species, no less than 12 of which are endemic Ceylon trees, mostly rare.
S. subpanduriformis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 35 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 313, is a tree of the
mixed forests of Chittagorjg and Arracan. 8. subspatulata, King in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. lxv. ii. 12, is a small tree of Upper Burma, a. pandurata, Kurz For. Fl. i. 312 ;
Vern. Che, Burm., is a common tree in the upper mixed forests of Burma, with a wood
and fruit similar in properties to those of S. Anaeardium, which it replaces. The rest,
except those here described, are more or less scarce trees of Burma and the Andamans.

1. S. Anaeardium, Linn, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 30; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 83; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 166 ; Brandis For. Fl. 124 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 312 ; Gamble Darj. List 25 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 62. The Marking-nut tree. Vern. Bhilawa, bheyla, Hind. ;
Bhalai, Nep. ; Bhela, bhelatuM, Beng.; Bhallia, Uriya; Kongki, Lepcha; Bavxirce,
Garo; Soso, Sonthal, K61 ; Bhilwa, Baigas ; Shidi, Palkonda ; CJioso, Mel ghat; Kokha,
bibu, Gondi ; Shaing, shayrang, shengkolta, thembarai, Tarn.; Jiri, jidi, nella-jedi,
Tel.; Bibha, bibu, Mar.; Gheru, hari gheru, ger, Kan. ; Sambiiri, Trav. Hills; Bibwa,
bibu, Mar.

A deciduous tree, bark I in. thick, dark brown, rough, exfoliating
in very irregular inner patches ; inner bark fibrous. Wood greyish -
brown, often with yellow streaks, soft, no annual rings. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized, frequently subdivided, well marked on a vertical sec-
tion, sometimes joined by lines of soft tissue. Medullary rays
numerous, moderately broad, reddish ; prominent in the silver-grain
as long, narrow, dark-coloured plates.

Sub-Himalayan tract from beyond the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 3500 ft. ;
nowhere gregarious, but scattered in grass lands or in forests, extending to Chittagong,
but not to Burma or to Ceylon.

The tree is easily recognized in forest by its large leaves and by the fruits, which
consist of an oblong oblique drupe with a thick black pericarp, between the layers of
which are the cells containing the corrosive juice which forms the marking-ink. The
ink is improved by the addition of lime-water. The drupe is seated on a yellow
astringent hypocarp, which is sometimes eaten, usually either dried or roasted. The
green fruit is pounded and made into birdlime (Bedd.). The tree gives a brown gum of
little or no value.

Weight 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; 37 lbs. (Wallich, Anaeardium latifulinm,
No. 4) ; 27 lbs. (Kyd) ; the average of specimens examined gave 37 lbs. Kyd's experi-
ments with bars of Assam wood 2' x 1" x 1" gave F = 197 ; Bourdillon found
W = 35 lbs., P = 230. The wood contains an acrid juice which causes swelling and
irritation, and timber-cutters object to felling it; it is not used.

lbs.
C 1157. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (li. Thompson) . . .44
C2746. Moharli „ (Brandis) .... 40

E 578. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .39
E 627. Bamunpokri ., „ .... 30

E 2341. „ „ „ (Gamble) ... 33

The Ahiri specimen, C 1157, has pores joined by irregularly shaped soft tissue across
the medullary rays, and has a harder and closer-grained wood than the Darjeeling
specimens; the bark is, however, that of S. Anaeardium, and there is no reason to

ANACARDIACE.E 221

doubt its identity. The specimens from Darjeeling are marked by the absence of the
lines of soft tissue joining the pores.

2. S. travaneoriea, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 232 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 31. Vera. Natu
shengoti, hatha shengkotta, Tam.; Then chera, Trav. Hills; Shera, Kader.

A very large tree. Wood grey or greyish- white, soft. Pores
moderate-sized to large, scanty. Medullary rays brown, moderately
broad, short.

Moist forests of the Travancore and Tinnevelly Ghats at 2-3000 ft.
The fruit has the same properties as that of S. Anacardium. Bourdillon gives
W = 28 lbs., P = 425 ; the specimens give an average weight per cubic foot of 26 lbs.

lbs.

W 4292. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 22

"VV 4602. Travancore (Bourdillon) 30

3. S. aurieulata, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. under t. 232; Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 187; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 32. Vera. Velleicharie, Tam.

A large tree. Wood reddish-grey, soft. Pores moderate-sized and
large, often subdivided, prominent on a radial section. Medullary
rays fine, moderately numerous, bent where they touch the pores.
Ghats of Tinnevelly and Travancore, up to 2000 ft., discovered by Mr. Hayne.
Bourdillon gives W = 28 lbs., P = 404.

lbs.
W 4616. Travancore (Bourdillon) 25

15. DRIMYCARPUS, Hook. f.

1. D. raeemosus, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 36 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 314 ; Gamble
Darj. List 26. Holigarna racemosa, Iioxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 82. Vera. Kagi, Nep. ; Brong,
Lepcha; Telsur, Beng. ; Amdali, Ass. ; Chengane, sangaipru, sangry?i, Magh; Amjour,
Sylhet.

A large evergreen tree. Wood greyish-yellow, hard, close-grained.
Poises large and moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided, each pore in a
narrow white ring. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, uniform
and equidistant, joined by innumerable faint, transverse lines.

Eastern Himalaya at 2-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills and Sylhet to Chittagong ; tropical
forests of the Pegu Yoma ; Andaman Islands.

The wood is used occasionally in Assam for canoes and planking ; in Chittagong for
boats, for which it is one of the woods most employed. Major Lewin says that boats
50 ft. long and 9 ft. in girth are sometimes cut.

lbs.

E 722. Chittagong (Chester) 61

16. HOLIGARNA, Ham.

Five species. //. ferruginea, March.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 37; Vera. Charei, farm,,
charei, Tam. ; Chera, Mai., is a large tree of evergreen forests and near water in the
Western Ghats from Coorg to Travancore. Bourdillon says it has a white wood with
black acrid blistering juice. //. Grahamii, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 37; Talbot
Bomb. List 63, is a tree of the "Western Coast in the Konkan and N. Kanara, common
from Ainshi Ghat southwards, on to Travancore. On the subject of the acrid juice
given by the Holigarnas, cf. D. Hooper in Pharm. Journal, June, 1895 (also Ind. For.
xxi. 478).

Wood soft, greyish. Pores large, prominent on a vertical section.
MeduUa/ry rays fine, short, not prominent.

1. H. Arnottiana, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 36; Talbot Bomb. List 63. B. longi-
foUa, W. and A.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 167. Vera. Kagira. holigar, hoolgcri, kootigheri,
Kan. ; Sudrabilo, Mar.

222 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A large tree. Wood light grey, soft, light. Pores large, scanty,
often subdivided, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays
fine, short, not numerous.

Western Coast, in the forests near the sea and on the Ghats behind, in the
Konkan, Kanara, Malabar and Nilgiris.

Beddome says he understands that the wood is sometimes used for house-building
and to make boats. The wood gaves a very acrid black juice, which is used as a
varnish. Bourdillon gives W = 27 lbs., P = 343. Graham- Anderson says that toddy
cats are fond of the fruit.

lbs.
W 4676. Travancore (Bourdillon) 23

2. H. Beddomei, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 38.

An enormous tree. Wood precisely similar to that of H.

Arnottiami.

Western Ghats, Anamalai and Travancore Hills.

lbs.
W 4715. Travancore (Bourdillon) 26

W 4603 from Travancore (Bourdillon) is the wood of a species of Holigarna
(perhaps E. ferruginea, March.). Wood soft, reddish-grey. For-es large, scanty.
Medullary rays moderately broad, not numerous, reddish, giving a pretty silver-grain.
W = 30 lbs. Bourdillon gives W = 22 lbs., P = 418.

3. H. Helferi, Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 37 ; Kurz For. Fl. 215. II. longifolia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 80; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 37 (fide Kurz and Eugler). Vera. Bwrola,
Beng. ; KhreiJc, Magh.

An evergreen tree. Wood grey, with yellowish streaks, soft.
Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniform, scanty, prominent
as dark lines on a vertical section. Med/vMary rays fine, white, short,
equidistant.

Forests of Chittagong and Burma, chiefly along streams.

Wood not used. It contains a black acrid exudation which raises blisters, and is
much dreaded. The Maghs who were with me when I cut the specimen at first
refused to touch it or to have it in the canoe with us.

E 3287. Kinkheong Forest, Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble).

17. NOTHOPEGIA, Bl.

Three species. N. iravancorica, Bedd. and N. awreo-fulva, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 40,
are trees of Travancore and Tinnevelly, the latter occurring also in S.-E. Wynaad.

1. N. Colebrookiana, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 40 : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 164 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 63; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 325. Vern. Amberi, Bombay ; Ikila, Cingh.

A tree. Ba/rh thin, brown, rather shining, cracked in irregular
flakes. Wood pinkish -yellow, with a satiny lustre, hard, close-
grained. Pores small, scanty, evenly distributed, joined by narrow,
wavy, pale concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, pale, numerous.

Eastern and Western Ghats and hills of the Deccan ; on the cast, on Mahendrasiiri,
N. Circars, 4000 ft., and at similar elevations southwards ; on the west, in the ever-
green forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara, and south to the Nilgiris and Travancore,
up to 5000 ft. ; moist region of Ceylon.

The wood is strong, but scarce and not used. The fruit is like a plum, edible.

lbs.

D 3860. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 4500 ft. (Gamble) . . . .62

18. CAMPXOSi'EUMA, Tliw. O. zeylanicum, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 41; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 168 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 326; Vern. Aridda, Cingh., is an endemic Ceylon

ANACARDIACE.E 223

tree, sometimes gregarious, found iu the moist low country, and having the " wood
' white, smooth, rather light and soft, coarse-grained, of little use except for tea-boxes,
' for which it is said to be very good " (Trimen). No. 7, Ceylon Collection, new
(Mendis) is " Aridda," and may be this, but the wood is greyish-brown and seems
doubtful.

Tribe II. SP0NDIE2E.

19. SPONDIAS, Linn.

Three species. S. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 453; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 42 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 63; Vern. Arnbut, ambada, Mar., is a handsome tree of the hills of West
and South India. Graham says it is found in the Konkan Hills near the Kennery
caves and in N. Kanara. I have ruyself seen it frequently in Wynaad. It is used occa-
sionally as shade for coffee, and is probably the Gwoddan of Graham Anderson's List,
p. 7. The fruit is occasionally eaten. 8. dulcis, Willd., the "Otaheite apple" with
a large fruit, the best kinds of which are pleasant to eat, is sometimes cultivated
in India.

1. S. mangifera, Pers. ; PI. "Br. Ind. ii. 42; Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 451; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 169 ; Brandis For. Fl. 128 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 322 ; Gamble Darj. List 25 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 63; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 327. The Hog Plum. Vern. Amra,amara,
ambodka, Hind.; Ambar, Oudh; Amara, Nep., Ass.; Amua, Beng. ; RoncMUng,
Lepcha ; Tongrong, adai, Garo ; Kat mda, ampallai, Tarn. ; Aravi mamadi, amatum,
Tel. ; Kat ambolam, Mai. ; Antb, Mar. ; Amte, amate, arnti, gwoddan, Kan. ; Hamdra,
Goodi ; Ambera, Kurku ; Ambota, Uriya; Ambeti, leina, Khond ; Ambada, Mar.;
Katamba, kekda, Berar; Ambalam, Mai. ; Ambayam, mampuli, Trav. Hills; Emba-
rella, Cingh. ; Pidi ilk, Kader; Owe, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey, with short, shallow,
longitudinal wrinkles. Wood soft, light grey. Pores large, numerous,
often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, at
unequal distances, white, prominent, distinctly marked as long narrow
plates in the silver-grain.

Dry forests in many parts of India and Burma, nowhere very common ; from the
Salt Range in the Punjab along the lower Himalaya, sub-Himalayan tract and Himalayan
valleys to Assam and Eastern Bengal ; Central and Western and Southern India and
the Deccan ; mixed forests in Burma up to 3000 ft. ; Andaman and Cocos Islands ;
moist low country of Ceylon ; often planted.

A handsome tree, quickly and easily grown, the leaves recognized by the intra -
marginal nerve. The wood is useless ; Skinner, No. 116, gives W = 43 lbs. ami
P = 614; Bourdillon gives W = 22 lbs. and P = 293; the specimens give an average
of 26 lbs. It gives an insipid gum somewhat resembling gum arabic, but darker.
The fruit is eaten, more usually pickled or made into curries ; it is also used in
medicine, as are the leaves. The Cerambycid beetle, Plocederus obesus (see also under
Oil ina Wodier), often attacks the wood ; and the Chrysomelid beetle, Podontia 14-
l>ti aetata, Linn., defoliates the tree, doing great damage.

lbs.

C 2800. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) —

E 499. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .30

E 1296. Cachar (Vern. Tiindur) 21

E 1497. Sylhet (Vera. Sutrung) 25

B 560. Burma (Ribbentrop) 29

2. S. axillaris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 453 ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 42. S. acuminata, Gamble
Darj. List 25 (non Roxb.), Vern. Labshi, Nep.

A large tree. Wood greyish- white, soft, pith large. Annual rings
marked by a line. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided,
scanty. Medullary rays few, fine, short, making a marked silver-
grain.

Nepal ; hills of the Sikkim Himalaya up to 5000 ft. ; Kachin hills of Burma.

224 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The identification of the Labshi has long been in doubt, but has now been finally
settled by the researches of Sir G-. King and Dr. D. Prain. The wood has been used
for tea-boxes, and the fruit is eaten by Nepalese and Lepcha hillmen.

lbs.

E 4804. Darjeeling Hills (Pram) 25

20. DRACONTOMELUM, Blume. J), mangiferum, Bl. ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 43;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 322, is a large evergreen tree found in the tropical and upper mixed
forests of the Andaman Islands.

Order XXXIX. CORIARIEJE.

1. CORIARIA, Linn.

C. myrtifolia, Linn., a shrub of South Europe (Corroyere, French), has leaves
which are used for tanning and dyeing leather ; its fruit is poisonous. O. sarmentosa,
Forst, is a New Zealand shrub, the fruit of which is made into wine by the settlers.

1. C. nepalensis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 44 ; Brandis For. FL 128. Yem. Masuri,
makola, Hind.; LitzaMo, Sutlej ; Raselwa, archarru, pajerra, Simla; Bhojinsi, Nep. ;
Mosroi, ganger u, gangara, Jaunsar ; Agar, Kumaon ; Oogsa makola, Garhwal.

A deciduous straggling shrub or small tree. Bark reddish-brown,
rough. Wood grey, hard, beautifully mottled ; no heartwood. Annual
rings distinct, marked by a belt of numerous moderate-sized pores ;
the pores of the outer portion of the annual rings are small and
often joined by interrupted concentric bands of pale tissue. Me-
dullary rays very broad, making, on a radial section, a conspicuous
and handsome silver-grain.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 8000 ft. in the west,
and to 11,000 ft. in Sikkim. It affects chiefly the outskirts of the forests.

Growth moderate, 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight 17 lbs. per cubic foot.

The wood takes a good polish, and is very handsomely marked, so it might be used
for boxes and small articles. At present it is only used for firewood, and is often used
as such about Simla. The wood contains a considerable amount of tannin.

The fruit is occasionally eaten, and the branches are said by Stewart to be browsed
by sheep, but I do not remember ever to have noticed the fact, though I know the
plant well. The name of the Hill Station, Mussoorie (properly, Masuri) is said to have
been caused by the abundance of this plant on the site. It is one of the food-plants
of the beautiful swallow-tail silk moth, Actios Selene, Hiibn., but the silk is of poor
quality.

H 68. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft 48

H 2853. Mahasu, „ 7500 ft. (Gamble) 53

H2885. Nagkanda, „ 8000 ft. „ 41

Order XL. MORINGEJE.
1. MORINGA, Juss.

Wood soft, white. Pore* large, scanty, usually in groups of two
or three. Med/uMa/ry rays short, moderately broad.

1. M. pterygosperma, Gaertn. ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 45; Bedd. PL Sylv. t. 80;
Brandis For. Fl. 129; Kurz For. Fl. i. 68; Talbot Bomb. List 64. Hyperanthera
Moringa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 368. The Horse-radish tree. Vera. Soanjna, sanjna,
senjna, sejna, ganjna, soandal, sohajna, sainjan, Hind. ; Sujuna, Beng. ; Swanjera,
Sind ; Alovnga, Sonthal ; Mulgia, K61 ; Sejaua, Monghyr; Munigha, LTriya; Morunga,

MORINGE.E 225

Tam. ; Saiha/n, sejan, munga, mulaJca, Tel.; Nuggee, noogay, Kan.: Daintha, dan-
thalon, Burm.

A tree. Bark 1 in. thick, grey, corky, with longitudinal
cracks. Wood soft, white, spongy, perishable. Wood cells large,
prominent. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided or in short radial
lines of two or three. Medullary rays short, fine to moderately
broad ; the distance between them less than the transverse diameter
of the pores, so that they bend when they pass the pores.

Wild in the sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab to Oudh, very common in low
forests near rivers in the Dun ; commonl}' cultivated in India, Burma and Ceylon,
about villages.

The tree is pretty ; it is generally grown on account of its fruit, which is eaten as
a vegetable and is pickled. The seeds are made into curry (drum-stick curry of
Madras). The root has a strong flavour of horse-radish, and is used in medicine as a
vesicant. It yields an oil similar to the Ben oil of watchmakers, which is not the
produce of this, but of another species, 21. aptera, Gaertn., of Africa. It also gives a
reddish gum used in native medicine. The leaves and flowers are eaten as well as the
fruit, and the branches are lopped for cattle-fodder. Camels are especially fond of
them. Babu Upendranath Kaujilal tells me that the fruit of the wild trees is usually
bitter, and not, therefore, edible, like that of the cultivated plant.

lbs. •

E 3214. Calcutta (King) —

0 4423. Uehra Dun Forests (Grenfell) 19

2. M. eoncanensis, Nimmo; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 45; Brandis For. Fl. 130 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 64. Vern. Sainjna, Rajputana ; Soonjna, sainjna, segora, hegu, segu,
Merwara ; Mhiia, Sind.

A tree. Bark thick, soft, corky. Wood white, soft. Pores large,
often subdivided, enclosed in white rings, scanty. Medtdlary rays
fine, numerous, the distance between them less than the diameter of
the pores.

Rajputana, Sind, Konkan; the Deccan, especially in the Kurnool and Kistna
Districts.

Wood apparently not used. The unripe fruit is eaten.

lbs.

P 3226. Nagpahar, Ajmere —

D 4175. Venkatayapalem Forest, Kistna (Gamble) . . . .18

Series III. CALYCIFL01LE.
Order XLI. CONNARACEJE.

An Order of little importance, containing five genera of Indian trees, shrubs or
climbing plants, chiefly occurring in Eastern Bengal, Burma, S. India and Ceylon.

Tribe I. Connarese .... Rourea, Connarus.

,, II. Cnestideaj .... Cnestis, TamiochL-ena, Ellipanthus.

1. ROUREA, Aubl. Eight species, four of which only occur in Tenasserim, and
are only climbing shrubs. Another is found in the Nicobar Islands, It. humilis, Bl.
Ii. saataloidcs, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 47 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Ixxsi. ; Talbot B.>mb.
List 64; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 1; Vern. Kirindi-wel, Cingh., is a semi-scandent shrub
or small tree of South India and Ceylon, used in the latter for making ropes for tying
buffaloes and strengthening fences. It. commntata, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 47 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 324 (Cnestis monadelpha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 454), is a similar plant of
Eistern Bengal and Assam, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Ii. caudata, Planch.,
is also found in Assam and the Khasia Hills up to 4000 ft.

Q

226 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. CONNARTTS, Linn.

About eleven species, small trees or straggling shrubs, five of which are Burmese,
four of South India or Ceylon, one of Eastern Bengal and one (C. nicdbaricus, King),
of the Nicobar Islands.

G. monocarpus, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 50 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxii. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 65 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 2 ; Vern. Sundar, Mar. ; Ghettupulukodi, Tam. ; Rada-
Hya, Cingh., is a much-branched shrub of the Western Ghats and coast, and of the low
country of Ceylon. G. WiyJdii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 51 ; Talbot Bomb. List 65,
is a lofty climber, common in the moist evergreen forests of North Kanara. G. Eitchiei,
Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 51 ; Talbot Bomb. List 65, is a large climber found in the
Konkan and on the Ram Ghat near Belgaum. G. Ckampionii, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.
52 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 3 ; Vern. Wel-radaliya, Cingh., is a climbing shrub of the
moist region of Ceylon. G. gibbosus, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 52; Kurz For. Fl. i. 327,
is a large half-scandent shrub of Chittagonsj, Burma and the Andamans up to 3000 ft.
Four other species also occur in Burma, but are scarce and not of importance.

1. C. paniculatUS, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. iii. 139 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 52 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
327. G. pentandrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 140. Vern. Mulseri, Beng. ; Kadok, lmdet.
taliti, Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Bark yellowish-grey, \ in. thick, rough,
vertically fluted, furnished with many prominent lenticels. Wood
light brown, soft, porous. Pores very large, very thick- walled.
Medullary rays fine, obscure.

Khasia Hills and Sylhet up to 2000 ft.: Chittagong; Upper Burma.

Khasia Hills, 2000 ft.— Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

3. CNESTIS, Juss.

1. C. ramifiora, Griff.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 54; Kurz For. Fl. i. 320. G. platantha,
Griff.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 328. Vern. Tawkyetlauk, kyetmaukni, Burm.

A small tree (or large scandent shrub). Wood reddish-brown,
hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty, in patches of soft tissue
which are elongated concentrically into narrow interrupted belts.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous, distinct in the hard dark tissue
between the pale belts.

Tropical and low-lying forests throughout Burma ; Andaman Islands.

The Fl. Br. Ind. puts together into one species the two described by Kurz (three
described by Griffith), who makes the most common species, ('. platantha, a climber,
and says it has a soft white wood. The specimen described has a hard reddish wood
with the structure of some Leguminosas of the Dalbcrgia group, and more especially of
the scandent species of the genus.

lbs.

B 5095. Shwegyin Division, Burma 52

2. C. potatorum, Watt MS. in Kew Museum.

A climbing shrub. Bark thick, dark brown, very rough. Wood
greyish- white, in alternate rings of broad woody tissue with large or
very large pores and moderate-sized medullary rays and narrow bast
tissue, as in Millettia auricidata.

Manipur.

Watt says the Nagas use it to ferment rice spirit.

Manipur — Kew Museum (Watt, 1883).

4. TyENIOCI1I..EXA. Book. f. T. Urmanka, Train in Jouru. As. Soc. Beng.
lxvii. ii. 285, is a shrub of the Kachin Hills.

CONNARACE.E 227

5. ELLIPANTHUS, Hook. f.

Four species. E. Tlnmitesii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 55 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 3
{E. unifoliatus, Thw. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 170), is a tree of the moist region of Ceylon
at 2-4000 ft. E. calophyUus, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 55; Kurz For. Fl. i. 329, is a
small evergreen tree, common in the forests of the Andamans. E. tomentosus, Kurz;
Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 56 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 330, is a small evergreen tree of the tropical forests
of the Pegu Yoma and Tenasserim ; and E. Helferi, Hook, f., a small tree of Tenasserim
or the Andaman Islands.

A specimen of the Malay E. Griffithii, Hook, f., sent by H. N. Ridley to the Kew
Museum in 1900 has : —

Wood pinkish-grey, soft, with inconspicuous, very broken belts of
loose dark tissue concentrically arranged. Pores small, very scanty,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular, giving a
silver-grain of small elongated speckled plates.

Order XLII. LEGUMINOSJE.

The largest of the Orders containing Indian Forest trees and shrubs, having no less
than 74 indigenous genera of woody plants. It is divided into three Sub-Orders, viz. —

Sub-Order I. Papilionaceas.
„ II. Csesalpiniese.

„ III. Mimoseee.

The Order of the Leguminos.e is, taken all round, the most important Order in
India to the Forester, whether it be in consequence of the great number of species or
on account of the value of the timber and products given by them. With a few
exceptions, like the Teak, the Sal and a few other Dipterocarps, the Deodar and some
other Conifers, the trees of the Leguminosse number among them the most valuable
species, either sylviculturally or economically, that we possess. One has only to mention
a few, such as the Sissoo, Khair, Pyingado, Padauk, Rosewood, Red Sanders, Anjan,
Tamarind, Siris, Babul to recognize this. Some other Orders besides those already
mentioned, contain woods of considerable value, and among them are the Meliace^e,
Combretace;e, Urticace^e, and Palms, but none of them have so rnauy good kinds
as the Leguminos^:. In Sylviculture, the number of gregarious species of value
suitable for regular management makes the Order of importance ; and among them are
the Sissoo, Babul, Khair, Anjan and Red Sanders; while it is the presence, in the
forests in which they grow, of such species as Pyingado, Rosewood, Padauk, Bijasal
and others that gives to those forests a value that without them they would hardly
possess.

The general character of the woods of Leguminosre is that of the
pores (either singly, or in groups, or in irregularly concentric patches,
or in fairly regular belts) being surrounded by loose tissue, that is,
cellular tissue in which the cells are of larger size than they are in the
rest of the wood. There are exceptions, such as Hardwickio,, Xylia,
some Acacias, Albizzia &nd Acrocarpus, but even these have a narrow
pale ring. In all, the pores are usually scanty and generally rather
large. The following is a tentative attempt at a grouping of the
chief kinds.

A. Ougeinia Group.

Pores enclosed in elongated patches of soft tissue, which are separate but arranged
in more or less concentric lines. Instances of this group are Ougeinia dalbergioidt?-,
Afzelia bijvga, Tamarindus indicu, Acrocarpvs, Xylia.

B. Acacia Group.
Pores enclosed in irregularly shaped patches of soft tissue, which are more or less

228 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

united in a reticulate pattern. Prosopis spicigera, Cassia Fistula, and siamea, and
most species of Acacia, Indigo/era, Poinciana data.

C. Dalbergia Group.

Numerous, narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue, sometimes interrupted.
Pores ringed, rather scanty, usually independent of the bands. Dalbergia, Pterocarpus,
Ltrris robusta, Dialium.

D. Bauhikia Group.

Numerous, regularly distributed, concentric bands of soft tissue, which are broader
tban those in the Dalbergia group, and usually enclose the pores. Pongamia,
Bauhinia (most species), Qynometra.

E. Hardwickia Group.

Pores isolated, not enclosed in patches of soft tissue, though they are generally
surrounded by narrow rings. Concentric bands of soft tissue either wanting entirely,
or very scanty. Hardwickia, Adenanthera, Piptadenia, Mimosa, Acacia arabica,
Dichrostachys, Bauhinia malabarica, and desalpinia Sappan.

F. Ai.bizzia Group.

Pores isolated, generally large, not enclosed in patches of soft tissue, ringed, usually
arranged in groups or oblique strings. None or very few concentric lines of soft tissue.
Albizzia, Acacia dealbata and Melanoxylon, Poinciana regia.

G. Erythrina Group.

Pores large, scanty, unequal, irregular. Alternate bands of hard and soft tissue
making, with the medullary rays, a tessellated pattern. Erythrina, Butea and MiUettia.

Sub-Order I. PAPILIONACEJE.

About 40 woody genera, some of which, however, contain only shrubs or climbers
of comparatively little importance. They belong to 8 Tribes, viz.—

Tribe I. PodalvrieaB . . . Piptanthus.

II. Genisteae . . . Priotropis, Crotalana.

III. Galeceaj . . . lndigofera, Colutea, Millettia, Mundulea,

Tephrosia, Robioia, Sesbania, Caragana.

IV. Hedysareaj . . . Lespedeza, Alhagi, zEschynomene, Ormo-

carpum, Oligemia, Desmodium.
V. Viceaj .... Abrus.

VI. Phaseoleaa . . . Mucuna, Erythrina, Spatholobus, Butea,

Mastersia, Dioclea, Pueraria, Atvlosia,

Cajanu8,Cylista,Rhynchosia,Flemingia.

VII. Dalber<uese . . . Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Pongamia, Denis,

Euchresta.
VIII. Sophoreae . . . Dalhousiea, Sophora, Calpurnia,Pericopsis,

Ormosia.

TJkx Europccus, Linn., the "furze" or " gorse," has been grown in the Himalaya
and on the hills of S. India, and in the Nilgiris has now completely naturalized itself,
some hill slopes near Ootacamund looking very English when the bright yellow flowers
are out. Amon" other woody plants that have more or less fully acclimatized them-
selves on the Nilgiris, that home for plauts from all the temperate and sub-temperate
regions of the world, are Psoralea pinnata, Linn., a shrub with narrow leailets and
bright blue flowers, and Virgilia capensis. Lam., a shrub with silky foliage and pretty
pink flowers, both from Cape Colony. Cytisus Laburnum, Linn., the Laburnum tree,
is grown occasionally in the Himalaya. The broom, Cytisus scoparius, Link., is also
liequently planted, and seems to have begun to run wild to some extent in the hills of
Jaunsar.

PAPILIONACE.E 229

Brya Ebenus, DC (Tribe " Hedysarese") of the West Indies is the "Cocua wood,"
a hard dark wood used for tools, knife-handles, etc. It is of this wood that the stave3
used by London policemen are made (see specimens in Kew Museum, presented by Sir
E. Bradford, Chief Commissioner). The " Cam wood " of trade is produced by Baphia
nitida, Lodd., a tree- of tropical Africa of the Tribe " Sophoreas."

Wistaria chinensis, Sieb. and Zucc, has been found by Lieut. Pottinger in the
Kachin Hills of Upper Burma; and a new genus, Crdddasia, Train, with one species,
0. insignia, Prain, has also been added from the same region.

The wood of the trees and shrubs of Sub-Order Papilionocece
shows, on the whole, a wonderfully uniform structure, though the
outward appearance and texture differ much. The great character
is that the pore* are comparatively scanty, that they are surrounded
by pale patches consisting of much larger wood-cells than the rest of
the wood shows, and that these patches are to a large extent confluent
and indeed sometimes combined into more or less concentric bands of
varying width, but always more or less wavy. The medullary rays
are fine and regular, often very short. In Erythrina and Bute"
the bands become more prominent, but often discontinuous at the
medullary rays, alternating with regular bands of more compact
cellular structure, and the pores do not always come in the softer
tissue. Some of the woods are very handsome and valuable, espe-
cially those of some species of Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Pericopsis,
Oligemia . In Erythrina, Butea, Ponyamia and some Dalberyias
there is no heartwood.

Tribe I. PODALYRIE^E.

1. PIPTANTHUS, D. Don.

1. P. nepalensis, D. Don; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 62; Brandis For. PI. 132; Gamble
l>arj. List 25. Vera. Bankaru, Sutlej ; Shalgari, Kumaon ; Charriba, chambda,

Jaunsar.

A shrub. Bark greenish-grey. Wood white, with an irregular
grey heartwood. Pores small, in wavy, oblique and concentric bands,
except at the inner edges of the annual rings, which are marked by
a continuous line of pores. Medullary rays tine, equidistant.

Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan, above 7000 ft. in forest undergrowth ; Khasia
Hills, Manipur and Chin Hills in Burma.

A pretty shrub, with handsome, lar^e, yellow flowers, which is sometimes planted
for ornament in the hills and in Europe.

lbs.

H 3024. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) 40

E 3405. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 11,000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . —

Tkibe II. GENISTE.E.
2. PRIOTROPIS, W. and A.

1. P. eytisoides, W. and A. ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 05 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 363 ; Gamble
Darj. List 25. Vern. Takpyitmuk, Lepcha.

An erect branching shrub. Bark smooth, yellowish. Wood white.
Pores small, scanty, solitary or in radial lines between the fine

medullary rays.

Eastern Himalaya at 3-6000 ft., commou on old cultivated lands; hills of Oppei
Burma and Tenasserim.

E 3311. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

230 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. CROTALARIA, Linn.

A large genus of mostly herbaceous plants, some of them, however, reaching; the
size of large shrubs. The chief home of the shrubby kinds is the Nilgiris, where the
most prominent species are C. Kemperflorens, Vent, and C. barbata, Grah., of the higher
sholas at G-8000 ft. ; C./onuosa, Grah., of the grassy downs; and C. fulva, Boxb. ;
C. obtecta, Grah. and < '. Wightiana, Grah., of the lower sholas and the slopes of the
Ghats. C. tetragona, Boxb. is a tall shrub of the Sikkim Terai and Lower Hills,
extending west to the Saharanpur Siwaliks and eastwards to Assam and Burma
(Vern. Kengeni, Xep. ; Suliutung-rihuj, Lepcha). C. Burkia, Ham.; Brandis For. Fl.
144, is a shrub of the dry plains of Sind and llajputana. C. jv/ncea, Linn, is the
" sunn "-hemp plant cultivated in many parts of India for its valuable fibre.

1. C. fulva, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 266 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 80.

A shrub. Bark thin, light brown. Wood yellowish, soft. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty, in concentric bands rather far apart. Medullary
rays fine, numerous.

Hills of the Deccan, Konkan, Mysore, Nilgiris.
D 3848. Nilgiri Hills, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

2. C. barbata, Grah.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 76.

A large shrub. Bark smooth. Wood yellowish-brown, moderately
hard. Pores moderate-sized, in short radial lines or subdivided,
arranged in concentric pale bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Higher sholas of the Nilgiris at 6-8000 ft., extending south to Travancore.

lbs.

W4044. Doddabetta, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble) 42

Tribe III. GALEGEJI.

-i. INDIGOFERA, Linn.

A large genus containing mostly small undershrubs, a few only reaching a com-
paratively large size. I. leptostachya, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 100, is an erect shrub of
Sikkim and the Khasia Hills at 5-8000 ft. J. galegoides, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 100;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 360 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 28 (i. uncinata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 382) ;
Vern. Taivmeyaiiig, Burm., is a shrub or small tree of the Khasia Hills, Burma and
Ceylon. /. atropurpurca, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 101 ; Brandis For. Fl. 136, is a shrub
of the hill forests of the Himalaya, from Hazara to Assam at 6-1)000 ft. (Vern. Banhati,
Jcala sahena, sah-na, Hind.; Khenti, jand, Kaghan: Kathi, gorkatti, Kashmir). The
chief" Indigo " plant is I. tinctoria, Linn. ; Vern. Nil, Hind. ; Mene, Burm., extensively
cultivated in India, but most so in the Districts of Behar.

1. I. heterantha, Wall.; Brandis For. Fl. 135. 1. Gerardiana, Vail, (var.); Fl.
Br. Ind. ii. 100. Vern. Kathi, khenti, mattu, hats, sh&gali, lachata, hasting, Pk ;
Kathi, theot, Simla; Kathoi, Jaunsar; Sahena, Kumaou.

A shrub. Bark \ in. thick, smooth, dark grey, with longi-
tudinal anastomozing lines. Wood hard, white, with an irregular
heartwood of dark colour. Annual rings distinctly marked by a
white line and by a continuous belt of pores. Pores small, scanty,
enclosed in irregular white patches of soft texture, which frequently
join, forming short, interrupted, concentric bands. Medullary rays
fine, fairly numerous, almost equidistant.

North- West Himalaya and eastern skirts of the Sulimau llange, ascending to
8000 ft.

Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight 55 lbs. per cubic foot. The

PAPILIONACEiE 231

twigs are used for basket-work, and often form part of the twig bridges of the "Western
Himalaya. The shrub is gregarious on dry grassy slopes, and is very useful in
preparing ground for Deodar planting, as it keeps the grass down and affords protection
from the sun. The branches are very stiff and rather difficult to cut. When the shrub
is in flower, the masses of pink on the hillsides look like heather in the distance.

lbs.

H 2825. Fagu, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble)

H 2870. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble)

H 2935. Mahasu, Simla, 7000 ft. „ . ... 56

H 4404. Mundali, Jaunsar, 8000 ft.

H 4458. Bodyar, Jaunsar, 8000 ft. „ 54

2. I. hebepetala, Bth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 101; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 381. Vera.
Kathi, katlwi, dandeka kafho, Jaunsar.

A shrub of smaller size, but with wood of structure similar to that
of I. heterantha.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim, 6-15,000 ft.

The twigs are used for basket-work and twig bridges. This species prefers shady
ravines in the upper forests. Flowers dark red.

H 2824. Cheog Forest, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

Note. — In Ed. 1, this specimen was described as I. atropwrpurea, Ham., but all my
Simla herbarium specimens appear to belong to 7. hebepetala, Bth.

3. I. pulehella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 382; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 101; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Ixxxv. ; Brandis For. Fl. 136; Kurz For. Fl. i. 361; Gamble Darj. List 25. Vein.
Sakena, sakna, hakna, Hind.; Baroli, Mar.; Togri, Bhil ; BaJori, Kurku ; Hikpi,
Lepcha ; Uterr, K61 ; Tirhiil, Kharwar ; Vreda, Khond ; Chili, Reddi ; TaivnieyaiiKj,
Burm.

A large shrub. Wood with structure similar to that of I.
heterantha.

Forests, almost throughout India, from the lower hills of the Punjab Himalaya
eastwards and southwards; Eng and other dry forests in Burma.

A pretty shrub, with pretty red flowers, common in the deciduous forests, of Sal
and Eng especially.

C 3447. Barasand Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore (Gamble).

4. I. staehyodes, Ldl. ; Gamble Darj. List 25. 7. Dosua, Ham., var. tomentosa,
Baker; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 102. Verm CMringi jhar, Nep.

A small tree with thin brown bark. Wood hard, yellowish-brown,

streaked. Pores small to moderate-sized, enclosed in patches of ]>ale

tissue, forming irregular, more or less concentric, bands. Medullary

rays fine, numerous, equidistant.

Inner Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Shan Hills of Burma.

lbs.

E 3359. Rhenokh, Sikkim, 3000 ft. (Gamble) 51

5. COLUTEA, Linn. ft nepalensis, Sims.; Brandis For. Fl. 136 (ft arborescens,
Linn., var. nepalensis; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 103); Vern. Bran, Ladak, is the "Bladdtr
Senna," a shrub of arid valleys in the Himalaya, as far east as Sikkim, between 8000
ami 11,500 ft. It is common about Simla, but I have never seen it in Jaunsar and
Tehri-Garhwal.

Nordlingers Section, vol. 5, CohUea arborescent, shows a white toood, well marked
a a anal rings; scattered, rather scanty, often subdivided ])ores> moderately large in
spring wood, smaller in autumn wood, and then in white patches somewhat concentri-
cally arranged; and moderately broad medullary rays. The specimen is probably
European (see Mathieu Fl. For. 124), but the plant is mentioned by Aitchison as a
tall thin shrub, found in the Ilariab District, Kuram Valley.

232 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

6. MILLETTIA, W. and A.

This large genus contains about 27 species, about half of which are trees and the
other half large climbing shrubs. Two species are South Indian, and the rest are all
found in Eastern Bengal and Burma, but of these two species extend to India, the one
(M. auriculata) being found in most of the dry forests, the other (ill. rucemosa) in the
f( Tests of the Eastern and Western Coasts.

Among the tree species, besides those specially described, M. glaucescens, Kurz ;
FL Br. Ind. ii. 107 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 357 (JDerris micrqptera, Gamble Darj. List
30); Vern. Taungkazaw, Burm., is a tree of the Sikkim Himalayan Tend and
lower hills, and of the mixed forests and forests along streams in Burma, with a
yellowish or light brown, hard but brittle, timber. M. atropurpurea, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i>. 108; Kurz For. Fl. i. 358; Vern. Tanyinni, kywedanyin, Burm., is an evergreen
tree of the Burmese tropical forests giving a pale brown heavy wood and a red resin.
ill. tetraptera, Kurz ; ill. pubinervis, Kurz ; and ill. ovalifolia, Kurz, are less common
trees of Lower Burma ; while ill. multiflora, Coll. and Hemsl. ; M. Wrightiana, Prain ;
M. macrostachya, Coll. and Hemsl. ; and ill. Doriuardi, Coll. and Hemsl., are all trees
of the Shan Hills of Upper Burma, three of them discovered by the late Col. Sir H.
(,'ollett, K.C.B., and described in Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xxviii. in 1890.

Among the climbing species, besides the two described, the most remarkable are :
ill. splendens, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 101, a very handsome large species of the
forests on the slopes of the Xilgiri and Anamalai Hills, the leaves and branches,
flowers and fruit being covered with beautiful golden pubescence : ill. monticoJa, Kurz ;
M. Piscidia, Wt. ; ill. cinerea, Bth. (Vern. Mauhap, Lepcha) ; and ill. paclxycarpa,
K urz ; Gamble Darj. List 26 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 353, 354 ; Vera. Kojulara, Nep. ;
Bruding, Lepcha; climbers of the North-East Himalaya, extending through Assam
and Eastern Bengal to Burma, ill. puerarioides, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi.
ii. 358 (ill. sericea, Kurz For. Fl. i. 353), is a large woody climber found throughout
Burma.

Wood usually in alternate bands or patches of firm and loose
tissue. Pore* scanty. Medullary rays fine, regular, numerous.

1. M. pulehra, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 104: Kurz For. FL i. ."»55. Vern.
Thitpagan, Burm.

A tree. Bark brown, £ in. thick, nearly smooth. Wood light
brown, hard, close-grained, with numerous regular, pale, wavy, con-
centric bands of loose tissue. Pores scanty, moderate-sized to large,
often subdivided, ringed, single, or in small irregular groups, prominent
on vertical sections. Medullary rays fine, regular, very numerous.

Assam ; Khasia, Naga and Manipur Hills; Sylhet ; Upper Burma; up to 1000 ft.

lbs.

B5111. Burma 43

2. M. Brandisiana, Kurz; PI. Br. hid. ii. 108; Kurz For. Fl. i. 355. Vern.
Thitpagan, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark brown, { in. thick, wrinkled horizontally.
Wood greyish -brown, soft, in alternate bands of firm and loose tissue,
the bands wavy, often anastomozing and about equal in width, the
loose bands dark and very prominent on vertical sections. Pores
moderate-sized to large, very scanty, irregularly distributed in either
kind of band. Medullary rays fine, regular, numerous.
Upper mixed forests of the Pegu Yoma in Burma.

The wood is probably useless, it is curiously like that of some species of Ficus, but
has fewer pores.

lbs.

B 5003. Bangocn Division, Burma (C. Hodgson) . . . . .42
B 5112. Burma ' 43

PAPILIONACE.E 233

3. M. pendula, Bth. ; PL Br. End. ii. 105. M. leucantha, Kurz For. PL i. 356.
Vera. Tliiuwin, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood purplish-black, beautifully streaked,
hard, with narrow concentric bands of soft tissue. Pores few,
moderate-sized, in short radial strings. Medullary rays fine, uniform
and equally distributed.

Savannah forests and dry lower hill forests of Burma up to 2000 ft.

Weight: Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 41, gives 60 lbs.; the specimen

examined 66 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for cross-pieces of harrows, and is

worthy of attention for its beautiful grain and dark colour.

lbs.

B 2520. Myodwin, Burma (Brandis, 1862) 66

4. M. raeemosa, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 105 ; Talbot Bomb. List 68. M. leioyyna,
Kurz ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 109 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 351. Robinia raeemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
329. Vera. Galuya, Tel.

A large climber. Bark \ in. thick, brown, rough. Wood light
brown, red in the centre, hard, with patches of loose tissue which
anastomoze crosswise. Pores moderate-sized and large, scanty,
surrounded by loose tissue. Medullary rays fine, white.

Deciduous forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara; forests of Behar, Orissa, the
Northern Circars and S. Deccan as far as the Sandiir Hills of Bellary ; Shan Hills of
Upper Burma, Pegu and Tenasserim.

C 3839. Khond Gullery, Ganjam (Gamble).

5. M. aurieulata, Baker ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 108 ; Brandis For. Fl. 138 ; Gamble
Darj. List 26. M. externa, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 109 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 352. Robinia
iitucrophyUa, Ptoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 329. Vera. Gauj, DehraDun ; Maudh, Oudh ; Gonjha,
<janj, Kumaon ; Salang, Kashmir; Eel, K61 ; Eehel, Sonthal ; Gttrar, Kharwar ; Gurur,
Gondi; Murari, Kurku ; Rekorlo, Uriya; Kissi, Khond; Nedibunda, Koya ; Gonjo,
Nep. ; Bru-rih, Lepcha ; Darnanye, Burm.

A large climber. Bark thin, light brown with small rough lenticels.
Wood white, in alternate layers of open tissue in broad bands or
patches and of bast tissue in narrow bands which are more or less
concentric at first and afterwards irregular. Pore* large, conspicuously
thick-walled, tubular, in the open tissue between the bast layers.
Medidlary rays, none apparent.

Sub-Himalayan tract and lower Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, ascending to
3500 ft.; Parasnath Hill in Behar, Singbhum forests in Chota Nagpore; Northern
Circars; deciduous forests of Burma.

One of the principal climbers of the Sal forests, exceedingly common in the North-
Western Provinces, and regularly cut over in " cleanings." In open places, it is some-
times found as a small, almost erect, shrub, and is useful in helping to keep down the
grass. The bark gives a rough fibre, as do the stems, which are beaten and made into
rough cordage or into rough brushes. The leaves and twigs are lopped for cattle-fodder
and elephant-forage.

Section in Dehra Dun Museum, no number.

B 2249 (73 lbs.) from the Andamans, and B 3141 (67 11 >s.) from Myodwin, Burma
(Brandis, 1862); Vera. GMoani, Burm., have a dark reddish-brown, very hard heart-
wood, in structure resembling that of 31. pendula. They appear to belong to some
species of Millettia.

7. MUNDULEA, DC.

1. M. suberosa, Benth.: PL Br. Ind. ii. 110; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxv.; Talbot
Bomb. List 6^; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 29. Robinia suberosa,'Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. .°>27. R.
sennoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 328. Vern. Neela murri, Hyderabad ; Supti, Bombay ;
Pil avaram, Tarn.

234 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A small tree. Bark thick, corky, yellow. Wood yellow, rather
darker in the heart, hard, close-grained, much resembling satinwood.
Pores scanty, fine, joined by concentric lines of light tissue which
sometimes anastomoze. Med/uZU i / 7/ 1 ■< i ys tine, thin, clear, not numerous.

Eocky bills in the Southern Circars, Deccan and Carnatic; Konkan and South
Mahratta country; abundant in the Ceded Districts and in Tinnevelly ; dry region of
Ceylon.

A pretty little tree, worthy of garden cultivation, and likely to be useful in reafforesting
bare hills in such regions as Bellary.

D 4154. Pidugurala, Kistna (Gamble).
D 4170. Bollapalle, Kistna ,,

8. TEPHROSLA, Pers.

A genus containing several undershrubs, mostly weeds of roadsides and fallow land.*,
two only being of any size or importance.

1. T. Candida, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. Ill; Brandis For. Fl. 138; Gamble Darj.
List 26. Robinia Candida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 327. Vern. Lashtia, Dehra Dim ; Lehtia,
Kumaon; Bodle, Nep. ; Suhutungrting, Lepcha ; Balashoe, Mechi.

A shrub. Bark thin, brown, with small rough lenticels. Wood
white, with an irregular dark heart wood. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided, enclosed in pale rings which spread out into patches of
concentric arrangement. Medullary rays short, fine to very fine,
numerous.

Undergrowth in the forests of the Himalayan lower hills and sub-Himalayan tract-
from tbe Sutlej to Bhutan up to 3000 ft.; Assam, Khasia Hills and Burma.

A pretty shrub with cream-coloured flowers, often cultivated in gardens. The
leaves and bark are used to poison fish.

0 4755. Dehra Dun, N.-W. Provinces (Gamble).
E 3636. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling (Gamble).

2. T. purpurea, Pers. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 112. Galega purpurea, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 386. G. lancecefolia, Roxb. I.e. G. tinctoria, Roxb. /.•■. Vern. Kolinchi,
Tarn. ; Pila, Cingh.

A small shrub. Bark light brown, thin. Wood white, moderately
hard. Pores moderate-sized, in concentric pale patches. Medullar;/
rays fine, regular.

Throughout India and Ceylon, in the plains and hill valleys, a weed of roadsides
and fallow lands.

C 3652. Daltonganj, Palamow (Gamble).

<). ROBINIA, Linn.

1. Robinia pseudo-acacia, Linn. The false Acacia, or Locust tree. Rdbinier
faitx-acacia, Fr.

A tree. Bark brown, rough, cleft longitudinally. Wood hard,
sapwood white, heartwood yellowish- or reddish-brown, shining on a
longitudinal section. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided,
larger in the spring wood and more continuous, making a well-marked
annual ring, smaller and in scattered light patches in the autumn
wood, the patches formed by larger cells than in the rest of the wood,
and more or less concentrically arranged. Medullary rays fine, short,
not deep, bent where they touch the pores, showing a good silver-grain.

PAPILIONACE^E 235

A North American tree, indigenous in the United States from Pennsylvania to
Georgia ; cultivated largely in Europe, and of recent years in the Himalaya, especially
about Simla.

As this tree has been so successfully grown in the Punjab Himalaya, and is likely
to be still more grown in the future, it is introduced here and the wood described.
The wood is much esteemed both in America and in Europe, and is used for various
purposes. Hough gives the weight at 45*7 lbs. per cubic foot, Mathieu gives 41 to
48 lbs.

For an account of the best method of cultivating the tree in the Simla Hills, see
" Ind. Forester," xxi. 168, by G. S. Hart. The most important point is that neither
sowing nor planting should be done during the rains.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

Hough's " American Woods," vol. iv. No. 80.

10. SESBANIA, Pers.

For a full account of the Indian species of Sesbania, see Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. lxvi. ii. 366. S. paludosa, Prain; Vern. Kathsola, Beng., is a large annual plant
of the swamps of Bengal, the pith of which is similar to " solah " pith, but harder.

1. S. segyptiaea, Pers. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 114 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxvi. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 137; Kurz For. Fl. i. 362; Gamble Dafj. List 26; Talbot Bomb. List 68;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 34. jEschynomene Sesban, Fioxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 332. Vern. Jait,
jldjaiL,jaitjl«ut, dhanaidin, Hind. ; Jayanti, Beng. ; Saori, sewri, Berar ; Shewari, Mar. ;

<Jhittakatti, Tarn. ; suiminta, Tel.; YaytTiagyi, Burm.

A short-lived, soft-wooded shrub. Bark brown. Wood white,
extremely soft. Pores small, scanty, single or subdivided or in radial
groups, between the very tine, and very numerous medullary rays,
the distance between which is less than the transverse diameter of the
pores.

Cultivated and run wild in many parts of India, also in Burma and Ceylon ; wild in
tropical Africa.

This shrub is chiefly grown as a hedge-plant, especially where very quick growth
is required. In Berar and the Deccan it is grown for poles, also in places for pea-sticks
and in some parts of India as a support to the betel-pepper vine. Roxburgh says the
wood is used for gunpowder charcoal, and Prain confirms this as being the case to the
present day. Kurz says that it is good for toys. The shrub is sometimes grown as
a crop for cattle-fodder, and would be useful as a nurse in forest plantations. The
bark gives a rope-fibre.

lbs.

C 870. Amraoti, Berar (Drysdale) 27

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

2. S. grandiflora, Pers. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 115; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxvi.; Brandis
For. Fl. 137; Kurz For. Fl. i. 362; Talbot Bomb. List 6^; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 35.
JEschynomene grandiflora, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 330. Vern. Basna, Hind.; Buka,bak,
agasta, Beng.; Bagfal, Sundarbans ; Akds, Sonthal; Hadga, heta, Berar; Augusta,
Mar.; Agati, akatti, Tarn.; Avcsi, Tel.; Agase, Kan.; Paukpyu, Burm.; Katuru-
murunga, Cingh.

A short-lived, soft-wooded tree. Bark light brown, smooth. Wood
white, soft. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in radial groups
of 3 to 5 between the numerous, fine, white medullary rays.

Cultivated in Southern India, Burma, and in the Ganges Doab, indigenous in the
Indian Archipelago and N. Australia.

This pretty little tree is noticeable for its large handsome pink flowers and long
pods. The wood is not durable ; in Lower Bengal it is used for posts for native houses
and for firewood (Home); in Berar and the Deccan it is grown as a substitute for

236 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

bamboo. The tender leaves, pods and flowers are eaten as a vegetable, and the tree 19
grown as a support for the betel-pepper vine.

lbs.
C 871. Amraoti, Berar (Drysdale) 32

11. CARAGANA, Lam.

A genus of low spinescent shrubs of the arid region of the Punjab, Sind and
Baluchistan, a few extending to the Western Himalaya. C. pygmcea, DC ; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 116 ; Brandis For. Fl. 134 ; Vern. Ddrna, tdma, trama, Ladak, is a small
glabrous thorny shrub of the high arid regions of the Himalaya at 12-16,000 ft.,
extensively used for fuel and browzed by goats. Thomson mentions large areas near
Hanle on the Upper Indus, where the shrub grows to 6 ft. high (" W. Him. and Tibet,"
p. 156). C. decorticans, Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. Plant. 1. 1725, is a large spiny shrub of the
Kurram Valley and Hazara, the bark of which is used by Afghans to bind the sheaths
of their long knives, in which use it resembles leather.

1. C. brevispina, Royle; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 116; Brandis For. Fl. 133. Vern. Sat-
bargi, Thelam ; Drob, burkundu, Kashmir ; Nyamzo, Sutlej ; Art, Jaunsar.

A spinous shrub. Bark grey, peeling off in thin square flakes.
Wood light yellowish-brown, with lighter patches, hard, close-grained.
Annual 'rings marked by a belt of pores. Bores moderate-sized,
partly in the rings, partly in pale patches. Medullary rays fine,
scanty, prominent.

Higher forests of the Western Himalaya from the Indus to the Ganges at 5-9000
ft., in undergrowth of fir and oak forests or in open glades on dry ridges.

H 4461. Mundali, Jaunsar, 8000 ft. (Gamble).

2. C. ambigua, Stocks ; Brandis For. Fl. 134. Vern. Shinaluk, Baluch ; Jim'?,
Kuram Valley.

A shrub. Bark rough, grey, longitudinally cleft. Wood yellowish
with a red streaked heartwood, hard. A nnual rings marked bylines
of moderate-sized pores, the pores in the rest of the wood very scanty,
small, in somewhat concentric but oblique white patches. Medulla w g
rays fine, scanty.

Hills of Baluchistan, up to 8000 ft.
P 4475. Baluchistan (Lace).

3. C. Gerardiana, Boyle ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 116 ; Brandis For. PL 133.

A shrub. Bark and wood exactly similar to those of C. ambigua.

Baluchistan, extending northwards to the Himalaya and then eastwards to Kumaon,

from 7-12,000 ft.

lbs.
P 4476. Baluchistan (Lace) 6]

Tribe IV. HEDYSAREJ!.

12. LESPEDEZA, Mich.

Mostly small undershrubs, four species only reaching any size. L. stenocarpa,
Maxim.; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 376, is a shrub with pretty flowers
growing on rocks in the Western Himalaya at low elevations, common in the
Saharanpur Siwaliks. L. Prainii, Coll. and Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 46, and
L. sericophylla, Coll. and Hemsl. l.c. 45, are large shrubs of the Shan Hills at 4-5000 ft.,
the former very conspicuous on account of its large terminal panicles of blue flowers.

1. L. eriocarpa, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. lit.
An erect shrub. Bark brown. Wood hard, sap wood yellowish,

PAPILIONACE.E 237

heartwood red. Annual rings marked by a continuous white line of
small pores, elsewhere pore* small, surrounded by white rings, single
or in more or less concentric and oblique patches. Medullary rays
fine, rather scanty.

Throughout the higher Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim at 3-9000 ft.
A pretty shrub with handsome purple flowers.

lbs.

H 3192. Nowti Valley, Simla, 4000 ft. (Gamble) —

H 4639. Tons Valley, Tehri-Garhwal, 4000 ft. (Gamble) ... 60

13. ALHAGI, Desv. A. camelorum, Fisch. ; Praia in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi.
ii. 377 (A. maurorum, Bak. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 145 ; Brandis For. Fl. 144 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 68); Vern. Jawdsa,jowassi, jawd, jawaui, Punjab; Kas, Sind, is the Camelthorn,
a small thorny shrub of dry barren places in the plains of Upper India, extending down
the Ganges Valley to Monghyr, and through Western India to the S. Mahratta country.

14. ^ESCHYNOMENE, Linn. JE. aspera, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 152 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 147 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 39 (Eedysarum lagenarium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 365) ; Vern.
Sola, pluil- sola, Hind.; Nirjiluza, Tel.; Aituneddi, Tarn., is the "Solah" plant of
tanks and marshes from whose stems the well-known white pith is chiefly obtained
which is used in making hats, toys, fishing-floats, etc. Very closely allied to this
genus is Eerminiera Elaphroxylon, Guill. et Perr., so very common on the Upper Nile,
whence specimens have recently been received from Mr. E. Muriel. The trunk is thick ;
bark exceedingly thin, smooth except for lenticels and spirally arranged stria?. Wood
simply a mass of soft pith like that of " Solah," for which it should prove a cheap and
easily obtained substitute, for the plant is exceedingly common in the " sudd " region.

15. ORMOCARPUM, Beauv. O. Sennoides, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 152 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 390; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 39 {Eedysarum sennoides, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
364), is an evergreen shrub of Central and South India and Ceylon.

16. OUGEINIA, Bth.

1. 0. dalbergloides, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 161 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 36 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 146, t. 23 ; Gamble Darj. List 26 ; Talbot Bomb. List 69. Dalbergia Oo/ei-
nensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 220. Vern. Sandan,asainda, tinnas, timsa, Hind. ; Shdnjau,
pdnan, Oudh; Sandan pipli, Nep. ; Bandhona, Uriya ; Kala palds, tewas, Mar.;
Tewas, ruthu, Melghat ; Panan, Monghyr ; Ruta, K61 ; Rot, Sonthal ; Pannan,
Koderma ; Jam, Khond ; Eru, Koya ; Chichera, Reddi ; Ser, shermana, tinsai,
Gondi; Dargu, tella motku, Tel.; Kari mutal, Kan.; Tewsa, Bhil ; Rutok, ruthu,
Korku; Tunnia, Banswara ; Telus, Khandesh.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, sometimes gregarious. Barh \
in. thick, light brown, sometimes with bluish patches, with regular
longitudinal and horizontal cracks. Wood hard, close-grained : sap-
wood small, grey ; heartwood mottled, light brown, sometimes reddish-
brown. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed iu
irregularly shaped, more or less concentric but interrupted patches
and bands of white soft tissue, which is really tissue of larger cells
than in the rest of the wood. Medullary rays fine, numerous, white,
uniform and equidistant, distinctly visible in the hard tissue between
the soft patches. Pores marked on a longitudinal section, which also
is characterized by very regular faint cross-bars.

Northern and Central India. Lower Himalaya from the Jhelum to Bhutan,
ascending to 5000 ft., and very common iu hot valleys and in forests of Pinus longifolia :
scarce east of Nepal ; sub-Himalayan tracts of the Punjab, North-Western Provinces
and Oudh; Central India, Behar, Chota Nagpore, Orissa and the Circars down to the
Godavari ; throughout the Bombay Presidency down to N. Kauara, where it is
common and of large size ; occasional in the South Deccau, Mysore and the northern
slopes of the Nilgiris.

238 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

This very pretty and useful tree is a valuable one in India ; it comes up readily in
blanks in the forests and on hilly slopes, landslips and bare places, as in the Siwaliks ;
it is common in Sal forests, and frequent in those of long-leaved pine, but in such
accompaniments rarely of large size; in the forests of Orissa, the Circars, Konkan and
Kanara it grows into a large tree. The wood is much in request for agricultural
implements, such as ploughs ; and, being tough and strong, is useful for carriage-
building. It makes excellent furniture. Roxburgh mentions that the pillars of
Maharaja Sindhia's palace at Oojein are made of it. Brandis gives the weight at
57 to 60 lbs. ; Talbot's experiments, with six pieces of Bombay wood, in 1885, with
scantlings 6' x 2" x 2" and 7' x 2" x 2", gave an average result of W = 52 lbs.,
P = 835 ; the specimens examined give an average weight of 55 lbs., which may be
accepted as mean. The bark is pounded and used to intoxicate fish ; it gives a rough
coarse fibre and a red transparent astringent gum from incisions. A white crystalline
substance, apparently magnesia, is sometimes found in the wood. The branches are
much lopped for fodder for cattle.

The natural reproduction of Sandan is excellent, and it is very easily propagated
artificially. It can be grown from root-suckers. It is often grown for ornament in
gardens, and when in full flower and covered with its purple inflorescences, it is very

pretty.

lbs.

Sutlej Valley, Punjab —

Garhwal (1868) ' 52

Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . . .56
Palamow Forests „ „ „ .... 56

Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 53

Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . . 54

Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 55

Gumsur, Madras (Dampier) ....... 52

Lohagarhi, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) 67

North Kanara (Barrett) ....... 53

Moyar Forests, Nilgiris, 3000 ft 56

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9, also vol. 8 (JDalbergia oa ■ inioides, Boxb.).

17. DESMODIUM, Desv.

A large genus of shrubs or undershrubs, with pretty flowers and jointed pods, many
of them being conspicuous plants in the Indian forests. Few, however, reach any size,
and only one is of any particular forest importance. I), gyrans, DC ; PI. Br. Ind. ii.
174; Brandis For. Fl. 14f> ; Talbot Bomb. List 70; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 56 (II,,! >,-
sarum gyrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind.iii. 351); Vera. Qorach <w<(7, Beng.; Bold, Nep.: CJiauchala,
Cingh., is a small erect single-stemmed shrub, common in grass lands, Sal forests and
forests of long-leaved pine in N. India, and generally in similar places in S. India and
Ceylon, with small sensitive rotating lateral leaflets, which cause it to be known ns
the " Telegraph plant" or " Semaphore plant." D. gyroides, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 1 7."> ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 388; Gamble Darj. List 27; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. oil; Vera. Bolu,
Nep., is a large shrub of the E. Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma and Ceylon, with
purple flowers and a " pale greyish-brown, heavy, close-grained wood " (Kurz).

1. D. umbellatum, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 161 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Ixxxvii. ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 385; Talbot Bomb. List 69; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 17.

A shrub. Bark thin, light brown. Wood white, hard. Pore*
moderate-sized, very scanty. Med/uUary rays fine, very numerous.
Concentric wavy rings of white tissue, close and regular, but often
anastomozing.

Coasts of India, Burma and Ceylon, in sandy beach jungles.

D 3998. Madras (cult.)— var. hirsvta, DC.

2. D. Cephalotes, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 161; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Ixxxvii.; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 386; (lamble Darj. List 26; Talbot Bomb. List (>\) ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii.
47; Jledysarum Cephalotes, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 360. Vera. Bo>Ue Icuru, Nep.;
Manijphtyol, Lepcha ; Chetcnda, Tel.

p

102.

0

212.

c

3477.

C

3681.

c

185.

c

1152.

c

2767.

c

1242.

E

601.

W 1226.

W 4077.

PAPILIONACEJE 239

A shrub, often gregarious. Bark grey. Wood yellowish, in
structure resembling that of D. tilicefolium. Stems triquetrous.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, thence to Chittagong ; common in dry-
mixed forests in Burma, also in savannahs and north to the Kachin Hills ; frequent in
Teak forests in S. India, often becoming a small tree with trunk up to 10 in. diam.
(Bedd.) ; low country of Ceylon.

E 3281. Dainah Forest, W. Duars, Bengal (Gamble).

3. D. pulehellum, Benth. ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 162 ; Brandis For. Fl. 145 ; Gamble
Darj. List 2G ; Talbot Bomb. List 69 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 18. Hedysarum pmlchellum,
Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 361. Vern. Ju ta sal-pant, Ben g. ; Set hrishnapani, Cuttack ;
Taungdamin, Burm. ; Hampilla, Cingh.

An erect, often gregarious, shrub, the flowers in bifoliate round
bracts. Wood hard, yellowish-white. Annual rings marked by a
white line. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, white.

Throughout India from Dehra Dun eastwards and southwards in damp places ;
deciduous forests of Burma ; low country of Ceylon.

C 3132. Amjheria, Lohardugga, Chota Nagpore (Gamble).

4. D. eonfertum, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 167; Gamble Darj. List 26. Vern.
Chiptikiiril, Nep.

A shrub. Bark dark olive-green. Wood dark grey, hard. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided, evenly distributed, a con-
tinuous belt forming the annual ring. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
the distance between them equal to the diameter of the pores. No
concentric lines as in D. tilicefolium.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills up to 4000 ft.

E 3724. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

5. D. tilisefolium, G. Don : Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 168 ; Brandis For. Fl. 145. Vern.
Sairibar, shamru, chamra, chamydr, chamkat, chamhhl, martan, motha, milti, gurshagal,
pri, mardra, muss, murt, labei', Hind. ; Martoi, Jaunsar ; Chamlia, bhatula, Kumaon ;
Chamlai, Garhwal ; Bhatia, Dotial.

A large deciduous shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood yellowish-
brown, with a darker centre. Pores small. Annual rings distinctly
marked by a belt of small pores ; in the outer part of each annual
ring the pores are very small, and generally arranged in short, linear,
wavy, concentric lines. j\Iedidl<oMy rays white, fine to very fine.

Sulaiman Range from the Kurram Valley to the Indus ; Himalaya, eastwards to
Nepal and Sikkim, where very scarce, at 3-9000 ft. ; Kachin Hills of Upper Burma.

This pretty shrub grows to a large size in the Himalaya, chiefly on dry grassy slopes
and in glades in the deodar forests, where it is regularly associated with Indigo/era
heterantlta, and, like that species, serves to keep down grass and assist the reproduction
ol deodar and blue pine. The wood is a good fuel, and the branches are used for fodder.
The fibrous bark is used for rope and paper making, the latter in the Buddhist
monasteries. Growth slow, 14 rings per inch of radius. Flowers pink or lilac,
appearing in June, fruit in October.

lbs.

H 3184. Dungagalli, Hazara, *000 ft —

H 51. Nagkanda, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

H2934. Mahasi i, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 53

H 3019. Kotgarh, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble), (var. argentm, Wall.) . —

240 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tbibe V. VICIEiE.

18. ABFiUS, Linn. Three species of small wiry climbers, among which the most
noticeable is A. prccatorius, Linn.; PL Br. Ind. ii. 175; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 258;
Brandis For. Fl. 139 ; Talbot Bomb. List 70 ; Gamble Darj. List 27 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
ii. 57 ; Vera. Gunchi, rakti, Hind. ; Hatu, Berar ; Maspati,T3ep.; Mik-kukrik, Lepcha, ;
Chirmi, Merwara; Karzani, Monghyr ; Kaincho, Uriya ; Kuntumani, Ta,m.; Ywenge,
Burm. ; OUndawel, Cingh. This plant is noticeable on account of its round seeds,
(rati, rakti), which are red with a black eye, or sometimes white or black and white,
and are used by jewellers as weights. They weigh about 1| grains each, and are also
used to make necklaces, earrings, and to ornament boxes and weapons. The plant is
also used medicinally. It is chiefly found on open lands, climbing over bushes and
hedges, and the open pods showing the scarlet and black seeds are very conspicuous
and ornamental.

Tribe VI. PHASEOLEJ].
19. MUCUNA, Adans.

Climbing shrubs, some of them very large, and several of them with rigid bristles
on the pods, which bristles easily come off and penetrate the skin, causing an intoler-
able itching. M. imbricata, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 185; Yern. Kasi, Beng., is a large
climber of Bengal and Assam with a big broad 2-4 setded pod plaited on the faces
and furnished with bristles. M. vwnosperma, DC is a similar species chiefly of
"Western and Southern India and Ceylon, with similar bristles, but a one-seeded pod.
M. atropurpurea, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind.. ii. 18G ; Vera. Bhainsivali lei, Dehra Dun,
is a similar species, found more or less over India and Ceylon, and very common
in the Dehra Dun ravines, with somewhat similar but 2-seeded fruit. M. gigantea, EM '
is a species which inhabits the coast regions of India and Burma, Ceylou and the
Andamans, and has a pod with wings on both edges and irritating bristles. M. pru-
riens, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 167 ; Vera. Alkusd, Beng. ; Kiwdch, gonclm, Hind. ; Kouatch,
Nep.; Kwele, Burm., is the " Cowhage " or "Cow-itch" climber, very common in
most damp places and ravines, also in hedges throughout India, and bearing a rather
small cylindrical pod covered with irritating golden-coloured bristles, which are used
as a vermifuge. It is scarcely a woody plant, but requires to be mentioned, chiefly
as one to be avoided where possible.

1. M. maeroearpa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 186 : Kurz For. Fl. ii. 379 ; Gamble
Darj. List 27. Vera. Balengra, Nep. ; Tanyerik, Lepcha.

An enormous climbing shrub. Bark soft, greyish-black. Wood
soft, fibrous, greyish-black when dry. It is composed of concentric
rings, the inner part of which is a black pore-less tissue having
tongues radiating outwards into the outer tissue, which has large and
very large, often subdivided pores.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, Khasia Hills and Sylhet up to 7000 ft. ;
Kachin Hills and Shan Hills plateau in Upper Burma at 4000 ft. ; pine forests on the
Bookee ridge in Pegu at 4-6000 ft.

This is the largest climber of the Upper Darjeeling forests ; it bears its yellowish-
white flowers chiefly on the stem, and has pods of 1 to IS ft. long, twisted. Haines,
quoted by Manson in the Darjeeling Working Plan, 1893, says it is the climber
most diflicult to get rid of, and that it sends its branches over several trees, binding
them together, and being exceedingly common in the poorer parts of the forest, it
damages saplings and prevents reproduction.

E 3575. Darjeeling Forests, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

20. ERYTHRINA, Linn.

Seven species, one of which, E. resupinata, lloxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 257 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.
189; Brandis For. Fl. Ill, is a small herbaceous species with an underground woody
rootstock, found in grass lauds in the sub-Himalayan forests of the North-Western

PAPILIOXACE.E 241

Provinces and Oudb, also on Parasnath in Behar. It is one of the curious dwarf
representatives of otherwise tree-producing genera (see also Ochnu, Grewia, Combretwm,
Careya, Premna) which seem to have become definite species through years of regular
burning of the above-ground stems. It is very conspicuous when in flower with its
large bright scarlet racemes, which appear first, followed by a short leaf-bearing stem,
which dies down after the south-west monsoon rains. The structure of the wood of
the rootstock is that of the tree Erythrinas.

The rest of the Indian species are soft-wooded, handsome-flowered, deciduous trees,
the most common and most important of which is E. suberosa, Iloxb. E. ovalifolia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ill. 25-1; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 189 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxviii. ; Kurz For. PI.
i. 367; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 04; Vera. Hari-kekra, Beng. ; Konkathit, Burm., is
a prickly stemmed tree of the coast forests of Chittagong, Arracau and Pegu, extending
northwards to Sylhet and Assam.

Wood white, very soft, no heart wood. Pore* large to very large,
very scanty, often subdivided, thick-walled, septate. Medullary rays
broad, joined by concentric but interrupted irregular narrow bars, so
that the wood has a reticulate appearance. In these cross-bars the
wood cells are smaller and the texture is denser. In the spaces between
them the cellular tissue is very open, the cells usually pentagonal.

1. E. suberosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 253; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 189; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
lxxxvii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 110; Kurz For. Fl. i. 369; Gamble Darj. List 27; Talbot
Bomb. List 71. Vera. Pangra, panjira, dauldhdk, rungra, rowanra, nasut, maddra,
Hind.; Guhiashtar, paridra, thab, Pb. ; Gadichora, Merwara; Nangthada, Berar ;
Fidlidha, Nep. ; Mandat, Garo; Katiang, Lepcha; Muni, maduga, Tam. ; Mulu
modugu, Tel. ; Phangera, Gondi ; Gada phassa, Kurku ; Farhud, Kharwar ; Paldua,
chaldua,TJriya.; Muskamba, Khond ; Kathit, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Outer bark corky, light grey,
with deep, irregular, vertical cracks, varying in thickness up to 1 in. ;
inner bark fibrous, i inch thick. Wood very soft, spongy, white,
fibrous but tough ; that near the centre of darker colour, but not a
regular heartwood. Pore* very large, very scanty, often subdivided,
conspicuous on a vertical section and markedly septate. Medullary
ray* short, broad; the tissue between the rays reticulated by irregular
more or less concentric interrupted narrow bands of firm texture like
the medullary rays, separating rectangular patches of white, spongy
tissue. On the radial section the medullary rays appear as broad
shining bands, giving the wood a marked silver-grain, and the pores
are prominent, while the alternate bands of hard and soft tissue
appear as alternate longitudinal streaks.

Dry forests throughout India and Burma ; Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan
forests from the Ravi to Nepal, ascending to 3000 ft.; common in the Sal and mixed
forests of the Diin, Oudh and intermediate country ; common also in Behar, the C.P.,
Chota Nagpore, Orissa, the Circars and Deccan, getting scarcer southwards ; Shan Hills
of Upper Burma and mixed forests of the Pegu Yoma.

The wood of this tree, though so light and soft, is fairly durable, and is in con-
siderable demand for various purposes, such as scabbards, sieve-frames, planking, and
especially for jars for household purposes, and boxes to be covered with lacquer, so
that in such forests as those of the Dehra Dun, the purchasers of the yearly coupes
are glad to get it and to utilize it separately. The tree grows readily from cuttings,
is very quick growing (1 rings per inch) and ornamental. The average weight of
the wood is about 19 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
O 530. Dehra Dun (OVallaghan) ....... 20

O 4490. Lachiwala, Dehra Dun (Gradon) 20

C 1145. Ahiri Forest, C.P. (R. Thompson) ...... —

C 820. Bairagarh Forest, Berar (Drysdale) 17

K

242 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. E. indiea, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 188 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 249 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Ixxxvii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 139; Kurz For. Fl. i. 368; Talbot Bomb. List 71; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 63. The Indian Coral tree. Vern. Pangra, jxmjira, panc/ara, farad,
Hind. ; Palita mandar, Beng. ; Mnrukd, Tam. ; Modugu, badapu, badidapu, Tel. ;
Pangara, phandra, Mar. ; Hdliwdra, pdJiwdra, Kan. ; Chaldiui, paldua, Uriya ;
Madar, Cachar; Eatheik, Magh; Inkathit, pinlekatliit, Burm. ; Erabadu, Cingh.
(Mochi wood of Madras,)

A deciduous tree. Bark yellowish, smooth and shining, peeling
off in thin papery Hakes, young stems and branchlets armed with
prickles. Structure the same as that of E. suberosa.

Coast forests of the Bay of Bengal from the Sundarbans, through Arracan and Pegu
to Tenasserim ; coast of Malabar and Ceylon ; Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; much
planted.

Since the first edition of this work was written, Dr. Pram has pointed out that
this is, in its wild state, only a coast plant, and that inland it is only found as a
cultivated tree, so that I am a little in doubt about the vernacular names. Brandis
("Ind. For." xxv. 395) considers it to be also sometimes wild inland, especially in the
Bombay forests. The wood is used for the same purposes as that of E. suberosa. The
tree is cultivated as a support to the betel-pepper vine, and as an ornamental garden
or park plant. It gives a dark brown gum of no value.

lbs.

B 2343. Myanaung, Burma (Gamble) 18

B 2223. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 26

3. E. Strieta, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 251 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 189 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 175 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 369 ; Talbot Bomb. List 71 ; E. indiea, Lam. ; Gamble Darj. Lisn
27, in part. Vern. FuUidha, Nep.; Katiang, Lepcha; Murukku, Tam., Mai.;
Mouricou, Jcichige, Kan. ; Taunghathit, Burm.

A large or small deciduous tree. Bark armed with white prickles.
Wood structure the same as that of E. suberosa.

Assam, Eastern Bengal, Manipur, extending westwards to Nepal, and perhaps
further (Prain mentions Wallichian specimens coming from Kumaon and even
Hardwar); common on the western coast in the Konkan and N. Kanara and down
to Travancore ; upper mixed forests of the Pegu Yoma and Prome in Burma.
Its uses and character are the same as for E. suberosa and indiea.

lbs.
E 2344. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .16

4. E. arborescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 256; Brandis For. Fl. 14C ; Gamble Darj.
List 27. Vern. Rungara, mandidru, Kumaon; Rodinga, fullidha, Nep.; Gyesa,
Lepcha; Dingsong, Khasia.

Wood structure similar to that of E. suberosa, but it is more
compact, less spongy, and has more numerous concentric bands.

Outer Himalaya from the Ganges to Bhutan, up to 7000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.

This handsome tree is often planted for ornament, as in the avenues at Darjeeling.
The flowers are scarlet and appear contemporaneously with the leaves, so that the tree
is even handsomer than the other species. It is easily grown from cuttings.

E 3106, 3330. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

5. E. lithosperma, BL; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 190; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 367. Vern.
YeJcaihit, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree with prickly stem. Wood greyish-white,
soft, the structure similar to that of E. suberosa.

Upper mixed forests of Pegu and Martaban, along streams; Shan Hills.

This tree is universally employed in the Java plantations as a shale tree for coffee,
and, with E. umbrosa, II. B. K. from Central America and E. velutina, Willd. from
the W. Indies, is used for the same purpose over cocoa in Ceylon. The Java name is
" Dadap" and Mons. Jean Massart (Un botaniste en Malaisie — Gaud, 1895) says that

PAPILIONACE.E 24')

its chief advantage lies in its having root-knots which are caused by fungi, and which
enrich the soil with nitrogen, while also it is very easily grown from cuttings.
B 5025. Tharrawaddy Division, Burma.

21. SPATHOLOBUS, Hassk.

As now described by Dr. Prain (Jown. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 412, and lxvii. ii. 2
286) there are about ten species of this genus in India and Burma. S. purpureus,
Bth. ; Talbot Bomb. List 71, is a large climber of the Supa Ghat forests in North
Kanara. S. crassifolius, Bth. is found in the Khasia Hills and Sylhet ; and S. Listeri,
Prain, in those of Chittagong. The rest, except that described below, are all Burmese,
one of them, /S'. riparius, Prain, being described as a " low-spreading tree hanging over
' streams " on Taepo, 5000 ft., in Tenasserim, and at Taunjrkyaghat in Pegu. >S'. Pot-
tingeri, Prain, is a large species recently discovered in the Kachin hills.

1. S. RoxbUPghii, Bth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 193; Brandis For. Fl. 143; Gamble
Darj. List 2.S ; Talbot Bomb. List 71. Butea pjarvijlora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 248 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 365. Vern. Mala, mula, maula, Hind.; Gordri, Oudh; Debrela a,
Nep.; Tarotrik, Lepcha; Moru, marrd, Kol; Bandu, durang, Kharwar ; Phulsun,
Mar.; Pordsu, Uriya; Mothuga tiga, Koya; Bodega tiga, Reddi ; Pauknwe, Bunn.

A gigantic climbing shrub, often reaching 3 to 4 ft. in girth.
Bark dark brown, rather rough, much fluted, and having horizontal
ridges. Wood dark brown, very soft, fibrous, in concentric layers of
very soft tissue with very large pores, alternating with bast layers
which exude, on being cut, a bright red gum. The general appearance
of a section is much like that of MUlettia aurievdata. The pores
are surrounded by a ring, and the medullary rays are obscure, while
small patches of bast tissue occur among the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, scarce in Dehra Dun compared
with Bauhinia Vahlii and Milhttia auriculata, more common eastwards as in Oudh •
in the Darjeeling Terai and Duars, very common and very troublesome; Assam,
Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, and Burma, in all mixed forests; forests of Western India
in the Konkan and N. Kanara, and of the east coast in Orissa and the Circars ; hill
regions of S. India.

One of the most destructive climbers of the Indian forests, and regularly cut
wherever possible, especially in the N. Indian Sal forests and the teak forests of
W. India. The gum is ruby-coloured and transparent, and resembles "kino;"- the
seeds give an oil and the bark a coarse fibre.

0 2927. Garhwal Forests (1874).

E 480. Darjeeling Terai (Manson).

22. BUTEA, Roxb.

Three species. B. minor, Ham.; II. Br. Ind. ii. 195; Gamble Darj. List 28;
Vern. Bolatru, Nep.; Namosinglet, Lepcha, is an erect or climbing shrub of the
lower Eastern Himalaya and Assam, usually on dry slopes.

1. B. frondosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 214; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 194; Bedd. Fl. Svlw t.
176; Brandis Fur. Fl. 142; Kurz For. Fl. i. 364; Gamble Darj. List 27; Talbot
Bomb. List 72; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 66. Vern. Dhdk, phulla, Kashmir; Dhdk,paMs,
kakria, kankrei, chichra, Hind.; Ghalcha, Bandelkhand; Chiula, pieroha, O.P.; Palds,
Beng.; PaMsi, bulyettray Nep. ; LaJiokung, Lepcha; Pordsu, Uriya; Palashu, Mechi;
Murut, K61; Pharsa, Baigas ; Paras, fards, Behar; Muri'.p, Sonthal ; Chora, shora,
khakra, kankra, Merwara; Murr, Goudi; Pharsa, Kurku; Porasan, parasu, Tarn.;
Modugu, mohtu, Tel.; Muttuga, thords, muttala, Kan.; Pards, phulds, gas-kela, Mar.;
Phullas kakria, Guz. ; Pdldsin samatha, Mai.; Pupaldsa, Trav. Hills; Oas-kdla,
Gingh. ; Pauk, liurm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, fibrous, grey,
exfoliating in small irregular pieces ; exuding from cuts and fissures

244 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

a red juice which hardens into a ruby-coloured gum similar to kino.
Wood grey or grey-brown, white or brown if cut up fresh and quickly
seasoned, soft, not durable; no annual rings. Pores large, often
subdivided, extremely scanty. Medullar}/ rays broad and moderately
broad, pale ; the darker tissue between the rays is broken up into
oblong patches by broad concentric bands of pale tissue similar in
appearance to the medullary rays, alternating with dark patches, both
distinctly visible on a radial section as long, irregular, alternate dark
and light bands. The structure is like that of Erythrina, but the
network is finer and the loose cellular tissue squares are smaller.

Throughout the plains of India, Burma, and Ceylon, usually in open country in
grass lands and gregarious, more rarely scattered in mixed forests such as Sal. It
thrives on black cotton-soil, also on salt lands and in water-logged places.

This well-known tree is remarkable for its brilliant scarlet-orange flowers with
black sepals, which appear when the tree is leafless, and, as Brandis says, look " like
' fire on the horizon." The flowers appear in the beginning of the hot season ; they
^ive a yellow dye from which the " 7ceso " powder used (or formerly used, for it seems
to be now supplanted by other colours, perhaps aniline) at the Holi festival. The tree
is valuable for covering salt lands, and will even grow on lands badly covered with
" reh," and, if well grown, makes a handsome avenue tree, though leafless, or nearly so,
when shade is most required.

The wood is not durable above ground, but is said to be much better under water,
and is consequently used in Upper India for well-curbs and piles, also for the water-
scoop of native wells, which is often made of thin slices of dhak wood joined with
leather (Ibbetson, " Karnal Settlement Report "). If cut up green and seasoned in the
plank it is likely to be a fair wood for rough boxes, but cut logs, if left long, get the
wood badly discoloured and liable to speedy decay. The weight is given by Kyd as
82 lbs., by A. Mendis, Ceylon Collection, No. 11, as 38 lbs.; Brandis gives 31 to 36 lbs.;
the specimens give an average of nearly 39 lbs. Kyd gives P = 335. Beddome says
the wood is used for gunpowder charcoal. An analysis of 100 lbs. steam-dry wood
gave 2 lbs. of ash, of which 0-76 lb. were potassium and sodium compounds, 0'63 lb.
calcium carbonate, 0*28 lb. magnesium carbonate, and 0'28 lb. phosphates. The bark
gives a coarse fibre, which is used for rough cordage and for caulking boats. The leaves
are regularly used as plates, especially in S. India, also as a substitute for paper to
wrap up parcels and for buffalo-fodder. Messrs. Gleadow and Gradon both say that the
leaves are not eaten by goats. Incisions in the bark give a transparent ruby gum
known as "Bengal kino," and sold as a medicine. It is obtained from small gashes
made in the bark, from which it exudes and is collected. The right to collect kino
gum over large areas is usually sold, e.g. in the Pathri Forest of Saharanpur, N.-W.
Provinces.

Next to Schleichera trijuga, this tree is the most important one for growing lac
upon, the insect being readily propagated by tying small pieces of the stick lac off
a bearing tree on a branch of the one on which it is intended to grow. The quantity
produced on Butca is greater than is given from other trees. The seeds are used in
medicine as a purgative and vermifuge, and are said to be made into "condition balls"
for horses (Graham Anderson, " Forest Trees in the Coffee Lands of S. Mysore "). The
wood suffers a good deal from the attacks of iusects. Mr. P. Thompson found it
tunnelled by a Curculionid beetle, which proves to be Sipalus granulatus, Fabr. It
is also one of the trees preferred by the destructive Plocederus obesus, Daporet (see
also under Sal, Odina, etc.).

lbs.

Garhwal (1868) —

Ahiri Peserve, C.P. (P. Thompson) —

Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) 36

r.c'tul, C.P. (S. G. Paranjpe) 32

Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .31

Sivoke Forest „ „ (Gamble) 10

Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool (Sim) II

Cuddapah (Gamble) wet 65, dry 42

0

237.

c

1119.

c

2759.

c

ISS'.t.

E

674.

E

2345.

D 4238.

D 4309.

PAPILIONACE.E 24-")

2. B. superba, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 247; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 195; Brandis For. Fl. 143:
Kurz For. Fl. i. 365; Talbot Bomb. List 72. Vera. Tel paras, palasvel, beltivds,
Mar.; Bella palds, Berar; Chilla, chihilnt, Monghyr ; Samur, Gondi ; Tunang,
Kurku ; Moduga, Koya ; DodJwA '»/, Koderma ; Pauknwe, Burin.

An immense climber. Bark dark brown, thick, very fibrous.
Wood dark brown, very porous and fibrous. Pores very variable in
size, small to very large, often much subdivided, thick-walled.
Medullary rays very indistinct.

Oudh, Central India, the Konkan and Circars. Brandis gives also "Dehra Dun,'"
but I have never seen it there or heard of it so far west along the Himalaya.

The flowers and leaves are scarcely distinguishable from those of B.frondosa, and,
like it, it gives a gum kino. It is destructive in the forest, and requires to be cut.

C 4890. Betul, C.P. (S. G. Paranjpe).

23. MASTERSIA, Benth. M. assamica, Bth. (M. cleistocarpa, Baker in Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 195) is a woody climber of the Eastern Himalaya and Assam.

24. DIOCLEA, H. B. K. 1). reflexa, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 196 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 379, is a large climbing shrub of Sylbet and the Andamans, and D. Javanlca,
Benth. (D. reflexa, Hook. f. I.e. in piart ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 68) is a large climber oi
Chittagong and Ceylon.

25. PUERARIA, DC.

A genus of climbing plants, a few of which only reach the size of being woody and
possible injurers of forest trees. The most important is P. tuberom, DC. P. sikhim-
ensis, Prain (P. tuberosa, DC ; Gamble Darj. List 28 ; Yern. Belari, Nep. ; Lungom,
Lepcha) is a large climber of the forests of the Darjeeling Terai, with solt spongy
wood, recognized from P. tuberosa by having larger racemes of blue flowers and a
rusty instead of a grey-silky pubescence. P. Watlichii, DC, is also a climbing shrub
of the E. Himalaya. P. Collettii, Prain, is a shrub, erect when young, climbing when
older, of the forests of Maymyo, the Shan Hills and other places in Upper Burma.

1. P. tuberosa, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 197; Brandis For. Fl. 141; Talbot Bomb.
List 72. Hcdysarum tuberosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 303. Yern. Sidli, saloha, badar,
Punjab ; Bildi hand, bllli, blrali, pona, Kumaon ; Sirrila, Garhwal ; Ghorbel, Berar ;
Gora bel, Merwara; Dari, gumodi, Tel.

A large tuberous-rooted deciduous climber. Bark brown, }, in.
thick, peeling off in vertical strings. Wood very porous, soft, perish-
able, white when fresh cut, afterwards turning brown, fibrous. Pores
very large, in light-coloured rings. Medullary rays not traceable.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards to Nepal ; Behar, Chota Nagpore,
C.P., Deccan, Orissa, the ( 'ircars, the Konkan and Kanara ; often cultivated.

This plant has pretty blue flowers which appear before the leaves ; its root is a huge
tuber which is eaten and used in medicine. The tuber is cut up and given as food ro
tonga-ponies on the Simla road (Collett).

0 1647. Kasumri, Saharanpur Forests (Gamble).

26. ATYLOS1A, W. ami A. A genus of herbs and shrubs, only one or two of
which are of any size. A. Candollei, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 212; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 78; Vern. Et-tora, Cingh., is a handsome erect shrub of the Xilgiri Hills, at
5-8000 ft., and of the patanas of the Ceylon mountains; it is very common, especially
on grassy slopes with patches of bushy vegetation such as Rhodomyrtus, Hypericum
mysorensc, etc. A. llucata, W. and A. and .1. sericea, Bth. are smaller but pretty
shrubs of rather lower elevatious on the mountains of S. India. A. mollis, Bth. is a
climbing shrub of the Western Himalaya, very common in places in Jaunsar and
Tehri-Garhwal at l-UOOO ft. ; while A. crassa, Prain, is a similar species of the plains
from Dehra Dud southwards and in Burma.

246 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

27. CAJANUS, DC. 0. indicus, Spr. ; EL Br. Ind. ii. 217 (Cytisus Cajan, Eoxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 325), is a shrub largely cultivated, especially in forest regions in India and
throughout the tropics, for the sake of its seeds (Vera. Arhar, arhar dal. Hind., Beng. ;
Tar, tura, Mar.; Tuvarai, Tarn. ; Kandahi, Tel.; Togari, Kan.; Ptzigun, Burm.),
which are much used for food. The branches and leaves are used as cattle-fodder.

28. CYLISTA, Ait. C. scariosa, Ait. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 219 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
320; Kurz For. Fl. i. 377; Talbot Bomb. List 73; Vern. Banguera, Bombay, is a
climbing shrub of South and West India and Burma.

29. EHYNCHOSIA, Lour, contains several small shrubs or climbers. B. pseudo-
cajan, Camb. ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 223, is not uncommon in the forests of long-leaved pine
in the Western Himalaya, and is frequent in the valley of the Tons.

30. FLEMINGIA, Roxb.

Several species, mostly shrubs of various sizes, some of them important in the
forest undergrowth. Among such are F. Chajjpar, Ham., a round-leaved species with
flowers in large rounded bracts, which, in some places, as in parts of the Diin Sal
forests (Motichiir Valley), in the Eng forests of Burma and in the Northern Circars
Sal forests, forms a dense shrubby underwood. Of other large-bracted species, F.
strobilifera, Br. and F. bracteata, Wight, are also species of the underwood of tree
forest in various paits of India, while F. fruticidosa, Wall, is characteristic of grass
lands in the Western Himalava, usually above 5000 ft.

F. stricta, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 342; Fl. Br. Ind. 228; Gamble Darj. List 28; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 375 ; Vern. Batwdsi, Nep., is a large undershrub of valleys in the Lower
Himalaya and sub-Himalayan forests from Dehra Diin to Assam, also in Burma,
characterized by densely imbricating narrow bracts and triquetrous branches. F.
co/igesta, Eoxb., is another shrub of similar range, common in savannah lands in
Bengal and Burma, and extending north-west to Dehra Dun and southwards to the
Circars and Kanara. F. involucrata, Bth., is a blue-flowered, soft-headed shrub of
grass lands in the Sikkim Terai, Duars and Assam. F. Grahammna, W. and A. is
a Nilgiri shrub which, besides F. congesta, Eoxb., gives the " Warns" dye resembling
" Kamila? which is obtained from the glands on the pods (see Agric. Ledger, No. 16
(1898)).

1. F. semialata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 340; Kurz For. Fl. i. 374. F. congesta,
Eoxb. var. semialata; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 229; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 87; Gamble Darj.
List 28. Vern. Bhalia, Hind. : Batwdsi, Nep. ; Mipitmuk, Lepcha ; Thagyane, Hurm.

A tall shrub. Wood white, soft. Pores small, scanty, in lines of
pale tissue arranged concentrically and alternately with harder tissue
without pores. Medullary rays moderately broad.

Himalaya and sub-Himalayan forests, from Chamba to Bhutan : Assam, Khasia and
Naga Hills; Parasnath in Chota Nagpore; Nilgiris ; Burma, north to Kachin Hills.

E 3279. Dainah Forest, Western Duars, Bengal (Gamble).

Tribe VII. DALBERGIE^l.

31. DALBERGIA, Linn. f.

A very important genus in Indian Forest economy, as it contains two of the most
valuable and important of Indian forest trees, besides several others of interest on
account of their woods, their products or their importance in Sylviculture. There are
about 3G species in the three sections, and of these about one-half are trees and one-
half climbing or straggling shrubs. The following account of the chief species of forest
interest has been taken from the Fl. Br. Ind. as amended by the Notes given in Dr.
Brain's paper in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. -1 L2.

Wood soft to very hard; in D. Sissoo, lati/olia, cvltrata and
Oliveri it is dark-coloured — red, brown, purple or black ; in 1).

papilionacea: 247

lanceolaria, paniculate/,, hircina, etc., it is white or grey without
heartwood. In all the pores are scanty, often subdivided, in patches
of light tissue joined by concentric belts or lines of similar structure,
which vary from rather broad and irregular in D. Sissoo to tine and
regular in D. cultrata and Oliveri, and from numerous in D. cultrata
to very few in D. hircina, or none at all in D. nigrescens. Medullary
rays fine, uniform, often very short.

Subgenus 1. SISSOA, Benth. Eighteen species.

D. pseudo-Sissoo, Miq. (D. Ohampionii, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 231 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 88) ; Vern. Bambara-wel , Ciugb., is a scaudent shrub of the moist region of
Ceylon. D.foliacta, Wall.; Fl. Br. Lid. ii. 232, is a tree of the Eastern Himalaya,
ascending to 4000 ft. ; Assam, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet ; and Burma. D. rubigi-
nosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 231; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 232 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 347 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 75, is a climbing shrub of South India, the Ghats of Kanara and the forests around
Kambala-tautig in Burma. I). Qardneriana, Benth., is a climbing shrub of the hills
<tf South India. I), confertiflora, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 233; Talbot iiomb. List 75,
is a climbing shrub of Sylhet, Chittagong, the Konkan and Burma, also very common
in the Andaman Islands. D. C'oUettii, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. lxvi. ii. 445, is a tree,
25 to 30 ft. high, found in the Shan Hills at 4-5000 ft. and at other places in Upper
Burma. D. Melanoxylon, Guill. et Perr. (D. Stocksii, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 234 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 75), is a climbing shrub, wild or more often planted, in the Konkan
and N. Kanara, and known as " Chinese Blackwood." D. sympathetica, Nimmo ; Fl.
Br. Ind. ii. 234 ; Talbot Bomb. List 75 ; Vern. Pendguliyd, yekyel, Mar., is a climbing
.shrub of deciduous forests on the Western Coast with large curved spines on its stems.
D. velutina, Bth., is a climbing shrub of Eastern Bengal and Burma; and D. MUlettt,
Bth., a climbing shrub of the Khasia Hills. I), tarnarindifolia, Roxb. Fl. Iud. iii. 233 ;
Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 234 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 348 ; Gamble Darj. List 29 ; Talbot Bomb. List
75 ; Vern. Damar, Nep. ; Teihyaprik, shengrik, Lepcha ; Keti, Sylhet, is a large
climbing shrub, found in the Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, the Khasia
Hills, Eastern Bengal, the Andamans and the Ghats of North Kanara. D. Kingiana,
Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 289, is a climbing shrub of the Kachin
Hills.

1. D. SiSSOO, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 223 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 321 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 25 ;
Drandis For. Fl. 149, t. 24; Gamble Darj. List 28; Talbot Bomb. List 74. The
Sissoo. Vern. Shisham, sissu, sissai, Hind.; Shewa, Pushtu; Tali, safedar, shot,
iielkar, Pb. ; Sissdi, Oudh ; Yette, Tarn.

A large deciduous tree. Bark between ^ and A in. thick, grey,
exfoliating in narrow longitudinal strips. Wood very hard, close-
grained ; sapwood small, white : heartwood brown, with darker longi-
tudinal veins. Annual rings not distinctly marked. Pores large
and moderate-sized, scanty, in light-coloured irregular patches which
are joined by fine, wavy, more or less concentric streaks, which are
frequently interrupted and often very oblique; well defined on a
longitudinal section, often filled with resin. Medullary rays pale,
very fine, uniform and equidistant, numerous. Changa-Manga speci-
mens show occasional medullary spots or patches.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Himalayan valleys up to 3000 ft., from the Indus t«>
Assam, gregarious in forest on the banks of sandy, stony torrential rivers as, for an
example, the upper portion of the Ganges about Hardwar, and thence to the foot of
the hills. But it may grow and grow well on higher lands, though not gregariously
unless planted. Cultivated and self-sown in the rest of the plain country of India.
Beddome writes of it as " abundant in the plains of Central India " ; Van Someren, as
wild in Mysore ; and Talbot, as " believed to be indigenous in Guzerat ; " but I feel sure
these are errors, and that, as Brandis says, it i6 never really indigenous o-.tside the
sub-Himalayan belt.

248 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The Sissoo tree, in suitable places, grows to a fairly large size, reaching a height of
CO ft. or more. It is very rarely straight in bole, being more ordinarily curved or twisted,
and very often irregularly buttressed, so that it is rare that straight logs of any length
can be obtained from it. In girth it is not often found much over 6 ft., but occasionally
it may run to 10 or even 12 ft. When growing gregariously, the trees grow close
together, with a considerable number to the acre ; but the shade given is quite light,
and perhaps Sissoo may be said to have the lightest cover of any of the Indian forest
trees of any importance. On river-bed lands, the gregarious forests of Sissoo are the
result of seeds which are washed down during high floods, and left on the banks and
islands as the flood subsides. As the pod is indehisceut, it is the pod itself, which is
very thin and light, and so easily transported by water, which is sown : the thin outer
covering rapidly decays, and the seed germinates, making at once a great length of
root-growth compared with its stem-growth above ground (Eardley-Wilmot, in "Stray
Leaves," "Indian Forester," vol. xxv. Appx., says "six feet in the first year").
This ensures the seedlings from being washed away when further floods come and
raise the ground on which it grows, or deepen the channel alongside, leaving the new
crop above water-level. Year by year the ground is raised until it gets to the height
of the highest floods, or the alongside channels deepen ; and consequently in suitable
places succession patches of Sissoo may be seen, in succession of age, on adjoining
islands or terraces. When young the growth of Sissoo is very quick, as it gets older it
gets slower. Pole forests of Sissoo thin themselves gradually, for the Sissoo demands
much light. It often happens that, quickly as a forest of Sissoo has been formed, as
quickly it may again be destroyed in heavy floods, so that the working of a forest by
area is apt to be difficult to arrange. Sissoo reproduces itself naturallv also on higher
land if the soil be not too wet or water-logged : this is clearly seen in the tea-estates
of the Dehra Dun, where seedlings and also large numbers of root-suckers come up
so fast as to require some trouble to kill if there are more than are required for shade.
Artificially, Sissoo may easily be grown from sowings in suitable places, but trans-
planting is difficult. Eardley-Wilmot says it requires that the seedling should be
grown in " six feet cylindrical tiles " and transplanted in holes of the same depth :
but this would be prohibitive in cost, and has not always been necessary, for good trees
have often been raised from transplanted seedlings, where the roots have had to be cut,
but which have otherwise been carefully lifted and judiciously put in (see also Ribben-
trop, "Arboriculture in the Punjab," p. 93). Except Teak, Sissoo has been more
planted than perhaps any Indian tree, and attention need only be invited to the
splendid success obtained at Changa-Manga in the Punjab, the result of sowings in
irrigated land ; to the growth at Shahdera near Lahore, where the land (called " Sailaba "
land) is liable to yearly flood by the overflow water of the Ravi ; and to the canal
plantations throughout Northern India. In other provinces also plantations have been
successfully made, as, for instance, on the islands of the Cauvery river, in Madras.
The timber of the trees raised under irrigation in plantations is, however, of poor
quality compared with naturally grown wood, the amount of sapwood is larger, and
the wood is often attacked by fungi (e.g. the serious damage done in some parts of
Changa-Manga by Poly st id us (Pol-yporus) egregius, Massee, a large bracket-like fungus
of parasitic character). Sissoo also coppices well, but reproduces itself better from
suckers, and it is best, if such reproduction is required, to cut the tree at a short
distance below ground, when numerous suckers shortly appear all round, sent up from
the roots. It is often planted in avenues, but it is not good for the purpose, the
cover being too light. It is the chief tree used to shade tea in Dehra Dun.

The rate of growth of Sissoo is fast. Brandia says that it attains, under favourable
circumstances, 2j ft. in girth in 12, and 4 A ft. in 30 years, which is equivalent to a
growth of 2} and 3$ rings per inch of radius respectively. Countings in the Changa-
Manga Plantation gave, in 1877 (see Ed. 1, p. 125), a rate of 1*55 rings for trees of an
average age of 12 years, so that such tree gave an average girth of 4 ft. But other
countings in Chansa-Manga gave an average of 2$ rings, or a girth of 30 in. at 12
years, which is what Brandis estimated. The Jhelum Sailaba Plantations gave a
girth of 4 ft. at 30 years. Lately, measurements reported by Mr. Gleadow from Oudh,
for natural forests on nearly 'J00 trees, of an average age of 15£ years, gave an average
girth of 35 in., and height 50 ft., which is equivalent to an average growth of 2*8
rings per inch. Generally speaking, we can recognize that the growth of Sissoo is
quick, at any rate for several years, getting slower afterwards, but that no safe general
data can be given on which the rotation can be calculated. This must be done

PAPILIONACE.E

249

separately for each locality, and especially with reference to whether the trees were grown
naturally or artificially.

The wood is very durable, seasons well, and does not warp or split. It is highly
esteemed for all purposes where strength and elasticity are required. Clifford says that
" in strength it is only inferior to Sal, while in many other useful qualities it surpasses
'it, and has the advantage of being lighter. For felloes and naves of wheels and
' carved work of every description, for framings of carriages and similar work, it is
' unsurpassed by any other wood, owing to its fine seasoning and standing qualities."
It is extensively used for boat-building, carts and carriages, agricultural implements,
in construction, and especially for furniture. As a furniture-wood and for carving, it
is probably the finest wood in India, and it is in regular demand for these purposes all
over the North. The "Simla " and " Saharanpur " carvings are well known.

Formerly it was more extensively used for gun-carriages than it can be at present,
owing to the comparatively small supply. With regard to its durability and strength
as a wood for wheels, Clifford says, " The wheels of our ordnance carriages have
' never failed, however arduous or lengthened the service has been on which they have
'been employed, of which no more striking example can be furnished than the cam-
'paign in Afghanistan, about the most trying country iu the world for wheels. Some
'of our batteries served throughout the campaign, went to Bameean and even to the
'Hindoo Koosh, and came back again to India without a break-down, while Royal
'Artillery wheels, built of the very best materials "Woolwich could produce, specially for
' Indian service, almost fell to pieces after a few months' exposure and service on the
' plains of India." A pair of wheels exhibited at Paris in 1900 were much admired.

Sissoo wood is an excellent fuel, good pieces burning almost like coal ; it also makes
excellent charcoal. An analysis of 100 lbs. steam-dry clean wood gave 1*17 lbs. of
ash, made up as follows : —

Soluble potassium and sodium compounds
Phosphates of iron, calcium, etc.
Calcium carbonate .....
Magnesium carbonate ....
Silica and impurities ....

lbs.

per cent

0-44

37-6

0-13

11-1

0-47

40-2

o-io

8-5

0-03

2-6

showing what a large quantity of lime the tree requires.

The weight and transverse strength have heen calculated by the following
experiments :—

Experiment by whom
conducted.

Year.

Wood wbence procured.

3

it

K -2

- s

SiZus°edbar ' Value of P"

•5

6 '■-
Y. g,

lbs.

ft. in. in.

Cunningham .

1854

(iwnlior

48

4

2x1 X I

697

Campbell .

—

Bengal

56

1

6x2x2

923

Skinner. No. 50

1862

„

50

—

J3xlixl* \

\2 X 1 X 1 J
-X 1 X 1

870

Russell

>j

555

—

967

Baker

1829

t Northern Bengal i
l (Cossipore. 1819) i

49

9

7x2 x 2

762

...

••

i Northern Bengal l

1 (Coisipore factory)/

45

6

6x2 x 2

734

„ ...

Northern Bengal

—

8

3 x W x 1

709

,, ...

.

—

13

2x1x1

606

Brandis .

1864

Bengal

49

15

6x2 x 2

738

., ...

,_

47

18

6x2 x \\

74(1

., ...

1865-66

•»

46

9

6x2 x 2

787

47

17

3x1 X 1

S69

„ ...

?5

„

44

II

2x1x1

854

„ ...

„

45

14

2x1 X Of

919

Moles worth

1878

—

52

—

{*

760
, = 3800

Specirneus examined

1899

VariouB. see list

4S

—

P

146.

P

884.

P

1205.

P

1347.

P 4743.

P 4744.

0

205.

0

537.

0 1460.

0 1486.

E

675.

E 2347.

E

634.

E

3588.

E 3709.

250 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

Giri Valley, Punjab, 3000 ft 44

Multan, ' „ (Baden-Powell) .... 52

Changa-Manga Plantation (9 specimens) .... —

Peraghaib and Saila Plantations, Jhelum (8 specimens) . . —
Shahdera Plantation, Lahore (C. G. Rogers) . . . .48
Changa-Manga Plantation, Punjab ... . . . .50

G-arhwal (1868) . . . ' 52

Dehra Dixn (O'Callaghan) —

Bahraich, Oudh (Eardley-Wilmot) 49

Kheri, „ 52

Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .47

Sukna „ „ „ (Gamble) . . . .46

Eastern Diiars, Assam (G. Mann) 42

Darjeeling Terai ......... —

11. Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King, 1881) 45

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4.

2. D. latifolia, Ptoxb. PL Ind. iii. 221 ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 231 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
24; Brandis For. PL 148; Kurz For. Fl. i. 342; Gamble Darj. List 29; Talbot Bomb.
List 74. The Blackwood or Piosewood of Southern India. Vera. Sitsal, Beng., Nep.,
Oudh; Shisham, sisu, Jcalarukh, bhotbeula, sissui, Mar.; Sissu, Guz. ; Siras, sissu,
sirsa, sissa, Mandla; Sissua, Uriya ; Itl, eruvadi, thothagatti, Tarn. ; Jitegi, yerugudu,
jitangi, Tel. ; Biti, thodagutti, Kan. ; Bhotuk,' Bhil ; Seris, Gondi ; Serisso, Kurku ;
Bute, Kol ; Satsiyar, Sonthal ; Buzerap, Mechi ; Iridi, Palkonda; Jitiyegishi, Koya.

A deciduous tree attaining a large size in South India. Bark-^ in.
thick, grey, with irregular short cracks, exfoliating in thin, fibrous
longitudinal flakes. Wood extremely hard, close-grained : sapwood
yellow, small ; heartwood dark purple, with black longitudinal
streaks; no distinct (inn mil rings. Pores moderate-sized to large,
often subdivided, irregular, scanty, in patches of light tissue, which
patches are generally joined by narrow, white, wav}-, interrupted,
concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform, equidistant
and very short.

Throughout the whole of the peninsula of India, extending northwards through the
Central Provinces, Chota Nagpore and Behar to the Sikkim Himalaya and the Bahraich
and Gonda forests of Oudh, where, however, it is scarce and small. It reaches its
largest size on the W. Ghats, where it is found along the whole length, in deciduous
forests, rising to 3500 ft. It is also found of fine size in the forests of the Circars. It
is not found in Burma or Ceylon.

This fine tree, which, like Sissoo, affords a valuable furniture-wood, is found in dry
forests, associated with Teak and Bamboo, but is also found in moist evergreen jungles
(Beddome). Bourdillon says that though so common it is nowhere very abundant,
rarely reaching a percentage of more than 2 to 3 of the species composing the forest.
It may reach a height of 80 ft., with a girth of 12 or 15 ft. (20 ft. Beddome), but it is
of slow growth, especially at first. It is easily propagated by seed, and comes up well
self-sown; it also coppices well. In North India it assumes the form of a low, very
much branching small tree with a curving bole ; but in its real home, in the South, it
grows tall and straight, and it has a much thicker and denser crown than Sissoo,
giving a much deeper shade. It is sometimes planted to shade coffee.

Foulkes, in his "Notes on Timber Trees of S. Kanara," says that in that district it
is found both on gneiss and laterite, but grows best on the soil produced by the latter
rock at the foot of the Ghats ; that it has a long taproot which penetrates deep ; that
as the pods remain on the tree in the hot season, and fall only when the rains have
begun, the seed is preserved from possible lire, and reproduction is good.

Not much is known as regards the rate of growth: Brandis gives 5 to 9 rings per
inch of radius ; Bourdillon considers that a tree 2 ft. in diameter would be about 10O
years old ; some of the specimens show a growth of 8 rings per inch. It is probable,
therefore, that it takes usually not less than 100 years to reach a girth of 6 ft. without
bark. A. W. Lushington mentions that 20 samples in Cochin territory on the Western

VL

H LLBERGIA LATIFnLIA.

PTF.ROCARPUS MARSUPIPM.

CASSIA FISTULA.

BU'HIMA PURPUREA.

XYLIA DOLABBIFORMI8. PROSOPIS SPICIGERA.

(Magnified 3} times.)

PAPILIONACE/E

251

Ghats gave an average of 3 rings per inch, so that we may assume, as is natural,
that the rate is faster in moist climates than in dry ones.

The timber is a valuable furniture-wood. It is known in England as " Rosewood,"
and in India as "Bombay blackwood," and is exported to Europe from the forests of
Kanara, Malabar and Travancore. Wood sent to London in 1878 fetched £13 10s.
per ton (5s. bd. per cubic foot) ; but this was an exceptionally large piece, of handsome
grain. In the "Report on the Blackwood or Rosewood of S. India," in "Indian
Forester," vol. xx. Appx., which contains much information on the subject, the
selling prices from the Madras forests are given at from Rs.10 to Rs.75 per ton,
according to distance from the coast ; those of Travancore at Rs.l 8a. per cubic foot for
good quality; those of Bombay at from Rs.30 to Rs.50 per ton. The London rate
for good wood is generally about £10 per ton, so that it seems as if there were still
scope for greater activity in utilizing the English market for the sale of the best pieces
produced. I have myself known splendid squares of large size in the forests of the
South-East Wynaad to be sold at the low rate of 4 to 6 annas a cubic foot only.

The chief use of the wood is for furniture ; the fine old carved chairs, tables, side-
boards, etc., of Bombay are well known, but are apparently less manufactured now
than they used to be. It is also used for cart-wheels, agricultural implements, gun-
carriages, knee-timbers of boats, and in the Darjeeling Hills universally for the handles
of " kukris " made by Nepalese. It has been used for sleepers, and found suitable and
fairly durable for that purpose on the Mysore State Railway ; but the wood is too
valuable for furniture to be wasted on a purpose for which other and commoner woods
of less handsome grain will do equally well.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

Experiments by whom
conducted.

Year.

Wood whence

procured.

.SP

\

lbs.

Size of bar.

Value of P.

ft. in. in.

Wallich, No. 52 .

—

India

665

—

Puckle ....

1859

Mysore

51

4

2x1x1

1052

Maitland

L862

Anamalais

51

—

:; x i| x l|

710 to 996

Skinner. N< >. 54

1862

50

—

Various

912

Baker ....

1829

Malabar

55

6 X 2 X 2

822

11. Thornp.-on

1873

C. P.

60

—

|5± x 1 X I

1

H. H. O'Connell .

1886

Coimbatore

51

3

[51 x H x \i
|5* x 2 x 2

L = 0-01032

Tulbot ....

1885

Bombay

48

5

6 x 2 x 2

837

Specimens examined

1878-9'J

Various

55

Brandis says the value of P may be taken at 950, which is probably a little high ;
the weight is, perhaps, on an average, 50 lbs. for dry wood.

The wood is a good fuel, but naturally is rarely used for the purpose. Chips of it
are burnt in cressets at native festivals, and give a splendid light (Graham Anderson).

lbs.

464, 467. Ajmere

187. Mandla, C.P. (1869)

Jabalpur (1863)

Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (1L Thompson)
Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) .
Dangs Forest, Guzerat, Bombay (Shuttleworth)
3456, 3682. Palamow Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble)
3522. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble)
1236, 1303. Gurnour Forests, Ganjaro (Dam pier) .
3836. Mojagodo Forest, Ganjain (< lamble)

Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

((iambic)

Darjeeling Terai

Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

2984.
1146.

2732.
955.

672.
2348.
3675.

492.

46
53
58
52
53
52
61
64
72
50
60
54

252 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

56
54
57

. 54
55 and 49
. 50
. 62

( ! 4058. Godavari Forests, Madras (Gamble)

1> 2044. Mysore (Kurz)

J) 1072. N. Arcot (Beddome) ....

D 1476. Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore .

W 1227. North Kanara (Barrett)

W 729, 855. South Kanara (Cherry)

W 3851. Mudumalai Forest, S.-E. Wynaad, Nilgiris

No. 24, Salem Collection

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Tab. VI. 1).
The specimen, No. W 3851, is probably D. latifolia, var. sissoides, which seems to
deserve specific rank, as both flowers and leaves differ from those of D. latifolia proper.
It is the Eeruputu of Palghat axe-men (Beddome).

3. D. ovata, Grah. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 231 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 343. Vera. Madama,
Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark light brown, fibrous, with shallow ver-
tical clefts. Wood greyish- or yellowish-brown, moderately hard,
close-grained. Annual rings faint. Pores moderate-sized and large,
scanty and unevenly distributed, in small rings of pale tissue joined
by narrow white, slightly wavy, more or less concentric pale lines.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous, regular.
Upper mixed forests of Burma, especially along streams.

These recently received specimens (1901) agree fairly well in structure, No. D 4898
being perhaps somewhat different, and possibly a different species. Some of them may
belong to var. obtusifolia (D. glaum, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 343). Vera. Madama,
Burm.

lbs.
B 4857. Magwe, Burma (S. E. Jenkins) ...... —

B 4898. Minbu „ (Calthrop) 47

B 5015. Prome „ ......... 54

B 5032. Rangoon „ 42

B 5058. Thongwa „ ......... 54

B5102. Toungoo „ 48

4. D. rimosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 233; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 232; Braudis For. Fl. 1 Is.
D.foliacea, Gamble Darj. List 29, mm Wall. Vera. Tutebiri, Nep.

A large straggling shrub or small tree. Bark thin, dark greyish-
brown, roughish. Wood white, soft, like that of D. stipvlacea, with a
small dark heartwood. Pores large, fairly numerous, in pale undu-
lating rather broad concentric bands which anastomose. Med id /dry
rays moderately broad, numerous. Annual rings (0 marked by a
broad dark hard band.

Wet forests in the Darjeeling Terai and Duais ; Eastern Bengal ; along streams in
the upper mixed forests of Burma.

For correction of the identification of this species I am indebted to Sir D. Brandis.
D.foliacea has many more, and obtuse, leaflets.

lbs.
E 3274. Muraghat Reserve, W. Duars (Gamble) . . —
E4879. Sylhet (Babu Kripa Nath De) .... 45 Vem. Kaogrum.
This last may be D.foliacea.

5. D. congesta, Grah.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 232.

A climbing shrub. Bark grey, smooth, with vertical lenticels.
Wood white, soft, porous. Pores moderate-sized to large, often sub-
divided, scanty, joined by concentric pale wavy bands. Medullary
rays numerous, regular, bent round the pores.

Forests of the Nilgiris, in sholas at 5-7000 ft.

W 4259. Mehir, Nilgiris, (iOOO ft. (Gamble).

PAPILIONACEiE 253

6. D. CUltrata, Grah.; Fl. Br. lad. ii. 233; Kurz For. Fl. i. 342. Vern. Tindaik,
Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark I in. thick, smooth, with
short transverse clefts. Wood black with dark purple streaks, very
hard ; sapwoocl pale brown. Pores- moderate-sized, very scanty, in
small patches of light tissue with large cells, joined by somewhat
wavy concentric narrow belts of the same. These belts make a pretty
grain on a tangential section. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, short.

Common in all deciduous forests, especially the upper mixed, Savannah and Eng
forests throughout Burma from the Shan Hills southwards.

A splendid wood, resembling ebony at a distance, but with a totally different
structure. Kurz, following Brandis, says it is used for ploughs, bows and the handles
of dabs and spears. It has sometimes been used for carvings.

According to Benson, W = 83 lbs. ; Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 36, gives 64 lbs. ;
Kurz the same, perhaps copied ; the specimens give 69 and 70 lbs. ; the average may
he taken at 70 probably.

Brandis' List gives the girth at 6 ft. from the ground as 9 ft., and the height to first
branch 35 ft., so that the tree grows to a good size and deserves to be better known,
and to have more attention paid to it than has apparently been hitherto given.

lbs.

B 2521. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 70

B 2728. Nawing Forests, Prome (1858) 69

B 2697. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) —

Subgenus 2. DALBERGARIA, Bth. Fourteen species.

B. purpurea, Wall. ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 235 (B. paniculata, Kurz For. Fl. i. 315) ;
Vern. Tapauk, Burma, is a large tree of mixed dry forests in Pegu, with a strong
compact white wood, which turns a jtale yellow in colour, and is good for building,
while that of the true D. paniculata, Roxb. certainly is not. B. burmanica, Prain, is
a tree of the Ruby Mines District in Upper Burma, with foliage much resembling; that
of I), tamarindifolia. I), assamica, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 235 ; Vein. Medeloa, Ass.,
is a tree of the Central and Eastern Himalaya. In the Fl. Br. Ind. it is said to be a
" twiner," but S. E. Peal and Prain describe it as a tree, and it seems doubtful if it
extends so far west as Kumaon, if indeed as far as Sikkim. B. glomeriflora, Kurz. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 236 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 345, is a scarce tree of the Prome Hills.
D. ITiomsoni, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 236, is a climbing shrub of Assam and the Khasia
Hills. B. coma, Grah. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 237 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 344, is a tree of Burma
with a heavy white wood which turns brown, but is not durable. B. Wattii, Clarke, is
a spreading tree of the forests of Manipur at 3-5000 ft. ; and B. Prazeri, Prain, is a tree
of Burma.

7. D. laneeolaria, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 235; Brandis For. Fl. 151; Gamble
Darj. List 29 ; Talbot Bomb. List 75 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 88. B./rondosa, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 226; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxviii. Vern. Takoli, bithtia, Hind.; Bander siris,
Xcp. ; Barbat, parbuti, Banswarra ; Gengri, Panch Mehals ; Harrdni, Dharwar; Nal
valanga, Tarn.; Pedda sopara, yerra patsaru, pasarganni, Tel.; Dandous, dandoshi,
kaurchi, Mar. ; Piri, K61; Passi, Merwara ; Sirsi, jiassi, Jeypore.

A deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, compact, gre}r, smooth, ex-
foliating in thin rounded patches. Wood white or yellowish-white,
moderately hard, no heartwood. Annual rings (?) marked by thin,
concentric lines. Pores scanty, large and moderate-sized, often oval
and subdivided, very prominent on a longitudinal section, surrounded
by a thin ring of light tissue, alone or joined by very fine wavy
and broken faint concentric bands. Medullary rays very fine,
numerous, regularly distributed.

254 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 2500 ft. ; Central
India, Khandesh and Bombay forests from the Konkan southwards, common in N.
Kanara ; Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, not common ; low country of Ceylon, rare.

This tree has the appearance of an Albizzia, and is handsome when in good flosver
and leaf. It is found in the Darjeeling Terai, along rivers and in the forests of Sissoo.

Skinner, No. 53, gives for the weight 62 lbs. per cubic foot ; Wallicb, 46 lbs. ; the
specimens give only 33 to 44 lbs. Skinner also gives P = 1003, but it is probable that
he has not described the right wood, for, although he gives the correct Telugu name,
yet he calls his specimens (No. 53, p. 75) Moukshow, Burm., and "Moulmein lance-
wood ; " while Kurz, the latest authority, does not give D. lanceolaria as occurring in
Burma. J. W. Oliver suggests that " Moukshow " is perhaps a corruption of " sauk yo,*'
the Lower Burma name of a species of Dalbergia, possibly D. Oliver i, Gamble. Skinner
says that one log was brought from the Western Coast, and another by Conductor
Bowman from Burma. Beddome says the timber is useful for building purposes.

lbs.

O 5092. Maiapur Block, Saharanpur (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) . . .50

C 1144. Ahiri Beserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) —

E 618. Champasari Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Bonham-Carter) . . 33

E 2346. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 44

D 4236. Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool (Gamble) • 40

8. D. volubiliS, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 231 ; Fl. Br. Ind. 235 ; Brandis For. Fl. 152 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 346; Talbot Bomb. List 75. Vera. Bhatia, Kumaon ; Bankharra,
Oudh ; Bamba, Khond ; Gumlap tiga, Reddi ; Alei, Bombay ; Padun, Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Ba rh thin, brown, peeling off in flakes.
Wood light brown, hard. Pores small to very large, scanty, joined
by occasional faint concentric lines, which are often without pores.
Medullary rays very line, very numerous.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim ; Oudh, Behar, C.P., Chota
Nagpore, South and West India.

C 3450. Ramundag Reserve, Palamow (Gamble).

9. D. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Iii. 227; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 236; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Ixxxviii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 150; Talbot Bomb. List 75. Vera. Katsirsa, Oudh ;
Dhohein, dhohein, 2^'ssi, satpuria, Hind.; Dhupi, Uriya ; Patchalai, valange, velta-
ringi, eravu, Tarn.; Potrum, porilla, patsuru, patsari, toper, Tel.; Sondarra, skeodur,
topia, Mar.; Hasdr guniri, hassurugunni, Mlvgatha,poxhdri,Kan..; Piangomi, velittha
villi 'ottii tholi, Mai.; Padri, Gondi, Bhil ; Pkassi, Kurku; Passi, Melghat ; Surtcli,
Baiga ; Porapatcha, Reddi.

A large deciduous tree. Bark -} in. thick, compact, grey, smooth,
with many horizontal cracks. Wood pale yellowish-white, soft to
moderately hard, with numerous narrow, wavy anastomozing bands
of pale loose tissue, about 100 to 150 per inch ; the wood in concentric
belts separated by narrow bands of bast tissue about 1?, to 2 per inch.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary ray*
fine, fairly numerous. The bast belts resemble those in Cadaba,
NiebvJtria and some other genera.

Forests of Central and South India, said by Brandis to extend north to Oudh. and
to the Sivvalik tract west of the Jumna river, ascending to 2500 ft.

A remarkable tree, easily recognized by its tall grey stem, which, in Deccan ruined
forests, stands out from the remains of the old forest, having been the only tree too
useless to cut. Beddome says the wood is " used for building and common purposes,"
but 1 never heard of its beirjg used. Fuel billets of it are usually rejected. Skinner,
No. 55, "ives W = 18 lbs., R. Thompson the same; the specimens give an average of
40 lbs. Skinner gives P = 872 ; his specimens must have been of some other wood.

In regard to the bands of bast tissue, T. G. Hill, in the Journal of Botany, xv. (1901)

papilionace,e 255

quoted in Ind. For. xxviii. 113, says "The narrow zones are of the nature of phloem,
' accompanied by a certain amount of cambium. The phloem contains well-marked
' sieve-tubes with sieve-plates. The peculiarity of structure is attributed to the

' formation of successive cambium rings."

lbs.

C 1115. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 32

C 2928. Seoni, C.P. (Brandis) 46

C 5108. W. Kkandesh, Bombay 40

D 4240. Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool (Sim) 43

10. D. hireina, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 236 ; Brandis For. Fl. 151 ; Gamble Darj.
List 29. D. stenocarpa, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 238. Vern. Saras, bandir, tantia,
gvgera, Hind. ; Bander siris, tatebiri, Nep. ; Bulpliet, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark dark brown, £ to I in. thick, rough,
peeling off in small squares. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard,
no heartwood. Annual rings fairly distinct. Pores large and
moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided into 2 or 3, prominent on
a vertical section. Concentric lines very few, fine, faint. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous, regularly distributed.

Outer Himalayan Hills from the Jumna to Sikkim, at 2500-5500 ft., local, in
ravines.

lbs.
H 4494. Malkot Forests, Dehra Dun, 3000 ft. (Gamble) ... 39

11. D. Kurzii, Piain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 450. D. purpurea, Kurz
For. Fl. i. 344. Vern. TMtpvk, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood light yellowish-white, hard. Pores
scanty, large and moderate-sized, in pale patches, joined by rather
regular concentric bands of the same structure, which are numerous,
broad, wavy and anastomoze. Medullary rays numerous, very fine,
equidistant. The pores are conspicuous on a vertical section, as are
the concentric bands which appear as pale regular lines. Resembles
D. lanceolaria and D. hireina in appearance, D. cultrata and
D. Oliveri in structure.

Burma, from the Shan Hills to Pegu and Tenasserim, in mixed forests.

Kurz says the heartwood is black and ebony-like, which may well be, the specimen
examined having only sapwood. If so, it is almost exactly like that of D. cultrata.
The identification of the specimen is certainly doubtful.

B2523. Burma (Brandis, 1862, No. 133) 42

12. D. Stipulaeea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 233; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 237 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
346; Gamble Darj. List 2!». Vern. Tatebiri, Nep.; Garodosal, Mechi; Tdn-nyok,
Lepcha ; Daulctalaung, Burm.

A large climbing or erect shrub. Wood hard, greyish-brown or
greyish-white, with a purplish-brown heartwood. Pores scanty, of
various sizes, often subdivided, in pale rings, alone or joined by pale,
undulating concentric bands which often anastomoze. Medullary
rays fine, very numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong ; mixed
and tropical forests, ascending the hills in Burma, and found northwards to Myitkyina.
As Prain explains, this is a shrub in open laud, but a climber iu thick forest.

lbs.

E 574. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . —
E 2349. Sivoke „ „ „ (Gamble) . . .48

256 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

13. D. Oliveri, Gamble ; Pram in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 451. Yem.Tairudan,
Barm.

A large tree. Bo rk light brown, moderately thick. Wood hard,
close-grained, sapwood white, heartwood dark red-brown, in colour
like good " Pada vuk." Pores large, very scant}7-, sometimes subdivided,
often resinous, always conspicuous on a vertical section, surrounded
by pale rings joined by very numerous, regular, concentric, wavy,
often anastomozing pale lines. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, regular.

Engdaing forests of Upper Burma, Wuntho and Bhamo, discovered bv J.
W. Oliver.

A very handsome wood, very like some of the South American rosewoods. It is
used for axe-handles, the head being made of it, and fitted with an iron axe on one
side. It also resembles " Pad 'auk" but differs in structure.

lbs.
B 4435. Attaran Forests (J. W. Oliver), sapwood only . . . —

B 4436. Katha (J. W. Oliver) 66

B 4750. Upper Burma (J. Nisbet) 66

Subgenus 3. SELENOLOBIUM, Benth. Four species.

D. torta, Grah. (D. monosperma, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 237 ; Talbot Bomb. List
75; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 89, Drepanocarpus monospermus, Kurz For. Fl. i. 337);
Vera. Panchioli, Bens;., is a climbing shrub of the coasts of the Sundarbans, "Western
and Southern India, Burma and Ceylon. D. reniformis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 226; Fl.
Br. Ind. ii. 238 {Drepanocarpus reniformis, Kurz For. Fl. i. 336) ; Vera. Kurt*,
Sylhet ; Tauktna, Burm., is a large, crooked, bushy tree of Sylhet and Burma, found in
swamp forests. Roxburgh says the wood burns with a green flame and is excellent for
burning lime. D. parviflora, Iloxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 225 (Drepanocarpus Cumingii, Kurz
For. Fl. i. 336), is a large climbing shrub of the Andaman Islands and Tenasserim.
Kurz says, " It is a dye-wood and furnishes the ' Kayu-lakkn ' of commerce," but
information regardiug " Kayu-lakka " seems to be wanting.

14. D. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 233 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 238 ; Talbot Bomb. List 7:..
Drepanocarpus spinosus, Kurz For. Fl. i. 337. Vera. Amanta, Beng.; Yechinya,
Burm.

A large shrub, sometimes scandent. Bark blackish-grey, rough,
vertically fissured. Wood brownish-white, in alternate bands of
varying width of woody and bast texture and with a dark-red hard
centre. Pores moderately large, very scanty, unevenly distributed,
joined, in the woody rings, by many very close wavy white concentric
bands. Medullary rays very fine, close and regular.

Coasts of India and Burma, in tidal forests.

Kurz speaks of the wood as " soft, beautifully silvery white, close and straight-
' grained," which does not agree well with our specimen. He also makes the following
interesting statement, which seems well worthy of more extended investigation : " The
' roots powdered absorb alcohol, and a spoonful of the powder in a tumblerful of water
* is said to be sufficient to destroy in less than half an hour the effects of alcohol, even
'in cases bordering on delirium tremens."

D 4118. S. Arcot coast forests, Madras (Wooldridge).

B 291, Burma (1867), 38 lbs. and B 2522, Burma (1862), 39 lbs. are Thitsanwin,
Burm. No. 123 of Brandts' collection. Kurz gives Thitsanwin as D. nigrescens, Kurz.
Prain reduces Kurz' D. nigrescens to D. paniculata, lloxb. Our specimens do not show
the peculiar structure of that species, but seem to belong to Dalbergia, though in them
the concentric lines which in some species I have described are already faint, have
disappeared. Except for the absence of these lines the wood resembles that of
D. hircina. It does not resemble that of D. paniculata.

PAPIL10NACE.E 257

32. PTEKOCARPUS, Linn.

The identification of the species of this genus has recently been carefully investi-
gated by Dr. Prain (see" Ind. Forester," xxvi., Appx.). As regards P. santalinus, Linn,
f. and P. Marsupium, Roxb., there is no difficulty, but he has found it necessary to show
that, except for a few specimens from cultivated trees, there is no foundation for the
statement in Fl. Br. Ind. that P. indicus, Willd. is a native of India proper. The
results of his inquiries are : (1) that P. indicus, Willd. is the Malayan seashore tree
which is found northwards as far as Tavoy and Tenasserim ; (2) that the Andaman
species, now so largely exported under the name " Padauk" is P. dalbergioides, Roxb. ;
and that (3) the inland Burma tree is P. macrocarpus, Kurz, collected by Brandis,
Kurz and others in various places throughout Burma as far north as the Chin Hills.
The next point is the identification with one or other of these species of the wood
specimens given under P. indicus, Willd. in Ed. 1 of this work, p. 131. The
Andaman specimens are doubtless all P. dalbergioides, Roxb. ; the Tavoy one most
probably P. indicus, Willd. ; and those from Pegu and Martaban are doubtful, but
most probably P. macrocarpus, Kurz. This is what I propose to assume : in structure
all these woods are very similar, but that of P. dalbergioides is softer, lighter and of a
brighter red colour.

Wood very hard, close-grained, yellowish-brown, red or purplish-
red. Pores variable, small to large, scanty, in patches of pale tissue
(having larger cells than the rest of the wood, as in Dalbergia and
Ougeiaia) joined by more or less fine, wavy, concentric lines of similar
texture. Medullary ray* very fine, uniform, equidistant. In colour
the five species differ: P. santaLvnus has its wood of a very dark
claret-red colour ; P. indicus and P. macrocarpus of a dark brick-red
colour ; P. dalbergioides has a bright red wood often streaked with
black; while the wood of P. Marsupiumi is of a brown colour with a
yellowish tinge.

1. P. indicus, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 238 in part ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 238 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 23 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 34U in part. Vern. Padauk, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark olive-grey. Wood hard : sapwood small,
grey, heartwood dark brick-red. Pores moderate-sized to large, often
subdivided, in patches of pale tissue, joined by irregular, pale, wavy,
interrupted bands of varying breadth. Medullary rays extremely
fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Coast forests of Tenasserim and Tavoy in Burma.

A pretty tree, often cultivated for its sweet-scented flowers. The wood is of fine
quality, but is not so useful as that of the Andaman tree, P. dalbergioides. It is
probably the wood experimented with in the following trials : —

Simpson, with Tenasserim wood bars 3' li" IV' gave . . { (si 1575
Benson, „ „ „ 3' 1'4" 1'4" „ 71 1033

It is used for building, carts, etc., and may be employed for most purposes for which
Andaman Padauk is useful, though it is not quite so easy to work.

lbs.

B 2708. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 62

It is right to note that the identification, though probable, is not quite certain.

2. P. dalbergioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 236. P. indicus, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.
238 in part ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 349 in 'part. Andaman Redwood or Andaman Padauk.
Vera. Padauk, Burm.; Chalanga-dd, And.

A very large tree. Wood moderately hard : sapwood grey, small ;
heartwood bright red, streaked with brown and black. Pares scanty,
moderate-sized to large, tilled with resin, surrounded with pale rings

s

258 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

and joined by narrow wavy concentric lines, prominent on a vertical
section. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous, uniform
and equidistant.

Forests of the Andaman Islands, not gregarious.

The Padauk is the principal timber tree of the Andaman Islands, and its wood has
of recent years obtained a good place in the markets of Europe and America as a hand-
some wood for furniture, parquet floors, railway-carriages, door-frames, balustrades, etc.
Iu India it has long been in use as a gun-carriage wood, and stores of it are kept
in the arsenals of Calcutta and Madras and the Kidderpore Dockyard for military
purposes. Extensive works for the extraction of the timber have now been set on foot
in the Andamans, and the logs are sent for sale in Europe and elsewhere in cargo-loads.
The following remarks were published in Ed. 1 of this work in 1880 : —

" Major Protheroe describes a tree felled in 1876 with a clear stem of 65 ft. and a
' girth of 17 ft., and says that the wood of the root is closer-grained, darker-coloured
' and more beautifully marked than that of the stem. The plank sent to the Paris
' Exhibition of 1878 measured nearly 1 ft. across. Iu London, a portion of the same
' log from which the plank was cut fetched a price of £17 10s. per ton, or nearly Rs.T
' per cubic foot, while three logs lately sold in Calcutta fetched Rs.60 per ton. Furni-
' ture made from Padauk wood and exhibited at Paris in 1878 by Messrs. Jackson and
' Graham was much admired. They reported on it as follows : —

" ' This is a straight-grown wood, with rather a coarse open grain, but without any
' strong figure or markings. When first cut it is of reddish-brown colour, but it fades
' to much the same colour as teak — a wood it resembles very much, and it is about as
' hard, but much heavier. From the six specimen trees sent us, we imagine that it does
' not grow to any great size. The largest sent to us measured 16 ft. long x 1 ft.
'7 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. We consider it suitable for all kinds of furniture. We
' manufactured it into a suite of morning-room furniture, which was exhibited at the
' Paris Exhibition, and which stood the test of a very hot summer in a most satisfactory

• rummer. ' " Early in 1899 Padauk wood was selling in London at 6s. Gd. per cubic foot.
In 1900, at the Paris Exhibition piano cases of carved Padauk, exhibited by Messrs.
Halle & Co., were much admired.

In this place may also be quoted some of the information which I got together in
1895 for a note on Padauk for the "Indian Forester" (see p. 7, vol. xxi.).

" As a practical example of the value of ' Padauk ' as a wood for interior decoration
' we may instance the ballroom of one of the chief houses in Simla, which was laid
'down by a recent owner a few years ago in Padauk wood, with results which have
' left nothing to be desired in point either of beauty of appearance or of suitability for
'dancing. The floor has stood as well, if not better, than Teak wood would have done.
' In the same way the use of Padauk wood is extending on the Continent of Europe for
'the construction and laying down of ' parquet' floors, a purpose for which we can
' scarcely imagine any wood to be better adapted.

" In the Handbook issued in 1892 by Mr. E. Thurston, then Reporter on Economic
' Products to the Government on India, on the gradual introduction of Padauk wood into
' use and of its gradually increased exploitation in the Andamans, it was pointed out that
' the permanent introduction of the wood into the London market might be said to date
' from the time of the lndo-Colouial Exhibition. The Handbook gives an account of
' the use of the wood by Messrs. Coles & Co.. of Coleman Street, in building a hand-rail
'and a dado to the side of a stone staircase at 45, Fenohurch Street, and it is stated

• that for both purposes the wood came out of very fine figure and of excellent tone and
'colour. Padauk is also said to have been used by Mr. Joseph Roberts of Bigg Market,
' Newcastle, in fitting up a new pharmacy in that city. The effect produced by the
' use of polished Padauk for windows, doors, and casings is said to have been unique
' and to recall the finest examples of Spanish Mahogany. Another Londou firm has
' lately employed it for the fittings of a telephone-room.

"Lately it was suggested by the Government of India that some of the panelliug
' and furniture of the Imperial Institute might with advantage be made of Padauk, and
' this has now been done, with, we are given to understand, excellent results. It has
1 been tried, and is, we hear, now extensively used, by makers of pianofortes, and cases
' made of it ought to look remarkably well.

" Lastly, among instances of the spread of the use of Padauk timber, we may refer
' to its employment in America in the building of Pullman cars, for which it has been.

PAPILIONACE.<E 259

' most successful. We hope that this may induce the very conservative builders of
' railway carriages in this country to substitute it to some extent, instead of Teak, for
' their purposes ; and, if we are correctly informed, there is one reason which ought
' forcibly to appeal to the travelling public, and that is, that in case of accidents
' Padauk breaks clean and does not, like so many other woods, go into splinters likely
' to inflict dangerous wounds."

At one time the market was rather spoilt by large consignments of " yellow " wood
being sent for sale instead of the "red," the yellow wood possibly being the produce
of P. indicus or P. mucrocarpus, and prices fell ; but this has been altered recently, and
only red Andaman wood is now sent. The latest reported London rate is from 4s. to
5s. per cubic foot.

The weight of the wood is about 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Bennett's experiments,
made in 1872, gave 49j> lbs. and P = 827. The wood seasons well, works well, and
takes a good polish. It shrinks very little, does not crack or split, and is not liable to
be attacked by white ants or by xylophagous insects. Nor is it subject to dry rot.
It is, however, when in sea-water, bored by the teredo. The usual sizes of logs or
squares are large, and the latter run wp to a length of 40 ft., occasionally even 60 ft.
with 3 ft. siding. The tree gives a kind of gum " kino."

It is understood to be easily propagated, but it comes up well naturally, though the
seedlings do not thrive unless they are given light by the removal of trees over them.
Much attention is now being paid by the Forest Department in the Andamans to the
reproduction of Padauk and the increase in the proportion of it in the forests. Home's
Valuation Surveys of 1874 gave an average of 7 mature trees per acre, which is very
good, and if this is for anything like the whole area, the supply must be sufficient to
last a considerable while, without any diminution of the permanent annual yield. On
this subject see also Mr. H. C. Hill's Report and the yearly Departmental Reports.

lbs.

B 2207. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 43

B 2494. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 1) 55

B 526. „ „ (Gen. Barwell) 46

3. P. maeroearpus, Kurz; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 239; Kurz For. PL i. 349. Burma
Padauk. Vern. Padauk, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood hard, dark brick-red, close-grained,
structure similar to that of P. indicus.

Eng and upper mixed forests of Burma: in the Shan, Chin and Karen Hills, in
Upper Burma; also in Pegu, but scarce only in Martaban and not reported from
Tenasserim.

This is the common inland Padauk tree, and to this species I have referred Brandis'
specimen, as Prain so identifies Brandis' herbarium specimens. The wood is harder
than that of P. dalbergioides, and heavier, and is probably not used outside Burma, but
is a fine handsome wood having much the character of Sissoo, though redder in colour.
B 548 from Martaban might be this or P. indicus, but I think it is most probably this
species, as it agrees exactly with Col. Bingham's specimen No. B 4909, which is
authentic.

lbs.

B 548. Martaban (Seaton) fio"

B 2524. Pegu (Brandis, 1862, No. 39) 60

B 4909. Upper Burma (Bingham) 58

4. P. santalinus, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 239 ; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 234 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 22. The Red Sanders. Vern. Lai chaudan, rakta chandan, seyapu chan-
danum, Tarn. ; Erra chandanum, Tel. ; Ilonne, Kan.

A small or moderate-sized tree. Bark blackish-brown, deeplv
cleft both vertically and horizontally into rectangular plates. Wood
extremely hard : sapwood white, heartwood dark claret-red to almost
black, but always with a deep red tinge, orange-red when fresh cut.
the shavings giving an orange-red colour. Pores moderate-sized,
scattered, very scanty, joined by fine pale, undulating concentric
lines at unequal distances, difficult to see on an old specimen. Medul-
lary rays fine, numerous, equidistant.

260 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

South India, occupying only a small area, most of it in the Cuddapah District, with
small portions of the adjoining Districts of Nellore and X. Arcot, and an outlier in the
X agri Hills of Chingleput ; that is to say, chiefly on the Seshachellam, Lankamalai and
Veligonda ranges of hills, on an area of perhaps about 6000 square miles in extent in
all, so that in range there is perhaps no important Indian tree of so circumscribed a
distribution (see also my account in ".Indian Forester," ix. 354).

The Eed Sanders is a very pretty tree, having an upright bole, only branching at
some height above ground into a rounded head. Its foliage is dense, but as the
trees do not usually grow close, it gives little shade ; nor does it bear well the shade
of other trees. It flowers in April and May, seeding the next February and March.
The seed germinates readily, and natural reproduction is sure and easy, but, like many
other important Indian trees, the shoots die off yearly, while the root increases, until
a time comes when the shoots are strong enough to resist the sun and hot winds and
grow on into trees. It reproduces well in coppice and by suckers. The aspect of a
Pied Sanders forest (this was really written in 1883, and by now possibly most of the
forests are greatly improved through protection from fire) is that of a stony hill country
covered with tufts of lemon grass (Andropogon Nardus and Schoenanthus) aud with
poles of Red Sanders at intervals. It prefers moderate slopes, low ridges and spurs,
but is also found on quite steep hillsides, preferring a northern or eastern aspt-ct. In
its home, the annual rainfall is about 42 in., and the shade temperature varies only
from about 70 to 120 degrees Fahr. ; the chief rainfall is that of the N.-E. monsoon in
October-November, but a little also comes with the S.-W. winds in July to September.
The rock it likes mostly consists of shales and sandstone of the submetamorphic or
transition series.

The wood is very highly prized for house-posts, and large sums are often given for
good posts by wealthy native gentlemen, who take a pride in having their verauda-
posts of some hard timber prettily carved and ornamented. The chief woods thus used
are the Red Sanders and its frequent associate the Thamba (Shorea Tumbuggaia). It
is also used for plough-poles universally in the S. Deccan, and for other agricultural
purposes. Formerly, the great use of the wood, however, was as a dye, and for this
purpose large shipments used to be aunually made from Madras to Europe, but it
appears that the demand has now very greatly declined. In the five years ending with
1882-83, 12,782 tons were exported to the United Kingdom, 1116 tons to France, and
1687 toDS to other Indian and Ceylon ports, the whole valued at 5h lakhs of rupees.
These shipments consisted only of old dry pieces found lying in the forests, with
stumps and roots, and it is possible that to some extent the falling off in outturn may
be due to the supplies from this source having become exhausted, but is possibly quite
as much due to artificial dyes having supplanted " redwood " as they already have sup-
planted madder, cochineal and other natural dyes, and bid fair soon to supplant indigo.
The value of redwood as a dye is due to a red colouring principle, " sautalin," which is
soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. Dissolved in alcohol, it dyes cloth a
beautiful salmon-pink colour. It is also used in medicine by natives as an astringent,
but does not seem to be of much value. The wood is also very extensively used for
carved work, and large quantities of Red Sanders wood idols and other carved figures
are yearly made and sold at the Tirupatti temples, chiefly to pilgrims. It is also
excellent for boxes, picture-frames and other joinery purposes.

Red Sanders has been, very successfully, cultivated in plantation on good land on
the flat near Kodiir, in the Cuddapah District, but only on a small area of about 20
acres. It was planted in 1865. This plantation I described in " Indian Forester," ix.
546, in 1883, and the average girth of the trees then waa L7"88 in. and height 40 ft.
The average annual increment was found to be very nearly 3 tons per acre. The
method of planting was described in a paper read at the Forest Conference of 1875
by H. H. Yarde. It was all done with basket plants, which after planting were
watered in dry weather. The leaves were much cut formerly for manure for fields,
but the practice has now ceased, I understand.

As regards growth, not much is known, Beddome mentions a tree which had 3
rings per inch, but it is probable that the rate is slower than that in the natural forests.
<Skinner, No. 112, gives the weight of the wood at 70 lbs. ; our specimens give 76 to
7!) lbs. : perhaps 75 lbs. would be a good average. Skinner gives P = 975.

lbs.

D 20G6. Mvsore 76

D 2917. Madras (Brandis) —

D 1075. North Arcot (with sapwood) (Beddome) 66

PAPILIONACE/E

2G1

D 3151. Cuddapah, Madras (Higgens) .

D 4202. „ „ (rootwood) (Gamble)

lbs.
77
79

5. P. Marsupium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 234; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 239; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 21 ; Brandis For. Fl. 152 ; Talbot Bomb. List 76 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 90. Vern.
Bija, bijasdr, bijasdl, piasdl, Hind. ; Byasa, piasdl, Uriya ; Dhorbeula, dsan, bibbi,
Mar. ; Peddei, bijo, Gondi ; Peddagi, yeanga, yegi, yegisa, pedega, pedel, Tel. ; Vengai,
Tam.; Benga, honne, hond, Kan.; Bijaira, Bijeragogarb ; Badat bera, Bbil ; Hitun,
hid, Kol ; Murga, Sonthal ; Beeya persar, Kbarwar; Paisar, Mai Pabari ; Ragat
bera, dhorbieula, Berar ; Vengis, Khond ; Ame, Saora ; Vengsha, Reddi ; Gammala,
< 'ingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ in. thick, grey, with long vertical
cracks, exfoliating in small pieces of irregular shape and size. Wood
very hard, close-grained, giving a red resin : sapwood small ; heart-
wood yellowish-brown, with darker streaks. Pores moderate-sized
and large, often subdivided, scanty, resinous, uniformly distributed
in pale patches which are joined by fine, white, wavy, often inter-
rupted concentric lines; marked on a vertical section. Medullar?/
rays very fine, numerous, short, uniform and equidistant.

Central and Southern India, cbiefly in deciduous forest, extending; north to the
hills of Behar, Banda, and finally to the Kumaon Terai ; low country of Ceylon.

As Beddome remarks, Vengai is, after Teak and Blackwood, the most important
tree of S. India ; and is especially used in Mysore. It is found in the mixed forests,
but not gregariously, and the largest trees are met with in suitable places in the
Western Ghat country and in the valleys of the Godavari and Circars. Foulkes says
that in S. Kanara it does best on a well-drained clayey soil. The wood is durable,
seasons well and takes a fine polish ; the heartwood is full of gum resin and stains
yellow when damp. The wood is much used for door- and window-frames, posts and
beams, furniture, agricultural implements, cart and boat building. It has also been used
for sleepers. Out of 25 sleepers which had been down seven to eight years on the Mysore
State Piailway, there were found, when taken up, 9 good, 11 still serviceable, and 5
bad. It has also been used to a certain extent on the Holkar and Neemuch and other
lines. In Kurnool the wood is never used in the construction of private houses, but is
in demand for public choultries, temples and temple cars, but especially for spokes and
felloes, for which it is preferred to any other timber (F. Lodge). It yields, from
wounds in the bark, a red gum-resin called "kino," a valuable astringent, much used
in medicine, and containing about 75 per cent, of tannic acid. There is a considerable
demand for the kino gum for export, much of it going to France. In India its value is
about Pis.2 per pound.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments : —

H

Experiment by whom conducted.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

to

« a.

Size of bar
used.

Value of 1"

lbs.

ft. in. in.

Wallich, No. 224

—

Travanore

47

—

l'uckle ....

1859

.Mysore

56

—

—

—

,. ....

«

51

—

2x1x1

821

Skinner, No. Ill .

18(32

South India

56

868

French ....

1861

(Madras (Erode)
( workshops) j

3

lxlxl

511

Baker (Nos. 501 to 504)

1829

i ISagjjri Forest,!
\ Midnapore J

63

4

7x2x2

(i87

O'Counell ....

1880

Coimbatore

61

—

—

o = 00112

Talbot

1885

Bombay

50

2

6x2x2

701

The average weight of the specimens examined is 53 lbs. per cubic foot, and perhaps
the best average weight to take on the whole is 55 lbs.

262 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The seed crop is not annual but intermittent, and the seeds do not always germinate
well. The pods fall in the dry season, and are liable to be burnt. Foulkes says, " Fell-
' ings should be so conducted that the soil is sufficiently exposed for the seed to lodge
' well and be protected from fire ; and the soil should if possible be prepared for its
'lodgment*' ("Timber Trees of South Kanara"). A. Lushington (lnd. For. xxviii.
141) says that fires do not exterminate Vengai so easily as Teak, in North Coimbatore.

lbs.

C 175. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 47

C 1105. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (E. Thompson) . . 58
C 2741. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (Brandis) . . 49

C 2918. Seoni, Central Provinces 56

C 3686. Eamundag Reserve, Palamow (Gamble) . . . . —
C 3542. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) . . . .54

C 1238. Gumstir, Madras (Dampier) 56

C 4059. Godavari Forests . . ... . . . .56

W 742, 752, 850. South Kanara (Cherry) .... 48, 45, and 53

D 1061. South Arcot (Beddome) . —

D 1086. Madura (Beddome) 59

No. 39, Salem Collection . 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. VI. 2).

33. PONGAMIA, Vent.

1. P. glabra, Vent. ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 240; Bedd. PL Sylv. t. 177 ; Brandis For. PI.
153; Kurz For. PL i. 335 ; Gamble Darj. List 30: Talbot Bomb. List 76 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 91. Galedupa indica, Lam.; Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 239. Vein. Karanj, papar,
Hind.; Dalkaramcha, haranja, kerrdn, pitagoria, Beng. ; Sadun, Nep. ; Koranju,
Uriya; Pongd, Tarn. ; Kanga, pungu, kaniga, kanuga, ganuga, Tel.; Pongu, MaL;
Karandje, Kliond ; Khawdri, karmuj, Sirguja; Garanji, Gondi ; Charr, Ajmere :
Jhingay, l>ong, Kan. ; Thinwin, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree, almost evergreen. Bark soft, J in. thick,
greyish-brown, covered with tubercles. Wood moderately hard, white,
turning yellow on exposure. Annual rings indistinct. Pores mode-
rate-sized, scanty, included in and joined by white, wavy, concentric
anastomozing bands of loose texture, which alternate with bands of
darker colour and firmer texture. The bands are not quite con-
tinuous, as they sometimes stop and sometimes anastomoze. Med/uZ-
lary rays fine, white, numerous and uniformly distributed.

Tidal and beach forests and along tidal river-banks all round India, Burma and
Ceylon (Kurz and Prain). Also along streams and livers in the forests of South
ind Central India, extending northwards to the Himalaya (Brandis, Beddome, etc.)
and eastwards to the Shan Hills of Burma. Much cultivated.

Prain says very positively that this is only a coast tree, and that inland it only
occurs as a planted species, but in long experience and many journeys in the forests of
Bengal, Beliar, Orissa, the Circars, Deccan, etc., I can only say that I have constantly
met with it in places where there was no reason to doubt its being truly wild, and this
view seems to be fully supported by Brandis, Beddome and Talbot. It certainly is
very largely cultivated, especially in S. India, where it is grown as a pollard, the
loppings being used as fodder and more especially to be ploughed into ricefields as
manure. It is often planted as an avenue tree and in gardens, as it grows fast and is
handsome, but it tends to branch very soon and requires careful pruning to get it a
proper bole.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 107, 40 lbs. per cubic foot ; Bourdillon gives
49 lbs. ; specimens examined give an average of 42 lbs. Skinner gives P = 686. The
wood is not durable, and is readily eaten by insects, but is improved by seasoning in
water. In Lower Bengal it is used for oil-mills and firewood ; in South India for solid
cart-wheels. Heinig (Sundarbans Working Plan) says the wood is liable to the
attacks of insects, and so is used only for fuel. The seeds are used in native medicine ;

PAPILIONACE^E 2G3

they also give a thick, red-brown oil used for burning, and medicinally as an application
for skin diseases, for which it is said to be very efficacious. The tree is easily grown
from cuttings.

lbs.

P 457. Ajmere 45

C 1133. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .38
E 411. Sundarbans (Richardson) ....... 43

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

34. DERRIS, Loureiro.

A large genus of about 28 species, all but five being climbing shrubs, scarce and
scattered. Ten species are found in Burma, six in Ceylon, ten in Northern or Eastern
P>engal and ten in Western or Southern India. Of the four trees, besides the one
described below, I). dalbergioides, Baker ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 24, is a small tree of Martaban
and Tenasserim; D. cuneifolia, Bth., and I), microptera, Bth., are trees of the Sikkim
Himalaya usually described as climbers. I), sinuata, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 246 ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 340 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 94 ; Vern. Sundri-lota, mahajani-lota, Beng. ;
Myaukgonnyin, Burm., is a large climbing shrub of the coast forests of the Sundarbans,
Burma and Ceylon. I), latifolia, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 2, 288, is a
large tree of the Kachiu hills at 4000 ft.

1. D. seandens, Bth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 240; Brandis For. Fl. 154; Kurz For. Fl.
339 ; Talbot Bomb. List 76 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 91. DaJbergia seandens, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 232. Vern. Gunj, Punjab ; Nas-bel, C.P. ; AW lota, Beng. ; Oolasi, potra,
nalavail, Gondi ; Chelatali badu, nalla tiga, Tel. ; Tupail, Mar.; Telcil, Tarn. ; E<dn-
wel, Cingh. ; Migyaungnice, Burm.

A large climber. Stem furrowed. Ba/rk greenish-gre}'-, shining,
with many lenticels both round short and long horizontal ones. Wood
soft, in concentric layers alternately with and without pores. Port's
large, often subdivided, in radial lines between the moderately broad
'medullary rays.

Central, Western and Southern India, common, extending north to the forests of
< >udh, and north-east to Eastern Bengal; Chittagong; throughout Burma and the
Andaman Islands; dry region of Ceylon.

A handsome climber of large size and white flowers on drooping branches.

C 4334. Pidthamamidi, Godavari Forests (Gamble).

2. D. robusta, Bth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 241; Brandis For. Fl. 154; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 338 ; Talbot Bomb. List 76. Dalbergia Kroivee,' Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 229. Vern.
Mowhitta, korai, Ass. ; Bolkakaru, Garo ; Kroivee, Sylhet ; Chimbo7>g, Magh ;
Tepukan, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood light brown, hard. Pores large and
moderate-sized, joined by narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft
texture. Medullary rays prominent, fine, wavy, equidistant.

Outer Himalaya from the Ganges eastwards, Assam, Eastern Bengal, Konkan,
Burma.

Roxburgh says it grows quickly to a large size.

lbs.

E 786. Kamni]., Assam (G. Mann) 53

3. D. uliginosa, Bth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 211 ; Kurz For. PL i. 339; Talbot Bomb.
List 76; Trimen PL Ceyl. ii. 92. Vern. Kdia lota, JeenHa lota, Beng.; Kala-wel,
Cingh.

A large evergreen climbing shrub. 7v '/•/,■ dark greyish-brown
with many and prominent large horizontal lenticels. Wood brown,

264- A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

in irregular masses of pore-bearing wood separated by broad anasto-
mozing belts of bast tissue. Pores large, often subdivided, numerous.
Medullar y rays numerous, bent round the pores.

Coast forests of India, Burma and Ceylon.

The stems are twisted into ropes for tying logs to boats (Heini°;, in Sund. Wg.
Plan).

E 4862. Sundarbans, Bengal (Fordyce).

35. EUCHRESTA, Bennett. E. Horsfieldii, Bennett; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 248, is an
erect shrub of the Khasia Hills; also found, but rare, in Java.

Tribe VIII. S0PH0REJ1.
36. DALHOUSIEA, Giah.

1. D. braeteata, Grab.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 248. Podalyria bracteata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 317. Vera. Gopoori, Sylhet.

A climbing shrub. Bark light brown, thin, fibrous. Wood soft,
yellowish-white. Pores large or very large, very thick-walled.
Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, numerous.

Lower Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Sylhet and Chittagong.

Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

37. SOPHORA, Linn.

Fourteen species of shrubs or small trees, three of which come from the West
Himalaya, one from Baluchistan, one from Behar, one from the coast forests, one from
Northern and Eastern Bengal, two from Upper Burma, three from South India and
two from Ceylon. S. tomentosa, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 249; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 316;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxix. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. [)o ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 335 ; Vera. Thinbaw-
magyi, Burm.; Mudu-murwnga, Cingh., is a small tree of the sea-coast of Ceylon,
Burma and the Andamans, perhaps extending to places in India, but rare. S. Wightii,
Baker; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 250; Talbot Bomb. List 76 (S. heptaphylla, Bedd, PL Sylv.
lxxxix. in part), is a small tree of the hills of the Western Ghats, as the Nilgiris.
S. Bakeri, C. B. Clarke, is a shrub found on Parasnath Hill and elsewhere in Chota
Nagpore. S. Dunii, Prain, and 8. Prazeri, Prain, are shrubs of Upper Burma. S.
interrwpta, Bedd.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 251; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xc. ; Vera. Ad ivi billu, Tel.,
is ;i small pretty tree of the Kodur Hills in Cuddapah, with a corky bark, rather
res stabling satinwood. 8. Griffithii, Stocks, is a small shrub of Baluchistan.

1. S. glauca, Lesch.; FL Br. Ind. ii. 249; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. lxxxix.

A shrub. Ba/rk brown, smooth. Wood white. Pores small,
enclosed in pale tissue and irregularly arranged in groups and patches
of 2 to 6, which become almost concentric in the outer edge of each
annual ring. Medullary rays fine, white, wavy.

Bills of South India, very common on the Nilgiris, especially on the eastern side,
at 5-6000 ft.

A very pretty and common shrub, with silky foliage and pink flowers.
W 3744. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

2. S. mollis, Grab.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 251. S. mollis, Walk; Brandis For. FL 132.
Wrn. Arghawato, Afgh. ; Qojdr, ghwarefa, Trans-Indus; Kun, kohen, Indian, Salt
Ifunge; Tilun, tarni, Icuthi, Chenab; Brisari, Ravi; Pahar gungri, khwnmdni,
Kumaon; Sakina, Garhwal.

A shrub. Bark dark brown, studded with prominent pale lenticels.
Wood hard, sapwood grey, heartwood brown. Pores small, enclosed

PAPILIONACEi-E 2G5

in pale tissue and joined into more or less concentric patches. Me-
dullary rays fine, short.

West Himalaya from Kumaon westwards up to 6000 ft.

A conspicuous shrub with showy yellow flowers. It is apparently often gregarious,
for Watt says that in the Eavi valley, about Barmour, 6500 ft., it is a low bush,
covering large expanses on the hillsides (Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 380).

O 4840. Sahansdara, Dehra Dun, 3000 ft. (U. N. Kanjilal).

38. CALPURNIA, E. Meyer. O. aicrea, Baker; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 251; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. lxxxix., is a large shrub of the Denkinacottah Hills of the Salem District, and
of Courtallum in Tinnevelly.

39. PERICOPSIS, Thw.

1. P. Mooniana, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 252; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 187; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 97, t. 31. Vera. Nedun, Cingb.

A large tree. Bark smooth, pale brownish-pink on the trunk
and flaking off in thin flat pieces, reddish-grey on the twigs (Trimen).
Wood pale orange brown, streaked with darker hues, smooth, hard.
Pores large, often subdivided into 2 or 3, in patches of loose tissue of
big cells, which run together irregularly, but with a more or less con-
centric pattern on the whole. Medullary rays fine, pale, short, rather
scanty.

Moist low country of Ceylon, up to 1000 ft., especially by river-banks.

A fine wood, in considerable demand, and much used for furniture (some of which
looks very handsome), carts and other purposes. Mendis gives W = 56, P = 437.

Prof. Unwin's experiments with this wood gave the following results {Imp. Inst.
Jour., May, 1899) :—

Weight 70-79 lbs. per cub. ft. \ Judging by the weight

Resistance to shearing along the \ -,,q. • compared with Broun's

fibres J l 8 " bq' I specimen, the one experi-

Crushing strength . . . 3-919 tons per sq. in. | mented with must have
Transverse strength . . . 7-161 „ „ been exceptionally heavy

Coefficient of elasticity . . 972-9 „ „ / or wet.

lbs.

4902. Ceylon (A. F. Broun) about 43

No. 102, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 56

40. ORMOSIA, Jacks.

Five species, all large trees. O. robusta, AVight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 252 (Arittaria
rubusta, Kurz For. Fl. i. 334) ; Vern. KywManyin, Burm., is a large evergreen tree of
the tropical forests of the Pegu Yoma and Upper Tenasserim, extending northwards to
Sylhet. O. travancorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 45 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 253 ; Vern. Mala
manjddi, Tarn., Mai.; Kuni, Trav. Hills; Kundhi, Kader, is a large handsome tree of
the hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly up to .'5500 ft., extending northwards to the
Ghats of S. Kanara. Beddoine says the timber " appears to be remarkably good, but
' at present is almost unknowo."' O. inopinata and O. laxa, Prain in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. lxix. ii. 2, 181, 182, are large trees of the Kachin Hills.

1. 0. glauca, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 253; Gamble Darj. List 30. Vern. ChuMein,
Lepcha.

A large tree. Bark grey. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard.
Pores large, scanty, sometimes subdivided, surrounded by and joined
by irregular, wavy, somewhat anastomozing patches of wrhite, soft,
open tissue. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, wavy.

Lower hills of the Central Himalaya in Nepal and Sikkitn up to 3000 ft.

26G A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

This tree has a woody pod, with bright scarlet seeds, used by Lepchas as a bait to
catch jungle fowl.

E 3356. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 2500 ft. (Gamble).

E 3653, from a tree planted at Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai, by Mr. H. Leeds,
about 1870, is Castanospermum australe, A. Cunn., the " More ton Bay Chestnut," or
" Black Bean." Bark grey. Wood hard, white with a yellowish tinge. Pores small,
often subdivided, enclosed in patches of white soft tissue, which encloses them in twos
and threes. Medullary rays fine, white, very numerous. The tree is grown in gardens
in various parts of India — Madras, Calcutta, Dehra Dun, etc., and has a large pod with
edible seeds somewhat like those of the Spanish Chestnut.

Sub-Order II. CiESALPINIEJE.

< 'ontains 21 genera divided under 4 Tribes.

Tribe I. Eucresalpmiea? . . . Ca3salpinia, Peltophorum, Mezoneuron,

Pterolobium, Poinciana, Parkin -
sonia, Wagatea, Hamiatoxylon.

„ II. Cassieae .... Cassia, Cynometra, Dialium, Hard-

wickia, Crudia, Ceratonia.

„ III. Amherstiea?. . . . Saraca, Amherstia, Tamarindus, Hum-

boldtia, Afzelia, Pahudia.

„ IV. Bauhinie;e .... Bauhinia.

Hcematoxylon and Ceratonia are added here to the indigenous genera, as they
contain trees which are cultivated and of importance, just as Bobinia was added under
Papilionacece. Besides the plant described, there are many others in cultivation in
India. The various species of Brownea, with pendent heads of brilliantly coloured
flowers, ornament gardens in Calcutta, Madras, Colombo, etc. Colvillea racemosa,
Bojer, is a handsome tree, sometimes cultivated. It was introduced from Madagascar
in 1840.

Like the PapUionacece, the Caesalpiniece have woods of, on the
whole, a uniform structure, not very unlike that of those of the former
sub-order. In some cases the concentric bands are very regular.
The pores are always rather scanty, and usually fairly large.

Tribe I. EUCJ1SALPINIE.E.
41. C/ESALPINIA, Linn.

Twelve species, erect or climbing shrubs or small trees, two beins: introduced plants.
C. Bonduc, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 362; Fl. Br. lud. ii. 255; Brandis For. PI. 156; Kurz
For. M. i. 4.06; Vern. Kalein, Burm.; Kumburu-wel, Ciugh., is a prickly climbing
shrub of South India, Burma and CeyloD, closely allied to O. Bonducella, Fleming.
C. minax, Hance, is a struggling shrub of the Shan Hills. C. Nuga, Ait. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 255; Brandis For. Fl. 157; Kurz For. Fl. i. 405; Talbot Bomb. List 77; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 99; Vern. Natua, netu, shingri-lota, Beng. ; Sugauk, Burm.; Diya-
wawidetiya, Cingh., is a large scandent prickly shrub of coast forests, very common in
the Andamans. C. mimosoides, Lam. is a prickly shrub resembling C. sepiaria, Roxb.
C. digyna, Rottl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 256 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 407 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 100 ;
Vern. iSunletthe, Burm., is a thorny climber chiefly common in Bengal, Chota Nagpore,
the Circars and Burma, and on old village sites, waste land near villages and the banks
of streams. Messrs. Cammiade Bros, of Madras reported to Mr. E. Thurston that the
pods were said to yield a tan giving leather as white as snow. The pods of this species
are apparently those known to the tanning trade as " Tart" or " Teri.n Professor W.
R. Dunstan, F.R.S., who analyzed them, found them to contain 50 per cent, of tanning
matter, as against 30 per cent, yielded on an average by C. Coriaria. Altogether, it
seems to be the most valuable tanning material known in India, but it remains to be
seen whether the value is such as to induce those interested to undertake its cultivation.

This genus gives several important woods found in other parts of the world, such

C^ESALPINIE.E. 267

as C. crista, L., the "Redwood" or " Bresillet ; " C. eclunata, Lam., the "Brazil wood"
or " Pernambuco wood," and 0. braziliensis, L., the "Braziletto" of S. America and
the W. Indies.

Wood moderately hard, often with a red or orange-red heartwood.
Pores moderate-sized, in patches. Medullary rays fine, numerous.
Wavy concentric bands frequent in some species.

1. C Bondueella, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 357; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 254; Brandis For. PL
156; Gamble Darj. List 30; Talbot Bomb. List 77. Yern. Kut kuranj, Teat karinga,
karanjo, karonj, Hind.; Kanjd, Oudh ; Karbat, kachka, Sind ; Yangkup, Lepcha ;
Nata, Beng. ; Sagargota, Mar.; Gajkai, Ivan.: Kat kareza, Monghyr; Bagni,
Sonthal.

A large prickly climbing shrub. Bark light brown. Wood white,
hard. Annual rings distinct. Pores moderate-sized, single sub-
divided or in short radial strings, surrounded by a white ring, between
the fine wavy white numerous medullary rays which are bent round
them.

Throughout India, in hedges or climbing over bushes, usually near villages; but
primarily a coast plant.

A useful hedge plant, covered with prickles and especially the pods. The seeds
are large, grey, like marbles, used in medicine and to give an oil. Heinig says it is
common on the outskirts of forests along the sea face of the Sundarbans, along river-
banks and on clearings for cultivation.

lbs.
0 4824. Thano, Dehra Dun (Gamble) 52

2. C. Sappan, Linn. ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 255 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 357 ; Bedd. PL
Sylv. xc. ; Brandis For. PL 15G ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 405 ; The Sappan-wood. Vern.
Bakam, Hind., Guz., Beng. ; Patunga, Tarn. ; Bakamu, bakapu, Tel. ; Bokmo,
Uriya ; Pattang, Mar. ; Patunga, Kan. ; Teinnyet, Burm. ; Pattangi, Cingh.

A small tree or straggling shrub. Wood hard : sapwood white ;
heartwood orange-yellow. Pores isolated, small, in narrow pale
rings, scanty, between the fine, wavy, numerous medullary rays.

South India, Bengal and Burma, usually cultivated. I have never seen it wild,
but Collett and Hemsley give it as wild in the Shan Hills.

The " Sappan-wood " tree, giving a valuable dye-wood, which used to be in con-
siderable use and considerably exported, and is still used, but to a somewhat less
extent. It gives a beautiful red colouring matter, soluble in water, used in wool-
dyeing and calico-printing (Wardle, Watt Diet. ii. 11). Skinner gives (No. 33)
W = 60 lbs. and P = 1540 ; Wallich gives 61 lbs. per cubic foot. It is a very pretty
wood, takes a fine polish, and should be valuable for small work such as inlaying.

lbs.

C 3136. Moharli, Central Provinces (sapwood) 52

W4433. Malabar —

0 4831. Dehra Dun (cult.) 52

No. 110, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 46

3. C. sepiaria, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 360; PL Br. Ind. ii. 256; Brandis For. Fl. 156;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 406 ; Talbot Bomb. List 77 ; Trimen FL Ceyl. ii. 100. The Mysore
Thorn. Yern. Urn, uri, arln, rein, kando, ail, aihi, Hind.: Alai, Dehra Dun:
Ari, Jaunsar; Karaunj, Garhwal ; Chilian, chillur, Mar. ; Hotsige, Kan.; Uchay,K6\;
Gilo, Uriya ; Kah in, sukyaribo, Burm.

A straggling thorny shrub. Bark yellowish-white, corky, with
corky excrescences bearing strong thorns. Wood light brown,
moderately hard, with masses of reddish-brown harder wood near the
centre. Pores large, often subdivided or in groups, surrounded and
connected by anastomozing bands of pale tissue. Medullary rays
fine, very numerous.

268 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Throughout India from the lower Himalaya and Himalayan valleys southwards;
low country of Ceylon ; in hedges and open bushy places chiefly.
C 3460. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble).

4. C. puleherrima, Swartz ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 255 ; Brandis For. Fl. 157 ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 407. Poinciana puleherrima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 355. Yern. Krishna chiira,
Beng. ; Dauvr/zok, Burm.

A shrub. Bark silvery-grey, studded with prominent but small
lenticels. Wood hard : sapwood white ; heartwood orange-yellow.
Pores small, surrounded by pale tissue, single or in patches of a few
together. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

Commonly cultivated in Indian gardens, and often more or less run wild. Native
country doubtful.

A handsome shrub, with flowers resembling those of the Poinciana regia, but much
smaller.

0 4916. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Gollau).

5. C. Coriaria, Willd. ; Brandis For. Fl. 157. The "Divi-divi" or American
Sumach.

A small erect tree, soon branching. Bark dark reddish-brown,
thin, finely fissured vertically. Wood hard, heavy : sapwood greyish-
white ; heartwood nearly black, close-grained. Pores small, scanty,
enclosed in pale tissue which spreads into concentric interrupted often
anastomozing narrow bands. Medullary rays fine, white, narrow,
regular and conspicuous. Annual rhajs distinct.

Introduced from the W. Indies, and cultivated especially in S. India, on account of
its pods, which give a valuable tanning material, used for the same purposes as Sumach.
Mr. E. Thurston reported the result of a correspondence with Messrs. Cammiade Bros,
of Madras, who said, " Divi-divi is not procurable regularly, so it cannot be relied on.
' If it were grown more abundantly, and if the cultivators understood how to pick the
' pods at the right time when it is in prime condition, and if they sorted their Divi-divi
'and kept it from rot, this tannin would be valuable for cheap tannages. It is suitable
' for heavy hides, making very firm leather, but of a dark colour." The wood is hard
and heavy, and likely to be useful for various purposes, so that if the demand for the
tan is maintained, it should be a useful tree to plant on poor soils. Growth fairly fast,
6 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
C 4347. Mojagodo Plantation, Ganjam (Gamble) . . . .74

42. PELTOPHORUM, Vogel.

1. P. ferrugineum, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 257 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 408; Trimen
Fl.Ceyl.ii. 101, t. 32. Coesalpinia inermis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 367. Vern. Iya-vahai,
Tarn.

A large tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood light reddish-brown,
soft. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty ; enclosed, singly
or in groups of twos and threes, in patches of loose tissue which often
join together concentrically. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous,
closely packed.

Andaman Islands and Malay Peninsula in coast forests : dry region of Ceylon.
A very fine tree, magnificent when in full flower, often planted.
Singapore — Kew Museum (Ridley, 1900).

43. MEZONEURUM, Desf.

About six species, all large woody thorny climbers of Eastern Bengal and Banna,
the one given below alone extending to the vest of India.

C.ESALPINIE.E. 269

1. M. eueullatum, W. and A. ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 258 ; Brandis For. Fl. 155 ; Kurz

For. Fl. i. 409 ; Gamble Darj. List 30 ; Talbot Bomb. List 78. Cccsalpinia cucullata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 358. Vera. Biskoprah, Oudh ; Bagi, Bombay ; Sungray, Nep. ;
Bnnggong, yangkup, Lepcba ; Kyaungchet, Burm.

A large climbing shrub, very thorny. Bark brown, studded with
corky tubercles, each bearing a pair of hooked thorns. Wood soft,
very porous, with large pore* and rather fine medullary rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sarda eastwards ; Assam, Khasia Hills and Eastern
Bengal; Bebar and Chota Nagpore; Western Ghats of S. India.
E 488. DarjeeliDg Terai (Manson).

44. PTEROLOBIUM, R. Br.

Three species, large climbers, very prickly, with one-seeded samaroid pods. P.
macropterum, Kurz For. Fl. 410 ; Vera. Kyaungchet, Burm., is the common Burma
species, frequent along streams.

1. P. indieum, A. Rich.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 259. Pterolobiam lacerans, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 367.

A very thorny climbing shrub. Bark grey, thin, with conical
excrescences ending in prickles. Wood white, soft. Pores moderate-
sized surrounded by a ring of pale tissue, numerous. Medullary rays
fine to moderately broad, white, numerous. Annual rings visible,
10 to 12 per inch of radius.

South India, common in hilly places in the Deccan down to the Nilgiris. Collected
by Sir G. King in Dehra Dun, but I have never seen it there.
D 4150. Venketayapaiem Forest, Kistna (Gamble).

45. POINCIANA, Linn.

One indigenous species, another introduced. Both very commonly planted as
ornamental trees, the latter especially.

1. P. elata, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 260; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 355; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 178; Brandis For. Fl. 157; Talbot Bomb. List 78. Vera. Sidhsaro, Guz. ; Padena-
rayan, Tam. ; Sunkeswar, sankesula, Tel. ; Nirangi, Kan.

A tree. Wood yellowish-white, sometimes with irregular red heart-
wood, soft. Pores large, scanty, irregularly distributed. Numerous
light-coloured bands of loose tissue alternate with darker bands of
more compact texture, but the pores, though more numerous in the
former, are not always in that alone. Medullary rays short, fine,
not numerous.

Porbunder State in Kathiawar, Bombay (Jaikrishna Inderji in Ind. For. xxvi. 17),
apparently not really wild elsewhere. Roxburgh says, " Corornandel coast " ; Brandis
and Beddome, " forests of western and eastern coasts." I never saw it wild myself,
certainly not on the Corornandel coast, which I know well, and Talbot only quotes
Brandis. Gleadow (Ind. For. I.e.) says he never saw it wild in Bombay; and Bour-
dillon (Ind. For. xxvi. 170) says it is not found in Travancore.

A pretty tree. Very commonly planted in avenues and gardens in S. India, very
handsome when in flower, and very ornamental. Skinner, Mo. 106, says it has wood
of a yellow colour, tolerably close and even-grained, easily worked, and giving a smooth
surface, warping sightly, but not subject to crack, well suited for cabinet work. He
gives W = 45 lbs., P = 516.

It grows well from cuttings, and has been used in Madras to protect the footings
of rivers, and to protect channel banks (Balfour, " Timber Trees "). The branches ami
leaves are cut and used as manure for indigo fields. Jaikrishna Inderji, in his paper
above quoted, says that it grows all over the Barde Hills in Porbunder, especially in

270 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

crevices of the basalt and trap rocks, but is stunted, knotty, and branchins. He reports

that the wood is used for churns, bedstead-legs, combs and matches ; that the root is

useful to remove the pain of scorpion-bite, and that the leaves and flowers are used in

medicine.

lbs.

C 4842. Porbunder Forests, Kathiawar (Jaikrishna Inderji) . . .43

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

2. P. regia, Bojer; Brandis For. Fl. 157; Kurz For. Fl. i. 404; Talbot Bomb.
List 78. The "Gold Mohur or ' Gulmohr ' tree "or "Flamboyant." Yern. Shima
sankesula, Tel.

An evergreen handsome tree. Bark brown, slightly rough. Wood
white, soft. Pores large, often subdivided or in pairs, surrounded by
patches of loose pale tissue, which are sometimes confluent. Medullary
rays fine to moderately broad, rather scanty, showing as a silver-grain
on a radial section. Pores very prominent on vertical sections.

Native of Madagascar, planted in gardens and avenues in all the warmer and
damper parts of India.

A gorgeous tree when in flower, with its large corymbs of crimson flowers and

bright green leaves ; grows very quickly.

lbs.
E 4558. Sibpur Engineering College Garden (Slater) . . . .28

46. PARKINSONIA, Linn.

1. P. aeuleata, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Tnd. ii. 260; Brandis For. Fl. 158; Bedd. Fl.Sylv.
xci. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 403 : Talbot Bomb. List 78. t Yern. Vilayati kikar, Pb. ; Tairi,
Monghyr ; Sima tumma, Tel.

A small tree. Bark brown, very thin, with numerous horizontal
narrow lenticels usually about ^ in. long. Wood white with an
irregular purplish-brown heartwood, hard. Pores moderate-sized or
even small to large, often subdivided, surrounded either singly or
in oroups by patches of pale loose tissue, the patches more or less
concentric in arrangement. Medullary rays fine to moderately
broad, not numerous, rather short.

An introduced plant, completely naturalized iu all the dry regions of India, espe-
cially in the Punjab and the Deccan.

A handsome little tree with showy yellow flowers and narrow constricted pods.
It is often used for hedges. It grows in all dry regions and even on black cotton soil.

lbs.

P 4848. Punjab (C. F. Elliott) 52

Nordlinger's Section, vol. 8, is rather doubtful, as the pores are;io£ surrounded by
loose tissue, as is usual in the Family.

47. "WAG ATE A, Dalz. W. spicata, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Iud. ii. 261 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 78; Yern. Wagati, Mar., is a prickly climbing shrub of the Western Coast forests.

48. HvEMATOXYLOX, Linn.

1. H. eampeehianum, Linn. " Logwood."

A small tree with much buttressed and indented trunk. Bark
dark brown, exfoliating in small plates. Wood hard : sapwood small,
white; heartwood bright red. Pores moderate-sized, small, often sub-
divided, surrounded by narrow patches of pale tissue which spreads
into concentric anastomozing bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Introduced from the W. Indies, and often cultivated in gardens. The wood is a

clesalptnie.t:. 271

very valuable dye-wood, and largely imported into Europe from America. It gives a
deep red, violet, or black dye.

lbs.
0 4559, 4571. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Gollan) . . .61 and 67

Tribe II. CASSIEJ1.
49. CASSIA, Lino.

About 13 species, of which three are introduced shrubs. Six species only grow into
trees, while four are small trees or shrubs. They all have showy flowers, usually bright
yellow.

C. renigera, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 262 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 392 ; Vern. Ngashwe,
Burrn., is a tree of the forests of the Shan Hills and the dry forests of Prorne. Pram
mentions that all the Shan Hills specimens have yellow flowers, while in those from
Pegu the flowers are pink. C. alata, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 264; Talbot Bomb. List
79 {Senna alata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 349) ; Vern. Dadmurdan, Hind., Beng. ; Wandu
rolli, Tarn. ; Mitta, tamara, Tel. ; Mezaligyi, Burin., is a handsome small tree intro-
duced from the W. Indies and now found cultivated pr run wild in various parts
of India. It has large leaves and large bracteate racemes of flowers. O. glauca, Lam. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 265 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xci. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 394 ; Talbot Bomb. List 79
( Senna arborescent, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 345), is a shrub, wild in the forests of Western and
South India and Burma, elsewhere much planted and noticeable for its profusion of
flowers of a pale yellow.

C. bicapsidaris, Linn., C. tomentosa, Linn, and C. laevigata, Willd. are all hand-
some-flowered shrubs which have been introduced and cultivated and eventually run
wild in hill regions and especially on the Xilgiris and in the Khasia Hills.

C. occidentalis, Linn. ; G. Sophera, Linn. ; and 0. Tora, Linn, are common weeds
of roadsides, river-banks and fallow lands in most parts of India, the last-named having
long narrow pods with angular seeds, known as Kuwari, which are used in tanning
and in medicine, all three are used in skin-diseases (Agr. Ledger, 1896, No. 29).

Wood hard, heavy; heartwood dark-coloured. Pores moderate-
sized and large, in patches of soft texture, which in some species are
confluent aud form more or less continuous concentric bands or
elongated patches.

1. C. Fistula, Linn.: Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 261 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 333; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xci.; Brandis For. Fl. 194; Kurz For. Fl. i. 391; Gamble Darj. List 30; Taibot
Bomb. List 79 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 103. Cathartocarpus Fistula, Pers. The Indian
Laburnum. Vern. Amaltas, Hind. ; Kinjdl, krinjal, Kashmir; Alash, alt, karanzai,
karangal, kidr, kanidr, Pb. ; Kirdla, Dehra Dun: Sindra, Grarhwal; Raj briksh,
kitola, Kurnaon; Chimkani, Sind; Gwrmala, Guz. ; Swndali, bmidarlati, Beng.;
Shongrdl, Sundarbans ; Sandari, sunari, Uriya; Kitvjdli, kitoli, itola, shimarra, sim,
North-Western Provinces; Warga, nrga, Oudh ; Jaggarivah, ralhi, hirojah, karkacha,
C.P. ; Jaggra, jagarua, kambar, rera, Gondi ; Sari, Kol; Dimrds, Kharwar ; Baella,
Baigas; Kirmalia, Merwara ; Pundali,K.hond; Rela, Beddi; Banagtbangru, Kurku;
Bahawa, boyn, bawa, Mar.; Raj birij, Nep. ; Sungyen, Lepcha; Sonalu, G&ro;
Bonurlati, bonurlauri, persar, Palamow; Sunaru, Assam ; Bandolat, Cachar ; A'"/".
eirikone, tirukontai, kavani, Tain.; Reylu, rela, suvarnam, konay, Tel.; Konnei,
Mai.; Kaki, Tain. ; I\< tkke, Kan. ; Ehela, Cingh. ; Xgn, ngugyi, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark ] in. thick, compact,
greenish-grey and smooth when young, dark-reddish brown and
rough when old, exfoliating in many-sided patches. Wood very hard :
sapwood large ; heartwood varying in colour from grey or yellowish-
red to brick-red, darkens much on exposure. Pores moderate-sized
to large, often subdivided, often rilled with resin, scanty, uniformly
distributed, enclosed in, and joined by, white, wavy, irregular, often
interrupted, often anastomozing concentric bands of soft tissue.

272

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Medullary rays very fine, numerous, uniform, slightly bent, prominent
in the dark, firm tissue which separates the wavy bands.

Throughout the forests of India, Burma and Ceylon, one of the most widespread
of Indian trees ; ascending to 4000 ft. in the Himalaya and extending north to the
hills above Peshawur; usually in deciduous forest.

A beautiful tree, very conspicuous both when bearing its' long pendulous racemes
of bright yellow flowers and when carrying its long stick-like cylindrical pods. It is
not gregarious, but occurs fairly uniformly scattered in places suited to its growth.
It is easily propagated and frequently planted in gardens and avenues, and its flowers
are used in religious ceremonies by Hindus.

The timber is good and durable, but of small size and difficult to work, brittle and
apt to splinter. It is excellent for posts and good for carts, agricultural implements and
rice-pounders, also for bows and for boat spars. Graham Anderson recommends it for
bedplates for machinery. The growth is moderate only, about 9 rings per inch of
radius.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

Experiment by whom made.

Years.

Wood whence
produced.

2
1

°a

6'C

Size of bar.

Value
of P.

Kyd ....

Skinner, No. 43 .
R. Thompson

Brandis, Nos. 33 and 34

Central Provinces List .
Specimens examined

1862
1868

1862

1873
1878-99

Assam
South India
Central Provinces

Burma

Central Provinces
Various

lbs.
56
61

52

66
61

13

ft. in. in.
2x1x1

588
846

The pulp of the pods is a strong purgative, but it is eaten by bears and monkeys,
apparently with impunity. The bark is largely used for tanning, but is apt to darken
the leather too much. In the North-West Provinces it is considerably in demand for
the Cawnpore tanneries, and in South India the demand for permits to collect the bark
has sometimes caused a good deal of damage to and waste in the forests. The stem
gives a gum, but little used. Both flowers and leaves are said to be occasionally eaten,
tin nigh rejected by cattle and goats, and the pulp of the fruit is employed to flavour
native tobacco. The wood is an excellent fuel, and gives good charcoal of bright
colour and good ring.

The seeds in the pods are frequently destroyed by the Tortricid moth Cryptophebia
Carpophaga, Wlsin. (see "Ind. Mus. Notes," iv. 100).

Sutlej Valley, Punjab, 3000 ft.
439. Ajmere ......

Garhwal (1868)

Gorakhpur (1868)

Ahiri lleserve, Central Provinces (11. Thompson)
Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble)
Lohagarhi Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson),
Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble).
Kamrup, Assam {(I. Mann) .
South Kanara (Cherry) ....
Mysore (Kurz) .....
North Arcot, Madras (Beddome) .
Collegal, Coimbatore ....
Burma (Brandis, 1862, No. 33)
X.i. 119, Ceylon Collection, new (MendisV

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. VI. .".).

p

101.

p

437,

0

244.

0

:;:;:;.

c

Ilf.l.

('

3544.

E

579.

E

2352.

E

783.

w

864.

1>

2052.

D

1076.

D

tois.

B

2525.

lbs.

.' 61

. 52

. 52

. 56

. 58

. 62

. 62

. 60

.* 62

. 58

. 73

. 65

. 66

CiESALPINIE.E 273

2. C. nodosa, Ham. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 836; FI. Br. Ind. ii. 261 ; Kurz Fur. Fl. i.
392. Vern. Ngufhein, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark yellowish-brown, smooth when
young, with numerous narrow but deep horizontal clefts. Wood
moderately hard : sapwood light brown ; heartwood red. Pores
moderate-sized or large, scanty, scattered, surrounded by large rino-s
of loose tissue. Medullary rays numerous, fine, regular.

Forests of Chittagong ; evergreen tropical forests of Burma, north to Myitkyina ;

Andamans. „

lbs.

B 5078. Minbu Division, Burma (Calthrop) 40

Nos. B 2260, 2295 (Col. Ford, Andamans); Vern. Qnoogyee may belong to this species.

3. C. marginata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 338 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 262. C. Roxburglrii, DC ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 180; Trimen FL Ceyl. ii. 104. Vern. Urimidi, uskiamen, Tel. ;

I'n knl, Tarn.; Ngoomee, Burm. ; Ratu-wa, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark deeply cracked, brown. Wood
light brown, very hard. Pores moderate-sized and large, joined
by narrow, undulating, irregular, pale or dark (when cells are filled
with resin) bands of soft tissue, which are much narrower and
of smaller cells than in G. Fistida. Medullary rays fine and very
numerous, uniform and equidistant, prominent in the dark firm
tissue which separates the bands.

S. Arcot, Tanjore, Trichinopoly and Tinnevelly Districts of Madras (Beddome) ;
dry region of Ceylon ; largely planted in other parts as an ornamental tree. Thaun°--
yeen forests of Burma (Brandis).

A pretty tree with rose-coloured flowers. The wood is strong and durable, "well
' adapted for articles of turnery, such as naves of wheels and handles of instruments "
(Beddome). Skinner, No. 4-1, gives W = 63 lbs., Beddome says 75 to 80 lbs., one
specimen only gives 59 lbs.

B 301. Burma (Brandis, No. 35, 1862) 59

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

4. C. auriculata, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 263 ; Brandis For. Fl. 165 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 79 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 106. Senna auriculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 349.
Vern. Tarwar, awal, Hiod. ; Tarota, tar was, Berar ; Avaram, avarai, Tain.; Awal,
Merwara ; Tangedu, tangar, Tel. ; Tarwar, arsul, Mar. ; Ranaivara, Cingh. ; Peik-
thingat, Yaw (Burma).

A shrub. B<irh thin, smooth, grey with reddish-brown lenticels
irregularly scattered, sometimes horizontally, sometimes vertically
arranged. Wood brown, hard. Pores small, scanty, in pale irregular
patches, joined into wavy concentric bands. Medullary rays fine,
regular, bent where they touch the pores.

Central and South India, extending northwards to Rajputana and perhaps to Jhansi,
common on dry stony hills and on black cotton soil ; Shan Hills of Burma at 8000 ft.

Avery valuable shrub, whether for its use in reclothing barren tracts of land where
little else will grow, or for its bark, which is one of the most valuable tans in India,
and one of the chief of the catechol varieties. In a Report on leathers for bookbinding
made to the Society of Arts {Journal, July 5, 1901) it is stated that "many thousands
' of skins come over from India, tanned with tarwar bark. These are brought on the
' London market by the leather-dressers, and are usually detannized by scouring or by
' drumming in an alkaline solution, next treated with sulphuric acid to brighten their
' colour, and retanned in sumach, after which they are finished, and are usually sold
' under the name of ' Persian morocco ' or ' Persian sheep.' " They were not considered
very good for bookbinding. Messrs. Caminiade Bros, of Madras reported that it gave
a very fair colour, which, however, soon changed to a murky brown. They seemed to
consider it excellent for heavy hides for which colour was not very important, but
complained that its cost in Madias (L\"> lbs. per B.1) was too heavy/ Analysis made
by Mr. D. Hooper with Mysore bark gave as follows : —

T

274 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Young bark. Old bark.

Tannin 11-92 . . 20-12

Insoluble tannin (phlobaphene) 2-30 . . 4-90

Watery extract 22-35 . . 29-00

Asb and moisture 11*41 . . 14'20

The harvesting and sale of "tangedu" or " avaram " bark is a most important
forest industry in S. India, and requires careful regulation. The first crop is usually
obtained when the shrub is five years old, and it costs about Rs.9 to collect 1000 lbs. of
bark (P. Lodge). It seems that a rotation of about three years is found the best regular
treatment. The shrub is easily cultivated, and ought to be largely so, to reclothe poor
lands and prepare them for more valuable tree growth. It was successfully grown on
poor land about Rajampet in Cuddapah. The seeds, leaves and flowers are used in
native medicine, and the leaves are largely cut and used for ploughing into rice-fields,
being considered an excellent manure.

C 3919. Bhadrachalam, Upper Godavari (Gamble).

D 4253. Kothapatam, Neliore (Gamble).

5. C. Siamea, Lamk.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 264; Kurz For. pi. i. 392: Talbot Bomb.
Li-t 79 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 108. O. florida, Vahl ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 179. Senna
sumatrana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 347. Vern. Beati, rrianje konne, vaJcai, Tarn.; Kassod,
Mar. : Mezali, Burin. ; Wa, aramana, Cingb.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, smooth, slightly fissured
longitudinally. Wood hard : sapwood whitish, rather large ; heart-
wood dark brown to nearly black, in stripes of dark and light.
Pores large and moderate-sized, scanty, embedded in pale, nearly
continuous, broad, wavy bands of soft texture, which alternate with
very hard, almost black bands of very close texture. Medullary
rays fine, scanty, irregular. On a radial section the wood is streaked
light and dark, on a tangential section the dark patches appear as
zigzag plates, and this is the section which would be most handsome
in joinery work.

" Common in the jungles quite at the south of the Madras Presidency " (Beddome) ;
mixed and dry forests of Burma from Chittagong down ; low country of Ceylon up to
2000 ft.; largely planted in suitable places all over India.

A handsome tree, very commonly used for avenues and also planted in gardens, topes,
etc. It grows quickly, and is very easy to propagate. The flowers are bright yellow.
The pretty wood is not usually of large enough dimensions for extended employ.
Kurz says that in Burma it is used for helves, walking-sticks and mallets; Beddome
that it is the chief fuel used in Ceylon for locomotives. It clearly deserves to be
better known and more used for furniture, inlaying, etc.

Skinner, No. 39, gives W = 58 lbs., Brandis and Beddome 58 lbs., the specimens
give an average of about 50 lbs. ; perhaps 54 would be the better average. Skinner
gives P = 840. lbB<

E 3710. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) .... 45

D 1080. North Arcot (Beddome) 58

D 3893. Agri-IIortl. Gardens, .Madias (Steavenson) . . .43 (sapwood)

B '2526. Burma (Brandis, No. 35, 1862) 54

B 2712. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 52

No. 141, Ceylon Collection, new (Mcndis).

6. C. timoriensis, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 265 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcii. ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
393; Talbot Bomb. List 79; Fl. Ceyl. 108. Vern. Taunginezali, Barm.; Arr&mm^ Omgh.

A handsome small evergreen tree. Wood dark brown, nearly

black, in structure the same as C. siamea.

Hills of the Western Ghats and low country of Ceylon.

Mendis gives W = 57 lbs., P = 594, and says the wood is used in Ceylon for
building and furniture. lbs.

No. 4, Ceylon Collection, old; No. 6, new (Mendis) . . . .57

c^esalpiniea: 275

7. C. montana, Heyne ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 264 ; Bedd. PL Sylv. xcii. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 79. Vern. Konda tangedu, Tel.

A large shrub. Bark dark grey, smooth, with small lenticels
arranged in horizontal lines. Wood yellowish-brown, hard, the
annual rings prominent. Pores small or moderate-sized, single or
subdivided, or in groups of 2 to 3 in patches of, and joined occa-
sionally only by, light-coloured soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, short.

Southern and Western India, especially in the South Deccan and Carnatic, in

similar places to 0. auriculata, but not on black cotton soil.

A pretty shrub of bright yellow rloweis, likely to be useful to reclothe dry, rocky,

denuded areas, but not so valuable as C. auriculata.

lbs.

D 3966. Cuddapah District (Gamble) 62

50. CYNOMETRA, Linn.

Four Indian species wild, and one species, C. cauliflora, Linn., cultivated in gardens.
C. travancorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 316; Fl. Br. lad. ii. 267, is a large, handsome tree
of the evergreen forests of Tmnevelly and Travancore, at 2-4000 ft., especially near
Courtallum. 0. Beddomei, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. ii. 478, is a tree of
the Ghats of S. Kanara and of the Wynaad.

1. C. ramiflora, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 267 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 315 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 415; Talbot Bomb. List 80; Trimeu FL Ceyl. ii. 111. Vern. Shingra, shingar,
Beng.; Irajpu, Tam. ; My inkabin, Burm. ; Gal mendora, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Bark smooth, brownish-grey. Wood red,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, often oval and subdivided, in
patches of loose texture joined by pale, soft, wav}*- bands, which
alternate with narrower bands of firm tissue. Medullary rays fine,
very numerous.

Sea coast tidal forests of the Sundarbans, S. India, Burma, the Andamans and
Ceylon ; often cultivated in gardens.

This is sub-sp. bijuga, var. mimosoides (Prain). Skinner, No. 52, gives W = 56 lbs.,
P = 826. Nos. 27, 32 of A. Mendis' Ceylon Collection bear the names " Gal mendora "
and " Hal mendora" W = 56 to 58 lbs., P = 740. Skinner says the wood is used for
house- and cart-building, and that chips of the wood give a purple dye in water. In
the Sundarbans it is used for posts for native huts and for fuel. Heinig says that its
shade is too heavy for Sundri seedlings, which do not thrive beneath it.

E 397. Sundarbans (Richardson) 58

C. polyandra, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 372 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 268. Vern. Ping, Cachar,
Sylhet.

A large evergreen tree. Wood light red, hard, close-grained.
Pores moderate-sized, joined by narrow concentric bands of loose
tissue. MedvMary rays moderately broad.

ELhasia Hills, Sylhet and Cachar.

Wallich gives the weight 53 lbs. per cubic foot ; the specimen gives 60 lbs. Mann

says the wood is useful for building, and is s;ood for charcoal.

e' - lbs.

E 1276. Cachar (G. Mann) 60

51. DIALIUM, Linn.

1. D. OVOideum, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 269; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 181; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 112. Vern. Kaddujouli, Tam. ; Galsiyambala, Cingh.

A tall tree. Bark smooth. Wood dark red-purple, nearly black,
very hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, ringed, scanty, resin
ous, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays extremely line,

276 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

but distinct, very regular and numerous, the distance between them
much less than the diameter of the ringed pores.

Low country of Ceylon, scarce.

A fine wood which deserves to be better known. The tree might be worth culti-
vation. Mendis says the wood is used for oil-presses, cog-wheels, furniture and

building. The fruit, known as " wild tamarind," is edible.

° ' lbs.

No. 37, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 82

2. D. eoromandelianum, Houtt. (?). Vern. MalampuU, Tarn.

A tall tree. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores large, scanty
and sparsely distributed, joined by wavy concentric light bands of
loose tissue. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

Forests of Travancore. lbs

W 4683. Travancore (Bourdillon) 58

The specific name here adopted has been (doubtfully) inserted as a guess after
reading Plain's remarks in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 483, in which be says his
specimens came from Mr. Lawson. Lawson may have received his specimens from
Bourdillon.

52. HARDWICKIA, Roxb.

Two species, both of South India.

1. H. binata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 423; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 270: Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 2G;
I'.randis For. Fl. 162; Talbot Bomb. List 80. Vern. Anjan, Hind., Mar. : Acha, alii,
Tarn.; Yepi, nar yepi, ya pa, Tel. ; Kamrd, karachi, Kan.; Chhota dundhera, Gondi ;
Hone, Kurku ; Parsid, Singrowli.

A deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, dark grey, rough with irre-
gular vertical cracks, exfoliates in narrow flakes. Wood extremely
hard : sapwood small, white : heartwood dark red streaked with
black, often with a purplish tinge, cross- and very close-grained.
Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, filled with resin, uniformly
distributed. Med/uMary rays fine, numerous, undulating, bent where
they touch the pores, visible on a radial section as fine plates giving
a pretty silver-grain. Occasional scanty, fine, concentric lines.

Dry forests of £outh India, rather local, extending northwards as far as the Banda
district of the North- AVestern Provinces: generally ^re^arious in isolated belts or
patches of greater or less extent; usually on sandstone, hut also on trap-rocks and
gneiss. Brandis says, "In Central India, the tree is known in Chanda, Berar,
' Khandesh and Niniar, on the eastern slopes of the Pachmarhis, near the Dhtidi river,
'and on the Singrowli hills, south of the S6ne river." In South India its chief
localities are: in Godavari in the forests round Bhadrachalam, in Kistna in the great
Bollapalli reserve and adjoining forests, in Anautnpur in the Muchukota forest, in
Bellary at Malpangudi, besides other places in Cuddapah, Kurnool, etc.. where it
occurs mixed with other trees: further south it is found on "both banks of the
'Cauvery in Salem District and on the Balarangams, at Hasantir and Gazalhati. in
'Coimbatore (Beddome)." Talbot mentions a small forest at Ranibenur in Dharwar
IMstrict. It is found also in tropical Africa.

A beautiful, very graceful tree, growing to a large size, but largo trees are now
scarce, partly owing to the demand for the wood, partly to the custom of pollarding
the tree for its branches whose bark yields a fibre universally used for well-ropes and
other agricultural purposes; and partly to its leaves being used for manure and for
cattle-fodder. Its reproduction is good ; it gives a profusion of seed, and the seedlings
spring up quickly, hut, like those of Teak, Sal, and other Indian trees, are killed to the
WOUnd-leve] year after year in the season of hot winds, until finally the roots get far
down into moist strata and the shoots are strong and big enough to grow on into trees.
The saplings, however, never seem to grow thickly, but to prefer to be separated for

C/ESALPINIE.E

277

some distance, even when there are no, or few, other species of tree in the interval. It
also coppices well.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 78, 85 lbs. ; E. Thompson gives 67 ; and the
Central Provinces List of 1873, 65 lbs. ; specimens examined give an average of 82 lbs.
Skinner gives P = 942. Perhaps the hardest and heaviest wood in India ; it is
extremely durable, liable to split, but does not warp. It is used for bridge and house
posts and for ornamental work. It has beeu recommended for sleepers, but is probably
too hard, heavy and difficult to work to be much in favour. Out of 9 sleepers laid
down on the Mysore State Railway and taken up after 7 to 8 years, 6 were found
good, 2 still serviceable, and only 1 bad. About 2000 have been used on the Holkar
and Neemuch line. At the Dehri workshops on the Sone river it has been used for
bearings for machinery and found to wear well. Sleepers buried at the Forest School
lor experiment, when dug up in 1893, after 7 years in the ground, were found still
perfectly sound in all respects. The wood is valued for naves for cart-wheels, and for
ploughshares used on black cotton soil. The rate of growth is rather slow, usually
about 10 rings per inch of radius. It is noticeable that the wood of the Upper Godavari
specimen is lighter in colour and of less weight than the others. A. W. Lushingtun
says that planted trees of known age on the Kistna canals gave 2#04, 3-23, -P54, 6*10,
7-35, 8-43, 9-43, 10-39, 11*33, 12-26, 13-18 in. diameter for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,
45, 50, 55 years' growth respectively. The last corresponds to about 8 rings per inch.

As already noticed, Anjan is much pollarded both for fodder and manure, as well
as for the fibre given by the branches.

C 800. Punassa Reserve, Central Provinces (Doveton)

Ahiri „ „ „ (P. Thou

Nimar, Central Provinces (Brandis)

Palamow, Bengal

Bhadrachalam, Upper Godavari (Gamble)
Salem, Madras (Beddorne)

Mysore (Kurz)

Muchukota Reserve, Anantapur (young tree)
Collegal, Coimbatore ....
Bollapalli Forest, Kistna
No. 31, Salem Collection .....

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

C

1147.

c

298G.

c

2929.

c

4061.

D

1055.

D

2025.

1)

3929.

1)

4020.

D

4187.

pson)

lbs.
84
84
83
82
60
83
77

82

2. H. pinnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 425; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 270; Bedd. Fl. Sj'lv. i.
255. Vern. Koldvu, Tinnevelly : Matdyen samprdni, Travancore ; Yenne, Manjarabad ;
Shurdli, holla, Mai.; Uram, Trav. Hills.

A very large tree. Wood moderately hard : sapwood large ;
heartwood dark red or reddish-brown, exuding a red, sticky resin.
Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, scanty. Medullary
rays fine, nearly etpui-distant, bending where they touch the pores.
Scanty, not very prominent, concentric lines of soft texture.

Western Ghats from South Kanara to Travancore.

Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. Bourdillon gives W = 46, P = 640. The wood
is used for building by coffee-planters and others. For analysis of the gum resin see
Mr. Broughton's Report in Beddorne Fl. Sylv. t. 255. The tree yields also a valuable
balsam, like copaiba (Beddorne). lb9

D 1064. Tinnevelly (Beddorne) 47

W 4296. „ (Hrasier) 44

W 4620. Travancore (Bourdillon) !■">

53. CRUDIA, S.hreb. O. zeylanica, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 271; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 190; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 113, is a large tree endemic in Ceylon, in the moist lew
country, and apparently very rare.

54. CERATOXIA, Linn.
1. C. Siliqua, Linn.: Brandis For. Fl. L66. The "Carob tree," or '"Locust tree."
A small tree. Wood hard, sapwood white, heartwood red. Pon -

278 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

moderate-sized, much subdivided in radial patches of 3 to 6 sub-
divisions. Medullary rays narrow, unequal, irregularly distributed.

Indigenous in South Europe and North Africa ; to some extent naturalized in the
Punjab and other regions in India.

The tree produces a quantity of edible pods which are used for food, and are often
given to cattle, horses, pigs, etc. It is not very easy to grow; it requires a special
climate, and is liable to damage by frost. The attempts to naturalize it in India,
though persistent and occasionally promising, have not on the whole succeeded very well.

lbs.
0 3266, 4560. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Duthie, Gollan) . . . 51
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7.

Tribe III. AMHERSTIE2E.

55. SARACA, Linn.

About five species. S. Zollingeriana, Miq. and 8. Lohbiana, Baker, are small trees
of Martaban. S. triandra, Baker; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 272, is found in Tenasserim, and
S. Oriffitki<mo , Prain, in Upper Burma.

1. S. indiea, Linn.; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 271 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 57; Brandis For. Fl.
Hill; Kurz For. Fl. i. 415; Talbot Bomb. List 80; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 114. Jonesia
Asoca, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 21S. The Asoca tree. Vern. Asok, Hind. ; Asoka, Bene. ;
Ashok, jassundi, Bombay; Aseka, oshoho, obi, Uriya; AshttnJcar, Kan.; T/iawgalc,
Burm. ; Diya-ratmal, Cin^h.

A small tree. Wood light reddish-brown, soft; occasional faint
brown concentric belts of soft tissue. Pores moderate-sized, in radial
and frequently oblique lines. Medullary rays fine, scanty, indistinct.

Eastern Bengal to Chittagong and Arracan ; forests of the Northern Circars and
Orissa; evergreen forests of the Koukan and N. Kanara; low country of Ceylon;
usually along streams ; much cultivated in gardens.

This tree, "the ' Sorrowless tree' or 'Heart's-ease' of the Mahabharata" (Edwin
Arnold), is one of the most important sacred trees in India, both among Hindus and
Buddhists, and the handsome orange-red flowers are used in temple decoration.

lbs.

E 4896. Bengal (Orissa?) 36

No. 23, Ceylon Collection, old; No. 25, new (Mendis) . . . .58

56. AMHERSTIA, Wall.

1. A. nobilis, Wall.: Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 272; Kurz For. Fl. i. 111. Vera. Thawga,
Burm.

A small tree. Wood hard, white with a pinkish tinge. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided, immersed in large wavy,
more or less concentrically disposed patches of pale tissue. ATedvZ-
lary rays fine, numerous, regular.

Salween valley in Tenasserim.

This, one of the most beautiful flowering trees in I he world, was discovered by
Mr. Crawford and Dr. Wallich at Kogun in the Salween valley. It is now cultivated
in gardens in Calcutta, Madras, and elsewhere in India; also in Ceylon, where fine
spcrimens may be seen at Handy. It is propagated by layers. ,

E 4914. Koyal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (Prain) 50*

57. TAMARIND US, Linn.

1. T. indiea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 273 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 215 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. L84; Brandis For. Fl. 163; Kurz For. Fl. i. 114; Gamble Darj. List 32; Talbot
Bomb. List 80; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 111. The Tamarind. Vern. Amli, ambli, imli,
Hind.; Tintiri, Until, tinMl, Beng. ; Titri, Nep.; Teteli, Ass. ; Tentuli, Teoya, Uriya ;

(LESALPINIE/E

279

Puli, Tarn. ; Chinta, Tel. ; Jb/o, K61, Sonthal ; Chinch, Berar ; Neddi, Khond ; Shenta,
Palkonda; Sitta, data, hitta, Gondi ; Chicha, Kurku; Karangi, ka/mal, asam, Mysore;
Hunase, Kan. ; Audi, chitz, Mar. ; Siyembela, Cingh.; Magyi, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark ^ in. thick, dark grey, with longi-
tudinal fissures and horizontal cracks. Wood hard, close-grained :
sapwood yellowish-white, sometimes with red streaks ; heartwood
small, near the centre of old trees only, dark purplish-brown,
with an irregular outline and radiating ramifications, very durable.
Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly dis-
tributed, each pore or group of pores surrounded by round patches
of soft tissue, which are sometimes confluent. Medullary rays very
fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Said to be indigenous in Central Africa; cultivated in India, Burma, and Ceylon as
far north as the Jlielum, as an avenue and " tope" tree, and io. parks and gardens, also
for its fruit. Sometimes found in the forests, but always either on the sites of old
villages or come up from scattered seeds.

A very beautiful tree growing to a very large size and a great age. Emerson
Tennent mentions one at Point Pedro, Ceylon, that was 42 ft. in girth at the base,
and in " Ceyl. Forester," i. 4, the tree in Muttur in Kottiar is mentioned, under which
Robert Knox was captured in 1659, as now having a girth of 30 ft. 6 in.

The weight aod transverse strength have been ascertained by the following
experiments : —

Experiment by whom
conducted.

Year.

ruckle. . . . —

Skinner, No. 121 . .1 1862
Cunningham . . ! —

Adrian Mendis, No. 7iJ 185.3

Specimens examined . 1878-99
H. H. O'Connell . . 18S(J

A S i

Wood whence

J3

* a

procured.

d 'C

^

lbs.

Mysore

83

4

South India

79

—

Gwalior

60

2 •

„

79

2

Ceylon

80

—

Various

80

3

Coiinbatore

57

—

Size of bar. Value of P.

ft. in. in.
2xlXl

2 X 1 X
2 X 1 X

2 x 1 x

792

864

614, sapwood

815, heartwood

780

heartwood

a = 0-OiiSlo

The wood is highly prized, though extremely difficult to work. It is, however,
a pity that the amount of heartwood is so small. It is said not to be durable if exposed
to weather, but very good for inside fittings in houses. It is used for wheels, mallets,
planes, furniture, rice-puunders, oil and sugar mills, and is an excellent wood for
turning (Brandis). The fruit is used in medicine as a laxative ; it is made into preserves
and exported to Europe. The leaves are also used in curries, and the seed, ground to
powder and mixed with gum, gives a strong cement. Cut in two, and rubbed on a
scorpion-bite, it is said to be a certain cure (A. Lodge). Graham Anderson says it is of
no use to shade coffee, as nothing will grow under it. Tents pitched under it in wet
weather get damaged, perhaps by the acid in the leaves. The leaves are frequently
eateD and destroyed by the small Bruchid beetle (Caryobcrus gonagra, Fabr.).

lbs.

C 2811. Mclghat, Berar (Brandis) ] ("lit

P 451. Ajmere \ sapwood ] 03

E 2353. Siliguri, Bengal (Gamble) J ( 63

D 2014. Mysore (Kurz) j ( 82

D 4021). Madras [heartwood . J 80

No. 79, Ceylon Collection, old; No. 126, aew (Mendis) J ( 7:>
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (doubtful).

58. HUMBOLDTIA, Vahl.

Five species, all trees of South India. H.lawrifoUa, Vahl.; PI. Br. hid. ii. 273 ;

Bedd. PI. Sylv. xciii. ; Tritnen PI. Ceyl. ii. 115 ; Vern. Qal-karanda, Cingh., is a si

280 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

tree of damp forests in Malabar and Ceylon. B. unijuga, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 274 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 183, is a handsome tree of the Travancore Ghats at 3-4000 ft., said
to give a hard durable timber. H. Brunonis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 274 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. xciii., is a small tree of the "Western Ghats in Coorg, S. Kanara and Xilgiris.

1. H. Vahliana, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 274; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xciii. Yern.
Koratthi, Mai.

A small tree. Wood light brown, moderately hard. Pores scanty,
usually subdivided, large, evenly distributed. Medullary rays nume-
rous, fine but indistinct.

Evergreen forests of the W. Ghats, Xilgiris to Travancore, up to 2000 ft. ; sholas

about Coonoor (Bedd.).

x ' lbs.

W 4722. Travancore (Bourdillon) 33

2. H. decurrens, Bedd. ; Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 2368.

A tree. Wood light brown, with a very small irregular dark red
heartwood ; structure similar to that of H. Vahliana, but pores rather
more numerous and medullary rays clearer.

Travancore mountains, about Colatoorpolay. lbs

W 4690. Travancore (Bourdillon) 44

59. AFZELIA, Smith.

Contains two trees : A. retusa, Kurz Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 274 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 412, is a
small evergreen tree of the coast forests of the Suudarbans and the Andamans. The
Maraboiv tree of Malacca is probably A. palembanica, Baker.

1. A. bijuga, A. Gray; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 274; Kurz For. Fl. i. 412. Jonesia
triandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 220. Vera. Shoondul, hinga, bhidla, bhaddla, Beng. :
Fyingado, Burm. in the Andamans; Pirijdd, dkagundd, And.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in
fine papery scrolls. Wood moderately hard : sapwood light brown,
large in young trees, small in old trees ; heartwood reddish-brown,
hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized to large, often oval, often
subdivided, enclosed in oval- or diamond-shaped patches of loose pale
tissue, sometimes more or less concentrically confluent, prominent on
vertical sections. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and equi-
distant, wavy, making a pretty silver-grain on a radial section.

Tidal coast forests of Bengal, the Andaman Islands and Burma (?).

Kurz says the wood is used in the Andamans for beams and girders of bridges, and
for posts, and is durable. Brandis' "Memorandum on Andaman Woods, 1ST I," \<>s.
12, 13, gives W = 50 lbs.; the specimens give 44 lbs. The tree coppices well. The
Sundarbans specimens may possibly belong to A. retusa. lbs

E 403,415. Sundarbans (Kichardson) 36 and 12

B 315. Burma (1867) (Kohben</) 49

B 521. Andaman Islands ((ieneral Harwell) 45

B L'20i). „ „ (Colonel Ford, 1866) . . . .48

60. PAHUDIA, Miq. P.' xylocarpa, Kurz For. Fl. i. 418, is an erect unarmed tree
of the Shan Hills in Upper Burma. P. martabanica, Prain Ind. For. xxvi. 312, is a
large tree found by W. A. Hearsey on the Tenasserim river.

Tribe IV. BAUHINIEjE.
(51. BAUHINIA, Linn.

About 32 species, of which perhaps twelve are trees and shrubs, and the rest climbers.
Besides those here specially described, there are none of any great importance. They
are all easily recognized as belonging to this genus on account of the two leaflets being

aESALPINIE.E 281

joined together fur a portion of their length, forming apparently a bilobed, palmate! y
veined leaf.

B. tomentosa, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 275 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 323 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xcii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 159; Talbot Bomb. List 81; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 116; Vein.
Kachnar, Hind.; Kanehini, Tarn., Tel.; Petan, Cingh., is a shrub or small tree of S.
India, often cultivated, with showy yellow flowers having a purple eye, and a tough
wood, with nearly black heartwood. B. acuminata, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 276; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 324 ; Brandis For. Fl. 159 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 296 ; Vern. Kanchan, Beng. ;
Kachnar, Hind. ; Mahaleyabya, Burm., is a white-flowered pretty shrub of Bengal,
S. India and Burma, much cultivated in gardens. B. enigmatica, Praio, is a small tree
of Upper Burma and the Shan Hills. B.foveolata, Dalz. (B. Lawii, Bth. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 277 ; Talbot Bomb. List 81) ; Yern. Buswanpad, Kan. ; Kanchin, Mar., is a dioecious
large tree of the moist forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara.

Of the climbing shrubs, with the exception of the two mentioned, there are none of
any great consequence, B. diphylla, Symes, of the dry forests of Upper Burma down to
Prome, being perhaps the most important. B. ■piperl/olia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 327, is a
large climber of Eastern Bengal. B. macrostachya, Wall., B. orrtata, Kurz, and B.
ferruginea, Boxb., are all large climbers of Burma. B. diptera, Coll. and Hemsl., is
found in the Shan States. B. Pottinytri, Prain, is a recently discovered large climber
of the Kachin Hills.

Wood red or reddish-brown, moderately hard, no heartwood, but
occasional dark patches; alternate concentric bands of hard and soit
tissue, sometimes very prominent (B. racemosa), sometimes very faint
(B. malaborica). Pores scanty, usually moderate-sized, ringed with
soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, regular.

1. B. racemosa, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 276 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 182 ; Braudis For.
Fl. 159; Kurz Ftr. Fl. i. 397; Talbot Bomb. List 8L; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 116.
B.parviflora, Vahl ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 323. Vern. Kaliar, Kashmir; Kosundra, taur,
Pb. ; Kachndl, guridl, thaur, ashta, makkuna, amli, maula, dhordra, Hind. ; Jhinjhora,
Dehra Diin ; Dhondri, dhundera, astra, bosha, Gondi ; Jhinja, Ajmere ; AH, arro, Tel. ;
Ati, archi, areha, Tam. ; Apia, seydra, Mar. ; Banraj, Beng. ; AmbJiota, Uriya,; Aupta,
banne, Kan. ; Amba bhosa, Bhil ; Bossai, Kurku : Jinya, Jeypore ; Kaimu, Kol ;
Ghatordi, Oraon ; Katmoidi, Kharwar ; Berija, Sonthal ; Jhinya,jiJa,~Mevwa,r&; Cho-
veri, Khond; Palan, Burm. ; Mayila, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, blackish, very rough,
with deep vertical cracks. Wood brown, hard, with irregular dark
patches near the centre ; in alternate concentric, wavy bands of dark
hard tissue and pale soft tissue, of nearly equal widths, the soft bands
anastomozing. Pores moderate-sized, scanty and irregularly scattered,
radially subdivided, or in short radial lines, surrounded by rings of
soft tissue, and usually in the soft bands. Medullary rays numerous,
very fine, uniform and equidistant, silver-grain faint, but the alternate
bands characteristic on vertical sections.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Ravi eastwards to Bengal,
ascending to 5000 ft.; Central India, Western and Southern India, common in dry
deciduous forests; dry forests and savannahs of Prome in Burma; dry region of Ceylon.

A very characteristic short crooked tree, conspicuous in the cold season from its
persistent fruit. The wood is a good fuel, but is not otherwise used. The inner bark
gives a strong and durable rope, and also affords slow-matches for matchlock meu
(Brandis). Weight of the wood about 46 lbs. ; Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 32,
gives 44 lbs., B. Thompson 56 lbs.

P 453. Ajmere 47

P 3216. Nagpahar, Ajmere —

O 247. Garliwal (1868) 53

O 335. Gorakhpur (1868) 47

C 200. Mandla, C.P. (1869) 56

C 1170. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 44

CU770. Melghdt, Berar (Brandis) 41

D4222. Cuddapah (Higgens) 38

282 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. B. malabariea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 321; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 277; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xcii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 159 : Kurz For. Fl. i. 399 ; Gamble Dari. List 31 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 81. Tern. Amli, amfosa, Hind. ; Karma i, Beng. ; Amli taki, Xep. ; Kattra, Ass. ;
Klwtta jhiujhora , Dehra Dun; Cheppura, basavdna pada, Kan. : Audi, Mar. ; Kunda-
pula, dhondel, kangali, Gondi; Laba, K61 ; Ambotlia, chapa, Kurku : Bulla <londur,
puli shinta, pulhari, Tel.; Apia, Berar; Aram puli, Mai. ; Bwegyin, Barm.

A small or moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, rough,
brown, exfoliating in linear flakes. Wood reddish-brown, with irre-
gular black or purplish patches near the centre, moderately hard ;
with faint alternate concentric bands, occasionally none. Pores
moderate-sized to large, scanty, surrounded by a ring of soft tissue,
often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays very numerous, very fine
and regular.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam, rising to
1000 ft. in Kumaon ; Bengal, Behar and Central India, in deciduous but fairly moist
forests ; mixed forests of the Pegu Yoma in Burma ; Konkan, Kanara and "Western
Coast generally.

A finer species than B. racemosa, but also conspicuous when in fruit, and having

acid-tasting leaves which can be eaten. The wood is rather poor, of use only for fuel ;

it weighs on an average 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Brandis, in his Burma List, 1862, No. 31,

gives 42 lbs. ; Bourdillon gives 56 lbs. and P = 563. „

^ ° lbs.

C 1137. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) —

C 2817. Melgbat, Berar — sapwood (Brandis) 44

C 821. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) . . . . 47

E 590. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .51

E 2350. Bamunpokri, „ „ (Gamble) ... 48

B 3203. Burma (Brandis, 1862) —

W 4541. Travancore (Bourdillon) 42

3. B. retusa, Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 279: Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 322; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xciii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 161. Vera. Kurdl, Punjab; Kandla, Jcanalla, Kumaon:
Kandidwa, Garhwal ; Kuayral, gwayral, kanlao, Hind.: Semla, Dehra Dun; Thaur,
Gondi; Tewar, Oraon ; Lnha, K61 ; Katman, Kharwar; Tenrh, Koderma; Nirpa,
Tel.; Makarokrcmda, Khond ; Arc, Reddi.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark h in. thick, dark brown
with vertical cracks, often much scored by the cuts of gum-collectors.
Wood red, with irregular dark red or black patches and streaks near
the centre, hard ; having pale bands of soft tissue, which alternate
with dark bands of firmer texture. Pores moderate-sized and large,
scanty, often in groups, sometimes in the soft tissue. Medullary ray*
very short, veiy fine, uniform and equidistant.

West Himalaya from the Beas eastwards to Nepal ; forests of the Siwaliks, sub-
Himalaya and Oudh : Cliota Nagpore, Orissa, the Circars, also in the Central Provinces,
but scarce.

A pretty tree, recognized at once by the very shallow sinus to the leaves, the red
broad pods, ami the striped petals of the rather small flowers. The wood is the best of
those of the Bauhinias, but is not much used : it weighs 58 lbs. per cubic foot. The
tn-e is worked in Dehra Dun and adjoining regions for its gum, which is clear,
resembling gum arabic, but is not so useful, as it is only imperfectly soluble in water.
The following extract is the Report of Prof. W. 1!. Dunstan, P.R.S., of the Imperial
Institute on samples sent him in 1896 : —

" The sample consisted of large rounded tears and irregular masses, together with
'small angular fragments. The tears were opaque, brittle, breaking with a vitreous
'fracture, and brown in colour. The fragments were translucent, and varied in colour
'from yellow to brown. The taste was bland and mucilaginous, though the gum was
'not very soluble in the mouth. The percentage of moisture in the natural gum was
' L3'5, and of ash in the dried gum 3*18. When the gum was mixed with twice its
'weight of water, it swelled up, absorbing the whole of the water, and forming a stiff

C/ESALPINIE.K 288

' gelatinous mass. It absorbed in this way six or eight times its weight of water. A
' 10 per cent, solution, made for determining its comparative viscosity, yielded a thick
' mucilage which could not be manipulated. A 5 per cent, solution was therefore
' employed. Even with this amount of water, a considerable quantity of the gum
' remained insoluble, swelling up and forming a gelatinous mass. This jelly was
' removed by straining through muslin, and the viscosity of the mucilage determined.
'The solution gave the usual reactions of gum acacia, and only very faintly reduced
' Fehling's solution. With iodine no colour was given, showing the absence of starch
1 and dextrine. Though resembling gum arabic in some of its properties, this gum is
' more like tragacanth in its behaviour to water. It possesses considerable gelatinizing
' power."

The report of the brokers was that the gum bad not much commercial value, and
was probably worth about 10s. per cwt. Thus it may be considered as settled that the
value of the gum is local only. It is used as a medicine, is eaten, and is used iu sizing
cloth, paper, etc., and is locally valued at Rs.l 8«. to Es.2 8a. per maund according to
quality. The collection is made in the first three months of the year, and the average
outturn of the Dun is about 2500 maunds. lbg

O 532. Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) 58

C 1160. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) —

Nordlingers Sections, vol. 10.

4. B. Vahlii, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 279; Brandis For. Fl. 161 ; Kurz Fur.
Fl. i. 401 ; Gamble Darj. List 31 ; Talbot Bomb. List 81. B. racemosa, Vahl ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 325. Vern. Marwdr, taur, Punjab; Tour, Kashmir; Malghan, mdljan,
■mdlu, N.-W. Prov. ; Mauhrain, jallaur, Oudh ; Sihdr, maul, C.P. ; Borla, Nep. ;
Chehur, Beng. ; Sungung, pagunrik, Lepcha ; Sh ia li, Uriya ; Maulwa, maul, Melghat :
Pnur bela, Gondi ; Mohnar, Koderma ; Jum, Sonthal ; La/mma, rung, K61 ; Maulan,
Kharwar; Chautbuli, chambil, Mar.; Adda, Tarn.; PairmaJ, Khond ; Adda tign,
Reddi ; Medapu, adda, Tel.

A gigantic climbing tree. Ba rk brown, horizontally waved, stem
often much fluted. Wood porous, in broad irregularly broken but
concentrically arranged masses with a palmate outline, alternating
with red, juicy, bast tissue. In the wood masses, the pores are very
large, somewhat radially distributed, and the medi/Mary rays not
conspicuous. Pith the shape of a cross.

Throughout India, most common in the forests of the North- Western Provinces and
Central India, from the Chenab eastwards along the Himalaya, and southwards through
Central India to the Circars and Konkan ; Tcnasserim.

This is probably the largest of the climbing plants of the Indian forests. Specimens
4 to 5 ft. in girth are not uncommon, and occasionally ones of over 6 ft. are found.
Though extremely destructive to forest trees and deserving to be at once cut wher-
ever found in tree-forest, this plant has many uses, and so it sometimes happens, as
F. Lodge tells me, "Destruction is made worse by human agency; in the Nallamalais
' the trees supporting the creeper are cut down in order to facilitate the collection of its
' leaves for use as plates." Its stems give a rough rope-fibre; it gives a gum but of
little value; the leaves are used as plates, cups, to make umbrellas and rain-caps;
the seeds are roasted and eaten. Though always cut where possible, it is most difficult
to kill, for in one year long shoots, perhaps as much as 50 ft. long, are produced in
favourable situations, and no expedient has yet been found to destroy the rootstock
when cutting the climber. On landslips and rocky places it is useful, rapidly covering
the place with its huge leaves and keeping off the rain and preventing further erosion.
An analysis of the ashes of 100 lbs. steam-dry wood with bark gave 11*74 lbs. of ash,
of which 9-75 lbs. were calcium carbonate.

P 108, Sutlej, Punjab; O 544, Dehra Dun; E 474,2951 Darjeeling Terai; also
other fine specimens in the Forest School Museum, Dehra.

5. B. purpurea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 284 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 320: Bedd. Fl.
Sylv.xcii.: Brandis For. Fl. 160; Kurz For. Fl. i. 398 ; Gamble Darj. List 31 : Talbot
Bomb. List 82. Vern. Koiral, hardr, Jcaralli, gray, Ph.; Kolidr, hanidr, Jcandan,
khairwal, Tcwillar, Jeoilari, sona, Bind.; Khwairalo, Nep.: Kaehik, Lepcha; Deva

284 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

kanchan, rakta kanchan, leoiral, Beng. ; Kodvxivi, Gondi ; Kolidri, Kurku ; Singyara,
Sonthal; Kandrow, Mai Pahari ; Kachnar, hoildri, Berar ; Buruj'u, K61 ; Kopu,
KlioDd ; Boda, Palkonda ; Qvdetta, Koy a; Godugura, Reddi; Atmatti, Mar. ; Kanchan,
Tel. ; Pedda are, mandareh, Tarn. ; Sarul, kanchivdla, Kan. ; Mahahlegani, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen, usually bushy tree. Bark about ^ in.
thick, ash-coloured to dark brown. Wood pinkish-white, turning
dark brown on exposure, moderately hard ; wavy concentric bands of"
soft tissue alternating with darker-coloured bands of firm tissue.
Pore* moderate-sized, mostly oval, subdivided, usually in the soft
bands. Medullary rays pale, fine, uniform and equidistant, promi-
nent in the bands of firm tissue.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Indus eastward, rising to
4000 ft. ; Central India, Deccan, Orissa, the Circars and Carnatic ; scarce in Burma.

An ornamental tree with pink flowers, appearing in winter among the foliage. It is
chiefly found in valleys and along streams, often also in Sal forest. The wood is used
for agricultural implements and for construction when large enough ; the bark in
tanning ; the flower-buds as a pickle ; and the leaves for cattle-fodder (Brandis).
Skinner, No. 24, gives W = 39 lbs. ; the average is about 45 lbs. per cubic foot. It is
occasionally grown in gardens.

P 153. Sainj, Giri Valley, Simla, 3000 ft 42

O 229, 230. Garhwal (1868) .

G 822. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)

C 2792. Melghat, Berar — sapwood (Brandis)

E 585. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .

D4237. Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool .

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. VI. 4).

55 and 46
. 50
. 36
. 50
. 47

6. B. variegata, Linn.; PL Br. Ind. ii. 284; Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 319; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. xcii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 160 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 397 ; Gamble Darj. List 31 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 82. Vera. Kachnar, kolidr, kurdl, padridn, khwairal, guridl, gwiar,
baridl, Hind.; Taki, Nep.; Rha, Lepcha ; Rakta kanchun, Beng.; Borara, Uriya ;
Karmang, Mechi ; tiingya, Kol ; Knndol, Bhumij ; Jingya, Sonthal; Kanaraj, kuvi-
dara, kanchan, Mar. ; Segapu-munthari, Tarn. ; Kanchivala-do, Kan. ; Bwecheng, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, with vertical cracks.
Wood greyish-brown, with irregular patches of harder and darker
wood in the centre, moderately hard ; alternate more or less concentric
wavy, broken and anastomozing bands of dark firm tissue and slightly
lighter soft tissue. Pores scanty, often subdivided, moderate-sized t< >
large, in rings of soft tissue and usually in the soft belt. Medulla ry
rays numerous, fine, rather indistinct, silver-grain inconspicuous, but
pores well marked on vertical sections.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Indus eastwards; dry forests
over most of Eastern, Central and South India and Burma ; frequently cultivated.

One of the most beautiful of Indian trees when in flower in the hot season. It is
then devoid of leaves, and the large white flowers with usually four white and one pink
or variegated petal, cover the branches. The wood is used for agricultural implements ;
the bark in dyeing and tanning, and the leaves and flower-buds as a vegetable
(Brandis). R. Thompson gives the weight of the wood as 54 lbs., the average is about
44 lbs. per cubic foot.

Bhajji, Punjab Hills, 3000 ft

Madhopur, Punjab (F. Halsey)
Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)
Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)
E 2351. Bamunpokri „ „ „ (Gamble)

11

105.

p

1200.

('

823.

E

591.

33
48
47
39

7. B. anguina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 328 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 284 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 403 ;
Gamble Darj. List 31. The "Snake climber." Vern. Nwjpiit, Sylhet ; Naiwilli,
Nep.

OESALPINIE.E 285

A large, very long, climber with stems twisted alternately one way
and the other, between the straight thickened margins. Bark brown,
rough. Pores very large and structure very loose.

Forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and S. India.

The bark is also used for ropes.

E 482. Darjeeling Terai.

NordliDger's Sections, vol. 5 (Oaidotretus scandens, L.).

Sub-Ordeh III. MIMOSEiE.

Contains 15 genera, divided under two Tribes.

Tribe I. Mimosese .... Xylia, Entada, Adenanthera, Prosopis,

Dichrostackys, Piptadenia, Parkia,
Leuca^na, Mimosa, Acrocarpus.
„ II. Acacieaj .... Acacia, Albizzia, Calliandra, Pithe-

colobium, Inga.

Of these genera Leuccena is the only one of non-indigenous trees.
The structure of the woods of the trees of the Sub- Order Mimosece
differs more from that of those of the other Sub-Orders than they do
from each other ; still the same general character holds good of rather
scanty pores, always surrounded, either singly or by groups or by
belts, with a certain amount, if only a narrow ring, of soft tissue.
Where there are concentric belts they are, as also are Ccesalpiniece,
more regular than in the Pa/pilionaceoi, where waviness is such a
marked feature.

Tribe I. MIMOSE^.

62. XYLIA, Benth.

1. X. dolabriformis, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 286 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 18G ; Brandis
For. Fl. 171 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 419 ; Talbot Bomb. List 82. Mimosa xylocarpa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 543. Inga xylocarpa, DO. The Ironwood Tree of Pegu and Arracan.
Yem. Jamba, Hind. ; Jamba, yerul, suria, Mar. ; Boja, kongom, languid, Uriya ; Tan-
gedi, Khond ; Ind, Tain.; Kada,, Mai.; Konda tanged u, turn/edit, eruvalu, bo/e/t,
Teh; Jambe, tirawa, Kan.; Irid, irummala, pangdli, Trav. Hills; Orjori, Khond;
Tangani, Saura ; Tangudu, Palkonda ; Shilve, Coorg ; Pyingado, pyin,¥>x\\:m.

A large deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, grey or reddish-brown,
with short cracks irregularly distributed. Sapwood small ; heartwood
dark brown or reddish-brown, extremely hard, cross-grained, the fibres
on a longitudinal section being wavy. Annual rings indistinct.
Pores large and moderate-sized, filled with resin, often subdivided
into numerous compartments, and then oval or oblong, the groups in
irregular patches of loose tissue, which are often arranged in oblique
lines. Med id la r I/ rays fine, very numerous, undulating.

Eastern and Western Ghats of South India in deciduous forest, extending north to
Orissa and Bombay, but not beyond Chanda in C.P., often more or less gregarious as
in S. Kanara and Malabar and the Upper Godavari ; all deciduous forests in Burma.
and Arracan, " as far north as 24° North Lat. in the Irrawaddy Valley " (J. W. I >liver).

After Teak, Pyingado is the most important timber tree of Burma, and the chief of
the associates of Teak in the forests. On good and suitable soil it reaches a large size,
!>0 to 100 ft. in height with 9 to 12 ft. in girth ; on poor soil it remains a comparativi ly
small tree, and the bole becomes short and poor. The same thing is noticed of it in Mr.
J. Nisbet's Export on Arracan, and I can speak to a very similar condition of growth in
the hills of Bekapalle and Rumpa on the Godavari, where Xylia is the chief tree in the
forests, and where the boles of the trees are often twisted and knotty and only too often

286

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

unsound within. There too, in suitable places, it grows well and of large size. Beddome
describes quite similar phenomena as occurring on the Western Coast ; in the forests
of the lower western slopes of the mountains of S. Kanara, Malabar and Travancore it
grows to a large size and of fine timber, but in the forests at the foot of the Ghats,
where, as in Godavari and in Arracan and Burma, it is almost or quite gregarious, the
stunted badly-shaped trees are found.

The reproduction of Pyingado is usually very good, seedlings are abundant and,
whether they obtain complete light or not, come on well. Foulkes, in his " Timber
Trees of S. Kanara," talks of " the difficulty being, not to obtain reproduction but to
' prevent its absorbing too large a proportion in the distribution of the stock," and speaks
of Tirawa as a " worthless because unsaleable tree." He remarks that (1) the germina-
tion of the seed is rather aided than damaged by fire; (2) the pod and seed being heavy
obtain lodgment on slopes where other and lighter seeds would be washed away ; (3)
the tree prefers a gneiss to a laterite soil; (4) in old Kumri cultivation, Tirawa succeeds
better than most kinds (I have seen much the same on the Godavari) ; (5) it bears
much shade ; (6) the tree is little eaten by cattle ; so that in likely places it has a
tendency to oust other and possibly better kinds. In Burma it often comes up
profusely in old " taungyas."

The wood is very durable, a property which it doubtless owes in great measure to
the resinous substances contained in it. The resin is more abundant in Burmese wood
than in that grown in S. India. No. B 1451, brought by Dr. Wallich from Tavoy in
1828, is still so full of resin that it is quite sticky on the outside, and the resin may be
scraped off with a knife. The resin is partially soluble in hot water, to which it
imparts a reddish colour.

The chief use of the wood is for railway sleepers, large numbers of which are now
cut in Burma and exported to India. It is the chief wood used on the Burma railways,
and is said to have been very durable. It is also eminently suited for paving-blocks, and
has been successfully tried for the purpose in Rangoon. Good blocks were exhibited
in Paris in 1900. The Burma Ordnance Dept. use it for tent-pegs. It is also excellent
for telegraph-posts. The local uses are for boat-building, agricultural implements, carts
and tool-handles. It is a valuable building wood, especially for piles and beams of
bridges, but it has the disadvantage of being heavy and difficult to cut.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments:—

Kxperiment by whom
conducted.

Year.

Wood whence

procured.

y 2

6 £

Size of bar.

VullR' Of P.

lbs.

a.

in. in.

Puckle

1S59

Mysore

58

—

2

X 1 X 1

693

List of woods

1863

,„

58

—

—

—

Brandis, No. 37.

J 862

Burma

60-66

—

—

—

■Commissariat Depart- \
ment . . ./
Skinner, No. 83 .

—

Moulmein

S3

—

—

1153

1862

South India

58

— -

—

836

Benson

—

Burma

83

—

3

X 14 X 14

1191

Laslett . . . ;

1875

735

6

7

X 2 x 2

955

Molesworth

—

5S

—

|5J

x 1 x 1

/ 880,
\E = 4150

\ 0-00837

H. H. O'Oonnell

1886

Coimbatore

57

—

5*

x U x 1£
x 2 x 2

Bourdillon . . . i

1886

Travancore

59

—

—

—

Tiilbot

1885

Bombay

61

{i

7
6

X 2 x 2
X 2 x 2

402
663

Specimens examined.

1878-99

Various

61

io !

~

It is probable that 60 lbs. per cubic foot may be taken as an average weight.

Of the rate of growth little is known, but some specimens have shown a growth of
5 rings per inch, which is fast.

The wood is said to give a good tanning extract, and this may find a use for the
sawdust obtained in the Rangoon mills.

MIMOSEiE 287

C 3514, 3546. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) .

C 3959, 4063, 4103. Eekapalle Forests, Godavari (Gamble)

C 1151. Abiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)

W 754, 761, 857. South Kanara (Cherry)

W 1222. North Kanara (Barrett) .

B 805. Tharrawaddi, Burma (Ribbentrop)

B 3066. Burma (Brandis, 1862, No. 37)

B 1451. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828)

lbs.

. 54
. 57
59
59, 60, 61
. 62
. 67
. 66
. 62

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 ; vol. 4 (Inga xyloearjpa) (Tab. YI. 5).

63. ENTADA, Adans.

1. E. seandens, Benth. ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 287 ; Brandis For. PI. 167 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 416 ; Gamble Darj. List 31 ; Talbot Bomb. List 82 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 119.
Mimosa seandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 554. Vera. Gilla, Beng. ; Geredi, Uriya ; Pangra,
Nep. ; TaJdokhyem, Lepcha; Gardal, Bombay; Garambe, garbe,Mav. ; Puswel, Cingh. ;
Jhbin, gun nyin, Burm.

A large climber with spirally twisted stems. Bark brown, rough.
Wood dark brown when dry, in alternate layers of woody and bark
tissue. Pore* extremely large with very thick white walls. Medullary
rays not apparent.

Forests of the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, South India, Burma, the Andaman
Islands and Ceylon.

This plant is at once recognized by its huge pods, often 2 to 4 ft. long and 4 to 5 in.
broad, containing large flat round seeds, which are eaten after being roasted. Children
play with them, and they may be hollowed out into snuff-boxes and other articles.

E 477. Darjeeling Terai (Manson).

64. ADENANTHERA, Linn.

Two species. A. licolor, Moon ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 287 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xciv. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 120, t. 34. Yern. Mas-mora, Cingh., is a low-country Ceylon tree.

1. A. pavonina, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 287; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 370; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 46; Brandis For. Fl. 168; Kurz For. Fl. i. 417; Talbot Bomb. List 82;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 120. Yern. Eahta-chandan, ranjana, Beng. ; Ani kundamani,
Trim.; Bandi gurivenda, Tel.; Manjati, Mai.; Thorlaganj, Mar.; Manjddi, Kan.;
Gang, Magh; Ywegyee, Burm. ; Itechedd, And. ; Madatiya, Cingh.

A deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood hard, close-grained : sap-
wood grey, heartwood red. Pores small, scanty, in groups or short
radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, extremely numerous.

Forests of Gorakhpur in the North-Western Provinces (Duthie) ; Eastern Himalaya
(1 never saw it in Sikkiin) ; Khandesh, the Konkan and North Kanara in Bombay
(Talbot); Northern Circars (doubtful); Travaucore, doubtfully iudigeuous (Bour-
dillon) ; tropical forests all over Burma and adjacent islands, extending north to the
Shan Hills Terai; Ceylon, common but generally planted (Trimen); elsewhere planted.
There seems to be considerable doubt as to the real home of this tree in a wild state.
B ddome says that he never saw it wild, nor have I in any part of India that I have
visited. The Gorakhpur habitat seems undoubted, at any rate. The tree is very
commonly planted, especially in South India.

Weight : Skinner, No. 12, gives 56 lbs., which is the same as our specimen ; Bennett
gives 55 lbs. Skinner gives P = 863; and Bennett 942. The wood is used in South
India for house-building and cabinet-making purposes, and gives a red dye. The seeds
are worn as ornaments, and are used as weights by goldsmiths and jewellers, as they
are said to be very constant in weight, viz. 4 grains ; they give an oil.

lbs.
D 3978. Agri.-Hortl. Garden, Madras (Steavenson) . ' .41 (sapwood)
B 523. Andaman Islands (Gen. Barwell) . . . .56
No. 68, Ceylon Collection, new (Meudis) . . . .56

288 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

65. PROSOPIS, Linn.

Two species. P. Stephaniana, Kunth ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 288; Brandis For. Fl. 171.
Vera. Jembiit, Arab., is a thorny shrub of the Punjab from Ambala to Peshawur and
thence to Baluchistan.

Some years ago, about 1878, a considerable endeavour was made to acclimatize the
Mesquit bean of Texas (P.pnbescens, Bth.) and allied species, on account of their sweet
succulent pods, but without success. A few specimens may still be seen here and there.

1. P. spieigera, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 288; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 56 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 169 ; Talbot Bomb. List 83. Adenanthera, aeuleata, Roxb. Fl. Tnd. ii. 371. Vern.
,Tlmnd, Mar, Pb. ; Kandi, Jeundi, Sind; Chaunkra, Agra; Khejra, Rajputana ; Sangri,
Pertabgarh ; Semru, hamra, Gnz. ; Shemi, saunder, Mar.; Shami, Beng., Uriya ;
Perumbe, vvnne, jambu, Tarn. ; Chani, Tel.

A moderate-sized, deciduous, thorny tree. Bark f to 1 in. thick,
grey, rough, with deep longitudinal fissures and horizontal cracks.
Wood very hard: sapwood large, whitish, perishable; heartwood purplish-
brown. Pores small to moderate-sized, often subdivided, generally
embedded in narrow irregular concentric bands of soft tissue, filled
with resin. Medullary rays short, numerous, fine, wavy.

Arid and dry regions of India, in the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, Guzerat, Bandelkhand
and the Deccan, rarely in close forest, but more usually in open " rakhs " or on stony
lands with only occasional trees or groups of trees.

The Jhand is a very useful tree, possessing great vitality, a rapid growth and
considerable power of reproduction from coppice shoots. Owing to its enormously long
tap root (one exhibited at Paris in 1878 was 86 ft. long, having penetrated vertically
for 64 ft. ; and another similar one is on the wall of the Wood Museum at the Royal
Gardens, Kew), it is enabled to withstand the hottest winds and the dryest seasons,
and to remain alive when other plants would succumb. Fernandez says of it : " In the
' Punjab and Rajputana, with a rainfall varying from 12 to 25 in., it is gregarious
' on high ground, where, the depth of the stratum of permanent moisture being very
' far below the surface of the soil and the subsoil being strongly saline or consisting of
' shingle and boulder beds, no other trees or even large shrubs can grow. Descending
' towards the main drainage channels, it is obliged to yield a less or greater portion of
' the around to other trees. In Sind, where the rainfall is less than 10 in., the pure
' Prosopis forest approaches much nearer to the streams, but still remains above the
'level of inundations. In Bandelkhand from the Nerbudda southwards the tree is
' no longer gregarious" ("Man. of Ind. Sylviculture," p. 106). It is the chief fuel tree
of the Punjab, and the wood is an excellent fuel, largely used for locomotives and
steamers. Brandis gives the result of an experiment made at Karachi in May, L869,
when it was found that only 1374 lhs. of Jhand were required to evaporate 11*8 cubic
ft. of water per hour in 7 hours, at 27 lbs. pressure of steam per square inch against
1888 lbs. of Babul and 1627 of Tamarix gallica.

Skinner gives (No. 108) W = 72 lbs., but the identification of his specimens is
doubtful ; Dalzell gives 58 lbs. ; J. L. Stewart 51 lbs. ; the specimens examined 58 lbs.
Skinner gives P = 981. The wood is tough, but not durable, liable to dry rot and
readily eaten by insects. The pods are used as fodder for camels, cattle and goals.
" They are called ' Shdngar,' and give a farinaceous pulp of a pleasant flavour which
' is eaten green or dry by all classes " (W. Coldstream). The flavour is like that of the
Carob bean. The tree gives a gum which is not used. lba

P 882. Multan, also P 939 (rootwood) (Baden-Powell) . . .57

P 1380. Karokpo Forest, Hyderabad, Sind 59

P 459. Ajmere (young tree) ........ 57

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. VI. 6).

6Q. DICHROSTACHYS, DC.

1. D. cinerea, W. and A.: Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 288; Bedd. PI. Sylv. t. L85; Brandis
For. Fl. 171; Talbot Bomb. List 83; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. L21. Mimosa cinerea, Roxb.

MIMOSE.E 289

Fl. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. VurtuJi, Hind.; Buiyali, Jeypore ; Yelatri, Berar; Kunlai,
kunrat, kheri, Merwara ; Sigumhati, Mar. ; VadataUa, vadatara, Tam. ; Velturu,
yelta, Tel. ; Segum Jcati, Gondi ; Bunthula, Eeddi ; Andara, Cingh.

A thorny shrub or small tree. Bark grey or light brown, fibrous,
very thin, deeply fissured vertically, peeling off in thin flakes. Heart-
wood red, streaked with black, extremely hard. Pores scanty, moderate-
sized, enclosed in rings of soft tissue. Medullary rays short, fine,
scanty, equidistant.

Dry, stony hills in South and Central India, Rajputana ; dry region of Ceylon.
An interesting twisted gnarled little tree with tasselled flowers, upper half yellow,
lower red, and twisted pods. A good fuel tree, the wood very tough and strong, and
used for walking-sticks.

lbs.

P 3239. Ajmere

P 3229. Nagpahar, Ajmere ....

D 4447. South Arcot, Madras (Wooldridge) .

No. 25, Salem Collection .....

No. 3, Ceylon Collection (marked Vachellia fames iana)

90

79
71

67. PIPTADENIA, Benth.

1. P. OUdhensiS, Brandis For. Fl. 108 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 289. Adenanthera oudheitxis,
-T. L. Stewart. Vern. Qainti, Oudh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark ^ in. thick, grey-brown to dusky red,
rough with flattish, exfoliating woody scales ; inner bark red, fibrous ;
bark of young trees furnished with conical spines. Wood yellowish
or reddish, close-grained, no heartwood, hard, durable. Pores moderate-
sized and large, often subdivided, in patches of soft tissue, which are
sometimes confluent. Medullary rays short, numerous, moderately
broad.

Forests at the foot of the Nepal Hills, Gonda Division, Oudh, discovered by Mr.
R. Thompson in 1871, and since found also in Eastern Kumaon by Mr. Broun.
0 3084. Gonda, Oudh.
0 4871. Oudh (Duthie).

68. PARKIA, R. Br.

Three species. P. Iciophylla, Kurz For. Fl. i. 418 ; Vern. Thetmagyi, Burm., is a
large tree of the tropical and moister upper mixed forests on the eastern slope of the
Pegu Yoma. P. insignis, Kurz; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 290 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 418; Vern.
Myauktanyet, Burm., is a large tree of the tropical forests of Martaban with yellowish
wood turning pale brown and rather heavy.

1. P. Roxburghii, G. Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 289. 31i>nosa biglobosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 551. Vern. Sapota, Sylhet.

An erect tree. Bark dark grey, transversely wrinkled. Wood
grey. Pores large, in patches of loose tissue joined by concentric
bands of similar consistency. MedvMary rays fine.

Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma.

A handsome tree with the habit of Albizzia stiptdata. Flowers in round white
balls.

0 32G4. Botanic Garden, Saharanpur (Duthie).

69. LEUCENA.

1. L. glauca, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 2'J0; Brandis For. Fl. 172; Talbot Bomb.
List 83.

A small tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown. Wood white, hard.

u

290 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pwes moderate-sized, usually subdivided, enclosed in patches of white
soft tissue which have a tendency to run together into concentric
belts. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, the distance between
them about equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Commonly cultivated ; not uncommon in the outer valleys of Kumaon and Garhwal
(Brandis). Probably introduced from tropical America.
0 3657. Botanic Garden, Saharanpur (Duthie).

70. MIMOSA, Linn.

Four species. M. pudica, Linn.; PI. Br. Iod. ii. 291 ; the Sensitive Plant; Tern.
Lajwdnti, Kumaon: Lajima, Nep.; Lajuk, Beng. ; Tikayon, Burm.: Nidi-kumba,
Cingh., is now naturalized over the greater part of tropical and sub-tropical India, where
it grows to be a small shrub, and is with difficulty eradicated. It is often a great
nuisance in forest nurseries and in gardens. M. polyancistra, Bth. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xxx. 421, is a thorny shrub of the Seshachellam Hills in Cuddapah with few com-
paratively large rounded leaflets.

1. M. rubieaulis, Linn.; Fl.Br. Ind. ii. 291 ; Brandis For. PI. 172 ; Gamble Darj.
List 32 ; Talbot Bomb. List 83. M. mutabilis, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 564. Vera. Bdl,
khair, didridr, Pb. ; Hajeru, Sind; Agla, alay, dl, Dehra Dun; Katdad, Kumaon;
Kingli, kingrei, Rohilkhand ; Kacheyta, Gorakhpur; Atelu, Jeypore; Sega, Sonthal ;
Danditdeta, K61 ; Aral, K bar war ; Tsikeri, Khond ; Aradi, Nep.; Sibriu, Lepcha ;
t Tiilatti, Bhil.

A large, straggling, prickly shrub. Bark grey. Wood hard :
sap wood yellowish-white ; heartwood red. Pores small and moderate-
sized, frequently oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine and very
numerous.

Throughout the greater part of India, ascending to 4000 ft. in Kumaon and
Sikkim.

A very common thorny shrub of the Indian forests, chiefly found in grass savannah
lands, in. second-growth forests, and in abandoned cultivation. It is very troublesome
to penetrate. The wood has been used for gunpowder charcoal ; it is of good quality,
hut small.

lbs.
E 680. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . .... 41
E 2354. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble) 52

2. M. hamata, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind.ii. 291 ; Talbot Bomb. List 84. Vera. Arkur,
Bombay; Chilatti, Berar.

A straggling prickly shrub. Bark reddish-brown, fibrous, thin.
Wood hard : sapwood yellowish ; heartwood red. Pores moderate-
sized, often subdivided, rather scanty, surrounded by a white ring.
Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Dry forests of the Deccan and Northern Circars, often on black cotton soil.
D 4156. Ellore forests, Godavari (Gamble).

71. ACROCARPUS, W. and A.

1. A. fraxinifolius, Wight; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 292; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. -14; Brandis
For. Fl. L58; Km/, I'm. fl. i. 410; Gamble Darj. List 32. Vera. Mandania, Nep.;

Madlirig, Lepcha: Mallay hour, Tinnevelly : Kilingi, Badaga ; Haiitigc, behnijl,

havulige, Kan.; Shegappu agili, Kader; Kurangadi, kuranjan, Travancore Hills;

Veiama, mugahnin, Burm.

A lofty deciduous tree. Bark thin, light grey. Wood moderately
hard: sapwood white; heartwood light red. Pores moderate-sized to
very large, often oval and divided into two to five compartments, either
isolated or enclosed in narrow interrupted more or less concentric

MIMOSE.K 291

patches of soft tissue, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays
fine and moderately broad, rather scanty, wavy.

Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Bhutan, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Ckittagong Hills ;
Nallamallai Hills of Kurnool in the Deccan ; Western Ghats from South Kanara through
Coorg, the Wynaad Nilgiris and Anamalais to Travancore, up to 4000 ft. ; tropical
forests of the Pegu Yoma in Burma.

One of the largest timber trees of India : in the Sikkim Himalaya it reaches 100 to
120 ft., with a lofty cylindrical stem branching only at a considerable height. One
specimen at Dalingkot, measured by Sir D. Brandis in my company, was 181 ft. high
and 110 ft. to first branch ; Beddome mentions trees in South India 200 ft. high and
150 ft. to the first branch, with immense girth and large buttresses (" Ind. Forester," ii.
1 96) ; he also records a tree 27 ft. in girth above buttresses.

The wood is used by planters in Darjeeling for tea-boxes and furniture, in the
Wynaad for building and furniture, in Mysore and Coorg for shingles. It reproduces
easily and is easily cultivated, but at high elevations is tender to frost — witness the
saplings planted about Coonoor.

The scale insect, Dactylopius adonidum, Linn., is reported to damage this tree
considerably in Mysore.

lbs.
E 667. Lama-Gumba Forest, Darjeeling (Manson) . . . .39

D 1085. Madura, Madras (Beddome) 39

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

Tribe II. ACACIEJ1.
72. ACACIA, Willd.

This very important Indian genus contains about 22 species indigenous in India as
well as several introduced trees. The indigenous species fall readily into three sections,
two of which contain trees or shrubs, the third climbers. Of the first two, the first is
distinguished by having straight spines and the flowers in rounded heads — in it come
A.Farnesiana,planifrons, arabica, eburnea, Jacquemontii, tomentosa, Kingii, inopinata
and leucophlcea, nine species in all ; the second by curved thorns and the flowers in
elongated spikes — in it come A. Suma, Catechu (including Catechu, catechu oides and
Sandra), ftrruginea, Senegal, modesta, lenticularis and Latromim, seven species. Of
the climbers there are six species.

A. tomentosa, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 294 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcv. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 85 ; Trimen Fl- Ceyl. ii. 124 ; Vern. Anaimalli, Tarn., is a rare small tree of the
west and south of India and Ceylon. A. Kingii, Prain, and A. inopinata, Prain, are
trees of the Shan Hills.

A. concinna, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 296 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcv. ; Brandis For. Fl. 188 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 423 ; Gamble Darj. List 33 ; Talbot Bomb. List 85 (Mimosa concinna]
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565); Vern. Ailah, rassaul, Oudh ; Ban-ritha, Beng. ; Sigekai,
1 >eccan ; Gogu, chikai, Tel. ; Sige, Kan. ; Subtile, Burm., is an extremely thorny scandent
shrub of most parts of India and Burma, except the arid and dry regions. Its thick
fleshy pods are used for washing the hair and the acid leaves are eaten. A. pruinescensy
Kurz For. Fl. i. 424, is a climber of the forests of Pegu, extending north to the Kachiu
Hills. A. 2)seudo-Intsia, Miq. is very common in the Andaman Islands.

The three chief introduced species are the Australian A. Melanoxylon, R. Br.,
J. dedlbata, Link, and A. de currens, Willd., herein specially described. Besides*
these three there are several others cultivated and more or less run wild on the Nil<nris,.
the chief of which is probably A. pyenantha, Bth., the " Golden Wattle," or " Broad-
leaf Wattle," which is the best species for tanning-bark and gum. The wood weighs
51$ lbs. per cubic foot. A. homalophylla, Cunn. is the " Myall wood," a small tree with
a hard dark wood having the scent of violets.

The character of the woods of the Indian species of Acacia is to
have sharp prominent medullary rays, which are short in .4. Catceh c .
ferruginea and modesta,, but long in the others; as a rule, they are
not well marked on a radial section, but A. leivcopldwa and arahica
form an exception. The pores are, as a rule, uniform in size, but in

292 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A. eburnea they vary from small to large. With regard to their
distribution, two series may be distinguished. In the first series the
pores are isolated and enclosed in very narrow rings of softer tissue,
and do not form concentric bands ; to this section belong A. arabica,
modesba, lenticalaris and ferruginea. In the species of the second
series, the pores are enclosed in elongated patches of soft tissue,
which are frequently confluent and form distinct, though often irregular,
concentric bands. This section includes A. leucophloea, eburnea,
Jacqiiemontii, Senegal, Latronwm, Sumo, and Catechu. The Australian
species have a different structure, and are all marked by short
medullary rays. So, too, the climbing species differ in more porous
wood, but while A. pennata joins the first section somewhat, A. Intsia
similarly joins the second.

1. A. Farnesiana, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 293 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 52 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 180; Kurz For. Fl. i. 420; Talbot Bomb. List 84. Mimosa Farnesiana,
Linn. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 557. Vern. Wilayati Jdkar, wilayati babul, pissi babul,
yu-JciJear, Hind. ; Gticya babula, Bens;. ; Vedda vala, Tarn. ; Kusturi, piktami, oda sale,
murki titmma, Tel. ; Jdli, Kan. ; Kankar, Mar. ; Nanlongyaing, Burm.

A thorny shrub. Bark light brown, rough. Wood hard, close-
grained : sapwood white ; heartwood red, irregular. Pores moderate-
sized, single or in patches or in concentric interrupted bands of soft
tissue, often filled with resin. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Indigenous in America, now cultivated all over India. The gum is collected in
Sind. It has yellow, extremely fragrant flowers, from which a perfume is extracted,
known as " Cassie." It makes a good fence.

lbs.

P 3076. Sabathu, Punjab 49

0 44G8, 4577. Forest School Park, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . .54
No. 5, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) .... .71

2. A. planifrons, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 293; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcv. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 123, t. 35. The Umbrella Thorn. Vern. Odai, mini. Tarn. ; Sole, Tel.

A small tree. Bark I in. thick, greyish-brown, with horizontal
markings. Wood hard : sapwood white; heartwood red. Pores small
and large, enclosed in white patches of loose tissue, often subdivided
or in groups, which again are often confluent into irregular concentric
bands, often filled with resin. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Common and gregarious in the extreme south in the districts of Madura and
Tinnevelly ; Mannar island and adjoining coast in Ceylon.

This tree has the regular umbrella shape, a short bole with branches spreading
■out and curved downwards, and is the characteristic tree of the region in which it
<:rows. Trimen says that when in flower in Mannar, the trees are covered with while
blossoms and look like old hawthorns. The wood is hard, heavy, and used for agri-
cultural implements and other purposes, but most especially as fuel, for which it is
•excellent, and is in regular use on the railway (S. Indian). The pods are used to feed
cattle, goats, etc.

D 3GG2. Coimbatore, Madras (Beddome).

3. A. arabiea, Willd.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 293 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t, -!7 : Brandis For.
Fl. 180. Talbot Bomb. List 84; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. L22. Mimosa arabica, lloxb. PI.
Ind. ii. 057. The Babul tree. Vern. Kikar, Vb. ; Babbar, kaiikikar, Sind; Babul,
babur, Hind. ; Qabur bakar, Sonthal ; Babola, Mai Pahari; Karuvelam, Tarn. ; Tama,
nella Liana, Tel. ; Gobii,j<di, karrijdli, Kan. ; Bamakantha, Bombay.

A moderate-sized or large tree. Bark dark brown, rough. Wood
hai'd : sapwood large, whitish ; heartwood pinkish-white, turning red-
dish-brown on exposure, mottled with dark streaks. Pores moderate-

MIMOSE.dE 293

sized, sometimes large, oval and subdivided, in patches of pale loose
tissue, which are occasionally confluent in more or less regular but
usually interrupted concentric rings. Medullary rays fine and mode-
rately broad, short, numerous, unequally distributed, conspicuous on
a radial section.

Probably wild in Sind, Rajputana, Guzerat and the X. Deccan; cultivated and
self-sown in the drier regions of India, but not found in the wet country. It is
common in the lower valley of the Ganges, in the Deccan and Carnatic, and especially
affects black cotton soil, old tank beds in South India, and mounds among the fields of
the rice country. It is usually gregarious in patches of forest, or else scattered iu
single trees or small groups.

A very important tree in arid and dry regions and on suitable soil, giving a
valuable wood, bark, j)ods used in tanning and other products ; and the forests of
it are consequently carefully treated, made into Reserves and worked systematically.
Among such Forest Reserves may be mentioned those of Sind, which supply fuel to
the railways and steamers on the Indus ; the Babul " bans " of Berar and the Bombay
Presidency and Hyderabad; and the Babul forests of the Kistna District and a few
other places in the Madras Presidency. Reproduction is, however, often difficult ; for,
though the tree comes up freely self-sown, it often disappoints the forester on areas
where it is regularly worked. In Sind the seeds are found to be regularly destroyed
by insects, so that those which have passed through goats germinate best (Schlich).
A common practice in some parts is to park goats in the forest and feed them on the
pods ; the seeds pass undigested, but in a better condition for germination. It coppices
well, and may be grown from cuttings. It does not grow to a very large size: Brandis
mentions, however, trees at Jacobabad which reached 50 to 60 ft. in height, with
a girth of 6 to 8 ft., and that in less than thirty years ; and Pagan speaks of one at Pand-
harpar 80 ft. high and 14 ft. in girth. Ordinarily, in Sind, it reaches 4 ft. girth in
thirty-five and 6 ft. in fifty-five years, and in the Punjab 2| ft. in twelve and 5 ft.
in about thirty years (Brandis). Minniken reported the rate of growth in the Delhi
Bela plantation as about 2 ft. girth at 7^ years, and an average of 2'3 rings per inch
of radius, which is very fast. Mr. Lushington's experiments in Guntur (" Ind.
Forester," xxi. 252, with an interesting account of the method of working Babiil
forests) gave 10 years, 7 in. girth ; 15 years, 14 in. ; 20 years, 19J in. ; 25 years, 25 in. ;
30 years, 34 in., and 35 years, 43 in., which latter is equivalent to about 5 rings per
inch. The forest was being worked in " coppice under standard " on a rotation of
twenty years for fuel and fencing thorns. On the growth of Babiil and its cultivation
and treatment in the Bombay Presidency, Mr. R. Fagan's paper in " Ind. Forester,"
x. 393, 441, is also recommended for study. It is called " The Babiil Meadows of the
Sholapur District ; " he gives a full account of the tree, and the origin of the
" meadows," with his views on treatment and reproduction.

Weight : Cunningham gives 54 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 3, 54 lbs. ; J. L. Stewart, 48 lbs. ;
our specimens give an average of 54 lbs. Cunningham's five Gwalior experiments
with bars 2' x 1" x 1" gave P = 875 ; Skinner gives 884. The wood is very durable
if well seasoned. It is used extensively for wheels, well-curbs, sugar and oil-presses,
rice-pounders, agricultural implements and tool-handles. In Sind it is largely used for
boat-building, rafters and for fuel ; also occasionally for railway sleepers (Brandis).
It is a good fuel, but some of the railways object to it, the drivers saying that in
combustion the products injure the boilers. However, it is believed that no such
difficulty has occurred on the North-Western Railway, which burns, or used to burn,
much of it. An analysis of the ashes gave 0*84 lb. out of 100 lbs. ^steam-dry wood,
and out of this 0'69 lb. was calcium carbonate. The gum, which is similar to gum
arabic, is largely collected and used in native medicine, and in dyeing and cloth-
printing. In Sind and Guzerat large quantities of lac are collected on it. The bark i-
used for dyeing and tanning, and is a powerful astringent ; a decoction of it may
he used as a substitute for soap. The pods also, when unripe, are astringent, and are
used to make ink, and in Africa for tanning ; they are given as fodder to cattle, sheep
and goats. The branches and leaves are also used for fodder, and the thorny boughs
to fence fields.

The Babiil is one of the trees attacked and injured by Paehydissus hoIos>::
Fabr., a Cerambycid beetle which bores large holes in the wood. It is also damaged
when young by Ocelostema spinator, Fabr., a beetle which resembles the Sal girdler,
C. scabvata, Fabr.

294 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Babul is largely cultivated in the Punjab and Sincl, but it suffers much from frost.
It is useful as an avenue tree in places where other trees would not grow, but it has, on
the one hand, the disadvantage of being attacked by the caterpillar of a moth (Kumli
jnichi in Madras common talk), which lets itself down by a thread from the branches,
and if it falls on the skin causes intolerable itching ; and on the other, the advantage
of being shady in the hot season when so many other trees are bare.

lbs.

P 1198. Madhopur, Punjab (F. Halsey) 58

P 890. Multan (Baden-Powell) 49

P 1379. Miani Forest, Sind 56

P 440. Ajmere —

0 843. Amraoti, Berar (Drysdale) • . .56

D 1051. Salem, Madras (Beddome) 56

D 3853. Goofy, Anantapur, Madras (Lodge) 56

D 4017. Collegal, Coimbatore (Feet) 49

No. 1, Salem Collection 50

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

I have not attempted to discuss here the well-known varieties of the tree. < >f
these there are three chief ones — Telia, with blackish bark and short thorns; Kaoria,
with grey bark and long white spines ; and Bamhanta, with fastigiate branches (F. I'..
Dickenson, " Notes on the Flora of Berar," 1894).

4. A. eburnea, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 293 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcv. ; Branttis Poi .
Fl. 183 ; Talbot Bomb. List 85; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 124. Mimosa eburnea, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 558. Yern. Bhes babul, Garhwal ; Pahari kikar, Dehra Dun; Marmati,
Dekkan ; Udai vel, Teal udai, Tarn.

A small deciduous tree. Bark rough, dark grey. Wood hard,
yellowish-white, often with a red heartwood. Pores moderate-sized
and large, often oval and subdivided into compartments, enclosed in
wavy and irregular concentric bands of soft tissue, which are
frequently interrupted. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad,
wavy, prominent in the bands of darker and finer tissue, which
alternate with the soft ones.

Sind and the Suliman Range up to 3000 ft. or more; Outer Himalaya and sub-Hima-
layan tract to Kumaon andOudh; Berar, the Deccan and Carnatic, abundant about
Salem ; dry regions of the North-East of Ceylon ; often on black cotton soil.

A pretty tree, with pink or yellow flowers, nowhere very common. The wood is
not used except as fuel. Weight about 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The tree often lias, as
discovered by Mr. R. C. Wroughton, its twigs attacked, in the Poona District, by a
fungus, JEcidium esculentum, Barcl. The fungus forms a swelling, and this is eaten
by the natives.

lbs.
O 4513. Saharanpur Siwaliks (Gamble) ...... 52

O 4407. Forest School Park, Dehra Dun 74 (wet)

C 844. Amraoti Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) ..... 52
C 3961. Bhadrachalam, Upper Godavari (Gamble) .... 50

1) -1022. Coimbatore (Peet) 62

D 4335. Raviir Forest, Nellore (Brougham) 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

5. A. Jacquemontii, Benth.; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 293; Braiidis For. Fl. is.", : Talbot
Bomb. List 85. Yern. I!au::a, Afgh. : Kikar, babul, bamul, I'll.; Murmutti, Berar;
Batabouli, G-uz. ; Baorili, Merwara ; Guilt bouli, Jeypore.

A bushy, thorny shrub. Bark thin, smooth, greyish-brown.

Wood white or yellowish-white, hard. A annul rings marked by a

dark line. Pores scanty, moderate-sized to large, in patches of light

loose tissue which are concentrically arranged and sometimes join.

Medullary rays irregular, fine or moderately broad, sharply defined.

Dry region of the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana and G-uzerat, extending to the Suliman

mimose.k 295

range and Lower Himalaya west of the Jheluni up to 3000 ft. ; usually along water-
courses and in ravines.

The branches are used for fodder, and the bark of the root in the distillation of
spirits. Growth about 10 rings per inch of radius.

P 4832. Montgomery District, Punjab (Munshi Fazl-ud-din).

6. A. leucophlsea, Willd.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 294; Bedd. Fl.Sylv. t. 48; Brands
For. Fl. 184, t. 27; Kurz For. Fl. i. 421 ; Talbot Bomb. List 85 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii.

'125. Mimosa leucophlaea, Boxb. FL Ind. ii. 558. Vern. lieril, rdunj, karvr, niinbur,
ringa, rinj, rohani, jhind, sqfed hikar, Hind.; Arinj, Bajputana; Haundra, runjra,
Banswara ; fiinjra, Kurku ; Renuja, Bijeragogarh ; Tumma, reunja, rinja, Gondi ,
Gwaria, Uriya; Goiri, Kbond; Hewar, Mar. ; Earibawal, Guz. ; Velvaylam, vel-vaglc,
Tam. ; Telia tuma, harwar, Tel. ; Bili jdli, topal, naibela, Kan. ; Katu andara, ffidha-
andara, Cingb. ; Tanaung, Burm.

A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark ^ in. thick :
colour varying with age, grey and smooth when young; dark brown,
almost black and rough when old ; exfoliating irregularly in patches
and strips. Wood hard ; sapwood large ; heartwood reddish-brown
or nearly brick-red, with lighter and darker streaks. Pores moderate-
sized, uniformly distributed, in patches or short irregular concentric
belts of pale soft tissue, alternating with dark-coloured firm tissue.
Medullary rays white, fine and moderate-sized, often slightly bent.

Plains of the Punjab from Lahore to Delhi ; Siwalik Hills from the Ravi to the
Ganges ; Rajputana, Central, Western and Southern India ; dry forests of Prome. in
Burma ; dry region of Ceylon.

A common and rather conspicuous but not handsome tree, common in most dry
forests. The wood is good, seasons well, and takes a good polish ; is strong and tougb,
but often eaten by insects. It gives an excellent fuel. The bark has been eaten iu
times of scarcity ; it is used in distillation of palm spirits to precipitate by its tannin
the albumen in the palm juice. It gives a fibre for nets and coarse cordage. The young
pods and seeds are eaten, and the gum used in native medicine. Skinner gives (No. 5)
W = 55 lbs., P = 861 ; O'Connell gives W = 66 lbs. ; R. Thompson 58 lbs., and the
< '.P. List of 1873 45 lbs. ; the specimens an average of 55 lbs.

lbs.

P 947. Lahore (Baden-Powell) 50

C 1118. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 59

C 3506. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

D 4011. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) ....... 56

7. A. Suma, Buch.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 29-1; Brandis For. Fl. 187 ; Kurz For. Fl. ;.
421; Talbot Bomb. List 85. Mimosa Suma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 563. Vern. Saikanta,
Beng. ; Mugli, Kan.; Kumtia, Pertabgarh ; DJiaula khejra, Banswara; Gorddo,
Mandvi ; Son kairi, Dangs ; Karnliya, Mar. ; Gonharea, khoiru, seme, Uriya (?).

A small tree. Bark white or greyish-white, smooth, peeling off
in small papery flakes and marked at intervals by horizontal patches
of darker colour. Wood dark brown, smooth, very hard and heavy,
close-grained. Port'* small, enclosed in pale rings, single or occa-
sionally joined in concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, fairly
numerous.

Bengal, Orissa and the Circars, common : Assam and Sylhet ; N. Kanara and the
S. Mahratta country ; Deccan and Carnatic; Upper Burma (Kurz).

A tree similar to, and closely allied to, A. Catechu, but at once recognized by its
white bark. Like that species it gives cutch, and the bark is used for tanning.

Skinner, No. 10, gives W = 77 lbs., P = 801.

lbs.

C 1308, 1310. Gumsiir Forests, Gaujam (Dampier) . . . 75 aui 76
(In Ed. 1, p. 154, these were doubtfully identified only, but as the tree is very

290 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

common in Gumsiir, and the wood cannot belong to A. Catechu or A. leucojildcea, the
other common forest species, I feel that the identification is most probably correct.)

8. A. Catechu, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Inch ii. 295 ; Brandis For. Fl. 186; Kurz For. PI.
i. 422 ; Gamble Darj. List 32 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 49 ; Talbot Bomb. List 85. A. Swndra,
DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 295. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 50; Talbot Bomb. List S5 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 125. Mimosa catechuoides, 31. Catechu, M. tundra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 562.
The Cutch tree. Yern. Khair, Hind. ; Khoira, koir, Ass.; Khoiru, Uriya; Koran-
galli, bdgd, othalei, Tarn.; Sandra, nalla sandra, Teh; Khair, haderi, Mar. ; Kagli,
cachu, Kan.; Rat hihiri, Cingh. ; Sha, Burm.

The difficult question of the varieties of the Khair has practically been decided by
Dr. Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 508. He agrees that the three species of
Roxb. are varieties of A. Catechu, and that A. Suma is distinct. The three varieties
are : —

(1) Var. Catechu, Punjab, N.-W.P., C.P., Behar, Circars, rare in Burma. Calyx,

petals and rachis of leaves hairy.

(2) Var. catechuoides, Bengal, Sikkirn, Assam, common in Burma. Calyx and

petals glabrous, rachis of leaves puberulous.

(3) Var. Sundru, Deccan, Carnatic, Rajputana, W. India, U. Burma. Calyx,

petals and rachis of leaves glabrous.

The distribution is taken from an examination of over 100 specimens in the Calcutta
Herbarium.

A moderate-sized, gregarious, thorny, deciduous tree. Bark dark
grey or greyish-brown, rough, exfoliating in long narrow strips.
Wood very hard : sapwood yellowish-white ; heartwood either dark
or light red. The wood grown in the Himalayan valleys shows the
annual rings marked by a whitish line and by a large number of
pores in the spring wood. Pairs moderate-sized and large, often sub-
divided, occasionally in radial groups of 2 or 3, and surrounded by
narrow rings of soft tissue, which are often joined and form interrupted
concentric bands ; they are frequently filled with a white substance,
are fairly uniformly distributed, and are distinctly marked on a
longitudinal section. Medullary rays short, moderately broad,
numerous, bent where they touch the pores, which are often larger
than the space between two medullary rays.

Common in most parts of India and Burma, extendiug in the sub-Himalayan tract
westwards to the Indus, and ascending to 3000 ft. in the valleys; dry region of
Ceylon, where scarce. In Burma it reaches N. Lat. 23j° on the Irrawaddy, and 23° on
the Chindwirj.

The Khair is a very important Indian Forest tree, partly for its timber, but most
of all for the [astringent products which it gives, kdth in ^Northern India, and cutch
in Burma. In India it is sometimes gregarious, sometimes sporadic. When sporadic,
it occurs, as may be readily seen on such a type area as the Siwaliks of Saharanpur,
mixed with other trees of the dry deciduous forest. It reproduces readily from seed or
in coppice, and is very useful in quickly reclothing bare slopes and patches, but in
such cases it is rarely of large size, and usually presents the appearance of a small,
rather stunted tree. AVhen gregarious, it is found — like the Sissoo, and often in its
company, though, strangely enough, the two, though growing in the same neighbour-
hood, prefer to keep; apart — on newly raised banks in the beds of torrential streams,
like the upper courses of the Ganges and others flowing from the Himalaya.
The seed itself is rather heavy, but though the pod is speedily dehiscent, the funicle
is strong, so that pod and seeds get washed down and the seeds rubbed off among
the sand and boulders of newly-thrown-up islands and banks. There they ger-
minate and gradually grow, each year lengthening their roots, and each year covered
somewhat with an increasing amount of silt, so that, as with Sissoo, it is usual
to see the forest in terraces, the older trees on the highest, the youngest plants on
the lowest and latest deposited. As again with the Sissoo, Khair forests are liable
to be washed away, and regeneration by seed under the parent trees rarely happens.

MIMOSE/E

297

An old gregarious river-bed Khair forest rarely shows a seedling of its own kind,
Kbair, like also Sissoo, preferring a clear bed for germination ; and consequently, as is
well explained by Eardley-Wilmot in "Stray Leaves," "Ind. Forester," vol. xxv.
Appx., the retention of mature trees in working is not necessary ; the new growths
require no treatment except protection, as they thin themselves, and thinnings for
timber are best omitted, as the chief product is not wood, but an extract, and as it
is often important to keep the growth dense in order to prevent erosion. Artificial
reproduction, if advisable, is best done by sowings, transplants giving very poor results ;
in Burma, where the cutch industry is very important, such sowings have been largely
made, with fair success; but in Burma the growth is more sporadic than gregarious,
the trees larger, and natural regeneration usually sufficient with a little help in giving
light. In Burma, thus, the "Sha" forests may be either gregarious or sporadic.
Usually the tree occurs sporadically in dry forests, often on calcareous sandstone, or
on dry ridges with bamboos, and mixed with other trees of the same requirements,
such as Acacia leucophlcea, Pentacme siamensis, etc., and sometimes Teak : but some-
times the " Sha " gradually gets the supremacy and becomes gregarious, especially iu
the Prome and adjoining Districts (see Kurz For. Fl. i. xxiv.).

Sha trees are considered exploitable as soon as they reach a diameter of 1 ft., but
with a view to regeneration and the maintenance of the forest, it is usual to prescribe
that the trees shall not be felled till they reach 18 in. girth. The manufacture of cutch
is not carried out by Government, but the right to cut and boil is sold annually for
fixed areas, and it has not been found possible to fix the annual yield by material, so
that the Working Plan is by area, and the usual interval between successive fellings is
thirty years. After the trees have been felled and utilized, the area is sown with
seed, the reproduction of which is usually found to be excellent.

The growth of Khair is moderately fast: Himalayan specimens show 5 rings per
inch of radius, and a specimen from the forest in the bed of the Mahanadi, Darjeeling
Terai, showed 2-4 rings on 6j in., or 3'8 rings per inch, which is fast.

Weight: Skinner, No. 11 (A. Sandra), gave W = 81 lbs., P = 915; Cunningham's
experiment, with bars 2' x 1" x 1" from Gwaliorgave W = 70 lbs., P = 779; Brandis,
in his Burma List of 18G2, gives two varieties, Nos. 29 and 30, with 56 and 70 lbs.
respectively; P. Thompson gives 75 lbs.; the C.P. List of 1873 gives 79 lbs.; H. H.
O'Connell, in 1886, with Coinibatore wood, found \V = (ill, a =0-00748; the
average of the specimens examined 63 lbs. We may take 65 lbs. per cubic foot as
the fairest general average weight.

The wood seasons well, takes a fine polish, and is extremely durable. It is not attacked
by white ants or by teredo. It is used for rice-pestles, oil and sugar-cane crushers,
agricultural implements, bows, spear and sword handles and wheelwrights' work. In
Burma it is used for house-posts, and very largely used as firewood for the steamers of
the Irrawaddy flotilla. It has been found good for railway sleepers, and it is probably
only the smallness of the tree and the consequent waste in cutting up that has
prevented its more general use. A number of sleepers were cut for the Northern
Bengal State Itailway in 1876, but the result is not recorded.

The chief product of the tree is Catechu, an important Catechol tan. In Northern
India, under careful preparation, it is produced in the form of "Kath,n a pale
cinnamon-coloured, biscuit-like substance, which is valued as an astringent for chewing
with betel and fetches a comparatively high price. This substance is found to be best
given by those trees that have much white substance in the pores of the wood (see
description of wood), and is obtained by cutting the wood into chips and then placing
them in a sieve inside a boiler with water below. As the water boils the steam passes
through the chips and extracts the Katb, which is taken off as a sediment and dried.
Katk is not soluble in water. In Burma and iu other parts of India the product of
the tree is " Catch,''' which is a black shining extract, soluble in water, and used as a
tanning material, and exported to Europe for that purpose. The system of preparation
is not so careful, and the ordinary red wood is usually employed. The manufacture
(if these two products has been much under discussion of recent years, and rnuch has
been written on the subject, while both products have been prepared experimentally
at Dehra Dun. For information on Catechin, which is a crystalline substance extracted
from the Cutch tree wood, and on its value as a dye, see Agric. Ledger, No. 35 (1896).
For full information regarding "Kath" and "Cutch,"' see Agric. Ledger, Nos. 1 (18'J5)
and 2 (18911).

An analysis of the ashes of the wood gave 1*18 lbs. of ash out of 100 lb.3, of steam-
dry wood, and of this'as much as 0"83 was calcium carbonate. Khair wood is also

298

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

an excellent fuel, and a very good charcoal tree, being preferred in Northern India tu
all others for burning lime. Well-made charcoal ought to be about 20 to 25 per cent,
in weight of the wood used.

The Khair tree is attacked by the Buprestid beetle, Belionota scuteUaris, Fabr. ;
and by the Cerambycid beetle, Stromatium barbatum, Fabr., which usually attacks
Teak ; while the sapwood of logs is deeply tunnelled by a Bostrichid beetle, Synoxilon,
sp., which was discovered in specimens in the Forest School Collection at Dehra. In
the Dehra Dun and Saharanpur Siwaliks, one of the chief enemies of the Khair is the
porcupine, Hystrix leucura, Sykes, which eats the bark off even quite big trees, partly
or wholly, and so badly damages or even kills them. The parasite Loranthus longi-
Jlorus is often found on Khair. Babu U. N. Kanjilal says that the wood is never used
for house-building in Dehra Dun and Saharanpur, owing to a superstition against it.

In Ed. 1 of this work, it was shown how the specimens examined came under two
categories : (1) ordinary wood, brick-red in colour, and (2) darker harder wood, red-
brown in colour. The woods agree fairly in locality with the varieties of Roxburgh,
and may here be so enumerated.

Var. 1. Catechu.

Hazara, Punjab (Baden-Powell)
Kangra, „ (Pengelly)
Madhopur, „ (F. Halsev) .
Sutlej Valley, Punjab, 2000 ft.

Ajmere .

Garhwal (1868)

Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis)
Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)
Mahanadi Forest, „ (Gamble)

Nordlin^er's Sections, vol. 9.

11

938.

p

604.

p

1196.

p

98.

p

455.

0

255.

0

2758.

E

665.

E

2356.

lbs.

54
63
63

53
64

59

48

catechuoides.

Mandla, C.P. (1866) .

,, ,, .....

Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .

„ „ „ (Gamble) .
Proine, Burma

59
63
59
70

7.",

62

72

7<;

Var.

C 189.

C 203.

E 625.

E 2355.

B 1454.

Var. 3. Sundra.

C 3526. Khunlha Forests, Orissa (Gamble)
D 4139. Sandur Hills, Bellaiy (Stafford)
No. 2, Salem Collection ....

No. 3420 is a piece of hard, dark red wood, resembling var. catechuoides in appear-
ance and structure. It was obtained from the excavations made at Prince's Dock,
Bombay (see " Indian Forester," vol. vi. p. 108), and must be of very great age.

9. A. ferruginea, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 295; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 51 ; Brandis For.
F1.185; KurzFor.Fl. i. 423; Talbot Bomb. List 85 ; TrimenFl.Ceyl.ii.12i;. Mimosa
ferruginea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Eaiger, Ranch Mehals ; Son khair, safed
khair, brahmani khair, Berar ; Kar khair, Gondi; Phandra khair, Mar.; Tcori khair,
Bhil ; Banni, Kan. ; Velvelam, Tarn. ; Ansandra, tella tuma, ivitni, Tel.

A largo deciduous tree. Bark £ in. thick, rough. Wood very
hard, harder than that of A. Catechu; sapwood large, yellowish-
white; heartwood olive-brown. Pores moderate - sized, generally
single, in small rounded patches of soft tissue, which are only some-
times confluent. Medullary rays short, pale, numerous, fine.

Northern Circars, Deccan and Carnatic; Berar, Panch Mehals, Konkan, Guzerat ;
Burma (doubtful); dry country of Ceylon.

A prettier tree than .4. Catechu. The wood is used for building, carts and agri-
cultural implements. Skinner, No. 4, gives W = 60 lbs., P = 798 ; specimens examined
give 70 to 73 lbs.

c 872. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)
D1081. N. Arcot (Beddome)

lbs.
70
73

MIMOSE^E 290

10. A. Senegal, Will,!. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 295 ; Talbot Bomb. List 85. A. rupestris,
Stocks; Brandis Fur. Fl. 184. Yern. Khor, Sind; Kilmta, Bajputana.

A small tree. Bark thin, smooth, pale greenish-grey, yellowish
under the broad dark flakes which peel off. Wood hard : sapwood
yellowish-white ; heartwood nearly black, irregular. Pores moderate-
sized to large, scanty, in large concentric or interrupted patches of
light tissue. Medullary rays fine, white, moderately numerous, bent
where they touch the pores.

Dry rocky bills in Sind and the Punjab ; Northern Aravali bills and other parts
of Rajputana; west and south to Africa.

A small thorny tree, giving, it is believed, the true" gum arabic" of commerce, but

uncommon in India, so that the trade is small. The wood is used for weavers1 shuttles.

As real gum arabic is now a valuable product, it is possible that the cultivation of this

tree on waste lands in the Punjab, Sind and Eajputana would be profitable.

lbs.

O 4803. Forest School Park, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . .57

P 4830. Ajmere (Lala Har Svvarup) 54

11. A. modesta, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 296 : Brandis For. Fl. 185. Mimosa du-
mosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 559. M. obovata, Boxb. I.e. 5G1. Yern. l'alosa, Afg. ;
Phulahi, Pb.

A thorny, moderate-sized, deciduous tree. Bark rough, with a
multitude of narrow irregular cracks. Wood extremely hard, harder
than that of A. Catechu: sapwood large, white, perishable; heart-
wood dark brown, with black streaks. Pores moderate-sized, some-
times joined by narrow, very faint bands of white tissue. Med/uMary
rays fine, white, short.

Siiliman and Salt Ranges, sub-Himalayan tract between the Indus and the Sutkj,
and the northern part of the Punjab plains.

Growth slow. AYeight, according to Dr. J. L. Stewart, 55 lbs. ; the specimens

vary from- 67 to 72; average 69 lbs. A most beautiful wood, strong and durable:

valuable for cart-wheels, sugar-cane crushers, Persian water-wheels and agricultural

implements. It gives a gum, used in native medicine. The leaves and fallen blossoms

are collected for cattle-fodder (Brandis).

v ' lbs.

P 164. Hoshiarpur (J. L. Stewart, L866) 72

P 944. Gujerat, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 68

P 945. Multan „ „ 07

12. A. lentieularis, Ham.: Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 296; Brandis For. Fl. 186; A.ferru-
ginea, Gamble Darj. List 32 (non !>•')• Yern. Khour, Xep.

A deciduous, moderately thorny tree. Bark brown, somewhat
rough, peeling off in small scales, inner bark white. Wood very hard,
in structure resembling that of A. ferruginea.

Lower Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan, very scarce.

This is a tine tree with a good wood. The pods lesemble those of Albizzia.

Ib6.

E _'357. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 67

13. A. Latronum, Willd. ; Fl. Br. [rid. ii. 296; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcv. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 180. Mimosa Latronum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 559. Yern. Bhes, Hind. ; Paki-
tumma, Tel. : Odei usal, Tarn.

A gregarious very thorny shrub or small tree. Bark dark reddish-
brown, very rough, ^ in. thick, vertically cleft. Wood very hard,
sapwood light brown, heartwood small, red. Pores moderate-sized,
often subdivided, single or in groups, surrounded by pah' loose tissue,

300 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

coalescing into more or less continuous concentric bands. Medullar;/
rays moderately broad, showing a silver-grain on a radial section.

South Deccan from the Kistna river to Mysore, gregarious on poor soils.

This tree is like A. planifrons in its umbrella-shaped habit, only smaller, the stem
scarcely reaching G ft., and the branches then spreading horizontally, and making it
difficult to penetrate. The thorns are very large, white, in pairs, hollow, and often
tenanted by large black ants which attack intruders (Ind. For. ix. 450). The flowers
are white and pretty, the wood excellent but small, and only used for fuel. It often
covers considerable tracts of country, as at Yenkatayapalem in Kistna District, Sidhout
in Cuddapah, and places in Anantapur.

lbs.

D 3760. Kottakota Forest, Anantapur (Gamble) ''>'■>

D 4142. Sandur Forests, Bellary (Gamble) ...... —

14. A. Intsia, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 297 ; Kurz For. PI. 423 ; Gamble Darj. List
33; Talbot Bomb. List 85 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 127. A. ccesia, W. and A.; Brandis
For. Fl. 189 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 425. Mimosa ccesia, and M. Intsia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
565. Vern. Arhai, Sutlej ; Ala//, Dehra Dun; Katrar, Kumaon ; Harrari, Nep. ;
Pay ir, ngraem, Lepcha ; Kormta, Tel. ; Jarri, chilar, Mar. ; Kundaru, K61 ; Hingura,
Cingh.

A large climbing shrub. Baric pale grey, with usually five fluted,
spirally-twisted grooves. Wood white, soft, porous. Pores small
and large, in patches of loose tissue which join occasionally into
irregular concentric bands which run into each other, and which
separate the narrow belts of firmer and darker-coloured tissue in
which the white, fine, medullary rays are prominent.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft., throughout
India and Burma.

A very troublesome forest climber, which should be cut and destroyed everywhere
where the welfare of the forest demands it and a better vegetation is required.

The bark is used by Lepchas in Sikkicn as a substitute for soap in washing the hair

lbs.

O 4652, 4754. Saharanpur Siwaliks (Gamble) 37

C 3468. Bandgaou, Singbhum, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . . —

C 3838. Gumsur, Ganjam (Gamble) —

E 478. Rakti Forest, Darjeelimj; Terai (Manson) ....

E 2359. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2000 ft, (Gamble) . —

D 4302. Tinnevelly, Madras (Brasier) 65 (wet)

Nos. C 3468 and C 3838 are rather different; the wood is harder, and the angles of
the stem not so prominent as in the other specimens.

I have not attempted to follow Kurz ami Prain in separating A. cassia from .4. Intsia,
as it would be impossible now to make sure which of the above specimens beloug to
either. At the same time, I believe that they were quite right in their views of the
species being distinct.

15. A. pennata, Willd.; Fl. Br. ind. ii. 297; Brandis For. Fl. 181); Kurz For.
Fl. i. 424 ; Gamble Darj. List 33. Mimosa pennata, Etoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565. Vern.
Agla bel, alay, Dehra Dun; Agla, awal, Kumaon; Biswul, Hind.; Arfu, Nep. :
Tol rik, Lepcha; Suyit, subdk kale, Burin.

A laro-e climbinir shrub. Bark reddish-brown, -{- in. thick, with
horizontal cracks. Wood porous, moderately hard, reddish-brown.
Pores oval or oblong, occasionally subdivided into 2 or 3 compart-
ments, from small to extremely large and very numerous, surrounded by
or enclosed in an irregular network of pale soft tissue, which separates
the patches of darker-coloured and firmer tissue, in which the
moderately broad scanty brown medvUary rays are distinctly visible.

Throughout India and Burma, in almost all foresl regions which are not too dry,
chiefly along rivers and streams and in ravines, ascending to 5000 ft. in the hills.

MIMOSEjE 301

A very troublesome climber which should be cut whenever possible, as it climbs over
the tallest trees, and its tough, wiry, strong, thorny branches damage them considerably.
Though loose in texture, it has rather a nice wood, which, if carefully cut to show
the silver-grain properly, would make pretty frames, boxes, and similar articles.

lbs.
E 476. Balasun Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .... —
E 2358. Sivoke „ „ „ (Gamble) . . . .50

0 4653, 4737. Kasumri Forest, Saharanpur (Gradon) . . . 39, 37

16. A. dealbata, Link. ; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 415 ; Brandis For. Fl. 180. The
White Wattle or Silver Wattle.

A small tree. Bark grey, fairly smooth. Wood moderately hard,
light red. Pores moderate-sized, often in short linear groups sur-
rounded by pale rings. Medullary rays short, fine and moderately
broad, well marked on a radial section.

Indigenous in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Introduced on the
Nilgiris, and now naturalized since 1840.

The wood is extensively used in Australia for timber, and the bark for tanning.
The " White Wattle " or " Silver Wattle" has been tried in many places in India, and
has succeeded fairly in some localities in the Himalaya, as, it is believed, Abbotta-
bad in the Punjab and Almora in Kumaon ; but nowhere as it has on the Nilgiris,
where it has not only completely naturalized itself, but possesses a power of spreading
which might cause it, if not checked, to become a serious nuisance. It has been grown
in plantations which are worked for small fuel on a five years' rotation ; the chief of
these are Brooklands and Snowdon at Ootacamund, and part of Bandy Shola at Coonoor.
No. W 1099 was cut from a tree eleven years old and 46 ft. high, with about 12 in.
in diameter. The wood is used as fuel, preferably for tradespeople like bakers, who
prefer small stuff to large, and by the ordinary population, who like to bring it out
themselves in headdoads. The foliage is grey, and the flowers bright yellow, very
pretty. The tree is also considerably grown at Newera Elba and elsewhere in the
Oeylon 'mountains. It reproduces splendidly in coppice or by suckers, less so from
seed. The bark is an excellent tanning material, and should be more used.

lbs.

W 1099. Nilgiri Hills (Beddome) _

W 3916. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Col. Jago) .... 47

17. A. melanoxylon, E. Br. ; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 388 ; Brandis For. Fl. 180.
Australian Blackwood. The " Black Wattle " of Nilgiris.

A large evergreen tree. Wood soft ; sapwood light brown ; heart-
wood dark brown and beautifully mottled, shining, even-grained.
Pores round or oval, scanty, moderate-sized and divided into compart-
ments, conspicuously marked on a vertical section. Medullary rays
short and fine.

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Introduced on the
Nilgiris since 1840 and now completely naturalized there, as well as at Newera Elba
in Ceylon. It is also being grown in the hills of the Punjab, Kumaon and Sikkim.

This large and handsome tree is now a characteristic feature in the landscape at
Ootacamund, Coonoor and Newera Elba. It has, however, a very sombre foliage, and
too much of it is somewhat depressing. Like A. dealbata, it has been more or less
successfully grown in the Himalaya, but in the Nilgiris it has been said to grow to a
liner tree than it does in its own country. The chief plantation of it is "Bandy
Shola" near Coonoor, which is, or was, very fine. It is easily raised and grown from
seed artificially, but badly naturally. It coppices very badly also, for instead of good
shoots a multitude of small twiggy shoots arise which do not give any wood. The
soil around it gets completely filled with its rootlets, which may account for the bad
reproduction.

The question of the rate of growth was fully gone into by Mr. D. E. Hutchins in
his " Report on Measurements of the Growth of Australian Trees in the Nilgiris, 18S3 " ;
he found that the Nilgiri trees gave about 4 rings per inch of radius, an annual
increment of about 5 to 6 tons of wood per acre, and a reducing factor of 0*535. He
found for white wattle a yearly increment of about 3 tons per acre.

302 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The wood is rather like a light-coloured kind of walnut : it can be used for building,
but is light and not durable, still it is easily worked by carpenters, while Blue-gum is
not. In Australia the wood is used for cabinet-work, coach-building, railway carriages
and agricultural implements ; and as Mr. Newbery (" Timbers of Victoria," 1877) gives
the weight at 41 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot, it is probable- that the wood of the introduced
tree has degenerated in consequence of the milder climate and quicker growth, and that
in Australia the Blackwood is a finer timber than it is on the Nilgiris. The bark gives
a useful tan. The trees on the Nilgiris are very liable to be attacked by species of
Lorantkus, which parasites in time kill their host (see Dr. Bidie, "Report on Nilgherry
Loranthaceous Plants," Madras, 1874).

lbs.

W 1100. Nilgiri Hills (Beddome) 30

W 3909. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Col. Jago) . . . .42
Hough's American Woods, vol. vii. No. 155.

18. A. deeurrens, Willd. ; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 414. The Common Wattle.
A small tree. Bark dark grey. Wood moderately hard : sap wood
light brown; heartwood reddish-brown. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided, resinous, rather scanty. Medullary rays fine, wavy, bent
around the pores, not numerous.

Queensland, N.S. Wales, Victoria and Tasmania; cultivated on the Nilgiiis and
elsewhere.

This tree resembles much the " Silver Wattle," but is not so grey ; it is not so
common on the Nilgiris, but is perhaps more common in other localities, as on the
Himalaya. Newbery gives 45 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot for the weight of the wood. It
is the principal one whose bark is used for tanninsr, though not the best. There can
be but little doubt that the capabilities of the Nilgiris iu exporting either harvested
Wattle bark fir tanning or tannin extract have not been appreciated as they should.
In Northern India, the search for marketable tans of a regular supply has been prose-
cuted with energy for some time, but nothing seems to have been done on the Nilgiris,
where Wattle is a "weed," and miles of it can be grown at a very small cost, and cut
over for bark on a five years' rotation. Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 3.

73. ALBIZZIA, Durazz.

Fourteen species, only one of which is not a tree of some size. To the species
described in the Fl. Br. Ind., four have been added by Praiu and one by Brandis.
This latter, A. Thompsoni, was discovered in the Chanda District, C.P., but I have
specimens which I take to be the same from Saharanpur (Sakrauda Forest, also
Siwaliks) in the north, and Ganjam and Cuddapah in the east and south of India.
It is possible that one or more of the specimens described under A. odoratissima or .1.
Lebbek may be it, but it is now impossible to say. The specimen described is believed
to be correct. A. Kalkora, Prain in Jonrn. As. Sue. Beng. lxvi. ii. 511 (Mimosa
Kalkora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 547); Vern. Kalkora, Beng., is a tall tree of the Khasia
and Naga Hills. A. littoralis, Teysm. and Binneud. is a tree of the Nicobar Islands.
A. tlegavfi, Kurz For. Fl. i. 427, is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the
fegu Yoma. A. Gamblei, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 513 (A. Lebbek,
Gamble Darj. List 33, non Bth.); Vern. Sedong, Lepcha, is a tree of the Sikkim
Lower Hill- and Terai and the Naga Hills iu Assam. A. myriophylla, Bth.; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 300; Kurz For. PI. i. 42b" (Mimosa myriophylla, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 549); Vein.
Tetuliya, Sylhet, is a climbing shrub of the Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 3000 It.
in Sikkim, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet, resembling Acacia pennata.

. I. moluccana, Miq. is a fine tree largely grown in Ceylon and Java as a shade to
coffee, just as J. stipulata has been grown over tea in Assam. Trimen mentions a
tree at Peradeniya, cut down at six and a half years old, which was 89 ft. high, with
a girth of (>.! ft. at 3 ft. from the ground. It deserves attention in India in places
where it is likely to grow and a fast-growing tree is required. J. Richardiana, Sing
and Brain Ann. Calc. ix. 32 (with photograph by J. II. Lace), is a beautiful species
L^rown in the Calcutta Royal Botanic Garden; a native of Madagascar, but worthy of
being planted as a quick-growing ornamental tree.

Wood soft to hard (in ascending order of hardness stipulata, lebbe-
koides, proceni, Lebbek, mollis, Thompsoni, odoratissima, lucida,

MIMOSE-E

303

amara): sapwood yellowish- white, not durable; heartwood light to
dark brown, streaked, smooth. Pores moderate-sized to large, usually
scanty, often subdivided, in rings of soft tissue, in groups or short
strings, very prominent as dark lines on a vertical section. Medullary
rays fine, short, usually distant, shallow.

1. A. Lebbek, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 298 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 53 ; Brandis For
Fl. 176; Kurz For. Fl. i. 427; Talbot Bomb. List 86; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 128.
Mimosa Sirissa, Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 544. The Siris tree. Yern. Siris, sirin, sirdi,
hoists, tantia, gar so, Hind. ; Oohiru, Kumaon ; Sirisha, Beng. ; Hirih, Ass. ; Hdrreri,
Panch Medals; Vaghe, hat vaghe, Tam. ; Tinia, Uriya; Dirasana, darshana, hat vage,
pedda duchirram, Tel. ; Kal baghi, bengha, sirsid, Kan. ; Chichola, Mar. ; Kokko, Burin. ;
Beymadd, gachodd, And.; Mara, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark brownish-grey, rough with numerous
short irregular cracks. Wood hard : sapwood large, white or yellowish ;
heartwood dark brown, streaked with lighter or darker streaks.
Annual rings sometimes marked by a line. Pores scanty, large, in
rings of soft tissue, in oblique somewhat radial strings, very prominent
as dark streaks on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, distant,
not conspicuous in silver-grain.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 5000 ft. ; Bengal,
Burma, Central and South India; dry regions of Ceylon ; often planted.

This Siris is one of the best-known of Indian trees, as it is not only very common
in forests almost all over the country, but is largely cultivated as an avenue and garden
tree. When in flower it is pretty, and some people may like the rather sickly scent
of the blossoms, but in the early hot season when its leaves are gone and the yellow
persistent pods rattle with every puff of the hot wind, it is not beautiful.

The wood varies greatly in weight and strength, as is obvious from the list given
below, but it is very useful, and of late years a considerable amount of it has been
exported to London from the Andamans. The " burrs " are especially valuable, and
fetch ten to twenty times the price of plain wood. It is probably the " East Indian
Walnut" of the European market. The logs cut in the Andamans give squares up to
50 ft. long with 3 ft. siding. It is very easily propagated, but if grown alone as in
avenues, requires very careful pruning, or it will branch low down and not make a
handsome tree. It is much planted along embankments in Burma.

Growth exceedingly rapid during the first year. Brandis says that trees in the
Punjab have 2| ft. girth in twelve years, and 4} ft. in thirty years, and that trees at
Sakhar in Sind seventeen years old have reached 5 to 6 ft. in girth. This would give
from 1 to 3 rings per inch of radius, which is very fast.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined from the following
experiments : —

X ='

Experiment by whom
conducted,

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

5

£ S3

25 ft

Size of bar.

Value of P.

11)9.

ft. in. in.

Puckle ....

1859

Mysore

57

2

2x1x1

1052

„

61

4

2x1x1

959

....

56

4

2x1x1

1068

Cunningham

1854

Gwalior

50

2

2xlXl

is.;

Baker ....

1829

Jynagarh

55

4

7x2x2

526

Skinner, No. 7 .

1862

Smith India

50

—

— "

793

.. 8 .

,,

Burma

46

—

855

(List) ....

M

Mysore

50

Brandis. No. 40

im;-j

Burma

4S

A. Mendis

1855

(Jeylon

42

H. H. O'Connell

1886

1 ioimbatore

50|

o = 000960

Specimens examined

L878-99

Various

47

16

—

—

304 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The wood seasons, works and polishes well, and is fairly durable. It is used for
sugar-cane crushers, oil-mills, furniture, well-curbs and wheel-work ; iD South India
for boats. In the Andaraans, where trees of large size are procurable, it is used for
building, but more usually for house-posts. It is often grown as an avenue tree, but
its roots do not penetrate very deep. It grows easily from cuttings. It gives a gum
which is not soluble in water, but merely forms a jelly. The leaves and twigs are
given as fodder to camels.

lbs.

P 1193. Madhopur, Punjab (F. Halsey) 47

P 96. Bhajji, Sutlej Valley, 3000 ft 43

P 881. Multan (Baden-Powell) 49

P 468. Ajmere 55

E 4757. Chittagong (Quinnell) 38

C 3560, 3567. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) ... 49, 59

D 4004. Cuddapah, Madras 60

D 4014. Colles;al, Coimbatore 45

W 728, 748, 751. South Kanara (Cherry) 41, 51, 44

B 1453. Prome, Burma 48

B 2208. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 43

B 4760. Burma (J. W. Oliver) 36

No. 81, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 128, new (Mendis) . . . .42
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (A. speciosa), vol. 9 doubtful.

2. A. Odoratissima, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 299; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 54; Brandis
For. Fl. 175; Kurz For. Fl. i. 427; Gamble Darj. List 33; Talbot Bomb. List 86;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 129. Mimosa odoratissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 546. Vern. Lasrin,
Jcarambru, polach, Pb. ; Siris, siran, bhandir, hersa, has, bassein, bansa, Hind.; Kahi,
kala siris, Merwara ; Chichalda, Berar; Koroi, tetura, Beng. ; Sirsi ten tura, Khond ;
Ginnera, Koya ; Chichiva, chichola, yerjoohetta, Goudi ; Chichwa, Kurku ; Kali harreri,
PanchMehals; Sedong, Lepcha; Jati-horoi, Ass. ; Moroi, Cachar; Kal-thuringi, Tear
vaghe, bilwara, ponnai murankai, solomanim, sela vanjai, Tarn.; Shinduga, chinduga,
telsu, yerjuchinta, haru vage, Tel.; Pullibaghi, billawar, godhunchi, Kan.; Borhi,
chichua, chichanda, Mar. ; Kara vagei, Mai. ; Suriya muni, Cingh. ; Ttritmagyi, thitpyu,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, grey, with irregular
cracks and darker patches, granular. Wood hard: sapwood large,
white; heartwood dark brown, with darker streaks. Annual rings
sometimes marked by a belt with few or no pores. Pores moderate-
sized to large, often subdivided, in rings of soft tissue, oblique strings
less prominent than in A. Lcbbek, prominent on a vertical section as
dark streaks. Medullary rays fine, rather distant, short, silver-grain
of long shallow plates.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Bengal,
Burma, Central, Western and South India; low country of Ceylon.

A handsomer tree than A. Lebbeh, but more of a "forest" tree than that species.
It is common in mixed forests, especially on hill slopes. S. E. Peal says that it has
an excellent reputation in Assam, and that the wood is durable.

Growth rapid, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight: Wallich gives 45 lbs.; Kyd,
40 lbs.; Skinner, No. 6, 46 lbs. ; Brandis, 52 lbs.; Bourdillon, 38 lbs. ; the specimens give
an average of 54 lbs. Kyd's experiments with Assam wood with bars 2' x 1" x 1"
gave P = 547 ; Brandis found P = 984 ; Bourdillon, 627 ; and Skinner 800.

Professor W. C. Unwin's experiments (Imp. List. Journ., May, 1899) gave the
following results for Ceylon wood: —

Weight 57-01 lbs. per cubic foot.

l.Vsistance to shearing alons; the fibres . . 1283 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing strength 4"184 tons per square inch.

Transverse „ 6-518 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity ..... 775 „ , „

The wood seasons, works and polishes well, and is fairly durable. It is used for
wheels, oil-mills and furniture. It gives a dark brown gum. The leaves and twigs
are lopped for cattle-fodder.

mimose^: 305

lbs.

P 3223. Nagpahar Forest, Ajmere _

0 219. Garhwal (1868) 43

C 184. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) —

C 1122. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .60
C 2748. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (Brandis) .... —
C 4220. Ganjam (perhaps A. Thompsons) (Gamble) . . . .63

C 3960. Upper Godavari (Gamble) 52

E 4758. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Quinnell) 47

E 2360. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .59

W 725, 1189. South Kanara (Cherry) 59 and 42

W 4196. Cochin (Kohlhoff) 47

D 1084. North Arcot (Beddome) 52

B 290. Burma (1867) 53

B 3121. „ (Brandis, 1862) 57

B 1427. „ 57

B 2231. Andamans (Col. Ford, 1866) 56

No. 8, Salem Collection 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

3. A. proeera, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 299 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcvi. ; Brandis For. Fl.
175, t. 26 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 428 ; Gamble Darj. List 33 ; Talbot Bomb. List 86. Mimosa
jirocera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 548. The White Siris. Vera. Safed sms, gurar, karra, haro,
karanji, gwrbdri, gwkwr, kalsis, baro, karolu, garso, Hind. ; Karallu, kini, kilai, kili,
tihiri, Bombay ; Takmur, Lepcha ; Koroi, medeloa, Beng., Ass. ; KM, Garo ; Sam-
patri, Uriya; Pandrai, K61; Garso, Kharwar ; Laohri, Mechi ; Ghera manj 'a, Khond ;
1'iisserginni, Gondi; Kinni, Bhil; Ghirar, Jdrihai, Mar. ; Konda vaghe, Tana. ; Peddn
patseru, tella sopara, tella chinduga, Tel. ; Chihul, bellati, Kan. ; Kottu vaga, Tcarunfha-
gara, Mai.; Choi, Magh ; Sit, Bixrm. ; Burdd, And.

A large, deciduous, fast-growing tree. Bark h in. thick, yellowish -
or greenish-white or grey, smooth, with horizontal lines. Wood hard :
sapwood large, yellowish - white, not durable ; heartwood brown,
shining, with alternate belts of darker and lighter colour ; very like
that of A. Lebbek, and often indistinguishable from it. Annual rings
not usually visible. Pores moderate-sized and large, in narrow rings
of soft tissue, uniformly distributed in small groups of a few, very
prominent on a longitudinal section. MedvMa/ry rays fine, short,
distant.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ; Bengal ; Satpura Range in the Cen-
tral Provinces ; Guzerat, S. India and Burma ; Andamans (north end) and Cocos Islands.

The " White Siris " is a well-known and very conspicuous tree in the Indian forests.
It affects low lands near river-banks, and grows with a tall, straight, perhaps more often
a somewhat curved bole, branching at a considerable height with large branches and a
rounded head. The smooth yellowish-white bark at once distinguishes it. It is easily
cultivated, but does not come up naturally as freely as might be expected from the
amount of seed it gives. It is often grown in avenues and gardens for ornament.
The wood is an excellent fuel. Dr. Leather, experimenting on its calorific power,
found that 100 parts of wood gave 6'84 parts moisture, 89*56 carbon and other organic
matter, and 3-6 ash; that its calorific power was 86-9 compared to pure carbon 100;
and that 13-04 lbs. of water were evaporated by 1 lb. wood at 212° F. The branches
are a favourite elephant-fodder.

Growth very rapid. Brandis says that it attains in twelve years 3 to 4 ft., and in
thirty years 4 to 6 ft. girth. This would give about 2 rings per inch of radius, which
is very rapid. The specimens are of somewhat slower growth, 6 rings per inch.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 3, 39 lbs. ; Brandis, No. 28, 48 lbs. ; Bourdillon,
45 lbs.; the specimens give an average of 46 lbs. Skinner gives P = 695; Brandis
750; Bourdillon 738. The wood is straight and even-grained, seasons well, and the
heartwood is durable. It is used for sugar-cane crushers, rice-pounders, wheels, asrri-
cultural implements, bridges and house-posts. It is used by tea-planters for stakes
for laying out tea-gardens, as it is found to split well, and occasionally for tea-boxes
and for charcoal, for which it is found to be very good. It gives a copious gum.

X

306 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

0 220. Garhwal (1868) 41

0 3004. „ (1873) 44

C 2740. Jamui Forest, Berar (sapwood) (Brandis) . . . .26

E 2361. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 37

B 4763. Kurseong Division, Darjeeling Terai (Green) . . . .42

E 949. Eastern Diiars, Assam (Fisher) . . . . . .51

E 1263. Tezpiir, Assam (G. Mann) 58

E 2194. Nowgong, Assam (Kurz) 42

E 1955. Chittagong (Chester) 43

E 4755. Chittagons; Hill Tracts (Quinnell) 43

B 329. Burma (1867) 39

B 811. „ (Ribbentrop) 60

B 2527. „ (Brandis, 1862) 41

B 506. 518. Andaman Islands (General Barwell) .... 53 and 46

B 2247. Andaman Islands (Colonel Ford, 1866) 41

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11; vol. 5 (J/, elata) doubtful.

4. A. lueida, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 299; Brandis For. PI. 174; Kurz For. Fl. i.
429; Gamble Darj. List 33. Mimosa lueida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 544. Yern. Sil koroi,
Beng. ; Tapria-siris, Nep. ; Ngraem, Lepcha ; Mess-guch, Ass. ; Ghurihi, Magh; Than-
that, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark dark brown. Wood very hard:
sapwood white ; heartwood brown, with dark streaks and alternating
dark and light coloured concentric bands. Pores moderate-sized,
numerous, enclosed by groups in round patches of soft tissue. J/-
dullary rays fine and numerous.

Valleys of the North-East Himalaya up to 2000 ft., extending perhaps westward
to Oudh and Kumaon ; Assam, Khasia Hills, Sylbet; Upper Burma and down to
Prome ; scarce in Pegu ; often planted.

Weight : average of our specimens, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood hard and good,
but not used. Lac is obtained on it in Assam. A handsome tree, easily recognized
by its larger leaves and few leaflets.

lbs.
E 660, 677. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . 55 and 61
E 4756. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Quinnell) .... 50

5. A. mollis, Boivin; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvi. ii. 514. A. Julibrissin,
Boivin, var. mollis, Bth.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 300; Brandis For. Fl. 177. Pink Siris. ATern.
Sirm, kurmru, surangru, shirsh, shishi, buna, tanddi, mathirshi, brmd, sirsang, Pb. ;
Lai siris, baraulia, barau, bhokra, Hind.; Kuldri, Kumaon; Kauner, Garhwal: Sirs,
Dotial ; Bhondir, hurmura, Jaunsar.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Baric dark grey, with long-
horizontal wrinkles. Wood hard : sapwood large ; heartwood dark
brown, almost black in old trees, beautifully mottled, shining. .1 nnual
rings distinctly marked by a sharp line. Pores large, often double,
very prominent on a longitudinal section. MedvMary rays fine, short,
red, appearing as narrow, dark, straight bands in the silver-grain.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft., chiefly in valleys and
along watercourses; Assam, Manipur.

Growth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius (Brandis); our specimens give 5 rings.
Weight 43 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used to make furniture. The tree
is extremely handsome when in flower, with its innumerable pink tassels of delicate
silky blossoms.

lbs.

II 97. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 4000 ft 52

II 152. Sainj, Simla, 4000 ft 43

6. A. Stipulata, Boivin; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 300; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 55; Brandis I'm.
PI. 178; Km-/, For. PI. i. 426; Gamble Darj. List 31 ; Talbot Bomb. List 86; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 129. Mimosa stipulacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 519. Yern. Oi, oc, sirin, shirsha,

MIMOSEZE 307

Jcasir, Pb. ; Siran, kanujerla, pattia, samsundra, Hind.; Kala siris, Nep. ; Singriang,
Lepcka; Sau, Ass. ; tielcho, Garo ; Chakua, amluki, Beng. ; Ghapii n, kora serum, K<11 ;
Bunsobri, Mechi ; Kat turanji, pili vagei, Tarn. ; Konda chiragu, chindaga, Tel. ; Kal
baghi, hote baghi, bagana, Kan.; Laeli, udul, Jcasir, Mar.; Motta vaga, Mai.; Goiri,
Khond; Kabul, Cingh. ; Pokolt, Magh ; Bbnmeza, Burm.

A large, deciduous, fast-growing tree. Bark grey, with numerous
short, vertical wrinkles and a few larger horizontal furrows, with
prominent edges, darker when old. Wood soft : sapwood large,
white; heartwood brown, generally not durable, shining. Annual
rings distinctly marked. Pores large, often oval and subdivided,
very prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine,
short, reddish, not very distinct.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft.; Oudh,
Bengal, Burma, South India ; moist low country of Ceylon ; Andamans and Nicobars.

Growth very rapid. Roxburgh says that a tree he planted in the Botanic Garden
at Calcutta measured 48*5 in. in girth at 4 ft. above the ground when seven years old ;
this would give a rate of growth of slightly less than 1 ring per inch of radius.
Stewart, in " Punjab Plants," p. 56, says that a tree in the Saharanpur Gardens was
7 ft. in girth at about seventeen years of age, which gives rather over 1 ring per inch
of radius. The specimens give 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. A round in the Bengal
Forest Museum from a young tree shows 11 rings on a mean radius of 6 in., or l-8
rings per inch of radius. The growth may be taken, therefore, at 1 to 4 rings per inch
of radius, which is very rapid. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 9, 55 lhs. ; accordiug
to Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 27, 66 lbs. ; Bourdillon gives 27 lbs. ; the specimens
give only 33 lbs. ; and Kyd {Acacia marginata, Ham.) 28 lbs. Kyd gives f = 222 ;
Bourdillon 666 ; and Skinner gives P = 823 ; but it is doubtful if his experiments
were really from wood of A. stipulate/,. The wood is said by Beddome, probably
quoting Skinner, to be used for building and for naves of wheels. Kurz says it is
good for cabinet work, furniture and similar purposes. Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No.
27, says it is prized for cart-wheels and for the bells of cattle. In Bengal it has been
tried for tea-boxes, for which purpose it will probably suit well ; also for charcoal.
In Kangra it has been used for tea-boxes (L. G. Smith, " Ind. For." ix. 210). It gives
a gum which exudes copiously from the stem, and is used by Nepalese for sizing their
" Daphne " paper. The branches are lopped for cattle -fodder. Perhaps the chief use
of the tree has been as a shade plant for tea in the plantations in Assam, also perhaps
for coffee in S. India. It is strongly believed that the amount of nitrogen in the soil
is largehy increased by the presence of the Siris, so that the tree has an excellent effect
in two ways.

lbs.
H 603. Kangra, Punjab (Peugelly) 29

O 217. Garhwal (1868)

C 2989. Jubbulpore, Central Provinces (1863)

E Ci47. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .

E 2362. ' „ „ „ (Gamble) .

E 788. Kamrvip, Assam (Mann) ....

E 1956. Chittagong (Chester) ....

E 4759. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Quinnell) .

B 809. Burma (Ribbentro|>) ....
B 2528. „ (Brandis, 1866) ....

1*. 2221. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1S66)

28
39
26
29
40
25
22
36
33
45

7. A. amara, Boivin; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 301; Brandis For. Fl. 178; Talbot Bomb.
List 86; Trimen PI. Ceyl. ii. 130. .1. amara and J. Wightii, Grah. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xrvi. t. 61. Mimosa a, mint and .1/. pulchella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 548. Vera. Lallei,
Dekkan; Wusel, Madura ; Thuringi, mill, wunja, sttranji, shehram, Tain.; Nallarenga,
shekrani, sikkai, narlingi,Tel.; Bel-khambi, tugli, Kan.; Kadsige, Coorg; Oosulay,
Mai.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood very hard : sapv
large, white; heartwood purplish-brown, beautifully mottled, with
alternate, concentric, light ami dark bands. Pores moderate-sized,

308 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

scanty, in patches of soft tissue, which are frequently joined, form-
ing short, concentric bands. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

Dry forests in the Deccan and Maratha country, Mysore and the Carnatic, extending
to dry places towards the West Coast ; dry region of Ceylon.

Skinner, No. 1, gives the weight at 70 lbs. ; our specimens give 60 lbs. Skinner
also gives P = 1284, and says, " The wood is strong, fibrous and stiff, close-grained,
' hard and durable, superior to Sal and Teak in transverse strength and direct cohesive
' power ; " also that it is used for the beams of native houses and carts, the wood of the
crooked branches for ploughs, and the leaves for washing the hair. Beddome says it
is a good fuel, and is extensively used for the locomotives at Salem and Bangalore.

lbs.

D 3897, 4068. Cuddapah (Higgens) 60 and 57

D 1052. Salem, Madras (Beddome) 61

No. 6, Salem Collection 62

8. A. lebbekoides, Bth. ; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. ii. 347. Vera.
Thitmagyi, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark light yellowish-brown, rough, thin.

Wood (young tree) light brown, clouded, moderately hard ; heartwood

dark brown. Pores very scanty, large, often subdivided, enclosed in

rings of loose tissue, more or less concentrically arranged, very

prominent as dark streaks on a radial section. Medullary ro.ys fine,

not numerous, irregular.

Burma, common.

lbs.

B 4851. Pyinmana, Burma (G. E. Cubitt) 4'J

B 5044. Myaungmyo, Burma 46

B 5098. Toungoo, Burma, sapwood 37

9. A. Thompsoni, Brandis in Ind. For. xxv. 284. Vein. Silari, Hind.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark dark brown, roughly tessellated
with irregular cracks, deep vertically, shallower horizontally, .[ in.
thick. Wood hard : sapwood yellowish, heartwood dark brown.
Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, fairly numerous, fairly promi-
nent on a vertical section, arranged in more or less concentric groups,
singly or in groups surrounded by soft tissue. Medullary rays fine,
not numerous, shallow.

Deciduous forests of Central India, extending east to Ganjam and northwards to

the Siwaliks.

lbs.

C 4846. Chanda, C. P. (A. E. Lowrie) 47

B 2705 (59 lbs.) from Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) is a dark red specimen of a heavy
brown wood of Albizzia structure, which cannot be identified.

10. A. lophantha, Bth. Fl. Aust. ii. 421 ; Brandis For. Fl. 174.

A shrub. Bark dark grey, smooth, with small narrow horizontal
lenticels. Wood white, moderately hard; heartwood very small,
brown. Pores large, very scanty, often subdivided, surrounded by
rings of loose tissue, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary re us
fine, regular, not very numerous.

An Australian shrub, cultivated and more or less naturalized in the hills of the
Punjab and on the Nilgiris.

This species is at once recognized from others by its flowers in spikes instead of
in heads. The shrub is useful to plant for reclothing denuded slopes.

lbs.

W 5001. Mangalore, S. Kauara (Latham) 38

MiMOSE-a: 309

74. CALLIANDRA, Bth. O. umbrosa, Bth. ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 302, is a thorny
tree of Sylhet, the Khasia Hills, Chittagong and the Kachin Hills of Burma. C.
Griffithii, Benth. is a tree of the Khasia Hills.

75. PITHECOLOBIUM, Mart.

About 12 species, some of which are quite scarce trees. P. geminatum, Benth. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 303 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcvi. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 131, is a small bushy
tree endemic in Ceylon. P. umbel/atum, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 303 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xcvi.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 132; Vera. Iyamalai, ichavalai, Tarn., is a small tree of
S. India and Ceylon. P. sabcoriaceum, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 305 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
xcvi.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 133 (P. anamallayanum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 189); Vera.
Miinini-mara, Cingh., is a small tree of the hill region of Ceylon at 4-6000 ft., extend-
ing to the Anamalai Hills in S. India. P. affine, Baker ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 304, is a tree of
the hills east of Tonghoo in Burma. P. glomeriflorum, Kurz For. Fl. i. 430 (Albizzia
gloraerifiora, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 300), is a shrub of the higher Martaban Hills at
4-7000 ft. P. nicobaricum, Prain, is found in the Xicobar Islands. P. montanum,
Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 306 ; Vera. Takpier, Lepcha, is a tree of the Sikkim Himalaya
at about 4000 fr., and the Khasia and Mishmi Hills. P. angulatum, Benth. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. ii. 306 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 430 ; Gamble Darj. List 34 {Mimosa heterophylla,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 545); Vera. Tahpyit, Lepcha; Kawahuruni, Sylhet, is a tall hand-
some tree of the Lower Sikkim Hills, Assam, Eastern Bengal and Burma down to
Tenasserim, at low elevations in Sikkim and at 4-6000 ft. in Burma. It is said by
Roxburgh to be a large and useful timber tree.

1. P. dulee, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 302; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 188; Brandis For.
Fl. 173; Talbot Bomb. List 87. Inga dtilcis, Willd. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 431. Mimosa
dulcis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 556. Vera. Vilayati imli, dakhani babul, Hind.; Karkapilly,
Tarn. ; Kywhlanyin, Burin.

A large or small tree. Bark grey with white lenticels which run
both horizontally and vertically. Wood white, with a light red heart-
wood, hard. Pore* moderate-sized, enclosed in broad patches of white
soft tissue, in concentric bands, often anastomozing. Medullary rays
fine, very numerous, the distance between them less than the transverse
diameter of the pores.

Indigenous in Mexico, but commonly cultivated in South India as a fuel tree and
hedge plant ; and grown in stations in X. India, Burma and the Andamans.

The following extract from the Proc. of the Madras Agri.-llort. Soc. for 1888
gives perhaps as good an account of the many uses of this valuable tree as could be
compiled : —

" As usual the society has sent on application to Ceylon, Penang and all parts of
' India, particularly the north, large quantities of the seed of this invaluable and most
' versatile tree. It is probably the most universally cultivated tree in Madras, being as
' general for hedging, and nearly as good, as the Hawthorn in England. It bears any
' amount of clipping and chopping, or worse, nibbling by sheep and goats and gnawing
' by horses and cattle. If attended to, it forms an impassable fence ; if neglected, it
' grows into a noble ' bullfinch.' It sows itself and grows on all waste land, and that
' even with its roots in salt or brackish water. Single or surviving hedge plants grow
' into grand timber trees. The timber is used by the husbandman for cart-building ;
' the wood is specially appreciated by the brick-maker; the leaves and twigs furnish a
' never-failing forage for the poverty-stricken feeder of milch goats ; birds, beasts, and
' boys scramble for the plump arillus which encases its seeds ; and in the hot weather
~ when the grass is too dry to be eatable, the hungry cattle eagerly devour the
* tough pods."

The growth of the Karkapilly is very fast in suitable places, and as it coppices well,
it, is worth growing lor fuel in such lands as those of the Madras coast. The weight
of the wood is about 40 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

D 4135. Agri-Hort. Garden, Madras (Steavenson) . . . .40

2. P. bigeminum, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 303; Bedd. PI. Sylv. xcvi.; Brand is
For. Fl. 173; Gamble Darj. List 34 ; Talbol Bomb. List 87 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. L3f!.

310 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Yem. Kachlora, Kumaun ; Takpyil, Lepcha ; Moj, Ass. ; Kalpahku, Tarn.; Pannivaga,
atthaperwntha, Trav. Hills; Kalatiya, Cingh.

A large tree. Wood light brown, soft. Pores few, large, scanty,
often divided in two. Medullary rays extremely fine, numerous and
closely packed.

Eastern Himalaya, up to 4000 ft. in Sikkim, Assam ; hills of South India from
the Konkan and Kanara to Travancore, abundant in Wynaad ; Kachin Hills in Burma.
A fine tree. S. E. Peal says it often reaches 6 ft. in girth, and that the wood is
good for planking, battens, etc., but not easy to work (Lid. Tea Gaz., 1883).

lbs.
W 4300. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 22

3. P. lobatum, Benth. : Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 305: Kurz For. Fl. i. 42!'. Mimosa
Koeringa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 543. Yern. 'Lmijitt, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown, young trees with
narrow horizontal lenticels. Wood (young trees) grey, moderate! y
hard. Pores large, often subdivided, in rings of loose texture, very
scanty, prominent on vertical sections. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
inconspicuous.

Upper mixed forests and tropical forests of Burma.

lb.-.

B 5048. Myaungmyo Forests, Burma 30

B 5075. Thaungyin Forests, Burma (Cappel) 35

4. P. Saman, Benth. The Rain-tree.

A large tree. Bark grey. Wood soft, sapwood white, heartwood
light brown. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often subdivided, enclosed
in rings of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, scanty.

Introduced recently from S. America, and now largely cultivated in some parts of
India.

The " Rain-tree *' was much discussed a few years since, and was cultivated largely
under the authority of Government. The growth is exceedingly fast, but it has not
answered to expectations, as its wood is nearly worthless either as timber or fuel, and
as the tree will only thrive in good soils where there is already abundance of fodder,
there is no demand for its leaves and pods as food for cattle. Where the soil suits and
the climate is moist, the rain-tree is useful for avenues. It is easily propagated by
seed, and will grow from slips and cuttings.

lbs.

E 3711, 3924. Roy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) . . . 26 and :','_'

0 4507. Bot. Garden, Saharanpur (Gollan) .'!ti

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. <i.

76. INGA, Willd. /. cynometroides, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 306 (Calliandra
cynometroides, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 317), is a moderate-sized tree of the evergreen forests
on the hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly at 2-4000 ft.

Order XLIII. ROSACEA.

Contains 21 genera of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers, chiefly found in the colder
regions of the Himalaya and other mountain ranges. It is divided into seven Tribes
viz. —

Tribe I. Chrysobalanea? .... Parinarium, Parastemon.

„ II. Prune«e Prunus, Maddenia, Pygeum,

Prinsepia.

„ III. Spiraeas Spiraea, Neillia.

„ IV. Rubete Rubus.

„ V. Poteutillea' Potentilla.

„ VI. Rostra Rosa.

EOSACE.E 311

Tribe VII. Porneaj ..... Cydonia, Docynia, Eriobotrya,

Pyrus, Photinia, Pourthiaja,
Stranva3sia, Crataegus, Coto-
neaster, Osteomeles.

The Kosaceaj are not very important in a Forest point of view, either for their pro-
ducts or their sylvicultural value. With few exceptions, they are plants of the hill
country of very little consequence. Prttnus Puddum, in the large Sikkim variety,
is almost the only one giving a timber of value, and that for furniture only. But as
Iruit trees, wild or cultivated, there are many species of the greatest importance.

Except Parinarium, Pygeum, Rosa and Rabies, the structure of
the woods of Rosaceae is very uniform, being compact and consisting
of small or extremely small, evenly distributed pores ; and regular,
fine to extremely fine medullary rays. In the four genera mentioned,
the first two have considerably larger pores, and the other two much
broader medullary rays. Wood generally close- and even-grained,
white or pink to brown.

1. PARINARIUM, Juss.

Pour or five species, all trees, some of them scarce. P. Griffithicmum, Bth. ; PI.
Br. Ind. ii. 310, is a tree of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. P. indicum,
Bedd.; PL Br. Ind. ii. 311; Bedd. PL Sylv. t. 191, is a tree of the forests of the
Wynaad at 2-3000 ft.

1. P. travaneorieum, Bedd.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 311.

A small tree. Wood light red, moderately hard. Pores large,
scanty, making pretty brown lines on a vertical section. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous, close and even. Regular, fine, wavy,
concentric bands of light tissue.

Hills of Travancore, about 2000 ft., scarce.

lbs.
W 4685. Travancore (Bourdillon) 42

2. PAEASTEMON, A. DC. P. urophyllum, A. DC; PL Br. Ind. ii. 312, is a
shrub or small tree of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

3. PRUNUS, Linn.

Including the almond, peach, apricot, plum and cherry, cultivated trees, and two
Baluchistan species, there are about 21 species in the Indian limits.

P. tomentosa, Thunb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 214, is a shrub of Kashmir at 5-6000 ft.
/'. Iriflova, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 501 ; FL Br. Ind. ii. 315 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 434, is a small
bushy tree of the hills of Upper Burma. P. undulata, Ham.; FL Br. Ind. ii. 31G ;
Gamble Darj. List 35, is a small tree of the Central and Eastern Himalaya from
ii-12,000 ft. and the Khasia Hills. P. punctata, Hook. f. and Th. is a shrub or small
tree of the Khasia Hills; and P. Jenkinsii, Hook. f. and Th. is a small tree of Assam.

Besides the cultivated species described, tne acid Cherry, P. Cerasus, Linn., and the
sweet Cherry, P. Avium, Linn.; Vern. Gi/a*. olchi, krusbal, Pb. (Brandis), are some-
times cultivated in the West Himalaya.

Wood close- and even-grained, usually reddish, often scented.
Pores small or very small. Medullar;/ rays generally of two classes,
fine and moderately broad. Annual rings marked either by a con-
tinuous line of pores or by more numerous pores in the spring wood.
Almost all have a pretty silver-grain.

1. P. Amygdalus, BailL; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 313; Brandis For. PL 190. Amygdahts
communis, Linn. ; Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. Son. The Almond. Amandier, Fr.; Ma
baum, Germ. Vern. Badd/m, Hind.

312 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A moderate-sized tree. Wood light brown, moderately hard.
Pores very small, very numerous, uniformly distributed ; large in the
early part of the annual ring, which they conspicuously mark.
Medullary rays of two classes, fine and moderately broad, numerous,
regular.

Indigenous in Western Asia ; occasionally cultivated in Kashmir and the Punjab.

Mathieu Fl. For. 136 gives the weight as 57 to 69 lbs. per cubic foot.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. P. persiea, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 313 ; Brandis For. Fl. 191 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 433 ; Gamble Darj. List 3-4. Amygdalus persiea, Linn. ; Koxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 500. The Peach. PecJicr, Fr. ; Pfirsichbaum, Germ. ; Pesco, Ital. Vern. GJin-n-
reshtdi, Afgh. ; Aru, aor, chinanuu, beiruii, btimu, rek, Pb. ; Aru, Hind.; Takpo,
Lepcha.

A small tree. Baric grey, shining, smooth, with numerous hori-
zontal corky lenticels divided in the middle. Wood red, scented, hard,
close-grained ; structure the same as that of P. Amygdalus. A pretty
silver-grain.

Cultivated all over India, often run wild.

Mathieu Fl. For. 137 gives the weight as 46 lbs. rjer cubic foot.

lbs.

H 4557. Kathian, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 43

O 4746. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dim (Gamble) . . . .47
W 4122. Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

3. P. armeniaea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 313; Brandis For. Fl. 191; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 501. The Apricot. Abricotier, Fr. ; AjoriJcosenbaum, Germ. Vern. Hari, gar-
dalu, jaldaru, zardaru, chilli, clrilu, shtran, cfo roli, cher hush, serJcuJi, shari, Pb. ; Iser,
Kashmir; Chuari, zarddlu, khoobani, Hind.; Mishmish, Pers. ; Chuurn, Kumaon ;
K us a da aru, Dotial.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown, rough, with
narrow longitudinal clefts. Sapwood white ; heartwood greyish-brown,
mottled with dark brown streaks, moderately hard. Structure the
same as that of P. Amygdalus and P. persiea.
Cultivated in the Western Himalaya.

The most common fruit tree about the villages of the Western Himalaya. Weight
49 lbs. per cubic foot; Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 141, gives 59 lbs. Growth moderate,
4 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Wood handsome, used for various purposes in the
Punjab Hills. In Lahoul and Upper Kunawar it is the chief firewood. The fruit,
fresh or dried, is extensively used for food, and an oil is extracted from the kernels
which is used to burn, in cooking and for the hair.

lbs.

H 781. Bathri, Cham ba, 3000 ft 4!l

H 20. Madhan, Simla, 6000 ft -In

11 2876. Matiyana, Simla, 7000 ft, (Gamble) —

4. P. prostrata, Labill.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 213; Brandis For. Fl. 193. Vern. Tdm,
ter, lull', PI).

A shrub. Bark dark greyish-brown, smooth, thin. Wood hard,
close- and even-grained : sapwood pinkish-white ; heartwood greyish-
brown, streaked. Pores extremely small, except in the spring wood,
where they are larger, and mark the annual rings. Medullary rays
extremely fine and numerous, short.

Focky places in Afghanistan; arid parts of the West Himalaya, generally above
7000 ft.

lbs.

P4870. Punjab Himalaya (Elliott) 55

ROSACEA

313

5. P. rufa, Wall. ; PL Br. Iud. ii. 314 ; Gamble Darj. List 34. Vern. Kamki,
Blmtia.

A small tree. Bark grey or greyish-brown, shining, peeling off
in thin, horizontal, shining, papery but tough layers. Wood reddish-
brown, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a line of pores in
the spring wood. Pores small, very scanty, except in the spring wood
layer. Medullary ray* of two classes, the larger fine, the smaller
very fine, the latter with two or three only between the former.
Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal eastward, at 10-12,000 ft.
E 4934. Touglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (C. G. Kogers).
E4935. Suburkum, „ 11,000 ft.

6. P. Puddum, Roxb.; PI. Br. lnd. ii. 314; Brandis For. PL 194; Kurz For. FI.
i. 434 ; Gamble Darj. List 34. P. sylvatica, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 501. Vern. Chamiari,
amalguch, pdja, pajia, Pb. : Paddam, paya, Hind.; Pkaja, Jaunsar ; Payan, Kumaon,
Garhwal ; Pangia, Dotial ; Konghi, Lepcba.

A moderate-sized (in Sikkim, a large) deciduous tree. Bark pale
brown to dark brown, shining, peeling off in thin, horizontal, shining
layers. Wood moderately hard, scented : sapwood white ; heartwood
red. Annual rings distinctly marked by an irregular and not con-
tinuous belt of numerous pores. Pores small ; those of the spring
wood very small, frequently arranged in oblique lines intersecting the
medullary rays at an angle. Medullary rays of two classes : nume-
rous, very fine rays alternating with fewer, short, moderately broad
rays, giving a pretty shining silver-grain.

Wild in the Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam, between 2500 and 7000 ft. ;
Khasia Hills ; hills of Upper Burma ; often cultivated.

There are two varieties of this tree in the Darjeeling hills : (1) a very big tree with
crimson flowers which appear in March, and wood of size fit for large carpentry ;
and (2) a small or medium-sized tree with pink flowers which appear in October to
November, and similar wood but small. This is the one which is common in the
West Himalaya, both wild and cultivated. These two varieties require investigation ;
they are possibly species. Var. No. 1 has a rather different structure, viz. " larger
' pores, much subdivided, scanty ; medullary rays narrower, wavy ; " to it probably
belong Nos. E 683, E 2363, E 2364 and E 3*594.

The wood is used in the Punjab Himalaya for walking-sticks, which are made of
saplings or root-suckers ; in Darjeeling occasionally for furniture. It deserves to be
better known, and to be more extensively used, as, at any rate, in Sikkim, it is common,
and reaches a large size. It gives an abundant gum, not used. Weight, on an average,
45 lbs. per cubic foot. The seeds are strung in rosaries, and used by faqjrs (U. N.

Kanjilal).

lbs.

H 46. Nagkanda, Simla, 7000 ft 52

H 234. Garhwal Hills (1868) 46

E 683. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, GO00 ft. (Johnston) . . .42
E 2363. Kurseong, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .41
E 2364, 3594. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . . 48
E 1447. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) 37

7. P. communis, Huds. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 315; Brandis For. Fl. 192. The Plum.
Prunier, Fr. ; PJlaumeribaum, Germ. Vern. Alucha, olchi, er, our, gardalu, Pb.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood reddish-brown, hard, very close-
grained, warps and splits, structure the same as that of the last
three species, but the pores smaller in both the spring and autumn
wood, the former sometimes absent, so that the annual ring is only
marked by a line.

Cultivated (or indigenous, Fl. Kr. Ind.) from Garhwal to Kashmir in the Western
Himalaya, at .",-7000 ft. Kuram Valley, at 7-9000 ft., almost wild (Aitchison).

314 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Growth fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood is smooth to work, and is used in Kashmir for the skeleton of the so-called papier-
mache boxes.

lbs.

H 151. Giri Valley, Simla, 4000 ft 52

O 4739. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . .49

8. P. Padus, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 315 ; Brandis For. Fl. 194. The Bird Cherry.
Cerisier a grappes, Fr. ; Ahlkirsche, Germ. Vera. Pdras, kalakat, gidar-ddk, hu-f^
ziim, zam, zambu, jamu, chide, dildla, forun, Pb. : Jamana, ja/mnoi, j'amoi, jamroi,
Jaunsar ; Angiirak, Kuram.

A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, with dark, rough bark. Wood
moderately hard : sapwood large, whitish ; heartwood reddish-brown,
with an unpleasant smell. Annual rings distinctly marked by a
narrow belt of continuous, closely arranged pores. Pores small,
scanty, in small groups. Medullar;/ rays moderately broad, dark,
undulating, very prominent as a handsome silver-grain on a radial
section.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, at 6-10,000 ft. ; Kuram valley.
This pretty tree is common in the upper hill forests at 7-10,000 ft., especially
associated with maples, Que reus dilatata and yew, and particularly on " thachs " or
sheep-grazing grassy glades in the fir forests. Growth rather slow. Average weight
41 lbs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu Fl. For. p. 141 gives an average of 41*5 lbs. The wood
has often a handsome grain, and deserves to be better known ; it is scarcely ever
used. The fruit is sometimes attacked by Aphids, and then takes a curious horn-like
appearance, which is rather common.

lbs.

H 916. Hazara, 7000 ft 38

H 22. Matiyana, Simla, 7000 ft 42

H 58. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 43

The structure of the wood of the European tree as shown in Nurdlinger's Sections,
vol. 1, differs a good deal. It has much more numerous, very clear pores, and finer,
more distinct medullary rays.

9. P. nepalensis, Ser.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 316; Gamble Darj. List 34. Vera.
Bangbhalu, Kumaon ; Likh-aru, arupatti, Xep. ; Hlosahlot, Lepcha.

A large tree. Bark blackish-grey, smooth, thin. Wood moderately
hard, even-grained : sapwood white ; heartwood reddish-brown. Struc-
ture similar to that of P. Padus.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon i>> Bhutan, at 6-10,000 ft. ; Khasia
Hills at 4-6000 ft.

A common tree about Darjeeling, with verticillate upright-growing branches, coming
into new leaf early in March.

lbs.
E 696. Rangbdl Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . .11
E2369. „ „ „ (Gamble). . . . 42

No. E 5086 from the Darjeeling Hills (C. G. Rogers) is probably the wood of
/'. undulata, Ham. Bark grey, smooth. Wood liiilit brown, structure as in P. Padus.

10. P. martabaniea, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 316; Kurz For. Fl. i. 134. Win.
Thitmanku, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, fibrous, brown. Wood heavy,
cross-grained, red. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivide. 1. Medul-
lary rays fine, uniform, closely packed.

Tropical and moister upper mixed forests of the Andamans, also Tenasserim.

B 1975. Andaman Islands (Km/., 1866).

11. P. acuminata, Wall.: Fl. Br. hid. i:. .".17: Gamble Darj. List 35. Vern.

Lali, Nep.

ROSACEA 315

A tree with thin dark bark. Wood reddish-brown. Pores small,
sometimes in groups or radial lines. Med/uUary rays of two classes,
numerous, very fine rays, alternating with fewer, short, broad ones,
silver-grain pretty, wavy.

Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills at 4-7000 ft.
A useful wood, sometimes used for planking and boxes.
E 3422. Kanrirum, Darjeelins, 6500 ft. (Gamble).
E 3309. Surei], Darjeeling, 6000 ft, (Gamble).

12. P. eburnea, Aitcb. ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 50.

A large shrub with silvery-white branches. Bark very rough,
-lark brown, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood hard, close-grained,
pale reddish-brown. Pore* extremely small, evenly distributed in
the autumn wood ; much larger in the spring wood, where they form
a regular belt indicating the annual ring. Medullary rays fine to
moderately broad, rather scanty, short.

Baluchistan, in the Juniper tracts, common and gregarious in thickets on stony
ground between the ranges up to 9000 ft, Flowers pink (Lace). Also characteristic
of open stony ground in the Kuram Valley with P. Jacquemoatii, Hook. f. (Aitchison).

lbs.

P 4481. Baluchistan (Lace) 57

13. P. mieroearpa, C. A. Mey.

A shrub. Bark very smooth, chestnut-brown, shining, with large
horizontal lenticels. Wood white, heartwood dark brown, structure
the same as that of P. eburnea.

Baluchistan, in the Juniper tracts, not common.
P 4480. Zarghun Range, Baluchistan (Lace).

4. MADDEXIA, Hook. f. and Th. M. himalaica, Hook. f. and Th. : PL Br. Ind.

ii. 318, is a small tree of the higher mountains of the Eastern Himalaya at 8-10,000 ft.

5. PYGEUM, Gaertn.

Ten species, evergreen trees or shrubs, rather scarce. J', accuminatum, Colebr. ;
FL Br. lad. ii. 318; Kurz For. Fl. i. 435; Gamble Darj. List 35, is a tree of the
Sikkim terai (scarce), Khasia Hills and Chittagong, with a red wood. P. glaberrimum,
Hook. f. and P. montanum, Hook. f. are evergreen trees with much the same distribu-
tion, but ascending the hills to about 5000 ft. P. Andersoni, Hook. f. : Fl. Br. Ind. ii.
320, is a rigid shrub found on the summit of Parasnath Hdl in Chota Nagpore at
1 1 too ft. P. arboreum, Endl. and P. persimile, Kurz, are trees of Tenasserim, the
former extending to the Martaban Hills at 3-5000 ft. P. Gwdneri, Hook. f. ; PL Br.
Ind. ii. 321 ; Talbot Bomb. List 87, is a large tree of the Western Ghats from Mahaba-
leshwar to the Nilgiris.

1. P. Wig-htianum, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 319; Talbot Bomb. List 87; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 134. P. ceylanicum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 59. Vern. Palangkacchi, Tarn. ;
Nay kambagam, sJietturi, Mai.; Mutta kongu, rettiyan, Trav. Hills.

A large tree. Bark rough, pale brown. Wood red, hard. Por<«
moderately large to large, scanty, single or in radial or oblique strings,
unevenly distributed, conspicuous on a vertical section. Medullary
rays moderately broad, short, dark.

Western Ghats in evergreen forests, from X. Kanara to Travancore up to 4000 ft. ;
Anamalai, Shcvaroy and Pulney Hills; hdl forests of Ceylon.

Beddome says this is an immense tree with very large buttresses, often with a girth
of 20 ft. and an enormous spreading head. He savs it sniulls strongly of prussic acid.
Bourdillion gives W = 44 lbs., P = 622.

lbs.

VY 1672. Travancore (Bourdillon) 41

316 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. P. zeylanieum, Gaertn. ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 321 ; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 135. Vern.
Galu-mora, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood light red or yellowish,
hard, close-grained. Poi-es moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, not conspicuous.

Moist low country of Ceylon.

lbs.

No. 28, Ceylon Collection (A. Mendis) 65

6. PRINSEPIA, Royle.

1. P. Utilis, Royle; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 323; Brandis For. Fl. 106. Vern. Bhekal,
bekkra, karanga, kanitri, kongtri, kiisht, kukis, ktiktis, Hind.; Gurinda, Hazara:
Tatua, phulwara, Rajaori; Jinti, Chenab ; Beldin<j, Kunawar; Cherara, dhatela,
jhatela, Kumaon or Garhwal ; Bhekkoi, bhek, Jaunsar.

A deciduous, thorny shrub. Bark thin, brown, peeling off in
small vertical flakes ; under-bark orange. Wood red, very hard and
compact, close and even-grained, but much liable to split. Annual
rings marked by a narrow continuous belt or line of small pores ; the
pores outside this belt very small. The jpore.s are sometimes filled
with a white substance. Medullary rays of various sizes from very
fine to almost moderately broad, short, numerous. Pith large.

Outer Himalaya, from Hazara to Bhutan at 2-9000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; naturalized
in the Nilgiris.

A well-known shrub, very common on dry hillsides near any small spring or water-
course. It owes its growth usually to its thorns which protect it, and it apparently is
not eaten by goats. The fruit is like a sloe, but has the style near the base. Growth
slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight 69 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is only
used for fuel and occasionally for walking-sticks. An oil is expressed from the seeds,
and is used for food and for burning.

lbs.

H 49. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 69

H2868. „ „ „ (Gamble) . —

H 4786. Kathian, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. „ .... 50 (young)

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

7. SPIR.EA, Linn.

Contains eleven species found in the Himalaya, chiefly at, elevations above 0O<«> ft.
They include both herbs, such as the " Meadow Sweet '* found in Kashmir; and shrubs,
few of which attain any size. The two described are the most important.

1. S. sorbifolia, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 324. S. Lindleyana, Wall. Vern. Sar-
bashtai, kikri, batu, l'b. ; Latkar, lotkar, Jaunsar.

A shrub. Bark reddish -grey, covered closely with rough rounded
lenticels. Wood hard, compact, even-grained, dark yellowish-brown.
Annual rings marked by a coloured belt. Pores small, scanty,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, conspicuous
and clear, short, not numerous.

West Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Kumaon, above 7000 ft. ; Kuran Valley at
7-9000 ft. in water channels.

A very pretty shrub, well known in gardens in Europe. Lt has pinnate leaves ami
large branched cymuse. panicles of white flowers at the ends of the branches. It affects
hill-sides on the cooler aspects, and ravines, in company with Desmodium Hliasfolium,
Prinsqoia utiUs and similar shrubs. Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 82. Simla, 7000 ft 49

H 3014. Hattu Forest, Simla, St )00 ft. (G amble) _

H 4781. Kulni parao, Tehri-Grarhwal, 8000 ft. (Gamble) . . .51

ROSACEA 317

2. S. canescens, Don; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 325. Vern. Chaku, tabu, Simla; Bhuti,
Kumaoii ; Katmatialna, Garhwal ; Tahoi, chakroi, Jaunsar.

A small rather twiggy shrub. Wood with structure similar to
that of 8. sorbifolia.

West Himalaya, from Murree to Kumaon, at 6-8000 ft.

Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. A conspicuous shrub, which is
found chiefly on open hill-sides as a stiff bush in company with Indigofera heterantha,
Herberts, etc. It is very handsome when in flower in the spring, having curved
branches with white corymbs of hawthorn-like flowers on one side.

lbs.

H 159. Simla, 7000 ft 47

H 2827. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) —

8. NEILLIA, Don. Two species, both shrubs of no importance, viz. N. thyrsiflora,
Don, and N. rubiflora, Don; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. Add.; Gamble Darj. List 35; Vern.
Pukshioxing, Lepcha, both very similar and common about Darjeeling at 7000 ft.

9. RUBUS, Linn.

Contains 40 species of erect, trailing or climbing, generally thorny shrubs. Many
species are known on account of their edible fruits, the best of which is perhaps
R. ellipticus. R. frutieosus, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 337 ; Brandis For. Fl. 197 ; the
Blackberry or Bramble ; Vern. Ankri, alish, kanachi, chench, pakhdna, Ph., is found
in Afghanistan, the Salt Bange and the Punjab Himalaya as far east as the Bavi.
R. roscefolius, Sm. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 311 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 439 ; Gamble Darj. List 36r
is a small shrub found in the Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim, in the Khasia Hills
and in the hills of Burma. It has a large, red, edible fruit, which is sold in the bazar
in Darjeeling. R. Uflorus, Buch.; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 338; Brandis For. Fl. 198; Vern.
Chdnch, kantauch, khanidra, Kashmir ; Karer, akhreri, akhe, Bavi ; Dher, Simla ;
Hinsola, Garhwal, is a white-stemmed shrub of the Himalaya from Hazara to Bhutan.
R. niveus, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 335 ; Brandis For. Fl. 199 ; Gamble Darj. List 35 ;
Vern. Kalga, Sutlej ; Bhera, Jaunsar, has the same distribution, and is a common
undershrub in the fir and oak forests at 8-10,000 ft., with a red fruit, very like the
raspberry. R. moluccanus, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 330; Kurz For. Fl. i. 439; Gamble
Darj. List 35 ; Talbot Bomb. List 88 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 136 ; Vern. Bipemkarda,
Nep.; Sufok-ji, Lepcha; Wel-bute, Cingh., is a large shrub with simple, rugose leaves
and red edible fruit, found in the East Himalaya and down to S. India, Ceylon and
Burma. R. racemos-us, Boxb., and two other species occur on the Nilgiris. There are
many other interesting species, but too small and too unimportant for mention here.

1. R. ellipticus, Smith ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 336 ; Gamble Darj. List 36 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 88; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 137. R. flavus, Ham.; Brandis For Fl. 197; Kurz For.
PI. i. 438. R. Oowreephul, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 517. Vern. Akhi, ankri, kundchi,
guracha, pukana, achu, Pb. ; Hinsau, anchu, Jaunsar; Esar, aisalu, hinsra, hinshalu,
hisalu, Kumaon ; Ashidlo, Dotial ; Tolu aseiu, escalu, cesi, Nep. ; Kashyem, Lepcha.

A large thorny shrub. Bark brown, moderately hard. Wood
light-brown. Pores small. Medullary rays short, very broad and
moderately broad.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 1500 and 8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills
and Assam ; Ghats of Bombay and Madras; hills of Burma; hill region of Ceylon: in
fact, in all Indian hill regions over 4000 ft.

The fruit is yellow and with the flavour of the raspberry; it is conirnonly eaten
and made into preserves in the Himalaya, and is certainly one of the best of the wild
fruits of India. I cannot at all agree with Trimen in calling it " scarcely edible,*' for
1 have eaten it in many parts of India, and even on the hills of Ceylon.

E 2367. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

2. R. lasioearpus, Smith ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 339 ; Brandis For. Fl. 198 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 439; Gamble Darj. List 36; Talbot Bomb. List 88; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 138.
Vern. Gunacha, pukana, Hazara; Kandidri, kharmuch, siirganch, Kashmir ; Tulanch,
Chenab; Niu, kalliachi, Boas; Klenchu, galka, Simla; Kalga, Sutlej; Ka . leala
hisalu, Kumaon; Kala ascht, Nep.; Kajutalam, Lepcha; Qariphal, Mar.

SI 8 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A straggling shrub. Bark smooth. 1H ^(/-structure similar to
that of R. ettipticus.

Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Burma, South India and Ceylon.

The fruit has a glaucous blue-black colour ; it is small, but of good flavour.

B 2368. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft, (Gamble).

3. R. lineatus, Reinw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 333; Gamble Darj. List 36. Vera.
Gem/pd aselu, Nep.

A large thornless shrub. Bark red, peeling off in papery flakes.
Wood yellowish-brown, in structure resembling that of R. ettipticus.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 6-9000 ft., gregarious on hill-sides in the oak forest region.

The stems are used to make fences. It has a red, edible fruit.

E 3307. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

E 3383. Sencbal, Darjeeling, 8000 ft. (Gamble).

4. R. panieulatUS, Sm. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 329 ; Brandis For. Fl. 196 ; Gamble
Darj. List 36. Vern. Kola akhi, Kangra; Anchu, karailo, katria, pattarola, kala
hisalu, Hind.; Pandrui, kala anchu, Jaunsar; Numing, Lepclia.

A climbing shrub. Bark brown, soft, thick. Wood brown. Pores
large, many. MeduUary rays broad.

Throughout the Himalaya at 3-8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.

This species has simple leaves, white beneath, and a black blackberry-like fruit.

E 3361. Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

10. POTENTILLA, Linn.
1. P. frutieosa, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 347 ; Gamble Darj. List 36.
A small rigid shrub. Wood yellowish, hard. Annual rings
marked by the absence of pores in the autumn wood, pons in the
rest fine, numerous. Medullar;/ rays fine, numerous, rather irregular.
Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim at 8-12,000 fr., usually on rucks, often in
company with the small Rhododendrons.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

11. ROSA, Linn.

Contains about eleven species without including those cultivated in India, full account
of which is given in Brandis' " Forest Flora," and referred to in the Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 363.
Rosa involucrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 513; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 365 : Kurz For. Fl. i. 440
Vern. Kua, Beng., is a sub-scandent shrub of the banks of streams in the Gangetic
plain, westward to Mount Abu and eastward to Burma. It. is also found in Gorakhpur
and in the streams of Behar and Chota Nagpore. R. F.tjhnitt ri<i, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Iud. ii.
166 (R. lutca, Mill.; Brandis For. Fl. 201), is a shrub of tin- arid parts of the inner
Himalaya, with yellow flowers. R. Web biana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Iud. ii. 366; Brandis
For. Fl. 202 : Vern. Ktmtifin, shi/tt/uii, llazara; Shikand, shawali, manayar, brazen,
Chenab; Chua, Lahoul; Sia, Ladak, Piti ; Eingyal, Kanawar, is a pink-flowered erect
shrub of the same region. Thomson says that at Wandla, in the Upper Indus, it
becomes a dense almost spherical bush, 15 ft. high, the foliage almost concealed by the
bright red flowers (" W. Him. and Tibet," p. 386). R. anserinoefolia, Boiss. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 365, is a common, wild and cultivated, white-flowered rose of Afghanistan. R.
longicuspis, Bertol. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 3<'»7, is a climber of the Khasia Hills at 2-5000 ft.
R. gigantea, Colletl is a very fine large-flowered rose of Manipur and the Shan Hills at
4-5000 ft., with thick stems, climbing extensively (Journ. Linn. Sue. xxviii. 55, t. 9).
R. CvUrftii, Crepin ; Jour. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 56, t. 10, is also a ruse of the Shan Hills
at 3-4000 ft., along streams. R. Ecce, Aitch. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 54, is a small
and common shrub in the Kuram Valley.

1. R. niOSehata, Mill.: Fl. Br. Iud. ii. 367; Brandis For. Fl. 201. Vern. Kuji,
kajei, karer, ydl, N.-W. Him.; Phulwari, chal, Kashmir; Kwia, kwinda, kunja,
Kumaon ; Kuju, Garhwal ; Kujoi, Jaunsar.

VII.

ISA U U.'IH'I'HYI.I.A.

BTJl KI. SM'IA I'ulTLNKA.

CARALLIA INTEGERKIMA.

AX( iGKISSUS LATIFuLI.V.

TEBMINALIA BELERICA. TERMINALIA CHEBTJLA

(Magnified :;i limes.)

ROSACEA 319

A large, thorny, climbing shrub. Bark greyish-brown. Wood
moderately hard, porous. Annual rings marked by a continuous
line of large pores in the spring wood, the pores in the autumn wood
being scanty and small. Medullary rays broad to very broad.

West Himalaya, from Afghanistan to Kepal, ascending to 11,000 ft., according
to the books, but I do not think I ever saw it at much over 7000 ft., and it prefers
4-6000 ft,

A tall climber, very sweet scented, and very ornamental when in flower in May and
June. It is characteristic of open hill-sides among bushes at 4-6000 ft., and occasionally
but rarely comes into the forests. Flowers white. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of
radius. The leaves are attacked by the same fungus that damages cultivated and wild
roses in Europe, Bhragmidium subcorticium, Schrad.

H 115. Bhajji, Simla, 5000 ft.

2. R. sericea, Lindl.; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 367; Biandis For. Fl. 202 ; Gamble Darj.
List 36. Vera. Chapalu, Byans; Rangyal, Sutlej.

A thorny shrub. Bark greyish-brown, peeling off in papery
flakes. Wood very hard, darkening on exposure. Annual rings
marked by a continuous line of very small pores in the spring wood,
the pores in the autumn wood being extremely small. Medullary
rays short, moderately broad to broad, prominent.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, at 9-14,000 ft., chieflv on peaks and ridges
associated with Rhododendron campanulatum and under the " Kharshu " oak.

Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius. Flowers white with four petals, very
pretty.

H 4462. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble).

E 2366. Suburkum, Darjeeling, 11,000 ft.

3. R. maerophylla, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 366 ; Biandis For. Fl. 203. Vera.
Ouldb, ban-gi(hib, Hind.; Jik/ik, Chenab; AJchidri, Ravi; Breri, bankoi, Simla;
Bhaunra kujoi, Jaunsar ; Triphula, Kumaon; Band kunju, Garhwal ; Band kunenli,
Dotial.

A thorny shrub. Bark blackish-brown, peeling off in thin
papery flakes. Wood light reddish-brown, hard and compact.
Annual rings marked by a belt of numerous small pores in the
spring wood ; "pores in the rest of the wood extremely small.
Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, prominent, giving a
pretty silver-grain. Pith large.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 3500 and 10,000 ft.
This pretty shrub prefers the undergrowth of the forests of fir, oak, etc., at about
7-8000 ft., where its pink flowers are very conspicuous. The leaves are often covered
with a fungus, Buccinia Bosce, Barcl. Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius.
AVeight 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers pink.

lbs.

H 50. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft —

H2872. „ „ „ (Gamble) 55

H 2847. Mahasu, Simla „ „ 59

H 4455. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .61
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. VII. 1).

4. R. Lesehenaultiana, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 368.

A large climber, often hollow in the centre. Bark purple-red,

papery, peeling off in flakes. Wood reddish-brown, porous, soft.

Pores large and moderate-sized, evenly distributed between the very

broad medid/crg ,<iys.

Hills of South India, above 5000 ft.; very common in the sholas around Oota-
•camuivl.

W 3801, 4184, Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

320 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

12. CYDONIA, Tourn.

1. C. vulgaris, Pers.; Fl. Br. Lid. ii. 369. Pyrus Cydonia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
511; Brandis For. Fl. 205. The Quince. Goignassier, Fr. ; Qaitte, Germ. Vera.
Bihi, N. Ind.; Bamtsunt, bumsutu, Kashmir.

A small tree. Wood light brown, soft, even-grained. Pores very
small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous,
regular. Annual rings marked by a line.

Cultivated in the West Himalaya, the Punjab and Baluchistan; often comes up
self-sown.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

13. DOCYNIA, Dene.

Two species. D. Hooheriana, Dene.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 369, is a small tree of the
Khasia Hills at 5000 ft.

1. D. indiea, Dene.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 369; Gamble Darj. List 36. Pyrus indica,
Wall.; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 511; Kurz For. Fl. i. 441. Vern. Mehul, passy, Nep. ; Li,
Lepcha ; Sopho, Khasia.

A small tree. Bark } in. thick, greyish-brown, shining, splitting
off in irregular flakes and leaving a rough under-surface. Wood light
brown, with an irregular purple-brown heartwood, hard, close, and
even-grained. Pores very small, more numerous in the spring wood.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Annual rings marked by a line.

North-East Himalaya in Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan at 4-6000 ft.; Khasia Hills,
6000 ft. ; hills of Upper Burma.

A pretty tree, the young leaves very like those of the Hawthorn, the older ones
woolly. The growth is average, 6 rings per inch of radius. The fruit is edible.

E 3411. Dumsong Forests, Darjeeling (Gamble).

14. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl.

About ten species, one of which, the Loquat, is an introduced tree. E. Hooker in in..
Dene.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 371, is a small tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya at
4-8000 ft. E. bengalensis, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 371 (Mespilus bengalensis, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 510), is also a tree of the Sikkim Himalaya at 4000 ft., the Khasia Hills,
Chittagong and Burma, of considerable size. E. angusHssima, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 372, is a shrub which forms, along river-banks in the Khasia Hills, a fastigiate
brushwood (Hook. f. I.e.). E. macrocarpa, Kurz For. Fl. i. 443, is an evergreen tree
found on the slopes of Kambala Hill in the Pegu Yoma at 2-3000 ft.

1. E. dubia, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 371 ; Gamble Darj. Dist 36. Vern. Berkung,
Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark light brown, \ in. thick. Wood white, soft,
even-grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays of two classes,
numerous very fine rays closely packed between fewer moderately
broad rays.

East Himalaya, at 5-0000 ft., common in forests about Dumsong, British Bhutan.
Weight 46 lbs. per cubic foot.

E 2365, 3664. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. E. petiolata, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. ,".72; Gamble Darj. List 36. Vern.
Mihul, mya, Nep. ; Telnyo, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark greyish-brown, 1 in. thick.
Wood reddish-brown, compact, hard, apt to warp slightly. Pores small

ROSACEA 321

and very small. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous,
prominent on a radial section.

East Himalaya, in Sikkim and Bhutan, 6500 to 8000 ft. ; common about Darjeeling.

A handsome tree with good wood, but not used. Aikin, describing Wallich's
specimens, gives the rate of growth at 8-4 rings per inch ; our specimens show 10 rings.

lbs.

E 366. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) .... 58

E 3109. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 57

E 3335. Rangirtim, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . —

3. E. japoniea, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 372 ; Brandis For. Fl. 575. Mespilus
japonica, Banks ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 510. The Loquat.

A tree. Bark thin, dark grey. Wood pink, hard, close-grained.
Pores very small, very numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays very fine, regular, rather short. Annual rings faintly marked
by a line. A pretty silver-grain.

Indigenous in China and Japan. Cultivated in Northern India especially, elsewhere
occasionally : the fruit of Saharanpur is especially in repute.

An excellent fruit when carefully grown, and an ornamental tree. The wood is an
excellent one, and would do well as a substitute for pear for rulers and drawing materials.

lbs.

O 4740. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . .55
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

15. PYRUS, Linn.

Contains 22 species, all found in the Himalaya and Khasia Hills, two only extending
southward to Burma. The genus is divided into 5 sections : Mains, 3 species ; PyrusT
4 species ; Aria, 2 species ; Sorbus, 5 species ; and Micromeles, 8 species.

In the section Mains, besides P. baccata, Linn., and the apple, P. sikkimensis,
Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 373, is found in the Sikkim Himalaya.

In the section Pyrus, besides P. Pashia, Ham., and the pear, P. Kumaoni, Dene. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 374; Brandis For. Fl. 204, and P. Jacquemontiana, Dene.; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 374; Brandis For. Fl. 205, are found in the Western Himalaya; they much
resemble P. Pashia.

In the section Aria, two species only occur; they are here described.

In the section Sorbus, besides P.foliolosa and P. Aucuparia, P. microphglla,Wa.\LT
P. Wallichii, Hook, f., and P. insignis, Hook, f., are found in the Sikkim Himalaya.

In the section Micromeles, P. Qriffithii, Dene., P. rhamnoides, Dene., and P.
Thomsoni, King, are described from high elevations in the Sikkim Himalaya; P.fer-
ruginea, Hook, f., from Bhutan; and 4 species: P. khasiana, Dene., P. granulosa,
Bertol. (Vern. Dingsopha, Khasia), P. polgcarpa, Hook, f., and P. cuspidata, Bertol.,
from the Khasia Hills.

Wood compact and close-grained, marked by very small evenly
distributed fores and fine medullary rays. The wood of the Pears
(sections Pyrus and Mains) warps and cracks, whereas that of the
trees of sections Sorbus and Aria seasons better.

1. P. MalUS, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 373; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 511; Brandis For. Fl.
205. The Apple. Pommier, Fr. ; Apfelbaum, Germ. ; Melo, Ital. Vern. Shewa,
Afgh.; Shu, sho, sun, seo, chunt, khajir, bisir, palu, Pb. Him.; Kushu, Ladak; Seo,
seb, Hind.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark brown, often shining. Wood reddish-
brown, soft, close- and even-grained. Pores small, numerous, evenly
distributed. Medullary rays numerous, fine, long. Annual rings
marked by a line.

Indigenous in Eastern Europe, extending apparently to the West Himalaya

Y

322 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

between 5000 and 9000 ft. (Brandis) ; cultivated in Sind, the Punjab and other parts of
N. India, as well as in the Himalaya and the hills of S. India.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

Hough's American Woods, vol. ii. No. 30.

2. P. baecata, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 373 ; Brandis For. Fl. 205. The Siberian
Crab. Vern. Ban mehal, gwdlam, Hind.; Baror, h'u, Ihijo, katsbal, liwar, Pb. ; Butri-
puli, Byans.

A small tree with grey bark. Wood white, with pale-brown heart-
wood, warps considerably. Structure similar to that of P. Pashia,
but medullary rays slightly broader.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, at 6-11,000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.

Duthie says it is plentiful in the Kumaon Hills. Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of
radius. The fruit is edible.

lbs.

E 967. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 ft. (Schlich) . . . 53

3. P. communis, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 374; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 510; Brandis For.
Fl. 203. The Pear. Poirier, Fr. ; Birnbaum, Germ.; Pero, Ital. Vern. Tang, batang,
batank, mil:, sunheint, charkeini, ii, shegul, Pb. Him.; Nashpdti, ndk, Hind.

A small tree. Bark brown, smooth. Wood reddish-yellow or pink,
soft, close- and even-grained ; structure the same as that of P. Malus,
but the pores slightly smaller.

Indigenous in S.-E. Europe, extending eastwards to Kashmir probably (Brandis).
Cultivated throughout the Himalaya as well as on the Nilgiris, at Bangalore and else-
where in South India.

Indian pears are usually only good for baking, but excellent ones for that purpose
are produced at such places as Mussoorie and in Kumaon. Good eating pears, but small,
are grown in S. India. In Europe the wood is prized for engraving and turning, but
especially for drawing implements like T-squares, set squares, etc. Mathieu Fl. For.
169 gives the weight 44 to 52 lbs.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

Hough's " American Woods," vol. iii. No. 57.

4. P. Pashia, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 374 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 441 ; Gamble Darj.
List 37. P. variolosa, Wall.; Brandis For. Fl. 204, 575. Vern. Tang, batang i, keint,
shindar, katdri, kithu, ku, shegul, Pb. ; Kaint, Jaunsar ; Mehal, mol, Hind. ; Mdn,
mel, Kumaon ; Mohdl, mehel, mahol, Garhwal ; Passi, Nep. ; Li, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown, exfoliating
in small rectangular scales. Wood light reddish-brown, hard, close-
and even-grained, cracks and warps. Annual ring* marked by a
dark line. Pores very small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays
very fine and very numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, at 2-8000 ft.

A common tree in places in the Western Himalaya, where it is found on grassy
hinds in company with Rhododendron and Ban oak, also lower down with Chir pine ;
and in the Dehra Dun it is a common tree in ravines, conspicuous when in blossom in
the winter. In the Eastern Himalaya it is scarce, and I only know of one tree in
Darjeeling District, close to the Tasingthong monastery near the Sikkim frontier.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight 47 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood is used for walking-sticks, combs, tobacco-pipes and similar purposes, and for fuel.
The fruit is only eaten when half rotten, like the Medlar, but even then is not sweet.

The leaves are attacked by the fungus Qymnosporangium Ounninghamianum,
Barcl., whose alternate generation is on the Himalayan Cypress. Another species also
is found on it, G. clat'aria'forme, Jacq., whose alternate generation is probably on the
Juniper.

lbs.

H 3185. Dun^agalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

H 23. Madhan, Simla, 6000 ft. ... 17

H 236. Garhwal Hills (1868) —

ROSACEA 323

5. P. lanata, Don ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 375 ; Gamble Darj. List 37. P. Aria, Ehrh. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 206. Vera. Giin polos, Afg. ; Doda, chola, chilana, maila, paltu, arnal,
baapdla, kanghi, thanlci, morphal, Bb. ; Gallon, mduli, paltu, banpaltl, Hind. ; Bhempli,
marpdl, Sutlej ; Paid, Jaunsar ; Singlea, Bhutia.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown. Wood white,
moderately hard, close- and even-grained, seasons well. Annual rings
marked by a narrow belt without pores, on the outside of each ring.
Pores very small, most numerous in the spring wood. Medullary rays
line, numerous.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, at 5-10,000 ft.

A common tree in the Himalaya, both in the West, where it affects grassy
" thachs " with Maples and Bird-cherry at 8-10,000 ft., and in the Sikkim Hills,
where it grows with Rhododendron. Aitchison says it is found in the forests of the
Kuram Valley, and its fruit, called Amlotc, is eagerly sought by shepherds.

Growth slow, 22 rings per inch of radius. Weight 40 to 47 lbs. per cubic foot ;
M;ithieu gives 46 to 58 lbs. The wood might be useful for boxes and other purposes
lor which a close and even-grained wood is required. Fruit large, eaten when half
rotten, like that of the Medlar (P. germanica, LdL): leaves white beneath.

lbs.

H 64. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 47

H2887. „ „ „ (Gamble) 40

H 3186. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

6. P. vestita, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 375 ; Gamble Darj. List 37. Vern. MayMl,
gtihor, Nep.; Tungru, Lepcha; Naibel, Byans.

A deciduous tree. Wood reddish with brown streaks, moderately
hard. Annual rings distinct. Pores very small. Medidlary rays
fine, numerous, not distinct.
Eastern Himalaya, at 8-10,000 ft.
Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Fruit edible, leaves very woolly.

lbs.
E 380. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston) 44

7. P. Aueuparia, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 375. The Mountain Ash. Sorbier des
oisdews, Fr. ; Vogelbeerbaum, Germ. Vern. Bhan, Upper Chenab.

A small tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood yellowish-white, very
close- and even-grained, soft. Pores very small, very numerous, evenly
distributed. MeduUa/ry rays very fine and numerous, rather short.
Annual rings marked by a line. Occasional medullary patches.

Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, at 11-13,000 ft. ; westwards to
E u rope.

Only found at very high levels, though it has been collected on Hattu near Simla.
Mathieu PL For. 183 gives the weight at 43 to 46 lbs. per cubic foot.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

8. P. foliolosa, Wall.; PL Br. Ind. ii. 376; Brandis For. PL 207; Gamble Darj.
List 37. Vern. Kharsani, Nep. ; Martili, Byans; Rangrok, Sutlej.

A shrub or small tree. Wood, white, with small, darker-coloured
heartwood. Annual rings distinct. Pores very small, more numerous
in the spring wood. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous.
Occasionally medullary patches.

Eastern Himalaya, at 7-10,000 ft.
Growth slow, 23 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H4777. Rikshin, Tehri-Garhwal, 10,000 fr. (Gamble) . . . . :>'i
E 378, 3404. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston, Gamble) . . 45

324 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

9. P. ursina, Wall. ; Brandis For. PI. 206. P. fdiolosa, Wall. ; EL Br. Ind. ii.
376 (in part). Vern. Sulia, hulia, Pb. ; Wampu litsi, Laboul.

A small tree with smooth, reddish- or yellowish-grey bark, peeling
off in horizontal papery strips. Wood white, with a small, brown
heartwood. Structure similar to that of P. foliolosa.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 6000 and 12,000 ft.

Growth slow, 32 rings per inch of radius.

H 134. Lahoul, 10,000 ft. (Rev. Mr. Heyde) —

H 3020. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 ft. (Gamble) 54

10. P. Walliehii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 376.

A small tree. Bark greyish-brown. Wood brown, moderately
hard. Pores numerous, small to moderate-sized, fewer in the autumn
wood, thus marking the annual rings. Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous, indistinct. Medullary patches few.

Central and Eastern Himalaya in Nepal and Sikkim, 6-9000 ft.

E 3633. Goompahar, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

11. P. rhamnoides, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 377 ; Gamble Darj. List 37. Vern.
Kumbul, kangedoe, Bhutia.

A small tree or shrub, often epiphytic. Wood hard, yellowish-
brown. Poises very small, numerous, evenly distributed. Medulla.ry
rays fine, very numerous. Annual rings marked by a dark line.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 7-10,000 ft.

E 3403. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9000 ft. (Gamble).

16. PHOTINIA, Lindl.

Five species. P. Griffitliii, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 381, is a large tree found by
Griffith at Trelagong, in the Bhutan Himalaya, and P. mollis, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 381 ; Gamble Darj. List 37, a tree of the Darjeeling Terai, common in swamp
forests, like the Dulka Jhar Reserve.

Wood brown, hard to moderately hard, close-grained. Pores
small. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

1. P. Lindleyana, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 380; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcviii.

A small tree. Bark dark brown, thin. Wood light brown, hard,

close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medvlla/ry rays

fine, numerous, the distance between them about equal to the

transverse diameter of the pores.

Shola Forests of the Nilgiri Hills at about 6000 ft.

lbs.
W 3736. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 60

2. P. Notoniana, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. .".80; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 192;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 142. Eriobotrya integrifolm, Kurz For. Fl. i. 442. Vern. Koda
bikke, Badaga.

A tree. Bark reddish-brown, peeling oft* in small fiakes, thin.
Wood light red, hard, close-grained, in structure resembling that of
P. Lindleyana.

Khasia Hills at 1-5000 ft. ; dry forests of the Nattoung Hills in Martaban, 7000 ft. ;
Nilgiri and Pulney Hill shola forests at 6-8000 ft. ; highest elevations in Ceylon.

lbs.
W 3865. Aramby, Ootacamund, 7500 ft. (Gamble) . . . .57
W 4082. Lovedale „ 6500 ft. „ . —

ROSACEA 325

3. P. integrifolia, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 381 ; Gamble Darj. List 37. Vern.
Shumbul, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown. Wood brown, moderately
hard, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays fine, very numerous, the distance between them about equal to
the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a
sharp line.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan at 4-7000 ft. ; Khasia Hills
at 3-4000 ft.

A common tree about Darjeeling and Dumsong.

E 3400. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

17. POURTHI^A, Dene. ; P. anjuta, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 382, is a small tree
of the lower Sikkim Himalaya, Kbasia Hills and the hills of Upper Burma.

18. STRANV^ESIA, Lindl.

1. S. glaueescens, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 382 ; Brandis For. Fl. 210. Vein.
Garmehal, siiad, gadmeidi, Kumaon ; Goddru, Garhwal.

A small evergreen tree. Bark £ in. thick, rough, dark coloured.
Wood light coloured when fresh cut, turning reddish-brown on
exposure, fine- and even-grained ; annual rings marked by a thin
line. Pores very small, numerous. Medullary rays numerous,
uniform, very fine, equidistant.

Central Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal, at 3-8000 ft., Nepal, Khasia Hills.

It is generally found in somewhat dry forests, associated with Quercus incana,
Rhododendron, Pieris and Symplocos. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 2970. Naini Tal, 6000 ft. (Greig) 48

19. CRATAEGUS, Linn.

Four species. C. Clarkei, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 383, is a small tree of the hills
of Kashmir, 8000 ft. C. Wattiana, Hemsl. and Lace in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 323,
t. 40, is a small tree of Baluchistan.

1. C. Oxyacantha, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 383 ; Brandis For. Fl. 207 ; Gamble
Darj. List 37. The Hawthorn. Aubepine, Fr. ; Weissdorn, Germ.; Biancospino,
I tal. Vern. Rlmj, ringo, ramnia, piityyat, phinddk, patahhau, l'b. ; Ban-sanJU,
sursinjli, Jhelum.

A small tree. Bark grey, shining, peeling off in long flakes and
leaving a brown under-surface. Wood moderately hard, close- and
even-grained. Pores small, very numerous, fairly evenly distributed,
but more numerous and larger in the spring wood. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous. Annual rings marked by a line.
Occasional medullary spots.

West Himalaya, from the Iudus to the Ravi, at 5-9000 ft. ; westwards to Europe ;
often cultivated.

Brandis says that the Himalayan fruit is better than that of the European Hawthorn.
The wood is good for walking-sticks (McDonell). Mathieu Fl. For. 163 gives the
weight at 40 to 36 lbs. per cubic foot. Aitchison says that it is common in the
Kuram Valley, with a large fruit.

lbs.
H 4831. Kalatop, Chumba, Punjab, 7000 ft. (Lace) . . . .47
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

1. C. crenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 509 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 3S4. C. Pyracantha,
Peraoon ; Brandis For. Fl. 208. Vern. Oingdru, gangdru, gianru, Hind.

A large spinescent shrub. Wood pale reddish-brown, hard, very

326 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

close- and even-grained. Annual rings marked b}T a belt of harder
and darker-coloured wood on the outer edge of each ring. Pores very
small, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, at 5-7000 ft., descending in Kumaon to
2500 ft.

A pretty shrub which usually affects the banks of streams in the hills. The form
cultivated in Europe and known as " Pyracantha " has a more straggling habit and
brisiht red berries. The wood is used for walking-sticks in the hills.

lbs.

H 2967. Naini Til 48

H 4667. Jaunsar, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 50

20. COTONEASTER, Linn.

Eleven species, of which eight are erect trees or bushes and three are prostrate shrubs.
ft frigida, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 385, is a small tree of the Central and Eastern
Himalaya at 7-9000 ft.; where too is found ft rotundifolia, Wall., which is only a low
shrub. C. buxifolia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 387 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcvii. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 210; Vera. Hurunay, Badaga (?), is a small rigid woody bush (Fl. Br. Ind.), a very
rigid dense shrub or small tree (Bedd.) of the higher ranges of the Nilgiri and Pulney
Hills, regarding which Beddome says, " the wood is very dense and elastic and the
'Todas make the clubs with which they kill their buffaloes from it."

Wood compact, hard, harder than that of Pyrus . Pores extremely
small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous.

1. C. baeillaris, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 384 ; Brandia For. Fl. 208. Vern. Liun,
ling, Kashmir; Ri, riu, lin, ten, rein, reush risk, beuaug, Pb. Hills; Ruinsh, raunchy
/eonsh, Jaunsar ; Ticking, changma, Byans.

A small deciduous tree. Bark thin, bluish-grey, nearly smooth.
Wood white, turning light red towards the centre, smooth, very hard,
close- and even-grained, but splits and warps much. Annual rings
marked by the darker colour of the outer portion of each ring. Pores
extremely small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous.

Salt Kange above 1500 ft.; West Himalaya, from the Indus to the Sarda, at
5-10,000 ft. ; Sikkitn and Bhutan (?).

A small tree, chiefly found in blanks in the forest, old grazing camps, etc., in the

higher hill forests. Growth moderate, 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, on an

average, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for making walking-sticks :

the "alpenstocks" used throughout the West Himalaya are usually made of it.

Aitchison says that in the Kurain Valley it forms a great part of the scrub within

the hills at 7-8000 ft., and is largely in request for agricultural implements, staves

and bows.

lbs.

H 55. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 61

H2890. „ „ „ (Gamble) —

H 26. Madhau, Simla, 6000 ft 58

H 124. Kulu, about 7000 ft 52

H 925. Hazara „ „ (Baden-Powell) 56

H 3177. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

H 4774. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft, (Gamble) . . . .56

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

2. C. acuminata, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 385; Brandis For. Fl. 209. Vein. Riu,
rduns, rius, ruinsh, Hind. ; Runinsh, Garhwal ; R uens, Dotial ; Ruinsh, leonshi, Jaunsar.

A deciduous shrub. Wood hard, light reddish-brown, structure
like that of C. baeillaris.

Himalaya, from the Beas to Sikkim, between 1500 and 10,000 ft.

ROSACE/E 327

A shrub or small tree of the underwood in thft forests of Kharshu oak especially.
Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight 58 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood
is used to make walking-sticks, like that of 0. bacillaris.

lbs.

H 120. Jalaori Pass, Kulu, 9000 ft 54

H 2889, 3013. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) . —

H 4773. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. .... 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

3. C. POSea, Edgw. O. bacillaris, var. affinis ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 385.

A large shrub. Bark grey, thin, peeling off in large flakes. Wood
precisely similar to that of Nos. 1 and 2, resembling the latter
especially in colour.

West Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, at 8-10,000 ft.

The identification of this pretty pink-flowered shrub is still rather doubtful.

lbs.

H 4782. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble) .... 48

4. C. nummularia, Fisch. and Mey. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 386.

A shrub. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, moderately hard, in
structure the same as the other species, Nos. 1, 2, 3, except that there
is a line of pores marking the annual rings.

West Himalaya in Kashmir, 6-11,000 ft. ; Afghanistan and Baluchistan.

In the Kuram Valley it makes up largely the scrub vegetation of the stony arid
country (Aitchison).

P 4477. Baluchistan (Lace).

5. C. mierophylla, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 387; Brandis For. Fl. 209; Gamble
Darj. List 37. Vera. Khariz, hini, Kashmir; Gam, ghaduli, Kumaon; Bhedda ,
Jaunsar.

A small procumbent shrub. Wood hard, similar to that of the
other species, but with slightly larger po res than in G. bacillaris.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, at 4-8000 ft. in the North- West and above
10,000 ft. in Sikkim. Often planted for ornament in England.

Growth slow, 24 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 2823. Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

H 4794. Karamba, Jaunsar, 8000 ft, (Gamble) 48

21. OSTEOMELES, Lindl. O. anthyllidifolia, Lindl. ; Coll. and Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxviii. 6, 56, is a shrub forming extensive thickets on the Shan Hills
plateau in Upper Burma, at 4-5000 ft., and resembling the Blackthorn.

Order XLIV. SAXIFRAGACE^E.

An Order of nine Indian arboreous genera, chiefly Himalayan. It is divided into
three Tribes of woody plants, viz. —

Tribe I. Hydrangea? .... Hydrangea, Pileostegia, Dichroa,

Deutzia, Philadelphus.
„ II. Escallonieaj .... Itea, Pottingeria, Polyosma.
„ III. Bibesieai Kibes.

None of these have any particular importance in forest economy. Some of them
are undergrowth shrubs in hill forests and useful as protecting forest- tree seedlings iu
their early stages.

Pores small to extremely small, in radial lines {Itea), or small
transverse patches (Ribes) or regularly scattered. Medullary rays
often of two sizes, sometimes broad and usually showing as a Bilver-
srrain.

328 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. HYDRANGEA, Linn.

Contains six Indian species. Besides those described, the chief is //. altissima,
Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 404; Brandis For. Fi. 211; Gamble Darj. List 38; Vera.
Kathmora, Garhwal ; Sema, Lepcha, a large climbing or erect shrub of the Himalaya
from the Sutlej to Bhutan above 5000 ft. T. Thomson, who found it near Nagkanda,
overlooking the Sutlej Valley, says the bark separates in long rolls like that of the
birch, and is used as a substitute for paper (" W. Him. and Tibet," p. 47). H. a^» ra,
Don, and II. stylosa, Hook. f. and Th., are small trees of the Sikkim Himalaya.
H. Pottingeri, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvii. ii. 2, 290, is a shrub of the Kachin
Hills at 4000 ft. The Garden Hydrangea, or Chinese Guelder Rose, so commonly
cultivated as an ornamental shrub in the hills, is H. hortensia, DC.

_ 1. H. vestita, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 405 ; Brandis For. Fl. 211 ; Gamble Darj.
List 38. Vern. Eulain, Bhutia ; Pokuttia, Nep.

A small deciduous tree. Bark light brown, rather corky. Wood
pinkish-white, moderately hard ; annual rings indistinct. Pores
extremely small. Medullary rays very line.

Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim, between 5000 and 11,000 ft. ; sometimes
epiphytic.

lbs.
E 373. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston) 45

2. H. robusta, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 404 ; Gamble Darj. List 37.
Vern. Bogoti, Nep.

A small, handsome, deciduous tree. Bark thin, brown, papery,
peeling off in large flakes. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained.
Pores very small. Medullary rays of two sizes, moderately broad
short, and very fine prominent.

Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, at 5-7000 ft., generally as undergrowth in the oak
forests, and very handsome when in flower.

Prain considers that the var. Grijjithii, Clarke, which extends to the Kachin Hills,
would be better considered as a distinct species.

lbs.
E 2370. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 42

2. PILEOSTEGIA, Hook. f. and Th. P. vibvmoides, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 405, is a glabrous shrub of the Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft.

3. DICHROA, Lour.

1. D. febrifuga, Lour.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 406 ; Gamble Darj. List 38. Vern. Basak,
bansiik, Nep.; Qebokanah, Lepcha; Singnamuk, Bhutia.

An evergreen shrub. Bark yellow, peeling off in flakes. Wood
white, moderately hard, with small pores and moderately broad to
very fine medullary rays.

Common in the forests of the Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan and in the
Khasia Hills, above 4000 ft.; highest levels in the Shan Hills and in the Kachin Hills
of Burma.

The shoots and bark of the roots are made into a decoction and used as a febrifuge
by the Nepalese. It is a handsome shrub, with blue Sowers and bright blue berries,
coming up on clearings in the oak forests, and often growing gregariously.

lbs.

E 2371. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) II

4. DEUTZIA, Thunb.

Contains three species. D. macrantha, Hook. f. and Th. is a shrub of the Kumaon
Hills above 5500 ft. They are all ornamental shrubs.

SAXIFRAGACE.E 329

1. D. eorymbosa, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 406; Brandis For. Fl. 212. Vera.
Ithatti, Pangi ; Bhujlti, philru, Sutlej ; Daloutchi, deutsch, bhtijru, Simla; Bhwjroi,
Jaunsar.

A shrub. Outer bark yellowish-grey, peeling off in long thin
papery rolls, leaving the smooth, thin, greenish-brown inner bark
exposed. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Pores very small, very
numerous. Medullary rays moderately broad, alternating with
numerous very fine rays.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, at 6-10,000 ft. ; usually iu furest under-
growth.

lbs.

H 2850. Mahasu, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 46

H 2898. Xagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. , —

H 4784. Kaiengarh Forests, 7000 ft. „ 47

2. D. staminea, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 407 ; Brandis For. Fl. 212. Vera. Deosi/,
Sutlej ; Makamanni, manni, Garhvval ; Bhdti, muneti, Kuinaon ; Deutsch, Simla ;
Dahlochi, Jaunsar.

A shrub. Bark grey, soft, peeling off in small strips, but to a less
degree than in D. eorymbosa. Wood white, soft ; structure similar to
that of D. eorymbosa.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, at 5-8000 ft. ; usually in blanks or on dry hill
sides on the borders of the forest.

lbs.

H 2836, 2819. Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 43*

H 4785. Thunwara Forest, Tehri-Garhwal, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . —

5. PHILADELPHUS, Linn.

1. P. eoronarius, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 407 ; Brandis For. Fl. 212. The Syringa.
Vera. Khagds, Pangi; Daspd, Sutlej; Daluucld, hlioj, Simla.

A shrub. Bark soft, light grey. Wood soft, white, with large
pith. Pores small and very small, more numerous near the inner edge
of each annual ring. Medullary rays of two classes, very fine and
moderately broad.

Himalaya, from Kishtwar to Sikkim, at 6-10,000 ft. Often planted for ornament.

lbs.

H 3028. Xagkanda, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 44

Xordlinger's Sectiuns, vol. 3.

6. ITEA, Linn.

Four species. 7. macrophylla, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 408; Gamble Darj. List 38;
Vera. Teturldumm, Lepcha, is a small tree of the valleys around Darjeeling, found also
in the Khasia Hills, and in the Kachin Hills of Burma. I. chinensis, Hook, and Arn. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 408, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft. /. riparia,
Coll. and Hemsl. is a shrub common on river-banks in the Southern Shan States in
Upper Burma.

L I. nutans, Royle; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 408; Brandis For. Fl. 213. Vera. Lelar,
Khagan ; Qarkath, Garhwal; Chumli, Kumaon.

A small tree. Bark very thin, brown, rough with small corky
lenticels. Wood moderately hard, pink, close-grained. Pores small,
in interrupted radial strings between the fine, numerous and close
medulla r>i rays. A pretty, fine, silver-grain.

West Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Hazara to Kumaon, in damp
swampy places under larger trees.

330 A MANUAL OF INDIAN" TIMBERS

The wood is pretty and useful for small articles of turnery. Growth moderate, 8 to 9
rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

0 4576. Xakraunda Swamp, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . .38

7. POTT1XGERIA, Prain. P. acuminata, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Berjg. lxvii.
2, 291, is a shrub recently discovered by Capt. Pottinger in the Kachin Hills at 3700 fr.

8. POLYOSMA, Blume. P. irdegrifolia, BL ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 409 (P. Wallichii,
Benn. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 444), is a small tree of Assam and theKbasia Hills, also found
in the Andaman Islands and having a light, pale-brown, close-grained, soft wood
(Kurz).

8. RIBES, Linn.

Contains about eight species of Himalayan shrubs. P. Grossularia, Linn.; Fl.Br.
Ind. ii. 410 ; Brandis For. Fl. 213 ; the Gooseberry ; Vern. Pilsa, pilikcha, lean si, teila,
amlanch, Upper Chenab and Lahoul ; Sirhuchi, baikunti, Byans ; Tanghai, Sutlej ;
khanchi, Pangi, is indigenous in the arid parts of the Western Himalaya above
8000 ft., and is cultivated in the hills. P. nigrum, Linn.; the Black Currant; Vern.
Papar, Kumaon, is found in Kashmir, Kunawar, Garhwal and Kumaon above 6000 ft.
P. orientale, Poiret ; Brandis For. Fl. 214 ; Vern. Qwaldohh, Teaghah, Kaghan ; Namgke,
nyai, phulanch, Chenab ; nabri, Pangi ; AsJc/Ua, Ladak ; Yange, Piti, is a shrub of the
Safedkoh and arid tracts of the Inner Himalaya. P. desmocarpum, Hook. f. and Th.,
P. hiridum, Hook. f. and Th., and P. Qriffithii, Hook. f. and Th., are all shrubs of the
Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya.

1. R. glaciale, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 410; Brandis For. Fl. 214; Gamble Darj.
List 38. Vern. Bobhay, Bhutia.

A small shrub. Bark brown, peeling off in small flakes. Wood
light reddish-brown, soft. Pores very small, arranged in small trans-
verse patches which are straight or oblique between the broad
medullary ray*, which are not numerous, but make a well-marked
silver-grain.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, at 8-11,000 ft. In the North-West it is found
only at quite high elevations, in forest of "Kharshu" oak, and with Rhododendron
carnpamdatum.

H 4575, 4641, 4788. Rikskin Range, Tehri-Garhwal, 10,000 ft. (Gamble).

2. R. rubrum, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 411 ; Brandis For. Fl. 215. The Red
Currant. Vern. Gwalddkh, Khagan; R6de,rnuradh, ndbar, ndbre, Chenab.

A small shrub. Bark shining, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood
white, compact, moderately hard. Pores extremely small, in narrow,
short, interrupted, wavy, transverse lines, smaller and less clear than
in R. glaciale. Medullary rays scanty, short, broad and very broad.
Many medullary patches.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, at 7-11,000 ft.

H 3021, 3022. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 ft. ((iambic) .

H 2908. Nagkauda, Simla, 9000 ft.

H 3025. Matiyana, Simla, 9000 ft.

H4787. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, MOO0 ft. „

E 973. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 ft. (Schlich)

lbs.
63

17
58

Order XLY. HAMAMELIDEiE.

Seven genera: Parrotia, Distylium, Sycopsis, Corylopsis, Loropetalum, Bucklandia,
and Altingia, of which only the last two are important as timber trees. Parrotia has
also considerable local importance in basket-work.

Wood close-grained. Pores small and very small, numerous and
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays numerous, line and very fine.

HAMAMELIDE.i: 331

1. PARROTIA, C. A. Meyer.

1. P. Jaequemontiana, Dene.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 426; Brandis For. Fl. 216, t. 28.
A'ern. Pdser, pasel, peshora, po, hilar, kirru, Purjjab; Sktdr, Sutlej.

A large deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark thin, grey, shining.
Wood light pinkish-white, hard, heavy, very close-grained. Pores
extremely small, rather scanty. Medullary rays very fine, numerous,
regular.

North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to the Eavi, between 2800 and 8500 ft. :
Kuram Valley.

Growth slow, 12 to 16 rings per inch (Brandis). The wood weighs about 61 lbs.
per cubic foot, and is highly esteemed for walking-sticks, tent-pegs, charpoys and rice-
pestles, also for native bows for throwing pellets. But its chief use is in basket-work
and in the making of bridges over the Himalayan rivers. The twigs are veiy tough
and flexible, and are twisted together «into thick ropes, often 300 ft. long. The bridges
consist of one large rope to walk on and two smaller side ropes, one for each hand, with
smaller ropes connecting the hand ropes with the foot rope. Aitchison says the twins-
are made into wickerwork and used, plastered with clay, for the walls of houses in the
Kuram Valley.

H 3178. Dungagalli, Hazara, 6000 ft. (Wild) —

H 933. Hazara, Punjab, 6000 ft. (Baden-Powell) .... 56

H 905. Upper Chenab, Punjab ., —

H 4747. Chamba, Punjab (Elliott) 66

2. DISTYLIUM, Sieb. and Zucc. I), indicum, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 427, is a
small tree of the Khasia Hills.

3. SYCOPSIS, Oliv. S. Grifiithiana, Oliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 427, is another small
tree of the Khasia Hills.

4. CORYLOPSIS, Sieb. and Zucc. O. Hmalayana, Griff. : Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 427, is a
hazel-like shrub found in the hills of Bhutan at 5-8000 ft. and common in the Khasia
Hills at 4-6000 ft.

5. LOROPETALUM, Br. L. chinense, Oliv.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 427, is a much-
branched woody shrub of the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft.

G. BUCKLANDIA, R. Brown.

1. B. populnea, R. Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 429 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 415; Gamble Darj.
List 38. Vern. Pipli, Nep. ; Smgliang, Lepcha ; Dingdah, Khasia.

A large evergreen tree. Bark rough, brown. Wood reddish-
brown, rough, moderately hard, close-grained, durable. A n n ""I rings
marked by a dark line with fewer pores. Pores small, evenly
distributed in radial lines. Medullary re;/* fine, very numerous,
uniform and equidistant.

Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and hills of Martaban, at 3-8000 ft.
A very handsome and useful tree, very ornamental, with bright shining poplar-
like leaves and thick fleshy stipules ; one of the most valuable trees of the Darjeeling
Hills, and deserving of encouragement and careful propagation. It is easily grown from
seed, and has been introduced into the Nilgiris, and also grown in greenhouses in England
(see the fine specimens in the Temperate House at Kew). Good plantations have been
successfully made in the Darjeeling Hills. Growth moderately fast, 6 to 7 rings per
inch of radius. Weight, on an average, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is very much
used in Darjeeling for planking and door and window frames, and is in great demand.

lbs.
E 699. Sepoydura Forests, Darjeelino;, 5500 ft. (Johnston) . 4 I

E 2372, 2373. Rangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . 46 and !'.<

E 3673. Darjeelinus 1 1500 ft

NordliDger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. VII. 2).

332 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

7. ALTINGIA, Noronha.

1. A. exeelsa, Noronha; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 429; Kurz For. Fl. i. 44G. Vern. Jutili,
Ass. ; Nantayok, Burm.

A lofty deciduous tree. Bark smooth, light grey, exfoliating in
large thin flakes. Wood hard, red, cross-grained. Pores small, uniform
and uniformly distributed in lines between the medullary rays.
Medullary rays fine, equidistant, prominent on a radial section, as
are also the pores.

Forests of Assam and Burma, locally abundant.

Growth moderate, 6 rings per inch of radius. S. E. Peal says of this tree (Ind. Tea
Oaz.), " As a rule Jutili is a gregarious tree, remarkably tall and straight ; the girth

* is from 6 to 10 ft. and the bole or shaft 50 to 60 ft., while the crown is often over 140 ft.
' from the ground. If it is to be sawn, it should be cut when green or not quite dry.

* In the green state it is not at all difficult to cut and has a close grain ; when dry it is

* extremely hard and difficult to cut either with edged tools or saws. It is extremely

* good for planks or indoor work in dry places, but too heavy for tea-boxes." He further
says that felled and left in the forest it decays rapidly, being quite gone at the end of
three years. In the hills of Java this is the principal timber tree, and grows to an enormous
size, much larger even than the measurement given by Peal. It is called " Rasamalah"
and the timber is the chief building material. There are splendid specimens in tbe
forest near the Botanic Garden at Tjibodas on Mount Gede, at about 4-6000 ft., often
with huge buttresses to the trunks. Kurz gives its size as up to 180 ft. total height,
100 ft. first branch, 20 ft. girth, and says it gives a kind of gum storax.

lbs.

E 1269. Lakhimpiir, Assam (Mann) 46

B2704. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 46

Java specimen (Gamble) 54

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Liquidambar altingiana, Bl.).

Order XLVI. RHIZOPHORE.E.

Nine Indian genera of trees, chiefly coast plants and known by the general name
of "Mangroves." They form forests, binding together the mud, in the estuaries of the
Indus, Ganges and Irrawaddy, as well as along the coasts of Malabar, Coromandel,
Orissa, Arracan, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. The Order is divided into two
Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Rhizophoreaj Bhizophora, Ceriops, Kandelia, Bru-

guiera.

„ II. Legnotidese Carallia, Gynotroches, Weihea,

Blepharistemma, Anisophyllea.

As timber trees the Mangroves are not of very great importance, though some of
them have fine woods, especially Bhizophora, and they are all of much value as fuel-
producers. Carallia has a beautiful wood, and is an inland, not a coast tree, as is also
Weihea.

Bhizophora, Ceriops and Bruguiera have small pores and equi-
distant, fine or moderately broad rays. The pores are sometimes
joined by interrupted concentric bands. The structure of Kandelia
is different. GaraUia and Anisophyllea differ by having two classes
of medullary rays : short very fine rays between the regular broad
rays.

1. RHIZOPHORA, Linn.

Two species. , B. conjugata, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 436; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcix. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 218; Kurz For. Fl. i. 447; Talbot Bomb. List 89 (B. Candelaria,
DC; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. ,151), is a small tree usually associated with that here
described.

RHIZOPHORE^E 333

1. R. mueronata, Lamk.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 435; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcix.; Brandis
For. Fl. 217 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 447 ; Talbot Bomb. List 8S ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 151.
It. Mangle, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 459. Vera. Bhara, Beng. ; Kamo, Sind; Cpoo-poma,.
Tel. ; Randal, Tarn., Mar. ; Sora pinnai, S. Arcot ; Pyu, Burm. ; Bairada, jumuda,
And. ; Kadol, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, fairly smooth, with vertical
clefts. Sap wood light red ; heartwood dark red, extremely hard,
splits and warps a little in seasoning. Pores small to moderate-sized,
often subdivided, fairly numerous ; in alternate bands with few pores
and many pores, so that a section of the wood shows alternately dark
and light. These bands may represent annual rings. Medullary rays
fine, wavy, numerous, uniform, equidistant ; the distance between the
rays equal to about twice the transverse diameter of the pores. On
a radial section they give a pretty silver-grain.

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight about 65 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is good, but is rarely used. It is
durable, e.g. B 2721 has been kept fifty years in Calcutta and is still quite sound.
The bark is used for tanning, and the fruit is said to be edible. Of the quick germina-
tion of the Mangroves, Boxburgh says, "The great length of the seed gives in a very
1 short time a young tree ; for if the apex from which the root issues is only stuck a
' little way into a wet soil or mud, the leaves quickly unfold at the opposite end."
The seeds often germinate while yet on the tree and drop as young plants into the
mud. The roots also progress and form constantly fresh stems supported by the
buttressed roots standing out of the mud.

lbs.

B 2721. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 69

B 502. Andaman Islands (Genl. Barwell) 67

B 2240, 2273. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) . . .73

W 3906. Cochin (Gamble) 64

D 4115. South Arcot (Wooldridge) =~>6 (young)

No. 9, Ceylon Collection, old 65

No. 36 „ „ 49

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4.

2. CERIOPS, Am.

Two species.

1. C. Candolleana, Arnott; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 436; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xcix.; Brandis
For. Fl. 218; Kurz For. Fl. 448; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 152. Vern. Kirrari, chauri,.
Sind; (/ora»,guttia,Be-ng.; Gatharu, Tel. ; Pannikuthi, chirukandal, Tarn.; Kahaing,
kabyaing, Burm.; Mada, And.

A small evergreen tree. Bark dark red. Wood orange-red, hard.
Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines. Medidlary rays moderately
broad, slightly wavy, uniform and equidistant.

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Ceylon and the Andaman Islands. In the
Sundarbans it is the chief species in the forests west of the Arpangassia river, and in
those towards the sea face of the Khulna District.

This is only a small tree or "simple-stemmed shrub," at most reaching 25 ft. in
height with a girth of 18 in. (Schlich) and many buttresses at base. The wood is a
very superior fuel, and gives excellent charcoal. It is used in Sind for the knees of
boats and other purposes; in Lower Bengal for house-posts and for firewood. The
bark is used for tanning, and recent experiments with tannin extracts at Dehra Dun
showed that both the species of Ceriopa gave very rich extracts indeed, likely to be
most valuable. It is also used on the Coromandel coast for dyeing fishing-nets, as it
preserves them from decay (Battie).

B 1985. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1S66) 63

B 4742. Burma 56

E 3700. Sundarbans (Gamble, 1882) —

D 4120. South Arcot, Madras (Wooldridge) —

334 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. C. Roxburghiana, Amott ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. -±30: Kurz For. PL i. 418; Trimen
FL Ceyl. ii. 153. Yern. Kabaing, kdbyaing, Barm. ; Goran, Beng.

A large shrub or small dwarf tree, evergreen, stem buttressed.
Bark dark red, rough with blackish flakes which peel off. Wood
orange-red, hard. Pores small, scanty, single or in short radial lines.
Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous, regular, giving a marked
silver-grain.

Coast tidal forests from the Sundarbans to Teuasserim ; Eastern Coast of Ceylon, in
the estuary of the Mahaweli river ; Andaman Islands.

Like C. CandoUea/ia, and with the same growth and same uses. Wallich (No. 173,
Ilhizophora decandra) gives W = 46 lbs.

lbs.
E 4863. Sundarbans (Fordyce) 56

3. KANDELIA, Wight and Arm

1. K. Rheedii, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 437 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. c. ; Brandis For.
FL 218; Kurz For. FL i. 449. Vera. Goria, Beng. ; Thuvarkandan, Tel.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark j in., spongy, red-brown,
peeling off in smooth flakes. Wood soft, close-grained, reddish-brown.
Pores very small, very numerous. Medullary rays yellowish, very
short, moderately broad, prominently marked on a radial section ; the
distance between the rays being many times broader than the
transverse diameter of the pores.

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of Bengal, Burma and South India.
The wood is used only for firewood. The bark is used in Tavoy in dyeing red,
probably as a mordant.

lbs.

E 407. Sundarbans (Richardson) ....... 38

E 3698. „ (Gamble, 1882) 35

D 4112. South Arcot, Madras (Wooldridge) —

4. BRUGUIERA, Lam.

Contains five species. B. eriopetala, \V. and A. : Fl. Br. Ind. i. 438, is a tree of t lie
swamps on the Malabar coast near Quilon. J>. malaban'ca, Arn. ; PL Br. Ind. i. 438,
is also a Malabar coast tree. B. parviflora, W. and A. ; FL Br. Ind. i. 438 ; Bedd. Fl.
8ylv. ci. ; Kurz For. FL i. 449; Talbot Bomb. List 89 (Mhizophora parviflora, Roxb.
FL Ind. ii. 641); Vern. Varada, Tel., is also found on the Malabar coast and about
Masulipatam.

1. B. gymnorhiza, Lam.; FL Br. Ind. ii. 437; Brandis For. Fl. 219; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 450. Ii. Bheedii, Bl. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. c. ; Talbot Bomb. List 89 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
ii. 153. Bhizophora gymnorhiza, Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 460. Vern. Kakra, kankra, Beng. ;
Thuddu po/tna, vmrrurada, Tel.; Sigappu Jcakandan, Tarn.

An evergreen tree. Wood red, extremely hard. Pores small,
oval, and subdivided. Med (diary rays moderateLy broad, fine, veiy
numerous.

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Ceylon, Burma and the Audaman Islands.

The wood is used for firewood, house-posts, planks and articles of native furniture.
Brain says this tree is the chief constituent of the Mangrove jungle in the Cocos
Islands.

lbs.

E412. Sundarbans (Richardson) 54

2. B. earyophylloides, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 438; Bedd. FL Sylv. ci.; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 450; Talbot F.omb. List 89; Trimen PL Ceyl. ii: 154. Vera. Kakandau,
Tarn.

A small tree. Bark dark brown, thin. Wood reddish, hard,

RHIZOPHORE.E 335

close-grained. Pores small, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary
rays line, numerous, wavy, with a pretty silver-grain.

Tidal forests of India and Burma ; rare in Ceylon.

lbs.
D 4110. South Arcot, Madras (Wooldridge) 54

5. CARALLIA, Roxb.

Contain three species. C. lancecefolia, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 481 : Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 439 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 451, is an evergreen tree of the forests of Upper Tenasserim.

1. C. integerrima, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 439 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 193 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 219; Gamble Darj. List 38: Talbot Bomb. List 90; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 155. C.
lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 481 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 451. Vera. Kierpa, Beng. ; Palamhaf,
Nep. ; Kujitehra, Ass. ; Jiir, K61 ; Shengali, panasi, Mar. ; Varanya, vaUayam, Mai. ;
Karalli, Tel.; Andipunar, andamaryal, Kan.; Punschi, Bombay; Daivata, Cingh. ;
Bya, Arracan ; JIaniawya, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, thin. Wood hard, red.
Pores moderate-sized or large, sometimes very large, often subdivided,
often septate, often filled with resin. Medullary rays of two kinds:
regular very broad ones prominent, with few fine short ones between,
.silver-grain prominent and handsome. Many irregular fine trans-
verse bars joining or partly joining the broad medullary rays.

Forests of the sub-Himalayan tract, extending, but very scarce, to Dehra Dun in
the west, common in the east ; Assam, Eastern Bengal ; Chota Nagpore, Orissa and
the Circars, also about Cuddapah (Bedd.) ; evergreen forests of the Western Ghats
from the Konkan southwards; tropical and moist hill forests of Pegu and Martaban
up to 4000 ft. ; moist low country of Ceylon.

A handsome tree with thick shining leaves and aerial roots, which are seen even
so far north as Dehra Dun, and show its connection with the Mangroves. The wood
is very handsome, and useful for furniture and cabinet-making, especially when cut
so as to show the beautiful silver-grain to advantage. Benson's experiments with
bars 3' x 1*4" x 1-4" gave W = 44 lbs., P = 797 ; Skinner, No. 37, found W = 44 lbs.,
P = 656; Bourdillon found W = 47 lbs., P = 700; A. Mendis found W = 42 lbs.;
Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 106, 60 lbs. ; the specimens give an average of 46 lbs.
The structure of the wood is very interesting and beautiful.

The following are the results of the mechanical tests made by Prof. W. C. Unwin,
F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute {Imp. Inst. Journ., vol. v., May, 1899) : —

Weight per cubic foot 47*33 lbs.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . . 1075 lbs. per sq. inch.
Crushing stress ....... 2'670 tons per sq. inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength .... 4*83 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity ...... 561*3 „ „

lbs.

O 4489. Re nadi, Dehra Dun (Gamble) 48

C 3482. Saranda, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) —

W 4305. South Kanara —

W 743. South Kanara (Cherry) 42

B 308. Burma (1867) 47

B 816. Burma (Ribbentrop) 51

B 2530. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 47

B 2210. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 47

B 1500. Burma _

No. 19, Ceylon Collection, old and new (Mendis) 42

Nordliuger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. VII. 3).

2. C. ealyeina, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 439; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ci. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
ii. 155, t. 36. Vern. Ubberiya, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark thin, rough, grey. Wood red, in structure

resembling that of C. integerrima, but the pore* are fewer and the

broad rays are narrower and at more regular distances.

336 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Forests of the moist region of Ceylon, rare iu the low country, more common in
the hills, even to over 5000 ft., endemic.

A beautiful wood called JDawata by Ceylon carpenters. P = 464.
The following are the results of Prof. Unwin's mechanical tests : —

Weight per cubic foot 56*71 lbs.

Eesistance to shearing along the fibres . . . 1066-6 lbs per sq. inch.

Crushing stress 3*433 tons per sq. inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength .... 4*505 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 712*5 „ „

showing considerably greater weight and strength than does C. integerrirm.

lbs.
No. 90, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 138, new (Mendis) . . . .51

6. GYNOTROCHES, Blume. G. axillaris, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 440 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 451, is an evergreen small tree of Tenasserim.

7. WEIHEA, Spreng. W. ceylanica, Baill. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 441 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 194; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 156 ; Vern. Kanun, Tam. ; Pana, Cingh., is a tree of the
forests of S. India in Tinnevelly and Travancore, and of the dry low country in Ceylon.

8. BLEPHAPJSTEMMA, Wall. B. corymbosum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 441;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ci., is a small tree of South India, said by Beddome to occur on the
flats near Tellicherry and on the hills of Coorg at 2000 ft.

9. ANISOPHYLLEA, Br.

1. A. zeylaniea, Bth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 442; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 157; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 195. Vern. Weli-penna, weli-piyanna, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Ba rk dark brown. Wood greyish-brown,

moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized and large, tilled with a white

substance, prominent on a vertical section as white streaks. Medullary

rays of two classes, numerous but indistinct, fine, between fewer

moderately broad rays. Bars of soft texture and the same width as

the rays crossing these and dividing the wood into numerous

rectangular unequal figures.

Moist low country of Ceylon up to 3000 ft., endemic.

lbs.
No. 96, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 154, new (Mendis) . . . .35

Order XLVII. COMBRETACEiE.

A very important Order to the Indian forester, containing as it does some of the
most important and widely distributed of the trees of India, valuable not only for their
timber and products, but for their influence on the sylviculture of the forests. Several
species of Terminalia and Anogeissus are especially important, and it is possible that
there is no tree in the Indian forests so widely distributed, so common and so impor-
tant for the supply of the requirements of the agricultural population as is Terminalia
tomentosa. Four of the genera contain only climbing shrubs, the rest trees, mostly of
large size.

There arc eight genera, divided among two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Combreterc .... Terminalia, Calycopteris, Anogeissus,

Lumnitzera, Combretum, Quisqualis.
„ II. Gyrocarpea? .... Illigera, Gyrocarpus.

Except that of the climbers and of Cryrocarjpus, the wood is hard
to very hard, with a distinct dark-coloured heartwood in most species.
Pores of varying size, mostly grouped and in patches of loose tissue.
Medullary rays fine or very fine, uniform, equidistant.

COMBRETACE.E 337

Tribe I. COMBRETE-E.
1. TERMINALLY, Linn.

Sixteen species, mostly important trees of large size, valuable for their timber, or
as producers of tanning material, and of considerable importance in the sylvicultural
management of Indian forests. The genus is divided into four subgenera according
to the characters of tbe fruit.

The woods of the Pentaptera and Chuncoa sections are dark-
coloured, rather like, but darker and rougher than, walnut ; those of
the Catappa section are lighter in colour, but have occasionally an
irregular dark heartwood. In the former class the pores are larger
and the texture rather more open, but in this respect T. belerica
comes between the two. In all, the pores are in patches or single,
and these patches are more or less concentrically confluent. In all,
the medullary rays are fine, numerous and uniform. The wood of T.
Oliveri resembles that of T. Chebula in the Cata/ppa section, but has
smaller pores.

Subgenus 1. CATAPPA.

Nine species. The fruits in this section are ovoid without wings. T. fostidissima,
Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 445, is a tree of Mergui. T. Mcmii, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
lxvi. ii. 329, is a tree of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. T. argyrophylla, King
and Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 291, is a large tree of the Kachin Hills,
believed to belong to this section.

T. parviflora, Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 160; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ciii. ; Vern. Han-
palandra, Cingh., is an eudemic Ceylon tree with oraDge-brown wood. No. 48, Ceylon
Collection, new (Mendis), may be the wood of this species, but the specimen is doubtful.

1. T. Catappa, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 444; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 430; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 20; Kurz For. Fl. i. 454 ; Talbot Bomb. List 91. T. procera, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii." 249 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 444 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 454 {fide King). The Indian Almond.
Vern. Badam, Beng.; Taree, Kan. ; Nat uadom, Tarn.; Vedam, Tel.; Adamarram,
Mai. ; Kottamba, Cingh. ; Catappa, Malay.

A large deciduous tree, with whorled branches. Wood red, with
lighter-coloured sap wood, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, joined
by wavy, short, concentric bands of soft texture. Medullary ran*
tine.

Beach forests of the Andaman Islands, including the Cocos, Car Nicobar and Batti
Malv ; cultivated in most parts of India and Burma, especially near the coast.

This handsome tree is best known from its being grown in avenues and gardens in
many places, especially in Calcutta, where, in the cold season, the leaves turn red
before falling. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 125, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. P = 470.
Wallich also gives 32. Beddome says the wood is used for various purposes in Madras.
The kernels of the nuts are eaten at dessert ; they are remarkable for the spiral folds
<>f the cotyledons ; the bark and leaves give a black dye. It is one of the trees on
the leaves of which the " Tasar " or Katkura " silkworm (Anthercea Paphia) is fed.

lbs.
E 3005, 3712. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) . —

B 1983. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 18<;C>) 41

No. 78, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 38

2. T. belerica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 431; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 445; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
19; Brandis For. Fl. 222; Kurz For. Fl. i. 455; Gamble Darj. List 39; Talbot
Bomb. List 91 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 159. Vern. Babela, bekyleh, Pers. ; Bahera, bhaira,
behara, Hind. ; Bainda, ba iro, Kuinaon; Jlohera, Beng.; Baheri, Rajbaushi ; JKxinom,
Lepcha ; Chirone, Garo; Hulluch, bauri, bhumra, bohora, Ass. ; Thara, Uriva ; Luptinq,
I Hi any, Kol; Lapong, Sontlial ; Behra, Mai Pahari ; Bahre, Khond; Tani, kattu elupay,
Tarn.; Tani, 'audi, toandi, thandra, Tel.; Altera, /Ami, Hyderabad; Santi, thari,

Z

338

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBElts

Kan.; Bhcrda, bahera, hela, yela, Mar.; BeJieda, Kurku : Balra, balda, Dekkan ;
Behedo, Mandevi ; Tahaka, taka, banjir, Gondi ; Yehera, Bhi'l ; Adamaruihi, Trav.
Hills ; Bulu, Cingh. ; Saclicng, Magh ; Thitsein, Burru.

A large deciduous tree. Bark -l in. thick, bluish-grey, with
numerous fine vertical cracks. Wood yellowish-grey, hard, no heart-
wood, not durable; readily attacked by insects: annual rings in-
distinct. Pores very scanty, large, frequently subdivided, joined by
irregular, wavy, concentric bands of soft loose cellular tissue. Fine,
uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible in the
harder and darker portions between the bands, and on the radial
section, where too the pores prominent.

Throughout the forests of India, Burma and Ceylon, below elevations of about
3000 ft., and not in the dry and arid country of Sind and Rajputana.

The Bahera tree is a conspicuous one in the forests, and handsome when well
srown. It is not gregarious, but is found in the deciduous forests associated with
Teak, Sal, and such trees as TerminaUa tomentosa and Lagerstromia parr flora. The
timber is not in good repute, but is better than it is often supposed to be, and though
in some parts it is so objected to that the tree is left quite uncut, and is consequently
conspicuously big among the host of saplings of the new growth, in others it is rather
liked, and is cut into building material willingly. Another cause of its being occa-
sionally left uncut is its being in some parts of India, e.g. in the South Deccan,
objected to as unlucky, or inhabited by demons.

Growth moderate to rapid, 3 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to
Kyd's Assam experiments, 43 lbs. per cubic foot ; Central Provinces List, 39 lbs. ;
Bourdillon, 42 lbs. ; Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 47, 40 lbs. ; the average of speci-
mens examined 48 lbs. Kyd gives P = 378, and Bourdillon 720. The wood is used for
planking, packing-cases, canoes, and in the North-Western Provinces for house-building
after steeping in water, which has the effect of making it more durable. In the Central
Provinces it is used for plough shafts and carts when bijasdl is not available. In South
India it is used for packing-cases, coffee-boxes, catamarans, and grain measures. The
fruit is one of the myrabolans, and is occasionally exported to Europe to be used in
dyeing cloth and leather and in tanning, but is not so good as the Hirda fruit, and is
barely worth the cost of collection and carriage. It is used also in native medicine.
Native ink is made of it, and it is used in medicine as a purgative and for other purposes.
The kernels of the fruit are eaten, but are said to produce intoxication if eaten in
excess (Hunter's "Statistical Account of Bengal," xvi. p. 51), and an oil is obtained from
them which is used for the hair. The fruit is eaten by monkeys, deer, goats, sheep,
and cattle (Brandis). The tree gives a copious gum, which does not seem to be of
much use, as it is not soluble in water. The seeds give a small quantity of oil, which
is used medicinally. The wood is often bored and damaged by a Bostrichid beetle,
Synoxilon sp., especially in the Thaua forests of Bombay.

Madbopur, Punjab (F. Halsey)

Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) ....

Garhwal (1874)

Gorakhpur (18G8)

Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) .

Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (1!. Thompson)

Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (Brandis).

Melghat, Bcrar „ „

Cuddapah, Madras (Higgens)

Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) ....

Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

South Kanara (Cherry)

Burma (Brandis, 18(32)

No. 53, Salem Collection (marked Wrightia antidysmterica)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. VII. 5).

p

1190.

()

534.

o

2995.

0

349.

C

17G.

C

1125.

c

2737.

C

L!77.">.

l>

4010.

E

3000.

E

663.

W 1188.

B

2532.

lbs.

35
58
59
52

42
44

45-

46

44

52

3. T. Chebula, Retzius ; PI. Br. lnd. ii. 446 ; Roxb. PL Iud. ii. 433 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 27 ; Brandis For. Fl. 223, t. 29 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 456 ; Gamble Darj. List 39 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 91 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 159. T. tomcntello, Kurz For. Fl. i. 455.

COMBRETACE.-E

330

Vera. Harra, har, harrara, Hind. ; Haira, Kumaon ; Ilaritaki, Beng. ; Hililcha, Ass. ;
Silim, Lepcha ; Karedha, horada, Uriya ; Halra, harla, hirda, Mar. ; Eola, Kol ;
Hadra, Oraon ; Hilda, Berar; Karka, Mr, harro, mahoka, Gondi ; Kadakai, Tam. ;
Kadukka, Mai. ; Karaka, kadukar, Tel. ; Heerda, anale, Kan. ; Alale, Mysore ; Kajo
Magh ; Panga, Burin. ; Aralu, Cingh.

A large or small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, dark brown,
with numerous generally shallow vertical cracks. Wood very hard,
brownish-grey with a greenish or yellowish tinge, with an irreo-ular
small dark purple heartwood, close-grained, fairly durable. Annual
rings indistinct. Pores small and moderate-sized, often subdivided,
singly or in groups surrounded by small patches of soft texture which
are slightly confluent into irregular more or less concentrically arranged
bands. Medullary rays very fine ; uniform, equidistant, numerous,
stopping at or bent round the pores or groups of pores.

Throughout India and Burma, in deciduous forests chiefly, but also occasionally in
rather moist mixed forests. In high level rocky and dry places on the outer Himalaya,
the hills of the Deccan and South India it is only quite a small tree, but in vallev.s
and forests of big trees it also grows big and gives a hard dark-coloured timber. In
the outer Himalaya it may rise to even 5000 ft., and |to almost as high as the Nilgiris
and other South Indian ranges. In Ceylon it affects dry districts in the low country.

This is a very variable tree, the leaves having all stages of pubescence from beinf
quite densely hairy to quite glabrous, and the fruit varying as greatly in size and
extent of angularity. It is not proposed here to enter into the question of these
varieties, some of which might perhaps be better treated as species.

Growth moderate, 6 to 10 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse
strength have been determined by the following experiments : —

Same of person conduct-
ing experiment.

Benson

R. Thompson .

Brandis .

., No. 48
Skinner, No. 120 .
No. 12G .
Wallich .
Kyd.

O'Connell . ^ .

Specimens examined

3™

Wood whence ■- 3
procured. c. 3

O i-

1S68
1861
1862
1862
1872

1831

1886

1878-99

Burma
Satpuras
India
Burma

»
South India
India
Goalpara

Coimbatore

Various

Size of bar.
ft. in. in.

3 x 1-4 x 11
3x1x1

Various

2x1x1

Value
of P.

VI

lbs.
58
63
66
53
60
54
42
56

61

64

1033

1090

1032
825

S50

T. Hilkh

/ « =
i\ 001203

The wood takes a good polish and is fairly durable ; it is used for furniture, cart.-,
agricultural implements and house-building. Beddome says it is cross-grained and
difficult to work. The bark is used for tanning and dyeing. The fruit gives the black
myrabolans, which are of a better quality than those of T. belerica, and are the most
important Indian representatives of the pyrogallol tans, the chief of which is the
Sumach. They are largely exported from Bombay to Europe. So valuable is this
trade in the Southern Circle of Bombay that the Forest Department of that Circle clear
annually at least Rs.50,000 clear profit from it alone. The Indian exports of myra-
bolans amount yearly to about 40,000 tons, valued at over 30 lakhs of rupees. Good
Hirda fruits should be oval and pointed, of light colour, greenish-yellow in section and
solid in structure. The unripe fruit is used for tanning, dyeing, and in medicine
(Balhar zengi, zangihar, kalchar, Hind.; Koki, Nep.). The fruits give with alum a
yellow dye, and with iron-clay give a good sort of ink. Astringent galls form on tin'
young twigs, which are also used for ink and in dyeing and tanning. The kernel giw>
a transparent oil. Considerable damage is said to be done to the leaves of the tree by
the bagworm moth, Acauthopsyche Muorei, Heyl., in the Madras Presidency.

340 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

0 213. Garhwal (1868) 56

O 528. Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) 66

O 336. Gorakhpur (1868) 60

C 181. Mandla, Central Provinces 57

C 1159. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .66

C 842. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 68

C 1247. Gumsur, Madras (Dampier) 60

C 3531. Khuidha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 59

D 4006. Cuddapah, Madras (Higgens) 72

D 4027. Collegal, Coimbatore (Peet) 72

D 1074. North Arcot, Madras —

W 4192. Cochin (Kohlhoff) 72

No. 50, Salem Collection 62

.Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. VII. 6).

4. T. GitPina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 435; Fl. Br. Ind. 446; Kurz For. Fl. i. 456.
vern. Harra, Hind. ; Earitaki, Beng. ; Eilikka, silikka, Ass. ; Hortucki, Cacbar ; Kyu,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark light grey, exfoliating with few
large flakes. Wood grey, with an irregular dark heartwood of small
size, not always present. Structure similar to that of T. Clwbida, hut
the pores smaller and the concentric rings much more marked and
prominent.

Eastern Himalaya in the lower hills from Nepal to Assam ; Eastern Bengal, Burma
and the Andamans.

This tree greatly resembles T. Chebula, and is scarcely more separable from it than
some of the admitted varieties. The fruit is used similarly to the Hirda. The wood
is used for planking and general building purposes in Assam ; Wallich gives W = 60
lbs., the specimens examined also 60 lbs., per cubic foot.

lbs.

E 671. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .67

E 2374. „ „ „ (Gamble) 63

E 2197. Nowgong, Assam (Mann) 49

B 1982. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) —

5. T. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 437 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 449 ; Bourdillon in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 351, t. 4. Vern. Pei kadakkay, sutu maruthu,
Travancore ; Moryatchee, Tarn.

A very large tree. Bark pale brown, smooth, \ in. thick. Wood
hard : sapwood yellowish- white ; heartwood small, brown. Pores
moderate-sized, surrounded by pale rings, sometimes subdivided,
uniformly distributed, arranged in somewhat oblique strings.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, stopping at or bending
round the pores.

Evergreen forests of Travancore.

This tree is allied to T. Chebula, but differs greatly in appearance, and is found in
the evergreen instead of in the deciduous forest. W = 51 lbs., P = 1012.

lbs.
W 4726. Travancore (Bourdillon) 51

Subgenus 2. PENTAPTERA.
Three species. Fruits with 5 acute wings.

6. T. Oliveri, Brandis in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 2202 (1892). Vera. Than, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree with irregularly shaped, often channelled
stem. Bark light grey, smooth, \ in. thick, exfoliating in rounded
scales, leaving scars and pits as in T. Arjwna, inner bark orange

COMBRETACE.E 341

colour. Wood hard, close- and even-grained, resembling that of
T. Chebula: sapwood yellow to grey; heartwood purplish-brown,
streaked and clouded, very irregular. Pores small or very small,
numerous, often subdivided, singly or in groups surrounded by patches
of loose tissue which run into more or less concentrically arranged
bands. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous, regular.

Burma, in the dry region of the Irrawaddy Valley, the lower part of the Chindwiu
and near the headwaters of the Sittang, up to about 23° 30' N. lat.

This interesting tree has the. wood of section Catappa with the fruit of section
Pentapteru. It is usually associated with Cutch (Acacia Catechu), Tectona Hamil-
toniana, Pentacme siamensis and Terminalia tornentosa. The extract of the bark,
though itself poor in tamrin, is used to adulterate Cutch. The tree may reach 50 ft. in
height with a girth of 5 ft.

lbs.

B 4845. Monywa, Lower Chindwin, Burma (H. Jackson) . . .56

7. T. Arjuna, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 28 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 447 ; Brandis For. Fl. 224.
T. crenulata, Roth. ; Kurz For. PL i. 458 ; Talbot Bomb. List 91. T. glabra, W. and A. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 160. Pentaptera Arjuna and glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 438, 440.
Vera. Anjan, arjim, arjuna, anjani, arjan, jarnla, koha, koiva, Jeahua, Hind.; Arjim,
Oudh, Beng. ; Arjuno, panda sahajo, Uriya ; Hanjal, Cuttack ; Ko wha, Sonthal ; Gara
patana, K61; Mardi, Khond; Vella marda, vella matti, vella maruthu, Tarn.; Arjim,
anjan, sadura, savimadat, Mar. ; Maddi, billi matti, Mysore ; Yermaddi, erra maddi,
tella madu, Tel. ; Holematti, Kan. ; Arjuna sadra, Guz. ; Kahu, Baigas ; Mangi, koha,
Gondi ; Taukkyan, Burm. ; Kumbuk, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark l in. thick, smooth, pinkish-grey,
the old layers peeling off in thin flakes. Sapwood reddish-white ;
heartwood brown, variegated with darker-coloured streaks, very hard.
Annual rings doubtful. Pores moderate-sized and large, sometimes'
very large, uniformly distributed, more numerous and larger than in
T. tornentosa, often subdivided into 2 to 4 compartments, each pore sur-
rounded by a ring of soft tissue. Numerous thin, wavy, concentric
lines, which frequently anastomoze. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous. Pores prominent on a longitudinal section.

Banks of rivers and streams throughout Central and South India, extending as far
north as Oudh. Beyond that, towards the North-West and in the Punjab it is found
only as a cultivated tree ; Burma ; low country of Ceylon.

This beautiful tree is recognized at once from T. tornentosa by its smooth grey bark,
by its fruit angled rather than winged, by its narrower leaves, and by its preferring the
banks of streams. Being confined to such localities, it is naturally not of much
importance as a eylvicultural tree, but it is a fine tree for avenues in suitable localities,
and is consequently almost more planted than its relative. It is easily propagated from
seed, and the seeds germinate well in a natural state, reproducing in profusion.

Weight: Skinner's experiments, Nos. 123, 103, give 48 and 54 lbs.; the Central

Provinces List 47 lbs.; while the average of the specimens examined is 59 lbs.

Skinner gives P = 806 and 820. The wood is apt to split in seasoning and is not

easy to work. It is used for carts, agricultural implements, boats and for building.

It gives a brown transparent gum. The bark is used as a tonic and to heal wounds.

The white wax insect, C< nplastes ceriferus, Sign., is often found on its leaves in Chota

Nagpore (V. Ball, M.A., " Jungle Life in India," p. 312).

lbs.

C 179. Manilla, C.P. (1870) . . . ' 54

C 1111. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 60

C 2760. Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) —

C 3461. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . . .'!'■'

D 4019. Collegal, Coimbatore 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (T. macrocarpa, Steud.).

8. T. tornentosa, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 447 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 17 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 225; Kurz For. Fl. i. 458; Gamble Darj. List 39; Talbot Bomb. List 91.

342

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pentaptera crenulata, coriacea and tomeatosa, Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. 438-440. Yern. Saj,
sein, sain, asan, assuin, assaina, asna, sadri, Hind. ; Piasal, usan, Beng. ; Jhau,
Rajbanshi ; Amari, Ass. ; Taksor, Lepcha ; Sahdju, kdla sahdju, Uriya ; Athna, sadra,
mdara, sadora, ain, Berar; Barsaj, Bijeragogarh ; Karra raarda, karil m« rutin'',
anernui, Tain. ; Maddi, nalla maddi, nella-madu, Tel.; Haiti, kari matti, banapii,
Kan. ; Thembavu, Mai. ; Sadri, hadri, Guz. ; Murada, kali marutJiai, Arcot : KarJeaya,
sadora, holda, dudi maddi, Hyderabad ; Ain, madat, yen, Mm: ; Saja, Baigas ; Morn,
Gondi ; Madge, Bhil ; Atana, Sonthal ; Maddi, Reddi ; Taukkyan, Burm. ; Ckouchumj,
Taleing.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 1 in. thick, grey to black, with
long, broad, deep, longitudinal fissures, and short, shallow, transverse
cracks ; inner substance red when fresh. Sapwood reddish-white ;
heartwood dark brown, hard, beautifully variegated with streaks of
darker colour, showing on a radial section as dark streaks which are
generally undulating. Pores moderate-sized and large, uniformly
distributed, each pore enclosed in an irregularly shaped and generally
elongated patch of soft tissue; these patches are often arranged in
concentric lines and frequently joined by thin, wavy, concentric bands.
Medullary rays not distinct, very fine, numerous, uniform, equidistant,
often wavy, the transverse diameter of the pores many times larger
than the distance between the rays.

Perhaps the most widely distributed of all the important Indian forest trees, and
the one in the most universal employ for building native houses and other country
purposes. It is found in the sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Ravi
eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. in the hills, in places. From the Himalaya it extends
down both Peninsulas ; in dry rocky hillside forests it is often a stunted tree with grey
pubescent large thick leaves, but in the moister places iu valleys and on the plains it
is a large tree with nearly glabrous, rather thin leaves. It prefers clayey soils, and in
suitable places becomes gregarious. It has a deep taproot and stands considerable shade
when young.

The weight and transverse strength of the wood have been determined by the
following experiments : —

v. '£

Experiment by whom
conducted.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

o a
6 'C
55 S.

size or scantling.

.a
to

Value of P.

It. in. in.

lbs.

Puckle ....

1859

Mysore

3

2x1 X 1

56

1010

(List) ....

1863

?i

—

—

57

—

(List) Paris Exhibition

1802

1 Central Pro-)
\ vinces /

—

—

50

—

11. Thompson

18G9

., „

—

—

55

—

Skinner, *No. 127

J 862

South India

Various

60

800

fNo. 128

L862

»* M

—

,,

55

840

Baker ....

1829

Jynaghur

4

7x2 x 2

62

077

French.

1801

i South India i
\ at Erode j

—

15 x 1 x 1

59

S82

Balfour

—

—

;;

7x2 x 2

00

675

I'ensou

—

Burma

:; X 1 4 x 14

71

1001

Brandis, No. 50 .

1802

„

—

—

58

—

„ ...

1804

:;

3x1 x 1

56

903

H. H. O'Connell .

1886

Coimbatore

0

Various

65

o = ooo9:;o

Talbot ....

1 885

Bombay

1 1

\ 4

7x2 x 2 \
0x2 x 2 /

.-w

f 779
\ 015

Bourdillon .

IS! 12

Travancore

—

0(1

860

Specimens examined .

1878-99

Various

17

■ —

67

—

* T. coriacea, skinner, p. 14s.

t T. glabra, Skinner, p. 150.

combretacejE 343

Its durability is uncertain ; in Burma the heartwood decays rapidly, in North India
beams are sometimes found to last well, at other times to perish from dry rot or be
eaten by insects. The wood is largely used for house-building, carts, rice-pounders, ship
and boat building. It has been tried for railway sleepers. Five sleepers laid down on
the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway in 1870 were reported in 1875 to be in capital
preservation, but having been cut from small trees the sapwood had been eaten, and the
experiment could not be considered as good as if the sleepers had been from large trees
and. without sapwood. The wood splits, however, very much, unless thoroughly
seasoned. The wood is an excellent fuel and makes good charcoal.

The bark is used for tanning and for dyeing black, and the ashes of the bark give
a kind of lime which is eaten by the natives with betel leaf. Many experiments have
been made in the extraction of tanuin from the bark and wood in the form of extract ;
so far these experiments have been successful in showing that such an extract can be
easily and abundantly made, but it is doubtful if it is sufficiently rich and good to be
worth being made wholesale. Analysis of the ash of the wood (100 lbs. steam-dry
wood gave 2-82 lbs. of ash) showed that of the 2'82 lbs., 2*11 were calcium carbonate.
Its calorific power is 84"9 per cent, of that of pure carbon ; and its evaporative power
is 12-73 lbs. (1 lb. fuel evaporated 12*73 lbs. water at 212° Fahr.) (Leather). Mr.
T. H. Holland says that the bark contains 17 per cent, of ash, nearly all carbonate
of lime, evidently formed by the decomposition of oxalate of lime in the bark itself.
Graham Anderson says that the Mysore natives burn the bark in order to get lime to
chew with their betel.

It is one of the trees commonly attacked by the longicorn beetle, Pachydissus Jiolo-
sericeics,Fabv.; and the white wax" insect is often found on it (Ceroplastes ceriferus,
Sign.). The leaves are said not to be eaten by goats. The " tasar " silkworm (Antherasa
Paphia) feeds on its leaves, and lac is occasionally gathered from its branches. It
gives a brown gum. The cultivation of tasar in the Singbhiim District of Chota
Nagpore is thus described by Mr. V. Ball, M.A. (" Jungle Life in India," p. 137) : u The
' trees which it is intended to stock are carefully pollarded before the rains, and in

* early spring the leaves are stocked with young caterpillars which have been hatched

* in the houses. The men in charge erect wigwams and remain on the spot, and during
' the daytime have full occupation in guarding the large green caterpillars from the
' attacks of kites and other birds. The cocoons are collected after they are spun and boiled
' in a lye of woodash. This removes the glutinous matter and renders it possible to wind
' off the silk." Areas of low forest are usually selected where the tree is common, and
all other trees are first carefully cut out. See also B. Paranjpe in Ind. For. xxviii. 192.

The tree is easily cultivated, reproduces very well and coppices freely. Natives
prefer it in the form of poles for house-posts, but will also use mature wood. The
growth is fairly fast.

lbs.

0 207. Garhwal (1868) 52

O 2996. „ (1874)

O 874. Kumaon Bhabar (Campbell)

O 390, 391, 393. Oudh (Wood) ....

C 332. Gorakh pur (1868)

Maudla, Central Provinces (1870)

Seoni, Central Provinces (Brandis) .

Ahiri B,eserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . 67

Mnharli Reserve, Central Provinces (sapwood) (Brandis) . 4S

Gunisiir, Madras (Dampier)

Palamow, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) .

Kurcholy Forests, Ganjam ,,

Godavari Forests „

Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .

Sukna, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) .

Darleeling Terai .....

South Kanara (Cherry) ....

Cochin (Kohlhoff)

South Arcot (Beddome) ....

North Arcot „ ....

Anamalai Hills „ ....

Burma (Brandis, 1S<',2) ....
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

c

174.

c

2924.

c

1104.

c

2743.

c

1241.

c

3674.

C

3852.

c

4104.

E

662.

E

2375.

E

3590.

W

755.

\V 4189.

D

1059.

1)

1077.

D

1281.

B

2531.

. 65
. 53
53, 54 and 56
. 53
. 61
. 70

64

64

49
56

60

74

64
69

59

344 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Terminalia alata, Both., is synonymous- with T. tomentosa, W. and A.; but the
wood sent under this name from the Andamans (B 522, 46 lbs.) is evidently, judging
from its structure, a different species. Wood brown, with dark purple streaks, very
hard, smooth. Annual rings doubtful. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays short, prominent, moderately broad and flue, joined by numerous, very fine,
white, transverse lines, distinctly visible on a radial section as long shining plates. I
do not know what it can be, unless it is T. bialata and No. B 1417 (see p. 345) is
wrongly named. Or it may be T. Manii.

Subgenus 3. CHUNCOA.

Three species. Fruit with 3 unequal wings.

T.pyrifolia, Kurz For. Fl. i. 437 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 448 ; Vera. Lein, Burm., is a large
deciduous tree of mixed forests in Burma, the wood weighing 39 lbs. per cubic foot. It
is common in Pyinmana and Western Meiktila Districts. Specimens B 4875, B 502<>.
B 5031, B 5054, have been sent as the wood of this species from various parts of Burma,
but though they seem to be Terminalia woods of structure allied to that of T. belerica,
they differ so much in bark and texture that I hesitate to accept any of them. Some
of them may belong to T. bialata, also called "Lein."

9. T. panieulata, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 448 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 20 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 226 ; Talbot Bomb. List 91. Pentaptera panieulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 442.
Vera. Kindal,Jiinjal, Mar.; Neemeeri, Tel. ; Pt-karakai, vein marnthu, Tarn.; Hoiial,
hongal, hunab, huluvri, hti/vt', Kan. ; Uhce, Coorg ; Pu rnarutha, Mai. ; Poo mardci,
fillai mardd, Anamalais.

A very large deciduous tree. Bark j in. thick, dark brown, peeling
off in flat flakes. Wood grey, with darker heartwood, very hard.
Pores large and moderate-sized, oval, often subdivided, numerous,
surrounded by faintly marked patches of soft tissue, arranged in
oblique and wavy lines and connected into somewhat concentric
bands. Medullar y rays fine, uniform, wavy, numerous ; the distance
between them usually less than the diameter of the pores.

Hills of the South Deccan in Bellary and Cuddapah ; deciduous forests of the
Western Coast from the Konkan through N. Kanara to Travancore.

A fine tree with a good wood, but not so valuable as that of T. tomentosa. It is
improved by being kept under water. It makes good planking, and is used for
agricultural implements. Talbot, as the result of three experiments made in 1885,
found W = 53 lbs., P = 628 ; Bourdillon found W = 57 lbs., P = 636 ; the specimens
give W = 56. The tree grows well from seed, and the saplings grow fast. The bark
gives a tan, and the branches are lopped for " rab " manure in the Konkan. Bourdillon
says that the Travancore " country people have a tradition that tigers will never attack
' cattle kept in sheds made of this timber."

lbs.
D 4277, 4308. Seshachellam Hills, Cuddapah (Gamble) . . 58 and 48
D 1280. Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore (Beddome) . . . .65

W 1221. North Kanara (Barrett) 57

W4193. Cochin (Kohlhoff) 54

W4726. Travancore (Bourdillon) 49

10. T. myrioearpa, Heurck and Mucll. Arg. ; FL Br. Ind. ii. 448 ; Kurz For. PI.
i. 455 ; Gamble Darj. List 39. Vera. Panisaj, Nep. ; Sv/ngloeh, liepch&; HollocJc, Ass.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark greyish-brown, rough, peeling
off in vertical flakes. Wood hard : sapwood light brown ; heartwood
dark brown, beautifully mottled with dark streaks. Pores large,
rather scanty, singly or in small groups, surrounded by patches of
light tissue, which sometimes, especially in autumn wood, run
together into more or less concentric wavy bands. Medidlary rays
very fine, very numerous, uniform, stopping at or bending round the
pore patches.

COMBRETACE/E 345

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards in valleys and lower la i 11 s up to 5000 ft.,,
common and conspicuous ; Assam ; bills of Upper Burma.

A very handsome tree either in flower or fruit, that is either loaded on its pendent
houghs with pink flowers or yellow fruit. It often grows of very large size, trees of
over 20 ft. in girth having been recorded from the Sivoke Hills. Chevalier Paganini
says of it, " Where Uriam (Bischojfia javanica) is found, there hullock is also found, . . .
' showing a gregarious tendency here and there. The timber is excellent for many purposes,.
' straight-grained, pretty hard, does not warp or split to any considerable extent even
' when not seasoned, stands well in and out of doors. Its only enemy is a kind of small
' borer. It is peculiarly adapted for cheap furniture, windows, doors, railway carriages
' and generally for any work where accurate fitting is the main object " (Timber Trades
Journ., 1885). In the Darjeeling Hills it is much used for house-building and tea-
boxes, sometimes for canoes, and makes excellent charcoal. Paganini gives the weight
at 66 lbs., the specimens are lighter. It is distinctly a tree to be encouraged in the
1 'arjeeling Hills, as it grows well in localities where the better timbers are scarce.

lbs.
E 500. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .54
E 2376. Bamunpohri „ „ (Gamble) ... 51

E 2315 cut from a log of wood which had been lying for many years in the bed of
the Chauwa Jhora, near Sivoke, in the lower Darjeeling Hills, and had become perfectly
black, is probably this. W = 51 lbs. The wood is perfectly sound and good.

Subgenus 4. BIALATA.
One species. Fruit with 2 broad wings.

11. T. bialata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 449 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 456. Pentaptera
biaJata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 441. Vern. Lein, Burm. ; Chugalam, And.

A large deciduous tree. Wood grey, beautifully mottled, moderately
hard. Structure the same as that of T. belerlca.

Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight : Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 49, gives 39 ; the specimen gives 48 lbs.
per cubic foot. Skinner, No. 124, gives weight 64 lbs., and P = 1042, but there may
have been some mistake. I am inclined to think the specimen is wrongly named and
may be T. belerica. See also p. 344.

In the list of Andaman woods, Calcutta Exhibition, 1883-84, this tree is said to be
abundant, having a wood of the colour of old oak, which works and polishes beautifully,
weighs 50 to 53 lbs. per cubic foot, and squares up to 60 ft. long, siding 30 in.

Heinig says the pieces run up to 45 ft., and the wood makes good furniture and is
used for oars, buggy shafts, and floor and ceiling planking. lbs.

B 1417. Tharrawaddi, Burma 48

2. CALYCOPTERIS, Lamk.

1. C. floribunda, Lamk.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 449; Brandis For. Fl. 220; Talbot
Bomb. List 291. C. /minus, Kurz For. Fl. i. 468. Qetonia floribunda and G. nutans,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 428. Vern. Kokoranj, C.P. ; Bandi murududu, Tel. ; Kokundiay
Uriya; Marsada boli, Mysore; Ukshi, Mar.; Wuksey, baguli, Bombay; Kyutnenwe,
nabunive, Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Bark very thin, light brown, smooth.
Wood soft to moderately hard, porous, light reddish brown. Pores
of all sizes, usually large, scattered, alternating with long curved
medullary patches of soft texture. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
uniform.

Central and Southern India, especially in deciduous forest, or climbing over scattered
trees or along watercourses in the Circars and Deccan ; Eastern Bengal from Assam to
Chittagong ; mixed forests and river-banks and about villages in Burma. The structure
of the wood is very curious. lbs.

C 2755. Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) 45

C 3841. Gumsiir forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 38

B 5026. Tharrawaddy Division, Burma 36

346 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. AXOGEISSUS, Wall.

Five species. A. pldllyrecBfoUa, Heurck and Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 451
(.4. acuminata, var. phiUyreaifolia, Kurz For. Fl. i. 466), is a small tree of the Savannah
and swamp forests in the plains of Burma, extending to the_Shan Hills. (Brandissays
"" dry country of the Irrawaddy Valley " !)

Wood grey, usually with a small purple-brown heartwood, hard,
close-grained. Pores small, in light-coloured patches sometimes
arranged more or less concentrically (^4. latifolia and ^4. acuminata),
sometimes radially (A. pendida). Medullary rays fine, uniform,
equidistant.

1. A. latifolia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 450; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 15; Brandis For.
Fl. 227; Talhot Bomb. List 92; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 162. Gonocarpus latifolia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 442. Yern. Dhnaa, dhauri, dhau, dhdwa, <l}<<inia, dohu, ha Ma, bdhli,
bdnkli, Hind. ; G6lra,gdldia,golia dhoh, dhaukra, dhokri, dau, Rajputana : Kka/rdJidioa,
Banda; Qoria, golia dhau, Menvara ; Dhaora, dhamora, Berar; Dhauta, seya, Koderma ;
Eesel, Sonthal, K<51 : I rdlay naga, namme, veckali, Tarn. ; Chiriman, sheriman, yettama,
tirman, ydla niaddi, Tel.; Dohu,dhobu, Uriya; DhaoH, dhamora, dhaunda, dandua,
dhavada,M.3,r. ; Mala hdnjiram, Mai. ; Dinduga, dindlu, befalu, dindai, Kan. ; Arum,
yerraa, Gondi ; Dhaiva, Baigas ; Dhaundak, Bhil ; Dhaura, Kurku ; Mimiah, miriah,
Khond; Sirihara, Palkonda ; Vellema, Keddi ; Dawu, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth, whitish-grey, £ in. thick,
with shallow, irregular depressions, caused by exfoliations. Wood
grey, hard, shining, smooth, with a small purplish-brown, irregular^
shaped, very hard heartwood ; sapwood in young trees and branches
yellow. Annual rings marked by lines without pores. Pons
small, very numerous, often subdivided, surrounded either singh^
or in patches by loose tissue, the patches arranged obliquely or
transversely in a roughly concentric fashion. Medullary rays very
fine, extremely numerous, uniform, equidistant. The transverse
diameter of the pores is about equal to the distance between the
medullary rays.

Dry deciduous forests in the greater part of India : Lower Himalaya, sub-Himalayan
tract and Siwaliks from the Ravi to Xepal, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Behar, Chota
Nagpore, the C.P., Eajputana; dry forests of the Bombay Presidency and down the
Western Coast to Travancore, ascending to 3000 ft. on the Nilgiri and other hill ranges ;
Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; open grass lands in the dry country of Ceylon.

A conspicuous and well-known tree, important in the forest economy of the
deciduous forests everywhere and easily recognized from its leaves turning red in the
cold season, and its grey bark. On deep soils it grows to a large size, but in the dry
rocky hills it keeps small and has the habit of a small tree with a rounded head. It
reproduces well from seed as may be seen on fire-protected slopes on the Siwalik range,
the outer Himalayan slopes and similar localities in Central and South India. The
wood is in great demand for ordinary native country house-building and agricultural
purposes. It resembles that of Terminalic Chebula, but the pores are smaller and the
patches less distant.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight 65 lbs. (Puckle and Skinner,
No. 51) ; 61 (11. Thompson) ; 64 (Central Provinces List) ; 58 (Bourdillon) ; 61 and
€7 (O'Connell) ; 75 to 80 lbs. when green ; the specimens give an average of 62 lbs.
Skinner gives P = 1220, while French of the Madras Railway gives 752, and Puckle,
from 3 experiments with bars 2' x 1" x 1", 870 ; Bourdillou gives 868, aud O'Counell
gives a = 0*00837 to 0'01015. The wood is highly valued on account of its great strength
and toughness, but it splits in seasoning and unless kept dry is not very durable. It
is used for axe-handles, poles for carrying loads, axles of carts, in the construction of
furniture, for agricultural implements and in shipbuilding. It has been recommended
for sleepers. Out of 18 sleepers which had lain 7 to 8 years on the Mysore State
Railway there were found, when taken up, 4 good, 10 still serviceable and 4 bad; but

COMBRETACE^E 347

it splits too much, and is not always of a suitable size for economic conversion. It

gives a good fuel and au excellent charcoal. It gives a gum which is extensively sold

For use in cloth-printing. The leaves are used for tanning, which is carried out by

making the skin into a bag and placing the leaves with water inside.

lbs.

P 446. Ajmere —

0 233. Garhwal (1868) 68

0 2997. „ (1874) 64

O 531. Dehra Dim (O'Callaghan) 62

O 394. Oudh (Wood) 62

C 2776. Melghat, Beiar (Brandis) 59

C 190. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 58

C 1121. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .65

C 2744. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (Brandis) . . . .55

C 1244. Gumsiir, Madras (Dampier) 66

C 3684. Palamow, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) 56

C 3562. Khurdha Forests, Orissa „ 62

C 3855. Surada Forests, Gaujam „ 66

C 4062, 4105. Godavari Forests „ 57

C 5083, 5084. Saugor, C.P. (Somers Smith) 56

D 1282. Anamalaf Hills, Madras (Beddome) 56

No. 21, Salem Collection . 69

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10; also vol. 9 {Conocarpus) (Tab. VII. 4).

2. A. acuminata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 450 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 16 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 228 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 466. Conocarpus acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 443.
Vera. Chalcwa, Beng. ; Panchi, pasi, Uriya ; Numrna, Tarn. ; Pdchi manu, panclnnan,
paanchinan, bucha karum, pushi, pansi, Tel. ; Glior dJtok, J eypore ; Oara liesel, pandri,
jpansi, K61 ; thus, phassi, Mar. ; Saikamehhia, thekri napay, Magh ; Yung, sehoong,
Arracan; 1 'on, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark h in. thick, dark grey, rough,
granulated when old. Wood grey, sometimes yellowish-grey with a
greenish tinge, shining, in structure moderately hard, resembling that
of Anogcis-sus latifolia, but the pores considerably larger, and the
zigzag concentric arrangement of the patches more marked.

River-banks, especially in the Northern Circars of Ganjain, Vizagapatarn and Goda-
vari, and the adjoining forests of Chanda, C.P., extending northwards through the
Orissa Tributary States to Chota Nagpore ; Chittagoug and Burma in mixed forests,
ascending to 3000 ft. ; often cultivated, as in Calcutta and Madras.

A most beautiful tree with rough bark and drooping branches. The wood much
resembles that of Terminalia Chebula, more so even than that of A. latifolia, as the
pores are larger.

In forest economy the tree is not very important, as it is ordinarily found only on
river-banks in company with Terminalia Arjuna, Pongamia glabra and Eugenia Jam-
bolana ; but for such localities it is valuable, and deserves encouragement. It appears
to reproduce well from seed.

Skinner, No. 50, gives W = 59 lbs., P = 880 ; Brandis (Burma List, 1862, No. 51)
gives AY = 53 lbs., the specimens give AV = 50 lbs. The wood is not so strong and
good as that of A. latifolia; it warps and cracks in seasoning, and is not durable,
especially when exposed to wet. The leaves are used for tanning in Gumsiir.

lbs.
(' 'il<i2. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . . —

( ' 3932. Gumsiir Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) II

C 1143. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) ">7

l'» 3201. Burma (Brandis, 1862)

B 3095. Prome, Burma —

3. A. serieea, Brandis in Ind. For. xxv. 287. Vera. Kardeki, Hind.
A moderate-sized tree. Ba/rh light brown or grey, smoothly waved,
not fissured, J in. thick. Wood yellowish-grey, hard, close-grained.
Pores small, often subdivided, single or in more or less concentric

348 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

wavy groups, surrounded by loose tissue of a colour lighter than
the rest of the wood. Medullary rays, tine, numerous, nearly equi-
distant.

Guzerat, Kajputana and the Central Provinces, ascending to 4000 ft. in the hills of
Pachmarhi.

lbs.
C 4847. Pachmarhi, C.P., 4000 ft. (Lala Behari Lai) . . . .52
C 4865. Jabalpur, C.P. (Fernandez) 50

4. A. pendula, Edgw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 451 ; Brandis For. Fl. 229. Vera. Dhau,
dhaukra, kala dhaukra, Meywar ; Kardahi, Gwalior.

A small gregarious tree with pendulous branches, leaves turning
copper-coloured in the cold season. Wood hard, yellowish-white,
with a small, irregular, blackish-purple heartwood. Annual ri/ngs
indistinct. Pores very small and extremely small, in somewhat radial
groups between the very fine, ver}7 numerous, uniform and equi-
distant medullary rays.

Dry forests of Rajputana and Bandelkhand as far as the Nerbudda in Nimar and
the Panch Mehals.

The principal forest tree in the Merwara and Meywar forests, having somewhat the
aspect of a willow. The wood is strong, much resembling that of A. latifolia.
Cunningham's 5 experiments made at Gwalior with bars 2' x 1" x 1" give the weight
at 59 lbs. per cubic foot and P = 837, the average of the 5 experiments which ranged
from 697 to 1034. It coppices well, and the tree is, as Brandis remarks, deserving of
attention.

P 454. Ajmere.

4. LUMNITZERA, Willd.

Two species. L. coccinea, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 452 (i. littorea, Voigt ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 4G9) is a small evergreen tree of the mangrove swamps of Tenasserim
and the Nicobar Islands.

1. L. raeemosa, Willd.: Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 452; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ciii. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 221 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 468 ; Talbot Bomb. List 92 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 162.
Petaloma alternifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 372. Vera. Kripa, kirpa, Beng. ; Kadivi,
thandara, Tel. ; Tipparatliai, Tarn. ; B&riya, Cingh. ; Tinye, dawehmaing, Burm.

An evergreen tree of shrubby growth. Bark \ in. thick, brown,
hard, rough. Wood greyish-brown with a small darker heartwood,
hard. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often subdivided or in
short radial lines. Medullary rays tine, numerous, the distance
between them about equal to the diameter of the pores.

Coast forests of India, Ceylon and Burma.

This tree is found in the Mangrove swamps, and is considered as a Mangrove, just

as Avicennia and the Sonneratias are, though they do not actually belong to the

Mangrove Order, Bhizophorece. The wood is strong and durable, and is used for

house-posts and as fuel. The vertical sections often show a satiny water-marking.

Weight about 54 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

D 3756. Tummalapenta, Nellore (Gamble) 56

1) 4117. South Arcot (Wooldridge) 52

No. 10, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) doubtful 57

5. COMBRETUM, Linn.

About 18 species, mostly large climbing shrubs of the forests of Eastern Bengal
and Burma, recognized at once by the 4- to 5-winged fruit. C. acuminatum, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 228; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 163 (C. costatum, Roxb.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 465), is a
large climber of Eastern Bengal. C. Wallichii,DC and CJlagrocarpuin, Herb. Calc. are
climbing shrubs of the hills of Darjeeling. ('. ovalifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 256; Fl.

COMBRETACE.E 349

Br. Ind. ii. 458 ; Talbot Bomb. List 92 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 163 ; Vern. Zelloosey,
tiutdbeJ, Bombay, is a very large climber common in the forests of South India on both
sides. The twigs are used to make ropes and rings to tie up cattle, and the gum is
used.

C. nanum, Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 457; Brandis For. Fl. 221; Vern. Pharsia,
Kumaon, is oDe of those curious dwarf shrubby species common on grass lands, espe-
cially these liable to regular jungle-fires. It is found all along the Himalaya and in
the Himalayan valleys, in Oudh, the C.P. and in the Shan Hills of Burma.

1. C decandrum, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 452; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 232; Brandis
For. Fl. 221 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 460 ; Gamble Darj. List 39. Vern. Pankh, ptiarsia,
dhobela, Hind.; Rohal, ruel, Dehra Dun; Kcdilara, Nep. ; Pinrlk, Lepcha ; Pinlel,
Berar; Palandu, koldungi, K61 ; Kundol, Bhumij ; Buria, raterr, Kharwar; Atundi,
kora kukurtdi, Uriya ; Tirumal, Khond ; Madlat, Monghyr ; Mandra tiga, Reddi ;
Arikota, Tel. ; TJiamakanwe, Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Bark thin, brown, peeling off in flakes.
Wood grey, soft. Pores large, very scanty, very irregularly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays extremely fine, numerous and regular.

From the Punjab along the Himalaya to Bhutan ; Central Provinces and eastwards
to Bengal, Orissa and the Circars.

Where it occurs, this is one of the most rampant and troublesome of the forest
climbers. Almost impossible to kill, and seeming to thrive better the more it is cut,
it sends out innumerable shoots of great length, and twines them over the tree vege-
tation, no matter how big. The white-bracted flowers and lilac-tinted young shoots
are very beautiful ; they have a rather sickly honeyed scent. Luckily, the plant is
local, as in the Dehra Dun, where it is very common at the exit of the Jumna from the
hills, but it is, unfortunately, spreading eastwards. In Midnapore, Orissa and the
Circars it is very abundant and troublesome.

E 3301. Darjeeling Terai (Gamble).

Dehra Dlin specimen (Gamble).

2. C apetalum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 453; Kurz For. Fl. i. 460. Vern. Kyet-
tetnwe, nabu, Burm.

A large, straggling, semi-scandent shrub. Bark thin, greyish-
brown. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, very
scanty. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, regular.

Dry forests in Chittagong and Burma.

lbs.
B 5014. Prome Division, Burma 50

3. C. extensum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 229; Kurz For. Fl. i. 463; Talbot Bomb.
List 92; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 164. Vern. Piloka, Bombay; Maungmakawnwe,
jiiaaanwe, Burm.

A large woody climber. Bark light brown, fibrous, fluted. Wood
brown, porous, moderately hard. ]J<>r<>s scant}', moderately large to
very large, septate, prominent on vertical sections. Medullary rays
fine, numerous, regular.

Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; deciduous forests of Burma.

The specimens sent were named Combretura apetalum, but they do not at all agree
with the Prome specimen of that species, and I believe them to be this. The wood of
the very large climber, C. ovalifolium, is similar.

lbs.

B 5033. Rangoon Division, Burma 45

B 5096. Shwegyin „ „ 45

C. QUISQUALIS, Linn.

Three climbiDg shrubs. Q. densiflora, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 460, is a climbing
shrub of Tenasserim. Q. malabarica, Bedd. is a large climber of the Carcoor Ghat on
the scarp of the Wynaad plateau at 1500 ft.

350 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. Q. indiea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 459 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 427 : Brandis For. PI.
220; Knrz For. Fl. i. 467; Talbot Bomb. List 29. The Rangoon Creeper. Vein.
Dawehmaing, Burm.

A climbing shrub. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in small flakes.
Wood soft, porous. Pore* large, regularly distributed, often moderate-
sized only in what are apparently springwood layers. Medullary
rays fine, indistinct.

Burma, especially in the Shan Hills : commonly cultivated in Indian gardens every-
where in the plains country.

0 4918. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Gollan).

Tribe II. GYR0CARPEJ1.

7. ILLIGERA, Blume. Three species, all climbing shrubs. I. Jchasiana, C. B.
Clarke, and I. Kurzii, C. B. Clarke, occur in the Khasia Hills of Assam, the latter
extending down to Burma ; while I. Coryzadenia, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 460
{I. appendiculata, Kurz For. FL i. 469), is found in the tropical forests throughout
Burma and in the Andamans.

8. GYROCARPUS, Jacq.

1. G. Jacquini, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 445 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 461 : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
196; Kurz For. Fl. i. 470; Talbot Bomb. List 92; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 166. Vein.
Zaiiun, Hind. ; Pittlla, Uriya ; Tanahu, humor pulihi, Tel. ; Piniethitkauk, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark thin, greyish-white with a shining silvery
lustre, smooth. Wood grey, soft. Pores large and moderate-sized,
scanty, often subdivided, uniformly distributed, well marked on a
longitudinal section. Medullary rays very short, moderately broad,
the distance between them greater than the transverse diameter of
the pores. A well-marked silver-grain.

South India, throughout the Deccan country, extending to the Circars and Orissa ;
Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.

A conspicuous tree with large leaves and winged Sal-like fruit. The wood is used
in South India to make boxes and toys. It is preferred to all others for catamarans.
The seeds are made into rosaries and necklaces. Weight about 22 lbs. per cubic foot.
Prain says it is common and gregarious in the Cocos Islands. The chief toy-manu-
facturers are at Kondapalli in the Kistna District.

lbs.

C 3517. Sonakalla, Khurdha, Orissa (Gamble) —

D 1079. North Arcot, Madras (Beddome) 2.".

D 3889. Soampalli, Cuddapah, 1500 ft. (Gamble) 18

D 3931. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 26

Order XLYIII. MYRTACEJE.

An important Order, containing many useful Indian trees, as well as a number of
valuable introduced species. Most of the species have aromatic leaves containing
essential oils, and some of them have pleasant fruits, largely cultivated. The 1 ■">
genera belong to three Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Leptospermeaj . . . . Leptosperraum, Melaleuca, Callis-

temon, Fucalyptus, Tristania.

II. Myrtea; Psidiuin, Bhodamnia, Rhodomyr-

tus, Decaspermum, Eugenia.
„ III. Lecythideju .... Barringtonia, Careya, Planchonia.

But of these, two, Callistemon and Eucalyptus, contain introduced trees only, those of the
former genus being frequently met with in gardens, and those of the latter being largely
cultivated and in some cases run wild. Several other genera of Myrtaceous plants have
also species to be seen in cultivation, especially on the hills of South India, such as the
Australian Anyophora and Syncarpia. The myrtle (Myrtus communis, Linn.), the

MYETACEJE . 351

well-known aromatic South European shrub, is common in Indian gardens, especially
in the more temperate regions. Aitchison says it is planted about graves in the Kuram
Valley. Pimento, officinalis, Ldl., of the West Indies, is the Pimento or Allspice tree.

There is no very marked Family character in the wood of the
species of this Order. The pores are usually small to moderate-sizedr
often arranged in more or less conspicuous concentric belts, or else
radially in short strings. The medullary rays are fine and numerous,
broad only in Ba/rringtonia.

Tribe I. LEPTOSPERMEjE.

1. LEPTOSPERMUM, Forst. L. javanicum, Blume ; PL Br. Ind. ii. 464, is a
shrub found on exposed rocks about Moulmein in Burma at 5000 ft. Some Australian
species of the genus may be seen in cultivation on the Nilgiri Hills in South India.

2. MELALEUCA, Linn.

1. M. Leueadendron, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 465 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 397 ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 472. M. Cajuputi, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 394. Vern. Kayaputi, Hind.

An evergreen tree. Bark white, thick, spongy, peeling off in
papery Hakes. Wood reddish-brown, hard. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, producing wavy lines on a vertical section. Medullary rays
very fine, extremely numerous.

Tenasserim and Mergui, rare ; common in the Malay Peninsula, Malay and Molucca
Islands.

The leaves give the Cajuput oil, used for rheumatism and for other medicinal
purposes.

lbs.

0 3270. Botanic Garden, Saharanpur (Duthie) .... —
0 4564. „ „ „ (Gollan) .... 49

E 3714, 3715. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) ... 46 and 50

3. CALLISTEMON, R. Br.

Australian small trees or shrubs, with flowers in dense cylindrical, usually pendulous-
spikes and narrow leaves.

1. C. salignus, DC; Benth. and von Muell. Fl. Aust. iii. 120.

A small tree, with yellow stamens. Bark rough, thin, vertically

fissured. Wood light reddish-brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small .

evenly distributed in a slightly concentric arrangement. Medullary

rays very fine, very numerous, the distance between them equal to

the diameter of the pores.

Australia ; occasionally cultivated in Indian gardens.

lbs.
0 4636. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . . 5(>

2. C. laneeolatus, DC; Benth. and von Muell. Fl. Aust. iii. 120.

A small tree, with red stamens. Bark greyish-brown, rough, ^ in.
thick, deeply cleft vertically into narrow ridges. Wood red, hard,
very close-grained. Pores small to moderate-sized, roughly arranged
in concentric fashion. MeduUa/ry rays very fine, very numerous, the
distance between them equal to the diameter of the pores.

Australia; frequently cultivated in Indian gardens.

lbs.

0 4661. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) .... 54

152 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

4. EUCALYPTUS, L'Her.

A genus of Australian trees, of which 134 species were described by Bentharn and
von Mueller in the " Flora Australiensis." To that number, several more have
since been added. Among the trees, commonly known as Eucalypts, are the most
important timber trees of the Australian continent, and the timbers of some of them,
notably the " Jarrah" (E. marginata, Sm.) and "Karri" (E. diver sicolor, von Muell.),
are largely exported from Australia for various purposes, and especially for sleepers
and street paving-blocks. Among them, also, are some of the giants of the Vege-
table Kingdom, chief among which are the "Blue Gum" (E. Globulus, Lab.) and
E. amygdalina, Labill. In the Tropical Agriculturist, vol. v. p. 752, specimens of the
former 500 ft. high and of the latter 450 ft. high are referred to. In Kerner and
Oliver's " Nat. Hist, of Plants," i. 722, trees of E. amygdaline are mentioned as reaching
152 metres in height (nearly 500 ft.) All the species are more or less aromatic, the
leaves and flowers containing conspicuous oil-glands, the oils obtained from which are
•of very great value in medicine. The flowers are usually showy, white or red, and the
flower-buds have the calyx-tube covered with a deciduous operculum. The fruit is
a hard capsule, with many small seeds. The leaves mostly hang with their blades in
the vertical plane, and those of young trees are generally of a shape very different from
that which is assumed by those of the mature trees.

It is probable that the earliest attempts to grow the Eucalypts in India were those
made on the Nilgiri Hills in 1843 by Captain Cotton, who planted E. Globulus at
Ootacamund on the estates known as Gayton Park and AVoodcot. He was followed, in
1856, by General Morgan, and the first Government plantation was made in 1862 (D. E.
Hutchins, in his "Report on Measurements of Australian Trees on the Nilgiris, Madras,
1883 "). There are now very large areas, partly belonging to the Government, partly to
private persons, on the Nilgiris and the other hill ranges of South India and on the
■mountains of Ceylon, planted with Eucalypts and flourishing well, capable of easy
reproduction, and supplying a cheap fuel and some building timber. In other parts of
India, Eucalypts have not been so successful as on the Nilgiris, the chief localities
where they have thriven being Abbottabad in the hills of the Punjab, and Panikhet
and Almora in Kumaon (on this see papers in " Ind. Forester," ii., by J. E. O'Conor and
Sir D. Brandis). In some places in the plains of Northern India, such as Lahore,
•Chan^a-Manga, Dehra Dun, Saharanpur, Lucknow, fairly grown specimens may be
seen; and the Canal Department have made plantations, especially near Hardwar.

The species are very difficult of identification, but the following are a few of the
chief species which I have observed on the Nilgiris and identified with tolerable cer-
tainty: (1) E. amygdalina, Labill. ; (2) E. obliqua, L'Her. ; (3) E. sideropldola, Benth. ;
(4) E. crebra, F. Muell. ; (5) E. pulverulenta, Sims ; (6) E. Globulus, Labill. ; (7) E.
hmgifolia, Link and Otto; (8) E. robusta, Sm. ; (9) E. viminalis, Labill.; (10) E.
filophylla, R. Br. ; (11) E. corymbosa, Sm. In the plains of S. India, E. tereticornis,
Sm., and E. rostrata, Schlecht, are occasionally seen in cultivation. In the North of
India according to Brandis (Ind. For. ii. 139) E. amygdalina, Labill., E. viminalis,
Labill., E. resin if era, Sm., and E. rostrata, Schlecht, are the chief species found. At
Dehra Dtin, only two species really thrive, viz. E. tereticornis, Sm., and /:'. citriodora,
Hook., the latter a tall straight-growing species with very light grey smooth bark anu
lemon- scented foliage.

A <rreat deal has been written, urging the more extended cultivation of Eucalypts
in India ; but until some species is found which, with a minimum of trouble, can be
in-own and will thrive on poor barren soils where indigenous trees are wanting, there
seems no object in spending money on their further growth. On the Nilgiris, the
srowth of the "shola" trees was found to be so slow that there was danger of the
indigenous growth being exhausted, and so the introduction of the quick-growing
Eucalypts and wattles was an important measure; but where a large supply of cheap
fuel is not required, and where indigenous trees of better timber can be got to grow
easily, there seems to be no need for planting the Australian trees.

Eucalypts are easily grown from seed, but transplanting often fails, so that, as is
regularly done on the Nilgiris, basket-planting is by far the best plan. Once well
started, the Eucalypts, in the soil and under the climate which the species used prefers,
<tow well and fast ; they coppice readily, and having very light canopy can be grown
very close together. As ornamental trees, they are often valuable, but too many are
likely, as experience at Ootacamund has well shown, to make the scenery somewhat

VIII.

5TJCALYPTUS GLOBULUS.

EUGENIA JAMBOLANA,

r. AKiilVGTi >NIA ACUTANGULA.

LAGERSTROMIA FLOS-BEGIKS.

OASEABIA SLOMEBATA. NYSSA BESSILIELOBA.

(Magnified 3} times.)

MYRTACE.E 353

uninteresting. Some species, however, are handsome, and from an ornamental point of
view it may be well to try and replace the Blue Gums of Ootacamund by handsomer
kinds, such as E. robusta and E. calophylla. On the whole, however, India has
indigenous trees in all the regions where it is possible to grow such exotics as the Aus-
tralian Myrtacese, which are quite as beautiful, have better timber and are more suitable
for permanent cultivation in almost all respects except that of quickness of growth.

1. E. Globulus, Labill. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. iii. 225 ; Brandis For. Fl. 231. The
Blue Gum. Vern. Kurpoora maram, Madras.

A lofty tree with fibrous deciduous grey outer bark. In Australia
the wood is brown, hard, tough, durable. The wood of the tree grown
on the Nilgiris is grey, with darker streaks and moderately hard. Pores
small to moderate-sized, round, in groups or in radial or oblique lines ;
closely packed in concentric belts in the annual rings. Medullary
rays fine, very numerous, the intervals between the rays smaller than
the diameter of the pores. Pores marked on a longitudinal section,
and medullary rays visible as a silver-grain on a radial section.

Indigenous in Victoria and Tasmania; introduced into India, and now largely
grown on the Nilgiris and other hills of S. India and on the Ceylon mountains, and
apparently quite naturalized. Elsewhere it has only partially succeeded.

The chief Nilgiri plantations, which may now be called forests, as most of them are
in their second term of rotation, are those of Norwood, Aramby, Bathri, Ballia and
Coonoor Peak (there are many others, and many private forests), and these were
described fully in Mr. D. E. Hutchins' work already referred to. Mr. Hutchins found
that the average rate of growth in quantity of material was 12 tons per acre per annum.
The present Working Plans are all, or nearly all, for coppice under standard, and the
rotation for coppice has been settled at 10 years. The reproduction has been very good,
perhaps not so good as it would have been in simple coppice, but still very good ; and
to any one not accustomed to the tree and its power of growth, the first view of such a
forest as that of Bathri or Coonoor Peak seems little short of marvellous.

Planting is nearly all now done with basket transplants of about six months' age,
and in this way less" than 10 per cent, vacancies can be secured, while transplanting
without baskets used rarely to give less than 30 per cent, failures. The tree does best
in ravines, but will also grow well on the open grass-lands. It often comes up self-sown
on fields near the forest. The leaves give the important " Eucalyptus oil," which is
now manufactured to a considerable extent on the Nilgiris.

The wood of the Nilgiri tree splits badly, so that it can only be used for rough
carpentry ; in its native home it is clearly much better, and is used for house-beams,
rail way -sleepers and bridge-work. Its chief use in India is for firewood and charcoal.
The weight is : for Australian wood 64 lbs. ; for Nilgiri wood about 46 lbs. per cubic
f jot. Laslett gives P = 534. lb9

W 1094. Nilgiri Hills, 7400 ft., age 18 years, height 95 ft. . . . 43
W 1095-8. „ 6000 ft., age 2, 3, 4, 5 years, height 42 to 60 ft. . —

W 4056. Bleak House, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .50
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6 (Tab. VIII. 1).
Hough's " American Woods," vol. viii. No. 183.

2. E. marginata, Sm. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. iii. 209. The Jarrah or Bastard
Mahogany.

A large tree. Bark red, thick, % in., very fibrous, deeply cleft,
peeling off in thin flakes. Wood hard, sapwood white, heartwood
red. Pores small, scanty, scattered unevenly, but chiefly in pale con-
centric bands. MeduUa/ry rays very fine, very numerous.

Indigenous in W. Australia; cultivated on the Nilgiris, but does not do well.

W 3815. Ballia Plantation, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

3. E. Obliqua, L'ller. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. iii. 204 ; Brandis For. Fl. 231. The
Stringy Bark.

A large tree. Bark £ in. thick, very fibrous, soft, peeling off

2 A

354 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

in stringy flakes. Wood hard, sapwood grey, heartwood light red.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, enclosed in pale tissue and arranged in
short radial or oblique strings. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous. Occasionally, numerous white wavy lines across the rays.
Indigenous in N. S. Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and S. Australia ; cultivated in the
Xilgiris, especially in Aramby, Rallia and Coonoor Peak Plantations.

lbs.

W 3914. Aramby Plantation, Xilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble) ... 48

4. E. amygdalina, Labill. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. iii. 202. Peppermint tree.

A large tree. Bark | in. thick, grey, often almost white, smooth,
peeling off in papery flakes. Wood hard, light brown, liable to split.
Pores small, moderately numerous, in long radial lines or oblique lines
first one way, then the other. Medullary rays extremely fine, very
numerous.

Indigenous in N. S. AVales, Victoria and Tasmania ; cultivated in the Xilgiris and
very common and conspicuous.

Locally this has been called " E. piperita" but I believe the identification here
given is really correct.

lbs.
W 3915, 4048. Aramby Plantation, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble) . . 48

5. E. ealophylla, R. Br. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. iii. 255.

A large tree. Bark orange-red, corky-fibrous, ^ in. thick, peeling
off in narrow fibrous threads. Wood hard, sapwood grey, heartwood
light brown. Pores moderate-sized, usually in radial lines of 3 to 6,
joined by concentric white bars. Medidlary rays fine, numerous.

Indigenous in West Australia ; cultivated on the Xilgiris about Ootacamund and
in Coonoor Peak Plantation. One of the finest species and very ornamental.

lbs

AV 4092. Coonoor Peak Plantation, 6000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .43

6. E. tereticornis, Sm. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. iii. 241.

A large tree. Bark grey, exfoliating in long flakes. Wood hard,
reddish-brown, close-grained. Pores: few moderate-sized, the rest
small, in patches of pale tissue arranged in concentric bands. Medul-
lary rays very fine, very numerous, indistinct. Has a damp or
slightly oily feel, even when dry.

Indigenous in Queensland, X. S. Wales and Victoria ; cultivated in various places
in the Indian plains.

lbs.

O 4525. Forest School Garden, Dehra Diin, 2000 ft. (Gamble) . . 56

5. TRISTANIA, R. Br.

Three species. T. merguensis, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 466 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 473, is
a tree of Tenasserim, found in Mergui ; where also is found T. Griffith ii, Kurz ; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 467 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 474. T. conferta, l\. Br. is an Australian tree cultivated
in the Xilgiri Hills. It is known in Australia as " Brush Box."

1. T. burmanica, Griff.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 466; Kurz For. Fl. i. 474. Vein.
Taungyo±)yizin, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark light brown, smooth but granular.

Wood light brown. Pores small, scanty, often in radial pairs or threes.

Medidlary rays moderately broad, regular, numerous.

Eng forests on the slopes of the Pegu Yoma and drier hill forests of Martaban up
to 3500 ft. ; Tenasserim.

lbs.

B 5061. Thongwa Division, Burma (a little doubtful) .... 42

MYItTACE.E 355

Tribe II. MYRTBJJ.

6. PSIDIUM, Linn.

1. P. Guava, Eaddi; PL Br. Ind. ii. 468; Brandis For. PL 232; Kurz For. PL i.
476 ; Gamble Darj. List 40 ; Talbot Bomb. List 93. P. pomiferum and P. pyriferum,
Willd. ; Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 480. Tbe Guava. Vera. Amriit, amnid, sa/ri-dm, Hind. ;
Amuk, Nep. ; Sungram, Lepcba; Modhuriam, Ass.; Piyara, Beng. ; Gaya, Magb ;
Segapu, koaya, Tarn. ; Jama, coya, Tel. ; Pela, Mai. ; Sebe, Kan. ; Malalca, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark smooth, thin, greenish-grey, peeling
off in thin flakes. Wood greyish-brown, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores small, numerous, in short radial groups. Medullary rays fine,
short, numerous, indistinct.

Introduced, from America and now cultivated and. occasionally found, semi-wild all
over India.

Weight : Wallich gives 44 lbs. ; the specimens examined 42 lbs. ; Skinner 47 lbs.
and P = 618.

The Guava is only cultivated, for its fruit, which is good, some of the best varieties
very good. It is much eaten and largely used to make jelly and other preserves.
The bark is used in medicine as an astringent, and (or the leaves) for dyeing in Assam.
Skinner says that the wood works well and smoothly, that it is used for wood-engraving
and for spear-handles and instruments.

0 1371. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 42

O 4526. Dehra Dun (Gamble) 46

D 4273. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 4000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .38
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (Psidium pyriferum).

7. RHODAMNIA, Jack.

1. R. trinervia, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 468 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 475.
A large shrub or small tree. Bark grey, wrinkled. Wood brown,
moderately hard, with faint irregular but more or less concentric very
narrow lines of loose texture. Pores small to moderate-sized, irregu-
larly distributed, occasionally in somewhat concentric lines. Medullary
rays few, moderately broad to broad, with many very fine between them.
Tenasserim ; Nicobar Island?. Extends through Malaya to Australia.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (Myrtus trinervia, Sm.).

,, ,, ,, 7 (Myrtus melastomoides, F. M.).

8. RHODOMYRTUS, DC.

L R. tomentosa, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 469; Bedd. FL Sylv. cvi. ; Trimen FL
Ceyl. ii. 166. The "Hill Gooseberry" of the Nilgiris; "Wild Guava" of Ceylon.
Vera. Tliaontay, thavithoo, Badaga ; Koratta, Trav. Hills.

A large shrub with grey foliage. Bark very thin, red, papery.
Wood dark red or reddish-brown, very hard, close-grained. Pores
small, scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays of two kinds, fine
and very fine, very numerous and close, making a fine silver-grain on
a radial section.

Hills of South India, on the Nilgiris, Pulneys, etc., above 5000 ft. ; Newera Ellia
and surrounding hills in Ceylon.

Common on dry slopes, especially on the eastern side of the Nilgiri plateau, and at
once recognized by its grey foliage, pink flowers and gooseberry-like but velvety fruit.
The fruit tastes like the gooseberry, and is eaten raw or made into preserves. The wood
makes excellent walking-sticks. Growth slow, 10 rings per inch of radius. W = 61 lbs.

lbs

W 3738. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 56

W 3885. Arambv, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. „ 57

W 4033. Cairn Hill, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .66
W 4287. Doddabetta, Ootacamund, 8009 ft. „ .... 65

356 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

9. DECASPERMUM, Forst. D. panicidatum, Kurz ; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 470; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 475, is an evergreen tree of the hill forests of the Martaban Hills, freely-
coming up in deserted patches of temporary cultivation, at 3-4000 ft. According to
King (Jour. As. Soc. Beng. lxx.ii. 76), it is also found in the Sikkim Terai and Khasia
Hills.

10. EUGENIA, Linn.

One of the largest, perhaps the largest, of the Indian genera of trees. It contains
about 110 species, chiefly found in the moist zones of North-East and South India and
Burma ; 33 occur in South India, and 30 to 40 in Burma, 4 in the North-West and
Central India, and a large number in Eastern Bengal. Forty-three species are met
with in Ceylon, of which 29 are endemic. Few of them are, however, of great impor-
tance ; and it will be best to give a simple list of the few more important species to be
mentioned in addition to those specially described, omitting those which are rare, or
small, or otherwise unimportant.

No. in Subgenus 1. JAMBOSA.

Fl. Br. Ind.

2. E. amplexicaulis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 483, " a stately tree, native of Chitta-
1 gong " (Roxb.).

6. E. Munronii, Wight ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cix. ; Vern. llambili, Tarn., a tree of the

Khasia Hills and W. Ghats.

7. E. aquea, Burm. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 492 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cix. ; Kurz For. PL

i. 494; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 169; Vern. Wal-jambu, Cingh., a tree of river-
banks in the Anamalai Hills, Ceylon, Chittagong and Burma.

10. E. maCPOearpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 497 ; Kurz For. FL i. 492 ; Vern. Chalta

jamb, Beng., a tree of Assam, Chittagong and Burma, remarkable for its
large fruit resembling that of the Chalta (Dillenia indica).

19. E. hemispheriea, Wight ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 203 ; Talbot Bomb. List 94 ;
Trimen FL Ceyl. ii. 170, a large tree of the Western Ghat forests and
Ceylon.

28. E- ramosissima, Wall. ; Gamble Darj. List 40 ; Vern. Jamu, Nep., a tree
of the Sikkim Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Sylhet.

Subgenus 2. SYZYGIUM.

34. E. Thumra, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 495 ; Kurz For. PL i. 488 ; Vern. Taivthabye,
thatthabye, Burm., an evergreen tree of marshy forests iu Burma.

43. E. claviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 488 ; Kurz For. PL i. 480 ; Gamble Darj.
List 40; Vern. Jamu, Kep. ; Mantet, Lepcha ; Lumba-nuli jamb, Beng.,
a tree of the Sikkim Himalaya, Assam, Eastern Bengal, Tenasserim and
the Andamans.

45. E. Wightiana, Wight ; Talbot Bomb. List 94 (E. lanccolata, Bedd. FL Sylv.
cix. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 172), a tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon.

47. E. zeylaniea, Wight ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 481 ; Talbot Bomb. List 94 (E. spicata,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 202; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 171); Vern. Nyara, Mai.;
Pitculi, Mar.; Marungi, Tarn.; Maranda, Cingh., a small tree of the
Western Ghats and Ceylon.

60. E. venusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 491 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 487 ; Vern. Thabyega,
Burm., an evergreen tree of the Tippera Hills, Chittagong and Martaban.

77. E. Oblata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 403; Kurz For. Fl. i. 488; Vern. Thabyeni,
Burm., a tree of Assam, Eastern Bengal and Burma, in wet places.

97. E. malabariea, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 199, a common tree of the Wynaad
forests at 2-4500 ft.

MYRTACE.E 357

No. in Subgenus 3. EUEUGENIA.

Fl. Br. Ind.

105. E. fPUtieosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 487 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 485 ; Vern. Ban-jam,
BeDg. ; Thabyeui, Burm., a tree of Eastern Bengal and the Eng forests of
Burma.

127. E. Mooniana, Wight ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ex. ; Talbot Bomb. List 95 ; Triinea

Fl. Ceyl. ii. 187 ; Vern. Pini-baru, Cingh., a small tree of the Western

Ghats, also of Ceylon, where the yellowish wood is used to make special

walking-sticks.

E. caryophyllata, Thunb. is the Clove tree, a native of the Moluccas, occasionally

seen in South India and now much cultivated at Zanzibar.

Wood rough, moderately hard to very hard, seasons well, usually
reddish- or greyish-brown. Pores small to moderate-sized, more or
less arranged in concentric bands, sometimes joined by pale tissue of
large wood cells. Medullary rays line, numerous.

Subgenus 1. JAMBOSA.

1. E. formosa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 471 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 492 ; Gamble Darj.
List 40. E. temifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 489. Vern. Bara jaman, Nep. ; Bunkonkri,
Mechi ; Bolsobak, panchidung, Garo ; Famsikdl, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark greyish-white, smooth,
thin. Wood grey, hard. Pores moderate-sized. Medullary rays
fine and very fine, numerous, prominent.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan forests from Nepal eastwards; Assam, Eastern
Bengal and Burma.

A tree of the banks of streams, with large handsome Howers and large fruit.

lbs.
E 2956. Tista Valley, Darjeeling (Gamble) 61

2. E. malaeeensis, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 471 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 483 ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 493. Vern. Thabyuthabye, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood reddish-grey, rough, soft.
Pores moderate-sized and large. Medullary rays broad or moderately
broad, forming a silver-grain.

Cultivated in Bengal and Burma for its fruit.

lbs.

B 309. Burma (1867) 38

3. E. JambOS, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 474; Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 494; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cix. ; Brandis For. Fl. 233 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 495 ; Gamble Darj. List 40 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 94. The Rose Apple. VerD. Giddb jauian, Hind. ; Matte nerale, Coorg.

A small tree. Wood brown, rather soft, with fairly regular wavy
concentric lines of loose texture. Pores small to moderate-sized,
numerous, usually in radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays fine,
numerous, bent round the pores.

Brandis says, " indigenous in the Sikkim Terai," but I never saw it wild there,
though it is often cultivated, as it is elsewhere all over the Indian plains. Its native
country is doubtful.

The fruit is rather poor, better for its scent than for its flavour ; but the tree itself
and its flowers are pretty and worth growing for ornament.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (Myrtus Jaiabvm, H.I5.K).

4. E. Walliehii, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 475 ; Gamble Darj. List 40. E. prcecox,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 488 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 483.

A stout evergreen tree. Wood brown. 1'orcs moderate-sized,

358 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

often subdivided, the partition often oblique, arranged in more or less
prominent concentric bands. Medullary rays of two classes : few
moderately-broad, short, alternating with several fine and longer.

Sikkim Terai, Duars and Assam ; Eastern Bengal and Chittagong ; Mergui.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

5. E. grandiS, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 475 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cvii. ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 489. E.cymosa, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 492. Vern. Jam, Beng. ; Batti jamb, Sylhet ;
Zebri, Magh ; Taungtliabye, thabyegyl, Burni.

An evergreen tree. Wood red, rough, hard. Pores small, joined
by fine, wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, wavy, numerous,
uniform and equidistant.

Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

lbs

B 314. Burma (1867) 51

B 2256. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 52

B 2713, 48 lbs., brought from Tavoy by Dr. Wallich in 1828, has the same structure
and is probably this species.

6. E. Kurzii, Duthie; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 478; Kurz For. Fl. i. 491; Gamble Darj.
List 40. Vern. Jaman, Nep. ; Sundm, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark ± in. thick, greyish-white. Wood
reddish-grey, moderately hard, rough. Pores moderate-sized, numerous,
often subdivided, arranged in conspicuous, wavy, concentric bands.
Medullary rays tine and moderately broad, numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, common in the Darjeeling hill forests at 3-6000 ft.; Assam,
the Khasia and Mishmi Hills, Cachar ; hills of Martaban.

lbs.

E 701. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Johnston) . . 56

E 2955. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . . 37 (young)

7. E. lseta, Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 479 ; Talbot Bomb. List 94. E. Wightii, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. cix.

A small or medium-sized tree. Wood grey, hard. Pores small in
rough, very narrow, concentric rings. Medulla ry rays very fine, very
numerous.

Forests of the Western Ghats, common about Gairsoppah, extending down to

Travancore.

Bourdillon gives W = 55 lbs., P = 759.

lba.

W 4621. Travancore (Bourdillon) 58

Subgenus 2. SYZYGIUM.

8. E. Arnottiana, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 483 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cvii. Vern.
Naival, Tam. ; Nagay, Badaga ; Naga, Mai. ; Ayri, Trav. Hills.

A large tree. Bark grey, rough. Wood greyish-brown or yellowish-
brown, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, often
subdivided, arranged in narrow, wavy, concentric bands. Medullary
rays of two classes, few moderately broad, separated by many fine,
the intervals between the latter much less than the diameter of the
pores which the rays usually pass round. Occasional medullary
patches.

Hills of S. India ; in the " shola " forests of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Pulneys and
hills of Travancore above 4000 ft.

One of the chief trees of the " sholas," and perhaps the one whose timber is most
in demand. Bourdillon gives AY = 56 lbs., V = 594.

myrtace.*; 359

lba.
W 3731, 3938. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) .... 52
W 3766. Aramby Shola, Ootacamimd, 7000 ft. (Gamble) ... 63

W 3900. Ootacamund, Nilgiris 58

W 4609. Travancore (Bourdillon) 59

9. E. montana, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 488 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. cvii. Verm Poo
iiagay, Badaga.

A large evergreen tree. Bark brown, £ in. thick, granulated
outside and peeling off in very small flakes. Wood gre37ish-brown,
sometimes with a yellowish tinge, moderately hard. Pores moderate-
sized, rather obscurely arranged in wavy thin radial bands. Medullary
rays fine to very fine, numerous. Annual rings marked by a line
of few or no pores.

S. India : sholas of the Nilgiri Hills, above 5000 ft.

A large tree with shining foliage, found at high elevations. Growth rather fast.
Timber good, used for building. Bourdillon gives W = 44 lbs., P = 489.

lbs.
W 3856. Aramby Shola, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) ... 42
W 4670. Travancore (Bourdillon) 41

10. E. lissophylla, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 488 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cviii. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 95; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 173. Vern. Maha kuretiya, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, smooth, pale brown. Woody
reddish-brown, rough, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to
large, joined by irregular faint transverse bands. Medullary rays
fine, numerous, inconspicuous.

Western Coast from the Konkan to Travancore; low country of Ceylon up to
2000 ft.

lbs.
W 4670. Travancore (Bourdillon) 39

11. E. caryophyllsea, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 490; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cviii. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 95. E. corymbosa, Lamk. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 174. Vern. Banlavang,
Mar. ; Dan, Ivindan, Cingh.

A shrub or small tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood brown, rather
soft. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided. Medidlary
rays fine, very wavy from being bent round the pores.

Western Coast in the Konkan, N. Kanara and Travancore, near the sea; also
Ceylon.

The black fruit is eaten.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 {Myrtus caryophyllata, L.).

Note. — I have felt a little in doubt whether Nordlinger's specimen did not really
belong to the " Clove" — Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb., but his collection contains so
few plants of the further East, and so many from India or Ceylon, that I have come to
the conclusion that it is most probably this species, for which Myrtus caryophyllata,
Linn, is given as a synonym in Fl. Br. Ind.

12. E. sylvestris, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 493; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cvii.; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 175. Vern. Alubo, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark smooth, yellowish -grey. Wood reddish-brown,
moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided,
arranged in more or less conspicuous wavy concentric belts. MedvMary
rays fairly numerous, fine, bent round the pores.

Ceylon, up to 3000 ft.

The timber is used in housebuilding and for cart-axbs and ploughs.

lbs.

No. 1, Ceylon Collection, new (A. Mcndis) 49

360 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

13. E. ealophyllifolia, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 494 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cvii.

An evergreen tree. Bark \ in. thick, brown, rough. Wood reddish-
brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small, often subdivided, in groups
in loose tissue, the groups joined into wavy concentric bands.
Medullary rays very tine, numerous and close.

South India: " sholas" of the Nilgiris above 6000 ft.

This tree is very conspicuous in the Nilgiri sholas, having a rather twisted bole
with a rounded head of small leaves, in appearance like the " Kina " tree of Newera
Ellia in Ceylon (CalophyMum Walkeri). The wood is good and strong and used for
building. The Ceylon plant joined with this by Duthie in the Fl. Br. Ind. is E.
Fergusoni, Trimen.

lbs.

W 4051. Elk Hill, Ootacamund, 7500 ft. (Gamble) .... 45

14. E. altemifolia, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 497 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 198. Yern.

Manchi rnoyadi, mogi, manchi mogi, movi, Tel.

A large tree. Wood dark red, hard, close-grained. Pores small,
rather scanty, joined into faint concentric bands. Medullary rays
very fine, numerous, short, showing a fine silver-grain.

Deccan Hills ; chiefly in the Nallamallai hills of Kurnool and the Veligondas of
Cuddapah and North Arcot.

An important tree, the timber much esteemed and in considerable demand for
building purposes.

lbs.
D 3937. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 58

15. E. tetragona, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 497 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 484 ; Gamble
Darj. List 40. Yern. Kemma, clmmlani, Nep. ; Sunom, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood brownish- or olive-grey, shining,
hard. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed, oval
and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, visible on a radial section, in
a silver-grain.

East Himalaya from Nepal eastwards at 4-6000 ft., very common between Kur-
seong and Darjeeling ; Khasia Hills, Sylhet and hills of Upper Burma.

The wood is occasionally used for building and for the handles of tools, but chiefly
for charcoal.

lba.
E 682. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Johnston) . . .46
E 1446. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) —

16. E. opereulata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 486; Brandis For. Fl. L'34 ; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 482; Gamble Darj. List 40; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 179. E. nervosa, DC; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. cvi. Yern. Rai jdman, paiman, jamawa, Hind. : Piamanthuti, Dehra Diin ;
Dugdiigia, Oudh ; Kiamoni, Nep. ; Jungsong, song nam, Lepcha ; Boda jam, Mechi ;
Topa, K61 ; Monisiajiini", panapoki, Ehond ; Bata-damba, hobo-moA, Cingh. ; Yethabye,
Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, leaves turning red in the cold
season. Bark grey or light brown, rough, with irregular hard scales,
leaving cavities when they exfoliate. Wood reddish-grey, hard,
rough. Pores small to moderate-sized, often in radial lines, joined
into faint concentric bands. Medullary rays very fine, closely packed,
very numerous. Numerous minute fine dark concentric lines visible
on a transparent section.

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Punjab to Assam, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Eastern
Bengal; Orissa and the N. Circars ; Burma, extending north to Kachin Hills; South
India and Ceylon. Common in grass lands in Northern India.

A conspicuous tree, uselul in reclothing grassy blanks in the Sal and mixed forests

MYRTACE^E 361

in Northern India. The wood is not so good as that of the Jaman, but is useful and
employed for building and agricultural implements. The fruit is eaten. W = 47 lbs.

lbs.

0 334. Gorakhpur (1868) 51

E 584. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .51

C 4214. Ganjam Forests (Gamble) 43

B 305. Burma (1867) 43

Ceylon Collection, No. 8 (A. Mendis) 45

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

17. E. Jambolana, Lam.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 499; lloxb. Fl. lud. ii. 484; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 197 ; Brandis For. Fl. 233, t. 30 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 485 ; Gamble Darj. List 41 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 95; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 179. Yern. Jaman, jam, phalinda,
jamni, phaldni, pharenda, phaunda, Hind. ; Jam, Beng. ; Jamo, jambo, kudijamu,
Uriya; Phober, taglang, Lepcba ; Chambu, Garo ; Kor-jam, Mechi ; Jamu, Ass.;
Naval, navcel, nawar, naga, Tarn.; Nerale, Mysore; NarcUa, nairul, nerlu, Kan.;
Nasedu, nairuri, naret/r, neredu, Tel. ; Xaindi, Gondi ; Jambi'd, Mar. ; Jambu,
Merwara; Kodo, kdd, Sonthal; Kuda, Kol ; Jarnbun, Oraon; Lohudru, Khond ;
Neredu, Redui ; Nerel, Badaga; Mahadan, ma-dan, Cingh.; Ztbri, chaku, kau, Magh ;
Thabyebyu, Burm.

An evergreen tree usually with a rather crooked stem and many
branches. Bark \ in. thick, light grey, with large patches of darker
colour, smooth, with shallow depressions caused by exfoliation. Wood
reddish-grey, rough, moderately hard, darker near the centre, no
distinct heartwood. Annual ring* generally marked by a line with
few or no pores. Pores moderate-sized and small, numerous, frequently
oval elongated and subdivided, joined together in wavy concentric belts
of loose pale tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous; the interval between
the rays less than the diameter of the pores, round which they bend.

Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon ; in the sub-Himalayan tract and Lower
Himalaya from the Indus eastwards, ascending in Kumaon to 5000 ft. ; in the Nilgiris
up to 6000 ft. ; often cultivated for its fruit and in avenues and topes.

The Jaman is chiefly found along river-banks and in the forests in the moister
localities : it is an important and useful tree with a good timber, reproduces well and
gives a good shade. It is easy to grow, but the seed must not be kept, as it very
quickly loses its power of germination. It is perhaps best to sow it at site, or to sow
it in baskets, for it does not bear transplanting very well, certainly not without the
earth around the roots. It is one of the best of the avenue trees, and if the cultivated
varieties with large fruit are used, it ought to be made a source of some profit. It is
often planted near temples and is sacred to Krishna. The fruit is astringent, but is
not at all bad in tarts and puddings.

The weight of the wood, according to Skinner, No. 120, is 48 lbs. per cubic foot ;
according to Kyd (Saljam?) 45 lbs.; the average of the specimens (24) gives 48 lbs.
Skinner gives P = 600, Kyd P = 577. The wood is fairly durable, witness five
sleepers laid down on the Oudh and Rohilkkand railway in 1870 and taken up in
1875, which were found to be fairly sound and not touched by white ants. It is largely
used for native building purposes, posts, beams and rafters of houses, etc. ; for agri-
cultural implements, rice-mortars and carts, and for well work, as it resists the action
of water well. It gives a good fuel. Dr. Leather determined its calorific power as
85*4 compared with carbon 100 ; and showed that 1 lb. of the wood would evaporate
12-81 lbs. of water at 212° F. His analysis gave: moisture, 7*26 per cent.; carbon
and other organic matter, 89"66 per cent. ; and ash, 3'08 per cent.

It is one of the trees on which the "tasar" silkworm is fed. The bark has been
used in dyeing and tanning, especially combined with " Mdnjit " (J!n!>in rordifolia) and
Goran (Ceriops). It is used in medicine as a specific for dysentery. Other parts of the
plant are also used in native medicine.

The scale insect, Aleurodes Eugenia}, Mask., does much damage to its leaves in the
Deccau.

The var. caryophyll\folia is recognized by its acuminate leaves and small truit,
the size of a large pea.

362

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

P 1192. Madhopur, Punjab (F. Halsey) .

P 452. Ajmere

0 527, 535. Dehra Dun (O'Callacrhan)

O 209, 210, 211, 224, 239, Garhwal (1868) .

0 2993. Garhwal (1874)

0 875. Mohan Forest, Kurnaon Bhabar (Campbell) .

O 337, 338. Gorakhpur (1868)

C 195. Mandla, C.P. (1870)

C 1135. Ahiri Reserve, Chanda, C.P. (R. Thompson) .

C 2761. Mohanli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) .

C 1251. Gumsiir Forests, Ganjam (Darnpier)

C 4212. Ganjam Forests (wood yellowish-brown) (Gamble)

E 664. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

E 2377, 3598. Sivoke Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble)

E 1396, 1958. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Chester)

E 413. Sundarbans (Richardson) ....

B 3065. Burma (1862)

No. 51, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 88, new (Mendis) .
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Tab. VIII. 2).

lbs.

. 40

. 44
59 and 64
average 46

. 47

. 58
51 and 42

. 52

. 56

. 43

. 57

. 47

. 54

. 44

. 48

52
36

18. E. Heyneana, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 500; Talbot Bomb. List 95. E. salici-
folia, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cix. ; Brandis Fur. PL 234. Vera. Pan jamhil, bedas,
Mar. ; Hendi, Gondi ; Gambu, Kurku ; Garalcuda, Kol ; Jamti, Kharwar.

A large shrub or small tree with grey bark. Wood similar to that
of E. Jambolana, but pores smaller.

Western Coast in the Konkan and N. Kanara ; Berar, the C. P. and Chota Nagpore :
Orissa and the N. Circars, common in the beds of rivers and along streams.

lbs.

C 2786. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 38

C 3439. Ramundag Res., Palamow, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . —

In this latter the concentric bands are more prominent.

Subgenus 3. EUEUGENIA.

19. E. braeteata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 490 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 502 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ex.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 182. Vera. Hijuli mendi, Beng. ; Sarjarabatna, Uriya;
Arivita, aramanda, goragmudi, Tel.; Kaya, venkedihaya, Tam. ; Tembiliya, Cingh.

A shrub or small tree. Bark yellowish-grey, smooth. Wood
hard, close-grained, grey. Pores small and extremely small, joined
by concentric bands of white tissue, which are closely packed. Me-
dullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Forests of the Coromandel Coast, in Orissa, the Circars and Carnatic, as a shrub ;
Anamalai Hills up to 3000 ft. as a small tree (Bedd.) ; coasts of Ceylon ; often
cultivated fur ornament.

A myrtle-like shrub with white flowers and red berries, very common at
Striharikota, near Madras.

C 3582. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble).

20. E. kanarensis, Talbot in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 236, t. 1.

A large tree. Bark smooth, white. Wood dark reddish-brown,
very hard. Pores small, in patches of pale tissue joined by very fine,
wavy, concentric but interrupted lines. Medullary rays very fine,
numerous.

Forests of Kanara and Travancore, discovered by Talbot on the Gairsoppah Ghat

at 2000 ft.

lbs.
W 4686. Travancore (Rourdillon) 64

myrtaceyE 363

No. B 316, Burma (1867), 55 lbs. per cubic foot ; Vern. Tliabye, Burm., is a hard,
close-grained red wood, with small pores joined into concentric bands, and fine,
numerous medullary rays. The species is not known.

No. E 2199, Assam, 43 lbs. per cubic foot, with wood resembling that of E.
Jambolana, is perhaps E. mangifolia, Wall.

No. B 2292, Andamans (Col. Ford, 1S66), 56 lbs., is a moderately hard, compact
grey wood, with structure similar to that of E. Jambolana. It may be either E.
claviflora, Koxb., E. zeylanica, Wight, or E. javanica, Lamk.

W 4583 (53 lbs.) and W 4599 (55 lbs.) are Travancore woods sent by Bourdillon
without specific names. They are deposited in the Forest Museum at Dehra Dun,
like the others.

Tribe III. LECYTHIDEJ1.

11. BARRINGTONIA, Forst.

Contains about nine species, chiefly from Burma. B. speciosa, Forst. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 507; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 636; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxii. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 496 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 189 ; Vern. Kyegyi, Burm. ; Doddd, Andamans ; Mudilla, Cingh., is an
evergreen tree of the sea-shore of the Andamans, also found, but scarce, on the southern
coast of Ceylon. It has a very large quadrangular fruit, which is carried long distances
by sea and thrown up on the Indian shores. Prain says it is common on Great Coco,
Little Andaman and Batti Malv, and that the bark is used as a fish-poison. B. ptero-
carpa, Kurz For. Fl. i. 498 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 509 ; Vern. Eye, Burm., is an evergreen
tree of the tropical forests of Pegu and Martaban. Four other species are described as
found in Tenasserim, viz. B. conoidea, Griff., B. augusta, Kurz, B. Helferi, Clarke, and
B. macrostachya, Kurz (including B. pendida, Kurz). B. zeylanica, Gardn. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 508 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 190 ; Vern. Goda-midella, Cingh., is a rare endemic
tree of the S. Ceylon coast.

Wood soft. Pores small, in short radial lines between the numerous
broad, or moderately broad, medullar "y rays.

1. B. raeemosa, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 507 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 634 ; Bedd. Fl.
Svlv. cxii. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 496; Talbot Bomb. List 95; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 189.
Vern. Nivdr, Mar. ; Kurnia, Beng. ; Samfidra, cuddapah, Tarn. ; Samstravddi, Mai. ;
Diya midella, Cingh. ; Kyi, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood white, very soft, porous.
Pores small and moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays moderately broad, long, equidistant.

Western Coast, coast of the Sundarbans, the Andaman Islands and Ceylon. It is
mentioned from Assam by G. Mann in Assam Forest Report, 1874-75. Vern. Kum-
ringah, Ass., but B. acutangula may have been meant.

Skinner, No. 21, gives W = 53 lbs. (?) per cubic foot, and P = 819; he also says
the wood is used for house and cart-building, and that it has been tried for railway
sleepers. All this is unlikely, so it is probable that he had not got the right identifica-
tion. There is no reason to doubt Kurz' specimen, as if any one knew the tree, he
did, and his collections were all personally made ; so that the idea of the wood being
" strong and serviceable," repeated by various authorities, requires some further investi-
gation. Heinig, in the "Sundarbans Working Plan," says, " wood white, soft, used
'only for firewood." It is a handsome tree, and is planted in and about Colombo for
ornament. lbs

B 1993. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 27

2. B.. acutangula, Gaertn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 508; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 635; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 204; Brandis For. Fl. 235; Kurz For. Fl. i. 497; Talbot Bomb. List 95;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 191. Vern. Jjal, samundar phul, pannidri, ingar, Hind.; /.
panniha, Oudh ; Hij'dl, samundar, Beng.; Kinjulo, hinjolo, hinjara, Uriya; lleraldl,
Ass.; Eanapa, battu, hwrpd, kadamic, Tel. ; Piwa7\ Hvar, ingli, Mar.; Jjar, Monghyr ;
Saprung, Kol ; Atta pent, Mai.; Adanqnt, Tarn.; Ela midella, Cingh.; Eyeni, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark \ in. thick, dark brown,
rough. Wood white, shining, soft, even-grained. Pores small, often
subdivided or in radial groups between the broad and very broad

364 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

rarely fine and moderately broad, long medullary run*, which form
the greater part of the wood, and show a handsome silver-grain on a
radial section.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards; Oudh, Bengal, Central and South
India; Ceylon; Burma; always in swampy places or on the banks of streams.

A conspicuous tree from its long pendent racemes of pink tasselled flowers. The
wood is more durable than it seems at first sight; it is used for boat-building,
well-work, carts, rice-pounders, and by cabinet-makers. If cut so as to show the
silver-grain to the best advantage, it would make good furniture, as it apparently does
not warp much, if so cut. The bark is used to intoxicate fish, also for tanning ; and,
as well as the leaves and fruit, in native medicine. Beddome says the wood turns
black when buried in mud.

AVeight : Skinner, No. 20, gives 56 lbs. ; while Kyd's experiments (Stravadium
■aeutangulum) give only 39"3 lbs. The specimens give 32 to 46, average 39 lbs.
Benson's experiments with bars of Burma wood 3 ft. x 1*4 in. x 1*4 in. gave P = 648 ;
•Skinner P = 863, while Kyd's experiments on Assam wood in bars 2 ft. x 1 in. x 1 in.
gave P = 315.

lbs.
O 4524. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun ^Gamble) . . . .32
C 3470. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore „ .... —

C 1132. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (E. Thompson) . . . —

B 814. Burma (Ribbentrop) 46

B 4899. Minbu, Burma (Calthrop) 40

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. VIII. 3).

B 5045 from Bassein, and B 5056 from Thong wa, Burma, have been received as
B. pterocarpa, Kurz. They have a bark j in. thick, light brown, smooth at first,
afterwards shallowly vertically cleft. Wood as in B. acutangula, but darker-coloured
and with the pores a little larger. They probably belong to that species.

12. CAREY A, Roxb.

Besides the species described, O. splicerka, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 636; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.
511 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 500, is a large deciduous tree of the Chittagong Hills ; and C
herbacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 638; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 510; Brandis For. Fl. 237; Gamble
Darj. List 41; Vern. Bliooi dalim, Beng. ; Chuwa, Xep., is a small undershrub of
grass lands in Bengal, Oudh and the Central Provinces, generally bringing out its
beautiful pink flowers in April, and best after the grass has been burnt by jungle fires.

1. C. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 638; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 511 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 205 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 236; Kurz For. Fl. i. 499; Gamble Darj. List 41. Vern. Kumbi,
kumbh, Jchumbi, Hind.; Pilu, Banda; Gumar, Mandla, Balaghat; Kumri, Chhind-
wara; Gummar, Gondi; Jioktok, Lepcha; Dambel, Garo ; Ijar, Monghyr; Kumbi,
Uriya ; Kumbe, Khoud ; Asunda, K<51; Kiim, Bhumij ; Budatare, Koya; Darepi,
Reddi ; Ayma, pailae, poota-tammi, Tarn.; JBvdd-durmi, buda darini, dudippi,'Fe[.;
Kumbia, Icuba, Mar. ; Kaval, gaul, ganj(d, Kan. ; 1'era, udu, Mai. ; Poyn, Trav. Hills ;
Gavuldu, Mysore; Banbwe, Burm. ; Kabooay, Taleiog; Tagooyi, Karen; Kahatta,
Gingh.

A large deciduous tree, leaves turning red in the cold season.
Bark h in. thick, dark grey, with vertical and diagonal cracks,
exfoliating in narrow flakes ; inner substance reddish, fibrous. Wood
moderately hard : sapwood whitish, large ; heartwood dull red, some-
times claret-coloured, very dark in old trees, even-grained. Pores
oval, moderate-sized to large, subdivided, wavy on a vertical section.
Medullary rays numerous, fine, equidistant and uniform ; the space
between two consecutive rays less than the diameter of the pores,
round which they bend. Across the medullary rays are numerous
very tine transverse bars, not easily seen except on a thin section.

Throughout India, in moist forests and in ravines and valleys, scarce in the dry
mixed forests; sometimes alone in grass lands. It is found in the sub-Himalayan

MYRTACE^E

365

tract from the Jumna eastwards to Assam, the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal^
throughout Burma in mixed forests ; throughout Central, Western and Southern
India; in the moist regions of Ceylon up to 5000 ft., and especially on exposed
"patana" land.

This is an important tree with a fine wood which is too much neglected. It is
common in Sal forests, and is conspicuous by its large leaves. It is a good ornamental
tree for avenues and gardens. In suitable places it grows to a large size, but in
savannah or patana lands it remains stunted and poor.

The weight and transverse strength of the wood have been determined by the
following experiments : —

y. %

Experiment by whom
conducted.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

°3

Size of scantling.

Value of P.

ft. in. in.

lbs.

Wallich .

—

Goal para

—

—

43

—

Adrian Mendis

1855

Ceylon

—

—

38

—

R. Thompson .

1869

Central Provinces

—

—

60

—

Skinner, No. 38

1862

South India

—

—

50

870

Benson

—

Burma

—

3 X 14 X 14

47

929

Brandis, No. 52, 53

1862

—

—

55

—

1864

4

3x1 x 1

60

880

5

2x1 x 1

51

655

Kyd

1831

Assam

1

2x1 X 1

61

670

C'ommt. Dept. .

—

Moulmein

—

—

50

950

Bourdillon

1896

Travancore

— ■

—

65

562

Specimens examined

I 1878-99

See list below

16

—

53

The wood is durable ; the specimens brought by Dr. Wallich from Tavoy in 1828,
and that brought from the Mishmi Hills by Dr. Griffith in 1836, were quite sound on
being cut up, though they had been stored for so long in Calcutta. The wood is little
used except for agricultural implements. Kurz says it is used in Burma for gun-
stocks, house-posts, planking, carts, furniture and cabinet-work. Heinig says that it
is sold in the Andamans as a second-class wood, squaring up to 30 ft. with 2 ft. siding,
but is difficult to season. It stands well under water. Fuzes made from its bark are
used to make slow-matches. Its bark gives a good fibre for coarse, strong cordage,
and is used in native medicine as an astringent. Careya is one of the trees most
subject to the attacks of the defoliating Lymantriid moth, Dasychira Tliwaitesii, Moore.

lbs.

O 208, 228. Garhwal (1868) 53

O 1479. Kheri, Oudh 59

C 1131. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .58
C 2747. Moharli Reserve „ „ (sapwood) (Brandis) . . 37

E 624. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terari (Bonham-Carter) . . .48
E 2378. Sivoke „ „ „ (Gamble) . . . .51

E 1441. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) ' 56

B 2703, 2685, 2710. Tavoy (Wallich, 1822) .... 59, 56, 51

B 2228. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 55

B 3147. „ ., (Home, 1874) 56

D 4003. Cuddapah (Higgens) 60

W4194. Cochin (Kohlhoff) 57

No. 41, old, 58, new, Ceylon Collection (A. Mendis) . . . .38
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

13. PLANCHONIA, Bl.

1. P. littoralis, Van Houtte; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 511. P. valida, Blume; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 500. Vern. Banbwe-ni, Burm.; Daila dd, And.

An evergreen tree. Wood reddish-brown, with yellow specks,
very hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, often sub-
divided, in rounded and elongated patches, which are sometimes

366 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

joined by narrow, undulating bands of softer tissue. Medullary rays
very fine, numerous, bending. The pores are frequently filled by a
yellow substance, and are prominent on a vertical section.

Evergreen coast forests of the Andaman Islands.

Weight : the specimens give 61 to G4 lhs. per cubic foot ; Bennett gives 56 lbs. and
P = 600. A valuable wood, which should be better known ; it seasons well and takes
a fine polish.

lbs.

B 514. Andaman Islands (Genl. Barwell) 64

B 2495. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 7, Youaygyee) ... 61

Order XLIX. MELASTOMACEiE,

An Order containing 13 Indian genera of shrubs or small trees. They are chiefly
found in South India or Tenasserim. They belong to five Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Osbeckiese Osbeckia, Otanthera, Melastoma.

„ II. Oxysporese Oxyspora, Kendrickia, Allomor-

phia, Blastus, Ochthocharis,
Anerincleistus.

„ III. Medinilleae Anplectrum, Medinilla.

„ IV. Astroniese Pternandra.

„ V. Memecylese Memecylon.

Among these genera only one is of any forest importance, viz. Memecylon, and even
that only contains shrubs or small trees giving scarcely anything but fuel, though that
is of the best quality.

1. OSBECKIA, Linn.

A genus containing a number of shrubs and herbaceous plants with handsome,
large, usually purple or crimson flowers. They are conspicuous plants, and some of
them are shrubs of fair size but of no forest importance. 0. bnxifolia, Arn. ; Trimeu
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 107, is a large round bush of interesting appearance, being very woolly
-and beariug small hard leaves and purple flowers. It is common round the summit of
Pedrotallagalla in Ceylon.

1. 0. erinita, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 517 ; Gamble Darj. List 41. Vern. Number,
Lepcha.

A shrub. Bark greyish-brown, smooth. Wood light brown,
moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a white line and more
numerous pores. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medulla/ry rays
crooked, fine, the distance between the rays equal to the diameter of
the pores.

Eastern Himalaya and Kliasia Hills at 4-8000 ft.

A very pretty shrub, common about Darjeeling.

E 3310. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

2. OTANTHERA, Blume. Two shrubs of small size : O. moluccana, Bl. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 522 (O. bracteata, Korth. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 502) of Tenasserim; and O. nicu-
barensis, Teysm. and Binn. of the Nicobar Islands.

3. MELASTOMA, Linn.

Shrubs. Four species. M. imbricatum, Wall, is a large shrub of Eastern Bengal,
.and M. Ilouttcanuut, Naud., a bushy shrub of the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yoma and
of Tenasserim.

1. M- malabathrieum, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 523 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 405; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 503; Gamble Darj. List 41 ; Talbot Bomb. List 96; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii.

MELASTOMACE.E 367

199. The Indian Rhododendron. Vern. Choulisy, Nep. ; Tungbram, Lepcha; Shapti,
tunica, Mechi ; Phutuka, Ass. ; Palore, Mar. ; Maha-bowitiya, Cingh. ; Myetpye, Burm.

A large shrub. Bark reddish-brown, thin, smooth. Wood mode-
rately hard, light brown, with medullary patches. Pores moderate-
sized, often in concentric groups and surrounded by pale tissue.
Medullary rays short, tine to moderately broad, numerous, unequally
distributed.

Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, up to 6000 ft., chiefly near watercourses,
but not in the dry region of the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana and the Deccan.

A handsome shrub with large red-purple flowers. It is probably the Lutki bush
on which, according to Mr. Brownlow of Cachar (Journ. of the Agri-IIort. Soc. of
Calcutta), the silkworm Attacus Atlas is often found, and fed on which it gives a very
white silk. E. Stack mentions it as a food-plant of Antherasa Paphia.

E 3275. Borojhar Reserre, W. Duars (Gamble).

2. M. normale, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 524; Kurz For. Fl. i. 504.
A lanre shrub. Wood similar to that of M. malabathricum.
East Himalaya, from Nepal to Assam, at 2-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, Shan Hills
and hill forests of Martaban up to 5000 ft.

E 3665. Rinkinpung Forest, Darjeeling, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

4. OXYSPORA, DC.

Large shrubs. Three species. O. vagans, Wall., and 0. cernua, Triaua, are found
in the Miskmi Hills, Khasia Hills and Chittagong.

1. 0. panieulata, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 525 ; Gamble Darj. List 41.
A large handsome shrub with red flowers. Bark reddish-brown,
thin. Wood light reddish-grey, moderately hard, with dark brown
medullary patches. Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, often in
short radial lines. Medidlary rays fine, short, numerous, not straight.
Concentric bands of soft tissue, often interrupted, prominent.

East Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, at 3-7000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, at 3-5000 ft.,
very common.

E 3419. Lebong, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

5. KENDRICKIA, Hook. f. K. Walkeri, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 526 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 200, is a scandent epiphytic shrub of the Anamalai Hills in South India
and the lower hills of Ceylon. Trimen says it is " a very lovely plant when in flower,
* the mode of climbing being precisely like that of ivy."

0. ALLOMORPHIA, Blume. Two species. A. urnbellulata, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
ii. 527 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 506, of the Andamans and Mergui Archipelago, and A. his-
j'i<l<t, Kurz, of the forests of Martaban, both evergreen shrubs.

7. BLASTUS, Lour. B. cochinchinensis, Lour. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 528, is a shrub of
Assam and Eastern Bengal.

8. OCHTHOCHAEIS, Blume. O. javanka, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 528 ; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 507, is a low-branched evergreen erect shrub of Tenasserim.

9. ANERINCLEISTUS, Korth. Two species. .4. Helferi, Hook. f. and A. Orif-
fithii, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 529; Kurz For. Fl. i. 507, both large shrubs of

Tenasserim.

10. ANPLECTRUM, A. Gray. A. glaucum, Triaua ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 545 (A. cyaiio-
rarpuni, Kurz For. Fl. i. 508), is an evergreen half scandent shrub of tue forests of
Martaban ami Tenasserim.

368 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

11. MEDINILLA, Gaud.

Several shrubs, usually epiphytic, with showy flowers.

1. M. himalayana, Hook f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 549.

An epiphytic shrub. Bark light brown, corky. Wood soft, grey.
Pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays numerous, very fine, of
light colour.

Sikkim Himalaya and the Khasia Hills at 3-6000 ft., where also M. rubicunda, Bl. :
Gamble Darj. List 42, is found.

E 3666. Kissooro, Darjeeling Hills, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

The wood of M. rubicunda, Bl. is similar but rather harder and of a yellowish-red
colour. (Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).)

12. PTERNANDRA, Jack.

P. capitellata, Jack ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 551 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 509, is an evergreen
shrub of Tenasserim, said, in Fl. Br. Ind., to be doubtfully distinct from the following.

1. P. cseruleseens, Jack ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 551 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 509.
An evergreen small tree. Wood light brown, soft to moderately
hard, with scattered, small, very numerous patches of (apparently)
bast tissue through which the medullary rays pass, and which, on a
vertical section, resemble the pores. Pore* small, irregular, scattered.
Medullary rays very fine, numerous, regular.

Tenasserim in Burma; Straits Settlements.

Singapore — Kew Museum (Ridley, 1897).

13. MEMECYLON, Linn.

A large genus, the description of the species of which has proved difficult to most
botanists who have studied it. C. B. Clarke, in Fl. Br. Ind., admits that he had diffi-
culty in distinguishing many of the species, so that under M. edule, Roxb. he has
included several forms which other botanists like Kurz and Trimeu have recognized as
species. In this work, which is not one of critical descriptive botany, it will be best
simply to adhere to the Fl. Br. Ind. and not to attempt the subdivision of the species
edule. The Fl. Br. Ind. describes 35 species, of which no less than 21 are from Ceylon,
15 of them endemic; 9 species are South Indian, 3 of Eastern Bengal and 10
Burmese. With few exceptions, the Ceylon species are uncommon and unimportant.

M. grande, Retz ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 557; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 221; Vera. Dodan-
wenna, dedi-kaha, Cingh., is a large shrub or small tree with smooth grey bark found
in Ceylon, but also extending to Eastern Bengal and Burma. M. amabUe, Bedd. is a
small tree of the Ghats of S. Kanara. M. paudflorum, Blume; Kurz For. Fl. i.
514, is a tree of Chittagong, Tenasserim and the Andamans. M. Ueyneanum, Benth.
is a tree of South India and Ceylon, as is also M. angustifolium, Wight. They are
all ornamental plants usually with bright blue small flowers in clusters.

Wood very hard, close-grained, brown. Pores small, in irregular
groups. Medullary rays many, extremely fine to fine.

1. M. edule, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 82; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 563; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxiii. ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 512; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 260; Talbot Bomb. List 97— including
M. umbellatum, Burm.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 206; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 216; also M. capi-
tcllatum, Linn.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 222, t. 41. Vera. Nirdsa, Uriya ; Alii, Tel.;
Anjun, anjuni, hurpa, Bombay; L'datal/i, Kan.; Kaya, kassau, Tarn. ; Kora-kaha,
wdi-kaha, dodan-kaha, Cingh,

A small tree. Bark thin, light brown, corky, narrowly cleft verti-
cally. Wood light brown, very hard, close-grained. Pores small, in
groups of soft tissue roughly connected in a concentric pattern, and so

MELASTOMACE.E 369

showing belts of dark and light colour. Medullary rays of two kinds,
the larger fine and short, the smaller extremely fine.

Forests of the Coromandel coast from Orissa southwards ; also those of the Malabar
coast from the Konkan southwards ; the Deccan ; Ceylon ; Burma.

It is believed that all the specimens examined belong to M. edule, var. typica, and
none to M. umbellatum and M. capitellatum, which I believe to be distinct species, as,
although it may be difficult to find good separating characters from the flowers and
fruit, the plants in actual growth differ considerably. The wood of all is an excellent
fuel, and makes good charcoal ; it is also used for house-posts in the Deccan and
Carnatic. It is an important constituent of the Carnatic dry evergreen forests, and
even in the sandy forests of Point Calimere in Tanjore it gives an excellent coppice
growth.

lbs.

C 3561. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 60

C 3829. Kurcholy Forests, Ganjam „ —

U 3939. Striharikota, Nellore (Gamble) 58

W 4632. Travancore (Bourdilton) 56

Ceylon Collection, No. 153 (new) (Mendis) is called M. capitellatum. It has a
rather different structure, the pores not being in groups but singly, and the wood softer.

2. M. amplexieaule, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 260 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 559 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 97 ; var. malabarica, Clarke. Vern. Limba, Mar. ; Locundi, liinbtoli, Kan.

A small tree. Bark brown, very thin, peeling off in long narrow
flakes. Wood greyish-brown, very hard, close-grained. Pores small,
in groups (clouds !) more or less concentrically arranged. Medullary
rays few fine and many very tine.

Forests of the Nilgiris and other hills of S. India at 4-6000 ft.
* lommon and conspicuous from its bright blue flowers, this well-marked species
affects rather damp sholas. The wood is only used for fuel.

lbs.
W 3728. Coonoor, Xilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) ... 65

W 4285. Hulikal „ 5000 ft. „ 65

Order L. LYTHRACEJE.

Nine genera, all belonging to the Tribe Lythre.e, viz. Woodfordia, Pemphis, Law-
sonia, Crypteronia, Lagerstromia, Dnabanga, Sonneratia, Punica and Axinandra.
Some of the genera, like Lagerstromia, Duabanga and Sonneratia, contain trees of
forest importance and giving valuable woods. That of the Jarul or Pyinma {Lager-
etromia Flos-Iiegince) is one of the finest of Indian timbers, and those of several other
Lagerstromias are nearly as good. Duabanga has a useful soft wood. Many of the
trees of the Order are exceedingly ornamental.

Lagerstromia is characterized by pores of various sizes, joined by
loose tissue forming more or less concentric bands. The other genera
have mostly softer woods, with pores in radial lines. In all, medulla ry
rays fine, regular, numerous.

1. WOODFORDIA, Salisbury.

1. W. floribunda, Salisb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 572 ; Brandis For. Fl. 238 ; Gamble
Darj. List 42 ; Talbot Bomb. List 98 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 226. IF. tomentosa, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. cxvii. W. fruticosa, Kurz For. Fl. i. 518. Orislea tomentosa, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 233. Vern. Ddwi, thaivi, santha, dhaula, Hind.; Qui daw, Kangra; Dhui,
dhuiya, dhaulo, Kumaon; Dhiati, Oudh ; Dhuvi, surUiri, C.P. ; Pitta, petisurali,
surteyli, Gondi ; Khinni, dhi, dhin, Kurku ; Dahiri, Icddairo, Nep. ; Chungkyek d«m,
Lepoha; Jatiko, dhatiko, harwari, Uriya; Jargi, Tel; Phuhatti, dayti, dhaiphal,
Mar. ; Datti, Bhil ; Dhaitri, dowari, Bombay ; Daor, dhin, Berar ; Ichi, K6L. S -nthal ;
Budki, Blmmij ; Pota beluri, Khond : Kerani, Palkonda: Jaji, Reddi; Malitta,
<Jiogh. ; I 'etkyi, Burin. (Chindwin) ; Paule, Burm. (Mogaung).

2 i:

370 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A large deciduous shrub with much-fluted stem. Bark exceedingly-
thin, grey, peeling off in thin scales. Wood reddish- white, hard, close-
grained ; often several annual rings of hard wood, alternating with a
layer of bast tissue, and then more rings of wood irregularly disposed.
Pores small, uniformly distributed, rather scanty. Med/uMary rays
fine and very fine, closely packed.

Common throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. in the Himalaya ; rare in the
south, not extending further south than the hills of Kurnool ; Shan Hills and other
forests in Upper Burma as far south as Prome ; rare in Ceylon.

A conspicuous shrub on dry hillsides and in rocky places, with red flowers.
Cunningham gives weight 58 lbs., P = 730; specimens examined weigh 46 and
62 lbs. The flowers give a red dye, which is used to dye silks.

lbs.

O 4813. Siwalik Hills, Saharanpur (Gradon) 62

C 4218. Ganjam Forests (Gamble) —

C 2794. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 46

E 876. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .... —

2. PEMPHIS, Forst. P. acidula, Forst. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 573 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. xvii. ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 518 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 227 (P. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 465),
is an evergreen shrub of the sea-coast of India, Burma, the Andaman and Cocos
Islands and Ceylon, with thick fleshy leaves.

3. LAWSONIA, Linn.

1. L. alba, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 573 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxviii. ; Brandis For. Fl.
238 ; Gamble Darj. List 42 ; Talbot Bomb. List 98 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 228. L. inermis,
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 258 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 519. The Henna plant of Egypt. Yern.
Mehndi, Hind.; Manghati, Uriya; Marithondi, Tam.; Gorantlu, Kan.; Henne,mendie,
Bombay; Dan, Burm.

A deciduous shrub. Ba /•/.■ thin, greyish-brown. Wood grey, hard,
close-grained ; alternate bands of tissue, with fewer and more numerous
pores, which may possibly be annual rings. Pores small and joined
by faint, short, interrupted concentric bands. Medullar]/ rays tine.

Wild in Baluchistan, on the Coromandel coast and perhaps in Central India and the
Deccan, but doubtful.

Cultivated throughout India as a hedge plant and for its leaves, which, powdered
and made into a paste, give the " henna " dye which is used to dye the nails, skin and
beard. Flowers fragrant.

C 2000. Nimar, Central Provinces (Brandis).

D 4258. Striharikota, Nellore (Gamble).

4. CRYPTERONIA, Blume.

Two species which Kurz and King consider as varieties of one: C. paniculata,
P.I.; Kurz For. Fl. i. 519.

1. C. pubescens, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 575. Veru. Anambo, Burm.

A tree. Wood light reddish-brown, moderately hard. Por<'«
moderate-sized, scanty, usually subdivided radially. Medullary rays
very numerous, fine, red, inconspicuous.

Pegu and Tenasscrim in Burma.

Burma — Kew Museum (Prof. Oldham, F.R.S.).

2. C. glabra, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 575.

A large tree. Bark light greyish-brown, very thin, smooth. Wood
as in C. pubescens, but softer.

Khasia Hills, at 1-3000 ft.; Chittagong, 1000 ft.
Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

LYTHRACE.E 371

5. LAGERSTROMIA, Linn.

Eleven species described in Fl. Br. Ind. L. Rottleri, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 576,
is a South Indian tree, apparenti}' scarce. L. calyculata, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 576 ;
Kurz For. Fl. i. 522, is an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban, with a
brown, heavy close-grained wood. L. floribunda, Jack ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 577 ; Kurz,
For. Fl. i 522 ; Vern. Pyinmabyii, Burm., is an evergreen small tree of the tropical
forests of Upper Tenasserim. L. venusta, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 576, is a scarce
Burmese species.

Wood greyish- or reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores of various
sizes, joined by narrow bands of loose tissue (larger wood-cells), pro-
minent on the vertical section. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uni-
form, usually bent round the pores. The woods of all are fairly
uniform in structure and quality, and are useful timbers in consider-
able demand.

1. L. indiea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 575; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 521 ; Talbot Bomb. List 98. Vern. Telinga-china, Hind. ; Saungbale, Yaw.

A small deciduous tree. Bark grey, smooth, very thin. Wood
white or light brown, hard. Pores small to moderate-sized, rather
scanty. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant. Numerous regu-
lar, pale concentric bands.

Indigenous in China ; commonly cultivated throughout India.
A pretty garden shrub or small tree, flowers of various shades, white pink, lilac, etc.

lbs.

Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) 42

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7.

2. L. parviflora, Roxb.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 575; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 31 ; Brandis For. Fl. 239 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 521 ; Gamble Darj. List 42 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 98. L. lanceolate, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 32. Vern. Bdkli, kat dhaura, dhaura,
adhuati, lendya, seina, sida, asid, Hind.; Sida, Beng., Mechi, Ass.; Bordheri, bor-
dengri, Nep. ; Kanhil, Lepcha, Shida, Garo ; Shej, Banda ; Seji, Bijeragogarb ;
Ktikria, Guz. ; Sahine, Chanda; Chakrej, Kurku; Chinangi, Tel. ; Chungi, piliigu,
Hyderabad ; Nana, bondara, nandi, belJinandi, sina, sokittia, lendi, Mar. ; Ventaku,
cheninge, Kan.; Lendya, Baigas ; Sina, nelli, leria, Gondi ; Chekerey, Kurku ; Sidho,
Uriya; Nahua, Khond ; Sianangi, Palkonda ; Saikre, K61, Sonthal ; Tsamhriay, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark light brown, thin, exfoliating in
long, thin, woody scales. Wood very hard, grey or greyish-brown,
often almost red, darker-coloured near the centre, hard. No annual
rings. Poises moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, surrounded
singly or in patches by pale rings, which are joined by fine, narrow,
irregular, wavy, interrupted and anastomozing bands of loose texture.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous, inconspicuous. The pores are
conspicuously visible on a longitudinal section.

Common in deciduous forest almost all over India, except in the very dry regions.
It is common in the sub-Himalayan forests and Lower Himalaya from the Sntlej (or
even further west! — Brandis says the Jumna, but I feel sure it occurs, at any rate, in
the Kyarda Dun and Kalesar Forests) to Assam ; also throughout Central India and
down both coasts, getting gradually more scarce, and apparently ending in the Nilpris
(Beddome mentions the Sigiir forest north of the Nilgiris, but I think I have seen it in
the Coonoor Valley).

An important tree both economically and sylviculturally. In the latter point of
view, it is important as one of the best timbers of the mixed forests ; and as being,
except Terminalia tomentosa, the most important of the usual associates of Sill. On
dry hill ranges like the Siwaliks, the hills of the Central Provinces and the Deccan, it
is abundant and useful, as it reproduces well, though it does not grow very big ; but in
the Sal forests, and in mixed forests in fairly damp localities like the Duns and the

372 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Terai, it grows of a large size, and is an excellent tree to retain in mixture with the Sal.
Economically, it is important as giving the kind of material which is in demand for the
supply of the native population ; house-posts, beams and rafters, frames for doors and
windows, pieces for agricultural implements, carts and boats. For big works, the wood
ought to be more used than it is ; but as, in the localities where it is common, there
are usually more important woods like Teak, Sal, Sissoo available, it has not been much
in demand. It has been tried for sleepers, and the results were favourable ; but not
being a gregarious tree, it cannot be supplied in quantity. The following experiments
have been made with the wood : —

Weight
in lbs. P

Kyd, in 1831, specimens from Assam, in bars 2' x 1" x 1", gave 52 757
Skinner, No. 86, „ S. India, in various sizes . „ 40 467

The average weight of the specimens examined is 53 lbs. per cubic foot, which is
probably a fair weight to adopt.

It is an excellent fuel tree, and gives very good charcoal. Dr. Leather's experiments
gave an analysis of dry wood —

Moisture 10"95 per cent.

Carbon and other organic matter . . . 86*15 „
Ash 2-90 „

while its calorific power was 83*5 per cent, of that of pure carbon, and 1 lb. of the wood

evaporated 12*34 lbs. of water at 212° Fahr.

The bark has been employed in tanning, chiefly as a black colouring agent. It also

gives a fibre occasionally used for rough ropes. The gum is sweet and edible. The

tasar silkworm will feed on the leaves.

lbs.

0 232. Garhwal (1868) 45

0 2999. „ (1874) 51

0 339. Gorakhpur (1868) 54

C 196. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 49

C 2735, 2749. Mobarli Reserve, Central Provinces (Brandis) . . 50

C 1140. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .60

C 2768. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 54

C 3547. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

C 956. Guzerat, Bombay (Shuttleworth) —

E (>66. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) 52

E 2379, 3611. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) ... 54

E 785. Kamrup, Assam (Mann) —

W 1220. North Kanara (Barrett) 57

These last two are var. majuscula, Clarke, while the Darjeeling Terai and Assam
specimens are probably var. benghalensis, Clarke.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

3. L. lanceolata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 576 ; Brandis For. Fl. 240. L. micro-
carpn, Wight ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 30; Talbot Bomb. List 99. Vern. Benteal; venteak,
Tam. ; Ventaku, Tel.; Bolundur, billi nandi, Kan.; Nana, Mar.; Senjdl, Mai.;
Venda, vengalam, Trav. Hills.

A large deciduous tree. Bark white, smooth, peeling off in thin
flakes like paper. Wood red or reddish-brown, moderately hard.
Annual rings fairly distinct. Pores small to large, often subdivided
and in patches or singly, joined by narrow irregular transverse wavy
bands of soft texture, much narrower than in L. parvifolia. Medul-
lary rays very fine, very numerous, bent round the small pores, and
either bent round or ending in the larger ones. Pores conspicuous on
a longitudinal section.

Western Coast of India, in deciduous forest, from Bombay to Travancore, ascend-
ing into the hill ranges of Mysore, Coorg, the Nilgiris, etc.

A valuable and important timber tree, much in request, aud giving one of the best
of the woods of Western India. It grows to a large size, aud is very abundant, and is

LYTHRACE.E

373

used for building purposes, ships, coffee-cases and furniture. The growth is moderately
fast, being about 6 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Foulkes, in " Notes on Timber Trees
in S. Kanara," says it prefers gneiss soils to laterite, and does best in the low Ghat
forests, where the rainfall is fairly heavy; also that, though uncertain of natural
reproduction, it grows fast when once started, and gets a bole 60 to 80 ft. high. The
weight and transverse strength have been determined as follows : —

Experiment by whom conducted. Year. Whence pro-
cured.

No. of ex-
periments.

0

-1

i

s

Value of P.

Skinner, No. 85 . . . . 1862

Puckle 1859 Mysore

List , 1863 „

Balfour — Malabar

Talbot 1885 |Kanara

H. H. O'Connell . . . . 1886 Coimbatore
Bourdillon 1895 Travancore

1

ft. in. in.

— | Various

5 2x1x1

3 7x2x2

2 ! 7 x 2 x 2\

4 6x2x2/

3 Different

— —

lbB.
41
41
39
49

45

50
43

619

93'J

542
/ 542
\ 515

a = 0-01065
596

lbs.

W 765, 862. South Kanara (Cherry) 48

W 4143. Anamalai Hills, Coimbatore 45

W 4543. Travancore (Bourdillon), much sapwood . . . .38

4. L. Flos-Reginse, Retz; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 577; Kurz For. Fl. i. 524; Talbot
Bomb. List 99 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 228. L. Begince, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 29 ; Brandis For. Fl. 240. Vern. Jarid, Beng. ; Afhar, Ass. ; Bolashari,
Graro ; Gara saikre, K61 ; Taman, mota bondara, Mar. ; Kadali, piimaruthu, Tarn. ;
Challd hole dasdl, Kan. ; Adamboe, mani marutha, uir marutha, Mai. ; Shem marutha,
Trav. Hills ; Kamaung, Magh ; Elkmive, Upper Burma ; Pyinntu, ye-pymma, Burm. ;
Muruta, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey to cream-coloured,
peeling oft' in irregular flakes. Wood shining, light red, hard. Awnucd
rings marked by a belt of large pores. Pores of all sizes from
extremely small to large, the latter often subdivided, joined by
narrow, wavy and often anastomosing concentric bands of soft tissue,
which contain the smaller pores. Medulla r;j rays very or extremely
line, often indistinct. The wood in Burma is frequently very porous
with an abundance of large pores, that from India is more compact.
Pores and bands prominent on a vertical section.

Assam Valley, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong; Chota-Nagpore and the Circars,
but scarce ; Western Coast from the South Konkan southwards ; throughout Burma ;
moist low country of Ceylon ; often cultivated.

The chief timber tree of Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong, and one of the
most important of the trees of Burma. It is chiefly found along river-banks and on
low swampy ground, and is only sporadic and of less forest importance than if it
were gregarious or grew in regular forest. It is very handsome when covered with
its large lilac flowers, and is therefore commonly cultivated in gardens and avenues,
but in the north of India it only grows as a small tree, with low branches and a
rounded head. Even, however, at its best, it grows only crooked and knotty, and
therefore there is considerable waste in the utilization of the wood. The natural
reproduction does not seem to be always very good; and, in Chittagong at any rati-,
the tree seems to have a tendency to get scarce, for the large trees are felled to supply
the demand for the timber, and there are few young ones to replace them. Similar
experience has been reported from Assam. The seeds obtained from cultivated trees
appear to germinate badly. The result is that, although giving a tine useful timber,
the Jariil tree is never likely to be important beyond its use for local requirements.

Growth moderate ; the specimens show, on an average, 7 rings per inch of radius.

374

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

In 1876 Mr. W. R. Fisher measured five trees in the Sidli Forest, Goalpara District,

Assam. The results were, on an average —

In. In. In. In. In.

On a length of radius equivalent to a girth of IS 36 54 72 90
No. of rings 15 25 39 51 66

On an average, therefore, the number of rings per inch of radius is 4*6 ; and the
tree appears to add a cubit to its girth every thirteen years on an average. The weight
and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : —

Experiment by whom conducted.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

* C

t*. at

° a

Size of bar.

"3

Value of P.

fcg.

£

ft,

in. iu.

lbs.

Wallich ....

—

India

—

46-5

Adrian Mendia

1855

Ceylon

—

42

—

Baker .

1829

Bengal

n

2

X

1 X 1

—

850

Skinner, No. 87

1862

South India

—

—

40

637

Kyd .

1831

Assam

—

2

X

2 x l

37

407?

)5

»

—

—

38

633

—

—

38

383?

Benson

Burma

—

3

X

1-4 x 1-4

38

849

Forbes Watson

—

—

3

X

1-5 X 15

36

651

Brandis, Nos. 01,

62 .

1862

—

—

405

—

» »»

.,

1864

4

7

X

2x2

47

680

Commissariat Department .

—

Moulinein

_

38

822

Bourdillon ....

1895

Travancore

—

—

41

500

Average

40

The specimens here enumerated give an average of 43 lbs. per cubic foot, so that
the weight may be taken at 40 to 45 lbs. per cubic foot. The report on the timber made
by Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute, gives the following results
(Agricl. Ledger, No. 9 (1897); "Ind. Forester," xxiv. 89) :—

Weight 41-77 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . 832-4 lbs. per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 5'22 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of elasticity 544'1 „ „

Crushing stress 2*762 „ „

The timber is used for shipbuilding, for boats and canoes; for construction and
carts. It has been used for gun-carriages and was recently recommended for gun-
stocks, but the report was unfavourable. Beddome says that in Ceylon it is used lor
casks. The Ledger Report above quoted records that in the Garo Hills standing trees
are sold at Rs.6 each ; that in Sylhet and Cachar it is valued at Rs.l per cubic foot.
But excellent as the timber is, it will always have the disadvantage of the supply
being limited, and that, owing to the tree only flourishing in restricted localities, its
proper treatment and the extension of its growth are difficult matters. It is right here
to mention Mr. C. W. Hope's paper on "Jariil timber" in " Ind. Forester," vol. xl.
373, in which he condemns the wood as not being durable and as being readily
attacked by white ants. However, it does not seem to be quite certain that the " reel
' and white jarul " to which he refers was really the wood of this tree.

lbs.

E 630. Eastern Duars, Assam (G. Mann)

B lL'L'S. Si bsagar, Assam (G. Mann)

E 2188. Nowgong, Assam „

E 1272. Cachar (G. Mann) .

E 410. Sundarbans (Richardson)

E 710. Chittagong (Chester)

E 3088. Chittas-ong (Gamble) .

W 726. South Kauara (Cherry) .

B 808. Pegu (Ribbentrop) .

P. 3007. Burma (Brandis, 1802) .

B 2717. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) .

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. VIII. 4).

•is

40

40

38-5

47

47

52-5

46

39

40

42

LYTHRACE.E

37;

Nos. B 296, Burma (1867), 48 lbs., and B 3068, Burma (Brandis, 1862), 45 lbs.,
have a much redder wood, more open-grained, and with more prominent bands. They
belong to L. macrocarpa, Wall.; Kurz i. 524, which is probably var. angusta of
L. Flos-Beg inaf. Vern. Eon pyinma, Burm.

5. L. hypoleuca, Kurz For. Fl. i. 523; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 577. Vern. Pyinma,
Burm. ; Pdbdd, And.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thin, whitish. Wood red, hard.
Pores very small to very large, in fine, wavy, concentric, anastomozing,
but sometimes interrupted lines of soft tissue, alternating with darker
wood of firmer texture, in which the very fine medullary rays are
distinctly visible.

Andaman Islands, in the moister upper mixed forests.

Growth slow, 10 to 18 rings per inch of radius. Weight 41 to 50 lbs. according to
Major Protheroe ; Bennett gives 41 lbs. and P = 570 ; Heinig gives 38 to 48 lbs., and
the specimens herein enumerated give an average of about 40 lbs. Heinig says the
wood, after steeping in earth oil and gurjan oil mixed, is used for shingles; also for
posts and frames, wall- and floor-planking, spokes and felloes of wheels.^ He also says
it seasons well, is durable and seldom attacked by white ants, but as it swells when
wet it is unsuited for boat-building. It squares up to 50 ft. in length with a siding of

J lbs.

B 510. Andaman Islands (Gen. Barwell) —

B 2202, 2274, 2283. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) . 45, 38 and 34
B 2496. Andaman Islands (Home, 1874, No. 2) . . . . 44

6. L. Villosa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 576 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 524. Vern. YaunggaU,
Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark light brown, | in. thick (young-
tree) with irregular vertical clefts, fibrous within. Wood (young
tree) whitish or greyish, with occasional irregular short concentric
patches of bast tissue, somewhat as in Woodfordia, but not so broad
or so long. Annual rings faintly marked, by a nearly continuous
line of pores. Pores moderate-sized, surrounded by and joined
together into more or less concentric rings by pale loose tissue.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, the distance between them less than
the diameter of the pores.

Tropical forests of Pegu, Martaban and Upper Burma.

B 4852. Pyinmana, Burma (G. E. Cubitt) 37

B 5039. Pegu Division, Burma 45

B 5097. Toungoo Division, Burma 40

7. L. tomentosa, Pies] ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 578 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 522. Vern. Leza,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark -} in. thick, grey. Wood grey or
greyish-brown, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores from very
small to very large, the latter often subdivided, joined by numerous
concentric lines, alternating with broad bands of firmer tissue, in
which the fine, wavy, numerous medullary rays are prominent. The
medullary rays either pass round or stop short at the large pores.

Burma ; frequent in Pegu and Martaban, also in Pyinmana and Mindalay in Upper
Burma.

Wright, according to Brandis' Catalogue, 1862, No. 59 {L. pubesct ns, Wall.), 53 lbs. ;
Brandis' three experiments in 1864 with bars 3 ft. x 1 in. x 1 in. gave: Weight
38 lbs. and P = 588. The specimens give 46 and 53 lbs. The timber is valued for
bows and spear-handles, and is also used for canoes and cart-wheels.

376 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

B 572. Prorue (Ribbentrop) 46

B 2533. Burma (Braodis, 1862) 53

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

6. DUABANGA, Ham.

1. D. sonneratioides, Ham.; PI. Br. Iud. ii. 579 ; Kurz For. PI. i. 525 ; Gamble
Darj. List 42. Lagerstromia grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 503. Vera. Bandorhullu.
Beng. ; Lampatia, Nep. ; Dur, Lepcha; Kochan, kokan, Ass. ; Jurid-jhalna, Cachar ;
Boivdorkella, bolchim, achung, Garo ; Baichua, Magh ; Myaukngo, mau-lettanslu,
Burm.

A lofty deciduous tree. Bark light brown, peeling off in thin
flakes. Wood grey, often streaked with yellow, soft, seasons well,
neither warps nor splits. Pores large and moderate-sized, often oval
and subdivided, in roughly oblique lines. Medullar// rays fine, very
numerous, wavy. Pores well marked on a longitudinal section.

Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 3000 ft., Assam and Burma.

A very fine tree which is conspicuous in the Sikkim forests, having a tall bare stem
often 80 ft. to the first branch and 100 ft. to the summit, with drooping branches and
terminal floweis (see Hook. f. 111. Him. PI. t. 11). Growth fast, '5 rings per inch of
radius, specimen No. E 3622 shows only 2 rings. Weight, according to Brandis*
Burma List of 1862, No. 64, 30 lbs. per cubic foot ; the specimens give an average of
32 lbs. The wood does not warp or split, and canoes cut out of it green are at once
used, even when liable alternately to wet and to the heat of the sun. It is used in
Northern Bengal and Assam for tea-boxes, for which purpose it is admirably fitted.
It is also made into canoes and cattle-troughs. The seeds are extremely small and
the seedlings very minute at first, but the growth is very fast. Seedlings at the
Bamunpokri Plantation in Bengal, which had come up on the sites of old charcoal
kilns (see "Indian Forester," iv. 345), attained a height of 10 ft. in two years, with

proportionate girth and fine spreading branches.

lbs.

E 652. Bakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .... 32

E 2380. Sukna Forest „ „ (Gamble) .... 32

E 3622. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. „ —

E 950. Eastern Ddars, Assam 32

E 1230. Sibsagar, Assam (Mann) 36

E 1436. Assam 29

E 1285. Cachar (Mann) 32

E 1499. Sylhet „ —

E 713. Chittagoug (Chester) 31

B 807. Pegu (Ribbentrop) 30

B 1995. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) (young tree) 21

7. SONNERATIA, Linn. f.

Contains four Indian trees found in the coast forests of Sind, Bengal, S. India, Arracan,
Pegu, Tenasserim and the Andamans. Besides the two described : S. alba, Sm. ; PI.
Br. Ind. i. 580; Kurz For. Fl. i. 256; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 230, is found in the shore
forests of the Andamans, and has been collected in Ceylon at ("Inlaw ; and £. Orif-
fithii, Kurz For. Fl. i. 527 ; Veru. Tubyv, is common in littoral forests in Burma.

Wood soft, even-grained. Pores small, oval and radially sub-
divided. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Root branches
frequent and conspicuous.

1. S. apetala, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 579 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 506 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxviii. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 527 ; Talbot Bomb. List 99 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 229. Vern.
Keowru, Beng. ; Kylanki, Tel. ; Mamma, Tarn. ; Kanbala, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark black, smooth, shining,
with horizontal oval lenticels. Wood, moderately hard: sapwood

LYTHRACE.t 377

grey ; heartwood reddish-brown. Pure* small, numerous, oval and
subdivided, in two to three sections. Medullary rays line, very
numerous, bent round the pores.

Tidal creeks and littoral forests of Bengal, the Koukan, the Coromandel Coast, arid
Burma ; rare in Ceylon.

The wood is said by Kurz to be good for house-building, packing-boxes, etc., but
Schlich (" Ind. Forester," i. 8) speaks of it as of little use except for planking and fuel.
Heinig (Sund. Wg. Plan) says it is gregarious on banks of brackish rivers, chiefly east
of the Eaimangal, and that the wood is used for planks, furniture, boxes and parts of
boats as well as for fuel. It gives slender upright root processes.

lbs.

E 399. Sundarbans (Richardson) 44

E 3699. „ (Gamble) 40

D 4113. South Arcot coast forests (Wooldridge) 33

2. S. aeida, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 579 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 506 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxviii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 242 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 526 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 230. Vern.
Urcha, ora, archakd, Beng. ; Tapu, tamu, Burm. ; Kiwnai, Tarn.; Kirilla, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, soft, even-grained. Pores
small, oval and subdivided, very numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, bent round the pores.

Tidal creeks and littoral forests of India, Burma, Ceylon and the Andanians,.
extending westwards to the Indus delta. In the Sundarbans it affects the inner or
northern portion.

The wood is said by Beddome to be used for models, and in Ceylon to be a good
substitute for coal in steamers. The fruit is eateu in the Sundarbans. Trimen says
of the erect root-branches, " as they attain 18 in. to 3 ft. in height and 3 in. in diameter,
' and have a soft, firm, even texture, they form a fine substitute for cork, and are cut
' into slices and used for entomologist's boxes and other purposes."

lbs.

E 395. Sundarbans (Richardson) 31

B 3379. Kyoukphyoo, Arracan 42

No. 33, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).
.Nordlinyer's Sections, vol. 10.

8. PUNICA, Linn.

1. P. Granatum, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 581 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 499; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. cxix. ; Brandis For. Fl. 241 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 528 ; Talbot Bomb. List 99 ; Gamble
Darj. List 42. The Pomegranate. Vern. Andr, ddrim, ddl, daru, dhdru, Hind.;
Darun, Simla; Danoi, Jaunsar; DaMm, <l<tr<nu, darmi, Kumaon ; Dalimbe, Kan.:
Thale, Burm.

A shrub or small tree. Bark grey, thin, peeling off in small flake>.
Wood light yellow, with a small darker-coloured irregular heartwood.
hard, compact and close-grained. Pores very small, single or sub-
divided or in radial strings. Medullary rays veiy fine, very nume-
rous. Medullary patches frequent.

Wild in the Suliman range, between 3500 and 6000 ft., Salt Range and West
Himalaya. Cultivated in many parts of India and Burma.

Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius (Brandis). Weight : Mathieu Fl. For.
p. 195, gives 52 to 63 lbs. ; the specimens give 56 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not
used, but might be tried as a substitute for boxwood. The fruit is generally eaten, but
the best kinds come from Afghauistan. The flowers are very handsome, bright scarlet
in colour, and give a light red dye ; the bark and the rind of the fruit are used for
tanning and dyeing leather, and the root-bark is an effectual anthelmintic.

lbs.

P 106. Sutlej Valley, Punjab 57

H 4706. Bamsu, Tehri-Garhwal, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .55
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

378 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

9. AXINANDHA, Thwaites. A. zeylanica, Thw.; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 581; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 231 ; Vern. Kekiriwara, Cingh., is a rare endemic large tree of the moist
low country of Ceylon, with a straight trunk, drooping branches and smooth pale
brown bark.

Order LI. SAMYDACEJE.

Three genera : Casearia, Osmelia and Homalium, all containing forest trees of more
or less importance, the last including one of the finest of the timber trees of Burma.

Wood close-grained, generally rather rough. Pores small to
moderate-sized, scanty, radially arranged between the fine, numerous
medullary rays.

1. CASEARIA, Jacq.

Ten species. G. coriacea, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 502; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 237, is a
scarce tree of the higher hills of Ceylon above 6000 ft. C. ruhescens, Dalz. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. ii. 593 ; Talbot Bomb. List 100, is a shrub of the forests on the Ghats of X.
Kanara. C. Vareca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 418 ; Fl. Br. Ind.ii. 593 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 530 ;
Gamble Darj. List 42, is a small tree of the sub-Himalayan forests, in ravines and along
streams from Nepal eastwards, the Khasia Hills up to 3000 ft., and the hills of Upper
Burma. C. wynadensis, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 593 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxx. is a small
tree of the Western Ghats in Nilgiris, Malabar and Travancore at 2-3000 ft. C.
Kvrzii, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 594 (G. glomerata, var. puberula, Kurz For. Fl. i. 530),
is a small tree of the forests of Chittagong.

Wood yellowish-white, moderately hard, rough. Pores small or
very small, in radial groups or lines. Medullary rays tine, numerous,
the distance between them usually equal to the diameter of the pores.

1. C glomerata, Roxk Fl. Ind. ii. 419 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 591 ; Kurz For. Fl. i.
530; Gamble Darj. List 42. Vern. Lurjur, Sylhet ; Jkergonli, ba/rkholi, Nep. ; Sugvat,
Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood yellowish-white, moderately hard,
rough. Pores small, in radial lines. Medullary rays of two sizes;
numerous very fine rays between fewer moderately broad, giving a
silver-grain on a radial section, the distance between them equal
to the diameter of the pores.

Forests of the Himalaya from Nepal eastwards at 4-7000 ft.; Khasia Hills,
Sylhet and hills of Upper Burma.

A common tree in the Darjeeling Forests; in forest it becomes a big tree, but on old
cultivated lands it is a bush only associated with shrubby plants like Mcesa, Sauraujn ,
etc. Manson (Darjeeling Working Plan, 1893) says it likes warm sunny aspects and
is a capital nurse for restocking blanks. The wood is used for building, charcoal and
occasionally for tea-boxes.

lbs.
E 691. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 0000 ft. (Johnston) . . 48
E 2381. „ „ „ „ (Gamble) ... 45

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. VI11. 5).

2. C graveolens, Dalzell; Fl. Br. Iud. ii. 592; Brandis For. Fl. 243; Gamble
Darj. List 43; Talbot Bomb. List 100. C. Canziala, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 529.
Vern. Ghilla, ndro, kathera, pimpri, Hind.; Xaru, iirirliu, Dehra Dun; Narra, nar,
pinpriya, Kumaon ; Nara, phempri, Garhwal ; Kukri, Doti&l; Tanki, Lepcha; Girchi,
Gondi; Beivat, Kurku ; Bawit, Berar ; Benchu, Koderma ; Xe wri, Southal ; Beri, Kol;
Beri, Kharwar ; Veska, Koya ; Giridit Uriya ; Bokhara, Max.

A small deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, with a few longitudinal
wrinkles. Wood light yellow, moderately hard, rough, even-grained.
Pores small, often oval and subdivided, in radial lines, rather larger
than in C. glomerata. Medullary rays tine, equidistant, very

SAMYDACE.E 379

numerous, visible as a silver-grain, the distance between them equal
to the diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards ; Oudh, Central India, Orissa and
the Circars, also S. Konkan ; lower mixed forests all over Burma.

Like other species, this tree is found both of fair size in the forests and in a bushy
form in open places ; the large leaves are conspicuous and turn red in winter. The
wood is of poor cpuality and little or not at all used, but it has a good grain and should
do for carvings, plates, etc., like the very similar wood of Holarrhena. The fruit is
used to poison fish.

lbs.

O 240. Garhwal (1868) 42

O 271. „ „ 40

O 1456. Bahraich, Oudh (Eardley-Wilmot) 49

O 3090. Kheri, Oudh (Wood) —

3. C tomentosa, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 421 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 593 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxix.; Brandis For. Fl. 243; Talbot Bomb. List 100; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 238. Vem.
Chilla, chilara, bairi, bhuri, Hind. ; Beri, bhains her, Oudh; Maun, Manbhiim ; Men,
wasa, gamgudu, Tel. ; Lainja, massed, karei, Mar.; Girari, Uriya ; Thundri, .Gondi ;
Khesa, Kirku ; Kanera, Koderma ; Chorcho, Sonthal ; Monkurokuri, Mai Pahari ;
Bore', K61 ; Beri, Khawar ; Gidugam, Palhouda ; Vesla, Koya ; Jinuguda, Beddi.

A small tree. Bark \ in. thick, brittle, exfoliating in more or
less square flakes. Wood yellowish -white, moderately hard, rough,
close-grained. Pore* small and very small, in radial lines. Medullary
rays line and very fine, wavy, equidistant, very numerous, bent round
the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards to Nepal ; Oudh, Eastern Bengal,
Central, Western and South India ; very rare in Ceylon.

As with the other species, this also grows to a large size in forest and bushy in
open lands, where, like the others, it probably owes its luxuriant growth to being
disliked by goats. ■ The wood is very similar to that of C. graveolens, and, like it, but
little used. Brandis says combs are made of it. If cut green so as to prevent dis-
coloration it ought to be good for carving. W = 40 lbs. The bark is bitter; it is
used for adidterating the " Kamela " powder. The pounded fruit is used to poison
fish. The leaves have been seen in the Dehra Dun to be covered with the bright
green Hemipterous insect Scutellera nobilis, Fabr., which evidently sucks them, but
the damage done was not very apparent.

lbs.

() 1363. Gouda, Oudh (Dods worth) 41

0 3085. „ „ (Wood) —

O 3089. Kheri, Oudh „ —

C 1183. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .41

C 2802. Melghat, Berar (youug) (Brandis) 38

C 3527. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) ...... 43

C 4217. Ganjam Forests (Gamble) 36

4. C eseulenta, Roxb. Fl. [nd. ii. 422 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 592 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxix. ;
Talbot Bomb. List 100 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 237. C. varians, Thw. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 208. Vern. Mori, Mar. ; Kakhaipalai, Tarn. ; Wal-ivaraka, Cingh.

A shrub or tree. Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores small, scanty, evenly distributed. MedvZla/ry rays fine,
numerous, equidistant, giving a satiny silver-grain.

Western Coast from the Konkan southwards, and hills of the Western Grb&tfl up
to 4000 ft. ; common in Ceylon up to 500U ft.

Beddome speaks of this as a large tree in the Western Ghat forests, and it probably
has the same characteristics as the other species, being large in thick forest, and
shrubby only in open places. Trimen says the wood and leaves are used medicinally,
and the fruit is eaten in I eylon.

lbs.

W 4723. Travancore (Bourdillon) 53

380 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. OSMELIA, Thwaites.

1. 0. zeylaniea, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 595 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 209. 0. Gardneri,
Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 238.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood light yellow,
moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small to moderate-sized,
scanty, irregularly distributed between the fine, regular, pale me-
didlary rays.

Moist region of Ceylon, at 2-4000 ft.
Ceylon : Int. Exhn. 1862 — Kew Museum.

3. HOMALIUM, Jacq.

About nine species, mostly Burmese. H. minutiflorum, Kurz For. Fl. i. 532.
II. propinquam, Clarke and H. Griffithianuin, Kurz For. Fl. i. 531, are Burmese
trees. H. SchUchii, Kurz For. Fl. i. 532 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 597, is an evergreen tree of
Chittagong. H. travancoricum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 211 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 598, is a
middle-sized tree of the evergreen forests of the Ghats of Travancore and Tinnevelly.

Wood hard, white to red. Pores small to moderate-sized, scant}',
between the numerous fine medullary rays.

1. H. nepalense, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 596 ; Brandis For. Fl. 244.

A tree. Bark } in. thick, creamy white, peeling off in rectangular
scales. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained, shining, annual
rings distinct. Pores small, evenly distributed, scanty. Medullar)/
rays fine, moderately numerous.

Valleys in Nepal (a large tree — Wallich) ; Northern Circars in Ganjam (Maheudra-
giri Hill, 4000 ft.) and the Eumpa Hills, 3000 ft. (a small tree).

lbs.

C 3903. Ptumpa Hills, Godavari, 3000 ft. (Gamble) .... 53

2. H. tomentosum, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 51)6; Brandis For. Fl. 243; Kurz
For. Fl. i. 531. Blackwellin tommtosa, Vent. ; Brandis' Burma Catalogue, 1862, No.
58. Vera. Myaukchaw, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thin, very smooth, white or greyish-
white. Wood brown, with dark-coloured heartwood, very hard, heavy
and close-grained, splits in seasoning. Pores small, scant}', regularly
distributcd between the fine, very closely packed medullary rays,
which are bent outwards where they touch the pores. The distance
between the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Northern Circars, Chittagong and Burma, where it is very common.
Weight : Brandis in Burma List, 1862, No. 58, gives 56 lbs. His experiments made
in 1864 were as follows : —

Weight.
No. Size of liar. in lbs. \ alue of P.

2 . 3' x 1" x 1" . 53 . 880

3 . 2' x 1" x 1" . 54 . 868

Our specimens give an average of 59 lbs. This may be the wood experimented
on by Skinner, No. 53 (see also under Dalbergia lanceolaria, p. 254), weight 62 lbs.,
P = 1003. He calls it " Moulmein lancewood " and Moukslwiu. The wood is durable,
and is used for the teeth of harrows and for furniture. The tree grows very big in
Burma, with a clean bole of up to 70 ft. in height bo first branch.

lbs.

B 331. Burma (1866^ 63

. 50
61,64, 65
. 61

B 2534. „ (Brandis, 1S62) ....

B 2692, 2699, 2702. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) .
E 3713, 4283. Boyal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King)
C 3921. Jaganathprasad Forest, Ganjam (Gamble)

SAMYDACE.E 381

3. H. zeylanieum, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 596; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 210; Talbot
Bomb. List 101 ; Triinen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 239. Vera. Liyan, liyangu, Cingh.

A large tree. Wood greyish-red to red, hard, even-grained, rough,
darker in the centre in irregular masses. Pores moderate-sized, in
radial or slightly oblique strings. Medullary rays extremely fine,
numerous and closely packed.

Evergreen forests of tbe Nortbern Ghats of N. Kanara, and tbence down to
Travancore and Tinnevelly ; forests of N. Arcot on tbe edge of tbe Deccan Plateau ;
moist low country of Ceylon up to 3000 ft.

lbs.

W 4293. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 38

W 4678. Travancore (Bourdillon) 52

No. 83, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

Okder LII. PASSIFLOREJE.

This Order is really hardly worth mention, but some species of Passiflora are found
as more or less woody climbers in the forests, and Carica Papaya, Linn., the Papaw
tree; Vera. Papaya, papita, Hind.; Perinji, Kan.; Thinhaw, Burm., is a small, soft-
wooded, or rather fleshy, tree, which was introduced from South America, and is now
cultivated all over India for its valuable fruit. The tree has the property of reudering
meat tender if the pieces are soaked in the juice or suspended under it (see, also,
Agric. Ledger, No. 31, 1896).

The wood of Carica consists of an outer ring of fibrous wood bundles surrounding a
large central mass of cellular pith tissue. In the wood ring the bundles are wedge-
shaped, crossed ladder-like at intervals by bars in which the rather small pores are
found. Between the bundles come the rather indistinct soft medullary rays. On the
vertical outer surface of the wood circle the ends of the bundles form a diamond-
shaped network. The bark is thin, fleshy within, papery outside.

1. PASSIFLORA, Linn.

Passion Flowers. Two indigenous species. P. nepalensis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.
600, is a glabrous climber with slender angular branches fouud in the Central and
Eastern Himalaya and the Khasia Hills up to 6000 ft. P. fcetida, Linn. ; Vera.
Thagya, Burm., is a pretty species with a pectinate moss-like involucre, introduced from
tropical America, and now acclimatized in many places. P. stipulata, Ait. is an
introduced small climber common in the hills of South India and Ceylon. P. suberosa,
Linn., with very small flowers aud corkv stems, is also a common introduced plant in
many places. P. edulis, Sims, is the " Passion fruit " or " Sweet-cup," often cultivated.

1. P. Lesehenaultii, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 599.

A slender climbing shrub, with leaves broadly truncate at apex
and three- lobed, stems angular, about 1 in. thick. Bark brown, smooth.
Wood white, porous, very soft, in radial wedges containing very large
pores and separated by lew very broad medullary rays.

Mountains of South India, up to 7000 ft.

W 3892. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

Order LIII. DATISCEiE.

One genus only produces a tree in India, viz. : Tetrameles. Datisca cannahiwr,
Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 656; Vera. Alcalbir, bhang jald, Hind., is a tall, erect herb
resembling hemp and found in the West Himalaya, which gives a red or yellow dye.

1. TETRAMELES, R. Br.

1. T. nudiflora, P. Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.657 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 212; Brandis For.
Fl. 245 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 535 ; Gamble Darj. List 43 ; Talbot Bomb. List 101 ; Trimen

382 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

FI. Ceyl. ii. 265. Vera. Mainakat, honngia, Nep. : Payomko, Lepcha ; Bolong, Garo :
Sandugaza, Beng. ; Bohir, jermahi, Kan. ; Ugado, Mar.; Chini, Tarn.; Chini,vella
chini, Mai.; Nigunu, mugunu, Cingh. ; Tseikpdban, Magh : Baing, Upper Burma;
Thitpok, Burm.

A very large deciduous tree, with cylindrical, often much-buttressed
stem. Bark greyish- white, 1 in. thick, spongy, marked with horizontal
wrinkles and small vertical lines of lenticels; peels off in thin papery
layers. Wood white, soft. Annual ring* marked by a belt of close
pores. Wood cells large. Pores large, often subdivided and in short
zigzag, transverse lines. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
clearly marked, the distance between the rays equal to the diameter
of the pores.

Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Bhutan, up to 2000 ft. ; Garo Hills ; Chitta-
gong Forests ; tropical forests in the moist parts of Burma ; plains and lower hills
of the Western Coast from the Konkan to Travancore, up to 2500 ft. ; low country of
Ceylon, up to 3000 ft.

An immense, very conspicuous tree. Kurz says it reaches 150 ft., with 100 ft. to
the first branch and 15 ft. in girth ; and I have seen some in the lower Darjeeling hills
of quite that height and about 30 ft. in girth. I also once measured a specimen in the
Buxa forests 154 ft. high, with a girth of 15 ft. This is about the size mentioned by
Bourdillon as reached by the tree in Travancore. The rate of growth is very fast, but
unfortunately we have no recorded measurements. Kurz says the wood is valueless,
but Bourdillon reports it to be used exclusively (? only) for dug-out canoes, and says
that if rubbed with fish oil and used in salt water a boat will last for 8 to 10 years. It
propagates itself readily from seed, the seeds being very small and easily carried by the
wind. He gives W = 21 lbs., P = 321. The more correct weight is probably 24 lbs.
per cubic foot.

lbs.
E 3288. Rinkheong Reserve, Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble) . . —

W 4544. Travancore (Bourdillon) 2G

B 4861. Yabe Reserve, Magwe (S. E. Jenkins)

B 4900. Minbu Division (Calthrop) 24

B 5070. Thaungyin Forests (Cappel) 30

B 5013. Prome Division 18

Order LIV. CACTEiE.

Two genera — Rhipsalis and Opuntia.

1. RHIPSALIS, Gaertn. B. Cassytha, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 658; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 266; Vern. Wal-nawahandi, Cingh., is a fleshy shrub growing on rocks, or
epiphytic on trunks of trees in the moist region of Ceylon up to 4000 ft.

2. OPUNTIA, Mill. Prickly Pear. Several species of this genus have been intro-
duced, and have, with sometimes disastrous results, escaped from cultivation, and now
cover enormous areas in the Deccan ami Carnatic. Apparently, Masulipatam was the
place where the Cactus was first grown, and the species was O. Dillenii, DC; Vein.
Kalazaw, kalazaung, Burm., which has glaucous green blanches and bright yellow
flowers. This, I believe, is the species which is probably the most common in the
Northern Deccan and the Circars; but in the Carnatic country, around Madras, as
Mr. Joseph Steavenson (Proc. Madras Agri.-Mort. Soc, 1885) has pointed out, the
common species is a red-flowered one, which is probably 0. s2nnosissima, Mill. There
are also several other species in cultivation or run wild, but their complete identiflca-
tion has never been fully carried out, and requires to be done.

The fruit of most species is more or less edible, and can be used for making alcohol :
and the branch-joints, after their thorns have been cut off, have been chopped up and
given to 'cattle in time of scarcity.

Prickly pear has sometimes been used for forest boundary hedges and to protect
avenue trees on road-sides, but is not a good species for the purpose, as it is liable to
spread. To the Forest officer the chief interest in it has been the hope that it would

CACTE.K 385

assist in the reproduction of forest trees, by protecting the seedlings from cattle when
young ; but Mr. A. W. Peet tells me that this hope has hardly been fulfilled in the
Madras forests. Seeds, however, often sow themselves naturally in the middle of
Cactus bushes, or may be sown artificially by means of a long-handled hoe ; and with
the help of the prickly pear, some of the seed sown, especially mm, tamarind, babul,
soapnut, date, palmyra, may, it is hoped, germinate and the resulting trees eventually
help to kill off their protector when he has served his purpose.

Various endeavours have been made to introduce the Cochineal insect and make
Cochineal a regular article of Indian trade, but it is enough to refer to the very interest-
ing history of the subject given in Dr. Watt's Dictionary, vol. ii. p. 398.

Order LV. UMBELLIFEKJE.

A large Order containing chiefly herbaceous plants, as types of which the cultivated
vegetables, carrot, parsnip, celery, parsley may be indicated. Only one genus in India
contains even a shrubby plant, and that is only locally interesting and of no economic
importance.

1. BUPLEURUM, Linn.

1. B. plantaginifolium, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 674.

A shrub with few stems, or a treelet 6 ft. high, running to scarcely
more than 1 in. in diameter at base. Bark very thin, dark brown,
with horizontal rings. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores
extremely small, very scanty. Medullary rays very tine, very short,
numerous.

Hill ranges of South India at 6-8000 ft., conspicuous in the sholas between
Ootacamund and Doddabetta.

W 3994. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 8000 ft. (Gamble).

Order LVI. ARALIACEiE.

Contains 17 genera of usually small, soft-wooded trees or shrubs, erect or climbing.
They are of little forest importance, none of them having any economic value, though
some have good soft white woods which might serve for some carpentry purposes.
They are divided into four Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Aralieaj Aralia, Pentapanax, Aralidium.

„ II. Panaceas Acanthopanax, Helwingia, Polv-

scias, Heptapleurum, Trevesia,
Brassaia, Dendropanax.

„ III. Hedereae Arthrophyllum, Heteropanax,

Brassaiopsis, Macropanax,
Hedera, Ganiblea.

„ IV. Plerandrea? Tupidauthus.

Panax fruticosn in , Linn. : Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 725, is a shrub cultivated in gardens and
as a hedge-plant all over India. The leaves vary much, and are often variegated.

Wood white, usually soft. Pores small, usually rather scanty ; a
line of larger pores often indicating the annual rings. Medullary
rays moderately broad, not numerous, giving a silver-grain. The
wood of Aral id iv ni differs from that of the rest.

1. ARALIA, Linn. Eight species, some of which are scarcely woody plants. A.
foliolosa, Seem. ; and A. armata, Seem.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 723; Gamble Darj. List 43 :
Vera. Somri, Nep. ; Kajyangt Lepcha, are small trees of the Eastern Himalaya and
the Khasia Hills, the latter also occurring in Tenasserim and in the Kachin Hills. They
have prickly stems, large 2- to 3-piunate leaves, and the general aspect of tree ferns, and are
decidedly ornamental. A, Thomsonii. Seem, is a similar plaut of the Khasia Hills and
Assam; while A. maldbarica, Bedd. Fl. Sylw exxi., is also a somewhat similar sp'cies
of the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, especially common on the Carcoor Ghat

384 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

below the Wynaad. A. cachemirica, Dene. : Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 722 ; Brandis For. Fl. 248 ;
Vera. AMwta, Jaunsar, is a large perennial herb which each year grows to almost
shrubby size and then dies down; and which is a common and conspicuous plant of
the undergrowth in the fir and oak forests of the West Himalaya.

A. papyri/era, Hook, is the Chinese rice-paper plant, and is often seen in gardens
in India, especially on the Nilgiris.

2. PENTAPANAX, Seem.

Five species. P. subcordatum, Seem, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft.
P. LescJienaultii, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 724 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. exxi., is a good-sized
tree of the higher Sikkim Himalaya, also found on the Nilgiris and other bill ranges of
South India. A variety of this (var. umbeUata, Seem. ; Vera. Tungshing, Bhutia) is
met with in the Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan at 4-10,000 ft.,
and in the Khasia Hills, and is a large climber with large paniculate umbels of flowers.
P. stellatum, King in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 293, is a climbing shrub of the
Shan Hills of Burma.

1. P. raeemosum. Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 724 ; Gamble Darj. List 43. Vera.
Ballera, Nep. ; Prongzam, Lepcha.

A very large straggling or climbing shrub. Bark thin, silvery -
grey, peeling off in thin flakes. Wood greyish-white, soft. Annual
rings very prominently marked by a line of large pores ; the -pores in
the rest of the wood small, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad.

Sikkim Himalaya, 6-8000 ft., common about Darjeeling.

The Fl. Br. Ind. is doubtful if this is a tree or climber, but I have never seen it
otherwise than climbing over other trees and throwing out many long pendent branches,
which hang down conspicuously.

E 3576. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

2. P. parasitieum, Seem.: Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 724; Brandis For. Fl. 248. Vera.
Kot semal, Kumaon.

A straggling shrub, branches often rooting. Bark thin, dark grey,
shining, exfoliating in thin flakes. Wood grey, soft, heartwood darker.
Pores in the annual rings small, in a continuous belt ; in the rest of
the wood very small, in groups rather distant and radially disposed.
Medullary rays scanty, fine to moderately broad.

West Himalaya from the Tons to Nepal, especially in Kumaon, at 6-(,i000 ft.

lbs.
II 4640. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .40

3. ARALIDIUM, Miq.

1. A. pinnatifldum, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 725. Vera. Seinlcasi, Burm.
A small tree. Wood light red, hard. Pores scanty, moderate-sized
to large, often subdivided or 2 to 3 together. M duUary ray* broad to
very broad, with a very conspicuous silver-grain of broad plates. Very
numerous ladder-like curved transverse bars across the spaces between
the rays.

Malay Peninsula, extending north to Tenasserim.

The plant was found by Mr. W. A. Hcarsey on the western coast of Tavoy, on
the hills. The wood-structure is quite unlike that of most Araliace.e, but agrees
closely with that of Proteaceje. But I know of no Burmese tree of the latter Order
having pinnatifid leaves nearly 4 ft. long by 3 ft. broad, as Mr. Hearsey describes those
of his plant. It is a beautiful wood, and would make fine parquet flooring, tables, etc.

lbs.
B 4921. Tavoy, Burma (Manson) . 34

ARALIACE.E 385

4. ACANTHOPANAX, Dene, and Planch. A. aeideattm, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.

726, is a shrub or small tree of the Mishmi and Khasia Hills, frequent at 4000 ft. The
structure of the wood of A. ricinifoHum, Seem, of Japan, is very interesting, the large
pores beiDg in regular concentric lines, while the cellular tissue has a curious network of
large cells (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10).

5. HELWINGIA, Willd.

1. H. himalaiea, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 726 ; Gamble Darj. List 43.
Vern. Lubbor, Lepcha.

A large shrub. Wood white, moderately hard, pith large. Pores
very small, arranged in groups or short concentric lines. Medullary
rays short, fine to moderately broad.

Eastern Himalaya, above 7000 ft., Khasia Hills.

A curious shrub with simple leaves and flowers in umbels from the centres of the
leaves, like those of JRuscus. It is fairly common in the forests round Darjeeling.

E 3342. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

6. POLYSCIAS, Forst. P. acuminata, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 727 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv
t. 213; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 282, is a small tree of the evergreen forests of the hill
ranges of South India from the Nilgiris to Travancore at about 4-5000 ft., and of the
banks of streams in the hill region of Ceylon.

7. HEPTAPLEURUM, Gaertn.

Twelve species of trees or climbing shrubs, mostly of South India or of the East
Himalaya. II. glaucum, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 728, is an evergreen
tree of the Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft., and II. hypohucum, Kurz For. Fl. i. 539, a
similar tree from the same region, also found in the drier hill forests of Burma, at
6000 ft. H. rostratum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. exxii., is a tree (" very large tree," Bedd. ;
"small branched tree," Clarke in Fl. Br. Ind.) of the Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills at
5-6000 ft. II. racemosum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 214; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 729; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 283, is a large tree of the sholas of the Xilgiris and other hills of South India
at 3-7000 ft., and of the hill ranges of Ceylon, with a soft grey wood. H. Wallichi-
anum, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 730; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. exxii.; Talbot Bomb. List 102
(//. exaltatum, Seem. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 284), is also a large tree of the South
Indian hills extending northwards to the Konkan Ghats, and southwards to Travancore
and the Ceylon Hills. H. stelJatum, Gaertn. and H. ^marginatum, Seem, are scandeut
shruhs of Ceylon, the former also of the South Indian Hills at rather low elevations.
IT. Kliasianum, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 730, is a tree of the Khasia Hills at 3-6000
ft. and of the Mishmi and Bhutan Hills. II. Lawranceannm, Prain, is found in the
Kachin Hills of Burma.

1. H. impressum, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 728 ; Gamble Darj. List 44. Yern. Balv
chinia, Nep.; Suntong, Lepcha.

A large tree. Bark brown, thick, exuding a copious gum. Wood
white, soft, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a white line.
Pores very small, rather scanty, somewhat concentrically distributed.
Medullary rays moderately broad, giving a pretty silver-grain.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan at 6-10,000 ft., chiefly in
the higher forests among the oaks and rhododendrons, as on the Tonglo Range.

lbs.
E 3635. Goompahar Forest, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Gamble) . . .37

2. H. elatum, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 728; Gamble Darj. List 44. H. glaucum,
Kurz For. Fl. i. 538. Vern. Chinia, Nep.; lJroiigzam, Lepchn.

An evergreen tree. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Pores small,
numerous. Medullary rays broad, with a few fine rays between,
giving a good silver-grain.

2 c

38G A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Himalaya, from Kumaon to Bhutan at 5-7000 ft. ; hill ranges of Burma at similar
elevations.

E 3326. Rangirum, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).
E 3417. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

3. H. venulosum, Seem.; PI. Br. Ind. ii. 729; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxii. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 249 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 538 : Gamble Darj. List 44 ; Talbot Bomb. List 102.
Aralia digitata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 107. Vern. Dain, Hind.; Kat semul, Dehra Dun;
Karboti semul, Garhwal ; Kur semul, Kumaon ; Singhata, Nep. ; Sukriruin, K61 ;
Su s urudi, Khond ; Chippura, Reddi ; Myaukletwa, Yaw ; Bahiletwa, Burm.

A straggling or climbing shrub, often epiphytic. Bark grey,
shining. Wood light brown, soft. Pores small, not very numerous.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad.

Common in the greater part of India from the Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan
forests southwards and eastwards ; all over Burma.

A common and rather handsome climber, more frequent on trees near villages and
in open places than in forests, but not uncommon even there.

C 3442. Neturhat, Palamow, Chota Nagpore, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

8. TREVESIA, Vis. T. palmata, Vis. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 732 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 539 ;
Gamble Darj. List 44 (Gastonia palmata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 407) ; Vern. Kajpati, Nep. ;
Suntong, Lepcha; Baw, Burm., is an evergreen "treelet" or palm-like shrub of the
forests of the lower sub-Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, Eastern Bengal and Burma,
ascending to 5000 ft. It is found in forest undergrowth and has large palmate leaves
and big fruit.

9. BRASSAIA, Eudl. B. capitata, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 732, is a tree of the
Nilgiri Hills, with digitate leaves, not at all common.

10. DENDROPANAX, Dene, and Planch. T). japonicum, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii.
733, is a scarce shrub or small tree of the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft. D. Listeri, King
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 294, is a large shrub of the Daphla Hills at 5-6000 ft.

11. ARTHROPHYLLUM, Blume. A. diver sifoli urn, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 733
{A. javanicum, Blume; Kurz For. Fl. i. 540), is an evergreen palm-like tree of the
tropical forests of the West Coast of South Andaman.

12. HETEROPANAX, Seem.

1. H. fragrans, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 734 ; Brandis For. Fl. 249 ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 541 ; Gamble Darj. List 44. Panax fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 76. Vern.
Tarla, Dehra Dun ; Dimna, Garhwal, Kumaon ; J.nl totilla, Nep.; Siriokhtem, Lepcha ;
Kesseru, Assam ; Hona, Cachar; Arengi harm, K61 ; Tachanza, kyaungdauk, Burm.

A small tree. Bark pale yellowish-grey, peeling oft' in thin flakes,
I in. thick. Wood grey, soft, porous. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, long but not
deep, making a speckled silver-grain on a radial section. Pith large,
round.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Siwalik Hills from the Jumna eastwards to Assam;
Eastern Bengal ; Chota Nagpore ; deciduous forests throughout Burma ; Andaman
Islands.

A tree which has much the same appearance as Oroxylum indicum, but they can
be at once distinguished when either in flower or fruit. It is a food-plant of the " Eri "
silkworm of Assam (Attacus Ricini, Boisd.), whose usual food is the Castor-oil plant.
The well-marked silver-grain would make the wood useful for articles of turnery.
King (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 405) speaks of this as becoming a tree 40 to 60
it. high in the Andamans ; I do not think 1 ever saw it so bis; in India.

lbs.
0 4764. Phandowala, Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .25

ARALIACE.E 387

13. BRASSAIOPSIS, Dene, and Plch.

Tea species, of the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and Burma ; visually erect
small trees with the habit of palms. B. Hairila, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 735 ; Gamble
Darj. List 44 ; Vern. TiUietter, Nep. ; Suntong, Lepcha, is a common small tree of the
forests of the outer Sikkim Himalaya at 2-4000 ft. B. palmata, Kurz For. Fl. i.
537; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 735 (Panax palmatum, Iloxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 74), is an evergreen
palm-like tree of the tropical forests of Chittagong and the Andamans. B. dlpina,
Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 736, is a small tree of the higher hills of the Sikkim Himalaya
at 10-11,000 ft. ; and B. hispida, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 736 ; Gamble Darj. List 44 ;
Vern. Plwta, Nep. ; Suntong, Lepcha, a small tree of the same hills at 6-7000 .ft.
B. Eookeri, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 737 ; Gamble Darj. List 44, also is a small tree of
the Sikkim Himalaya and Khasia Hills at 2-5000 ft. ; and B. aculeata, Seem. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. ii. 738, is a small prickly tree of the Khasia Hills, extending west to Nepal
and Kumaon, but not recorded from Sikkim.

1. B. mitis, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 736; Gamble Darj. List 44. Vern. Moqcldni,
Nep. ; Suntong, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft, white, spongy. Pores
small, in groups and undulating lines. Medullary rays short, broad
and very tine, marked in silver-grain as shining plates.

Sikkim Himalaya, above 5000 ft., common at Darjeeling.

Growth moderately fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. A handsome plant with
broadly palmatifid leaves.

E 2382. Rangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . .24'

2. B. speciosa, Dene, and Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 737 ; Gamble Darj. List 44.
A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, thin. Wood white, in structure

resembling that of B. mitis.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, rising to 5000 ft. ; Eastern Bengal and
•L'hittagong.

E 3409. Darjeeling, 6700 ft. (Gamble).

14. MACROPANAX, Miq.

Besides the species described, M. orenphilum, Miq.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 738; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 541, is an evergreen tree of the forests of the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia and
Martaban Hills above 5000 ft.

1. M. undulatum, Seem.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 738; Gamble Darj. List 44. Vern.
<!hinia, Nep. ; Prongzam, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood soft, yellowish-white,
«ven-grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays broad, often
with a few fine rays intervening, prominent on a radial section as a
shining silver-grain. The distance between the rays is many times
larger than the diameter of the pores, there being many lines of pores
between each pair of rays.

Eastern Himalaya up to 5000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylhet.

lbs.

E 688. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Johnston) ... 30

15. HEDERA, Linn.

1. H. Helix, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 730 ; Brandis For. Fl. 248; Gamble Darj. List
44. The Ivy. Lierre, Fr. ; Epheu, Germ. ; Ellera, Ital. Yern. Hcdbanibar, arbambal,
Jhelum: Karmora, mandia, Kashmir; Enrol, Chenab ; Kuri,karur, Ravi; Br&mbrum,
dakdri, Beas; Karbaru, kaniuri, hadeoii, Sutlej ; Mithidri, Jaunsar : Bdnda, banu,
malkanni, Kumaon; Dudela, singbana, Nep.

388 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A large woody climber. Wood white, soft, porous. Annuo! rings
marked by a broad belt of pores and by less numerous pores in the
autumn wood. Pores small, very numerous. MedvZlary rays short,
moderately broad.

Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 2000 ft. in the Dehra Dun valley and
9000 ft. in the hills ; Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft.

The Ivy is very common in the Western Himalaya, getting gradually scarcer
eastwards : in Sikkim I have only seen it in the Siri Valley below Sandukpho. The
stems climb up trees by means of small extra-axillary rootlets, and often reach a large
size, perhaps up to 1 ft. in diameter. In Europe it may get much larger. Mathieu
mentions a plant near Montpellier 433 years old and having a trunk of over 10 ft. in
girth. Growth slow, 22 rin^s per inch of radius. "Weight : the specimens give 33 to
34 lbs. ; Mathieu Fl. Fur. p.^202, gives 27 to 44 lbs.

lbs.

H 69. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft —

H 3010. Kotgarh, Simla, 7500 ft. (Gamble) 34

H 4512. Chachpur Forest, Raiengarh, 9000 ft. (Gamble) ... 33
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

16. GAMBLEA, Clarke.

1. G. ciliata, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 740 ; Gamble Darj. List 44. Yern. Rama,
Bhutia.

A good- sized tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, shining,
moderately hard. Annual rings well marked by a line of moderate-
sized pores, pores in the rest of the wood very scanty, very small.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, white, shining, irregularly
distributed, with a speckled silver-grain. Pith round.

Eastern Himalaya in the forests of the Senchul and Singalila Ranges above 8000 ft.

A fine tree, with a nice wood resembling ash.

lbs.

E 3402. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9000 ft. (Gamble) 37

17. TUPIDANTHUS, Hook. f. and Th.

1. T. ealyptratUS, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 740.

A glabrous small tree, at first erect, afterwards a lofty climber.
Bark light brown, very rough, granular. Wood grey, hard. Pores
extremely small and very small, in small patches of loose tissue, more
or less concentrically arranged. MeduMary rays fine to moderately
broad, scanty, silver-grain of dark plates.

Eastern Bengal; Khasia Hills at 2-3000 ft.

Mofiong, Khasia Hills— Kew Museum (J. 1). Hooker).

Order LVII. CORNACEJE.

Seven genera, viz. Alangium, Marlea, Cornus, Mastixia, Aucuba, Nyssa, Torricellia,
trees or shrubs chiefly Himalayan ; but a few, such as Alangium, Marlea and Mastixia,
extend to South India or Burma. Some of them give useful timbers, such as Nyssa ;
others give handsome woods likely to be valuable for turuing, such as Alangium and
Aucuba.

It is difficult to give general characters for the Order, but the
rpores are usually small and in short radial lines, and the medullary
rays fine and numerous. But in Aucvuba the rays are broad, and in
Torricellia the pores are more or less in concentric bands.

CORNACE.E 389

1. ALANGIUM, Lamk.

Two species. A. Kingianum, Praia in Joum. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 294, is a
climbing shrub of the Kachin Hills of Burma.

1. A. Lamarekii, Thw. • PL Br. Ind. ii. 741 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 215 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 250; Talbot Bomb. List 103; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 285. A. hexapetalum,
Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 502. A. decapetalum, Lamk. and A. sundanum, Miq. ; Kurz For.
Fl. i. 543. Vern. Akol, akola, akhora, ankora, a/caul, (/howl, kueli, thaila, Hind. :
Akshar, Oudh ; Bismur, Saharanpur ; Akar-kanta, bagh ankurd, Beng. ; Dela, Sonthal ;
Kumri, Mai Pahari ; Ankula, dolanku, Uriya ; Akori, Khond; Wudaga, Palkonda ;
Wuruga, Keddi ; Ankolamu, urgu, udagu, Tel. ; Alangi, Tam. ; Auk til, Mar. ; Asroli,
ankola, Kan. ; Uru, Gondi ; Ankol, Koi ; Arinjil, Mai. ; Mul-anninchil, Cingb.

A deciduous small tree, shrub or straggler. Bark % in. thick, grey,
when young orange-yellow, fibrous. Wood hard, close- and even-
grained, sapwood light yellow, heartwood olive-brown, with a pleasant
scent. Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines of 2 to 5. Medullary
rays fine, closely packed, wavy, bent round the pores, the diameter of
which is slightly greater than the distance between the rays.

Throughout most of India in dry regions ; in the sub-Himalayan tract from the
Saharanpur Siwaliks eastwards to Nepal ; Oudh, Bengal, Behar, Chota Nagpore ;
Orissa, Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; Western India in dry places down to Travan-
core; apparently scarce in Burma; tropical forests of the Andamans (A. sundanum,
Miq.); dry regions of Ceylon, also moist region at 2-4000 ft. (A. glandulosum, Thw.).

A very variable plant, sometimes a climber, more usually a bushy shrub, excep-
tionally a small tree; most usually found in dry deciduous forests like those of the
Deccan, or on fallow lands near villages. It has fragrant white flowers and an edible
fruit. The growth is moderately slow, perhaps 5 rings per inch of radius. The wood
is very good if found of large enough size, and would be useful for small articles,
inlaying and carving. It seasons well, and cuts easily. It is used for pestles, oil-mills,
wooden cattle-bells and other purposes, and is an excellent fuel. Skinner, No. 13, gives
W = 49 lbs. ; the specimens here mentioned give an average of 50 lbs. The root-bark
is used in medicine.

lbs.

C 3116. Chanda, C.P. (Brandis) 56

C 3466. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . . —

C 3564. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 42

C 3951. Rekapalle Forests, Godavari (Gamble) . . . . . —

D 4002. Cuddapah Forests (Hi^ens) 52

D 1082. North Arcot, Madras (Beddome) 49

2. MARLEA, Roxb.

About four species. M. tomentosa, Endl. ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 545; Vern. Xgupihsc,
Burm., is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban, said by Kurz to
have a pale brown, close-grained wood with a silvery lustre. In the Fl. Br. Ind. it is
included under M. tegonicefolia, but seems from Kurz' description to be distinct. So,
too, I consider M. begonicefolia, var. alpina, Clarke, in Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 744; Veru.
Paletnyok, Lepcha, which is a tree of the higher Sikkim Hills above 6000 ft. (I never
saw the ordinary M. begonicefolia at over 3000 ft.), with tomcntose leaves not angled
and large fruit, to be a distinct species. M. barbata, It. lb-.: Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 743, is a
small tree of the Bhutan and Khasia Hills and the Assam Valley.

1. M. begonisefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 261 ; Fl. Br. Ind, ii. 743; Brandis For. Fl.
251; Kurz For. Fl. i. 511; Gamble Darj. List 45. Vern. Qarkum, budhal, tumiri,
N.-W. P.; Bodara, BeaB; Padlu, Ravi; Sidlu, Chenab; Prot, Kashmir; Ttipattra^
chitpattra, kurkui, Jhelum; Bhutkainju, Jaunsar; Qa/rh kinvu, Dehra Dun: Tumrl,
Kumaon; Timil, Nop. ; J'ulef, Lepcha; Tabuya, Burm. ; Marlea, marliza, Sylhet.

A small tree. Bark smooth, thin, grey. Wood white, soft, even-
grained. Annual rmgs marked by a belt of numerous pores. Pores

390 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

moderate-sized and large, small in the outer portion of eacli ring.
Medullary rays short, wavy, fine and moderately broad, prominent in
the silver-grain.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills,
Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Shan Hills, Kachin Hills and Martaban.

The wood is used in Sylhet for native houses (Boxb.). The leaves are sometimes
used for fodder for cattle. Growth moderately fast, 5 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 2831. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) ... 42

3. CORNUS, Linn.
Four species.

Wood light brownish or pinkish-white, moderately hard, even-
grained. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays moderately
broad to fine, often short.

1. C. sanglrinea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 744 ; Brandis For. Fl. 253. Dogwood.
Cornouiller sanguin, Fr.

An erect shrub. Wood very pale brown, even-grained. Annual
rings marked by a continuous belt of pores, the part of the autumn
ring behind it without pores; in the rest of the wood the jiores are
small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, very
short, rather scanty.

Kashmir : only once found, viz. by Dr. J. L. Stewart at Gulmurg, 7000 ft. Common
in Europe on calcareous soils.

Matbieu Fl. For. 205 gives the weight at 54 to 56 lbs.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. C. macrophylla, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 744; Brandis For. Fl. 252, t. 32;
Gamble Darj. List 45. Vern. Kasir, kachir, haleo, allian, haddu, harru, nang, kandara,
kaksh, kachur, kochan, kdgsha, ruchia, Hind. ; Kanchinu, shka, Sutlej : Kagsha, Jaunsar ;
Kahhi, khaksho, Kumaon ; Chilania, Dotial ; Patmoro, Nep.

A small tree. Bark rough, brown, splitting into small squares.
Wood pinkish-white, moderately hard, even-grained, warps badly and
has an unpleasant scent. Annual rings marked by a narrow line
without pores, on the outer edge of each ring. Pores small, numerous,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, with
fewer fine rays, giving the wood on a radial section a mottled silver-
grain.

Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, from 3-8000 ft.

Growth moderate, 8 to 9 riugs per inch of radius (Brandis) ; the specimens show
15 rings. The wood gives good gunpowder charcoal, according to Brandis. The fruit
is eaten, and the leaves given as fodder to goats.

lbs.

H 84. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft 45

H 924. Hazara, Punjab, 6000 ft. (Baden-Powell) 43

3. C. Oblong-a, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 744; Brandis For. Fl. 253; Kurz For. Fl.
i. 545. Yern. Kagshi, Sutlej ; Dab, Kunawar; Kasmol, bakdr, ban-bakdr, Itahi, Hind.;
Korh oi, Jaunsar; Baumri, Kumaon ; Katkanai, Garhwal ; Titmolia, Dotial.

A small tree. Bark reddish-brown, rough. Wood pinkish-white,
moderately hard, even-grained, has an unpleasant scent. Annual
rings marked by a belt without pores at the outer edge of each ring,
elsewhere pores small, numerous. Medullary rays numerous fine,
with a few slightly broader ones.

CORN ace.*: 391

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, at 3-G000 ft.; Martaban Hills in
Burma, at 4-7000 ft. (Kurz).

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 150. Sainj, Giri Valley, 4000 ft 46

H 3094. Tarwa Forest, Juluog, Simla, 4000 ft 50

4. C. eapitata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 744 ; Brandis For. Fl. 253 ; Gamble Darj.
List 45. Benthamia fragifera, Lindley. Vein. Thammal, tharbal, tharwar, thesi,
ba/naur, bamora, Hind.; Thanboi, Jaunsar; Tumbilk, Lepcha.

A small deciduous tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown. Wood
pinkish- white, with rather darker heart wood, warps in seasoning,
moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a belt
without pores, elsewhere pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays
numerous, fine, short.

Himalaya from the Beas to Bhutan, between 3500 and 8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.
Growth slow, 10 to 16 rings per inch of radius. Weight 45 to 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is used only for firewood. This is probably the Cornus, sp., of whose wood
5 maunds were sent to the Ishapore Gunpowder Agency in 1865 (Bengal Forest Keport,
1865-66, page 2), of the result of which experiment we have no record. The fruit is
red, strawberry-like, and is eaten and made into preserves. The tree is very handsome
when in flower, with its large cream-coloured involucre.

lbs.

H 78. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft * —

H 94. Simla, 6000 ft 45

H4771. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal, 8000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .50
E 3640. Phallaloong Forest, Darjeeling, 8000 ft. (Gamble) . . . —
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

4. MASTIXIA, Blume.

Four species. If. tttrandra, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 745 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 287,
t. 47 ; Vern. Mahatawara, diya-tahya (var. Thiuaitesii, Clarke), Cingh., is a large tree
with smooth bark and red heavy wood, endemic in the moist region of Ceylon up to
4000 ft. M. euonymoides, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxvii. ii. 295, is a tree of the
Kachin Hills of Burma.

1. M. arborea, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 745 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 216 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 287.

A large tree. Wood greenish-grey, soft. Pores small, numerous,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous,
short. Annual rings indistinct.

Cachar, the Nilgiri Hills and other Hills of S. India to Travancore; Ceylon at
4-7000 ft.

Bourdillon gives W = 32 lbs., P = 452. lbg

W 4711. Travancore (Bourdillon) 30

2. M. pentandra, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 746 ; Talbot Bomb. List 103.

A tree. Wood white, soft, shining. Pores small or moderate-
sized, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Forests of Western India, in the Konkan and N. Kanara and down to Travancore,
also in Dharwar and Bellary.

Bourdillon gives W = 28 lbs., P = 331. lbg

W 4596. Travancore (Bourdillon) 27

5. AUCUBA, Thunb.

Contains one large shrub or small tree of the Eastern Himalaya. A. japonica,
Thunb. is a well-known shrub of English gardeus, recognized by its shiniug leaves,
blotched with yellow.

392 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. A. himalaiea, Hook. f. 111. Him. PL t. 12 ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 747 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 254; Gamble Darj. List 45. Vera. Phul amphi, Nep. ; Singna, tapathyer, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, smooth, dark grey. Wood
black when fresh cut, becoming dark brownish-grey, hard and close-
grained. Pores extremely small, scanty, in distant radial strings.
Medullary rays of two classes, numerous fine rays between fewer
broad or very broad ones, these being visible in the silver-grain as
irregular plates and streaks.

Sikkim Himalaya between 5000 and 9000 ft. ; Manipur at 4-10,000 ft. (Watt).

An evergreen shrub or small tree of the undergrowth of the upper hill forests.

The wood has a good silver-grain, and would be useful for inlaying and small
carvings. Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius (Gamble) ; one specimen, E 3327,
shows 10 rings.

lbs.

E 2383. Bangbiil Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . .55

E3327. Kangirum „ „ 6000 ft. „ . . . . —

6. NYSSA, Linn.

1. N. sessiliflora, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 747; Gamble Darj. List 45. Daphni-
pli yllopsis capitata, Kurz For. Fl. i. 240. Ilex daphniphylloides, Kurz; Fl. Br. Ind.
i. 606. Vera. Kalay, cMlauni, Nep. ; Tumbrung, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood grey, soft, even-grained. Pores
small, often subdivided or in short radial lines, between the fine and
very numerous, straight but short medullary rays.

Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Bhutan above 5000 ft., common in the forests of
Senchal and Mahalderam and at Uumsong ; damp hill forests of Martaban at 4-6000 ft.

One of the building timbers of the Darjeeling Hills, in considerable use. It occa-
sionally reaches a height of 100 to 120 ft.

lbs.

E 695. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Johnston) . . 39

E 3608. Darjeeling Forests, 6000 ft. (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 {Daphniphyllopah cupitufn) (Tab. VIII. 6).

7. TORRICELLIA, DC.

1. T. tilisefolia, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 74S ; Gamble Darj. List 45. Vera. Bh,lu,
kondlo. Ass.

A small tree ("immense tree," Peal). Bark ashy-grey, thin,
granulated. Wood white, even-grained, moderately hard. Annual
rings marked by a line of moderate-sized, closely and regularly
packed pores ; in the rest of the wood the pores are small, and
arranged in regular, somewhat concentric, wavy bands. Medullary
rays tine to moderately broad, evenly distributed, showing a silver-
grain.

East Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan at 7-10,000 ft. : Khasia Hills and Assam.

This is only a small tree in the Darjeeling Hills, but S. E. Peal says it grows to an
immense size in Assam, 60 or 70 ft. to first branch, and up to 20 ft. in girth. He says
the wood is good for tea-boxes, and that a large tree would give 100 to 120 boxes.

E 3721. Goompahar, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

CAPRIFOLIACE.E 393

Series IV. GAMOPETAL^E.
Order LVIII. CAPRIFOLIACEJE.

Contains six genera belonging to the two following Tribes : —

Tribe I. Sambucese Sambucus, Viburnum.

„ II. Lonicerese Abelia, Lonicera, Leyces-

teria, Pentapyxis.

With very few exceptions, the species are all from the higher hill regions, chiefly
Himalayan, and few of them are more than large shrubs or small trees of very little
■economic or sylvicultural forest interest.

Wood close-grained. Pores very small or extremely small, uni-
formly distributed. Medullary rays fine to extremely fine, numerous.

1. SAMBUCUS, Linn.

Contains three Indian species. 8. Ebulus, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 2 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 260; the Dwarf Elder ; Vern. Bichh has, mushkidra, ganhula, Jhelum ; Gandal,
gwandish, siske tdsar, Chenab, is a herbaceous plant from a perennial root stock, found
in the valleys of the Jhelum and Upper Chenab. S. adnata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
3; Brandis For. Fl. 576; Gamble Darj. List 45; Vern. Chiriyabaag, Nep., is an
undershrub of Nepal and Sikkim found at 6-11,000 ft.

1. S. javaniea, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 2; Gamble Darj. List 45. S. Thun-
bergiana, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 3. The Himalayan Elder. Vern. Galen i, Nep.

A small tree. Bark light brown, rather corky. Wood white to
light brown, soft. Annual rings marked by a circle of moderate-
sized pores ; in rest of wood pores small, scanty, often subdivided.
Medullary rays distant, fine to broad. Pith large, about ^ in. in
diameter.

Eastern Himalaya at 4-8000 ft., Khasia Hills; hills of Upper Burma. Chiefly
found in secoud-growth forest.

E 3133. Mangwa Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

2. VIBURNUM, Linn.

About 17 species, shrubs or small trees, chiefly Himalayan, but some found in the
Khasia Hills, and a few in the hills of South India and Ceylon. V. corylifolium,
Hook. f. and Th.; V. oduratissimum, Ker; and V. Simonsii, Hook. f. aud Th., are all
shrubs of the Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft. ; while V. atro-cyaneum, Clarke, occurs in the
Mishmi Hills, and V. Griffithianum, Clarke, in the Naga Hills of Assam. V.foetidum,
Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 4 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 2, is a large shrub of Assam, the Khasia
Hills and the Shan Hills of Burma at 3-5000 ft. V. punctatum, Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind.
iii. 5; Brandis For. Fl. 260; Gamble Darj. List 45; Vern. Gaunta, Kumaon, is a
large shrub of the Central Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim at 3-5000 ft. V.
cordifolium, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 9; Gamble Darj. List 46, is a small tree of the
Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan at high elevations, '.t-12,000 ft.

Tlic Guelder Bose, cultivated in gardens in Europe, is V. Opulus, Linn., and the
Laurustinus is 1'. Tinus, Linn., indigenous in the Mediterranean region.

Bark thin. Wood usually hard (that of V. Colebrookianwrn, a
plains species, is soft), close-grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary
rays fine, numerous, usually short. Medullary patches in most species.

1. V. COtinifolium, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 3 ; Brandis For. Fl. 258. Vern. Alar
ghuxilavxi, Trans-Indus ; Rich uklu, bankunch,J\\v\\ixn ; Ilichabi, hilmich, guch, Kash-
mir; Bathor, pdpat kalam, khimor, rdjal, tumma, Chenab; Kdtonda, Kavi ; Jawa,

394 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Jihateb, tustus, sussi'i, Sutlej ; Bhatnoi, Jaunsar; Peralu, Byans ; Gv:ia, giiya, gui,
Kumaon ; Bansura, guwa, gendu, titmoya, Garhwal.

A large deciduous shrub. Bark greyish-brown, £ in. thick. Wood
white, hard, close-grained. Pores very small, scanty, uniformly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, short, extremely
numerous. Medullary patches brown, frequent.

West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon at 4-11,000 ft.; Suliman Eange;
Eastern Bhutan.

A common shrub in the higher hill forests of oak and deodar, affecting open places
on the rather drier exposures. It much resembles the European V. Lantana, Linn.,
and has black edible fruit.

H 52, 2869. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble).
H 76. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

2. V. Stellulatum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 4 ; Gamble Darj. List 45. V. Mullaha,
Brandis For. Fl. 258, 576. Yern. Jal bdgu, Jhelum ; Amh'dcha, phulsel, Kashmir;
Lai titmaliy a, titmoya, Kumaon; Titmolia, maleo, Garhwal ; Ensi, Sutlej; Bichhoi,
Jaunsar ; Eri, ira, Simla ; Gorakuri, Nep.

A shrub. Bark dark grey, reticulate. Wood white, moderately
hard ; structure the same as that of V. cotinifolium.
Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan at 6-11,000 ft.

A common shrub in the West Himalaya, especially in moist localities in the
underwood of forests of oak and fir. Fruit bright red, edible.
H 2834. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble).
H 2866. Nagkanda „ 8000 „

3. V. Colebrookianum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 5 ; Gamble Darj. List 45. V.
lutescens, Hook. f. and Th. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 3.

A large shrub. Bark greyish-brown, thin. Wood reddish, soft.
Pores moderate-sized, very numerous. Medtdlary rays fine, very
numerous. Annual rings not visible.

Terai and Lower Hills of Sikkim ; Assam, Khasia Hills, Upper Burma : in damp
evergreen forests.

E 3273. Muraghat Keserve, W. Duars (Gamble).

4. V. acuminatum, DC. V. punctatum, Ham. var. acuminata, Wall. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. iii. 5. Y. punctatum, Ham. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 217 ; Talbot Bomb. List 103.
Vern. Telle .mnde, Badaga.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, thin, tessellated in small
elongated diamonds. Wood light red, hard, close-grained. Pores
very small, very numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous.

Mahendragiri Hill, in N. Circars, at 4000 ft.; Bababuden Hills in Mysore; sholas
of the Nilgiris above 6000 ft.

W 3739. Coonoor, Nilgiris, (5000 ft. (Gamble).

5. V. COriaeeum, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 5 ; Brandis For. Fl. 259 ; Gamble Darj.
List 46. Vern. Kala titmaliya, Kumaon ; Rashnia, Jaunsar ; Titmolia, karwi, Garh-
wal ; Bara gora/curi, Nep.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark greyish-brown, rather cork}-.
Wood similar to that of V. cotinifolium, but the pores larger and the
medullary rays slightly broader.

Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan at 4-8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; hills of Ceylon.
Frequent in the West Himalaya in rather dry forests, chiefly with "Ban" oak
and rhododendron.

caprifoliace.e 395

The Nepalese are said to extract from the seeds an oil which they use for food and
for burning.

lbs.

H 2835. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 50

E 3332. Darjeeling Forests „ „ —

6. V. hebanthum, W. and A.; PL Br. lud. iii. 6 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxiv. Vern.
Kadambu, Badaga.

A small tree. Bark brown, thin, with small round lighter-
coloured lenticels. Wood light reddish-brown, moderately hard.
Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed between the numerous
fine medullary rays. Apparently no medullary patches.

Shola forests of the Nilgiri Hills, Pulney Hills, etc., at 5-8000 ft.

This is a common tree in the Nilgiri sholas, conspicuous by its bright green foliage-

and strong heavy unpleasant odour.

lbs.

W 3775, 3904. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . 40

7. V. erubeseens, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 7 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxiv. ; Brandis For.
PL 258 ; Gamble Darj. List 4(3 ; Triraen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 289. Vern. Ganne, avari, Nep. ;
Kancha, Lepcha ; Damshiug, aakouli, Bhutia.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft to hard, reddish,
close- and even-grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays undu-
lating, fine and very fine, very numerous. No medullary patches.

Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan, at 5-11,000 ft. ; Nilgiris and Ceylon.
A common tree in second-growth forest about Darjeeling, and conspicuous on
account of its beauty when in flower. The wood of the Nilgiri plants is softer and
lighter than that of Himalayan ones. The Himalayan wood might do as a substi-
tute for boxwood and for carving. It is used for house-posts in Sikkim. The tree
grows well and quickly from cuttings.

lbs.

E 2384. RangMl, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 59

W 4042. Lovedale, Ootacamund „ „ 34

8. V. nervosum, Don ; PL Br. Ind. iii. 8 ; Brandis For. FL 259 ; Gamble Darj.
List 46. Vern. Ambre, amrola, dri, Ravi ; His, dab, Beas ; Timoi, Jaunsar.

A small deciduous tree or large shrub. Bark \ in. thick, dark
brownish-grey, in small rounded tessellated flakes. Wood pinkish-
white, hard, close-grained. Pores very small, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, rather scanty, reddish. Many medullary patches.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim, at 9-13,000 ft.

A high-level tree, flowering before the leaves appear, flower corymbs pinkish-white,
graceful ; it grows chiefly among the " Kharshu " oak, and with the lilac rhododendron.

lbs.

H 4768. Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble) .... 54

9. V. fcetens, Dene.; FL Br. Ind. iii. 8; Brandis For. Fl. 259. Vern. Gi'vh,
uklu, hunch, Jhelum ; K&rnich, guch, kwillim, huldra, ja/mdra, Kashmir; Tilhanjy
pulinu, tilato, twin, Chenab ; ThUkdhj, tandei, tundhe, tununi zendni, Ravi; Talhang
thelain, tselain, thilkain, Sutlej ; Timoi, Jaunsar ; Guya, Kumaon.

A large deciduous shrub. Bark grey. Wood white, hard, close-
grained, similar in appearance and structure to that of V. nervorum.

West Himalaya, at 5-11,000 it.

Also found in high-level forests, and greatly resembling V. nervosum, but dis-
tinguished from it by having more distant leaf-nerves, a large fruit and a strong
unpleasant smell. It also affects forests of the "Moru" and '* Kharshu " oak. The
fruit is edible.

396 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

H 53. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 53

H2886. „ „ „ (Gamble) —

H 3015. Matiyana „ „ „ —

E 975. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 ft. (Schlicb) . . . . —

3. ABELIA, Brown.

1. A. tPiflora, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 0 ; Brandis For. PI. 257. Vera. Khirmich,
Kashmir; Adei, paktaivar, Trans-Indus ; Oheta buta, Jhelum ; Ban haklniru, salanker,
Chenab ; Dalung, Tcut sdi, Ravi; Zhang, maizbang, pent, Sutlej ; Mali, Jaunsar ;
Munri, gogatti, knmki, danton, Kumaon ; Bhartula, Garhwal.

A large shrub. Bark grey, thin, fibrous, with long regular vertical
fissures. Wood greyish- white, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores
extremely small, scanty, except those at the edge of each annual ring,
which are small and continuous. Medullary rays very numerous,
varying from very fine to moderately broad. Pith large, round.
Safedkoh and Suliman Range ; Western Himalaya at 4-10,000 ft.
An ornamental shrub with a nice wood, chiefly found on limestone ridges. It is
one of the plants which grow in company with Indigofera heterantha, and are useful
as nurses for deodar seedlings.

lbs.

H 2937. Naldehra, Simla, 7500 ft. (Gamble) 65

H 4403. Mandali, Jaunsar, 5000 ft. 64

4. LONICEBA, Linn.

A large genus containing some 28 species, many of which are, however, small shrubs
or climbers of very slight interest from a forest point of view, and growing for the most
part in very high regions in the Himalaya. The genus has two well-marked sub-
genera— Capkifolium with climbing species, and Xvlosteum with erect ones.

Iu Caprifolium there are about niue species. L. Leschenaultii, Wall, is the
common kind of the South Indian Hills; h. glabrata, Wall, is the common oneabmt
Darjeeling ; while L. rnacranCha, DO and L. acuminata, Wall, are also Sikkim species,
rather less common, both extending to the Khasia Hills, and the former to Upper
Burma. L. ovata, Ham. is found in Assam. L. Braceana, Hemsl. in Joura. Linn.
Soc. xxviii. 64 (footnote), is a fine species of the Khasia Hills, first discovered (I believe)
by Sir D. Brandis in 1879, with a corolla about 4 in. long; but eveu this is outstripped
by L. Mildebrandiana, Coll. and Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 64, t. xi. ; Hook. f.
Bot. Mag. t. 7677, which is a tall glabrous climbing shrub of the Shan Hills at 5000 ft.
(Collett) and Manipur (Watt) with a corolla 7 in. long. The flowers are used to
decorate temples. L. leiantha, Kurz, and L. dbscwra, Coll. and Hemsl., are also climbing
shrubs of Upper Burma and the Shan Hills. This is the sub-genus to which the
Kuropean Honeysuckle, much cultivated in hill gardens, L. Periclymenum, Linn., belongs.

In sub-genus Xylosteum there are about 18 to 20 species, six of which, the largest
and most important, are here described. The rest are small shrubs of the higher
ranges of the Himalaya, and are of very little consequence. The most noticeable is
perhaps L. purpurancens, Hook. f. and Th., met with among the " Kharshu " oak,
yew, white birch and lilac rhododendron at about 10-12,000 ft. in the Western
Himalaya.

Wood of the shrubby kinds hard, close-grained, often prettily
coloured. Pores in the annual rings usually moderately broad, in
the rest of the wood very small. N< miliary rays short, fine, numerous.
In L. Ugastrina the pores are all of the same size. In the climbing
section the pores are large and the wood porous and soft.

1. L. Leschenaultii, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 10.

A climbing shrub. Bark light brown, thick, peeling off in long,
thin papery fibrous flakes. Wood white, soft, porous. Pores large,

caprifoliacejE 397

evenly distributed. Medullary ray* very fine, very numerous,
indistinct.

Hills of South India, at 5-8000 ft., common on the Xilgiris.
W 4148. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. L. glabrata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 10 ; Gamble Darj. List 4G. Vern. Bet-
lara, Nep.

A climbing shrub. Bark brown. Wood brown, soft, porous, in
structure the same as L. Leschenaultii.

Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan, at 4-8000 ft., common about Darjeeling..
E 2863. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

3. L. ligustPina, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 12 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxiv.

A shrub, with spirally twisted fluted stem. Bark light brown,
thin, peeling off in papery strips. Wood white, hard, close- and
even-grained. Pores very small, more numerous in the inner edge
of the annual rings which they mark. Medullary rays extremely
fine, numerous.

Khasia Hills, at 4-6000 ft. ; hills of South India above 6000 ft., very common on,

the Nilgiris, and occasionally used for hedges.

lbs.

W 3800, 4034. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) ... 51

4. L. angusti folia, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 13; Brandis For. Fl. 255. Vern.
Geang, banchilu, pirlu, Jaunsar ; Filer, kanchiny, zashe, cliilru, pilru, pliilku, Sutlej.

A small shrub. Bark smooth, grey, exfoliating in broad flakes.
Wood white, very close-grained. Annual rings marked by a line of
small pores ; pores in the rest of the layer gradually decreasing in
size, scanty. Medidkiry rays very fine, short, numerous.

Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, at 6-10,000 ft.

A very common shrub in the underwood of the upper forests of oak and fir and
deodar, with red edible berries. The beautiful Cantharid beetle, Cantharis antennaUs,

Maiseul, is frequently to be found on its leaves in June in the Jaunsar Hills.

lbs.

H 2843. Mahasu, Simla, 8500 ft. (Gamble) 60

H 2875. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. „ —

H 4789. Thunwara Forest, Tehri-Garhwal, 7500 ft. (Gamble) . . 47
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

5. L. quinquelocularis, Ilardw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 14 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 537 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 255. Vern. Jarlangei, adei, Trans-Indus: Phut, Jhelum ; Tita
bateri, pdkhur, Kashmir ; Bakhru, Chenab; Khum, sdi, Ravi ; Dendra, Beas ; Kliunti,
hraunti, taMa, zbang, razbam, bhcy'ra, bhijaul, bij'gai, Sutlej; Taknoi, Jaunsar; Bet
kukri, bhat Jeukra, daydro, cheraya, kurmali, Kumaon ; Panipatia, Dotial.

A large deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark thin, grey, with
longitudinal fissures, peeling off in long papery shreds. Wood hard,
close-grained : sapwood white, heartwood greyish-brown or yellowish-
brown, with darker streaks. Annual rmga marked by a narrow
continuous belt of small pores ; in the remainder of the ring the pores
are extremely small. Medullary rays short, fine, numerous.

Baluchistan, Suliman Range and Safedkoh ; Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal at
6-10,000 ft.

A common and conspicuous plant in the forests of the Western Himalaya, prefer-
ring rather dry aspects and open hill-sides. The wood is hail I might l>e used
for turning and carvimr. The leaves and branches are eaten bv cattle. As is the case

398 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

•with the preceding species, the beautiful Cantharid beetle, Cantharus antennalis,
Maiseul, may be found on its leaves in the Jaunsar forests in June.

lbs.

52

H 81. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft

H 2874. Nagkanda „ 8000 ft. (Gamble)

H 3180. TJungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild)

H 4421. Jaunsar Forests, 7000 ft. (Gamble) .

H 4778. Deota Forests, Tehri-Garh wal, 9000 ft. (Gamble)

P 4471. Baluchistan Forests (Lace) ....
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. IX. 1).

61
54
62

6. L. hypoleuea, Dene.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 14; Brandis For. Fl. 256. Vera.
Kliarmo, Jcodi, Chenab ; Zhiko, rapesho, kakshoz, kusho, Sutlej.

A shrub. Bark smooth, grey, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood
white, darker in the centre, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores in
the annual rings small, in a continuous belt ; in the rest of the wood
very small. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Hills of Baluchistan ; West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon, at 8-10,000 ft.

P 4472. Baluchistan Forests (Lace).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

7. L. orientalis, Lam. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 15 ; Brandis For. Fl. 256 ; Vern. Taknoi,
Jaunsar.

A large shrub. Bark peeling off in thin flakes. Wood white,
with a darker centre, moderately hard. Pores in the annual ring
moderate-sized ; in the rest of the wood extremely small. Medullary
rays short, fine, numerous.

West Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, at 8-10,000 ft.

A shrub of damp places in the hill forests, as in ravines and on shady aspects.

H 2909. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble).

H 3017. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 ft.

8. L. alpigena, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 15 ; Brandis For. Fl. 256.

A shrub. Bark grey-brown, peeling off in irregular papery flakes.
Wood moderately hard, white. Pores in the annual rings moderate-
sized; in the rest of the wood extremely fine. Medullary rays fine,
numerous.

West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon, at 8-10,000 ft.

H 2912. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble).

H 3016. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 ft.

5. LEYCESTERIA, Wall.

Two species. L. glaucophylla, Hook. f. is a small shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya
at 5-6000 ft,

1. L. formosa, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 16; Brandis For. Fl. 256; Gamble For.
Fl. 46. Vern. Bhujnali, Jaunsar ; Mcdkarr, duni,saunjla, nalkaru, Tcamdliya, Kumaon ;
Danda bhekar, Garhwal ; Tunijuk, Lepcha.

An erect shrub with hollow, generally herbaceous, stems. Bark
grey, shining. Wood resembling in structure that of Lonicera, but
with slightly broader medullary rays.

Throughout the Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan, at 5-10,000 ft. ; Khasia Hills
at 5-6000 ft.

A small and common shrub of the undergrowth in the hill forests, under oak and
fir in the West Himalaya ; and under oak and chestnut, etc., and in second-growth
forest in the Sikkim Himalaya. It is cultivated in Europe, in gardens. The hollow
stems are made into whistles and flutes by Jaunsari shepherd-boys (U. N. Kanjilal).

H 2849. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble).

IX.

LONICEBA QUINQTJEH ICTJLABIS.

A1HXA COBDIFOLIA.

ANTHOCEPHALTJS CADAMBA.

BHODODENDBON ABBOBEUM.

. • . • . f • • • '

•' '/ : ',*'* •'•' •": .- ■•' ''/ •',' <

•.. / » •■• / ♦. / •>'■/• / » :.-/. . ' -•

BASSIA LATIFOLIA. DIOSPYBOS MELANOXYLON.

Vmjnifn il :ii time-".)

CAPRIFOLIACE.E

399

6. PENTAPYXIS, Hook. f.

1. P. Stipulata, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 17; Gamble Darj. List 46. Vera.
Berikuru, Nep.

A large shrub. Bark greyish-brown. Wood white, soft. Pores
extremely small. Medullary rays fine and very fine. No annual
rings.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 6-10,000 ft. ; very common on hill-sides cleared of forest,
around Darjeeling, and recognized by its very tomentose leaves and the presence of
stipules.

E 2856. Rangbiil, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

Order LIX. RUBIACEJE.

A large and important forest Order containing many trees which are valuable for
their timber, besides plants which have useful properties, chiefly as medicines and dyes.
It contains 54 Genera, divided iuto 14 Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Naucleeaj . . . Sarcocephalus, Anthocephalus, Cepha-

lanthus, Adina, Stephegyne, Nau-
clea, Uncaria.
„ II. Cinchonese . . . Cinchona, Hymenopogon, Hymenodic-

tyon, Luculia.
„ III. Rondeletieaj . . . Wendlandia, Greenea.
„ IV. Hedyotidese . . . Hedyotis, Silvianthus.
„ V. Mussaendeze . . . Musssenda, Adenosacme, Myrioneuron,

Aulacodiscus, Urophyllum.
„ VI. Gardeniea? . . . Webera, Byrsophyllum, Brachytome,

Randia, Gardenia, Petunga, Morin-
dopsis, Hyptianthera, Nargedia, Scy-
phostachys, Diplospora.
„ VII. Retiniphylleae . . Scyphiphora.
„ VIII. Guettardeaj . . . Guettarda, Timonius, Dichilanthe.
„ IX. Albertea? . . . Octotropis.
„ X. Vanguerieae . . . Canthium, Vangueria.
„ XI. Ixoreae .... Ixora, Pavetta, Coffea.
„ XII. Morindeaj . . . Morinda, Rennellia, Damnacanthus,

Prismatomeris, Gynocbthodes.
„ XIII. Psychotriea? . . . Psychotria, Chasalia, Lasianthus, Sa-

prosma, Hydnophytum.
„ XIV. Paederieae . . . Paaderia, Hamiltonia, Leptodermis.
Besides the genera described herein, which include such important ones as Cin-
chona, Coffea and Morinda, many genera contain plants of economic use. Cephaelis
Ipecacuanha, Rich., is the Ipecacuanha plant which has been largely propagated in
India, but which has proved very difficult to naturalize or grow in such a way as to make
its cultivation pay. " Madder " is given by Rubia cordifolia, Linn., the Manjit plant,
common all over the Himalaya and largely exported. The well-known dye-plant
ohlenlandia umMlata, Linn., Vera. Chat/, Tel., is found in the sandy scrub of the
( 'oromandel coast and largely collected. Many other genera are cultivated in gardens
for the beauty of their flowers, and among the commonest of these are Serissa,
(''ifesbsea and Hamelia, besides the numerous Ixoras and Gardenias, some species of
which are described herein.

Wood white, yellow, or rarely red, close- and even-grained, gene-
rally hard or moderately hard ; no heartwood. Pores small or very
small; in Ant1ioceph<d as Cada/mba and a few other species, moderate-
sized. Medullar)/ rays uniform, equidistant, fine or very fine, often
closely packed. In Morinda, the pores collect in patches, but other-
wise the structure is very uniform. Many of the species have woods
resembling boxwood, and worthy of practical test to see if they could
not be used as substitutes for it.

400 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tribe I. NAUCLEEjE.

I have been in doubt whether I should adopt the names and arrangement given in
Mr. G. D. Haviland's "Revision of the Naucleeae" in Joum. Limn. Soc. xxxiii. 1, but
have concluded that it will be best to adhere, in this work, as closely as possible to
the Fl. Br. Ind. instead, as it will facilitate references by Forest Officers using both
works, and avoid the quotation of many synonyms.

1. SAHCOCEPHALUS, Afzel.

1. S. COPdatUS, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 22; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 318 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 63 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 292. Nauclea cordata, Roxb.Fl. Ind. i. 509. Vern. Vammi,
Tarn. ; Bahmi, Cingh. ; Ma-uhttanshe, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark silvery -grey, about 1 in. thick, smooth.
Wood soft, sapwood light yellow, heartwood bright yellow. Pontes
moderate-sized, rather scanty, usually subdivided, in rough radial lines
between the numerous fine medullary rays which bend round them.

Mixed forests of Burma ; low country of Ceylon.

Kurz says the wood is soft and useless and decays in less than a year, and certainly
the specimen, though of good colour, looks anything but durable. He gives W = 23
to 34 lbs. Beddome says that in Ceylon it is used for furniture, door-frames, sandals
and other purposes. The tree is common in taungya clearings in Burma, and appa-
rently comes up self-sown in plantations, and has to be cut out.

lbs.

Ceylon Collection, No. 9, new (Nauclea coadjttnata, Roxb.) . . .35
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6.

2. ANTHOCEPHALUS, A. Rich.

1. A. Cadamba, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 23 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxvii. t. 35 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 261 ; Gamble Darj. List 46 ; Talbot Bomb. List 105 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 293 ;
Nauclea Cadamba, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 5. 512. Sarcocephahis Cadamba, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 63.
Yern. Kaddam, Jcaram, Hind., Beng. ; Bol-hadam, Chittagong; Pandur, Lepcha :
Kodum, Mechi ; Roghu, Ass.; Kadambo, Uriya ; Kurambo, Kurku ; Sanho, K61;
Vella cadamba, Tarn.; Kadambe, rudrak-shamba,TeL', Pedda snk-o, Reddi ; Heltega,
arsanatega, Mysore; Kadam, rihyu, Mar.; Kadda vaUu, kadaga, kadwal, Kan.; Atta
variji, Mai.; Mauo, sanijepang, Magh ; Ma-u, ma-ugaungd&n, ma-ukadun, Burm.:
Jvmbid-bakmi, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, with numerous regular,
longitudinal fissures, the outer bark peeling off in small rectangular
scales. Wood white, with a yellowish tinge (an old specimen from
Burma, yellowish-grey), soft, even-graim'd. Pores large, oval, elon-
gated, subdivided, sometimes in short radial lines, scanty. MedvMary
ray* fine, numerous, close together, bent outwards where they touch
the pores. Structure very similar to that of Sarcocephahis cordati'*.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, common in the Darjeeling Terai
and lower hills ; Assam and Eastern Bengal, very common ; Northern Circars, scarce
along rivers south to the Godavari, reappearing in Cuddapah and Kurmool ; Western
Coast in Kanara and Malabar ; mixed forests of Pegu ; low country of Ceylon up to
2000 ft.; much cultivated elsewhere.

A tall tree with straight clean stem and a rounded head, with rather drooping
branches, flowers in yellowish heads the size of a golf-hall, or rather larger. S. E. Peal
says it is remarkably quick-growing at first, up to eight or ten years old, afterwards the
growth gets much slower; he considers that for tea-box planking it is best to fell it at
twelve years old. He speaks also of its growth in height being as much as 10 ft.
narly for the fust two or three years; and that trees sixteen years old- often have
a girth of 5 ft. (Jnd. Tea Oaz., 1884, and Ind. For., x. 245). The wood in Assam has
ofien an unpleasant smell.

RUBIACE.E

401

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

Experiment by whom made.

Puckle, No. ]9
Kyd . .
Cunningham .
Brandis, No. 67 .
Wallich .
Specimens examined

procured.

1859 Mysore
1831 Assam
1854 Gwalior
1862 Burma

Travancore
1878-99 Various

■k Z

O S

■s

lbs.

43

2

36

—

47

5

37

—

38

—

36i

7

Size of scantling. Value of P

ft. in. in.
2x1x1
2xlxl
2x1x1

616
560
618

W may be taken as 40 lbs. per cubic foot on an average. The wood is used for
building ; in Assam, Cachar, and occasionally in Darjeeling for tea-boxes. Cunningham
(1854) says that it is used for beams and rafters on account of its cheapness and light-
ness, and that it is good for joiners' work, but that it is a brittle wood. The flowers
are offered at Hindu shrines, and the fruit is eaten. The tree is often cultivated for
ornament, and is much used as an avenue tree in Bengal. Kurz, evidently quoting
Brandis' List, No. 67, says " wood, a deep yellow ; " this is not, however, the case with
the specimens herein described.

The Kadam tree seeds profusely, and in a natural state seedlings spring up in
abundance, but it is not so easy to propagate it artificially. As regards its natural
seeding, S. E. Peal says (I.e.), " I once estimated that I weeded out 450,000 Roghu
' seedlings on 25 acres of clearance. It is a pity that it is not more extensively
' grown by planters and by Government, especially as it takes such a short time to
' reach useful size. It is on this latter account that I place it first on the list of tea-
' box timbers."

lbs.
O 5093. Gula Tappar, Dehra Dun (Babu IT. N. Kanjilal) ... 37

E 650. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)
E 3153. Pankabari, Darjeeling (damp) (Gamble)
E 3144, 3280. Jalpaiguri, Bengal (Gamble) .

E 1435. Assam

C 4210. Ganjam Forests (Gamble)
B 2535. Burma (Brandis, 1862) .
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

40
50
40
32
25
32

3. CEPHALANTHUS, Linn. C. nauchoides, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 24; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 68 {Nauclea tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 516); Vera. Shwet kadam, Beng., is
an evergreen small tree of Oudh, the Sikkim Himalaya, Assam, Eastern Bengal and
Upper Burma.

4. ADINA, Salisb.

Four species. A. polyc&phala, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 25 {Nauclea polycephala,
Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 65), is an evergreen small tree of the Khasia Hills, Sylhet,
Chittagong and Tenasserim.

Wood yellowish, moderately hard to hard, even-grained. Pores
small, numerous. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

1. A. eordifolia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 24 ; Brandis For. Fl. 263, t. 33 ; Gamble
Par]. List 46; Talbot Bomb. List 105 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 293. Nauclea cordih
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 514 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 33 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 66. Vera. Haldu, hardu,
karam, Hind. ; Bangka, keli-kadam, petpuria, da-kom, Beng. ; Karam, Nep. ; Tikkoe,
Bahraich and Gonda; Hardu, jiaspu, kurmi, Gondi ; HoJonda, Uriya ; Slianqdong,
Garo; Roghu, Ass.; Kurumba, komba, Kol ; Karam, Sonthal ; Mandugram, Khond ;
Manjakadambe, Tam. ; Manja kadambu, Mai.; Bandaru, kamada, rudrakadajvi,
kiinapu, rudraganapu, dudagu, paspu hadambe, Tel. ; Hedde, yettega, yettagal, pettega,
(irmnatega, yettada, ahnau, Kan. ; Hedu, heddi, honungi, Mar. ; Kolon, Cingh. ; Timing,
Magh ; Hnaw, Burm.

2 D

402

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A large deciduous tree. Bark soft, ^ in. thick, grey, rough. Wood
yellow, moderately hard, even-grained, no heartwood. Ann mil rings
faint. Pores small, numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays
very fine, short, numerous.

Deciduous forests in the greater part of India; in the sub-Himalayan tract and
Lower Himalaya from the Jumna eastwards to Bhutan and up to 3000 ft. ; common
throughout Central, Western and South India ; all over Burma in deciduous forest ;
dry region of Ceylon.

A beautiful and important tree, scattered in the deciduous forests, occasionally more
or less gregarious in suitable localities, as on dry hills with a good soil, which have been
subject to temporary cultivation. Its reproduction in ordinary forest is not good, as
the seed is very small and recmires broken-up soil on which it can fall and germinate
easily. Artificially, it is difficult to rear, but would probably come up well from
sowings on prepared land. In Northern India, the wood is much esteemed for combs
and small articles of turnery, so that a good price is obtainable for the wood. In some
forests, those of the Dehra Dun for instance, very large trees occur, but all much cut,
pollarded or lopped, as, previous to the introduction of regular working, those who
required small pieces preferred to pollard the trees or cut branches, to fellinsc the whole
tree. In South India, it is cut young for house-posts, so that large trees are rare.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

Experiment by whom
made.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

"3

* 2

o c

°§

fc ft

Size of bar.

Value of I'.

lbs.

ft. in. iu.

Puckle, No. 26 .

1859

Mysore

36

4

2x1x1

464

Skinner, No. 99.

1862

Soutli India

42

—

—

. 664

Cunningham

1854

Gwalior

49

2

2X1X1

586

Brandis

1864

Burma

43

7

3x1x1

760

Brandis, No. 65.

1862

42

—

—

—

R. Thompson

1868

Central Provinces

47

—

—

—

C. P. List .

1873

42

—

—

—

H. H. O'Connell

1886

Coimbatore

47

—

—

a = 0011 S3

Bourdillon

1896

Truvancore

43

—

—

—

Specimens examined .

1878-99

Various

45

15

—

—

W may be taken as 45 lbs. The wood seasons well, takes a good polish and is
durable, but somewhat liable to warp and crack. It is good for turning, and is exten-
sively employed in construction for furniture, agricultural implements, opium and cigar
(Coconada) boxes, writing-tablets, combs and numerous other purposes.

Specimen D 3893 is a piece of wood taken out of a terraced roof at Ramandrug
Bellary, 3500 ft., by E. D. M. Hooper. It had been up for 40 years, and was perfectly
sound and good. It weighed 43 lbs. per cubic foot, and is supposed to have come from
the Nallamalai forests in Kurnool.

O 215. Garhwal (1868)

O 2994. „ (1874)

O 1491. Kheri, Oudh (Wood) ....

O 340. Gorakhpur

C 825. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)

C 2988. Jubbulpore (1863)

C 1136. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)

C 3685. Palami i \v, Chota Nagpore (Gamble)

C 3543. Khurdha Forests, Orissa „

C 1245. Gumsur, Madras (Dampier) .

E 2387. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) .

D 4015. Collegal, Coimbatore ....

B 2538. Burma (Brandis, 1862) ....

No. 35, Salem Collection

Nordlinger'a Sections, vols. 7 and 9 (Tab. IX. 2).

lbs.

43
46
48
41
48
43
44
44
43
49
50
56
43
40

RUBIACEiE 403

2. A. sessilifolia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 24 ; Brandis For. Fl. 264. Nauclea
sessilifolia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 515 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 65. Vern. Kara, Beng. ; Kurnkoi,
Chakma ; Thaing, Magli ; Teinkala, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark J to \ in. thick, blackish, transversely
fissured and cracked. Wood yellowish-brown, hard. Pores very
numerous, moderate-sized, oval and subdivided, transverse diameter
greater than the interval between the closely packed, fine, and
uniform rmedullary rays.

Cachar, Chittagong, mixed forests of Burma, north to Myitkyina.
AVeight, according to Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 70, 43 to 56 lbs. ; specimens
examined give 56 lbs. as an average. The wood is used in Chittagong for building
purposes and firewood. In Chittagong it is perhaps the only gregarious tree, being
commonly found on flat places on the banks of rivers.

lbs.

E 1391. Chittagong (Chester) 53

E 3694. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble) 58

B 2537, 3069. Burma (1862) 56

3. A. Griffithii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 24. Cephalanthus naudeoides, DC;
Gamble Darj. List 46. Vern. Kale, kalikat, Nep.

A small or moderate-sized tree. Bark light brown, rather smooth.
Wood moderately hard : sapwood reddish, heartwood orange-yellow.
Pores moderate-sized, numerous, often filled with a gummy substance.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, undulating, bent round the pores.

Lower Himalaya from Nepal eastwards (scarce) ; Khasia Hills up to 3000 ft.

A pretty wood, used for planking formerly, but now scarce, in Darjeeling.

lbs.

E 2385. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling (Gamble) 44

E 5109. Tista Valley, Darjeeling (C. G. Rogers) 40

5. STEPHEGYNE, Korth.

Three species.
Wood reddish- or yellowish-brown. Pores small to moderate-sized,
not very numerous. Med/idlary rays fine, numerous, uniform. Wood
cells usually rather large.

1. S. parvifolia, Korth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 25 ; Brandis For. Fl. 262 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 105 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 294. Naudea parvifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 513; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 34 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 66. Vern. Kulm, Kashmir ; Kaddam, Jeallam, h im,
Jcangei, Hind.; Phaldu, Kumaon; Mundi, Gondi, Baigas ; Kutebi, Kurku ; Gt'iri,
Kuderma, Palamow; Gui, kdmba, K61 ; Goure karam, Sonthal ; QoU ha/ram, Mai
Pahari ; Kadidla, Coorg ; Mundi-mundi, Uriya; Pajakiru, Khond ; Kdmba, Palkonda;
Sima bandaru, Reddi ; Chinna kadambu, dielam/pai, nir kadam/pa, buta-kadambe,
Tain.; Nir-kadambe, karmi, bataganapu,Tei..; Congu, Jiedu, yetega, kadwar, kadani,
kany,, bata kadapu, attaka, Kan.; Kadamb, karamb, kalarn, Mar.; Sira kadajriba,
Mai. ; Kambli, Travancore Hills; Tamdk, Bhil ; Kumra, Banswara ; Teinthe, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark I in. thick, light grey, smooth, with
shallow depressions left by exfoliating scales. Wood light pinkish-
brown, moderately hard, even-grained, much resembling that ot
A. cord] folia, but rather harder, and at once recognized by its
different colour. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays very fine, numerous, short.

All over India, in deciduous forest, except, apparently, in Northern and Eastern
Bengal and Assam ; sub-Himalayan traci and Lower Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal,
ascending to about 3000 ft. ; Central, Western and Southern India ; throughout Burma;
dry region of Ceylon, but scarce.

A useful and important forest tree, classed with Adina cordffolia, but not quite so

404

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

much in demand and not so common. It is found rather sporadically only. Like
Haldu, Keim gives a useful wood esteemed for many purposes, and in considerable
demand especially in South India. Like Haldu, also, it reproduces very sparingly, but
better where the soil has been broken up so that the small seeds can reach the ground
without difficulty. It is difficult to rear artificially.

Growth moderate, 5 to 15, averaging 9 rings per inch of radius. The weight and
transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments :—

Experiment by whom made.

v Wood whence
ear' ! procured.

.a
fcp

i

i 2

ai a

fcp,

Size of bar.

Value of P.

Cunningham
Skinner, No. 100
Brandis, No. 69
R. Thompson .
Bouidillon

1854 Gwalior

1862 ! South India

1862 Burma

1868 Central Provinces

1896 Travancore

lbs.
35
39
43
47
39

2

ft, in. in.
2xlxl

586

683

656

The specimens here described have an average weight of 46 lbs., and 45 lbs. may be
taken as about a correct figure.

The wood is easily worked and polishes well ; it is durable, if not exposed to wet.

It is used for building, furniture, agricultural implements, combs, cups, spoons and

platters, and for turned and carved articles.

1 lbs.

P 458. Ajmere —

0 269. Garhwal (1868) 45

0 529. Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) 41

0 344. Gorakhpur 42

O 1481. Kheri, Oudh (Wood) 44

C 178. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 42

C 186. „ „ „ , 46

C 1120. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .44

C 2783. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 44

C 824. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) —

B 2539. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 56

Nordlinger's Sections, vols. 7 and 10.

2. S. tubulosa, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 25 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxviii. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 295. Yern. Helamba, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark brown, smooth. Wood soft, light pinkish-
brown. Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, evenly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, broader and longer than in S.parvifolia.

Cochin ; moist region of Ceylon, common about Colombo.

Wood used in Ceylon for house-building.

lbs.

No. 35, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 47, new (Mendis) .... 42

3. S. diversi folia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 26. Nauclea rottmdifolia, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 5 16 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 67 (also K. parvifolia, var. diver sif olio). Yern. Binga,
Burm.

A small deciduous tree. Bark thin, rough with longitudinal corky -
swelled fissures. Wood yellowish-brown, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores small and moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullar y rays
fine, uniform, numerous, the distance between them being less than
the diameter of the pores, round which they bend.

Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands, extending eastwards to the Shan
Hills.

Brandis in Burma List, 1862, No. 66, gives W = 45 lbs. The wood is a nice one,
but apparently not used.

RUBIACE.E 405

lbs.

B 2536. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 51

B 2288. Andaman (Col. Ford, 1866) 44

B 2233 (47 lbs.) Andaman (Col. Ford, 1866) ; Vern. Htainbyoo, is also this species
in all probability. The wood is the same, but the pores are rather larger.

6. NAUCLEA, Linn.

Three species. N. zeylanica, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 26 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxix. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 296, is a small endemic Ceylon tree rather scarce in the moist low
country of the island.

1. N. purpurea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 515 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxix. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 106 (also, probably, N. elliptica, Dalz. and Gibs., see remarks). Vern. Phuya,
Mar. ; Ahnan, Kan.

A small tree. Wood light red, smooth, moderately hard, even-
grained. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays small,
numerous, regular.

Forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards ; Northern Circars, in
the Rumpa Hills.

The specimens came under the name N. eUiptica, but the wood differs from Bour-
dillon's specimens of N. missionis, under which N. elliptica is placed in Fl. Br. Ind.,
that I feel I am right in thinking it is really N. purpurea with which, and not with

N. missionis, Talbot would evidently join N. elliptica.

lbs.

W4191. Cochin (Kohlhoff) 49

W 1225. North Kanara (Barrett) 42

2. N. missionis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 27 ; Talbot Bomb. List 106.

A small tree. Wood yellow, soft to moderately hard. Pores small
to moderate-sized, often subdivided into 2 or 3 by partitions. Medul-
lary rays fine, numerous, bent where they touch the pores.

Western Coast, along rivers and watercourses, from the Konkan to Travancore.
Bourdillon gives W = 37 lbs., P = 430.

lbs.
W 4673. Travancore (Bourdillon) 34

7. UNCARIA, Schreb. About nine species, all climbing shrubs. U. pilosa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 520 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 32 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 70 ; Gamble Darj. List 47 ; Vern,
Baisi kara, Nep. ; Kahukrik, Lepcha, is a straggling shrub of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal
and Burma with large hooked sterile peduncles in the shape of a buffalo's horn. U.
sessilifructus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 520; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 30; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 71 ; Gamble
Darj. List 47 ; Vern. Pinri, Lepcha, is a climber of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong
and Burma. U. sclerophylla, Roxb. (JJ. ferruginea, DC; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 69); U.
attenuata, Korth. ; JJ. laevigata, Wall. ; and U. macrophylla, Wall. (U. sessilifolia, Roxb.;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 69), are all lar^e climbing shrubs of Burma. U. dasyoneura, Korth. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 296, is a very large climbing shrub of Ceylon. U. Oambier, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 517 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 31, is the climbing shrub of the Malay Archipelago
whose leaves produce the astringent extract called " Gambier," or " Terra japonica,*'
which is used as a dye and lor chewing with pan leaves and areca nut in the same way
as cutch is in India. The plant is not indigenous in India, Burma or Ceylon.

Tribe II. CINCH0NEJ].
8. CINCHONA, Linn.

A genus of about 36 species of trees or shrubs found in a narrow belt along the
Andes of South America, between 2300 and NJ00 ft. elevation. Several species give
the Peruvian bark or Cinchona of commerce, the value of which depends upon the

406 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

presence of certain alkaloids which are known as " quinine," " cinchoniue, " " cinchoni-
dine," etc., and. which are so valuable as febrifuges.

The Cinchona trees were first brought to India in 1860, chiefly through the labours
of Sir Clements Markham, K.C.B., who was sent by the Secretary of State in 1859 to
Peru to collect plants and seeds of the different kinds. The plants be brought did not
live, but the seeds were sown and the trees planted in the Nilgiri Hills. In 1862
Dr. T. Anderson instituted the plantations at Rangbi in Sikkim with plants and seeds
brought by him from Java. There are 4 principal species cultivated in the Indian
plantations, viz. C. succirubra, Calisaya, officinalis and micrantha, with hybrids and
varieties of these. The Government has large plantations in the Darjeeling Hills at
Mongpu, Sitong, etc., and in the Nilgiris at Doddabetta, Naduvatam, etc., while in the
South Indian and Ceylon hills there are also plantations belonging to private persons.
The extended cultivation of Cinchona in suitable localities all over the world has
reduced the cost of quinine, so that the invaluable drug is now within the reach of the
poorest. The exertions of Sir G. King have procured its sale in small packets of five
grains each and of a pice in value at many of the post-offices in India, rendering it
easy for poor people to obtain small doses.

1. C. sueeirubra, Pavon; Brandis For. PI. 265. Red Bark.

Wood yellow, moderately hard. Pores small, in short radial lines.
Medullary rays closely packed, fine and very fine, short.

Cultivated on the Nilgiris and other hills of South India, at the plantations of
Rangbi and Poomong in Sikkim, on the hills east of Toungoo in Burma and in parts
of the Satpura Range in Central India. This species thrives at a lower elevation than
the others, but is comparatively poor in quinine, though rich in cinchoniue and cincho-
nidine. From this species was chiefly derived the "Cinchona alkaloid," which for
some time was largely manufactured at the Government Plantation of Rangbi.

E 1357, 3157. Rangbi, Darjeeling, 3700 ft. (King).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

2. C. Calisaya, Weddell; Brandis For. PL 266. Yellow Bark.

Wood reddish-grey, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small,
in short radial lines. Medullary rays tine, closely packed, short.

Cultivated iu Sikkim at moderate elevations.

It yields perhaps the most valuable of the Cinchona barks, rich in alkaloids, among
which quinine forms half to four-fifths.

E 1358, 3158. Rangbi, Darjeeling, 3700 ft. (King).

3. C. officinalis, Linn.; Brandis For. Fl. 266. Loxa or Crown Bark.

Wood yellowish-grey, similar in structure to that of C. Calisaya.

Cultivated at high elevations on the Nilgiris, iu Ceylon and iu Sikkim, but not
extensively.

Its bark is rich in alkaloids, of which more than one-half is quinine.

E 1356, 3150. Rangbi, Darjeeling, 3700 ft. (King).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

9. HYMENOPOGON, Wall. Two species. 77. parasiticus, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
34; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 73; Gamble Darj. List 47; Vern. Kwrsimla, Nep., is an epi-
phytic shrub of the East Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Burma, above 4000 ft. //.
assamicus, Hook. f. is a similar plant of Assam.

10. HYMENODICTYON, Wall.

Three species. II. flaccidtn,»,\\T:\\\.\ Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 36; Brandis For. Fl. 268;
Gamble Darj. List 47, is a tree of the Central and Eastern Himalaya from Garhwal to
Bhutan, ascending to 6000 ft. ; and of the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft.

1. H. excelsum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 35; Brandis For. Fl. 267; Bedl. Fl.
Sylv. cxxx. ; Talbot Bomb. List 106; Gamble Darj. List 17. 77. utile, Wight ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. cxxx. If. thyrsiflorum, Wall.; Kur7. For. Fl. ii. 72. Cinchona urelsa,

HUBIACE/E

407

Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 529. C. thyrsiflora, Roxb. I.e. 530. Vera. Bartu, barthoa, Pb. ;
Bhaulan, bhahna, bhamina, dhauli, kilkurkat, bJiurlcul, phaldu, bhohdr, potar, purgur,
Hind.; Bauranga, Kumaon ; Lunia, lamkana, Merwara; Bhorsdl, Melghat; Bhorkoru,
Monghyr ; Bhawasar, Kurku ; Salt, Kul ; Burlcunda, Bhunij ; Dadhippa, lleddi;
Dondru, dandelo, Panch Mehals; Bhoursdl, Mar.; Sagapu, peranjoli, Tarn.; Dudi-
yetta, dudippa, chetippa, bur/a, bandara, rnonnabillu, Tel.; Vella kadamba, Mai.;
Bodoka, konso, Uriya ; Kusau, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark soft, ^ to f in. thick, grey, exfoliat-
ing in irregularly shaped, softish scales. Wood white, when cut up
fresh ; if cut up dry, brownish-grey, soft. Annual rings indistinctly
marked. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, single or subdivided. Medul-
lary rays few moderately broad, alternating with others fine, visible
as a silver-grain on a radial section, bent round the pores. Wood-cells
large.

Throughout India in dry deciduous forest ; in the sub-Himalayan tract and lower
Himalaya from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 5000 ft. ; Central, Western and South
India ; dry forests in Burma.

A conspicuous tree, especially when leafless but still bearing its panicles of fruit
with small winged seeds. It is chiefly found in dry mixed forests, often on stony or
saudy river-banks, often again in savannah forests. The growth is moderate, 6 to 7
rings per inch of radius. The wood is soft, but of good quality for purposes for which
a soft wood is useful. It would do for tea-boxes, and is in use for scabbards, grain-
measures, palanquins, toys, and in Burma for school " slates " and packing-cases.
Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 104, gave W = 28 lbs. ; Bourdillon gives W = 2s,
P = 447 ; the weight of the specimens here enumerated averages 31 lbs. The bark is
said to give an alkaloid allied to quinine, and is used in native medicine as an anti-
periodic.

O 216. Garhwal (1868) ....

O 350. Gorakhpur (1868) ....

0 1462. Bahraich, Oudh (Eardley-Wilmot) .

O 1482. Kheri, Oudh (Wood) .

O 4424. Siwalik Hills, Dehra Dun (Gamble)

C 1127. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson)

C 3565. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) .

E 1231. Sibsagar, Assam (Mann)

E 1286. Cachar (Mann) ....

B 279. Burma (1867) .

B 3070. Burma (Brandis, 1862) .

B 559. Prome, Burma (Ribbentrop) .

B 2287. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

lbs.

28

32

34
30
32
29
26
34
31
38
33
35

2. H. Obovatum, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 36; Bedd. PI. Sylv. t. 219; Talbot
Bomb. List 106. Vein. Ka/rwad, sirid, Mar. ; Telia malla kni, Tam. ; Mallay tandk,
Madura.

A large tree. Wood brownish -grey, soft, smooth. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized, single or subdivided radially. Medullary rays few
moderately broad, alternating with others fine, forming a silver-grain
on a radial section. Very like that of H. excels um.

Western Ghats from the Konkan to Travancore.

lbs.

W 4674. Travancore (Bourdillon) 28

11. LUCULIA, Sweet.

Two species. L. Pinceana, Hook, is a shrub of the Khasia Hills, at 3-5000 ft.

1. L. gratissima, Sweet; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 36 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 71 ; Gamble Darj.
List 47. Vera. Dowari, Nep. ; Sumbrangrip, Lepcha.

408 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A large shrub. Bark brown, very thin. Wood white, moderately
hard, close- and even-grained. Pores very small, numerous. Me-
dullary rays fine, regular. Pith large.

Eastern Himalaya, in Nepal and the Darjeeling Hills at 4-6000 ft. ; Shan Hills of
Burma.

Wallich gives W = 23 lbs. (No. 43). Flowers pink, very handsome.
E 5008. Kurseong Forests (Green).

Tribe III. R0NDELETIEJ].
12. WENDLANDIA, Bartling.

About 14 Indian species, all handsome trees or small trees with flowers in terminal
thyrsoid cymes. W. puberula, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. hi. 38; Brandis For. Fl. 576 (IF.
scabra, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 73), is an evergreen small tree of the Central Himalaya from
the Jumna river to Nepal and of Upper Burma, ascending to 4000 ft. W. Wdllichii,
W. and A., IF. coriacea, DC and W. paniculata, DC are all small trees of the Eastern
Himalaya, at about 2-4000 ft. in Sikkim, some extending to Assam, the Khasia Hills
and Sylhet, the last-named to the Kachin Hills. IF nitens, Wall, and W. glomerulata,
Kurz, are found in Tenasserim ; and IF. Ugustrina, Wall. ; Vern. Damasegyi, Burm.,
in the Taongdong Hills in Upper Burma. TF. gJabrata, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 39 ;
Kurz For. Fl. 74 ; Vern. Tlatpyu, Burm. is an evergreen tree of the dry hill forests
of the Shan States, Martaban and Tenasserim at 2-4000 ft. ; also found in the S.
Deccan and Mysore, where too occurs IF. Lawii, Hook. f. IF. pendula, DC and W.
angustifolia, Wight are species which, like IF. Notoniana, have whorled leaves and
are found, the former in Nepal, the latter in the hills of Tinnevelly.

Wood reddish-brown. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays of two kinds, very fine and fine or moderately broad, numerous.

1. W. exserta, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 37 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxx. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 268 ; Gamble Darj. List 47 ; Talbot Bomb. List 107. Rondeletia exserta, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 523. Vern. Chaulai, chila, chiikiya, tila,birsa, tilki, tilai, Hind.; Bathna,
chaulai, Saharanpur ; Chelitana, kattito, Kumaon ; Chilkia posdra, Garhwal ; Tilka,
Bahraich ; Kangi, lill.i, mimri, Nep. ; Kin-si, Seoni ; Marria, Goudi; Tilliah, Baigas;
Honro, Sonthal ; Tiruwa, Mai Pahari ; Tilai, Koderma ; Tilai, Uriya ; Tielm, Khond.

A small deciduous tree. Bark brown. Wood reddish-brown,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays moderately broad and fine, the former short. Annual rings
marked by fewer pores in the autumn wood.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Chenab eastwards; Oudh,
Bengal and Central India, in deciduous forests; also in Orissa and the Circars ou the
East and in the North Deccan and the Konkan on the West Coast.

An ornamental tree with ashy-grey foliage and large thyrsoid panicles of fragrant
white flowers. Brandis speaks of it as gregarious in dense patches, to the exclusion of
other trees, in the Bahraich and Gonda forests of Oudh ; and I have seen it similarly
growing in places in Chota Nagpore, the Deccan and Circars. Brandis also mentions
its partiality for broken raviny ground near the Narbadda river; and on the Saharanpur
and Dehra Dun Siwaliks I have found it coming up in dense patches of seedling's <>n
the debris of the sand- and shingle-slips which so often occur there. This habit points
to its being likely to be of use in sowings for reclothing such places and for any works
that may be tried in Hoshiarpur. It ought to do well, as J. L. Stewart mentions,
that Edgcworth found plants springing up far down in the Punjab plains, from seeds
carried down the rivers (" Pb. Plants," IIS).

Growth fast, 4 to 5 rings per inch of radius. The wood is occasionally used for build-
ing and agricultural implements and for house-posts in the Sikkim Terai.

11>8.

O 1370. Gonda, Oudh 47

E 589. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . —
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (IP. excelsa).

RUBIACE.E 409

2. W. tinctOPia, DC ; PL Br. Ind. iii. 38 ; Brandis For. Fl. 269 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxxx. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 74 ; Gamble Darj. List 47. Rondeletia tinctoria, Roxb. Fl.
hid. i. 522. Vera. Padhera, Kumaon; Kat moliya, Garhwal; Tula-lodh, Beng. ;
Kangi, Nep. ; Singnok, Lepcha ; Telli, Uriya ; TUai, Sonthal ; Tilki, Khond ; Taraa-
aauk, thitni, thUpyu, Burm.

A small tree. Bark \ in. thick, reddish-brown, fibrous, rough.
Wood reddish-yellow, soft. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Me-
dullary rays fine, short, numerous, with a fine silver-grain.

Sub-Himalayan tract from tbe Ganges eastward up to 5000 ft., in deciduous forests ;
Assam, Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal ; Orissa and the Northern Circars to the
Godavari ; dry forests tbroughout Burma, and up to 4000 ft., extending north to
Myitkyina.

Common in the Sikkim Hills, Assam and Burma as a small, rather crooked tree.
The bark is used as a mordant in dyeing.

C 3791. Piogada Forest, Ganjam (Gamble).

3. W. Notoniana, Wall; Fl. Br. Tod. iii. 40; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 224; Talbot
Bomb. List 107 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 297. Vern. Showla, Mar. ; Puvu, thovara,
Trav. Hills ; liawanidala, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark orange-red, peeling off in fibrous strips. Wood
dark reddish-brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, some very fine.

Forests of the Konkan and N. Kan;ira, on the Ghats, especially on laterite ; Nil-
giris and other hills of South India at 5-8000 ft. as a shrub only ; common in Ceylon

at all elevations.

lbs.
No. — , Ceylon (Alexander) 53

No. 74, Ceylon Collection (old) — A. Mendis — 48 lbs. was probably this species (see
Ed. i. p. 226), but No. 119 (new) is something else with quite different structure.

13. GREENE A, W. and A.

Two species, evergreen shrubs or small trees of Tenasserim, viz. G. Jackii,
W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 41 (Wendlandia corymbosa, DC; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 75)
and G. Wightiana, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 41 (Wendlandia secunda, Griff.; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 75).

Tribe IV. HEDY0TIDE.E.
14. HEDYOTIS, Linn.

A genus containing a number of small shrubs, common in the hills of South India
and Ceylon, besides one or two climbers and a number of herbaceous plants. Many of
them seem to be very local in their distribution. IF.fraticosa, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
49; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 304; Vern. Weraaiya, Ohlgh., is a very common shrub of the
low country of Travancore and Ceylon, up to 3000 ft. 11. swertioides, Hook. f. is a
tall species found in the Pulney Hills. H. Lessertiana, Arn. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 309,
t. 49, is a large erect shrub, often almost a small tree, very common, in the mountains
of Ceylon and conspicuous. IT. scande7is, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 364 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 57 ;
Gamble Darj. List 47 ; Vern. Bakrda/ra, Nep. ; Kalhe)i yok, Lepcha, is a climbing
shrub of the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal, ascending to 6000
ft. and used by Lepchas in the Darjeeling Hills in dyeing their cloths green or blue.

1. H. Stylosa, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 51.

A large shrub, with stems much and deeply indented on all sides.
Bark thin, rough, purplish-brown. Wood dark greyish-brown,
moderately hard. Pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays very
numerous, close and fine. Annual rings marked by clouded bands.

410 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Hills of South India, very common in the Nilgiri sholas, at 5-8000 ft.
W 3912. Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. H. artieularis, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 51.

A small shrub. Bark brown, corky. Wood dark greyish-brown,
hard, close-grained. Pores extremely small, scanty. Medullary mys
extremely fine, numerous.

Nilgiri Hills, at 5-7000 ft., fairly common.

W 4186. Naduvatani, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

3. H. hirsutissima, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 55.

A shrub. Bark light brown, with somewhat hexagonal, thick,
corky prominences. Wood dark grey, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores very small, rather scanty, single or in short transverse patches
of lighter tissue. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

Nilgiri Hills, scarce, only seen on the Kundahs above Sispara, at about 6-7500 ft.

lbs.

W 3770, 3808. Sispara, Nilgiris, 7000 ft, (Gamble) . . . .43

15. SILVIANTHUS, Hook. f. S. bracteatus, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 86, is a
shrub of Sylhet and Cachar.

Tkibe V. MUSSJ]NDE£].

16. MUSS^ENDA, Linn.

A genus containing 11 described species of which four or more are large shrubs or
climbers. It is remarkable for having flowers with one of the lobes of the calyx enlarged
into a membranous usually white leaf, so that the plants are conspicuous iu the forest.
The corollas are mostly orange-coloured. M. macrophylla, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 89 ;
Gamble Darj. List 48 (Jf. calycina, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 58), is a large shrub or
small tree of the Eastern Himalaya at 4-6000 ft., the Khasia Hills, Burma, and the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. M. glabra, Vahl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 90; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 56; Gamble Darj. List 48, is a climbing or erect shrub or small tree of the Central
and Eastern Himalaya at 1-5000 ft., the Khasia Hills, the hills of Eastern Bengal and
those of Martaban.

1. M. frondosa, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 89; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 557; Bedd. FL
Sylv. cxxi. ; Gamble Darj. List 48; Talbot Bomb. List 107 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 323.
Tern. Uhnfkrs, lavasat, shevvod, Mar.; Behana, Bombay; Asari, Nep. ; Tiunberh,
Lepcha ; Mussenda, welbutsarana, Cingh.

A large shrub or (var. hirsutissima) large climber. Bark grey,
smooth but granular. Wood white, soft to moderately hard, close-
and even-grained. Pores very small, numerous, evenly distributed.
Medullar^/ rays very fine, regular, short.

Eastern Himalaya up to 4000 ft.; xVssam. the Khasia and Shan Hills; Western

Coast and South India ; Ceylon : often cultivated.

J lbs.

E 5080. Outer Darjeeling Hills (Green) 42

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 3 (M.fldvcsccns, Karst.).

17. ADENOSACME, Wall. Small shrubs of the undergrowth of damp forests,
recognizable by their white berries. A. longifolia, Wall.: Fl. Br. hub iii. 95; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 54; Gamble Darj. List 18; Vern. Pitamari, Nep., is the principal species
and is found in the forests of N. and E. Bengal and Burma ; while A. Lawii, Hook. f.
represents it in those of the Western Ghats of S. India.

18. MYIJIONElKi )\, Wall. Three species, small shrubs of no importance. M.
nutans, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 96; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 55, is common in Assam, the
Khasia Hills and Chittagonz.

RUBIACE/E 411

19. AULACODISCUS, Hook. f. A. premnoides, Hook, f.; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 97, is a
small glabrous tree of Tenasserim or the Andamau Islands.

20. UROPHYLLUM, Wall. Four species, shrubs or small trees, of which two are
found in Tenasserim and two in Ceylon. They are all scarce except W. zeylanicwm,
Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 98; Bedd. PI. Sylv. cxxxi. ; Trimen PI. Ceyl. ii. 320 ; Yern.
Wal-handun, Cingh., which is common in the Ceylon Hills at 3-7000 ft.

In the Tribe Hameliece comes Hamelia patens, Jacq., a well-known small Went
Indian tree cultivated in Indian gardens.

Bark dark-brown, thin, with corky lenticels. Wood yellowish-
brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, uniformly dis-
tributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular.
Growth rather fast, 4 to 5 rings per inch.

lbs.
O 4666, 4738. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) ... 39

Tribe VI. GARDENIEJ].
21. WEBERA, Schreb.

Eleven or twelve species, shrubs or small trees, of little interest except the common
species here described. W. odorata, Pioxb. Fl. Ind. i. 69'J ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 103 ; Yern.
Vatagrilja, Beng., is a small tree of Assam, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet. W. lucens,
Hook. f. and W. nilagirka, Hook. f. are found in the Nilgiri sholas.

1. W. corymbosa, Wffld.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 696; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 102; Trimeu
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 328. W. asiatica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiii. ; Talbot Bomb. List 107. W.
(j/o,/wriflora,Kiirz For. Fl. ii. 47. Yern. Kankra, Beng.; Karl, aria chdll, Cuttack ;
Kommi, komi, Tel. ; Jhanjhauka, Uriya; Kara, Mar. ; Kara, pavetti,Tam.; Taranat

Cingh.

A large evergreen shrub or small tree. Wood light-brown, hard,
close- and even-grained. Pores very small, very numerous, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays short, fine and extremely fine, regular.
Pith cross-shaped.

Bengal, Orissa and the Circars ; Deccan and Carnatic ; Western Coast from the
Konkan southwards ; tropical forests of the Pegu Yoma in Burma.

A common plant in the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, especially remarkable for its
shining hard leaves and white flowers. A. Mendis says the wood is used in Ceylon

for fishing-boats, and Trimen that it is used in constructing granaries.

lbs.
C 3579, 3520. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) . —

D 4231. Cuddapah Forests (Gamble) 47

W 4545. Travancore (Bourdillon) 63

No. 84 (old), 132 (new), Ceylon Collection (A. Mendis) ... 57

22. BYRSOPHYLLUM, Hook. f. Two species. B. eUipticwm, Hook, f.; Fl. Br.
Ind. iii. 107; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 329, is a small tree of the moist low country of
Ceylon ; and B. tetrandrum, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 107 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv.-2,
t. 326, is a small tree of the hills of Travancore at 5000 ft.

23. BRACHYTOME, Hook. f. 77. Wallirhii, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 108; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 51, is an evergreen shrub or small tree of the Khasia Hills at 3—1000 ft. and
the hills of Upper Burma.

24. RANDIA, Linn.

About 16 species, shrubs or small trees, many of them thorny. It. torn
Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 110, is a large shrub of the forests of the Shan Hills, Martaban
and Tenasserim. /,'. longiflora, Lamk. : Fl. Br. Ind. iii. Ill (Webera seandens, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 698. Foso^aa-ia longiflora, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 718); Yern. Qujerkota, Sylhet,
is a large shrub of Assam, the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal. /.'. Qriffithii, Uook.

412 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 112, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills, B. densiflora, Benth. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. iii. 112 (Weberu oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 698; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 47), is
a small evergreen tree of Assam, Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands,
with " wood yellowish-white turning brown, heavy, very close-grained, and of a very
'fine grain (Kurz)." B. WalHcMi, Hook. f. ; PL Br. Ind. iii. 113; Gamble Darj.
List 48, is a tree of the forests of the East Himalaya, the Khasia Hills, Sylliet,
Chittagong, and the Kachin Hills. B. rugulosu,Th\v.; FL Br. Inch iii. 113; Bedd.
FL Sylv. cxxxiii. ; Talbot Bomb. List 108 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 331 (B. speciosu, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. cxxxiii.), is a climbing or creeping shrub of the forests of the Western Gh;its
from the Konkan southwards and Ceylon. B. sikkimensis, Hook. f. : Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
114 ; Gamble Darj. List 48, is a shrub of the lower Darjeeling Hills with handsome
large flowers. B. exa Ha ta, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 114 (Gardenia pulcherrirtia, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 43), is a medium-sized evergreen tree of the tropical forests of S. Andaman.
R. hygrvphila, Kurz ; FL Br. Ind. iii. 115 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 44, is an evergreen shrub
of swampy forests in Pegu.

Wood creamy-white, light brown or greyish-brown, smooth,
«lose-grained, hard. Fovea small or very small, evenly distributed.
Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

The woods of the species described are very uniform aud in all of them they have
the character of boxwood.

1. R. tetrasperma, Hook.f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 109 ; Brandis For. Fl. 272. Gardenia
tetrasperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 700. Vern. Bhadra, Jaunsar; Bum garri, botyu gingaru,
Kumaon.

A small erect or procumbent shrub. Wood light greyish-brown,
hard, close- and even-grained. Pores very small, evenly distributed.
Medidlary rays very fine, very numerous. Numerous medullary
patches.

West Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan ; Assam and Sylhet ; ascending to
€000 ft.

lbs.

H 157, 2821. Simla, 5-6000 ft. (Gamble) 56

H 4708. Tons bank, Jaunsar, 3000 ft. (Gamble) 56

2. R. faseieulata, DC; FL Br. Ind. iii. 109; Gamble Darj. List 48. B. rigida,
DC; Brandis For. Fl. 273. Posoqueria faseieulata, Roxb. PL Ind. i. 717. Webera

faseieulata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 49.

A shrub. Wood light greyish-brown, hard, close-grained. Pores
small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and
very fine, very numerous.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan, up to 4000 ft, ; Assam, Khasia Hills,
Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim.

E 3363. Dhupguri, W. Diiars (Gamble).

3. R. uliglnosa, DC; FL Br. Ind. iii. 110; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. exxxii. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 273 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 44 ; Gamble Darj. List 48 ; Talbot Bomb. List 108 ; Trimen
FL Ceyl. ii. 330. Posoqueria uliginosa, Roxb. FL Ind. i. 712. Vern. Pinddlu, pindar,
pandr, paniah, bharani, hit id, Hind.; Pirdr, Oudh; Mandeo, Kumaon; Mainphalt
Garhwal ; Piralo, Beng. ; Maidal, Nep. ; Kuurio, Ranch Mehals ; Pendra, Uriya ; Katil,
pender, Gondi ; Gangru, gangdru, Kurku ; Gadda pirar, Monghyr ; Purputa, Melghaf ;
Kumktim, Kul ; Pinde, Sonthal; Pindaru, Mai Rahari ; NaUaika, nulla kakisha, Tel.;
Wagatta, Tam. ; Kare, pendri, Kan. ; Kuru, Mai. ; Telphetru, panelra, phetra, pindra,

Mar.; Tapkt'I, Bhil ; Hmanbyu, Burm. ; Et-kukuruman, wadvja, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, reddish-brown, exfoli-
ating in thin flakes. Wood whitish-grey, close-grained, hard, no
heartwood. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt without pores.
Po-res small and very small, numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous, distinctly visible
on a radial section.

RUBIACE,£ 41&

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central
and South India, in savannah forests, and in wet places.

This rather curious little tree has large white flowers often 2 in. in diameter, and a
large guava-like fruit. It is characteristic of open swampy places and savannah grass
lands, in old rice-fields (Talbot) and tank margins (Trimen), and usually stands alone
or in groups of two or three together. Growth moderate, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius-
The wood is one of the possible boxwood substitutes. Weight : ;the average of the
specimens gives 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; Brandis says 41 lbs. The fruit is eaten.

lbs.

0 542. Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) 48

O 1458. Bahraich, Oudh (Wood) 47

0 1487. Kheri, Oudh , 51

C 2782. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) —

C 1186. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . . —
C 2756. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (Brandis) . . . .48

W 992. North Kanara (Barratt) 46

C 4221. Ganjam Forests (Gamble) 52

4. R. dumetorum, Lam.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 110; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxii. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 273 ; Gamble Darj. List 48 ; Talbot Bomb. List 108 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 330.
R. longispina, DC and P. nutans, DC ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 45. Posoqueria dumetorum,
Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 713. Tern. KirMa, kokoa, Kashmir; Mindla, mandkolla,
arara, Pb.; Mainphal, manyid, harhar, main, maini, maindal, mainhuri,manneul,
arar, Hind.; Maidal, amuki, Nep. ; Gundrow, Mechi ; Gurdl, Rajbanshi ; PanjiT
Lepcha ; Pativa, potowa, Uriya ; Madu karray, karat, Tarn.; Manda, manga, TeL ;
Gera, galay, ghela, peraJu, mindhal, monigeli, Mar.; Kuay, katul, Gondi; Bhita,
Kurku; Kare, karigidda,l\&n.: Ghatolan, karumba, Merwara ; Gizar, ghatu, Berar :
Mmi, maun, Monghyr; Boibindi, Sonthal; Saro, Mai Pahari ; Kukv/ruman, Cingh. ;
Suthanbaya, sutanyet, thaminsza, Burm.

A deciduous thorny shrub or small tree. Bark grey. Wood
white or light brown, compact, hard, close- and even-grained.
Annual rings marked by a belt without pores. Pore* very small,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very
numerous.

Throughout India, extending north to the Beas ; Burma ; Ceylon.

Under P. du metorum, as described in Fl. Br. Ind., are perhaps two, possibly more
species. The common kind in North India is a small tree with rather large soft leaves
and large smooth fruit found in shady forest undergrowth in the deciduous forests of
Sal and other trees; this is probably the true P. dumetorum. In Bengal, Assam and
Burma is a kind with even larger leaves and long thorns and rather small fruit which
is probably P. longispina, and is found in the moist tropical forests. In South-West
India, the mcst frequent kind is a very thorny shrub with small hard tomentose leaves,
and small, ribbed fruit, found in open dry places with other bushy vegetation : this is-
probably P. tomentosa, W. and A. or P. nutans, DC. In the Deccan and Carnatic the
most common kind has still smaller leaves, hard thorny stems and small fruit, and is
found on open dry lands and used for fencing ; it is probably P. floribunda, DC. But
it is difficult to find good botanical characters to separate the.-e kinds, so that their
further investigation is needed. I believe that most, if not all, of the wood specimens
here described belong to true R. dumetorum, the " Mainphal" of the N. Indian Sal
forest undergrowth.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius, according to the specimens examined ;
Brandis says slow — that " a section of a tree known to be 65 years old, 4-in. radius,
' hollow inside, showed 54 annual rings on 2 inches of the radius near the circumference."'
Weight about 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for agricultural implements,
fences and fuel. The bark of the root and stem aDd the fruit are used in native
medicine, the latter as an emetic. The fruit is also used to poison fish, and when ripe
is roasted and eaten.

lbs.

0 262. Garhwal (1868) 54

0 1366. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 50

O 1461. Bahraich, Oudh „ 62

0 1488. Kheri, Oudh „ . 54

414 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

O 4798. Kotri Forest, Saharanpur (Gradon) ....
C 2750. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (younir) (Brandis)
C 2799. Melghat, Berar (young) (Brandis) ....
C 4343. Gullery Forest, Ganjam (Gamble) ....
E 481, 493. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .
E 2386. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) .

lbs.

54
45
48
61

5. R. malabariea, Lamk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. Ill ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iL 331. P.
fraijrans, Kon. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxii. Posoqueria fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 717.

Vera. Pedalli, Tel. ; Pudan, Tarn.

An erect thorny shrub. Bark brown, rough, \ in. thick, deeply
«left in vertical fissures. Wood greyish-white, hard, close-grained.
Annual rings marked by a belt without pores. Pores small, uni-
formly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

Soutb India, in Orissa, the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic in dry scrub forests ; dry
region of Ceylon.

This small thornj' tree or shrub is characteristic of the dry evergreen scrub forests
of the Coromandel coast and adjoining Deccan country ; occurring in abundance on
laterite hills, and in considerable demand for fencing purposes. It gets browsed down
by goats to a low bush, but if left alone for a little while speedily shoots up again and
flowers and seeds profusely, so that it is a useful plant in reclothing ruined forest areas
and leading the way to a more valuable tree growth, which can come up with its pro-
tection and that of several other similarly armed shrubs usually associated with it.

lbs.

D 4269. Ballipalle Forest, Cuddapah (Gamble) 42

6. R. Gardneri, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 112; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxii. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 331.

A small tree. Wood light brown, smooth, close- and even-grained.
Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous.
Moist regions of Ceylon ; Travancore (Bourdillon).

lbs.

W 4630. Travancore (Bourdillon) 52

7. R. Candolleana, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 113. P. deccanensis, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. cxxxiii. Vera. Kondamanga, Tel.

A small tree. Bark }, in. thick, brown, rough. Wood light brown,
hard, close- and even-grained. Annual rings marked by a line
without pores. Pores very small, numerous, regular. Medullary rays
very fine and fine, very numerous.

Circars and South Deccan, from the Kistna river to the edge of the Mysore-
plateau.

This small tree is found on very dry stony hills, chiefly metamorphic, and most
usually in company with llardwickia biaata, as in the Kistna and Auantapur forests.

lbs.
D 4149. Guttikonda Reserve, Kistna (Gamble) 60

25. GARDENIA, Linn.

About eleven species, trees or small trees or shrubs. G. campannlata, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 710; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 118; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 40; Vern. Sethanbaya, I5urm., is a
shrub or small tree of the Sikkim Terai and eastwards to Assam, Eastern Bengal,
Parasnath Hill in Behar and the tropical forests of Pegu. (V. sessiliflora, Wall. ; Vera.
Tlmminzabyu, P.urm., G. erythrochvht, Kurz ; Vern. Hmanni, Burin., G. dasycarpu,
Kurz, and Qt. cuneata, Br.; Fl. Br. End. iii. 118-120 ; Kurz For. FL, are small trees
of Burma, the first two common in the deciduous forests.

G.florida, Linn., is the common " Gardenia" of gardens cultivated all over India
for its sweet-scented flowers (Vern. Thonziriban, Burm.)

RUBIACE.E 415

Wood creamy-white, smooth, close-grained, hard, but cuts easily.
Pores small to extremely small, evenly distributed, often scanty.
Medullary rays short, very fine to fine, numerous. Like the species
of Randia, those of Gardenia have the characters of boxwood, and
deserve attention as possible substitutes for the cheaper rougher work
of engraving, tool-handles, etc.

1. G. lueida, Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 707 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 115 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 271 ; Talbot Bomb. List 108. G. resinifera, Roth ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 42. Vera. Dikarnali, ■ Hind., Guz. ; Konda manga, kokkita, tetta manga, C.P. ;
Papar, Bijeragogarh ; Karinga, yerra bikki, karaingi, tella-manga, Tel. ; Kumbi,
Tarn. ; Harangi, Koya.

A small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, greenish-grey, exfoliat-
ing in irregular flakes. Wood yellowish-white, close-grained, hard,
no heartwood, no annual rings. Pores extremely small. Medullary
rays very fine, very short.

Central and South India, in the C.P., Deccan, Konkan and Kanara; Chittagong, in
deciduous forest.

This plant is perhaps the least common of the four species of the deciduous forests
and dry scrub lands of Central India and the Deccan, but it is widely distributed.
The wood is useful for turning, it is made into combs. The tree gives a gum resin
from wounds in the bark, also from the leaf-buds. This gum is hard, opaque, yellow,
greenish or brown, with a strong smell, and is used in the treatment of cutaneous
diseases and to keep off flies and worms.

lbs.
C 1185. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .51

B

Gi

kambe, Kan. ; Burilri, burui, K61 ; Bruru, Biiumij ; Kurugu, kanga, Khond.

A small tree. Bark greyish-brown, smooth, £ in. thick. Wood
yellowish-white, close-grained, hard. Pores very small, numerous,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, short, numerous.

Central and South India in the C.P., Chota Nagpore, Orissa, Circars and Deccan in
deciduous forest.

This resembles G. lueida, and is found in similar places, but affects even drier aud
hotter localities. The leaf-buds give a transparent bright yellow gum-resin, pleasaut
to chew, and used like the similar one given by G. lueida. I never saw it procured
from the bark.

lbs.

C 3465. Bandgaon, Singbhiim (Gamble) ......

D 4239. Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool (Gamble) 54

3. G. Obtusifolia, Roxb.: Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 11G; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 42. Vein.
Yimjat, Burm.

A small deciduous tree with thin, grey bark. Wood white,
moderately hard, even - grained. Pores small. Medulla vy rays
moderately broad, and a large number of very fine rays, which are
not very distinct.

Burma, in the Eng and other dry forests.

Like the preceding species, this also from the young shoots and leaf-buds yields a
yellow pellucid resin.

lbs.

B 817. Rangoon Forests, Burma (Ribbentrop) 55

4. G. latifolia, Aiton; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 116; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 706; Bedd. Fl.

Sylv. cxxxiv. 1; Brandis For. Fl. 271; Talbot Bomb. List 108; Trinun Fl. < Vvl. ii.
332. Vein. Pdprayjpdjphar, jkj,< ro, ban pinddlu, Hind. ; Pannia bhil, gungat, bhandara,

416 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

geggar, Gondi; Phiphar, malt, Baigas; Kumbay, Tarn.; Pedda Jcaringa, pureea, biklci,
gaiger,pedda bikki, Tel. ; Kota-ranga,jantia, dhantia, Uriya ; Gkogar, gogarli,pandru,
papur, Mar.; Gogar, Bhi'l ; Popreo, Koderma ; Popra, Kharwar ; Papra, papadar,
K61; Popro, Son thai ; Pempri, Mai Pahari; Goteni, Khond ; Kaka, Koya; Kaked/r,
Reddi ; Galis, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, greenish-grey, ex-
foliating and leaving smooth, conchoidal, rounded depressions. Wood
light yellowish-brown, close- and even-grained, hard, handsomely
mottled, neither warps nor splits. No heartwood. Marked con-
centric annucd rings. Pores extremely small, numerous. Medullary
rays fine, short.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards (Brandis) ; Bengal, Central and
South India, in deciduous forests in the C.P., Chota Nagpore, Orissa, Circars and
Deccan, as far south as Coimbatore ; Ceylon, in moist low country.

This species is at once distinguished from its allies G. lucidd and G. gummifera,
by its large leaves. I have frequently seen it growing epiphytically in the angles of
the branches of large trees like the figs. Brandis says it is found as far west as the
Jumna, but I have never heard of it in the Dehra Dun or the Saharanpur Siwaliks.
It is strange that Trinien should give it from the moist country in Ceylon, for in India
it affects dry forests. The leaf-buds have gum like the previously mentioned species,
but in less quantity.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight 51 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is easy to work, durable, and is recommended to be tried as a substitute
for boxwood ; it is likely to be very good for engraving and turning. Combs are

lbs.

Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 53

Moharli Reserve, C.P. (Brandis) 50

Ganjarn Forests (Gamble) —

Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool (Gamble) 49

5. G. coronaria, Ham.; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 117; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 43. G.costata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 704. Vern. Yingat, Burnt.

A small deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood light brown, ,
hard, close-grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small. Me-
dullary rays fine, short, distinctly visible in the silver-grain as long
horizontal plates.

Chittagong and Burma, in mixed forests.

Growth slow, 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight 51 lbs. per cubic foot (Kurz
identifies G. lucida, No. 72 of Brandis' Burma List of 1862 with this. Weight 49
lbs.) Used for making combs and for turning, but liable to crack.

lbs.

B 284. Burma (1867) 50

B 2540. „ (Brandis, 1862) 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (G. costata).

6. G. turgida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 711; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 118; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv.
1 ; Brandis For. Fl. 270 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 41 ; Talbot Bomb. List 108 ; Trimeu Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 333. Vern. Thanella, kMrrur, khuriari, gMrga, mhaner, Hind.; Thunla,
Kuntaon; TJmnera, Garhwal; Kirkha, Kashmir; Karhdr, Banda; Panjra, pmdra,
Gondi; Phwpata, Kurku ; Klmrphmdra, pendri, phanda, phetra, Mar.; Phetrak,
Bhil; Barnemia, Uriya ; Kharhar, Oraon ; Duduri, K61; Dumki, dondvnki, Sonthal ;
Popreo, Monghyr; Tel/ni/iima, Ueddi ; Munjnnda, telel, yerra bikki, Tel.; Bongeri,
Kan.; Thaminzani, Burnt.

A small deciduous tree. Bark smooth, bluish-grey, 1 in. thick,
compact. Wood close-grained, hard, white with a purplish tinge, no
heartwood. Annual rings marked by a dark line with few pores.
Pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very
numerous.

iade of it.

C 1173.

C 2733.

C 4213.

D 4241.

RUBIACE.E 417

Deciduous forests in the greater part of India; sub-Himalayan tract and Lower
Himalaya from the Punjab to Nepal, common on dry hills like the Siwaliks, and on
outer slopes up to 4000 ft.; Rajputana, the C.P., Chota Nagpore, Orissa, the Circars
and Deccan ; Berar, Khandesh and south to Dharwar and Kanara; the Shan Hills and
the Eng and dry forests of Prome in Burma ; dry country of Ceylon, rare.

A conspicuous small tree in the deciduous forests, always on poor soils, laterite and
Kunkur, and on rocky hot slopes. As Talbot very rightly remarks, the foliage of
young plants differ much from that of mature trees, so much so that some experience
is required to identify the former.

Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to R. Thompson,
56-5 lbs. per cubic foot; our specimens give 50 lbs. Wood good, that of the drier
regions better and closer grained than that from fairly moist ones.

lbs

0 541. Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) — '

0 4800. Kotri Forest, Saharanpur (Gradon) 54

O 1377. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 60

O 1463. Bahraich, Oudh „ —

O 1489. Kheri, Oudh „ 50

C 826. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 54

C 2779. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 58

C 1142. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .54
C 3435. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow (Gamble) . . . . . —

C 3779. Surada Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 57

W 993. North Kanara (Barrett) 48

Nos. C 1248 and C 1309 (61 and 63 lbs.), sent from Gumsdr under the name
Gorahadu, have the same structure as, and probably belong to, this species.

26. PETUNGA, DC.

1. P. Roxburg'hii, DC; PL Br. ind. iii. 120. Randia racemosa and polysperma,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 525, 527. Hypobathrum racemosum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 51. Vern.
Peettmga, Jhijir, narkdi, Beng.

An evergreen shrub or small tree up to 15 ft. high. Bark light
brown, thin, rough with regular narrow close longitudinal clefts.
Wood white or greyish-white, moderately hard, close- and even-
grained. Pores small, numerous, regularly distributed. Medullary
rays fine, close, regular.

Coast forests of the Sundarbans. Chittagong, Arracan and Burma, extending inland
to Sylhet; Nicobar Islands.

Heinig savs the wood is used for making boxes and native furniture ("Sund. Working
Plan ").

lbs.
E 5079. Sundarbans (Lloyd) 36

27. MORINDOPSIS, Hook. f. M. capillaris, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 52; PL Br. Ind. iii.
121, is a small evergreen tree, common in the swamp forests of Burma.

28. HYPTIANTHERA, W. and A.

1. H. Strieta, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 121 ; Brandis For. Fl. 274 ; Gamble
Darj. List 48. Randia strieta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 526. Hypobathrum strietum, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 50.

An evergreen shrub. Bark brown, somewhat corky, thin, cleft
in long continuous furrows about 2 lines apart. Wood brown,
moderately hard, close - grained. Pores small, evenly distributed.
Medullary rays of two classes : small ones very fine, very numerous ;
larger ones few, fine.

Sub-Himalayan forests from Oudh eastwards, Lower Himalaya up to 3000 ft.,

2 i:

418 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Eastern Bengal to Chittagong and Upper Burma, common in the undergrowth of moist
forests, on the shady banks of streams and in similar places.

lbs.
E 3286. Rinkheong Reserve, Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble) . . 56

29. NARGEDIA, Bedd. N. macrocarpa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 2, t. 328 ; Fl. Br.
Ind. iii. 122 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 334, is a scarce small tree of the moist low country
of Ceylon.

30. SCYPHOSTACHYS, Thw. Two Ceylon shrubs, S. pedunculatus, Thw., and
& coffeoides, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 122; trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 335. The latter is
called "Wild Coffee"; Vera. Wal-kopi, Cingh. (= wild coffee!?).

31. DIPLOSPORA, DC.

Nine species, two of which are South Indian, two uf Ceylon, and the rest of
Eastern Bengal or Burma. D. apiocarpa, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 123 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 123 ; Talbot Bomb. List 109, and D. sphcerocarpa, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 123 :
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 3; Talbot Bomb. List 109, are small trees of the higher hills
of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards. D. Dalzellii, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
iii. 123; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 336 t. 50; Vera. Vella, Tam., is a common small tree of
the dry low country of Ceylon, with a white, hard, heavy, fine-grained, smooth wood.
The rest appear to be very scarce plants.

1. D. singularis, Korth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 123 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 50, in part. Vein.
Thittu, Burm.

A small tree. Bark brownish-grey, fibrous, longitudinally fissured.
Wood white, rough. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays numerous, prominent.

Khasia Hills at 3-4000 ft. ; Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Neither Fl. Br. Ind. nor Kurz give this tree as growing in the Andamans, but the
specimen is Kurz' own, aud presumably he satisfied himself of its identity.

lbs.
B 1998. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 36

Tribe VII. RETINIPHYLLE.E.

32. SCYPHIPHORA, Gaertn. 8. hydrophyllacea, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 125 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 4 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 3 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 337, is a small tree
of Mangrove swamps on the coast of the Carnatic (Wight), Ceylon and the Andaman
Islands.

Tribe VIII. GUETTARDE M.

33. GUETTARDA, Linn.

1. G. speeiosa, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 126; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 686 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxxxiv. 4 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 37 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 338. Vein. Domdomah, And. ;
Panir, Tam. ; Nil pitcha, Cingh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood yellow,
with a tinge of red. Pores small, often in radial lines. Medullary
rays moderately broad and very fine.

Tidal forests along the shores of the Andaman Islands and Ceylon, often cultivated
in gardens near the sea, as at Madras and Colombo. Flowers sweet-scented.

lbs.

B 1971. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 49

34. TIMONIUS, Rumph. T. Jambosella, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 127; Bedd. PL
Sylv. cxxxiv. 4; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 338 (Polyphragmon flavescens, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
38) ; Vera. Peddinwl/n, tint/mm, Cingh., is a small evergreen tree or shrub of the lower
hills of Ceylon up to 6000 ft., and of those of the Andaman Islands.

35. DIOHILANTIIE, Thw. D. zeylanica, Thw. ; PL Br. Ind. iii. 128; Bedd. PL
Sylv. cxxxiv. 5 ; Trimen PL Ceyl. ii. 339, is a scarce tree of the moist low country of

RUBIACEiE 419

Ceylon. " The persistent ring-like stipules become coated with resin and form nodosities
' on the branches" (Trimen).

Tribe IX. ALBERTE.E.

36. OCTOTROPIS, Bedd. 0. travancorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 12, t. 327 ; Fl.
Br. Ind. iii. 131, is a glabrous shrub of the hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly.

Tribe X. VANGUER1EJ).
37. CANTHIUM, Linn.

About sixteen species, seven of which occur in Ceylon and six in Burma, the rest
chiefly in South India. Most of them are small, erect, straggling or climbing shrubs of
little or no importance. O. umbellatum, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 132 ; Talbot Bomb.
List. 109 (C. didymum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 221, Plectronia didyma, Brandis For. Fl.
270) ; Vera. Tupa, arsul, Mar.; Yellal, Kan.; is an evergreen tree of the forests of the
Western Gh£ts, from the Konkan southwards, ascending the Nilgiris to 4000 ft. It
resembles ft didymum, but differs in having the flowers in umbels instead of in cymes.
ft neilgherrense, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 133 (Plectronia neilgherrensis, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxxxiv. 6); Vera. Nanyid, Tarn., is a small evergreen tree of the Nilgiri sholas at
5-7000 ft., especially common about Sispara and in Longwood shola at Kotagiri. ft
partrifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 534 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 135 (Plectronia parvifolia, Bth. and
Hook. f. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 36), is a thorny shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya, Behar, the
Khasia Hills, Chittagong and the forests around Rangoon in Burma.

Wood hard, close-grained. Pores very small, numerous. Medullary
rays fine and very fine, numerous, regular.

1. C. didymum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 535 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 132 ; Gamble Darj. List
IS; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 343. Plectronia didyma, Bth. and Hook, f '. ; Kurz For. Fl.

ii. 35. Vera. Tolan,pita koluchia, dhalasingha, Uriya; Xechanie,vatchikoran,yerkoli,
iranibaratthan, Tarn.; Nulla balasu, nakkani, Tel. ; Abalu, Kan.; Jor, K61; Pita
kola Ha, Khond; Konda, kolinu, Palkonda ; Atiht, Reddi; Pana karawu,gal-karanda,
pandaru, Cingh.

An evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, smooth but cleft vertically
into long narrow strips. Wood white (Ceylon) or light brown (India),
hard, close- and even-grained. Annual ring* marked by a dark line
with few or no pores. Pores very small, numerous, uniformly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

The greater part of India : in the Sikkim Himalaya at Sitong, 5000 ft. ; Khasia and
Jaintia Hills; Chota Nagpore, Orissa, the Northern Circars, Deccan and Carnatic,
extending to Travancore (the West Coast plant is apparently ft umbellatum);
Tenasserim in Burma; low country of Ceylon, up to 4000 ft.

A handsome tree with a fine wood, used for agricultural purposes. In Ceylon, its
resemblance to boxwood has caused it to be called " Ceylon boxwood."

lbs.

C 34*1. Saranda Forests, ('hota Nagpore (Gamble) . ...

C 37.S9. Surada Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 50

No. 16, Salem Collection ........ 57

2. C. parviflorum, Lamk.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 136; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 534; Talbot
Bomb. List 109; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. ii. ;!46. Plectronia parviflora, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxxxiv. 5. Vern. Balasu, balasu kura, karay, 'I'd.: Kirna, Mar.

A thorny shrub. Bark \ in. thick, grey, deeply cleft with vertical
fissures. Wood grey, hard. Pores very small, very numerous, evenly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular.

South India, in the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; dry places along the Western
Coast and in the Mahratta country ; dry region of Ceylon.

Like Randia maldbarica, this is also a slirul) of the dry laterite and other coast
scrub forests, and the remarks made under that species will also apply to this. The

420 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

branches are used for fencing. Beddome says the wood is used in turning and the
leaves are eaten in curries.

U 4172. Yenkatayapalem Forest, Kistna (Gamble).

3. C. pergraeile, Bourdillon in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 352, t. iv. Vern.
Palaga, Mai.

A tall tree. Bark light brown, rather rough, \ in. thick. Wood
greyish-brown, moderately hard, even-grainecl. Pores small, numerous.
Medullary rays fine, distinct, regular.

Evergreen forests of Travancore near Colatoorpolay at 500 ft.

An unarmed tree which reaches 80 ft. in height and 5 ft. in girth. Bourdillon gives

W = 48 lbs., P = 870.

lba.
W 4598. Travancore (Bourdillon) 52

38. VANGUERIA, Juss. V. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 536 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 136 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 34; Talbot Bomb. List 110; Gamble Darj. List 48 (V. pubescens,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 34); Vern. Alu, Bombay ; Semagyi, Burm., is a large shrub or small
tree of Bengal, "Western and Southern India and Burma, chiefly in dry forests. I'. edirfis,
Vahl is a Madagascar tree sometimes cultivated for its fruit.

Tribe XI. IX0RE.E.

39. IXORA, Linn.

About 34 species, shrubs or small trees, chiefly found in South India, Ceylon or
Burma, most of them of small importance. I. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 383; FL
Br. Ind. iii. 137 ; Gamble Darj. List 48 ; Vera. Churipat, Nep., is a handsome shrub of
the Sikkim Himalaya, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal with large crowded
corymbs of scented white flowers. I. calycina, Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 347, is a
small tree of the hill region of Ceylon at 4-7000 ft. /. Thwaitesii, Hook. f. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 347, is a common small tree of the low country of Ceylon with a hard close-
grained wood. I. potyantha, AVight ; Talbot Bomb. List 110, is a common shrub of
the Western Coast from the Konkan southwards in evergreen forest, said by Beddome
to be very beautiful and worthy of garden cultivation. I. spectabilis, Wall. ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 22, is an evergreen tree common along streams in Arracan and Burma, with
a yellowish-white, heavy, close-grained wood. I. jucunda, Thw.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii.
348, is a common small tree of the forests of the moist region of ('eylon up to 4000 ft.
J. undulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 385 ; Gamble Darj. List 19 : Vern. Pari, Nep. ; Takchir,
Lepcba, is a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Behar.
/. nigricans, Br.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 23; Talbot Bomb. List 1J1; Vern. LoJchandi,
katkwra, Mar., is an evergreen tree or large shrub of the Western Ghats from the
Konkan southwards, and of swamp forests in Burma, also found on Mahendragiri Hill
in Ganjam. 7". brunnescens, Kurz is a tree said by Prain to reach a height of 60 to 80 ft.
in the Cocos Island, where it is common, as it also is in the Andaraans, Car Nicobar
and Batti Malv.

1. coccinea, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 375: !•'!. Br. Ind. iii. 115; Redd. Fl. Sylv.
cxxxiv. 7; Brandis For. Fl. 275; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 26; Talbot Bomb. List 111;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 348 (I. Bandluicu, Roxb. Fl. End. i. 376); Vern. Bangan, rajana,
l>eng. ; BaJcord, pendgul, Mar.; Pedchi,T&w.; Ratambala, Cingh. ; Pansayeik, Burm.,
is a handsome red-flowering shrub common in the moist lorests near the Malabar sea-
coast, and cultivated in gardens all over India. /. stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 370; Fl. Br.
Ind. iii. 145; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 26, is also a scarlet-flowered cultivated shrub, said by
Kurz to be wild in Tenasserim.

Wood brownish, hard, close-grained. Pores small. Medullary rays
very fine, numerous, regular.

1. I. Notoniana, "Wall.: Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 139. Vern. KalilamUU, Tam. ; Trumba-

ripi, Travancore Hills.

A large evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark \ in. thick, brown,.

rubiace^e 421

rough. Wood light yellowish-brown to red, hard, close-grained. Pores

small, very scanty. Medullary rays very fine to fine and almost to

moderately broad, numerous. Frequent small medullary patches.

Sholas of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, 5-6000 ft. ; hills of Travancore.

lbs.

W 3740. Coonoor, Nilgiris, '3000 ft. (Gamble) 57

W 4628". Travancore (Bourdillon) 58

2. I. parviflora, Vahl. ; PL Br.Ind. iii. 142 ; Roxb. PL Ind. i. 383; Brandis For.
Fl. 275; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 222; Kurz For. Fl.ii. 21 ; Talbot Bomb. List 110 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 348. The Torch tree. Vern. Kofi gandhal, Hind. ; Banyan, Beng. ;
Kauria, Mey war ; Karat, Jokaudi, kura, Mar. ; Disti, Gondi ; Hota, Koderma ; Pete,
K61 ; Nesoiiinie, meromiaet, Sonthal ; Konthra, Mai Pahari ; Kilakeriva, tellu hurwan,
Uriya; Tutu, kwuperi, Khond ; Koringi, Palkonda ; Pire, Kuya ; Gedda <:hi>l<i,
Keddi ; Kori, Gondi; Hennu, gon-i, korgi, Kan.; Shulundu kora, karankutti,
painkuray, Tarn. ; Karipal, kachipadel, tadda palh(,goripi, gurupu, gori, gorivi, korivi,
Tel. ; Maha, ratambala, Cingh.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark ^ in. thick, dark brown,
exfoliating in irregular rounded scales. Wood light brown to reddish-
brown, smooth, very hard, close-grained. Pores small, evenly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, regular.

Deciduous forests throughout the Peninsula of India, not found north of the Ganges ;
dry forests of the Prome District of Burma; dry low country of Ceylon.

A handsome aud conspicuous fragrant shrub with a useful wood which would do
for turning and engraving. Beddome says the wood is used for furniture and building
purposes, but it is hardly large enough. Skinner, No. 84, gives W = 66 lbs., P = 717 ;
the specimen here described gives 57 lbs. only. Growth moderate, 10 rings per iuch

of radius. The green branches are used for torches.

lbs.
C 1156. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .57
C 3464. Saranda Forests, Chota Xagpore (Gamble) . . . . —

40. PAVETTA, Linn.

About nine or ten species, shrubs or small trees, very nearly allied to Ixora. J'.
Sfubcapitata, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 150, is a shrub of the Jaintia Hills in Assam.
P. hispidula, VV. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 151 ; Talbot Bomb. List 111 ; Trimen FL
Ceyl. ii. 350 (P. Siphonantha, Dalz. and P. tomentosa, Roxb. (in part) ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. cxxxiv. 8), is a large shrub of the forests of the Western Ghats, the S. Indian
hill ranges and the moist region of Ceylon. P. naucleiflora, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
152 {Ixora naucleiflora, Kurz For. FL ii. 19), is a shrub or small tree of the Fastt-rn
Himalaya, Sylhet and Tenasserim. P. Brunonis, Wall, and P. Wightii, Hook. f. are
shrubs of the sholas of the Nilgiri Hills. P. involucrata, Thw. and P. Gleniei, Thw. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 351 ; Vera. Vetpavaddai, Tarn., are large shrubs of Ceylon, the
former found in the hill forests, the latter common in the dry region.

Wood hard, usually white, even-grained. Pores extremely small
to very small, scanty. Medullary rays numerous, short, line and
very fine.

1. P. indica, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 150; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 7 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 275; Gamble Darj. List 49 ; Talbot Bomb. List 111; Trimen FL Ceyl. ii. 349.
P. tomentosa, Sm. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 7 : Brandis Fur. V\. 276. Ixora Pavetta,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 385; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 18. /. tomentosa, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 386: Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 18. Vera. Angari, Dehra Dun: Padera, i>nlil>i, twmria, Kumaon: Pandia,
Garhwal: Dhursu, Dotial; Jui, Beng. ; Sunddk, Lepcha ; Kotapengu, Uriya ; Sikriba,
sikerup, K61 : Bturhi, Kharwar ; Parpiri, Koya: Papadi, Reddi; Papiri, papatta,
nam-paputa, Tel. ; Pavaddai, Tarn. : Pawatta, Cingh.

A large shrub. Bark thin, smooth, brownish-grey. Wood white
to light brown, hard, close-grained. Pores very small, scanty. Me-
didlary rays short, numerous, fine and very fine.

422 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Throughout India, chiefly in forest undergrowth in the deciduous forests, and
usually in ravines ; Burma, the Andaman Islands and Ceylon, verv variable.

lbs.

0 3086. Gonda, Oudh 59

0 4816. Dholkot Forest, Dehra Dun (Gamble) J7

2. P. breviflora, DC; PI. Br. Lid. iii. 151 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 7.
A large shrub. Bark greyish-white, smooth, very thin. Wood
white, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores extremely small, scanty,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very line, numerous,
short. Annual rings marked by a faint line.

Higher sholas of the Nilgiris, at 6-8000 ft.

lbs.

W -1037. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7< too ft. (Gamble) . . . .51

41. COFFEA, Linn.

Six species. C. bengalensis, Koxb. Fl. Ind. i. 540; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 153; Brandis
For. Fl. 277; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 8; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 28 ; Gamble Darj. List 49;
Vern. Kath-jahi, Hind. ; Kundrudi, Mechi, is a small shrub common in the under-
growth of moist forests in the sub-Himalaya from Dehra Dun eastwards, Central and
South India and Burma, with a profusion of white flowers. C. Wightiana, W. and A.
and C. travancorensis, W. and A. are small shrubs of S. India and Ceylon ; O.fragrans,
Wall, is found in Burma; while C. khcmana, Hook. f. and C. Jenkinsii, Hook. f. are
found in the Khasia Hills. Ooffea Kberica, Hiern, the " Liberian coffee,'' is now very
largely grown in India, and in Java has to a considerable extent replaced the Arabian
species.

1. C. arabica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 539: Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 8: Brandis
For. Fl. 276; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 27 ; Gamble Darj. List 49. Coffee. Vern. Bun (the
lierry), hahwa (the same roasted and ground).

A shrub with thin grey bark. Wood white, moderately hard,
close-grained. Pores very fine and extremely line. Medullary rays
very fine, numerous, short.

Indigenous in Abyssinia and the Soudan, cultivated since the fifteenth century in
Arabia and introduced thence to India. It has been cultivated in many parts of India,
but on a large scale only in Mysore, Coorg, the Western Ghats, and formerly in Ceylon.
It is occasionally found running wild in the forests.

W 3150. Coorg (20 to 25 years old).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

Tribe XII. MORINDE^.

42. MORINDA, Linn.

Six or seven species, trees, shrubs or climbers. .1/. citri folia, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
155; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 541; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 60; Talbot Bomb. List 112; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. ii. 354; Vern. BaracMnd, Beng. : Aavl, bartimdi, Bombay; Aah, Mar.:
Ainshi, Kan.; Nana, Tarn.; Aim, Cingh. ; Nyawgyi, niba, Burm., is a small tree
found on the coasts of India, Burma and Ceylon, often cultivated. The roots give, in
common with those of other species, an important dye. M. angusti/oUa, Roxb. Fl. Iud.
1.547; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 156; Brandis For. Fl. 278; Kurz For.'Fl. ii. 61; Gamble Darj.
List 49 ; Vern. Dala liardi, Nep. : llaldi, Lepcha ; Kchai tun, Phejrial ; Chemmg,
i In it grting, Garo ; Teyo, Burm., is an evergreen tree of the Eastern Himalaya up to
WOO ft., Assam, Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim, its root also giving; a dye. M. j>ersi-
ccefolia, Ham.; Vern. Nibasegale, Burm., is a shrub of Eastern Bengal and Burma.
ill. umbellate/,, Linn, is a common climbing shrub of South India ami Ceylon, rising in
the hills to 4000 ft.

1. M. tinetoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 543; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 156 ; Talbot Bomb. List 112:
Trimen Fl. Cevl. ii. 354. .1/. exserta, Roxb.; Brandis For. Fl. 277: Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 59. M. citrifolta, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 220; Gamble Darj. List 49. Vern. .1/.

HTJBIACE^E 423

ach, Hind.; Alleri, allddi, Panch Mebals ; Hard), Nep. ; Nana, manjauattl, m<incha~
vana, Tarn. ; Ainshi, Konkan ; Acini, Uriya ; Alt, Gondi ; Aschu, atzu, Khond ; Ohekka,
Iteddi ; Ahu, Cingh.; Nyaw, niba, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark corky, brittle, brown or
grey, with numerous deep, longitudinal cracks. Wood red, often
yellow with red streaks, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual
rings faintly marked. Pores small, scanty, in radial or oblique
groups, rather distant from each other. Medullary rays fine and
moderately broad, rather distant.

Throughout the greater part of India south of the Gangetic plain and in Bengal,
Assam and Burma, usually in dry forests ; dry region of Ceylon.

I have adopted here, what appears to be the conclusion arrived at by most writers,
the view that M. citrifolia is a well-marked distinct plant found only on the coast, and
that the forms of the common Morinda of the deciduous forests belong to one variable
species, M. tinctoria.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 97
{M. citrifolia), 30 lbs. per cubic foot: Wallich 29 lbs.; the specimens here enumerated
give 41 lbs. Skinner gives P = 410. The wood is handsome and durable : Wallich's
specimen (No. B 2690), cut in Burma in 1828, was quite sound when cut up after 50
years in Calcutta. It is used for plates and dishes. The bark of the root is largely used
for dyeing red and yellow, and is the dye used for red thread for carpets, turbans, etc.
On the subject of the " Al" dye and of the varieties or species of Morinda that give it,
reference can also be made to Agric. Ledger, No. 9 (1895) by Dr. G. Watt and others.

lbs.
C 1130. Ahiri Beserve, Central Provinces (B. Thompson) . . .36

C 3535. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 40

C 3792. Kurcholy Forests, Ganjam ,, 42

C 1246, 1307. Gumsur, Madras (Dampier) .... 47 and 42

B 2690. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 41

No. 34, Salem Collection 40

43. BENNELLIA, Korthals. R. speciosa, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 158 {Morinda
speciosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 62), is a stout evergreen climbing shrub of Tenasserim.

44. DAMNACANTHTJS, Gaertn. D. indicus, Gaertn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 158, is
a rigid thorny shrub, common in China, and believed to have been found wild by
Griffith in the Mishrui Hills.

45. PRISMATOMEBIS, Thw. P. aJbidiflora, Thw.; Fi. Br. Ind. iii. 159; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 10; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 355 (Coffea tetramdra, Koxb. Fl. Ind. i. 538;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 28), is an evergreen small tree or shrub of the Khasia Hills, Chitta-
gong, the Martaban Hills, the Andaman Islands and the moist region of Ceylon, up to
4000 ft.

46. GYNOCHTHODES, Blumc. G. macrophylla, Kurz; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 160;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 33, is an evergreen scandent shrub of the coast of the Andaman Islands.

Tribe XIII. PSYCHOTRIEjE.

47. PSYCHOTRIA, Linn.

A large genus containing over 40 species, mostly small trees or shrubs of the under-
growth of the damper hill-forests, especially iu South India and Ceylon. An idea of the
distribution of the genus may be gained by recording that Trimen describes 13 species,
of which 9 are endemic, in Ceylon. Talbot gives 6 species from the Bombay Ghats,
3 of which are newly described. Kurz mentions 13 species as occurring in < 'hittacjoug,
Burma and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About 16 are found in South India.
They are mostly evergreen shrubs, and prefer the forest undergrowth in the shade of
larger trees. Several species are conspicuous in the Nilgiri sholas, but only two reach
as far as the Sikkim Himalaya. They are of little economic importance, but sylvi-
culturally they help largely, with the species of Hedyotis, Lastanthus and Sopri

424 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

of a few other shrubs and of the many species of Strobilanthes with which they
associate, to keep the soil moist and increase the humus. It is unnecessary to do more
than mention a few of the more common ones in addition to those of which the wood
is described. P. erratica, Hook. f. and P. calocarpu, Kurz are found in the Eastern
Himalaya and Assam. P. fulva, Ham. is a lar^e species of the Assam Valley, the
Khasia Hills and Cachar. P. Thioaitesii, Hook. f. and P. truncata, Wall, are common
species in the forests of the Western Ghats, the former extending to Ceylon.

Wood moderately hard, close-grained. Pores extremely small to
very small, usually scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

1. P. eongesta, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 162.

A shrub or small tree. Bark light brown, thin, smooth. Wood
white or greyish-white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores ex-
tremely small, scanty. Medullar;) rays fine to moderately broad,
very numerous.

Sholas of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 7-8000 ft., common on Doddabetta.

W 4046. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

W 3813. Avalanche, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. P. elongata, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 163; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 359.

A large shrub. Bark brown, thin, smooth. Wood white or reddish-
white, hard, close-grained. Pores extremely small. Medullary ray*
very fine, very numerous, wavy.

Nilgiri and Shivagiri Hills of S. India at 5-7000 ft. ; hill region of Ceylon.
W 3992. Kolakambe, Nilgiris, 5000 ft.

3. P. bisulcata, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 171 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 362.

A large shrub. Bark light brown, thin, corky, cleft into somewhat
regular, vertical, elongated plates. Woud grey, moderately hard.
Pores very small, evenly distributed, often somewhat concentrically.
Medullary rays very fine, wavy, short.

Sholas of the Nilgiri Hills above 4000 ft. ; hill region of Ceylon ; a common species.

W 3812. Avalanche, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

48. CHASALIA, Comrus. C. cwrviflora, Thw. ; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 17ii; Kurz For.
PI. ii. 14; Gamble Darj. List 49; Talbot Bomb. List 113; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 362;
Vern. Antabi, Lepcha, is a common and widely distributed small shrub of the Sikkim
Himalaya, Assam, Eastern Bengal, Burma, Western and South India and Ceylon,
remarkable for its curved corolla.

49. LASIANTHUS, Jack.

Another large genus of shrubs which, like Psyclwtria and Saprosma, are found in
the undergrowth of moist forests, under bigger trees. There are about 40 species
altogether: '.» are found in Ceylon, 12 in Southern and Western India, 9 in Burma,
4 in the Andaman Islands, 11 in Assam and Eastern Bengal, 1 in the Circar moun-
tains, and 2 in the Sikkim Himalaya. They have distichous leaves with parallel
nerves and reticulate venation. Economically, they have no particular use; sylvi-
culturally they are useful in keeping the soil of the forest moist and cool and
increasing the humus. L. Biermanni, King; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 190; Gamble Darj. List
49; Vern. Deomuk, Lepcha, is a common shrub about Darjeeling at 6-9000 ft., with
bright turquoise-blue berries. L. cyanocarpus, Jack ; L. Wallichii, Wight; L. lucidus,
Bl. and /.. Hookeri, Clarke, are found in the Khasia Hills or adjacent parts of
Assam, the first three extending also to Burma. In the Nilgiris the common species
are L. acuijhinatm, Wight, and L. capitulatus, Wight, besides L. venulosus, Wight,
whoe wood is here described, the commonest of all. L. truncatxs, Bedd. is found on
Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam. L. strigosus, Wight; Trimen PI. Ceyl. ii. 3G7 ; Vein.
Wal-kopi, Cingh., is the common species, often gregarious hi the moist country of

RUBIACE.E 425

Ceylon up to 5000 ft. L. nessilis, Talbot Bomb. List 114, is a large shrub nearly allied
to this last, and found in the evergreen forests of North Kanara.

1. L. venulOSUS, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 190.

A large shrub. Bark light brown, rough, with small regular corky
protuberances. Wood grey, hard, close-grained. Pore* extremely
small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, regular, close.
The transverse section shows many concentric bands which may be
annual rings, but if so, prove the growth to be very slow.

Sholas of the Nilgiri Hills at 5-8000 ft., very common.

lbs.
W 4035. Lamb's Rock shola, Coonoor, 5500 ft. (Gamble) . . .48
W 4099. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. „ ... 47

50. SAPROSMA, Blume.

Six species, all shrubs whose leaves when bruised give an unpleasant odour. They
also belong to the undergrowth of the moist forests. S. indicum, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
iii. 192 ; Talbot Bomb. List 114 ; Trimen FJ. Ceyl. ii. 368, is a shrub of the evergreen
forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, ascending to 4000 ft., also
found in Ceylon. ,S'. fragrans, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 11, is found on the Nilgiri
Hills and the hills of Tinnevelly. S. consimile, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 29, is found in the
Khasia Hills and in the drier hill forests of Martaban at 3-5000 ft. S. ternatum,
Hook. f. ; Kurz For. FL ii. 29, is found in the Eastern Himalaya, the Khasia Hills,
' 'hittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

1. S. eeylanieum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 12 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 193 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. ii. 3G9.

A shrub or small tree. Bark grey, thin, smooth. Wood white,
moderately hard. Pores small, scattered. Medullary rays fine,
numerous, regular, often wavy.

Hills of South India and Ceylon, above 3000 ft.

A shrub of the forest undergrowth, with bright blue berries, giving an unpleasant
^xlour when bruised, as do the leaves.

W 3814. Avalanche, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

51. HYDNOPHYTUM, Jack. H. formicarium, Jack ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 194 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 8, is an evergreen small epiphytic shrub, frequent on trees in the
mangrove swamps of South Andaman, and having a thick tuber-like trunk, the cavities
in which are used as a home by species of black ant.

Tribe XIV. P^DERIEJ].

52. P2EDERIA, Linn. About seven species, small climbing shrubs of the Eastern
Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and Burma. P.fostida, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 195; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. (is:!; Gamble Darj. List 49 ; Vera. Gandha badhuli, Beng. ; Gundali, Hind. ;
Padebiri, Nep. ; Takpcedrik, Lepcha, is a thin climber of Bengal and Burma, with
handsome flowers and fruit, which latter is said to be used in Sikkim by Lepchas and
Nepalese to prevent toothache.

53. HAMILTONIA, Roxb.

1. H. suaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 554 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 197; Brandis For. Fl.
278; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxiv. 12; Gamble Darj. List 49; Talbot Bomb. List 115;
Vern. Muskei, kantdlu,fisauni, Cheoat; Niggi, tulenni jihi'd, gohinla, Ravi ; Kan*
puddri, Beas; Phfflu, kutaichu, Sutlej ; Paderai, Jaunsar ; Padera, Kumaon : Bain-

rhampa, Nep. ; Gides«, Bombay.

A large shrub. Bark grey, sinning, peeling off in short papery

426 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

flakes. Wood dark grey, soft, porous. Pores few, small, often sub-
divided. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad.

Dry rocky hills all over the Peninsula and in the Lower Himalaya and sub-Hima-
layan and Siwalik tracts from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft. It is very
scarce in the Sikkim Hills, and to the east of them apparently disappears.

A beautiful plant with panicles of blue flowers. J. L. Stewart says the wood is
used in Chamba to make gunpowder charcoal (" Punjab Plauts," 115).

C 3431. Amjheria, Lohardugga, Chota Nagpore (Gamble).

54. LEPTODERMIS, Wall.

Five species, all small shrubs chiefly of rocky places in the Himalaya. L. virgata,
Edgew. is found in the North- Western Himalaya from Murree to Kulu at 4-7000 ft. ;
L. Griffithii, Hook. f. in the Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft. ; and L. crassi folia, Coll. and
Hemsl. in the Shan Hills at 4-5000 ft. on grassy plateaux.

1. L. laneeolata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 198; Brandis For. Fl. 279. A'ern.
Paderm, Jauusar ; Jogia padera, padyeuro, Kumaon ; Padara, Garhwal ; Birignya,
Dotial.

A small shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, hard. Pores very

small, scanty. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, at 4-10,500 ft., on rocks chieflv.

lbs.
H 2822. Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 48

Order LX. COMPOSITE.

An Order containing a large number of plants not only in India, but in the world.
Most of the species are herbaceous. There are, however, a few Indian genera containing
shrubs or small trees. They belong to the following Tribes : —

Tribe I. Yernonieaj . . . Yernonia.

„ II. Asteroidea3 . . . Microglossa.

„ III. Inuloideai . . . Blumea, Pluchea, Helichrysum, Inula.

„ IY. Anthemidea) . . . Artemisia.

„ V. Senecionidfe . . . Senecio.

„ VI. Mutisiaceaj . . . Leucomeris.

The chief character of Composite is that of the flowers being collected together
into heads surrounded by an involucre of bracts, so that the whole appears like a
single flower. The Order contains many plants of great value to man, especially
vegetables ; but to the forester there are very few of any interest, either as timl>er-
producers, as giving products of value or as sylvicultural units in the forests.

Wood soft. Pores moderate-sized, rather scanty. Medulla/ry rays
moderately broad to fine.

1. VERNONIA, Schreb.

About eight species, five of which are small or moderate-sized trees. I*. arborea,
Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 239; Kurz For. PI. ii. SO; Talbot Bomb. List 115; Trimeu
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 11 (Monosis Wightianu, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 22(1); Vera. Shutthi, Tana. ;
Kadavdri, Mai.; Kuruuthei, Trav. Hills; Kobomdlu, Cingh., is a small or moderate-
sized tree of Assam, the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Tenasserim and the Western
Ghats. V. solanifolia, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 240 (F. Kurzii, Clarke; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 80), is a shrub of the higher hill forests of Martaban, common in old taungyas
at 1-2500 ft. V. travancorica, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 240 (V. volJcameritefolia,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 225) ; Vera. Thenpu, Trav. Hills, is a small tree of the Travancore
Hills at 3-1000 ft. V. talaumifolia, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 240; Gamble
Darj. List 50, is a tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya at 1-4000 ft., and Assam,
the largest Indian species. V. Aplinii, Coll. and Hemsl.; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii.
G9, is a small tree of the Shan Hills :it 1700-5000 It. It was discovered by the late

coMPosn.K 427

Mr. Aplin, and is a common tree, reaching 30 ft. in height. V. ekeagnifolia, DCr
and two other species are climbing shrubs of Burma; one, V. scandens, DC, extending
to Assam and Sikkim.

1. V. volkamerisefolia, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 240 ; Gamble Darj. List 50. V. acu-
ndnata, DC; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 79. ,

A small tree. Bark brown. Wood whitish, turning pale brown,,
moderately hard. Pwes moderate-sized, often in short radial lines.
Medullary ra.ys numerous, line and moderately broad. Pitli large.

Eastern Himalaya, South India and Burma, at 2-5000 ft.

This is probably Kyd's Vernonia (major) — Weight 31*5 lbs., P = 383.

lbs.
E 3312. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .27

2. MICROGLOSSA, DC. 3 species. M. volabiUs, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 257 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 82 is an evergreen large scandent shrub of the hill forests of Mar-
taban and Tenasserim. M. albescens, Clarke, is a shrub of the higher Himalaya at
7-12,000 ft., and M. zeylanica, Clarke; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 17, is a much-branched
shrub of the Ceylon Hills, common on waste stony ground, especially on the lower
patanas at 2-3000 ft., also found at Travancore.

3. BLUMEA, DC. A genus containing chiefly aromatic herbs, common on road-
sides and in waste places as well as in forest. One species, B. bulsamifera, DC ; FL
Br. Ind. iii. 270; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 82 (Conyza bulsamifera, DC; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii _
427 ; Gamble Darj. List 50) ; Vera. Punmathein, Burm., becomes an evergreen shrub
or small tree of some importance on account of the way in which it springs up on the
sites of previous temporary cultivation in the Eastern Himalaya and in the hill
country from thence to and throughout Burma. It can, however, be utilized, as it
gives a camphor of excellent quality, regarding whose preparation, however, very little
is known. Dr. Henry says that in China it is got by distillation with water.

4. PLUCHEA, Cass, contains several shrubs, chiefly of the Gangetic Valley, the
Punjab and Sind. P. indica, Less. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 272 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 83 ; Vern.
Kayu, Burm., is an evergreen large shrub of the tidal and beach forests from the
Hughli round the coasts of Chittagong, Arracan and Burma. P. tomentosa, DC is
common in the Upper Gangetic plain, and P. ovalis, DC in the Punjab.

5. HELICHRYSUM, Gaertn.

1. H. buddleioides, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 290 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 32.

A small, sometimes a large, shrub. Ba/rk brown, corky-fibrous,
closely vertically cleft. Wood grey, hard, close-grained. Pore* small,
rather scanty, except in the spring wood where they mark the annual
rings. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Hills of the Western Ghats and Ceylon, up to 8000 ft.

W 3768. Sispara, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

6. INULA, Linn. /. Cappa, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 295; Gamble Darj. List 50, is-
a shrub common in the undergrowth of the Sal and Siwalik forests in the sub-Hima-
layan tract, also in forests of long-leaved pine in North-West India, extending to the
Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and;Shan Hills. /. enjntorioides, DC and /. cuspidata,
Clarke, are handsome yellow-flowered shrubs, the former of the Eastern, the latter of
the Western Himalaya.

7. ARTEMISIA, Linn.

Contains the " Wormwoods," only one of which reaches the size of a small shrub.
The leaves of many species are used as a febrifuge and in the preparation of
"absinthe."

1. A. vulgaris, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. :;•_'.-»; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 420; Gamble
Darj. List '>o. Vern. Naga, naga dona, dona, Hind.. Beng. ; THtapat, N'ep.

428 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Bark thin, with longitudinal fissures. Wood grey, hard. Pores
very small ; in short radial lines between the distant, fine and mode-
rately broad medullary rays.

All hill regions of India, Burma and Ceylon, above 3000 ft.

A gregarious shrub, coming up on old cultivated lands at 3-6000 ft. in the Sikkim
Hills, and often covering large tracts of land until killed down by the tree growth
which succeeds it. It is probably the Nagdana of Cachar, said by Mr. Brownlow to
be one of the plants on which the Attacus Atlas silkworm is fed. Its ashes are con-
sidered to give a good manure.

E 2857. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

8. SENECIO, Linn.

A large genus of showy-flowered plants, mostly herbaceous, and resembling the
well-known " groundsel " and " ragwort " of Europe, some of them becoming shrubs
or climbers. The chief species are that of which the wood has been described, and
its allies, S. araneosus, DC and S. scandens, Don, found in the Himalaya and other hill
regions of India.

1. S. eorymbOSUS, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 351 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 50.

_ A large climbing shrub. Bark light brown, thick, corky, the cork
thicker on the younger stems, inner layers dark. Wood yellow,
soft. Pores large, scanty, in radial lines between the broad medal!" ry
rays.

Hills of the N. Circars, Nilgiris and Ceylon, above 4000 ft.
C 3787. Mahendragiri, Ganjam, 4500 ft. (Gamble).
W 3790. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. „

9. LEUCOMERIS, Don.

Two species. L. decora, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 78; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 387, is a small
deciduous tree of the Eng forests of the Prome District, and of the Shan Hills at
2-5000 ft.

1. L. speetabilis, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 386. Vera. Kapashi, Kumaon ; Pandu,
Garhwal ; Phusidri, jphwara, Dehra Dun.

A small tree. Bark h in. thick, brown, corky. Wood light brown,
soft. Pores moderate-sized, single or subdivided into 2 to 5 partitions
or in groups of 1 to 5, in patches of loose tissue. Medullary rays
moderately broad, giving a good silver-grain.

Outer slopes of the Western Himalaya from Sirmur to Nepal, up to 4000 ft. in
deciduous forest: common below Mussoorie and Chakrata.

lbs.
H 4459. Paled Forest, Malkot, Dehra Dun, 3500 ft. (Gamble) . . 32

Order LXI. GOODENOVIEiE.

1. SCEYOLA, Linn. S. Koenigii, Vahl; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 42L; Kurz For. FL ii.
84; Talbot Bomb. List 116; Trimen FL Ceyl. iii. 54 (S. Taccada, Roxb. FL Ind. i.
527); Vera. Bhadral; Mar. ; PirUbtan, Barm. ; Takkada, Cingh., is a large evergreen
shrub of tidal forests all round India, from Bombay to Ceylon, and on both sides of
the i Bay of Bengal. It has stout brauches and huge Leaves; the pith is soft and
spongy, and the wood coarse, milky and fibrous. S. Plwmieri, Vakl ; Trimen FL Ceyl.
iii. 55 (S. Lobelia, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 421; Talbot Bomb. List 116), is a similar
shrub with smaller leaves, found in the coast forests of Sin.l, Malabar and the dry
districts of Ceylon, especially noticeable at the mouths of the Indus near Karachi.

vaccixiacejE 420

Order LXIL VACCINIACE^.

An Order of small trees or shrubs, erect or epiphytic, of the mountains of the
Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma, South India and Ceylon. There are four
genera belonging to two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Thibaudiea? Agapetes, Pentapterygium.

„ II. Euvacciniea? ATaccinium, Corallobotrys.

1. AGAPETES, D. Don. A genus of shrubs, often epiphytic. There are about
24 species, and many of them have stems thickened at the base. They chiefly occur in
the Khasia Hills and Assam, extending westwards to the Sikkim Himalaya, and east
and south to Burma. None of them are of any economic or sylvicultural importance.

2. PENTAPTERYGIUM, Klotzsch. Also a genus containing about six species of
usually epiphytic, bulbous-stemmed shrubs of the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills.
P. serpens, Klotzsch ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 449; Gamble Darj. List 50 ; Yern. Kali harchu,
Nep. ; Keembooten, Lepcha, is a common and conspicuous, usually epiphytic shrub of
the Sikkim Himalaya, having crimson flowers with black markings.

3. VACCINIUM, Linn.

About 17 species, small trees or shrubs, some of the latter quite small, and often
epiphytic. Except two small trees, whose woods are here described, all the species are
from the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Burma. V. Dunalianum, Wight ; Fl. Br.
Ind. iii. 453 ; Gamble Darj. List 50, is a shrub of the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia
Hills, not uncommon. V. bancanum, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 454 ( V. exaristatnm, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 91), is a large evergreen shrub of the drier hill forests of Martaban at 5-600O
ft. To this genus belong the AYhortleberry or Bilberry ( V. Myrtillus, Linn.) and Cran-
berry (V. Oxycoccos, Linn.) of Europe, and other similar small shrubs.

Pores small to extremely small. Medullary rays moderately broad
to broad. Wood smooth, cuts well, and has a good silver-grain.

1. V. serratum, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 452; Gamble Darj. List 50. Ceratos-
teiifina vacciniaceum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 412. Yern. Charu, Nep.

A shrub, often epiphytic. Bark brown with white lenticels.
Wood, white. Pares extremely small. Medullary rays broad, wavy.

Hill forests of the Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Bhutan, also of the Khasia
Hills at 4-8000 ft.

E 3296. Babookhola, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

2. V. nilg-herrense, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 454; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxvi.

A large shrub. Bark thin, dark greyish-brown, cleft vertically
and horizontally into small scales. Wood, reddish-brown, moderately
hard. Pores very small, very numerous. Medullary rays moderately
broad, wavy.

Sin ilas of the Nilgiri Hills, especially on the east side in dry places at 4-7000 ft. ;
Ananialai and Putney Hills, etc.

W .">7f>7. Coonoor, Nilgiris, <i000 ft. (Gamble).

3. V. Lesehenaultii, Wight: Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 455; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 277;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 61. V. rotundifolium, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxvi. Yern. Anduvan,
hilar, Badaga; Boralu, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown, tessellated in small some-
what rectangular scales. Wood light reddish-brown, moderately hard.
Pores small, rather scanty, inconspicuous, single or in small groups.
MedvMary rays broad, shining, somewhat wavy, making a handsome
silver-srain on a radial section.

430 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Hills of South India and Ceylon ; in the Nilgiris it is common in dry sholas at the
■eastern side at 4-7000 ft.

An ornamental little tree with pink flowers and a nice wood which might be useful
for carving and turning, but requires to be well-seasoned or it will split. The fruit
is edible and makes good tarts.

lbs.

W 3737. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 42

W 3918. Aramby, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .48

4. CORALLOBOTRYS, Hook. f. C. acuminata, Hook. f. ; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 455
< Vaccinium acuminatum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 90), is an epiphytic shrub of the Khasia
Hills at 3-4000 ft., and of the hills of Burma.

Order LXIII. ERICACEAE.

Contains eight genera of usually handsome-flowered Indian trees or shrubs ; some
•of these, however, especially the genera Cassiof>e and Diplarche, contain merely small
prostrate heath-like plants, found in the Inner Himalaya. The genera belong to
two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Andromedeas .... Gaultheria, Diplycosia, Cassiope,

Leucothoe, Pieris, Enkianthus.
„ II. Rhodorese Diplarche, Rhododendron.

An Order of handsome plants, all of them of hill regions and cool climates. The
true heaths are found chiefly in Europe and in S. Africa. In England the "Bell-
heather" with purple flowers is E. cinerea, Linn.; in the Mediterranean region the
largest species, the one whose roots are used to make "briar," or " bruyere," pipes,
is E. arborea, Linn. The common Heath or Ling is Calluna vulgaris, Srdisb. The
Arbutus, or Strawberry tree, A. Unedo, Linn., is sometimes cultivated in Indian Hill
Gardens.

Bark generally thin. Wood compact, smooth, even-grained, cuts
easily. Pores uniform and uniformly distributed, small or very
small, numerous. Annual rings generally marked by belt of porous
wood. Medullary rays short, often moderately broad, usually dark-
coloured.

1. GAULTHERIA, Linn.

Six species, of which two are merely small procumbent wiry shrubs, and two others
are found only in very high regions in the Sikkim Himalaya, viz. G. pyrolaifolia,
Hook. f. and G. Ilookeri, Clarke.

1. G. fragrantissima, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 457; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxvi. ;
Gamble Darj. List 50 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 62. G. punctata, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
\)2. Vera. Wel-kapuru, Cingh.

A large shrub. Bark light brown, very thin, shining. Wood
light brown, moderately hard. Pores very small, very numerous,
uniformly distributed, inconspicuous. MeduUa/ry rays fine to
moderately broad, short, numerous, giving a good silver-grain.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan at G-8000 ft.; Khasia Hills; drier hill
forests of Martaban at (i-7000 ft.; hills of South India, very common on the Nilgiris;
higher mountain zone of Ceylon.

A common shrub : in the Nilgiris and other mountain ranges of South India aud
in Ceylon it is gregarious on dry hill-sides, and remarkable for its bright turquoise-
blue berries, which arc eaten by Badagas. The leaves give an essential oil like that of
the Canadian wintergreen. It is an excellent antiseptic. Salicylic acid aud carbolic
acid can also be made from it (on this oil, see " Pharmacographia lndica," vol. ii. 325).

lbs.

W 3769, 3807. Sispara, Nilgiris, (3700 ft. (C amble) . . . 43 and 40

emcace,e 431

2. C Griffithiana, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 458 ; Gamble Darj. List 50.
A shrub. Bark light brown, peeling off in papery layers. Wood
greyish-white, moderately hard. Pores extremely small, numerous,
inconspicuous. Medullary rays fine, scanty. Many medullary spots.

Eastern Himalaya and the Khasia Hills, above 5000 ft.
E 3394. Jalapahar, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

2. DIPLYCOSIA, Blume. Two species, shrubs of the Eastern Himalaya, in
Bhutan and the Daphla Hills.

3. CASSIOPE, D. Don. Two small heather-like shrubs, the most common being
C.fastigiata,D. Don; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 459; Vera. Chota leivar, Beas; Seeru, Chor;
Kamba, Kumaon, which covers large areas, like heather does in Europe, in the higher
Himalayan regions above 10,000 ft.

4. LEUCOTHOE, D. Don. L. Griffithiana, Clarke, is a shrub of the Eastern
Himalaya, found by Griffith in Bhutan.

5. PIERIS, D. Don.

Three species. P. villosa, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 461 ; Gamble Darj. List 51, is
a small tree of the Himalaya most common in Siskim at elevations over 10,000 ft., but
also found as far west as the Tons river. This is probably the kind found in the
underwood of the Molta Forest in Jaunsar at about 7500 ft., though Babu Upendranath
Kanjilal in his Flora does not mention it. P.formosa, D. Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 461 ;
Gamble Darj. List 51 {Andromeda formosa, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 280) ; Vera.
Sheaboge, Nep., is an evergreen tree of the Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon
to Bhutan at rather low levels and of Assam.

1. P. ovaiifolia, D. Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 460 ; Gamble Darj. List 51. Andro-
meda ovaiifolia, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 280 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 92. Vera. Ayatta, eilan,
ellal, arur, arwdn, aira, ailan, rattankdt, Pb. ; Eran, yarta, ladrang, Sutlej ; Anydr,
Ivumaon ; Agar, Hind. ; Gashing, Byaus ; Anjir, angidr, aigiri, jagguchal, Nep. ;
Piazay, Bhutia ; Kangshior, Lepcha.

A deciduous tree. Bark brown, thick, fibrous, peeling off in long
narrow strips, deeply cleft, the clefts often extending spirally round
the stem. Wood light reddish-brown, soft, even-grained, but warps
badly. Annual rings marked by slightly larger pores in the spring
wood. Pores small in the spring wood, very small in the autumn
wood. MeduUary rays fine to moderately broad, dark, showing as
a neat silver-grain.

Outer Himalaya, at 2-8000 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan ; Khasia Hills at 3-5000
ft. ; hills of Martaban at 3-5000 ft. ; Kacbin Hills in Upper Burma.

A common tree, characteristic in the Western Himalaya as always accompany-
ing the "Ban " oak (Quercus iucana) aDd the rhododendron on grassy hill slopes, but
rarely below 5000 ft. In Sikkim it is found at much lower elevations than in the
west, and is met with equally in the Sal forests of the Tista Valley at 2000 ft. and
amoug the rhododendrons of Tonglo at 10,000. It is a useful tree on the slopes
of the West Himalaya, as helping to cover the ground quickly and act as a nurse
to deodar where it has been planted or sown or has come up naturally. It is also
useful, as it is not eaten by cattle and can survive the forest fires. But its wood
is of little or no value, for it does not even burn well or make good charcoal, going
quickly into dust; it is, however, even-grained, and cuts nicely, and, if previously well
seasoned, is capable of utilization in turning. The growth is usually slow, Brandis
puts it at 34 rings per inch, but 12 to 18 is more usual in the west, and about <i in
Sikkim. The leaves are poisonous to goats; of this I have seen cases, but J. L.
Stewart says it only happens in the spring mouths, which may be the case, as such
animals are only likely to eat them at that time, whea they are soft and juicy. Madden
says that the honey from the flowers is also poisonous. The leaves can be used as an
in-ecticide.

432 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

H 17. Simla, 7000 ft 41

E 3325. Darjeeling Hills, 6500 ft. (Gamble) —

6. ENKIANTHUS, Lour.

1. E. himalaieus, Hook. f. aud Th.; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 461; Gamble Darj. List 51.
Vein. Ohothu, Nep.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood light brown, moderately
hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a belt of more
numerous 'pores than in the rest of the wood, where they are very
small, and joined by wavy, concentric, tine, pale bands. Medullary
rays moderately broad and fine.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 10-12,000 ft., among the rhododendrons.

E 976. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 ft. (Schlich).

E 3725. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Gamble).

7. DIPLARCHE, Hook. f. and Th. Two small shrubs of the higher Sikkim
Himalaya, of no importance.

8. RHODODENDRON, Linn.

A genus of beautiful trees and shrubs, found in the Himalaya and the mountains
which connect it with Burma and run down into the Malay Peninsula. One species
only occurs in South India and Ceylon. Forty-two Indian species were described in
the Fl. Br. Ind., which chiefly followed the descriptions given, with beautiful plates,
in Sir J. D. Hooker's " Pihododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya." To these forty-two,
two were added by Aitchison and Hemsley from the mountains on the western border
adjoining Afghanistan: these are R. afghanicum, Aitch. and Hemsl., and R. Colletti-
anum, Aitch. and Hemsl., both shrubs; and one, R. modesticm, Hook, f., has recently
been added, by the curious fact of its having been raised among seedlings of another
species from seed sent to Kew from Sikkim.

The genus Rhododendron is divided into four sections, three of which contain each
only one species in the region of this work, so that the greater number, including the
most important kinds, belong to the sub-genus Eurhododendron. Most of the species,
other than those whose woods are here described, are merely shrubs, and however
interesting they may be to the botanist and horticulturist, they are of but little
importance in the forest economy of India, so that it is unnecessary to do more than
mention a few of them. R. moulmainense, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 463; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 94; Vern. Zalatpyu, Burm., is a tree of some size, reaching 10 ft. in height
and a girth of 4 ft., in the hill forests, especially the damper ones, of Martaban and
Tenasserim at 4-7000 ft. In the Khasia Hills as well as in the stunted hill forests
of the Nattoung range at 7000 ft., is found R.formosum, Wall., an evergreen shrub.
R. Thomsoni, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 468; Gam Me Darj. List 52, is a shrub found at
11-13,000 ft. in the Sikkim Himalaya with beautiful dark crimson flowers. /.'. Chrif-
fithiomum, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 468; Gamble Darj. List 52 (J2. AucMandii, Hook.
f.), is a tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya with white, pink-spotted flowers. In
the Himalaya, chiefly Western and Central, two small species are found on rocks at high
elevations: viz. R. Anthojwr/on, Don ; Brandia For. Fl. 282; Vern. Nichni, rattankdt,
nera, Jhelnm ; Tazak-tsun, Kashmir ; Kdi zabdn, morua, talisa, Ravi; Talisri, Beas;
Talisfar, Kumaon; Ralu, Bhutia, with yellowish- white, and R. lepidotwm, Wall, (same
reference and names) with red flowers. They do not occur below 10,000 ft., hut are
common above that elevation, and their leaves are used as stimulants in native medicine.
In the Darjeeling Hills, above 6000 ft. two beautiful shrubby species are found, usually
epiphytic and of some size. These are R. fhtUmusur, Hook. f. and 7?. Edgeworthii,
Hook, f . ; Gamble Darj. List 52; Vern. Hunts, Nep., the former with glaucous leaves
and very large cream-coloured scented flowers, the latter with woolly leaves and pure
white cinnamon-scented flowers. R. nivale, Hook. f. is a very small prostrate species,
hardly rising 2 in. from the ground, but noticeable as probably reaching the highest
elevation, 16-18,000 ft., of any Indian woody plant (Sir J. D. Hooker says "of any
'shrub in the world"), and as being at the same time very highly scented with the

ERICACEAE 433

odour of " Eau de Cologne." Some of the Himalayan rhododendrons have been success-
fully grown in the south of England, but are tender — the hardy species are mostly
American species or from Asia Minor, like the commonest one, R. ponticum, Linn.

Wood pale brown, red or yellow, even-grained, smooth, soft or
moderately hard. Pores very fine or extremely fine, more numerous
in the spring wood. Medullary rays fine, generally short, sometimes
with additional moderately broad ones. The wood is apt to warp
and shrink.

1. R. grande, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 464; Gamble Darj. List 51. B.argmteum,
Hook. f. Vern. Kali gurd,s, putlinga, Nep. ; Etok-amat, Lepcha.

An evergreen tree. Bark reddish-brown, peeling off in small
scales. Wood yellowish, with darker heartwood, shining, soft, close-
and even-grained. Pores very small, somewhat more numerous in
the spring wood, where they mark the annual rings. Medidlo/ry rays
of two sizes, very fine and very numerous between fewer short and
moderately broad rays, dark.

Hills of Sikkim, common on the outer ranges round Darjeeling and Durnsong, at
6-10,000 ft.

Growth slow, 27 rings per inch of radius. The wood warps less than that of
R. arboreum. Flowers pure white, with a purple throat.

lbs.
E 372. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9000 ft. (Johnston) 39

2. R. Hodgsoni, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 464; Gamble Darj. List 51.

A large shrub. Bark very thin, light brown, smooth. Wood
yellowish-white, moderately hard, close- and even-grained. Annual
rings marked by a line in the autumn wood. Pores extremely small
and numerous. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan, at 10-12,000 ft.; common on the
Singalila range above Darjeeling.

Hooker says of this species that he always regards it, with Abies Webbiana, as the
characteristic plant at the elevation of 10-12,000 ft. in the valleys of Sikkim. The
growth is exceedingly slow, his specimen showing about 63 rings per inch of radius.
The wood is made into cups, spoons and ladles as well as Yak saddles, and the large
leaves are used to line baskets and pack butter. The flowers are rose-coloured or purplish.

Sikkim Himalaya — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

3. R. Faleoneri, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 465 ; Gamble Darj. List 51. Vern.
Kurlinga, Nep. ; Kegu, kalma, Bhutia.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark reddish-brown, peeling off
in flakes ; inner bark purple-red. Wood reddish- white, shining with
a beautiful satiny lustre, takes a beautiful polish, hard, close- and
even-grained. Annual rings marked by more numerous pores in
the spring wood. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary
rays fine and moderately broad, short. Frequent medullary patches.

Hills of Sikkim, especially the summit of Tonglo, at 10,000 ft. ; Naga Hills and
Manipur.

A fine species, with a straightcr bole and with a less branching habit than most
species. The leaves are very large, wrinkled and ferruginous beneath. Growth slow,
17 rings per inch of radius. The wood does not warp. Flowers cream-coloured.

lbs.
E 369. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston) 39

4. R. arboreum, Sm. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii..465; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 22S; Brandis For.
Fl. 281; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 93; Gamble Darj. List 51; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 63. R.
jmniceum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 409. Vern. Chhdrt, Hazara; Ard<iiraI,Jhc\um; Manddl,
Ohenab; Chiu, dru, Ravi; Bids, sprek, Sutlej ; Burans, Jaunsar; Rrus, brons,

2 F

434 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Kumaon ; TofsJiing, Byans ; Gardns, Dotial ; Bhordits, gurds, ghonds, iaggu, lalgurds,
JSIep. ; Etok, Bhutia, Lepcha ; BUM, Badaga ; Poo, Tarn. ; Zalatni, Barm. ; Ma-ratmal,
Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark 1 in. thick, reddish -brown, peeling
off in small flakes. Wood soft, reddish- white or reddish-brown, close-
and even-grained, apt to warp and shrink. Annual rings marked by
a belt of slightly larger pores in the spring wood. Pores very small
and extremely small, uniformly distributed. Med/uMary rays of two
classes, few moderately broad, short, separated by many fine, regular
ones, the broader, forming a somewhat indistinct silver-grain.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, at 5-11,000 ft. ; Khasia Hills at 4-6000
ft.; hills of the Kuhy Mines District and of the Karenni country near Toungoo in
Burma : hills of South India, common in the jSTilgiris, Pulneys and Anamalais and the
hills of Travancore ; hill region of Ceylon.

As already mentioned under Pieris ovalifolia, this tree, the ordinary rhododendron
of common talk, is found, in the West Himalaya, in forests of the "Ban" oak on
grassy lands at 5-7000 ft. It also occurs in thick forest at high elevations like the
upper part of Kedarkanta, at 10-12,000 ft., where I have seen it with " Kharshu" oak,
silver fir and small bamboo. In the Darjeeling Hills it is not so common, the ordinary
typical variety being found on the drier slopes at 6-8000 ft., and the var. Campbellice
in nearly pure forest or with B. grande, Falconeri and barbatum at 10-11,000 ft. ; in
the Nilgiris and Ceylon it prefers open ground, and there it is the well-marked round-
leaved var. nilagirica. Everywhere, it is a beautiful tree, but is scarcely ever straight-
grown, being usually, even though of considerable diameter, much branched and
wide-crowned. Seedlings come up self-sown in profusion, especially on banks where
the soil has been laid bare as on road-cuttings; but they are difficult to raise in
nursery and propagate artificially. It is an excellent nurse for deodar plantations on
grass land where it occurs. The flowers are usually crimson, but may vary through
different shades to white.

The wood is scarcely used except as fuel, and on its value as firewood there are
different opinions, some considering it not good, others liking it much. It is apt
to smoulder instead of burning with a flame. As charcoal, it is not good. I never
saw it used in building, though 1 have experience of it in such widely separated
places as Simla,\Chakrata, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, the Nilgiris and Newera Ellia. It is,
however, used for plates and dishes, for "kukri" handles, aud Beddome says it is used
for gunstocks, but this is doubtful, as few such are manufactured in S. India. The
growth is slow: Brandis says 1-1 rings per inch, while the specimens examined varied
from 12 rings in the West Himalaya and the Nilgiris to as many as 36 in Sikkiin.
The wood warps badly and shrinks in seasoning. The flowers are used in Buddhist
temples ; they are eaten and made into jelly at Simla. The average weight of the
wood seems to be about 40 lbs. per cubic foot.

The leaves are often badly attacked by an orange-coloured fungus, Chrysomyxa
himalayensis, Barcl. n,s

H 3171. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

H 14, 73. Simla Forests, 7000 ft 45

E 383, 2388, 3706. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston and Gamble) 39
These three are var. Campbellice.

W 3881, 4097. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) ... 35
These two are var. nilagirica.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. IX. 3).

5. R. campanulatum, Don; PI. Br. 1ml. iii. 466; Brandis For. Fl. 281. Vern.
(iaggar, ywrmi, Kashmir; Sarugar, shinwala, Ravi; Shargar, Beas ; Shengra, Pangi ;
Simrung, Sutlej ; Simris, Tehri; Chimu.l, Kumaon; Clieriala, teotosa, Nep.

An evergreen shrub. Bark thin, cinnamon-coloured or grey, smooth,
peeling off in thin papery flakes. Wood light pinkish-red, moderately
hard. Ann tail rings distinctly marked by more numerous pores in
the spring wood. Pores very small and extremely small, very
numerous. Medullary rays very line, very short.

ERICACEAE 435

Inner Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 9500 and 14,000 ft. ; outer
ranges on high mountains such as the Chor, Chansil and Kedarkanta; Sikkim at
11,000 ft, (Clarke).

This is a large lilac- flowered shrub, extensively gregarious on high peaks and at
the upper limit of tree-vegetation, most difficult to penetrate. The leaves are said to
be poisonous, but the}' are very leathery and tough, so that cattle, in all probability,
rarely touch them. J. L. Stewart says the smoke of the burning leaves is very acrid
and irritant. Growth moderate to slow : the specimens examined show 28 rings per
inch of radius ; while Aikin with Wallich's specimens found 8*4 rings per inch, very

distinctly marked.

lbs.

H 121. Jalari Pass, Seoraj, Kulu, 10,000 ft. (Stenhouse) . . .39

H 128. Rotang Pass, Kulu, 13,000 ft. (Stenhouse) . —

H 4775. Ptikshin, Tehri-Garhwal, 10,000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .39

Sikkim Himalaya — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

6. R. fulgens, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 466 ; Gamble Darj. List 51. Vern.
Chimed, Nep.

A small tree or large shrub. Wood grey, darker in the centre,
moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by more
porous wood at the inner edge. Pores extremely small and numerous.
Medullary rays short, line, very numerous.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 12-14,000 ft.

A fine crimson-flowered shrub, leaves brown-felted beneath, common about
Sandiikpho and more or less gregarious. Growth slow, 25 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
E 2957. Sandiikpho, Darjeeling, 12,000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .36*

7. R. Wig-htii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 467 ; Gamble Darj. List 52.

A small shrubby tree. Bark extremely thin, cinnamon-red,
peeling off in papery flakes. Wood light yellowish-white, moderately
hard, very close- and even-grained. Pores very small, rather scanty.
Medullary 'rays red, very fine, short.

East Nepal and Sikkim at 11-14,000 ft., abundant in wooded valleys and on spurs.

The flowers are yellow with a crimson throat and spots.

Sikkim Himalaya, 14,000 ft. — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

8. R. campylocarpum, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 467.

A shrub. Bark very thin, light brown, peeling off in thin papery
flakes. Wood light yellow, moderately hard, close- and even-grained.
Pores extremely small and numerous. Medullary rays fine, short.

East Nepal and Sikkim, at 11-14,000 ft., in rocky valleys and on open spurs.
The flowers are of a pale sulphur colour and the bush has a resinous scent.
Sikkim Himalaya — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

9. R. barbatum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 458 ; Gamble Darj. List 52. Vern.
thirds, chimal, Nep.; Kemu, Bhutia.

A small evergreen tree. Wood light pinkish-red, shining. Ann ual
rings marked by a belt of more numerous and larger pores. Pores
very small and extremely small. Medullary rays fine and very fine,
numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, at 8-11,000 ft.; common on Mount Tonglo with S. arboreum.
Growth slow, 35 rings per inch of radius. Flowers deep crimson.

lbs.
E 375. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston) .">'.»

10. R. Maddeni, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 472: Gamble Darj. List 52.

A shrub. Bark pale purplish-red, peeling off in papery Hakes and

436 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

leaving a dark uncler-surface. Wood light brown, moderately hard,
close- and even-grained. Pore* extremely small and numerous.
Medullary rays brown, fine, very numerous.

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, at 6-7000 ft. This species is rare : it has large
white flowers.

Sikkim Himalaya — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

11. R. einnabarinum, Hook. f. ; PI. Br. Ind. Hi. 474 ; Gamble Darj. List 52.
Yern. Bald, Nep. ; Kema kechoong, Lepcha.

A large shrub. Bark thin, reddish -grey. Wood light greyish-
or yellowish- white, moderately hard, even-grained, warps. Annual
'ring* not visible. Pores extremely small. MedvMary mys short,
line, very numerous.

Sikkim Himalaya above 12,000 ft.

The leaves are poisonous and the smoke of the wood causes inflammation of the
face and eyes, according to Hooker. Flowers scarlet.

lbs.
E 2058. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 12,000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .42
Sikkim Himalaya, 12,000 ft.— Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

Order LXIV. EPACRIDEiE.

An Order of plants, closely allied to Ericacece, of which nearly all the species are
Australian. Only one species of the Order extends as far north as Tenasserim:
Leucopogon maloyanus, Jack ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 477 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 95, an evergreen,
small, rigid shrub. The wood of an Australian species in Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 6,
is very like that of some Rhododendrons, having very small, very numerous, evenly
distributed pores ; and medullary rays of two classes, few moderately broad, with
many very line between.

Order LXV. PLUMBAGINEJE.

An Order of herbaceous or shrubby plants, many of which affect dry sandy country.
Only two genera, however, seem to be worthy of mention here, and one of them, Yogelia,
contains only one species, V. indica, Gibs.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 481, a small shrub of
Western India, common at Mount Aba.

1. ^EGIALITIS, R. Br.

1. JE. rotundifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. Ill; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 479. ^. annnlata,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 96.

An evergreen shrub or "treelet." Bark grey, soft, lenticellate.
Wood soft, spongy, with a structure outwardly resembling that of a
monocotyledonous plant, consisting of soft cellular tissue, studded
with scattered small patches of pore-bearing wood. These contain
each a single radial line of pores in ordinary cellular tissue. The
soft tissue consists of large fibrous stellate cells of very interesting
character.

Tidal forests of the Sundarbans, Chittagong, Arracan, Burma and the Andaman
Islands.

A curious plant, like a miniature tree, but with conical stem and large leaves with
a dilated petiole.

E 3644. Sundarbans (Gamble).

MYRSINE.E 437

Order LXVI. MYRSINEjE.

Contains ten genera of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers, belonging to the following
Tribes : —

Tribe I. Masses .... Majsa.

„ II. Eumyrsinea? . . . Myrsine, Ernbelia, Ardisia, Pimelandra,

Antistrophe, Hymenandra, Amblyan-
thus, iEgiceras.
„ III. Theophrastese . . . Eeptonia.
The Order is not an important one, still, the gregarious shrubby growth, resembling
that of Hazel in England, which characterizes Mcesa Cliisia in the Darjeeling Hills,
makes it of interest sylviculturally ; JEgiceras has one of the best and hardest of the
woods of the "Mangrove" forests; and Reptonia is a valuable shrub of the driest part
of the Punjab. The leaves of several of the species are characterized by resinous glands ;
and these occur sometimes again in the wood. Jacquinia ruscifolia, Jacq. is not
uncommon in gardens in Madras.

Wood compact, close-grained. Pores very small or extremely small,
often in groups or radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays distant,
fine to broad, more often broad. Resin ducts frequent, sometimes
among the wood-cells, sometimes in the rays. The woods of this
family are curious and interesting in their microscopic structure, and
clearly deserve special study. In a section of a Jacquinia (Nordlinger's
Sections, vol. 6), the medullary rays branch outwards, a very unusual
character. The resin-cells, of various shapes, are also strange.

1. M^ESA, Forsk.

Eleven species, trees or shrubs. An interesting genus, mostly of undershrubs of
thick forest or of small trees which come up on clearings or after temporary cultivation.
31. ramentacea, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 508 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 99 (Bceobotrys ramentacea
and glabra, B,oxb. Fl. Ind. 558, 560), is an evergreen tree of the forests on the hills of
Chittagong and Burma, the Andamans and Nicobars, chiefly on old temporary cultiva-
tion or " poonzohs," said by Kurz to have a " pale brown or brown, rather heavy, close-
' grained, brittle " wood. 31. andamanica, Kurz For. Fl. 575 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 508, is an
evergreen small tree of the Andamans. M. paniculata, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 509;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 99, is an evergreen shrub of Sylhet, also found in Tavoy and Tenasserim.
M. dubia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 510; Talbot Bomb. List 117, is a shrub of the ever-
green forests of the Konkan, Kanara, Malabar and Mysore. 31. arycntea, Wall.; Fl.
Br. Ind. iii. 510; Brandis For. Fl. 283; Vern. Phusera, gogsa, X.-W. Provinces,
is a large shrub of the Central Himalaya from the Ganges to Sikkim, at 3-7000 ft.,
'with a white edible berry. 31. mollis, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. 510 (31. mollissima, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 100), is an evergreen shrub of the tropical forests of Burma extending to
the Shan Hills; and M. mwcosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 100; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 511, is iound
in the region between Burma and Assam, about the Patkoye range.

Wood light brown, soft. Pores small, scanty, sometimes in short
radial lines, often filled with resin. Medullary rays usually fine,
numerous.

1. M. rugosa, Clarke; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 508 ; Gamble Darj. List 52.
A large shrub or small tree. Bark thin, resinous, reddish-brown.
Wood soft, light brown. Pores small, scanty, some resinous and these
chiefly in the outer sapwood. Annual rings marked by a dark line.
Medullary rays line, very numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, in Sikkim and Bhutan, at 5-7000 ft.

E 3669. Laba, British Bhutan, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

438 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. M. Chisia, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 509 ; Gamble Darj. List 52. Vera. Bilauni,

Nep. ; Purmo, Lepcha.

An evergreen gregarious shrub or small tree. Bark thin, reddish-
brown. Wood light brown, soft. Pore* small, scanty, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan, at 4-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft.

This shrub is very common over large areas of country in the Darjeeling Hills,
coining up gregariously on hill slopes which have at one time or another been cultivated
and then abandoned. How far it might be useful as giving a coppice growth fit to
afford fuel, I cannot say, as the question has not, that I know of, been raised ; but in
affording protection to planted trees of more valuable timber, put out in lines or in
patches cut in the shrubby growth, I can imagine nothing better. The growth is
fairly fast, 6 rings per inch of radius.

E 2389. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

3. M. indiea, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 509; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxvii. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 283 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 99 ; Gamble Darj. List 52 ; Talbot Bomb. List 117 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 67. Bceobotrys indiea and nemoralis, Koxb. Fl. Ind. i. 557-9. Vern.
Kalsis, Garhwal; Nanapadhera, Kumaon ; Atki, Bombay; Bilauni, Nep.; Purmo,
Lepcha; Phudupjoh, Mechi ; Bamjani, Beng. ; Tamomban, Magh ; Kirithi, Travancore
Hills ; Mata-bimbii/d, Cingh.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark thin, reddish-brown, with
frequent reddish lenticels, somewhat horizontally arranged. Woo<l
brownish-white, soft. Pores small, scanty and often in strings of 2 to
4. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Throughout India : in the Lower Himalaya from the Jumna eastward ; Eastern
Bengal and Burma up to 3000 ft. ; occasional in Central India, Orissa and the Circars ;
in shady places in the Deccan and Carnatic ; South and West India, common :
Ceylon, up to 6000 ft., usually in valleys and ravines in forest undergrowth.

A very common plant and widespread, but, just as M. Chisia prefers open hillsides,
so in Sikkim this species prefers shady ravines. Elsewhere, also, I have always seen
it only in such places, though C. B. Clarke, whose experience is undoubted, says in " Fl.
Br. Ind." that it grows on lands gone out of cultivation like .1/. ( 'hisia and .1/. macrophylla.

W 3762. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. ((iambic).

4. M. macrophylla, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 570; Gamble Darj. List 52. Vern.
Bogoti, Nep. ; Tugom, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, rough with longitudinal narrow clefts

resinous when cut. Wood lijjht brown, moderately hard. Pores small,

scanty, often in short radial lines, those in the sap wood filled with

yellow resin. Medullary rays fine to moderatefy broad, numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan, cummou in second-growth forest and old
cultivated lands.

E 3670. Kalimpung, British Bhutan, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

2. MYRSINE, Linn.
Three species.

1. M. afrieana, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 511 : Brandis For. Fl. 286. Vern. Bebrang,
Jcakhum, kokhtiri, karuk,gugul,jutru, chachri, pratshu,branchu,khushin,pdpri, banddru,
h/'usi/), atuljan, Pb. ; Chitring, Sutlej ; Ghivaini, pahari cha, chupra, Hind.; Danwan,
.'aunsar ; Ohari, Kumaon; Jhiun, rikhdalmi, Garhwal ; Jasun, Dotial.

A small evergreen shrub. Bark thin, dark brown with large
lenticels. Wood light brown, moderately hard. Pores extreme!}
small, scattered or in short radial lines, between the distant, moderately
broad medullary >■<'!/*, which contain many resin-cells.

MYRSINE/E 430

Afghanistan, Salt Range and Outer Himalaya as far east as Nepal. Also in S. Africa.

The fruit is used as an anthelmintic, sold under the name of Bebrang, and often
used as a substitute for that of Samara Ribes. The shrub prefers shady places in
the drier forests like those of " Ban " oak and rhododendron.

lbs.

H 2829. Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 49

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (ilf. retusa, Ait.).

2. M. semiserrata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. [nd. Hi. 511 ; Brandis For. PI. 28S ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 105; Gamble Darj. List 52. Vera. Pa/rwana, kungkung, gogsa, bamora,
gaunta, Hind. ; Chwpra, Garhwal ; Gaderi, gaunt, Kumaon ; Bihi, beresi, Jcalikatha,
bilauni, Nep. ; Tungcheong, Lepcha.

A shrub, small or middling sized tree. Bark ash-coloured, dark,
nearly black, with prominent dots. Wood red, hard. Pores extremely
small, in small patches between the distant, broad medullar}/ rays.

Outer Himalaya from the Beas to Bhutan, at 3-9000 ft. ; Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft. ;
Nattoung Hills of Martaban at 6-7500 ft.

AVallich says the wood is chocolate-coloured, heavy, hard, handsome and used in
Nepal for carpenters' work. It splits rather and is usually too small for anything
but firewood.

lbs.

H 2830. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 51

E 3322. Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble) —

3. M. eapitellata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 512; Brandis For. Fl. 286; Gaml.le
Darj. List 52: Talbot Bomb. List 117: Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 68. M. WigMiana,
Wall; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 234. M. avenis, A. DC; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 105. Vera.
Phalamkat, Nep. ; Kokili, Badaga.

A small tree. Bark \ in. thick, grey, smooth. Wood moderately
hard, grey. Pores small, rather scanty, isolated or in short radial
lines between the distant broad medullary rays. These latter are
also characterized by occasional red or yellow spots, which are
apparently resin-cells and are not seen in the cellular tissue containing
the pores which comes between the rays. Wood-cells large, prominent.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, up to 4000 ft. ; Assam and the Khasia Hills ; drier
hill forests of Martaban in Burma at 4-7000 ft., a variety (J/, htcida, Wall.) in the
Eng forests of Prome ; hills of South India from North Kanara down, chiefly at
5-7000 ft., common in Nilgiri sholas; hill region of Ceylon.

This tree resembles a holly, aod is very variable. Beddome says the wood is hard
and durable. Wallich gives W = 22 lbs., but the specimens here described are heavier.
Fruit edible.

lbs.
E 3663. Dumsong, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . ... —
W 3747. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. „ . —

W 4181. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. „ .... 48

The two last are var. lanceolata, Wall., and have narrower medullary rays.

3. EMBELIA, Burm.

About II species of erect or climbing shrubs, most of which are found in Eastern
Bengal, Burma or South India. E. parviflora, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 515 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 104, is a climbing shrub of the Khasia Hills and of Upper Burma ; where also,
in the Shan Hills, is found E. fwrfuracea, Coll. and Hemsl. E. Garriblei, Kurz; Fl.
Br. Ind. iii. 516 ; Gamble Darj. List 5.". ; Vein. Amili, Nep. ; Monkyowrik, Lepcha, is
a common climber of the Darjeeling forests at 6-8000 ft. with thick spongy bark and
soft wood with large pores and very broad medullary rays. Its leaves are eaten by hill-
men. Haines, quoted in " Darjeeling Working Plan," 1893, p. 59, says it is one of tin-
most injurious climbers in the hill forests, having dense persistent foliage and pendulous
branches. E. vestito, Roxb. and E. nutans, Wall., are climbing shrubs of Assam.

Except E. robusta all those examined are climbers with a curious

440 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

and interesting structure. Bark lenticellate. Wood usually brown.
Pores small in E. robusta, large in the rest. Medullary rays broad
to extremely broad.

1. E. Ribes, Burni. ; Fl. Br. Tnd. iii. 513 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 586 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
<=xxxviii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 284; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 101 ; Gamble Darj. List 53; Talbot
Bomb. List 117 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 09. Vera. Bebrang, Sylhet ; Himalcldri, Nep. ;
BhringeU, Melghut; Waiwarung, karkunnie, Bombay; Wd-embilla, Ciugh.

A large scandent shrub. Bark \ in. thick, brown, rough with
conical hard protuberances. Wood light brown, porous. Parr*
variable, large to small, the large ones sometimes in concentric rings.
Medulla rii rays broad.

Throughout the greater part of India: Central and Eastern Himalaya, Assam and
Burma; Western and Southern India and Ceylon ; in evergreen forests.
The berries are used as an anthelmintic and to adulterate black pepper.
W 3751. Lamb's Kock Shola, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

2. E. floribunda, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 511; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 102 (in part) ;
Gamble Darj. List 53. Yern. Hiviulchiri, Xep. ; Payong, Lepcha.

A large climber. Bark rough, tubercled. Wood pinkish-white.
Pores large, more regular in size than in E. Ribes, sometimes sub-
divided and often in concentric lines. Medullary rays very broad.

Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan, at 4-7000 ft., very common about
Darjeeling ; Nattoung hills of Martaban at 6-7200 ft.
E 3294. Sepoydura, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

3. E. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 587 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 515 ; Bedd. Fl. Svlv. cxxxvii. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 284 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 102 ; Gamble Darj. List 53 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 117; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 70. Yern. Gaia,~Dehr& Dun ; Amti,barbatti, byebering,
Bombay ; Bebrang, Oudh ; Kopadalli, Gondi ; Bharavgeli, Kurku ; Kalay bugoti, Nep. ;
Ambati, Mar. ; Babri, Monghyr ; Mata sura, Sonthal; Nuninunika, Criya; Saradi,
Khond; Eikmwenwe, Burm.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark \ in. thick, brown, with hori-
zontal cracks. Wood reddish. Pores small, often in groups or short
radial lines. Medullary rays extremely broad to broad, with yellow,
apparently resinous spots within them, as in Myrsine capitellata.

Almost throughout India: in the suh-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards,
Bengal, Behar, Western India, Burma and Ceylon, usually in deciduous forest.

lbs.

O 2478. Gonda, Oudh 37

C 343s. Ramundag Reserve, Palamow (Gamble) —

C 3528. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

4. E. Nagushia, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 516 ; Gamble For. Fl. 53. Vern. Amilpati,
Xep.

A climbing shrub. Bark brown, with prominent lenticels. Wood
yellowish-white, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, more nume-
rous in the inner part of each annual ring. .1/' dullary rays moderately
broad to broad, short, well defined.

Eastern Himalaya at 3-6000 ft.

The leaves are eaten by hillmen.

E 3302. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

5. E. viridiflora, Schefif. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 516 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 70. Samara
viridiflora, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxxxviii.

A large scandent shrub. Bark \ in. thick, light brown, studded
with corky lenticels. Wood reddish-white, porous. Pores large or

MYRSINE.E 441

moderate-sized, often subdivided, often resinous, the larger ones, which
are usually single, in concentric rings, three in a row between the
medullary rays, the others scattered between them. Medullary rays
broad, scattered.

South India, in the hills of the Deccan, Nilgiris, etc., at 2-5000 ft., common; hill
■region of Ceylon 4-G000 ft.

W 3758. Coonoor, Nilgiris, G000 ft. (Gamble).

4. ARDISIA, Swartz.

About 40 species, small trees, shrubs or undershrubs, many of them scarce, few of
any interest to the forester. With the exception of A. humilis, which extends as far
west as the Dehra Dun, they are all plants of the moist forests of Bengal, Assam,
Burma, South India and Ceylon. A. colorata, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 520 (A. anceps,
Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 107), is a small evergreen tree of the forests of Assam, Cachar,
Chittagong and Burma. A. neriifolia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 522 ; Kurz For. Fl. 108 ;
Gamble Darj. List 53 {A. floribundu, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 287), is a shrub or small
tree of the Central and Eastern Himalaya from Garhwal to Bhutan, Assam, the Khasia
Hills and Burma. A. WalUchii, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 528; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 112;
Vern. Kyetraauk, Burm., is an evergreen shrub, common in the forests of Burma and
nearly resembling A. humilis. A. pauciflora, Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 529 ; Bedd. Fl.
S_ylv. cxxxviii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 7,'!, is a large shrub or small tree of the undergrowth
•of the forests of the Western Ghats and Ceylon.

Wood moderately hard. Pores small, usually in radial lines.
Medullary rays broad.

1. A. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 580 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 519 ; Kurz For. Fl.ii. 107.
A small tree with handsome pink flowers. Bark thin, greyish-
brown. Wood pinkish-white, moderately hard. Pores small, in
radial lines. Medullary rays short, broad, wavy.

Assam, the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong.
E :;.'!67. Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong (Gamble).

2. A. maeroearpa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 521 ; Gamble Darj. List 53. Vern.
■Chamlani, Nep. ; Denyok, Lepcha.

A small erect single-stemmed shrub. Wood white, moderately
hard. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays short, broad.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan, a very common plant in the Darjeelins;
forests at 4-8000 ft.

Has white wax-like flowers and bright red berries, ripening in winter.
E 3315. Pugraingbong, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

3. A. involuerata, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 528 ; Gamble Darj. List 53. Vern.
Chamlani, Nep.; Dent/ok, Lepcha.

A large handsome shrub. Bark yellow, corky. Wood pinkish-
white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays broad,
short, wavy.

Eastern Himalaya, in the lower valleys and Terai evergreen forests of Sikkim.

E 3350. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1500 ft. (Gamble).

4. A. humilis, Vahl; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 529; Brandis For. Fl. 287; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 110 ; Gamble Darj. List 53 ; Talbot Bomb. List 118 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 72. Vern.
Kiit hamali, Garhwal, Kumaon : Ban-jam, Beng. ; Kadna, katapenga, Uriya : Kantena,
maya rawa, C.P.; Konda mayur, Tel.; Bodina gidda, Mysore; Bonderi, Khond;
Mamidi, Reddi; Lunvr-dan, Ciugh.

A shrub. Bark brown, smooth. Wood grey, moderately hard.
Pores small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays broad, dark, wavy.

442 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Throughout India : in the sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ; Assam,
Eastern Bengal, Burma ; Central India including Orissa and the Circars, the Konkan
and Kanara ; South India in the Deccan, Carnatic and Malabar, Ceylon, in the forest
undergrowth in moist places and along streams.

lbs.
O 4828. Karwapani, Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .39
C 3463. Bandgaon Ghat, Singbhiim, 2000 ft. „ . . . . —

5. PIMELANDRA, A. DC. Three species, shrubs of the Khasia Hills, tbe chief
of which is P. eugenicefolia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 530, common at 2-4000 ft.

6. ANTISTROPHE, A. DC. Two species, both shrubs, one of the Khasia Hills ;
the other A. serratifolia, Hook, f., of moist woods in the Anamalai Hills in South India.

7. HYMENANDRA, A. DC. H. WallicHi, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 532, is a shrub
of Assam, Cachar and the Khasia Hills.

8. AMBLYANTHUS, A. DC. A. glandulosus, A. DC: Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 533, is a
small shrub of the Khasia Hills and Sylhet.

9. ^EGICERAS, Gaertn.

1. JE. majus, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 533 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 130 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxxxix. ; Talbot Bomb. List 118 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 74. JE. cornimlata, Blanco ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 114. Vera. Halsi, khalshi, kirfsi, Jcoifsha, Beng. : Dudumara,
guggilam, Tel.; Narihandam, villi karma, Tarn. ; Kanjala, Mar. ; Em kadol, Cingh. :
Bwtalet, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark grey, \ in. thick. Wood reddish-
brown, often streaked with yellow, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores very small, scanty, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
moderately broad to broad, short, scanty.

Coast forests and tidal creeks of both sides of the Peninsula, the Sundarbans,
Burma, the Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

A very common shrub, classed with the Mangroves and used for fuel and building
huts. It grows to 20 ft. high, and is chiefly found in the Sundarbans on river-banks
near the sea-face.

lbs.

E 406. Sundarbans (Richardson) 40

D 4324. Tummalapenta, Nellore (Gamble) —

D 4111. S. Arcot forests (Woold ridge) 39

10. REPTONIA, A. DC.

1. R. buxifolia, A. DC; Fl.Br.Ind. iii. 531 ; Brandis For. PI. 287. Vera. Garar,

Afg. ; Gurgura, Punjab.

A large evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark thin, dark grey,
tessellated by deep longitudinal and transverse cracks. Wood light
brown, with irregular purplish-brown heartwood, very hard, heavy,
close and even-grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small,
arranged in wavy, radial, branching and anastomozing narrow white
belts, of varying width, joined by line, wavy, concentric lines which
divide the firmer and darker tissue into irregularly shaped figures, in
which the white, fine, numerous and regularly distributed medidlary
rays are distinctly visible.

Salt Range and hills Trans- Indus.

Wood worthy of attention. The fruit is eaten, and the seeds are strung in rosaries.

lbs.

P 169. Kohat 71

P912. Salt Kange (Baden-Powell) ... ... —

SAPOTACE/E 443

Order LXVII. SAPOTACECE.

An Order of considerable importance in Indian Forestry, containing only trees,
most of them producing valuable timbers, some giving Gutta-percha and other products
of importance, some useful fruits. There are eight genera, viz. Chrysophyllum, Sarco-
sperma, Sideroxylon, Isonandra, Dichopsis, Bassia, Payena, Mimusops.

Achras Sajpota, Linn., is the " Sapodilla " plum, an excellent fruit, eaten, like the
medlar, when slightly overripe. It is often cultivated in India. The wood is reddish-
brown, hard, with radial groujts of pores in oblicpue patches, fine medullar// rays and
irregular narrow wavy transverse lines (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4).

The Aryan tree of Morocco, which is found growing gregariously near Mogador, is
Argania Sideroxylon, Pi. S. Its leaves and fruit are used for fodder, and a valuable
oil resembling olive oil is extracted from the seeds.

The wood of Sapotacece has a well-marked character, somewhat
difficult to describe accurately, but easily recognized when understood,
as it resembles no other Order except Ebenacece, where the woods
are usually black or grey, while those of Sapotacece are usually red.
Wood hard, smooth, durable ; heartwood dark-coloured, generally red.
Pores small and moderate-sized, in wavy, radial lines, which are fre-
quently oblique, the lines being more or less in echelon. Mai unary-
rays numerous, fine, equidistant, joined by fine, transverse bars or
concentric lines of loose texture.

1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, Linn.

1. C. Roxburghii, G. Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 535 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 236 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 118 ; Talbot Bomb. List 119 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 7G. O. acuminatum,
Iloxb. Fl. Ind. i. 599. The Star Apple. Vern. Petakara, Beng. : Pithogarkh, Ass.;
Halt, Kan. ; Tarsi, dongriina, Mar. ; Kat illupai, Tarn. ; Palo, Mai.; Laiuulu, Cingh. ;
Thankya, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood white, close-grained, moderately hard.
Pores small, in radial lines bending into oblique strings. Med/uUary
rays numerous, very fine.

Evergreen forests of Assam, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Pegu, the Western Ghat3
and Ceylon.

Weight, according to A. Mendis, 39 lbs. per cubic foot ; Kyd gives weight 40'5 lbs.
and P = 780 ; Bourdillon gives weight 36 lbs., P = 476. The wood is used for building,
and said by Bourdillon to be useful for shingles. The fruit is edible.

lbs

W 4580. Travancore (Bourdillon) 33*

Note. — In Ed. 1 the wood was described from A. Mendis' No. 48 (^idrroxylon sp.,
39 lbs.), which was doubtless correct ; but in the new box his No. 82 (ChrysophyU'tiu
EoxburgMi, 39 lbs.) is some other wood altogether, probably some species of Anonack.k.

In Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5, is a section of the wood of Chrysophyllum C<iii<if<>?
Linn., the " Star-apple " of the West Indies, often cultivated in the hotter parts of
India. The wood is light brown, soft. Pores moderate-sized, subdivided or in radial
ami oblique short strings. Medullary rays tine, wavy. Very fine transverse lines
across the spaces between the rays.

2. SARCOSPERMA, Hook. f.

Two species. 8. GrijJUhii, lieuth. ; PI. Br. End. iii. 536, is a large tree of the
Khasia and Jaintia Hills.

1. S. arboreum, Benth. ; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 535; Gamble Darj. List 5:!. Vein.
Pahar lampati, Nep. ; Kulyatzo, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark light reddish-brown, thin. Wood

444 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

pink, moderately hard. Pores moderate -sized, in long, wavy, radial
lines. Medullary rays very numerous, fine, equidistant, the distance
between two rays much less than the diameter of the pores. Indis-
tinct concentric lines.

East Himalaya, in Sikkim up to 4000 ft. ; Khasia and Patkoye Hills of Assam. '
A handsome tree. The wood used to be employed in Sikkim to make dug-out canoes.

lbs.

E 3310. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling (Gamble) 30

3. SIDEROXYLON, Linn.

About seven species. 8. grandifolium, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 53G ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
117 ; Vern. Thuttdbat, taivthabut, Burm., is a large tree of the Khasia Hills, Sylhet
and the hills of Martaban. S. ferrugineu m, Hook, and Am. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 537
-(#. attenuatum, A. DC ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 117), is an evergreen small tree of Tenas-
serim. S. Hook&ri, Clarke and S. Gamblei, Clarke are trees of the Sikkim Himalaya at
5-6000 ft. ; and 8. assamicum, Clarke is a grey-barked tree of Assam and Cachar.
■8. burmanicum, Coll. and Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 82, is a tree of the Shan
Hills at 3-4000 ft. 8. longepetiolatum, King and Prain in Ann. Calc. ix. 50 (G?ut<i
longepetiolata, Kurz For. Fl. i. 310), is a large tree of Tenasserim, the Andamans and
Narcondam Island.

1. S. tomentosum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 602 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 538 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
110 ; Talbot Bomb. List 119 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 77. Achras elengim'des, DC ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 235. Vern. Kanta bohul, Jeontaboro, Uri^va ; Palei, mul-makil, Tarn. ;
Holay, Badaga ; Hudigolla, kumpoli, Kan. ; Knmbul, kanta kumla, Bombay.

A small, often thorny tree. Bark light reddish-brown, thin, much
cracked. Wood light yellowish-brown, moderately hard (plains
specimens) to hard (hills specimens). Pores fine (hills) to moderate-
sized (plains), in groups in short lines usually oblique, the groups
somewhat far apart and in echelon. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, equidistant. Very numerous, very fine faint lines across
the rays, irregular.

There are two well-marked forms of this plant : (1) the plains form with rather large
leaves, common in the forests of Orissa, the Circars and Deccan ; (2) the hills form
common in the sholas of the Nilgiris and other S. Indian hill ranges at 0-7000 ft. It
is probably the former form that is found in the dry forests of Burma and N. Ceylon.

Beddome says the wood makes beams for houses and good carpenters' planes. The
fruit is eaten in curries and made into pickles. "Weight about 56 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
C 3504. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) . . . . . . —

C 3819, 3935. Gullery Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) ... 52 and 58
W 3864. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. .... 59

4. ISONANDRA, Wight.

Six or seven species, all of Southern or Western India or Ceylon, difficult to dis-
tinguish, and by some writers combined. Were it not that the woods differ from eacli
other a good deal, 1 should have been inclined to consider both the trees whose woods
are described as one species, as I never was able satisfactorily to recognize them apart
in the forest; and even now I am by no means sure that the identifications are correct.
But the specimens are undoubtedly from Nilgiri Isonandras. I. Stoclcsii, Clarke: I'M.
Br. Ind. iii. 539; Talbot Bomb. List 119, is a. tree of the Konkan. I. lanceolata,
Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 539; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 77 (part); Vern. Kiriwerala, mul-
pedda, Cingh., is a tree of the hills of South India and Ceylon. According to Trimen,
it also includes ./. Wightiana, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 539.

1. I. Candolleana, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 539. Bassia WigMiana, DC;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxli. (in part).

A tree. Bark brown. Wood light reddish-brown, hard, close-

SAPOTACE/E 445

grained. Annuel, rings marked by a dark line without pores. Pores
moderate-sized, in straight radial strings of 4 to 5, rather distant and
obliquely echeloned. Medullary rays fine, regular. Transverse lines
very faint.

Sholas of the Nilgiri Hills at 5-8000 ft.

A favourite wood of the Todas, used by them for the door-panels of their huts. A

useful timber.

lbs.

W 4126, 4081. Cairn Hill, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) ... 48

2. I. Perrottetiana, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. ill. 539. Bassia Wightiana, DC;

Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxli. (in part).

A tree. Bark brown, rough. Wood light reddish-brown, hard,
close-grained. Pores small to moderate-sized, in narrow groups which
are somewhat radially but obliquely arranged, and often fork. Medul-
lary rays fine, regular. Transverse lines clear and conspicuous,
regular and wavy.

Sholas of the Nilgiri Hills at 5-7000 ft.

A fine wood, harder and heavier than that of the preceding, and used for the same
purposes. lb8_

W 4127. Nilgiri sholas, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 58

5. DICHOPSIS, Thw.

Ten species, seven of which are of Ceylon only, and of these six are rare species,,
the seventh being D. grandis, Benth., whose wood is here described.

D. Outta, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 543, of the Straits Settlements and the Malay
Archipelago, is the chief tree which gives the " Gutta-percha " of commerce, one of the
most important of the forest products of the East. The method of collection, usually
employed by the natives of the Malay Peninsula, is very simple but very wasteful.
The tree is felled, and either the bark is stripped off altogether or rings are cut at
intervals of about a foot. The sap that oozes out is then collected, put in a pot and
boiled with a little water, which prevents its hardening afterwards when exposed to
the air. It is then run into moulds. The trees usually chosen are those of about
thirty to thirty-five years old, and each tree gives 2 to 3 lbs. of gutta. Such a system
is naturally a wasteful one, and if regularly continued without any arrangements for
reproduction would probably lead to the exhaustion of the supply, so that it is satis-
factory that French experts are said to have discovered that the gutta-percha can be
obtained from the leaves without felling the tree. However this may be, there is little
doubt of the value of the product, and that if it is to be regularly produced the tree
must be grown in plantation and systematically worked.

In his " Report on the Forest Administration of the Federated Malay States, 1900,"
Mr. H. C. Hill says, " So far as can be ascertained from the leaves, Palaquium
' (Dichopsis) Outta, Burck. and P. oblong if olium, Burck., which are not easily dis-
' tinguished the one from the other, but which differ in a marked way from all other
'species, are widely distributed, growing in the plains and up to 2500 ft. in the hills.
1 These yield the best quality of gutta-percha, valued at 15 dollars per 4 lbs. Growing
' throughout the same zone, but more rarely in the plains than in the hills, is another
' species." He recommends, both in those States and in the British territories, the
formation of plantations in suitable localities, with Fugm \a fragrans (Tcmbu^/i) and
Afzelia palembanica (Marbau) as nurses; and advises experiments being made to
ascertain the most economical method of obtaining the gutta-percha with the least
damage to the crop of trees.

Wood red, moderately hard. Pore* moderate-sized, in radial
echeloned strings. Medullary /v//* fine, numerous. Transverse con-
centric lines numerous, wavy.

1. D. grandis, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 540. Bassia grandis, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
1. 254. Palaquium grande, Engler ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 82. Yern. Kirihiriya,
mihiriya, Mrihembiliya, Cingh.

A large tree. Ba/rk thick, brown. Wood red, moderately hard.

446 A .MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pores moderate-sized grouped in radial strings of 1 to 5 pores, the
strings echeloned at some distance. Medullary rays tine, numerous,
several between each string of pores. Transverse lines wavy, very fine.

Moist region of Ceylon at 3-5000 ft.

A. Mendis says that the wood is used for roofs and other works in the building of
bungalows and store-houses on coffee (tea) estates.
Ceylon Collection (new), Nos. 71, 92 (Mendis).

2. D. elliptiea, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 512 ; Talbot Bomb. List 119. Bassia
elliptica, Dalz. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 43. Vern. Panchoti, jyalla, Mar. ; Kat illupei, Tarn. ;
Pala, Mai. ; Keipdla, Trav. Hills; Pauchonta, Kan.; Illupei, Kader.

A very large tree. Wood reddish-brown, moderately hard, durable.
Pores moderate-sized to large, in oblique or echeloned strings. Me-
<l ' a lla ry rays fine, numerous, often 2 to 3 to each group of pores. Con-
centric bands of light tissue numerous, wavy.

Forests of the Western Ghats from N. Kanara southwards, ascending to 4000 ft.

This tree often grows to a height of 100 ft. with a straight bole. It gives a second-
rate quality of " Gutta-percha," collected by tapping the living tree ; but although this
substance can be utilized for waterproofing and cement, it is not a complete substitute
for the proper article. Possibly experiments in its treatment might tend to improve its
value. Bourdillon gives W = 44 lbs., P = 472, and says the wood is good for shingles.

lbs.

W 3989. Wynaad, Malabar (Brougham) 45

W 4516, 4606. Travancore (Bourdillon) 40 and 46

3. D. polyantha, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 542. Isonandra polyantha, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 119. Vein. Tali, Beng. ; Sill-hurta, Cachar ; Thainban, Magh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood red, hard. Pores moderate-
sized, in wavy radial lines, sometimes slightly oblique. Med/uMary rays
very fine, not prominent. Fine, wavy, parallel and equidistant con-
centric lines.

Cachar, Chittagong, Arracan and Pegu.

The wood of this tree is much valued in Cachar and Chittagong. Mann says it
does not float, but he must refer to green wood. Kurz says it yields a good quality
of gutta-percha in large quantity. Major Lewin says it is used in Chittagong for making
beds, tools, etc., and is sawn into boards for the Calcutta market. Weight 53 lbs. per

cubic foot.

lbs.

E 1274. Cachar 53

E 1494. Sylhet —

E 1952. Chittagong (Chester) 53

E 3285. Piinkheong Eeserve, Chittagong (Gamble) .... —

E 3691. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble) 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

C. BASSIA, Linn.

Ten species. Four of these are endemic Ceylon plants, viz. B. ncriifolia, Moon ;
"Vern. Gan-mi, Cingh., B. fulva, Bedd.; Vern. Wana-mi, Cingh., B. Moonii, Bedd.,
and B. microphylla, llook. all Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 545; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxl. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 79-81. Only the first is common : they are all inhabitants of the moist low
country. B. Lohhii, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 546, is a tree of the Attaran Valley in
Burma, and B. caloneura, Kurz: Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 546 {Isonandra caloneura, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 119), is a common tree of the Andamans.

B. Parka, Don, is the tree which gives the "Shea butter" in West Africa, first
described by Muugo Park and said by him to be a main article of commerce and to be
an excellent food, for "besides the advantage of its keeping the whole year without
' salt, it is whiter, firmer, and, to my palate, of a richer flavour, than the best butter
' I ever tasted made of cow's milk."

Wood hard, smooth, durable, usually with red heartwood. Pores
small and moderate-sized, in short radial or oblique lines, more or less

SAPOTACE.E

447

in echelon. Medullary rays numerous, tine, equidistant, joined by fine
transverse bars.

1. B. latifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 526 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 544 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 41 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 289 ; Talbot Bomb. List 120. B. villosa, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 122.
Vera. Mahica, mowa, mahua, Hind.: Mahwa, mahiila, nun/ J, Beng. ; Moha, moholo,
Uriya; Matkom, Sonthal ; Molml, Mai Pahari ; Mandukam, Kol ; Mohul, Bbumij ;
Irpi, Khond ; Mahu, Baigas; Irup, irrip, irhu, Condi; Moha, Kurku ; Mohwa, moho,
Mar.; Ippa, pedda ippa. yeppa, TeL; Ilhtpei, elupa, hut illippi, T&m. ; Jppi, honge,
Kan.; Poonam, Mai. ; Kanzaw, Burrn.

A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ in. thick, grey, with vertical cracks,
exfoliating in thin scales. Wood from hard to very hard: sapwood
large; heartwood reddish-brown. Annual rvngs indistinct. Pores
moderate-sized, often subdivided, not numerous, in short, radial, wavy
lines more or less in echelon. Medullary rays numerous, fine.
Numerous parallel, fine, transverse bars.

Deciduous forests of Central India ; in the C.P., Berar, Khandesh, Guzerat, the
Konkan, Chota Nagpore, Orissa, the Circars and Deccan, extending north to the forests
of Oudh, Kumaon and Dehra Dun at the foot of the Himalaya and south-west to North
Kanara ; forests of Upper Burma. Much cultivated, and where cultivated frequently
found self-sown.

One of the most important of Indian forest trees, not so much on account of its
excellent timber as for its corollas, which are fleshy and sweet, and are an important
article of food in the Central Indian forest tracts. They are eaten either raw, or cooked,
or made into sweetmeats ; they can be used for making sugar, and a coarse spirit of
unpleasant odour, so marked that the presence of a still can be detected at long distances,
is prepared from them. When eaten, the flowers are mixed with other food or with
Sal seeds or leaves of other plants. The average yield of a tree, according to Mr. L. R.
Forbes of Palamow, is about 2$ maunds, and the flowers collected sell at about 12 annas a
maund. Properly prepared, they are pleasant to eat, tasting somewhat like pressed figs.
To collect the flowers, a clean space is swept under the tree and the flowers collected as
they fall. Bears, deer, and other animals are also fond of them, and may be shot under
trees which they frequent. The spirit distilled from the flowers is largely used, and has
been the subject of special abkari regulations in some provinces. The fruit, ripe or unripe,
is also valuable. The outer coat is eaten, raw or cooked, as a vegetable, the inner one dried
and ground into meal ; while from the kernel a greenish-yellow oil or butter is obtained,
largely used by jungle tribes or sold for soap-making. The oil solidifies at a low tem-
perature, and melts at 110° F., but in a hot climate soon becomes rancid. For further
information on the important uses of the tree, see Watt, Diet. Econ. Products, vol. i. 406.

The wood is not much used, as the tree is so useful for its flowers and fruit that it is
rarely cut for timber, but it gives good house-posts out of saplings, and the seasoned
wood is used in house-building, for furniture and country vessels, the naves of wheels,
etc. An analysis of the ash of the wood showed that 100 lbs. steam-dry clean wood
gave T45 lbs. of ash, the chief constituents being soluble potassium and sodium com-
pounds, with but little carbonate of lime.

The weight and transverse strength of the wood have been determined by the
following experiments : —

x 2

Experiment by whom
made.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

5

Size of bar.

Value of P.

lbs.

ft. in. in.

Cunningham .

1854

1 ; walior

68

1

2X1X1

715

Skinner, No. 22

1862

South India

66

—

—

760

Fowke .

1859

—

63

:>s3

R. Thompson .

1868

Central Provinces

53

—

List ....

1873

66

II. H. O'Connell

1886

Coimbatore

59

—

—

a = 00116

Specimens examined

1878-99

Various

62

—

—

448 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The average weight may be taken at 62 lbs. per cubic foot.

In the forests the Mahua tree reproduces well, and it is easy to propagate artificially
if the seeds are sown when fresh. Being oily they will not keep long. They are best
sown at site. The tree is often planted in avenues, and though then useful to the ryots
for the flowers and fruit, it is liable to make a considerable mess in the road. It is very
frequently planted in toj:>es, either alone or mixed with mango. In preparing working
plans for forests in which the Mahua occurs, it is necessary in general to provide for pro-
tection of the older and best-bearing trees independently of their timber value. As the
flowers appear in the hot season, special precautions have to be taken to obviate damage
to the forests by fire when the collectors are at work, or shikaris about.

lbs.

0 266. Garhwal (1868) 60

0 1493. Kheri, Oudh 65

H 2969. Kumaon, 5000 ft 66

C 827. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 69

C 2771. Melghnt, Berar (Brandis) —

C 1116. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .60
C 2731. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (young) (Brandis) . . 52

C 1243. Gumsur, Madras (Dampier) 63

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. IX. 4).

2. B. longifolia, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 544 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 523; Bedd. IT.
Sylv. t. 42; Brandis For. Fl. 290; Talbot Bomb. List 120; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 79.
Yern. Ippa, yejijm, sanna ippa, pinna, Tel.; Molia, Mar.; Ulupei, hut illwpei, ebupa,
Tam. ; Jppi, hippe, Kan.; Ellupi, Mai.; Mi, Cingh. ; Meze, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark yellowish-grey, thick, slightly
furrowed. Wood red, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small to
moderate-sized, in short radial or oblique echeloned strings. Medullary
rays numerous, line, uniform, equidistant, bent round the pores.
Transverse bars fine, irregular, wavy.

Western and Southern India from the Konkan southwards; more usually met with
in plantations ; dry region of Ceylon ; cultivated only in Burma.

This species replaces B. latifolia in South India, and its flowers and fruit are used
in the same way and for the same purposes. The flowers are eaten, and are used for
the distillation of spirit; the fruit is partly eaten, partly used for the extraction of oil,
partly as soap. The tree gives an inferior gum, scarcely used except in medicine. The
wood is similar to that of B. latifolia, but is usually not quite so heavy. Beddome says
it is " heavy, close- and straight-grained, very flexible and durable, valued for ships'
1 keels and for planking below the water-line, makes good trenails and is used in the
' construction of carts and for bridges." The weight of the wood, according to Skiuner,
No. 20, is 60 lbs. ; A. Mendis gives 61 lbs. Skinner gives P = 730, Mendis 724. Tin-
tree is much planted in avenues and topes, even in the dry Deccan countrv.

lbs.
No. 53 (old), 93 (new), Ceylon Collection (Mendis) .... 61

3. B. malabariea, Bedd. Fl, Sylv. cxl.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 541; Talbot Bomb.
List 120. Vern. Att-illupei, Tam.

A large tree. Wood dark red, hard. Pores moderate-sized, in short
radial or slightly oblique strings of 0 to 8. Medullary rays fine,
numerous. Transverse bars very fine, very numerous, wav}-.

Western Coast and hills of the Western Ghats, along streams from Kanara to

Travancore, in the Anamalais up to 4000 ft.

lbs.

W 4669. Travancore (Bourdillon) !■"■

4. B. butyracea, Roxb. in As. Res. viii. 499, Fl. Cod. ii. 527; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
546; Brandis Fur. Fl. 290, t. 35; Gamble Darj. List 53. Vern. Fulwa,phulwara, Hind. ;
Chiiira, chaitira, phulel, Kumaon; Cheuli, Oudh ; Chiiri, Ncp. ; Tel, yelpote, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree. Bark .1 in. thick, dark grey. Wood light
brown, hard. Annual rings marked by a dark line. Pores moderate-

SAPOTACEiE 440

sized to large, in radial lines of different length. Medullary rays
numerous, fine, equidistant. Transverse bars fine.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges (Tapoban forest) to Bhutan, at 1-5000 ft. ;
Gonda forests of Oudh.

Mr. Gott's account of this tree, quoted by Boxburgh, says that the wood is white,
soft and porous, nearly as light as that of Semul (Bombax malabaricum) , but the
specimen described does not bear this out. The growth is fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch
of radius. Mr. Gott says that the tree prefers the slopes of the hills near Almora with
a south aspect, but what I have met with in the Ganges Valley and in Sikkim grew in
valleys in fairly shady places. The pulp of the fruit is eaten, and from the seeds a
vegetable butter is extracted, of the consistence of fine lard and of a white colour. It
does not melt under 120° and keeps a long time without deteriorating. It makes good
soap, and is useful for candles, as it is said to burn without smoke or unpleasant smell.
When perfumed, it is used as an ointment and as an external application for rheumatism.
Duthie says it is an excellent application for chapped hands. The flowers are not eaten.
The bark is used in Sikkini to poison fish. „

E 622. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling (Bonham-Carter) . . .52

E 4895. Bengal 40 (young tree)

No. W 4730, sent by T. F. Bourdillon from Travancore, is said by him to belong to
a new species shortly to be described. It has a pink ivood, paler and softer than that
of other species. Pores moderate-sized to large, in short radial strings of 1 to 4, echeloned
at fairly regular distances. Medullary rays fine, regular and prominent. Transverse
bands prominent, more regular and more concentric than in other species. Weight
51 lbs. per cubic foot.

7. PAYENA, A. DC.

Two species. P. paralleloneura, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 121 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 548, is an
evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim.

1. P. lueida, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 547 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 121. Isoncmdra
polyandra, Wight Icon. t. 1589. Verm Dolu-kurta, Cachar.

An evergreen tree. Wood red, hard. Pores moderate-sized, in short
radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform, equi-
distant. Numerous parallel, wavy, concentric lines, not very prominent.
Cachar, Tenasserim (?).
The wood is used for planking.

lbs.
E 1275. Cachar (Mann) 45

8. MIMUSOPS, Linn.

Five species. M. Boxburghiana, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 548; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxliii.; Brandis For. Fl. 293; Vern. Kanupala, Tarn.; Benga, Kan., is a large tree
found by Wight in the forests of the hills of Coimbatore. Beddome says it is common
in the forests at the foot of the Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills, and Bourdillon that it is
found in the evergreen forests of Travancore at 2-5000 ft., and has a strong red wood.
Beddome, evidently quoting Skinner's No. 96, M. indica, Vern. Palava, Tarn., gives
W = 48 lbs., and P = 845, and says that the wood is reddish-brown, rather coarse-
grained, but strong, durable, and easily worked; and that it is used for house-building
and gunstocks. M. Kauhi, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 549, is a large tree of the Straits
Settlements and Malay Archipelago found as far north as Amherst in Burma, and
frequently cultivated in India as at Calcutta and Madras and even in the Punjab.
It has an edible fruit, which the Goanese call " Poma d'Adao," or " Adam's apple,"
and which somewhat resembles the fruit of the B(r. It is also said to give a kind of
gutta-percha.

Evergreen trees. Wood red, very hard. Pores small, in short
radial or oblique lines. Med/uMa/ry rays very fine, very numerous,
uniform and equidistant. Numerous wavy, concentric lines.

1. M. Elengi, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 548; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 236; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
•t. 40 ; Brandis For. Fl. 293 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 123 ; Talbot Bomb. List 120 ; Trimeu

2 G

450 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Fl. Ceyl. iii. 8G. Yern. Buhal, bohl, Beng., Mar. ; Muhdri, maulser, Hind.; Ehiri,
kirakuli, Uriya; Pal, Palkonda ; Magadam, mahila, makil, mukalai, vilva-pattiri, Tarn.;
Pogada,Te].; Baikal, boklu, mugali, bokli,renje,bagalamara, Kan.: Barsoli, Mey war ;
Vavoli, ovalli, oivli, Mar.; Elengi, Mai. ; Kaya, chaya, Burm. ; Munamal, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, rough, deeply cracked with
vertical and transverse fissures. Wood very hard, close- and even-
grained : sapwood reddish-brown ; heartwood dark red. Pore* small
in short lines,which are generally radial, but often irregular and oblique.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant.
Many parallel, wavy, concentric bands, narrow but conspicuous.

Forests of South India, from the Northern Circars on the east and the Konkan on
the west, southwards ; Shan Hills, Martaban and Tenasserim in Burma ; Andaman
Islands; low country of Ceylon : much cultivated elsewhere.

This fine tree is to be found on the eastern side of India in the dry evergreen
forests as a rather small tree, on the western side in the wet evergreen forests as a
" very large tree" (Talbot). It is, perhaps, best known in cultivation, and its flowers,
which, especially in Burma, when the tree is in full bloom, fall off in showers, are used
to make garlands and to distil for perfume. The bark is much sought after for native
medicinal uses, and trees are frequently stripped clean. There was one solitary tree
on the roadside at Dehra Dun, in good condition some 8 years ago, but by degrees it
has been so stripped as to be now dead or nearly so, and the same may be said of a
neighbouring M. hexandra, which was completely killed.

The wood is strong, durable, of good colour and quality, but heavy. Beddome
says it is used for house-building, carts and cabinet-work. Skinner, No. 94, gives
W = 61 lbs., P = 632 ; Wallich gives W = 46 lbs. ; A. Mendis 68 lbs. ; Heinig (Anda-
mans) 60 lbs. ; the specimens here enumerated 60 lbs., omitting that from Salem, which
is extraordinarily heavy. Logs exported from the Andamans square up to 25 ft. with
up to 1 ft. of siding. Graham Anderson says that in Mysore it is used in preference
to other woods for rice-pounders. It is an excellent fuel. The fruit is eaten, and the
seeds give an oil which is used in cooking, for lighting and in medicine. The tree is
one of the best of the woods in the dry Carnatic evergreen forests, as is M. hexandra :
indeed, pdla and pogada may be said to be the best of the woods in the forests of the
laterite hills of Nellore and adjoining similar districts. It seems to reproduce well in
shade, and to remain small until an opportunity offers for removal of the cover, when
it grows up at once. lbs

W 1223. North Kanara (Barrett) 62

W 5002. Coondapur, S. Kanara (C. Hammond) . . . 54 (young tree)

D 1073. North Arcot (Beddome) —

B 2224, 2241. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) . . 60 and 58
No. 56 (old), 97 (new), Ceylon Collection (Mendis) . . . f'.l
No. 13, Salem Collection (marked Bassia longifelia) . . .87

2. M. hexandra, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 238 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 549 ■ Bedd. For. Fl. cxli. :
Talbot Bomb. List 120 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 86. .1/. indica, A. DC : Brandis For. Fl.
291. Vern. Khir, khirni, Hind. ; Bain, Mey war; Ehiri, kirakuli, Uriya: Bun/ana,
raini, khirni, Mar.; Baini, Gondi; Pdla, paUe panlo, palla pandit, Tel.; Palla, kanun
palle,palai, Tam.; Pal, Palkonda; Palu, Cingh.

A large or small evergreen tree. Bark grey, smooth, when young
often studded with branchlets and clusters of leaves which degenerate
into hard, conical, thorn-like protuberances. Wood red; very hard,
close- and even-grained ; in Ceylon " dark vinous-red to purplish-
black " (Broun). Pores small, scanty, occasionally solitary but usually
in short radial lines which are echeloned at distances in slanting fashion.
Medullary rays very numerous, fine, uniform, equidistant. Transverse
lines wavy, irregular, less prominent but broader than in M. Elengi.

Dry forests of the Deccan, Circars, Orissa and the Carnatic extending north to the
Pachmarhi Hills of the C.P. and west to the Mahratta country ; dry region of Ceylon
(see map at p. 370, Ind. For., xxvi.) ; much cultivated elsewhere.

As has already been mentioned uuder M. Elengi, this is one of the chief trees of

SAPOTACE^E

451

the dry evergreen forests, especially in the Carnatic, on sandstone and laterite, frequently
also inland where it is associated with Satinwood, Ebony, HurdvAckia binata and
Biicltanania angustifolia. In the forests of Ceylon it is of greater importance than
it is in India. An excellent account of it is given by A. F. Broun in Ind. For. xxvi.
370, from which it appears that the forests are found chiefly in the northern half of
the island and in a belt along the East Coast. Palu prefers a sandy loam, but is found
also on sand, gravelly soil and clayey loams. Broun further says that in good soil it
reaches 100 ft. in height with a 40 to 50 ft. bole and 14 to 15 ft. in girth, dimensions
which, so far as I know, are never reached in India; also that it may reach a girth of
6 ft. at breast height when about 130 years old, and continue vigorous up to 8 ft. in
girth. It seems to require plenty of light overhead with some ground protection for
good seed-reproduction. Its chief valuable associates in Ceylon, as in India, are
Ebony and Satinwood, and to these may be added Berrya AmmoniUa, Alseodaphne
semecarpifolia and Vifex altissima.

In India the bark is often stripped for use in medicine, the fruit is eaten and the
seeds give an oil. The wood is hard, tough, close-grained and durable; it is used for
sugar-mill beams, oil-presses, house-posts, tool-handles, and turnery. Skinner, No. 95,
gives W = 70 lbs., P = lJ44; Broun gives W = 69'9 lbs. ; Mendis gives W = 68 lbs.,
P = 1052, the specimens here enumerated give an average of W = 65 lbs. The wood
is an excellent fuel and is one of the chief products of the scrub forests of the Carnatic
districts.

Broun says that in Ceylon it is found best to girdle the trees two or three years

before they are felled, so as to obviate the tendency of the wood to split in seasoning.

He remarks that the timber is very durable, and quotes the gates of the Kalpitiya fort

which were still sound after 135 years; and the piles at Mannar which were sound

below water at 100 years of ago. The great weight and hardness are against its much

extended use as timber, but Broun mentions several instances of its very successful

employ in decorative house-fittings and furniture.

1 J ° lbs.

C 3551. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 72

Chanda, C.P. (Lowrie) .

Cuddapah Forests (Higgens)

Anamalai Hills (Beddome)

C 4465.
D 3936.
D 1283.
No. 65 (old), 107 (new), Ceylon Collection (Mendis)

62
60

68

3. M. littoralis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 123; PI. Br. Ind. iij. 549. M. indica, Kurz
And. Report; Brandis For. Fl. 292. Andaman Bullet Wood. Vera. Katpali, Burm. ;
Dogola, mowha, And.

A large evergreen tree. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown. Wood
red, smooth, very hard and close-grained. Pore* very small, elongated,
subdivided, in radial or oblique echeloned lines. Medullary rays very
line, very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Transverse lines
numerous, but faint.

Coast forests of the Andaman, Coco and Nicobar Islands ; in the Andamans, forming
nearly pure forests on the level lands behind the beach and the mangrove swamps.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments: —

y. £

Experiment by whom cond

ucted. Year.

Wood whence
procured.

—
if

=_ 3
6™

Size of bar
used.

Value of P.

lbs.

it. in. in.

Brandis .

18G4

Andamans

67

7

6X2X2

748

,,

,,

60

7

6x2xJj

963

.,

68

11

2 X 1 X 0|

10'Jl

., . . .

„

71

5

2x1x1

779

,, .

. 18G5-66

65

3

6x2x2

9S1

., . .

ii

64

1

6 X 2 x U

L090

„ . . .

>.

,,

68

8

2x1x0^

1266

Bennett

1872

66

—

—

1128

Smythies

1878

>»

72

3

—

"*

452 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The wood is handsome, it is close-grained and durable, but apt to split. It is used
in the Andamans for bridges and house-posts, and Col. Ford (18GG) said it had been
sent to Calcutta to be tried for sleepers. He also says the bark is used to give a red
dye. It is a fine tree with a fine timber which is extracted in squares up to 50 ft. long
with a siding of 2 ft. It is seasoned by girdling, and is not eaten by white ants or
xylophagous insects, but is not proof against teredo. It is difficult to cut and saw or
to drive nails into.

lbs.

B 513. Andaman Islands (Gen. Barwell) 41

B 2212. „ „ (Col. Ford, 1866) 75

B 2497. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 6) 72

Order LXVIII.— EBENACEJE.

Two Indian genera : Maba and Diospyros, the latter a very large one containing the
different species of Ebony. Several of these are of importance in India and Ceylon ;
and though the export of ebony from the forests of India is now quite small, there is
still a considerable trade done from Ceylon. The chief kinds known to the market are
" Ebony," the produce of two or three different trees, " Calamander Wood " and
" Andaman Marble-wood."

Wood usually black or grey, sometimes reddish or white. Port's
small to moderate-sized, scanty, often in short radial lines which are
distant and somewhat in echelon. Medullary rays fine, usually
numerous. Transverse bars sometimes absent, usually frequent and
occasionally conspicuous as concentric wavy lines. The Sapotace.i.
are distinguished from Ebenace^e by having usually red or yellow-
wood, longer radial lines of pores and more conspicuously oblique
arrangement.

1. MABA, Forst.

Eight species, three of which are endemic Ceylon trees. Of these, ouly one, .17.
dblongifolia, Hiern; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 551 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 89 (Macrt ightia oblongi-
folia, Thw. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlvii.) ; Vera. Kalu-mediriya, Cingh., is fairly common.
M. micrantha, Hiern; F). Br. Ind. iii. 552; Talbot Bomb. List 121 (Eolochilus
micranthus, Dalz. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlvii.), is a small tree of the Bombay Ghats. M.
merguensis, Hiern; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 552; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 138, is a small tree of the
forests of Mergui.

1. M. buxifolia, Pers. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 551 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlviii. ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 139; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 89. Fcrriola buxifolia, W illd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
790. Vera. Giiakoli, Uriya; AUi, uti, yerruti, chinua ulinji, Tel.; IramialU, eruvalli,
humbilli, juvarai, irampalai, Tarn.; Pisinika, gulugu, Palkonda; Kalu-habaraliya,
Cingh. ; Mepyaung, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey to black. Wood grey
with darker streaks, hard, close-grained. Pores small to moderate-
sized, scanty, in radial or slanting or echeloned strings of usually 4 to
5. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, the distance between
them equal to the diameter of the pores. Transverse pale wavy bands
numerous and regular.

Orissa, N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry evergreen forest or along water
courses frequently dry ; dry region of Ceylon ; Upper Tenasserim in Burma.

A common shrub or small tree reaching a height of 30 ft. and a girth of 2 ft..
characteristic of the scrub forests on sandstoue or laterite on the Coromandel coast.

lbs.

C 3502. Khurdlia Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

C 3951. Rekapalle Forests, Upper Godavari (Gamble) .... 58

2. M. andamaniea, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 140; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 551.
An evergreen shrub. Wood bluish-grey. Pores small, in short

EBENACE.E 453

radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays very fine, close, wavy, regular.
Numerous wavy transverse lines.

Upper mixed forests of the Andaman Islands.

lbs.

B 2472. Andatnans (Kurz, 1866) 49

3. M. nigreseens, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 551; Talbot Bomb. List 121. Yern.
liaktarohida, raktarora, Mar.

A tree. Bark grey, rough with rounded tubercles, breaking oft' in
thick rounded pieces and showing a nearly black under-surface. Wood
greyish-brown, hard, with very fine numerous wavy regular concentric
lines of soft tissue ; heartwood (?) somewhat darker than sap wood.
Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, in oblique lines. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous, regular.

Evergreen forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara, common near Nilkund and
Gairsoppa.

Kanara — Kew Museum (P. of Wales Coll., 1876).

2. DIOSPYROS, Linn.

A large and important genus of about 55 forest trees, some very common, some
scarce. They occur chiefly in South India, Ceylon, Burma, Eastern Bengal, four
species only extending to Northern India. In Ceylon there are no less than 22 species;
in South Iudia 17 ; in Western India, according to Talbot, 13 ; 9 in Eastern Bengal
and Assam ; 22 in Burma. A remarkable point is their nearly complete absence from
the Eastern Himalaya. About 8 species occur in the dry forests, the rest in the wet
evergreen ones. It will be best to describe them in the order of the subgenera given
in the Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 553-572.

The species of Diosp>yros require more investigation by those forest officers whose
work lies in the regions where they are common, in order to ascertain which are the
black-wooded species and which not. So far as my present information goes, I would
classify the ebonies into —

(1) Heartwood wholly black or only slightly streaked: Ebenum, tomentosa, mela-

noxylon, assimilis ;

(2) Heartwood regularly streaked black and brown or grey : Kurzii, qucesita,

oocarpa, Thwaitesii, Gardneri, insignis, oppositifolia, undulata ;

(3) Heartwood very small, merely black streaks iii the brownish-irey or grey wood :

Embryopteris,foliolosa, sylvatica, ehretioides, microphylla, humilis, ovalifolia,
Kaki, Tupru ;

(4) Heartwood none, wood red, white, grey or yellowish : martabanica, montana,

Toposia, foliolosa, Lotus, Chloroxylon, oppositifolia, candolleana, nikujivicu,
cruinenata, pyrrhocarpa.

The structure of the wood is characteristic and the genus is usually
easily recognized. The %vood. is usually black or grey, or greyish-
brown, rarely yellowish or red. The pores are small or moderate-
sized, usually very scanty, single or subdivided or in short (not long
as in Sapotacete) radial lines, the groups distant and arranged more
or less obliquely or in echelon. The medullary rays are fine, uniform,
usually numerous and prominent. The transverse bars are occasion-
ally absent, sometimes they are very faint and irregular, sometimes
they join into wavy concentric prominent lines.

The question of the nature and method of deposit of the black colouring water in
ebony wood is being studied by Mr. Herbert Wright of Peradeniya, Ceylon, who tells
me that it is deposited in the cells and is not caused by a chemical change iu the
substance of the cell wall. He says that the darker the wood the more durable it is,
ami this is what was to be expected.

454 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Subgenus 1. GUNISANTHUS.

D. pruriens, Dalz.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxliv.; Talbot Bomb. List 122, is a common
tree of the forests of the Western Ghats from N. Kanara southwards, ascending to
3000 ft. in the Wynaad and Anamalais, and having a fruit covered with stinging hairs.
D. pilosula, Wall. (Gunisanthus pilosidus, DC ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 125) is a small
evergreen tree of the Khasia Hills, the Pegu Yoma and the tropical forests of the
Andamans. D. martdbanica, Clarke {Gunisanthus mollis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 126) is
an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban with a reddish-brown, heavy,
close-grained wood. D. dasyphylla, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 138, is also an evergreen tree of
the Martaban Hills at 4000 ft.

Subgenus 2. EMBRYOPTERIS.

D. Toposia, Ham.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxliv.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 128; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 94 (D. racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 536) ; Vern. Toposi, gulal, Beng. ; Thuvart i,
harun thuvarei, Tarn. ; KahaJeala, kaluwella, Cingh., is an evergreen tree of the
mountains of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Ceylon, with an edible fruit and no
coloured heartwood. I), ovalifolia, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxliii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iii. 91 ; Vern. Vedukkanari, Tarn. ; Kunumella, habara, Cingh., is "a common tree of
' the western forests of South India at 1-3000 ft., the Anamalais, Cooig and the Nalla-
' malai Hills of Kurnool" (Bedd.), also of the dry region of Cevlon, with the heartwood
streaked with black. D. nigricans, Wall., is a tree of the Khasia Hills and Sylhet.
D. variegata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 137, is a large deciduous tree of Assam and Burma,
with a greyish, heavy, close-grained wood. I). assimilis, Bedd. Madras For. Rep.
1866-7, t. 1 ; Talbot Bomb. List 122 ; Vern. Kare, Kan. ; Abnus, malia, Mar., is a
tree of the evergreen forests of the Konkan, N. Kanara, S. Kanara and Malabar,
which, according to Talbot, " yields the ebony used for wood-carving in Kunita and
' Honavar." It is probably the Karimara of Foulkes described as D. Ebenum and as
growing in mixed forests on the Ghats of S. Kanara.

1. D. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 538 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 555 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxliii.; Brandis For. Fl. 296; Talbot Bomb. List 122; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 92.
D. cordifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 538; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxliii.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 130.
Vern. Hirek, keindu, temru, pasendu, Pb. ; Tendu, dasdundu, lohari, bistend, Hind. :
Bistendu, chamber, Saharanpur ; Makar-tendi, Banda ; Pasend, Bhurtpur; Temru,
Meywar; Ambia, Banswara ; Hddru, Panch Mehals; Kanchan, kadal, pattewar, pat-
wan, C.P. ; Kosse kuli, Uriya ; Muchi tanki, ycrragoda, uridia-tummurru, pudumaddi,
goddigattu, Tel. ; Timru, timbiirni, Mar. ; Goindii, kala goindu, balkuniki, jagalaga nt> ,
Kan.

A small or moderate-sized, often spinous, deciduous tree. Bark
thin, grey or greyish-black, rough, when old exfoliating in small scales.
Wood grey, often tinged with yellow or brown, streaked with narrow
patches of darker colour, especially towards the centre, but no regular
ebony heartwood, soft to moderately hard. Pores small, in short
radial groups of 1 to 4, these groups distant and faintly echeloned.
Medullary rays fine, short, numerous. Transverse lines veiy faint.

Throughout most of India and Burma (var. cordifolia only) : from the Ravi east-
ward along the Himalaya ; in Central, Western and Southern India in deciduous
forests ; dry region of Ceylon.

A very variable tree, nowhere very abundant, and yet very widely spread. The
wood is durable : Brandis calls it a " beautiful furniture wood, but the tree rarely grows
' to a size to give timber, and is more often found as a much-branched thorny plant.'"
Graham Anderson says that the natives in Mysore have a superstition that if the
wood is used in house-building, there will be quarrels among the inmates, and mentions
that it is difficult to cut with the axe. Weight 47 lbs. per cubic foot.

n.s.

C 192. Mandla, C.P. (1870) 47

C 1167. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) M

C 3845. Surada Forests, Ganjam (Gamble) 50

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. «.).

EBENACE.E 455

Var. cordifolia. Vern. Bangdb, moishkanda, Beng. ; Vachana, kaka ulimera, Tel. ;
Chapraka, Magh. ; Tawbut, chok, Burin.

Bark light greyish -brown, smooth, striated. Wood reddish- or
yellowish-white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty, often sub-
divided, in short radial strings. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.
Transverse lines fine, wavy, faint.

Sub-Himalayan tract, Chittagong and Burma, chiefly in dry and Eng forests ; also
in S. India, common in the Circars and Carnatic.

Easily distinguished from var. montana, and possibly a separate species, as
described by Koxburgh, Beddome and others. Kurz, evidently quoting Braudis' List
of 1862, No. 74, gives W = 49 lbs. ; Skinner gives W = 70 lbs., P = 1017, but this
may be a mistake for some other species of Ebony.

lbs.
0 5091. Thano, Dehra Dun (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) . . . .45

E 715. Chittagong (Chester) 45

B 2541. Burma (Brandis, 1862, No. 74) 49

2. D. Lotus, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 555 ; Brandis For. Fl. 297, t. 36. Plaque-
minier, Fr. Vern. Amluk, maluk, Pb.

A middle-sized tree. Bark dark brown or black, tessellated. Wood
grey, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, in short radial
groups. Medullary rays very fine, close, numerous. No transverse
lines.

Punjab Himalaya, in Hazara and Kashmir at 2-6000 ft. ; Afghanistan, Baluchistan,
extending to Southern Europe.

Clarke, in Fl. Br. Ind., seems to doubt whether this tree is really indigenous in
India, and is not rather the result of sowings of the seed after eating the fruit, by the
frontier tribes ; but there seems no reason otherwise to doubt its being truly wild.
Growth slow, 10 rings per inch of radius (Brandis). The fruit is sweet, and is eaten
fresh or dried. Mathieu (Fl. For. 237) says the " plaqueminier " fruit is eaten in
Southern France when half rotten like the medlar.
H 3183. Dungagalli, Hazara, 5000 ft. (Wild).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

3. D. Kaki, Linn, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 555; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 527; Talbot Bomb.
List 122. Vern. Keg, Burm.

A small tree. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard. Pores
small to moderate-sized, often subdivided into 2 to 4, in short radial
lines, scanty, distant, those of spring wood larger, and so marking the
annual rings. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular. Transverse
bars fine, faint, irregular.

Khasia Hills in Assam — probably extending to Upper Burma; China and Japan.

This is a fruit tree : Talbot says it is cultivated near Bombay, and Lieut. Pottinger
had the fruit brought to him in the Kachin Hills, though he did not see the tree.
Poxburgh says it was introduced from China by Col. Kyd, but that in Calcutta it
produces fruit badly and grows slowly. Ferrars, in Ind. For. i. 113, mentions it under
the name of Teh as covering large areas almost exclusively in the Karennee Hills.
I think it, therefore, highly probable that Col. Bingham's specimen Talok te belongs
to this species.

lbs.

B 5077. Upper Burma (Bingham) 40

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

4. D. Embryopteris, Pers. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 556 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 69; Brandis
For. Fl. 298 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 128; Talbot Bomb. List 122; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 93.
D. glutinosa, Poxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 533. Vern. Gab, makur-kendi, kola tendu, Beng.,
Hind.; Kusi, Banda; Kendu, Ass. ; Ghusvakendhu, Uriya ; Gam tiril, Kol, Sonthal ;
Titia, Khond ; Nititimika, Palkuiida ; Muttia tumiki, Peddi ; Tiiriburi, Mar. : Panichi,
Mai.; Tumbika, panv-chika, panichchai, Tarn.; Tumil, tumika, Tel.; Holle-tttpra,
Coorg; Kushartu, Kan. ; Timbiri, Cingh.

456 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A much-branched evergreen tree. Bark smooth, dark grey, almost
black, with a greenish tinge. Wood grey, with darker streaks and a
darker irregular patch in the centre (heart wood ?), moderately hard,
close-grained. Pores small, scanty, subdivided, or in short radial
lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Transverse bars
very faint or wanting.

Throughout the greater part of India, in wet places and along streams : in the sub-
Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Sikkim ; in Bengal ; throughout Central, Western
and South India, especially common in the Circars ; Martaban and Tenasserim in
Burma ; low country of Ceylon. It is apparently absent from the Eastern sub-
Himalayan tract, Assam, Eastern Bengal and Pegu, also from the northern part of
Bombay, Sind and the Punjab. It is often cultivated for ornament or for its useful fruit.
A characteristic tree of swampy places in many parts of India, so much branched
as often to resemble a large shrub, but often again reaching a considerable girth.
When covered with its large red velvety fruit, scattered among the dark green shining
leaves, it is a striking plant. It is frequently cultivated, and the large quantities of
the fruit used on the rivers and creeks of Lower Bengal are probably for the most part
the produce of trees planted in villages, or reserved by villagers on the banks of water-
courses. Buchanan-Hamilton, quoted in Watt's Diet., says that a good tree will give
4000 fruits, worth at that time Rs.2, and now probably much more.

The fruit contains a viscid pulp, which is used as gum in bookbinding, and in place
of tar for paying the seams of fishing-boats. Its use for "gabing" boats is general
throughout the rivers of Lower Bengal and Assam. An infusion is used to render
fishing-nets durable. It is full of tannin, and is used in dyeing and tanning and in
medicine as an astringent. The oil extracted from the seeds is used in native medicine.
The wood is little used ; Beddome says it is employed in building.

lbs.

0 3161. Dehra Dun (Col. Bailey) 52

C 3474. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) . . . .40
Ceylon Collection, No. 137 (new) 45

5. D. foliolosa, Wall.; PL Br. Ind. iii. 556. D. calycina, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 68.
Vera. Vellay thuvarti, Tarn.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark dark brown, smooth. Wood yellow-
ish-white, clouded with grey and occasionally black, hard ; concentric
lines not visible. Pores very small, scanty, in radial arrangement.
Medullary rays very fine, very close, numerous.

Forests of Madura and Tinnevelly in S. India, up to 3000 ft.
According to Beddome, the wood is much in use in Tinnevelly.
"East Indies" — Kew Museum.

6. D. Ebenum, Koenig; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 558; Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 520; Bedd. PL
Sylv. t. 05; Brandis For. Fl. 296; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 94. D. Ebmaster, Willd. ;
Ituxb. Fl. Iud. iii. 529. Ebony. Vera. Ebans, abniis, tendu, Hind. ; Kendhu, Uriya ;
Acha, tumbi, shtngiitan, kaka-tati, tai, karunthali, karunkali, Tarn. ; Tuki, nalluti,
Tel.; Ear emar a, Kim.; Tai, tendu, abniis, Mar.; Malic I i, Manjarabad ; Kant, mush-
timbi, Mai. ; Kadiwara, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark dark grey, finely cracked longitudinally.
Wood very hard, close- and even-grained : sap wood grey, often
streaked with black ; heartwood jet black. Pores small, scanty, in
short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, equidistant.
Transverse bars very fine, indistinct.

Forests of the Deccan and Carnatic, chiefly in dry evergreen forests in the Ceded
Districts, especially Kurnool and Cuddapah, scarcer southwards; dry regions of
Ceylon, chiefly in the Northern Provinces, but extending to the south-east round the
coast (see map at p. 275, Ind. For. xxv., by A. P. Broun).

This, the chief ebony-yielding tree, and the only one giving a black wood without
other streaks or markings, is very little cut and exported in India, the trees not being
very common, and being found only here and there and of small size. But in Ceylon

ebenacejE 457

it is one of the chief woods, and its importance may be gauged by the fact mentioned
by Broun (" Ceylon Ebony," in Ind. For. xxv. 275, which may be consulted for fuller
information than is here given) that the average sales of the last ten years by the
Ceylon Forest Department have been 300 tons yearly. This is since Conservancy has
been started, with an attempt to work out only the annual yield, for before 1889 the
yearly sales were over 1000 tons, and in 1881 as much as 2600 tons, a rate which
would soon have exhausted the resources of the forests. The prices obtained range
usually from 150 to 210 Rs. per ton, the average being about 180 to 185 Rs., and
the chief markets are England, Germany and China. In Europe the wood "is used
'for turnery, cabinet-work, the keys of pianos, rulers, the backs of brushes, etc.;
' in China for chopsticks, pipes, carved stands for vases and images, etc." (Broun).
Broun says that a tree reaches a girth of 18 in. at 25 years, 36 in. at 75 years, 54 in.
at 135 years, and 6 ft. at 200 years ; and mentions that the largest log he had seen
had a girth of 7 ft.

Ebony prefers a rocky, well-drained soil, and is found chiefly in company with
other species of Diospyros, also Satinwood, Mimusops hexandra, Nephelium Longana.
It is never found to be gregarious. Seedlings are shade-enduring, but require to have
the cover removed when they are established. Good seed years are not regular, but
occur perhaps once in five.

Beddome gives W = 81 lbs. ; A. Mendis 71 lbs. ; Broun 74 lbs. ; Bourdillon 69 lbs.,
the specimens here enumerated give an average of 7 Oh lbs. ; probably 74 lbs. is a fair
average for only heartwood. Mendis gives P = 720, Bourdillon 1160.

lbs.
D 4173. Dornal Pass, Kurnool (Gamble), part sapwood . . .67

D 4023. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 79

D 3985. Ballipalle Forests, Cuddapah (Gamble) 75

W 731, 750. South Kanara (Cherry) 61 and 70

Ceylon Collection, No. 13 (old), No. 61 (new) (Mendis) . . .71

Subgenus 3. BRACHYANTH0S.

7. D. sylvatiea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 537; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 559; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxliii. ; Talbot Bomb. List 122 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 98. Vern. Ka/nchia, kaluchia,
Uriya; Gata, Polkonda ; Nalla ghanta, Reddi ; Telia gada, Tel.; Eaka suroli, Kan.;
Sudu-kadumbe'riya, Cingh.

A large or moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, blackish-grey with
white patches, smooth except for a few horizontal lenticels. Wood
grey, with black streaks and irregular black patches in the centre,
hardly true heartwood, moderately hard. Pores scanty, grouped in
short radial lines, the groups distant and somewhat echeloned. Me-
dullary rays fine, numerous, regular, well marked. Transverse bars
clear, fine, regular, wavy, in concentric lines.

Forests of South India: common in Orissa and the N. Circars; evergreen forests of
the Konkan and N. Kanara and southwards up to 4000 ft. ; moist low country of Ceylon.

A prominent tree in the forests of the Circars, reaching a considerable size ; growth
slow, 11 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
C 3821. Rogada Forest, Ganjam (Gamble) 50

8. D. ehretioides, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 559; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 129.

A large deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, corky and fissured.
Wood dark grey, with darker streaks, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores moderate-sized, almost large, very scanty, often subdivided.
making prominent lines on a vertical section. Med/uMary rays fine,
numerous, regular. Transverse bars very fine, faint, irregular.

Deciduous forests, all over Burma, up to 3000 ft.

A common Burmese tree. The wood is used for house-posts. Kurz gives W =
41 lbs. (Brandis' List of 1862, No. 73), but Brandis' specimen weighs 52 ll>>.

11*.

I'. 1122. Tharrawaddv, Burma (Ribbentrop) 51

B 2542. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 52

458 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

9. D. Kurzii, Hiern ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 559 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 131. Andaman
Marble Wood or Zebra Wood. Vern. Teakah, thitkya, Burm. ; Pecha-da, And.

An evergreen tree. Bark very thin, grey, smooth. Wood hard:
sapwood grey ; heartwood streaked black and grey in more or less
alternate layers, or rarely quite black. Pores small and very small,
scanty. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, uniform and equi-
distant. Transverse bars very tine, numerous, irregular, faint.

Tropical and moister upper mixed forests of the Andamans; Nicobars, Batti Malv,
Little Coco, rare on Great Coco Island (Prain).

One of the most important trees of the Andamans, with a wood that should be of
great value in the European market, if it can be supplied in sufficient quantity and
become known. Heinig says it squares up to 20 ft. long, siding up to 9 in. ; Ferrars
gave 20 ft. with a siding of 12 in. Heinig and Ferrers both say it is difficult to season
and is liable to shrink and warp ; this clearly points to the advisability of studying the
question of whether the seasoning could not be improved, either by previous girdling,
or by keeping in water, or by export in log or otherwise. The wood is useful for
cabinet-work, sticks, frames and carvings. Its sylviculture apparently requires study.

lbs.

B 521. Andaman Islands (Genl. Barlwell) 62

B 2203. „ „ (Col. Ford, 1866) 57

B 2498. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 15) 80

10. D. microphylla, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlv. : Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 559; Talbot Bomb.
List 122. Vern. Chimin thuvarei, Tarn. : Elicheviccha, Mai. ; Chorakuli, Trav. Hills.

A large tree. Bark white. Wood dark grey or reddish-grey,
hard. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided, obliquely arranged.
Medullary rays very tine, regular, numerous. Transverse bars
narrow, very close and frequent, concentric.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from N. Kanara to Travancore, extending
to the Wynaad and Anamalais and ascending to 3000 ft.

A tree with very small leaves, like those of the box. Bourdillon gives W = 4'.'
lbs., P = 64:;.

lbs.

W 4617. Travancore (Bourdillon) 49

S. Kanara — Kew Museum.

11. D. ChlOPOxylon, lloxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 538: Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxliii. : Brandis For.
Fl. 297 ; Talbot Bomb. List 122. Vern. Ninai, nensi, Mar. ; lllinda, aulanche, ndla
idimira, vullinda, vullingi, Tel.; Kosai, Uriya : Tori, Palkonda ; Anduli, (iondi.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark dark brown, nearly black, cleft
longitudinally and peeling off in small rectangular corky scales. Wood
yellowish-grey, moderately hard. Pore* small to moderate-sized,
single or subdivided or in radial strings of 1 to 4 or more, scant}'.
Medullary rays line, numerous. Transverse lines faint, irregular.

Central and South India: Orissa and the Circars: Deccan and Mahratta country
from Guzerat southwards; Carnatic.

A common and conspicuous plant in the dry evergreen forests of Cuddapah,
Kurnool, North Arcot and Chingleput, extending northwards on the east to Orissa,
on the west to Guzerat. It prefers laterite and sandstone hills, and is a useful plant
as a fuel-yielder.

li.s.

D 1891. Godavari Forests (E. D. M. Hooper) 46

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (D. tomentosa, l'oir.).

12. D. humilis, Bourdillon in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 352, t. I. Vern.
\'i lit i thuvan i, Tarn.

A small tree. Bark \ in. thick, green mottled with black. Wood
hard, dull greyish-brown, tinged with purple, with small patches of
black near the centre, but no other heartwood. Pores small, very

EBENACE.E 459

scanty, subdivided or in short radial lines of 2 or 3, which are very
distant and arranged obliquely or in echelon. Medullary rays very
fine, regular, numerous. Transverse bars conspicuous, joined with
regular, wavy, concentric, but very narrow belts.

Evergreen forests of Travancore at about 2000 ft.

This is said by Bourdillon to reach only a height of 30 ft. and diameter of 10 in.
He gives W = 54 lbs., P = 579. It appears to belong to this subgenus.

lbs.

W 4687. Travancore (Bourdillon) 57

W 4684 is another specimen sent by Mr. Bourdillon, which he says belongs to a
new species shortly to be described. Wood greyish-white with irregular rings of
black shaded into brown. Pores small, subdivided or in short radial lines of 2 or 3,
the groups thus made being distant. Medullary rays fine, regular. Transverse line
in concentric, wavy, narrow belts, more distant than in D. humilis. Weight 49 lbs.
per cubic foot.

Subgenus 4. EBENUS.

13. D. ooearpa, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 560; Talbot Bomb. List 122; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 97. Vern. Vellei-karunkal i, Tam. ; Kalu-kadumberiya, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark yellowish. Wood greyish-brown
with irregular purplish-black heartwood, here and there with paler
streaks, moderately hard (the specimen is soft, but the wood has
clearly decayed somewhat). Pores moderate-sized to large, very
scanty, sometimes subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, numerous,
not clear. Transverse bars very faint.

Konkan and N. Kanara in evergreen forests ; low country of Ceylon.

The wood is like Calamander and can probably be used like it. In the new
collection the name of this has been changed to D. Gardneri, but the structure is not
that of D. Gardneri, and the elder Mendis probably knew his wood better than his
successor, so I retain his determination.

lbs.
No. 40 (old), 56 (new) Ceylon Collection (Mendis) . . . .45

14. D. quaesita, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 560 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlv. ; Trimen PL
Ceyl. iii. 97. Calamander Wood. Vern. Kalumediriya, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark thin, blackish-grey, smooth or with slight
longitudinal fissures. Wood hard, greyish-brown, variegated with
broad or narrow belts of black. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, sub-
divided or in short radial strings, these being distant and roughly in
echelon. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant. Transverse bars
conspicuous, combined into regular narrow, wavy, concentric lines.

Forests of the moist low country of Ceylon, below 1000 ft., now scarce.
This is the chief of the trees producing the variegated ebony known as Calamander
wood, which is the most valuable ornamental wood of Ceylon, now unfortunately
scarce, having been much sought for and the trees cut. The wood is used for orna-
mental cabinet-work. Skinner, No. 61, gives W = 60 lbs., P = 751 ; A. Mendis gives
W = 57 lbs.

lbs.

2923. Ceylon 53

No. 12 (old), No. 62 (new) Ceylon Collection (Mendis) . . . .57

Subgenus 5. NOLTIA.

D. attenuata, Thw. and D. acuta, Thw. are endemic rare Ceylon trees of the moist
low country. Mr. Herbert Wright says they are "very small trees, often clustered,
' the stems, though only 1 to 3 in. in diameter, produce abundance of flower and fruit. The
'timber is of no use whatever, on account of the smallness in size." D. lancecefu/iu,
lloxb. PL Ind. ii. 537 ; Kurz For. PL ii. 136; Vern. Gulal, Beng. ; Soilo, Khasia, is
a large tree of the Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Cachar, also of Upper Tenasserim, said by

460 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Roxburgh to have a hard durable timber, used in house-building, and to have an edible
fruit. t>. stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 539 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 137, is also a large tree of
Sylhet, Tippera and Chittagong. D. sapotoides, Kurz For. Fl. 136 and D. fiavicans,
Hiern ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 135, are Burmese trees, the former of the forests of the Pegu
Yuma, the latter of Tenasserim.

15. D. Gardneri, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 561; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlvi. ; Trimeu
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 96. Vera. Kadumberiya, kallu, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thick, blackish. Wood greyish-
brown with irregular black clouded patches. Pores small, scanty, in
short radial lines, the patches distant. Medulla ry ray* fine, numerous,
equidistant. Transverse bars very faint.
Moist region of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.

ll.s.

4904. Ceylon 60

Subgenus 6. MELONIA.

D. burmanica, Kurz For. Fl. iii. 565 ; Vern. Tt, Barm., is a common, often stunted,
deciduous tree of the dry forests, especially Engdeing, in Upper Burma and Prome,
less common in Pegu and Martaban. D. Packmanni, Clarke is a tree of Tavoy
D. insignis, Thw.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlv. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 100; Vern. Gona,
poruwamara, walmediriya, Cingh., is a large tree of the Anamalai Hills in South India
at 2-3000 ft., and the moist low country of Ceylon. Trimen says that the heart wood
is very small, black, with paler streaks. D. affinis, Thw.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlv.;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 102, is a moderate-sized tree of the Tinnevelly Hills, and, but
scarce, the hills of Ceylon. D. hirsuta, Linn, f., D. TJiwaitesii, Bedd. and I). Moonii,
Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 99-101, are all scarce endemic Ceylon trees. Mr. Herbert
Wright says that " the former reaches a height of 50 ft. and girth of 5 ft., and has
' a reddish wood with a small black central patch."

No. 50 (new) Ceylon Collection; Vern. Homediriya, Cingh., is called D. Caadolleana.
According to Trimen this is D. Thwaitesii, Bedd., and if this identification is also
correct for the wood specimen, D. Thivaitesii has a reddish-brown, Calatnander-like
mood, with large, irregular, black heartvvood. Pores moderate-sized, very scanty.
Medullary rays fine, rather distant. Transverse bars fairly conspicuous, joined into
concentric wavy lines. Weight 55 lbs. per cubic foot.

16. D. Tupru, Buch.-Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 563; Talbot Bomb. List 123. Vern.
Tuparada, Kan. ; Tartar, Mar.

A small tree. Wood reddish-yellow, hard, with irregular faint
concentric wavy lines and occasional black patches. Pores moderate-
sized, scanty, subdivided or in radial strings. Medullary rays line,
numerous, short.

Western Coast and Western Gh;its from the Konkan to Mysore.
Mysore — Kew Museum.

17. D. tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 532; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 564. D. Melanoxylon,
Roxb. ; Brandis For. Fl. 294 (in part). Vern. Tendu, kendu, temru, abniis, Hind.;
Kend, h-iji, n, \Wws. : Kendhu, Qriya; Tamri, tummer, tumki, Gondi; Tendu, Baigas;
Tiril, K61 ; Tuiaiki, Koya; Tumma, Reddi ; Timru, tibrut Merwara.

A large (Circars) or small (N. India) tree. Bark $ in. thick,
greyish-black, inner bark black, charcoal-like, the outside cleft into
small regular scales. Wood very hard, dark reddish-brown, with an
irregular black heartwood, occasionally streaked with purple or brown.
Pores scanty, moderate-sized to large, often oval and subdivided,
sometimes in short radial strings of 2 or 3, the patches distant.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Transverse bars very faint.

Northern India; in the sub-Himalayan tract and Siwaliks from the Ravi to Nepal,
most common in Western Saharanpui and Bijnor; Bengal (Roxburgh says Northern

EBENACE.E 461

Bengal, but I never saw it in the Terai or Duars, so it probably does not extend
beyond Purneah and Rungpore) ; Rajputana, Central Provinces, Berar, Chota Nagpore,
Orissa and the N. Ci rears down to the Godavari.

Brandis unites this with D. Melanoxylon, and, indeed, it is very difficult to dis-
tinguish them either in the field or in the Herbarium. Taking the leaf-character of
" nerves impressed " (D. tomentosa) and " nerves raised " (D. Melanoxylon), I have
separated the specimens I have seen or collected, but I am still in doubt about the
Orissa and Circar trees, for though by these characters they seem to be I), tomen-
tosa, it seems probable that it was in that region that Roxburgh found his D. Mela-
noxylon. However that may be, this is the tree that gives the Ebony of Northern
India, which, in the North-West Provinces, especially about Najibabad and Nagina in
Bijnor, is made into carved walking-sticks, combs, picture-frames, and such-like
articles. I do not think it is ever exported, but the trees in the N. Circars give a
good amount of heartwood, and could supply a small trade. Brandis says the wood
is used in building, for shoulder-poles and carriage-shafts. The wood when burnt
gives out showers of sparks, as probably do all the species of the genus, and it is a
common amusement to put pieces in a camp fire in order to see the column of sparks
ascend. The following experiments have been made with the wood : Cunningham, in
1854, at Gwalior, with bars 2' x 1" x 1", found W = 77 lbs., P = 862, while Kyd found
W = 49£ lbs., P = 547 ; R. Thompson, W = 49§ lbs. ; Wallich 61 lbs., and the speci-
mens herein enumerated give 60 lbs. We can probably take 60 lbs. as an average for
part sap, part heartwood ; and 68 lbs. for only heartwood. An analysis of the ashes
of 100 lbs. steam-dry wood gave 2*34 lbs. of ash, of which as much as 1*79 lbs. con-
sisted of calcium carbonate, with 0'29 lb. magnesium carbonate and little else.

This Ebony delights in dry, stony hills, but is also found on almost any forest soil.
It reproduces in abundance, from seed, from root- suckers, and by coppice shoots.
As R. Thompson, quoted by Brandis, remarks, it is almost the last tree to disappear
on forest lands cleared for cultivation, and it is usually one of the first to come up on
lands left fallow. If it were considered advisable it would be easy to protect, assist,
and extend its growth, so as almost to make it into gregarious forest capable of regular
working. The fruit is eaten.

P 170. Hoshiarpur, Punjab (Sir D. McLeod, 1866, see J. L. Stewart \
in " Punjab Plants," 137) J

Ajmerc

Kheri, Oudh (Wood)

Bahraich, Oudh (Wood)

Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)

Ahiri Reserve, C. P. (R. Thompson)

Mobarli Reserve, C. P. (Brandis) ....

Palamow Forests (Gamble) .....

Kolhan Forests, Singbhum (Gamble)
C 1237, 1301. Gumsiir Forests, Ganjam (Dampier)
C 3854. Bondagocha Forest, Ganjam (Gamble) .
C 4102. Godavari Forests (Gamble)

p

469.

0

1492.

0

2981.

C

828.

c

1113.

c

2754.

c

3683.

c

3493.

69

59
55
48
53

. 63

65 and
. 52

18. D. Melanoxylon; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 530; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 564; Brandis For.
PI. 294 (in part); Talbot Bomb. List 123; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 99. D. Wightiana,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 67. D. exsculpta, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 66 (var. Beddomei, Clarke in Fl.
Br. Ind.). Vera. Tendu, temru, timburni, Mar.; Tumi, tumid, tumida, timmv/rri,
damddi, tuki, Tel.; JJii/ui, Kan.

A large or small deciduous tree. Bark greyish-black, cleft into
small rectangular plates, showing the black inner bark in the clefts.
The bark shows alternate layers of brown and black, so that as it
wears the surface shows partly of either colour. Wood hard, reddish-
brown, with an irregular black heartwood. Pores small, very scanty,
single or in radial lines of 2 or 3 together, the lines often in echelon.
Medullar;/ rays fine, numerous. Transverse bars very line, very
faint, wavy, roughly joining into concentric lines.

South India: dry forests of the Mahratta country, Deccan and Carnatic, common;
rare in the dry region of Ceylon : " uear Bibile on ' patana ' ground " (H. Wright).

462 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The question of this tree and its separation from D. tomentosa has been discussed
under that species, and as regards uses the same remarks will apply. Large trees are
uncommon, and the amount of ebony available is small, so that the demand for it is
not great. The tree affects chiefly dry rocky hills. As regards weight, Puckle's
experiments with Mysore wood gave W = 75 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 62, gave W = 80 lbs.,
P = 1180; O'Connell 59 lbs.; the specimens here enumerated give W = 75 lbs., so
that the wood is decidedly heavier than that of D. tomentosa. The fruit is edible.

The young plants are frequently damaged by the scale-insect, Psijlla obsolete,
Buckton, which attacks the leaves (" lud. Mus. Notes," v. 35).

lbs.

D 4872. N. Arcot (W. Carroll) 50 (voung)

D 2008, 2045. Mysore 73 and 70

No. 26, Salem Collection 82

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. IX. 6).

19. D. oppositifolia, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 565 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylvr. cxlvi. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 100. Vera. Kalumediriya, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood greyish-white, soft, with faint but
scattered concentric lines. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often sub-
divided. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular.

Moist low country of Ceylon.

A very rare tree. Thwaites, quoted by Trimen, says that the wood resembles that
of CalamaDder (D. qucesita), but the specimen does not bear this out completely. H.
Wright says that it sometimes reaches 5 ft. girth at breast height, and has a plain
white wood, with always a hollow centre.

Ceylon— Kew Museum (P. of Wales Coll., 1876).

20. D. Candolleana, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 566 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxliv. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 123. D. canarica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlv. Vera. Karamara, Kan.

A large tree. Wood red, hard. Pores small to moderate-sized,
scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, very numerous.
Transverse bars fairly prominent, combining into wavy concentric lines.

Evergreen forests of the Western Coast, Konkan and N. Kanara, common about
Carwar; also, probably, hills of the Eastern Ghats, such as Maheudragiri and Rumpa,

up to 4000 ft.

lbs.
W 4680. Travancore (Bourdillon) .VI

21. D. nilagiriea, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 566.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood yellowish-brown, moderately hard.
Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often subdivided into 3 or 4, and then
in radial or oblique strings. Medulla ry rays very fine, very nume-
rous. Transverse bars prominent, combined into narrow concentric
wavy lines.

Hills of S. India, Nilgiris to Travancore, common at Sispara, at 3-4000 ft.
Bourdillon gives \V = 44 lbs., P = 605. No black heartwood.

lbs.
W 4600. Travancore (Bourdillon) 4ti

22. D. erumenata, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 567; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlv.; Talbot
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. 692, t. 14 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 102. Vern. Kan
tumri, Kan.

A very large tree. Bark thin, scaly, cinereous. Wood reddish-
brown, hard, close-grained. Pores very scanty, moderate-sized, single
or subdivided, or in strings of 1 to 4, the patches obliquely arranged.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Evergreen forests of North Kanara, between the Gairsoppah and Dodmune Ghats;
moist region of Ceylon at 2-4000 ft.

Talbot says this tree, only recently discovered by him to be found in India as well

EBENACE.E 4G3

as in Ceylon, grows to 100 and 150 ft. high, with 4 to 5 ft. diameter at base. He gives
W = 54 lbs.

lbs.

W 4827. Dodmune Ghat, N. Kanara (Talbot) . . . . ' . 48

Subgenus 7. ARGOPHYLLUM.

D. oleifolia, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 132; Vern. Chok, Burm., is an evergreen
tree common in the tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim, with a white or
yellowish- white close-grained wood. D. discolor, Willd. is a fine tree with large red
velvety fruit, often cultivated in India.

23. D. undulata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 568; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 135. Vern.
Hingadu, Burm.

A large tree. Wood purplish-grey, with a small irregular black

heartwood. Pores small, in short radial lines, scanty. Medullary

rays very fine, close, undulating. Transverse bars numerous, wavy,

concentric.

Tropical forests of Martaban, Tenasserim and the Andamans.

lbs.
B 1997. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 186G) 49

Subgenus 8. HORSFIELDIA.

D. densiflora, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 134, is a rather scarce tree of Arracan,
Martaban and Tenasserim; and D. Brandisiana, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 138 is an ever-
green tree of Tenasserim and Upper Burma. D. paniculata, Dalz.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxliv. ; Talbot Bomb. List 123, is a tree of the Western Ghats, in evergreen forests in
the Konkan, N. Kanara, the Wynaad, Anamalais and Travancore, up to 3000 ft.
D. ramiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 535; Vern. Uri-gdb, gulal, Beng., is a large tree of the
Khasia Hills and the hills of Tippera in Eastern Bengal, with, according to Roxburgh,
a strong hard wood and a large globular apple-like fruit.

No. W 4613 from Travancore (Bourdillon), 40 lbs. per cubic foot, is said to be
D. paniculata, Dalz. The wood is soft, white, with iron-grey heartwood, streaked
with darker lines. Pores very scanty, moderate-sized or large, faintly obliquely
echeloned. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, wavy.

Besides the species described in the eight subgenera above mentioned, there are
several which are imperfectly known, and it is unnecessary to refer to these, except
the following : —

24. D. pyrrhoearpa, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 571 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 130. Vern.
Te, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood reddish-brown, moderately hard to hard.
Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines. MeAidlary rays very fine,
close. Transverse lines fine.
Andaman Islands.

Col. Ford says that the fruit is eaten by Burmese, and is used as a red dye for
linen ; and that Chinese umbrellas are dyed with the juice, which also has the property
of rendering them waterproof.

lbs.

B L991. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 50

B 2244. „ „ (Col. Ford, 1866) 54

25. D. sp. from the Andamans (B 2232, 61 lbs.). Vern. Moong,
Burm., has very small scanty pore*, often in short radial lines between
the closely-packed, very fine, uniform, medullary rays. No concentric
lines; white streaks parallel to the medullary rays.

Major Ford says that " the wood is hard, compact and close-grained, dark-purplish
'grey with narrow streaks of jet black ebony. The bark and fruit of this tree produce
'a beautiful black dye. The Burmese use the wood for flutes and other wind instru-
' inents, for earrings, carved images, tool-handles, picture-frames, etc. The black heart-
4 wood of large trees has a diameter of about 4 to 5 inches." It may possibly be D.
[>ilosula, Wall.

464 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Order LXIX.— STYRACEJE.

Two Indian genera, Syrnplocos and Styrax, trees or shrubs usually of small size,
and of little importance.

Wood white, soft. Pores small. Medullary rays numerous, often
of two classes. Styrax has transverse concentric lines.

1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn.

A large genus of 54 Indian and Ceylon species, mostly small trees of the evergreen
hill forests, like those of the Darjeeling Hills and the " sholas " of the South Indian
and Ceylon hill ranges. No less than 17 species are endemic in the mountains of
Ceylon, none of them very common and none of any particular importance. Another
17 species are found in the hills of South India, some of them rather important and
conspicuous trees in the sholas. Ten species are found in the Darjeeling Hills, and
about eight in those of Assam, while 8 to 10 occur in Burma, some quite scarce. About
three species extend as far north as Garhwal and one only to the Punjab Himalaya
and Kashmir.

S. phyllocalyx, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 578; Gamble Darj. List 54, is a small
tree of the forests of the higher Darjeeling Hills at 8-10,000 ft. S. Sumnntia, Ham. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 578 ; Gamble Darj. List 54, is a small tree of the Darjeeling Hills at
about 7000 ft., extending eastwards to the Khasia Hills in Assam. >S. grandiflor<i,
Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 578 ; Vern. Bumroti, Ass. ; Moat soom, Phekial, is a tree of
Assam and the Khasia Hills whose leaves are said by Mann to be used to feed the
il Muga" silkworm (A n thercea Assama, Westw.) and for a dye. Watt thinks, how-
ever, that it is the " JEri" and not the "Muga" worm that feeds on this plant. S.
leucantha, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 148; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 579 ; Vern. Thale, Burm., is an ever-
green tree of the swamp forests of the Irrawaddy delta ; and S. sulcata, Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 145, is an evergreen small tree of the drier hill forests of Martaban and Tenasserhn
at 3-6000 ft. S. Beddomei, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 582 ; Talbot Bomb. List 124 ;
Vern. Lodhra, hura, Mar., is an evergreen tree common on the borders of evergreen
forests and in moist places along streams in the Konkan, N. Kanara and Coorg. *S.
oligandra, Bedd. ; Fl. Sylv. cl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 574, is a tree of the Ghats of Travan-
core and Tinnevelly. S. anamallayana, Bedd. and S. rosea, Bedd. are small trees of
the Anamalai Hills. S. microphyUa, Wight is a large shrub or small tree of the
sholas in the Kundahs region of the Nilgiris; S. pulchra, Wight is another Kundahs
shrub, found near Sispara and remarkable for its branches covered with tawny hairs ;
S. Gardneriana, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 237, is another tree of the Nilgiri sholas,
extending southwards to the mountains of Travancore ; while S. obtusa, Wall. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. iii. 583; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlix.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 104, is a common tree
in the sholas of the Nilgiris about Ootacamund, the Anamalai Hills and the hills of
Ceylon. Trimen says of this that stumps of it left in the ground are very harmful
to tea-plants planted in their vicinity.

Wood white, close-grained, soft. Pores small, numerous, usually
evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, the
latter short.

1. S. cratsegoides, Buch.-Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 573; Brandis For. PI. 298;

Kurz For. Fl. ii. 117. Vern. Lu, landar, loj, losh, Ph.; Loja, Sutlej ; Lodra, Jaunsar;
Lodh, lodo, lawadho, Garhwal ; Lodh, lodhia, Kumaon.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark light grey, corky, with long
vertical cracks. Wood white, soft to moderately hard, close-grained,
.splits and twists in seasoning. Pores small, numerous, evenly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays numerous, tine and very line. Annual
rings rather faint.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam, at 3-S000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; hills of
Martaban, and the Shan Hills in Burma.

A conspicuous tree in the valleys of the West Himalaya, when covered, in

X.

BTMPLOOOS CRAT-2EGOIDES.

SCHREBEBA BWIETENIOIDES.

FRAXIXl'S KXCKI.SlHl!.

SALVADORA OLEOIDES.

Al,siu\i \ Si SOLARIS. I HOTBOJT8 PRO( ERA

{Magnified :'>i times.)

stykace.*: 465

spring, with large masses of pure white flowers, which scent the air for some distance.
The wood is white and might be useful in turning and for carvings if carefully
seasoned. The leaves and bark give a yellow or red dye. The silkworm Attacus
Atlas, Linn, feeds on its leaves, with those of other plants. The growth is slow, 15
rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 54. Nagkanda, Simla, 7000 ft 54

H 2880. „ „ „ (Gamble) —

H 3018. Kotgarh „ „ „ —

H 429. Korwa Forest, Jaunsar, 6000 ft. (Bagshawe) . . . .45
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. X. 1).

2. S. spieata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 541 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 573 ; Brandis For. Fl. 300 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxlix.; Kurz For. Fl. 146 ; Gamble Darj. List 53; Talbot Bomb. List
123 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 104. Vern. Lodh, Hind. ; Lodh bholia, biiri, Beng. ;
Palyoh, Lepcha ; Boothgani, Badaga; Kambli vetti,Tam.- Bombu, ival-bombu, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark light-grey, thin, smooth. Wood
white, soft, even-grained. Annual rings marked by few pores in
the autumn wood. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays
of two classes, few fine short, many very fine.

Throughout a great part of India in the hilly country, in evergreen forests, ravines
and sholas ; Himalaya from Kumaon to Assam, ascending to 5000 ft. ; Eastern
Bengal ; hills of Tenasserim ; Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, very
common in the Nilgiri sholas above 3000 ft. ; hills of Ceylon up to 7000 ft., also very
common in shola forest.

The chief Indian species, apparently only used for fuel. The seeds, which have
the shape of a small fluted pitcher or " lota," are strung in beads and used to put
round children's necks to avert evil (Roxb.). They may be purchased as necklaces at
Gya, Benares, Hardwar and similar places. The leaves are used in the Darjeeling
Hills to give a yellow dye.

lbs.

W 3729. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 37

No. 12 (new), Vern. Bombu, and No. 143 (new), Vern. Wal-bombu, Cingh.,
Ceylon Collection (Mendis), are both said to be Symplocos spieata, but the woods have
not the structure of Symplocos.

3. S. thesefolia, Buch.-Ham.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 575; Gamble Darj. List 54.
S. lucida, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 143. Vern. Kharani, Nep. ; Chashing, Bhutia.

A small or moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, brown.
Wood white, soft, even-grained, structure the same as that of 8. spieata.
Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan, verv common at 6-10,000 ft. ; Khasia
Hills, 4-6000 ft.; drier hill forests of Martaban, at" 5-7000 ft.

A very common Darjeeling tree, only used for rough house-posts and fuel, but not
very good for that purpose. Growth moderate, 6-11 rings per inch of radius. The
stag-beetles Lucanns Mearesi, Hope, and L. cantoris, Hope, have been found boring its
wood in the Darjeeling Hills.

lbs.
E 2390. Rangbiil Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) ... 36

4. S. raeemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 539; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 144; Gamble Darj.
List 54. Vern. Dudhi, Oudh ; Lodh, Bens. ; Chamlani, Nep. ; Palyok, Lepcha :
Kaiday, Mechi ; Singyan, Bhutia; Ludum, K61 ; Lodh, Oraon.

A small tree. Bark yellow, rough, spongy, h in. thick. Wood
white, soft. Pores small, more or less in radial lines, numerous.
Medullary rays short, moderately broad, numerous.

Sub-IIimalayan tract from Kumaon to Assam, up to 2500 ft. or even higher ; open
and dry forests of Burma up to 3000 ft., including the Shan Hills ; Andaman Islands ;
Chota-Nagpore, common.

Common in the Terai forests and in Chota-Nagpore. The leaves and bark are

2 H

466 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

considerably used in dyeing, giving yellow and red tints. The bark is also used in
medicine. Weight 54 lbs. per cubic foot.

C 3491. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum (Gamble).

5. S. glomerata, King; Fl. Br. Tnd. iii. 577; Gamble Darj. List 54. Vern.
Sanu Jiingo, Nep.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, brown. Wood white, soft,
but strong, in structure the same as that of S. spicata.

Eastern Himalaya, in Sikkim and Bhutan, up to 6000 ft., most common in the
Terai and lower hills, on banks of streams; Khasia Hills at 2-5000 ft.

E 3347. Darj eel ing Hills, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

6. S. ramosissima, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 577 ; Brandis For. Fl. 299, 576 ;
Gamble Darj. List 54. Vern. Lodh, Hind.; Kala kharani, silingi, Nep.; Tnngchong,
Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark dark red. Wood white, soft, even-
grained, in structure the same as that of S. spicata.

Himalaya, from the Jumna to Bhutan, at 5-8000 ft. ; Khasia Hills at 4000 ft.
A common Darjeeling tree. Growth moderate, 6 to 9 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

E 367. Rangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft, (Johnston) . . . .".7
E 3336. Rangirum Forest „ „ (Gamble) . . . —

7. S. maeroearpa, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 582.

A small tree. Wood white, soft, rather rough. Pores small,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays of two classes, few moderately
broad, many very fine between the broad ones.

Hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, in S. India. „

W4588. Travancore (Bourdillon) 34

8. S. foliosa, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 582. S. nervosa, Wight ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxlix. Vern. Pal velloday, Tarn.

A moderate-sized or large tree. Wood white, soft, even-grained.
Pores small, unevenly distributed. Medullary rays of two classes,
few moderately broad and many fine, the former showing a silver
grain on a radial section.

Nilgiri Hills, above 6000 ft. ; common in shola forests about Ootacamund.
The wood is used only for fuel. ,

W 3880. Aramby Forest, Ootacamuud, 7000 ft, (Gamble) . . . 40

S. dryophila, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 575 ; Gamble Darj. List 54 ; Vern. Lai
chandan, Nep.; Chandan, Lepcha, is a tree of the higher hills of Sikkim, at
8-12,000 ft., which in Ed. 1 was referred to as giving a wood streaked with red, the
coloured part of which was pounded and used for caste-marks by Nepalese. It seems
probable, however, that this wood belongs to Daphniphyllum himalayense, Midi. Arg.,
which see, but it is not impossible that both trees have a wood of the character
described.

2. STYRAX, Linn.

Four species. S. rugosum, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 589; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 141, is
an evergreen tree of the Sban Hills and the hills of Martaban at about 4000 ft. S.poly-
spermum, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 590, is a tree of the Khasia Hills. S. Benzoin,
Dryand. is a small tree of the Malay Archipelago which gives the " Benzoin " or
"Gum Benjamin" of commerce. The resin is obtained from incisions in the bark,
where it is allowed to harden after exudation, and is then scraped off. It is used in
the manufacture of incense both in Europe and in the East, and the trade in it is
considerable (see Watt, " Diet. Econ. Prcd."). The " Storax " tree of the Levant is
S. officinale, Linn., but the gum is now very scarce, as the trees have been so badly
treated as to have almost disappeared.

STYUACE.E 4G7

1. S. sePPUlatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 415 ; FL Br. Ind. iii. 588 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
142; Gamble Darj. List 54. Vera. Kum-jameva, Beng. ; Chamo, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, moderately hard,
close-grained. Pores small, scanty, usually subdivided. Medullary
rays short, fine, very numerous. Faint, white, regular, concentric,
transverse bands.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, up to 9000 ft.; Chittagong Hill Tracts;
Upper Burma.

The specimen described is from var. virgata (S. virgatum, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
142), which is found at higher levels than the ordinary kind, and which extends to
( 'hina and Japan. It gives an inferior kind of gum benzoin.

E 3372. Darjeeling Forests, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

2. S. Hookeri, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 589 ; Gamble Darj. List 54. Vein. Chamo,
Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood, white, similar to that of
S. serrvlatwm, but with more marked transverse bands.

Eastern Himalaya, in Sikkim and Bhutan at 6-7000 ft.

Has larger flowers than the preceding. In both the flowers are white and con-
spicuous and the plants are decidedly ornamental.

E 3320. Darjeeling Forests, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

Order LXX. OLE ACE JE.

An interesting Order containing some trees of importance. There are ten genera,
belonging to four Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Jasmines Jasminum, Nyctanthes.

„ II. Syringe* Schrebera, Syringa.

„ III. Fraxinea? Fraxinus.

„ IV. Oleineae . . ... . . Osmanthus, Linociera, Olea,

Ligustrum, Myxopyrum.

Wood, white or yellowish-white or light brown, sometimes with
a dark irregular heartwood, usually close- and even-grained. Annual
rings usually marked by a continuous belt of comparatively large
pores (notably in Fraxinus, Jasminum, and Ligustrum), the pores in
the rest of the wood much smaller. Pores sometimes in white patches.
Medullary rays usually fine, sharply defined. In OsTnanthvs the
pores are in reticulate anastomozing patches as in Rhamnus. In
O&mcmthus, Linociera, and some species of Olea there are narrow
concentric lines, the relationship of which to annual rings is very
doubtful.

1. JASMINUM, Linn.

About 40 erect or scandent shrubs of but little importance, and some quite small.
Most of them are noticeable for their white, often fragrant flowers, and some of the
species are cultivated in gardens. Thus: J. Sambac, Ait., the Arabian Jasmine, is
a fragrant shrub, wild and cultivated for its scented flowers, which are largely used
by Hindus to make into garlands, they being especially sacred to Vishnu; while
■I. gra/ndiflorum, Linn., the Spanish Jasmine, wild in the inner Himalaya, is found in
gardens or growing on houses everywhere. The common white garden Jasmine is
J. officinale, Linn., which is wild in Kashmir. J. arboresceiis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 95 ;
Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 594; Braadis For. Fl. 311; Talbot Bomb. List 125; Vern. Bara-
Jcunda, nuva-mallika, Beng.; Kundi, Mar., is a largo, usually erect, but sometimes
climbing shrub of the sub- Himalayan forests from the Saharanpur Siwaliks to Nepal
and of the Deccan and West Coast. J. scandens, Vahl ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 595 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 155; Vern. Tawsabe, Burm., is a large evergreen scandent shrub, with
light brown wood, common in the forests of Eastern Bengal and Burma. J. rigidum,
Zenker: PI. Br. Ind. iii. 598: Vern. Uti, /><:</</<! malli, Tel., is a rigid, erect shrub oi

468 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

the forests of the Deccan and Carnatic, common in the evergreen forests of Eastern
Cuddapah and North Arcot; also of the Shan Hills in Burma. J. auriculatum, Vahl;
Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 600 ; Talbot Bomb. List 125, is a common large climber of tbe forests
of the Deccan and Carnatic.

Wood white, soft. Pores small to very small, very numerous.
Medullary rays very fine. Annual rings sometimes prominent.

1. J. pubeseens, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 592 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 91 ; Gamble
Darj. List 54; Talbot Bomb. List 124. J. Mrsutum, Willd. ; Brandis For. Fl. 312;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 154. Vera. Parirajhar, Xep. ; Kunda, kundo, chameli, Hind.

A climbing shrub, the stem spirally twisted in wedges which
turn round each other rope-fashion. Bark light brown, extremely
thin. Wood, white, moderately hard. Pores very small, very nume-
rous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays very fine.

Throughout India from the Himalaya to the Deccan and Carnatic ; also to Eastern
Bengal and Upper Burma.

A handsome plant, with large clusters of white flowers, prominent in the forests
and perhaps more so in hedges and among scrub.

D 4270. Kottakota Reserve, Anantapur (Gamble).

2. J. eordifolium, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 596.

A large climbing shrub with spirally twisted stems. Bark yellow,
very fibrous. Wood white, soft, porous. Pores moderate-sized, un-
evenly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Nilgiri Hills at 3-6000 ft.

W 3793. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

3. J. brevilobum, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 600.

A large climbing shrub with spirally twisted stems, up to 1 ft.
in diameter. Bark greyish - brown. Wood white, soft, in radial
irregular wedges, which are separated by bast tissue, which later
decays, so that the wedges separate. Annual rings marked by
faint lines. Pores very small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays
extremely fine and numerous.

Hills of South India; one of the chief and largest climbers in the sholas of the
Nilgiris, Pulneys, etc., at 3-7000 ft.

AV 3803, 4125. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

4. J. humile, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 002 ; Talbot Bomb. List 125 ; Tiimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 115. J. revolutwm, Sims.; Brandis For. Fl. 313. J. graruMflorwm, Gamble
Darj. List 55, non Linn. Yellow Jasmine. Vera. Charuha, juari, tsonu, tsuman,
summun, lcuja, Pb. ; Kurang, Sutlej ; Shan/ui, shunjai, Jaunsar; Jai, sonajahi,
Kumaon.

A small erect shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, moderately
hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a continuous belt of
pores, which are small, while in the rest of the wood they arc
extremely small. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous.

Hilly regions of India : Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, at 3-7000 ft. ; Mount
Abu; hills of South India, common in the Nilgiris; hills of Ceylon : often cultivated,
even in the plains.

A handsome shrub, recognized by its yellow flowers. Growth slow, 25 to 40 rings
per inch of radius.

11)8.

H 2891, 3027. Nagkanda, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .45
11 4790. Thunwara Forest, Tehri-Garhwal, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . —

\V ,".748. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 It. (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (J. revolutum).

OLEACEyF. 4G9

5. J. grandiflorum, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 603 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 100; Brandis
For. Fl. 313; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 150. Spanish Jasmine. Vern. C'hambel , jati, Hind.:
Hoi-bdU, Jaunsar; Joi, Garhwal ; Myatle, Burm.

A climbing shrub. Wood white, soft. Pores small, evenly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

West Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nepal, at 3-9000 ft.; hills of Burma: often
cultivated. Flowers white.

H 2879, 3026. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble).

2. NYCTANTHES, Linn.

1. N. Arbor-tristis, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 603; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 86; Bedd. FL
Sylv. t. 240; Brandis For. Fl. 314; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 155; Talbot Bomb. List 126.
Vern. Har, sihdru, saildari, sanihari, karsinghar, liaringar, saherwa, sedli, nibdri,
Hind.; Pakiira, ladilri, hurl, Pb., N.-W. Provinces; Harsingliar, sephalika, Beng. ;
Shdli, Meywar; KJiersdri, kirsaru, Gondi ; Lewassi, Jeypore; Kirsahar, Baigas ;
Samsihdr, Kharwar ; Saparung, K61, Sonthal ; Gongo seoli, godokodika, XJriya; Dor,
kalangreti, Khond ; Paritjak, khurasli, Mar, ; Karassi, Bhil ; Hursing, Kan. ; Manja-
/>!(, paghala, pavazha, Tarn.; Poghada, karchid, Tel.; Seikbalu, Burm.; Sepala, sepa-
Jika, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark I in. thick, light brown, rough. Wood pale
red or pale yellowish-brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pons
small, grouped in short radial lines, but arranged more or less in
concentric rings, the annual rings apparently marked by a dark line
and a more complete ring of pores. Medullary rays very fine to fine,
very numerous, the distance between them equal to the transverse
diameter of the pores. Transverse bars very numerous, faint, irregular.

Sub-Himalayan forests, Siwalik Hills and dry lower Hiraalayau Hills up to 5000
ft., from the Chenab to Nepal ; Assam and Bengal ; Central India from the Ganges to
the Godavari ; scarce in Burma : elsewhere cultivated only.

A well-known tree with fragrant flowers, which open at night and drop off in the
morning. "Wild, it is generally met with as a thick bushy shrub, but if allowed to
grow it becomes a small tree. The wood is only used for fuel, for which it is excellent.
The leaves are rough and can be used for polishing. The yellow tubes of the corollas
give an orange dye. The flowers are often used for garlands, are employed in Hindu
ceremonies, and give the colour used for the robes of Buddhist priests (Trimen). In the
reclothing of bare hills, this shrub is probably destined to play a considerable part.
It is an important constituent of the undergrowth in the Siwalik and Lower Himalayan
forests, for it densely covers the ground, helps to form humus, is not usually eaten
by goats, and gives an excellent fuel. It could probably be easily reared by seed-
dibbling, in denuded places where it was found desirable to introduce by degrees some
growth of a forest nature, provided that some shade either of a natural or artificial
character could be given to the seedlings at first.

lbs.

C 3412. Hazaribagh, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) 55

C 3492. Kolhan, Singbhum „ „ ..... —

3. SCHREBERA, Roxb.

S. swietenioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 109; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 604; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
248; Brandis For. Fl. 305; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 156; Talbot Bomb. List 126. Veru.
Mii/lii, g<fki, ghant, gantha, Hind.; Patali, ghanta parali, Bandelkhand; Jantia, nemi-
buro, Uriya; Makkam, mokob, mokalapu, gdlla, Tel.; Mogul in ga, Tam. ; Ghattdr,
Baigas; Kurindi, mokha, dhakka, Gondi; Jlidn, Kurku; Mokkuk, Bhi'l; Kalgante,
Coorg; Kasira, Sonthal; Gruntera, Mai Pahari : Gattrh, Koderma; Ghato, Ovaon;
Ghanto, Kharwar; Jarj'o, stmdapsing, K61; Moko, Khond; Mohi, Koya ; Mokapa,
Reddi: Thitswelwe, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Baric grey, 1 in. thick, exfoliating in thin
irregular scales. Wood brownish-grey, hard, close-grained : no defi-

c

829.

c

2772.

c

193.

c

1108.

c

1410.

0

3454.

B

1413.

B

3149.

lbs.

59

51

470 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

nite heartwood, but irregular masses of purple or claret-coloured
wood in the centre, and scattered throughout the tree. Annual rings
indistinct. Pores small, often in small groups in radial arrangement.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and at equal distances, con-
spicuous as narrow plates in the silver-grain.

Various parts of India in deciduous forest : Kumaon Terai, in the south-east corner ;
Central India in Bandelkband, C.P., Berar, Chota Nagpore, extending to the western
coast, and to Orissa and the Oircars ; Deccan and Carnatic ; dry forests in Burma,
extending to the Shan Hills.

A widely spread tree, found abundantly in some regions, but scarce in others.
The wood is durable and of good quality, in grain rather like boxwood. Brandis and
Beddome say it is used for the beams of weavers' looms, for combs and in turning.
Weight about 57 lbs. per cubic foot.

Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)

Melghat, Berar (Brandis) ....

Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) .

Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)

Moharli „ „ „ (Brandis) .

Ramundag Reserve, Palamow (Gamble) .

Burma (Ribbentrop) 59

„ (Brandis, 1862) 54

W 4079. Mudumalai Forest, Nilgiris, 3000 ft. (Gamble) ... 60
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. X. 2).

4. SYRINGA, Linn.

Two species. The garden Lilac, extensively cultivated in Europe and occasionally
in Indian gardens, is S. vulgaris, Linn.

1. S. persiea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 604; Brandis For. PI. 306. Persian Lilac.
Vern. Hidsmin, Kashmir.

A shrub. Wood white, smooth, even-grained. Annual rings
marked by a belt of small pores in the spring wood, pores in the
rest of the wood very small, very numerous. Medullary rays fine,
short, numerous.

Wild in Waziristan at 8000 ft., elsewhere cultivated. The Persian Lilac has only
once been found in the Himalaya in an apparently wild state, viz. by Dr. J. L.
Stewart. It is hardy in Europe.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

2. S. Emodi, Wall.; Brandis For. Fl. 306. Himalayan Lilac. Vern. Ban pMnt,
han dakhur, banchir, razli, juari, rangknin, kelriinu, lolti, leila, shafri, sJiapri, duden,
shalanghar, cJdlanghati, Pb. ; Shafroi, Jaunsar; Qhia, Kumaon; Fworshing, I Ivans.

A large shrub. Bark grey, 110 in. thick. Wood smooth, hard,
with a small, dark-coloured heartwood. Annual rings well marked
by a narrow porous belt. Pores small in the spring wood, very small
and rather scanty in the autumn wood. Med diary rays line
numerous.

Safed-koh ; AVest Himalaya from the Indus to the Sarda, at 8-11,000 ft.
A common shrub in some of the higher Himalayan forests, hardy in Europe.
Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius.

Lbs
112911,3023. Nagkanda, Simla, 8-9000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . 59
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

5. FRAXINUS, Linn.
Four species. F. Qriffi,thii,C\axk&', PI. Br. Ind. iii. 605, is a tree of theMishmi Hills.
Wood white. Annual rings usually marked conspicuously by

OLEACE.E 471

a belt of larger pores, very visible on a vertical section. Medullar;/
rays fine, numerous, sometimes very short.

1. F. floribunda, Wall. ; PL Br. Ind. iii. 605 ; Brandis For. Fl. 302, t. 37. Vera.
Banarish, Afgh. ; Sum, siimb, sunnu, shun, hum, haunt, Pb. ; Angan, angon, ungo,
dakkuri, N.-W. Provinces ; Kangu, tahdsi, Nep.

A large deciduous tree. Ba/rk grey, corky, with longitudinal
furrows. Wood white, with a light red tinge, no heartwood, soft to
moderately hard. Annual rings marked by an almost continuous
line of large pores, those in the outer part of the annual rings smaller.
The large pores of the annual rings are well defined on a longitudinal
section. Medullary rays fine, numerous, giving the wood a handsome
silver-grain.

Baluchistan, Afghanistan ; Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 5000
and 8500 ft., only locally common ; Shan Hills of Upper Burma at 4000 ft.

A valuable tree " confined to rich moist soils, generally in the neighbourhood of
'limestone rocks. It attains an average height of 40 ft., and girth of 5 ft., but has
' been neglected till recently. It seeds profusely, and although germination requires
'the entire space of 12 months, it reproduces fairly well on loose soil, free from weeds.
'It is also capable of very easy artificial production" (Fernandez in " Naini Tal W.
Plan "). Brandis says that trees planted near villages and temples on the Chenab reach
120 ft. in height and a girth of 15 ft. Growth slow to moderately fast, averaging
13 rings per inch of radius for our specimens ; Wallich says 8 rings (Brandis).
Weight 48 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is tough and hard, and is used for oars,
jampan poles, ploughs and other purposes. .,

H 612. Parbatti Valley, Kulu, 7000 ft. (Pengelly) . . . .47

H 904. Upper Chenab, 8000 ft. (Baden-Powell) —

H2971. Naini Tal (Brandis) 49

H 3190. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

2. F. excelsior, Linn.; PL Br. Ind. iii. 606; Brandis For. Fl. 303. The Ash.
Frene, Fr. ; Esche, Germ. ; Frassino, Ital. Vern. Sum, hum, Pb.

A large tree. Bark grey, thick. Wood white, moderately hard.
Annual rings marked by a belt of large pores in the autumn wood,
in the rest of the wood the pores are scanty and decrease in size to
very small. Medullary rays fine, numerous, making a silver-grain on
a radial section, which, with the well-marked streaks caused by the
pores, at once characterizes this well-known wood.

West Himalaya from the valley of the Ravi westwards at 4-6000 ft. Throughout
Europe.

The Ash has been so fully treated in all European works, and is, after all, so
unimportant in Indian Forestry, that it seems unnecessary to say much about it and
its timber. The weight of the latter varies from 43 to 51 lbs. or even more. The
wood is tough and elastic and used for oars and tool-handles and many other purposes.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1 (Europe) (Tub. X. 3).

No. 2974. Europe (Brandis).

3. F. xanthoxyloides, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 606. F. Moorcroftiana, Brandis
For. Fl. 304. Vern. Shang, Afgh.: Haniiz, niich, shilli, chtij, siju, chtim, thiim,
sanjal, sandal, shangal, butru, Pb. ; Anga, gaha, N.-W. Provinces; Tlidha, Kumaon ;
Eegcha, Bhutia.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark j to £ in. thick, ashy -grey,
smooth ; said to be much cracked when old. Wood white, moderately
hard, close-grained. Pores small, grouped in the annual ring, in the
rest of the wood in more or less obliquely concentric short strings, the
patches rather distant. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous.

Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Chitral ; West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon,
locally abundant in various places on dry slopes.

472 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

This small tree is often gregarious, and of slow growth. The wood is hard, and is
used for tool-handles, walking-sticks and fuel. Experiments made at Kandahar by
Capt. Call, R.E., with pieces 1' x 1" x 1", gave W = 32-2 lbs. and P = G41 (" Ind.
Forester," v. 480). It seems to be there called " Banufsh," or "Violet Wood." It is
a common and important tree in the Baluchistan forests, and the protection given by
the formation of Eeserved Forests has resulted in improved growth and the appearance
of many seedlings. It was formerly much pollarded for fodder, and the old trees still
bear trace of the practice.

lbs.

No. — , Dauli River, E. Kumaon (Mr. N. F. Troup).

H 4873. Hazara, Punjab (Elliott) 47

6. OSMANTHUS, Lour.

1. 0. fragrans, Lour. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 606 ; Gamble Darj. List 55. Olea
fragrans, Thunb.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105; Brandis For. Fl. 309. Vera. Shilling,
sihtng, Kumaon ; Tungrung, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, rough. Wood white, hard,
close- and even-grained. Pores in irregular light-coloured patches,
radially elongated, arranged obliquely and branching ; the patches
somewhat distant and forming a network, and the pores small and
numerous in them. White, very narrow parallel concentric lines
which look like annual rings, but are not. Medullary rays fine,
uniform.

Himalaya, from Garhwal to Bhutan at 4-7000 ft., doubtfully indigenous west of
Nepal ; Khasia Hills — extending to China and Japan. Often planted in gardens.

A very sweet-scented tree, the flowers having the scent of apricots. These flowers
are used in China to flavour tea, and in Kumaon to protect clothes from insects. The
structure of the wood is like that of most species of Shamnvs.

lbs.

O 4523. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

2. O. suavis, King; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 607; Gamble Darj. List 55. Vein. Silingi,

Nep. ; Chashing, Bhutia.

A small evergreen tree. Bark grey. Wood hard, white, the
structure the same as that of 0. fragrans, but the pore-patches some-
what broader and the concentric bands much fainter and reddish-
coloured instead of white.

Eastern Himalaya in Eastern Nepal and Sikkim at 9-10,000 ft., common on Mount
TuDglo near Darjeeling.

This has yellowish-white, speckled twigs and purple, plum-like fruits.

lbs
E 379. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston) 53

7. LINOCIERA, Swartz.

About twelve species, of which one is from the Assam-Burma region, three are from
Burma and one from the Andamans; three from South India and three from Ceylon.

L. Wightii, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 608 {Olea 1 inocieroides, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clii.), is a small tree of the Western Ghats from the Wynaad southwards. L. pur-
purea, Vahl; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 608; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 116; Vern. Kattimuruehan,
Tam. ; Oeriata, Cingh., is a small tree very common in the dry region of Ceylon;
while L. albidiflora, Thw. and L. leprocarpa, Thw. are also Cevlon trees, the latter
extending across to the Tiunevelly Ghats. L. pauciflora, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
609 (var. palemlanica ; Chionanthus palemhanicus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 159), is an ever-
green tree of the coast forests of the Andamans. L. tern i flora, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind.
iii. 610 (Olea ternijlora, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 157), is an evergreen tree of the tropical and
mixed forests of Chittagong and Burma with a pale brown rather heavy wood. L.

OLEACE/E 473

insignis, Clarke {Chionanthus montanus, Kurz For. PI. ii. 159) and L. mimttifiora,
Clarke (Ch. minutiflorus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 159) are trees of the hills of Martaban
and Tenasserim. L. caudata, Coll. and Hemsl. ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 84, is a
small tree of the Shan Hills Terai at 3000 ft.

Wood yellowish- white or light brown, hard, close-grained. Pores
small, usually in short radial groups. Medullary rays line or very fine,
distinct, numerous. Fine, fairly regular concentric lines prominent.

1. L. malabarica, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 607. Chionanthus malabaricns, Wall.;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cliv. ; Talbot Bomb. List 126. Vera. Punisi, punagam, Teb. ;
Esumuko, Khond ; Chedda neredi, Reddi.

A small tree. Wood creamy-white or yellowish-white, very hard,
close-grained, with a satiny lustre. Pores small, single or in short
radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, white, very numerous.
Narrow, fine, white concentric lines, like annual rings, fairly numerous.

Forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards ; also on the Eastern
Ghats in the Pullampet Taluk of Cuddapah.

A fine wood, very like boxwood.

J lbs.

D 3844. Kodur, Cuddapah (Gamble) 65

2. L. intermedia, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 60!) ; Talbot Bomb. List 126. Chio-
nanthus intermedins, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 239. G. dichotomas, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 108.
Vera. Deorkuda, K61.

A large tree. Bark \ in. thick, light yellowish-brown. Wood
white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, often
in pairs or threes, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equi-
distant. Fine concentric lines as in L. Truilaha/rwa.

Western Ghats of the Konkan ; Eastern Ghats from Chota Nagpore through Orissa,
the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; hills of South India, especially the Nilgiris and
Anamalais up to 6000 ft.

lbs.

C 3486. Kolhan Forests, Singbhtim (Gamble) —

3. L. macrophylla, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 610. Chionanthus macrophyttus,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 159.

A small tree. Bark brown, h in. thick. Wood pinkish-white,
moderately hard. Pores small, single or in short radial lines. Me-
dullary rays fine, numerous, bent where they touch the pores.

Eastern Bengal and Burma, in tropical forests.

O 3211. Saharanpur Botanic Garden (Duthie) cult.

8. OLEA, Linn.

Six species. O. dentata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 613; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 157, is an
evergreen tree of the drier hill forests and the hill Eug forests of Martaban and
Tenasserim, at 2-3000 ft.; also (var. salicifolia, Wall.) of the Khasia Hills, with a
pale or dark brown, heavy, close-grained wood. O. Gamblei, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind.
iii. 613; Gamble Darj. List 55; Vera. Jamu, Nep.. is a small tree of the lower hills
of Darjeeling, found in valleys near Pankabari at about 2-3000 ft. O. polygama,
Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 613; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 118 (0. Gardner*, Thw. ; Bedd.
FL Sylv. cliv.), is a small tree of the Sispara Ghat forests of the Xilgiris and the hills
of ( 'eylon above 4000 ft.

Wood hard, with a distinct heartwood in a few species. Pores
small to moderate-sized, numerous, subdivided or in short radial
groups. Medullary rays uniform, equidistant, fine or very fine.
Concentric lines in some species.

474 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. 0. ferruglnea, Royle 111. 257, t. 65; Brandis For. Fl. 576. 0. mspidata,
Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. Oil ; Brandis For. Fl. 307, t. 38. Indian Olive. Vern. Khimn,
shwan, Trans-Indus; Zaitun, Afgh. ; Ko, kohu, hao, lean, wi, Pb. ; Kau, Jaunsar;
Kahu, khau, Sind.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, thin, smooth when
young, when old exfoliating in long narrow strips. Wood very
hard, smooth, close- and even-grained : sapwood whitish ; heartwood
large, regularly shaped, from light brown or olive-brown to nearly
black, clouded. Annual rings sometimes marked by a belt of closely
packed pores, those in the rest of the ring very small, in irregular
patches of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, uniform, very numerous,
equidistant. Concentric lines very narrow, white, irregular, as in
Linociera.

Sind, Sulirnan Range, Salt Range ; West Himalaya, extending as far as the Jumna
eastwards, and ascending to 6000 ft., sometimes gregarious.

This important and useful hill tree is chiefly found near villages and in valleys,
partly in forest, partly on the borders of fields. It is prized by the villagers and rarely
cut down, but regularly lopped, so that it gets a rounded crown. Weight 65 to 82
lbs. per cubic foot, averaging 73 lbs. Brandis says that Sind wood weighs 65 lbs.,
but his specimen from the Sind Hills reaches S2 lbs. The wood polishes well and is
highly prized for turning, for combs, agricultural implements and fuel. The fruit is
eaten, but is rarel}' found on the trees owing to the fondness of crows for it. Oil has
been extracted from it, but only in small quantities, though of good quality. The
wood is worth trying as a substitute for boxwood or for the wood of the European
olive and for inlaying work, as it is often prettily marbled.

n.s.

P 2729. Hills of Sind (Brandis) 82

H 162. Shahpur (Stewart, 1866) 65

H 118. Vaziri-Rupi. 4000 ft. (Stenhouse) 7:;

H 779. Ohamba, 3500 ft. (Penally) 71

11 425. Koti Forest, Jaunsar, 6000 ft. (Bagsha we) .... 75
H 4806. Tiuni, Tons Valley, Jaunsar, 3000" ft. (Gamble) . . . 75

2. 0. europsea, Linn. The Olive. Olivier, Fr. ; Ulivo, Ital.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, brown, rough. Wood very
hard, close- and even-grained : sapwood whitish, heartwood irregular,
from light brown to dark brown and black, streaked and clouded.
Annual rings indistinct. Pores small, single or subdivided, or in
small groups in patches of loose tissue. Medullary rays tine, nume-
rous, wavy, short.

Occasionally cultivated in India. Indigenous in Syria.

The wood is described here as, some time ago, many endeavours were made to
introduce the tree, chiefly into the Punjab. Little is apparently known of the results
of the experiments (see also B. H. Baden-Powell, in "Ind. Forester," xxv. 380). It
was also tried in the Dun, but though there are trees alive, they are not thriving. It
has also been tried on the Nilgiris. The wood is valuable in Europe, and used in
turning, etc. The fruit gives the most valuable of oils. Mathieu gives the weight of
the wood at 52 to 70 lbs. per cubic foot.

I) L761. Bombay (?) .'■:'.

Nordliuger's Sections, vol. 2.

Hough's American Woods, vol. viii. No. 186.

3. 0. glandulifera, Wall.: Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 612; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 23S; Brandis
For. Fl. 309; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 118. 0. paniculate, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105. Verm
Gulili, raban, sira, phahh, Pb. ; Gair, <jaihl, Garhwal ; Gahlu, gurur, </ainda, Kumaon ;
Oaduli, Dotial ; Kunthay, Badaga.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark \ in. thick, grey, uneven, exfoliating
in brittle scales. Wood reddish-grey, hard. Ann mil ring* marked

OLEACE.E 475

by a distinct line. Pores moderate-sized, oval, subdivided, uniformly-
distributed. Medullary rays tine, numerous, prominent on a radial
section.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 2500 and C000 ft. ; Nilgiri and
Anamalai Hills in South India ; moist region of Ceylon at 2-5000 ft.

Iu the Western Himalaya, this tree is chiefly found in shady ravines, like those
of the Malkot Hills of Dehra Dun, and along rivers, as in the lower Tons valley ; in
the Nilgiris it is scarce, but affects sholas like those about Avalanche. A section of
a tree 43 years old, in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, showed 43 rings on a radius of
10 in. (Brandis); this would give 4-3 rings per inch or fast growth: the specimens
give 12 to 33 ring8 per inch of radius. Weight, on an average, 56 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is durable, takes a good polish and is not liable to be eaten by insects.

lbs.

H 928. Hazara, :1000 ft. (Baden-Powell) 59

H 2940. Suni, Simla, 3000 ft. (Gamble) 55

H 222. Garhwal Hills (1868) 50

W 3883. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .61

4. 0. dioiea, Koxb. Fl. Ind. i. 106 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 612 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cliii. ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 157 ; Gamble Darj. List 55 ; Talbot Bomb. List 126. Vern. Attu-
jam, Beng. ; Kala kiamoni, Nep. ; Timbernyok, Lepcha ; Koli, -payor, Tam. ; Parr
jamb, burra-nuge, mudla, Kan. ; Karamba, edana, Mar. ; Parava idalei, man idalei,
Trav. Hills.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood light reddish-brown, hard, rather
rough ; annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in
rings of pale tissue and arranged in radial somewhat oblique strings.
Medullar ij rays very fine, numerous. Concentric wavy lines broader
than in 0. ferruginea, and more frequent.

Eastern Himalaya in the Darjeeling lower hills ; Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chitta-
gong ; forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards.

lbs.

W 4681. Travancore (Bourdillon) 48

9. LIGUSTRUM, Linn.

Eleven species, all very closely allied to each other, and some very difficult to dis-
tinguish apart, especially those of the Nilgiris. L. robustum, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.

614 (Phillyrca robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 101, Olea robusta, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 158) ;
Vern. Bhuimiira, Sylhet, is a large shrub, or sometimes a tree (a large evergreen
tree (Kurz), of Eastern Bengal and Burma. L. Roa-burghii, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.

615 <L. robustum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cliv.) is a small tree of the hills of the Western
Ghats, common about Coonoor on the Nilgiris. L. Walheri, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
614; Trimen Fl. Ccyl. iii. 119, is a shrub or small tree of the hill region of Ceylon at
o-f>000 ft., also found in the Nilgiris. L. Decaisnei, Clarke is also a small tree
of the Nilgiris and other hills of South India. L. Massalongianum, Vis. and L.
Myrsinites, Dene, are shrubs of the Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft. L. confusion, Dene. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 616 ; Gamble Darj. List 55, is a small tree of the higher ranges of the
Eastern Himalaya, and the Khasia Hills. L. nepalense, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 617
(L. bracteolatum, Brandis For. Fl. 310, probably also L. robustum, Hook f. and Th. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 310) ; Vern. Keri, banpatara, Hind. ; Mercha, Kumaon; Keri, Nep..
is a small or moderate-sized tree of the Central Himalaya from Garhwal to Nepal, also
of (he Shau Hills in Upper Burma. The European Privet is L. vidgare, Linn. L.
lucidum, Aiton, is a handsome evergreen Chinese shrub often cultivated in India.

Wood white, even-grained. Pores small. Medullary rays fine,
numerous. A nnual rings sometimes marked by a continuous line of
larger pores.

1. L. neilg-herrense, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 615; Talbot Bomb. List 127.
Vern. Koli, Badaga; Kungin, Mar.

476 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A small tree. Bark thin, greyish-white. Wood white, mode-
rately hard, with a satiny lustre. Pores small, often in radial lines or
triangular groups of three. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Higher parts of the Western Ghats of the Konkan and North Kanara, extending
southwards to the Nilgiri Hills, at 5-8000 ft.

W. 3863. Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. L. Perrottetii, A. DC ; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 615 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. cliii.

A shrub. Bark brown, smooth. Wood white, moderately hard,
structure similar to that of X. neilgherrense.

Hills of South India, common in the Nilgiris on the banks of streams like the
Pykara and Kundahs rivers.

W 3743. Coonoon, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

3. L. eompaetum, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 616 ; Brandis For. Fl. 310.
Vern. Kakurcha, Jaunsar.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark grey, smooth, with rounded
lenticels, thin. Wood white, moderately hard, close- and even-grained.
Annual rings marked by a continuous belt of small pores; in the
rest of the wood the pores are extremely small, regularly dis-
tributed, but rather scanty. Medullary rays fine and very fine,
numerous.

Western Himalaya from the Beas to the Sarda at 3-6000 ft.

This much resembles a large plant of the European Privet. It is found along
streams. Growth slow, 17 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 3059. Koti, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 64

H 4779. Harianta Forest, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. (Gamble) .... 5:*.

10; MYXOPYRUM, Bl. M. smilacifolium, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 618; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 160 ; Gamble Darj. List 55 is an evergreen large scandent shrub of the
forests of the Sikkim Terai, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Martaban and South India.

Order LXXI. SALVADORACEJE.

Three Indian genera, Dobera. Salvadora, and Azima. The Order resembles Olk a< k.k.
but the flowers have four stamens instead of two only.

1. DOBERA, Juss. D. fioxburghii, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 619 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 127 (Blackbarnia monadelpha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 415) is a large tree of the hills of
the Northern Circars, said by Roxburgh to have a thin bark, yellowish-green outside,
deep red within. In the Fl. Br. Ind. it is only recorded from Bombay, but Talbot says
he does not know it. Roxburgh says the wood is " white, close-grained and durable,
' the natives employ it for a variety of purposes." It is noticeable that while the Fl.
Br. Ind. gives the leaves as "opposite," Roxburgh calls them "alternate." so tiiat
there may be some mistake about it. It seems to be a rare tree, and I do not think 1
ever met with it in the Circar Mountains.

2. SALVADORA, Linn.

1. S. persica, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 619; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 389; Brandis For.
Fl. 315; Talbot Bomb. List 128; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 120. S. Wightiana, bete.
PI. Sylv. t. 247. The Tooth-brush tree. Vern. Anile, irak, Arab.: Kabbar, kha-
ridjar, pilu, Sind; J/idl, Rajputana; Pillu, Jeypore ; Charlijdl, Merwara; Kauri
nil/, hinri-jiil, jhtir, flat, Pb. ; Opa, ughai, way, viyay, Tarn. ; Waragu-wenki, ghunia,
waragogu, Tel.; Pilu, pilva, khakhin, Mar.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, soft.
Pores small, in short radial lines, enclosed in oval patches of soft

SALVADOR ACE/E 477

tissue, very scantily distributed, but prominent on a vertical section.
Numerous, line, interrupted, concentric bands of soft tissue, separating
broader bands of firm texture, in which the fine and numerous
medullary rays are distinctly visible.

Dry regions of India, especially on saline soils, and often on black cotton soil :
Sind, Baluchistan, the Punjab and Bajputana; the valley of the Ganges about Delhi
and Agra ; Guzerat, the Konkan and other parts of the Bombay Presidency ; the
Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; the dry, especially coast, regions of Ceylon.

The tree is generally small, but in favourable circumstances attains 30 to 40 ft.,
with a short trunk, often crooked and fluted, 8 to 10 ft. long and 4 to 5 ft. in girth.
Specimens have been seen with as much as 14 ft. 9 in. in girth. It is most common
in open places near villages, in hedges, on tank bunds, and in similar localities.
Weight 40-5 lbs. (Dalzell) ; 46 lbs. (Fenner) ; the specimens enumerated give 38 to
45 lbs. The wood is very little used, and is not even a good fuel. The twigs are
used as tooth-cleaners ; the root bark is very acrid, and acts on the skin like a blister;
the shoots and leaves are pungent, but are considered as an antidote to poison, they
are eaten as salad and given as fodder to camels ; the fruit also is pungent, bitter and
aromatic, and is used medicinally, or, with the leaves and shoots, as a relish ; the seeds
give an oil.

The tree is readily reproduced from seed and coppices well, but the growth is flow
(Brandis).

P1381. Sind 38

D 4204. Kistna District (Gamble) 45

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

2. S. Oleoides, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 620 ; Brandis For. Fl. 316, t. 39 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 128. Vern. Kabbar, jhdr, didr, mithididr, Sind; Jdl, van, vdni, mifhi
odn, Pb. ; Jhal, Hind. ; Pilu, Mar.

A large evergreen shrub or tree. Bark \ in. thick, whitish -grey,
tessellated. Wood light red, moderately hard, with a small, irregular,
purple heartwood. Pores large and small, oval, often subdivided,
surrounded by irregular patches of soft tissue, which are joined into
wavy, irregular, zigzag, concentric bands ; scanty, but much more
numerous and prominent than in S. persica, prominent on a vertical
section. Medullary rays fine, numerous, distinct, at unequal
distances.

Sind and Punjab, often forming the greater part of the vegetation of the desert :
ascends to 3000 ft. in the Trans-Indus Hills, and to 2400 ft. in the Salt Eange.

This tree sometimes grows to a considerable size, and W. Coldstream, in " Eco-
nomic Products of the Desert Tracts of Mozuffergarh " (Agri.-Hort. Soc. Cede. xiii.
1864), mentions a Jlxdl tree 14 ft. in circumference. He says that, the foliage being
thick, the tree affords good shade for cattle, and that the dried fruit (Khobar) resembles
currants. There can be no doubt that the tree is a very important one for reclothing
bare and desert tracts in the Sind-Punjab region. If protected, as in the Sibi forests,
the growth comes on well and rapidly covers the ground, becoming sometimes almost
impenetrable. The wood is sometimes used for building and agricultural implements-,
Persian wheels and the knee timbers of boats ; it is a bad fuel, and leaves a great deal
of ash. Weight 49 lbs. (Brandis); specimens mentioned below give 54 lbs. (Punjab)
and 38 lbs. (Sind). The fruit is sweet and is eaten ; in times of scarcity it has proved
of considerable value to the poorer classes in Sind. The seeds give a greenish oil, used,
as also are the leaves and bark, in native medicine. The branches are lopped for
camel-fodder, but other animals do not eat them.

lbs.
P 942. Multan (with heartwood) (Baden- Powell) . . . .54

P 1382. Sind (no heartwood) 38

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. X. 4).

478 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. AZIMA, Lamk.

Two species, erect or rambling thorny shrubs. A. sarmeatosa, Benth.: Fl. Br. Ind.
iii. 620, is an erect shrub of Upper Burma extending thence as far south as Prome. It
is probably, as suggested by Collett and Hemsley (Jouru. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 85), the
species described in Kurz For. Fl. ii. 161, as A. tetracantha.

1. A. tetracantha, Lamk.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 620; Talbot Bomb. List 128:
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 121. Monetia barleriorides, L'Her. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 765.
Vern. Trikanta-juti, Beng. ; Kanta-gur-lcamai, Hind.; Telhi up!, Tel.: Sukkaput,
Icandali, Mar.; Iyanku, ichanku, Tarn.; Katuniyada, wel-deh!, Cingh.

A straggling thorny shrub. Bark light brown, rough. Wood
white, soft, consisting of concentric layers in which the pores, sur-
rounded by white loose tissue, are alternately scanty and many. Pores
small to moderate-sized. Medullary rays white, broad.

Orissa, the Circars and Deccan, common all down the Coromandel coast ; dry
region of Ceylon.

A good hedge-plant. The leaves and bark are used in native medicine, for various
diseases. The white berries are eaten.

C 3785. Berhampore, Ganjam (Gamble).

Order LXXII. APOCYNACEJE.

A large Order containing 37 Indian woody genera, most of which are of comparatively
little importance in Forest Economy. A few genera, however, produce trees, such as
Alstonia, Holarrliena, Wrightia, all with white soft woods used for carvings and
turnery. Cerbera and Ochrosia are important constituents of the tidal forests. Carissa
gives thorny bushes with hard wood, common in the dry regions and bearing edible
fruits. AUamanda, Thevetia and Plurneria afford handsome garden plants. Most of
the rest are climbers, some, like Beaumontia, of very large size; and some affording
caoutchouc of variable quality. The members of the Order mostly have opposite
leaves and milky juice, and some of them are poisonous. To this Order belong the
species of Landolphia known as " Accra Rubber" plants, the "Lagos rubber" plant,
Funtumia elastica, Stapf, the species of Kichxia and perhaps other India-rubber
producing plants of importance.

The genera belong to three Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Carissese .... AUamanda, Willoughbeia, Chilocarpus,

Melodious, AVinchia, Carissa.

„ II. Plumerieaa . . . Rauwolfia, Alyxia, Hunteria, Thevetia,

Cerbera, Ochrosia, Kopsia, Rhazya,
Plurneria, Ellertonia, Alstonia, Ho-
larrliena, Tabernajmontana, Par-
sonsia.

,, III. Ech it ideas .... Yallaris, Pottsia, Wrightia, Nerium,

Strophanthus, Urceola, Parameria,
Beaumontia, Choneinorpha, Ecdysan-
thera, Aganosma, Epigynum, Rhyn-
chodia, Trachelospermum, Anoden-
dron, Ichnocarpus, Micrechites.

Wood white, soft to hard, even-grained, rarely with heartwood.
Pores small or very small (larger in climbers), scanty, in short or long-
radial groups. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Occasional
lio-lit concentric lines as in Alstonia.

Tribe I. CARISSEJ1.
1. ALL AM AND A, Linn.

1. A. eathartiea, Linn. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 161 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 121. Vern.
Wal-mik-attana, Cingh.

APOCYXACE.K 470

An evergreen straggling shrub. Wood soft, light brown. Pores
small, in long radial strings, sometimes interrupted ; the annual ring*
marked by a belt of somewhat larger ones. Medullary rays very fine
to fine, rather variable in width, many regular very fine ones alter-
nating with few fine.

Cultivated in gardens and often found, run wild ; originally from America. Tidal
backwaters of the West Coast (Bedd.) ; low country of Ceylon (Trimen) ; village
.shrubberies in Burma (Kurz).

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

2. WILLOUGHBEIA, Roxb.

Two species. W. ceylanica, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 624; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clvi. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 123 ; Vern. Kiri-wel, Cingh., is a large woody climber of the
moist forests of Ceylon up to 4000 ft., giving a kind of caoutchouc of no use as india-
rubber, and locally employed only as a sort of birdlime to catch insects in paddy-fields.
It has also an edible fruit.

1. W. edulis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 57; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. G23 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 165.
IT. martabonica, Wall. : Kurz For. Fl. ii. 165. Vern. Luti-am, Benj;. ; Thitchauknwe,

tiilninrj-no, Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Bark dark brown, h in. thick, wrinkled
in longitudinal folds. Wood yellow, soft, porous. Pores large and
very large, thick-walled, in radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays
fine, not numerous, indistinct, bent round the pores.

Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma.

The fruit is edible. Kurz says the plant gives an inferior kind of caoutchouc, and
Roxburgh that it yields "a viscid juice, which, by exposure to the open air, is changed
' into an indifferent kind of elastic rubber."

Chittagong — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

3. CHILOCARPUS, Blume. C. atro-virldis, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 626 (C. maU-
baricus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. civ., Winchia atro-viridis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 170), is a lar^e
evergreen climbing shrub of Tenasserim as well as of the moist forests of South Kanara
and Malabar, where it is common on the Carcoor Ghat at 2000 ft. (Bedd.).

4. MELODINUS, Forst. Two species. M. monogynus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 56 :
Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 629, is a tall milky climber of the Sikkim Himalaya, Assam, the
Khasia Hills and Sylhet. M. khaskmus, Hook, f., occurs in the Khasia Hills at
5-7000 ft.

5. WINCHIA, A. DC. W. ccdophylla, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 630; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 170, is an evergreen shrub of Martabau, apparently scandent.

0. CARISSA, Linn.

Five species of thorny shrubs, three of which are erect and two climbing. The
three erect species are variable and difficult to distinguish. C. paucinervia, A. DC;
PI. Br. Ind. iii. 631 (C. Carandas, var. paucinervia ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clvii.), is a thorny
shrub of the Nilgiri Hills, recognized by its narrower acute leaves. O. sttavissima,
Bedd. : FJ. Br. Ind. iii. 632, is a climber of the hills of Madura.

1. C. Carandas, Linn.: Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 630; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 687: Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. clvi.; Brandis For. Fl. 320; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 16'.i ; Talbot Bomb. List 129:
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 124. Vern. Karaunda, karatm, harunda, horinda, garinga,
timuhhia, gotho, Hind. ; Kurumcha, hurumia, bainchi, Beng. ; Kalivi, Jcalli, kaiikai,
Tel.; Karekai, heggarjige, Kan.: Kalaaha, perunkila, Tain.: Karwand, hartundi,
Bombay; Kenda kcri, kerendo kuli, \5viyw : A""», Barm.; Mahalearamha, Cingh.

480 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A large shrub or small tree. Bark yellowish-brown, peeling oft' in
square flakes. Wood white ; heartwood irregular greyish- or orange-
yellow, streaked, hard, smooth, close-grained. Pores small, irregularly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous.

Dry forests in Oudh, Gorakhpur, Bengal, South India, the Konkan and Kanara ;
also in Burma and Ceylon: often cultivated.

The wood is used as fuel, and spoons and combs are made of it, especially at
Udayagiri in Nellore, equally with that of C. spinarum, which is similar. Tbe thorny
branches are used for fencing. The fruit is excellent, especially for making tarts and
preserves.

D 4159. Pidugurala, Palnad, Kistna (Gamble). I believe this to be correctly
identified ; my Orissa specimens seem all to belong to G. spinarum.

2. C. spinarum, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. Hi. 631; Talbot Bomb. List 129; Trimeu
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 125. 0. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 689 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clvii. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 321; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 169. C.hirsuta, Roth; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 169. Vern.
Garaunda, garrta, Kashmir ; Karaunda, Hind.; Gdn, garna, garinda, Punjab ; San
karunda, anha koli, Uriya ; Kolongda, Koderma ; Wakoilu, kalikai,Te\.; Karawdn,
Sonthal; Kanuwdn, Oraon ; Ghirukila, kilatti, Tarn.; Hi a -Tea ram ba, Cingh.

A small thorny evergreen shrub. Bark thin, light yellowish-grey,
fibrous. Wood hard, smooth, close-grained, sapwood white, heartwood
irregular, grey or brown or orange-brown, or even black, streaked.
Annual rings marked by an interrupted line of small pores, pores in
the rest of the wood small and very small, rather scanty. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous.

Dry country throughout India : in the Himalaya from Kashmir and the Punjab
eastwards to Sikkim, where it is only found on dry aspects on the outer hills of
Sivoke ; thence southwards, especially in the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; dry region
of Ceylon ; Upper Burma ; coast of South Andaman (Kurz).

A well-known and rather important forest bush : in spite of its being greedily eaten
by sheep and goats it persists on the poorest, rockiest of soils, and is an important
element in any attempt to reafforest such lands. It is often gregarious, " here and
' there forming underwood in forests of bamboo in the Siwalik tract, of Pinus long if 61 in
' in Kangra, of teak in Saugor" (Brandis), and very common on the laterite hills of the
Circars and Carnatic. The wood is used, with that of G. Carandas, for turning articles
such as the carved spoons of Udayagiri in Nellore ; it closely resembles boxwood and is
made into combs. J. L. Stewart says the old wood is used as a medicine. It is an
excellent fuel. The thorny branches are very largely used for fencing fields, and the
fruit is eaten and makes good tarts. The growth is slow, 8 to 15 rings per inch of
radius.

lbs.

P 112. P.hajji, Simla, 4000 ft —

O 4938. Saharanpur Siwaliks (Gradon) 56

C 3649. Itkuri, Hazaribagh (Gamble) —

C 3511, 3518, 3569. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) . . . —

3. C. maerophylla, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 631 ; Talbot Bomb. List 129.
C. Dalzellii, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clvii.

A large erect or climbing shrub with long strong recurved thorns.
Bark brown, rough, peeling off in small flakes. Wood white, soft.
Pore* moderate-sized, evenly distributed. Medullary rays very fine,
numerous.

Evergreen forests of the Western Coast from the Konkan southwards to Tinne-
velly, abundant about Carwar, Coorg and the Nilgiris.

The Fl. Br. Ind., Beddome and Talbot all speak of this as erect, Beddome even
speaks of it as a small tree, but on the Nilgiris I have only seen it straggling or climbing.
It is possible that my plant may be G. suavissima, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 632 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 130, which Talbot considers only a variety of C. maerophylla, but the
Xilgiri plant has long, strong curved thorns, not " very small spines," as G. suavissima

APOCYNACE^ 481

is said to possess. The fruit is edible, said to be superior to that of C. Oarandas
(Bedd.) ; and the milky juice gives a sort of caoutchouc, but only in very small
quantities.

W 3817. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

Tribe II. PLUMERIKE.

7. EAUWOLFIA, Linn. About seven species, small sbrubs, only two of which
are noticeable. R. serpentina, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 632 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 171 ;
Gamble Darj. List 55; Talbot Bomb. List 130 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 126 {Ophioxylon
serpentinum, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 694; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clvi.) ; Vera. Chandra,
Beng. ; Patalgani, Tel.; Harki, hadaki, Mar.; Eka-weriya, rdt-ekaweriya, Cingh.,
is a small sbrub of the undergrowth of Indian forests and in savannabs from the
Dehra Dun eastwards and southwards. R. densiflora, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 633 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 130; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 126 {Ophioxylon densiflorum, Wall.;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clvi.), is a rather large sbrub of the forest undergrowth in the Khasia
Hills and in the hills of South India and Ceylon. R. canescens, Linn, is a West Indian
shrub cultivated in Indian gardens and often found run wild, as at Madras.

8. ALYXIA, Br. About six species, shrubs or climbers of no importance. A.
gracilis, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 634, is a climbing shrub of the Darjeeling Terai and
the Khasia Hills. A. ceylanica, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 636 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 127,
is a shrub of the moist low country of Ceylon. A. stellata, Roem. and Sen. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. iii. 636 {Gynopogon stellatum, Labill. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 176), is a climbing shrub
of the rocky shores of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

9. HUNTERIA, Roxb.

1. H. COPymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 695 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 637 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iii. 128. H. zeylanica, Retz ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 265. H. Roxburghiana, Wight ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. clviii. Gynopogon lanceolatum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 177. Vern. Mediya, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark light brown, thin, smooth except for occasional
irregular excrescences. Wood brownish-yellow, very hard, close- and
even-grained. Pores small, numerous, regularly distributed. Medullary
rays line and very line, numerous.

Eastern coast of the Carnatic ; Tavoy in Burma ; moist low country of Ceylon.
The leaves are used to apply to wounds. The wood has been used in Ceylon for
wood-engraving.

Ceylon — Kew Museum (W. Ferguson).

10. THEVETIA, Linn.

1. T. neriifolia, Juss.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 168. Yellow Oleander. Yern. Zard
kunel, pila kaner, Hind. ; Kolkaphiil, Beng. ; Payaungban, Burm.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark thin, greyish-brown, shining.
Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores very small and small, numerous.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, the distance between them
less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Cultivated in gardens everywhere in the plains of India and in Burma and Ceylon,
one of the most common of garden plants, and often found run wild ; native of the
W. Indies.

This exceedingly common garden plant is at once recognized by its narrow leaves
and yellow flowers, and it is curious that it should not be mentioned by Roxburgh,
Brandis, Talbot or Trimen, all of whom mention other introduced plants which are "by
no means so common. The milky juice of the tree is highly poisonous, and the bark is
occasionally used as a febrifuge, but must be employed with caution. The seeds give
a bright yellow oil, which burns well without much smoke, and is used in medicine.
The tree is very easily propagated, and can be grown as a hedge-plant.

C 3496. Chaibassa, Chota Xagpore (Gamble).

2 I

482 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

11. CERBERA, Linn.

2. C. Odollam, Gaertn. ; PI. Br. Ind. iii. 638 ; Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 692 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. clvii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 322; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 171; Talbot Bomb. List 130;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 128. Vern. Dabiir, dhahur, Beng. ; Odolam, suhanu, Mar. ; Kada
ma, hat arali, Tam. ; Othalam, Mai.; Gon-kaduru, Cingh. ; Kalwa, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood grey, very soft, spongy.
Annual rings marked by a sharp line. Pores small, in short radial
lines. Medullary rays indistinct.

Coast forests of India, Ceylon and Burma, very common.

Growth fast, 5 to 7 rings per inch of radius. The wood is only occasionally used
for firewood. The seeds give an oil which is used for burning.

lbs.

E 400. Sundarbans (Richardson) 21

12. OCHROSIA, Juss. 0. borbonica, Gmel.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 638 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clviii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 129, t. 60 (0. salubris, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 172); Vern.
Mudu-haduru, Cingh., is a moderate-sized evergreen tree of the tidal forests of South
India, Ceylon and the Andaman Islands. It is very like Cerbera Odollam, and the large
fruits, "especially when the outer skin is removed and the stringy endocarp only is
' seen, are not distinguishable from those of that species " (Prain), but the small flowers
and opposite leaves at once separate it when seen growing. Trimen says it is a more
decidedly maritime species than O. Odollam, and that it is full of thick milky juice
which is extremely viscid.

The wood of a specimen from Reunion in the Kew Museum has: wood yellow,
moderately hard, even-grained ; pores small, regularly distributed ; medullary rays
moderately broad, not numerous, indistinct.

13. KOPSIA, Blume.

1. K. fruticosa, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 639. Cerbera fruticosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i. 691. Calpicarpum Boxburghii, G. Don; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 178. Vern. Salat, Burm.

A large evergreen shrub. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Pores
small, scanty, subdivided or in short radial strings. Medullar y rays
fine, numerous, regular.

Tropical forests of Burma ; often planted in Indian gardens.

Singapore — Kew Museum (Ridley).

14. RHAZYA, Dene. P. stricta, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 640 ; Brandis For. Fl. 322 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 131 ; Vern. Sewar, sihar, ishioarg, Sind ; Vargalum, Pushtu; Gan-
dera, Trans-Indus ; Vena, Salt Range, is a small glabrous stout shrub of the plains
country of Sind, the trans-Indus Districts, Baluchistan and Afghanistan. The leaves
are given as fodder to goats, after they have been steeped in water for some days to
remove the bitterness ; and the fruit and leaves are used in native medicine. The wood
is used for fuel. The dried fruit is employed in Baluchistan as a rennet to coagulate milk.

15. PLUMERIA, Linn.

Introduced trees. P. alba, Jacq. is common in gardens and near temples about the
older towns of India, as at Madras, and is recognized by its thick reticulate leaves anil
large white flowers. P. rubra, Linn, of the West Indies gives the perfume known as
M Frangipani."

1. P. acutifolia, Poiret; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 641; Brandis For. Fl. 323; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 179 ; Gamble Darj. List 55 ; Talbot Bomb. List 131 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 130.
P. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 20. The Pagoda tree, or Temple tree. Vern. Gul achin,
golainchi, chameli, Hind. ; Khair champa, son champa, Bombay ; Champa pungdr,
Gondi ; Qulijbar, Sonthal; Chin cliampa, Monghyr ; Kanagala, Kan. ; Kuppa-almii ,
Tam. ; Alariya, Cingh. ; Tayok saga, Burm.

A fleshy deciduous small tree. Bark thick with smooth outer

APOCYNACEiE 483

layer, grey, shining, exfoliating in small flakes. Wood yellowish-
white, soft. Pores small, in short radial groups, rather scanty.
Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Cultivated throughout India, Burma and Ceylon : native country unknown (see
Brandis, Trimen, etc.).

A very common and conspicuous garden plant, frequently met with ahout temples.
It very rarely fruits, but is easily propagated by cuttings. Attempts have been made,
but unsuccessfully, to make caoutchouc of the milk. The flowers, which are white out-
side, pale yellow within, are very fragrant and are made into garlands. Graham Anderson
says the wood is good for native drums, otherwise I have never heard of its use for any
purpose, but it is by no means very bad.

lbs.

0 4521. Dehra Dun (Gamble) 37

16. ELLERTONIA, Wight. E. Rheedii, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 641 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 131, is a climbing shrub of the Western Ghats.

17. ALSTONIA, Br.

Three or four species. A. venenata, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 642 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clx. ;
Talbot Bomb. List 131, is a handsome shrub of the forests of South India, in North
Kanara, the eastern slopes of the Nilgiris at 3-5000 ft. and elsewhere. It is very close
to A. neriifolia, Don. A. Kurzii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 643 {A. spectabilis, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 183), is a large evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands, reaching 100 ft. in
height and a girth of 6 to 7 ft., but very closely allied to A. scholaris.

1. A. SCholaris, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 642; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 242; Brandis For.
Fl. 325; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 183; Gamble Darj. List 55; Talbot Bomb. List 131;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 133. Vern. Chatwan, chatinn, Beng. ; Satiun, chatiun, satwin,
satni, Hind. ; Lationj, Kumaon ; Chatiwan, Nep. ; Purbo, Lepcha ; Satidna, Ass. ;
Chhatiana, Uriya ; Chhatni, Sonthal ; Chhatin, Mai Pahari ; Ghatni, bomudu, K61 ;
Chochnia, Khond ; Satwin, saptaparni, Mar. ; Sattni, Cachar ; Pala, wodrase, elilaip-
paJai, mukampalei, Tam. ; Eda-kida, pala garuda, Tel. ; Mukampala, elila-pala, ko-
dapala, Mai.; Janthalla, mudhol, kodale, Kan.; Rukattana, Cingh.; Chnile, chalain,
Magh ; Taungmeok, taungsaga, lettuk, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, somewhat rough, lenti-
cellate. Wood white, soft, even-grained, seasons badly, and soon gets
mouldy and discoloured if allowed to season in log. Pores moderate-
sized, oval, subdivided, ringed, scanty. Medullary rays fine, wavy,
irregularly distributed, with numerous intermediate extremely fine
rays. Numerous, fine, wavy concentric lines at unequal distances.

Throughout the moister regions of India, but nowhere very common : sub-Himalayan
tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Eastern Bengal and Assam ;
deciduous forests of Burma, extending north to Myitkyina; Western and Southern
India ; low country of Ceylon.

A handsome tree with whorled branches and smooth, shining, milky, parallel-veined
leaves.

Weight 28 lbs. per cubic foot ; Brandis gives 40 lbs., and Kyd (Echites scholaris)
40-5 lbs. and P = 710. Bourdillon gives W = 27 lbs. P = 416. The wood is not
durable, but is easily worked; it is used for boxes, furniture, scabbards, coffins and
other purposes, and is made into blackboards in Burma. It is used occasionally in Dar-
jeeling, Assam and Cachar for tea-boxes. The wood and bark are bitter ; the latter is
used as a tonic, anthelmintic and antiperiodic.

lbs.
O 4809. Bidhalna Forest, Dehra Diin (Gamble) 28

C 4208. Ganjam Forests (Gamble)

E 577. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

E 718. Chittagong (Chester)

E 1270. Lakliimpur, Assam (G. Mann)

W 863. South Kanara (Cherry)

No. 75, Ceylon Collection (old), No. 121 (new)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. X. 5).

29
28
28
31
28
26

484 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. A. neriifolia, Don; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 642 ; Gamble Darj. List 55. Vern. Chatwa,
Nep. ; Purbo, Lepcha.

A shrub. Bark thin, light brown, somewhat corky. Wood white,
moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, in long radial lines.
Medullary rays of two kinds, many very fine and occasional broader
ones which are very short. Annual rings marked by a line of pores
and a band of pale tissue.

Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Bhutan ; Northern Circars.

I have been in doubt about this specimen ; it has the leaves of A. neriifolia and the
fruit of A. venenata, but seems to be nearer the former on the whole.

C 3835. Surada Forest, Ganjam (Gamble).

18. HOLARRHENA, Br.

1. H. antidysenteriea, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 644; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clx. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 326, t. 40 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 182 ; Gamble Darj. List 55 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 132. E. Codaga, G. Don ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 181. Vern. Karra, kaura, kora, kura,
huar, kari, Jcarchi, dhudi, Hind. ; Kor, Kashmir; Kogar, kiam, Pb. ; KuraJ, Kumaon ;
Kachri, Oudh ; Samoka, girchi, Gondi ; Kurakat, Kurku ; Ankhria, Bhil ; Dhowda,
Guz. ; Kirra, karingi, Nep. ; Dudhali, dudhhuri, Mechi ; Dudcory, Ass. ; Madmandi,
Garo ; Patrukurwan, pita Jcorwa, kherwa, Uriya; Dowla, hura, indrajau, Bombay;
Karru, Jeypore ; Dudhidri, Berar ; Dudi, kurakhatto, Melghat ; Korkoria, Oraon ;
Kurchi, Bhumij ; Kuria, Kharwar ; Hat, Sonthal ; Kurdu, Mai Pahari ; Towa, kuti,
K61 ; Pardali, Khond ; Pal, Koya; Pala, Beddi ; Vepali, kodagapalei, Tarn. ; Pala,
kodaga, Tel. ; Kurra, Mar. ; Lettolckyi, lettukthein, Burm.

A small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, brown, rough, exfoliating
in small irregular flakes. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Annual
rings marked by a faint line. Pores small, numerous, grouped in
radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Cellular tissue
loose.

Throughout India and Burma, ascending in the Lower Himalaya to 3500 ft., and to
a similar altitude on the hills of S. India.

One of the most universally widespread of Indian Forest trees, and sylviculturally
important as an associate of Sal in Northern and Central India and of Eng in Burma,
and as being both one of the last trees to disappear in denuded forests and one of the
first to come up on waste lands. This is probably due to its flowering regularly even as
a bush or coppice clump, to its producing much seed, which often does not get dispersed
until after the fire-season, and to its leaves being distasteful to cattle and goats. It
appears also regularly in open grass lands, and is a great help in reclothing those lands
under protection from fire, and so paving the way to the appearance and growth of more
valuable but more tender and slower-growing species. It coppices abundantly, the
shoots, even from burnt stools, growing very strong and quickly.

Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse
strength of the wood have been determined by the following experiments : —

Weight

iu lbs. P.

Kyd (1831) in Assam, with bars ( (H. antidysenteriea) . . 47 417

2 ft. x 1 in. x 1 in., found \ (//. pubescens) . . .34 523

Skinner (1862) in South India, No. 134, found .... 38 562

The specimens here enumerated give an average of 38 to 39 lbs., and 40 lbs. per cubic
foot may be taken as a mean average.

The wood is largely used for carvings, especially in Saharanpur and Bijnor Districts,
where tables, picture-frames, paper-knives, toys, spoons, forks, plates, and many other
similar articles are made of it ; in Assam for furniture ; in South India for turning.
The bark, leaves, fruits and seeds are used medicinally, the bark as a tonic and febrifuge
and in dysentery. Hamilton, in Aikin's List of Wallich's specimens, says beads are
made of the wood in Assam to be worn round the neck as a medicine. Brandis says the
branches are used for fodder or litter, but I have never, that I can remember, seen them
cut for fodder, and my impression is that the leaves are disliked by cattle and goats.

APOCYNACE^E 485

lbs.

0 4426. Dehra Dun Forests (Grenfell) 48

0 258, 263. Garhwal (1868) 33 and 34

0 3083. Gonda, Oudh —

C 2801. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 36

C 1158. Ahiri Beserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . . —
C 2734. Moharli „ „ „ (BraDdis) . . . .44

C 957. Guzerat (Shuttleworth) 41

C 3558. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

C 4209. Ganjam „ „ (Gamble) 34

No. 52, Salem Collection (marked Wrightia tinctoria) . . . .39
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7.

2. H. mitiS, R. Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 645 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxi. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 131. Vern. Kiriwalla, kiri-mawara, Cingb.

A rather tall slender tree. Bark whitish, smooth. Wood white,
close-grained, soft, in structure resembling that of H. antidysenterica,
but the medullary rays are much broader.

CeyloD, chiefly in the dry region of the low country.

Both the wood and bark are used as a remedy for fever and dysentery. Mendis
says the wood is used for inlaying, ornamental furniture, cabinet work, frames, etc.

lbs.

No. 46 (old), Ceylon Collection (Echites lanceolata), No. 73 (new) . . 35

19. TABERN^EMONTANA, Plum.

About ten species, mostly evergreen shrubs or small trees with sweet-scented white
flowers. T. crispa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 24; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 639 (T. alternifolia, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 24 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 174), is a large shrub of the coast of the Andaman
Islands. T. recurva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 26 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 648 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 174 ;
Vern. Tawmlat, Burm., is a shrub of the tropical forests of Chittagong and Burma,
b'ive others are less common Burmese shrubs.

1. T. dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 21 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 645 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clix. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 132. Vern. Bivi-kaduru, Cingh.

A small tree. Wood yellowish-white, moderately hard. Pores
small, often subdivided or in radial strings, unevenly arranged.
Medullary rays moderately broad, scanty, with several fine ones
between.

Forests of the Western Ghats ; moist low country of Ceylon.
Ceylon : Int. Exhn., 1862 — Kew Museum.

2. T. Heyneana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 646 ; Talbot Bomb. List 132. Vern.
Xaglkudu, pandra-kura, Mar.

A small tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood white or light grey.
Pores very small, in radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
short, forming a marked silver-grain.

Western Ghats, from the Koukan southwards, rising to 4000 ft., in evergreen
forests, common in Wynaad.

lbs.
W 4592. Travancore (Bourdillon) 36

3. T. coronaria, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 646 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 23 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. clix. ; Brandis For. Fl. 322 ; Gamble Darj. List 55 ; Talbot Bomb. List 132 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 133. T. divaricata, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 174. Vern. Chandui,
taggai, taggar, jirki-tayar (single), tara-togar (double), Hind.; Asuru, Nep. ; Krim,
Lepcba.

An evergreen shrub. Bark silvery grey. Wood white, moderately
hard, close-grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

486 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Sub-Himalayan tract, from Dehra Dun eastwards ; very common in the lower
Darjeeling Hills. Cultivated throughout India, Burma and Ceylon.

The Fl. Br. Ind. considers this as not indigenous, but it occurs commonly in the
Darjeeling forests, and, indeed, even so far west as the Dehra Dun (Thano), with some
appearance of being truly indigenous. It is everywhere cultivated in gardens, where
the flowers may be either single or double, and are very fragrant.

Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. The fruit has a red pulp, which may give
a dye. The flowers are made into garlands for offerings in Hindu temples.

lbs.

E 2392. Sivoke Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .47

20. PARSONSIA, R. Br. P. spiralis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 650 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 180 ; Talbot Bomb. List 132, is an evergreen climbing shrub of Sylhet, Burma and
the Western Ghats, common in North Kanara.

Tribe III. ECHITIDEJ].

21. VALLARIS, Burm.

1. V. Heynei, Spreng. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 650; Talbot Bomb. List 133; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 135. V. dichdtoma, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 327 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 181.
Echites dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 19. Vera. Dudhi, dudhali, Garhwal, Kumaon ;
Happurmali, Beng.

A large climbing shrub. Bark yellowish-grey, peeling off in small
rectangular flakes. Wood white, soft to moderately hard. Pores
moderate-sized, arranged radially between the fine to moderately broad
medullary rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna (perhaps from the Sutlej) eastwards, ascend-
ing the lower hills to 5000 ft. ; Eastern Bengal and Burma ; South India and Ceylon :
in dry forests and in hedges and groves, sometimes cultivated.

An extensively climbing plant with handsome flowers, troublesome to forest trees
in places, as in the Dehra Dun, where, and in Saharanpur, however the branches are in
considerable use for making baskets.

O 4654. Saharanpur Siwaliks (Gamble).
D 4158. Kondapalle Hill, Kistna (Gamble).

22. POTTSIA, Hook, and Arn. P. cantonensis, Hook, and Am. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
652 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 190, is an evergreen climbing shrub of Assam, Eastern Bengal
and Tenasserim.

23. WRIGHTIA, Br.

About six species, three of which are endemic Ceylon plants. W. coccinca, Sims;
Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 654 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 193; Gamble Darj. List 56 ; Vera. Asari, Nep.,
is an evergreen tree of the Eastern Himalaya, the hills of Sylhet and Chittagong and
the Shan Hills of Burma, with scarlet flowers and a white close-grained wood used for
turning. It is occasionally planted in gardens. Tlr. angustifolia, Thw. and W. flavido-
rosen, Trimen ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 136, are small trees of the dry region of Ceylon ;
while W. zeylanica, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 654; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 137; Vera. Wal-
idda, sudu-idda, Cingh., is a slender shrub of the moist low country of Ceylon, very
common about Colombo, where its white flowers are used in bouquets.

Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty, in short radial
lines. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

1. W. tinetoria, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 653 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 241 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 324; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 193; Talbot Bomb. List 133. Nerium tindorium, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 4. Vera. Dhudi, Banda; Kldrni, Rajputana; Kiira, Melghat; Kala kudu,
kaJa kura, Mar. ; Tedlapdl, repaid, pahivareni, pullavari, amkudu, pala-parki, Tel. ;
Kod murki, Kan. ; Paid, veypale, nila. 2>"lei, Tarn. ; Eeccha, Mai. ; Irumpdla, thonda
pala, Travancore Hills.

APOCYNACE.K 487

A small deciduous tree. Wood white, moderately hard ; even-
grained. Pores scanty, very small, in short radial lines. Medullary
rays extremely fine, numerous.

The Peninsula of India, common in the Deccan and Carnatic and the Bombay Presi-
dency, extending north to Eajputana and Banda, in deciduous forest ; also in Burma.

This species is easily recognized from the more widely distributed W. tomentosa
by its follicles being joined only at the tip, while in the latter species they are joined
for their whole length. The wood is of good quality for carving and turning, for
which it is used, the weight being from 40 (Wallich) to 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Kurz
says it resembles ivory. Growth moderate, about 7 rings per inch of radius. The
leaves are used in dyeing. The branches are sometimes ringed by a longicorn beetle,

XylorrJiiza adusta, Wiedera.

lbs.
P 456, 3222. Nagpahar, Ajmere 49

2. W. tomentosa, Rom. and Sch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 653 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clix. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 323 ; Gamble Darj. List 56 ; Talbot Bomb. List 133 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 137. W. mollissima, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 192. Nerium tomentosum, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 6. Vern. Keor, kildvm, Pb. ; Dudhi, dharauli, daira, Hind. ; Darbela, Garh-
wal ; Karingi, hirra, Nep. ; Selemnyok, Lepcha ; Pal kurwdn, Uriya ; Harido, Cuttack ;
Dudh-koraiya, Monghyr ; Igasira, Sonthal ; Sandikuya, Kul ; Palsi, Khond ; Pala-
perbi, Koya ; Jula, Reddi ; Telia pal, koila-mukri, Tel. ; Kala inderjau, tambara kura,
Mar. ; AtJcuri, Ass. ; Lettokthein, laungsalat, Burm.

A small deciduous tree. Bark ^ in. thick, grey, corky. Wood
white, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a
pale line and occasionally more pores ; pores in the rest of the wood
very small, in short radial groups, scanty. Medullary rays very fine
and extremely fine, very numerous, closely packed.

Throughout India, chiefly in deciduous forest, extending in the sub-Himalayan
tract westwards to the Beas, eastwards to Sikkim ; mixed forests of Burma ; low
country of Ceylon.

The wood is used for turning and carved work, like that of W. tinctoria and of
Eolarrhena, especially at Saharanpur. Kyd gives W = 34 lbs., P = 523 ; Bourdillon
gives W = 34 lbs., P. 390 ; specimens examined give 44J lbs. : 40 lbs. may probably
be taken as the mean. Growth moderate, about 8 rings per inch of radius. The bark
of the stem and roots is considered an antidote to snake-bite. Manson says the
Nepalese use the milky juice to stop bleeding. The tree is sometimes grown for
ornament.

lbs.

C 830. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 41

D 998. Poona (Shuttleworth) 48

D 994. Sahyadri Ghats, Ahmednagar (Shuttleworth) . . . .49
E 623. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Bonham Carter) . . .40

24. NERIUM, Linn.

N. Oleander, Linn. ; Brandis 329, is the Oleander tree of the Mediterranean, often
cultivated in India, and perhaps not specifically distinct from N. odor urn.

1. N. odorum, Solander; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 655; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 2 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 328; Talbot Bomb. List 133. Vern. Kan Ira, kaner, ganhira, Pb. ; Kaniydr,
Kumaon.

A large shrub. Wood greyish-white, soft. Pores very small, in
radial lines. Medullary ray* very fine, very numerous.

North-West and Central India, Siud, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Outer Himalaya
to 5500 feet. Often cultivated.

A common shrub in rocky stream-beds and in ravines in the Lower Western
Himalaya, the Siwalik range and elsewhere, with showy flowers and brown silky
seeds. The bark and root are poisonous, and the leaves used in native medicine.

lbs.
H 3057. Murree Hills, 5000 ft 37

488 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

25. STROPHANTHUS, DC. Three species, one of which is an erect shrub, the
others climbers. S. dichotomus, DC ; Fl. Br. lad. iii. 655 (S. longicaudatus, Wight
and S. Griffithii, Wight ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 191), is a shrub of Tenasserim, remark-
able for the long tails to the corolla-lobes, which are often 2 to 3 or even 5 to 7 in.
long. S. Wallichii, A. DC is a climbing shrub of the Khasia Hills, Chittagong and
the Northern Circars ; while S. Wightianus, Wall, is a climbing shrub of Malabar and
Travancore.

26. URCEOLA, Roxb. U. esculenta, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 658 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
184 (Chavannesia esculenta, DC) ; Vern. Kyetpauug, Burm. ('?), is an evergreen large
climbing shrub of Tenasserim. In 1874 this plant was the subject of a " Note on
Caoutchouc" by Mr. G. W. Strettell, published in Rangoon, in which the author
recommended its cultivation as a producer of indiarubber, and stated that a large
amount of excellent rubber was being wasted by the annual cutting of the stems in
the Teak forests (see Watt's " Diet. Econ. Products," vol. iv. 361).

27. PARAMERIA, Benth. P. glandulifera, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 660; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 189 ; Vern. Talaingsuk, Burm., is an evergreen large climbing shrub of the
borders of tidal forests on the coasts of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. It is
said to give indiarubber of good quality.

28. BEAUMONTIA, Wall.

Three species, large climbers of great size. B. Jerdoniana, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind.
iii. 661 ; Talbot Bomb. List 134, is found in the evergreen forests of the Koukan and
North Kanara ghats, and is possibly not distinct from B. grandiflora. B. khasiana,
Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 661, is found in the Khasia Hills.

1. B. grandiflora, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 660; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 179; Gamble
Darj. List 56. Echites grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 14. Vern. Barbari, Nep.

A gigantic climber. Bark light brown, rough, \ in. thick. Wood
white or light brown, moderately hard, even-grained, tough. Pores
small to moderate-sized, single or in short radial strings, very scanty.
Medullary rays extremely fine, indistinct.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Sylhet and Chit-
tagong ; often cultivated as an ornamental climber.

One of the most beautiful plants of the Indian forests, having large, pure white,
bell-shaped flowers, handsome foliage, and a large cylindrical capsule, giving out
quantities of plumose seeds. The young stems give a fibre. It reaches a great size,
grows quickly, and is easily propagated by seed, layers or cuttings.

lbs.
O 4402. Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (cult.) (Gamble) 38

29. CHONEMORPHA, G. Don. Two species. C. macrophylla, G. Don ; Fl. Br.
Ind. iii. 661 ; Brandis For. Fl. 328; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 187; Gamble Darj. List 56;
Talbot Bomb. List 134 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 138 {Echites macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 13) ; Vern. Gar badero, Kumaon ; Yokchounrik, Lepcha ; Earki, Sylhet ; Ba-wal-
anguna, Cingh., is a large milky climbing shrub of moist forests in the greater part of
India from Kumaon and Sikkim in the Himalaya to Travancore and Ceylon and the
Andaman Islands. It has large pure white tlowers, which often show, as a sheet of
white, over the tops of tall trees. It gives a kind of caoutchouc. C. Griffithii, Hook. f.
is a similar climber of the Sikkim Himalaya with even larger flowers.

30. ECDYSANTHERA, Hook, and Am. E. micrantha, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iii.
662 {E. brachiata, A. DC ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 189), is a large climbing shrub, common
in the Darjeeling Himalaya at 3-5000 ft., Assam, Sylhet, the Khasia Hills and Upper
Burma.

31. AGANOSMA, G. Don. About 5 species, climbing shrubs. A. marginata,
G. Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. 663 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 186, is a large evergreen climber of mixed
forests in Chittagong and Burma, with a light, pale, close-grained wood. ^i. caryo-
pltyttata, G. Don is a large climber of Lower Bengal and the Deccan country, frequent

APOCYNACE.E 489

on the Veligonda Hills of Cuddapah. A. cymosa, G. Don; Talbot Bomb. List 134;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 139, is found in West and South India and Ceylon.

32. EPIGYNUM, Wight. E. Griffith ianum, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 66G ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 184, is a large climbing shrub of Tenasserim.

33. RHYNCHODIA, Benth. R. Wallkhii, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 667 (Cerco-
roma Wallichii, Miq. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 187), is a lofty evergreen climber of the Sikkim
Himalaya at 2500 ft., Assam, Sylhet and Burma.

34. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire.

Three species, climbing shrubs. T. graeilipes, Hook. f. is found in the Khasia
Hills ; and T. axillare, Hook. f. in the Sikkim Himalaya at 4-6000 ft.

1. T. fragrans, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 667 ; Gamble Darj. List 56. Ichnocarpus
fragram, Wall.; Brandis For. Fl. 327. Yern. Dudhi, Kumaon ; Duari, Nep. ; Y'dk-
chotmrik, Lepcha.

A climbing shrub with very twisted knotty stem marked by
horizontal folds and tubercular excrescences. Bark grey, £ in. thick
Wood white, soft. Pores large to very large, often subdivided and
in radial or curved strings. Medullary rays fine, very numerous.

Himalaya, from Simla eastwards, ascending to 6000 ft. ; Assam and Cachar.

This species seems sometimes to climb like ivy. It is not uncommon in the
swamps of Dehra Diiu, and in deep valleys in Jaunsar and Tehri Garhwal.

O 4452. Re nadi, Dehra Dun, 1500 ft. (Gamble) 35

35. ANODENDRON, A. DC. A. pankulatum, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 668 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 188 ; Talbot Bomb. List 135 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 141 ; Yern. Lamtani,
Mar.; Twinnet, Burm. ; Dul, aswel, Cingh., is a very large climbing shrub of the
forests of Burma, the Western Ghats aud Ceylon, whose stems give a strong fibre,
said by Kurz to be used for their bows by the Andamauese, but it is strange that the
plant does not seem to be recorded from the Andamans.

36. ICHNOCARPUS, Br.

Three species, two of which occur only in the Khasia Hills and Sylhet.

1. I. fruteseens, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 669 ; Brandis For. Fl. 327 ; Kurz For. Fl.
185; Talbot Bomb. List 135; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 142. Yern. Siama lota, Hind.;
Belkamu, Saharanpur; Erishnasarwa, kantebhoari, Mar.; Nalla-tiga, TeL ; Koram-
[inhi, kiri-ivel, Cingh. ; Tawsabe, Burm.

An evergreen extensively climbing shrub, very red-rusty in appear-
ance. Bark dark brown with shallow vertical clefts, sometimes
greyish-white. Wood white, soft. Pores moderate-sized to large,
numerous. Medullary rays fine.

Throughout India and Burma, from the Lower Himalaya at the Sutlej Valley east-
wards ; Ceylon : in deciduous forests, open shrubby lands and hedges.

One of the commonest of Indian climbing plants. The bark gives a fibre, and the
roots and leaves are used in medicine. The twigs are used in Saharanpur for basket-
making.

O 4656. Saharanpur Forests, N.-W. Provinces (Gamble).

C 3469. Palamow, Chota Nagpore (Gamble).

37. MICRECHITES, Miq. M. eUiptica, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 671 ; Gamble
Darj. List 56, is a large climbing shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya at 4-6000 ft. and the
Khasia Hills. M. potycmtha, Miq. is found in the Andaman Islands.

490 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Order LXXIII. ASCLEPIADACEJE.

A large Order with well-marked botanical characters. It contains several genera,
the representatives of which in India are more or less woody ; one or two containing
erect and the rest climbing shrubs. Several of the genera have so little importance in
Forest economy that I have thought it best merely to select for mention those whose
members grow to a fairly large size, or are very common, or of which I have seen wood
specimens. Of these there are 12 genera belonging to five Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Periplocete Cryptolepis, Cryptostegia,

Finlaysonia, Periploca.

„ II. Secamoneje Secamone.

„ III. C)'nanchese Calotropis.

„ IV. Marsdeniese Gymnema, Marsdenia, Pergu-

laria, Dregea.
„ V. Ceropegieaj Leptadenia, Orthanthera.

The Order contains many plants with useful fibres and many which are important
in medicine.

Wood white, soft or moderately hard. Pores usually large, or of
various sizes, scanty, radially arranged. Medullary rays very indis-
tinct, of all sizes.

1. CRYPTOLEPIS, Br.

1. C. Buehanani, Roem. and Sch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 5 ; Brandis For. Fl. 330 ;
Kurz For Fl. ii. 199; Talbot Bomb. List 136; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 149. Nerium
reticulatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 8. Yern. Karanta, Hind.; Medka-singJci, Dehra Dun ;
Adiri pala tiga, Tel.; Wel-ruhuttana, Cingh.

A large much-branched climbing shrub. Bark when young
purplish-red, peeling off in papery flakes ; when older brown, rough.
Wood white. Pores large or moderate-sized in radial strings.
Medullary rays moderately broad.

Throughout the greater part of India, chiefly in deciduous forest and in hedges ;
more scarce in Burma ; Ceylon.

The fibre is said to be used by the natives of the Circar Hills.
0 4657. Saharanpur Forests, N.-W. Provinces (Gamble).
0 3947. Upper Godavari Forests (Gamble).

2. CRYPTOSTEGIA, Br. 0. grandiflora, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 6 (Nerium grandi-
florum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 10), is a large climbing shrub, probably native of Madagascar,
and frequently cultivated or found run wild in India. It gives a rather good kind of
caoutchouc, but is too scarce for the collection of it to be worth making.

3._ FINLAYSONIA, Wall. F. ofcorafa, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 7; Kurz For Fl.
ii. 197, is a large evergreen woody climber of the tidal forests of Burma.

4. PERIPLOCA, Linn.

Three species. P. hydaspidis, Falc. ; Fl. Br. Iud. iv. 12, is a shrub of the Kashmir
and Punjab Himalaya up to 4000 ft. P. calophylla, Falc. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 12 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 330; Gamble Darj. List 56 ; Yern. Park, Jaunsar ; Maslara, Nop. : Purgeen,
Lepcha, is a small shrub of the Himalaya from the Jumna to Sikkim at 3-6000 ft., ami
of the Khasia Hills.

1. P. aphylla, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 12 ; Brandis For. Fl. 330 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 137. Yern. Barrarra, barre, Trans-Indus; Bdta, Pb.

A shrub. Bark reddish-brown, smooth, shining. Wood white,
moderately hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, in long wavy
radial strings. Medullary rays extremely fine, numerous.

ASCLEPIADACE.E 491

Sind, the Trans-Indus Salt Eange and Northern Punjab, Baluchistan, Afghanistan.
In the desert the wood is used for fuel. The flowers and flower-buds are sweet and
are eaten.

P 4479. Baluchistan (Lace).

5. SECAMONE, Br.

1. S. emetiea, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 13 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 146.

A climbing shrub. Bark brown, corky, very thick, deeply cleft
and somewhat spirally arranged. Wood white, moderately hard.
Pores small, numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays very
fine, very numerous.

Deccan and Carnatic ; dry country of Ceylon.

D 3873. Cuddapah (Gamble).

6. CALOTROPIS, Br.

Three species. Milky shrubs with large flowers, greyish-green leaves and silky
seeds. The chief species is ft gigantea. ft procera, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 18 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 331; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 200; Talbot Bomb. List 137; Vera. Spalwakka,
Afgh. ; TJk, Sind ; Ale, muddr, Hind. ; Lalmandar, tambara, Mar., is a somewhat
smaller species, found in drier regions. It is common in the sub-Himalayan tract
from the Indus to the Sarda, in Oudh, Central India, the Deccan and Sind, also in
Upper Burma and as far south as Prome. The fibre of the bark and seeds is the same
as that of ft gigantea, as are its medicinal qualities. The wood is used for charcoal
and for brushing the teeth. C. Ada, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 18 ; Gamble Darj. List
56 ; Vern. Muddr, Hind. ; Auk, Nep., is a shrub of the sub-Himalayan country from
the Jumna to Assam, apparently not used, but probably of qualities similar to those
of the other two.

1. C. gigantea, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 17; Brandis For. Fl. 331; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 200 ; Talbot Bomb. List 137 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 148. Asclepias gigantea,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 30. Vern. Muddr, safed-ak, Hind. ; Arka, akari, roivi, Bombay ;
Erukku, ukkovi, manakkovi, Tarn. ; Jilleda, Tel. ; Wara, Cingh. ; Mayo, Burm.

A large shrub. Bark light yellowish-white, corky, deeply cleft
vertically. Wood white, soft. Pores small to moderate-sized, single
or subdivided or in groups in radial arrangement, the groups rather
scanty. Medullary rays few fine very short, alternating with several
very fine long.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges to Nepal, Central and South India, Burma
and Ceylon, very common on waste lands, on roadsides, etc.

One of the most widespread and conspicuous of Indian plants, whose value as a
fibre-yielder, and as helping to reclothe denuded lands, has been much discussed. Its
inner bark gives a valuable fibre of fine silky texture, which is very strong, and is
used for bow-strings, fishing nets and lines, and is found to be durable in water. The
seeds are surrounded by silky hair, which is said to be made into thread in Borneo. It
is difficult to spin, but mixed with one-fifth of cotton it gave, in experiments made by
Mr. Monckton in Madras, a good-wearing cloth, capable of being washed and dyed.
It is well suited for stuffing pillows. The fibre of the stems was found to bear 552 lbs.,
against 407 borne by Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and 224 lbs. borne by "coir"
(Boyle, "Fibrous Plants of India," pp. 306 to 310). The wood is made into gunpowder
charcoal in Kattiawar and the Deccan, aud the powdered root is used in medicine as
an alterative, tonic and emetic. The acrid milky juice is also used for various
mediciual purposes.

C 3446. Barasand Reserve, Palamow (Gamble).

C 3512. Burkool, Khurdha, Orissa (Gamble).

In Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5, is C. procera with similar structure (Tab. X. 6).
In Africa C. procera grows to a very large size, judging by a specimen brought from the
Soudan by Mr. C. E. Muriel, which was over 6 in. in diameter. The bark was thick,
creamy-white, powdery ; wood as described.

492 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

7. GYMNEMA, Br.

Several climbing shrubs, some of considerable size. G. sylvestre, Br.; Fl. Br.
Ind. iv. 29 ; Talbot Bomb. List 139 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 153 ; Vern. Eawali^ kali-
kardori, vakhande, Mar., is a large climbing shrub of the forests of South India and
Ceylon. G. molle, Wall, is a large climber of Upper Burma. G. acuminatum, Wall. ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 202, is a large climber of Eastern Bengal; while G. tingens, W. and
A. is an extensive climber of the Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim, Assam, Bengal,
Burma and South India.

1. G. hirsutum, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 29.

A large climber with spirally twisted stems. Bark very rough,
brown. Wood white, soft, in very irregular indented patches, sepa-
rated by bast tissue. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, regularly dis-
tributed in the patches. Medullary rays very obscure, scarcely
visible.

Bhotas in Behar ; Nilgiri Hills at 5-7000 ft,

A common and profusely branching large climber of the Nilgiri sholas. The juice
of the leaves prevents sugar being tasted.

W 3802. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

8. MARSDENJA, Br.

Ten or eleven species of climbing shrubs. M. tinctoria, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv.
34; Brandis For. Fl. 332 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 201 ; Gamble Darj. List 56 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 139 (Asclepias tinctoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 43) ; Vern. Kalilara, Nep. ; Byom,
Lepcha, is a large climbing shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya, Assam, the Khasia Hills,
Northern Burma and the Circars. The leaves are said to give a kind of indigo, and
Roxburgh warmly recommended its cultivation, but it does not seem that in the
hundred years or more that have passed since his recommendations were made, much
has been done in the matter, or even that the value of the dye has been commercially
tested. M. lucida, Edgew. ; Brandis For. Fl. 333 ; Vern. Dudhi, Kumaon, is a large
evergreen climber of the Kumaon Himalaya and the forests of Oudh.

1. M. Roylei, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 34; Brandis For. Fl. 333; Gamble Darj.
List 56. Vern. Pathor, Chenab; Tar, veri, Salt Range; K urang, Simla; Elharchu,
-Taunsar; Shengori, Garhwal ; Murkila, Kumaon.

A climbing shrub. Wood white, soft, porous. Annual rings
marked by large pores, pores in the rest of the wood moderate-sized,
scanty. Medullary rays inconspicuous.

Himalaya, from Sikkim westwards, up to 7000 ft., common in the West.

H 3194. Naldehra, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

2. M. tenaciSSima, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 35 ; Brandis For. Fl. .133 ; Kur/,
For. Fl. ii. 201 ; Trimen, Fl. Ceyl. iii. 155. Asdepias tenacissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
51. Vern. Jiti, chiti, har chikkar, Hind.; Muruva-dul, Cingh.

A climbing shrub. Bark I in. thick, yellowish-grey, granular.
Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small to large, scant}7, in radial
strings, the largest outermost. Medullary rays very inconspicuous,
extremely fine, close and numerous.

Himalaya and sub-IIimalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal, extending south to
Behar and Chota Nagpore; Chittagong and Upper Burma; dry region of Ceylon.
It is most common in hedges, on waste places, and among shrubby growth.

This climber is remarkable for its strong silky fibre called "Rajmehal fibre," used
by the Sonthals for bow-strings. Roxburgh says that a line of it broke with a weight
of 248 lbs. when dry and 313 lbs. when wet, while common hemp only withstood 158
and 190 lbs. Royle says that a lj-in. ropo broke with 903 lbs., strong European

ASCLEPIADACEyE 493

rope breaking with 1203 lbs. The cultivation has often been advocated, especially as
it thrives on poor lands otherwise likely to be uncultivated.

lbs.

0 4401. Bidhalna, Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .37

9. PERGULARIA, Linn. Two species. P. pallida, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv.
38 ; Brandis For. Fl. 334 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 203 ; Talbot Bomb. List 139 {Asclepias
pallida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 48) ; Vern. Surhila, Kumaon, is a large climbing shrub of
the Himalaya, Northern India and the Deccan. P. minor, Andr. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 38
(P. odoratissima, Wight ; Brandis For. Fl. 334; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 203; Talbot Bomb.
List 139); Vern. Kanjaluta, Beng., is the "West Coast" or "Primrose" creeper
cultivated in Indian gardens and wild in the Himalaya as far west as Jaunsar.

10. DREGEA, E. Meyer.

1. D. volubilis, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 46 ; Talbot Bomb. List 140 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 161. Asclepias volubilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 36. Vern. Dori, ambri, herandori,
Mar. ; Kurincha, Tam. ; Karigichi, Badaga ; Kirianguna, Cingh.

A large climbing shrub. Bark brown, rough, corky, fissured,
inner bark white, \ in. thick. Wood white, soft. Pores small to
large, often subdivided, arranged in somewhat oblique radial strings.
Medtdlary rays very fine, very numerous.

Bengal, Assam ; Western and Southern India, very common on the Nilgiris ; low
country of Ceylon, up to 3000 ft.

This climber is at once recognized by its large umbels of bright green flowers.
The leaves are eaten in curries in Ceylon, and are used in medicine.

W 3774. Nilgiri Hills, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

11. LEPTADENIA, Br.

Two species. L. Spartium, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 64; Vern. Kip, Sind, is a
glabrous shrub of the sea-coast of Bombay, Sind and the Northern Punjab plains.

1. L. reticulata, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 63 ; Talbot Bomb. List 141 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 164. Vern. Khar-kodi, Mar.

A climbing shrub. Bark yellowish-brown, very rough, thick.
Wood fibrous, white. Pores large and very large, often subdivided,
scanty, with many empty spaces arranged in a network. Medidlary
rays few, moderately broad.

Sub-Himalayan tract in Ambala and Dehra Dun ; Bandelkhand ; Deccan and Car-
natic ; dry country of Ceylon : chiefly in hedges.

D 4275. Khojjapalle, Anantapur (Gamble).

D 4166. Viziarayi, Ellore, Godavari „

12. ORTHANTHERA, Wight.

1. 0. viminea, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 64; Brandis For. Fl. 335. Yem.
Mowa, lanebdr, Trans-Indus; Matti, Beas ; Khip, Delhi; Kip, Sind; Ghapkia,
Kumaon ; Mahur, Oudh.

A very twiggy erect shrub. Bark greyish-white, smooth. Wood,
white, soft, with faint light concentric bands. Pores small to mode-
rate-sized, scanty. Medidlary rays fine to moderately broad, fairly
numerous.

Sind, the Punjab and sub-Himalayan tract as far as Ondh ; in river-beds.

A conspicuous leafless plant of the "rau" beds of the Siwaliks and sub-Himalayau
tract ; useful in helping to check the torrents. The fibre is made into rope and the
flower-buds are eaten.

O 4493. Motichdr Rau, Dehra Dun (Gamble).

494 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

D 427-1 from Garladinne, Anantapur District, is the wood of Sarcostemma brevi-
stigma, W. and A.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 26. A leafless, jointed, fleshy, climbing shrub.
Bark thick, light brown, rough. Wood white, soft. Pores moderate-sized, scanty,
often subdivided. Medullary rays very fine and indistinct.

Order LXXIV. LOGANIACEiE.

Five Indian genera, belonging to two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Euloganieae Buddleia, Fagraea, Strychnos.

„ II. Gaertneriese Gaertnera, Gardneria.

Kurz has divided this Order among several neighbouring ones, placing Strychnos in
Apocynace.£, Buddleia in PEDALiXEiE, Pagrcea in Gentianace.£, Gardneria in
Solanace.e, but it is far preferable here to adopt the arrangement of the " Genera
Plantarum " and " Fl. Br. lad." At the same time, the genera which make up the
Order do seem to differ considerably, and the same difference seems to extend to the
wood-structure. Trimen considers the Order to be very closely allied to Rcbiace^;,
and one genus, Gaertnera, has the appearance and in almost all respects the structure
of that Order.

Gelsemium elegans, Benth. is a Chinese climbing shrub, recently found in the
Kachin Hills.

The characters of the \voods differ so greatly that it is not possible
to give general ones for the Order. Strychnos has scanty large pores
(or ducts) and small pores in a network ; Fagrcea is somewhat
similar, but the pores in the network are not distinguishable.
Buddleia and Gardneria differ completely.

1. BUDDLEIA, Linn.

Wood soft or moderately hard, no heartwood. Annual rings
distinctly marked by a belt of numerous pores, the pores in the
outer wood being smaller and often arranged in groups or concentric
lines. Medullary rays fine.

1. B. Colvillei, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 81 ; Gamble Darj. List 57.
Vern. Puri singbatti, Nep. ; Pya-shing, Bhutia.

A small tree. Bark grey, corky-papery, longitudinally cleft.
Wood reddish-brown, soft. Pores of two sizes: large near the annual
rings, smaller in the autumn wood, these latter grouped, the groups
being enclosed in patches of soft tissue, which are arranged in
interrupted concentric bands. Medullary rays fine.

Sikkim Himalaya at 9-12,000 ft.

Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. An extremely handsome tree witli
masses of dark crimson flowers, which appear in August and make the tree very
conspicuous in its habitat on the summit of Mount Tonglo. It is beautifully figured
in Hook. f. 111. Him. PI. t. 18.

lbs.
E 2393. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft, (Gamble) 35

2. B. maerostachya, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 81 ; Gamble Darj. List 57. Yern.

/:> /impati, Nep.

A shrub with rusty pubescent leaves. Bark light brown, fibrous,
peeling off in long fragile strips. Wood moderately hard, yellowish-
white. Pores small, in groups of loose tissue, the groups in rough
concentric bands. Medullary rays line, not very numerous. A 11 n tool
rings marked by a belt of pores.

LOGANIACEiE 495

Sikkim Himalaya, at 6-7000 ft. ; Khasia and Naga Hills.
Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

3. B. panieulata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 81 ; Brandis For. Fl. 318 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 251. Vera. Spera wuna, Afg. ; Prind, Sutlej ; Dholtu, ghuttia, sodhera,
sudhari, N.-W. Him. ; Sinna, Nep.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark thin, light grey, peeling off in long
strips. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings
marked by a belt of small pores. Pores in the autumn wood very
small, in groups and in oblique lines. Medullary rays fine.

Baluchistan ; Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, at 4-7000 ft. ; Upper Burma.
A handsome shrub with white woolly or tawny leaves and lilac flowers, bat often
very stunted. It is found on dry slopes and among rocks. Growth moderate, 11 rings
per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 158. Simla, 7000 ft 41

H 2882. Nagkanda, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

4. B. asiatiea, Lour. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 82 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxiii. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 318 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 250 ; Gamble Darj. List 5G ; Talbot Bomb. List 142.
B. Neemda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 396. Vera. Bhati, dhaula, shiuntra, Kumaon ; Bana,
Simla; Newarpati, Nep. ; Ponddm, Lepcha ; Nimda, budhbola, Chittagong ; Kijaung-
mign, Burm.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood grey, moderately
hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of closely-packed
pores in the spring wood. Pores small, not all of equal size, scanty
except along the annual rings. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Bengal,
Burma, South India ; often cultivated in gardens.

This ornamental shrub has long spikes of white fragrant flowers, with white
tomentose leaves. It is chiefly found in second-growth forests, on roadsides, in grass
savannahs, on deserted village sites ; in the Lower Himalaya and Siwaliks it comes
up profusely on landslips ; in Western and Southern India it occurs in ravines and on
river-banks. Growth fast, 4£ rings per inch of radius.

lbfl

H 110. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 4000 ft 44

2. FAGRiEA, Thunb.

Seven species, trees or shrubs, sometimes epiphytes. F. zeylanica, Thunb.; Fl.
Br. Ind. iv. 83; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxiv. ; Fl. Ceyl. iii. 170; Vern. Etamburu, Cingh.,
is a small tree of the low country of Ceylon up to 2000 ft., chiefly in the moist region ;
also (var. brevituba) of South India. In Ceylon the flowers are more than 3 in.
long. F. carnosa, Jack ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 204, is an epiphytic shrub, and F. auricn-
lata, Jack (F. auricularia, Benth. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 204), an erect shrub, of
Tenasserim. F. khasiana, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 84, is a tree of Assam and the
Khasia Hills up to 5000 ft.

Wood hard, close-grained, grey or light brown. Pores large,
scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays tine, very numerous. Con-
centric pale bands numerous : in these there may be (extremely fine)
pores as in Strychnos, but I cannot detect them.

1. F. Obovata, Wall; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 83; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxiv.; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 205; Gamble Darj. List 57; Talbot Bomb. List 142; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 171.
F. coromandelina, Wight; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 244. Vern. Ginnuna, Kan.; Suiia
hhari, Nep. ; Longsoma, Magh ; Thagyaletwa, Burm.

A small or moderate-sized tree, sometimes epiphytic. Bark grey,
smooth. Wood grey, soft. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, in pairs or

496 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

threes ; with occasional regularly spaced very large pores (or inter-
cellular ducts) filled with resinous matter. Medullary rays fine.

Eastern Himalaya, especially in the Bhutan Hills ; Khasia Hills up to 4000 ft. ;
Chittaeotig Hill tracts and the mixed forests of Burma ; forests of the Kumta taluka
of N. Kanara and thence along the Western Ghats, frequent and conspicuous in the
Nilgiris ; lower hills of Ceylon.

W 4176. Naduvatam, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

No. E 1450 (56 lbs. per cubic foot), brought by Griffith from the Mishmi Hills in
1836, is probably this species.

2. F. racemosa, Jack; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 84; Kurz For. PI. ii. 205. Tern. Thit-
hpalu, Burm.

A moderate-sized, evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard, greasy
to the touch and with a scent like that of indiarubber. Pores
moderate-sized, scattered, often oval and subdivided. Narrow, wavy,
concentric pale bands, alternating with broader bands of firmer
tissue, in which the fine, numerous medullary rays are distinctly
visible.

Andaman Islands.

The Fl. Br. Ind. quotes Kurz For. FI. under F. racemosa, but does not give the
Andamans for a habitat. It seems most probable that the woods belong to F. morin-
dcefolia, Bl., which at any rate is very near to the Malayan F. racemosa, but the Fl.
Br. Ind. says F. morindcefolia is only a rambling shrub, while the specimens clearly
belong to a tree. Weight 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Colonel Ford says that the wood is
strong and durable, that it is used for house-posts, and the root bark as a cure for fever.

lbs.

B 1990. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) 52

B 2294. „ (Col. Ford, 1866) 48

3. F. fragrans, Koxb. Fl. Ind. i. 461 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 85; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 205.
Vera. Anan, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood light brown, hard, close-grained. Pore*
(or intercellular ducts) large, very scanty, often subdivided and filled
with a white substance. Numerous pale concentric bands alternating
with about equal bands of firmer tissue in which the fine numerous
medullary rays are distinctly visible. On a vertical section the
wood shows a mass of short fine vertical lines, which apparently are
the medullary rays, which are consequently not deep.

Eng forests of Martaban and Tenasserim, very common, especially round the
Heinze basin.

One of the most important of the second-class trees of Burma. The wood is used
for house-building, bridge and wharf piles, boat-anchors and other purposes ; it has
been recommended for joinery. It has recently been the subject of experiment and
report (" Ind. Forester," vol. xxv. 440), from which it seems that about 200,000 tons of
the wood are available from the Tenasserim Division, in logs up to 60 ft. in length.
The durability of the wood is attested by bridge-posts at Myohaung, Tavoy, said to
be over 200 years old ; by similar bridge-posts at Onbinkwin and in Kyousat chaung ;
and by posts in the moat of the old city of Tenasserim, 300 years old. The results
of the experiments were that the average weight per cubic foot is 60 lbs., and P comes
to about 980. The Report says that the Municipality (of Rangoon ?) is testing its use
for wood-paving.

Crushing weight: two specimens 4" x 1" x 1" required 9744, 8624 lbs. against
12,000 as given by Molesworth for Teak and 8200 for English Oak.

According to Baker, W = 70 lbs. and his experiments with Tavoy wood in bars
7' x 2" x 2" gaveP = 553 ; Wallich gives W = 52ilbs. ; Simpson gives W = 57 lbs.
and P = 387, but the specimen was not good ; Seaton gives 60 lbs. It is probable

LOGANIACE.E 497

that W may best be taken at 60 lbs., and that Baker's value of P. obtained from the
trial of large pieces of wood is the most accurate. The most important quality of
the wood is clearly its power of resisting teredo and its great durability both in fresh
and salt water.

H. C. Hill, in his Reports (1900) on Forest Conservancy in the Straits Settlements,
and the Federated Malay States, mentions that this tree (Vera. Tembusu) is very
largely gregarious, coming up freely on grassy blanks in the forest, and easily pro-
pagated artificially. He recommends it as a nurse for gutta-percha.

lbs.

B 289. Burma (1867) 53

B 550. Martaban (Seaton) 65

B 3073. Burma (Brandis, 1862, No. 120) 57

3. STRYCHNOS, Linn.

Sixteen species, of which all but two are more or less climbing shrubs. Among
these climbing shrubs only two or three are at all common. S. colubrina, Linn. ; FL
Br. Ind. iv. 87; Talbot Bomb. List 142 ; Trimen Fl.Ceyl. iii.173; Vera. Kanal, kajer
bel, Mar., is a large species of the Western Ghats and the drier regions of Ceylon.
S. cinnamomifolia, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 89 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 174 ; Vera. Eta-
kirindiwd, wel-beli, Cingh., is a very large climber endemic in the moist low country
of Ceylon. S. JRheedii, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 87, is said by Bourdillon to be an
enormous climber of the evergreen forests of Travancore, up to 3000 ft. S. Wallichiana,
Bentb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 90, is a climbing shrub ("a tree " according to Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 167, which is not, however, quoted in Fl. Br. Ind.) of Assam and Sylhet.

The structure of Strychnos is curious and demands further study.
In some of the S. American and S. African species (see Nordlinger's
Sections) what are here called large pores with white contents seem
to be fibro- vascular bundles like those of Monocotyledons scattered in
the wood in addition to the pores and medullary rays as usual. In
the two species here given, the large pores seem to be single and
not compound.

1. S. Nux-vomica, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 90 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 575 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 243 ; Brandis For. Fl. 317 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 166 ; Talbot Bomb. List 142 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 175. The Snake Wood, Nux-vomica or Strychnine tree. Vera.
Kuchla, kajra, Hind.; Kuchila, Beng. ; Kerra, korra, kuchila, Uriya ; Mushti, Koya;
Mushidi, Reddi ; Tetti, eddi, kanchurai, Tam. ; Mushti, musadi, Tel. ; Kasaraka,
kujarra, kltasca, kasaragadde, kasarkana, Kan. ; Kara, jhur katchura, kajra, Mar. ;
Kan i 'iram., Mai. ; Goda kadiiru, CiDgh. ; Kabaung, Burm.

A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark thin, dark grey,
or yellowish-grey, smooth. Wood white when fresh cut, turning
yellowish-grey on exposure, hard, close-grained, durable. No heart-
wood, no annual rings. Pores of two classes : large pores very
scanty ; very small pores numerous, in irregular ramified patches,
which are joined by concentric and oblique white lines, the general
pattern fantastic on a cross-section. Medullar)/ rays white, fine and
moderately broad, numerous, sharply defined in the darker tissue.
The large pores, which are prominent as white streaks on a vertical
section, are filled with a white pith-tissue, and sometimes ramify ; they
may be not vessels, but large intercellular ducts.

Gorakhpur forests in Northern India ; Bengal, Orissa, the Circars ; the Deccan and
Caraatic ; moist forests in the Bombay Presidency ; deciduous forests all over Burma ;
dry region of Ceylon.

A common and important tree in South India, almost all parts, leaves, bark, fruit
and especially the seeds, being poisonous, and the latter yielding the alkaloids Strych-
nine and Brucine, so that there is a considerable trade in them. The fruit is a large
orange-coloured berry, and the seeds are round, flat, coin- like and silvery in colour.

2 K

498 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

For the market it is best that the seeds should be " bright," that is clean and silvery,
so that it is necessary that they should be washed out of the fruit and not merely
picked up under the tree. Seeds picked up are usually dull in colour, muddy and
(whether or not they contain as much alkaloid) of very second-rate market quality.
In the Striharikota forests of Nellore, where the tree is common, the seeds are washed
out by a forest tribe, the Yanadis, and a good price is usually obtained for them.
The London market quotation is usually about 7 to 10 shillings per cwt. The
exports are chiefly from Madras, Bombay and Cochin, and are of considerable amount.
The seeds also give a dye and a medicinal oil. The pulp of the fruit, though contain-
ing also some poison, is eaten by the Langur monkeys (Semnopithecus entellus, Blyth
and S. priamus, And.) and also by the Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus,
Elliot) and perhaps by other hornbills, parrots and other birds, but the seeds are
probably always rejected or else pass undigested. But while the Langur monkeys can
apparently eat the fruit and even seeds without harm, other monkeys as well as other
animals and man cannot do so, though it is said that the flying fox can eat the pulp
with impunity. The Strychnine tree is handsome, and when in flower is at once
recognizable by the strong odour of turmeric which the flower gives oft". The shoots
when very young may occasionally be browsed by goats, otherwise the tree is
untouched by animals.

The wood is bitter and is not eaten by white ants, but it is not much used.
Brandis makes no mention of any use, nor does Trimen ; Beddome and Kurz say it is
used for plough-shares, cart-wheels, cots and fancy cabinet-work. Skinner, No. 119,
o-ives "W = 56 lbs. and P = 1160 ; Brandis' three experiments of 1864 with Burma
wood in bars 3' x 1" x 1" gave W = 49 lbs., P = 623, while his list of 1862, No. 75,
gave W = 52 lbs. ; the average of the specimens examined gives 59 lbs., so that we may
take the average of 54 lbs. as the weight per cubic foot.

Reproduction is apparently good, and artificial cultivation should be easy, but the
sylviculture still requires investigation. Brandis calls this and S. potatorum " ever-
green," but Kurz calls them both " deciduous." My own experience agrees with

Kurz' views.

lbs.

C 3537, 3538. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) ... 63 and 54

D 4005. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 59

D 4028. Collegal Forests, Coimbatore 61

W 1224. North Kanara (Barrett) 65

W 727. South Kanara (Cherrv) 59

B 3072. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 49

1. S. potatorum, Linn, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 90; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 576; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. clxiii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 317 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 167 ; Talbot Bomb. List 143 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 176. The Clearing Nut tree. Vern. Nirmali, nel mal, Hind. ;
Kotaku, Uriya; Ustumri, Gondi ; Tettancottai, tettian, tetta, Tam. ; Ohilla, indupa,
induga, katakamu, judapa, Tel. ; Nirmali, chilbinj, Mar. ; Tettam-parel, Mal. ; Chill",
Kan. ; Indava, Koya ; Chidla, Reddi ; Ingini, Cingh.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark \ to £ in. thick, black or
brownish-black, corky, very deeply and narrowly cleft vertically, so
as to form thin ridges which easily break off. Wood white when
fresh cut, turning yellowish-grey on exposure, hard, close-grained,
seasons well. No heartwood, no annual rings. Pores of two classes :
large pores very scanty; very small pores numerous, arranged iu
irregularly ramified patches, which are extremely variable in shape,
giving the wood a remarkably fantastic pattern on a cross-section, as
in S. Nux-vomica. These patches are joined by white concentric
lines which may possibly represent annual rings. Medullary rays
white, fine and moderately broad, numerous, sharply defined in the
darker tissue. The large pores, which are prominent on a radial
section, are filled with a white shining pith-tissue and are often
ramified ; they are probably not vessels, but large intercellular ducts.

Deciduous forests in the Peninsula of India: the Central Provinces; Orissa and the
Circars ; the Deccan, Carnatic and Southern Mahratta country; the drier forests in

LOGANIACE/E

499

Travancore ; open and dry forests of the Prome District in Burma ; dry country of
Ceylon.

Unlike the previous species, the Clearing Nut tree is not poisonous, but, on the
contrary, its seeds are used to clear muddy water, which is done by rubbing the inside
of the vessels with them. It is not definitely fully known how this action takes place,
but Dr. Cornish, quoted by Watt, says " the construction of the nut is clearly vegetable
' albumen, and this, when rubbed down with water, acts mechanically as a precipitant
' of suspended matter." They are also used in medicine, and the pulp of the fruit is
eaten and made into preserve. The wood is good. Beddome says it is " much in use
' for ploughs, building purposes, cart-wheels, etc.," and Kurz says much the same. The
weight per cubic foot is about 58 lbs.

Bijeragogarh, C.P

Ahiri Eeserve, C.P. (R. Thompson)
Chanda Forests, C.P. (Lowrie)
Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble)
Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool (Gamble)
Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) .
South Arcot (Beddome) .

C 2979.
C 1101.

C 4463.
C 3500.
D 4235.
D 4007.
D 1060.
No. 44, Salem Collection

lbs.

58
50
61
56

4. GAERTNERA, Lamk. Four species, Ceylon shrubs, three of which are
endemic. The genus very closely resembles Psychotria (Rubiacese), but is distinguished
by the superior ovary. G. Konigii, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 91 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxiv. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 177 ; Vern. Pera-tambala, Cingh., is a large shrub, common in
the moist low country of Ceylon up to 3000 ft.

5. GARDNERIA, Wall.

Two species, climbing shrubs. G. angustifolia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 93 ; Gamble
Darj. List 57 ; Vern. Takpadik, Lepcha, is found in the Himalaya from Chakrata and
Mussoorie to Bhutan, at 5-8000 ft., usually in ravines like the " Beargarden " at
Chakrata and the " Mossy falls" at Mussoorie.

1. G. ovata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 93 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 227.
A large climber, with spirally twisting stem. Bark dark brown,
rough, £ in. thick. Wood made up of narrow indented wedges which
radiate star-like but increase in width from the centre outwards
and are separated by fibrous bast tissue. Pores moderate-sized to
large, often subdivided, arranged in somewhat concentric line3
separated by concentric lines of pale loose tissue. Medullary my*
extremely fine, very numerous.

Khasia Hills ; Nilgiri Hills at 5-7000 ft., common.

W 3797. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

Order LXXV. BORAGINEJE.

Four Indian woody genera belonging to three Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Cordieaj Cordia.

„ II. Ehretieaj Ehretia, Rhabdia.

„ III. Heliotropieas Tournefortia.

Most of the plants belonging to the Order are herbaceous and several of them are
showy garden plants, some shrubby. The Heliotrope, Heliotropium permianum, Linn.,
sometimes reaches the size of a shrub, especially on the Nilgiris, that home for foreign
plants from all temperate regions of the world. Some of the species of Cordia have
woods of pretty grain useful in carpentry.

There is no general character for the woods of this Order. Cordia
has well-marked bands of soft tissue in most species and a dark brown.
teak-like wood ; Ehretia has an even-grained light-coloured wood
with annual rings usually marked by larger pores.

500 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

1. CORDIA, Linn.

Thirteen species, fairly evenly distributed over the country, some of them having
useful woods deserving of being better known and more in use, especially for furniture.
C. obliqua, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 137 (C. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 588, C. Mijxa,
Linn, (part) ; Brandis For. Fl. 336, C. Wallichii, G. Don ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 2-45 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 144) ; Vern. Geduri, Sind : Sepistan, pistan, Guj. : Bant lesura,
Hind. ; Burgund, duhhuan, Mar. ; Chandle, Kan., is a tree of the Western Ghuts,
Guzerat and other dry parts of the Bombay Presidency, also Mysore, very nearly
allied to C. Myxa, with which Brandis unites it, keeping C. Wallichii separate.
O. monoica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 592; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 137; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxvi. ;
Talbot Bomb. List 144; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 193 (C. polyr/ama, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 594;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxvi. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 207) ; Yern. Pida, Hind. ; Panugeri, Tel. ;
Naruvili, Tam., is a small irregular tree of Orissa, the Circars, Deccan, "West and South
India and Ceylon. O. grandis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 593 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 137 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 208 ; Gamble Darj. List 57 ; Vern. Asari, Nep. ; Thanat, Burin., is a large
tree of the Sikkim Terai and lower hills, Assam, Chittagong and Burma, with a pale
brown, light wood, and large leaves which are used to make the outer wrapping of
Burmese native cigars. C. Perrottetii, Wight and C.fulvosa, Wight are small trees
of the South Deccan in dry forests. C. oblongifolia, Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 194,
is a straggling shrub endemic in Ceylon. O. subcordata, Lamk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 140;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 209; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 195 (C. campanidata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
593), is a handsome large shrub of the Coast forests of the Andamans, Tenasserim
and Ceylon, with orange-yellow flowers. C. speciosa, Willd. and C. tectonifol la, Wall,
are small red-flowered trees introduced from the West Indies and often cultivated in
Indian gardens. The " Inderal)" tree of the Soudan is Cordia abyssinica, Br. It
gives a good timber, easily converted and suitable for most purposes (Muriel).

Po7'es of variable size, more or less joined by concentric, often
broken, belts of loose tissue, separated by darker belts in which the
medullary rays are prominent. C. Myxa and C. octandra have soft
woods, the others have hard woods much resembling" good Teak,
durable and suitable for carpentry.

1. C. Myxa, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 136; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 590; Bedd. Fl. Svlv.
clxv.; Brandis For. Fl. 336; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 208; Gamble Darj. List 57; Talbot
Bomb. List 144; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 193. Vern. Lasora, bhokar, gondi, Hind.:
Lasivara, Pb. ; Lesurl, gidurl, Sind; Katula, lasora, Garhwal ; Borla, baurala, borihi,
lisdro, Kumaon; Bohari, buhal, Beng. ; Boeri, Nep.; Nimat, Lepcha ; Ddbakari,
Mechi ; Gondi, ambata, Uriya; Baragund, lasora, Merwara; Gunda, Jeypore ; Gond-
han, Berar ; Vidi, verasu, naruvili, Tam. ; Pedda bokn, virgi, nakkera, irkl, irlki, Tel. :
Bholiya, pajipotong, Khond ; Embrum, K61 ; Semur, goden, gondan, shelu, bhokur,
vargund, Mar.; Ghotte, chella, Kan.; Virasham, Mai.; Karadi, Trav. Hills; Selte,
Gondi; Silu, chilu, Kurku ; Lasseri, Baigas; Lolii, Cingh. ; Cliaine, Magh; Tltanaf,
taung thanat, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark ^ to f in. thick, grey or
brown, rouidi with shallow longitudinal wrinkles and furrows. Wood
greyish-brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized or large,
scanty, scattered and frequently double, or partitioned, joined by
concentric bands of tissue which consist of large rectangular or six-
angled wood cells ; the alternate bands denser and closer in texture.
Medullary rays short, moderately broad, shallow, prominent on a
radial section as a mottled silver-grain.

Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, extending to the Punjab Himalaya, and
rising to 5000 ft. ; often planted.

A crooked tree of rather uninteresting character, but pretty when in flower or fruit.
Growth moderately fast, 3 to 9 rings per inch of radius (Brandis) ; specimens here given
do not show the rings well, with the exception of two, which give 1 to 2 rings per inch,

XI.

> l; 1 1 r \ MYX \.

H.'DIA FBAGBANTISSEHA.

EHRETIA ACUMINATA.

HETEROPHRAGM \ ^DENOPHYLLUM

PBEMNA PYRAMIDATA, AVlu:\M\ OFPIOINAXK

( Magnified 'M times.)

BORAGINEiE 501

which must be called very fast. The weight is very variable. Brandis in Burma List
of 1862, No. 82, gives 33 lbs. per cubic foot ; specimens enumerated below vary from
23 to 42 lbs., but the average is 33 lbs. Brandis in For. Fl., p. 337, says 33 to 49 lbs.
The wood, in spite of its softness, is fairly strong, and seasons well, but is readily
attacked by insects. It is used for boat-building, well-curbs, gun-stocks and agricultural
implements (Brandis), in Bengal for canoes. It might be tried for tea-boxes. It is an
excellent fuel. The bark is made into ropes and the fibre is used for caulking boats.
The leaves are used as plates and in Pegu to cover Burmese cheroots. The fruit
(Sebestan) is eaten ; it is very mucilaginous, and is used in native medicine. The viscid
pulp is used as birdlime and for marking linen, but the mark is fugacious. The
kernel is eaten.

lbs.

O 250. Garhwal (1868) 42

0 1376. (ionda, Oudh (Wood) 38

C 1149. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (Pi. Thompson) . . .37

E 642. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) 28

E 2394. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 28

E 714. Chittagong (Chester) 23

B 2543. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 36

No. 42, Salem Collection (marked Spondias mangifera) . . . .32
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XI. 1).

Nos. B 5022 (Tharrawaddy), B 5040 (Pegu), B 5046 (Bassein), Burma, received as
Cordia grandis, appear to belong to O. Myxa, with which they agree in structure.

2. C. Rothii, Rom. and Sch.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 138; Brandis For. Fl. 338; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. clxvi. ; Talbot Bomb. List 144 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 194. C. angustifolia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 595. Vera. Gondi, gondni, gundi, Hind.; Liar, liai, Sind ; Narvilli,
Tam.

A small tree. Bark grey or brownish -grey, with deep longitudinal
furrows. Wood compact, hard : sapwood yellowish ; heartwood brown,
streaked in different shades. Pores small to moderate-sized, joined by
concentric bands of loose texture of varying width and sometimes
anastomozing. Medullary rays fine and moderate-sized, prominent in
the dark hard tissue between the concentric belts above referred to.

Dry region of India : Ajmere, the Bombay Presidency, Mysore and South Deccan ;
dry region of Ceylon ; planted and self-sown in the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana and the
N.-W. Provinces.

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight 42 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot
(Brandis) ; specimens examined give 48 lbs. The wood is a fine one and deserves to
be better known, and the tree to be more propagated. The wood is used for fuel, in
Sind for building, and in Cutch for agricultural implements. The bark when wounded
gives a gum, and the liber is made into ropes. The pulp of the fruit is eaten.

lbs.

P 449. Ajmere 46

P 4906. Ajmere (Lowrie) 50

3. C. fragrantissima, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 207 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 139. Vera.
Sandaiva, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood moderately hard, reddish-brown with
darker streaks, beautifully mottled, has a fragrant scent. Pores
moderate-sized to large, in roundish patches, which are joined by
occasional, broken, concentric lines. Medullary rays rather distant,
moderately broad, with a well-marked and rather handsome silver-
grain.

Burma, chieily in the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim, and in Upper Burma.

This species has a beautiful wood which should be better known. It has a hand-
some grain, and its fresh, fragrant odour makes it very pleasant to use. Pieces sent to
London for sale in 1878 realized £4 10s. per ton of 50 cub. ft.

502 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

B 274. Burma (1867) 48

B 1428. Tharrawaddy, Burma 51

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XI. 2).

4. C. vestita, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 139 ; Brandis For. Fl. 338. Vern.
Kumbi, karuk, Pb. ; Kum paimtin, pin, indak, chinta, ajdnta, bairida, berula, Hind.;
Bairold, Dehra Diin ; Latora, Oudh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, dark grey, exfoliating
when old in large woody scales. The wood has the same structure and
appearance as that of C. Rothii and C. Macleodii, except that the
concentric lines are more often interrupted.

Sub-Himalayan tract, from tbe Jhelum to the Sarda River, Oudh ; fairly common
in the Saharanpur Siwaliks.

A rather conspicuous but not very common tree, with large tomentose leaves and
characteristic bark. The wood is of excellent quality and deserves to be better known
as it is capable of making good furniture with a figured grain, not unlike good quality
slow-grown Teak. It is strong and said to be used for wheel and well-work (Brandis).
The fruit is eaten ; it is preferred to that of C. Myxa.

lbs.

O 231. Garhwal (1868) 52

0 2998. „ (1874) 53

0 3232. Dehra Dun —

5. C. Macleodii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 139 ; Brandis For. Fl. 337, t.
41 ; Talbot Bomb. List 144. Vern. Dhengan, dhdman, dhdian, dewan, dahi, dalvipalas,
dihgan, Hind. ; Dhaiivan, Sattara ; Daiwas, dhaim, bhoti, Mar. ; Bot, Gondi : Lauri
kassamdr, Kurku ; Gadm, Ajmere; Pedda hattava, Tel.; Baurlo, TJriya ; Godela,
Merwara; Gadda, Jeypore ; Benta, porpcmda, K61; Bharivar, belaunan, Kharwar;
Jugia, Son thai ; Borla mehranu, Khond.

A middling-sized deciduous tree. Bark thick, grey, soft, corky.
Heartwood light brown, beautifully mottled with darker veins, even-
grained, very hard. Pores small to moderate-sized, in irregular con-
centric belts of light tissue, often joined by white lines without pores.
Medullary rays white, fine and moderately broad, prominent.

Central India, in the Central Provinces, Chota Nagpore, Orissa, theCircars, Deccan ;
Konkan and North Kanara, in deciduous forest.

Weight 40 to 50 lbs. (Brandis) ; specimens examined give an average of 52 lbs.
The wood is used for furniture, picture-frames and other ornamental work ; also for
fishing-rods, which are said to be excellent (Brandis). It deserves to be better known
and more in use, and to be respected in sylvicultural operations. It is much esteemed
by the natives in the Central Provinces, who use it for furniture and agricultural tools
(Chicago Exh. Cat., 1893).

lbs.

P 3219. Nagpahar, Ajmere ....

C 180. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) .

C 2985. Jubbulpore (1863) ....

C 831. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)

C 3455. Betlah Reserve, Palamow (Gamble)

D 3965. Ballipalle Forests, Cuddapah (Higgens)

53
50
49

56

6. C. oetandra, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 140 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxvi. C. serrata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 592.

A small tree. Wood light brown, the colour of young teak, soft.

Pores very small, very scanty, in narrow concentric belts of pale loose

tissue. Medulla/ry rays variable, some broad, some fine, as in C. Myxa.

Travancore.

lbs.

W 4721. Travancore (Bourdillon) 24

BORAGINE.E 503

2. EHRETIA, Linn.

Ten species. E. macrophylla, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 141, is a tree of Nepal. E.
retusa, Wall, and E. parallela, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 143, are trees of Burma. E.
ovalifolia, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 143 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxvii., is a small tree of the
districts of Coimbatore, Madura and Tinnevelly up to 2000 ft. ; while E. Wigldiana,
Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 143 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxvii., is a small tree of the Tinnevelly
Ghats, common also up to 2000 ft. E. buxifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 598 ; Fl.Br. Ind. iv.
144 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxvii. ; Talbot Bomb. List 145 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 196 ; Vern.
Bapanaluri, Tel., is a small bush of the dry scrub forests of the Circars, Deccan and
Carnatic, very common and often cultivated as a garden shrub.

Wood very light brownish- or yellowish-white, moderately hard,
even-grained, usually rough. Pores small, in radial lines or scattered,
in some species larger in the spring wood where they mark the annual
rings. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, regular.

1. E. acuminata, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 141. E. eerrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 596;
Brandis For. Fl. 339 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 210 ; Gamble Darj. List 57. Vern. Puran,
punna, kalthdnu, Punjab ; Punyan, punjlaivdi, panden, koda, Hind. ; Kurkuria,
arjiin, Oudh ; Narra, punya, Garhwal ; Punddyan, Dehra Dun ; Shaursi, Kumaon ;
X<i/shuna, chillay, Nep. ; Bual, Ass. ; Kala-aja, Beng.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey or whitish-grey, £ in. thick.
Wood very light brown, rough, moderately hard, resembling that of
the ash. Pores of two kinds : those in the spring wood Jarge and
closely packed in a line, making conspicuous annual rings ; those in
the rest of the wood small, scattered. Medullary rays short, mode-
rately broad, not numerous, giving a good silver-grain on a radial
section.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Bhutan, and along river valleys in the
hills, ascending to 5000 ft. ; Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Upper Burma.

A conspicuous and handsome tree in the valleys of the Western Himalaya,
common on the Upper Tons. The wood is good, and, according to Brandis, is made
into scabbards, sword-hilts, gun-stocks, and used for building and for agricultural
implements. Aikin in Waliich's List of 1831 gives 3*3 rings per inch of radius, the
specimen examined gives 7 rings. Kyd gives W = 37 lbs. and P = 530, the specimen
gives 44 ^ lbs. The unripe fruit is pickled and the ripe fruit eaten. The leaves are
often affected by an orange-coloured fungus, Uredo Ehretice, Barclay (Ind. For. xviii.
21 and xxv. 436), suspected of being identical with P actinia dispersa, Eriks. and
Henn., the "brown rust" which attacks cereals.

lbs.
H 4705. Upper Tons Valley, X.-W. Himalaya, 3500 ft. (Gamble) . 44

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 3 (Tab. XL 3).

2. E. lseviS, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 597; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 141; Bedd. Fl. Svlv. t. 246:
Brandis For. Fl. 340, t. 42 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 210 ; Talbot Bomb. List 144 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 195. Vern. Chamrdr, koda, darar, datranga, Hind.; Bentea, chamror,
Jeypore; Tamboli, Banda ; Mosonea, guachipo, Uriya; Dotti, disti, gilchi, Gondi ;
Datranga, Mar. ; Paldatam, redda pul-mera, seregad, Tel.; Addula, T&xn.; Kappura,
adak, Kan.; Chavandi, Mai.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark § in. thick, grey. Wood greyish- or
brownish-white, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings
indistinctly marked. Pore* small, grouped in small clusters or radial
lines. Medullary rays line, short, numerous, distinctly visible on a
radial section.

Throughout India, in deciduous forests, cxteDding north to the Lower Himalaya
of the extreme north-west and up to 2000 ft.

A very common plaut in the deciduous forests of India, frequent in Sal forest
and in mixed forests in the sub-Himalayan region, also on the lower hills of the

504 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Himalaya, the Siwaliks and the hills of Central and South India. It coppices easily
and reproduces well, but is of little value. Growth moderate, 5 to 8 rings per inch of
radius. The wood is tough and durable, and is used for agricultural implements and
in building. The fruit is eaten, as is also the inner bark in times of famine.

lbs.

0 257. Garhwal (1868) 33

C 1155. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .38
D 3870. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 4000 ft. (Gamble) . —

Var. aspera, E. aspera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 598 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxvi. ; Braudis For.
Fl. 340; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 209. Vern. Telia juvi, Tel.

A small tree. Bark greyish-white, thin. Wood brownish-white,

moderately hard, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, in radial

strings of from 1 to 8, between the numerous fine medullary rays,

which they touch on either side.

South India, in dry places.

lbs.
D 3972. Madras 45

3. E. Obtusifolia, Hochst. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 142 ; Brandis For. Fl. 340 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 145.

A small shrub. Bark grey, thin. Wood resembling in structure
that of E. Iwvis.

Salt Range in the Punjab, Sind and Rajputana ; Meiktila in Upper Burma.
P 3245. Ajmere.

4. E. Wallichiana, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 143 ; Gamble Darj. List 57.
Vern. Boeri, doivari, Kep. ; Kalet, Lepcha.

A large tree, sometimes gregarious. Wood yellowish-white, mode-
rately hard, rough. Annual rings marked by light-coloured belts.
Pores small and moderate-sized, in scattered groups and short radial
lines. Medullary rays short, numerous, fine, uniform.

Eastern Himalaya, in Sikkim and Bhutan, at 2-7000 ft. ; Shan Hills of Burma at
5000 ft.

A very common tree in the Darjeeling Hills, especially in second-growth forest,
where it frequently comes up gregariousty. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of
radius. Weight about 36 to 37 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for building, for
charcoal, and occasionally for making tea-boxes.

lbs.

E 690. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Johnston) . . .33
E 3597, 3601. Darjeeling Hills, 6000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .40
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

3. RHABDIA, Mart.

1. R. lycioides, Mart.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 145; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 197. 11.
viminea, Dalz. and Gibs.; Brandis For. Fl. 341, 577; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 211; Talbot
Bomb. List 145.

A shrub. Wood white, soft. Pores small, scanty, often subdivided
or in short radial lines. Medullary rays extremely fine, very in-
distinct.

Rocky, sandy and shingly beds of streams in Kumaon, ascending to 2500 ft. ;
Central, Western and South India; Burma; scarce in Ceylon.

C 3475. Koel River, Saranda, Singbhum (Gamble).

4. TOURNEFORTIA, Linn.

About 12 species, erect or straggling or climbing shrubs or (in one case) a small
tree. T. argentea, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 145 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 198 ; Vern.

BORAGINE^ 505

Kara7i, Cingh., is a small tree 10 to 12 ft. high, with short trunk and deeply furrowed
bark, found on sandy seashores on the South and East Coasts of Ceylon, also in the
Nicobar Islands, said by Trimen to be an " extremely beautiful little tree." T. reticosa,
Wight is a straggling species not uncommon in the Wynaad and Coorg ; and T.
Wightii, Clarke is found in much the same region. T. ovata, Wall, is a climbing
shrub of Burma; T. Roxburghii, Clarke is found in Chittagong; T. viridiflora,
Wall., T. Candollei, Clarke and T. hhasiana, Clarke, in various parts of Assam. T.
Walkerce, Clarke is found in Ceylon.

1. T. Hookeri, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 147; Gamble Darj. List 58. Veru.
Ampati-lura, Nep. ; Tungrongrik, Lepcha.

A climbing shrub. Bark brown, rough. Wood brown, soft. Pores
large, much subdivided. Medullar}] rays fine, numerous, bent round
the pores.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 2-5000 ft., common.

E 3299. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 3000 ft, (Gamble).

Order LXXVI. CONVOLVULACEJE.

An Order containing chiefly climbing shrubs of very little interest to the Forest
Officer, except that the largest of them are harmful to trees and have to be cut ; while
one, Porana paniculata, is to some extent an article of minor produce in X. India,
being in demand for basket-making. There are seven genera, all belonging to the
Tribe Convolvule^:, viz. Erycibe, Rivea, Argyreia, Lettsomia, Ipomaja, Porana and
Neuropeltis. Many species of the Order have beautiful flowers, and many are cultivated
in gardens. Cuscuta, the " Dodder," is another genus worthy of mention on account of
its being parasitic, one species especially, C. reflexa, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 225, doing
great harm to small trees and hedges, which may be seen covered with its flowers and
branches as with a yellowish-green sheet, It is especially fond of some trees, such as
Zizyphus Jujuba and Vitex Negundo, and if left alone is capable of killing them.

Blinkworthia lycioides, Choisy. has lately (Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 91) been re-
ported to be a common bush in the dry forests of Burma, flowering in the rainy seasou,
with white waxy flowers.

The wood of the climbing Convolvulaceas shows a structure of
great interest, which deserves study and requires really to be fully
illustrated in order to be properly understood. The woody part of
the stems usually alternates with rings, either complete or broken
and anastomozing, of bast tissue. The pores are large and the
medullary rays inconspicuous.

1. ERYCIBE, Roxb.

Nine species, climbing or straggling shrubs. E. glomerata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv.
183; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 213, is an "evergreen erect shrub" (Kurz) or "powerful
scandent shrub" (Fl. Br. Ind.) of Tenasserim ; where also are found E. coriacea, Wall,
and E. glaucescens, Wall., the former also of Chittagong.

1. E. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 585; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 180; Brandis For. Fl.
344 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 214 ; Talbot Bomb. List 146 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 205. Vern.
Katapergu, Uriya ; Kari, Son thai; Urumin, K61; Eta-miriya, etambiriya, Cingh.

A large climbing shrub. Bark brown with large rough corky
lenticels. Wood soft, porous, of peculiar structure ; round the central
pith radiate a series of wedges of wood tissue ; round these comes a
layer of bast (?) tissue ; then a series of separate round, concentrically
arranged masses of wood tissue, separated by bast tissue, then more
layers of bast and similar masses of wood tissue, gradually getting

506 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

smaller outwards. In the wood tissue the pores are large and the
medullary rays very fine.

Throughout India, from the forests of Oudh eastward and southward to Ceylon,
Tenasserim and the Nicobars.

C 3497. Ghatsila, Singbhiim (Gamble).
C 4342. Kullada Forest, Ganjam (Gamble).

2. E. laevigata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 181 ; Gamble Darj. List 58.
A large climbing shrub. Bark grey, with white corky lenticels.
Wood greyish-white, structure similar to that of E. paniculata.
Sikkim Himalaya at 5-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, 4000 ft.
E 3726. Sureil, Darjeeling Hills, 5500 ft. (Gamble).

2. RIVEA, Chois.

Two species. R. ornata, Chois. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 183 ; Gamble Darj. List 58 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 146 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 205 (Lettsomia ornata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i. 496, Argyreia ornata, Sweet, Brandis For. Fl. 343) ; Yern. Muchuddai, Tam., is
a climbing shrub of South India, in dry forests in the Deccan and of the dry districts
of Ceylon. The flowers are large, cream-coloured, sweet-scented and open at night,
and the leaves are very white-tomentose. The var. Griffithii is an erect-growing
plant of the Saharanpur Siwaliks and eastward to the Sikkim Terai, with much less
tomentose leaves. I feel sure it is a separate species from R. ornata of the Fl. Br. Ind. ;
and, with Dr. Prain, consider it the true R. ornata and the South Indian plant (the
Convolvulus candicans, Roxb.) to be a separate species.

1. R. hypoer-ateriformiS, Chois. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 184 ; Talbot Bomb. List 146.
Argyreia uniflora, Sweet; Brandis For. Fl. 342. Lettsomia Bona-nox and L. uniflora,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 494-5. "Midnapore creeper" or "Clove-scented creeper." Vern.
Kulmi-luta, Beng.

A climbing shrub. Bark very thin, grey. IVood soft, porous,
in concentric rings, alternating with concentric rings of bast tissue.
In the concentric rings, the wood is partitioned into wedges by the
broad medidlary rays, and the large 'pore* are seen in a radial line of
2 or 3 in the wedge between each pair of medullary rays.

Dry forests and hedges of the Peninsula, extending north through Rajputana to the
Punjab, but most common on the coasts on either side and in the Deccan country.
D 3886. Muchukota Forest, Anantapur (Gamble).

3. ARGYREIA, Lour.

In the Fl. Br. Ind. 25 species are given, most of which are climbing shrubs of
considerable size, most of them handsome, but of comparatively little interest as they
do not grow so much in the forests as on the forest edges, among bushes near villages,
in hedges and ravines. A. tiluefolia, Wight; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 184; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
215; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 206: Yern. Taungkazungyi, Burm. ; Giri-tilla, Cingh., is
a large climber of Bengal, Burma and Ceylon, common along streams. A. cuneata,
Ker; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 191; Brandis For. Fl. 344; Talbot Bomb. List 147, is an erect
shrub with deep purple flowers, common in dry districts of Western ami Southern
India. A. pallida, Chois. is a handsome climber of the Meiktila forests in Burma
(Collett in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 94).

1. A. speciosa, Sweet ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 185 ; Brandis For. Fl. 343 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 146. The Elephant creeper. Vern. Samudra shofci, guguli, Bombay.

A large climber. Bark grey, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood
grey, structure like that of Rivea hypocrateriformis, being divided
into concentric rings by belts of bast tissue alternating with
woody belts, which later are again divided into wedges by the broad

CONVOLVULACEiE 507

medullary rays. Pores few, large, in groups in the tissue between
the medullary rays.

Western and Southern India and Bengal.

D 3997. Ramundriig, Bellary, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

4. LETTSOMIA, Koxb. About 17 species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind., all
climbers, some of considerable size.

5. IPOMiEA, Linn. A large genus of which only a few are of shrubby size. The
most noticeable of these is the " Moonflower," /. Bona-nox, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 197 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 217 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 213 (J. grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 497) ;
Vera. Alanga, Cingh., whose large white sweet-scented flowers open only at night, and
are conspicuous in hedges and ravines in the early morning in many parts of India.
I. biloba, Forsk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 212, is the Goats'-foot Creeper, which is important
as a very efficient binder of the coast sands on most of the Indian shores. It has
bilobed leaves and conspicuous purple-red flowers.

6. PORANA, Burm.

About 8 species. P. racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 466 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 222 ; Gamble
Darj. List 58; Vera. Papray, Nep.; Mom-rik, Lepcha, is a climbing shrub of the
Central and Eastern Himalaya, common in the Darjeeling Hills up to 5000 ft. It is
sometimes called the " Snow creeper " from its masses of white flowers covering the
forest trees.

1. P. panieulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 464 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 222 ; Brandis For. Fl.
342 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 220 ; Gamble Darj. List 58. The Silver Creeper. Vera. Bel
kamun, Hind. ; Burhi lot, Monghyr ; Badulpati, Nep. ; Kadiwan, Lepcha.

A large climbing shrub. Bark light yellowish-white, corky, with
spirally-arranged rounded darker bosses. Wood white, very porous,
soft, in concentric masses separated by belts of bast tissue which
irregularly anastomoze. Pores large, numerous. Medullary rays
line, very inconspicuous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, Bengal and Upper Burma.

In the Siwaiiks the stems are cut for making baskets for rough use, as for road
excavation.

O 4655. Saharanpur Forests (Gamble).

The structure of P. volubilis, Burm. is similar (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4). It
is a Malay species which may possibly extend to Tenasserim.

7. NEUROPELTIS, Wall. N. racemosa, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 225; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 222, is a large climbing Burmese shrub.

Order LXXVII. SOLANACEJE.

An Order of no great forest interest, though of considerable economic importance,
producing, as it does, such valuable plants as the potato, capsicum, tomato, tobacco,
and Cape gooseberry. Three genera, however, require notice, viz. —

Tribe I. Solaneas Solanum, Withania.

„ II. Atropete Lycium.

Datura arborea, Linn, with white and D. sanguined, R. and P. with orange long-
tubed flowers are common garden shrubs, often found as escapes or self-sown.

1. SOLANUM, Linn.

Many species : herbs, shrubs or small trees, some of them semi-shrubby roadside
plants like 8. torvum, Sw. and & indicum, Linn., but only a few really woody.
S. pitbescens, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 230, is a shrub of the dry rocky hills of the

508 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

South Deccan. 8. gigan team, Jacq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 233; Talbot Bomb. List 150;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 150; Vern. Kutri, chelna jhdr, cliunna jhdr, Mar., is a small tree
of the Western Ghats, the Nilgiris, and the hills of Ceylon, at 3-7000 ft., with very
white woolly leaves and small blue flowers. S.ferox, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 233;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 226 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 233 ; Vern. Sinkadi, Burm. ; Malabatu,
Cingh., is a large herbaceous shrub of Eastern Bengal, Ceylon and Burma, where it is
common in old cultivated lauds and on old village sites.

S.jasminoides, Paxt. is a climbing shrub with white flowers, very common in Indian
gardens.

1. S. verbaseifolium, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 230; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 25; Gamble
Darj. List 58 ; Talbot Bomb. List 150 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 232. S. pubescens, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 56-1. Vern. Urusa, Beng. ; Dursal, Nep. ; Sivor, Lepcha ; Hekarilla, Cingh.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood soft,
light yellow. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided, the
annual rings marked by a line of rather larger pores. Medullary
rays fine, short, numerous.

Throughout India, in ravines or shady places under big trees ; from the Jumna
eastwards along the hills to Assam and Burma, and down both coasts ; moist region of
Ceylon.

E 3344. Kalimpiing, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

2. W1THANIA, Pauq. Two small shrubs, W. somnifera, Dunal and W. coagu-
lans, Dunal ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 239, 240, the former of the drier parts of Northern India :
the latter of the Punjab, Sind and adjoining regions. The fruit of this plant is
commonly employed as a substitute for rennet to coagulate milk.

3. LYCIUM, Linn. Three species, of which the most common is L. europceum,
Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 240 ; Brandis For. Fl. 345 ; Talbot Bomb. List 150 ; Vern.
Ganger, kangu, kunga buti, Punjab ; Chirchitta, niral, Delhi ; Gangro, chirchitta, Mar.,
is a thorny shrub of the Punjab, Sind and Guzerat. The wood is used for fuel and
the branches are made into wattled frames for the walls of huts; the fruit is eaten.
S. barbarum, Linn, is found in the Punjab and Sind ; and S. ruthenicwm, Murray :
Brandis For. Fl. 346; Vern. Khichar, khitsar, kitserma, Ladak, is found at high
elevations, 6-13,000 ft. in the higher iuner Himalaya, and also has an edible fruit.

Order LXXVIII. SCROPHULARIACEJE.

An Order containing many herbaceous plants, but, in India, only two genera
reaching woody size, viz. Brandisia and Wightia, both belonging to the Tribe Cheloneae.

1. BKANDISIA, Hook. f. and Th. B. discolor, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv.
257 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 250, is an evergreen half-scandent shrub of the hill forests of
Martaban, at 3-6000 ft.

2. WIGHTIA, Wall.

1. W. glgantea, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 257; Gamble Darj. List 59. Vern.
Lakori, Nep. ; Bop, Lepcha.

A large erect or epiphytic tree. Bark grey, smooth, of unequal
thickness, on the outside \ in. thick, much thinner where it touches
the stem of the supporting tree. Wood white, very soft, porous.
Pores large, often subdivided, equally distributed. Medullary rays
moderately broad, uniform, bent round the pores.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan, at 3-7000 ft.; Manipur
(Watt) ; Salween Valley, Burma, 3000 ft. (Brandis) ; Shan Hills at 4000 ft. (Aplin).

In Hooker's "Himalayan Journal," vol. i. 164, where a picture of it is given, it
is spoken of as with stem-clasping Ficus-like branches, and this as I have always
seen it; in the "Fl. Br. Ind.," however, it is described as "a large tree, often half
'epiphytic;" and Watt mentions it ("Ind. Forester," xiv. 343) as "a large tree." In

SCROPHULARIACE^E 509

its usual form it climbs by sending out horizontal, stem-clasping, aerial roots round the
stem of the tree on which it grows, often showing its masses of pink flowers above
the summit of the latter. It is probably, like many species of Ficus, only erect when
the host tree has died away.

The wood is used to make Buddhist idols; it is extremely light and very soft, but
does not warp. The stem is often 3 to 4 ft. in girth.

lbs.
E 3323. Eangirum, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .14

Order LXXIX. GESNERACEJE.

In India, this Order presents only one genus with shrubby plants, unless JEscliy-
nanthus is reckoned as shrubby.

1. LEPTOB^EA, Benth.

Two species. L. glabra, Clarke is a shrub of the Mishmi Hills in Upper Assam.

1. L. multiflora, Gamble Darj. List, Ed. 1, 58, Ed. 2, 59 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 368.
Vern. Tungrangmulc, Lepcha.

A small shrub. Bark grey, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood
yellowish-white, hard, close and even-grained. Pores very small but
distinct, in short radial lines. Annual rings marked by closer pores.
Medullary rays extremely fine.

Hills of the East Himalaya up to 3000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills, at 2000 ft.
E 3314. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble).

Order LXXX. BIGNONIACEJE.

An Order remarkable, not for number of species, but for the number of handsomely-
flowered plants, trees, shrubs and climbers, which belong to it. In the Indian forests
there are nine genera, to which may be added two, Spathodea and Kigelia, containing
cultivated trees of importance. These eleven genera belong to three Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Bignoniese .... Nyctocalos, Millingtonia, Oroxylum.
„ II. Tecomeae .... Tecoma, Spathodea, Dolichandrone,

Heterophragma, Mayodendron, Stereo-
spermum, Pajanelia.
„ III. Crescentiacea? . . . Kigelia.

In addition to these there are to be found in cultivation several plants of the genus
Bignonia, especially B. vcnusta, Ker, the well-known orange-flowered climber so
common in Indian gardens. The genus Amphicome contains two interesting showy-
flowered plants of the West Himalaya : A. arguta, Lindl. and A. Emodi, Lindl., both
found on rocks at about 7000 ft.

Pores usually moderate-sized, ringed or in patches of loose texture
which are often oblique or confluent into more or less broken con-
centric belts ; they are often filled with resin. Medullary rays fine,
regular.

1. NYCTOCALOS, Teysm. and Binn. JV. Thomsoni, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv.
377, is a large climber of the hills of Assam.

2. MILLINGTONIA, Linn. f.

1. M. hortensis, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 377 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 249 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 347 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 238 ; Talbot Bomb. List 152. Bignonia suberosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 111. The Indian Cork tree. Vern. Kimi chambeli, akas-nint,
Hind., Mar.; Kdt malli, Tarn. ; Kula nim, Berar; Kavuki, Tel.; Egayit, Burm.

A large tree. Wood soft, yellowish-white. Annual rings marked

510 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

by autumn wood with few pores and a spring wood with rather more
numerous ones. Pores small, numerous, arranged in light-coloured
patches which run together to form a more or less concentric zigzag
pattern. Medullary rays fine, the distance between the rays some-
what larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. A good grain
on a vertical section.

Cultivated in avenues and gardens in most parts of India, believed to be indigenous
in Burma and the Malay Archipelago. Kurz says it is " rather rare in the tropical
' forests from Martaban down to Tenasserim, also Ava."

A fine tree with white sweet-scented flowers, fast-growing (4 to 5 rings per inch)
and ornamental. It has been much used for avenues, but is very brittle and liable to
be damaged by storms. It produces quantities of suckers from the roots which are
mostly quite surface-feeders. As giving a soft even-grained timber of good colour, the
wood is likely to be useful, but it must be cut up when quite fresh, and very carefully
seasoned or it gets discoloured. It would do admirably for tea-boxes and similar uses ;
and as the habit of the tree is tall and straight with comparatively few branches, a
forest would give a considerable amount of material per acre, at an early age ; though,
as I have never seen such a forest, I am unable to be sure that such a condition would
suit it. Beddome says the wood is well adapted for furniture and ornamental work.
Skinner gives (No. 27) W = 42 lbs., P = 610 ; the two specimens examined give W
as 36 and 40 respectively, the latter is probably the more average figure.

lbs.

0 3160. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Duthie) 40

O 4663. Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble) 36

3. OROXYLUM, Vent.

1. 0. indieum, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 378 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 237 ; Gamble Darj.
List 59; Talbot Bomb. List 151 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 281. Calosanthes indica, Bl. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 347. Bignonia indica, Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 110; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clxviii. Vern. Mulin, mirianga, sori, tdtpalang, tdtmorang, Pb. ; Ullu, arlu, kharkath,
pharkath, sauna, assar sauna, shyona, Hind. ; Tungla, phar-lcathstl I u, Garhwal ; Pharri,
Kumaon; Tattunua, C.P. ; Phalgatetu, phalangatetu, Melghat; TotiUa, karamkanda,
Nep. ; Kering, Garo; CJterpong, Mechi ; Sozong, Pajbanshi ; Sona, Hazaribagh :
Sanpatti, Morghyr ; Bana hata, Sonthal ; Dantkura, Mai Pahari ; Arengi banu, K61 ;
Sonepatta, Kharwar ; Dofceri, Khond ; Pampani, Reddi ; Pomponia, phtmphuna,
Uriya ; Pana, vanga, achi, arlanthei, arandei, Tam.; Pamania, parnpana, dundillwm,
dondlup, Tel. ; Dhatte, Gondi ; Tetu, Mar. ; Palaga-payani, Mai. ; Chori konnan,
Trav. Hills ; TotiUa, Cingh. ; Kyaungya, Burm. ; Batadah, And.

A small deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, light brownish-grey,
soft, yields a green juice when cut. Wood yellowish-white, soft ; no
heartwood. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, uniformly distributed.
Annual rings marked by more numerous pores. Medullary rays
fine to moderately broad, prominent on a radial section.

Throughout India : sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ascending to
3500 ft. ; Bengal, Assam, Burma ; Central and South India ; Andamans ; Ceylon ;
chiefly in deciduous forest, in more or less moist places.

A small, conspicuous, but ungainly tree, remarkable for its long, flat, sword-like
capsule, very large 2- to 3-pinnate leaves, and large dull-coloured flowers. Growth fast,
2.1, to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight 30 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark and fruit
are used in tanning and dyeing ; the seeds, which are very thin with broad papery
wings, are used to line hats and, between two layers of wickerworlc, to make umbrellas;
they may be seen in Buddhist temples in Sikkim, hung up in strings or made into
ornaments to suspend from the roof. Manson says that the ground-up bark mixed
with " hardi " is used to cure sore backs in horses.

lbs.
P 111. Sutlej Valley

C 1179. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)

E 582. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

E 2396. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling (Gamble) .

D 4178. Mantralakanama Pass, Kurnool

27
32
31
33

BIGNONIACE^E 511

4. TECOMA, Juss.

Only one indigenous species. There are, however, several species in common
cultivation in Indian gardens, such as T. stans, Juss., a large yellow-flowered shrub or
small tree, 1. jasminoides, Lindl., a pink-flowered climber, T. capensis, Lindl., T. radi-
cans, Juss. and T. grandiflora, Sw., with red or orange flowers.

1. T. undulata, G. Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 378 ; Brandis For. Fl. 352 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 152. Bignonia undulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 101. Vera. Reoddna, rebddn, Trans-
Indus ; Lahura, Mar, voir, raldra, Pb. ; Lohuri, lohero, Sind ; Boira, Merwara ; Ralcht
reora, rahta rohida, Mar.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark j in. thick, corky, reddish-
brown. Wood greyish- or yellowish-brown, close-grained, mottled
with lighter streaks. Pores small and moderate-sized, often sub-
divided, enclosed in small rounded patches, which are sometimes
arranged in concentric lines. Medullary rays short, fine and mode-
rately broad, prominent on a radial section as a silver-grain.

In the desert region : Suliman and Salt Ranges, Punjab plains, Rajputana, Guzerat,
Sind and Baluchistan ; often planted for ornament.

Brandis says of this tree that "when in full bloom in March and April, it is a most
' beautiful sight, especially on the North-West Punjab Frontier. It is easily raised from
' seed and cuttings and coppices well. When protected it grows into a handsome tree,
' 30 to 40 ft. high, with 5 to 8 ft. girth, but is generally only a stiff shrub 8 to 10 ft.
' high." Weight 44 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; the specimens examined give 40
and 64 lbs. — the latter seems to be exceptionally heavy. The wood is tough, strong
and durable, works and polishes well. It is highly prized for furniture, carving work
and agricultural implements (Brandis). The flowers are bright orange and very
handsome. The leaves are eaten by cattle.

lbs.

P 943. Salt Range, Punjab 64

P 4907. Ajmere (Lowrie) 40

2. T. stans, Juss. ; Talbot Bomb. List 152.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark light brown, corky. Wood
light brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small, rather scanty.
Medullary rays fine, the distance between them greater than the
diameter of the pores.

A South American tree, much cultivated in Indian gardens on account of its
handsome yellow flowers and elegant foliage ; Talbot says it is found run wild in the
Konkan and N. Kanara.

0 4407. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Babu Birbal).

D 4136. Agri.-Hort. Gardens, Madras (Steavenson).

5. SPATHODEA, Beauv.
1. S. campanulata, Beauv.

A tree with large red trumpet-shaped flowers. Bark light grey,
} in. thick, fibrous. Wood hard, yellowish-white, smooth, close-
grained. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, rather scanty,
irregularly distributed but usually in more or less easily recognized
slanting lines. Medullary rays few, short, narrow, white.

Indigenous in Tropical Africa ; cultivated in gardens in Calcutta, Madras, etc.

lbs.
D 3975. Agri.-Hort. Gardens, Madras (Steavenson) . . . .10

6. DOLICHANDRONE, Fenzl.

Six Indian species, all trees. D. Laivii, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 380 (Sjwthodea
falcata, Brandis For. Fl. 350, in part) is a small tree of Rajputana, the O.P. and the
Konkan, closely allied to D. falcata, but glabrous and with a straight capsule.

512 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pores rather scanty, small to moderate-sized, in oblique lines and
sometimes in concentric bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous.
Texture, colour and hardness variable.

1. D. Stipulata, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 379. Spathodea stipulata, Wall. : Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 234. S. velutina, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 235. Bignonia stipulata, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 108. Vera. Mahlwa, pauhhyan, Burru.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood orange-red, beautifully
mottled, hard, close-grained. Pores small, enclosed in round patches
of soft tissue which are often arranged in wavy, concentric lines in
one direction, and in short slanting lines in another. Medullary
rays prominent, very fine, very numerous, generally filled with a
yellow substance.

Open and drier upper mixed forests of Burma : Andaman Islands.

Weight : Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 77, gives 48 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 26, gives
weight 64 lbs., P = 1386 ; specimens examined give 56 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood
is used for bows, spear-handles, oars and paddles. Major Ford says it is a durable
wood for house-posts and makes good furniture. Flowers orange-yellow.

lbs.

B 2544. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 58

B 2261. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 54

2. D. Rheedii, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Iud. iv. 379 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 282. Spathodea
Bheedii, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxviii. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 234. Vera. Gorshingiah,
Beng. ; Vilpadri, Tam.; Diyadanga, Cingh. ; Thakutma, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood white, soft. Pores small,
often subdivided, in wavy, narrow, concentric bands. Medullary
■rays very fine, very numerous, prominent on a vertical section.

Plains of the West Coast in Malabar and Travancore ; Sundarbans (Heinig) ;
mixed forests of Burma ; Andaman Islands ; moist low country of Ceylon.

Growth moderate, 7 to 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight 23 lbs. (Adrian
Mendis) ; the specimens examined give 32 to 39 lbs.; Brandis* Burma List, 1862,
No. 79, gives 35 lbs. Flowers white.

lbs.

B 2545. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 32

B 2252. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) . . . .39

No. 18, Ceylon Coll., old (marked Spathodea Jongifolia), also new . 23 (doubtful)

3. D. erispa, Seem. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 379 ; Talbot Bomb. List 152. Spathodea
erispa, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxviii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 350. Bignonia erispa, Buch. :
Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 103. Vera. Padri, padar, Berar; Tetu, Kurku; Pumbadri,
nirvuddi, Tel.

A moderate-sized tree. Park J in. thick, brown, rough. Wood
light yellowish-brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores mode-
rate-sized, often subdivided, scanty, surrounded by light rings and
arranged in concentric lines, where they are joined by tine lines of
loose tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous, wavy.

Deciduous forests of the Deccan ; common in the Ceded Districts.
An interesting tree with white ilowers and a long curved capsule. It has a wood
of good quality, useful for building and in fair demand.

lbs.
D 4001. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 44

4. D, falcata, Seem.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 380; Talbot Bomb. List 152. Spathodea
falcata, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 71; Brandis For. Fl. 350. Bignonia spathacea,

Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 103. Vera. Hdwar, Oudh ; Kanseri, Meywar; Mortal, rnanehingi,
Banswara; Mersingi, medasinghi, Mar.; Udda, wodi, chittivadi, chittiwothi, Tel.;
Mersingh, Ijhil; Karanjclo, Kurku; Nir pongilam, Mai.

BIGNONIACE.E 513

A small deciduous tree. Bark £ in. thick, bluish-grey, exfoliating
in irregular woody scales. Wood whitish, hard, close- and even-
grained, seasons well, shining and glossy ; no heart wood. Annual
rings indistinct. Pores small, oval and subdivided, arranged in wavy,
narrow, concentric bands. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Oudh (Brandis), Rajputana, Central and South India, in deciduous forest, but chiefly
on dry rocky slopes.

A curious and interesting little tree. The Oudh locality is somewhat doubtful, as
is the Oudh name.

Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight 42 to 58 lbs. per cubic
foot, but the last specimen may have been unseasoned when weighed. The wood is
used for building and agricultural purposes (Bedd.). Flowers white, leaves small,
capsule flat, falcate.

lbs.
C 1139. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .42
C 995. Sahyadri Ghats, Ahmednagar (Shuttleworth) . . .43
D 4162. Dhone, Kurnool (Gamble) 58

5. D. arcuata, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 380. Spathodea arcuata, Wight ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. clxix. Vera. Ran-palai, Tam. ; Mersingi, Mar.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark light brown, * in. thick, peeling off
in small flakes. Wood white, moderately hard, resembling that of
Gmelina arborea. Pores small, sometimes subdivided, scanty, sur-
rounded by light tissue and arranged in somewhat concentric lines
which often meet. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Hills of South India, in the forests of Coimbatore and Palghiit.

D 3980. Agri-Hort. Gardens, Madras (Steavenson).

7. HETEROPHRAGMA, DC.

Three species.

Pores moderate-sized, ringed. Medullary rays fine, the distance
between the rays being equal to or greater than the transverse
diameter of the pores. No regular distinct concentric bands.

1. H. sulfureum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 235; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 381. Vera. Thitlinda,
kyaunghtto, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood dark brownish-grey,
hard, rather resembling a dark Teak wood that has been embedded in
salt mud. Pores moderate-sized, surrounded by pale rings and more
or less grouped, the groups usually in short oblique lines, occasionally
(J annual rings) in concentric ones.

Dry forests of Prome and along the Pegu Yoma in Burma, extending to the Shan
Ilills Terai at 1000 ft.

A useful-looking wood. Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 78, gives W = 63 lbs.,
but his specimen now weighs 42 lbs. Flowers yellow.

lbs.
B 2547. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 42

2. H. Roxburghii, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 381; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxix.; Talbot
Bomb. List ]53. Spathodeu Roxburghii, Spr. ; Brandis For. Fl. 350. Bignonia
(/uadrilocuJaris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 107. Vera. Baro-kula-goru, Tam. ; Bondgu, Tel.;
Pullung, vjurus, panlag, Mar.; Kahtrndn, Koya ; Fambapena, Reddi.

A large tree. Bark \ in. thick, dark brown, exfoliating in small
angular scales. Wood grey, rough, moderately hard, no heartwood,
no annual rings. Pares moderate-sized, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, visible on a radial section as long narrow plates.

2 L

514 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Chanda District, Godavari Forests and Western Coast, in deciduous forest.

A noticeable tree, not at all uncommon along the Godavari river in Bhadracbalam,
Rekapalle and Eumpa in the Madras Presidency ; in Sironcha and Chanda in the
C.P., and probably also in the Hyderabad forests south of the river.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. "Weight 40 lbs. per cubic foot.
Flowers rose-coloured.

lbs.

C 1106. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (Pi. Thompson) . . .40

Kb. C 3944 from the Rekapalle Forests, Upper Godavari, differs in structure.
" Wood yellowish-white, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores small, rather scanty,
' evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad. Weight 52 lbs." If
I had not cut it myself, I should doubt its identification ; and it may possibly be that
some substitution has taken place in one or other specimen.

3. H. adenophyllum, Seem. : Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 381 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 236. Yern.
Pelthan, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood : sapwood light j^ellow ;
heartwood orange-}Tellow, with occasional darker streaks, moderately
hard to hard. Pores moderate-sized, ringed, filled with yellow resinous
matter, uniformly distributed, but occasionally running into more
or less concentric lines. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
the distance between them equal to or greater than the diameter of
the pores, giving a good silver-grain.

Upper mixed forests in Burma and the Andaman Islands; often cultivated in
Indian gardens. Prain says it is common in the Coco Islands.

A handsome tree, with large leaves and large brownish-yellow flowers. The wood
is well deserving of being better known, and becoming possibly, if the tree is suffi-
ciently common, an export timber. Ferrars (Andainans List, Calcutta Exhibition,
1883-84:) says it does not warp or split, and is excellent for cabinet-work. It is not
clear whether it can be obtained in large size or not ; at any rate, this should be

investigated. Ferrars' specimen gives W = 52 lbs.

lbs.

B 1421. Tharrawaddy, Burma -12

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (sapwood) (Tab. XI. 4).

8. MAYODEXDROX, Kurz. M. igneum, Kurz Prel. Rep. Pegu, Appx. D. and
For. Fl. ii. 233; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 382; Vein. Eharit, Upper Burma, is a handsome
tree with scarlet flowers found in the Martaban Hills up to 2000 ft., also as far north
as the Kachin Hills in Upper Burma.

9. STEREOSPERMUM, Cham.

About eight species, all trees. S. hypostictum, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 384 (Bader-
machera amcena, Seem.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 232), is a small tree of Upper Burma and
Tavoy. S. glandulosum, Miq. and S. Wallichii, Clarke are also scarce Burmese trees,
the latter of the Irrawaddy estuary.

Wood greyish-brown, heartwood (if present) yellowish-brown.
Pores small to large, variable in size, scanty, surrounded bjT loose
tissue, the patches joined into more or less concentric belts. Medul-
lary rays fine to moderately hard, rather scanty.

1. S. ehelonoides, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 382 ; Bead. Fl. Sylv. t. 72 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 352 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 230 ; Gamble Darj. List 59 ; Talbot Bomb. List 153 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 283. Bignonia ehelonoides, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 106. Vern. Fader,
padri, parral, Hind. ; Parari, Xep. ; Singyen, Lepcha; Sirpang, Mechi ; Bolzel, Giro ;
Paroli, Ass. ; Pareya-au wal, Cacliar ; Dharmara, atcapali, Beng. j Tsaingha, Magh ;
Padri, pon-padira, pathiri, pumbathri, padri, vela-padri, Tam. ; lugada, thdgu, kahi
goru, moka-yapa, pistil, Tel.; Taitu, Berar; Pamphunia, Uriya; KirseJ, tuatuka,
pud ul, parol, Mar.; Patoli, Khond; Kandior, K61 ; Padurni, Bhil; Nai-itdi, mallali,

BIGNONIACE/E

51:

Coorg; Kall-udi, Kan.; Kuring hum, Mai.; Lunu-madala, dunu-madala, Cingh.
Singwe, tltahutpo, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark brown, varying in thickness up to
| in., outer bark corky. Wood hard, grey, no heartwood. Pores
moderate-sized and large, joined by narrow, irregular, wavy, inter-
rupted belts and lines of soft tissue. Pores frequently filled with a
white substance of a resinous nature, which is prominent on a vertical
section. Medullary rays short, wavy, moderately broad, numerous,
prominent on a radial section as long, narrow, horizontal bands.

Moister parts of India : sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from Oudh
eastwards, rising to 2000 ft. in the Darjeeling Hills, where it is common; Assam,
Eastern Bengal and Chittagong ; mixed forests throughout Burma, rising to 4000 ft.
in the Shan Hills ; Orissa and the Circars, but scarce ; C.P. and Berar ; Western
Coast from the Konkan downwards ; also in the Carnatic, but more scarce ; moist low
country of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.

An important tree. Peal says that in Assam it is found with a long clean stem,
40 to 50 ft. high and 5 to 6 ft. in girth, and it is the same in Darjeeling. Beddome
describes the wood as " orange-yellow ; " perhaps this is a heartwood which may appear
so under some conditions. Graham Anderson says it gives out suckers very largely.

Growth moderate, about 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight 45 lbs. (Kyd) ; 42*5
lbs. (Wallich) ; 48 lbs. (Skinner, No. 25) ; 42 lbs. (Bourdillon) ; 47 lbs. (H. H. O'Con-
nell) ; specimens enumerated give 47 lbs. Kyd gives P = 710 ; Skinner 642 ; Bour-
dillon 772. The wood is moderately durable, elastic, easy to work; it is used for
building and is good for furniture. It is used for canoes and building in Assam, and
for tea-boxes in Cachar. The roots, leaves and flowers are used medicinally, and the
flowers in Hindu temples.

1164, 1172. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)
1411. Moharli „ „ „ (Col. Doveton)

Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)

Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)

Bamunpokri Forest „ „

Eastern Duars, Assam (Mann)

Chittagong (Chester)

North Arcot (Beddome) .

Burma (Brandis, 1862) .

Pegu Division, Burma

833.

659.

673.

632.
E 1398.
D 1070.
B 2546.
B 5041.

lbs.

40 and 38
. 46

51
48
40
59
50
52

2. S. neuranthum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 230 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 382. Vera. Thande,
Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark ^ in. thick, light brown, smooth, soft.
Wood greyish-brown, no heartwood, hard. Pores moderate-sized to
large, scanty, surrounded by soft tissue, the patches joined into some-
what concentric but anastomozing bands ; prominent on vertical
sections as dark lines. Medullary rays fine, rather distant, short, wavy.

Mixed forests of the Pegu Yoma in Burma.

Kurz speaks well of this wood as being " rather heavy," but gives 33 to 36 lbs.
only as its weight. A good specimen, however, sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1900,
as a " paving block," gave W = 48 lbs. It seems likely to be a useful wood of the
rather heavy class. The description is from the paving-block referred to ; the follow-
ing specimens agree fairly well in structure, but are perhaps a little doubtful.

B 5018. Tharrawaddy Division, Burma
B 5027. Rangoon
B 5043. Bassein „ „

All from young trees.

lbs.

42

40
42

3. S. suaveolens, DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 382 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxix. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 351; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 231; Gamble Darj. List 59; Talbot Bomb. List 153;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 284. Bignonia suaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 104. Vern. Paral,

516 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

padal, padidla, padaria, parur, Hind. ; Phallai, Kashmir ; Tumri, Kumaon ; Pandri,
C.P. : Phalgataitu, Melghat ; Parari, Nep. ; Singyen, Lepcha ; Parul, Beng. ; Paiuli,
Uriya; Parer, Sonthal ; Paroli, Mai Pahari ; Pandri, Kharwar; Parar, Monghyr ;
Kandior, Kul ; Padri, Tam. ; Kala-goru, kuberakashi, padari, pataU, Tel. ; Hooday,
billa, Kan.; Unt katar, padar, Gondi; Padar, Kurku ; Pandan, Bhil ; Parul, fada-
gari, pataJa, Mar. ; Paid, ela palol, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, grey, exfoliating in
large, irregularly shaped, flat scales. Wood hard : sapwood grey ;
heartwood small, yellowish-brown, beautifully mottled with darker
streaks, very hard, seasons and polishes well. Pores moderate-sized,
enclosed in patches of loose texture which are more or less concentri-
cally arranged and sometimes run together entirely into concentric
belts. The pores are frequently filled with a white shining substance,
which becomes yellow in the heartwood. Medullary rays fine, sharply
denned, numerous, wavy, equidistant, prominent on a radial section.

Throughout India, in drier localities than S. chelonoides : sub-Himalayan tract and
Lower Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim, up to 4000 ft., abundant in the Siwaliks,
but small ; C.P. and Berar, also Rajmehal and Chota Nagpore Hills, Orissa and the
Circars; deciduous forests in the Bombay Presidency and in South India; Chittagong:
Eng Forests of Martaban ; only planted in Ceylon.

An important tree as being one of the most common of the companions of Sal,
worthy of use as regards its timber and important in sylviculture on account of its
very free seed reproduction. This is, no doubt, largely due to the fruit remaining
long unopened on the tree, so that the seeds only get dispersed at the very end of the
hot season after the danger of fire is nearly over, and can germinate with the first rains.
On the Siwalik Hills, the tree is usually rather stunted, but there too its good natural
reproduction is very noticeable, even on the most exposed slopes and among grass ; and
it is one of the commonest trees to be seen in savannah lands, apparently able to shoot
up yearly in spite of fire, and to grow on into a tree if only a short period of immunity
from fire can be obtained.

The wood is durable, easy to work and good for building, but the amount of heart-
wood is small. It is an excellent firewood and makes good charcoal. Brandis gives
W = 44 lbs., the average of specimens enumerated is 46 lbs. per cubic foot. The root
and bark are used in native medicine. lbs

P 4908. Ajmere (Lowrie) 47

O 243. Garhwal (1868) . . . 41

O 341. Gorakhpur (1868) . 49

O 1378. Gonda, Oudh (Dodsworth) —

C 197. Mandla, Central Provinces (1869) 40

C 1114. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .46
C2745. Moharli „ „ „ (Brandis) .... 50

C 832. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) —

E 1959. Chittagong (Chester) 51

B 307. Burma (1867) I!

4. S. fimbriatum, DC; PL Br. Ind. iv. 383; Kurz For. PI. ii. 231. Vera.

Thanthat, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood very hard : heartwood small, dark
brown ; sapwood light brown ; in structure similar to that of
S- saaveolens.

Tropical forests of Martaban and Upper Tenasserim ; Karen Hills up to 3000 ft.

lbs.

B2696. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 54

5. S. xylocarpum, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 383 ; Talbot Bomb. List 153. Spa-
thodea xylocarpa, T. And. ; Brandis For. Fl. 349, t. 43. Bignonia xylooarpa, lloxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 108 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 70. Vern. Kharsing, bcrsinge, Mar. ; Jai-mangal,
sondar-padal, Mandla; Dhdta mara, dhvtte, Gondi; Teto, Kurku ; Vadencarni, malt i
uthi, Tam.; Qhansing, hoodoy, Kan.; Udi, tide, Coorg ; Pathiri, vedang-konnan,
edang korna, Mai.

BIGNOXIACE.K 517

A deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick, light grey. Sapwood large,
grey ; heartwood very hard, orange-brown. Annual rings marked
by an irregular belt of numerous pores. Pores small and moderate-
sized, often subdivided, each pore or group of pores in a small patch
of soft tissue ; these patches are frequently grouped in zig-zag and
more or less concentric lines. In the heartwood the pores are
generally filled with a yellow substance. Medullary rays short, fine.

Central Provinces, in the Satpura Range ; Khandesh and the Mahratta country ;
West Coast forests and Western Ghats, common in Wynaad and Travancore, up to
4000 ft. ; Circars, Deccan and Carnatic.

A fine tree, always recognizable by its very long rough capsule, sometimes 3 ft. in
lengtli. The wood is good and handsome ; it is tough and elastic and takes a good
polish. It is used for cabinet-work, in Travancore for cart-poles and shafts, and
deserves to be better known and to be in more general use. Bourdillon gives
W = 42 lbs., P = 785.

lbs.

C 2810. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 36 (sapwood)

C 958. Guzerat, Bombay (Shuttleworth) . . . . .47

C 99(5. Sahyadri Ghats, Ahmednagar (Shuttleworth) . . 47

W4195. Cochin (Kohlhoff) 42

Nos. E 719 (52 lbs.) from Chittagong ; W 1284 (54 lbs.) from the Anamalai Hills ;
B 2235 (52 lbs.) and B 2234 (56 lbs.), from the Andamans, probably belong to this
genus.

10. PAJANELIA, DC.

1. P. Rheedii, DC; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 384; Bedd. PI. Sylv. clxix. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 154. P. multifuga, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 237. Vern. Kyaungdauh, Burm. ; Kaa-
kondu, And.

A large evergreen tree (Burma). A small tree in S. India. Bark
\ in. thick, dark grey, rough. Wood orange- brown, very hard, close-
grained. Pores large, occasionally filled with yellow resin ; each pore
.surrounded by a narrow ring of soft tissue, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous, uniform and nearly ecpiidistant,
prominent. Wood very similar to that of Pla/nchonia littoi^alis (p.
365), but differs by more prominent medullary rays, and larger pores,
which are not arranged in bands, but isolated.

Khasia Hills and Sylhet : N. Kanara, along milas in Yellapur ; Malabar plains and
up to 2000 ft. on the Ghats ; mixed forests in Burma ; Andaman Islands.

A tree with ornamental large flowers and large capsule. It has a fine wood, which
deserves to be better known : it is used by the Andamans for canoes.

lbs.
15 503. Andaman Islands (Genl. Bar well) 52

11. KIGELIA, DC.

1. K. pinnata, DC.

A large tree. Bark greyish-brown, rough, £ in. thick. Wood
grey, hard. Pores small, in irregular, sometimes interrupted concentric
wavy bands of soft texture. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Indigenous in Tropical Africa : largely planted in India in gardens, topes and
avenues.

A handsome tree with loDg pendent racemes of large red-brown flowers, followed
by huge cylindrical fruit. The wood is good and the growth quick, 4 rings per inch
in suitable places, so that it is a good tree to grow ; but if grown in the open it branches
badly, and requires heavy pruning if it is to be kept straight.

lbs.

O 4578. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Babu Birbal) ... 44

518 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Order LXXXI. ACANTHACEJE,

An Order containing a large number of genera, mostly herbaceous or of small
shrubs, only a few of which are really of interest to Forest officers. The following 13
genera contain shrubs, however, of more or less importance in various ways : —

Tribe I. Thunbergiese .... Thunbergia.

„ II. Ruellieae Petalidium, Dajdalacanthus, Steno-

siphonium, iEchmanthera, Stro-
bilanthes, Calacanthus.

„ III. Acanthea3 . .... Acanthus.

„ IV. Justicieaj Barleria, Eranthemum, Phlogacan-

thus, Justicia, Adhatoda.

Wood soft or moderately hard, usually white or grey. Pores
small to moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays fine to moderately
broad.

1. THUNBERGIA, Linn. f. Climbing shrubs, some quite small, a few of very
large size. T. grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 34 ; PI. Br. Ind. iv. 392 ; Kurz For. PI.
ii. 240 ; Gamble Darj. List 59 ; Vern. MuUuta, Hind., Beng. ; Chongtafibrik, Lepcha,
is a large climber of Bengal, Assam and Chittagong, with pale blue flowers. T. coccinea,
Wall, of the East Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Burma, and T. mysorensis, T. And. of
the Western Ghats, are large climbers with pendulous racemes of red or yellow flowers,
and a soft, very fibrous wood.

2. PETALIDIUM, Nees. P. barlerioides, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 416, is an
ornamental shrub of the West Himalaya, Oudh, Central, Southern and Western India,
found in deciduous forests and especially common in the N. Circars.

3. DiEDALACANTHUS, T. Anders., contains several species with ornamental
flowers, more or less shrubby and some of them conspicuous in the forest undergrowth
of various parts of India. D. sphndens, T. And. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 418 ; Gamble Darj.
List 60 ; Vern. Shechin, Nep., is a red-flowered shrub common in the undergrowth of
Sal forests in the Darjeeling Terai and lower hills up to 2000 ft. D. nervosus, T. And. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 418 ; Gamble Darj. List 60 ; Vern. Shechin, Nep. ; Topatnyok, Lepcha,
is a small shrub with bright blue flowers conspicuous in the forests of the Lower
Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from the Punjab to Bhutan, especially frequent in
the undergrowth of the Sal forestB. D. macrophyllus, T. And., is a very similar plant
of the forests of Burma ; while D. purpura scens, T. And., is similarly common in
Central India, and D. montanus, T. And., in S. India and Ceylon.

4. STENOSIPHONIUM, Nees, contains five small shrubs with blue flowers, very
much resembling Strobilanthes, and fouud in the forests of South India.

5. ^ECHMANTHERA, Nees. JS. tomentosa, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 428, is a
Strobilmithes-hke shrub of the Himalaya ascending to 5000 ft., and extending from
Kashmir to Bhutan. It flowers gregariously and dies off at regular intervals, both in
the lower hills and in the Siwaliks. The var. Wallichii has the stems and leaves
covered with a snow-white wool, which peels off easily and can be used for various
purposes. Cloth is said to be sometimes made of it.

6. STROBILANTHES, Blume.

This is a very large genus of some 160 rather important Indian forest shrubs, of
which 154 species are described in the " Fl. Br. Ind." The importance lies in their
being, at any rate many species of the genus, gregarious in the undergrowth of the
forests in the hilly regions of India, and so exercising a considerable influence in the
protection or the reverse of the natural reproduction of the trees which form the canopy.
It is in the " shola " forests of the Nilgiri and other hill ranges of South India and of
the hills of Ceylon that the genus reaches its greatest development; the number of
species is greater, most of these species are gregarious over defined areas, and nearly all

ACANTHACEJ3 519

of them grow to a comparatively large size, flowering and fruiting, like the bamboos,
gregariously, at intervals of a certain number of years. In these South Indian and
Ceylon hills, the greatest development of species of Strobilanthes occurs in the higher
sholas, where the lower tier of vegetation consists very largely of them, associated with
various other genera, such as Psychotria, Lasianthus, Sapros/na in Rubiacese, Crotalaria
in Leyuminosse, Vernonia in Composite ; but lower down also on the damper slopes
and in ravines, certain species are found even down to as low as 3000 ft. Similarly, in
the forests of the Western Ghats running northwards up the Bombay coast, other
species occur growing in similar fashion, but perhaps of less size; while in the hills of
the Deccan and Circars wherever a certain elevation is reached, as for example on the
Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjaru, Strobilanthes always reappears as an important constituent
of the forest undergrowth. In the hills of Burma, too, the same phenomena are seen ;
while in those of Assam, as well as in the Eastern Himalaya, the genus is again
well represented, the individuals, however, never reaching the size or attaining the
sylvicultural importance which is reached by those of South India and Ceylon.
Further to the north, in the Western Himalaj^a, Strobilanthes becomes again important,
a few species becoming densely gregarious, though of quite small size, but exercising
a very important effect on the natural reproduction of the principal forest trees. In
these hills of the Western Himalaya, two species, S. alatus, Nees, and 8. Dalhousianus,
Clarke are common blue-flowered shrubs of the higher forests, flowering yearly and
of little sylvicultural importance; but two others, S. Wallichii, Nees, and 8. atropur-
pureus, Nees (Vern. Jdnu, zdnu), are gregarious, often covering large areas in the
higher forests above 7000 ft., and only flowering at intervals of several years. The
peculiarity of these two closely allied and nearly identical species is that, every year,
after the first one or two, the upper shoots die back and fall off, but others shoot up in
the spring ; meanwhile, the main stems, which form a dense matted covering to the soil,
remain and prevent the seeds of the forest trees, chiefly oaks like Quercus dilatata and
semecarpifolia, aud firs like Picea Morinda and Abies Pindrow, from reaching the
ground, or if they do reach the ground, obtaining sufficient light for germination and
growth. The cycle of flowering of these species has not yet been very clearly made
out, but they certainly flowered in 1894 and previously in 1882. After a flowering
year, the whole plant dies off and is next year succeeded usually by a profuse crop of
seeds. Then it is that the chance of the forest tree arrives : if the oaks or firs can
succeed in getting a start during the year or two that the Strobilanthes is small, they
can go on, otherwise the new growth soon destroys them. In some places artificial
assistance is now being regularly given, and when signs of a flowering year appear, the
shrub is pulled up or cut and burnt so as to prevent its ripening seed. In this way a
great advantage is given to the forest trees, which usually take the opportunity of
growing. Lower down in the same hills, come other species, noticeably S. pents-
temonoides, T. And., but their influence is unimportant. In the Sal forests, and indeed
almost wherever there are Sal forests, down even to the Central Provinces and the
Circars, 8. anriculatus, Nees is a noticeable plant. Iu the hills of the Eastern
Himalaya, several species occur, as well as S. Wallichii, Nees, 8. pentstemonoides, T.
And., and S. auriculatas, Nees, already mentioned. Perhaps the most noticeable are
8. pectinatus, T. And., and S. divaricatus, T. And., the latter with dark purple flowers,
bat their sylvicultural importance is much less than is that of the species of the
Western Himalaya. Referring to S. pectinatus, Manson (" Darjeeling Working Plan,"
1893, p. 19) says that a dense growth of Kibu existed previous to 1890, when it seeded
and died. It is a woody plant with stems up to G to 8 ft. high aud 3 iu. in diameter.
Seedlings were found under it, especially of Maple and " Kaula," which are now coming
on. In the Kliasia Hills perhaps the most important species is S.flaccidifoliits, Nees,
a species whose leaves give a kind of indigo for which the plant is also cultivated
(Vern. Room). S. isophyl/us, T. And., is also found in the Khasia Hills, and is often
cultivated in gardens elsewhere. On the hills of the Northern Circars, such as
Mahendragiri in Ganjam and the Golgonda Hills in Vizagapatam, the common species
in the sholas is 8. jeyporensis, Bedd., which grows to be a large shrub. Talbot
mentions 11 species as found on the Western Ghats and outlying hills of the Bombay
Presidency. Among those are S. barbatua, Nees, a gregarious white-flowered shrub,
said to flower once iu seven years, and common iu the evergreen forests of the Konkan
and North Kanara, where, too, are found 8. worreenaia, Dalz., 8. Eeyneanus, Nees,
and S. ixiocephaivs, Benth. Of the common S. callosus, Nees, Talbot remarks, " it
' covers large areas on the Konkan and North Kanara Ghats, and forms the undergrowth
4 in many of the deciduous moist forests. Sometimes a very large shrub (30 ft. iu

520 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

' height and 2J in. in diameter.) A general flowering takes place every seven years.
' Last general flowering in Sept.-Oct. 1887." He also mentions 8. perfoliatus, T. And.
as a gregarious species flowering once in seven years, the last being in 1887, on the
Koukan and Kanara Ghats. Finally 8. scrobiculatus, Dalz., said by C. B. Clarke in
" PI. Br. Ind." to be " the most beautiful species of the genus " is found at Mahabaleshwar
and other places on the ghats at high levels, 3—1000 ft. It is hardly possible to mention
all the important species of the hills of S. India, but my account of " The Nilgiri
Strobilanthes " in " Ind. Forester," xiv. 153 (of 1888) may be referred to, from which
the following extract is taken : —

" The most common and best known species is 8. Kunthianus, which prefers the
' dry slopes of the eastern side of the hills, where there is little or no tree-forest. In
' such localities it is chiefly found associated with Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Hypericum
' mysorense, Rubns ellipticus, Herberts aristata, Dodoncca viscusa, Sophora glauca, and
' the wild date. But when it is in flower, it is the Strobilanthes which gives its colour to
■ the scenery, and the hills may often be seen having the bright blue colour which has
' led some persons to attribute to this circumstance the origin of the name of the ' Blue
' mountains.' S. Kunthianus, T. And., flowers at intervals of some four to six 3rears.
' It flowered profusely in 1881 and again in 1886, and may be again expected to flower
'about 1891, though sporadic flowering specimens which have not died may here and there
' be met with in most years. On the downs to the west of Ootacamund the S. Kun-
' thianus is replaced by the much smaller 8. sessilis, Nees, a beautiful plant with flowers
' of a lovely tinge of blue. Almost every year the sholas of Ootacamund become gay in
' autumn with the blue, lilac or white flowers and the reddish young leaves and bracts
' of 8. Perrottetianus, Nees, while in some sholas S.foliosus, T. And., a quite different -
' looking kind, is more common, and grows to a larger size of wood, having often stems
' of 4 to 6 in. in diameter. The chief species on the higher parts of Doddabetta is S.
' sexennis, Nees, which has a powerful and rather unpleasant odour, but when in flower
' shows a mass of bright blue panicles. It flowered last in 1883, and then died down,
' leaving its knotty stems to be used as fuel and myriads of seedlings to form a new crop.
' In 1886 there flowered in the Cairn Hill sholas a species with a curious narrow-necked
1 bell-shaped flower, which has been identified as S. pulneyensis, Clarke, hitherto only
'known from the Pulney Hills. Another common Ootacamund species is the rough -
' looking S. Wightianus, Nees, which grows indiscriminately on grass land or in shola,
' and flowers yearly. About Coonoor, in the Lamb's Hock and Tiger Hill forests, besides
* S. foliosus and 8. Perrottetianus, a species is found which Col. Beddome says he
'watched for years without finding flowers. The flowers came in 1886, and the plant
' seems now to be identifiable with 8. heterontallus, T. And. The species grows to a
' very large size on the Coonoor Ghat, and does not seem to have been gathered in
1 flower since Dr. Wight collected it in 1850. As Col. Beddome had, during these thirt v-
' six years, such fine opportunities of watching it, it maybe that its period of growth is
' so long as thirty-six years, or it may have flowered unnoticed every twelve or every
' eighteen.

" Some of the most beautiful species are those of the Kundahs, and especially at
' Sispara, where in 1883 was found the beautiful but sticky S. amabilis, Clarke, with
' its large panicles of pink bells, and the woolly-leaved & gossypinus, T. And., which
' almost alone gregariously covers one large hillside above Sispara. Col. Beddome
' collected his specimens in 1870 and I mine in 1883, so that its term may be thirteen
'years, though a specimen of its wood in the Madras collection shows only ten annual
' rings. About Naduvatam, S. asper, Wight, a rough-looking shrub, flowered gregariously
' in 1885, and died oil", and in 1883 the same happened at Sispara, with S. homotropus,
' Xees, a species closely allied to S. sexennis. In the same year was found the species
' which is probably the most beautiful of all, S. violaceus, Bedd., only found in a shola
' near Bangi Tappal, where it overshadows a fine growth of the fern Lomaria Patersoni.
' The flowers are a deep violet, and so far as is known, it was last gathered by Col.
' Beddome in 1870. This account ought not to close without mention of & luridus,
' Wight, a straggling species of the western forests of Sispara to Naduvatam. It has
'cone- like spikes of large dark purple flowers, of which a white variety occasionally
' occurs, and which grow on the stems on the old wood. It has a near ally in a
' remarkable species which is only found in the valley at the head of the Noyil river in
' Coimbatore, 8. bolainputtensis, Bedd., a curious species with large serrated orbicular
' bracts and brown flowers."

To those who have to manage, and make working plans for, shola forests in which
the undergrowth chiefly consists of Strobilanthes, the importance of taking advantage

ACANTHACE.K 521

of seeding years when the shrub dies off, is very great ; but the conditions are different
from those which have been described as occurring in the Western Himalaya. In
the Nilgiri sholas, the shrubs grow tall and tree-seeds easily pass through them, reach
the ground and germinate, but the seedlings then remain making very little growth
until the Strobilanthes dies and light is let in. The best thing to do is to cut the
Strobilanthes before it flowers and dispose of the material, and also then to thin out
the trees of the canopy ; this gives the seedlings a chance of which they are usually not
slow to avail themselves. This kind of work was started in 1886 (see the paper referred
to) with great success, but the Government, somewhat later, stopped it, thinking that
the operations spoiled the aesthetic beauty of the sholas.

The species of the Ceylon Hills differ more or less from these of the Nilgiris, hat
their growth is similar and their habits the same. Several species also occur in Burma,
and recently 8. rufescens, T. And. ; Vern. Moyan, Shan, has been reported as a
gregarious species of considerable importance in its effects on the vegetation of the
Upper Chindwin Teak forests in that province ("Ind. Forester," xxi. 47). S. gregalis,
Coll. and Hemsl. ; Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 104, is gregarious in the Shan Hills at
4000 ft. on the hillsides, and conspicuous from its dark-coloured leaves. S. Byerianus,
Hook. f. ; Bot. Mag. liv. t. 7574, is a fine Burmese species allied to the 8. auriculatus,
Nees, of the Northern and Central India Sal forests already mentioned. It has leaves
striped pink and green.

Wood whitish, soft to hard. Pores small or moderate-sized, scanty.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad.

1. S. foliosus, T. And. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 433.

A large gregarious shrub, apparently flowering annually, with
jointed stems and grey bark. Wood, hard, brownish-gre}T. Pores
small, often subdivided, scanty ; annual rings visible, about 5 per inch.
Medullary rays numerous, fine and moderately broad.

Nilgiri Hills, 6-7000 ft., very common.

W 4087. Cairn Hill, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. S. gossypinus, T. And.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 434.

A large gregarious shrub, flowering at intervals of about 10 to 13
years. Bark brown. Wood light brown, with an irregular heartwood,
hard, even-grained. Pores small, scanty, more numerous in the spring
wood, where they mark the annual rings. Medullary rays fine,numerous.

Hills of South India : Mysore; Sispara in Nilgiris at 6-7000 ft.

A local species with cottony leaves and pale blue flowers, growing on open hillsides.

W 3771. Sispara, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 17

3. S. pulneyensis, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 438.

A gregarious shrub, flowering about every 8 years. Bark grey,
with vertical warts. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores small,
often subdivided, scanty. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
numerous.

Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills at 6-7000 ft.

W 4086. Cairn Hill, Ootacamund, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

4. S. papillosus, T. And.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 44f>.

A largo shrub with rough stems and leaves, flowering perhaps
annually. Bark light grey, smooth. Wood pinkish-white, hard, close-
grained. Pores small, scanty, except in the spring wood, where they
mark annual rings. Medullary ray* line, numerous.

Higher ranges of the Nilgiris, 7-8000 ft.

W 3773. Sispara, Nilgiris, 7000 ft, (Gamble).

522 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

5. S. luridus, Wight; PL Br. Ind. iv. 450.

A large straggling gregarious shrub, with twisting interlacing
stems and jointed wood, flowering at the joints. Bark brown, thin.
Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays
moderately broad, often broad in young wood. Pith round, large at
the joints.

Nilgiri Hills, 3-5000 ft., common on Sispara Ghat.

W 3810. Sispara Ghat, Nilgiris, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

6. S. sexennis, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 474 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. Hi. 313.

A large gregarious shrub, reaching 4 to 5 in. in diameter in Ceylon,
the stems jointed, with a horizontal line at the joints. Bark thin,
smooth, whitish-grey. Pores small, very scanty. Medullary rays
moderately broad. Pith round, large.

Nilgiri Hills, 5-8000 ft, ; hills of Ceylon.

A very common kind, both in the Nilgiris and Ceylon. It flowered in 1883, and its
period is probably about 11 or 12 years, not 6, as its name indicates.

W 3805. Sispara Ghat, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

7. S. violaeeus, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 476.

A large shrub. Bark dark brown, thin, with thin corky lenticels.
Wood white, soft, even-grained. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, more
numerous in the spring wood, where they mark the annual rings.
Mtihdlary rays fine to moderately broad.

Nilgiri Hills, south-west corner, 7-8000 ft.

A handsome species with blue-purple flowers. Its term is about ] 3 years, as it
flowered in 1870 and 1883.

W 3772. Bangi Tappal, Nilgiris, 7500 ft. (Gamble).

8. S. amabilis, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 474.

A large shrub, with jointed stems. Bark greyish-brown, smooth,
thin. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores small, often subdivided,
scanty. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad. Pith large, round.

Nilgiri Hills, 4-7000 ft.

The flowers are pink, and flower panicles glutinous. The term is probably about 10
years ; it flowered in 1883.

W 3806. Sispara Ghat, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

7. CALACANTHUS, T. And. C. Dalzelliana, T. And.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 478;
Talbot Bomb. List 157 ; Vern. Motayen, Mar., is a shrub of the Ghats of the Konkau
and North Kanara.

8. ACANTHUS, Liun. has two shrubby species. A. iliciftiUus, Linn. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. iv. 481 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 32 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 241 ; Talbot Bomb. List 157 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 317; Vern. Bargosa, Jcentki, hurkut, Beng.; AUiri, alchi, Tel. ;
Marandi, moranna, Mar. ; Kaya, Burm. ; Ikili, Cingh., is a common and conspicuous
erect gregarious shrub of the tidal forests of India, Burma and Ceylon, with large blue
flowers and holly-like leaves. It is useful to bind the mud of tidal river-banks.

A. ebradaitns, Vahl ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 481 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 242, is a shrub of the
mangrove jungles of the Andamans.

9. BARLERIA, Linn, contains several species, but few of them of any size.

B. 1'ncnitis, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 182; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 36; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iii. 318 ; Vern. Kanta-jati, Beng. ; Mufa govinda, Tel. ; Bidbans horaii, Kurku ;
h'ft/ii-karandu, Cingh., is a small yellow-flowered prickly shrub common in Bengal, the
Deccan and Camatic, and the dry country of Ceylon. B. cristata, Linn, is a purple-
flowered shrub of many parts of India, especially the Lower Himalaya ; B, strigosa,

ACANTHACE.E 523

Willd. is a blue-flowered shrub of the undergrowth of forests in ravines in most parts
of the country. Both these are occasionally to be found in gardens.

10. EEANTHEMUM, Linn. E. indicum, Clarke ; PI. Br. Ind. iv. 497 ; Gamble
Darj. List 60, is a shrub with white flowers veined with purple, found in the Eastern
Himalaya, Assam and the Khasia Hills, up to 7000 ft. It is not uncommon iu the
forests round Darjeeling.

11. PHLOGACANTHUS, Nees.

Several species, but only one of them is of any consequence.

1. P. thyrsiflorus, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 512 ; Kurz For. PI. ii. 246 ; Gamble
Darj. List 60. Vern. Sua, shechin, Nep. ; Sumcher, Lepcha; Bashkah, Mechi.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark grey. Wood white, moderately
hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty, often in short radial lines.
Medullary rays numerous, moderately broad and fine.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Assam, Khasia Hills and Burma ; often
cultivated. A handsome shrub with long spikes of flame-coloured flowers.

lbs.

E 2410. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .37

12. JUSTICIA, Linn. A large genus of small plants, only a few reaching shrubby
size. J. Gendarussa, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 532 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 128 ; Kurz For.
PI. ii. 247 ; Gamble Darj. List 60; Talbot Bomb. List 158 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 335 ;
Vern. Jagat-madan, Beng. ; Jatrasigi, Mechi; Bakas, teo, Mar.; Bawanet, Burm., is
a shrub of the beds of streams in the moister regions of India, Burma and Ceylon.

13. ADHATODA, Nees.

Two species. A. Beddomei, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 540, is a large shrub of the
hills of South Travancore at 3000 ft.

1. A. Vasiea, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 540; Gamble Darj. List 60; Talbot Bomb.
List 158; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 338. Justitia Adhatoda, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 126 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 248. Vern. Bakas, vasuka, Beng. ; Bahekar, basiVh, Kashmir ; Bhekhar,
Jhelum ; Basiiti, Beas ; Bekkar, Salt Ran«e ; Tora bu/ja, Trans-Indus; Bansha,
Sutlej ; Bavgsa, Garhwal ; Bashang arm, Kumaon ; Kath, alesi, Nep.; Arusa, Jey-
pore ; Basung, Uriya ; Adulsa, bakas, vasuka, Mar.; Adhatodai, pa,vettai, Tarn. ;
Addasaram, Tel. ; Agaladara, wanepala, Cingh.

A small shrub with white, moderately hard wood. Pores very
small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine,
numerous.

Common in the sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal westwards, up to 4000 ft., also the
Shan Hills of Burma ; elsewhere cultivated ; often gregarious.

One of the most common plants in Northern India, found everywhere in waste
places, on river-banks, on dry slopes, etc. ; and thriving where other vegetation fails
because of its immunity from the browsing of goats and other animals. The wood
is used for charcoal for making gunpowder (Baden-Powell). The leaves give a yellow
dye, but their chief use is as a dressing for rice-fields, as they seem to have the power
of killing aquatic weeds, a characteristic which seems to deserve study. An infusion
of them is accounted excellent for destroying white ants, flies, mosquitoes and other
noxious insects ; and they are also used in native medicine.

H 2943. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

Order LXXXII. VERBENACEiE.

An Order which is of considerable forest importance, if oDly from the fact of its
containing the Teak tree, the principal timber tree of India, indeed, it may be said, of
the East Indies generally. Some species of Qmelina and Vitex are also of more or

524 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

less importance, but the rest of the woody plants of the Order are small trees of little
note, shrubs and climbers. There are 15 genera, belonging to five Tribes : viz. —

Tribe I. Verbenese .... Lantana.

„ II. Viticea? .... Callicarpa, Tectona, Premna, Gmelina,

Vitex, Clerodendron, Holmskioldia.
„ III. Caryopteridese . . . Caryopteris, Glossocarya, Hymeno-

pyramis.
„ IV. Symphoremere . . . Symphorema, Sphenodesma, Congea.
„ V. Avicenniea? . . . Avicennia.

In addition to several indigenous plants with handsome flowers herein noticed,
there are several others which have been introduced and are grown in Indian gardens.
Among these are: Duranta Plumieri, L., a large shrub with light blue flowers,
frequently used to make hedges ; Petroea voliibilis, L., a climber with violet flowers
in a light'blue calyx; and the lemon-scented Verbena, Aloysia citriodora, L., which,
in the hill-stations of South India, grows into quite a large shrub.

Wood usually of good quality, not liable to warp or split, of
various colours. Pores usually moderate- sized, scanty, those in the
spring- wood larger and marking the annual rings. MeduUary rays
generally fine and moderately broad, regular, with a well-marked
silver-grain on a radial section. The wood of Avicennia is quite
anomalous ; and that of the climbing species shows always, more or
less, the porous character of the wood of climbers.

Tribe I. VERBENEJ1.

1. LANTANA, Linn. Three indigenous species, the most common of which is
L. indica, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 89; Fl. Br. Ind.iv. 562; Talbot Bomb. List 159: Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 346 (L. alba, Schauer ; Brandis For. Fl. 369 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 253) a
shrub found more or less all over India. It is unarmed, while the plant which is
known as " The Lantana," and which has its branches covered with prickles, is an
introduced species, indigenous in tropical America and common in European green-
houses, which is mentioned in the " Fl. Br. Ind. " as L. Camara, Linn., and by Trimen
as L. (iculeata, Linn. Trimen says it was introduced into Ceylon soon after 1824,
and that it spread over the country with extraordinary rapidity. It has spread simi-
larly all over those parts of the Peninsula of India which are suited to its growth, but
whether it came across from Ceylon or was deliberately introduced into India before
or at the same time as it was into Ceylon, is not recorded, so far as I can ascertain.
At any rate, the Lantana now covers, with a dense network of intertwined branches,
large areas of country, almost to the complete exclusion of other vegetation. How far
this growth is good or bad for the forests of the present and the future has been much
discussed, and in some provinces, especially Berar and Coorg, much money has been
spent in clearing away the Lantana growth in order to plant, or to allow of the
natural reproduction of, forest trees. In 1896, considerable discussion on the subject
took place in the "Indian Forester" (vol. xxii.), and the summary of the discussion
by Mr. A. E. Lowrie, at p. 385 of that volume, explains that the effect of Lantana is
slightly different in (1) Deciduous forest ; (2) Evergreen forest. In the former class
it is very liable to extremely fierce jungle fires, but if these can be kept off it is a
good nurse for forest trees, especially Sandal, and a good soil-maker. When once
the trees are through the Lantana, their shade begins to act, and the latter gradually
disappears. But on the whole it is necessary to keep down Lantana as much as
possible. In the second class, fires are not so liable to occur, and the Lantana growth
is better and more manageable than would be the growth of coarse grasses which would
have come up instead. In the good surface soil formed by the debris of the Lantana,
seeds of forest trees easily germinate and the seedliDgs steadily force themselves
through, so that good reproduction is assisted and ensured. The spread of Lantana
is caused by the fruit being edible and largely devoured by birds, who pass the seeds
perhaps far away from where the fruit was gathered. Vern. JRaimani, Berar.

Ba/rh light brown, thin, with small lenticels. Wood hard, white.

verbenace^e 525

Annual rings distinctly marked. Pores moderate-sized, numerous.
Medullary rays fine, regular, indistinct.
0 4917. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Gollan).

Tribe II. VITICE.E.
2. CALLICARPA, Linn.

About ten species, shrubs or trees with red flowers and more or less stellately-hairy
leaves and branches. C. lobata, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 567 is a deciduous tree of the
Eastern Nepal Himalaya at 10-11,000 ft. C. vestita, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 567;
Gamble Darj. List 60; Vern. Sung-a. Lepcha, is a small tree of the lower Darjeeling
Hills at 1-6000 ft., chiefly found in old cultivated lands and recognized by the soft
white tomentum on the leaves. C. Janata, Linn.; FL Br. Ind. iv. 567; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 391; Brandis For. Fl. 368; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxiii.; Talbot Bomb. List 159;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 350 ; Vern. Kan phulia, Mar. ; Eisur, eshwar, Bombay ; Vettelei
patta, Tarn. ; Thin perivelum, uma thekka, Mai.; Puru, Trav. Hills; Ilia, Cingh., is
a small tree, common throughout South and West India and Ceylon in hill forests.
C. rubella, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 569 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 274 ; Gamble Darj. List 61 :
Vern. Sugroomook, Lepcha, is a small tree of the Sikkim Himalaya, the Khasia and
Jaintia Hills at 2-4000 ft., and the hills of Martaban ; while C. psilocalyx, Clarke, is
also found in the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft. C. longifolia, Lamk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv.
570 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 394 ; Brandis For. Fl. 369 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 275, is a shrub of
Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, often also seen in cultivation in Indian gardens.

Wood white or brownish-white, even-grained. Pores small to
large, usually in radial lines. Medullary rays moderately broad to
broad.

1. C. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 390; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 567; Brandis For. Fl. 368 5
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 274; Gamble Darj. List 60. Vern. Ghiwala, dera, shiwali, Kumaon :
Dhaia, Garhwal ; Bormala, Beng. ; Goehlo, Nep. ; Kodo, kozo, Mechi ; Sung-a, Lepcha;
JDoika, Rajbanshi; Kltoja, Ass.; Makanchi, 6a.ro; Boropatri, sanu gambari,V riya.',
Dum kotokoi, Sonthal ; Sakrcla, Mai Pahari ; Bundun, K61 ; Bogodi, gogdi, Kharwar ;
Borodo, Khond ; Turmong, Magh ; Danngsatpya, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark brownish, rough. Wood light
brownish - white, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings
marked by a line of harder wood. Pores rather scanty, small to
large, oval and often elongated, subdivided into numerous compart-
ments, often in radial lines. Medullary rays broad, with numerous
fine rays between them, well marked on a radial section ; the distance
between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Oudh ;
Rajmehal and Chota Nagpore Hills ; Northern Circars ; Chittagong and Burma in
upper mixed forests : chiefly in second-growth forest and on old cultivated lands, in
the Terai in dry mixed forests and savannahs.

Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight: the specimens examined gave

32 to 35 lbs. per cubic foot; Kyd gives only 22 to 25, but there was probably some

mistake. The wood is not used except for charcoal. It much resembles the wood of

Gmelina, also the sapwood of Teak. lb8

E 597. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .32

E 2397, 2398. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) ... 35

C 3445. Seemah Reserve, Palamow „ . . . —

2. C. macrophylla, Vahl; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 568; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 393; Brandis
For. Fl. 368; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 274; Gamble Darj. List 60. Vern. Paithurman,
ba-pattra, bannu, Jhelum ; Bwm&li, Chenab; Deuthar, <tniss, Ravi; Daya, binaolo,
shiwali, Kumaon; Indu, Garhwal; Dhuruchu, Dotial ; Mathara, mattranja, Beng.

A shrub. Bark thin, grey-brown. Wood white, soft. Animal
rings marked by a line of close pores. Pores moderate-sized, some-

526 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

times subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance
between them greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Northern India : sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya, from Hazara eastwards
ascending to 6000 ft.; Assam and Upper Burma.

A shrub chiefly of roadsides and waste places, also of old cultivated lands in the
damper country, and of ravines, etc., in the dry region. The flowers are pink, the
berries white and the leaves densely tomentose.

E 3276. Dainah Eeserve, W. Duars (Gamble).

3. TECTONA, Linn. f.

1. T. grandis, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 570 ; Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 600 ; Bedd. PI.
Sylv. t. 250 ; Brandis For. PL 354, t. 44 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 259 ; Gamble Darj. List 61 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 160. The Teak tree. Vern. Sdj, Arab. ; Sdj, sal, Pers. ; Sdgun,
Hind.; Singuru, Uriya; Sag, sdgwan, Mar.; Sipna, Melghat; Teka, Gondi ; Sag,
Bhil ; Tekku, tek, Tarn.; Teku, Tel.; Jcldi, sagwani, tega, Kan.; Tekku, Cingh.;
Kyun, Burm. ; Djati, Malay.

A large deciduous tree. Bark lt in. thick, light brown or grey,
fibrous, with shallow longitudinal cracks, outer bark peeling off in
long thin flakes. Wood moderately hard, strongly and characteristi-
cally scented and containing an oil which is easily perceptible to the
touch and is preservative : sapwood white, usually small ; heartwood
dark golden yellow, turning brown, dark brown and finally almost
black with age. Annual rings marked by one or more lines of
regularly-arranged pores, often set in a belt of loose tissue; in the
rest of the wood the pores are scattered, scanty, sometimes subdivided,
variable in size from small to moderate-sized, a few large. Medullary
rays moderately broad to broad, fairly numerous, giving a conspicuous
handsome silver-grain of elongated plates. Pith large, quadrangular.

The Teak tree has two separate regions in the area dealt with in this work — the
western or Indian, which is practically the whole of the peninsula of India, and the
eastern or Burmese, in the interior of Burma. The Indian region has for its northern
limit the rivers Nerbudda and Mahanadi, but here and there it may occasionally be
found north of this line, as in Jhansi and Banda, while south of it it scarcely occurs
in Orissa or the Circars. It is found in deciduous forest, but is not gregarious ; and
the localities where the most important forests are found are (1) Chanda District,
C.P. ; (2) North Kanara; (3) Wynaad, especially the tracts known as Benne and
Mudumalai; (4) the Anamalai Hills; (5) Travancore. There are also considerable
extents of Teak forest in other parts of the C.P. ; in Berar and Bombay ; on both
sides of the Godavari in Bhadrachalam, Kumpa and Yernagudem ; in the Nallamalai
Hills of Kurnool and Cuddapah ; in South Arcot and in Mysore. But Teak may be
found sporadically in places in forests throughout the Indian region, and even in such
very dry apparently barren rocky hills as those of Western Kurnool and Bellary,
patches of stunted more or less gregarious teak are not uncommon. In the Burmese
region, teak is chiefly found in what are called by Kurz the "upper mixed forests "
which occupy the parallel ranges of (1) the Arracan Yoma, eastern slope ; (2) the
Pegu Yoma; and (3) the Martaban Hills and the hills which contain these ranges
northwards. The northern limit, according to J. W. Oliver, is about Myitkyina and
Kamaing, in lat. 25° 30', though there it is mostly of stunted growth. Teak has
been largely planted about stations all over India, even so far north as Saharanpur,
Dehra Dun and Lahore, in avenues and gardens ; and forest plantations have been
made in many provinces, the chief of which is that at Nilambiir in Malabar, com-
menced by Mr. Conolly, who was Collector in 1844. Iu Bengal it has been grown
about Kaptai in Chittagong and Bamunpokri in the Darjeeliug Terai; and in the
Assam Valley there is a plantation as far up as Makum near Dibrugarh. Outside
India, Teak is found in Siam, in the French colonies of Cambodia and Cochin China,
and in the Dutch Indies. In the island of Java there are magniflcent plantations of
considerable area now becoming of great value.

As pointed out by Brandis, " the Teak tree thrives with a mean temperature

y<>ung ti \k trkks. Kni;i:sr sch<".>l rwr.K. ui:iii:a mn.

VERBENACE^E 527

' during the cold season of between 60° and 80°, during the hot season between 80° and
' 85°, during the rains between 77° and 87°, during autumn between 71° and 81°,
' while the mean annual temperature which suits it best lies between 72° and 81°."
It grows on various soils, being best on sandstone and metamorphic rocks ; but it may
be also found on trap, on which it grows well ; on laterite, on which, however, it is
usually poor ; also, occasionally, on limestone ; while I have seen almost pure teak
forests in black alluvial land on the banks of the Godavari. The most important
requirement is good drainage if good straight 'timber is to be obtained ; but it is really
a very accommodating tree, and will even stand a certain amount of water-logging,
but is then usually stunted and twisted.

Teak is, above all, a light-demanding tree, requiring full light for its head and a
free circulation of air. It seeds very freely even when quite young, and the seed
germinates well if it gets sufficient warmth and moisture to rot the corky outer cover-
ing and enable the hard nut to open. Seed sown in nurseries often takes long to germi-
nate ; in my own experience, germination is best if the seeds are simply mixed with
sand and dead leaves after being thoroughly soaked, when a certain amount of fermen-
tation probably sets up and germination takes place ; but directly this happens the
plants must be picked out and put in nurseries or in pots or baskets. As teak has an
enormous taproot which resents being cut, it cannot be kept long in nursery, but must
be planted out when quite small, and succeeds best when planted out straight into
the forest after germination, as is done in " taungyas ; " but when this is not feasible,
basket or pot plants give good results. In Burma, where teak is most often found
associated with bamboos like the Myinwa, Tinwa and Kyathaungwa, over which it
forms a kind of upper story, the natural reproduction is good, as indeed it also is in
the Indian forests, where it grows mixed with other species of tree and usually much
grass, but unless direct light is given overhead the seedlings cannot develop, and die
off or remain stunted. As with Sal, Anjan and other trees, teak shoots usually die
down yearly ; they may be burnt or scorched by the sun, but others shoot up in the
rains, again to die down in the next hot season ; and this takes place yearly, until
finally some year the taproot reaches a good permanently moist stratum, the shoots
sent out are stronger and the plant gets a start as a tree. The management of
natural teak forests to ensure good reproduction and to increase the proportion of teak
compared with other kinds is a difficult matter ; but it has been ascertained by expe-
rience that great improvement takes place if certain well-defined operations are carried
out, and these are prescribed in the Working Plans. They are : (1) Not to girdle
isolated trees unless with the object of relieving existing seedlings ; (2) to leave sound
trees, likely to improve, in localities whence large timber can be extracted ; (3) to fell
and not girdle trees attacked by epiphytic Ficus ; (4) to continue taungya plantations
with energy, and to weed such plantations regularly ; (5) to sow or plant up areas of
flowered bamboo ; (6) to pay much attention to creeper-cutting. In the Indian teak
forests where there is little demand for the timbers of most of the companion trees,
there is a tendency for teak, if it alone is cut, to disappear, so that improvement
thinnings ought to be taken in hand everywhere in order to relieve the poles and
saplings and seedlings of teak and allow them to grow. This will have some effect,
but still it will not ensure complete reproduction. In Burma, where bamboo is the
chief companion of teak, it is best to take advantage of the periodical flowering and
dying off of the latter to try and help the teak to grow ; but how best to do this
without enormous labour and expense is the problem. Cutting and burning the
bamboo before its flowering and then planting the land with teak, would perhaps give
a good return for the expenditure, because the reproduction of the bamboo would be
prevented ; but as the teak usually gets ahead of the bamboo seedlings when young,
the heavy expense of such an operation can be saved. For many years (since 1856) a
system of teak-planting, called taungya-plantation, has been in force in Burma, under
which the villagers are allowed to cut and burn certain areas of forest and then to
cultivate the land, under agreement to hand it over when done with, with so many
good teak plants planted per acre, for which plants they receive payment. The system
is cheap and has been a success, and is possibly the best arrangement that can be
made for teak reproduction short of regular plantation. The Dutch forest officers in
Java have long come to the conclusion that the management of natural teak forests is
too difficult and expensive, and they have substituted instead a wholesale system of
plantations where the teak can be grown in close forest and regularly treated as a
gregarious tree. Some of these plantations are now coming into working, and the
results are said to have been excellent, though it may be doubtful whether they will

528 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

give as good timber in quality as the natural forests. In July, 1889, there were
already about 84,000 acres of plaritatioD, planted at a cost of about £1 per acre (" Ind.
Forester," xvii. 448). The plantation is carried out with the assistance of suitable
crops, like maize, tobacco, or tapioca (see "Teak Cultivation in Java," by Dr. W.
Buurman van Vreden, Inspector-General of Forests in Netherlands India; "Ind.
Forester," xviii. 285).

Teak plantations, however, have been largely, perhaps too largely, condemned in
India, the large one at Nilainbiir being probably the only one of any importance which
has been maintained and gradually increased. In Burma, plantations were made
formerly at several places, such as Magayee, Kyetpyoogau, Thinganeenoung, Myodwin,
etc., but the work has been discontinued. They were started under much the same
idea as led to the establishment of those in Java, but are not thought to have given
the best results. It is possible that greater success might have been obtained under the
Javan system of growing teak with agricultural crops, for teak, like other forest trees,
requires cultivation of the soil if its planting is to be really successful. With proper
precautions as to transplants, teak is not a difficult tree to grow. Foulkes, in his
" Notes on Timber Trees in S. Canara," advises planting a mixture of 50 per cent.
Teak, 30 per cent. Jack, and 20 per cent. Kiralboghi (Hopea parviflora), as the two
latter species would not mind being overtopped by the faster-growing teak. But
whether it is to be done by plantation or otherwise, it certainly seems desirable that
the teak should be more concentrated in growth than it is at present in the natural
forests, in order that its sylvicultural treatment may be more easily carried out and
extraction and conversion more easily and cheaply carried on. There can be little
doubt that, at present, the sylviculture of teak, aiming at natural reproduction only,
is not fully understood, and that in the huge forests now under management there are
many portions which are not really worth the attempt to work intensively, owing to
poorness of soil, uusuitability of climate or other reasons.

In Burma, the system of working adopted under most of the Working Plans is that
of " selection girdlings," the number of trees to be girdled over a fixed area being fixed
and the girdlings coming round again at regular intervals — every thirty years, for
instance. Teak is not felled green, but is girdled standing, so as to kill it, and it is
felled and the timber extracted later on. The trees girdled are those which have a
diameter of 23 in. in dry, or 27 in. in moist forest. In the Indian region, teak is more
usually felled and logged when green entirely on selection. In some localities, where
the rest of the forest material is in demand for fuel, the forests are treated in coppice
under standard, the standards kept being teak as far as possible. As Brandis says,
however, "Timber well girdled dries completely and seasons evenly, for it is on all

* sides freely exposed to sun and wind. Smaller trees dry sufficiently if left standing
' after girdling for one or two years ; larger trees must stand longer. When a teak

* tree is felled green, that side of the trunk which is in contact with the ground takes
'along time to dry, the timber seasons unevenly, it is less useful and less durable,
' and when thrown into the water it does not float readily " (" Garden and Forest,"
vol. ix.).

The method of treatment determined upon for the teak plantations of Nilambur is
that of " high forest with a clean felling of the final crop and artificial regeneration,
' fellings to commence not earlier than the year in which the average girth at breast
' height will be 6^ feet." The final crop on first-class soil is expected to give not less
than°40, and on second-class soil not less than 50, trees per acre. The age of exploit-
ability is considered to be 95 years for first-class and 140 years for second-class trees.
Thinnings will, of course, be undertaken when necessary (" Nilambur AVorking Flan,"
by P. M. Lushington).

It has usually been fully accepted that the well-marked rings which teak wood
shows do undoubtedly represent annual layers. But there have been dissentients to
this, and reference may be made to " Ind. Forester," iv. 355, and ix. 147, where E. E.
Fernandez describes his own experiences, and considers that very often more than one
ring may be formed in a year. On the other hand, there is, as stated by J. W. Oliver,
in " Ind. Forester," ix. 440, " plenty of evidence to show that the rings of teak trees
« in Burma are annual. Spurious rings undoubtedly do occur, but they are readily
4 distinguishable from true annual rings ; " and this is my own experience. I have
counted rings on stumps and specimens of various trees, for many years, and have
found that it is necessary to be very careful, but that with care the spurious rings are
capable of recognition and can be neglected. It is possible that the examples cited by
Fernandez, of coppice shoots at Punassa, C.P., may have been cases of spurious rings ;

VERBENACE.E

529

at any rate, very young coppice-shoots are not good subjects from which to draw general
conclusions. Brandis says : " Subsequent researches have proved that these concen-
' trie rings actually represent a year's growth, the dry season being the period of rest
1 corresponding to the winter of temperate climates " (" Garden and Forest," vol. ix.).

To my mind, the evidence afforded by the Nilambur specimens cut in 1877 for
the Paris Exhibition of 1878, a list of which was given in Ed. 1, p. 284, is conclusive. Out
of 29 specimens only one showed more than one ring difference from the expected
number, and that one clearly seemed a mistake, an older, perhaps a natural-grown tree,
having probably been cut in a particular compartment, a thing which might easily
happen. I propose, therefore, to follow Brandis and Oliver, and the many others who
have counted rings and obtained data for their Working Plans, in assuming that the
rings of teakwood are really annual ones, and represent one year's growth. While on
this subject, it is well to refer to S. C.'s remarks in " Ind. Forester," xxiii. 291, on
cycles of slow and quick growth, and to mention that the phenomenon is one which
naturally must occur in all forests, when the varied conditions under which a tree may
spend its long life are taken into account. The rate of growth of teak must, of course,
vary considerably according to the locality in which it grows, and the climate, altitude,
etc., of that locality. Taking the data obtained in 1878, the Nilambur specimens
above referred to, grown in the equable moist hot climate of Malabar, give an average
of 2-62 rings per inch of radius ; specimens cut from the plantations of South Kanara
gave 2*01 rings ; and some from plantations in North Kanara gave from 2 to 4-5 rings.
The growth in the Bamunpokri plantation, in the sheltered warm climate of the Dar-
jeeling Terai, averaged 2*03 rings ; while recently measured plantations at Kulsi in
Assam gave 3'6 rings. The Burma plantations of the Tharrawaddy Division showed
from 2*6 to 5-8 rings, giving an average for fire-protected forest of 4*33 rings per inch,
and of unprotected forest of 4 rings per inch ; while plantations in Tenasserim showed
a much slower growth, varying from 5*5 at Thinganeenoung to 9'G in Koloon. On
the whole, therefore, plantations in a good climate and on suitable soil may be expected
to give a growth of 4 rings per inch of radius, which means a 6-ft. tree at 46 years of
age, and an 8-ft. tree at 61 years.

In the natural forest, growth is considerably slower. In his paper in " Ind. Forester,"
ix. 83, J. W. Oliver gives the result of his measurements in the Mokka-Beeling Reserves
in Tharrawaddy —

Moist forest with undergrowth of Tiniva and Kyathaungvia bamboo
Very dry forest with undergrowth of Myinwa bamboo
and the average ages of trees in the diameter classes —

rings.

9-13

14-66

Diam. 12 in.

. 50
. 44

Diam. 18 in.

76
73

Diam. 24 in.

105

110

Diam. 30 in.

139
167

Moist forest .

Dry „ . . .

The data adopted for certain of the Working Plans in Burma are herewith summarized ac-
cording to girth classes of 3 ft., 4 \ ft. and 6 ft., with that of 7 ft., taken as exploitable size.

Average rate
of growth.

Mean

age of trees with girth.

Exploitable

3 ft.

4* ft.

6 ft.

7 ft.

adopted.

Rings per inch.

Kangyi Forests, Tharrawaddy .

8

48

60

87 i

109

Shwele „ Prome

12

75

101

134

158

150

Nawin ., „

13

70

100

141 1

170

150

Bondaung „ Toungoo .

1425

80

115

156 1

185

180

Kabaung „ „ . . .

135

73

106

147

177

180

Mohnyin „ Katha .

13

60

90

133

166

160

West Swa and Sabyin, Toungoo

11-75

66

92

125

153

160

Kyaukniasin „

15

85

124

165

196

196

Yeni Forest „

11-25

60

87

123

146

150

Kadin-Bilin, Tharrawaddy

1 1 ■;.

65

100

125(?)

150

15U

Saing, Toungoo

11-75

69

96

126

152

150

Gwetho „ ....

11-5

67

96

127

149

150

Average

12-2

GS

97

132

159

2

9 3

.3 27

■1 M

530

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

In most of these cases 10 years was allowed for the time taken by a seedling to
establish itself ; i.e. it has been assumed that the seedling is regularly burnt back to
the ground for 10 years before it sends up the shoot which eventually grows into a
tree (J. W. Oliver).

The most noticeable things about these figures are that the average rate of growth
is about 12 rings per inch of radius ; and that the average time taken to reach 3 ft. in
girth is 68 years, and that after that time a tree takes 29 years to pass to 4} ft. girth,
and thence 35 years to pass to 6 ft., while to pass from 6 ft. to 7 ft. requires 27 years,
which means that the growth gets slower as the tree gets older, and this is the
experience of most people who have taken measurements in the forest. Mr. S. Carr,
writing on this subject, has given recently the following figures : " A teak tree takes
' 39 years to reach 1\ ft. girth, thence 31 years to reach 3 ft., thence 30 years to reach
' 4^ ft., thence 37 years to reach 6 ft., and thence 26 years to attain 7 ft. in girth,"
total 163 years, which is nearly the same result.

Teak, if allowed to grow, and in very favourable places, reaches a very large size.
Brandis says, " On the Anamalais, Beddome records trees with a girth of about 22 ft.
• and a straight trunk of some 80 to 90 ft. to the first bough. In the North Kanara
' forests, clear stems 70 to 80 ft. long are not rare ; in the Ahiri forests, Col. Pearson
' reports stems 60 to 70ft. high; and even considerably further north in the Khandesh
' Dangs I have measured clear stems 60 to 70 ft. long to the first branch. Girths of
' 10 to 15 ft. are not uncommon and numerous instances of 20 to 25 ft. are on record."
From Burma S. Carr has reported a log 64 ft. long with 13| ft. mean girth ; H. Calthrop
two trees of 20 ft. girth and 60 ft. to the first branch ; C. Muriel a tree 17A- ft. at 5 ft.
from the ground ; and J. Nisbet a log 82^ ft. long with a mean girth of 10 ft. The
number of trees per acre is not usually large, as teak is not a gregarious tree. Brandis
mentions 50 acres in the Bimaram Forest, OP. with 8*3 trees per acre over 4i ft. girth ;
also 17 sq. miles in the Prome District of Burma with 6*6 trees over 4J ft. girth per acre.
Corbett's Working Plan of Taungnyo Forest in Tharrawaddy gives an average of sound
trees over 1 ft. in diameter per 100 acres of 296 ; and H. Carter's Working Plan for the
Shwele forests in Prome gives similarly 219. He considers that in such forests teak
forms, roughly, nearly one-eighth of the growing stock. In plantations there will be more :
Aplin records that in the Thinganeenoung Plantation in 1880 there were 60 trees over
2 ft. in girth per acre, Beddome estimated that at 85 years of age there would be, at
Nilambur, 60 trees to the acre with a cubic contents of 16,800 cubic feet. This would
mean that each tree would have a radius of spread of 15 ft., which is not much for such
large trees, so that the estimate is probably too high. The boles of teak trees are often
much and deeply buttressed at base, which may cause some waste of timber in conversion.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

j

«.2

Experiment by
whom conducted.

Year.

Wood whence obtained.

"3

Size of bar.

Value of P.

lbs.

ft. in. in.

Wallich .

—

Ceylon

47

—

—

—

• • ■

—

Travancore

42

—

—

,, . . .

—

Malabar

37

—

—

—

j » . •

—

Moulmein

31-5

—

—

—

A. Mendis, No. 85 .

1855

Ceylon

55

—

1 r

810

„ No. 86 .

Cochin

44

—

>2 XI XI J.

672

„ No. 87 .

Moulmein

42

—

i I

640

Bennett, No. 12

1872

42

3

3 X1£X1£

717

French (Erode)

18G1

South India

—

3

1 XI XI

467

Cunningham .

1854

Yindhyan hills

44-5

1

2 XI XI

953

Puckle

1859

Mysore

43

4

2 XI XI

730

Couch (Plymouth) .

—

India

/Good timber

38-5

2

\ .

—

girdled

43-5

13

1

478

Simpson .

-\

m Sonne timber

vecnand< T »iru1"1

v i Large timber

/,mniee girdled

1

,, . . .

=

42

4

)3 xiixu!

660

>i

-;

38

8

1 ' '

591

Dead timber

1

\ not girdled

39-5

5

/

631

VERBENACEiE

531

Experiment by
whom conducted.

Year.

Wood whence obtained.

S

60

Is

its

« a

°a

Size of bar.

Value of P.

lbs.

ft. in. in.

Skinner, No. 122 .

1862

Malabar

45

814

5) • • •

))

Moulmein

43

809

)) • • •

)J

Pegu

37

736

Fowke

1859

Nagpore

41

4

472

Kyd ...

1831

Burma

38

1

2 XI XI

663

Campbell

1831

,, (unseasoned)

47

4

) (

634

5)

)>

j) )>

42

2

604

>»

)>

Java

43

1

[G X2 X2 J

693

)) • •

)>

Bombay

41

2

537

)? • •

j)

Malabar

48

1

J [

468

Maitland .

1862

Burma

41

—

3 XUX1A

589-839

Baker
»» ...
is ...
i) ...

1829
>>

5)

Rangoon"} „ . , . /
Bombay (Received at j

Pegu > C°ss.lP^-1
Malabar J April, 1825 (

43
43

46
45

5
6
3
3

6 X2 X2

)) »> >!

j I

658
652
602
782

,, ...
,, ...

"

T8„,mo (Received at")
Mil < Cossipore, I
Malabar^ AprilP18^6/

43
48-5

3
3

\ 5iX2 X2 -

756
689

,, ...
,, ...

JJ

?>

Malabar f Rece"red at )

46-5

2

12

1 1

3 Xl£xl

683
693

)> ...

)!

Bengal

,, very old, taken "|

14

2 XI XI

666

,, ...

)>

from a Dutch house !■
at Cossipore

41-5

6

7 X2 X2

631

i) ...

J?

>! !!

46-5

6

?» M JJ

731

Russell .

1862

?> ))

41

3

Hxi xi

835

Brandis .

1862

Burma (No. 86)

40-51

—

4 XI XI

570-867

,, . . •

1864

?)

40-5

12

6 X2 X2

563

,, . . .

>>

jj

40

6

6 X2 XH

577

,, • • •

)>

" 1 f

45

10

6 X2 X2

534

j)

,, > Half seasoned <

43

9

6 X2 Xl^

584

,5 ...

)>

„ J I

46

20

6 X2 X2

598

1865-66

>)

38

i

617

55 . . .

5)

>>

38

9

6 X2 X14

670

55

?)

>)

40-5

5

3 XI Xl

812

5, . . .

))

)5

38

11

2 XI XI

649

55 • . .

*!

37

17

2 XI X i

612

Lasletfc, p. 125

)5 JJ •

1875

Moulmein, No. 1
No. 2

48-5
50

6
6

Xl X2 X2 |

684
637

„ p. 126

})

55

48-5

6

—

—

Dundas .

1877

!)

34

12

10 X4 X6

467 ) E =

• • •

,

34

12

2 Xl Xl

791 J 2200

Talbot .

1885

N. Kanara (girdled )
wood) J

«{

1

7

7 X2 X2
6 X2 X2

577

501

55 ...

»

Ditto (not girdled)

39

7

6 X2 X2

607

11. H. O'Connell .

1886

Coimbatore

50-5

—

—

0-00937

Molesworth

-

)>

45

—

-

f 800
\ E = 5000

Specimens enume- ]
rated below J

Various

44 a

25

—

The weight may, for practical purposes, be taken approximately at 45 lbs. per cubic
foot and the value of P at 600. Molesworth, however, gives "W = 50 lbs., P = 800
and E = 5000. Captain J. C. Dundas, Y.C., R.E., in his " Report on Experiments made
at Lucknow in 1877 and 1878 " (Roorkee Professional Papers, 1879, vol. viii. No. 32) in
which he gives the weight at 34 lbs. P = 470 and E = 2200 as an average, says that
logs as received at Lucknow show a weight of nearly 50 lbs. per cubic foot, but that
after being well dried and sawn into scantlings, the weight falls to 34 or 35 lbs. His
value for P should be a reliable one, for it is based on experiments made with beams
of the large size of 10 ft. x 4 in. x 6 in. When quite fresh, teak hardly floats, but
when seasoned it floats easily and the oil in the wood prevents its getting waterlogged,
so that there is little'loss in this way. The teak from the Burma forests is all brought
out by water, and wherever practicable the same agency is used in Western aud

532

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Southern India. Much of the first part of the extraction has always, however, to be
done by land, and in this the use of elephants is almost indispensable ; but various
types of extraction-carts drawn by cattle or buffaloes are also in use in different
localities. Teak is always brought out either in log or in square, in Burma always in
log, and all the Government teak is sent to Eangoon and is there sold at periodical
auction sales. The conversion is then carried out in private saw-mills, and the
converted timber or timber in logs is sent to India or to Europe for sale or supplied to
correspondent firms in the scantling desired. Much of the small slabs and pieces is
used up in making shingles for roofing houses. There is one difficulty in the utilization
of teak wood, viz. that it is so often unsound at the centre, necessitating scantlings being
cut so as to leave the centre out. The unsoundness is due partly to the large soft pith
which is easily bored by insects, allowing damp and rot to enter afterwards, and partly,
perhaps, to so much of the teak still brought out coming from old over-mature trees.

The exports of teak wood from the forests of Burma reached in 1898-99 (latest
available figures) 268,283 tons, valued at Rs.227,49,255: that is, of an average value per
ton of nearly Rs.85. Taking the ton as 50 cub. ft., we have a rate per cubic foot of
Rs.l..ll ..2. Most of the export wood goes to the United Kingdom.

Teak is the chief export timber of India and Burma/also the chief building timber
of the country. The wood is exported chiefly for shipbuilding, especially for the
backing of armour-plates in battleships and for the decks of most vessels, also for the
construction of railway-carriages and for the best class of house carpentry, being
admirably suited for staircases, balustrades, door- and window-frames and furniture.
In India it is used for all purposes of house- and ship-building, for bridges, railway-
sleepers, furniture, shingles, etc. It is used for carving, the Burmese carved teak-
wood being especially noted, in Burma itself carved " kyaungs," or monasteries, being
prominent in almost every village of any importance. The wood is very durable, as is
shown by the specimens obtained by Brandis from the old city of Vijiyanagar (Hampi)
in the South Deccan, which are still sound and good though probably 500 years old
(" Ind. Forester," vii. 260). There are also in the Dehra Collection pieces, now quite
black and very hard, from the ancient city of Ujjain in Ajrnere, whose age must be
very great. The durability is probably due to the large amount of oil contained in the
wood. This oil is used medicinally, as a substitute for linseed oil and as a varnish
(Kurz), but it would seem that its extraction as an oil is difficult, but as a tar is com-
paratively easy.

The leaves give a dye, used, according to Kurz, for dyeing silk yellow, olive, etc. ; the
red colour is easily seen on bruising a young leaf; they are very large and are used as
plates, for packing, to make rough umbrellas, and as a thatch for temporary huts.
Various parts of the tree, including the wood, are used in native medicine.

An analysis of the ash of teak wood made by R. Romanis, D.Sc, Chemical
Examiner, Burma, in April, 1885, gave the following result : —

Potash

Soda

Lime

Magnesia

Oxide of iron .

Phosphoric acid

Silicic acid

Ash per cent, of wood

In 1884 Dr. H. Warth had made an analysis at Dehra Dun the result of which was-

per cent.
Soluble potassium and sodium compounds . . . 0*13 Kiss

Calcium carbonate, phosphate of iron, etc. . . . 0*31 40'26

Magnesium carbonate 0*21 27*28

Silica, etc 012 15'58

Amount of ash in 100 lbs. of steam-dry wood = 115 lbs. \
air-dry wood . /

o-

VERBENACE.E 533

which results do not tally very well with those of Dr. Romanis. An analysis was

made in 1862 by Professor Abel of the white deposit which is so often found in teak

wood with the result —

per cent.

Lime 34*04

Magnesia 1-86

Ammonia . 1*12

Phosphoric acid 43*35

Water and organic matter 19*54

Carbonic acid 0*09

The teak tree has several insect enemies ; its value has, however, naturally led to
the investigation of them more than was perhaps to be expected in the case of less
valuable or important trees. Among Coleoptera the following have been reported : —
Bupbestid^;.

Psiloptera fasluosa, Fabr., injuring the trees at Nilambur by boring.
Cerambicid^;.

Pachydisszis holosericeus, Fabr., better known as Cerambyx Vatica or Neoce-

rambyx holosericeus, injuring the trees in the Kulsi plantation, Assam.
Stromatium barbatum, Fabr., ditto, damage very serious, often results in the

death of the tree.
Stromatium asperulum, White, ditto.
jffigosoma lacertosum, Pascoe, ditto.
It is noticeable that all those reported have been found in plantations, but probably
that is because more individual attention is paid to planted trees than to those in the
natural forests. The teak-borers of Burma, if any exist, would seem to be still in
need of study. There must be Scolytids or other bark species, at any rate. Among
Hymenoptera may be mentioned a Cynipid which produces galls on the teak trees in
the Melghat, Berar. Among Lepidoptera are many species —
Cossid^;.

Cossus cadambe, Moore, does serious injury to teak trees in Travancore by boring

the stems. Bourdillon reports that the prevalence of the pest is entirely due

to the system of lopping for manure, the moth laying its eggs in the dead

part of the snags left on the branches, whence the larvas bore into the tree.

Hepialid.e — a moth, species uncertain, does damage to teak plantations in Prome

District, Burma.
Noctuidjs.

Hyblcea puera, Cramer, does very great harm to teak trees almost throughout
India, but especially in Burma. Colonel Bingham says of it, " The larvrc
' appeared in the teak plantations about the 20th May, sometimes in incredible
'numbers. They reappeared year after year, stripping the young teak of
' their leaves almost with the rapidity of locusts, and hanging in thousands
■ by webs to the branches of the trees. About the end of May they begin
' to pupate."

PyRALIDiE.

PaJiga damastesalis, Moore — the "teak-leaf roller" — has been reported as
defoliating teak forests in Berar, the C.P., and in Burma. The trees which
suffer most are those on dry stony hillsides.
It is clear that the subject of the insect enemies of teak still requires much investi-
gation. So, also, does the question of the fungoid enemies, if any exist ; at any rate, it
is satisfactory that none have been reported up to date.

Teakwood does not appear to suffer much from Teredo ; but in Burma, as pointed out
by Mr. R. S. Troup in Ind. For. xxvii. 492, it is frequently attacked by a mollusk, Mar-
tesia fluminalis, which makes holes in the outer layers of the wood in logs in the rivers.

lbs.
C 1408. Jagmandal Reserve, C.P. (Col. Doveton) . —

C 1409. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. „ 38

C 2933. Sonawani, Satpura Reserve, C.P —

(Tree planted in 1867, cut down in 1876, 10-in. girth.)
C 2983. (White Teak, Dudhia Sagun) Jubbnlpore, C.P., 1863 . . 41
C 2982. (Black „ Telia Sagim or oil teak) „ „ . . 48

C 2987. (Stone „ Pattharee Sagun) „ „ 44

(Black Teak is rather darker-coloured, but otherwise there is no difference in
structure, and very little in appearance between these three specimens.)

534 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

C 1204. Khandwa, C.P

C 834. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 46

C 2809. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) (Brandis) 38

C 3783. Mojagodo Plantation, Ganjam { ^ ™ years old' \ in" diam" } -

C 3942. Kunuavaram, ( (1) Coppice shoot, 10 years old, 4 £ in. diara. \
Upper Godavari \ (2) Old " Kumri," 8 „ 2 \ „ j

C 3953, 4055, 4107. Upper Godavari Forests 40

C 4064. Bhadrachalam, Upper Godavari (Gamble) . . . .48

B 1202. Bamunpokri Plantation, Darjeeling Terai, Bengal . . . —

Specimens from compartment I. 1 planted 1868 —

II. 1 „ 1871 —

»j j> »> L 1 „ »»••••■ —

I. 3 b „ 1872 —

E 3290, 3291. Hoolingamara Block, Sitapahar Plantation, Chittagong, (

1873 and 1875 (Chester) J

E 3386, 3387, 3388. Rampahar Block, Sitapahar Plantation, Chitta- )

gong, 1873 (Chester) J ~~

D 3974. Agri-Horticultural Garden, Madras (Steavenson) . . .52

D 4016, 4021. Collegal, Coimbatore 52 and 58

W 1217. North Kanara, Bombay (Barrett) 39

W 730, 753. South Kanara, Madras (Cherry) . . . . 46 and 42
W 1206. Parappa Plantation, S. Kanara, saplings 5 and 10 years . . —
W 2959. Nilambur Plantation, Malabar (Brandis) .... —

(3 saplings cut in 1864, 5, 10 and 20 years ; 16, 19 and 25 in. girth.)

W 1203. Nilambur Plantation, Malabar —

(Series Nos. 1 to 33, aged 33 years to 1 year respectively.)
W 3850, 4076. Mudumalai Forest, Nilgiris, 2000 ft. . . . 48 and 55
W 4100. Benne Plantation, Nilgiris, 3000 ft., 13 years, 6 in. diam. . 55

B 2551. Burma (Brandis, 1862, No. 86) 44

B 801. Pegu (Ribbentrop) 40

B 1385. Thinganneenoung Plantation, Martaban . . . .34

(Tree 54 ft. high, 30 ft. to first branch, planted in 1856.)

B 2709. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 42

B 1346. Andaman Islands —

(Tree planted at Dhunee Valley, Leaf Creek, Port Blair. Height
44 ft., girth 36 in., about 7 years old when cut in 1877, and
shows one spurious annual ring.)
Ceylon Collection (Mendis). Old, Nos. 85, 86, 87 ; new, Nos. 133, 134, ) 4Q 44 u
135. Wood respectively from Ceylon, Cochin and Moulmein . ) ' '

No. 47, Salem Collection, Madras 10

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (sapwood only).

2. T. Hamiltoniana, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 571; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 259. Vera.
Dahat, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood light brown, hard, close-grained, with
an irregular dark brown heartwood. Pores small, often subdivided,
rather scanty. Medullary rays fine, the distance between them equal
to the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a
continuous white line with somewhat larger pores.

Prome district and Upper Burma, where it is common in the dryer forests of
Yamethin, Meiktila, Kyaukse and Mandalay.

Growth moderate, 9 to 10 rings per inch of radius. A good wood, and likely to be
useful, but much heavier and harder than teak.

lbs.
B 3126. Prome, Burma 64

4. PREMNA, Linn.

About 32 species, trees, shrubs, climbers or perennial herbs, some of but small
importance, and all difficult to distinguish. P. corymbosa, Rottl. and Willd. ; Fl. Br.

VERBENACE.E 535

Ind. iv. 573; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 351 (P. cordifolia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxii.); Vern.
Pomanti, pedda narva, nagurn, narara, Tel., is a large shrub of the Deccan and Carnatic
and the dry country of Ceylon: it is common in the Kodur forests of Cuddapah.
P. coriacea, Clarke ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 573 ; Talbot Bomb. List 160 ; Vern. Chambari,
Mar., is a large climber of the Western Ghats. P. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 82 ;
Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 573 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 263 ; Gamble Darj. List 61 ; Vern. Sindri, Nep. ;
Monkakrik, Lepcha, is a climbing shrub of the sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal east-
wards, Eastern Bengal and Martaban. It is very common on the banks of streams in
the Darjeeling Terai, making a dense close network of straggling branches. P.fiavescens,
Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 578 (P. mucronata, Roxb. ; Gamble Darj. List 61) ; Vern. Kala
bogoti, Nep., is a small tree of the Lower Sikkim Hills up to 3000 ft., Assam and
Eastern Bengal. P. barbata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 579 ; Brandis For. Fl. 367 ;
Gamble Darj. List 61 ; Vern. Ganhila, Punjab ; Lamenar, Hind. ; Bakar, bakarcha,
Dehra Dun ; Miclmpnok, Lepcha, is a shrub or small tree of the Lower Himalaya
from the Jhelum to Assam, ascending to 5000 ft. It is not uncommon in the Dehra
Dun, especially about Rajpur and in the Lower Jumna Valley ; also in the Darjeeling
Terai and lower hills. P. herbacea, Roxb. and P. nana, Coll. and Hemsl., are small
herbaceous plants with rosettes of leaves fiat on the ground and small whitish flowers,
the fruit of which is found in Sal and other dry forests and grass lands. The latter
species is found in the Shan Hills, the former almost throughout India, being remark-
able as another instance of a dwarf plant in an otherwise woody genus, just as are
similar plants in Erylhrina, Careya, Ochna, Grewia and Combretum.

Wood light brown or grey, often streaked, moderately hard. Pores
small or moderate-sized, rather scanty, often subdivided. Medullary
rays fine or moderately broad, with a silver-grain of very small plates.

1. P. interrupta, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 572 ; Brandis For. Fl. 367 ; Gamble
Darj. List 61.

A large climbing shrub. Wood soft, white, porous, with the
structure of a climber. Pores large. Medullary rays uniform,
moderately broad, the distance between them usually equal to the
diameter of the pores.

Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan at 5-8000 ft.

Brandis calls this a small tree ; my specimen was taken from a climber, such as are
all I ever saw in Darjeeling. Clarke thinks it may be both. It climbs, as also does
P. bracteata, Wall., over large trees in the hill forests of Darjeeling. Haines, in
Hanson's " Darjeeling Working Plan," 1893, calls it a " deciduous-leaved large climber,
' which should be cut." Brandis quotes Wallich as giving the weight at 43 lbs. per
cubic foot, which is that of a tree, not a climber. He also says it gives a purple gum.

E 3395. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. P. integrifolia, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 574 ; Talbot Bomb. List 160. P. spinas,,,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 77. P. serratifolia, Linn.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxii. ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 262 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 352. Vern. Ustabunda, Hind. ; Gannidri, Beng. ; Khara-
narval, aran, Mar. ; Midi, Cingh. ; Taungtangyi, Burm.

A small tree with thorny stems and branches. Bark thin, pale.
Wood light creamy-brown, moderately hard, even-grained, pleasantly
scented. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided, numerous.
Medullary rays fine, close, fairly numerous.

I oast forests of Western and Southern India, Burma, the Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

Of the two specimens (4929 and 4930) received from W. A. Hearsey through
F. B. Manson, Conservator of Forests in Tenasserim, the former is, I think, undoubtedly
correct. It was obtained in the tidal forests of Tavoy. The second has a similar wood,
even more strongly scented, but the leaves differ slightly and the specimen was obtained
in the Tavoy Hills. The scent of the wood is pleasant, fresh and fragrant, not so
aromatic as sandal. The wood, if it retains its scent, should prove valuable.

lbs.

B 4929. Tidal Forests, Tavoy (W. A. Hearsey) —

B4930. Hill „ „ „ —

B 4923. Lower Tenasserim „ 50

53(J A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. P. tomentosa, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 576 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 76 ; Bedd. PI.
Sylv. t. 251 ; Brandis For. Fl. 367 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 352. Vern. Kotokoi, Sonthal ;
Chambara, Mar. ; Nagal, naoru, naura, Tel. ; Ije, Kan. ; Kampu gumadu, Reddi ;
Kolukkatti, Tam. ; Bu-seru, Cingh.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark light greyish-brown, like
that of teak. Wood light brown, smooth, close-grained. Pores small
or moderate-sized, numerous, often subdivided, in transverse patches
surrounded by loose tissue. Medullary rays numerous, fine to mode-
rately broad, marked on a radial section as a minute shining silver-
grain.

Rajruebal Hills and Chota Xagpore ; Orissa and the Circars ; Deccan and Carnatic ;
low country of Ceylon up to 4000 ft.

A common Deccan tree with a useful wood, but very little used. It would be suitable
for turning, carving and fancy work.

D 3869. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 4000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .60

4. P. pyramidata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 576. P. tomentosa, Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 260. Vern. Kyuubo, kyunnalin, nathabyn, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark light greyish-brown. Wood very light
brown or yellowish-white, often streaked, hard, close-grained, smooth.
Pores small or moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided, fairly numerous.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, numerous, close.

Burma, throughout the country in the dry and upper mixed forests up to 2000 ft.

Growth rather fast, 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Brandis' Burma List, 1862,
No. 85, gives W= 52 lbs. ; and his four experiments in 1861 gave, with bars 3' x 1" x 1",
W = 43 lbs., P = 670 ; the specimens examined vary from 40 to 54 lbs. The wood
seasons well, polishes well, and is used for weaving-shuttles. It would, as also that of
other Premnas, do for bobbins. It would also do for turnery, toys aud carving.

lbs.

B 317. (1867) 54

B2718. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 53

B 2548. Burma (Brandis, 1862, Xo. 85) 51

B 4922. Burma (F. B. Manson) 47

B 1424. Burma 40

This latter specimen is rougher, greyer and lighter than the others.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (Tab. XL 5).

5. P. bengalensis, Clarke; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 577; Gamble Darj. List 61. Vern.
Gwyheli, Nep. ; Sungna, Lepcha ; Dhaoli, Mechi ; Gohora, Ass.

An evergreen tree with indented stem. Bark thin, pale, whitish-
brown. Wood light brownish-white or cream-coloured, smooth, like
that of Gmelina arborea, hard, even-grained. Annual rings well
marked by a dark line formed by fewer pores in the autumn wood.
Pores small to moderate-sized, rather scanty, making a conspicuous
satiny silver- grain on a radial section. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards; Assam and Cachar; Bengal plain,
usually on river-banks.

5. E. Peal {Ind. Tea Gaz.) says the wood is durable and is a good one to use for

the posts of native houses ; when old it is used for bridge-work, as it lasts well in

water. It would do for turnery and carvings. The growth is fast, 3 to 5 rings per

inch of radius.

lbs.

E 2400. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 47

E 1267. Lakhimpur, Assam (G. Maun) ...... 50

6. P. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 76 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 577 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxii. ;
Gamble Darj. List 61 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 353. P. vibumoides, Wall. ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 261. P. mucronata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 635; Brandis For. Fl. 366. Vern.
PanJcar, gian, Punjab; Bakar, bakarcha, basota, agniun, tumari, jhatchi, Hind.;

VERBENACE.E 537

Agntil, Kumaon ; Gincri, Nep. ; Michapgong, Lepcha ; Dauli, Rajbanshi ; Pedda-
i/dlla-Jcura, Tel.; Oondhona, Uriya; Pachumallai, Tam. ; M aha- midi, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark greyish-white, thin. Wood light
grey streaked with yellow, purple, or faint green, moderately hard,
smooth. Annual rings marked by a faint line and fewer pores in
the autumn wood. Pores small and moderate-sized, often subdivided,
scanty. Medullary rays numerous, uniform, equidistant, moderately
broad.

The type is found iu Bengal and the Circars, from the Ganges at Rajmehal to
Madras ; var. cuneata (P. viburnoides, Kurz) in Burma ; var. mucronata, in the sub-
Himalayan tract from the Chenab to Bhutan, the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal.

I have adhered to Fl. Br. Ind. here, but it seems to me that P. mucronata, to which
all the specimens probably belong, is a distinct species from the South Indian plant.
The wood is said to be used in Sikkim and elsewhere to obtain fire by friction.
Beddome says the leaves are eaten in curries and used as cattle-fodder.

lbs.
0 3091, 3092. Kheri, Oudh ; 0 3082. Gonda, Oudh .... 35
E 621. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Bonham Garter) . . .38
E 2399. Bamunpokri „ „ (Gamble) 43

C 3578, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble), appears to be P. latifolia type.
Yern. Agabaihu, Uriya.

0 4752, collected by myself in the Saharanpur Siwaliks at Kasumri, near which it
is abundant, is the wood of a small or moderate-sized tree with thin greyish-white,
smooth bark, and thorny stem and branches. It is apparently the same tree as that seen
in the Darjeeling Terai (P. integrifolia, Linn.; Gamble Darj. List Gl), and referred to
by Clarke in Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 574. The specimens dry green, not black, but otherwise
resemble those of P. latifolia, var. mucronata. The wood resembles that of that
species, but is somewhat rougher and weighs 39 lbs. per cubic foot.

5. GMELINA, Linn.

Five species. G. dblongifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 83 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 582, is a tall
timber tree whose existence is so far only known from Roxburgh's description and
figure. It is said to grow in Eastern Bengal, and should be searched for by those who
can explore the forests of Sylhet Cachar and Tippera. G. villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
86; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 582 ((?. asiatica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 265), is a small tree found along
streams in the Sittang valley swamp forests, near Rangoon and in the Nicobars.

An Australian species, G. Leichhardtii, F. von Muell., known as " White Beech,"
grows to a large size and gives a valuable wood, soft but durable and excellent for
carving (J. Ii. Maiden).

1. G. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 84 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 581 : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 253 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 364; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 264; Gamble Darj. List 62; Talbot Bomb.
List 161; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 355. Vern. Giunhdr, lehammara, karribhar, kiimdr,
gambari, sewan, shewan, Hind. ; Giimdr, gumbar, Beng. ; Kambar, Oudh ; Kumara,
Garhwal; Khammara, batinf, Kamnon ; Sewan, Merwara; Gaminea, Jeypore ; Gam-
bari, Nep., Uriya; Gomari, Ass.; Nttmbor, Lepcha; Gnmai, Cachar; Bollcobak,
Garo; Kasamar, Kol, Sonthal ; Gumadi, cummi, Tam.; Gumar-teh, peddagomru,
tagwmuda, gwmudu,'Ve\.; Shivani, kuli, Kan.; Shewan, Mar.; Chimman, sag, Bhil ;
Gamberi, Khond ; Pedda gumu, Reddi ; Kumbulu, kumbil, Mai. ; Kurse, Gondi :
Kfissamar, Kurku ; Kumala, Trav. Hills; Et-demata, Cingh.; Ramani, Magh :
Yamane, Burm.

A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark \ in. thick,
smooth, white or whitish-grey. Wood yellowish, greyish, or reddish-
white, with a glossy lustre, even-grained, soft, light and strong,
durable, does not warp or crack. Annual rings marked cither by a
white line or by more numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores
large and moderate-sized, often subdivided, rather prominent on ;i

i38

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

vertical section ; sometimes arranged in rough, more or less con-
centric lines. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, prominent,
visible in the silver-grain as irregular horizontal bands.

Throughout India from the sub-Himalayan tract of the Chenab eastwards arid
southwards, usually iu deciduous forests ; all over Burma ; moist region of Ceylon up
to 5000 ft.

This handsome and useful tree is to be found throughout India, except in very dry
localities, but is never gregarious and nowhere very common. In the Lower Himalaya
and sub-Himalaya it is met with in the moister parts of the Sal and mixed forests, and
in similar places iu the C.P., Berar, Bombay and South India. It is most common in
Eastern Bengal and Chittagong, and also in Burma. It is often planted as a garden
tree and in avenues, and seedlings grow very fast in suitable soiL It coppices very
well. It has large yellow flowers and a large fleshy drupe.

Growth fast, our specimens show about 4 rings per inch of radius ; a small round
in the Bengal Forest Museum shows 10 rings for a mean diameter of 10? in. or rather
less than 2 rings per inch of radius ; another shows 27 rings with a diameter of 14 in.
or nearly 4 rings per inch. The weight and transverse strength have been determined
by the following experiments: —

Experiment by whom made.

Year.

Wood whence
procured.

Weight.

Number
of experi-
ments.

Size of bar.

Value of P.

lbs.

ft. in. in.

Wallich ....

—

India

32

—

—

—

Kyd

1831

Assam

38

—

2x1x1

675

Baker ....

1829

Bengal

29

3

7x2x2

375

n

28

4

6x2x2

398

,, ....

Junagarh

50 ? wet

4

7x2x2

324

Brandis, No. 87

1862

Burma

35

—

—

—

Bourdillon

1886

Travancore

35

—

—

523

The average of specimens enumerated below gives W = 36 lbs., which is probably
a fair average.

The wood is easily worked and readily takes paint or varnish ; it is very durable
under water. It is highly esteemed for planking, furniture, door-panels, carriages and
palanquins, and for well-work, boats, toys, packing-cases and all ornamental work
(Brandis) ; it is used in Burma for carving images and canoes. It would probably be a
valuable wood for tea-boxes. It is the chief furniture wood of Chittagong and is
in some demand in Calcutta, where it has been used for making the show-cases of the
Imperial Museum. It has also been used on the Bengal North- Western Railway for
the linings of railway-carriages (H. Bell). Writing in May, 1829, in " Gleanings in
Science," Captain Baker, the Superintendent of Suspension Chain Bridges, spoke of
Gumbhar wood as " well calculated for light planking, panelling, blinds and Venetians,
' and of much estimation for picture-frames, organ-pipes, sounding-boards and other
' such work where shrinkage is to be avoided," so that it has evidently been long
known in the Calcutta market. Indeed, this is obvious, for Roxburgh, writing a
century ago, spoke of its value, especially for sluice-valves in brackish water. It is
one of the chief woods used to make drums or " tomtoms." The fruit is eaten by
Gonds, and, as well as the bark and root, is used in native medicine.

The leaves are sometimes used to feed the " Eri" silkworm of Assam, when castor-
oil or Heteropanax leaves are not available (Stack).

It does not appear to be much subject to insect attacks, still it has been reported as
damaged at Poona by the Chrysomelid beetle, Calopepla leayana, Latr., which cuts
holes in the leaves. Deer are apparently very fond of it and eat it down regularly.

lbs.
Garhwal (1868) 33

O 325.
O 4488.
O 343.
0 1372.
C 182.
C 1129.

Forest School Park, Dehra Dun, cult. (Babu Birbal) .

Gorakhpur (1868)

Gonda ; O 1457. Bahraich ; O 1483. Kheri, Oudh

Mandla, C.P. (1870)

Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson)

. 34
32

40, 38, 39
. 35

VERBENACE.E 539

lbs.

C 835. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) ...... 45

0 2775. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 38

C 959. Guzerat, Bombay (Shuttleworth) 34

C 3549. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 37

E 676. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . . .41

E 2395. Sivoke Forest „ „ (Gamble) 35

E 3605, 3620. Darjeeling Terai —

E 948. Eastern Diiars, Assam 36

E 2193. Nowgong ; E 2303. Kamriip, Assam (Mann) . . . . 39, 37

E 1433. Assam 31

E 1390, 3693. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Cbester) 33

B 295. Burma (1867) 28

B 1425. Tharrawaddy, Burma . . 35

No. 30, new Ceylon Collection (Mendis).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4.

2. G. asiatiea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 582; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 87; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. clxxii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 365; Talbot Bomb. List 161; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii.
355. Vern. Gnmadi, Tel. ; Kumil, neelacomul, Tam. ; Demata, Cingh.

A large straggling shrub, sometimes climbing, spinescent. Bark
brownish-white, thin. Wood hard, grey. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, in groups or short concentric lines. Medullary rays fine,
short, regular, not numerous.

South India in the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; low country of Ceylon up to
2000 ft. ; elsewhere planted.

A shrub with bright yellow flowers. The wood is used for fuel and is said to
make good fences. It is used for churning-sticks (Sir W. Elliot). The root is used
in medicine and the leaves are said to have the property of thickening water, rendering
it mucilaginous.

C 4336. Juddengi Forests, Godavari (Gamble).

O 4562, 41 lbs., from the Saharanpur Botanic Garden (Gollan), is the wood of
O. Eystrix, Schult. (see Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 7391), a garden shrub. The wood is
yellowish-white, hard. Pores small, single or in irregular patches. Medullary rays
fine, numerous.

6. VITEX, Linn.

About 14 species of this genus occur in India, including V. Agnus-castus, Linn.,
which is a common gregarious shrub on the hills of Baluchistan. V. trifolia, Linn. f. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 583 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 69 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxii. ; Brandis For. Fl.
370 ; Talbot Bomb. List 161 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 356 (V. Agnus-castus, Linn. ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 269) ; Vern. Nishinda, nirgunda, Hind. ; Indrani, lingur, Mar. ; Nir-nochi,
Tam. ; Vavili, Tel. ; Karanuchi, Kan. ; Kyaukpan, Burm., is a shrub or small tree of
Bengal, South India and Burma. It is very like V. Agnus-castus, and still more like
the much more common V. Negundo. Clarke says it is "commoner than supposed,
'being frequently unnoticed from its close general resemblance" to the latter, but
although my experience has extended over a considerable area, and I have constantly
looked for it, I have only really found it in Burma. V. heterophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
75 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 585 ; Kurz For. Fl. 270 ; Gamble Darj. List 62 ; Vern. Neri, Nep. ;
Murkut, Lepcha, is a tree of the Eastern Himalaya up to 4000 ft., Assam, Eastern
Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, said to have an excellent timber. V. diversifolia, Kurz
and V. Wimberhyi, Kurz are trees of the Andaman Islands. V. alata, Heyne ; Fl.
Br. Ind. iv. 584, is a species of South India, with leaves having winged petioles.

Wood grey, brown or olive-brown, moderately hard to hard.
Pores small or moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine to moderately
broad.

1. V. Negundo, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 583 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 70 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clxxi. ; Brandis For. Fl. 369 ; Gamble Darj. List 62; Talbot Bomb. List 161 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 357. Vern. Marwan, mordun, 7ndura, mora, wana, banna, torban,

540 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

sherribadu, banni, biuna, Pb. ; Shiwari, shaivdli, nengar, mewri, nisinda, Hind. ;
Sondi, Jaunsar; Shiwalu, Dehra Dun ; Shidli, Kumaon ; Chattimdla, walla, Saha-
ranpur; Pajpati, Nep. ; Beyguna, Uriya; Xirgunda, nengar, nirgilr, Mar.; Nirgiri,
Gondi ; Nirgudi, Kurku ; Samalu, Berar ; Sindivari, SoDthal ; Ehuri, Kol; Sindwar,
Kharwar ; Vail, Koya; Vellei-nucM, vennochchi, Tarn.; Veyala, vavili, vamatyakkit,
Tel. ; Lakki, lekkigidda, sliirnboli, Kan.; Nika, nil niha, sudu nika, Cingh.

A deciduous shrub. Bark thin, grey. JVood greyish-white, hard.
Annual rings marked by a narrow belt of numerous pores at the
inner edge ; in the rest of the wood the pores small and moderate-
sized, scanty. Medullary rays numerous fine, uniform, equidistant.

Common in the drier parts of India, and ascending to 5000 ft. in the West
Himalaya ; low country of Ceylon.

One of the commonest of Indian plants, especially in hedges, on waste lands round
villages, on the banks of streams and on roadsides, rare in the forests. Baden-Powell
draws attention to it as an important plant for reboisement work, as it grows easily
from cuttings. It is apparently little or not eaten by cattle. The branches are apt to
be attacked by dodder (Cuscuta reflexa). Graham- Anderson says it is used in Mysore
in native ceremonies, especially at funerals ; and the leaves are employed to pack over
stored grain in order to keep off insects. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius.
Weight 41 to 42 lbs. per cubic foot. The branches are used for wattle-work, hedges
and making rough baskets ; the root is employed as a febrifuge, and the leaves, root and
fruit in native medicine.

lbs.

H 3044. Kumharsen, Sutlej Valley (Gamble) 42

O 4651. Barkala, Saharanpur Siwaliks „ ..... 41
( ! 2789. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 41

2. V. altissima, Linn, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 584; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 71; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 252; Brandis For. Fl. 370; Talbot Bomb. List 161; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii.
• ">">7. Vero. Nemili-adagu, Tel.; Maila, mayila, kadamanakku, Tarn.; Myrole,
mairol, balgay, nauladi, sampaga-pala, Kan. ; Banalgay, Mar. ; Mayilella, Mai. ;
Milla, miyan-milla, sapu-milla, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark § in. thick, yellowish-grey, fibrous. Wood
grey with a tinge of olive-brown, hard, close-grained, polishes well.
Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of firmer wood on the outer
edge. Pores small, scanty. Medidlary rays fine, numerous, wavy.

South and Western India and Ceylon.

An important forest tree in the Deccan Districts, where it is one of those most in
demand, and where in forests worked under the permit system, it is usually in a high
class among the reserved trees. Beddome says the wood is much in use for building,
construction of carts and other purposes. It is also much esteemed in Ceylon, where
it occasionally reaches 18 ft. in girth.

The following are the results of the mechanical tests made by Professor W. C.
Unwin, F.R.S., for the Imperial Institute {Imp. Inst. Journ., vol. v., May, 1899).

Weight per cubic foot . . . .61 lbs.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . 1004 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress 3*118 tons per square inch.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 6*588 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 721*1 „ „

Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight 50 to 53 lbs. per
cubic foot (South Kanara specimens); 49 and 56 lbs. (Adrian Mendis' Ceylon
specimens) ; Skinner, No. 145, gives 63 lbs. for Kanara specimens. A. Mendis
gives P = 788, Skinner P = 557. Molesworth in "Graphic Diagrams for Strength
of Teak Beams " gives : Weight 56 lbs., P = 722, E = 4700. Bourdillon gives
W = 60 lbs., P = 784. Foulkes says the wood is especially good for use under water.

lbs.

D 3933. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 56

W 724, 757. South Kanara (Cherry) 53 and 50

Nos. 54 (56 lbs.) and 78 (49 lbs.), Ceylon Collection (old) ; Nos. 94 and 124 (new).

VERBENACE.E ",41

3. V. limonifolia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 584; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 271.

A deciduous tree. Bark greyish- white, soft, peeling off in thin,

somewhat papery, flakes. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores

moderate-sized, scanty, sometimes subdivided. Medullary rays fine,

fairly regular.

Eng and dry forests in Burma.

lbs.
B 5019. Tharrawaddy Division, Burma 44

4. V. canescens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 270 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 586.

A deciduous tree. Bark greyish-white, smooth. Wood light-
brown, soft, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often
subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, regular.

Assam ; Burma, in dry forests.

lbs.

B 5023. Tharrawaddy Division, Burma 42

5. V. pubescens, Vahl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 585; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxi. ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 271. V. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 73. Vern. Dhalasingha, muria, Uriya ;
Nowli eragu, nemili adugu, busi, Tel.; Myladi, Tarn.; Kyetyo, Burm.

A large tree. Wood smooth, reddish-brown or olive-brown, very
hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a more or less sharp
line and by a broad belt of firmer wood on the outer edge. Purrs
small to moderate-sized, scanty, uniformly distributed. MedvMary
rays fine and very fine, numerous, equidistant.

Forests of Orissa, the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic ; Burma and the Andaman
Islands, in upper mixed forests.

This is a fine tree with apparently a better timber than V. altissima. Growth
moderate, 8 to 10 rings per cubic foot. Weight, according to Brandis' Burma List of
1862, No. 83, 45 lbs., but his specimen weighs 51 lbs. ; the specimens examined
average 54 lbs. The wood is durable and is used for various purposes in South India.

lbs.

C 3550. Khurdba Forests, Orissa (Gamble) 52

D 1058. South Arcot, Madras (Beddome)

D 1063. Cuddapah „ „

B 1429. Tharrawaddy, Burma (Brandis)

B 2550. Burma (Brandis, 1862) .

51
59
56
51

6. V. peduneulariS, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 587. V. alata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
72; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 272. V. alata, Heyne; Gamble Darj. List 62. Vern. Osai.
Ass. ; Boruna, goda, Benti. ; Mara kata, bhadur, Sonthal ; Dumraj, Mai Pahari ;
Simyanga, gua, K61 ; Krawru, Magh ; Hila auwal, Cachar ; Shelangri, Garo ; Kyetyo,
Burm.

A tree. Bark thick. Wood purplish- or reddish-grey, hard,
close-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line.
Pores small, moderate-sized, sometimes filled with a yellowish
substance. Medullary rays fine, very numerous.

Sub-Himalavan tract and lower hills from Nepal eastwards, Assam, Kbasia Hills
and Chittagong; dry forests from the Rajmebal Hills through Chota Nagpore to Orissi
and the Circars as far south as the Godavari ; upper mixed and tropical forests in
Burma.

This tree, var. Roxburghiana, has leaves with winged petioles like those of I'.
allis&ima and V. alata, Heyne. Growth moderate, 6 to 8 rings per inch of radius.
Weight 60 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in Cachar for posts and beams, in the Garo Hills
for sugar-cane crushers.

lbs.
E 784. Kamriip, Assam (G. Mason) ....... —

K 1393. Chittagong (Chester) 60

B 1423. Tharrawaddy, Burma (Brandis) 60

542 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

7. V. leueoxylon, Linn, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 587; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 74; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. clxxi.; Brandis For. Fl. 370; Talbot Bomb. List 162; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii.
358. V. saligna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 75. Vern. Songarbi, sherus, Mar. ; Luki, konda
vavili, neva-ledi, Tel. ; Sengeni, senkani, karril, hola naki, Kan. ; Jinnekoi, Koya ;
Kadu-nochchi, nir-nochchi, Tam. ; Nebedda, Cingh.

A tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood light greyish-brown, moderately
hard. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, evenly distributed.
Medullary rays moderately broad, regular, with a silver-grain of
narrow plates.

Forest regions of Western and Southern India and Ceylon : found along the banks
of streams.

A conspicuous and pretty tree. Beddome says the wood is used for cart-wheels and
deserves attention for furniture. It is certainly in demand in the Madras Presidency
as a useful wood. Beddome gives W = 42 lbs., which is probably about right, the
specimen examined is from a young tree.

lbs.
D 5011. Cuddapah (H. W. Gaudoin) 3S

8. V. glabrata, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 588. V. leueoxylon, Linn. f. ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 273. Vern. Goda, hoima, ashwal, Beng.; Tokra, Magh; Tauksha, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood grey, with a satiny lustre, moderately
hard, close-grained, durable. Annual rings marked by a dark line.
Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays moderately
broad, forming a well-marked silver-grain on a radial section.

Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, both in mixed and savannah
forests ; Andaman Islands.

A large and important tree. Growth averaging 6 rings per inch of radius. The
following experiments have been made with the wood:^

Weight

in lbs. P.

1831, Kyd, with Assam wood, bars 2' X 1" X 1" . . .40 337

1864, Brandis with Burma wood, bars 3' x 1" x 1" . . .39 763

1864, Brandis with Burma wood, bars 2' x 1" x 1" . . .39 508

Brandis in Burma List, No. 84, gives W = 42 lbs., but his specimen now weighs

40 lbs. ; other specimens vary from 36 to 45 lbs. ; 40 lbs. may be adopted as an average.

The wood is used for cart-wheels, and deserves attention for furniture and other

purposes. Col. Ford says the fruit is eaten by Burmese in the Andamans, and that

the bark and root are used medicinally.

lbs
E 1392. Chittagong (Chester) 45

B 330. Burma (1867)

B 2549. „ (Brandis, (1862) .

B 2711. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) .

B 2218. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) ,

40
40
36
44

9. V. Agnus-eastUS, Linn. ; Brandis For. Fl. 370. Vern. Mehrwan, Bal.
A large shrub or small tree. Bark dark brown, rough, deeply
fissured vertically. Wood dark brown, hard, close-grained. Annual
rings marked by a continuous line of pores in the spring wood ; pores
in the rest of the wood similar, scattered, often in short radial strings.
Medullary rays very fine, numerous, regular.

Afghanistan and Baluchistan, eastward to Europe.

Lace mentions this as one of the chief shrubs characteristic of dry watercourses
in the Harnai Valley, where it is gregarious, up to 4500 ft. It seems to have an
excellent wood.

Algeria — Kew Museum (Col. Playfair).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7.

VERBENACEiE 543

7. CLERODENDRON, Linn.

About 15 species, erect or straggling shrubs or small trees, mostly with showy
flowers. C. inerme, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 589 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 58 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. clxxiv. ; Brandis For. Fl. 363 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 266 ; Talbot Bomb. List 162 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 359 ; Vera. Ban-jamat, batraj, Beng. ; Pesung, pisangi, Tel. ;
Pinchil, pinari, Tam. ; Wal-gurenda, Cingh., is an evergreen shrub with white flowers,
common in tidal forests on the coasts of India, Burma and Ceylon, and often planted
as a hedge in gardens in the Coast Districts. 0. nutans, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 591 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 364 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 267 ; Gamble Darj. List 62 ; Vern. Baichua,
Nep. ; Tongsor, Lepcha ; Nyanpadu, Burm., is a white-flowered shrub of evergreen
forests in Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma, sometimes cultivated in gardens.
C. serratum, Spreng. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 592 ; Brandis For. Fl. 364 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
267 ; Gamble Darj. List 62 ; Talbot Bomb. List 162 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 360
( Volkameria serraia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 62) ; Vern. Barangi, Hind. ; Banbakri,
Jaunsar; Chua, Nep. ; Yi, Lepcha; Manno, Kumaon ; Makamauna, Garhwal ; Vata-
madakki, Tam. ; Ken-henda, Cingh. ; Begyo, Burm., is a shrub, usually herbaceous,
but occasionally woody, with blue handsome flowers, common in the Lower Himalaya,
and thence almost throughout India and Burma and Ceylon. C. venosum, Wall. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. iv. 592 {Volkameria farinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 64); Vern. Taleuser, Sylhet,
is a large shrub or small tree with well-marked trunk, of the Khasia Hills, at 4000 ft.
C. bracteatum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 593 ; Gamble Darj. List 62 ; Vern. Chitu, Nep. ;
Kadungnyok, Lepcha, is a large shrub or small tree with white flowers, found in the
Eastern Himalaya at 2-5000 ft., also in Assam and the Khasia Hills, chiefly in old
cultivated lands. C. squamatum, Vahl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 593 ; Gamble Darj. List 62 ;
Vern. Chitu, Nep. ; Rotdhip, Lepcha, is a beautiful scarlet-flowered shrub of the forest
undergrowth in the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Sylhet, often cultivated.
The natives of the hills are fond of the flowers and frequently gather and wear them
in their turbans. C. infortunatum, Gaertn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 594 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clxxiii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 362 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 267 ; Gamble Darj. List 62 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 162 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 361 ( Volkameria infortunata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 59); Vern. Pasvik, Kashmir ; Bhdnt, bhat, Hind.; Kara,, Dehra Dun; Bhodelu,
Kumaon; Bhodera, Garhwal; Chitu, Nep.; Kadung, Lepcha; Lukunah, Mechi ;
Bania, Uriya; Kula marsal, K61 ; Papa, Reddi ; Ka-aunggyi, Burm.; Gas-pinna,
Cingh., is one of the commonest shrubs in the plains and lower hills all over India,
Burma and Ceylon. It is very common in the underwood of Sal forests ; in open
places in mixed forests ; in old cultivated lands ; under isolated large trees, such as
the mango, banyan and pipal ; in mango and other topes ; and about villages ; and in
some places becomes a small tree with a distinct stem. The flowers are pinkish-
white in large terminal panicles. C. Siphonanthus, Br.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 595 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 364 ; Gamble Darj. List 62 ; Talbot Bomb. List 163 (Siphonanthus indica,
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 67) ; Vern. Barangi, Hind. ; Chingdri, Dehra Dun ;
Bamunhatti, Beng. ; Ngayanpadu, Burm., is a shrub of grass lands in most parts of
India, conspicuous for its very long-tubed white flowers and red persistent calyx
surrounding bluish-green drupes. Heinig says it is cut for firewood in the Sundarbans.
C. fragrans, Vent., is a cultivated shrub with very sweet-scented, double, pinkish-
white flowers, common in gardens and often found run wild.

1. C. phlomoides, Linn, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 590; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 57; Bedd
Fl. Sylv. clxxiv.; Brandis For. Fl. 363; Talbot Bomb. List 162. C. Phlomidis,
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 360. Vern. Urni, Hind. ; Irun, ami, Guz. ; Vatamadakki, Tam. ;
Telaki, Tel. ; Takal, Berar.

A large shrub. Bark light brown, thin, smooth. Wood grey,
hard, close-grained, annual rings faintly visible. Pores small, in short
radial lines of 1 to 4, chiefly in spring wood. Medullary rays
numerous, fine, distinct.

Throughout India, in dry regions, also Ceylon.

A common plant in hedges, scarce in the forests. Flowers white or pink.

D 4329. Kondavid, Kistna (Gamble).

2. C. Colebrookianum, Walp. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 594; Gamble Darj. List 62.
Vern. Kadungbi, Lepcha.

544 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A small evergreen tree. Bark silver-grey. Wood grey, soft.
Pores large and moderate- sized, often subdivided, the large pores
arranged in interrupted concentric lines, and all pores, especially the
smaller ones, joined by irregular concentric bands of soft tissue.
Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, irregularly distributed.

Sikkirn and Khasia Hills, 1-6000 ft. ; Burma (scarce) but extending north to
Myitkyina.

A plant of second-growth forest, in fellings, clearings and old cultivated lands.
The whole plant has a strong disagreeable smell ; the young leaves are eaten by
Lepchas. The flowers are white and the berries turquoise-blue.

lbs.
E 2401. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) ... 29

8. HOLMSKIOLDIA, Retz.

1. H. sanguinea, Retz ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 596 ; Brandis For Fl. 370 ; Kurz For.

Fl. ii. 256 ; Gamble Darj. List 62. Hastingia coccinea, Konig ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 65.
Vera. RitTioul, Dehra Dun ; Kul-toNa, Kumaon ; Sarpattiu, Nep. ; Sivettachin, Lepcha.

A large straggling shrub. Bark reddish-brown, rough, with short
horizontal fissures and few vertical bands. Wood light red, moderately
hard. Pores large and numerous in spring wood, small and more
scanty in the rest, often much subdivided, enclosed in tissue of pale
colour and loose texture, the large pores prominent on a vertical
section. Medullary rays fine, numerous, giving a silver-grain of
narrow reddish plates.

Sub-Himalayan tract and lower hills from the Sutlej eastwards, rising to 4000 ft. :
dry hills of Prome in Burma : often cultivated.

A very conspicuous plant with red flowers and large red funnel-like persistent
calyx. It is common in ravines and on the banks of streams.

lbs.

H 4457. Malkot, Dehra Dun, 3000 ft. (Gamble) 43

Tribe III. CARYOPTERIDEiE.

9. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge.

Three species, erect or straggling shrubs. C. grata, Benth., is found in the
Himalaya from the Sutlej to Nepal, up to 5000 ft. ; and C. paniculata, Clarke, in the
Darjeeling lower hills at a similar elevation, but both are scarce plants.

1. C. Walliehiana, Schauer ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 597 ; Brandis For. Fl. 370 ; Gamble
Darj. List 63. Vern. Chingdri, Icarni, Dehra Dun ; Moni, mohdni, Kumaon ; Shechhi,
Nep. ; Malet, Lepcha.

A large shrub. Bark thin, grey, papery, peeling off in vertical
strips. Wood yellowish- or pinkish-grey, moderately hard, with the
scent of cherry wood. Pores small, often in groups, the groups
arranged more or less concentrically. Medullary rays moderately
broad, showing a silver-grain of broadish plates.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 5000 ft.
A common and conspicuous lilac-flowered shrub with a nice wood. Growth rapid,
5 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

O 4408. Dehra Dun, 2000 ft. (Gamble) 50

E 2402. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble) 44

E 3668. Rinkinpiing, Darjeeling, 3000 ft. „ —

10. GLOSSOCARYA, Wall. Two species. G. scandens, Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii.
362, t. 72 (G. Linna'i, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 598), is " a beautiful climber over large
4 trees which it covers with masses of blossom, but capable of growing as a bush "

VERBEXACE.E 545

(Triruen). It is endemic in the dry region of Ceylon. G. mollis, Wall. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. iv. 598; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 257, is a scandent shrub with quadrangular stems,
found in Tenasserim.

11. HYMENOPYRAMIS, Wall. H. brachiata. Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 508 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 258 ; Vern. Chintheletnevi, Burm., is a large deciduous scandent shrub of
the dry forests of Prome in Burma.

Tribe IV. SYMPHOREMEJ].

12. SYMPHOREMA, Roxb.
Two species.

1. S. involueratum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 262 ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 599 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 163 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 363. Yern. Tliamaka, nwezat, Burm.

A climbing shrub. Bark thick, grey, corky, deeply fissured
vertically. Wood white, soft, porous. Paves large, often subdivided,
in wedges between the few moderately-broad medullary rays.

Hills of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards; Ceylon; Monghyr Hills
in Behar.

W 4262. Nilgiri Hills, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

2. S. polyandrum, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 599 ; Talbot Bomb. List 163.

A climbing deciduous shrub. Ba/rk grey, shining, vertically
pleated, covered with small round lenticels. Wood grey, soft. Pore*
moderate- sized, rather scanty, between the fine medullary rays.

Hills of the South Deccan, in dry ravines.

D 3871. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

13. SPHENODESMA, Jack. Six species, scandent shrubs. S. unguiculata, Schauer ;
Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 601 (Sy mphorema unguiculatum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 255); Vern.
Kanwe, Burm., is a large deciduous climbing shrub of the Khasia Hills, Eastern
Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands, and is the one of most interest.

14. CONGEA, Roxb.

Four species, climbing shrubs. C. vestita, Griff, and C. velutina, Wight are both
large species of Tenasserim ; and C. villosa, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 603 {Roscoea villoma,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 56), is found also in Pegu and is common about Rangoon.

1. C. tomentosa, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 603 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 256. Roscoea
tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 57. Vern. Kayaw, kanamaung, nwezat, thaanakanwe,
Burm.

A large climbing shrub. Bark dark brown, much fluted, rough.
Wood in an irregular central ring, succeeded by a layer of bast-tissue,
then by rounded patches of wood-tissue and more bast layers following,
and so on. Pores large, in lines between the moderately broad to
broad medullary rays. Pores conspicuous on vertical sections.

Forests of Chittagong and Burma.

A beautiful climber with lilac-coloured bracts. The specimens have come under
the name C. tomentosa, under which, apparently, Kurz places both of Roxburgh's
species ; so I have described them under that name, but I am inclined to think they
really belong to C. villosa, which is the more common kind in Pegu. The var. aztsrea,

Clarke, is often cultivated in India.

li.s.

B 5028. Tharrawaddy Division, Burma —

B 5047. Bassein „ „ 44

2 N

546 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Teibe V. AVICENNIM.
15. AVICENNIA, Linn.

1. A. officinalis, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 604 ; Betid. Fl. Sylv. clxxiv. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 371 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 275; Talbot Bomb. List 163; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 363.
A. tomentom, Jacq. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 88 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 276. Vern. Bani, baen.
Beng. ; Mada, Tel.; 2 vars. Yenkandan, Jcarungandan, Tarn, in S. Arcot ; 3 vars.
Nalla-, teUa- and gumda-mada, Tel. in Kistna ; Thame, Burm.

A shrub or small tree. Bark greyish-brown, thin. Wood brown
or grey, hard, in alternate layers of pore-bearing tissue and loose
large-celled tissue without pores : the former layer shows the large
moderate-sized or small pores in radial strings of 1 to 5 between the
line short medullar)/ rays ; the latter is much narrower and darker,
forming belts which occasionally join each other, so that the layers
are clearly not annual growths.

Salt marshes, coast and tidal forests of India, Burma, and the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.

One of the most common of the so-called " Mangroves '" with a wood of very
peculiar structure. On the question of the layers corresponding to periodical growths
see " Ind. Forester," xix. 101 ; xxiii. 321, 413 ; and xxiv. 58. Mr. A. W. Lushingtou
considered the layers due to the alternation of spring and neap tides. More investiga-
tion of the subject is badly needed. This tree, like other mangroves, has the property
of sending out very numerous leafless blind root-suckers which are believed to assist in
respiration in the same way as lenticels do. Weight 40 to 58 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is very brittle, and used only for firewood. Col. Ford says it is used for
mills for husking paddy, rice-pouuders, and oil-mills in the Andamans.

lbs.

E 398. Sundarbans (Bichardson) 58

B 2284. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) . . . .58

D 4326. Tummalapenta, Is'ellore (Brougham) . . . —

D 4108.1 o a ^ /ttt i j -j \ S smooth bark var. . . 50 brown colour.

D4109J S.Arcot(Wooldndge) |rough ^ _ . 41 grey „

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 3 (Tab. XI. 6).

Order LXXXIII. LABIATJE.

An Order containing chiefly more or less aromatic herbaceous plants, many of which,
like the thyme, mint, sage, marjoram, and the " tiihi *' plant, are well known : and
among woody plants only a few shrubs or small trees (Leiir.osceptrum). There are
about eight Indian genera with woody species belonging to five Tribes : —

Tribe I. OcimoideaJ Plectranthus.

„ II. Satureinea^ Colebrookia, Elsholtzia.

„ III. Monardea? Meriandra.

„ IV. Stachydeaj Colquhounia, Roylea, Leucas.

„ A'. Ajugoidea? Leucosceptrum.

The Rosemary (Ros7narimts officinalis, Linn.), a shrub of the Mediterranean region,
is sometimes cultivated in hill gardens.

Wood light-coloured, hard. Pores small or very small, generally
in groups. Medullar]/ ru}/* moderately broad, distant.

1. PLECTRANTHUS, L'Her.

1. P. rugOSUS, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 620. Vern. Khwangere, Trans-Indus; Itsit,
Salt Range ; Btii, Jhelum ; Solei, Kashmir: I'iunmr, chitgii, Chenab; Kot, siringri,
Ravi; Peh, rosbang, chichri, Sutlej : Chichli, Jaunsar.

A small shrub with brown ba/rk. W<><>d grey, hard. Pores small

LA HI AT ,E 547

and very small. Medullary rays moderately broad. Annual ring*
marked by a narrow belt of more numerous pores.

Common on dry hillsides and rocks in the West Himalaya at 3-8000 ft, : Mount
Abu in Mar war.

H. 2840. Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. COLEBROOKIA, Sm.

1. C. oppositifOlia, Sm. ; PI. Br. Ind. iv. 642 ; Kurz For. PI. ii. 277 ; Gamble
Darj. List 63; Talbot Bomb. List 164. C. ternifolia, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 25. Vern.
Shakardana, Trans-Indus; Phis befckar, Salt Eange ; Buss, sampni, Jhelum ; Sudli,
Chenab ; Buss, Ravi ; Briali, basuti, Beas ; Barmera, Sutlej ; Binda, Garhwal ;
Lubri, bambher, JauDsar; Bulshat, Kumaon ; Bosiil, Nep. ; Dussarika jhar, bJiamini,
Mar. ; Merota, darigopa, Khond.

A shrub with irregularly indented stem. Bark grey, rather corky.
Wood greyish-white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores smal],
scanty, often in pairs. Medullary rays moderately broad ; the dis-
tance between the rays several times larger than the diameter of the
pores.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Bhutan at 1-4000 ft. ;
Central, Southern and Western India in valleys and ravines; Upper Burma, Kachin
Hills, Shan Hills and Tenasserim.

A common shrub, conspicuous when in flower and fruit. The wood is used for

gunpowder charcoal and the leaves applied to wounds and sores (Stewart).

lbs.
H 3046. Kumharsen, Sutlej A^alley, 2500 ft, (Gamble) . . . .46
O 4668. Dehra Ddn, 2500 ft. (Gamble) 48

3. ELSHOLTZIA, Willd.

I. E. polystaehya, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 643. Vern. Rangchari, mehndi,
Jhelum ; Garudar, tappaddar, Chenab ; Bliss, Ravi ; Pothi, Sutlej ; Pathoi, potha,
Jaunsar; Bltangria, Kumaon.

A deciduous shrub. Bark grey, fibrous, peeling off in thin, longi-
tudinal strips. Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual rings dis-
tinctly marked by a belt of numerous and larger pores in the spring
wood ; in the rest of the wood pores small, scanty. Medullary rays
moderately broad, distant.

Western Himalaya, from the Jhelum eastwards, and the Khasia Hills, at 6-10,000 ft.

Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Common in forest undergrowth, growing
often to 10 or 12 ft. high, also more or less gregarious on hillsides, in company with
Tndigqfera, Besmodium, etc., and useful in giving protection to seedlings of deodar and
1 due pine.

A good wood, but the stems split and warp very badly in seasoning, and the size is
not sufficiently large for it to be of use except for small fuel.

H 2841, 2936. Mabasu, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .42

H 4783. Jaunsar Forests, W. Himalaya, 7000 ft, (Gamble) ... 36

4. MERIANDRA, Benth.

.1/. bengalensis, Benth., is sometimes cultivated in Indian gardens as a substitute
for sage.

1. M. strobilifera, Benth. ; PL Br, Ind. iv. 652.

A small shrub with grey bark. Wood white, hard. Pore* small
and very small. MeduUary rays tine, numerous. Annual rings
marked by an interrupted line of larger pores on the inner edge, and
a narrow belt of firmer wood on the outer edge of each ring.

West Himalaya, about 6000 ft., from Simla to Kumaon.

548 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The leaves are very aromatic, having the scent of sage; they are distinguished from
those of Elsholtzia polystachya by being sagittate. The shrub is chiefly found on dry
rocks, especially limestone.

H 2839. Simla, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

5. COLQUHOUNIA, Wall. Four species are described in the " Fl. Br. Ind.," but
Hooker expresses himself as unable properly to distinguish the first three ; the fourth,
C. tenuiflora, Hook, f., of Burma, being quite distinct. C. coccinea, Wall, and O.
vestita, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 674, are shrubs of the Himalaya from Kumaon to
Sikkim at 6-9000 ft., the latter extending to the Khasia Hills. 6. elegans, Wall. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. iv. 674 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 278, is a scandent or semi-scandent shrub of the
damp hill forests of Martaban, and the Shan Hills of Burma. Collett says, "In the
' Shan Hills it is certainly erect. It is very common all over the Shan plateaux. It
' attains a height of 8 to'lO ft."

6. ROYLEA,WaU.

1. R. elegans, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 679. Vera. Kimr, kauri, Pb. ; Ka/ranoi,

Jaunsar; Titpati, Kumaon ; Patkarrti, Hind.

A shrub. Bark grey. Wood white, hard. Pores small and very
small, in groups and short tails. Medullary ray a moderately broad,
unequally distributed.

West Himalaya, from the Ravi to Xepal, up to 3000 ft.
A handsome shrub, more or less gregarious on dry hillsides.

lbs.
H 3045. Kumharsen, Sutlej Valley, 4000 ft. (Gamble) ... 52

7. LEUCAS, Br.

A large genus of rather conspicuous herbs and undershrubs, only one of which
reaches any size. They are characteristic plants of the Deccan and hills of S. India.

1. L. laneesefolia, Desf. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 685.

A large shrub. Bark thin, grey, with oblique raised lines. Wood
light brown, moderately hard. Pores small, in groups or short radial
lines. Medullary rays fine, short.

Nilgiri Hills at 6-8000 ft.

A common shrub in the " sholas" and often more or less gregarious. It prefers the
outskirts and open places rather than the shade.
W 3811. Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

8. LEUCOSCEPTRUM, Sin.

1. L. eanum, Sm. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 699; Gamble Darj. List 63. Vera. Matsc&a,
gurwpis, Nep. ; Cluing, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark yellowish-brown, thin, corky.
Wood, yellowish-white, moderately hard, close- and even-grained,
smooth, but warps badly. Pores small, scanty, subdivided and in
small groups, which have a faint general concentric arrangement.
Medullary rays moderately broad, rather distant, showing a shining
silver-grain. Annual rings indistinctly marked.

Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan at 2-8000 ft.; Khasia Hills, 4-5000 ft. ; Shan
Hills plateau at 4000 ft. ; also Ruby Mines District and Kachin Hills.

Growth rapid, 3 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight 38 to 41 lbs. per cubic foot.
A common tree in second-growth forests in the Sikkim Hills, and easily recognized by
its greyish foliage and long erect spikes of dirty-white flowers with long-exserted
stamens. Its wood is a fair fuel. It coppices well and strikes easily from cuttings.

lbs.

E 2411. Rangbiil, Darjeelinsi, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 41

E 3376. Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble) . .... 38

NYCTAGIXE.K 549

Series V. APETAL.E.
Order LXXXIV. NYCTAGINEJE.

One indigenous genus, Pisonia, and one, Bougainvillaea, introduced from South
America and cultivated in gardens everywhere in the plains.

1. PISONIA, Linn.

Three species. P. alba, Span. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 711 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 279, is an
evergreen tree of the beach forests of the Andaman Islands, cultivated in gardens in
coast towns in India as in Calcutta, Madras, Colombo, etc. It is known as the " Tree
Lettuce," and Wight says " it somewhat resembles the lettuce in taste, but is but an
'indifferent substitute." The leaves are pale green, those at the ends of the branches
often nearly white. P. excelsa, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 711 (P. iimbeUifera, Seem. ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 289), is also a tree of the coast forests of the Andamans, more common in
the wild state than P. alba.

1. P. aeuleata, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 711 ; Iloxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 217 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 279 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxv. ; Talbot Bomb. List 164 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 391.
"Vern. Hati-ankusa, Uriya.

A large thorny climbing shrub. Bark light brown, thin. Wood
light brown, soft, of peculiar structure. Pore* regularly arranged,
very large, single or subdivided, in crescent-shaped groups, with
2 or 3 moderate-sized pores radially arranged on the inside of each.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous : they often pass through
and subdivide the pores.

Coast jungles on both sides of the Peninsula from the Konkan on the West and
Orissa on the east southwards ; coast of Burma ; Ceylon.

A very troublesome thorny plant, chiefly of dry evergreen coast forests, also found
among bushes in open lands and in hedges. A good hedge plant green or dry.
C 3507. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble).
D 4322. Striharikota, Nellore „

2. BOUGAINVILLAEA, Commers.

1. B. spectabilis, AVilld.

A large climbing thorny shrub. Bark brown. Wood yellow,
hard. Pore* moderate-sized to large in patches of a few radially or
slightly obliquely disposed, the patches distant. Medullary rays tine,
short, numerous. Faint concentric, wavy, bands of loose texture (large
wood-cells) regular, but often anastomozing.

Introduced from South America; cultivated in gardens throughout the Indian
plains.

A very showy plant, with large pink or purple bracts. There is another species or
variety with brick-red bracts, soft leaves and a corky bark, which grows even larger.

lbs.
0 4469. Dehra Dun Forest Garden 31

Order LXXXV. AMARANTACEJE.

A large Order of chiefly herbaceous plants, only three genera of which, in the
Indian region, reach woody size. These are —

Tribe I. Celosieas Deeringia.

„ II. Amarantea3 Bosia, Stilbanthus.

Each contains a single specie*.

550 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Wood of the two species described, similar in character to that of
Menispermace.e, consisting of alternate zones of bast tissue without
pores and pore-bearing tissue divided into wedges by the medullary rays.

1. DEERINGIA, Br.

1. D. celosioides, Br.; PI. Br. Ind.iv. 714; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 682; Gamble Darj.
List 63. Vera. Gola-mohani, Beng. ; Ghundri, Dehra Dun ; Kola lodri, Kuniaon ;
Latman, Hind.

A climbing shrub. Bark dark grey, thin, rough. Wood dark
grey, soft, divided into irregular zones by more or less concentric but
anastomozing narrow belts of bast tissue. Betiveen these belts comes
a broader ring of pore-bearing tissue, which is divided up radially
into wedges by the moderately-broad medullary rays. In the wedges
the pores are few, small to moderate-sized, radially disposed.

Northern India ; in the Lower Himalaya up to 5000 ft. and the sub-Himalayan
tract from the Sutlej to Bhutan; Assam, the Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Upper
Burma; Behar: chiefly in hedges and among bushes.

A conspicuous plant in the cold season, when its long panicles of bright red berries
are very noticeable. U. N. Kanjilal says the juice of the fruit can be used as red ink.

lbs.

H 4460. Malkot Forests, Dehra Diin, 4000 ft. (Gamble) ... 40

2. BOSIA, Linn.

1. B. Amherstiana, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 716. Vera. Bilya, Koti; Bhengoi,
Jaunsar.

A large straggling shrub. Bark thin, brown, rough. Wood grey,
soft, divided by concentric and anastomozing belts of bast tissue into
irregular zones. Between these narrow belts are broader rings of
pore-bearing tissue, subdivided into radial wedges by short medullary
rays varying in breadth, which gradually widen where they join the
concentric belts of loose tissue which are apparently of the same
structure. Pores large and moderate-sized, numerous, often sub-
divided, irregularly arranged in the wedges.

West Himalaya at 4-7000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon.

It seems to be often grown as a hedge ; the young shoots are eaten fried in ghee,
and a black dye is obtained from the leaves. The berries, which are bright crimson,
resembling those of Deeringia, arc also eaten (U. N. Kanjilal).

lbs.

H 3097. Koti, near Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 41

3. STILBANTHUS, Hook. £.

1. S. seandens, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 729; Gamble Darj. List 63.
A large climbing shrub. Bark light brown, rough. Wood very
soft, fibrous, scarcely showing a woody structure, consisting of broad
layers of pore-bearing tissue concentrically arranged, alternating with
narrow layers of bast tissue. Pores very large, often subdivided,
thick-walled. Medulla ry ray* not apparent.

Sikkim Himalaya at 5-7000 ft.

This climber is quite conspicuous about Darjeeling, growing over tall trees and
covering them with masses of whitish flowers. In the " Working Plan of the Darjeeling
Division," 1893, F. B. Manson, quoting H. II. Haines, says, " This climber is easily
' recognized by its square branches and opposite leaves, and by the nodes of the stem
'being swollen. It is harmful both to old trees and to young growth. In the vicinity

AMARANTACE.E 551

' of large trees it will reach the topmost branches and entirely cover the crown of the
' tree with its foliage. In partially cleared, and especially in damp, situations, it forms
' a dense and tangled growth. Reproduction becomes impossible unless it is cut back
' wherever it appears."

Sikkirn Himalaya, 5-6000 ft. — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

Order LXXXVI. CHENOPODIACEJE.

An order containing chiefly herbaceous plants, interesting because various species
form the chief vegetation of the salt plains, especially near the sea-coast. These belong
chiefly to the genera Arthrocnemum (A. indicum, Moq. of Northern and A. glaucum,
Ung. Sternb. of Southern India, fleshy leafless jointed shrubs) ; Salicornia (S. brachiata,
Roxb., also a fleshy-jointed undershrub) ; Suaida, Haloxylon and Salsola. The three
last are the only ones with species reaching any size.

1. SILEDA, Forsk.

Three more or less shrubby species. S. fruticosa, Forsk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 13 ;
Vera. Shorag, Baluch. is found in the plains of the Punjab, and in Baluchistan.
8. nudiflora, Moq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 14 ; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 409, is a small salt bush
shrub of the coasts of South India and Ceylon, found with 8. monoica, and used for the
same purposes.

1. S. monoica, Forsk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 13 ; Trirnen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 408. Vein.
Ella-hura, Tel. ; Karuvamari, Tarn.

A branching shrub. Bark blackish -brown, very thin, rough.
Wood greyish- white, almost black in the centre, moderately hard.
Pores small, arranged in wavy concentric belts of soft tissue, often
anastomozing and separated by belts of equal width but of harder and
darker tissue without pores. Belts very numerous and narrow.
Medullary rays very few, moderately broad to broad.

Salt swamps on the sea-coast of South India and Ceylon.

The wood is used for fuel and the green leaves are sometimes eaten in time of
famine, when they have proved useful. The whole plant is salt and gives barilla.

lbs.

D 3754. Striharikota, Nellore (Gamble) —

D 4119. South Arcot coast (Wooldridge) 48

S. fruticosa, Forsk., has similar structure (Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7).

2. HALOXYLON, Bunge.

Shrubs or small trees, with opposite jointed branches. //. recurvum, Bunge ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 15, is a straggling bush of the Punjab, Baluchistan, Sind, the South
Deccan and Burma. The other species given in " Fl. Br. Ind." are quite small ; but
in the Baluchistan region occur at least two species of greater size and of some
importance.

1. H. Ammodendron, Boiss. Fl. Or. iv. 948. Vern. Tahg, Afgh. ; Tar-gaz, Baluch.
A small tree or large shrub. Bark yellow, smooth. Wood hard,
brown (sapwood white), horny, in layers the inner part of which is
hard and dark and has no pores, while in the outer lighter-coloured
part there are groups of small pores in the pale loose tissue, the groups
running into each other as a roughly concentric ring. The inner edge
of the light part is wavy, and the layers are not fully continuous, as
they sometimes stop and sometimes anastomoze.

Northern Baluchistan (Aitchison).

This is a low thick-stemmed tree, reaching 14 ft. in height aud up to 12 l't. in
girth. The wood is an excellent fuel and gives a green dye.

Afghanistan — Kew Museum (Aitchison).

552 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. H. Grifflthii, Boiss. Fl. Or. iv. 950.

A shrub. Bark light brown, very irregularly cleft and fissured.
Wood similar to that of H. Ammodendron, but the layers are in
crenulate arcs.

Afghanistan and Baluchistan.

The stems and roots are used for fuel, and the branches are used to feed sheep in
the winter. Lace says that the charcoal made from the wood is prized by blacksmiths.
Baluchistan — Kew Museum (Aitchison).

3. SALSOLA, Linn. S.fcetida, Del.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 18; Vern. Shora, Baluch., is
a large shrub of Sind, Baluchistan and the Punjab. It is very common in the Changa-
Manga Plantation, as a gregarious undergrowth in places. Aitchison says it is common
in Baluchistan and reaches 4 ft. in height. It is burnt for barilla. >S. arbuscula, Pall,
is a shrub of the desert country of Baluchistan, giving an excellent camel-fodder.

Order LXXXVII. POLYGONEJE.

An Order containing many herbaceous plants, but only a few which, in India,
reach the size of shrubs. These belong to four genera, in two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Eupolygonefe . . . Calligonum, Pteropyrum, Polygonum.
„ II. Eumicea; .... Rumex.

Atraphaxis spinosa, Linn. ; Brandis For. Fl. 373, is a thorny shrub of Afghanistan
and Baluchistan, found on dry stony hills. Antigonon leptopus, Hk. and Am. is the
" Coral Creeper," a well-known pink-flowered S. American climber, common in gardens
throughout India. Several species of Rhubarb (Rheum) are found in the Himalaya.
Muehhnbechia platydada, Meissn., a plant of the Solomon Islands, remarkable for its
flattened leafless branches, is common in Indian gardens.

1. CALLIGONUM, Linn.

1. C. polygonoides, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 22; Brandis For. Fl. 372; Talbot
Bomb. List 164. Vern. Balanja, berwaja, tatuJee, Trans-ludus ; Pholc, pfaig, Pb.

A slow-growing, nearly leafless, often gregarious shrub. Bark
reddish-grey, rough, peeling oft' in long thin flakes ; inner substance
red. Most old stems are hollow. Heartwood reddish-brown, very
hard. Annual ring* distinctly marked by a continuous belt of
moderate-sized and large pores; in the outer portion of each annual
ring the pores are small, in groups, scanty, often joined by wavy lines
of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Sind, the Punjab and Rajputana, Afghanistan ; common in the Bikanir desert and
in the Western Punjab.

It is chiefly used for fuel, but twigs and branches are sometimes employed for the
walls and roofs of huts. The abortive flowers are swept up and eaten, either made
into bread or cooked with ghee. The shoots and branches are eagerly browzed by
camels and goats.

P 889. Multan.

2. PTEROPYRUM, Jaub. and Spach. P. Oliver!, daub, and Spach ; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 23 ; Talbot Bomb. List 1G5, is a much-branched shrub of Sind. 1\ Aitcheri, Jaub.
and Spach, is a shrub of Northern Baluchistan found in the beds of dry watercourses.

3. POLYGONUM, Linn.

A genus containing a large number of herbaceous plants, and about five which, in
the Himalaya, reach the size of shrubs. 1'. polystachyutn, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 50;
Gamble Darj. List 63, is a pink-flowered shrub found throughout the Himalaya at
7-14,000 ft. and common in places. P. panioulatwn, Bl. and P. frondomm, Meissn.

POLYGONE.E 553

:ire also fouDd in the inner Himalaya, chiefly Central, in Garhwal and Kumaon, at
6-9000 ft. P. rude, Meissn. is a shrub of the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft.

1. P. molle, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 50 ; Gamble Darj. List 63. Yern. Totnye,
tuknu, patu-swa, Nep.

A large trailing shrub, with thin, dark grey bark and hollow
stems. Wood reddish-white. Annual rings marked by a belt of
moderate-sized pores ; in the outer portion of each ring the pores are
small, scanty, often in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad,
often in pairs, irregularly distributed.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to the Mishrni Hills, at 5-8000 ft., very common at
Darjeeling.

An extremely common, often almost gregarious, and scandent or straggling shrub.
It is very troublesome sometimes, growing with great rapidity and covering the ground
with interlacing branches, so preventing the reproduction of trees. It is, however,
valuable as an agent to reclothe landslips, and has been successfully employed for that
purpose, cuttings of it striking with great facility and layers taking root with ease.
The young shoots are pleasantly acid and may be eaten like rhubarb.

E 2412. Rangbi, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

4. RUMEX, Linn.

J. R. hastatUS, Don: Fl. Br. Ind. v. 60. Yem. Kafamial, hhattimal, Jhelam ;
Ami, Chenab, Ravi; Malorigha, amla, Beas ; Amlora, Sutlej; Almom, Kumaon.

Generally an undershrub, sometimes a shrub. Wood light red,
moderately hard. Pores small, more numerous at the inner edge of
the annual rings. Medullary rays broad and very broad.

West Himalaya at 2500-9000 ft., chiefly on rocks and dry hillsides. The leaves
are acid and can be eaten as sorrel.

H 3048. Kot, Sutlej Valley, 2500 ft. (Gamble).

Order LXXXVIII. NEPENTHACEJE.

1. NEPENTHES, Linn. Contains two Indian species, which are, in fact, scarcely
woody plants, though remarkable for the curious pitchers borne at the ends of the
leaves on a prolongation of the midrib, and hence called " Pitcher plants." N. distil-
latoria, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 68 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 420 ; Yern. Band ura-ivel ,
Cingh., is a large soft-wooded climbing shrub, common in swampy places and by the
sides of streams in Ceylon, and rising to 2000 ft. in the hills. Trimen says the stems
are very tough and are used as ropes. N. kltasiarui, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 70, is a
smaller plant with short stout stem found in the Khasia and Jaintia Hills. The
splendid species so much cultivated in European hothouses and in Indian Botanic
Gardens come from the Malay Archipelago.

Order LXXXIX. ARISTOLOCHIACEiE.

Two genera. Bragantia and Aristolochia.

1. BRAGANTIA, Lour.

Two species. B. DahelUi, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 7.'!, is a scarce shrub of the
forests of the Konkan.

1. B. Wallichii, Br. ; IT. Br. Ind. v. 73; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 421.
An erect shrub. Bark thin, grey, somewhat corky. Wood brown,
moderately hard, with large pith in alternate layers of wood and
bast tissue. Por>>s in wood-layers small, arranged in long continuous

554- A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

radial strings between the fine to broad medullary rays. Beyond
the first woody layer is a layer of bast tissue, which is again fol-
lowed by a further wood layer and then another bast layer, and so on.
(See M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv. 487.)

Moist forest undergrowth in the Western Ghats and Ceylon, up to 4000 ft.

W 3902. Devala, S.-E. Wynaad, 3000 ft. (Gamble).

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Linn.

Five species, all climbing shrubs. A. Roxburgh iana, Klotzsch; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 7"> ;
Gamble Darj. List 63 (A. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 489), is a climbing shrub of
Northern and Eastern Bengal, Assam, Burma and South India. A. platanifolia,
Duchart. ; A. saccata, Wall.; A. Cathcartii, Hook, f., and A. Griffithii, Hook. f. and
Th., are also all climbing shrubs of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Assam, of no
great size. The wood of all is soft, porous and of interesting structure, the pores very
large, and the medullary rays broad or very broad. Various introduced species are in
common cultivation in Indian gardens.

Order XC. PIPERACEiE.

1. PIPER, Linn.

The pepper vines are found in damp localities in the forests all over India, either
as erect shrubs or as climbers which ascend, as does the ivy, by means of rootlets from
the stem. In Northern India, P. Irachystachyum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 87, is found
in ravines in the Himalaya as far west as the Sutlej ; while P. HamUtonii, Cas. DC ;
Fl . Br. Ind. v. 88, is a large species found in the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal
and Assam. P. subpeltatum, Willd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 95; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 429,
is a succulent shrub of the undergrowth of damp forests, conspicuous for its very
large round leaves and long flower spikes. There seem to be only about 10 species
really more or less woody. The black pepper of commerce is given by Piper nigrum,
Linn., while P. Beile, Linn, is the Betel pepper, the cultivated species which gives
the " pan " leaves universally used for chewing by natives, mixed with lime, areca-nut,
cardomoms, cloves and other spices.

1. P. argyrophyllum, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 93 ; Trimen Fl. Cejd. iii. 428. Vera.
WaJ-gammaris-wel, Cingh.

A climbing shrub. Bark dark grejash-brown, rough. Wood
brown. Pores of various sizes in small groups, in wedges between
the conspicuous broad medullary rays.

Throughout Southern India and the low country of Ceylon.

A very common species. Trimen says it reaches 2| in. in diameter and grows up
trees, rooting like the ivy.

W 4129. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

Order XCI. MYRISTICACEJE.
1. MYRISTICA, Linn.

The latest account of the Nutmeg genus is that given by Sir George King in vol. iii.
of the Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Although but little change is
made in it in the arrangement of the " Fl. Br. Ind." so far as India, Burma and Ceylon arc
concerned. Sir G. King's Monograph is the latest authority on the subject, introduces
several new species and contains good drawings of all, so it is decidedly the best thing
to do to adopt it in this work. Sir G. King gives 22 indigenous and one cultivated
species. Of the indigenous kinds 4 are found in Bengal, 5 in Assam, 9 in Burma, 5 in
the Andamans, 4 in Western India, 5 in South India and 4 in Ceylon. There are none
in Central India, the North-Western Provinces or the Punjab, the most northerly limit
being Sikkim, where there are 3 species, by no means common trees. The genus, there-
fore, is distinctly a tropical one.

MYRISTICACEL*: OOO

M. ceylanica, A. DC ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 289 ; Trimen PJ. Ceyl. Hi. 434 'M. lauri-
folia, Hook. f. and Th., var. ceylanica ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 103), is a large tree of Ceylon,
where also is found M. Horsfieldii, Bl. ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 296 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxvi. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 435; Vern. Euk, Cingh., a much more common species with
fragrant flowers.

In the Sikkim Himalaya the representatives are M. Kingii, Hook, f., of low valleys
at about 1000 ft. ; M. erratica, Hook. f. and Th., of the hills at about 3-5000 ft. ; and
M. longifolia, Wall. (M. Hnifoh'a, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 847) ; Vern. Gurmungban, Magh :
Zadeikpo, Burm., of the low valleys, remarkable for its very long handsome leaves. All
three extend to Assam, and the last to Chittagong and Burma. Chittagong and Assam
also afford M. Olarkeana, King Ann. Calc. 325, while in Assam extending to Burma
are found 31. amygdalina, Wall.; King Ann. Calc. iii. 300; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 106: Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 283 ; Vern. Taungsaga, Burm., and M- gibbosa, Hook. f. and Th.

M. glabra, Bl., M. glauca, Bl., M. mission is, Wall, (these last two under M. glau-
cescens, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. Ill, and $1. corticosa, Hook. f. and Th. :
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 284), M. geminata, Miq. and M. exaltata, Wall., are all Burmese
species. M. andamanica, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 103; King Ann. Calc. iii. L".»4
(Jf. eUiptica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 282), and M. Prainii, King Ann. Calc. iii. 299, are
trees of the Andaman Islands.

M.fragraas, Houtt.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 102; King Ann. Calc. iii. 287 (M. moschata,
Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 843); Vern. Jaiphal (nutmeg); Jati, jatri (mace), is the
tree whose beautiful pear-like fruit gives the valuable spices " nutmeg " and " mace,"
the former being the hard ruminated albumen and the latter the aril. It is a native
of the Moluccas, but is cultivated in Ceylon and in India, but not to any great extent.
Its cultivation has succeeded best at the branch Botanic Garden at Barliyar, in the very
hot Coouoor valley on the eastern side of the Nilgiri Hills.

In an economic point of view, the wild Nutmegs of India are of no particular impor-
tance, except that the wood of one species, M. Irya, is handsome ; and might, if
sufficiently common to become an article of trade, repay export from the Andaman
Islands. Nor have they, in sylviculture, any particular importance, for they are mostly
denizens of the great mixed evergreen forests, where numbers of individuals are few and
whence extraction is difficult.

Wood usually light, somewhat soft, reddish-brown (that of M. Irya
is olive-grey), with regular prominent rings of hard wood without
pores, looking like annual rings. Pores in short radial strings,
moderate - sized, rather scanty, arranged in echelon. Medullary
rays fine, numerous, irregular.

1. M. malabariea, Lamk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 103: Kiug Ann. (ale. iii. 288; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 269; Talbot Bomb. List 165. Vein. Kiinagi, Kan.: Shola vengai, Kader :
Pathiri, Mai.

A large tree. Wood reddish-grey, moderately hard. Anneal rings
doubtful, reddish distant concentric lines like annual rings conspicuous.
Pores moderate-sized, oval, usually subdivided, arranged in short radial
strings in echelon, not numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays fine, not prominent.

Western Coast from the Konkan southwards, in the evergreen forests.

The wood is said to be used for building. The seeds give an oil which is used to
burn and as an ointment. Bourdillon gives W = 34 lbs., P = 4G(>, and says that the
timber is not durable ; his specimen gives W = 38 lbs. It gives a kind of gum kim>
(Kew Bull. 1897, p. 101).

lbs.

W 736. South Kanara (Cherry) :\U

W 4611. Travancore (Bourdillon) 38

2. M. laurifolia, Hook. f. and Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 103 (part); King Ann. Calc
iii. 290; Trimen FLCeyL iii. 434. Vern. McUam padavu, jialmanikam, Tarn.; Potiha-
panu, Kader; Malaboda, Cingh.

An evergreen tree. Wood reddish-brown, structure resembling
that of M. malabariea.

556 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Ceylon only, according to King ; Travancore (Bourdillon).

Bourdillon gives W = 34: lbs., P = 356. There is some doubt about this, but
Bourdillon's botanical accuracy is so well known that I can only accept his determina-
tion, and more especially as Trimen also refers to it as South Indian. Mendis says the
wood is used for coffee and plumbago casks, coffins and packing-cases.

lbs.

AV 4547. Travancore (Bourdillon) 35

No. 89, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) —

3. M. Beddomei, King Ann. Calc. iii. 291. M. tauri/olia, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl.

Br. Ind. v. 103 (part); Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 267; Talbot Bomb. List 165. Vern. Jajikai,
Kan. : Jayaphal, Mar.

A large evergreen tree. Wood light reddish-brown, moderately
hard, with prominent regular concentric lines like annual rings. Pores
moderate-sized, usually subdivided radially into 2 or 3, or in short
strings in echelon, rather scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
irregular.

"Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards and in Ceylon, rising to 5000 ft.
A conspicuous and fairly common tree on the western slopes of the Nilgiris.
Trimen says the wood is used for tea-boxes in Ceylon.

lbs.
AY 4605. Travancore (Bourdillon) 54

4. M. mag-nifica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 268; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 101; King Ann. Calc.
iii. 291. Vern. Hamanad ike, Kan. ; Churapanu, Tarn. ; Chi'ira payin, Mai.

A very large evergreen tree with large buttresses to the stem.
Bark dark reddish-brown. Wood light reddish-brown, streaked, soft,
with many prominent brown concentric lines like annual rings. Pores
moderate-sized, in short radial strings of two and three. Medullary
rays very numerous, fine, brown.

Tinnevelly and Travancore Hills, at the foot of the Ghats.

Bourdillon gives AAr = 30 lbs., P = 375. It is a scarce tree, very little known, but
very handsome.

lbs.

AV 4294. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 31

AA7 4548. Travancore (Bourdillon) 29

5. M. canariea, Bedd. ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 307. M. Farquhariana, Wall. ; Fl.
I '.■•. Ind. v. 108 (part) ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 270 ; Talbot Bomb. List 165. Yern. Pindi, Kan.

An evergreen tree. Wood structure the same as that of M. Bed-
domei, but the wood softer and lighter.

Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, Coorg and the Wynaad.
Bourdillon gives AV = 34 lbs., P = 409.

lbs.

W 1615. Travancore (Bourdillon) 34

6. M. Kingii, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 106; King Ann. Calc. iii. 300; Gamble
1 >arj. List 64.

A small tree. Wood reddish-brown, smooth, moderately hard, with
regular rings of hard wood which probably represent annual rings.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided, fairly regularly
arranged. Medullary rays moderately broad, wavy, giving a neat
silver-grain.

Low valleys in the Sikkim Himalaya at 1-2000 ft. ; Mikir Hills, Assam and Cachar.

lbs.
E 5107. Tista Valley, Darjeeling (C. G. Rogers) 38

7. M. Irya, Gaertn.; Fl. Br. Iud. v. 109; King Ann. Calc. iii. 309; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. clxxvi.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 282: Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 435. Vern. Maloh, Burm. :
Mutwindd, chuglam, And. ; Iriya, Cingh.

MYRISTICACE.E 00V

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark purplish-grey, smooth.
Wood dark olive-grey, hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by
distinct lines. Pores moderate-sized and large, oval and subdivided,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays numerous, very fine, wavy,
bent outwards where they touch the pores, prominent on a radial
section ; the distance between the rays smaller than the transverse
diameter of the pores.

Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

A handsome wood worthy of attention ; it seasons well and takes a good polish.
Heinig says it squares up to 40 ft. in length, 2 ft. in siding.

lbs.
B 509. Andaman Islands (General Barwell) 52

8. M. attenuata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 110; King Ann.Calc. iii. 316; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. clxxvi.; Talbot Bomb. List 165. M. corticosa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 271. Vern.
Rukt mora, Kan. ; ChmaUa, Mai. : Pdnu, karayan, undipdnu, Trav. Hills.

A tall tree. Wood light reddish-brown, soft. Pores small to
moderate-sized, subdivided radially, scanty. Medullary rays fine, not
numerous. Concentric lines less clearly marked than in other species.

Evergreen forests of the "Western Coast from the Koukan southwards.

Bourdillon gives W = 35 lbs., P = 514.

lbs.
W 4595. Travancore (Bourdillon) 35

Order XCII. MONIMIACEJE.
1. HORTONIA, Wight.

Two species. H. angustifolia, Trim.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 437, t. 78, is a scarce
shrub of the moist low country of Ceylon.

1. H. floribunda, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 115 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxvii. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iii. 436. Vern. Wawiya, Cingh.

A shrub. Wood white, soft, cuts easily. Pores small, fairly
numerous, regular. Medidlary rays broad, at irregular distances
with fine ones between : silver-grain of long shallow horizontal plates.

Hill forests of Ceylon at 4-7000 ft.

Ceylon : Int. Exhibition, 1862 — Kew Museum.

Order XCIII. LAURACEJE.

This large Family contains many forest trees, some of them of considerable impor-
tance, producing such valuable articles as cinnamon and camphor. Owing, however,
to the flowers being usually dioecious, and it being consequently not always possible to
secure specimens of both sexes and fruits as well as flowers, few Orders have been so
difficult to describe and arrange. Then, too, the flowers are rather small and the
anther-characters difficult to make out in dried specimens, while even in growing
plants in the forest it is by no means easy to recognize the species, especiallj7 in genera
like Machilus and Litsea.

There are 15 genera, belonging to three Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Perseacea? . . . Cryptocarya, Apollonias, Beilschmiedia, De-

haasia, Endiandra, Syndiclis, Cinnamo-
mum, Machilus, Phoebe, Alseodaphnc.
„ II. Litseacea; . . . Actinodaphne, Litsea, Dodecadenia, Lindera.
„ III. Hcrnandieaj . . Hernandia.
The Bay Laurel of Europe is Lauras nobilis, Linn. The Avocado pear is the fruit
of Persea gratissima, Gaertn., often grown in Indian gardens; while the Nan^ntih tree

.")o8 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

so much valued in China for coffins is Persea Nan-nuih, Oliv. (No. 3259— wood soft,
aromatic, dark olive-brown, with small pores and fine medullary rays). The Sassafras
tree of North America is Sassafras officinale, Nees (No. 2962 — wood soft, porous,
strongly scented, with rather broad medullary rays). The Stinkwood tree of the Cape
giving a valuable timber is Ocotea buttata, N. ab E.

The well-known and valuable timber " Greenheart " is the produce of Nectandra
Rodmiy Eob. Schomb. of Demerara. It is in considerable use for piles, and was
formerly valued for shipbuilding (No. 2961 — 68 lbs. per cubic foot ; wood dark brown,
very hard and heavy: pores moderate-sized, often filled with yellow resin, scanty;
medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant, but few). Laslett gives W = 72 lbs.,
P = 1000.

The wood of the Indian laurels is generally light-coloured, soft or
moderately hard, without heartwood, even-grained, seasoning well
without splitting. They have, with few exceptions, a uniform
structure. Pores small or moderate-sized, uniformly distributed,
sometimes scanty. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant.
A unital rings distinctly marked in most species. Hernandia wood
differs in texture and in structure from all the rest.

Tribe I. PERSBACE2E.

1. CRYPTOCARYA, Brown.

Ten species, all evergreen trees or shrubs of the moister regions of India. C.
amygdalina, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 118; Gamble Darj. List 64; Vern. Patmero, Nep. :
Kaledzo, Lepcha, is a tree of the Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, the Khasia
Hills and Sylhet. 0. Griffithiana, Wight; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 295, and C. Kurzii,
Hook. f. (C. ferrea, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 295) are trees of Tenasserim ; and C. Anderson i,
King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 120, a tree of Assam, of which but very little is known. C.
andamanica, Hook, f., C. Ferrarsi, King and C. ctesia, Bl. are trees of the Andaman
Islands.

In South India and Ceylon there are two species besides O. Wiglitiana, Thw.
C. Stochsii, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 120 ; Talbot Bomb. List 166, is a large but scarce
tree of the Western Ghats, chiefly found about Sispara in the Nilgiri Hills and in the
Anamalais. O. membranacea, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 120; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxxv. :
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. hi. 439 ; Vern. Tawenna, Cingh., is an endemic Ceylon tree of the
moist low country and up to 2000 ft., having a heavy close-grained greyish-yellow
wood.

1. C. Wightiana, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 120; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 299; Talbot
Tomb. List 166 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 439. Vern. Ghilmur, Kan. ; Galmora, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard, pale brownish-
yellow. Pores moderate-sized, regularly distributed, thick- and pale-
walled. Medullary rays fine, regular.

Forests of the Western Ghats and Western Coast from the* Konkan southwards ;
moist region of Ceylon up to 5000 ft.

Ceylon : Int. Exhibition, 1862 — Kew Museum.

2. APOLLONIAS, Nees. A. Arnottii, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 121 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 291 ; Brandis For. Fl. 377 ; Vern. Chenthanam, Trav. Hills, is a tree of the Western
GluCts from the Nilgiris to Travancore and Tinnevelly. It affects the damp forests
of the slopes and is found as high up as 6000 ft. at Sispara. Bourdillon calls it a
" lofty tree,'' but the few specimens I have seen have been quite small.

8. BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees.

Eleven species, of which 3 in North-Eastern Himalaya, 4 in Assam, 3 in Burma,
2 in Western or Southern India, and 1 in Ceylon.

In Ed. 1 the woods sent from Assam and Sikkim under the name of B. Rox-
htiry/iiana were put together and described under that species. It is probable that the

LAUEACE.K 550

Assam specimens were right, but as regards the Sikkiru specimens Hooker has suggested
that they probably belong to B. sikkimensis, and this identification for the well-known
" Tarsing" I propose to accept for the present, though my specimens do not fully
agree with the descriptions. I have leaf-specimens of what I believe to be a
Beihchmiedia from various places in the hills of the Eastern Ghats, Mahendragiri,
Palkonda, Rumpa, but I have failed to identify it with any of the described species,
though I think it may be B.fagifolia, var. Dalzellii.

B. fagifolia, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 122, is a tree of Sylhet; its var. Dalzellii,
Meissn. (B. fagifoUa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 263; Brandis For. Fl. 379; Talbot Bomb. List
]67) is an evergreen very large tree of the forests of the Western Ghats, extending
from the Konkan to S. Kanara and giving a " very good timber, used for building
' purposes " (Bedd.). B. Clarkei, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 122, is a large tree of inner
Sikkim valleys at 4500 ft. B. Gammieana, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 124, is a small tree
of the frontier range of Sikkim and Nepal, found on the northern slopes of Phalut at
6000 ft. B. Brandisii, Hook. f. and B. assamica, Meissn. are trees of Assam ; while
B. macrophylla, Meissn. and B. globularia, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 294 are trees of Burma,
the former of Tenasserim, the latter of the drier Martaban Hills at 3-4000 ft.

B. Wightii, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 124 {Haasia Wightii, Nees ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
298), is a tree of the Anamalai, Travanoore and Tinnevelly Hills in S. India. B.
oppositifolia, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 124 (B. zeylanica, Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 440.
Haasia oppositifolia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxxiv.), is a large tree of the lower Ceylon hills
at 3-4000 ft.

1. B. Roxburghiana, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 121 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 293. Laut-us
bilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 311. Vern. Serai gati, Ass.; Sharvdu, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained,
heart wood streaked with red. Pore* moderate-sized, scanty, oval and
subdivided. Medullary ray* variable, very fine to moderately broad,
numerous.

Assam, Tippera, and Tenasserim.

The wood is reported to be used for boats in Assam.

lbs.

E 1258, 1264. Tezpur, Assam 36 and 3'.'

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

2. B. Sikkimensis, King; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 122; Gamble Darj. List 64. Jl.
Roxburghiana, Nees ; Brandis For. Fl. SI'S, probably see Fl. Br. Ind. Vern. Konkadah,
Oudh ; Tarsing, Nep. ; Kanyu, Lepcba.

A large evergreen tree. Wood, brownish- white, soft. Pun's
moderate-sized to large, very scanty, single or in small groups,
surrounded by loose tissue. Medullary ray* moderately broad, long,
scanty. Concentric lines which may be annual rings many,
prominent.

Hills of Sikkim and Bhutan, probably up to 8000 ft., certainly to 6500 ft. (Manson
in "Darj. Working Plan"); extending probably to Oudh and Kumaon.

A fine large tree, common in the Darjeeling forests and with a useful wood used
for building, tea-boxes, etc. Growth moderate, 5 to 9 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
E 700. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Johnston) . . 35
E 2419. Rangbul „ „ 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . 36
E 3593. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) —

No. W 4590 from Travancore, sent by Bourdillon, is named B. fagifolia, but the
wood is so unlike that of B. Roxburghiana and B. sikkimensis that I cannot but feel
doubtful about it. It is hard and heavy, light brown in colour, has small p<<r< -
surrounded by white rings and arranged in broken radial liues between the fine pale
medullary rays. Where there are no pores the rays are counected by fine irregularly
spaced cross-bars of the same colour. Weight 51 lbs. per cubic foot.

Nos. E 1290, Vern. Dumbail, 31 lbs., and E 1292, Vern. Raun dolu, 32 lbs.,
from Cachar, seem to belong to this genus, though the pores are lirger than usual.

560 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

4. DEHAAS1A, Blume. D. cimeata, BL ; PL Br. Ind. v. 125 (Jheodaphne
grandis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 293), is an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Burma
with a yellowish w7ood, rather heavy but loose-grained (Kurz). D. Kurzii, King ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 125, and D. elongata, Bl. are trees of the Andaman Islands, the former
extending to T enasserim.

5. ENDIANDRA, Br. E. Jirma, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 126, is an evergreen
tree of Sylhet and Cachar.

C. SYNDICLIS, Hook. f. & paradoxa, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 127, is a tree of
Bhutan. It is interesting as being the only one of the Order with 1-celled anthers ;
it was discovered by Mr. Booth (see " Fl. Br. Ind.").

7. CINNAMOMUM, Blume.

About 24 species, divided into two subgenera — Malabathrum with 20, Camphoka
with 4 species.

Subgenus 1. Malabathrum. 0. Cassia, Bl. ; C. nitiduni, Bl. and C. tavoyanum,
Meissn., are Burmese trees, the first from Upper Burma, the others from Tenasserim.
C. midtiflorum, Wight, C. ovalifolium, Wt., and C. UtsecefoUum, Thw. are Ceylon
trees, the first-named ( Wal-hurundu, Cingh.) being common in the lower region, the
others found in the hills. C. sulphur atum, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 132, is a handsome
yellowish-looking tree of the Nilgiri sholas, where it is common. C. Wightii, Meissn.
is also found in the Nilgiri Hills : C. macrocarpum, Hook. f. ; Talbot Bomb. List 107,
in North Kanara ; and C. gracile, Hook f. on river-banks in Travancore and Tinnevelly.
All the above-mentioned species have opposite leaves and are triple-nerved. Of those
with triple-nerved alternate leaves, C. caudatum, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 134 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 289 ; Gamble Darj. List 65 ; Vern. Kharso?ii, Nep. ; Sanging, Lepcha, is a tree
of the lower hills of Sikkim up to 5000 ft., and the Kakhyen Hills in Burma ; and
C. Perrottetii, Meissn. is a small species of the Nilgiris. C. citriodorum, Thw. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 134; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 443; Vern. Pengiri-Kuruadu , Cingh. is a
scarce tree of the moist low country of Ceylon, with a yellowish wood and leaves and
bark scented with lemon and cinnamon. It has penni-veinerl subopposite leaves. C.
rimineum, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 131, has been found in the Shan Hills at 3000 ft.

Subgenus 2. Camphora. C. glandulifcriim, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Iud. v. 135 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 376; Vern. Malligiri, marisgiri, Nep., is a tree of the Central Himalaya
extending west to Kumaon, and of the Khasia Hills. Its wood is strongly scented
with camphor. The plant described in Ed. 1 under this name is apparently the
neighbouring C. cecicodaphne, but some of the wood specimens may perhaps belong
to C. glunduli/erum. C. Parthenoxylon, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 135 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 289 (Laurus porrecta, Fioxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 308) is a large tree of Tenasserim,
which gives, according to Kurz, the " Martaban camphor-wood." It may be the one
herein mentioned as Sinkozi, Burm.

The Japan camphor tree is G. Camphora, Nees and Eberm. ; the Cassia cinnamon
tree of China is probably C. Cassia, Bl., which apparently just passes into the Indian
region in Upper Burma.

Wood soft, seasons well, and does not warp or crack. Pores
variable in size, usually moderate-sized, rather scanty, and surrounded
by loose tissue, well marked on a longitudinal section. Medullary
rays uniform and equidistant. The leaves and bark, as well as the
wood of many species, are aromatic.

1. C. Tamala, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 128; Brandis For. Fl. 374; Gamble Darj.
List 61. Laurus Cassia, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 297. Cassia Lignea or Cassia Cinnamon.
Vern. Dalchim, liikirin, hikra, si/nhami, silkanti, Hind.; Gurandra, Jaunsar;
Chota sinl-oli, Nep. ; Nupsor, Lepcha ; Dopatti, Ass.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, compact, brown,
wrinkled, with an aromatic taste. Wood reddish-grey, splits and
warps, moderately hard, close-grained, slightly scented. Annual
j'iixjH distinctly marked by a narrow belt of firmer wood on the

LAURACE^E 561

outer edge with fewer pores. Pores small to moderate-sized.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant.

Himalaya, sparingly from the Indus to the Sutlej, common thence in shady places
along streams to Bhutan, rising to 7000 ft., but most common at 3-5000 ft. ; Sylhet
and the Khasia Hills at 3-4000 ft. ; often cultivated in gardens in N. India.

When well-grown the Cassia Cinnamon is a handsome tree, on account of its
glossy 3-nerved leaves, pink young foliage, and panicles of yellowish-white flowers.
The leaves are aromatic with the scent of cinnamon. They are commonly known
by the name of tezpat or tejpat, and are used in medicine, also to flavour curries.
The bark is also used as a substitute for, or an adulterant of, the true cinnamon.
It used to be, with that of O. impressinervium, collected largely in the Darjeeling
Forests and exported, but I believe the demand has fallen, and forest regulations
probably may have interfered to restrict the sale of a product the collection of which
by the purchasers is likely to be wasteful. It is called Taj in Northern Bengal.

The wood is not used. Its rate of growth varies from 6 to 10 rings per inch. The
trees in the West Himalaya are often attacked by a curious fungus which causes a
large fleshy kind of " witches' broom," and which is Exdba&idium Cinnamomi, Massee.
(" Ind. For." xxi. 133 and xxv. 438).

lbs.

H 937. Hazara, 4000 ft. (Baden-Powell) 40

H 3162. Dungagalli, Hazara, 4000 ft. (Wild) —

H 427. Bhagiar Forest, Jaunsar, 4000 ft. (Bagshawe) . . . .35

2. C. Obtusifolium, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 128 ; Brandis For. Fl. 375 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 287 ; Gamble Uarj. List G5. Laurus ohtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 302. Vern.
Tezpat, ramtezpat, kinton, Beng.; Phatgoli, Kumaon ; Katlcaula, Garhwal ; Dalchini
kaulo, Dotial ; Bara singoli, Nep. ; Nupsor, Lepcha ; Patihonda, Ass. ; Dupatti,
Mechi ; Krowai, Magh ; Lulingyaw, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark grey, aromatic, j in. thick. Wood
reddish-grey, moderately hard, shining. Annual rmg8 very indis-
tinctly marked. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly
distributed in frequently grouped oblique lines, the groups surrounded
by loose tissue ; when wetted a gum exudes. Medullary rays mode-
rately broad, short, slightly undulating, prominent as long narrow
plates in the silver-grain.

Outer Eastern Himalaya to 7000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Burma
and Andaman Islands.

Growth moderate, \he specimens show 10 to 12 rings per inch of radius ; a tree
examined by J. C. McDonell near Darjeeling gave 15.] rings per inch of radius.
S. E. Peal says that it gives very good wood for tea-boxes and for planking of all sorts,
but that so far it is only used in Assam for charcoal {lad. Tea Qaz.). The leaves
are aromatic, and the bark, especially that of the roots, resembles cinnamon. The
" Muga " silkworm (Antheran Assama) sometimes feeds on its leaves.

lbs.

E 498. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .44

E 693. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Johnston) . . . 38
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Lauras obtusifolin).

3. C. impressinervium, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 129; Gamble Darj. List 65.
Vern. Sinkoli, Nep. ; Ntipsor, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark and wood resembling that of G.

Td nulla.

Sikkim Himalaya at 4-GOOO ft.

All my Darjeeling Herbarium specimens of "Tezpat"1 seem to belong to this
species, and not to C. Tamala, and I think the wood specimens also belong here. I
have no doubt that the bark is used indiscriminately with that of C. Tamala.

lbs.

E 575. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Mausou) 12

'1 O

562 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

4. C. paueiflorum, Nees ; PL Br. Ind. v. 129. Vera. Dinglatterdop, Khasia.
Wood light red, very aromatic, rough, hard. Pores moderate-
sized, often in radial lines. Medullary rays moderately broad,
numerous, with a good silver-grain.

Assam Valley, Khasia Hills and Sylhet.

Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

E 798. Khasia Hills, 5000 ft, (G. Mann) 39

5. C. iners, Eeinw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 130; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 287. Lauras nitida,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 300. Vera, Hmanthin, Burm.

A large tree. Bark grey, smooth, with horizontal wavy bands,
i to I in. thick. Wood light yellowish-brown, moderately hard, shining,
smooth, scented. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, surrounded
by loose tissue, frequently filled with resin. Medullary rays short, fine,
prominent, not deep, causing a speckled silver-grain on a radial section.

Forests of South Tenasserim.

An important wood, scented like that of C. cecicodaph ae and other species, and
likely to be valuable for export if obtainable in large quantities and cheap.

lbs.

B 1946, 2482. Tavoy (Seaton) 43 and 3(5

B 4072. Tenasserim (Palmer) 37

B 4931. Tavoy (Manson) —

6. C. zeylanieum, Breyn ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 131 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 262 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 375 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 287 ; Talbot Bomb. List 167 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii.
440. Laurus Cinnamomum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 295. The Cinnamon. Vera. Dal-
clrini, Hind. ; Karruwa, lalsingh, Javunga, Tam. ; Ohez, bojewar, Mar. ; Sanalinga, Tel. ;
Eringolam, elavangam, vayana, Mai. ; Lavanga, Trav. Hills ; Kurundu, Cingh. ;
Thitkyaho, Burm.

A large tree. Bark brown, rough, \ to f in. thick. Wood light
red, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, sur-
rounded by open tissue often of darker colour. Medullary rays fine,
brown, bent where they touch the pores, giving a shining silver-grain
on a radial section.

South and West India, along the coast from the Konkan southwards, rising on the
Ghat slopes to 6000 ft. ; moist low country of Ceylon up to 2000 ft. ; Tenasserim in
Burma.

This is the wild plant of the true cinnamon. The spice is given by the lurk, but
the leaves also are aromatic, and the root yields camphor. Trimen says that the
cinnamon has doubtless been collected in Ceylon from the very earliest times, for it is
referred to by Ibn Batuta in the 14th and Nicolo Conti in the loth century. The
cinnamon gardens of Colombo and Galle and the South-West Coast generally are
stretches of coppice growth in which the tree is not allowed to grow large, and the
shoots which are large enough for bark are cut out yearly in a sort of " furetage." The
bark is cleaned of the outer rough layers, and the rest allowed to roll into quills, in
which form it goes into the markets (see also Brandis For. Fl. 375). In the times
of the Portuguese and Dutch in Ceylon, the cultivation of cinnamon was a Government
monopoly, and the British Government also maintained the monopoly until 1833.
According to W. E. Davidson (Ceylon Official Handbook, Paris Exhibition, 1900), the
area under cultivation in Ceylon is about 43,500 acres, and the value of the export
trade about 25 lakhs of rupees, the best quality fetching Is. •"><<'. per pound. The value
of the trade in India is much less, scarcely reaching Ks.10,000 (Watt).

The wood is not used; it is somewhat scented, but coai>e. Bourdillon gives
W = 37 lbs., P = 593.

According to Foulkes it grows on any soil, but best perhaps on laterite. He says
the fruits are collected unripe and exported to Bombay to adulterate cloves. A
medicinal oil is also obtained from them.

XII.

CtXXAMuMl'M CKfH n|i U'llVi:.

LITsSJEA roLVANTII \.

1IIVI.T. WHIT.- EMBLICA.

CLEISTANTHUS COLLINUS

BI8CHOB1A JAVAHIOA. CROTON ABGTRATTJS.

( Magnified '-'>h timet'.)

lauracetE 563

lbs.
W 3884. Aramby Reserve, Xilgiris, 7000 ft. '(Gamble) . . . .40

W 4549. Travancore (Bourdillon) 43

Ceylon Collection, new, No. 81 (Mendis).

Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Laurus Cinnamomum).

I believe the Aramby specimen to be correct, but it might belong to O.
sulphuratum, which is a more common tree in the higher sholas.

7. C. eeeieodaphne, Meissn. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 135; Gamble Darj.List 65. Vein.
Malligiri, marisgiri, Xep. ; Bohu, Lepcha ; Gunserai, Mechi ; Gondhori, gondri,
gondserai, Ass. ; Gundroi, Cachar.

A large tree. Bark 1 to 2 in. thick, dark grey, uneven, outside
corky, highly scented. Wood rough, pale brown, highly scented with
a strong smell of camphor, soft to moderately hard, even-grained.
Annual rings marked by a distinct line. Pores between moderate-
sized and large, uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided and
filled with a glittering resinous substance, distinctly marked on a
vertical section. Medullary rays short, numerous, uniformly dis-
tributed, fine or moderately broad, the distance between the rays
generally less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Bhutan, rising to 4000 ft. ; Assam and Sylhet.

This tree has hitherto been called C. gland uliferum, to which species indeed
some of our specimens may belong, and of which, as suggested by Hooker, it may
prove to be a form, but as far as I can make out, the Darjeeling and Assam tree is
C. eeeieodaphne. There are fine specimens growing in the Park and the Kaunli garden
at Dehra Dim grown from Assam seed, said to have been obtained by W. R. Fisher,
and these seem certainly to belong to C. eeeieodaphne, and prove that it is well worthy
of cultivation, not merely for its scented wood, but for its ornamental character. The
leaves turn red before they fall. S. E. Peal says it reaches a girth of 8 to 10 ft., and
occasionally is large enough to make canoes capable of carrying from 300 to 500 mds.
The scent precludes the use of the wood for tea-boxes, but it is good for boxes and
furniture, as white ants dislike it. It is somewhat brittle, however, as I have found
with some which I have had for several years in India, made into herbarium boxes.
The growth of the tree is fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius. The weight is about
38 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

E 670. Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .38

E 2413. Tista Valley, Darjeeling (Gamble)
E 628. Eastern Driars, Assam (G. Mann)
E 639, 2304. Kamrup, Assam (G. Mann)
E 2187. Xowgong

. 37
. 39
34 and 40
44

Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Laurus glandulifera, Wall.) (Tab. XII. 1).

8. C. inunetum, Meissn. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 135 ; Kurz For. PI. ii. 289. Vern.
Karaway, Burm.

Wood orange-brown, scented, moderately hard, oily to the touch.
Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, tilled with resin,
the transverse diameter often equal to, or slightly larger than, the
distance between the fine, prominent, medullary rays. The rays o-fve
a good silver-grain. It resembles the wood of (J. eeeieodaphne in
structure.

South Tenasserim.

Weight 42 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, used for house-building and Bhiogles,
but not nearly so strongly scented as that of O. iners, C. glanduHferum and O. c
daphne. On a radial section dark specimens are not at all unlike Teak.

lbs.

B 1945, 2483. Tavoy (Seaton) 43 aud 46

B4074. Tavoy (('. E. Palmer) 38

564 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

9. C. sp. Yern. Sirikozi, Burm.

Wood red, soft, strongly scented. Pores moderate-sized, often sub-
divided, their transverse diameter generally equal to, or less than, the
distance between the short and fine medullary rays.
South Tenasserim.

The tree was found by the late Mr. Lee in Mergui, but is rather scarce. It may
possibly be C. tavoyanum or C. Parthenoxylon.

lbs.
B 1387. Tavoy 41

B 4932 from Tavoy ; Yern. Tldtlainyin, received from F. B. Manson, Conservator,
is a wood with a strong scent of cloves. The bark chewed has exactly the same effect
as cloves. It is a species of Cinnamomum, with 3-nerved leaves.

Bark shining, brown, with long shallow vertical furrows. Wood
light brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, evenly dis-
tributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Nos. B 298, Burma (1867), 24 lbs. ; B 2691 (40 lbs.) ; B 2695 (39 lbs.) ; B 2719
(36 lbs.), Tavoy (Wallich, 1828), all evidently belong to Lauracese and probably to
the genus Cinnamomum. They have light, soft, aromatic woods. Pores moderate-
sized, generally subdivided. Medullary rays fine, equidistant, numerous.

10. C. Camphora, Nees and Eberm. ; Brandis For. Fl. 376. Laurus camphori-
fera, Kaempfer ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 304. The Japan Camphor tree.

A moderate-sized tree, usually branching early. Bark brown,
rough. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard, scented strongly with
camphor, rather rough. Annual rings clearly marked by a dark
line. Pores moderate-sized, rather scanty, often subdivided into 2
or 3, sometimes in a faint concentric arrangement. Med/idlary rays
fine, numerous, short. On a radial section the wood often shows
pretty waves, as does satinwood or maple.

China, Japan, Cochin-China, Formosa, much planted in India, where it grows
admirably in suitable places.

This tree is that which gives the Japan camphor as distinct from the Malay or
Borneo camphor given by JDryohalattojJs Camphora. The camphor is obtained by
" boiling chips of the wood and roots with water, when the crude camphor is sublimed
' with the steam and deposited on straw with which the head of the retort is filled.
' It is afterwards purified by sublimation with lime or chalk " (Brandis). For a more
detailed account " Ind. Forester," xix. 459 and xxiii. 469, may be consulted. According
to a Beport of the American Consul at Tamsin, Formosa, reproduced in the Times of
Sept. 19, 1900, the annual outturn of camphor from Japan comes to 134 tons, that of
China to 98 tons, while Formosa gives the enormous amount of nearly 2680 tons.
The trade is a monopoly of the Japanese Government, who are using their endeavours
to improve the quality of the product. Camphor is a very important and valuable
product, used in medicine, to protect articles from insects, and generally as an anti-
septic, in the manufacture of celluloid, smokeless powder, etc., and when it is remembered
that India imports camphor yearly to the value of some seven lakhs of rupees, it is
important that, if possible, she should be able to grow a supply of her own. This can
easily be done with Japan camphor, which grows easily and quickly in many parts of
India. There are fine trees in the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta and Saharanpur; it
grows very well in Dehra Dvin, and thrives even at the elevation of 7000 ft. in the
Nilgiris. It requires good soil, but is very easily reared and planted. The growth is
often very fast, some Dehra Dun specimens showing nearly 1 ring per inch of radius.
The leaves can be used as well as the wood, as was found by Mr. D. Hooper's experi-
ments (" Ind. Forester," xxii. 111). The extension of the cultivation of the tree seems
certainly desirable, and there must be in various parts of India suitable places for it.

lbs.
O 4498. Forest School Park, Dehra Dun (Balm Birbal) . . . 39
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 {Laurus Campkwa).

lauracej; 565

8. MACHILUS, Nees.

A very difficult genus, as is evidenced by the alterations which Sir Joseph Hooker
had to make in his first account of it in the Fl. Br. Ind. The M. odoratissima of Ed. 1
" Manual of Indian Timbers " clearly contains something like 7 or 8 distinct species,
and the wood specimens described under it belong to quite four species. I have gone
over the genus again and again with great care, in the Herbaria of Kew and Calcutta,
and I have dissected my own dried specimens, which to some extent correspond to
specimens of wood in the various museums. After careful consideration, I am inclined
to think that H 929 is M. odoratissima ; H 92, M. Duthiei ; E 435, 2414 and 3634,
M. Gammieana; E 592, M. Gamblei; and E 1271, M. bombycina. The Phoebe
attenuate of Ed. 1, p. 308, is undoubtedly M. edulis, E 303, 2416 and 3389. Of M.
macrantha and M. villosa there is no reason to doubt.

About 16 good species are described in Fl. Br. Ind., but the genus still remains
in some doubt, and requires to be fully studied from living specimens on the spot.
Of those described, no less than 9 are Himalayan, about 9 Assamese or extending to
Assam, 5 Burmese and 1 only South Indian. M. odoratissima extends west to the
Indus ; M. Duthiei and M. Gamblei to the Jumna or further ; M. villosa, to Nepal ;
M. edulis, M. Gammieana, M. Kurzii and M. bootanica are Sikkim plants ; M. parvi-
flora, M. Listeri, M. bombycina, M. khasyana and M. Kingii, Assamese or Khasian ;
M.fruticosa and M. rimosa, Bl., Burmese; and M. macrantha, S. Indian.

M. parviflora, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 137, 860, is a common small tree of the
Khasia Hills, where also are found M. khasyana, Meissn. and ill. Kingii, Hook. f. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 861, the latter a small tree common at 4-5000 ft. elevation, which is
also found in the Shan Hills. M. Listeri, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 138, 860, is a tree of
the Khasia Hills which probably extends east to Sikkim. J\f. Kurzii, King ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 860, is a large tree of the Darjeeling Hills at 6-9000 ft., and is probably the
high-level Kawala. M. bootanica, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 138, 861, is a moderate-
sized very distinct tree found by Griffith in Bhutan. M. fraticosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
292 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 140, 861, is a shrub of Upper Tenasserim at 4000 ft.

Wood soft or moderately hard, even-grained, usually smooth, grey
or greyish-brown or reddish-brown. Pores moderate-sized or large,
scanty, sometimes in patches, and often surrounded by loose tissue.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, not numerous, usually
giving a good silver-grain.

1. M. Odoratissima, Nees (in part); Fl. Br. Ind. v. 139, 859; Brandis For. Fl.
378. M. indica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 291. Vem. Dalchini, mith-patte, prora, badror,
leddil, Pb. ; Kaivala, Hind.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark dark brown, thin, rough. Wood
grey, moderately hard, with rather twisted grain, shining on a radial
section. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, irregularly dis-
tributed and scanty. Medullary rays tine, not numerous, the distance
between them equal to the diameter of the pores, giving a silver-
grain of small plates.

Himalaya, from the Indus eastwards, at rather low levels, usually at 2-4000 ft. ;
Khasia Hills at 5-6000 ft. ; hills of Martaban, 3-7000 ft.

This tree is recognized by its markedly oblong fruit and glabrous flower-panicles.
It is scarce in the country about the Jumna and Sutlej, except quite low down ; higher
up it is replaced by the much more common M. Duthiei.

lbs.

H 929. Hazara, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 39

H 4894. Mussoorie, N.-W. Provinces, 6000 ft. (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) . 42

2. M. villosa, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 140, 860; Gamble Darj. List 65; Phaibe
villosa, Wight; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 290. Laurus villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 310. Yen.
tiurool, Nep. ; Ulega, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark brown, rough. Wood yellowish-
brown, moderately hard, of good texture, not unlike Teak, not liable
to warp. Annual rings distinctly marked by a dark line Pan-

566 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

moderate-sized, rather resinous. Medullar}/ rays fine to moderately
broad, rather distant, showing a good silver-grain on a radial section.

Eastern Himalaya, up to 7000 ft. ; Assam, Sylhet, Cachar and the hill ranges
across to Upper Burma.

A nice useful wood, but the growth is slow, 11 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

B4751. Upper Burma (J. Nisbet) 31

3. M. eduliS, King; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 138, 8G0 ; Gamble Darj. List Go. Vern.
Dudri, lepchaphal, UpchakawaJa, Nep.; Phani, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. IFood light greyish-brown, moderately
hard, smooth, even-grained. Annual ring* marked by a distinct
line. Pores moderate-sized and large, often oval, often subdivided,
scanty. Medullary rays fine, equidistant.

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, at 4-8000 ft.

A conspicuous well-marked tree with a large round walnut-like fruit which is
eaten by Lepchas, and long narrow leaves (called Phoebe attenuata, Nees in Ed. 1).
It is an important tree in the Darjeeling Forests and reproduces admirably from seed.
The wood is used for planking, tea-boxes and other purposes ; its growth is moderate,
5 to 9 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

E 363. Eangbul Forests, Darjeelinc, 7000 ft. (Johnston) ... 44
E 2416. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 it. (Gamble) . . . 3i»
E 3389. Darjeeling Hills, 7000 ft —

4. M. Gammieana, King; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 137, 860; Gamble Darj. List 65. M.
Clarheana, King, Fl. Br. Ind. v. 137. Vera. Lali, jagrikat, Nep.; PhamJrt, Lepcha.

A large tree. Bark dark brown. Wood reddish-brown, mode-
rately hard, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, surrounded by
loose tissue and grouped in obliquely concentric patches, often filled
with resin. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, rather scanty.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 5-8000 ft.

A common tree in the Darjeeling Forests, important in their sylviculture, repro-
ducing well from seed. The wood is used for planking, tea-boxes, etc, and its growth
is moderately fast.

lb?.

E 435. Eangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . . 43
E 2414. „ „ ,. „ (Gamble) . . .36
E 3634. Darjeeling, 7000 ft —

E 2414 is the specimen described, and I believe it to be correct, the other* may
possibly belong to another species. Nordlinger's SectioD, vol. 10 (21. odoratissima)
seems to be this species.

5. M. Gamblei, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 13b, 860 ; Gamble Darj. List 65. Vern.
Kawala, Nep.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood reddish-brown with darker streaks,
moderately hard, smooth, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, in
rings of loose tissue, joined into short obliquely concentric patches,
prominent on a vertical section. Medulla/ry ray* fine, not numerous,
showing a silver-grain.

Lower Himalaya from the Dehra Dun eastwards to Bhutan and the Daphla Hills
at 2-4000 ft. ; Assam Valley.

This is the low-level Kawala, and affects shady places in ravines and along streams.

lbs.
E 592. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . 4:.

6. M. bombyeina, King; Fl. Br. Iod. v. 861. Vern. Sopm, Ass.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark brown, rough, at times greyish.
Wood greyish-brown, in structure like that of M. Gamblei.

LAURACE.-E 567

Assam Valley, especially in Sibsagar District — largely cultivated.

In the Fl. Br. Ind. this species is given definitely as the Soom tree of Assam, and
it is said to be cultivated only, but in Brandis' paper in " Ind. Forester," v. 35, written
after a personal investigation of the Muga silk industry, it is said, " The Soom tree, on
' which the Muga silkworm is reared, is one of the commonest trees in the Sibsagar
' District. It is found in almost all soils and situations, but is especially abundant on
' low marshy ground and in such places is exceedingly gregarious. It is not known if
' it is indigenous in the plains of Assam, but it is certain that it was largely cultivated
' in former times, and it is now firmly established in the district. At the present day,
' however (1880), it is seldom, if ever, planted, as existing forests are more than what
' is required, and a large proportion of them remain unutilized." For the system of
production of Muga silk (the produce of Anthercea assama, Westw.) the rest of the
article may be consulted, as well as vol. vi.-iii. of Dr. Watt's " Dictionary of Economic
Products." S. E. Peal says that the felliug of it is prohibited on waste lands, so that
the wood is not much used, but it makes " uncommonly good tea-boxes — a little heavy,
' but very tougb." He also mentions that, owing to the roots being entirely surface-
feeders, it has to be completely dug out in clearing land for tea (Ind. Tea Gaz.).

lbs.

E 1271. Lakhimpur, Assam (G. Mann) 43

7. M. Duthiei, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 861. Vern. Kawala, Hind. ; Bhojo, Jaunsar.
An evergreen tree. Bark thin, dark grey, slightly rough. Wood

grey, moderately hard. Annual rings well marked by a dark line.
Pores moderate-sized, rather scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary
ray 8 fine, not very numerous, causing a neat silver-grain.

Western Himalaya from Chamba eastwards to Nepal, and perhaps further, at
4-8000 ft.

A beautiful tree, shady and graceful and handsome, especially when in full flower.
It prefers ravines and the banks of streams, and is easily recognized from M. odora-
tissiuia by having round fruit and tomentose flower-panicles. The wood is not used,
but it is fairly good, though not durable. Growth slow.

lbs.

H 92. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 37

H 4766. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal, 8000 ft. (Gamble) .... 36

8. M. macrantha, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 140, 861; Bedd. For. Fl. t. 264;
Brandis For. Fl. 378 ; Talbot Bomb. List 167 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 443. Vern.
Kurma, Kan.; Gulwn, Mar.; Kolla maim, Tarn.; Urdvu, Mai.; Ana kuru, Trav.
Hills; Krome, Badaga ; Iruli, Kader; Dlulu, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Wood orange-brown, moderately hard.
Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, rather
irregular, scanty, the distance between them equal to the diameter
of the pores.

\Yestern Ghats from the Konkan southwards, ascending to 7000 ft. ; Ceylon up
to 4000 ft.

I'.eildome says the timber is often used for building. Bourdillon gives W = 36 lbs.

and P = 408, and says the wood is used for boats.

lbs.

W 1585. Travancore (Bourdillon) 34

9. THCEBE, Nees.

Six species, evergreen trees or shrubs. P. angustifolia, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
141, is a small shrub of the Kbasia Hills at 2-4000 ft. * P. pallida, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. ML'; Brandis For. Fl. 377; Vern. Kanvodl, Kumaon, is a small tree of the Central
Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkini ascending to 5000 It., and of moist ravines in the
Eastern Oudh forests. P. attenuata, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 143 ; Gamble Darj. List
65, is a tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft., and of the
forests of Sylhet. P. tavoyana, Hook. f. ; FL Br. Ind. v. 143 (Mac/dins tavoyana,
Kurz For. PL ii. 292), is a tree of the Mergui Archipelago and Tavoy.

5C8 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Wood smooth, even-grained, brown or olive-brown. Puns
moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays fine, equidistant.

1. P. laneeolata, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 141 ; Brandis For. Fl. 377 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 290; Gamble Darj. List 65. Laurus lanceolaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 309. Vera.
(Than, chandra, badror, shalanghi, Pb. ; Haulia, dandora, kawal, sun fcawal, bUphari,
Hind.; Bhadroi, Jaunsar ; Kat kawal, sunlcaulo, Kumaon ; Kekra, katkaulo, Garhwal ;
Wowolo, Dotial ; Tumri, Dehra Diin ; Dupatti, Mechi ; Nun i ajhar, Garo : Sunkanwdl,
Kumaon.

A small evergreen tree. Wood hard, close-grained: sap wood and
young trees greyish- white, heartwood olive-brown. Annual rings
marked by a distinct line. Pores moderate-sized, often oval and
subdivided, or in short radial lines, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays fine, equidistant.

Outer Himalaya from tbe Sutlej to Bhutan, ascending to 6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills,
Sylhet and Burma.

A handsome tree, with a pretty wood. It seems doubtful if it is really found in
S. India, so I have not quoted Beddome. Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of
radius.

lbs.

H 91. Bhajji, Simla, 4000 ft, (Gamble) . . . . ' . .46

E 2415. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2500 ft. (Gamble) 55

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

2. P. panieulata, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 142; Brandis For. Fl. 377. P. Wightii,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 292. P. jwbescens, Nees; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 290. Vera. Kumdra,
Badaga; Taunghanyin, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, brown, slightly rough. Wood
moderately hard: sapwood greyish- white, heartwood brown, smooth,
with brown medullary patches. Pores moderate- sized, rather scanty,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, equidistant.

Central Himalaya ; Chittagong and Burma ; Western Ghats of S. India, especially
the Nilgiris, up to 7000 ft.

A common tree in some Nilgiri sholas, very ferruginous when in young leaf.

lbs.

W 3733. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft, (Gamble) 4S

W4038. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .48

B 3705 sent by H. C. Hill from Tenasserim under the name Kyaisai may be a
Phoebe. The wood is light olive-brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, some-
times subdivided. Medullary rays fine, prominent. Weight 53 lbs. per cubic foot.

10. ALSEODAPHNE, Nees.

Three Indian species. A. petiohris, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 145, is a large tree
of Assam, Cachar and Upper Burma, it may be the " Dowki Poma" described below.
A. grandis, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 146; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 293, is an evergreen tree of
Burma with a yellowish wood turning brown on exposure.

1. A. semeearpifolia, Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 144; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 297: Talbot
Bomb. List 1G8; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 444. Vera. Nelthare, Kan.; Phudgus, Mar.;
Banai, yavaranai, Tarn.; Wewarani, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark yellowish-brown, thick, vertically furrowed.
Wood dark brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate- sized, scanty,
enclosed in loose tissue. Medullary rays fine, wavy, not numerous.

Western Glnits from Kanara to Cape Comorin up to 5000 ft. ; dry region of Ceylon.

Beddome speaks of the wood as excellent, and Trimen says it is one of the best of
Ceylon timbers.

The " Report on the Results of Mechanical Tests," by Professor W. C. Unwin, P.R.S.,
gives for Banai —

LAURACEyE

569

Weight G3 lbs. per cubic foot.

Shearing strength 927 lbs. per square incb.

Crushing strength 2-605 tons per square incb.

Coefficient of transverse strength . . . 4*71 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 459 „ ,,

J lbs.

< 'eylon specimen in Dehra Dun Coll. (Alexander) 47

2. A. sp., perhaps A. petiolaris, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 145. Vera. Dowki poma,
Assam.

Wood soft, red, even-grained. Pores small, in radial lines. Medul-
lary rays fine, red, equidistant, visible on a radial section.

Assam.

The wood is used for boats, furniture and building.

lbs.

E 033. Eastern Duars, Assam (G. Mann) 32

Tribe II. LITSEACEJJ.
11. ACTINODAPHNE, Nees.

A genus of about 21 evergreen shrubs or trees with usually more or less verticillate
leaves. None of the species are found in North- West India, only three in Sikkim and
Bhutan and three in Assam. Four are found in Burma. Six occur in Western and
Southern India, and seven, all endemic, in Ceylon. A. sikkimensis, Meissn. ; Fl. Br.
ind. v. 147 ; Gamble Darj. List 65 ; Vera. Phirphiri, Nep., is a tree of the Darjeeling
Hills at 3-6000 ft., with a yellowish useful wood. A. obovata, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 153 ;
Gamble Darj. List 65 ; Vera. Muslindi, Nep. ; Pohor, Lepcha, is a tree of the lower
Darjeeling Hills up to 2000 ft., Assam, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet, with large obovate
triple-nerved leaves often 18 in. long. A. confertiflorv , Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 151,
is a Bhutanese tree found by Griffith near Dewangiri at 2-3000 ft. A. reticulata,
Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 147, is a tree of the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft. A. anaustifolicL.
Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 152 ; Brandis For. Fl. 3S1 (Litscea angustifolia, Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 305), is a tree of Assam, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Chittagong and Burma. A. leiantlm,
Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 154 (Litscea UioplujVa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 305), is a tree of
Tenasserim or the Andaman Islands. A. concolor, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 148 (Lit*",i
concolor, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 304), is a tree of Tenasserim, as is also A. sesquipedalis,
Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 151 (Litscea macroplujlle, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 304).
A. salicina, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 148, is a small tree of the Nilgiri Hills, found
about Sispara. A. campanulata, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 148 (A. salicina, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 295), is a tree of the Western Ghats, especially Tinnevelly. A. lanata, Meissn. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 149, is a tree of the Nilgiri sholas found near Coonoor, also in the
S.-E. Wynaad. A. madraspatana, Bedd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 149 (.4. Hooked, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 296), is a tree of the hills of Cuddapah and North Arcot, recognizable by its
narrow leaves being very white beneath. A. hirsuta, Hook, f . ; FL Br. Ind. v. 152, is
a tree of the Travancore coast found at Quilon.

* If the Ceylon species, the most noticeable is A. speciosa, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 153 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxxvii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 448, which has large rounded velvety
wrinkled leaves, conspicuous in the hill forests at 5-8000 ft., and locally called
"elephants' ears." It has a rather heavy, smooth, yellowish wood. A. molochina,
Nees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 150; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxxvi. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 445, is a
common species in the hill sholas about Newera Ellia.

1. A. Hookeri, Meissn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 149; Talbot Bomb. List 168. Vera.
Pisha, Max.; Jharckampa, Uriya; Thdli, Tarn.; lyola, mala cirinyi, Mai. ; V ydram,
mundli, puvaccha, Trav. Hills.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark light brown, smooth. Wood light
brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores numerous, moderate-
sized, evenly distributed or roughly arranged in oblique lines, often
subdivided. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad.

•570 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Western Coast forests in the Konkan and North Kanara, common at Mahaba-
leshwar ; forests of Orissa on the East Coast, also probably the X. Circars.
C 3581. Burnai Forest, Khurdha, Orissa (Gamble).

12. LITS^A, Lamk.

A large genus of about 56 species, in 5 subgenera.

Wood grey or brownish-grey or yellowish, soft to moderately hard.
Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medulla, rg rays fine, uniform.

Subgenus 1. TOMINGODAPHNE, Bl.

Four species, deciduous small trees of the Eastern Himalaya and adjoining mountain
ranges. L. Kingii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 156 ; Gamble Darj. List 66, is a small
aromatic deciduous tree of the upper forests of Darjeeling at 6-8000 ft., while L. sericea,
Wall, and L. oreophila, Hook. f. come from the inner ranges of Sikkim, ascending to
11,000 ft.

1. L. eitrata, BL; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 155; Gamble Darj. List 66. Tctranthera pohj-
niitha, Wall.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 301. Vera. Si/timber, Xep. ; Terhihok, Lepcha.

A small deciduous tree, very aromatic. Bark thin, smooth, brown.
Wood soft, grey. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays fine
uniform, sharply defined. Annual rings marked by a dark line.

Eastern Himalaya from Sikkim to the Mishmi Hills, at 5-9000 ft. ; Khasia Hills,
at 5-6000 ft. ; hills of Upper Burma.

A conspicuous small tree on patches of old cultivated land in the Darjeeling Hills.
The fruit is eaten by Lepchas.

lbs.
E 3410. Senchul, Darjeeling, 8000 ft. (Gamble) 36

Subgenus 2. EULITS.EA, Benth.

Five species, trees with persistent leaves, leaves often grevish-toineutosc. L.
tomentosa, Herb. Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 157 ; Talbot Bomb. List 168 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 449; Vera. Chihna, Mar.; Kosbada, Jandittan, Cingh., is a moderate-sized
tree with soft grey foliage found in the Western Ghats from the Concan southwards, in
the hills of the Ceded Districts and in Ceylon, up to 5000 ft. Trimen says the bark is
thin, grey; and the ivood yellowish, moderately hard and close-grained. L. ligustrina,
Xees; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 158, is a small tree of the Nilgiri Hills and Carnatic. It has
smallish leaves and flowers usually profusely. L. undulata, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
158 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 450, is an endemic rather scarce tree of the low country of
Ceylon.

2. L. sebifera, Pers.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 157 ; Gamble Darj. List 66 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 169. L. chinensis, Lamk. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 449. Tetrunthera laurifolia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 823; Brandis For. Fl. 319; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 297. T. apdala,
lioxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 819. Vera. Maida lalcri, rmdn hikri, gird., ridn, chandra, gar bijaur,
singrauf, Pb., N.-W. Provinces ; Medh, Oudh ; Churo, kathula, Kumaou : Katmara,
shingrcm, Garhwal ; Garoli, Dot ial ; Kufcur chita, Beng. ; ^Suppatnyok, Lepcha ; Maida
lakri, Mar.; Katakamma, Keddi ; Narra alagi, Tel. ; Umhhi, 1'unn. ; Elumpurukki,
Tarn.; Hum), bombi, Cingh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark brown, 1 in. thick. Wood
greyish brown or olive grey, moderately hard, shining, close and even-
grained, seasons well, durable, is not attacked by insects. Annual
rings indistinctly marked by a white line. Pores small and moderate-
sized, usually subdivided radially, uniformly distributed. Medwttary
rays tine and moderately broad.

Throughout India from the Punjab along the Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan
tract eastwards and southwards, reaching Burma and South and West India; Ceylon.

LAURACE/E 571

A fine tree of very variable appearance and nowhere very common ; consequently
the wood, though good, is not much in demand. Growth moderate, 6*7 rings per inch
of radius. Weight 47 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark is used medicinally for external
application bruised and mixed with goat's milk, for sprains and bruises.

lba.

0 253. Garhwal (Brandis, 1868) 48

0 1373. Gonda, Oudh (Dodsworth) 45

0 1484. Kheri „ 48

D 1087. Madura, Madras (Beddome) 46

B 2286. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) . _ . . . .47

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tetrantheru laurifolia).

Subgenus 3. CONODAPHNE, Blume.

Ten species, mostly Burmese. L. Junci/oliu, Roxb.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 159 (Tetran-
thera Janci/olia, Roxb. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 300), is a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya
from Bhutan eastwards, Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Burma ; and L. WaUichii, Hook. f. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 160 (Lindera nervosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 308), a handsome tree of the
same region. L. mishmiensis, Hook. f. and L. assamica, Hook. f. are large trees of
Assam. L. grundis, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 162 (Tetrantheru grandis, Meissn. ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 299), L. amaru, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 163 {Tetrantheru arnaru, Xees ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 299), and L. rangoonensis, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 163, are trees of
Burma. L. venulosa, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 161, is an evergreen straggling bush
found in the hills of South India, especially Tinnevelly, at 3-4000 ft. L. Kurzii,
King; Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 164, is a tree of the Andaman Islands.

3. L. polyantha, Juss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 162 ; Gamble Darj. List 66. Tetrantheru
monopetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 821 ; Brandis For. Fl. 380, t. 45 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 299.
Vera. Medu, gwd, singraf, sangran, marda, hut marru, kakiiri, Iceruuli ', putoiu, kut-
moria, pupriu, kutmedh, hart, rund-kari, Hind. ; Karkawa, karrka, Dehra Dun ;
Mendah, kari, Icjeru, toska, lej'u, Gondi ; Leinja, Kurku ; Batmunti, kadmero, Nep. ;
Suphut, Lepcha ; But, mogusong, Mechi ; Sualu, Ass. ; Iluara, Cachar ; Bolbek, Garo ;
Mosoneu, Uriya ; Bojo, ha jam, K61; Pojoh, Sonthal ; Buglall, Mai Pahari ; Banambu,
Mar. ; Ondon, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, smooth, when
old exfoliating in corky scales. Wood olive-grey, soft, not durable, is
readily attacked by insects. Annual rings indistinct. Pores mode-
rate-sized, uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided. Medul-
lar]/ rays short, fine. The wood is very similar to that of L. sebifera,
but is softer, not so durable, and the annual rings are not well marked.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Salt Range to Assam, ascend-
ing to 3000 ft. ; Central India, Orissa and the Circars ; Burma, in mixed and tropical
forests.

A common tree in many parts of Northern India, very variable in foliage.
Growth moderate to fast, 2 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight of wood 38 lbs.
per cubic foot. The wood is used for agricultural implements. The leaves are used in
Assam to feed the "muga" silkworm AnthercEa Assama ; they have a cinnamon-like

smell when bruised.

lbs.

O 246. Garhwffl (Brandis, 1868) 38

O 1367. Gonda, Oudh (Dodsworth) 38

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tetranthera monopetala) (Tab. XII. 2).

Subgenus 4. CYLICODAPHNE, Nees.

Thirty-two species from various localities, especially Burma and Cej'lon. L.
salicifolia, Roxb.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 167: Gamble Darj. List 66 (Tetranthera lanceae-
folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 822; Kurz Fur. Fl. ii. 300; T. glauca, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 300) ;
Vern. Paieli, sempat, Nep., is a small tree of the sub-Himalaya from Oudh to Sikkim,
ascending to 13000 ft., Assam, I'hittagong and Burma. L. oblong", Wall.; FJ. Br. Ind.

572 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

v. 168 ; Gamble Darj. List 66 ; Vem. Tirhilsok, Lepcha, is a small tree very common
in the Sikkim Himalaya at 3-6000 ft. and extending to the Khasia Hills. /,. laeta,
Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 169; Gamble Darj. List 66; Vem. AkhaUrwt, Nep.; Pharrdet,
chimpkt, Lepcha, is a small tree of the North-East Himalaya, Assam, the Khasia Hills
and Sylhet, common in the lower Darjeeling Hills. L. nitlda, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
174 (Tetranthera nitida, Roxb. : Kurz For. Fl. ii. 302), is a tree of the Eastern
Himalaya, Assam and Burma. L. Panamonja, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 175, is also a
large tree of the East Himalaya, Assam and Burma, with flowers conspicuously in
racemes. L. khasyana, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 164, is a tree of Sikkim at 6000 ft.,
Assam and the Khasia Hills. L. semecarpifolia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 165 (Tetran-
thera semecarpifolia, Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 303), is an evergreen tree of Eastern
Bengal and Burma. L. Meissneri, Hook. f. is found in the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft.,
and L. chartacea, Wall, in Nepal and Sikkim at 5500 ft. Several species occur in
Burma, but none of much importance. -

L. coriacea, Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 166, L. glabrata, Wall; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 174,
L. oleoides, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 175, and L. Beddomei, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
177, are all trees of the forests of South India in the Western Ghats ; while of those
found in Ceylon, the most common and important are L. glaberrima, Thw., and L. iteo-
daphne, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 173 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 452, both of the mountain
regions.

4. L. elongata, Wall. : Fl. Br. Ind. v. 165 ; Gamble Darj. List 66. Yern. Phusri,
Nep. ; Phane, Lepcha.

An evergreen tree. Bark light brown, thin. Wood soft, greyish-
yellow, with an unpleasant scent when freshly cut. Pore* small,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Annual
rings marked by a faint line.

Himalaya from Mussoorie eastwards, common in the Darjeelins; Forests (var.
latifolia) at 6-8000 ft, ; Khasia Hills at 5-6000 ft.
E 3374. Darjeeling, 6000 ft, (Gamble).

5. L. angustifolia, Wall. : Fl. Br. Ind. v. 169. Vem. llisapainy, Beng. ; Shealbuk .
Magh.

A large shrub. Bark brown, thin. Wood soft, light brown li-
nearly white. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays short, fine to moderately broad.

River-banks in Chittagong, where it forms the most characteristic vegetation;
Sylhet,

It has long, narrow, willow-like leaves. In Dr. Schlich's list of 1874 it is marked
Homonoya, and indeed in leaves and in habit it resembles II. rijxtria.

E 3283. Rinkheong Valley, Chittagong Hill Tracts (Gamble).

6. L. Stocksii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 176 ; Talbot Bomb. List 169.

A large tree. Bark smooth, greyish-brown. Wood yellowish-
grey, moderately hard. Pores small, single or in pairs or in threes,
evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous, regular,
the distance between them equal to the diameter of the pores.

Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, rising to 6000 ft.

AY 4088. Naduvatam, Nilgiris, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

7. L. Wightiana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 177 ; Talbot Bomb. List 169. Tetran-
thera Wightiana, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 293. Vem. Keynjee, Badaga; ffammadi, Kan.

A large evergreen tree. Bark light brown, smooth, with some-
what horizontal lenticels. Wood yellowish-brown, shining, hard.
Pores small, often subdivided or in groups of 2 or 3. Medullary rays
fine, white, numerous. .1 n mud rings marked by a faint line.

LAURACE.K o73

Upper hills of the Western Ghats, common near the falls of Gairsoppa and in the
Nilgiri sholas, 6-8000 ft.

lbs.

W 3859. Aramby Forest, Ootacamund, Xilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . 46

Subgenus 5. NEOLITSyEA, Benth.

Five species, characterized by triple-nerved leaves. L.fuscata, Thw. ; Fl. "Br. Ind.
v. 178 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 453, is a small endemic tree of the higher hills of Ceylon
at (i-8000 ft., frequent about Xewera Elba. L. Mannii, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 180, is
a tree of the Khasia Hills.

8. L. lanuginosa, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 178 ; Brandis For. Fl. 3S2. Vern.
Kdlban, Pb. ; Kohra, Hind.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark brown. Wood yellow
when fresh cut, afterwards yellowish-brown. Pores small, arranged
in radial groups and oblique lines. Medullary rays short, fine,
numerous.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus eastwards to Sikkim at 3-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.

A conspicuous tree easily recognized by its long leaves. In Jaunsar it frequents
river-banks, and is common along the Tons and its tributaries.

H 2948. Sutlej Valley, Punjab, 3000 ft. <Gamble).

9. L. zeylaniea, C. and Fr. Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 178 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 294 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 169 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 454. L.foliosa, Nees ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
306. Vern. Eanvel, chirchira, Mar.; Bodeda, Saura ; Akupatrikam, Tel.; Belori,
Badaga ; Vayana, Mai. ; Dawid-kurundu, kudu-daivula, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thick, smooth, grey. Wood light
brown to yellow, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, often
subdivided, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Bhutan, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet ; Chittagong : Martaban Hills in Burma;
Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, rising in the Nilgiri and other hill
ranges to 7000 ft. ; scarce in the Eastern Ghat Piauges, Bumpa Hills at 2000 ft. :
moist region of Ceylon.

The wood is said to be used for house-building, and an oil is obtained from the
fruit and used to burn.

W 4089. Lovedale, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

No. 20, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

10. L. umbrosa, Nees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 179; Gamble Darj. List 66. L. zeylaniea,
Nees; Brandis For. Fl. 382. Vern. Chirudi, shalanglu, raidi, chilotu, charkha. leader u,
imrki, thirmal, zopru, Pb. ; Kanwala, titbora, sara, shnrar,jhatela, chirara, chirchira,
N.-W. P. ; Pooteli, Nep.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark light grey, smooth. Wood
grey, darker when old. Annual rmgs marked by a dark line. Pores
small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim at 3-7000 ft. : Khasia Hills at 5-6000 ft.

A common tree in ravines and along streams in the West Himalaya, less common

in Sikkim. (I am a little in doubt about specimen No. E 2420, which I cut myself,

and which is now deposited at Dehra Dun. I write only from memory, but am

inclined to think that it really is Actinodaphne sikkimensis, and not Litstva umbrosa.

The description above given is taken from No. H 3055, about which I have no doubts. )

The fruit <iives an oil which is used to burn, and in mediciue.

lbs.

II 63. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 3« .

H 3055. Mahasu, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 38

E 2420. Hoom Binding, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . . . 43

13. DODECADENIA, Nees. Three species, evergreen trees. J>. grandiflora,
Xees ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 181 ; Brandis For. Fl. 381 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 304, is a tree .4

574 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

the Kumaon and Nepal Himalaya at 8000 ft. and the Kachin Hills in Burma.
D. Oriffithii, Hook. f. is found in Bhutan. D. paniculate, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
381, is a tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya at about 3000 ft.

14. LINDERA, Thunb.

Contains 14 species in four well-defined Subgenera, as well as 5 species of doubtful
position.

In Subgenus 1, Apeeula, as well as L. assamica, come L. Meissneri, King ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 182, of Assam and L. latifolia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 183 of the Kbasia
Hills at 5-6000 ft.

In Subgenus 2, Polyadenia, come L. reticulata, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 183, of
Assam, L. venosa, Benth. of Bhutan and L. bifaria, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 184
{Daphnidium bifariam, Nees ; Brandis For. Fl. 383), of the Himalaya in Kumaon, and
Nepal at 5000 ft., Assam and the Khasia Hills.

Subgenus 3, Daphnidium, contains, besides L. ptdcherrwia, L. caudata, Benth. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 184 {Daphnidium caudatum, Nees ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 307), a small tree of
the Khasia Hills and the hills of Burma, at 4-6000 ft., and L. melastomaeea, Benth.,
a small tree of Assam and Sylhet.

Subgenus 4, Sassafrimorpha, includes L. heterophylla and L. Neesiana, Benth. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 186; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 309 (Aperula Xeesiana, Blume; Brandis For.
Fl. 383), a very aromatic small tree of the Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya at 6-8000 ft.,
giving one of the woods known as Karaivay.

L. lancifolia, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 187 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 454, is a tree of the
Ceylon mountains, very scarce. L. Laureola, Coll. and Hemsl. ; Journ. Linn. Soc.
xxviii. 119, is a tree of the Shan Hills at 4000 ft.

1. L. assamica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 308 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 182 ; Gamble Darj. List
66. Vera. Paieli, pooalay, phusri, Nep. ; PhamJet, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood yellow, turning olive-grey on ex-
posure, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, occasionally in
groups, uniformly distributed. Annual rings marked by firmer wood
on the outside of each ring. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equi-
distant ; the distance between them slightly greater than the trans-
verse diameter of the pores.

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya at 6-8000 ft,; Khasia Hills; Nattoung Hills of
Martaban.

Growth moderate to slow, 10 to 22 rings per inch of radius. A pretty wood,
worthy of attention ; it is used for building, chiefly as planking.

lbs.
E 362. Rangbul, Darieeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . . .34

E 2418. „ „ „ (Gamble) . . . .41

2. L. puleherrima, Benth., Fl. Br. Ind. v. 185; Gamble Darj. List 66. Dapk-
nidium pulcherrimum, Nees; Brandis For. Fl. 383; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 306. Vera.
Dadia, Hind. ; Sisi, Nep. ; Nvpisor, Lepcha ; Dingpingwai, Khasia.

A large evergreen tree with thin bark. Wood reddish-white,
moderately hard, even-grained. Structure similar to that of L.

assamica.

Kumaon, Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya at 4-9000 ft., Khasia Hills, Burma.

Growth moderate, 4 to 12 rings per inch of radius. A round in the Bengal Forest
Museum shows 5 rings per inch of radius. Wood used for building, cattle-yokes and
occasionally tea-boxes. The leaves are aromatic. The tree coppices well.

lbs.

E 368. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) 33

E 2417. „ „ „ (Gamble) 40

3. L. heterophylla, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 180 ; Gamble Darj. List 06.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, rough, with corky lenticels.

LAURACE.E 575

Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by firmer tissue
on the outside of each ring. Pores small, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, uniform.

Higher Darjeeling Hills, above 9000 ft.

Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

E 384. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston) .... 42
E 3638. Sandukpho „ 11,000 ft. (Gamble) —

Tribe III. HERNANDIEJ1.
15. HERNANDIA, Linn.

1. H. peltata, Meissn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 188; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 300; Kur/. For.
Fl. ii. 309 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 456. Vera. Palatu, Cingh.

A large tree. Wood grey, soft. Pores moderate-sized to large ;
collected in oblong or linear more or less concentric dark scattered
patches of loose tissue. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, with
occasional broader ones. Cellular tissue soft.
Sea-coasts of the Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

The leaves are peltate. The bark and young leaves are used in medicine as a
purgative, the juice of the tree to remove hair (Bedd.).

lbs.
E 4915. Pioyal Botanic Garden, Calcutta (Prain) 20

Order XCIV. PROTEACEiE.

A large Order of plants, chiefly Australian and South African, containing only one
Indian genus, Helicia. Many of the species are cultivated on account of the beauty •,>(
their flowers or foliage ; such are the species of Eakea, Baalcsia and Grecillea, the
best known of which is GreviUea robusta, the " Silk Oak."

Beddome describes the excellent growth of introduced Proteace.k on the Nilgiris,
and mentions especially Leucadendron argenteum, B. Br. the "Silver tree" of the
Cape, Telopea speciosissima, K. Br., the " Waratah " of New South Wales, and the Cape
species of Prolea as especially thriving. Interesting as the members of the Proteacej-;
are for the beauty of their flowers, fruit and foliage, and for their variable forms, they
produce but few plants of economic value. A few ornamental woods and a few edible
nuts constitute the sum of their economic usefulness, but as plants of ornament, few
natural orders can compare with them. The GreviUea has been so much cultivated
in India, and so frequently reproduces itself naturally, that it may be almost ranked
as a wild plant, and so 1 think it best to include it among the genera whose woods are
described.

Wood moderately hard, red, reddish-white or reddish-brown.
Pores scanty, in bars alternating with bars having no pores, the bars
usually running together into concentric bands, which in some genera
(Hakea, etc.) are regular, but in others (Banksia, etc.) are very
irregular and curved. Medullary rays very broad and prominent,
causing a silver-grain of broad plates, often of dark colour, and con-
taining resin-cells, which are also sometimes seen among the pores.
The structure is a characteristic one, and the members of the Order
are generally easily recognized. See also Arthrophylliim in ARA-
LIACSLE, where, however, the scanty large pores are not always in the
loose tissue.

1. HELICIA, Lour.

Eight Indian species. //. robitsta, Wall. ; PL Br. Ind. v. 191 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
311 (lihvpala robusta, lioxb. PL Ind. i. 303) ; Vera. Joiveea, Sylhet; Taukyat. Burm.,

57G A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

is a tree (Roxb. says "a larse stout timber tree," the Fl. Br. Ind. "a small tree'') of
Assam, the Khasia Hills, and the hills of Martaban at 2-4000 ft. E. eoccelsa, Blume ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 191 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 312 (H. salicifoUu, Presl ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
312 ; Hhopala excel sa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 363), is a large tree of the forests of the Khasia
Hills at 3-5000 ft., Sylhet, Chittagong and Tenasserim, running to a girth of 4 ft.
H. nilagirica, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 190, is a tree of the western slopes of the Nilgiri
Hills at 3-4000 ft. H. travancorica, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 191 (77. robusta, Bedd. PL
Sylv. t. 301) is a tree of the hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, in evergreen forests
at about 4000 ft. 77. terminalis, Kurz For. FL ii. 312 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 190, is a tree
of the Kachin Hills of Burma; and 77 pyrrhobotrya, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 312; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 192, a tree of the hills of Martaban at 4000 ft. 77 ceylanica, Gardn. : FL Br.
Ind. 190 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 457, t. 79, is a small tree, endemic in the moist region of
Ceylon at 2-4000 ft.

1. H. erratiea, Hook. f. ; PL Br. Ind. v. 189 ; Gamble Darj. List 6G. 77 eochin-
chinensis, Kurz For. FL ii. 311. Vera. Tauhyathyi, Ruby Mines, Burma.

A small evergreen tree. Bark grey, -\ in. thick. Wood pinkish-
grey, moderately hard, divided into narrow wedges by the medullary
rays, the tissue between the rays dark -coloured and crossed at short
intervals by ladder-like bars of loose texture and paler colour. Pore*
small, scanty, one or two only in each of the bars of pale soft tissue,
none in the alternate darker bars. Medullary rays very broad, long,
prominent on a radial section as a tine silver-grain. The bars are
very close together and narrow, much more so than in Grevillea.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 2-6000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, Shan Hills, hills of Martaban at
5-7000 ft.

Found in the Darjeeling Forests, chiefly in open ground or in coppice woods of
chestnut and Schima Wallichii. The wood would do for inlay work and fancy articles,

but is not durable.

lbs.
E 2409. Sumbong, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble) 44

2. GREVILLEA, R. Br.

t. G. robusta, A. Cunn.; Benth. PL Aust. v. 459. Silk Oak.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark rough, J in. thick. Wood hard,
light reddish-brown ; sap wood greyish-white. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, in curved bars which join into concentric bands of pale tissue.
These concentric bands are interrupted by the medullary rays and
bend outward where they meet the rays, so that they have a wavy
outline, and are not always quite continuous. Medullary rays broad
and very broad, very prominent on a radial section, showing a
beautiful silver-grain. Occasionally a few fine rays are interspersed
between the broad ones.

indigenous in Queensland and N. S. Wales, cultivated in many places in India,

especially in moderately cool climates like those of the Himalaya and the hills of

South India. It thrives especially in the Nilgiris and in the Dehra Dun, but will also

grow even in such places as Calcutta and Madras. It reproduces itself naturally from

seed, as may be seen in the park at Dehra Dun. It is rather brittle, so that it should

not he used to plant in windy places. In S. India, Ceylon and Java, it has been used

as a shade plant in tea plantations. The wood is handsome, and if judiciously cut to

show the silver-grain to the best advantage, would do well for panelling, parquet floors

and furniture, but it requires careful seasoning.

lbs.

[5 3717,3925. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) . . . .36
0 3263,4570. Bot. Garden, Saharanpur (Gollan) 45

0 Hi38. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . .45
Nordlinsrer's Sections, vol. 11.

THYMELyEACE^E 577

Order XCV. THYMEL.EACEJE.

Shrubs or trees, usually with fibrous bark. There are eight Indian genera, belonging
to three Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Euthymeleas . . Daphne, Edgeworthia, Wikstrcemia, Lasio-

siphon, Linostoma.
„ II. Phalerieas . . . Phaleria.
„ III. Aquilariea3 . . . Gyrinops, Aquilaria.

1. DAPHNE, Linn.

Four species, three Himalayan and one Burmese, shrubs, or small trees (?). D.
involucrata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 193 ; Gamble Darj. List 67 ; Vern. Chota aryili,
Nep., is a large shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya up to 6000 ft., the Khasia Hills at
4-6000 ft., the Patkoye Hills of Assam and the mountains of Tenasserim. The bark
is used in the manufacture of the tough Nepal paper, equally with that of D. cannabina
and Edgeworthia Oardneri, the latter being, however, the principal species used.
D. pendula, Sm. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 194 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 333, is an evergreen shrub of
the hills of Eastern Burma. D. Mezereum, Liun., the "Mezereon" and D. Laureola,
Linn., the " Spurge Laurel " are well-known European shrubs.

Wood white, with a reticulated pattern, caused by oblique strings
of loose tissue formed of comparatively large wood-cells, in which the
pores, which are very small, occur. These patches alternate with
large spaces of tissue without pores. Medullary rays fine or very
fine, numerous. This structure is that of the two species examined,
but is not constant for the genus ; e.g. D. Mezereum, L. has no " tails "
of loose pore-bearing tissue, while D. Gnidium, L. has them (see
Nordlinger's Sections).

1. D. Oleoides, Schreb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 193. D. mucronata, Eoyle ; Brandis For.
Fl. 384. Vern. Laghune, Afgh. ; Pech, Sind ; Kiltildl, kanthan, gandalun, shalangri,
zosho, shing, mashur, judri, jiko, agric, swdna, jikri, dona, channi niggi, kdgsari, sind,
kansian, sondi, Pb.

A small branching shrub. Bark grey, with occasional prominent
horizontal lenticels, Wood white, soft. Annual rings marked by a
line of pores. Pores very small, collected in groups of light-coloured
tissue, which are arranged in zigzag or oblique tails, forming a net-
work with the regular and darker cellular tissue without pores.
Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous.

Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and the inner Western Himalaya as far east as Garhwal,
3-9000 ft.

Brandis says the wood is used in Chamba to make charcoal for gunpowder ; the
bark and leaves in native medicine and the berries for food ; but these are said to
cause nausea. He says that on the Sutlej a spirit is distilled from them. Aitchisou
(Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 91) says that it is common in the Hazarpirziarat, Kuram and
Hariab Districts up to 11,000 ft., in dry localities, with Sophora mollis and Cotoneaster
nummularicefolia. He says that camels will only eat it when very hungry, and that
it is then poisonous.

P 4478. Baluchistan (Lace).

2. D. cannabina, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 193; Gamble Darj. List 67. D. papy-
racea, Wall.; Brandis For. Fl. 386. Vern. Niggi, Pb. ; Dhak chamboi, cLarmiui,
Jaunsar; Satpura, Garhwal; Sat haruva, balwa, Kumaon ; Oande, shedbarwa,
kaghuti, Nep. ; Daysldng, Bhutia.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark dark grey, smooth, with horizontal
wrinkles and lenticels, inner bark fibrous. Wood white, moderately

2 P

578 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

hard. Pores extremely small, in long narrow oblique and bending
tails of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Himalaya from near the Indus to Bhutan, between 3000 and 9000 ft. ; Khasia Hills.

Growth moderate, 9 rings per inch of radius. The flowers of the Sikkim plant are
pink, very sweet scented ; those of the West Himalayan plant white and often hardly
scented at all. The bark is used to make Nepal and Bhutia paper, the commoner thin
kind ; also to make ropes for various purposes, such as carrying loads.

lbs.

H 2826, 2828. Simla Forests, 700 ft. (Gamble) —

H 4817. Kotikanasar, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. „ —

E 2408, 3661. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. „ 34

2. EDGEWORTHIA, Meissn.

1. E. Gardneri, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 195 ; Brandis For. Fl. 386 ; Gamble
Darj. List 67. Vern. Kaghuti, aryili, Nep.

A large shrub. Bark light brown, smooth, thin. Wood white,
soft. Pores small, usually in radial pairs or threes. Medullary rays
moderately broad, short, not numerous.

Central Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan at 4-7000 ft., scarce in Darjeeling.

The thick inner bark is used in the manufacture of the best quality of Nepal paper.

Sikkim, 5000 ft.— Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

3. WIKSTRG3MIA, Endl. Two species. W. indica, C. A. Mey. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 195, is a shrub of Chittagong and Tenasserim, also found, but probably introduced
as a weed, about Madras (e.g. Guindy). W. canescens, Meissn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 195 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 458 (Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxviii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 386) ; Vern.
Chamboi, Jaunsar; Chamletu, Garhwal ; Chamlia, Kumaon ; Bhatniggi, thilak, Pb., is
a small yellow-flowered shrub of the Himalaya from the Sutlej to Nepal at 5-8000 ft.,
the Khasia Hills and Patkoye Hills of Assam at 5-6000 ft., the Shan Hills of
Burma, and the upper hills of Ceylon. Aitchison also says it is common east of the
Peiwar Kotal at about 8000 ft. The bark is fibrous and can be used for ropes
and paper.

4. LASIOSIPHON, Fresen.

1. L. erioeephalus, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 197 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxix. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 169 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 459. Vern. Rami, ramita, Mar. ; Nanju,
Kader; Naha, Cingh.

A small tree or large shrub. Bark grey, rather smooth, inner bark
fibrous. Wood white or yellowish-white, hard. Pores small, single
or in groups of 2 to 4, which are scantily distributed in short, more or
less concentric patches. Medullary rays fine, irregularly spaced.

Hills of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, rising on the Nilgiris to
7000 ft. and to 4000 ft. in Ceylon.

A pretty plant with clusters of yellow ilowers. The bark gives a fibre, and is used
to poison fish (Bedd. and others). Growth slow.

lbs.
W 3735. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 55

5. LINOSTOMA, Wall. Three erect or climbing shrubs of Eastern Bengal and
Burma. L. pauciflorum, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 198 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 334, is an erect
shrub of the drier hill forests, especially the pine forests, in the Martaban Hills at
3-4000 ft. L. decandrum, Wall, is an evergreen shrub of Sylhet, Chittagong and
Tenasserim ; while L. scandens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 334 (L. siamense, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
335), is a climbing shrub of Burma, chiefly found in the Eng forests, and in the Shan
Hills Terai.

6. PHALERIA, Jack. P. caidijlora, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 199 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
clxxx. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 459, is a rare small graceful endemic tree of the low
country of Ceylon.

THYMELiEACEiE 579

7. GYRINOPS, Gaertn.

1. G. Walla, Gaertn. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 199 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 303 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 460. Vern. Walla, pattaivalld, Cingh.

A small tree with slender trunk and small rounded head. Wood
white, soft, of curious structure, somewhat like that of Avicennia.
Pores small to large, scanty, arranged in narrow irregularly concentric
lines of loose tissue. Between these lines come belts of ordinary
cellular tissue in which the fine medullary rays are prominent.
Moist region of Ceylon up to 4000 ft.

The bark gives a very strong fibre of which ropes are made (Bedd. and Trimen).
Mendis says the wood is used for buoys, targets, and rafters for cadjan roofs.

lbs.

No. 149, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 33

8. AQUILARIA, Lam.

Two species only of this genus are known from India, viz. A. Agallocha, here
described, and A. malaccensis, Lamk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 200 ; Kurz ii. 336 ; from
Tenasserim, which, according to Meissner, is the " Garo de Malacca," or Malacca
Eaglewood. There is still some doubt about the identification of the species of Aqui-
laria which yields the Eaglewood of commerce. Roxburgh says the A. Agallocha is
an immense tree, a native of the mountains east and south-east of Sylhet between 24°
and 25° north latitude. " There can be little doubt that this is the tree which
1 furnishes the real Calambac or Agallochum of the ancients, and there seems
' more reason to think that it was carried to China from our eastern frontier than

• to suppose it was carried from Cochin China or any other country in the vicinity
'of China, where it has always been in great demand. Small quantities are
' sometimes imported into Calcutta by sea from the eastward ; but such is always
' deemed inferior to that of Sylhet." Kurz seems to consider the Sylhet and the
Tenasserim tree as the same species, and as the structure of the wood of both is
identical, there is a strong probability of his view being correct. Further investiga-
tion, however, is necessary to ascertain if the species described by Roxburgh as growing
in Assam and Sylhet (A. Agallocha) is identical with the tree furnishing the Akyau
wood of Burma.

In the Jour. Agri-Hort. Soc. of India, vol. xiii., Mr. C. Brownlow says that in
Cachar there are two species, one of which is called Petakhoiura and does not produce
aloes wood, while the other has the aloes wood in the male trees only, called Mooncas,
giving Agur or Agallochum or " Clign aloes." He says, " Occasionally but very rarely
' a tree is met with that contains as much as Bs.30o worth, sometimes the entire
' substance of the tree becomes converted into Agur for a considerable way up, so that
' a single blow of the axe lays it open. ... It is possessed of great vitality and a
' wonderful power of renewing its bark, even when the latter has been scorched off by
' fire for 15 ft. or more above the ground: the wood is disposed in concentric layers
1 which easily separate, and should the upper layer be splintered or detached, the parts
' impregnated with the peculiar resinous substance are protected from decay. . . . By
1 the native method, the wood is bruised in a mortar and then subjected to distillation

• in water, the otto which comes over being more highly prized than that of roses."
For other information see also " Watt. Diet. Econ. Products," vol. i. 278.

1. A. Agallocha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 422 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 199 ; Brandis For. Fl. 387 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 335. Lign Aloes or Eaglewood. Vern. Ugv.r, Hind., Beng. ; Sasi,
hasi, Ass. ; Akyau, Burm. ; Kayu gam, Malay.

A large evergreen tree. Wood white, soft, even-grained, scented
when fresh cut. In the interior of old trees are sometimes found
irregular masses of harder and darker-coloured wood, with a honey-
like scent, which constitute the Eaglewood of commerce. Pares
small and moderate-sized, in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine,
numerous ; the distance between two consecutive rays less than the

580 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous short transverse bands
of pores and intercellular ducts filled with a brownish substance.

Bhutan Himalaya, Assam, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Martaban Hills of Burma.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight : Kyd gives 20 lbs. ; specimens
examined, 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Kyd gives P = 203. A description of Eaglewood
and its method of collection is given in extracts from Mr. Lee's reports given at p. 80
of the Burma Forest Keport for 1875-76, and at p. 19 of the Burma Forest Report for
1876-77. From these it appears that the Akyau is the most important forest produce
of the forests of South Tenasserim and the Mergui Archipelago. It is found in
fragments of various shapes and sizes in the centre of the tree, and usually, if not
always, where some former injury has been received. To collect it, the trees are felled
and allowed to rot for about three years in the forest, when they are again visited, the
tree cut into fragments, and the odoriferous wood cut out. The uses of Eaglewood
seem not to be very clearly known ; apparently, however, the chief use is medicinal,
but the wood is also used for ornaments. S. E. Peal, in Ind. Tea Gaz., says he
recommends the wood for tea-boxes in spite of its lightness, as it is durable and not
liable to damage by white ants. He says, " The tree is often barked by natives for
' writing on, as the bark is thin, tough and very even in surface and texture." He
further adds, " I have often also, when camping out, seen my men go and cut them-
' selves large mattresses and even counterpanes of it and lay them on ferns." He
explains that the tree does not suffer by being barked, which is rather strange ! Kurz
says the wood is used by the Karens for bows.

lbs.

E 951. Golaghat, Assam 24

B1948. Tavoy (Seaton) 23

B2485. „ 29

Order XCVI. ELiEAGNACEiE.

Contains two Indian genera only, Elaeagnus, and Hippophae, with -six species.
The leaves are covered beneath with silvery scales.

Pores small and moderate-sized. Annual rings distinctly marked
by a belt of large pores. Hippophae has numerous uniform and fine
medullary rays, while Ekeagnus has short rays of different width,
which in some species are broad.

1. EL^EAGNUS, Linn.

Four species. E. pyriformis, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 202, is a shrub of Upper

Assam.

1. E. hortensiS, M. Bieb.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 201; Brandis For. Fl. 389. Vern.
Sanjit, Afgh. ; Sirshing, Tibet ; Shiulik, N.-W. Provinces.

A small deciduous tree or large shrub. Bark light grey, thick,
fibrous, smooth, with deep longitudinal furrows. Wood soft to
moderately hard : heartwood orange-brown ; sapwood white. Pores
moderate-sized, numerous in spring wood, where they mark the
annual rings, less numerous outwards and arranged in roughly
concentric lines. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous.

Inner Western Himalaya, above 5000 ft. ; extending westwards to Afghanistan
and to Europe.

Brandis says it attains a height of " 25 ft. with an erect, straight trunk, 5 to 6 ft.
' girth, and a rounded, close, handsome crown." The wood is used for fuel. It gives
a transparent gum. The fruit is eaten, and in Yarkand a spirit is distilled from it. It
is often planted. Mathieu Fl. For. 281 gives W = 36 to 41 lbs. per cubic foot.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. E. umbellata, Thunb.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 201; Brandis For. Fl. 390. Vern.
Qhiwdin, ghain, kankoli, bammeiva, Pb. ; Chindar, Pangi; Oinroi, Jaunsar; Oin-
ivanin, GarhwaK

EL.EAGNACE2E 581

A thorny, deciduous shrub. Bark grey. Wood white, hard, even-
grained, warps in seasoning. Annual rings distinctly marked by a
narrow continuous belt of moderate-sized pores; in the rest of the
wood the pores are very small and uniformly distributed, but occasion-
ally intermediate bands or larger pores are found. Medullary rays
short, broad.

Himalaya, from near the Indus to Bhutan, at 3-10,000 ft.

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. The fruit is eaten. T. Thomson
(" W. Himalaya and Tibet," p. 246) says that in the valleys of Iskardo the fuel consists
almost entirely of this plant. Aitchison (Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 92) speaks of it as
a tall tree cultivated for its flowers and fruit in the Kuram country.

lbs.

H 71. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft, (Gamble) 45

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1 (E. parvtfolia).

3. E. latifolia, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 202; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxx. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 390, t. 46 ; Gamble Darj. List 67 ; Talbot Bomb. List 170 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iii. 461. E. conferta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 440; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 331. E. arborea,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 441 ; Kurz For. Fl. i. 331. Vern. Ghiwdin, bana, nidyali, mijhaula,
Kumaon ; LoJiara, gldwai, Garhwal ; Jarila, Nep. ; Guara, Beng. ; Sheashong, Garo ;
Kamboong, Magh ; Kolungai, Tarn. ; Nurgi, amfy/ooZ, Mar. ; Welembilla, katnembilla,
Cingh. ; Hmaingu, mingu, Burm.

A straggling shrub, climber or small tree. Bark dark brown | to
h in. thick, deeply cleft in vertical or spiral fissures and peeling off
in thick plates. Wood light yellow, moderately hard. Pores small to
large, often oval, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, short,
showing a good silver-grain.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej to Bhutan, rising to

5000 ft., or perhaps more ; Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong ; Burma,

extending to the Shan Hills at 5000 ft. ; hills of the Western Ghats from the Konkan

southwards, ascending to 7000 ft. in the Nilgiris ; common at all elevations in Ceylon.

The fruit is eaten ; it is pleasantly acid and refreshing. The wood is a good fuel.

lbs.

O 4454. Re Nadi, Dehra Dun (Gamble) 41

E 2407. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling (Gamble) 45

W 3804. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 6500 ft. (Gamble) . . 45

2. HIPPOPHAE, Linn.

Two species.

1. H. rhamnoides, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 203 ; Brandis For. Fl. 388. Sea Buck-
thorn. Argousier, Fr. Vern. Tsarajy, tsarma, sirnia, tsiik, tarru, niechaJc, tserfcar,
tsermang, Ladak, Piti and Lahoul.

A large thorny shrub, sometimes a small tree. Bark grey, rough,
with vertical furrows. Heartivood yellowish-brown, mottled, mode-
rately hard, close-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by the
inner or spring wood being porous and mainly composed of numerous
moderate-sized pores, the outer or autumn wood being more compact,
with fewer and smaller pores. Medullary rays numerous, very fine,
equidistant.

Inner tract of the West Himalaya, chiefly in moist, gravelly stream beds, from
5-15,000 ft.

Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight 44 lbs. per cubic foot : according
to Mathieu Fl. For. p. 281, 38 lbs. to 54 lbs. The wood is used for fuel and charcoal,
and the dry branches for hedges. It is very valuable in the dry, almost treeless tracts
of the Inner Himalaya, and T. Thomson ("W. Himalaya and Tibet," p. 195, etc.)
mentions the shrub being gregarious in dense, almost impervious thickets in Nubra
and elsewhere in a country where it is the principal fuel. Aitchison says it is u=ed

582 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

for hedges in the Hariab District (Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 92). The fruit is eaten,
bat is very acid ; it is made into a preserve.

lbs.

H 135. Lahoul, 10,000 ft. (Rev. W. Heyde) 44

H 3063. Kunawar, 8000 ft —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. H. salieifolia, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 203 ; Brandis For. PI. 387. Vern. Ashuk,
Nep. ; Bur chuTc, Kumaon; Surch, sutz, Sutlej ; Tarivah, Byans ; Chuma, N.-W.
Provinces.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark dark grey, brown, soft, £ in.
thick, cleft in deep vertical furrows, and shallow cross ones into some-
what rectangular plates. Wood similar to that of H. rhamnoides,
except that the pores in the autumn wood are fewer and smaller.

Himalaya, from Jamu to Sikkim, at 5-10,000 ft. or higher, usually in moister
climates than H. rhamnoides.

This species is distinguished by the leaves being densely grey-hairy beneath as well
as scaly. The fruit is also eaten, and the wood is used for fuel. Duthie says that, in
Byans, the deeply cleft bark favours the growth of epiphytes, so that it is usually
covered with ferns (" Ind. Forester," xi. 4).

lbs.
H 4642. Datmir, Upper Tons Valley, Tehri-Garhwal, 8000 ft. (Gamble) 40

Order XCVII. LORANTHACEJE.

Parasitic evergreen shrubs, five genera — Loranthus, Viscum, Arceuthobium, Noto-
thixos and Ginalloa, some of the species very or even extremely small. They are of
greater forest interest on account of the damage they may do, than on account of their
size as woody plants.

1. LORANTHUS, Linn.

About 52 species, parasitic shrubs, some of which have large and conspicuous flowers.
The genus, as described in Fl. Br. Ind. v., has eight subgenera.

Subg. 1. Euloranthus. 2 species. The chief species is L. odoratus, Wall, found
in the Eastern Himalaya and the Khasia Hills, often on oaks.

Subg. 2. PHiENiCANTHEMUM. 11 species. L. Wallichianus, Schultz is a large species
of the bills of S. India, often found in the Nilgiris on Australian Acacias as well as on
the indigenous trees. L. pentapetalus, lloxb. is found in the Eastern Himalaya, Assam
and Eastern Bengal ; it is common in Darjeeling on oaks, maples, chestnuts and other
trees. L. ligustrinus, Wall, is a Himalayan or sub-Himalayan species said by Brandis
to be sometimes terrestrial or parasitic on roots. It grows chiefly on Albizzia, olive
or laurels.

Subg. 3. Heteranthus. 1 species. L. heteranthus, Wall, is found in Martaban in
Burma.

Subg. 4. Cichlanthus. 8 species. L. Scurrula, Linn, is a very common rnsty-
tomentose species found in many parts of India and Burma. L. pulverulentus, Wall, is
a white-leaved species of Northern India, frequent in Buteafrondosa. L. vestitus, Wall,
chiefly occurs in the Himalaya, usually on oak.

Subir. 5. DendrophtHjE. 17 species, the most important of which is L. longiflorus,
Desr. L. tomentosus, Heyne is a very common Nilgiri species, growing on most shola
trees, as do L. neelglierrensis, W. and A. and L. memecylifolius, W. and A., while
L. elastictis, Desr. is a big shrubby species of the same region, but at lower levels.

Subg. 6. Tolypanthus. 3 species, chief of which is L. involucratus, Boxb. of the
Eastern sub-Himalaya and Assam.

Subg. 7. Macrosolen. 6 species. L. ampidlaceus, Koxb. is found in Eastern Bengal
and Burma, while L. globosus, Roxb. occurs in the Sikkim Lower Hills and the same
region.

Subg. 8. Elytrantiie. 4 species, among which L. loniccroides, Linn, and L. capi-
iellatus, W. and A. are noticeable common kinds in the hills of South India, the former
very common on Australian Acacias.

All these species of Loranthus do considerable damage to forest trees. Perhaps the
most noticeable case of injury is that done to the introduced Acacias planted as fuel trees

LOKANTHACE^E 583

in the Nilgiri Hills. An account of their ravages is given in Dr. G. Bidie's " Report on
Neilgherry Loranthaceous Parasitical Plants," Madras, 1874, and it is explained how the
rough-barked A. Melanoxylon has suffered to a much greater extent than the smooth-
barked A. dealbata. The only remedy known is the cutting and burning of the parasites
whenever they can be got hold of. As pointed out by Mr. Clifford in " Ind. Forester,"
xxii. 1, most of the distribution of seed is done by birds, the chief distributers being
probably species of Dicceum. The whole berry is not eaten, but the outer pulp, the
bird wiping off the seed with its beak on to a branch, where it germinates.

Most species are called Banda or Band in Hindi, Ajeru in Nepalese and Kyibaung
in Burmese.

1. L. vestitus, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 212 ; Brandis For. Fl. 396. Vera. Band,
Hind. ; Bdnda, Jaunsar.

A parasitic shrub. Wood reddish-white, compact, close-grained,
moderately hard. Pores very small, arranged in rounded groups or
patches, which are uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, fine
to broad ; the distance between the rays several times larger than the
transverse diameter of the pores.

West Himalaya from the Ptavi to Nepal up to 7000 ft., Khasia Hills.

Growth slow, about 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight 51 lbs. per cubic foot. It
grows often to a large size, and is extremely common in some parts of the Himalaya,
especially on the Oaks, Quercus incana and Q. dilatata. It is also found on Odina,

Schleichera, Bandia, Machilus and other trees.

lbs.

H 3033. Theog, Simla, 7000 ft. (on Q. dilatata) —

H 2938. Below Naldehra, Simla, 5000 ft. (on Q. incana) ... 51

2. L. longiflorus, Desr.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 214; Brandis For. Fl. 397; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 321; Gamble Darj. List 67; Talbot Bomb. List 171 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 468.
L. bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 548. Vera. Band, amid, Pb. ; Bdnda, C.P. ; Batha, Banda ;
Bar a manda, faralla, Beng. ; Broosti, Lepcha ; Ajeru, Nep. ; Banda, kaingidi,'M&r.;
Yelinga wadinika, Tel. ; Kaurak, Bhil.

A parasitic shrub. Woody reddish, moderately hard. Pores very
small, very numerous. Medullary rays short, fine to very broad.

Outer Himalaya from the Jhelum eastwards, ascending to 7500 ft. ; Bengal ; Central
and South India ; Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

The commonest species. It has large, handsome, scarlet flowers. It grows on most
trees ; in North India on Melia, Bauhinia, Albizzia, Mallotus, the Mango, Peach and
Pear ; also on Sundri and other trees in the Sundaibans ; in Oudh on Bassia, Buchanania,
Diospyros ; in Sikkim on Sal and Albizzia ; in the North- West Himalaya on Oak.

H 3061. Koti, Simla, 6000 ft. (on Quercus dilatata).

3. L. neelgherrensis, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 216 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 468.
A large parasitic shrub. Bark brown, rough. Wood reddish-
brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often sub-
divided. Medullary rays short, broad, evenly spaced.

Nilgiri Hills in S. India at 4-7000 ft. ; Ceylon up to 7000 ft. : on various trees.
W 3901. Masnigudi, Nilgiris, 3000 ft. (Gamble).
W 4085. Lovedale, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

2. VISCUM, Linn. About 11 species belonging to two sections : (1) those with
leaves and (2) those without leaves, but with the internodes of the branches more or
less flattened. In the first section the chief species is the " Mistletoe," V. album, Linn. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 223 ; Brandis For. Fl. 392 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 323 ; Gamble Darj. List 68 ;
Vera. Tarapdni, Afgh. ; Bhangra, bdnda, bambal, kahbang, ahnlu, waJial, rini, reori,
reng,jerra,Vb. ; Ban, bdnda, Hind.; Ilurchu, Nep., a parasitic shrub found in the
Suliman Range, Himalaya and hills of Martaban above 3500 ft., chiefly on the Walnut,
Elm, Willow, Apricot and other Rosacea}, Alder, Maple, Poplar, Olive and Mulberry.

584 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

In Lahoul it is used medicinally, and in Europe it is used for birdlime. The other
species are V. monoicum, Roxb., found on trees in the Central and Eastern Himalaya
and sub-Himalayan tract, the Khasia Hills, Burma and South India ; V. orientate,
Willd., found in Bengal, Burma, South India and Ceylon ; V. verruculosum, Wt.,
V. orbiculatum, Wt., V, capitellatum, Sm. and V. ramosissimum, Wall., all South
Indian species ; and V. ovalifolium, Wall, of Burma and the Andaman Islands.

In the second section come V. articulatv/m, Burm. and V. japonicum, Thunb., found
over the greater part of India, and V. angulatum, Heyne in Southern India and the
Western Ghats.

3. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Rich. A. Oxycedri, M. Bieb. ; Brandis For. PI. 394 ; Yern.
Shiek, sdi, Lahoul, is a amall parasite found on Juniperus excelsa in Lahoul at 9-11,000 ft.
It grows by spreadiug its roots between the bark and wood of the Juniper, often killing
the branch on which it grows. It occurs also westward to the south of France. It is
apparently not mentioned in Fl. Br. Ind. A. minutissimum, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 227,
is said by Hooker in Fl. Br. Ind. to be "the most minute dicotyledonous plant that I
can call to mind." It is remarkable and important in a forest point of view on account
of the serious damage it does to its host the Blue Pine (Pinus excelsa), on which it
grows in masses in Kumaon and in Kashmir as discovered by Duthie, often completely
damaging whole areas of forest, and rendering the trees incapable of producing proper
timber. Duthie describes the plant as "at first sight appearing like bright green
'moss covering the smaller twigs of the pine tree" (" Ind. For." xi. 4).

4. NOTOTHIXOS, Oliv. N. fioccosus, Oliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 227 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iii. 473, t. 80, is a small shrubby parasite on trees in the moist low country of Ceylon.

5. GINALLOA, Korth. Three species, parasitic shrubs resembling Viscum.
G. Eelferi, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 326 ; Fl. Br. Iud. v. 228, is found in Tenasserim ;
G. spatliulifolia, Oliv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 228 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 473, in Ceylon ; and
G. andarnanica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 326 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 228, on Artocarpus Chaplasha
trees in the Andaman Islands.

Order XCVIII. SANTALACEiE.

Six species, trees or shrubs, some parasitic, belonging to two Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Osyridea? .... Pyrularia, Santalum, Osyris, Henslovia,

Scleropyrum.
„ II. Anthobolea? . . . Champereia.

The only one of these of any importance is Santalum, the genus to which belongs
S. album, the Sandalwood of India. In "A Note on Sandalwood " in " Ind. Forester,"
xx. 322, Dr. S. H. Koorders of Java says as follows : —

"Sandalwood is the product of various species of the genera Santalum, Linn, and
' Fusamis, R. Br., which both belong to the family of the Santalace/e. The most
' important of these two genera is Santalum, of which some 20 different kinds are
' known to be indigenous in Asia, Australia and Polynesia. Towards the east, S.
' insulare, Bert, is found in Tahiti and the Marquesas group, and is locally known as
" JEai.' The most southerly is S. Cunninghamii, Hook. f», found in New Zealand,
' and locally known as ' Mairi? In the Sandwich Islands, and generally in the north,
' S.pyridarium, A. Gray and S. Freycinetiamim, Gaud., are most common, both called
'by the Aborigines ' lanala.' Towards the west, and especially in India, S. album is
' most frequently met with. Dr. Seemann discovered in the Fiji Islands a very
' valuable sandalwood tree, called by him S. Yasi, but this tree is already nearly
' extinct in consequence of unrestricted fellings. In New Caledonia, S. Lomci and S.
' austro-caledonicum, Vieill. are found, but these, from the same reason, are now
' scarcp, although lately plantations have been formed in French territory. The wood
' of S. latifolium, Fumnus spicatus, R. Br. (S. Cygnorum, Miq.) and F. acuminatus,
' R. Br., is exported from S. W. Australia to England, as is also a so-called sandalwood
' from Queensland, the product of Eremophila MitchelU, Benth. of the family Myo-
' porine^e. These woods possess only a weak scent and are chiefly used in carpentry
' and joinery. From Zanzibar small blocks of sandalwood are exported, and also from

SANTALACE.E 585

1 Venezuela sandalwood is sent to Germany, but the botanical origin of these woods is
' unknown ; the former probably comes from the French station of Nossi-be.

" Before the middle of the 18th century India was the only country which exported
' sandalwood, but since its discovery in the islands of the Pacific Ocean the largest
1 quantities have been procured from thence, so that many of the local chieftains
' enriched themselves by this commerce ; for instance, the chief of Hawaii in the
' Sandwich Islands is supposed to have derived an income of some £60,000 annually
4 by the sale of sandalwood in the commencement of the present century. But the
' supply of sandalwood from the islands of the Pacific is now almost exhausted, and
' Australia hoped to occupy the market once entirely in the possession of Polynesia.
' In 1884, the export of the wood from Australia rose to 2620 tons, the product chiefly
' of Fusanus acuminatum, but the prices ruled low, on an average only £8 a ton, whereas
' the price of the best sandal in China rises from £12 to £40 per ton.

" In Europe and North America sandalwood is used for making objects of art and
' luxury, whilst sandal oil is employed in perfumery and for medicinal purposes. Its
' use in medicine has much increased during the last few years, and large cpuantities of
' wood are now required to furnish the oil which is employed successfully in those cases
' where the balsam of copaiba was formerly considered to be a specific. In the trade,
' three kinds are distinguished, East Indian, Macassar and West Indian. The first is
' a product of 8. album, the second probably from a closely allied species, and the third
' from the pseudo-sandal of Venezuela, which has been before mentioned. This so-called
' sandalwood is exported chiefly from Puerto Caballo, where it is called 'bucita capitala,'
' but the scent both of the wood and of the oil is very different from that of true
' sandal."

1. PYRULARIA, Mich.

1. P. edulis, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 230; Gamble Darj. List 68. Vern. Amphi,
kurumas, Nep. ; Safhyi, Lepcha ; Pyabdechu, Bhutia.

A small or moderate-sized thorny tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood
white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small and very small,
in oblique bands of softer tissue. Medullary rays fine and broad,
numerous, prominently reticulated on a radial section.

Nepal, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft.

Growth moderate, about 8 rings per inch of radius. The wood is used by Bhutias
for butter-making implements, the sap as a rennet to curdle milk. The fruit is eaten
by Lepchas in Sikkim.
J l lbs.

E 2406. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) 47

E 698. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . . .50
E 3408. Darjeeling, 6000 ft —

2. SANTALUM, Linn.

1. S. album, Linn. ; PL Br. Ind. v. 231 ; Roxb. PL Ind. i. 442 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
256; Brandis For. FL 398; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 329 ; Talbot Bomb. List 174. Sandal-
wood. Vern. C'handan, chandal, sandal, Hind. ; Oandka,gandada,'Ka,u.; Srigandam,
Tarn.; Santagu, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, nearly black, rough,
with short vertical cracks, inner substance dark red. Wood hard,
very close-grained and oily: sap wood white, scentless; heart wood
yellowish-brown, strongly scented. Annual rings distinctly marked
by more numerous and slightly larger pores in the spring wood.
Pores small, numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays short,
fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Dry region of South India, in Mysore, Coorg, the S. Mahratta country, the Ceded
Districts, the Carnatic, and the hills of the Western Ghats, the Nilgiris and Coimbatore.

586 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

It is also perhaps occasionally found, wild or nearly so, in districts of dry climate to
the north and south of the area described.

The Sandalwood tree affects chiefly open forest lands with grass and patches of
trees, usually on a red, rather stony soil, and so far as is known, it is on such soils
and in such conditions that the production of scented wood is the best. On this P.
Lushington says, " The observations I have made in North Coimbatore as regards soil
' point to the fact that on rich soils the tree grows luxuriantly, but the actually scented
' wood is not in such large proportion as in trees that are slower grown. In my opinion,
' the best wood is obtained from rich soils mixed with rock, but that scented wTood
' becomes less where the soil is rich and without stones.. The best wood and the richest in
« oil is grown between 2000 and 3000 ft." (" Notes on the Sandal Tree in S. India," " Ind.
Forester," vol. xxvi., Appendix). The sandal seed germinates in the shade, usually in
clumps of a tree or two with bushes, and as the fruit is largely eaten by birds who void
or drop the seeds from the branches of trees on which they perch, it is usually in such
places that the seedlings appear. They also are frequently seen in hedges or among
bushes near villages. As the plant grows, it requires more and more light, and if it
obtains this either naturally by pushing itself through the upper vegetation, as it
certainly can do, or more quickly with artificial aid, it ends by being itself the centre
of a clump of shrubby vegetation, producing quantities of fruit to be eaten by birds and
so disseminated. If carefully protected from fire and over-grazing, sandal will extend
itself naturally without any artificial help on any really suitable land, so that careful
protection and judicious management of existing forest areas, with occasional assistance
in the way of the gradual removal of cover as the tree grows, give, I think, a better
result than the expenditure of time and money oq plantations. Much has been done
in the way of the artificial planting of sandal, as has been described by such authorities
as H. C. Hill, J. L. Pigot, P. Lushington, and previously by D. Hutchins and others,
but the results have not been really satisfactory, for even the most successful pieces
of plantation would seem to have cost too much. Consequently, planting work has
been almost abandoned in favour of the dibbling of seed in the forest, and if this is
systematically done in suitable places under the shade of other trees and clumps of
bush, I believe it to be the best system of reproduction. All the same, all the evidence
seems to show that with proper care plants in baskets or in bamboo or tile cylinders
planted out among bushes have every chance of speedy success, but that planting in
the open should never be attempted. Broadcast sowing is not likely ever to succeed.
As P. Lushington says, " On the whole, I am inclined to think that the best way of
' aiding the reproduction of sandalwood artificially is to increase the scrub, and this is
' best effected by merely keeping out fire and grazing. As soon as the scrub reaches
'2 or 3 ft., sandal reproduces naturally from seed dropped by birds, and this may
' perhaps be further assisted by dibbliug." Foulkes recommends wounding the soil
deeply and sowing the seed in lines alternating with some hardy species like
Xyha dolabriformis, or else "dibbling the seed among stunted bushes." lie says also
"when young, grows as a root parasite," and this has been said, but less definitely, by
others, though I am not aware that any one has yet proved it to be really the case.

The rate of groivth of sandal varies considerably according to locality, i.e. soil,
climate and conditions of growth. Beddome found 0, 4 and 3£ rings per inch of radius
for planted trees in North Coimbatore, and in " Notes on Sandal," " Ind. Forester," iii.,
old trees in Mysore were found to give an average of 9"2 rings. Lushington mentions
that for the purpose of Working Plans, 8 in. growth in girth per 10 years has been taken
as an average rate, and the exploitable age fixed at 40 years, the minimum size of a
native tree being taken at 32 in. at 4J ft. above ground. The system of working in
the Madras Presidency is that of selection fellings over one-tenth of the area yearly,
so that each locality is gone over once in ten years, when all dead and dying trees
are removed, as well as ail roots and all trees above 32 in. girth. In Mysore, sandal,
wherever found, is a "royal" tree, the property of the State, so that the greater part of
the wood taken to market each year comes from trees in hedgerows and in scrub
forests outside the reserved areas. The wood cut is taken to depots called " Kothis,"
where it is prepared for sale by removing the sapwood which is not scented, and
classifying the billets or pieces or shavings and even the dust, according to a rather
elaborate classification. The following table, taken from J. L. Pigot's paper on sandal-
wood, written to accompany a fine trophy exhibited by the Maharaja of Mysore at
the Paris Exhibition of 1900, gives the classification and the values of the different
classes calculated from the results of the auction sales of seven years ending with
1898-99 :—

SANTALACE.E

587

Rates per ton.

Description of wood.

From

To

Ks.

Rs.

First-class billets (or Vilayat Budh)

483

610

Second-class billets (or China Budh)

446

571

Third-class billets (or Panjam)

442

565

Ghotla (or billets of short length)

432

530

Ghat Badala ....

440

500

Bagaradad

354

511

Boots (first class)

500

580

„ (second class) .

416

547

„ (third class) .

381

555

Jajpokal (first class)

400

470

„ (second class) .

375

440

Ain Bagar

350

432

Cheria (or large Chilta) .

270

355

Ain Chilta

122

393

Hatri Chilta .

175

401

Milva Chilta .

40

155

Basola Bukni .

30

80

Sawdust or powder .

400

500

The average annual sales in Mysore amount to 1841 tons ; to which we may add
102 tons cut in Coorg, and about 75 tons in Madras, so that we may put down the
Indian outturn at about 2000 tons. The Bombay sales amount to very little. The
value of the yearly export from India is about £40,000.

Sandalwood is used in India in the manufacture of boxes, frames and other small
articles, which are usually very beautifully carved. Some very fine specimens of this
carving were exhibited at Paris in 1900. But the chief customer is China, and it is
understood that most of the wood which goes there is made into coffins for rich people.
A good deal also goes to Arabia, and some to Europe. The average weight of the
wood is about 60 lbs. per cubic foot. Skinner gives P = 874, Fowke 878 lbs. The
proportion of heartwood in an ordinary log of sandalwood has been estimated to amount
usually to very nearly one-half.

A certain amount of the sandalwood produced is used for the distillation of a
scented oil, which is used in perfumery and as a medicine of importance. The wood
has been found suitable for engraving, but is probably too valuable for such a use as a
regular matter. The tree may sometimes grow fairly big. Lowrie mentions one in
Coorg which was 66 in. in girth at 5 ft. above ground.

In Mysore, sandal trees are sometimes attacked and even killed by the larva} of tie
Cossid moth, Zenzera coffeoe, Nietner, which tunnels into the wood (Stebbing " Inj.
Ins." p. 104). Sandal is also affected by a disease called " spike,'1 the nature of which
has not yet been ascertained (H. C. Hill, " Note on Sandal," 1901).

E 2489. Botanic Garden, Calcutta (a tree blown down in the cyclone

of 1864) (King) ....
D 1209, 2307, 3140. Mysore ....
D 3999. Sandiir Forests, Bellary (Gamble)
D 4026. Collegal, Coimbatore, Madras

D 1360. Salem, Madras

No. 125, Ceylon Collection, new ....
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

56

71, 60 and 60

. 63

. 63

. 61

I have recently received, by the kindness of F. B. Manson, Conservator of Forests,
Tenasserim, specimens of Nadapyoo and Nadanyi, as well as of Kalamet, to supple-
ment No. B 1950 (62 lbs.) received from Tavoy in 1878. Of these, Manson says,
" The specimen of Nadapyoo was obtained in the bazar in Mergui, so that it may be
' imported sandalwood. That of Nadanyi was received with it, with the report that
'a tree is growing in Palaw township of Mergui." Both these are unmistakably
sandalwood. The Kalamet specimens came, one from the Rangoon bazar, the other
from the Mergui District, where the tree grows on the headwaters of the Theingon

588 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Choung, i.e. at the easternmost point of the District. " The wood is brought out by
' parties of men who organize an expedition for the purpose in the cold weather. Only
' dead wood is extracted, and it is pretended that if the tree is artificially killed the
' scent of the wood is impaired." The scent of Kalamet is quite different, to judge by
Manson's specimens, from that of true sandalwood. It is rather difficult to describe,
but most resembles that of tbe bog myrtle of Europe. The structure also differs, for
tbe wood is darker in colour, the pores are larger, and somewhat concentrically arranged,
the medullary rays are rather broader, more prominent and fewer, and the annual rings
more marked (Nos. B 4920, 4921). I am in hopes of soon receiving good botanical
specimens sufficient to clear up the question of the botanicaliposition of the tree, which
it is clearly important to do. See, also, Sir D. Brandis in Ind. For. xxvii. 516.

3. OSYRIS, Linn.

1. 0. arborea, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 232 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxxi. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 399; Talbot Bomb. List 174; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 474. Yern. Bakardharra,
halcarja, Kumaon ; Dalrai, dalima, Garhwal ; Popoli, lotal, Mar.; Jhuri, Nep.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark dark greyish-brown,
rough with shallow vertical fissures. Wood red, hard, close-grained.
Pores small, regular. Medullary rays fine, regular, short.

Outer Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej to Bhutan, but not in
Sikkim, ascending to 7000 ft. ; Central Provinces and hills of the X. Circars ; west
coast from the Konkan southwards from sea-level to the top of the Ghats, also in hill
ranges of South India; Shan Hills of Burma ; patana country of Ceylon at 3-5000 ft.

The shrub is usually very glabrous, ashy-coloured, but pubescent specimens (var.
puberula) occur in the C.P. and Nilgiris. Aikin in Wallich's list rightly describes the

wood as hard, compact and fine-grained.

lbs.
H 4450. Malkot Forests, Dehra Dun (Gamble) 62

4. HENSLOVIA, Blume. Three species, parasitic shrubs with the general appear-
ance of the mistletoe. //. granulata, Hook. f. and Th. and H. heterantha, Hook. f. and
Th.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 232, 233; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 328; Gamble Darj. List 68; Vern.
Ajeru, Nep., are found in the Eastern Himalaya at 2-7000 ft., on oaks, Eugenia and
other trees, both species extending to Burma. H. varians, Bl. is a species from
Tenasserim.

5. SCLEROPYRUM, Arnott. S. Wallichianum, Arn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 234 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 174; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iii. 475 (Pyridaria WaUichiana, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 304) ; Vern. Benduga, Kan., is a small thorny tree of the Western Ghats from the
Konkan southwards; of the Shan Hills in Upper Burma; and of the moist hill region
of Ceylon at 4-6000 ft. Beddome says it has a light-coloured, curiously-grained wood.

6. CHAMPEREIA, Griff. C. Griffithiana, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 236 ; Kurz
For. Fl. 330, is a small tree of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. Prain mentions
having found it on the Great and Little Coco Islands and in the coast zone of Little
Andaman as a common tree 30 to 50 feet hisrh.

Order XCIX. EUPHORBIACEJE.

A large but not very important Order of Forest plants, containing 57 Indian woody
genera in six Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Euphorbieae . . Euphorbia.

„ II. Buxea; . . . Sarcococca, Buxus.

„ III. Phyllantheaj . Bridelia, Cleistanthus, Actephila, Andrachne,

Phyllanthus, Glochidion, Flueggia, Breynia, Sau-
ropuB, Putranjiva, Hemicyclia, Cyclostcmon,
Mischodon, Bischofia, Aporosa, Daphniphyllum,
Antidesma, Baccaurea, Hymenocardia.
,, IV. Galeariea) . . Galearia, Micrcdesmis, Platystigma.

EUPHORBIACE.E 589

Tribe V. Crotoneas . . Jatropha, Tritaxis, Aleurites, Croton, Givotia,

Trigonostemon, Ostodes, Blachia, Dimorphocalyx,
Agrostistachys, Sumbavia, Claoxylon, Acalypha,
Adenochlsena, Coelodepas, Alchornea, Podadenia,
Trewia, Coccoceras, Ccelodiscus, Mallotus, Clei-
dion, Macaranga, Homonoia, Lasiococca, Eicinus,
Gelonium, Chastocarpus, Baliospermuni, Cnes-
mone.
„ VI. Hippomaneaj . Sapium, Excascaria.

None of tbese genera produce trees of tbe 1st class as regards timber, the best being
probably Bischofia javanica, and only a few like Bridelia retusa, Phyllanthus Emblica,
Cleistanthus collinus and Mallotus philippinensis are sufficiently common to be of
importance in Indian Sylviculture. The boxwood of the Himalaya is of considerable
value, though the quantity is insufficient for a large trade ; and a few other trees have
woods of interest, such as Daphniphyllum, which has a wood streaked with bright red,
and Lasiococca and Hemicyclia, whose wood is of much the same quality as box. A
few other genera have trees which are of local importance, like Hemicyclia and Excce-
caria ; and a few give products of value, but compared with Orders of a similar large
number of species, Euphorbiacea is certainly uninteresting in a Forest point of view.
It contains nothing near the number of useful timbers that is produced in its great
neighbour, the Urticacece.

The Euphorbiacece are generally characterized by the presence of poisonous principles,
the poison being found in various parts of the plant, in the milky juice of Euphorbia,
Exccecaria and Sapium ; in the seeds and fruits in Cleistanthus, Croton, Jatropha,
etc. It is also an important Order as one of those which give indiarubber ; and notable
among the plants which afford that most valuable product are the species of Hevea,
giving the Para rubber of commerce, and the Manihot G-laziovii, Muell. Arg., giving
the Ceara. A species of Hevea, probably H. braziliensis, Muell. Arg., has been success-
fully cultivated in Tavoy, and it is now contemplated very largely to extend this culti-
vation as a Government undertaking. As is well known, the Para Caoutchouc enjoys
the highest estimation of all the varieties of the article in the trade, and the introduction
of the cultivation of the best kinds of Hevea will be an important advantage to India.
The Heveas are large trees with soft wood, and the collection of the milk is done by
vertical incisions, allowing the juice to run into a vessel or bamboo. It is afterwards
coagulated over a fire. The Ceara rubber tree has also been successfully cultivated in
many places in India and in Ceylon. It is a small tree with the general appearance of
a Macaranga or Ricinus, and does best in a somewhat dry climate. The seeds have
a very hard shell, which usually requires to be filed to assist germination. The rubber
is usually collected in Brazil by very lightly paring the outer bark, being careful not
to cut through it, but only as far as the milk vessels. The milk which runs down is
allowed to dry, when it is pulled off the tree and rolled into balls. The wood is soft
and of a dingy white ; it has small scanty pores arranged in roughly concentric lines
and very fine numerous medullary rays (W 4121, Northernhay, Nilgiris, 3000 ft. —
Gamble). Another species of the same genus, Manihot utilissima, Pobl., is the well-
known plant much cultivated in Bengal, Burma and other parts of India, and giving
the Cassava root and the tapioca of commerce. ( Wood white, soft. Pores large,
irregular, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays numerous, fine (Nordlingef's
Sections, vol. 8)). Tan is yielded by the fruits of Phyllanthus Emblica and by the
barks of some other species ; castor-oil is given by Ricinus communis (see p. 622) ;
a good oil by Aleurites moluccana (see p. 613), while the medicinal Croton oils are
given by Croton Tiylium and Jatropha Curcas.

The wood of the trees of the Order EuphorbiacE/E has no very
marked general distinguishing characteristic ; but still it may be said
that it is noticeable for the pores being usually more scanty than in
many other Orders. In some genera they are characteristically
arranged in short radial lines. In almost all genera the medullar'/
rays are fine, close and uniform, in some they are very indistinct. In
some genera, transverse ladder-like bars are conspicuous. In respect
to colour, there are three classes, the white or grey, the red, and the

590 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

brown or greyish-brown. In respect to weight, some are very light,
most are moderately so, few or none very heavy.

Among white-wooded genera, the most noticeable are —

(1) Soft woods : Euphorbia, Jatropha, Givotia, Ostodes, Trewia,

Sapium, Exccecaria. Of these Givotia and Trewia show
transverse bars; Exccecaria, rather numerous and Eu-
phorbia, Sapium and Jatropha very few pores.

(2) Moderately hard woods: Sarcococca, Dofphniphyllum, Cyclo-

stemon, Croton. Of these Daphniphyllum has numerous
and Croton very few pores, while Croton and Cyclostemon
show transverse bars.

(3) Hard woods : Buxus, Hemicyclia, Lasiococca and Gelonium.

Of these Buxus has numerous, regular pores, the others

somewhat scanty ; while Hemicyclia has conspicuous,

Lasiococca and Gelonium faint, transverse bars.

The red-wooded genera are fairly uniform in their structure, so

that Phyllanthus, Gloohidion, Cleistanthus are characterized by pores

in short radial strings between regular numerous fine medullary rays.

Flueggia has a harder close-grained wood, and Bischojia has rough

open-grained wood with rather broad medullary rays.

In the genera with brown or greyish- or olive-brown wood,
Macaranga is very soft, Mallotus pale-coloured and rather soft,
Bridelia has a hard wood of characteristic appearance, and Putran-
jiva and Baccaurea present transverse bars, the latter wood being
lighter and softer.

Tribe I. EUPH0RBIE.E.
1. EUPHORBIA, Linn.

A genus which chiefly contains herbaceous plants, but of which two subgenera
include fleshy shrubs or trees of characteristic appearance. There are eight species,
mostly plants of dry hot rocky slopes. I regret to be unable fully to check the wood
descriptions and to make quite sure of their identification, having lost the corresponding
herbarium sheets. I can only hope that my identification in the field was a correct
one, as I believe it was. In Subgenus Tirucalli come E. Tirucalli, Linn, and E.
epiphylloides, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 416 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 254, the latter an erect unarmed
fleshy small tree of the rocky coast of South Andaman Island. In Subgenus Dia-
canthium come E. neriifolia, Linn., E. tortiJis, Rottler, and E. Royleana, Boiss., as
well as the following three others. E. Nivulia, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 255 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccxvi. ; Brandis For. Fl. 439; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 417; Talbot Bomb. List 176 (E.
nereifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 467); Vern. Thor, tiir, senhur, Hind.; Suru, Jaunsar;
Sij, Beng. ; Newrang, Mar. ; Jamadu, Tel. ; Shazaung, Burm., is a shrub with round
branches, not ribbed, and pairs of spines in spirals which is found on dry rocky hills in
the West Himalaya, Sinii, Guzerat, Burma and South India, and is sometimes used
for hedges. E. antiquorum, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 255 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 468 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. ccxvi. ; Brandis For. Fl. 438 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 416 ; Gamble Darj. List 68 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 176 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 4 ; Vern. Nara sij, tekata sij, Beng. ; Tid-
hrira, Hind. ; Shidu, Mechi ; Narsej, Mar. ; Kalli, chatura kalli, Tarn. ; Daluk, Cingh. ;
Shazaungpyathat, Burm., is a small tree of dry places almost all over India, with 3-6
angled branches and pairs of stipular thorns. It is often used for hedges or planted
in gardens, and by the Mechi tribe in the Terai, Di'iars and Assam forests it is
cultivated as a sacred tree. E. trigona, Haworth ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 256; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 468; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxvi.; Brandis For. Fl. 438 (E. Cattimandoo, Elliot; Braudis
For. Fl. 438), is a small branching thorny tree with angular twisted stems, giving an
abundant milk, which, like that of all the species, hardens into a kind of gutta-percha,
and is used in medicine, as a cement and for other purposes.

EUPHORBIACE/E 591

E. pulcherrima, Willd. ; Brandis For. Fl. 439; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 418 (Poinsettia
pulcherrima, Grah.), is a well-known garden shrub with large crimson floral leaves,
introduced from Mexico and cultivated in gardens in most parts of India.

Wood whitish, soft, cuts like cork. Pith large. Pores small, scanty,
often subdivided. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous.

1. E. Tirucalli, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 254; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 470; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccxvii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 439 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 417 ; Talbot Bomb. List 176 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 5. Yern. Lanka sij, Beng. ; Sehud, Hind. ; Nevli, thuvar, seyr,
Mar.; Tele gulla, Kan.; Tiru halli, Mai.; Kalli, Tam. ; Nawahandi, Cingh. ;
Shazaunglethnyo, Burin.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark brown or greenish-brown.
Wood white or grey, moderately hard. Pores small, single or sub-
divided in 2 or 3, very scanty. Medullary rays extremely fine and
numerous, regular.

Native of Africa, but naturalized in Bengal, the Peninsula and Ceylon, elsewhere
cultivated.

This species is recognized by its round green unarmed branches. It is often used
for hedges, especially in the Deccan.

lbs.

C 3509. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

D 4276. Garladinne, Anantapur „ 34

2. E. neriifolia, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 255 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxvi. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 439; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 416; Talbot Bomb. List 176; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 5.
E. UguJaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 465. Vern. Mausa sij, Beng. ; Gangichu, Pb. ; Thor,
nivarung,seej,mingut,Ma.r.; Kalli, Tam. ; Yellikalli, Kan. ; Patak, Cingh.; Shazavng,
Burm.

A small tree. Bark reticulated. Pith large, round. Wood white,
soft, even-grained. Pores small, very scanty, usually in pairs.
Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous.

Rocky places in the Deccan Peninsula and on the "West Coast ; elsewhere cultivated.
This species has more or less cylindric stem with 4 or 5 angled or ridged thorny
ribs. It gives a copious milk used in medicine.

lbs.

D 4174. Dornal, Kurnool (Gamble) 26

3. E. tortilis, Bottler ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 256 ; Bedd. Sylv. ccxvi. ; Brandis For. Fl.
439 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 5. Vern. Sinuk, Cingh.

A large fleshy shrub. Bark dark grey, rough, shining. Pith quad-
rangular. Wood soft, white or greyish-white, even-grained. Pores
small, very scanty. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous.

Dry districts of South India and Ceylon.

The stem and branches are roughly 4-angled and spirally twisted in broad wings
set with spines.

D 4320. Ravtir Forest, Nellore (Gamble).

4. E. Royleana, Boiss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 257 ; Braudis For. Fl. 438. Vern. Thor,
Pb. ; Sali, Jhelum ; Chula, Chenab; Chun, Ravi; Chu, chiinga, surs, Beas; Sura,
tsici, Sutlej ; Suru, Jaunsar; Sihilnd, Kumaon.

A small tree with fleshy branches. Wood white, soft, spongy.
Pores small, scanty, subdivided. Medullary rays extremely fine and
numerous.

Outer Himalaya from the Jhelum to Kumaon, on dry rocky slopes, ascending to
6000 ft. ; Salt Range of the Punjab.

This conspicuous species has 5-angled thorny stems, and is sometimes used for
hedges.

P 3075. Sabathu, Punjab (Gamble).

592 A -MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tribe II. BUXE.E.
2. SARCOCOCCA, Lincll.

1. S. pruniformiS, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 266 ; Gamble Darj. List 68 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 9. S. saligna, Muell. Arg.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxvii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 448.
Vera. Tilidri, Jaunsar; Pint, Garhwal; Bukatsing, Kumaon ; Chilikat, Nep.

A large or small evergreen, often straggling, shrub. Bark light
brown, thin. Wood white, moderately hard, close- and even-grained.
Pores very small, scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine
to moderately broad, numerous, close.

Himalaya, almost throughout, at 5-9000 ft. or higher; Khasia Hills and Manipur
at 4—6000 ft. ; hills of the N. Circars above 4000 ft. ; Western Ghats from Kanara
eastwards, especially on Nilgiris at 6-8000 ft. ; hills of Ceylon.

This shrub is very variable in size and appearance. In the West Himalaya
it is quite small and hardly woody, with long narrow leaves, and is a very common
undergrowth in the drier hill forests, especially those of oak and rhododendron ; in
the Darjeeling Forests, the leaves are broader but small and penniveined, and the
shrub grows considerably larger, being not very common ; on the Nilgiri Hills and in
those of Ceylon it grows quite large and has broad rather large triple-nerved leaves,
and it is there a straggling bush covering a considerable area in the underwood of
sholas above 7000 ft. The wood is sometimes used for walking-sticks.

lbs.

H 2832. Simla Forests, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

C 3784. Atahendragiri Hill, Ganjam, 4500 ft. (Gamble) . —
W 3809. Ootacamund, Nilgiris (Gamble) 44

3. BUXUS, Linn.

1. B. sempervirens, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 267 ; Bran-Hs For. Fl. 447. The
Box tree. Buis, Fr. ; Buxbaum, Germ.; Bosso, Ital. Vera. Shanda laghune, Afgh.;
Chikri, Kashmir ; Papri, papar, paprang, shamshad, shumaj, Pb. ; Shibsashin, Byans.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark grey, soft, corky, cut
into small plates by deep horizontal and vertical cracks. Wood
yellowish-white, hard, smooth, very close- and even-grained. Annual
rings distinctly marked by a narrow line without pores. Pores ex-
tremely small, numerous, uniform and uniformly distributed. Mi dvMary
rays fine to extremely fine, very numerous, short.

Suliman and Salt Kanges ; Himalaya eastwards to Nepal and in Bhutan at 4-8000
ft., chiefly on calcareous soil. It does not occur regularly, but here and there in
suitable places, chiefly in ravines and small valleys and usually on a northerly aspect.

The distribution of box in the Himalaya is not very easy to understand, as it does
not seem to depend upon any very definite quality of climate, soil or surrounding
vegetation. For the Punjab, Kibbentrop in " Ind. Forester," xi. 25 gives an account of
boxwood localities, which shows that in the Rawalpindi Divisiou there were about 500
acres, much of which was in the Margala Reserve on limestone at 2-3000 ft. ; in the
Shahpur Salt Range there were scattered patches on sandstone at 3500-4000 ft. ; in
Bashahr there were many localities, aggregating about 820 acres at 6-8000 ft., etc. ;
but that in all localities the box was constant in requiring a moist and sheltered
place, preferring alluvial deposits along the banks of streams, disliking wind and
choosing a north-west or northerly aspect.

In the North-Western Provinces, box is found in Jaunsar, in Tehri-Garhwal, in
Garhwal and in Kumaon (see Hearle in " Ind. Forester," ix. 196, and Bryant in " Ind.
Forester," xi. 283). The chief localities in Jaunsar are iu the Matkangra and Jadi
Blocks of the Deoban Forests, near Chakrata, both cool shady ravines on limestone
at about 7000 ft. In Tehri-Garhwal there is a pretty forest at Datmir on the Upper
Tons at about 8000 ft., and another in the Kangogadii at about the^same elevation, and
there are forests in the Jumna Valley. Iu British Garhwal and Kumaon, the forests,
according to Bryant, are on slopes with a northerly or north-west aspect at 7-9000 ft.,

EUPHORBIACE.E 593

and rarely far from the Snowy Range. Duthie mentions fine specimens in the Kali
Valley, Byans, at 7-8000 ft. Bryant estimates 25,000 trees, an exploitable age of
80 years, the average tree giving about 3 cub. ft. My own opinion is that, if once
started, box will grow in almost any Himalayan valley with a more or less northern
aspect, and that the tree was probably in former times much more widely spread, the
present localities being only the last resting-places.

Box trees grow to a large size in the Himalaya, occasionally attaining over 5
ft. in girth, while trees of over 3 ft. in girth are not at all Uncommon, but the
growth is usually very slow. Of the specimens herein mentioned, No. H 77 from
the Shali gave 14, and H 38 from Kandru 16 rings per inch of radius, while H
990 from Kunawar gave as much as 75. The average was 33i. Brandis gives
15 to 20. If we assume 20 rings per inch as the rate and a. radius of 6 in. as the
size aimed at, we have the age of an exploitable tree as 120 years, and this is
probably a minimum. The demand seems fairly good, for traders are constantly about
in the hills ready to purchase trees of good size, so that it seems not only that it is
right carefully to conserve existing areas, but that extension should be arranged for in
suitable localities. At present, in Jaunsar, it is usual to sell only trees of above 3 ft.
in girth, in selection, the number being fixed at what seems likely to maintain the
supply, and this is the best system, and should be fixed in the Working Plans.
Box reproduces well from seed, the seedlings bearing shade very well, but requiring to
be helped to get more light by degrees. It also reproduces freely from cuttings, as
may be seen on the Nilgiris where it is raised in quantities for the hedges in the
Government Cinchona estates. It might be found worth while to plant it on shady
northern aspects on the Nilgiris, as the nearness to the coast would make the sale of
the wood much more profitable than it is from such distant places as the sites in the
inner Himalaya.

The uses of boxwood are well known. In Europe it is used for engraving, turning,
carving and mathematical instruments. In the Himalaya small boxes to contain
butter, honey, tinder, snuff, etc., are made of it, and it is carved into combs. The
boxwood to be used for engraving requires very careful and lengthened seasoning ; on
this subject and on the other requisite characters of boxwood for commercial purposes,
the following extract from a letter of Messrs. J. Gardner and Sons, of Liverpool, to the
Inspector-General of Forests, dated April 3, 1877, will give information : —

" The value of boxwood at Bombay of suitable texture for the English market, of
' which latter we can judge from a few sample pieces, will depend principally upon the
' quality.

" Wood from 2 to 4 in. diameter is required to be free from splits or cracks, other-
' wise, however free from knots and straight and round it may be, the value would not
' exceed £1 to £2 per ton, whilst if free from splits, round and straight and with —

'Not exceeding one knot per foot in length) ,, , „ , , , (£10 per ton

' Exceeding 1 knot and not exceeding 2 knots th? value woul(1 Pro^bly £7 l0s. „
2 knots „ „ 3 „ J De (£5

' all knots or holes counted as such, however small.

"Wood 4 in. and upwards in diameter is preferred with one split rather than
'sound or with more than one split, any splits after the first reducing the value on
' account of the additional waste in working the same.

Averaging per foot in length.
1 knot. 2 knots. 3 knots.

"The value of round and ("4 to 5 in. diameter .

straight (1 split) aver-] 5 to 6 „ „ . .

aging (6 in. and upwards diameter

" If the splits are twisted more than 1 in. to the foe
' size, and 3 in. to the foot length if large, the value is reduced one-half.

" The above values will, of course, vary in accordance with the supply and demand
' for the various sizes and qualities.

"The most suitable texture of wood will be found growing upon the sides of
' mountains. If grown in the plains, the growth is usually too quick, and consequently
' the grain is too coarse; the wood of best texture being of slow growth and very one
' in the grain.

"It should be cut down in the winter, and, if possible, stored at once in airy

■2 Q

£ £ s.

£ s.

6 4 10

3 0

9 6 0

3 0

12 9 0

4 10

if small, 2

iu

. if medium

594 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

' wooden sheds, well protected from sun and rain, and not to have too much air
'through the sides of the shed, more especially for wood under 4 in. diameter.

" The boxwood also must not be piled upon the ground, but be well skidded under,
' so as to be kept quite free from the effects of any damp from the soil.

" After the trees are cut down, the longer they are left exposed the more danger is
' there afterwards of the wood splitting more than is absolutely necessary during the
'necessary seasoning before shipment to this country.

" If shipped green there is great danger of the wood sweating and becoming
'mildewed during transit, which causes the wood afterwards to dry light and of a
' defective colour, and in fact renders it of little value for commercial purposes.

" There is no occasion to strip the bark off, or to put cowdung or anything else upon
' the ends of the pieces to prevent their splitting.

" Boxwood is the nearest approach to ivory of any wood known, and will therefore
' probably gradually increase in value, as it, as well as ivory, becomes scarcer. It is
'now used very considerably in manufacturing concerns, but on account of its gradual
' advance in price during the past few years, cheaper woods are in some instances being
' substituted.

" Small wood under 4 in. is used principally by flax-spinners for rollers and by
' turners for various purposes, rollers for rink-skates, etc., etc., and if free from splits is
'of equal value with the larger wood. It is imported here as small as li in. in
'diameter, but the most useful sizes are from 2£ to 3^ in., and would, therefore, we
' suppose, be from 15 to 30 or 40 years in growing, whilst larger wood would require
' 50 years and upwards at least — perhaps we ought to say 100 years and upwards. It
' is used principally for shuttles for weaving silk, linen and cotton, and also for rule-
' making and wood engraving. Punch, The Illustrated London News, The Graphic,
' and all the first-class pictorial papers use large quantities of boxwood."

In the Himalaya, it has been found best, after felling the trees and sawing them
into suitable billets, to cut one side of each billet from the circumference to the centre,
so that it may, if liable to split, merely enlarge this crack and keep the rest of the
wood free from clefts.

As regards sales, Gleadow ("Ind. Forester," vol. xxvi. Appendix i. 20) says,
" Boxwood is so valuable that it has been exported from here to England ; the first
' lot sent (1880), which weighed nearly 13 tons, realized £30 per ton. A second lot
' despatched in 1882, weighing 27 tons, realized £15 per ton, and a third lot, cut in
' the Kuphar forest on the Jumna in Tehri Garhwal, weighing 10 tons, was sent in
' 1884, and realized £20 per ton." Some sent from Nairn Tal in 1880-81 realized £30
per ton. Marshall Ward, in Laslett's " Timber and Timber Trees," gives the market
value at £28 per ton. The cost of extraction and freight come to about £10 per ton.
But it is probable that, the available quantity being so limited, export sales are
scarcely worth the trouble they cause, and that sales to the local dealers, who buy f< >r
local use, mostly at Amritsar in the Punjab, will suffice.

Weight: Brandis gives 60-65 lbs. per cubic foot; Mathieu, for European wood,
56-72 lbs., the specimens enumerated average 57 lbs.

The leaves are poisonous to cattle, only goats eat them sparingly with impunity ;
they are used in the south of France as manure for vineyards.

lbs.

H 930. Hazara, 7000 ft 59

H 165. Kangra (Stewart, 1866) 58

H 168. Shahpur „ —

H 614. Kulu, 7000 ft, (W. Pengelly) 56

H 954, 990. Kunawar 54

II 38. Kandru, Simla, 8000 ft 60

H 77, 2914. Shali, Simla, 7000 ft 57

H 424. Darna block, Deoban, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. (Bagshawe) . . 55
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

Tribe III. PHYLLANTHE^l.
4. BRIDELIA, Willd.

About 13 species, trees, shrubs or straggling climbers. B. burmanica, Hook. f. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 269 (B. amaina, Kurz For Fl. ii. 368), is a small deciduous tree of

EUPHORBIACE/E 595

Upper Burma; B. dasycalyx, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 369; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 271, is a large
climbing shrub of dry and open forests in Burma ; and B. minutiflora, Hook. f. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 273, is a tree of Tenasserim. B. assamica, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 269, is
a tree of Assam and Sylhet. B. jmbescens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 367 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 270,
is an evergreen tree of the lower hills of Sikkim up to 5000 ft., and the eastern slopes
of the Pegu Yoma. B. Hamiltoniana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 271 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccii. ; Talbot Bomb. List 176, is a straggling shrub of the forests of Monghyr, the
Kymore Hills and the Konkan Ghats. B. Griffithii, Hook. f. (B. ovata, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 368) is a climbing shrub of the Andamans, and B. Kurzii, Hook. f. a climber
of the Nicobar Islands.

Wood grey or olive-brown, seasons well. Pores small to moderate -
sized. Medullary rays fine or moderately broad.

1. B. retusa, Spreng.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 268; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 260; Brandis For.
Fl. 449 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 368 ; Gamble Darj. List 68 ; Talbot Bomb. List 176 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 10. B. crenulata, Roxb. and B. spinosa, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 734,
735. Vern. Bathor, mark, Pb. ; Khaja, kassi, gaidi, Hind.; Gaya, dhaulo, gauli,
Garhwal; Katganja, kulgaya, Kumaon ; Ekdaniu, Saharanpur; Karjara, Jeypore ;
Lamkana, Ajmere; Angnera, Banswara; Asana, asauna, kanta kanchi, Mar.; Geio,
Nep. ; Pengji, Lepcha ; Nanda, Rajbanshi ; Katakuchi, Mechi ; Kashi, Garo ; Kamkui,
Chittagong; Kosi, Uriya; Kdj, Monghyr; Kadurpala, Sonthal; Kharaka, haJea,
K61 ; Karika, Bhumij ; Kanj, kaji, Kharwar ; Kosi, rugendi, Khond ; Anepu, Pal-
konda; Anap, Reddi ; Mulio-vengay, kamanji, mullu maruthu, Tarn. ; Koramau, dmli
mdddi, koramadi, duriamadi, kodari, bonta yepi, Tel. ; Kassei, Gondi ; Karka, Kurku ;
Gunjan, kati a/in, Mar., Bhil ; Asuna, goje, mulla honne, guorgi, Kan.; Midhtngayum,
Mai. ; Adamarathu, Tinnevelly ; Seikchi, Burm. ; Keta kola, Ciugh.

A large deciduous tree, with thorns on the bark of young stems.
Bark j in. thick, grey or brown, rough with longitudinal cracks and
exfoliating in long irregular plates. Wood moderately hard to hard,
grey to olive-brown, close-grained, seasons well. Annual rings
marked by pale lines. Pores moderate-sized, in short radial groups,
or single, scanty, the groups sometimes obliquely or almost concen-
trically arranged. Medullary rays numerous, uniform and equidis-
tant, moderately broad, visible on a radial section as a silver-grain :
the distance between two rays equal to, or less than, the transverse
diameter of the pores.

Throughout India and Burma, except the very dry regions and the hills above
.'5500 ft., common in deciduous forests ; low country of Ceylon.

Though never gregarious, this tree is abundant in many parts of the deciduous
forests and the timber is everywhere more or less valued as one of the second-class
woods ; indeed, in Orissa and the Circars, it is in considerable demand and much liked.
It has a fairly fast growth, about 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius.

Weight : Skinner, No. 291, gives 60 lbs. ; R. Thompson, 54 lbs. ; Brandis, No. 23,
Burma List, 1862, 66 lbs. ; the average of specimens examined is 52 lbs. Skinner
gives P = 892. This is probably Kyd's B. stipularis, Vern. Kohi, Ass., Weight
64 lbs., P = 525. The wood is of good quality and colour, can be cut with a pretty
grain and is durable ; it is used for cattle-yokes, agricultural implements, carts and
building. It stands well under water. The bark is used for tanning, the fruit eaten,
and the leaves cut to feed cattle (Brandis).

lbs.

P 461. Ajmere 48

O 4821. Thano, Dehra Dun (Gleadow) 55

O 259. Garhwal (1868) 45

O 3001. „ (1874) 43

O 1480. Kheri, Oudh 61

O 347. Gorakhpur (1868) 47

C 1174. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 55

C 840. Bairagark Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 63

C 2765. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) 45

E 645. Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . 53

596 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

E 619. Bainunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Bonham-Carter) . . .50
E 2428. „ „ „ (Gamble) .... 46

D 4013. Cuddapah Forests (Higgens) 61

W 4146. Wynaad, Malabar 45

B 3074. Burma (Brandis, 1862) . 46

B 1431. Tbarrawaddy Division, Burma 56

No. 70, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis), is doubtful; it has the colour of B.
retusa, but not the weight nor quite the structure.

2. B. Moonii, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 268; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cci.; Trimen PI. Ceyl.
iv. 11. Vera. Pat hala, Cingh.

A deciduous tree. Wood resembling that of B. retusa, except that
the pores are rather smaller, more numerous, and the grouping less
apparent.

Moist low country of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.
No. Ill, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

3. B. montana, Willd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 269; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. hi. 735; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccii.; Brandis For. Fl. 450; Gamble Darj. List 68. Vera. Kargnalia, khaja,
geia, kusi, gondni, Hind. ; Geio, Nep. ; Kaisho, Ass. ; Patenga, Tel.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood grey, moderately hard.
Annual rings distinctly marked by darker and firmer wood on the
outside of each rino-. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in radial
lines. Medullary mys fine, uniformly distributed, prominent in the
silver-grain.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Oudh,
Bengal, Khasia Hills, Upper Burma.

Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. The wood is very similar to that of
B. retusa and might be used for the same purposes. The leaves are lopped for cattle-
fodder, but are said not to be eaten by goats.

lbs.

O 1375. Gonda, Oudh (Dodsworth) 59

C 199. Mandla, C.P. (1870) 46

4. B. Stipularis, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 270 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cci. ; Brandis For. Fl.
449 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 369 ; Gamble Darj. List 69 ; Talbot Bomb. List 176. B. scan-
dens, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 736; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 11. Vera. Madlatah, vndergupa,
Oudh ; Lilima, loima lara, Nep. ; Kihur, kohi, Ass. ; Barinhara, Beng. ; (Jour kassi,
Uriya ; Sinmanopyin, Burm.

A large straggling or climbing shrub. Bark brown. Wood
greyish-brown, moderately hard, with numerous very fine, concentric,
transverse bars. Pores scanty, often subdivided or in short radial
lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniformly distributed, the
distance between them less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges to Bhutan ; Oudh, Bengal, Assam and
southwards through both Peninsulas; Ceylon.

A very common plant in some parts of India as in Oudh, Northern Bengal, Chota
Nagpore, Orissa and the Circars, but I never saw it west of the Ganges. The wood is
said to be used for fuel in the Sundarbans.

C 3503. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble).

5. B. tomentosa, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 271 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 367 ; Gamble Darj.
List 69. B. lancecefolia, Iloxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 737. Vern. Sibri, Nep. ; Mantet, Lepcha ;
tiirai, mindri, Beng.

A small evergreen tree. Wood light olive-brown, hard, close-
grained. Pores small, often subdivided, enclosed in rounded patches

EUPHOEBIACE.E 597

of soft tissue, which are generally arranged in oblique, undulating
lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

East Himalaya, ascending to 2000 ft.; Eastern Bengal and Burma; Andamans
and Nicobars.

lbs.

E 1397. Chittagong (Chester) 64

C 3498. Dhalbhum, Chota Nagpore (Gamble).
I am not quite sure that this latter specimen does not belong to B. Hamiltoniana,
but I have unfortunately lost the corresponding Herbarium specimens.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

5. CLEISTANTHUS, Hook. f.

Twelve species, four of which are small Ceylon trees of no importance. C. charta-
ceus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 275 (C. oblongifolius, Brandis For. Fl. 451. Gluytia
oblongifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 730) ; Vern. Dukesa, Sylhet, is a small spreading tree
of Sylhet. ft laalabarims, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 276; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cciii. ;
Talbot Bomb. List 177, is a tree of the evergreen forests of the Konkan and North
Kanara, usually near rivers, common round the Falls of Gairsoppah (Talbot). G. steno-
phyllus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 370; C. lancif alius, Hook. f. and C. Helferi, Hook. f. are
small trees of Tenasserim.

Wood hard, reddish-brown, close-grained. Pores in short distant
radial strings between the fine regular numerous medullary rays.

1. C. COllinus, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 274; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 12. Lebe-
ilierupsis orbicularis, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cciii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 450. Gluytia
collina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 732. Vern. Garrar, yharrar, C.P. ; Karada, horada, horera,
Uriya; Karada, Khond ; Ghara, Melghat; Odeshi, Palkonda; Korishi, Koya; Odisha,
Reddi ; Farasu, pas, K61 ; Kergaili, Kharwar ; Gardri, Mar. ; Korei, wodesha, kadishen,
Icorshe, kodarsi, Tel. ; Wodayu, waddan, Tain. ; Madara, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark £ in. thick, dark brown, almost
black, often with a reddish tinge, rough with numerous cracks,
exfoliating in rectangular woody scales. Wood dark reddish-brown,
tough, hard, close-grained ; heartwood small. Pores small, arranged
radially in short groups at intervals between the very fine and
numerous equidistant medidkir/j rays.

Bandelkhand, C.P., Chota Nagpore, the Circars and southwards, in dry forests ;
rare in Ceylon.

A useful tree with a hard wood, valued for house-posts in the Circars, Hyderabad
and the Deccan generally. Mr. Biscoe (Conservator of Forests, Hyderabad) says, " it
' is one of the most generally used and important trees in the Nizam's dominions. It
• is greatly valued in its pole stage. The favourite poles are those from 18 to 22 in. in
' girth. They are dressed and split from end to end in the forests, and sold in the
' neighbouring towns and villages for 6 to 8 annas each. They are very durable and
' quite as popular as teak " (" Ind. Forester," xxii. 220). It is very common in its
region, and is easily reproduced in coppice, so that, as it is as good a fuel as it is
a house-post wood, and as it is not browzed by cattle, it is distinctly a tree to be
encouraged in those forests which are worked for village supply. The hard wood is
also rather handsome and can be used for turning.

The outer crust of the capsule is said by Ainslie and Roxburgh to be exceedingly
poisonous, as are also the leaves and roots. The bark has been examined and reported
on by D. Hooper (" Ind. Forester," xxiv. 161), who found no special alkaloids, but
thought that it was the tannin it contained which caused it to be poisonous to fish.
The wood weighs about 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The mean growth may be taken at
6 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

C 1175. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson)

C 3452. Betlah Reserve, Palamow (Gamble) ....

C 1252, 1306. Gumsur, Madras (Dampier) 55 and 54

C 4353. Gullery Reserve, Ganjam (Gamble) 52

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Lebedirropsis orbicularis) (Tab. XII. 4).

598 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

This wood resembles that of Eugenia operculata in outward appearance and in
structure, but differs by the absence of concentric lines. It is almost identical with
that of Flacourtia Bamontchi, and if it were not for the great difference in the bark,
which in Cleistanthus collinus is dark-coloured, almost black and deeply fissured, and
in Flacourtia light-coloured, smooth, with short narrow horizontal cracks, one might
be inclined to suspect a mistake in the specimens. The only difference that can be
seen under the lens is that the medullary rays in Flacourtia are slightly wavy, while
those of Cleistanthus are straight ; but this character is not of much value.

2. C. myrianthus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 370; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 275. Vern. Momantha,
Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard, reddish-
grey. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided. Medullary rays
fine, very numerous, closely packed.

Tropical forests of Burma and the Andaman Islands.

lbs.

B 2474. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) 41

3. C. patulus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 279 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccii. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 13. Cluytia patula, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 783.

A small tree. Bark thin, light brown, papery. Wood reddish-
brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small, in radial strings of 3 to 6
between the fine, numerous and equidistant medullary rays.

Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, chiefly in ravines or in dry evergreen forests; low-
country of Ceylon.

lbs.
C 3950, 3956. Bekapalle Hills, Upper Godavari (Gamble) . . 51 and 53

6. ACTEPHILA, Blume. Two species. A. excelsa, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
282; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. clxxxix. (including A. Thomsoni, Muell. Arg.); Talbot Bomb.
List 177 {A. javanica, Miq. ; Kurz For. Fl. 340, A. neelgherrensis, Wight ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 14), is a small tree of Upper Assam, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, the Anda-
man Islands, the Western Ghats up to 6000 ft. and Ceylon, not uncommon in the
Nilgiri sholas. A. puberula, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 341 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 283, is an ever-
green shrub of the Andaman Islands.

7. ANDRACHNE, Linn.

1. A. cordifolia, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 283 ; Brandis For. Fl. 456. Vern.
Kurkni, giirgidi, Jhelum ; Bersu, Chenab; Barotri, maddre, Ravi ; Mutkar, c/urmutti,
pin, Beas ; Tsatin, Sutlej ; Bharloi, Jaunsar.

A small shrub. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained.

Pores very small and extremely small, larger and more numerous in

the inner belt of the annual rings. Medullary rays extremely fine,

very numerous.

West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 8000 ft.

lbs.
H 2945. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3500 ft. (Gamble) . ... 45

8. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.

A large genus containing plants of all sizes, many of which, more or less shrubby
but of very little interest, have been omitted here. I have only mentioned those of
some importance, from their size, frequency or economic value. They belong to seven
subgenera.

Subgkxus 1. KIRGANELIA.

1. P. reticulatus, Poir ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 288 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxc. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 453; Gamble Darj. List 69; Talbot Bomb. List 177; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 19.
P. iiiultijlorus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 664. L'icca reticulata and C. microcarpa, Kurz For

EUPHORBIACE^E 599

Fl. ii. 354-5. Vera. Panjuli, Hind. ; Makhi, Bhurtpur ; Pavan, Mar. ; Datwan, Guz. ;
Sitlci, Beng. ; Kabonan, Merwara ; Nella purududu, phulsar, Tel. ; Pula, pullanti,
mipidlanti, Tarn. ; Wel-kayila, Cingh.

A straggling shrub. Bark brown, thin. Wood reddish- or greyish-
white, hard, close-grained. Pores small or moderate- sized, scanty.
Medullary rays fine to broad, numerous, wavy.

Throughout the greater part of India, Burma and Ceylon, in the dryer regions, in
ravines and along streams, in hedges and on waste places near villages.

The wood is rather variable : Stocks' Sind specimen in Kew Museum has the
structure of a climber with soft porous wood. Manson says the charcoal is a favourite
one for making the balls which are sold for lighting hookas, and that the ashes of the
wood are mixed with gab fruit (Diospyros Embryopteris) glue for paying boats.

E 3362. Dhupguri, W. Diiars, Bengal (Gamble).
D 4151. Bollapalle Reserve, Kistna (Gamble).
Sind — Kew Museum (Stocks).

Subgenus 2. FLUEGGEOPSIS. P. glaums, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 288, is a
shrub of the Central and Eastern Himalaya and the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft.

Subgenus 3. EMBLICA.

P. albizzioides, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 289 (Cicca albizzioides, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
352); Vern. Sharna, Burm., is a small tree of the upper mixed forests of the Pegu
Yoma, up to 2000 ft. P. pomiferus, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 289 (0. macrocarpa,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 352) ; Vern. Zibyu, Burm., is a small tree of the Eng and dry forests
of Pegu in Burma, and the Shan Hills. P. Prainianus, Coll. and Hemsl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxviii. 123, is a small tree of the Shan Hills at 5000 ft. resembling P.
Emblica.

2. P. Emblica, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 289; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 671; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 258 ; Brandis For. Fl. 454, t. 52 ; Gamble Darj. List 69 ; Talbot Bomb. List
178 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 19. Cicca Emblica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 352. Vern. Ambal,
ambli, Pb. ; Daula, arala, amlika, aura, aola, aunra, Hind. ; Aonla, imli, Kashmir ;
Aunla, Nep. ; Suam, Lepcha ; Amla, ambolati, amulati, Beng. ; Ambari, Garo; Owla,
Mechi; Amluki, Ass.; Aolay, Melghat ; Onra, ounla, Uriya; Aid thanda, Cuttack :
Nilli, milli, nalli, aunri, usir, lalla, Gondi ; Aunri, Kurku ; Meral, K61, Sonthal ;
Durgu, Khond; Usiriki, Reddi ; Usiri, Koya; Nelli, nellekai,toppinelli,rYa.m.; Osirka,
■usri, asereki, usirika, ainala kamu, usari, Tel. ; Nelli, nilika, Kan. ; Ohalii, gondhona,
Uriya ; Aonli, awla, Mar. ; Nelli, Cingh. ; Nasha, tasha, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark somewhat less than ^ in.
thick, light grey, exfoliating in small irregular patches, inner substance
red. Wood red, hard, close-grained, warps and splits in seasoning ; no
heartwood ; annual rings not distinct. Pores small and moderate-
sized, uniformly distributed, often subdivided or in short radial lines.
Medullary rays moderately broad and broad, the distance between
two rays generally greater than the transverse diameter of the pores ;
silver-grain prominent.

Almost throughout India and Burma, rising in the hills to 4000 ft., chiefly in
deciduous dry forests ; dry region and patana lands of Ceylon.

A pretty and ornamental tree, but of not much importance, though giving a good
fuel and useful in coppice forests, as it reproduces freely from the root. The wood
makes good poles, and is useful for agricultural implements, building and furniture ; it
is durable under water and can be used for well-work. The rate of growth is difficult
to make out. Aikin in Wallich's List gives 2-7 rings per inch of radius, which is probably
too fast ; 4 to 5 would be nearer.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments : —

600

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Experiment by whom made.

Year.

Wood whence procured.

» c
<^ p.

Size of bar
used.

Value of P.

lbs

ft. in. in.

Puckle ....

1859

Mysore

67

2

2x1x1

975 (?)

Kyd

1831

Assam

45

617

Skinner, No. lOo

1862

South India

46

562

Cunningham .

1854

Gwalior

46

2

2x1x1

559

R. Thompson .

1868

Central Provinces

45

—

—

—

A. Mendis

1855

Ceylon

49

—

—

—

Brandis (No. 98) .

1862

Burma

35

—

—

—

Specimens examined

1900

Different Provinces

52

11

—

—

Bourdillon

1896

Travancore

42

— ■

514

The bark and leaves are used for tanning and in medicine ; chips of the wood are
said to clear muddy water. The fruit is the Emblic Myrobolan, and is used as a
medicine, for dyeing, tanning, and for food and preserves. It gives a gum, which is
not used.

Bhajji, Simla, 3000 ft

Ajmere ........

Garhwal (1868)

Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) ....
Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson)
Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble)
Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)
Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (Brandis)
Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)
Melghat, Berar (Brandis) ....
Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble)
Seshachellam Hills, Cuddapah (Higgens)
No. 61, Ceylon Collection, old ; 103, new (Mendis)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XII. 3).

r

104.

p

438.

0

252.

0

539.

E

580.

E

2432.

C

1126.

c

2738.

c

841.

c

2774.

c

3539.

D 4310.

lbs.
56

49
48
56
48
51
56
45

58
52
56

Subgenus 4. PARAPHYLLANTHUS. Four species. P. Lawii, Grab. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 290; Talbot Bomb. List 178 (P.juniperinoides, Muell. Arg.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
cxc.) is a straggling shrub of the banks of rivers in the Peninsula. P. bocobotryoides,
Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 291 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 348, is an evergreen shrub of Sylhet and
Burma; and P. columnaris, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 291 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 34.7,
a small deciduous tree of the mixed forests in Burma, chiefly along rivers.

3. P. polyphyllus, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 290 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxc. ; Trimcn
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 20.

A shrub or small tree. Bark dark grey, peeling off in roundish
flakes, showing a light grey under-surface, very thin. Wood white,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, numerous, between the fine to
moderately broad, numerous medvZlary rays.

Hilly country of the Deccan and Camatic ; dry region of Ceylon.
D 4164. Mantralama Pass, Kurnool (Gamble).

Subgenus 5. EUPHYLLANTHUS. P. parvifolius, Ham. is a very small shrub
frequently found on rocks in the West Himalaya. The Fl. Br. Ind. says it reaches
6 to 8 ft., but I have never seen it anything near so big. P. myrtifolius, Moon ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 296 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 22, is a large ornamental shrub found eudemic
near streams in Ceylon. P. Leschenaultii, Muell. Arg. is a shrub of the Khasia Hills
at 5000 ft. ; also found in the Nilgiris.

Subgenus 6. CICCA.

4. P. distiehus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 304 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. exci. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 178. P. Ivngifolhts, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 672. Cicca disticha, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 353. Vern. Loda, nori, Beng. ; Harfarwi, chalmeri, Hind.; Pussa usanli.

EUPHORBIACE/E G01

Tel. ; Arunelli, Tarn. ; Kimelli, Mysore ; Harparaivri, raiavala, Mar. ; Thinbowzibyu,
Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood light brown, mode-
rately hard. Pores small, numerous, in radial lines between the fine
to moderately broad, numerous, regular but short medullary rays.

Gardens in the hotter parts of India.

A fruit tree, occasionally found in cultivation, but not very common.

Java — Kew Museum (Scheffer).

Subgenus 7. PROSORUS. P. indicus, Muell. Arg. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 305 ; Bedd.
PI. Sylv. cxci. ; Talbot Bomb. List 178 ; Trimen PI. Ceyl. iv. 27 ; Vera. Karawu,
Cingh., is a small tree of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, also found
in Ceylon, and said by Trimen to have a white tough wood. P. cyanospermus , Muell.
Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 305 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 27 ; Vera. Sudu-uijan, kulu-niyan,
Cingh., is a similar tree also found in Ceylon, and distinguished by " brilliant metallic
' blue seeds."

P. Wightianus, Muell. Arg. ; DC. Prod. xv. ii. 334 (Chorizandra pinnata, Wight
Icon. t. 1994), is a somewhat gregarious shrub of laterite soils in Kurnool, the Circars,
Nellore and Chingleput, especially on the western side of the Pulicat Lake (Wight).
It has been erroneously included in Fl. Br. Ind. under Flueggia microcarpa. It
belongs to Mueller's Subgenus Chorizandra.

9. GLOCHIDION, Forst.

A large genus of about 45 to 50 evergreen trees and shrubs, only a few of which are
at all common or of any forest importance, the rest being chiefly rather rare trees of
the evergreen wet forests. About 13 species occur in the Himalaya, of which 3 or 4
extend to the west of Nepal ; about 16 species are found in Burma ; about 12 species
are met with in South and West India, and 9 species in Ceylon. It is unnecessary
here to mention more than a few, in addition to those whose woods are described.
G. muUilocuIare, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 307 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 343 ; Gamble
Darj. List 69 (Bradhia m unilocular is, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 696), is a shrub or small tree
of grass lands in the sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, found in the
forests of Oudh, the Sikkim Terai and Behar, Assam, Sylhet and Upper Burma. In
the Darjeeling Terai and Western Diiars are also found G. GambUi, Hook, f., G.
Mrsutum, Muell. Arg., and G. Heyneanum, Wight, the last-named said to extend
southwards to the Circars ; while in the Darjeeling Hills occur, besides G. acuminatum,
Muell. Arg., G. nubigenum, Hook, f., a rather large tree of the forests at 5-7000 ft. The
most noticeable of the Burmese .species is perhaps G. coccincum, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 308 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 342 ; Vern. Tamasok, Burm., a tree of the deciduous
forests, while G.fagifolium, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 312 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxciii. ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 345 ; Vern. Tamasoh-kyi, Burm., is found in the tropical forests and extends
to Chittagong and across the bay to the Nilgiris. In South India, G. zeylanicum, A.
Juss.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 310 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcii.; Talbot Bomb. List 179; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 28; Vern. Jlunu-hirilla, Cingh., is a small tree found from the Konkan
and Circars southwards as well as in Assam and in Ceylon, both in evergreen and
deciduous forests. G. arboreum, Wight and G. maldbaricum, Bedd. are also not
uncommon in the hills of South India. In Ceylon the most noticeable species is
G. Moonii, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 325 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 32 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcvi.
(also G. glaucogynum, Bedd.); Vern. Be-hwnuhirilla, a small tree common in the
moist region up to 4000 ft.

Wood red or reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-
sized or small, scanty, in radial lines between tho fine medullary rays.

1. G. lanceolarium, Dalz. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 308 ; Bedd. PL Sylv. cxcii.: Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 343 ; Gamble Darj. List 69 ; Talbot Bomb. List 178. Phyllanthua lanceolarius,
Muell. Arg.; Brandis For. Fl. 452. Bradleia laTiceolaria, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 697. Vern.
Bhoma, Mar.; Bangikat, Nep. ; Fagiri, Lepcha ; Angiiti, Sylhet; Bhauri, Beng. ;
Tsekoban, Magh ; Ka Ich ua, Uriya ; Lodam, Son thai ; Marangmata, Iv>i.

A small or moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark brown or grey,
soft, cleft longitudinally. Wood reddish-brown, moderately hard.

602 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pores small and moderate-sized, scanty, in radial lines between the
fine medullary rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun eastwards to Assam and up to 5000 ft. ;
Sylhet and Chittagong ; Chota Nagpore, Orissa and the Circars ; Shan Hills of Burma.
Chiefly found in moist places and ravines, a pretty wood.

lbs.
C 3485. Kolhan Forests, Chota Nagpore (Gamble) .... —
C 3501, 3553. Khurdha Forests, Orissa „ .... 56

2. G. neilgherrense, AVight ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 316 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 277 (including
G. Ferrottetiamnn, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxciv.). Yern. Hanikay, Badaga.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark reddish-brown, thin, peeling off in
flat flakes. Wood red, often bright-coloured, moderately hard. Pores
moderate-sized, often subdivided and in radial lines between the fine
to moderately broad medullary rays, which show a pretty silver-
grain.

Nilgiri Hills above 6000 ft., a common tree in the shola forests.
The wood is not in special use, but would be good for turning and cabinet-work.
Growth 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
W 3878. Aramby, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .47
W 4124. Lovedale „ „ „ .... 59

3. G. velutinum, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 322 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcv. ; Gamble
Darj. List 69 ; Talbot Bomb. List 179. G. nepahnse, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 344. PhylUvn-
thus nepalensis, Muell. Arg. ; Brandis For. Fl. 452. Yern. Gol kamela,gursawa, sum",
chamdr Teas, amblu, kalma, kodrniJ,Vh. ; Moiva, bukalwa, N.-W. Provinces ; Anwin,
Jaunsar ; Chamari, Dehra Dun; Katu manwa, katmaba, bakalwa, Garhwal ; Kari,
koria, C.P. ; D hair maba, Kumaon ; Kolia, Berar ; Latikat, Nep.

A small or moderate-sized tree. Bark brown, rough. Wood dark
red when seasoned and old, lighter when young and freshly cut, hard,
rough. Pores moderate-sized, rather scanty, often subdivided.
Medullary rays moderately broad, equidistant, giving a nice silver-
grain.

Outer Himalaya and sub Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, rising to
4000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Upper Burma ; Central India and Deccan ; Western Ghats
from the Konkan to the Nilgiris.

A common tree in the deciduous forests, but except for fuel the wood is not used.
The bark is said to be used for tanning. The leaves are not eaten by goats (Gleadovv).

Lbs.

O 4811. Dehra Dun (Gamble) 38

O 4823. Thauo, Dehra Dun (Gleadow) 40

E 2434. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) I '-'

4. G. acuminatum, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 323; Gamble Darj. List 69,
Phylhmthus bicolor, Muell. Arg.; Brandis For. Fl. 453. Yern. Latikat, Nep. ; Kair,
tetrikair, Lepcha.

An evergreen tree. Bark very thin, grey. Wood red or reddish-
grey, hard. Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, numerous, giving a
prominent and pretty silver-grain on a radial section.

Eastern Himalaya, in Nepal and Sikkim at 5-7000 ft. ; Khasia Hills at 4-6000 ft,
A tree of the forests of the Upper Darjeeling Hills. The wood unfortunately splits
rather badly, but it is a handsome one and might be useful in turnery.

lbs.
E 685. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Johnston) . . . 37
E 2433. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) ... 17
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Phyllanthus bicolor).

EUPHORBIACE.E 003

No. 54, Ceylon Collection, new, is called G. coriaceum. Vern. Hvmukirilla.
Trimen gives Eunukirilla as the name of G. zeylanicum. The wood specimen is a
piece of soft white wood soaked in wax, and its structure has no resemblance to that
of any of the specimens !of other Glochidions. It is mentioned to indicate the danger
of too easily accepting specimens as correctly identified.

10. FLUEGGIA, Willd.

Two species. F. Leucopyrus, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 328 ; Talbot Bomb. List 180 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 33 (Securinega Leucopyrus, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcvii. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 456, t. 54, Phyllanthus Leucopyrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 658, Oicca
Leucopyrus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 353); Yern. Perei pastawane, Afgh. ; Karhun, rithei,
girthan, gargas, bhdthi, bdtu, vaniithi, girk, Pb. ; Eartho, ainta, Hind.; Kiran, Sind :
Challa munta, sale manta, C.P. ; Vorepuvan, Mar. ; Sdlapan, Merwara; Mudpulanti,
Tam. ; Telia purugudu, Tel. ; Ein-katupila, Cingh., is a large straggling thorny shrub
of the dry regions of the Punjab, Sind, Guzerat, the Deccan, Carnatic and Ceylon,
extending to Upper Burma, noticeable for its white fruits and having a close-grained
hard wood.

1. F. mieroeappa, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 328 ; Gamble Darj. List 70 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 178. Securinega obovata, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcvii. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 455. Gicc.a obovata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 354. Phyllanth us retusus and P. virosus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 657, 659. Vern. Palme, dhdni, bakarcha, ghari, gwala, darim,
Hind.; Pithoul, Dehra Dun; Achat, Nep. ; Tktibi, Lepcha; TTkieng, thaka, Mechi;
Kodarsi, Mar. ; Korchi, Gondi ; Yechinya, Burm.

A small deciduous tree or large shrub. Bark smooth, thin, rusty
or reddish-brown. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores small, fairly
numerous, in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
regular, the distance between the rays greater than the transverse
diameter of the pores.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Kashmir to Bhutan, ascending to
5000 ft. ; Assam, Bengal and Burma ; Central, Western and Southern India, especially
in hill forests.

A graceful little tree of slow growth. The wood is used for agricultural implements.
The bark is astringent and used to intoxicate fish. I have some doubt about specimens
H 2941 and P 3247, which may belong to F. Leucopyrus.

lbs.

H 2941. Jander, Sutlej Valley, Simla, 3000 ft. (Gamble) . . . 52

P 3247. Ajmere —

O 4741. Kasumri, Saharanpur (Gradon) 54

E 3319. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble)

E 3282. Sitapahar, Chittagong (Gamble)

11. BREYNIA, Forst.

Three or four species. B. angustifolia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 330, is a shrub of
Burma, as is Melanthesopsis fruticosa, Muell. Arg. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 349, which Kurz
describes as found in the drier hill forests, especially the pine forests, of Martaban, at
2-4000 ft.

1. B. patens, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 329 ; Talbot Bomb. List 180 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 33. Melanthesopsis patens, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcvi. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 455; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 348; Gamble Darj. List 70. Phyllanthus %>atens, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 667. Vern. Lkti, Lepcha ; Wal inuruuga, Cingh.

A shrub. Bark yellow, thin, smooth. Wood white, hard, close-
grained. Pores small, regular, evenly distributed. Med/uUary rays
moderately hard, regular, long, wavy, conspicuous.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastward ; Eastern Bengal ;
Burma : Deccan Peninsula, Ceylon : chiefly in dry scrub forests.
D 4169. Mellavagu, Kistna (Gamble).

()04 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. B. rhamnoides, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 330: Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcvi. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 456; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 350; Talbot Bomb. List 180; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 34. Phyllanthus Vitis-idcea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 665. Yern. Tikhar, Hind. ;
Kamkata juli, Beng. ; Harra sejum, K61 ; Sikat, Kharwar ; Mahkoa, Monghyr ; Tellari,
//erra purugiidu, Tel.; ManipulnaU, Tam. ; Gunnyinya, Burm. : Gas-kayila, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark greyish-brown, rough. Wood reddish-brown,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays
fine, numerous.

Forests of Oudh, C.P. and Central India generally, and southwards and westwards,
also frequently in hedges and open scrub lands ; savannah lands of Burma ; Ceylon.
C 3451. Betlah Reserve, Palamow (Gamble).
D 3847. Horsleykonda, Cuddapah, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

12. SAUROPUS, Blume. Small shrubs. S. albicans, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 332;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 349; Gamble Darj. List 70; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 16 (PhyUanthxs
strictus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 670) ; Vera. Seng tuny rung, Lepcha ; Yaungmakinnyo,
Burm. ; MeUa-dum-kola, Cingh., is a small shrub of the Sikkini Himalaya, Eastern
Bengal, South India, Burma and Ceylon. 8. trinervius, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
334, is described as a "shrub or bushy tree, 12 ft.," from the Sikkim Himalaya,
Eastern Bengal, and the Khasia Hills ; while 8. compressus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
iv. 336 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 350, is described as a " deciduous-leaved tree or large shrub "
from the Central and Eastern Himalaya and Burma. These three are fairly large, the
rest are quite small species.

13. PUTRANJIVA, Wall.

1. P. Roxburghii, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 336 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t, 275 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 451, t. 53 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 366 ; Talbot Bomb. List 180 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iv. 35. Nageia Putranjiva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 766. Yern. Pntdjan, Pb. ; Jiapiita,
joti, juti, piitra-jiva, patji, jivputrak, putigia, Hind.; Pichav/njia, Mongbyr; Pai-
chandia, Uriya ; Veku, Reddi ; Karupale, vitchu-runai, Jearippalai, Tam.; Kadra-
/'">■;, Tel.; Pongalam, Mai.; Jewan-putr, Mar. ; Putrajivi, Kan. ; Taukyat, daukyat,
badibyu, Burm.

A moderate- sized evergreen tree with pendent branches. Bark
dark grey, whitish when young, with numerous horizontal oblong
lenticels. Wood grey, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings
marked by prominent concentric lines. Pores small to moderate-
sized, scanty, subdivided or in short radial lines, between closely
packed, uniform, fine medullary rays, which bend round the pores.
Very numerous, very fine transverse bars, joining the rays, as in
Avonacece.

Sub-Himalayan tract from tbe Chenab eastward, extending thence into both
Peninsulas and to Ceylon, but scarce in the latter, as in Assam and Burma; often
cultivated.

This pretty evergreen tree is found along river-banks, in shady valleys and ever-
green forests. In Northern India it usually grows bushy and much brauched, but in
South India, especially in the forests of the Eastern Ghats, it grows to a much larger
size. Beddome speaks of it as a "large timber tree," a description I should hardly
have myself adopted, and I have frequently found it in the region he refers to.
Beddome speaks of the wood as adapted for the lathe, and Brandis says it is used in
places for tools and in turning. The average weight is about 4!) lbs. ; Wallich puts
it at 36*6 lbs. The nuts are white, rugose, ovoid ; they are " strung up in rosaries and
' iu necklaces for children to keep them in health, whence the name ' life of the child ' "

(Brandis). The leaves are lopped for fodder.

lbs.

O 1459. Bahraich, Oudh 48

0 1477. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 49

E 2469. Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta (King) 48

I ! 3990. Rekapalle Forests, Godavari (Gamble) 51

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

EUPHORBIACEtE GO")

2. P. zeylaniea, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 337 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. cxcvii. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 35. Vern. Pelan, pelanga, Cingh.

A glabrous evergreen tree. Bark pale, smooth. Wood greyish-
brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, more numerous and
more regularly distributed than in P. JRoxbv/rghii. Medulla ry rays
fine to moderately broad, wavy. Transverse bars more prominent
though fewer than in P. Mpxburghii.

Moist low country of Ceylon.

Trimen speaks of this tree as very rare; Mendis says it is a very handsome tree,
whose wood is used for rafters and battens in house-building.

No. 112, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

14. HEMICYCLIA, W. and A.

Eight or nine species, all trees, and even large trees, though one, H. sepiaria,
W. and A., is more usually found in a shrubby condition. H. Gardneri, Thw. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 338; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcviii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 37, t. 82. Vern.
Qal-wira, eta-ivira, Cingh., is a small tree of the dry region of Ceylon. H. sumatrana,
Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 338 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 365, is an evergreen tree of swamp
forests and marshy places along streams in Burma, with, according to Kurz, a heavy,
pale greyish-brown, close-grained wood. //. andamanica, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 338 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 365, is an evergreen tree of marshy £>laces on the coast of the Andaman
Islands. H. elata, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 279; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 339, is a large tree, reaching
100 ft. in height, found in the forests of the Wynaad at 2-4000 ft., also in those of the
Anamalai Hills and in Tinnevelly, and said by Beddome to have a strong wood much
used for building. It should, however, be noted that Hooker thinks it indistinguish-
able from H. venusta, Thw. H. Wightii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 339, is a tree of the
Nilgiri Hills.

Wood, white, or creamy white, or greyish-white, hard, close-
grained, with the texture of boxwood. Pores scanty, small or veiy
small. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Minute ladder-like bars as
in Putranjiva in some species.

1. H. sepiaria, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 337 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcviii. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 181; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 36. Vern. Yirai, Tarn.; Wira, Cingh.

A small tree or large branching evergreen shrub. Bark grey,
thin, smooth. Wood white with a greyish-brown heartwood, very
hard, close- and even-grained, resembling boxwood. Pores small,
very scanty, unevenly distributed. MeduUa/ry rays fine, regular,
very numerous. Numerous minute, fine, pale ladder-like bars joining
the rays as in Putranjiva (as, also, in Anonacece).

Dry evergreen forests of the Deccan, Carnatic and Konkan, also of the dry region
of Ceylon.

A characteristic plant of the dry evergreen forests, perhaps almost the most common
species in the Carnatic, as it is, according to Trimen, in Ceylon. The wood might
serve as a substitute for boxwood. It is commonly cut for fuel in the Carnatic, and is
important in the sylviculture of the dry forests. The fruit is eaten in Cevlon.

lbs.

D 4123. Ballipalle Forest, Cuddapah (Gamble) 58

D 4176. Nallamalai Hills, Kurnool „ 67

2. H. lanceolata, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 338; Bedd. For. PL cxcviii.; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 37.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood greyish- white, hard,
close-grained. Pore* scanty, very small. Medullary rays very fine,

very numerous. Alternate bands of light and dark wood, rather faint.

606 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Travancore Forests ; moist region of Ceylon. _

Trimen and Hooker mention this as endemic in Ceylon, but Bourdillon's determina-
tion is probably accurate. He gives W = 57 lbs. and P = 527.

lbs.
W 4610. Travancore (Bourdillon) 48

3. H. venusta, Thw. ; PL Br. Ind. v. 339 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcviii. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 181. Vera. Vdldamhu, Tam. ; Vetta kasavu, Mai.

A small evergreen tree. Wood dark grey, hard, close-grained.
Pores small, often subdivided or in radial strings. Medullar)) rays
fine, very numerous. Alternate bands of light and dark tissue, more
prominent than in H. lanceolata.

South India from the Konkan and Circars through the hills to Travancore and
Tinnevelly, up to 4000 ft.

Bourdillon wives W = 51 lbs., P = 726, and says that the wood cracks a good deal.

lbs.
W 4601. Travancore (Bourdillon) 51

4. H. Porteri, Gamble in Hook. Icon. PL ser. iv. vol. viii. pi. 2701. Agilwood.
A small evergreen tree. Bark grey, very thin, peeling off in broad

Hakes. Wood yellowish-white, sapwood lighter, very closely re-
sembling that of H. sepiaria. Pores very small, very scanty, un-
evenly distributed. MedvUary rays very fine, very numerous, wavy.
Numerous minute, fine, pale, ladder-like bars, exactly as in H. sepiaria.

Carnatic, gregarious near streams in Madura District.

The wood is of good quality and used for house-posts, rafters, poles, etc.

lbs.
D 4805. Warsanad Valley, Madura, 2000 ft. (H. J. Porter) ... 61

15. CYCLOSTEMON, Blume.

About 13 species, mostly trees or small trees of the evergreen forests or of shady
ravines and swamps. G. indicus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 340 is a tree of the
southern slopes of the Khasia Hills in the wet forests. C. htncifolius, Hook. f. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 340 ; Gamble Darj. List 70 ; Vera. BwaycJiamp, Nep., is also a tree of the
Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft., extending to the Sikkim Himalaya up to 5000 ft. It is
said to have wood resembling that of Michelia. C. malabaricus, Bedd. PL Sylv. cxcix. :
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 341, is a large tree of the Tinnevelly Ghats ; and G. confertiflorus. Hook,
f. • Fl. Br. Ind. v. 341 ; Talbot Bomb. List 181, a tree of the evergreen forests near the
Devimone Ghat in N. Kanara. C. eglandulosus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 364 ; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 341, is a tree of the tropical forests of Arracan, extending north to Chittagong and
Tippera; while C. sitbsessilis, Kurz For. FL ii. 364; Vera. Ban-bokal, Beng., is a tree
of the undergrowth in the great evergreen forests of Chittagong, Arracan and Martaban,
as well as in°the Sundarbaus. There are also two uncommon Burmese species, as well
as one from the Andaman and one from the Nicobar Islands.

Wood light brown, hard. Pores single or in patches, which are
often oblique, causing a resemblance to the wood of Castanopsis.
Medullary rays regular. Transverse bars very minute, but regular.

1. C. Grifflthii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 340. Vera. Thi&gyin, Burm.
A large tree. Wood light brown, hard. Pore* moderate-sized to
laro-e, sometimes resinous, arranged in more or less radial patches,
which are often branched or deflected, very prominent on all vertical
sections and causing the wood to look like that of Castanopsis. Me-
dullary rays fine to very fine, numerous, not prominent. Faint cross-
bars joining the rays.

Forests of Upper Burma, extending to the Mishmi Hills in Assam.

J. W. Oliver says it gives one of the most valuable timbers in the hills.

ETJPHORBIACE.E GOT

lbs.
B 4748. Ruby Mines, Burma (J. Nisbet) 53

2. C. maerophyllus, Blume; FI. Br. Ind. v. 340; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 278; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 364 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 38.

An evergreen tree. Bark grey, rugose. Wood yellowish-brown,
hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, arranged in more or less radial,
often deflected, patches. Medullary rays fine, numerous, wavy.
Faint cross-bars between the rays caused by alternate bands of loose
and firm cellular tissue.

Evergreen moist forests of the Western Ghats, in Coorg, the Anamalai Hills and

Travancore up to 4000 ft. ; Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

lbs.

W 4713. Travancore (Bourdillon) 53

3. C. assamiCUS, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 342; Gamble Darj. List 70. Vern.
Bun hofad, Beng. ; Bivay champ, asura, Nep. ; Khad-behida, Kumaon; Chipla,
Dehra Dun.

A small tree. Bark greyish-white, granular, faintly cleft verti-
cally, very thin. Wood light brown, hard. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
regular. Very fine, minute transverse bars numerous and regular.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the swampy forests of the Dehra Dun eastwards to the

Darjeeling Terai and Assam ; Khasia Hills ; hills of the Circars ; always in forest

undergrowth in damp places.

lbs.

O 4837. Dehra Dun (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) 52

16. MISCHODON, Thw.

1. M. zeylaniCUS, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 344 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 290 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 38. Vern. Tampanai, Tam. ; Tammanua, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark brown, rough. Wood, pink or pinkish-white,
moderately hard, close- and even-grained. Pores small, often sub-
divided, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular. Annual
rings faint.

Hills of Tinnevelly ; Ceylon.

The wood is used for building in Ceylon, and said to be durable in water.

lbs.

W 4295. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 38

No. 131, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

17. BISCHOFIA, Blume.

1. B. javanica, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 345; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 259; Brandis For.
Fl. 446; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 355; Gamble Darj. List 70; Talbot Bomb. List 181.
Andrachne trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 728. Vera. Panidla, bhillar, Dehra Dtin ;
Kot-semJa, kden, Jcein, Garhwal ; Pun, keiu, korsa, Kumaon ; Irum, Oudh ; Kainjal,
Nop.; Sinong, Lepcha ; Taisoh, urum, Mechi ; Uridm, Ass.; Joki, Cachar ; Bolzuru,
Garo; Boke, Mar.; Tlwndi, malachithiyan, Tarn.; Gobr« nairul, Kan.; Govarnel/i',
Hassan; Nira, Mai.; Nannal, thiripu, Trav. Hills; Modayerri vembu, Tinnevelly;
Boaunyza, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark rough, dark grey with a brown tinge,
exfoliating in angular scales. Wood red, rough, moderately hard,
heartwood darker, having a strong scent of vinegar when fresh cut.
Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided or in short radial
lines, sometimes filled with resin. Medullary rays of two classes,
broad and fine, several fine rays between each pair of broad, wavy,
dark-coloured.

G08 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Lower Himalaya up to 4000 ft., and sub Himalayan tract, from the Jumna east-
wards ; Oudh and Gorakhpur ; Bengal and Assam ; Western Ghats from N. Kanara
southwards ; Circars and hills of Deccan and Carnatic ; throughout Burma.

A characteristic tree of shady ravines, of swamps and river-banks and of valleys
in the hills, but it is also often found on hillsides on the damper aspects up to perhaps
4000 ft. The growth is fast, sometimes as fast as 4 rings per inch of radius. S. E.
Peal says of it, " This tree, of which the Assam Rajas used sometimes to have their
' coffins made, seems to grow almost equally well in high or low land, and is common
'on the flats near rivers. Assamese were, I am told, not allowed to cut it formerly.
' It attains a girth of 6 to 8 ft. ; but the bole is rather short, running to 30 or 40 ft. •
' the stem is seldom straight. It has a large and dense crown of rather dark foliage "
(Ind. Tea Gaz.).

The wood is of good quality, and is largely used in Assam for bridges and other
works of construction. Chev. Paganini, in Timber Trades Journal, says that although
above ground it warps and cracks and white ants attack it, in wet ground or under
water it is almost imperishable, so that it is particularly suited for pile foundations and
railway sleepers. Beddome says that in the Xilgiris it is used for building, and some-
times called " Red Cedar." Kyd gives W = 43 lbs., P = 617 ; Bourdillon gives
W = 52 lbs., P = 745 ; Kurz evidently identifies it with No. 99 of Brandis' 18G2 List,
Burm. Yagine, and puts the weight at 35 lbs., and breaking weight 153 to 170 lbs. ;
the specimens examined give an average of 45 lbs. for the weight, which may, on the
whole, be taken as approximately correct. Peal thinks the wood too heavy for tea-
boxes. Graham Anderson says it is a good tree to shade coffee. Wild tells me he has
found it on sale in Darjeeling bazars as " Toon."

lbs.

O 1374. Gonda, Oudh 44

E 654. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . . .53

E 1257. Tezpur, Assam (G. Mann) 47

E 2191. Nowgong, Assam (Kurz) 46

E 4701. Dibrugarh, Assam (H. C. Hill) 44

E 2467. Calcutta (sapwood) 36

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XII. 5).

18. APOROSA, Blume.

About 16 species, mostly either of Burma or Ceylon, there being 10 in the
former and 5 in the latter. One species is found in the Nicobar Islands, A. glabrifolia,
Kurz, common in dry grassy places. A. WaUichii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 350, is
a large tree of the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Chittagong and Tenasserim; and A. aurea,
Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 351 (A. microstachya, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 363) is an evergreen
tree of tropical forests in Chittagong and throughout Burma. A. villosa, Baill. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 345 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 361; Vera. Yamein, thitsat, Burm., and A. macro-
phylla, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 346; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 361 ; Vein. Ingyin, Burm., arc
deciduous trees common in the Burmese Eng forests. A. acuminata, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 348; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcix. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 41, is a small tree of the forests
of Tinnevelly and the moist region of Ceylon. A. latifolia, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
347 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cxcix.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 39; Vera. Mapui, kebella, kampotta,
kepiliya, Cingh., is a moderate-sized tree of the Ceylon moist region with a hard
durable wood. The remaining species are scarce only.

1. A. RoxbUPghii, Baill.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 347; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 362; Gamble
Darj. List 70. A/nus dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 580. Vera. Eohra, Beng. ; Kag-
bhalai, Nep. ; Sanpalu, garokat, Garo; Tauprengjan, Magh ; Daukyat, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark light brown, very thin, granular. Wood
light red, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, scanty,
radially disposed. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad and
broad, numerous. Many medullar}'- spots.

Eastern Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract; Assam, Khasia Hills and
Eastern Bengal; Burma.
Sylhet— Kew Museum.

2. A. Lindleyana, Baill.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 349; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 286; Talbot

EUPHORISIACE^E 600

Bomb. List 181 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 40. Vein. SaH, sulla, wrroli, Kan. ; Vittil,
Tam. ; Kodali, Kader ; Kebella, baraiva-embiUa, Cingh.

A much-branched evergreen tree. Bark brown, smooth. Wood
brown, rough. Pores moderate-sized, rather scanty, in short radial
strings between the fine, numerous, medullary rays.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, rising to
4000 ft. ; moist region of Ceylon.

Beddome says the wood is used for building and other purposes ; Trimen that the
fruit is eaten. Bourdillon gives W = 38 lbs., P = 515.

lbs.
W 4550, 4591. Travancore (Bourdillon) 45 and 38

No. 57, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis), purports to be this, but the wood structure
is quite different and unlike that of any Euphorbiaceous tree here described.

19. DAPHNIPHYLLUM, Blume.

Three species. D. majus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 353, is a small tree of
Amherst in Burma.

1. D. glaueeseens, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxvii., t. 288 (under name D. Rox-
burghii, Baill.) ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 42. Vern. Nir-kocki, nir-cliappay , Badaga.

An evergreen small tree. Bark brown, somewhat corky, \ in.
thick, inner layers black. Woods grey, even-grained. Pores very
small, numerous. Medullary rays fine, numerous, the distance
between them equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Shola forests of the Nilgiri, Pulney and other S. Indian mountain ranges above
5000 ft. ; hill forests of Ceylon.

A conspicuous tree in the Nilgiri sholas. The wood is used for fuel. Growth slow,
7 to 10 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

W 3732. Coonoor, Nilgiris, G000 ft. (Gamble) 39

W 3875. Aramby, Ootacamund, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .41

2. D. himalayense, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 354 ; Gamble Darj. List 70.
Vern. Ratendio, Jaunsar ; Raktchandan, raid anglia, Kumaon ; Lai chandan, Nep.

An evergreen tree. Bark brown, smooth. IVood greyish-brown
with occasional streaks of bright crimson, soft but close- and even-
grained ; sapwood white. Pores very small, very numerous, evenly
distributed, those of the crimson portion filled with red colouring-
matter. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, causing a shining
satiny silver-grain on a radial section, the distance between them
equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Himalaya, from Simla eastwards, in valleys along streams at 4-6000 ft., risiu
10,000 ft, in Sikkim ; Khasia Hills.

A most interesting wood, worthy of considerable attention, as the red-streaked
parts are handsome, and look well in turnery and carvings. The red wood is powdered
and used to make caste-marks by the hill people. The. tree has much the appearance
of a laurel when in leaf only, when in fruit of a Sy,,iplocos, especially 8. dryophila,
Clarke, which see, p. 4GG.

lbs.

H 4414. Deoban Forest, 7000 ft. (Gamble) 34

E 370. Kalapokri, Darjeeling, 9000 ft. (Johnston) . . . .45
E 2391. Thosum La, Darjeeling, 8000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .40

20. ANTIDESMA, Linn.

About 23 species, many of which, however, are more or less doubtful, and some
very scarce. Besides the four whose wood is described and which are the most impor
tant and most common species, some 9 or 10 are of interest. A. Roxburghii, Wall. ;

•2 B

610 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Fl. Br. Ind. v. 357 (Stilago tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 757) and A. nigricans, Tul. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 360, are small trees of Assam and Sylhet ; while A. khasianum, Hook.
f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 362, is a small tree with whitish branches found in the Khasia Hills
at 3-4000 ft. and the Duphla Hills in Assam. A. vehitinosura, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
356 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 359 and A. velutinum, Tul. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 361 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 359 ; Vern. Kinbalin, Burm., are evergreen small trees of the forests of Burma,
while A. fruticulosum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 359; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 360, is a small branched
shrub found in the tidal forests of Lower Pegu, on sandy soil.

A. Alexiteria, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 359 {A. zeylanicum, Lamk. ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. cc. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 44) ; Vern. Hinembilla, Cingh., is a much-branched
small tree of South India and Ceylon. A. Menasu, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 364; Talbot
Bomb. List 182, is a common small tree of the forests of the Western Ghats in South
India from the Konkan southwards, rising in the Nilgiris to 6000 ft. ; and A. <pyri-
folium, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 362 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cc. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 45,
is a middle-sized tree common in the moist region of Ceylon up to 5000 ft.

Wood hard, usually red, smooth, apt to split and warp. Pores
small, numerous. Medullar y rays of two classes, very fine, and
moderately broad.

1. A. Ghsesembilla, Gaertn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 357; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cc. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 446 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 358 ; Talbot Bomb. List 182 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 43.
A. pubescens, Willd. and A. paniculatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 769, 770. Vern. Khudi
jamb, limtod, Beng. ; Umtod, Hazaribagh ; Nunidri, Uriya ; Mata sure, Kol ; Pulsur,
polar i, jana-pa-laseru, pollai, Tel.; Jondri, Mar.; Pyizin, Burm.; Buembilla, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark grey or pale brown, £ in. thick,
with a few deciduous scales. Wood red, with darker-coloured heart-
wood, smooth, hard, close- and even-grained. Annual rings indis-
tinctly marked by concentric lines. Pores small and moderate-sized,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays of two sizes, few moderately
broad rays with numerous fine rays between them, prominent in the
silver-grain.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards; Central, Southern and Western

India ; tidal, Eng and savannah forests of Burma ; moist region of Ceylon.

The leaves and fruit are eaten.

lbs.

C 1161. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .46

B 2246. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford, 1866) 52

2. A. Bunius, Spr. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 358 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cc. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
358 ; Gamble Darj. List 70 ; Talbot Bomb. List 182 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 43. Stilago
Bunius, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 758. Vern. Ilimalcheri, Nep. ; Kantjtr, Lepcha :
Amati, Mar. ; Karawala-kebella, Cingh.

A small tree. Bark greyish-brown. Wood red, hard, in appear-
ance similar to that of J.. Ghcesembill" .

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards up to 3000 ft. :
Parasnath Hill in Behar ; Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards; Upper
Tenasserim ; moist region of Ceylon.

The leaves and fruit are eaten.

lbs.

E 2430. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .4(3

3. A. diandrum, Roth ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 361 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cci. ; Brandis For.
PI. 447; Kurz Fur. Fl. ii. 360; Gamble Darj. List 70; Talbot_ Bomb. List L82;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 44. Stilago diandra, Roxb. Fl. End. iii. 759. Vern. Amtu,
Kashmir ; Kdli-khatai, Dehra Diin ; Amli, amdri, sarshoti,gwr rnussureya, ban musstt-
reya, dhaJcki, Hind.; Mutta, Beng.; Patimil, Nep. ; Kantjer, Lepcha; Simian',
nuninunika, Uriya ; Mata-ara, Sonthal ; Amtua sag, Mai Pahari ; Pellagumudu, Tel. :
Masurbauri, Gondi ; Kinbalin, Burm.

A small deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey, inner bark pale red.

EUPHORBIACE.E 611

fibrous. Wood pinkish-grey, hard, close-grained. Pores small and
very small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays of two sizes,
moderately broad and very fine, wavy. Annual rings marked by a
fine line.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ; Central, Western and Southern
India ; mixed forests all over Burma ; moist region of Ceylon.

A common bush or small tree in the mixed forests, also in Sal forests and savannahs.
The bright green leaves, which turn red before falling, are pleasantly acid and edible,
as are the fruits.

0 1368. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 42

0 1464. Bahraich, Oudh 40

4. A. acuminatum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 363 ; Gamble Darj. List 70. Vern.
Kunibyiing, tungcher, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark thin, brown. Wood red, in structure similar
to that of A. Ghcesembilla, but with smaller pores and finer medullary
rays.

Sikkim Himalaya up to 2000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylhet, ascending to
4000 ft.

Found in ravines and valleys. Fruit edible.

lbs

E 2431. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .52

21. BACCAUREA, Lour.

Evergreen, usually dioecious trees, four species. B. parviflora, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 368 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 357, is a small tree of Tenasserim with an acid edible
fruit ; and B.flacclda, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 370, is also found in Burma.

1. B. courtallensis, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 367 ; Talbot Bomb. List 182.
B. sapida, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 280. Vern. Koli leuki, Kan. ; Mutta thiiri, mutti Jceipu,
Mai.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores
small, scanty, often in radial strings. Medullary rays moderately
broad, numerous, showing a neat silver-grain.

Forests of the Western Ghats from N. Kanara to Travancore, up to 3000 ft.

The fruit is edible, being pleasantly acid ; " it generally hangs in great profusion
'from the trunks, the whole trunk appearing as a crimson mass " (Bedd.). Bourdillon
gives W = 42 lbs., P = 569.

lbs.

W 4629. Travancore (Bourdillon) 40

2. B. sapida, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 371; Kurz For. Fl. ii. :\5ti • Gamble
Darj. List 70. Pierardia sapida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 251. Vern. Lutco, Hind. ; Enhi
hoc]oti, Nep. ; Swindling, Lepcha ; Latecku, Ass. ; Kanaizu, Magh ; Kanazo, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, corky. Wood
greyish-brown, soft, with transverse lines of loose tissue very
numerous. Pores small, in short radial lines. Medullary raj/*
moderately broad to broad, the distance between the rays being from
one to three times the transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract and lower hills of the Eastern Himalaya ; Assam and Svlhet ;
tropical forests and moister hill forests of Chittagong and Burma ; Andaman Islands :
often cultivated.

This species has a yellow fruit, which is found growing in clusters on the trunk
or branches and is eaten, being arid and pleasant, and called " Lutqua." The leaves
are used in Sikkim and Assam in dyeing. Brandis, in Burma List of 1862, No. 97,
gives W = 61 lbs.; Wallich, No. 154, gives 38 lbs. for the wood; the specimens
examined average 42 lbs.

612 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

E 1265. Tezpur, Assam (G. Mann) 42

B 2552. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 44

B 3145 6, 3146?, Magayee, Burma 42 and 43

B 2686, 2720. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 41

22. HYMENOCAEDIA, Wall. ; H. punctata, Wall. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 377 (H.
WalUchii, Tul. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 394) ; Vern. Yegin, yegyin, Burm., is a deciduous
shrub or small tree, common in the swamp forests and along streams in Burma, and
having a rather heavy brown or reddish-browu close-grained wood.

Tribe IV. GALEARIEJ1.

23. GALEABIA, Zoll. and Moritz. Two species. G. Helferi, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 378 (G. WalUchii, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 407), is an evergreen small tree or large
shrub of tropical forests in Burma. G. WalUchii, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 379, is a tree
of Tavoy.

24. MICEODESMIS, Planch. M. casearicefolia, Planch.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 380;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 408, is an evergreen small tree of Tenasserim.

25. PLATYSTIGMA, Br. P. myristiceum, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 381, is a little-
known shrub or tree of Sylhet.

Tribe V. CR0T0NEJ1.
26. JATROPHA, Linn.

Four indigenous and three introduced species of more or less succulent soft-wooded
shrubs. J. glandulifera, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 688 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 382 ; Kurz For. PL
ii. 403; Talbot Bomb. List 183; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 45; Vern. Jangli-erandi,
Mar., is a glaucous-looking small shrub of the Bombay coast near Karwar and of the
black cotton soil lands of the Deccan. J. nana, Dalz. and Gibs.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 382 ;
Talbot Bomb. List 183 ; Vern. Kirhundi, Mar., is a small dwarf shrub with 3-lobed
leaves found in dry stony lands of the N. Deccan about Poona. J. heterophylla, Hey ne :
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 382, is a somewhat similar plant of dry stony lands in the Deccan and
Circars. J. Wightiana, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 383, is a shrub of stony lands in
Coimbatore resembling J. Curcas, but with peltate leaves.

Wood white, soft, corky in texture. Pores small to moderate-sized,
often subdivided, very scanty. Medullary rays line, very numerous.

1. J. gossypifolia, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 383 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 46. Vern.
Addalay, atalai, Tarn. ; Nela-amida, Tel.

A shrub with thick stem. Ba rk shining-, rough with raised small
black patches. Wood very soft, corky in texture, white. Pores
small, often subdivided, in scanty groups. Medullary rays extremely
fine, very numerous.

Native of South America; now common in many parts of India, especially near
the coast, very common in Madras.

The seeds give an oil which is used in native medicine.

C 3837. Goluntra, Ganjam (Gamble).

2. J. multifida, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 383; Talbot Bomb. List 183. The Coral
Plant. Vern. Chinni-erandi, Mar.

A tree-like shrub. Barh light brown, shining. Wood white or
greyish- white, soft, corky in texture. Pores moderate-sized, usually
subdivided, very scanty. Med/uMary rays extremely fine, very
numerous.

Native of South America. Introduced and cultivated in Indian gardens.
The seeds are somewhat poisonous, purgative and emetic.

EUPHORBIACE.E 613

lbs.
0 4925. Dehra Dun (Gamble) 28

3. J. Cureas, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 383; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 686; Brandis Fur.
Fl. 442 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 403 ; Gamble Darj. List 71 ; Talbot Bomb. List 183 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 46. The Physic Nut. Vern. Bagberenda, safed arand, Hind.,
Beng. ; Kadam, Nep. ; Verenda, Sonthal ; Kulejera, totka bendi, K61; Guhmcha, Ass. ;
Inmdi, jaiphal, Mar. ; Kaat-amunak, Tain.; Nepalam, Tel.; Maranarulle, rnaraha-
ralti, Kan.; Kaak-avenako, Mai.; Thinbau-kyetsu, Burm.

A soft-wooded evergreen shrub. Bark greenish-white, smooth,
peeling off in thin flakes. Wood white, very soft. Pores moderate-
sized, scanty ; usually subdivided. Medullary rays extremely fine,
very numerous.

Indigenous in America, cultivated in most parts of India.

This plant is much used for hedges and planted near villages. It is grown from
cuttings, which strike very easily. The juice of the leaves forms a lather like soap.
The seeds give an oil incorrectly known as " Croton Oil," which is used for burning, in
medicine as a purgative and emetic, and as an application in cutaneous diseases. In
the Madras Presidency the fruit is sometimes collected in the forests as a " minor forest
product " and sold. The leaves are sometimes used to feed the " Eri " silkworm in
Assam, when, in later stages, castor oil or Eeteropanax leaves are not available (Stack).

lbs.

E 2427. Manjha, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 25

0 4572. Dehra Dun (Gamble) 20

27. TRITAXIS, Baill. T. Beddomei, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 384, is a tree of the
forests at the foot of the Tinnevelly Ghats.

28. ALEURITES, Forst. A. moluccana, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 384; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 276; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 377; Talbot Bomb. List 183; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 46
(A. triloba, Forst.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 629); the "Belgaum Walnut;" Vern. Akrod,
jaiphal, Mar. ; Bata-kekuna, tel-ke'kana, Cingh., is a handsome tree indigenous in the
Malay Archipelago, whence it has been introduced into India. It is now found wild
in the Wynaad and in Ceylon, and is often cultivated. As an ornamental tree, its
cultivation is, as Beddome suggests, to be recommended ; and it has the further advan-
tage of bearing nuts called " Candle-nuts," from the edible kernels of which a useful
oil can be expressed and used for illumination and as a drying oil for paint, for which
purpose it has been said to equal linseed oil. The wood is not well known : in M.
Sebert's " Notice sur les bois de la Nouvelle Caledonie" the wood of the Bancoulier is
said to be white, soft, light and of bad quality, with an average weight of 38 lbs. per
cubic foot. A. cordata, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 384, is a handsome small tree with
large flowers, occasionally seen in Indian gardens.

29. CROTOX, Linn.

About 24 species, trees, shrubs or climbers, chiefly Burmese, with a few South
Indian or of the Eastern Himalaya, none extending to the North- West, beyond Oudh.
Several of the species are small, scarce and of small importance. C. Joufra, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 685 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 387 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 373 ; Vern. Joufra, Beng., is a tree
of Assam, Eastern Bengal and P>urma; and C. Icevifolius, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 391,
is a small tree of the Khasia Hills, up to 4000 ft. In Burma, besides those specially
described, C. robustus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 372 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 387, is a small evergreen
tree; C. WaRichii, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 390; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 373, is a
deciduous tree of the tropical forests ; and C. flocculosus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 375; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 394, is a tree of the swamp forests of the Irrawaddy delta. C. sully rat us, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 374 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 390, is a deciduous shrub of the coast forests of the
Andaman Islands.

C. malaibaricus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cciv. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 386, is a small tree of the
evergreen forests of the Western Ghats up to 4000 ft., with silvery foliage, such as also
possesses the shrubby O. rt ticulatus, 1 loyne : Fl. Br. Ind. v. 386 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cciv. ;
Talbot Bomb. List 184; Vern. Pandwray, Mar., which occurs in the same region, but
extends north to the Konkan. C. Qibsonianus, Nimmo, is a shrub of the evergn

614 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

forests on the Ghats of N. Kanara, common near the falls of Gairsoppa ; and C. Klotz-
schianus, Wight is a shrub or small tree of the dry evergreen forests of the Deccan,
common at Ballipalle in Cuddapah and extending to Cevlon. G. aromaticus, Linn.;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 388; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cciv.; Talbot Bomb/ List 184; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iv. 47; Vern. Wel-keppetiya, keppetiya, Cingh. ; Teppaddi, Tarn., is an aromatic shrub
or small tree of the forests of the western side of South India from the Konkan south-
wards, especially common on the Bababuden hills of Mysore, in the Wynaad, and on
the Nilgiri slopes, where it rises to about 5000 ft. It also is common in Ceylon.

C. Tiglium, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 393 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 682 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ib 374 ; Brandis For. Fl. 440 ; Talbot Bomb. List 184 ; Vern. Jaipdl, jamal gota, Hind. ;
Kanako, Burm., is the " Purging Croton," the plant which gives the real Croton oil of
medicine, used as a powerful purgative. It is not indigenous in India, but is said to
be naturalized or cultivated almost throughout the country. I have, however, only
seen it once or twice, and then in gardens. The garden "Crotons" with variegated
leaves belong to the genus Codiceum.

Wood white, usually hard, close-grained. Pores moderately large
to large, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous. Transverse bars joining the rays generally found.

1. C. argyratus, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 385 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 372. Vern. Chonoo,
Burm. ; Talibdd, And.

A moderate-sized or small evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood
hard, cream-coloured, close- and even-grained, seasons well. Pores
large and very large, scanty, circular, very prominent on a vertical
section. Medtdlary rays extremely fine, very numerous. Minute
transverse bars crossing the cellular tissue between the rays.

Martaban, Tenasserim aud the Andaman Islands.

This is a fine wood, well worthy of notice. It is curious that neither by Kurz nor
in the Fl. Br. Ind. is this tree given as growing in the Andaman Islands. There
seems to be, however, no reason to doubt its "identification.

lbs.
B 501, 515. Andaman Islands (General Barwell) . . . 4S and 46
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XII. 6).

2. C. scabiosus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 283 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 386. Vern. Terri
chill a, Tel.

A small tree, often gregarious. Bark \ in. thick, dark brown,
very rough with many fissures and granulations. Wood hard, yellowish-
white, close-grained. Pores small, in radial strings. Med/uttary rays
very fine, very numerous. Transverse bars faint.

Hills of South Deccan, especially on the Palkonda Hills in Cuddapah and the
Nallamalai Hills in Kurnool, at 2-4000 ft. ; also in Travancore.

A pretty and interesting tree, with silvery foliage. It usually occurs on transition
rocks.

D 3868. Palkonda Hills, Cuddapah, 2500 ft. (Gamble).

3. C. oblongifolius, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 685; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 386; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. cciv. : Brandis For. Fl. 440; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 373 ; Gamble I>arj. List 71 : Talbot
Bomb. List 184 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 47. Vern. Arjunna, Oudh ; Akh, Nep. ; Burma,
parokiijd, Ass.; Putcr, Monghyr ; Gate, Sonthal ; Kote, putol, Mai Pahari ; Maisonda,
Koderma ; Kurti, Jconya, Jculi, K61 ; I'utila, Bhumij ; Putri, Kharwar ; Gunsur, Mar. ;
Bhutankusam, Tel. ; Millakunari, Tarn.; Thityin, Burm.

A small deciduous, often gregarious tree. Bark 1 in. thick, grey
or brownish, inner bark red, coarsely fibrous. Wood yellowish-white,
moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided or in groups

ETJPHORBIACE.K 615

of 3 to 4, scanty. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous.
Wavy concentric bands of loose pale tissue.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Oudh and Gorakhpur eastwards ; Bengal, Behar, the
Sonthal Parganas, Chota Nagpore and the Circars ; rare in the Konkan ; upper mixed
forests of Burma up to 2000 ft. ; dry region of Ceylon.

A very common plant in the forests of Oudh, Behar, Bengal and Chota Nagpore
especially, often occurring in patches almost pure, and remarkable for the brilliant red
colour of the leaves before falling. The bark, leaves and fruit are used in native
medicine. It is frequently planted for ornament.

C 3458. Chandwa, Tori, Chota Nagpore (Gamble).
B 3201. Burma (Brandis, 1862).

4. C. eaudatUS, Geisel ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 388 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 375 ; Gamble Darj.
List 71; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 48. C. drupaceus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 683. Vern. Nan
hhantwi, Beng. ; Takchabrik, Lepcha ; Wusta, Uriya.

A large straggling shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood white or
yellowish-white, hard, close-grained. Pores large, scanty, sometimes
subdivided, prominent on a vertical section. Medidlary rays very
fine to extremely fine, very numerous. Numerous wavy bars of loose
tissue interrupting the rays.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract up to 4000 ft. from Nepal eastwards ;
Bengal, Assam, Burma and South India, chiefly on the banks of streams ; dry region
of Ceylon.

Home says the wood is used for fuel and the leaves applied as poultices to sprains.
In Orissa, the branches are used to tie rafters ; in the Sundarbans for firewood.

E 3298. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble).

30. GIVOTIA, Griff.

1. G. rottleriformis, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 395; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 285; Brandis
For. Fl. 442 ; Talbot Bomb. List 185 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 50. Vern. Vendale, butalli,
bulali, Tam. ; Telia punki, tella puliki, joetiri puliki, Tel.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark brown, smooth, ^ in. thick, peeling
off in circular thick bosses, leaving pits. Wood white, exceedingly
light, very soft but even-grained. Pores moderate-sized to large, very
scanty, very prominent on a vertical section, often many times sub-
divided; annual rings marked by a dark line. Medullary rays nume-
rous, uniform, fine, the distance between the rays much less than the
transverse diameter of the pores. Occasional faint light bars joining
the rays.

Dry districts of the Deccan, Mysore and Carnatic ; dry region of Ceylon.

A conspicuous tree on account of its large leaves, densely white — woolly beneath.
Growth fast, 2 to G rings per inch, but the annual rings are perhaps doubtful. The
wood is used for carved figures, for toys, imitation fruit and other fancy articles, which
are lacquered and painted ; in Mysore for theatrical masks ; also for catamarans. The
seeds give an oil which is valuable for lubricating fine machinery.

lbs.

D3152. Cuddapah (lieddome) 14

D 4141. Bellary (Gamble) 20

31. TRIGONOSTEMON, Blume. Six species, evergreen trees or shrubs. T. sem~
perflorens, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 397 (Cluytia semper flor ens, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 740), is a small shrub of Assam, Sylhet and Cachar. T. lonyifolius, Baill., T. hete-
ranthus, Wight, and T. hdus, Baill. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 396-7; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 406-7,
are small trees or shrubs of Tenasserim. T. nentoralis, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 398 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxiii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 58, is a slender shrub or small tree of the
hills of Tinnevelly, up to 3000 ft., and of Ceylon, where also is found, but rare,
T. diplopetalus, Thw. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 51, t. 83.

6*16 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

32. OSTODES, Blume.

Three species. 0. zeylanica, Muell. Ar». ; Fl. Br. I rid. v. 400; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 274 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 52 ; Vem. Sotege, Kan. ; Walkekuna, olupetta, Cingh.,
is a large tree of the forests of the Wynaad, Anamalai, Pulney and Travancore Hills,
up to 5000 ft., and the moist region of Ceylon up to 4000 It. 0. Helferi, Muell. Arg. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 401 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 404, is a tree of Upper Tenasserirn, found in the
plains round Moulmein.

1. 0. panieulata, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 400; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 404; Gamble Darj.
List 71. Vera. Bepari, mya, Nep.; Palok, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark light grey. Wood white, soft.
Pores scanty, small to large, subdivided. Medullary rays very fine,
uniform, closely packed.

Forests of the Sikkim Himalaya at 2-G000 ft., Khasia Hills; Sylhet; Hills of
Martaban.

A handsome tree. Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. It gives a

gum which is used as size in the manufacture of paper.

lbs.
E 3110. Darjeeling, 6000 ft, (Gamble) ... ... 26

33. BLACHIA/Baill. Five species, shrubs or small trees. B. umbellata, Bail]. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 402; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 53 (Codiceum umbellatum, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. ccsiii.) ; Vern. Kosatta, Cingh., is a shrub or small tree of Travancore and
the moist region of Ceylon. B. reflexa, Benth. and B. calycina, Benth. are shrubs of
the Nilgiris, the latter extending to Travancore. B. denudata, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
403 ; Talbot Bomb. List, 185, is a small tree of the evergreen forests of the Konkan and
N. Kanara, common on the Supa Ghat. B. andamanica, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
403 (Codiceum andamanicum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 405), is an evergreen large shrub,
common in the tropical forests of the Andaman Islands.

34. DIMOtlPHOCALYX, Thw.

Two species. D. glabellas, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 403 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 54, t. 84 ;
Vern. Tentukki, Tarn. ; Wtliiuenna, Cingh., is a small much-branched tree of South
India and the dry region of Ceylon.

1. D. Lawianus, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 404; Talbot Bomb. List 185. Trigo-
nostemon Lawianus, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 273.

A tree. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, very
scanty. Medullary rays extremely fine, numerous. Numerous very
line pale bars in the tissue between the rays.

Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, up to 4000 ft. on the Anamalai Hills.

11)9.

W 4714. Travancore (Bourdillon) 59

35. AGROSTISTACHYS, Dalz.

Three species, shrubs or small trees. A. indica, Dalz. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 40<> ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. ccv. ; Talbot Bomb. List 186 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 55, is a shrub of the
banks of streams in the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards and of the low
country of Ceylon. A. Hookeri, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 406 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv.
55 (Sarcoclinium Hookeri, Thw. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccvi.) ; Vera. Maha-beru, <lvja-
beru, Cingh., is a small-sized tree of the moist region of Ceylon.

1. A. longifolia, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 407; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 377; Talbot
Bomb. List 186 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 56. Sarcoclinium longi/olium, Wight ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. ccv. Vern. Manchdrei, Tarn. ; Mulimpalei, Trav. Hills ; B&ru, Cingh.

A small tree. Wood light brown, moderately hard. Pores small,

EUPHORBIACEiE 617

in radial strings between the fine and very numerous indistinct
medullary rays.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats from N. Kanara southwards along streams
and up to 4000 ft. ; hill forests of Ceylon at 3-6000 ft. ; Tenasserim or the Andamans.

The stiff large hard leaves are used in Ceylon for roofing huts, like shingles, and
are durable (Trimen).

s J 11)9.

W 4551. Travancore (Bourdillon) 38

36. SUMBAVIA, Baill. S. maerophylla, Muell. Arg.; PI. Br. Ind. v. 408; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 376, is an evergreen tree common along streams in Burma.

37. CLAOXYLON, A. Juss. Three species, shrubs or small trees. G. indicum,
Hassk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 410, is a large shrub or small tree of S. India and Burma,
apparently scarce. C. khasianum, Hook f. is a shrub of Assam, the Khasia Hills,
Cachar and Sylhet ; and O. oligandrum, Muell. Arg., a rare shrub of Ceylon. There
aie also 3 shrubby little-known species in Travancore.

38. ACALYPHA, Linn. A.fruticosa, Forsk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 415 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
397 (A. amentacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 676), is a strong-smelling deciduous shrub of
Soutn India, Burma and Ceylon.

39. ADENOCHLiENA, Baill. Three species. A. indica, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
418 ; Talbot Bomb. List 186 (Cepludocroton indicum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 261), is a large
tree of the banks of streams in the Western Ghats from N. Kanara southwards, up to
4000 ft. A. silhetiana, 1 tenth, is a shrub of the Khasia Hills ; and A. zeylanica, Thw. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 60, t. 85, is a shrub of the hills of Ceylon.

40. CCELODEPAS, Hassk. C. calytinum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccvii. t. 320 ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 419, is a tree of the hills of Tinnevelly. Yern. Katpira.

41. ALCHORNEA, Swartz. Two species. A. mollis, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
iv. 420 (Sapium cordifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 693), is a small tree of the Central
and Eastern Himalaya, Assam and the hills of the N. Circars. A. tiliaefolia, Muell. Arg. ;
PL Br. Ind. v. 421 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 421 ; Kurz For Fl. ii. 386 ; Gamble Darj. List 71 ;
Vern. Chota Kagshi, Nep., is an evergreen shrub of the lower Darjeeling Hills up to
5000 ft., Assam, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Tenasserim (or Andaman Islands),
found in the undergrowth of evergreen forest.

42. PODADENIA, Thw. P. sapida, Thw. ; PL Br. Ind. v. 423 ; Trimen PL
Ceyl. iv. 62 (Rottlera Thwaitesii, Baill. ; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 282), is a large endemic
scarce tree in Ceylon, found in the moist region.

43. TREWIA, Linn.

Two species. T. pohjcarpa, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 424 ; Talbot Bomb. List 186
(T. nudiflora, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 281, non Linn.), is a tree of the Konkan and X.
Kanara differing from the true T. nudiflora elderly by having small fruit.

1. T. nudiflora, Linn.; PL Br. Ind. v. 423 ; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 837; Brandis Tor.
EL 443; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 379; Gamble Darj. List 71; Talbot Bomb. List 186;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 61. Yeru. Twmri, khamara, Kumaon; Bhillawr, bhiflaura,
Oudh ; Pitali, Beng. ; Garum, gamari, kurong, Nop.; Tungflam, Lepcha; Gara
lohaddru, K61 ; Garnhdr, Monghyr ; Morula, Uriya; Pitari, Mar.; Kat kwribla, Kan. ;
Hrwprukban, Magh : Pambara kumbil, Mai. ; Tehmyok, Harm.

A deciduous dioecious tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood white,
soft, not durable. Pores moderate-sized, subdivided and often elon-
gated, the transverse diameter several times greater than the distance
between the closely packed uniform, fine medullar;/ rays. Fine,
ladder-like, straight or oblique bars crossing the tissue between the rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards to Assam, up to 3000 ft. : Central,
Western and Southern India; tropical forests of Chittagong and Burma; scarce in
Ceylon.

618 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

This tree resembles, as several of its vernacular names indicate, the Gmelina arborea,
but the foliage is not so grey, and the leaves are more cordate. The flowers, of course,
at once distinguish it. It chiefly occurs in swampy places and along streams, and
fruits in great profusion. The wood is a good one for purposes for which a soft wood
is required, but, like most of the soft white woods, it has to be cut up when green and
seasoned in dry air if it is to retain its white colour and not get discoloured of a muddy
grey. It is used for drums, and, according to Brandis, for agricultural implements.

lbs.

E 2468. Calcutta (Kins) 29

B 311. Burma, 1867 28

44. COCCOCERAS, Miq. C.plicatum, Muell. Arg. ; PL Br. Ind. v. 424 {Hymeno-
cardia plicata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 395); Vern. Tegyin, Burm., is a deciduous tree of the
swamp and savannah forests of Burma. Kurz gives W = 35 lbs., breaking weight
153 to 170 lbs.

45. CCELODISCUS, Baill. Four species, all small shrubs, the largest and most
important of which seems to be C. glabriusculus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 393 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
426, which is common in the upper mixed forests of Burma, especially along streams.

46. MALLOTUS, Lour.

This genus as described in Fl. Br. Ind. contains two subgenera. 1. Blumeodendron
with one species : M. Kurzii, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 427 {Blumeodendron Tokbrai,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 391), an evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands with broad thick
leaves ; and 2. Eumallotcs with 29 species, most of which are scarce shrubs or small
trees of evergreen forests, but little known. Outside the species whose wood has been
described, the most common one is 21. repandus, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 4tL';
Bedd. PL Sylv. ccx. ; Brandis For. PL 444 ; Kurz For. PL 380 ; Talbot Bomb. List
187 ; Trimen PL Ceyl. iv. 67 (Rotilera dicocca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 829) ; Tern. Ahus,
Hind. ; Kanda-veltu, Tel. ; Ngaldaingbo, Burm., which is a large straggling or scandent
shrub very common in waste places and hedges as well as in the forests in the Peninsula
and in Assam, Eastern Bengal, Burma and Ceylon. M. khasianvs, Hook. f. ; FL Br.
Ind. v. 438, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills.

In Burma, the chief species are : M. cochinchinensis, Lour. : Fl. Br. Ind. v. 430
(M. paniculatus, Muell. Arg.; Kurz For. FL ii. 383), an evergreen tree with whitish
leaves, not uncommon along streams in the forests of Burma; 31. acuminatus, Muell.
Arg. ; FL Br. Ind. v. 431 ; Kurz For. PL ii. 383, an evergreen tree of Tenasserim and
the Andaman Islands ; and M. floribundus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 432, also a
tree of Tenasserim.

M. stenanthus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 437 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccix. ; Talbot
Bomb. List 187, is a small tree of the evergreen forests of X. Kanara ; and M. Lawii,
Muell. Arg. is a small tree of the same forests, extending, however, north to the Kon-
kan and south to Malabar. M. muricatus, Bedd.; .1/. Beddomei, Hook. f. and M.
atrovirens, Muell. Arg. are all small trees of the "Western Ghats in South India, where
also is found M. rhamnifolius, Muell. Arg. ; FL Br. Ind. v. 440; Trimen Fl. Sylv. iv.
66 (M. micranthus, Muell. Arg. and M. zeylanicus, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. PL Sylv. ccix.) ;
Yern. Marai-tium, Tarn., a small tree which extends to the low country of Ceylon,
where it is common. M. Walkerce, Hook. f. is also a common small tree in Ceylon.

Pores small, in radial lines. Medmllary rays fine, uniform, closely
packed. In some species numerous faint transverse bars.

1. M. Roxburg-hianus, Muell. Arg. ; PL Br. Ind. v. 428 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 383 ;
Gamble Darj. List 71. Eotttera peltata, Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 828. Vern. KarrUi mallata,
phusri mallata, Nep.; Nimpooteli, Beng. ; Sirgullum, Sylhet.

A small evergreen tree. Wood white, moderately hard, close-
drained. Pores small, often in radial lines, uniformly distributed.
Medullar// rays uniform, fine, very numerous, equidistant. Faint
transverse bars.

Eastern Himalaya from Sikkim eastwards and up to 3000 ft., in undergrowth of
damp forests ; Assam, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Chittagong and Martaban.

EUPHORBIACE.*: 619

lbs.

E 2423. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . .46

2. M. nepalensis, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 362; Gamble Darj. List 71. M.
oreophilus, Muell. Arg. Vera. Numbungkor, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark J in. thick, light brown, with corky lenticels.
Wood white, soft. Pores moderate-sized and large, rather scanty,
often subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous, equidistant.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, common about Darjeeling at 5-8000 ft., cbiefiy in
second-growth forests ; Khasia Hills at 4-5000 fc.

Manson, in " Darjeeling Working Plan," says the wood is used for cooly huts and
fencing, and gives a light but firm and good charcoal.

E 3397. The Park, Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

3. M. albus, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 429 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccviii. ; Brandis
For. PI. 444; Gamble Darj. List 71 ; Talbot Bomb. List 187 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 64.
M. tetracoccus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 382. Rottlera alba and tetracocca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
829, 826. Yern. Marleya, Sylhet; Jogi mallata, N ep. ; Numbong, Lepcha; Rukenda,
Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, brownish-grey. Wood soft,
white. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous, equidistant.

Sikkim Himalaya, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagoug ;
Western Ghats, Mysore and Ceylon.

A conspicuous tree, especially in second-growth forest. The leaves are covered
beneath with dense white tomentum.

lbs.
E 2422. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 31

4. M. andamanieus, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 439. M. rnwricatus, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 384. Yern. Ouk-mouk, Burm.

A large evergreen shrub. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pore*
very small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, equidistant. Numerous very fine transverse bars.

Andaman Islands.

lbs.
B 2476. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1874) 57

5. M. philippinensis, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br. Inch v. 442; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 289 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 444 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 381 ; Gamble Darj. List 71 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 187 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 68. Rottlera tinctoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 827. Yern.
Kamela, kamal, kambal, kumila, Pb. ; Kamila, kaimlar, Kashmir; Ruen, rivaia,
roina, roll, Kumaon; Raini, Dehra Dun ; Kambel, Jaunsar; Rauni, Garhwal ; Rohni,
Oudh ; Reoni, Banda; Rauni, rori, C. P.; Punag, tung, Jcishur, Beng. ; Sinduria,
Nep.; Puroa, tukla, Lepcha ; Baraibwri, sindurpong, Mechi ; Chinderjoang, machugan,
Garo; Qangai, pttddum, Ass.; Kumala, sinduri, sundragundi,TJriy&; Rare, Sontha! :
Dorosindra, Mai Pahari ; Pondika, Koya; Sendri, Kurku; Senduria, Merwara; Rolli,
Jeypore ; Gari, kukii, Berar ; Kapli, kapila, Tarn. ; Km mkuma, vastitutagiinda, chendrn.
sinduri, adivigubatadu, pachichettu, Tel.; Koku, Gondi ; Kurku, corunga-manjt, sum-
akasari, kunkuma, hidichellu, Kan.; Shendri, roem, kapila, Mar.; Ponnagam, Mai.;
Hamparila, Cingh. ; Tawthidin, Burm.

A small tree with usually buttressed trunk. Bark | in. thick,
grey, inner substance red, marked by irregular cracks. Wood smooth,
grey to light red, hard, close-grained, no heartwood. Annual rings
indistinct. Pores small, uniformly distributed, scanty, often sub-
divided. Medullary rays uniform, very fine, very numerous, equi-
distant, the distance between them less than the diameter of the
pores. Faint indications of transverse bars.

<)20 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Indus eastwards, rising to
4500 ft. ; Bengal ; Central, "Western and Southern India ; Burma and the Andaman
Islands ; Ceylon.

One of the most universally distributed and most common of Indian forest trees. It
is sometimes more or less gregarious, but more usually mixed with other species, both
in the forests and in open scrub lands. In coppice woods it is a useful species, as it
reproduces very well. The wood is of little value as timber, but is a useful fuel. The
bark is occasionally used in tanning, but the chief product is the " Kamela " powder,
which is a dye given by the red glands on the surface of the capsule. This powder
is collected either dry by shaking the capsules in a bag, or wet by stirring them in
water and collecting the sediment in cakes. The dye is used chiefly for dyeing silks
a bright orange or flame colour. It is available in considerable quantities, but the
cost of collection is considerable, so that it is not able properly to compete with mineral
dyes of the same colour. The powder is also used in medicine. Bourdillon gives for
the wood W = 44 lbs., P = 631 ; the average of specimens examined comes to 47 lbs.
The leaves are not eaten by goats (Gleadow). The young leaves are damaged by a
Scarabaeid beetle, Serica Ahocki, Brensk., in the Dehra Dun (" Ind. Mus. Notes,'' iv.
217).

lbs.
50
43
43
51
49

P 109. Sutlej Valley, 3000 ft

O 4822. Thano Forest, Dehra Dun (Gleadow)

C 1178. Ahiri Beserve, C.P. (R. Thompson)

E 599. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) .

E 2421. „ „ „ (Gamble) .

47. CLEIDIOX, Blume.

Two species. C. nitidum, Thw. ex. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 391 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 444, is
a small evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

1. C. javanieum, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 444 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 272 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 390; Gamble Darj. List 71 ; Talbot Bomb. List 188 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 69.
Vern. Palap, Lepcha ; OJcurit, Cingh.

An evergreen tree. Bark pale yellowish-grey, smooth. Wood
greyish-white, soft. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays
moderately broad, very indistinct.

Sikkim Himalaya, lower hills, up to 4000 ft. ; Assam and the Khasia Hills ;
Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands ; evergreen forests of the Western Ghats
from the Konkan southwards; moist reuion of Ceylon.

lbs.
W 4718. Travancore (Bourdillon) 34

48. MACARAXGA, Thouars.

Ten species, trees or shrubs, usually with large peltate leaves, and generally found
in forest clearances and on old cultivated lands. One-half of the species are Himalayan.
the other half South Indian or Burmese or of the Andaman Islands or Ceylon. .1/.
f/iuclincpfolia, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 445, is a small tree of the Sikkim Himalaya, found
near Kurseong ; and M. GamNei, Hook. f. a small scarce tree of the Dulka Jhar
forest in the Darjeeling Terai. 31. Tanarius, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 447; Kur/,
For. Fl. ii. 3S8 (iiicinns 31<n>p<i, Poxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 690), is a small tree of the tropical
forests of the Andaman Islands. M. Brandisii, King: Fl. Br. Ind. v. 453, is a tree
found on Moolyet Hill in Tenasserim at 2-6000 ft. M. digyna, Muell. Arg.; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 453; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxi.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 71; Vern. Ota,gaUota, Cingh.,
is :i small tree of Ceylon. Beddome speaks of it as " very common," Trimen as " rare."

After a good deal of difficulty, 1 In lieve I have now succeeded in correctly identify-
ing the Sikkim species, which were certainly wrongly given in Ed. 1.

Wood soft, spongy. Pores moderate-sized to large. Medullary
rays uniform, very line, closely packed.

1. M. pustulata, King; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 415. Vern. Mallata, Nep.; Numro,

Lepcha.

EUPHORBIACE.E 621

A small tree, often gregarious. Bark grey, smooth. Wood soft,
greyish-red. Pores moderate-sized to large, oval, elongated and sub-
divided. Medullary rays faint, uniform, very fine, very numerous.

Himalaya, from Kumaon at 4-5000 ft., to the Sikkim Hills at 3-6000 ft., chiefly
on old clearings.

This is probably the most common of the " Mallata " trees so conspicuous on
clearings in the Darjeeling Hills. It is recognized at once by the leaves not being
peltate and by the glands on the rather large capsules. The growth is very fast ; in
10 years the tree can reach a height of 40 ft., with a girth of 3 ft., and 2 rings per
inch of radius are not uncommon. This tree and its allies are valuable as paving the
way for more useful species and as acting as nurses to such trees as walnut, toon
and chestnut. They die early, however, and as the wood easily decays, they soon
disappear. The wood serves very well for temporary huts, fencing and similar purposes,
that of the larger trees might serve for tea-boxes. It gives a fair charcoal.

lbs.
E 2425. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . 29

2. M. dentieulata, Muell. Arg. ; EL Br. Ind. v. 446; Kurz For. FL ii. 387.
Yern. Dagdakti, Mechi ; Lai mallata, Nep. ; Laikezau, Mechi ; Boura, Beng. : Modala,
Ass.; Chakro, Garo ; Burma, Chittagong ; JPawding, Magh; Taungpetvmn, ywetvmn,
Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark grey, thin, smooth. Wood greyish-
red, moderately hard, in structure similar to that of M. pustulata.

Sikkim Himalaya at 1-5000 ft. ; Assam and Khasia Hills up to 3000 ft. ; Chittagong
to Tenasserim.

The remarks made under M. pustulata apply also to this species, which is, however,
less common and is foimd at lower levels. The growth is very fast. It gives a red
resin.

lbs.

E 2424. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2000 ft. (Gamble) 33

B 2475. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1874) ...... —

3. M. indiea, Wight ; FL Br. Ind. v. 446 ; Bedd. FL Sylv. ccxi. ; Kurz For. FL
ii. 387 ; Talbot Bomb. List 188 ; Trimen PL Ceyl. iv. 70. Vejn. Jogi mallata, Nep. ;

Vatta thamarei, Tarn.

A small tree, often gregarious. Bark grey, smooth. Wood
greyish-red, soft, in structure similar to that of M. pustulata.

Lower Himalaya from the Jumna (Malkot Hills, Dehra Dun) eastwards at 3-6000
ft. ; Assam and Khasia Hills at 2-4000 ft. ; Andaman Islands ; hill ranges of S. India,
from Cuddapah southwards, up to 5000 ft. ; Ceylon, up to 4000 ft.

A very noticeable and handsome but short-lived tree of quick growth (3 rings per
inch of radius in specimen). The wood is used for similar purposes to that of .1/.

pustulata.

lbs.

E 2426. Pugraingbong, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) .... 22

4. M. Roxburghii, Wight; FL Br. Ind. v. 448; Talbot Bomb. List 188. M.
tomentosa, Wight ; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 287: Trimen FL Ceyl. 70. Vera. Vattakanni,
Tarn.; Ghenthakanni, Mysore ; Upligi, upalkai, upranti, kanchupranti, Kan.; Chanda,
Mar.; P ul ic/rinsaku, Reddi; Peemooha, Kader; Kendo, pat-kenda, Cingh.

A small resinous tree. Wood reddish-brown, soft. Pores large,
often oval and subdivided into 2 or 3, scanty, prominent on a radial
section. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, giving a fair
silver-grain.

Hills of S. India, on both sides, common equally in the Circar mountains and in
the Western Ghats, from the plains up to 3000 It.

Like the Sikkim species, this also comes up in old clearings and is very fast in
growth. Beddome says it is used by planters to shade coffee. The wood is of little or
no value ; Bourdillon gives W = 27, P = 4U3 lbs. The gum is used in medicine and
for taking impressions.

622 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

W 4589. Travancore (Bourdillon) 26

Nos. 63 and 68 Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis), are both called M. tomentosa ; one
is an orange-coloured wood, the other a brown, and neither seems correct. No. 105 of
the same collection is called Ota (Mallotus fuscescens). Now Trimen gives Ota as the
Vernacular name of Macaranga digyna. The wood is a soft white one, and may belong
to that species, but it is doubtful.

49. HOMONOIA, Lour.

Two species. H. retusa, Muell. Arg. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 456 ; Bedd. PI. Sylv. ccxii. ;
Brandis For. Fi. 445 ; Talbot Bomb. List 189, is a small shrub of river-beds in S. India,
from the Konkan and Circars southwards.

1. H. riparia, Lour. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 455 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxii. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 445 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 401 ; Gamble Darj. List 72 ; Talbot Bomb. List 188 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 72. Adelia n&riifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 849. Vern. Kandagar,
Kumaon ; Khola ruis, Nep. ; Mongthel, Lepcha ; Taniki, Tel. ; Sandeh, Gondi ;
JeljamJbu, Kurku ; Patada, Beddi; Kat-allari, Mai. ; Momaka, yetagyi, Burm.

An evergreen shrub. Bark brown. Wood grey or greyish-brown,
moderately hard, close-grained. Pores scanty, moderately large, often
subdivided. Medullary rays of two classes : few moderately broad
and short and numerous long fine rays, which, on a thin section, appear
as a succession of small black cells.

Rocky and stony river-beds, throughout India except in the north-west ; Burma
and Ceylon.

lbs.
E 3303. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 40

50. LASIOCOCCA, Hook. f.

1. L. symphyllisefolia, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 456; Gamble Darj. List 72.
Verm Bajadanti, Nep.; Ohing, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark very thin, white or light
grey, peels off in thin flakes. Wood yellowish- white, hard, smooth,
close-grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small, numerous,
uniformly distributed, sometimes in short radial lines. Medulla ry rays
very fine, very numerous. Occasional very faint transverse bars.

Damp forests of the lower Darjeeling Hills.

Growth slow, about 10 rings per inch of radius. The section of the stem is very
irregular, presenting deep sinuosities. The wood is hard and tough, and is used for
punting-poles by the Tista boatmen. It is recommended for trial as a substitute for
boxwood.

lbs.
E 496. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling (Manson) . . . .54

E 2429. Tista Valley, near Sivoke, Darjeeling (Gamble) . . .59

51. RICINUS, Linn.

1. R. communis, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 457 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 689 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 445; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 400; Gamble Darj. List 73; Talbot Bomb. List 189;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 72. The Castor Oil Plant or Raima Christi. Vern. Hand, arand,
arendi, ind, Hind.; Aneru, Chenab; Ilarinuili, Salt Range; Jnd-rendi, Kumaon;
Orer, Nep.; lialclop, Lepcha; Irandi, Berar; Tirki, Guz. ; Sittamunuk, Tain.;
Amadum, amudapu, amdi, sittamindi, Tel. ; Nerinda, Gondi ; Earalu, Kan. ; Kyetsu,
l»urm. ; Endaru, Cingh.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark thin, light greyish-brown.
Wood white, soft, light, with large central pith and occasionally an
irregular brown heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, uniformly

EUPHORBIACE.E 623

distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays numerous, of two
classes, fine and moderately broad, bent round the pores, rather short.

Probably indigenous in Africa and Arabia : cultivated throughout India and often
found run wild.

It is cultivated for the well-known oil which is expressed from its seeds and which
is so largely used for burning, for lubricating machinery and in medicine. In Assam
and adjoining regions it is cultivated for its leaves which are the food of the EH silk-
worm (Attacus ricini, Boisd.). The silk is strong and durable, and is in regular use
among Assamese and Mechis for making their wearing apparel, and a considerable
trade is done in cocoons with Calcutta and England (see Watt Diet. Econ. Products ;
"Ind. Mus. Notes," vol. i. 163 ; " Agric. Ledger," 19 (1894), and other works).

E 3277. Naltanpara, Western Duars (Gamble).

Hough's American Woods, No. 189, vol. viii.

52. GELONIUM, Roxb.

Three species. G. Icmceolatum, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 459; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
831; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxiv. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 73; Vern. Suragada, Tel.; Kakkai-
palai, varittula, potpottai, Tarn., is a small evergreen tree of the hills and dry evergreen
forests on the eastern side of the Peninsula, reaching the West Coast in Cochin and
Travancore, and extending to Ceylon. G. bifarium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 830 ; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 459 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 410, is a small evergreen tree of the bamboo jungles on
Middle Andaman Island.

1. G. multiflorum, A. Juss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 459; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 409. G.
fasciculatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 862. Vern. Kahra, Uriya; Sethanbaya, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark ^ in. thick, granular, outside greyish-
white with longitudinal streaks. Wood hard, smooth, close- and
even-grained, yellowish-white, with a waxy smell. Pores moderate-
sized, very scanty, usually subdivided or in short radial strings.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, joined by minute, faint,
light-coloured bars.

Bengal, Orissa and the N. Circars ; Chittagong and Burma.

A pretty tree, sometimes cultivated in gardens. Growth moderate, 6 rings per inch
of radius.

lbs.

C 3548. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

C 3828. Surada Forests, Ganjam „ 47

53. CH.ETOCARPUS, Thw.

Three species. C. coriaceus, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 461; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxiv. :
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 75.; Vern. Iledoka, hedaivaka, Cingh., is a moderate-sized tree of
the moist region of Ceylon ; where also, but more scarce, is found 0. pubescens, Hook. f.

1. C. castanoearpus, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 460; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 284; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 409. Vern. Biilkokra, Beng. ; Htdoka, hedawaka, Ciugh.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood light red, moderately hard, close-
grained. Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous. Narrow wavy concentric bands fairly
regular and prominent.

Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon.
The wood is said to be used in Ceylon for building.

lbs.

No. 34, Ceylon Collection, old {€. pungens) ; No. 46, new . . . 58

54. BALIOSPERMUM, Blume. Five species, three of which are small shn
Assam and the Khasia Hills. B. corymbiferum, Hook, f.; Fl. Br. [nd. v. 463; Win.
Poguntig, Lepcha, is a shrub of Eastern Nepal and Sikkim at 4-5000 ft. The most

624 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

common species is B. axillare, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 461. (B. montanum, Muell.
Arg. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 410, Croton potyaudrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 682), a stout
subherbaceous leafy shrub common in most parts of India and Burma, often on road-
sides, or in savannah forests.

55. CNESMONE, Blume. C.javanica, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 466 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 399, is an evergreen large climbing shrub of tropical forests near Piangoon, extending
northwards to Bengal, Sylhet and the Khasia Hills.

Tribe VI. HIPP0MANE.E.
56. SAPIUM, P. Br.

Six species, one of which is an introduced tree. S. eugenicefolium, Ham. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 470, is a glabrous tree of the Central and Eastern Himahaya, from Kumaon
3-4000 ft. to Sikkim, Assam and the Khasia Hills; while S. virgatum, Benth. is a
scarce tree found near Moulmein.

Wood soft, spongy. Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty.
Medullary rays very line, uniform, closely packed. Faint concentric
lines.

1. S. baeeatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 694 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 470 ; Gamble Darj. List
73. Exccecaria baccata, Muell. Arg. ; Brandis For. Fl. 441. Carunibium baeeatum,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 412. Vera. Pudlikat, lal hainjal, Nep. ; Adamsali, larrna, As-.:
Billa, Sylhet ; Lelun, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Wood grey, soft. Pores moderate-sized
and large, often subdivided. Med/ulla/ry rays very tine, regular,
closely-packed.

Sikkim Himalaya, in the lower hills and Terai ; Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylhet ;
Chittagong and Burma.

A fine tree, especially handsome when in young leaf, when the leaves are of an
orange-red colour. Roxburgh writes of it as a " useful timber tree," but Kurz evidently
thinks the wood of poor quality. The specimens are believed to be accurately identified,
but this is not quite certain.

lbs

E 3340. Assam — '

E 1962. Chittagong (Chester) 28

2. S. sebiferum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 693; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 470; Gamble Darj. List
73; Talbot Bomb. List 189. Exccecaria sebifera, Muell. Arg.; Brandis For. Fl. 441.
Carunibium sebiferum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 412. The Chinese Tallow tree. Vera. Mom-
china, Beng. ; Tar-charm, Dehra Dun.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Ba/rlc grey, with shallow,
vertical cracks. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small to
large, often subdivided. Medulla ry rays very fine, very numerous,
the distance between the rays less than the transverse diameter of
the pores. Numerous very fine, wavy oblique bars across the rays.

Indigenous and cultivated in China and Japan. Introduced and cultivated
throughout Northern India.

Growth rather fast, 6 rings per inch of radius. The white wax round the seeds
gives the Chinese tallow, which is separated by boiling in water, and is used in China
and Japan for candles. Roxburgh says it is bad for burning, that it only remains firm
at a cool temperature, and that it easily becomes rancid. It melts at 104° F. The
seeds give an oil, and the leaves a black dye. It is a handsome tree, somewhat like
Sissi'i in foliage, and often planted for ornament, the leaves turning orange or scarlet
before falling. Experiments have been made by Babu Birbal at Dehra Dun, and the
wax was extracted and made into cakes, but the process was tedious and the results not
very satisfactory, so that the culture of the tree for wax is not recommended. The

EUPHORBIACE.E 62 o

tree is very easily grown ; it will reproduce from cuttings, and gives both coppice
shoots and root suckers.

The tree is often defoliated in Dehra Diin by the lava of the moth Ophiusa Melicerte,
Drury.

lbs.

0 3114. Dehra Dun (Col. Bailey) 32

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

3. S. indieum, Wilkl. ; Fl. Br. lad. v. 471 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 692 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 189 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 75. Exccecaria indica, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxv. ; Brandis For. Fl. 441 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 413. Vern. Hurua, batul, Beug. ;
Hurna, Mar. ; Kiri-makulu, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood soft, white,
with small brown heartwood. Pores moderate-sized and large, oval,
often subdivided. Medullary rays equally distributed, very fine,
closely packed. The transverse diameter of the pores is greater than
the distance between the rays.

Sundarbans and tidal forests of Tenasserim, the South Konkan and Ceylon.

The wood is used in the Sundarbans for fuel. The juice of the tree is very poisonous,
and the seeds are used to poisoa fish.

lbs.
E 409. Sundarbans (Richardson) 29

4. S. insigTie, Benth.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 471; Talbot Bomb. List 189; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 76. Exccecaria insignis, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxiv. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 442. Carumbium insigne, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 412. Vern. Dudla, bilodar, biloja,
kardlla, ledra, Pb. ; Kliinna, khina, lienda, lendwa, linda, khirni, Hind. ; Garpa shola,
Anamalais.

A deciduous tree, usually small and twisted, but occasionally of
large size and straight-stemmed with spreading branches, dioecious.
Bark grey, smooth, shining, with large, broad, longitudinal wrinkles
when young, very rough, corky and deeply fissured when old. Wood
white, greyish- white or grey, soft, spongy. Annual rings faintly
marked. Pores moderate-sized and large, subdivided, and often in
short radial lines, very scanty, prominent on a radial section.
Medullary rays very fine, indistinct.

Himalaya, outer ranges from the Beas eastwards, ascending to 5000 ft., usually on
dry, hot, rocky slopes, not recorded from Sikkini ; upper mixed forests and along
streams in Chittagong and the Pegu Yoma ; hill ranges of the Ceded Districts of
Kurnool and Cuddapah ; coast of the Konkan and N. Kanara, both on dry rocky soils
and in the Ghat forests, extending south to the Nilgiris (Sispara) and Travancore ;
dry region of Ceylon.

An interesting tree from its distribution and from the fact that, although the
common variety seems to prefer dry, rocky, hot slopes, another form (? var. malabarica)
is found in the moist evergreen forests. On good soil it can grow very large, e.g. a
fine male tree in Lytton Road, Dehra Dun. The male trees are much more common
than the female. The growth is rather fast, 4 to 7 rings per inch of radius. The
wood is said to be one of those used for the cylinders of native drums. The milk is
acrid and said to be poisonous.

lbs.

H 103. Bhajji, Simla, 4000 ft 29

H 615. Kulu, 5000 ft. (Penally) 23

E 4820. Maidan, Dehra Diim~ 4000 ft. (Gamble) 30

57. EXCiECARIA, Linn.

Seven species. E. acerifolia, F. Didrichs. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 473; Brandis For. Fl.
441 ; Vern. Putkia, phutkia, Kumaon, is a large glabrous milky shrub or small tree
of the Central Himalaya in Kumaon and Nepal at 5-6000 ft. ; also of the Khasia Hills
at 4000 ft. The root is used in medicine. E. holophyUa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 414 ; Fl.

2 s

626 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Br. Ind. v. 473, is an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim ;
and E. rectinervis, Kurz, a small tree of the Nicobar Islands.

E. crenulata, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 473 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 77 (E. cochinchinensis,
Muell. Arg. and E. oppositifolia, Muell. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxv.), is a small tree
of the Western Ghats from Coorg southwards and Ceylon, ascending to 7000 ft., not
uncommon in the drier Nilgiri sholas about Coonoor. E. robusta, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 474 ; Talbot Bomb. List 190, is a small tree of the Konkan and Coorg.
E. oppositifolia, Griff, is a small tree of Sylhet, and perhaps also of Burma.

1. E. Agalloeha, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 472; Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 686; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccxv.; Brandis For. Fl. 442; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 414; Talbot Bomb. List 190;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 77. Vern. Gangtva, geor, tiguru, geria, Beng. ; Thilla, chilla, Tel. ;
Tilai, Tarn.; Geva, suriind, phungali, Mar.; Tola Iciriya, Cingh. ; Tayaw, kayav:,
Burm. ; Yekin, Burm., in the Andamans.

An evergreen tree which exudes poisonous milk. Bark grey,
smooth, shining, with numerous round prominent lenticels. Wood
very soft, spongy. Pores small, scanty, usually in radial lines.
Medullary rays very numerous, extremely fine.

Coast and tidal forests of both sides of the Peninsula of India ; Burma and the
Andaman Islands ; Ceylon.

A common tree in all parts of the Sundarbans, associated with gordn in the western
and with sundri in the eastern forests. Home in his Sundarbans List of 1874 says :
" Grows occasionally to 5 ft. in girth and 40 ft. in height, though generally cut for
' posts when of small girth. It is a useful wood for general carpentering purposes,
'such as toys, bedsteads, tables, etc., a white timber; the juice which exudes from
' the bark when green is very poisonous." Schlich, in " Ind. Forester," i. 8, says the
same. Roxburgh says it is only used for charcoal and firewood.

lbs.

E 396. Sundarbans (Richardson) 24

E 3642. „ (Gamble) —

B 2477. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 28

D 4116. South Arcot (Wooldridge) 24

Order C. URTICACEJE.

A large and important Order, containing some of the most useful trees and shrubs
in the Indian forests. They are more especially useful as fibre-plants, but some species
give valuable timbers, others indiarubber, and others edible fruits. The woodv plants
of the Order are contained in 6 Tribes with 27 genera, viz. —

Tribe I. Ulmea? TJlnius, Holoptelea.

„ II. Celtideaj ..... Celtis, Trema, Gironniera.

„ III. Morea3 Pseudostreblus, Taxotrophis, Phyllu-

chlamys, Streblus, Broussonetia,

Allreanthus, Plecospermum, Moms.
„ IV. Artocarpeae ' . . . . Ficus, Antiaris, Cudrania, Artocarpus,

Balanostreblus.
„ V. Conocephalea? . . . Conocephalus, Hullettia.
„ VI. Urticese Laportea, Boehmeria,Pouzolzia, Sarco-

chlamys, Villebrunca, Debregeasia,

Maoutia.

The chief genera yielding timber are : Artocarpus, Ulmus, Celtis and Mortis; caout-
chouc is given especially by the Indiarubber fig, Ficus elastica; while most of the
genera, especially Broussonetia, Antiaris and Boehmeria give fibres of value. So also
does the common weed of roadsides and waste-places, the Hemp, Cannabis indica, Linn.
Mortis, Artocarpus and Ficus give important fruits.

As an indiarubber-giving plant, the Castilloa elastica, Cerv. of Mexico has been
introduced and successfully grown in suitable places in South India. It is very easily
propagated in a moist warm climate, and its growth is very quick.

There is no general Family character in the wood, except that the

URTICACEiE G27

medullary rays are usually prominent, fine to moderately broad and
not very numerous. In colour, Morns, Artocarpus, Plecospermum
and Ulmus have yellow, yellowish-brown or brown woods ; Boehmeria,
a red wood ; Holoptelea, Celtis and Streblus white woods ; the rest
mostly grey or light brown woods. Most species have light or only
moderately heavy woods. There are three types of structure more
or less apparent :

I. Artocarpus type. Pores isolated or in groups, not in con-
centric lines : Artocarpus, Morus, Antiaris, Boehmeria, Trema,
Debregeasia.

II. Ulmus type. Pores united in more or less concentric or
oblique lines : Ulmus, Holoptelea, Celtis.

III. Ficus type. Wood in alternate bands of soft and firm
texture, pores very scanty : Ficus, Streblus.

Tribe I. ULMEJ!.
1. ULMUS, Linn.

The Indian elms are four, two of the Western and one of the Eastern Himalaya,
and a fourth, U. parvifolia, Jacq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 481 ; Brandis For. Fl. 434 ;
( U. virgata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 67) of the higher inner Himalaya, in Western Tibet at
10,000 ft., a shrub or small tree.

The common elm of Europe is XI. campestris, Spach; Brandis For. Fl. 433, and
the Wych elm is U. montana, Smith.

1. U. Walliehiana, Planch.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 480; Brandis For. Fl. 432, t. 51.
Himalayan Elm. Vern. Kdin, khdi, bren, brera, bran, barare, brankul, brori, amrdi,
mardri, marrdl, marrun, inarazh, makshdri, manderung, maldung, maral, permani,
shko, hum/mar, hembra, Pb. ; Mored, pabuna, cliambar radya, N.-W. Provinces ; Emroi,
imroi, Jaunsar.

A large deciduous tree. Ba.rk grey, rough, with diagonal cracks,
exfoliating in diamond-shaped scales. Wood greyish-brown, mode-
rately hard, somewhat scented, the scent sometimes faintly resembling
that of the Lily of the Valley ; sapwood light in colour. Annual
rings marked by a soft porous belt in the spring wood, the outer part
of the annual ring consisting of firm and hard tissue. Poises in
spring wood moderate-sized and large, closely packed ; in the autumn
wood small and very small, arranged in oblique, undulating, con-
centric lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, giving on
a radial section a prominent and handsome silver-grain, the grain
on the tangential section marked in lines by the larger pores.

Western Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal at 3-10,000 ft., usually in ravines
and valleys in the hills or in damp places in the fir forests with a moist aspect.

This is a large tree with a fine timber, which deserves to be much better known
than it is as a furniture wood. If carefully cut up so as to get the best of the silver-
grain, it looks very handsome and takes a good polish. It is in use locally in places
where Deodar and Pinus excelsa are not available, and in forest fellings care should
always be taken to retain the best part and keep it on sale, so as to enable it to be
better known. But, though widely enough distributed in its region, the Himalayan
Elm is nowhere a common tree, so that no great supply can ever be expected. The
weight of the wood comes to about 36 lbs. per cubic fuot. The growth is ordinarily
slow, the quickest grown that I have met with having 6 rings per inch of radius. The
tree occasionally grows of very large size, occasionally reaching 80 or 90 ft. in height,
and 12 to 16 and even 24 ft. iu girth (Braudis). Gleadow, in " Ind. Forester," xxvi.,
Appx., p. 50, mentions trees below Mundali in Jaunsar of 12h to 16i ft. in girth, and
•--ays " the elm has a very handsome silver-grain." The bark contains a strong fibre,

628 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

which is made into cordage, sandals and slow-matches (Brandis). The leaves are
lopped for cattle-fodder, and planted near villages for that purpose.

lbs.

H 59. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 40

H 122. Manali, Kulu, 7000 ft. (Stenhouse) 35

H 917. Hazara, 7000 ft. (Baden-Powell) 32

H 3175. Dun°;agalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. XIII. 1).

2. U. vlllosa, Brandis in Ind. For. xxv. 229. Vera. Yumbok, Ladak; Bran,
brahmi, kdi, morun, mardl, ninuru, mannu, mandu, mamji, mam, mem, rnerinu,
bhamji, bhamni, chipdl, Pb. ; Mam, Kulu ; Imbri, Bashahr ; Maldang, Kunawar ;
Narag, Jaunsar.

A shrub or small tree. Bark brown, surface whitish, between
deep dark-coloured, longitudinal, regular furrows, running diagonally
into each other. Wood grey with darker streaks, hard, otherwise the
structure is the same as that of U. Wallichiana.

Valleys of the Punjab Himalaya, up to 10,500 ft., extending eastwards to the
Pabar Valley.

This is the small-leaved Elm referred in the Fl. Br. Ind. to U. Wallichiana.
Brandis at first considered it to belong to U. campestris, but has since published it
as a separate species. The wood is said to be even better than that of U. WaUichia,,".

lbs.

H 123. Manali, Kulu, 7000 ft. (Stenhouse) 37

H 918. Hazara, 7000 ft. (Baden-Powell) 34

H 3164. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

3. U. laneifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 66; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 4S0; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
473 ; Gamble Darj. List 73. Vera. Lapi, Nep. ; T/iale, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark brown, thick. Wood light red,
hard. Pores small, usually surrounded by loose tissue and joined
by pale concentric lines which are sometimes broken. Medullar'/
rays fine to moderately broad, the distance between them about equal
to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Central and Eastern Himalava from Kumaon to Bhutan, up to 5000 ft. ; Khasia
Hills at 1-3000 ft. ; Chittagong and Burma.

E 3343. Singtam, Darjeeling, 1500 ft. (Gamble).

2. HOLOPTELEA, Planch.

1. H. integrifolia, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 481 ; Talbot Bomb. List 191 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 80. Ulmus integrifolia, Poxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 68; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 310;
Brandis For. Fl. 431; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 473. Vern. Papvi, khulen, arjdn, regain,
kachdm, Pb. ; Banchilla, Saharanpur; Papar, kanju, Kumaon; Papri, Bhartpur;
Dhamna, kunj, Oudh ; Karanji, chilbil, chilmil, kumba, kunja ndli, handru, hcg<tn<<,
C.P. ; Chilla, Banda; Chorhu, Sonthal; Chitrla, Mai Pahari; Chillar, Jeypore;
Pulari, Reddi ; Daurango, Uriya; Karinji, Gondi; Karanjel, Kurku; Aya, ayil,
velayil, kauchia, Tam. ; Namli, navili, tapasi, noli, pedda-nowli-eragu, Tel. ; Wawali,
papara, Mar. ; Pas bija, Kan. ; Thapsi, Mysore, Coorg; Kalddri, Hassan ; Aval, Mai. ;
Ooda-kirilla, Cingh. ; Myaukseik, 2^yaukseik, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark ■£ in. thick, whitish-grey, exfoliat-
ing in lono\ irregular flakes, soft, with an offensive smell when fresh,
like the leaves and branchlets. Wood light yellowish-grey, moderately
hard, no heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Po)-es small, uni-
formly distributed, joined by very fine and often faint lines of soft
texture, frequently filled with a white substance, marked on a
vertical section. Medidlary rays fine, short, undulating, uniform,
equidistant, visible on a radial section ; the distance between the
rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

XIII.

ULMUS WU.TJCHIAXA.

imL'iPtf.li: \ inti-:c;i;iK(pli \.

CELTIS AUSTRALIS.

M0K1 - W.r.v.

P1CUS BENJAMINA. ABTOCARFTTS HTRST7TA.

i Hagnifit d '.<\ tinu g. )

URTICACEvE 629

Throughout the greater part of India, except in the higher hills ; Eastern Himalaya
and Assam, usually in deciduous forest; Upper Burma; dry region of Ceylon.

A common tree, but of little importance. It is usually much branched or twisted.
The wood is strong, but is used but little ; Brandis mentions its use for building, carts
and carving. The growth is fast, usually about 6 rings per inch, but sometimes as
fast as 2 rings. The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, and an oil is extracted from
tlie seed in the Melghat. On an average, W = 40 lbs., which is the value given by
H. H. O'Connell for Coimbatore wood.

lbs.

P 445. Ajmere 42

0 264. Garhwal (186S) 46

0 3002. „ (1874) 41

0 392. Oudh (Wood) 34

C 1148, 1181. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . 37

B 1416, 1419. Tharrawaddy, Burma 42

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 ( Ulmus integrifolia) (Tab. XIII. 2).

Tribe II. CELTIDEJ1.

3. CELTIS, Linn.

Four species. C. cinnaraomea, Ldl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 482 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 472 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 81, t. 86 (C. dysodoxylon, Thw. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxix.); Vern.
Sedongtagla, Lepcha ; Gurenda, Cingh., is an evergreen tree of the lower Sikkim
Himalaya, Assam, Chittagong, Burma and Ceylon. The wood is characterized by an
exceedingly unpleasant scent, and is used in medicine in Ceylon.

Wood light-coloured, moderately hard, no heartwood, seasons well.
Annual rings distinctly marked by belts of large pores. The pores
in the outer portion of the annual ring are small, and generally
arranged in more or less concentrically disposed groups.

1. C. australis, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 482; Brandis For. Fl. 428. C. caucasica,
Willd. Nettle tree. Micocoidier, Fr. Vern. Brimij, Kashmir ; Tagho, takhum, Afgh. ;
Ka, Sutlej ; Kharak, kharik, Simla to Kumaon ; Kharak chena, Dehra Dun.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark bluish-grey, smooth with
horizontal wrinkles. Wood grey or yellowish-grey, with irregular
streaks of darker colour, hard. Annucd rings marked by an irregular
belt of moderate-sized and large to very large pores in the spring wood ;
in the rest of the layer pores gradually getting smaller towards the
outer limit, where they are very small and arranged in wavy, in-
terrupted, concentric lines. Medullar y rays moderately broad and
fine, rather short. Pores conspicuous on a vertical section.

Hills of Baluchistan and Afghanistan ; Western Himalaya eastwards to Nepal,
ascending to 8000 ft. : westwards through South Europe.

A common tree in the Western Himalaya, both in forests and around villages,
where it is often planted to be lopped for cattle-fodder. It is also cultivated near
shrines and graveyards in the Kuram region (Aitchison). The wood is tough and
strong, and is used for oars, tool-handles, sticks and other purposes requiring tough-
ness and elasticity. In Southern France the wood is much esteemed for similar uses,
and the tree is cultivated in small closely-grown coppice woods in order to produce
suitable pieces ; it is also considered an excellent fuel (Mathieu and Fliche, p. 295).
The growth is moderate, about 8 to 9 rings per inch. Mathieu gives the weight at
37 to 50 lbs., the average of specimens examined gives 45 lbs.

lbs.

P 4473, 4474. Baluchistan (Lace) —

H 932, 3169. Hazara H

H 36. Julung, Simla, 5000 ft 47

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1 (Tab. XIII. 3).

Var. eriocarpa (C. eriocarpa, Dene.; Brandis For. Fl. 429); Vern. Batkar,
taman, Pb. ; Akata, katdid, Hind., is a variety found in the West Himalaya.

630 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. C. tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 63 ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 482 ; Brandis For. Fl.
429; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 472; Gamble Darj. List 73; Talbot Bomb. List 191. C.
irinervia, Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 65. C. serotina, Planch. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxviii. C.
Boxburghii, Planch. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 312. C. Eamiltoni, Planch., and C. mollis,
Wall. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 472. Vern. Kumsum, sungsum, Lepcha ; Hahtapatia, Ass. ;
Hadhuwa, adona, Badaga ; Brumaj, Mar.

A tall tree. Bark grey. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard.
Pores numerous, frequently subdivided, those of the inner edge of
each annual ring large, forming a narrow, porous belt ; those of the
outer portion moderate-sized and scattered or arranged in oblique
wavy lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, prominent
on a radial section as a silver-grain of long narrow plates.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Assam, up to 3000 ft. ; Khasia
Hills, Chittagong and Burma; Behar, Circars and Hills of the Eastern Deccan ;
Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards, very frequent and fine in the Nilgiris
up to 7000 ft.

A fine tree of similar character and similar uses to C. australis. The wood is
said to be used in Assam for planking and canoes. The growth is moderate, 5 to 10
rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
E 669. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . .36
E 707. Great Rangit Valley, Darjeeling „ .... 37

W 4095. Fairlawns, Ootacamund, 6500 ft. (Gamble) .... 38
W 4197. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 6500 ft. „ .... 42

3. C. Wightii, Planch.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 483; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxviii.; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 81. Solenostigma Wightii, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 471. Bosia trinervia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 87. Vern. Vella thorasay, Tarn. ; Tella-hdkd-mushti, Tel. ; Eadawa,
Badaga; Maditella, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Wood white or greyish- white, very hard,
close-grained, smooth, shining. Annual rings indistinctly marked
by a narrow belt without pores ; elsewhere pores small, enclosed in
narrow, undulating, concentric, interrupted lines of soft tissue. Me-
dullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Hills of the Circars, rising at Mahendragiri to 4000 ft. ; hills of the Eastern Ghats
in Golgonda, Rumpa and Kondapalle; hills of Kurnool and Cuddapah ; drier part>
of the Nilgiris at 4-6000 ft. ; tropical forests of the Andaman Islands; Ceylon.

lbs.
D 4177. Mantralama Pass, Kurnool, 2000 ft. (Gamble) ... 61
D 1087. Pulney Hills, Madura (Beddome) 53

4. TREMA, Lour.

Four species. T. timorensis, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 483 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 469,
is a small evergreen tree of Tenasserim. T. amboinensis, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 484
(Sponia velutina, Planch. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxix., Celtis tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
66), is a small tree of the Sikkim Terai, W. Ddars ; Assam, Sylhet, Burma and the
Andaman Islands.

Wood light coloured, soft or moderately hard. Pores small or
moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

1. T. orientalis, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 484 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 468 (var. orientalis
only) ; Gamble Darj. List 73 ; Talbot Bomb. List 191 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 82.
Sponia orientalis, Planch.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxix.; Brandis For. Fl. 430. Sponia
Wightii, Planch. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 311. Celtis orientalis, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
65. Indian Nettle tree or Charcoal tree. Vern. Badu manu, C.P. ; Kooail, Nep. ;

urticace^e 631

Tugla, Lepcha; Param, Mechi ; Jiban, Beng. ; Jupong, pliakram, jigini, sapong,
sempak, amphak, opang, Ass. ; Jhunjun, Monghyr ; Jaivhar, Sonthal ; Kokoara, Mai
Pahari ; Rukni, Baigas ; Rarunga, K61 ; Grui, Khoad ; Ranambada, kupashi, gdl,
kargol, Mar. ; Gada-nelli, Tel. ; Gorklu, Kan. ; Mini, mudalei, Tam. ; Wome, Badaga ;
Ola, Kader; Ama, pottama, Mai.; Ratthi, ambarki, ayali, Trav. Hills; Gedumba,
Cingh. ; Satsha, Burm.

A small, fast-growing and short-lived tree. Bark thin, greyish-
brown, with numerous lenticels. Wood light reddish-grey, soft.
Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Me-
dullary rays fine, numerous, uniform.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from the Jumna eastwards, very scarce
to the west ; Central, Western and Southern India, except in the very dry tracts and
up to 5000 ft. ; Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong ; Ceylon, common.

A rather important small tree, as it is almost always, in the country it prefers, the
first woody plant to appear in forest clearings, on fallow land, on landslips or banks,
in fact, wherever it has a chance; and, as Beddome remarks, " it is curious how the
' tree springs up in all places where heavy moist forest has been cleared away for
' coffee or other purposes, although there may not be a plant of it within miles." For
a shade plant in plantations on cleared land, or for reclothing landslips, it is almost
unequalled. It is used to plant to shade coffee in Mysore and Wynaad. Its growth
is extremely fast. The tree from which I cut the specimen described, No. E 2446, in
1874, near the Sivoke Forest Resthouse, was 5 years old, and had reached a height of
25 ft. and a girth of 40 inches, equivalent to about 1J rings per inch of radius. The
wood makes good gunpowder charcoal, but is not very good as firewood. The bark
gives a fibre which is used to tie the rafters of native houses and for binding loads ;
in Assam it is used to make the coarse Amphak cloth. Bourdillon gives W = 30 lbs.,

P = 297.

lbs.

O 5090. Dehra Dun (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) 24

E 2446. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 28

2. T. politoria, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 484 ; Gamble Darj. List 73. Sponia
politoria, Planch. ; Brandis For. Fl. 430. Vern. Bantamman, kanglu, khuri, Pb. ;
Jdan, khasaroa, mdrni, bdtu, N.-W. P. ; Banharrta, Oudh ; Khagshi, kuri, Dehra Dun ;
Khardal, Saharanpur ; Khdoi, khdksi, kooail, Nep. ; Tuksat, Lepcha ; Jawhar, Sonthal ;
Sitki, Mai Pahari.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, rough, often with longi-
tudinal wrinkles, inner bark red. Wood light brown or greyish-
brown, moderately hard, splits and cracks in seasoning. Annual rings
marked by a belt of firmer tissue on the outer edge of each ring.
Pores small, often subdivided, uniformly distributed, rather scanty.
Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalayan valleys from the Salt Range to
Bhutan, rising to 3000 ft. ; Behar and Chota Nagpore ; Central India and Marwar
to Mount Abu.

The remarks made regarding S. orientalis apply almost equally to this species,
which is especially noticeable as coming up in profusion on landslips and even among
the stones and shingle of dry river-beds. The leaves are used to polish wood and
horu, the bark gives a fair fibre and the branches are lopped for fodder. Growth very
fast, 2 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

O 4664. Dehra Dun (Gamble) 40

O 1369. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 36

5. GIRONNIERA, Gaud. Three species. G. siibctqualis, Planch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
485 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxix. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 83 (G. nervosa, var. subcequalis,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 470) ; Yern. Akmediya, Cingb., is a rather large tree of Martaban and
the Andaman Islands and also of the moist region of Ceylon (var. ceylanica, Thw.).
G. reticulata, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 486; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 313; Gamble Darj. List

632 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

73 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 83 (G. cuspidata, Planch. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 470) ; Vera.
Lali, Nep. ; Wal-munamal, Cinsh., is a tree of the Sikkini Himalaya ascending to
3000 ft., Assam, the Khasia Hills, Burma ascending north to the Kachin Hills, the
Western Ghats from S. Kanara to Travancore and Ceylon. Beddome says the wood is
hard and heavy and valuable for engineering ; it is red-brown and used in Sikkim for
planking, rafters, etc., being one of the rather numerous species called Lali (see
Machilus, Prunus). G. lucida, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 470 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 486, is a tree of
the Andaman Islands.

Tribe III. M0RE.E.

6. PSEUDOSTREBLUS, Bureau. P. indica, Bureau ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 487, is a
small tree found at the Borpani river at 4000 ft. in the Khasia Hills.

7. TAXOTROPHIS, Blume. T. zeylanica, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 487 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccxxii. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 100 (Streblus zeylanica, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 464), is
a small evergreen tree or shrub of Burma and Ceylon.

8. PHYLLOCHLAMYS, Bureau. P. spinosa, Bureau ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 488 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 411 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 101 (Trophis spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 762, Streblus
taxoides, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 465, Taxotrophis Roxburghii, Blume; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxi.) ; Vern. Sukali, Tel. ; Sheora, Beng. ; Sahadra, Uriya; Kurrera, Mar.; Gon-
gotu, Cingh., is a small evergreen thorny tree of the moister forests of the Circars,
Deccan and Carnatic, the swamp forests of Burma, the rocky coast of the Andaman
Islands and the dry region of Ceylon.

9. STREBLUS, Lour.

Two species. S. mitis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 464, is a tree of the Kakhyen Hills of
Upper Burma.

1. S. asper, Lour. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 489 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxi. ; Brandis For. Fi.
410; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 464; Gamble Darj. List 74; Talbot Bomb. List 191; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 101. Trophis aspera, Retz ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 761. Vern. Jindi, Pb. ;
Siora, sihaura, karchanna, rusa, N.-YV. P.; Dahid, kurchna, Saharanpur; Sheora,
Beng.; Sahada, Sahara, Uriya; Sahora, Monghyr; Eara saijung, Koi ; Bamigi,
barinka,I\oja,; Bumegi, Reddi ; Baranki, barinika, pakki, Tel.; Patpiray, pirasu,
Tarn.; Poi, kharota, karvati, karera, kharaoli, Mar. ; Karasni, Gondi ; Mitii, punje,
Kan.; Ungnai, Magh ; Onh )u; Burm. : Geta netul, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark \ in. thick, soft, light grey, irregu-
larly ribbed. Wood white, moderately hard, no heartwood, no annual
rings. Pores small, in irregular concentric belts of soft tissue which
contain the greater number of the pores and alternate with broader
belts of firm tissue, in which a few pores are scattered. Med/uZlary
rays fine to moderately broad, not very numerous, equidistant.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Beas eastwards ; Bengal ; Central, Western and
Southern India ; Burma and the Andaman Islands ; Ceylon.

This small tree is chiefly found along river-banks and in hedges, also near villages
in the drier regions of India. It has much the appearance of a Ficus, and the wood
resembles also that of some of the figs. The wood, however, is useful, tough and
elastic ; it is said by Beddome to be sometimes used for cart-wheels (probably for
" wada " carts) in South India. Graham Anderson says that it is difficult to cut.
blunting the axes; he also notes the use of the sap as a rennet to curdle milk. The
bark is used for paper-making in Siam (Kcw Bulletin, 1888) ; and the twigs for tooth-
brushes. The rough leaves are used to polish wood and ivory. The fruit is edible,
and the sap used in native medicine. Skinner, No. 66, gives W = 45 lbs. and
P = 604 ; Kyd gives W = 42 to 75 lbs., P = 570 : the average weight of the wood is
probably 40 lbs. The tree is usually much twisted, and can be used for hedges, it
coppices well, and is said to give a fair firewood. In Siam the bark is much used in
the manufacture of paper (see Kcw Bulletin, Addl. Series, ii. p. 10).

URTICACE.'E 633

lbs.

0 1478. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 40

C 1165. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (E. Thompson) 39

C 3577. Khurdha Forests, Orissa (Gamble) —

D 4333. Kondavid, Kistna „ —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

10. BROUSSONETIA, Vent.

I. B. papyrifera, Vent. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 490 ; Brandis For. Fl. 410 ; Kurz For.

Fl. ii. 407. The Taper Mulberry. Yern. Malaiwj, thale, Burrn.

A small tree. Bark grey, smooth, with longitudinal striations.
Wood soft : sapwood greyish-white ; heartwood light brown. Annual
rings very broad, autumn zone harder than the rest of the ring.
Pores large in spring wood, often subdivided either longitudinally or
transversely; in the rest of the wood gradually smaller and more
scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, short, rather numerous,
wavy, giving a satiny silver-grain on a radial section.

Hills of Upper Burma and Martaban (Kurz) ; on the Salween river near Kolodo and
Dahguinzeik at the borders of the Karennee country (Brandis) : often cultivated, as
at Dehra Dun. It extends to Siam, China, Japan, etc.

The inner fibre of the bark of this tree is used in Japan to make paper ; in the
South Sea Islands it is used to make " Tapa " cloth ; in Siam and Burma it is made
into the thick blackened cardboards knowu as " palabeiks," which are used like slates
in Europe for writing on. It is an excellent paper fibre, though the stock is a little
difficult to prepare of good colour (see Craddock iu " Ind. For." xxvi. 613).

Brandis says, " This useful tree seems to accommodate itself readily to different
' conditions of climate, and might advantageously be cultivated in North- West India."
Since that was written, experiments in its cultivation have been made at Dehra Dun :
first, near Phandonwala, where it was tried on jungle-land of poor quality, and did not
succeed, probably because it became choked by the heavy growth of big grasses ;
secondly, in the Kaunli garden, where it was such a success that it may be found
almost impossible to eradicate it, if its eradication is necessary. It produces suckers
in profusion, and grows luxuriantly from coppice, the growth being exceedingly fast.
The Calcutta specimen here described had rings about one per inch, and the Dehra
Dun trees must have grown almost as fast. But it requires good moist soil, and will
not thrive on poor land. The experiments at Dehra Dun have amply proved its
capability of growth on good soil which can be irrigated, but the locality is too far
from the factories to make cultivation on a large scale pay. On waste land near the
coast in Bengal, Burma, Malabar and similar places, whence freight would be cheap,
its cultivation might pay. Were there a paper factory at Dehra Dun or Saharanpur,
near a good supply of bhabar grass and other paper materials, it would be possible to
cultivate it on laud unsuited for good timber like Sal, provided the land were well
ploughed to begin with, and kept clear of grass and weeds till the crop was established.
It could then be cut over on a short rotation of about 2 to 5 years, and give a large
supply of paper stock and a certain amount of fair fuel. The growth is fast, the
Kaunli garden specimen has some rings nearly an inch in breadth — average about
4 per inch of radius.

lbs.

O 5065. Kaunli, Dehra Dun (Babu Birbal) 30

C 4207. Royal Bot. Garden, Calcutta (King) 18

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1 (Alorus papyrifera).

II. ALLjEANTHUS, Thw. Two species. A. zeylanicus, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 490; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 305; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 103; Vern. Alandu, Cingh., is a
tree of the moist region of Ceylon whose bark yields a tough fibre. A. Kurzii, Hook,
f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 490 {Malaisia tortuosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 466), is a large deciduous
scandent shrub of the forests of Burma.

034 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

12. PLECOSPERMUM, Trecul.

Two species. P. andamanicum, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 491, is a large unarmed
shrub of the banks of the Attaran river in Tenasserim and of the Andaman Islands.

1. P. spinosum, Trecul ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 491 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxx. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 401 ; Gamble Darj. List 74 ; Talbot Bomb. List 192 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 103.
Batis spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 762. Vern. Mainakat-lara, maidal-lara, Nep. ;
Gumbengfong, Mechi (?) ; Koriti, alasale, Tel. ; Bana-bana, Uriya ; Katu-timbol,

Cingh.

A large thorny shrub. Bark thin, orange-coloured, peeling off in
thin brittle flakes. Wood greyish-white, with a small bright orange-
yellow heartwood, which is very hard. Pores from small to large,
joined by wavy, more or less concentric, bands of soft and often inter-
rupted tissue, which alternate with shining bands of firmer texture of
about the same width. In the heartwood the pores are filled with a
yellow resinous substance. Medullary rays fine and very fine, wavy.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Salt Range eastwards; south to South India and
Ceylon.

A common plaut especially in open places and hedges near villages. Growth slow,
12 rings per inch of radius. Weight 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used iu the
Darjeeling Terai to give a yellow dye. The plant very closely resembles Cudrania
javanensis in habit and foliage.

lbs.

O 3134. Dehra Dun 56

E 487. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .45

E 2308. Darjeeling Terai (Sir J. Edgar) 52

E 2448. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft, (Gamble) . . . .47

13. MORUS, Linn.

Four species. M. atropurpurea, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 595 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 491, is a
Chinese species allied to HI. alba, and now cultivated in various parts of India. It has
a long cylindric dark purple fruit.

Wood hard : sapwood usually white ; heartwood yellow or yellowish-
brown, turning darker on exposure. Annual rings of the species of
colder climates marked by belts of large pores, in the rest of the
wood pores gradually getting smaller, and arranged in more or less
concentric groups. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, often
short.

1. M. alba, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 492 ; Boxb. PL Ind. iii. 594 ; Brandis For. Fl.
407, t. 47. The White Mulberry. Murier blanc, Fr. ; Gtho bianco, Ital. Vern. Tat,
till, tidlriu, chiniii, clain, Hind. ; Tutri, tuntri, Dehra Dun.

A small or moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark brown, rather
rough. Wood hard : sapwood white ; heartwood yellow or yellowish-
brown, darkening on exposure. Annual rings marked by a con-
spicuous belt of moderate-sized and large pores, often subdivided, and
usually in two or three rows, in the spring wood ; pores in the rest of
the wood scanty, getting gradually smaller outwards, more or less in
concentric lines. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, rather
numerous, giving a pretty silver-grain.

Indigenous iu Northern and Western Asia, cultivated in Northern India and up to
11,000 ft. in the Himalaya.

This is the chief mulberry used for silk production in the Punjab and Kashmir.
The fruit is eaten ; wild or semi-wild it is small and rather dry, but when properly

urticace^e 635

cultivated it has several very good varieties. The wood is good, weighs from 38 to
56 lbs. per cubic foot, and is used for building, boats, furniture and agricultural imple-
ments. This is the tree so much grown in the Dun along roadsides and at the Kaunli
garden.

lbs.
0 5064. Kaunli, Dehra Dun (Babu Birbal) . . . .36 (young)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1 (Tab. XIII. 4).

2. M. indiea, Lian. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 492 ; Itoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 596 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 408; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 468; Gamble Darj. List 74; Talbot Bomb. List 192.
Indian Mulberry. Vera. Till, Pb. ; Tiltri, Hind.: Tat, Kashmir; Siahtut, Kumaon;
Tut, Beng. ; Ohota kimba, Nep. ; Mekrap, Lepcha ; Nuni, meshkuri, Ass. ; Tilt,
ambat, Mar. ; Poza, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood hard, yellow, often with
darker streaks, turning orange-brown on exposure ; sapwood white.
Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of perhaps two or three
rows of closely packed, moderate-sized and large pores which are gene-
rally subdivided. The pores in the outer portion of the annual ring
are small, scattered, in small, somewhat concentric groups, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, short, giving a hand-
some silver-grain of shining narrow plates.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Kashmir to Sikkim, up to 7000 ft.
in the North-West, to about 4000 ft. in Sikkim valleys ; Shan Hills of Burma at
4000 ft. ; cultivated elsewhere in Northern India and in the Nilgiris.

This is the tree cultivated in Bengal to feed silkworms, the trees being coppiced or
pollarded to afford a plentiful supply of good leaves (see Roxb. Fl. Ind., also Cotes
in Ind. Mus. Notes, vol. 1, and Watt Diet. Econ. Products, vol. vi. part iii.). The
species of silkworm fed on the Mulberry are : (1) Bombyx Mori, Fabr., little used
except in parts of the Punjab and at Dehra Dun; (2) B. fortunatus, Hutton, much
reared in Bengal; (3) B. Croesi, Hutton, also reared in Bengal and Assam; (4) B.
arracanensis, Hutton, reared in Arracan and Burma ; (5) B. Textor, Hutton, occasionally
reared in Assam and Bengal ; and B. sinensis, Hutton, sometimes also reared in Bengal.

The timber is of good quality, but not usually obtainable of any size, though at
Changa-Manga a tree has been measured giving 5 ft. 11 in. girth at fifteen years of
age. The growth is clearly very fast, usually under 5 rings per inch of radius. Repro-
duction is exceedingly easy ; indeed, it is difficult to keep it down, and it is owing to
this that it has almost succeeded in ousting the Sissu in the Changa-Manga and other
plantations. The seed is chiefly spread by birds, notably by the rose-coloured starling,
or " Tillyer" {Pastor roseus, Blyth): see Coventry in "Ind. For.," xxiv. 200. A.
fungus, likely to do considerable damage, found on the mulberry trees at Changa-
Manga by F. Gleadow, is Trichosporium aterrimum, Massee.

lbs.

P 891. Multan (Baden-Powell) 42

P 1195. Madhopur (F. Halsey) 47

P 5105 9, 5106 rf, Changa-Manga Plantation, Punjab . . 37 and 45
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

3. M. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 596 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 492 ; Brandis For. Fl. 409.
Vera. Karun, tut, kdura, tidiikul, sod, an, shta, chimu, kimu, Pb. ; Kimu, himu, Hind.

A large deciduous tree. Baric greyish-brown, with a reddish
tinge ; usually rough, with shallow vertical fissures. Sapwood small,
white ; heartwood yellow or brown, with a slight lustre, moderately
hard, darkening on exposure. Annual rings distinctly marked by
a line or irregular belt of moderate-sized and large pores, which are
frequently subdivided and filled with gum. In the outer portion of
each annual ring the i^ores are small and moderate-sized, rather
scanty, often arranged in more or less concentric short lines or groups.
Medullary rays moderately broad, distant, giving a rather pretty
silver-grain of narrow plates.

636 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

West Himalaya from Kumaon westwards, at 4-9000 ft. ; often cultivated.

This is a large tree with large soft leaves and long catkins, easily recognized from
M. alba and HI. indica. It reaches a considerable size, and, as Brandis says, trees of
60 to 70 ft. high and 9 to 10 ft. in girth are not uncommon ; while J. L. Stewart
mentions several trees of 20 ft. in girth, and one at the Hindu temple of Barmaor in
Chamha at 7000 ft., of 28 ft.

The wood is an excellent furniture wood, and is probably that which is most in
use in the Himalaya, and is lately of considerable demand for making tennis and
badminton bats at Sialkot. It is used for troughs, agricultural implements and cabinet-
work, also for Simla carvings. The growth is sometimes fast, as fast as 4 rings per
inch of radius, but more usually about 8 rin°;s.

J => lbs.

H 3174. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

H 10. Julung, Simla, 4000 ft 36

H 28. Madhan, Simla, 5000 ft 35

H 95. Simla, 6000 ft 36

4. M. laevigata, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 492 ; Brandis For. Fl. 409 ; Kurz For.
FL ii. 467 ; Gamble Darj. List 74. M. cuspidata, Wall. ; Gamble Man. Ind. Timbers,
Ed. i. 328. Vern. Tut. Hind. ; Kimbu, Nep. ; Nambyong, Lepcha ; SingtoTc, senta,
Bhutia ; Bola, Ass. ; Malaing, Burm.

A large tree. Wood yellow, with yellowish-brown heartwood,
hard, close-grained, with a beautiful lustre, darkening on exposure to
reddish-brown. Annual rings marked by a white line, and some-
times by a continuous string of pores. Pores rather scanty, uniformly
distributed, moderate-sized to large, often oval and subdivided, each
pore in a narrow ring of soft tissue, prominent on a vertical section.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad ; the distance between the
rays generally larger than the transverse diameter of the pores.
Medullary rays prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a
marked silver-grain.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam, up to 4000 ft., of very large size in the valleys
of Sikkim ; Shan Hills and hills of Martaban and Tenasserim in Burma ; sometimes
cultivated.

This fine tree reaches 100 ft. in height or more, with a girth of 15 ft. in the
Eastern Himalaya ; in the Western Himalaya it is apparently of smaller size. The
wood is used in the Darjeeliug Hills in house-building ; in Assam for boat-oars and
furniture. It deserves to be better known and to be more employed for furniture,
eabinet-work, and perhaps tea-boxes. It has a long cylindric, rather dry and insipid
fruit. The growth is moderate, averaging 7 rings per inch of radius. On an avenue
W = 45 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
E 706. Great Rangit Valley, Darjeeling, 3000 ft. (Manson) . . 42

E 3396. „ „ „ 1000 ft. (Gamble) . . 44

E 656. Bamunpokri, Darjeeliug Terai (Manson) . . . . .48

E2306. Eastern Duars, Assam (G. Mann) .17

E 2196. Nowgong, Assam „ 42

E 2305. Kainrup, Assam „ . . . . . . 4l>

Teibe IV. ART0CARPEJ1.

14. FICUS, Linn.

This is probably the genus of woody plants of the Indian forests which contains
the largest number of species. According to the Fl. Br. Ind., which follows the
Monograph by Sir George King which was published in vol. 1 of the " Annals of the
Royal Botanic Garden of Calcutta," there are 112 species in the area to which the Fl.
Br. Ind. refers, and of these 82 occur in the region of British India, Burma and Ceylon
taken up in this account. These 82 species belong to seven subgenera, and some of
them are unimportant shrubs, climbers or small trees, which it is not necessary to
specially mention. It is unnecessary to quote Sir G. King's Monograph, as his work
is adopted in the Fl. Br. Ind.

URTICACE^E 637

The Fig genus contains some of the giants of the vegetable kingdom, the largest ot
which, such as the Banyan, Pipal and Indiarubber fig, are well-known Indian plants.
From these gigantic plants, often covering large areas of ground by means of rooting
drops from the branches, there is every gradation of size down to the small wiry-
stemmed species which climb, ivy-like, over trees and rocks in moist valleys. Many
of the figs are commonly epiphytic, or at any rate commence their lives as epiphytes,
afterwards, having destroyed their hosts, becoming erect trees themselves. The wonder-
ful arrangement by which the fertilization of the flowers of the figs, which are found
in the interior of closed receptacles, is assisted by small Hymenopterous insects of the
genus Blastophaga, need not here be described ; for it is fully explained by Sir G. King.

The edible fig of Europe is F. Carica, Linn. ; Brandis For. Fl. 418 ; Vern. Anjir.
It is cultivated to some extent in India, and largely in Baluchistan, Afghanistan and
Kashmir. For an account of the process of caprification see Brandis For. Fl. I.e. The
big fig of Australia, whose leaves so much resemble those of the Indiarubber fig,
F. elastica, is F. macrophylla, Desf. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. vi. 170. It may frequently be
seen in cultivation. The small climbing fig with large fruit and very polymorphous
leaves so common on walls and trees in Calcutta, Dehra Dun and other places in India
is F. pumila, Linn. It belongs to the section Eusyce.

Wood structure very uniform. Wood usually soft, characterized
by alternate bands of soft and hard tissue, the breadth of either vary-
ing according to species and both conspicuous on a vertical section.
Pores usually large, scanty, subdivided, irregularly scattered. Medul-
lary rays usually of moderate breadth, sometimes of two classes, wavy.

Subgenus 1. PAL.EOMORPHE.

Three species, usually small trees or epiphytic or scandent shrubs. F. suhulata,
Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 497 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 452, is a straggling shrub of Chittagong
and Burma; and F. urophylla, Wall., an erect shrub or small tree of Assam, the Khasia
Hills, Chittagong and Burma.

1. F. gibbosa, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 496; Talbot Bomb. List 193. F. parasitica,
Koen. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cexxiv. ; Brandis For. Fl. 420 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 85. F.
eoxeha, Yahl ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 552 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 451. F. Ampehs, Koen. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 553. F. tuberculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 554 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. cexxiv.
Vern. Chhanchri, Garhw. ; Dadu banda, Dehra Dun; Datir, Mar.; Telia barinka,
konda juvi,Te\.; Baseri, Khond ; Kaliporana, Reddi; Gas-netul, wel-ehetu, Ciugh. :
Nyaungthabye, Burm.

An epiphytic or erect tree. Baric thin, smooth, greenish-yellow.
Wood light brown or grey, soft to moderately hard, divided into
alternate broad hard dark, and narrow light soft more or less wavy
concentric rings. The light rings occasionally anastomoze. Pores
moderate-sized to large, scanty, irregularly distributed. MeduUa/ry
rays moderately broad, light-coloured, rather short, not numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal ; Bengal and Behar, Orissa and the
Circars; throughout Central, Western aDd Southern India; Chittagong, Burma and
the Andaman Islands ; low country of Ceylon.

It is curious that King should write of this species as a " tree," and his statement
is followed by the Fl. Br. Ind. Beddome also calls it a tree, Brandis a large tree or
epiphyte, and the " Ceylon Flora " " an epiphyte in a young state, finally a tree." I have
myself seen it growing in various parts of India, but never, that I can remember, as
anything but a large epiphytic shrub, preferring to grow on other figs, such as the
pipal and banyan, or on walls or well-sides, and giving out a multitude of interlacing
aerial roots. Talbot seems to share my experience. It is, however, strange that
Roxburgh, who lived long in the Circars, where it is common, writes of it as a tree, and
mentions a beautiful specimen at Gaujam. Its broad rhomboid scabrous leaves are
■characteristic. The leaves are used to polish ivory (Roxb.), and are given to cattle,
being supposed to increase the flow of milk. lbs

C 3830. Gullery Forest, Ganjam (Gamble) 33

C 4319. Juddengy F'Tcsts, Godavari (Gamble) —

W 4731. Travancore (Bourdillon) 12

638 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Subgenus 2. UROSTIGMA.

This subgenus contains 36 species, among them nearly all the largest and most
important ones. They are generally epiphytic, at least in early life. F. Dalhousice,
Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 499, is a tree of the Nilgiris at 2-3000 ft. F. mysorensis,
Heyne; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 500; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxii.; Brandis For. Fl. 414; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 440; Gamble Darj. List 74; Talbot Bomb. List 193; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 86;
Vern. Sunkong, Lepcha: Ooni, Kan.; Bhurvar, Mar.; Bunuga, Cingh., is a large
evergreen, sometimes epiphytic, shady tree of the Sikkim lower hills up to 3000 ft.,
Assam, the Khasia Hills, the Eng forests of Burma, the Western Ghats and Ceylon ;
a good tree to shade coffee. F. pilosa, Reinw.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 500; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
441, is a large tree of Upper Tenasserim. F. altissirna, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 504 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 442 ; Gamble Darj. List 74 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 87 (F. laccifera,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. hi. 545; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxiii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 418; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 441) ; Vern. Yokdung, Lepcha ; Prdb, phegran, Garo ; Bur, Ass. ; Kathal, bat,
Sylhet ; Nyaungben, Burm. ; Nuga, kosgona, Cingh., is a very large, often epiphytic,
tree of the forests of the eastern Lower Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan, Assam,
Eastern Bengal, Burma, the Andaman Islands, Malabar and Ceylon. It yields an
indiarubber of quality less valuable than that of F. elastica. F. Hookeri, Miq. ; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 505; Gamble Darj. List 74, is a scarce tree of the Sikkim Himalaya and
Khasia Hills, up to 6000 ft., with broad leaves. F. indica, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 506;
Brandis For. Fl. 415; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 442, is a large spreading tree, rather scarce in
the forests of Burma. F. obtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 546 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 443 ;
Gamble Darj. List 74 ; Vern. Krapchi, Mechi ; Date, Magh ; Nyaunggyat, Burm., is
a small-leaved, epiphytic, but afterwards large tree of the Eastern sub-Himalayan region,
Assam, Eastern Bengal and Burma, which yields an inferior kind of indiarubber.
F. Trimeni, King; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 509; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 88, is a very large
tree of Travancore and Ceylon. The huge specimen of it opposite the Herbarium
at the Peradeniya Garden is well known. F. Talboti, King; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 312;
Talbot Bomb. List 194, is a large tree common in the moist forests on the Southern
Ghats of North Kanara. F. nervosa, Roth; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 512; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxiii.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 453; Talbot Bomb. List 194; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 89;
Vern. Nyaungpeinne, Burm.; Kalumaduwa, Cingh., is a tree of the eastern Lower
Himalaya, Assam, the Khasia Hills, Chittagong, Burma, the Western Coast and
Western Ghats and Ceylon. F. Arnottiana, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 513; Talbot Bomb.
List 194; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 90; Vern. Pacer, Mar.; Kaputobo, Cingh., is a
glabrous tree resembling the Pipal and found chiefly epiphytic on other trees and on
rocks in the Deccan, extending to Chota Nagpore. It has recently also been found
in the Tons Valley, Jaunsar Himalaya, at 3000 ft. F. geniculata, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
447; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 516; Vern. Nyaungthabye, Burm., is a large tree of the Sikkim
Himalaya, Assam, Chittagong and Burma. F. Rama Varmas, Bourdillon in Jouro.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xiii. 155, is a very large species resembling the Banyan, but
without aerial roots, recently discovered iu evergreen forest in the hills of Travancore
at 1-4000 ft.

2. F. bengalensis, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 499; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxii.; Brandis
For. Fl. 41'-'; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 440; Gamble Darj. List 74; Talbot Bomb. List 193;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 86. F. indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 539. The Banyau. Vern. Bor,
bar, ber, bargat, Hind.; Badu, Kumaon; Bur, but, Beng. ; Boru, Uriya ; Borhar,
Nep. ; Kan'ijl, Lepcha; Banket, Garo; Bot, Ass.; BarelU, Gondi ; Wtfra, wada,
Kurku; Bai, K61 ; Ala, Tarn.; Mdri, peddi-mari, Tel.; Ahlada, aladamara, ala,
Kan.; Peralu, Mai.; liar, vada, vadi, Mar.; Cherla, Mai.; Malm -nuga, Cingh.;
Pyinyaung, Burm.

A large or very large tree, throwing down numerous aerial roots
from the branches. Bark £ in. thick, greyish-white, smooth, ex-
foliating in small irregular plates. Wood grey, moderately hard, no
heartwood, having narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue
alternating with broader bands of firmer tissue and darker colour.
Pores moderate-sized and large, sometimes very large, often sub-
divided, scanty, scattered irregularly. Medullary rays fine, equi-
distant, clearly marked, but not numerous. On a radial section the

URTICACE/E G39

pores and soft bands are distinctly marked, giving the wood a
characteristic grain, the larger pores being frequently oblique.

Sub-Himalayan forests from Peshawar to Assam ; deciduous forests of Behar,
Chota Nagpore, Orissa, Circars, C.P., Bombay Presidency and South India; also, but
less common, in evergreen forests; low country of Ceylon. It is, undoubtedly, "wild"
in most of this area, but whether it is really " indigenous " it is difficult to say. The
Fl. Br. Ind. says it is only wild (presumably "indigenous" is meant) in the sub-
Himalayan forests and the lower slopes of the Deccan Hills, but it may be found far
from villages in many other forest regions.

The rate of growth is not distinguishable by means of annual rings, but it is known
that it is very fast. The tree sends down aerial roots from the branches, these root in
the ground and grow into separate trunks, which serve as supports for the branches and
as feeders for the tree, which thus largely increases in spread of foliage. Roxburgh
states that he saw some trees with fully 500 yards' circumference round the spread of
branches and about 100 ft. high. Brandis says that many specimens may be seen in
Bengal with the crown 200 to 300 ft. in diameter. In Bengal, the aerial roots and long
branches are usually more developed than in Northern India, but the trunk in the
latter drier region attains a larger girth, often 25 to 30 ft. In the forest it does not
seem to spread so widely as in the open or as the India-rubber Fig (F. elastica) does.
Roxburgh says the largest trees are to be found about the villages situated in fertile
valleys among the mountains. Balfour says that Marsden mentions a tree near Patna
having a diameter of 363 to 375 ft. of spread, circumference of shadow 1116 ft., with
50 to 60 principal stems. The well-known tree in the Botanic Garden, Calcutta,,
which was ascertained by Falconer to have grown in 1782 from a seed deposited in the
crown of a date palm, and which is consequently now 120 years old, measured when
examined by Falconer in 1834, Hooker in 1847, and Balfour in 1863, 300 ft. in
diameter of spread and 80 ft. in height. It has since suffered severely in the cyclones
of 1864 and 1867, but has more or less recovered and was in 1900 of very large
size. In 1886 its spread had a circumference of 857 ft. and its bole a girth of
42 ft. In November, 1900, so Dr. Prain informs me, its dimensions are: Longest
diameters, N.-S. 288 ft,, E.-W. 300 ft. ; circumference of trunk 51 ft., of crown 938 ft. ;
height 85 ft. ; number of rooted drops 464. Brandis met with a tree at Chicholi in
Hoshungabad District, Central Provinces, 85 ft. high with a diameter of 275 ft., and
occupying an area of lj acres. Its aerial roots were not, as usual in cultivation, assisted
by bamboos, but small mounds of earth were heaped up to meet and receive them.
A tree at Madura, measured in 1888 by Sir Philip Hutchins, had a spread of 200 ft.
in diameter and a central bole 30 ft. in diameter. It occupied about three-fourths of
an acre of ground. C. G. Rogers, in " Ind. Forester," vol. xxi. p. 95, describes a tree at
Haidarpur Hinduwala in the Saharanpur District which had a circumference of spread of
523 ft. corresponding to 166 ft. diameter. Its height was only 53 ft. and the central bole
had a girth of only 28 ft., but it had 127 distinct aerial roots. It must be remembered
how far north and in how comparatively dry a climate this specimen is living. Mr.
Warner, quoted by Sir G. King, describes a banyan at Wysatgarh near Satara which
had, in 1882, a circumference of spread of 1587 ft. ; while another, in the Andiira
Valley near Poona, had a circumference of spread of about 2000 ft.

The name " Banyan " was, according to Yule and Burnell in " Glossary of Anglo-
Indian Words," p. 50, given to a tree growing near the Gombroon (i.e. Bandar Abbas
in the Persian Gulf), under which some banians or Hindu traders had built a pagoda.
It is a sacred tree, and Hindus object to cutting it, hence the difficulty in obtaining
labour in the forests to cut the banyans and other big figs which occupy large areas of
ground to little purpose, and produce seed to propagate their kind. Cutting the banyan
and other fig trees in the forest is, however, an important sylvicultural operation
wherever it can be managed, and it is one which should be done, as far as prejudices
will permit, systematically, as the trees not only occupy a great deal of land, but
produce seed largely and form fresh plants.

The wood is esteemed of little value, but is durable under water, and therefore
used for well-curbs. If carefully cut and seasoned it has a pretty grain and good
texture, and can be made into furniture. It is sometimes used for boxes and door-
panels. The average weight of the wood is about 36 lbs. per cubic foot; Skinner
(No.l 70) gives 36 lbs. and P = 600. The wood of the drops is stronger, and is used
for tent-poles, cart-yokes and banghy-poles. The bark and small root-drops give a
coarse fibre for rope-making. The milky juice is made into birdlime, the leaves are

39
29

640 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

used as plates, and the fibre is used for slow-matches by the Sikhs. Lac is sometimes
collected on it, the leaves are used to cure bruises, the bark in native medicine, and
the fruit is sometimes eaten. It is a common avenue tree, and being evergreen, fast-
growing and easily propagated by large cuttings, is very useful for planting on road-
sides. Cuttings, 8 to 10 it. long, planted in July, succeed well. But although easily
grown from cuttings, its propagation is effected naturally in most cases by means of
the seeds. Birds are fond of the fruit, and the seeds pass through them and are
ejected on the branches of other trees in their droppings. The seeds then germinate,
and the roots are gradually pushed downwards along the branches and stem until they
reach the ground where they can root, and the fig then grows and eventually envelops
and kills its host. To buildings also of all kinds the banyan is most destructive, as
the seedlings once rooted in crevices or cracks are almost impossible to extirpate. The
leaves are rarely, if ever, eaten by goats, but, on the other hand, they are largely cut

and used as elephant-fodder.

lbs.

C 1150. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 3S

C 836. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale)
C 2813. Melghat, Berar (Brandis)
D 4009. Cuddapah (Gamble)

D 4132. Madras

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

3. F. tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 550; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 501: Bedd. Fl. Syiv.
ccxxiii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 414; Talbot Bomb. List 194; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 87.
Vera. Petta mari, Tel. ; Wel-aralu, Cingh.

A large tree, usually epiphytic. Baric greenish-white, ^ in. thick,
smooth. Wood moderately hard, white, with alternate bands of soft
pale and firm dark tissue, very regular and concentric. Pores
moderate-sized to large, very scanty, often subdivided. Medullary
rays fine, prominent, equidistant.

Dry regions of India, Bandelkhand, Bchar, Chota Nagpore, southwards to the
Deccan forests, westwards to the coast of the Konkan and Kanara ; dry region of
Ceylon.

A pretty species with few aerial roots. It is fond of old buildings and does much

damage to them.

lbs.
C 3646. Daltonganj, Palamow (Gamble) 41

4. F. glaberrima, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 506 ; Gamble Darj. List 74. F. Thomson i,
Miq.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 443. F. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 554. Vern. Kakhri,
khanhri, durla, Hind.

An evergreen tree. Bark £ in. thick, light yellowish-brown,
slightly wrinkled and lenticellate, otherwise smooth. Wood soft,
with alternate concentric bands of soft and close tissue. Pores large,
often subdivided, scanty, unevenly distributed. Medullar y rays fine,
rather distant.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, in wet places in Dehra Dun,
Kumaon, etc. ; Burma and the Andaman Islands.

lbs.
O 5094. Dehra Dun (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) 35

5. F. Benjamina, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 508 ; Bedd. Fl. Svlv. ccxxiii. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 417; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 446; Talbot Bomb. List 194. F. nuda, Miq.; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 4 15. Vern. Wariiujin, Malay.

A very large tree, with drooping branches. Wood soft, light
brown, in alternate layers of light brown soft tissue and darker
(lighter on a vertical section) hard tissue, the breadth of the soft
layers about half that of the hard ones. Pores moderate-sized to
large, very scanty, unevenly distributed. Medullary rays fine to
moderately broad, rather numerous, uniform.

I I! TICACEiE 641

Indigenous in Timor, Sumatra and Celebes, planted elsewhere (King).
A very fine avenue tree and excellent for shade ; huge specimens are common in
Java.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4 (young tree only) (Tab. XIII. 5).

Var. comosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 446; Gamble Darj. List 74. F. comosa, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 552. Vera. Kabra, Nep. ; Kunhip, Lepcha; Juri paler i, Ass.; Putra jivi,
Tel. ; Sunomjar, Sonthal ; Jili, Mai Pahari.

A moderate-sized, evergreen, often epiphytic tree. Bark thin,
smooth, grey. Wood grey, moderately hard, with alternating con-
centric bands of soft and hard tissue. Pores large, scanty, often
subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Eastern Himalayan valleys and sub-Himalayan tract ; Assam, Eastern Bengal and
Chittagong ; throughout Burma ; Behar, Chota Nagpore and the Circars.

This variety is at once recognized by its large yellow fruit, the type having a small
fruit only. In respect to leaves the two are almost identical.

lbs.
E 588. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling (Manson) . . . . . 34

No. D 3971 from the Agri-Hortl. Gardens, Madras, called F. javanica, is probably
the " Waringin " F. Benjamina.

6. F. elastica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 541 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 508 ; Brandis For. Fl. 417;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 444; Gamble Darj. List 75. The Indiarubber Fig or Caoutchouc
tree. Vera. Bor, attdh bor, Bens;., Ass. ; Lesu, Nep. ; Yok, Lepcha ; Banket, Garo ;
Kagiri, kasmir, Khasia; Bawdi, nyaungbaiudi, nyaungkyetpaung, kyetpaungbin,
Burm.

A gigantic evergreen tree, sending down numerous aerial roots
from the branches. Bark reddish-brown, smooth but scurfy, in open
places it is sometimes grey. Wood soft, light brown, with alternate
concentric bands of soft dark and ordinary tissue. Pores moderate-
sized to large, scanty, unevenly distributed. Medullary rays fine to
moderately broad, wavy, unequally distributed.

Outer hills of the Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, rising to 3000 ft. ; Assam,
Khasia Hills ; Hukoug and other valleys of Upper Burma up to 5000 ft. ; often
cultivated.

The indiarubber tree is usually epiphytic, the seeds germinating at the summit
of tall forest trees, where the seedlings can get light. It is often of very great height,
trees 100 to 120 ft. high being not unusual. H. N. Thompson, in his " Report on
the Hukong Valley, etc.," gives 150 to 200 ft. and a girth round the outside of the
aerial roots of 100 to 130 ft. for very big trees which tower over the tops of the trees of
the ordinary forest. It sends down innumerable aerial roots which have a reddish-brown
bark, peeling off in small thin narrow strips or flakes; and these roots often extend
considerable distances, giving a great spread to the tree. In Brandis' " Forest Flora "
the measurements of a tree described by Griffith (1838) are given ; these are —

Height 100 ft.

Circumference of main trunk . . . . 74 „

„ of supports 120 „

„ of area covered by the branches . 610 ,,

Mann, in his report of L875, gives the following measurements for a tree at Tezpur
aged 32 years, and having over 100 aerial roots : —

Height 110 ft.

Diameter of crown 140 „

Circumference of stem with central supports . 70 „

The tree is tapped by means of slanting notches about 12 in. apart, made in the
stem, aerial roots and roots. The milk is allowed to collect and coagulate in these
notches for two or three days, after which time the hard indiarubber in each notch is
easily collected by being pulled out in a strip. The tree will not bear yearly tapping,
once in three years is as much as it will stand; if tapped yearly, it is liable to die oil",

■2 T

642 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

as did many of the trees in Darjeeling after heavy tapping in 1871, 1872 and 1878.
Those which then survived had not recovered sufficiently for retapping by 1880, and
I have not heard of their having been tapped since then.

The tree is easily propagated from seed in small beds thatched over and fenced round
to keep out the sun, and provided with small trenches filled with water. By these means
a constant hot moist atmosphere is secured and seedlings do well, but the soil should
be good and contain plenty of "humus." For an interesting account of rearing India-
rubber plants from seed at Dehra Dun, see " Ind. Forester," vol. xxv. p. G3 for an
article by Babu Birbal and Babu Upendranath Kanjilal.

The following extracts from reports by Mr. Mann and Dr. Schlich will explain in
more detail the systems used in Assam and Bengal. Mr. Mann says : —

" To give the raising of rubber plants from seed a fair trial, about 30 seers of seed,
' or rather fruit, were collected and sown in three different ways both at the Kulsi
'plantation in the Grauhati subdivision and the Charduar plantation in the Tezpur
' subdivision. The different modes used were the following : —

" First, on beds covered with broken bricks, half of which was sown with entire
' fruit of figs, and the other half with the fruit broken up or rubbed into powder between
' the hands.

" Secondly, sown like the above, but on broken charcoal.

" Thirdly, sown like the above, but on earth only.

" The seed was sown in the middle of January, and germinated in the middle of
1 April. Germination took place best on the broken bricks, next best on the charcoal
' and least on the earth. The seedlings on the charcoal stood the heavy rains best, those
' ou the broken bricks next, whilst those on the soil nearly all perished. They require
' no shading, and grow all the stronger by exposure to the light and sun ; but as a
' matter of course they will require a great deal more care and attention than cuttings,
'and for several years, whilst cuttings can be transplanted before they are a year old.

" The artificial shading over these seed-beds caused drip and excessive moisture,
' which proved fatal to many of the seedlings before the cause of the mischief was
' recognized.

" The number saved amounted, however, to about 1200, which were on an average
' of the undermentioned sizes as they grew : —

On the 27th June 1874 & in.

„ 12th August 1874 . . . . lj% „

„ 10th September 1871 . . . . 5,70 ,,

And Dr. Schlich says, "At Bamunpokri nine nursery beds were prepared, three
'with common garden soil, three with broken bricks, and three with charcoal, and all
' intersected by irrigation trenches, thus keeping the soil thoroughly moist by percolation.
' The seed was collected in September 1874, and sown in that month and in October
' partly in whole figs, and partly crumbled up by the hand. The beds were then
' shaded by thatch, raised 2 ft. above the ground on the south, and 3 ft. on the north,
' and the sides were closed in with mats which could be removed at will.

" From four to six weeks after sowing the seeds germinated profusely, best of all
'in the garden soil, next best on the broken bricks, and last, though still pretty well,
'on the charcoal; they have thriven well, and are now up to 5 in. high, with leaves up
' to 2 in. long." In 1880 they were 15 to 20 ft. high.

The propagation by cuttings is still easier, but the cuttings must be from young
fleshy shoots, such as are obtained by pollarding several branches of an old tree and
allowing them to send out shoots. In Sikkim and Assam, plants grown from seedlings
or cuttings have succeeded either planted directly in the ground or in baskets of mould
tied to the upper branches of trees. In Assam, plantations are formed by cutting lines
at some distance apart through the forests, and planting the rooted cuttings or seedlings
at intervals. The following extracts from Mr. Mann's Memorandum of 1875 will best
explain the method of plantation : —

"The method of planting adopted in the Kulsi caoutchouc plantation is the
' following : —

"Lines 20 ft. in width and 50 ft. apart are opened out in mixed plain and savannah
' forest, and the trees are planted out on these lines at distances of 25 ft.

" The plants were examined by me on the 26th of April, and the countings showed
' 2 per cent, of failures, which were filled up the same day. Nothing could surpass the
' healthiness and vigour of the young trees, whose only enemies are the deer, which has
' made fencing necessary ; but the plants will soon have grown beyond the reach of them.

URTICACE.E 643

" The method of planting adopted in the Charduar plantation was the following : —

" Lines of 20 ft. in width and 100 ft. apart were opened out through lower hill
' forest, and trees were planted out on these lines at distances of 50 ft. The width of
'lines proved insufficient as soon as the rains set in, and the excessive shade and drip
' from the trees on either side of the line proved injurious and in many cases fatal to the
' plants. The planting on split stumps of trees and in earthenware rings, placed with
' the widest opening on stumps, was suggested by the Chief Commissioner and proved
' very successful in low situations, counteracting the excessive wet on the ground ; but
' vigorous growth was not ensured until more light was admitted. All the lines of last
' year's plantation were therefore opened to 40 ft. in width, and the effect on the young
' trees has already been most beneficial, so that, although it is only the commencement
' of the growing season, nothing could surpass the vigour and healthy appearance of the
' trees, and so far as the planting on lines opened out through the forest goes it cer-
' tainly is a perfect success. The ground on these lines was not cleared except just
' around the plants, but the opening out of bridle-paths has become necessary to save
' time in going over the plants, since frequent inspection is the only way to prevent any
' vacancies remaining in the plantation."

From the Assam Forest Administration Report of 1897-98 it is gathered that the
88 acres planted at Kulsi in 1873-77 carried, in 1898, at 22 years old, 2411 trees,
having an average height of 87 ft. 8 in., and average girth of central bole of 6h ft., the
girth of the biggest being 12|- ft. ; that 13 acres planted in 1878 had trees averaging :
height 81 ft., girth 9 ft. ; that 25i acres planted in 1883 had trees averaging : height
67 ft., girth 5 ft. ; and that 33 J acres planted in 1884 had : height 55 ft., girth 4* ft.

At Charduar there were, in 1898, 1700 acres of plantation. The trees measured —

Height.

Girth.

ft. in.

ft. in.

Plantation

years old .

. 85 0

23 2

5J

22

,, ...

. 83 8

20 9

»

21

,, ...

. 80 11

14 11

JJ

20

,, ...

. 78 5

13 9

5>

19

,, ...

. 71 7

11 6

J5

18

„ ...

. 70 10

13 3

?»

17

,, ...

. 68 0

12 2

Experimental tappings made in 1896-97 and 1897-98 in Charduar plantation gave :
for 21 trees, 46 and 48 lbs. of rubber respectively, i.e. 2*19 and 2-29 lbs. per tree. The
rubber produced was valued at from 2s. 3d. to 2s. 9d. per lb. in England. A. L. Home,
in " Ind. Forester," xxv. 70, estimates a yearly outturn of 8000 lbs. of rubber, valued
at 2s. 8d. per lb., yielding a gross return of Rs.16,000 and a net return of Rs.10,400,
which is equivalent to 9 per cent, interest on the capital cost of the plantations.

It is interesting to note the results obtained in Java in what is said to be the
oldest indiarubber plantation in the world, that in the Kranong province, planted by a
private, proprietor. There are 72§ acres of plantation with 5200 trees. They were first
tapped when the trees were 14 years old, in 1886, and up to 1895, after seven years'
tappings, it was found that the plantation gave 71 lbs. per acre per annum, and a net
money yield of £1 12s. lOd. per acre per annum since the establishment of the plantation
(Berkhout, " Ind. Forester," vol. xxiv. p. 160).

The collection from wild trees in the natural forests is made by the hill tribes, win)
tap the trees and bring the rubber out in balls and sell it to traders in the plains. The
balls have to be carefully examined iu order to remove stones, mud, chips, pieces of
bark and other similar adulterants.

lbs.
E 2449. Chawa Jhora, Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) . . . 43
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (young plant).

7. F. retusa, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 511; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxiii. ; BrandisFor. Fl.
117; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 444; Gamble Darj. List 75; Talbot Bomb. List 191 ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 89. F. Benjamina, Will.l. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 550. Vera. Kamrup,jir,
zir, Beng.; Totmida, Garhwal ; Jamu,oarri, Nep. ; Sitnyok, Lepcha : Butisa, K61;
Pefri, Kurku; JJitnliiityi, Khond: Nandruk, Mar. ; Pildla, Kan.; Terra juvi, Tel. ;
Itti, Tam. ; Panu-wuga, Cingh.; NyaungSk, Burnt.

A large evergreen usually epiphytic tree. Bark brown, fairly
smooth. Wood light reddish-grey, moderately hard, with narrow

644 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

wavy bands of soft tissue alternating with broader bands of firm
texture. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty. MedvMary
rays short, moderately broad.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaon eastwards ; Assam, Khasia Hills and Eastern
Bengal; forests of the Sundarbans; common in Burma, the Coco Islands and the
Andaman Islands ; very common in Ceylon : often planted.

A handsome species, very suited for shady avenues. The wood is one of the best
of the fig kind and might be used for furniture, but that all the fig woods are looked
upon as useless. Prain says the fruit is one of the favourite foods of the large pigeon

(Carpophaga bicolor) in the Coco Islands.

lbs.

0 4487. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun MO

E 404. Sundarbans (Richardson) 40

B 2278. Andaman Islands (Col. Ford) 40

No. 45, Ceylon Collection, old (Mendis).

8. F. Rumphii, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 512; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 448 ; Gamble Darj.
List 75 ; Talbot Bomb. List 194. F. cordifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 548 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 416, t. 48. Vern. Rumhal, paldk, hadha, pilkhan, Pb. ; Kabar, gajiiin, gajna,
pipal, gagjaira, paJcar, khabar, Hind. ; Kabai pipal, Kumaon ; Ganjher, Oudh ; Pilkhoi,
Jaunsar; Gai aswdt, Beng. ; PaJcar, Nep. ; Pakri, Ass.; Sat-bur, Cachar ; Prab,
Garo ; Paras pipal, Ajmere ; Pair, Mar. ; Nyaungbyu, Burm.

A large deciduous, often epiphytic tree. Bark smooth, grey, h in.
thick. Wood very soft, spongy, with alternating bands of loose and
firm tissue of equal width. Pores oval, scanty, moderate-sized.
Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant.

Outer Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards ascending to
5000 ft. ; Bengal, Orissa and the Circars; Central India and Burma.

A large forest species. The wood is used in Cachar for charcoal for tea manufacture.
The tree is generally epiphytic, and is then very destructive to timber trees. In Assam
the lac insect is reared on it (Mann). The fruit is eaten and the leaves and branches
used for cattle-fodder and to feed elephants.

lbs.

H 605. Chitul Forest, Kangra (Pengelly) 27

P 3224. Nagpahar, Ajmere —

E 586, 20 lbs., sent from the Darjeeling Terai under the name of " Nitvaro,1' and
E 716, 27 lbs., sent from Chittagong under those of Hijalya, Beng. ; Choupaha, Magh,
resemble this species in structure.

9. F. religlosa, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 513; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 547; Bead. Fl.
Sylv. t. 314; Brandis For. Fl. 415; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 148; Gamble Darj. List 75;
Talbot Bomb. List 194; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 90. The "Peepul" or "Pipal" tree.

Kan. ; Nyaiingbaivdi, Burm.

A large tree, usually epiphytic, but without aerial roots. Bark
grey, nearly -J- in. thick, exfoliating in rounded irregular flakes of
varying size, often leaving rounded depressions. Wood greyish-white,
moderately hard ; having narrow bands of soft tissue, which alternate
with broader bands of firmer substance. Pores moderate-sized and
large, often subdivided, rather scanty. Medullary rays uniform and
equidistant, moderately broad.

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Punjab eastwards ; Bengal, Orissa and the Circars ;
Central India; Upper Burma: planted and run wild in other parts of India, Burma
and Ceylon.

The Pipal tree is one of the best-known of Indian trees, for it is commonly planted
in- villages and held sacred both by Hindus and Buddhists. The sacred "Bo" tree at
Anuradhapura in Ceylon, which was brought from N. India and planted in 288 B.C., is
probably the oldest, or nearly the oldest, tree in the world historically known (Emerson-

TJRTICACE.E 645

Tennant, " Ceylon," ii. 613). The sacred tree at Budh Gya, under which Gautama
Buddha sat, is only now represented by a successor. By Hindus the killing of a Pipal
tree is looked upon as a great sin, so that it is rarely felled, and though it is very destruc-
tive to forest trees it is difficult to get it cut. It is sometimes found growing on and
enveloping the date-palm, as may be seen in the Saharanpur Botanic Garden. It is,
however, largely lopped for cattle, elephant and camel fodder, chiefly by Muhammedan
attendants. It does great damage to buildings, walls and wells, as when once rooted
the seedlings are most difficult to extirpate. The leaves, bark and fruit are used in
native medicine, and the bark gives a tenacious milky juice which hardens into a
substance resembling gutta-percha. The tree is easily propagated by sowing the seeds,
or by cuttings, even when quite large pieces are used. It is good for avenues.

The wood is used for packing-cases and for fuel, occasionally for charcoal. It has
been found that 100 lbs. of steam-dry wood gave 5*48 lbs. of ash, of which 2*25 lbs.
were phosphates of iron, calcium, etc., T96 lbs. calcium carbonate and T07 lbs.
magnesium carbonate, the rest sodium, silica and other substances. The weight and
transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : —

Cunningham at Gwalior in 1851, in two experiments Weight. P.

with bars 2' x 1" x 1" found 44 458

Skinner in Madras in 1862 (No. 72) „ 34 584

On an average, the weight of the wood is about 35 lbs. per cubic foot.

The Pipal is one of the trees on which the Lac insect (Carteria Lacca, Kerr.)

grows; and on it also is sometimes found the Chinese white wax insect, Ceroplastes

ceriferus, Sign.

lbs.

P 893. Multan (Baden-Powell) 45

O 533, 538, 543. Dehra Dun (O'Callaghan) . . . . 31, 31 and 23

C 1168. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . .44

C 837. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 34

C 2814. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) —

D4008. Cuddapah 42

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

10. F. Tjakela, Burm.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 514; Talbot Bomb. List 194; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 91. Vern. Kiripelta, Cingh.

A laro-e deciduous tree. Wood brown, soft, in alternate concentric
rings of narrow dark loose tissue and broader pale firmer tissue, the
dark layers very conspicuous on a vertical section. Pores large, very
scanty, irregularly scattered. Medullary rays fine, dark, wavy, not
numerous.

Forests of Western and Southern India, common on the Ghats of N. Kanara, in
Mysore and the South Deccan ; Ceylon : often planted to shade coffee.

lbs.
No. 72, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis) 30

11. F. Tsiela, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 549; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 515; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxiii. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 415; Talbot Bomb. List 194; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 92. Vern. Jadi,
Tel. ; Pipri, Mar. ; Bili-basri, Kan. ; Kalatti, Tam. ; Eta nuga, ehetu, Cingh.

A large tree without aerial roots. Bark greenish-grey, smooth.
Wood grey, soft to moderately hard, with alternate bands of soft and
hard tissue. Pores very scanty, large, conspicuous on a vertical
section. MeduUa/ry ray* fine, equidistant.

Forests of the Deccan, Western Ghats and Carnatic; often planted in avenues.

A common avenue tree in the drier parts of the Madras Presidency.

lbs.

D 4227. Cuddapah (Higgens) 34

12. F. infeetoria, Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 550; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 515 j Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxii.; Brandis For. Fl. Ill; Kur/. For. Fl. ii. 446; Gamble Darj. List 75; Talbot
Bomb. List L95; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 92. F. Wightiana, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxii.; Brandis For. Fl. 111. Vern. War, var, batbar, jangli pipli, paldkh, triTiibal,

646 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Pb. ; Pilkhan, Jcahimmal, ramanjir, pdkhar, pahri, heol, kaim., khabar, Hind. ; DudJiIi,
pilkhoi, Jaunsar ; Kobra, pilkhdru, pariya, Garhwal ; PdJcar, Beng. ; Sa/ed habra,
Nep. ; Kangji, Lepcha; Prab, Ga.ro; Serilli, Gondi ; Pepere, Kurku ; Baswesa, K61 ;
Kundotkum, Hyderabad; Jovi, kall-alun, Tam. ; Jevji, yuri, Tel.; Tsjahda, MaL;
Bassari, pakari, lendva, Mar. ; Hari basri, Kan. ; Nyaunggyin, Burm. ; Kalaha, Cingb.

A large, usually epiphytic, tree. Bark ^ in. thick, greenish-grey,
smooth, exfoliating irregularly in flakes and patches. Wood grey,
moderately hard ; with narrow concentric bands of soft tissue alter-
nating with broader bands of firm texture. Pores large, scanty, often
subdivided. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad, equidistant.

Sub-Himalayan tract and Lower Himalaya from tbe Salt Range to Sikkim ;
tbence throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, more commonly planted than wild.

A widely spread species, in three varieties each of rather distinct appearance. The
common variety has rather large leaves with acute bases and long petioles ; var.
Lambertiana has also large leaves with rather long petioles and cordate bases ; while
var. Wiglitiana has smaller leaves and is more common in South India in a wild
state. The wood is sometimes used for charcoal, not otherwise. The young shoots
are eaten in curries and the leaves make good elephant-fodder, while the bark gives a

fair fibre.

lbs.

P 911. Salt Range, Punjab (Baden-Powell) 31

C 1166. Ahiri Reserve, C.P. (R. Thompson) 37

C 838. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) 34

C 2808. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) —

13. F. eallosa, Willd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 516; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 454; Talbot Bomb.
List 195; Hook. Fl. Ceyl. iv. 93. F. cinerascens, Thw.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxiv.
Vern. WaJ-gona, Cingh.

A large tree. Wood white or greyish-brown, soft, in alternate
layers of narrow loose tissue and broader firm tissue. Pores large,
much subdivided, irregular, fairly numerous. Medullary rays
moderately broad, not very numerous.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards; tropical
forests of Burma and the Andaman Islands; Ceylon.
Nos. 40, 146, Ceylon Collection, new (Mendis).

Subgenus 3. SYNCECIA.

Only one species. F. callicarpa, Miq.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 518 (F. pomifera, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 454), is an evergreen climbing or creeping shrub of Upper Tenasserim,
with large receptacles.

Subgenus 4. SYCIDIUM.

Ten species, mostly shrubs, climbers or small trees, rarely epiphytal, often with
rough leaves. F. heterophylla, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 518; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 532;
Brandis For. Fl. 424; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 456 ; Talbot Bomb. List 195 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iv. 93; Vern. Datir, Mar.; Ghoti-suara, Beng.; Buroni, Tel.; Wal-ehetu, Cingh., is
a polymorphous rough-leaved shrub, common near streams in most hot parts of India,
Burma and Ceylon. F. silckiint //sis, Mq. ; Fl. l>r. Ind. v. 521 ; Gamble Darj. List 7~> ;
Vern. Lekbilani, Xep., is a small tree of the lower part of the Sikkim Himalaya and
Khasia Hills, at 2-4000 ft., with very small figs. F. obscitra, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
521 ; Gamble Darj. List 75 ; Vern. Kasirut, Nep. ; Tuhsot, Lepcha, is a shrub, also of
the lower Sikkim Himalaya and the Khashia Hills and extending to Burma, with very
rough leaves and a bark which is used to make rough forest ropes.

14. F. Clavata, WalL; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 520; Gamble Darj. List 75. F. trachy-
carpa, Miq.; Brandis For. FL 421. Vern. Kim not, mnsui, Jaunsar; Giruli, Xep.:

^ii-<itj>c, Lepcha.

A shrub, with small narrow rough leaves. Bark thin, smooth.

URTICACE^E 047

greenish-grey. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained, with
very regular alternate layers of white soft and firmer dark tissue.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often subdivided and enclosed in a ring
of loose tissue. Medullary rays pale, fine to moderately broad, very
short.

Lower Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 4500 ft. ; the Khasia
Hills and hills of Burma.

E 3612. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling, 1500 ft. (Gamble).

15. F. asper-r-ima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 554 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 522 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxiv. ; Talbot Bomb. List 195 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 94. Vern. Khamvat, Mar. ;
Khargas, Kan. ; Irumbarutthan, Tarn. ; Gergutti, Kan. ; Theragam, Mai. ; Sevman-
viediya, Cingh.

A shrub or small tree. Wood white, soft, with regular wavy
concentric but often anastomozing bands of alternate pale loose tissue
and darker hard tissue. Pores large, usually subdivided into 2 or 3
partitions, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, not numerous.

Central, Western and Southern India, also Ceylon, in hill ranges at about 3000 ft.
The leaves are very rough, and used as sandpaper, especially for sandalwood
carvings. Bourdillon gives W = 24 lbs., P = 245.

lbs.
W 4675. Travancore (Bourdillon) 23

Subgenus 5. COVELLIA.

Eight species, shrubs or trees, not epiphytes or climbers. F. conglobata, King
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 522 ; Gamble Darj. List 75 ; Vern. Tuksot, Lepcha, is a small tree of
the Lower Sikkim Himalaya and Chittagong;. F. scemocarpa, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 523
Gamble Darj. List 76 (F. tuberculatu, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 424, F. pyrrhocarpa
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 457, F. squamosa, Roxb. and F. laminosa, Hardw. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind
iii. 531) ; Vern. Chancheri, Garhwal, is a shrub, common on the banks of streams in the
sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Bhutan, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Burma.
F. Riles, Reinwdt. ; Fl. Br. Ind. iv. 524 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 458 (F. polycarpa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 556), is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim.

16. F. hispida, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 522 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxiv. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 423 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 460 ; Gamble Darj. List 75 ; Talbot Bomb. List 195;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 195. F. oppositifolia, Willd. and F. dozmonum, Kon. ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 561, 562. Vern. Daduri, degar, rumbal, Pb. ; Kagsha, gob/a, totmila, hat
giilaria, konea ditmbar, Hind. ; Kaksa,gliogsha, gobha, Dehra Dim ; Khagshi, Garhwal ;
Titmoi, jotmida, chinsira, Kumaon ; Dhedu mera, Panch Mehals ; Kharwa, Nep. ;
Tuksot, Lepcha; Dumar, kako-duma/r, Beng. ; Poksha, Meclii ; Khoskadumar, Ass.;
Shakab, Garo ; Boda-mamadi, bummarri, bamdri, Tel.; Katumer, bomair, Gondi ;
Koreh, Kurku; Maiu-lok, Magh ; Kotang, sosokera, K61 ; Kerken, Khond ; Boda,
Reddi ; Kunuut, dher-umber, kalayu/niber, kharoti, bokria, Mar.; Chona atthi, otta
Halt, Tam. ; Erumu nakku, Mai. ; Kadut, Burin. ; Kota dimbula, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark I in. thick, grey, peeling off in
irregular flakes, with slight horizontal ribs encircling the tree. Wood
soft, dirty grey, in regular concentric bands of soft tissue, which
alternate with firmer bands of equal width and darker colour. Pores
scanty, moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays
moderately broad and fine, prominent as long narrow bands on a
radial section.

Outer Himalaya from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 3500 ft. ; Bengal, Central
and South India ; Burma and the Andaman Islands ; Ceylon.

Avery common small tree of quick growth, recognized easily by its having opposite
leaves. Kyd's Assam experiments on the wood give W = 25 lbs., P = 360. The

648 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. In Calcutta, the leaves of the Dumor have been
found to be destroyed by the larva? of the Bombycid moth, Hypsa alciphron, Cram.

lbs.
C 1180. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson) . . . —

C 2803. Melghat, Berar (Brandis) —

E 2150. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Gamble) 35

B 5042. MyauDgmyo Division, Burma 30

17. F. Cunia, Ham.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 5G1 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 523; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxiv. ; Brandis For. Fl. 421 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 461 ; Gamble Darj. List 7G. F. con-
glomerata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 559. Vern. KJieivnauJherplial, Garhwal ; Khurhur, Oudh ;
ZiViiira, Kumaon ; Kassce, Gorakhpur ; Gltwi, C.P. ; Kauluja, Xep. ; Kanait jxilkai,
taikran, Mechi ; Sangji, Lepcha ; Dumbur, jagya-domur, Beng. ; Porduh, Sonthal ;
Poroh, Mai Pahari ; Eiu, ain, K61 ; Poro dumer, Kharwar ; JJoroha, Khond ; Verabudi,
Reddi; Korelaica, Berar ; Jonu a, sodo i, Magh ; Telcaon, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thick, reddish-brown, rough. Wood
rough, moderately hard, greyish-brown, with narrow concentric bands
which alternate with broader bands of firmer texture. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, equidistant.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Bengal,
Orissa and the Circars ; Burma : usually on the banks of streams or in ravines.

A prett3r species, at once recognized by the long leaves with unequal semi-sagittate
base. The wood is not used. The bark is used to tie the rafters of native houses ;
the fruit is eaten, and is good, though somewhat iusipid ; the leaves are rough, and are
said to be used for polishing wood.

lbs.

O 1365. Gonda, Oudh (Wood) 36

E 583. Bamuripokri, Darjeeling Terai (Mansou) 36

E 1953. Chittagong (Chester) 22

E 3718 from the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta (20 lbs.), is var. conglomerat i.
The wood only differs by being whiter in colour, with larger pores.

Subgenus 6. EUSYCE.

Sixteen species, climbing or erect shrubs or small trees, few of any importance.
F. Icevis, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 526 ; Gamble Darj. List 76 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 95
(F. vagans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 537), is a small tree, often epiphytic, of the Himalaya
lrom the Sutlej eastwards at 2-5000 ft., Assam, Burma and Cevlon (var. dasyphylla).
F. hirta, Vahl ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 531; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 534; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 449 ;
Gamble Darj. List 76 (F. triloba, Ham.; Brandis For. Fl. 423 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. -I 19,
F. hirsuta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 528); Vern. Dungra, khura, dumiir, Beng.; Kasreto,
Nep. ; Gyasay, Lepcha ; Mhoiv, mau, Ass., is a small tree of the Lower Eastern Hima-
laya, Assam and Burma, with large hairy leaves and large golden-pubescent edible fruit.

18. F. seandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 536 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 526 ; Brandis For. Fl. 421 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 455; Gamble Darj. List 76. Vern. 2lfaMo£d,Jaunsar; Ghanchri, Garhwal.

A climbing shrub, often rooting from the stems, like ivy. Bark
\ in. thick, rough, brown. Wood brown, very porous. Pores large
to very large, much subdivided. Medullary rays narrow, wavy, in-
distinct.

Himalayan valleys from the Sutlej eastwards up to 5000 ft.; Assam, Khasia Hills,
Chittagong and Burma.

lbs.

H 4893. Jaunsar, W. Himalaya, 1000 ft. (Balm U. N. Kanjilal) . . 28

19. F. foveolata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 528; Brandis For. Fl. 423 ; Gamble Darj.
List 76. Vern. Grela, Simla ; Mahrcru, Kunawar ; Dudila, Nep. ; Talcsot, Lepcha.

An evergreen scandent shrub. Wood light brown, soft, very
porous, with concentric bands of soft texture. Pores small to very
large, very numerous. Medullary rays fine, bending, the distance
between the rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

URTICACEJC G49

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan at 2-7000 ft. ; Khasia Hilly, Chittagong and
Burma.

lbs.
H 2833. The Glen, Simla, 60C0 ft. (Gamble) 38

20. F. palmata, Forsk. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 530. F. virgata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 530
Brandia For. Fl. 419. F. caricoides, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 529. Vern. Anjir, inzar, Afg.
Fagu, fagdra, dudhi, dhura, phedu, leak, daholia (Hills), fagwara, tJiapur (Plains), Pb.
Qidar, khabdra, anjiri, beru, bedu, N.-W. P. ; Huvwara, Kashmir ; Fheru, Jaunsar
Khemri, Dehra Dun ; Kembu, Merwara.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, close
arid even-grained, moderately hard, with wavy concentric bands of
soft tissue, alternating with bands of equal width of firmer tissue.
Pores small and moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. Medul-
lary rays fine and moderately broad, unequally distributed.

Suliman and Salt Banges ; outer Himalaya eastward to Nepal, ascending to 6000 ft. :
hills of Merwara and Mount Abu.

This species often grows to a tolerably large size, reaching to 10 ft. in girth. The
leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, and the fruit is eaten in the Punjab Hills : it
resembles the cultivated fig, but is smaller. I think it would be worth the attempt
to improve it by cultivation.

lbs

P 910. Salt Bange (Baden-Powell) 41

H 607. Chitul Forest, Kangra (Pengelly) 38

H 156, 148. Bhajji, Simla, 3000 ft 39

21. F. nemoralis, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 534; Brandis For. Fl. 424; Gamble
Darj. List 76. Vern. Dudila, Nep. ; Toitpay, Lepcha ; Dudlila, Jaunsar ; Parphuta,
di/dhla, Garhwal.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark smooth, grey, very thin. Wood white,
moderately hard, close-grained, with narrow white wavy bands of soft
texture alternating with belts of firmer wood. Pores scanty, small
and moderate-sized, in groups and short radial lines. Medutta/ry rays
fine and moderately broad, short.

Outer Himalaya, from Hazara to Bhutau, up to 7000 ft. ; Assam and Khasia Hills.
The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder.

lbs.

H 3080. Gowai, Simla, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 38

H4892. Jaunsar, N.-W. P., 5000 ft. (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) . . . 39
E 3334. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

Subgenus 7. NEOMOBPHE.

Eight species, climbing shrubs or trees, not epiphytic. F. macrocarpa, Wight, and
F. guttata, Kurz, are large climbing shrubs of the Nilgiris with large fruit. F. varie-
gata, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 535 (/''. racemifera, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 560), is a tall
spreading tree of the forests of Assam and Chittagong, and F. Clarkei, KiDg, is a tall
tree of the Khasia Hills at 5000 ft. F. lancevlata, Ham. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. in. 557; Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 536; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 457 ; Yern. Yethapan, Burin., is a brandling shrub
of the Lower Sikkim Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Chota Nagpore.

22. F. Roxburghii, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 534; Brandis For. Fl. 422; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 460 ; Gamble Darj. List 76. jR macrophylla, Buxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 556. Vern.
Fussa, tussa, Kashmir; Urbul, urmul, barbaru, tihi, trimbal, tirmal, trimed, tirmi,
tiamle, Pb. ; Trimmal, timal, timla, Hind.: Tirboi, Jaunsar ; Kasrekcm,nabari, Nep. ;
Kundoung, Lepcha; Demur, Beng. ; Sapai, Magh; Sinthapan, Barm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, warty. Woodj reddish-grey,
moderately hard, with broad bands of soft tissue, alternating with
darker bands of firmer texture, and of less width. Port ■■>■ moderate-

650 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

sized and large, often subdivided. Medullar]) rays fine to broad,
short, very prominent on a radial section.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus eastward, ascending to 0000 ft. ; Khasia Hills,
Sylhet, Chittagong and Burma.

A fine species, with large heart-shaped leaves and conspicuous masses of large figs
growing on the trunk (see picture in King Ann. Calc. vol. i.). The fruit is eaten and
is fairly good. The leaves are used for fodder.

lbs.

H 606. Chitul Forest, Kangra (Pengelly) 34

P 149. Sainj, Simla 34

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 3.

23. F. pomifera, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 535; Gamble Darj. List 76. F. regia,
Miq. (in part) ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 458. Vern. Timil, neverra, Nep. ; Tchongtay, Lepcha ;
Sinthapan, Burm."

An evergreen tree. Bark grey. Wood soft, spongy, having narrow
bands of soft tissue alternating with broader bands of firm texture.
Pores scanty, moderate-sized. Medullary rays short, moderately
broad, very prominent on a radial section.

Eastern Himalaya and Burma at 1-3000 ft., Chittagong.

A species which resembles F. Boxburghii, but differs in the fruit. The fruit is
edible, one of the best of the edible wild species.

lbs.
E 089. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Johnston) ... 29
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9.

24. F. glomerata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 558; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 535 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxiv. ; Brandis For. Fl. 422,' t. 49; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 458; Gamble Darj. List 76;
Talbot Bomb. List 195 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 96. F. Chittaaonga, Miq. ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 596. F. Goolereea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 538. Yern. Kathgular, kruambal,
rumbal, hakammal, dadhuri, Pb. ; Gular, paroa, Jelka, N.-W. P.; Khaina, Garlnv. :
Kheunia, umra, Kumaon ; Khutnia, Dotial ; Gular, Oudh. ; Umar, umrui, tut,
C.P. ; Dumri, Nep. ; Tchongtay, Lepcha ; Jagya dumar, Beng. ; Dhimeri, Uriya ;
Ldwa, Melghat; Thoja, Gondi ; Alawa, Kurku ; Lowa, Sonthal ; Dinner, Mai Pa-
li ari ; Toga, Khond ; Mori, Koya; Budi, Eeddi ; Umbur, Mar.; Atti, rumadi, Tculla-
hith, Kan. ; Atti, Tarn.; Moydi,atti,bodda, paidi, mart, medi, Tel. ; Attika, Ciugh. ;
Thapan, yethapan, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark J in. thick, smooth, reddish-brown,
with a few large cracks. Wood grey or greyish-brown, soft, witli
broad lioht-coloured bands of loose tissue alternating with narrower
interrupted darker bands of firmer texture. Pores large and very
large, subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, bent
where they touch the pores.

Salt llange ; Outer Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Kashmir eastwards ;
Assam, Khasia Hills and Bengal; Burma; Central, Western and Southern India;
Ceylon.

A very common tree, particularly noticeable from its being deciduous in the middle
of the rainy season about August. I have noticed, and Smythies has drawn attention
to, this in the Dun ; and Graham Anderson mentions it for Mysore. The large fruits
appear on the trunk and branches, are produced in profusion, red when ripe and edible,
but usually too full of insects. The wood is not durable, but said to last well under
water and to be good for well-frames. Cunningham's experiments with bars of
Gwalior wood 2' x 1" x 1" gave W = 36 lbs., P = 458. The average weight is about
30 lbs. per cubic foot. If this is the F. racemosa of Skinner, No. 71, he gives W = 40
lbs., P = 588. The juice is made into birdlime, and the leaves, bark and fruit are used
in native medicine. The leaves are used for cattle and elephant fodder. Graham
Anderson says that it is the best tree for shading coffee, and that the wood is used in
Mysore for rough purposes, such as outhouse doors and cross-pieces of carts.

The tree is frequently attacked in Mysore, as are also other species like F. mysoren-

URTICACEvE 651

sis and F. asperrima, by a scale insect, Dactylopius adonidum, Linn., with which is
often associated a black fungoid growth (see Stebbing Inj. Ins. p. 15).

lbs.
C 1138. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (R. Thompson)
C 839. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar (Drysdale) ....

C 2796. Melghat, Berar (Brandis)

E 643. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . . .25

D 4012. Cuddapah (Higgens) 34

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

15. ANTIARIS, Leschen.

1. A. tOXiearia, Lesch. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 537; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 462; Talbot
Bomb. List 196 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 97. A. innoxia, Bl. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 307 ;
Brandis For. Fl. 427. The Upas tree. Vern. Alii, netavil, Tarn. ; Jazugri, Jearwat,
Jaguri, ajjanpatte, Kan.; Jasund, chandul, Bombay; Karwat, chandkura, Mar.;
Aranjili, aranthal, Mai. ; Riti, Cingb. ; Hmyaseik, Burm.

A gigantic evergreen tree. Baric thick, grey. Wood white, soft,
even-grained. Annual rings faintly marked. Pores large and
moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad,
undulating, uniform and equidistant ; the distance between two rays
generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores, which are
prominent on a vertical section.

Evergreen forests of Burma, the Western Ghats and Ceylon.

Beddome says it is the largest tree in the forests of the Western Coast, and that it
reaches 250 ft. in height, with an enormous girth. Brandis tells me that the tallest
tree measured by him in Burma was this species, 250 ft. in height, in the evergreen
forests. The inner bark gives a good fibre which makes strong cordage; it is also
stripped off whole from a branch or young tree to form sacks which are used to carry
rice ; a section of the stem being left to serve as a bottom to the sack. Growth fast, 4
to 6 rings per inch of radius.

The celebrated " upas antiar " poison is prepared in Java and other islands from
the milky juice. Dr. Horsfield says also that when the trunk is extensively wounded,
or when the tree is felled, the effluvium of the juice affects the persons exposed to it
and causes a kind of cutaneous eruption. Otherwise there is no effect produced by
approaching the tree, and to such an extent only are the old fabulous stories of the
effects of the Upas tree true. The poison is used to put on arrows to kill game. The
history of the extraordinary belief in the deadly power of this tree is discussed in Yule
and BurnelPs Glossary, Watt's Dictionary, etc.

lbs.
B 813. Rangoon Division, Burma (Ribbentrop) 24

16. CUDRANIA, Trecul.

Three species. C.fruticosa, Wight ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 434 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 539, is a
large climbing shrub of the Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Burma, ascending to 4000 ft.
G. pubescens, Trecul ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 539 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 435, is an evergreen climb-
ing shrub of Pegu and Martaban, ascending to 3000 ft.

1. C. javanensis, Trecul; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 538; Brandis For. Fl. 425; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 98 ; Gamble Darj. List 76. C. amboinensis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 134. Cudranus
jRuiaphii, Thw. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxx. Vera. Manda, mangei, kdngu, Hind.

A large straggling spinous shrub. Bark smooth, thin, yellowish-
brown, with oblong horizontal lenticels, peeling off in thin papery
flakes. Wood moderately hard, sapwood pale yellow, heartwood
orange-yellow. Airmail rings marked by a belt of large pores, in the
rest of the wood j tores small to large, often subdivided, in roughly
concentric patches. MedvMary rays moderately broad, not numerous,
loner.

G.">2 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards; Kbasia
Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma ; dry region of Ceylon.

This plant much resembles Plecospermum spinosum. The wood is used for fuel,
;\nd the ripe fruit is eaten.

lbs.
O 5006, 5007. Dehra Dun (Babu U. N. Kanjilal) 47

17. AKTOCARPUS, Linn.

Eight species of indigenous trees, and another cultivated only. A. calophylla,
Kurz; A. riqida, Blume ; and A. Gomeziana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 541 and 544;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 431 and 433, are scarce trees of Tenasserini and Tavoy. The last-
named has been found by Prain in the Coco Islands. A. incisa, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 539; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 527 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxx.; Brandis For. Fl. 426, is the
"Bread-fruit" tree of the South Sea Islands, which is cultivated in South India, Burma
and Ceylon and bears fruit, but does not stand the cold season in Bengal. It is a fine
handsome tree with pinnatifid leaves.

Wood very uniform : heartwood moderately hard to hard, yellow,
turning brown on exposure, seasons well, weighs between 30 and 50
lbs., usually containing a white substance. Pores moderate-sized to
large, often in circular light-coloured rings of softer tissue, prominent
on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
distinct, not numerous.

1. A. hirsuta, Lamk.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 541; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 521; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 308; Brandis For. Fl. 426; Talbot Bomb. List 196. Vern. Ayni, anjolli.
aiyanepda, Tain.; Aini, ansjeni, Mai.; Hebahu, heb halasu, hebbalsina, hesswa,
hessain, Kan. ; Hebahu, pat-plianas, ran-phanas, Mar.

A lofty evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard : sapwood white ;
heartwood yellowish-brown, durable, seasons well. Pairs large,
sometimes subdivided, often filled with a white substance. Medullar)/
rays fine to moderately broad, wavy, very distinct, but distant, bent
where they meet the pores.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards, ascending
to 4000 ft.

A fine tree with large ovate leaves, young plants and coppice shoots with deeply pin-
natifid very large leaves shaped like large leaves of the English oak. The growth appears
to be fast. Skinner, No. 16, gives W = 10 lbs., P = 744 ; Wallich gives W = 37 lbs.,
Talbot's experiments of 1885 with pieces 6' x 2" x 2" gave W = 36 lbs., P = 615 ;
Bourdillon gives W = 35 lbs., P = 573. We can take W = 36, P = 644 as an average.
The wood does not warp, is not eaten by white ants, and stands contact with water
well. The wood is much used on the Western Coast for house and ship building,
furniture and other purposes. Foulkes, in " Notes on Timber Trees of S. Kanara,"
says it is a strong shade-bearer, has a long tap-root, and requires a heavy rainfall and
damp climate. He says that the crop of seeds is large, and that they germinate easily,
but that, as monkeys are fond of the seeds, they consume much of what is produced.
It does not coppice well, but produces abundant root suckers. Seedlings are difficult to
transplant.

lbs.

D 1090. Madura, Madras (Beddome) 32

W 1219. North Kanara (Barrett) 31

W 744, 758. South Kanara (Cherry) 39 and 1 1

(This last specimen differs by having very short, moderately broad, medullary rays
and pores in irregular patches of soft texture ; it may possibly be X Lakoocha.)
Nordliuger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XIII. 6).

2. A. integrifolia, Linn. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 541 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 522 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccxix.; Brandis For. Fl. 425; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 432; (iambic Darj. List 76;
Talbot Bomb. List 196; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 99. The Jack tree. Vern. KautlioK

URTICACEiE 653

katol, kathul, Hind. ; Pan dsa, Uriya ; Tel.; Kanthar, Sonthal ; Phonos, Mar. ; Pitta,
Tam. ; Ealsu, heb-halsu, halsina, Kan.; Pords, Kol ; Teprong, Garo ; Eos, CiDgb. ;
Peinne, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark thick, blackish, deeply cleft when
old. Wood moderately hard : sapwood pale ; heartwood bright yellow,
darkening on exposure. Pores moderate-sized to large, often oval and
subdivided, sometimes filled with a white substance, arranged in
irregular patches of soft tissue, which are occasionally elongated
concentrically and sometimes confluent, prominent on a vertical
section. Medullary rays well marked, moderately broad, not numerous.

Indigenous in the forests of the Western Ghats up to 4000 ft. ; elsewhere cultivated
or run wild, throughout the warmer regions of India, Burma and Ceylon.

I quite share Beddome's belief of the Jack being indigenous in the forests of the
Western Ghats, for I have seen it myself in dense forests in wild parts of that country.
It is frequently found run wild in forests elsewhere. It is one of the most important
of the fruit plants of India, probably, after the mango and plantaiu, the most impor-
tant ; and good trees are valuable. Graham Anderson mentions two varieties, Pillar a,
with poor fruit and Buckay with good ; as coffee shade he considers the Jack fairly good,
though too dense in shade and liable to be troublesome because the fruit is attractive.
In young trees the fruit appears on the branches, in older trees on the trunk, and it
often reaches a very large size, sometimes 18 in. in length. All inner parts are eateu,
the pulp and the seeds, but it has an unpleasant odour which is disliked by Europeans.
The wood is used in Burma to dye the yellow clothes worn by the "phoongies," or
Buddhist priests. The bark yields a gum ; the juice is used as birdlime, and the fruit-
juice gives a kind of caoutchouc.

The growth of the tree is fairly fast. The following experiments on the weight and
transverse strength of the wood are recorded : —

Puckle in 1859 in Mysore (4 experiments), with bars 2' x 1" x 1", found 42

Skinner, No. 17, in 1862 in South India

Adrian Mendis, No. 16, in 1855, in Ceylon, with bars 2' x 1" x 1"

Wallich

„ in 1862 in Travancore

Bourdillon, in Travancore

And, besides these, we have the Eeport of Prof. W. C. Unwin, F.R.S. (Imp. Inst.
Journal, vol. v. p. 124) —

Weight per cubic foot ...... 43 lbs.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . . 672 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress 3*4 tons per square inch.

Transverse strength ....... 3'053 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 444"4 „ „

The average weight is probably about 40 lbs. It is very largely used for carpentry,
boxes and furniture, and is occasionally exported to Europe for cabinet-work, turning
and brush-backs. An analysis of the ashes of 100 lbs. steam-dry wood by Dr. Warth
gave 0*70 lb. of ash, of which 0"37 lb. calcium carbonate.

Foulkes, in his "Notes on Timber Trees of S. Kanara," says, the tree requires a
deep moist rich soil and heavy rainfall ; it has a long tap-root, and is consequently
wind-firm ; is best reproduced artificially, but the seedlings require care in transplanting ;
coppices well.

In Calcutta the tree is found to be damaged by the larva} of the Lymantriid moth,
Per inn nuda, Fabr.

llis.

E 598. Darjeeling Terai (young tree) (Manson) .... 38

Weight

in lbs.

p.=

d 42

562

44

?88

42

712

42

—

35

—

33

—

E 2444. Siliguri, Bengal (Gamble)

W 756. South Kanara (Cherry) .

B 806. Tharrawaddy, Burma '(Ilibbentrop)

No. 9, Salem Collection .....

No. 16, Ceylon „ old; 77, new (Mendis)

41
13
30

■VI
44

654 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. A. nobilis, Thw.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 542; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 309 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
iv. 98. Vera. Del, bedi-del, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard : sapwood greyish-
white ; heartwood yellow. Pores moderate-sized and large, often filled
with a white substance, often subdivided, scanty, rather irregulai'ly
arranged. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, short, not
numerous.

Moist low country of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.

Beddome calls this a "magnificent tree," and says it grows up to 50 ft. in height
and. 12 ft. in girth. The leaves are round, large, pinnatifid in young plants and
coppice shoots. The wood is used for furniture and other cabinet-work, and the
hollo wed-out stems are used for fishing-canoes. The seeds are roasted and eaten by
Cinghalese. In the old Ceylon Collection there were 2 specimens, No. 2 Aludel and
No. 21 Del, both marked A. pubescens. I have not now these to refer to, but I have the
new Collection, in which there are 3 specimens all marked A. nobilis. Of these. I
believe No. 21 Del to be right. No. 2 Aludel is, I think, A. Lakoocha, and No. 109
Pattadel is doubtful. The experiments recorded by Adrian Mendis as having been
made in 1855 with bars 2' x 1" x 1" gave : No. 2, W = 51 lbs., P = 712 ; No.
21, W = 40 lbs., P = 528. I am inclined to think No. 21 only was really A. nobilis.

The Report of Professor W. C. Unwin, F.R.S. {Imp. Inst. Journal, vol. v. p. 124),
gave —

Weight .48 lbs. per cubic foot.

Resistance to shearing along the fibres . . 1236 lbs. per square inch.

Crushing stress 2*932 tons per square inch.

Transverse strength 4-155 „ „

Coefficient of elasticity 632*8 „ „

lbs.

Ceylon Collection, old, No. 21 ; new, No. 21 40

4. A. Chaplasha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 525; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 543; Brandis For. Fl.
426; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 432; Gamble Darj. List 77. Vera. Ghaplash, chaplis, Beng.;
Lut-ter, Nep. ; Chram, Garo; Sam, sahm, Ass. ; Cha m, Cachar ; Fan i, toponi, Magli ;
Taungpeinne, Burm. ; Kaita-dd, And.

A lofty deciduous tree. Bark of young trees smooth, light grey
with dark blotches ; of old trees dark brown, tuberculate, \ in. thick.
Wood yellow to brown, moderately hard, even - grained, durable,
seasons well. Pores large, often subdivided, scanty, uniformly dis-
tributed, frequently filled with a white substance. Medullary rays
short, fine and moderately broad.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascending to
f>000 ft. ; Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong ; Burma and the Andaman Islands.

A very handsome tree with a tall straight stem and large broad leaves, which are
pinnatifid in young plants and coppice shoots and often 2 ft. in length, resembling in
shape a huge leaf of the English oak. It grows to a height of 100 to 120 and even
150 ft., with a clean bole of 60 to 90 ft. and a girth of 10 to 12 ft. A tree has been
recorded at Buxa 18 ft. in girth. Peal says "it is a really fine tree having a re-
' markably good wood for many purposes if not exposed to the weather or put in the
' ground. Though found scattered all through the mixed plain forests and along the
'foot of hills in Assam, it is not a gregarious tree, even though the seeds fall and ger-
' minate in thousands around its foot. The fruit is greedily eaten by monkeys, and
' thus transported. The wood would make excellent tea-boxes, but is really too rare
' and too good to use for such a purpose. It should be seasoned standing by ringing,
■ so as to prevent warping when cut and sawn. It is good for furniture, and when
'polished often shows a nicely figured grain like coarse satinwood. For planking,
' battens, girders, joists and wall-plates it is excellent, also for doors and frames.
'Large dug-out canoes are cut from it" (Ind. Tea Gazette). Chevalier Paganini
also speaks of it in similar terms, and says he considers it equal to or superior to teak
for household furniture. Kurz says the wood is used for canoes and cart-wheels, and
I remember its being formerly used for dug-out canoes on the Tista river in Darjeeling

URTICACE^J 655

District. The Andaman List (Calcutta Exhibition, 1883-84) says that it " seasons
' quickly, neither cracks nor warps ; is proof against dry or wet rot ; is not attacked
' by xylophages and rarely by white, ants ; is used for boat-building, and squares up
' to 60 ft. long, with a siding of 3 ft." Heinig says, however, that it squares to 30 ft.,
siding li ft. ; that it is liable to ring-shakes ; and that it is used for door-planking,
packing-cases and the inner lining of the hulls of boats.

Growth rather fast, 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight average about 34
lbs. per cubic foot ; Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 91 gives 39 lbs. ; No. 92 gives
30 lbs. No. 15, Skinner (1862) (Artocarpus echinatus, Vern. Tounypeingnai), gives
Weight = 63 lbs., P = 672, but this seems to be some other species, perhaps A. rigida.
Bennett (1872) gives Weight = 32 lbs., P = 459 for Andaman wood. The wood
seems to get harder and heavier as it gets older; two of our specimens from the
Andaman Islands cut in 1866 and stored since then in Calcutta give respectively 46 and
52 lbs. Kurz says it gives a tenacious milky caoutchouc.

lbs.
B 587. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (young) (Manson) . . 30

E 629. Eastern Diiars, Assam (Mann) 32

E 2301. Kamrup, Assam (Mann) 33

E 2186. Nowgong „ ' „ 35

E 721. Chittagong (Chester) 33

B 2554. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 39

B 2693. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 37

B2683. „ „ „ 32

B 2204. Andaman Islands (Colonel Ford, 1866) 52

B2211. „ „ „ „ 33

B2289. „ „ „ „ 46

B 512. „ „ „ „ 34

B 2499. „ „ (Home, 1874, Nos. 4 and 5) . . A {

31

i, ioi±, rsos. -± auu o) . . . <

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

5. A. LakOOCha, Iloxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 524; PI. Br. lad. v. 543; Bedd. PI. Sylv.
ccxix. ; Brandis For. Fl. 426 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 433 ; Gamble Darj. List 77 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 196 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 99. Vern. Titln, dheu, daheo, Pb. ; Dahu,
dhau, barhat, lakuch, Hind. ; Dhdo, dhanwala, Kumaon ; Dephul, dehua, Beng. ; Dowa,
c/n/ma, chamba, Ass. ; Dawa, Cachar ; Dao, Sonthal, K61 ; Kamma regu, laka-chammn,
nakka-renu, Tel. ; Wotomba, badhar, Mar. ; Wonta, Kan. ; Myaukluk, Burm. ; Kana-
gona, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark J in. thick, dark grey, rough. Wood
hard : sap wood large, white, soft, perishable ; heartwood yellow, turning
dark brown. Pores large, enclosed in rings of light-coloured, soft
tissue, uniformly distributed, often filled with a white substance.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, distinct, not numerous.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract up to 4000 ft., from Kumaon eastwards,
scarce or absent in Sikkim; Assam, Eastern Bengal and Burma; Orissa, Circars and
Chota Nagpore (scarce) ; forests of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards,
up to 3000 ft. ; moist region of Ceylon ; Andaman Islands : often cultivated.

A fine tree, though not so remarkable as A. Chaplasha. It is more common in
cultivation than in the forests, and is more important as a fruit tree than as a timber
tree, for the fruit is a favourite one, and may be seen on sale in bazaars even so far
north as Saharanpur and Dehra Dun. To European notions it is somewhat insipid.
The male flower-heads are also eaten, raw or pickled. Foulkes, in his "Notes on
Timber Trees of S. Kanara," says the tree grows best on laterite, requires a moist
climate and reproduces well if the seeds are not destroyed by pigs and porcupines.

The growth is fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. The average weight of the
wood is 40 lbs. per cubic foot, as given by Brandis in his Burma List of 1862, No. 92.
Bourdillon gives W = 43, P = 477. In the Andamans List, Calcutta Exhibition,
1883-84, the wood is said to be difficult to saw on account of a resinous substance, but
it is easy to plane. It is highly prized at Port Blair. Heinig says that it squares up
to 45 ft. in length with 18 in. in siding, and is used for house-posts, beams and canoes.
It is also used for furniture, and resists white ants and teredo. Foulkes says that in

0)56 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

S. Kanara it is used for posts, rafters, piles in water and sugar-mills, and that it resists
white ants.

lbs.

E 2445. Siliguri, Bengal (Gamble) 48

E 704. Kamriip, Assam (G. Mann) 3G

E 1402. Chittagong (Chester) 43

W 740. South Kanara (Cherry) 47

B 810. Rangoon Division, Burma (Bibbentrop) 30

B 2553. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 39

No. 67, Ceylon Collection, old (marked Artocarpus sp.. Tern. Patta-del) 3 ;
No. 2, Ceylon Collection, new, Vern. Aludel.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 {A. mollis).

18. BALANOSTREBLUS, Kurz. B. ilicifolia, Kurz For. Fl.il. 465; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 544, is an evergreen small tree of the forests of Chittagong and Upper Burma.

Tribe V. C0N0CEPHALEJ1.

19. CONOCEPHALUS, Blume. C. suaveolens, Blume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 546; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 430; Gamble Darj. List 77 (Urtica nawcleiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 657) ;
Vern. Gulsune, Nep., is a large climber of the lower hills and sub-Himalayan tract of
Sikkim and eastwards to Assam, the Kbasia Hills and Burma, especially along streams.
Kurz says it has a brownish porous light wood.

20. HULLETTIA, King. H. Griffithiana, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 547 (Dorstenia
Griffithiana, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 462), is an evergreen shrub of Tenasserim.

Tribe VI. URTICE.E.

Girardinia heterophylla, Dene. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 550 ; Brandis For. Fl. 404 ; Gamble
Darj. List 77 (Urtica heterophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 586); Veru. Keri, hingi, ein,
sanbli, an, Jan, kal, ledria, bhabar, Pb. ; Awa, alia, chichru, bichua, Jcushki, Hind.;
Ullo, Nep. ; Kazu, Lepcha ; Horn surat, Ass. ; Serpa, herpa, Bhutia, is an extremely
common, large, annual forest weed with long stinging bristles. It affords a fine silky
fibre, which is used in Sikkim for ropes, twine, and coarse cloth like gunny. It is
common throughout most of the hilly districts of India and Burma, but especially in
the Himalaya.

21. LAPORTEA, Gaud.

1. L. erenulata, Gaud.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 550; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 306; Brandis
For. Fl. 404 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 421 ; Gamble Darj. List 77 ; Talbot Bomb. List 197 ;
Hook. Fl. Ceyl. iv. 105. Urtica erenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 591. The Fever Nettle
or Devil Nettle. Vern. Chorpatta, surat, Beng. ; Moringi, Nep. ; Mealum-ma, sun-
krong, Lepcha ; Simat, Ass. ; Petyagyi, Burm. ; Otta plavu, Tarn. ; Ana choriya, Mai. ;
Maussa, Cingh.

A large evergreen shrub or small tree. Wood very soft, separating
when dry into concentric fibrous layers. Pores large. MedvUary
rays indistinct.

Lower Himalaya and sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, up to 4000 ft. ;
Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong; and Burma ; Konkan (Stocks) ; Hills of Rumpa in
N. Circars ; Western Coast in Malabar and Travancore ; damp forests of Ceylon up to
5000 ft.

This is the worst of the stinging nettles of India, the very minute stinging hairs
living out a poison whose effects are severe and lasting, and are especially noticeable
after the application of water. 1 have myself experienced it, and for some long time
after being stung, felt an acute pain every time I washed my hand where the nettle
had touched me (see also " Ind. Forester," xviii. 148). In his " Himalayan Journal,"
Sir Joseph Hooker says, " The great shrubby nettle is held in so great dread that I
' had difficulty in getting help to cut it down. I gathered many specimens without
'allowing any part to touch my skin; still, the scentless effluvium was so powerful
' that mucous matter poured from my eyes and nose all the afternoon in such abundance
' that I had to hold my head over a basin for an hour." Leschenault de la Tour, quoted

urticace^e 657

by Lindley (" Veg. Kingdom," p. 261) and by Beddome, describes the symptoms very
similarly, and says that it took nine days to get rid of the effects of a very slight
touch on three fingers of his hand. Beddome, however, says that his experience, often
obtained, does not quite agree with Leschenault's, but there may be degrees of intensity
corresponding to differences of season, climate, etc. Indeed, Sir Joseph Hooker records
it as a fact that the sting is only bad in autumn. Mr. J. A. Gammie once told me
that he had suffered severely in preparing for Government a sample of the fibre ; and
certain forest officers have described to me the effect of stings upon them, which if not
quite so bad as those experienced by Hooker and Leschenault, were very serious, and
corresponded to my own personal experience already referred to. Hooker remarks that
though Endlicher had attributed the causticity of the nettle-juice to bicarbonate of
ammonia, neither he nor Dr. Thomson had found that substance in L. crenulata.
There are species in Java, Australia and elsewhere, whose effects are similar if not
worse. The plant gives a fibre, but it is difficult to prepare and not so good as that
given by other and commoner Urticece.

W 4716. Travancore (Bourdillon).

22. BOEHMERIA, Jacq.

Ten species, shrubs or small trees, mostly giving fibres of use for cordage, weav-
ing, etc. Four of them are small or scarce, and of no importance ; four of the rest are
common shrubs of the forest undergrowth, and the other two small trees, one rather
important, in the Outer Himalaya. B. malabarica, Wedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 575; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 422 ; Gamble Darj. List 77 ; Talbot Bomb. List 197 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv.
113 (B. travancorica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxv.) ; Vern. Takbret, Lepcha ; Maha-diya-
dal, Cingh., is a large shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya ascending to 5000 ft., Assam,
the Khasia Hills, Chittagong, Burma, the Western Ghats and Ceylon, whose inner
bark gives an excellent fibre. B. Hamiltoniana, Wedd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 579: Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 424; Gamble Darj. List 77 ; Vern. Talcsur, Lepcha; Kanait seik, Magh ;
Satsha, Burm. and B. poJystachya, Wedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 579 ; Gamble Darj. List
78 ; Vern. Phusre kamli, Nep. ; Taksur, Lepcha, are shrubs of the Central and Eastern
Himalaya, the Khasia Hills and the hill ranges down to Burma, the former in the
lower hills, the latter ascending to 7000 ft. and found westwards as far as Kumaon.

B. nivea, Hook, and Am. is the well-known aud important fibre-plant which has
been very much under discussion of late years. It is found in two very distinct
varieties, or perhaps species, B. nivea, the " China grass," distinguished by the white
under-surface of the leaves, and B. tenacissima, Gaud., the " Bamie," distinguished by
the leaves being green on both surfaces. The China grass is a plant of temperate
climates, and can be grown in the open air in Europe, while the Ramie is a tropical
plant which cannot be so grown. The fibre of both species is of similar quality and
is excellent; but there are difficulties connected both with the regular and cheap
growth of the plant in quantity and with the extraction of the fibre, which have still
to be got over before it can take its place in the market and compete with silk, liax,
jute and cotton (see Kew Bulletin, Addl. Series, ii., 1898, and many other publica-
tions). It might be a useful plant to grow as a nurse in Teak and other forest plan-
tations in a suitable soil and in a locality whence carriage to the port of shipment is
cheap; but it would have to be grown in large quantity, cut and supplied regularly,
and treated in a suitable machine whenever such a one is available. It must, however,
be remembered that it requires a rich soil, and that the idea that it could be grown
profitably as a reclaimer of poor waste lands must be completely abandoned. A full
account of the Rhea and its substitutes is given by Dr. G. Watt in " Agricultural
Ledger," 1898, No. 15.

1. B. rugulosa, Wedd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 577; Brandis Fur. Fl. 403; Gamble
Darj. List 77. Vein. Oeti, gainti, genthi, Garhwal, Kumaon ; Bar, Xep. ; Sedeng,
Lepcha.

A small or medium-sized evergreen tree. Bark dark brown,
rough, deeply fissured into more or less rectangular scales. Wood
red, moderately hard; very smooth, even-grained, seasons well and
■cuts cleanly. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided, scanty.

2 D

658 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Medullary rays fine to broad, not numerous, the distance between
them usually greater than the diameter of the pores, giving a good
silver-grain on a radial section.

Himalaya, on dry slopes in the lower hills up to 3000 ft. from the Sutlej eastwards
to Bhutan, very common about the Jumna, in Garhwal, Kumaon and Darjeeling ; hills
of Upper Burma.

A useful tree with a remarkable wood, which is in great use for making bowls,
cups, plates and all kinds of domestic utensils, especially those destined to hold milk,
butter, ghi and curds. It is also made into small boxes, spoons and various other
articles, for which its character of being easily cut and carved without splitting or
warping well adapts it. It is a tree which should be encouraged and protected on the
dry slopes which it affects, not only as being valuable in covering the ground and
binding it, but as being in demand for village purposes, for which pieces of good size
and quality are requisite. It should therefore be specially provided for in Working
Plans. The growth is fast, 2 to 5 rings per inch of radius, and the wood weighs on an
average 41 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

0 324. Garhwal (1868) 35

0 3000. „ (1874) 44

E 600. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . . —
E 2443. Mangwa, Tista Valley, Darjeeling, 3000 ft. (Gamble) . . 39
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Urtica ruyulosa).

2. B. maerophylla, Don; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 577; Brandis For. PI. 403; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 424 ; Gamble Darj. List 77. Vera. Bara siaru, Dehra Dun; Saochdla, golka,
Kumaon ; Kamli, Nep. ; Pao, Lepcha.

A large shrub. Bark greyish-brown, rough, with small lenticels.
Wood light reddish-brown, moderately hard. Pores small to moderate-
sized, scanty. Medidlary rays moderately broad, rather distant.

Biver-beds in the sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ; Khasia Hills
and hills of Upper Burma up to 4000 ft.

A pretty shrub with long narrow leaves and very long drooping flower-spikes. It
gives a good fibre, used for ropes and fishing-lines.

O 5089. Nagsidh, Dehra Dun (Babu U. N. Kanjilal).

3. B. platyphylla, Don; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 578; Brandis For. Fl. 403; Gamble
Darj. List 77 ; Talbot Bomb. List 197 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 114. Vera. Bimof, sidr,
khaksha, Garhwal; Gargela, Kumaon; Kamli, Nep.; Dangnosooketek, Lepcha;
Satsha, Burm.

A large shrub. Bark thin, greyish-brown, longitudinally striated.
Wood reddish- brown, moderately hard, with occasional concentric
bands of lighter and darker colour. Pores moderate-sized, scanty.
Medidlary rays moderately broad, rather distant.

Outer Himalaya, ascending to 7500 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills aud Burma ; Behar,
Chota Nagpore, C.P., Orissa and Circars; throughout the hill country of Western and
Southern India ; moist region of Ceylon up to 6000 ft.

A very common shrub of forest undergrowth, especially in ravines, and very variable.
It is said to give a useful fibre, but it is not much used, and the plant is not cultivated
for the purpose.

E 3317. Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble).

23. POUZOLZIA, Gaud.

Many species, mostly herbaceous, one only reaching any size.

I. P. Viminea, Wedd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 581; Brandis For. Fl. 405; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 425 ; Gamble Darj. List 78. Vera. Chota kiiail, chipdli, Nep. ; Kyingbi, Lepcha.

A shrub or small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood light reddish-
brown, hard, apt to warp. Pores small and moderate-sized, often

URTICACE^ 659

subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad,
numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Himalaya, from ttie Sutlej eastwards to Sikkim; Assam, Eastern Bengal, and
Chittagong ; ascending to 5000 ft.

Chiefly found in patches of abandoned cultivation, where it grows into a small tree.
Its growth is quick. The leaves are eaten by Lepchas. The bark is used to make ropes.

lbs.

E 2447. Latpanchor, Darjeeling, 4500 ft. (Gamble) . . . .37

24. SARCOCHLAMYS, Gaud. 8. pulcherrima, Gaud.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 588;
Brandis For. Fl. 405; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 426 (Urtica pulcherrima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii!
588) ; Vern. Satsha, Burm., is a large handsome evergreen shrub or small tree with
tubercled stems and trinerved leaves, common in Assam, the Khasia Hills, Eastern
Bengal and Burma, especially in deserted cultivation patches and along; streams. Kurz
says that the wood is of a pale reddish-brown colour, rather light and soft, and of a
fine silvery fibre ; and that the bark gives a good fibre for cordage.

25. VILLEBRUNEA, Gaud.

1. V. integrifolia, Gaud. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 589 ; Gamble Darj. List 78 ; Talbot
Bomb. List 197 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 118. Oreocnide sylvatica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxv. ; Kurz For. Fl.ii. 427. Urtica acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 592. Vein. Lipic,
Upia, Nep. ; Kaphitki, Lepcha ; Ban kotkora, Ass. ; liitza, jutta, Naga ; Lookoy,
Singpho.

A small tree. Bark brown, thin. Wood white, soft. Pores
moderate-sized to large, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad
to broad, not numerous ; silver-grain well marked.

Eastern Himalaya up to 4000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills and Chittagong ; Burma ;
Western Ghats and Ceylon, chiefly in deserted cultivation patches.

A quick-growing shrub giving a useful fibre of a brown colour, called " ban riha."
It is used in the Darjeeling Hills to make ropes, nets and coarse cloth. It has been
tried in cultivation in the Nilgiris, but I have failed to find with what result. Watt
(Agric. Ledger, 1898, No. 15, p. 108) has a high opinion of the plant as a fibre-yielder,
and seems to think that as a bye-crop it is more likely to pay in Assam than Rhea.
It seems to me that the objection to it, as to most forest fibres of the kind, is that
(i.) it requires the best soil to do well, and (ii.) it must be produced very cheaply — that
is, at any rate, where freight will not be prohibitive. These conditions are not easy
to find together.

Khasia Hills — Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

1. V. fruteseens, Btume; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 590; Brandis For. Fl. 406; Gamble
Darj. List 78. Urtica fruteseens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 589. Vern. Gar taslddra, poi-
dhaula, kagshi, Kumaon; Kir ma, Nep. ; Takbret, Lepcha.

A shrub. Bark rough, dark grey. Wood, brown, moderately
hard. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and broad, equidistant, the
distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the
pores.

Himalaya, from Simla eastwards to Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, ascending to
5000 ft. ; Khasia Hills ; Nilgiri Hills in S. India.
The fibre is used for ropes.
H 3130. Simla, 5000 ft. (Gamble).

26. DEBREGEASIA, Gaud.

Five species. D. dentata, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 591, is a shrub of Chittagong.
D. cetjianica, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 592 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 119, is a small tree
of the low country of Ceylon with orbicular leaves, snow-white beneath and resembling
those of D. Wallichiana.

060 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Wood soft, useless, light brown. Pores small or moderate-sized,
scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad.

1. D. velutina, Gaud. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 590 ; Gamble Darj. List 78 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 198. D. longifolia, Wedd. ; Brandis For. Fl. 405. Morocarpus longifoUus, Bl. ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxsvi.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 428. Vern. Sansaru, sidru, Dehra Diia ;
Task idri, Nep. ; Kamhyem, Lepcba; Kapsi, kurgul, Kan. ; Putchaw, Burm.

A small tree. Bark thin, greyish- brown, rough. Wood reddish-
brown, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty ; annual rings marked by
a line of closer pores. Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform,
the distance between them equal to, or greater than, the transverse
diameter of the pores.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim up to 7000 ft. ; Kbasia
Hills; South India ; Burma; Ceylon. Common on old cultivated lands.

Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. The fibre of the bark is occasionally used
for ropes and to make fishing-nets.

lbs.

E 3328. Darjeeling, 6500 ft, (Gamble) . . . _ . . . .34

2. D. hypoleuea, Wedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 591. D. bicolor, Wedd. ; Brandis For.
Fl. 405. Urtica bicolor, Bosb. Fl. Ind. iii. 589. Vern. Kliarwala, sliakai, Afe. ;
Chaincliar, chainjli, amrer, sanddri, Jhelum; Sansaru, suss, Chenab ; Siaru, talsiari,
Ravi; Pincho, prin, Sutlej ; Tashidri, Kumaon ; Star, sinar, Jaunsar ; Sansaru, siaru,
Dehra Dun.

A large shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft, grey. Pores small
and moderate-sized, scanty, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
moderately broad, uniform and equidistant.

Salt Range; West Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft., chiefly along watercourses.

Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. The fibre is made into twine and

ropes. The fruit is eaten.

lbs.
H 88. Bbajji, Simla, 4000 ft 27

3. D. Walliehiana, Wedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 591 ; Gamble Darj. List 78. Moro-
carpus Wallicliianus, Miq. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 428. Vern. Puruni, Nep. ; Senen,
Lepcba.

A small tree, erect or epiphytic. Bark brown, fibrous, peeling off
in small vertical papery flakes. Annual rings distinctly marked by
a white line. Pores large, scanty. Medulla ry rays fine to moderately
broad, often bent where they touch the pores.

Eastern Himalaya up to 7000 ft.; Khasia Hills and down to the upper forests <>t
the Pegu Yoma.

Growth moderate, 5 rings per inch of radius. A very pretty plant with round
leaves of the purest white beneath. The fibre is sometimes used for cordage.
E 3329. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble).

27. MAOUTIA, Wedd. M. Puya, Wedd.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 592; Brandis For. Fl.
406; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 429; Gamble Darj. List 78; Vern. P6i, pua, Hind.: Dhaul
kagshi, chaivna, Dun ; Puya, Nep.; Kyinki, Lepcha; Yen/a, Limbu; Satsha, Burm.,
is a shrub with leaves very white beneath, found in the Lower Himalaya and sub-
Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Burma, up to 4000
ft., chiefly in ravines and on old cultivated lands. The fibre is good and strong ana
used to make fishing-nets, net bags, twine and cloth. Various experiments have been
made with it to ascertain its possible value as a marketable product, but so far it has
not been found worth cultivation. It is nowhere sufficiently common in the forests
to be worth collecting. See, also, Watt in " Agric. Ledger," 1898, NTo. 15, p. 120,
with fie.

I'LATANE^ 661

Order CI. PLATANEiE.

1. PLATANUS, Linn.

This, the only genus of the Order, contains about 5 species, all but one American.
P. occidentalis, Linn, is the common Plane, Sycamore or Button wood of North America,
said by Hough to be the largest though not the tallest deciduous tree of the American
forests, reaching 120 ft. in height and 44 ft. in girth, and affecting river-banks, where it
is conspicuous on account of its very white upper branches. The tree cultivated in
Europe as P. occidentalis is P. orientalis, Linn., var. acerifolia, Ait. (Hook. f. in Fl.
Br. Ind. v. 594).

1. P. OPientaliS, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 594 ; Brandis For. Fl. 434. The Plane
tree. Platane, Fr. Vern. Chindr, Pers., Afgh. ; Buin, buna, boin, Kashmir.

A large deciduous tree. Bark J in. thick, smooth, light or dark
grey, peeling off in large thin scales. Wood white, hard, with a faint
tinge of yellow or red. Annual rings marked by a band of firm
texture with few pores on the outer edge of each ring. Pores small,
very numerous, uniform, and uniformly distributed except in the
outer band of the autumn wood. Medullary rays broad, equidistant,
showing on a radial section as a glossy, irregular, shining silver-grain ;
between the broad rays are occasional short line ones. On a tangential
section the grain appears in the form of short lenticular plates.

Cultivated in Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and the West Himalaya as far as the
Sutlej, ascending to 8300 ft. in Ladak. Indigenous in Greece, Macedonia, Armenia
and Northern Persia.

The Plane is a very handsome tree, and is planted for ornament in Kashmir and
neighbouring regions, also in Afghanistan and in the hills of the Kuram, and it has
been considerably planted in Baluchistan since Quetta became a British province.
Aitchison says that it sometimes reproduces itself naturally, and though originally
planted in a valley is capable of working uphill (Journ. Linn. Soc, xviii. 94). Brandis
mentions the large grove called the Nasim Bagh, on the banks of the Kashmir lake,
planted by Akbar the Great soon after he had conquered Kashmir in 1588. In 1838,
Vigne found their average girth to be 13 ft. This gives a growth of about 10 rings per
inch of radius. Mathieu mentions a tree in the grounds of the Forest School at Nancy
in France, which had 12*3 ft. girth at 130 years, which is equivalent to about 5£ rings.
No. H 922 shows 6 rings. The growth may therefore be said to be fairly fast. The
largest girth noted by Dr. Stewart was 28 ft.

The wood resembles that of the beech, differing in having the broad medullary rays

more numerous and regular, and the annual rings not wavy. Its weight is given by

Mathieu at 41 to 49 lbs. per cubic foot ; but the lower figure is probably the best

average for Indian wood. The exneriments made at Kandahar in 1879 by Capt. Call,

U.K. (" Ind. Forester," v. 478), with bars 1' x 1" x 1" gave W = 38-8 lbs., P = 587.

" The wood is not valued in Kashmir except to make boxes, trays, pen-cases and

' similar articles, which are lacquered and painted. In Afghanistan, where timber is

• scarce, it is said to be used for gun-carriages " (Brandis). Mathieu says that it is equal

to beech as a firewood, with the quick growth of the poplar, and that, though not found

wild in the forests, it is worth cultivation. But it requires a light and moist soil, and

does best on the banks of streams. It can be easily propagated by layers, and Nicholson

recommends this as the best plan, though it can be grown well from seed. The seed is

very small, contained in round balls which require to be broken, and it suffices to press

the seeds lightly into the ground without covering them with earth. The var. acerifolia

is the tree sometimes called the " London Plane.'' It is conspicuous in the parks and

squares of London, and is remarkable for its capability of resisting the effects of smoke

and fog.

° lbs.

H922. Hazara (Baden-Powell) ' 41

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (P. acerifolia) (Tab. XV. 3).

Plate No. 13 of Hough's "American Woods" represents P. occidentalis, L. The

wood structure is much the same in all sections as that of P. orientalis, but it shows a

conspicuously red heartwood. Hough gives W = 35*4 ; percentage of ash 0*46.

662 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Order CII. JUGLANDACE^.

Two Indian genera, Juglans and Engelhardtia.

The " Hickory " trees of America are species of Carya, the chief species being
C. alba, Nutt., the "Shell barb," giving a timber of value chiefly in carriage-buildiDg
and for tools and implements.

Wood moderately hard, greyish-pink or brown, with line concentric
lines. Pores scanty, moderate-sized or large, usually subdivided.
Medullary rays variable, fine.

1. JUGLANS, Linn.

The " Black Walnut " tree of America is J. nigra, Linn. J. ritterea, Linn., is the
" Butternut."

1. J. regla, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind.v. 595; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631 ; Brandis For. Fl.
497; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 490; Gamble Darj. List 78. The Walnut. Noyer, Fr. ;
Walhiuss, Germ. ; Noce, Ital. ; NogaJ, Span. Yern. Cliarmaghz, Pers. ; Ughz,
tvaghz, Afg. ; Akhor, khor, krot, dun, Kashmir; Kabotang, thanka, Pb. ; Starga,
Ladak ; Ka, khoJ, Kunawar ; Akhor, oklidr, Jaunsar ; Akhor, kharot, Kumaon ; Akhrot,
Hind. ; Kahshing, Byans ; Akrnt, Beng. ; Kvl, Lepcha ; Tagashing, Bhutia.

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, characteristically marked by
deep vertical parallel fissures, \ in. to 2 in. thick. Wood moderately
hard, even-grained : sapwood broad, greyish- white ; heartwood greyish-
brown with darker streaks, often beautifully mottled. Aniuud rings
marked by a sharp line without pores. Pores moderate-sized, not
numerous, sometimes oval and subdivided, often in oblique lines,
somewhat more numerous and larger in the spring wood, conspicuous
on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays very fine to fine, and even
moderately broad, variable in arrangement, silver-grain inconspicuous.
Numerous regular, very fine, wavy, concentric bars joining the
medullary rays.

Forests of the Himalaya, extending west to Afghanistan and Baluchistan and east
to Bhutan at 3-10,000 ft.; Hills of Upper Burma; cultivated extensively in the
Himalaya, also in the Khasia Hills, occasionally too, perhaps, in gardens in other hill
ranges. It extends through Persia to Armenia, and is commonly cultivated in Europe.

The Walnut grows to a very fine tall tree in suitable localities in the Himalayan
forests. Brandis says that it reaches in the Western Himalaya, 80 to 100 ft. in
height, and 10 to 15 and even 20 ft. in girth ; and adds that exceptional trees have
been measured which reached 28 ft. Kanjilal mentions trees running up to 120 ft. in
height. Aitchison says that in Shalizan the Walnut groves are very fine, trees reaching
12 and even 17 ft. in girth. In the Sikkim Himalaya it attains 80 to 100 ft. in height,
with 30 to 40 ft. to the first branch, and a girth of 10 to 12 fo. Cultivated trees,
however, are usually short and thick in bole with a low spreading crown. In the
Western Himalaya it prefers ravines and valleys with a northern aspect at about 5000
ft. ; in the Eastern Himalaya it goes somewhat lower and does not rise so high. Manson
says it likes best a southern or western aspect. Its natural reproduction is not very
good, probably because of the many enemies who are attracted by its edible nuts —
monkeys, squirrels, parrots, hornbills, nutcrackers, etc. It is easily grown arti-
ficially, and at suitable elevations and in suitable localities thrives well and grows
quickly. Considering that walnut wood has proved, after many experiments, to be the
only really suitable wood for gunstocks, and that the European supplies are becoming
exhausted, it is distinctly a matter for serious consideration whether it should not be
largely cultivated in the Indian moimtains, for although the tree is widely spread, it is
quite sporadic, and the available natural-grown material is not great. It might be
grown as a standard in coppice forests, but the localities would require very careful
attention.

As already stated, the chief use of the wood is for gunstocks, but it is also a valuable

JUGLANDACE^B 663

furniture wood, perhaps the most valuable of the Himalayan furniture woods both in the
East and the West, as it works well, does not warp or split, and looks handsome. In
the Darjeeling Hills it was formerly more abundant and was extensively employed in
building, some houses and notably the inspection house of the Cinchona Department at
Kangbi having nearly all their woodwork made of it. In Kashmir it is used for
lacquer ware, and throughout Kashmir and the Punjab it is used for carvings, beautiful
specimens of which were exhibited in the great Central Trophy at the Paris International
Exhibition of 1900. A certain amount of the wood is always exported from the hills
and kept for sale in forest depots. The growth is fairly fast, experiments having
shown a growth of 15 rings per inch of radius, as an average for the West Himalaya ;
«j rings for the Sikkim Himalaya and 3j rings for planted trees in the latter. The
average weight of the wood is about 44 lbs. per cubic foot.

Walnut " burrs " are very valuable, and large exports of them have been made at
times from Kashmir chiefly to France.

The bark is used as a dye and in medicine ; and is exported to the plains for cleaning
the teeth (Brandis). The twigs and leaves are used for fodder. It is commonly culti-
vated for its fruit throughout the Himalaya ; the wild tree has a thick shell and small
kernel, and is rarely eaten ; the cultivated trees are of numerous kinds, one of the best
being the thin-shelled or Kaghazi variety. A clear, good description of oil is made

from the fruit, and the rind is used for tanning and dyeing.

lbs.

H 3163. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft. (Wild) —

H 7. Theog, Simla, 5000 ft —

H 9. Matiyana, Simla, 7000 ft 38

H 29. „ „ ....... 43

H 15. Jubal, 4000 ft. 33

H 35. Madhan, 6000 ft 41

H 780. Chamba, 4000 ft. (Pengelly) 46

H 125. Ealla, Kulu, 6000 ft. (Col. Stenhouse) 42

H 428. Durani block, Deoban, Jaunsar, 6000 ft. (Bagshawe) . . 43
E 357. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft, (Johnston) . .28

E 2440. Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) 37

E 2441. Eangirum Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Gamble) ... 33

E 3587, 3632. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (planted) . . . . . —
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. ENGELHARDTIA, Lesch.

Three species. E. acerifolia, Blume ; Fl. Br. Iud. v. 596, is a tree of the Sikkim
Himalaya, the Khasia Hills and Chittagong, rising to 5000 ft.

Wood pinkish-grey with very fine interrupted, wavy belts in
concentric arrangement. Pores moderately large to large, scanty,
usually subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

1. E. spicata, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 595 ; Brandis For. Fl. 500 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
491 ; Gamble Darj. List 79. E. Roxburghiana, Lindl. ; Brandis For. Fl. 500.
Juglans pterococca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631 (in part). Vern. Silapoma, Hind. ; Moioa,
muhua, Nep. ; Savyak, Lepcha; BoJas, Beng. ; Rumgach, Ass.; Bor-patta-ju m,
Cachar ; Dinglaba, Khasia ; Vakru, Gti.ro ; Taungtamasdk, Barm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, moderately smooth. Wood
reddish-grey, moderately hard, with numerous exceedingly fine, wavy,
interrupted, concentric, dark lines of loose tissue. Pores moderate-
sized and large, scanty, usually subdivided, often in somewhat oblique
lines, prominent on vertical sections. Medullary rays very fine t<>
fine, irregularly spaced, bent where they meet the pores, causing a
distinct satiny silver-grain on a radial section.

Outer Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, rising to t'>000 ft. ;
Assam, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong; hills throughout Burma, and
the Shan States.

A handsome and conspicuous tree which may reach 100 ft. in height and a girth of

664 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

8 to 12 ft. In some localities it is almost gregarious and forms a kind of coppice
growth, as at Nagri in the Darjeeling Hills. Natural reproduction is excellent
wherever the seedlings can get sufficient light and he protected from cattle.

The wood is useful ; it is employed for tea-boxes and for building purposes, and in
the Khasia Hills spoons are made of it. It can be used for carving, and I believe that
it was of this wood that the handsome carved oriel window and water-conduit
exhibited at the Paris International Exhibition of 1900 by Major Armstrong of the
Kesidency at Katmandu were made. Wallich gives W = 40 lbs., but the average of
the specimens enumerated is only 33 lbs. per cubic foot. Kurz says the bark can be

used for tanning.

lbs.

E 653. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) 30

E 687. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Manson) . . . 33
E 2442. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 ft. (Gamble) ... 36
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Tab. XV. 4).

2. E. Colebrookiana, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Iud. v. 596 ; Brandis For. Fl. 499. E. villosu,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 491. Vern. Timar rilkh, Pb. ; Mowa, mauwa, Jaunsar ; Gadhmowa,
Garhwal ; Gobar moiva, bhati moiva, bodal mowa, mao, Kumaon ; Khusam, Banda.

A small deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood grey with a reddish
tinge, moderately hard, even-grained, with very fine wavy interrupted
concentric lines as in E. spicata. Annual rings faintly marked.
Pores moderate-sized and large, mostly oval and subdivided. scant}",
but more numerous than in E. spicata, irregularly distributed,
marked on a longitudinal section. Medullary ray's fine, uniform,
equidistant, numerous, causing a satiny silver-grain on a radial section.

Iiower Western Himalaya from the Chenab to Nepal, rising to 6000 ft. ; Kallian-
garh Hills of Banda (Brandis) ; Assam, Khasia Hills, the Shau Hills and the hill Eng
forests of Martaban and Tenasserim up to 3000 ft.

A common, often gregarious, tree of the dry outer hills, locally very abundant, as in

Malkot Pargana in the Dehra Dun and in other places in Garhwal and Kumaon. It

may reach a girth of 4 to 5 ft. The leaves are used for cattle-fodder. The growth is

fairly fast, 5 to 7 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

H 241. Garhwal Hills (1868) 33

H 4819. Malkot, Dehra Dun, 4000 ft. (Gamble) 35

Order GUI. MYRICACEJE.

1. MYRICA, Linn.

One species only. In Europe, M. Gale, Linn, is the well-known Sweet Gale or
Bog Myrtle, a small shrub of heath lands, especially in wet boggy places, with
aromatic leaves. M. cerifera, Linn, is the Bayberry of the Eastern United States of
America, a useful sand-binding plant; and M. calif ornica, Cham, is the Californiau
Wax Myrtle or Bayberry of the Pacific Coast region. It is a small tree with a hard
reddish-brown wood (Hough's " Amer. Woods," No. 164).

1. M. Nagi, Thunb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 597 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 475. M. sapida,
Wall.; Braudis For. Fl. 495. M. integrifolia, Etoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 765. Vern. Kaphal,
kaiphal, \V. Eim. ; Kobusi, Nep. ; Dinysulir, Khasia ; Sophi, Sylhet.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark grey or brownish-grey,
rough, with deep vertical wrinkles. Wood purplish-grey, hard, close-
grained, apt to warp. Annual rings marked by a belt of firmer
texture without pores in the autumn wood. Pores very small,
uniformly distributed, but somewhat less numerous near the outer
edge of each annual ring. Medullary ray* fine and very fine,
numerous.

Outer Himalaya, from the Eavi eastwards (I never saw it in Sikkim), at 3-6000 ft. :
Khasia Hills and Sylhet; drier hill forests of Martaban at 4-6000 ft.

MYRICACE.E 665

A tree of the drier aspects, usually, in the West Himalaya, found with the White
Oak and Rhododendron. The wood is not used. The fruit is eaten ; it is pleasantly
acid, and is made into sherbet. The bark is the most valuable product of the tree : it is
exported to the plains, used as an aromatic stimulant, and externally as a plaster against
rheumatism. The bazars are supplied from North India, about 50 tons of the bark
being annually collected in Kumaon (Pharmacog. Ind.). D. Hooper (Amer. Jour, of
Pharmacy, May 1894) says that 100 parts of the " kino " produced by the bark contain
about 61 parts of pure tannic acid. It is one of the best of Indian bark dyes, the
colour produced being yellow. In their Report on it Messrs. Humnel and Perkin
(Agric. Ledger, No. 6 (1897)) speak highly of its value. In the Khasia Hills it is used
to poison fish.

lbs.

H 87. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 5000 ft 46

H 426. Jaunsar Forests, 5500 ft. (Bagshawe) . . . . .45
E 799. Khasia Hills, about 5000 ft. (G. Mann) 52

Order CIV. CASUARINACEJE.

1. CASUARINA, Forst.

The only genus of the Order. There are 2?> species, chiefly of Australia and New
Caledonia, one only extending to India. Several species are in cultivation in India,
especially on the Nilgiris. Beddome mentions G. stricta, Ait. ; C. ouadrivalvis,
Labill. ; G. paludosa, Sieb. and G. leptoclada, Miq. C. suberosa, Otto et Dietr. is also
grown and more commonly.

Wood light brown, brown, or recldish-brown, in concentric bands
of light and dark tissue of irregular width. Pores moderate-sized,
often in radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays of various breadth
from extremely fine to very broad, the broad rays irregular.

1. C. equisetifolia, Forst. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 598 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxvi. ; Brandis
For. Fl. 435; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 494; Talbot Bomb. List 198; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. 120.
G. muricata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 519. The "Beefwood " of Australia. Filao, hois de
far, French. Vern. Ghouk, Tam. ; Serva, chavuku, Tel. ; Kdsrike, Mysore ; Tinyu,
Burm. ; Aru, Malay.

A large evergreen tree. Bark brown, rough, fibrous, peeling off in
vertical strips. Wood reddish-brown, very hard, cracks and splits.
Pores moderate-sized, much subdivided, with white walls and par-
titions. Medidlary rays very fine, uniform, equidistant. Numerous
wavy, concentric lines of soft tissue joining the medullary rays and
more or less in concentric arrangement.

Coasts of Chittagong and Burma ; the Andaman Islands (very common on the coast
of Little Andaman, but only in one spot, Casuarina bay, in Great Andaman — Pram) :
the Malay Archipelago, also in North Australia and Queensland. Cultivated all over
India, except in the North-Western portion of the Punjab, and especially on the
Coromandel and Kanara coasts.

The Casuarina, though indigenous only on the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal,
has become one of the important trees of India, chiefly from its capability of growing
on coast sands close to the sea, and consequently taking, in the reclamation of sand-
dunes, the place which is taken by the Finns maritvma <m the French coast of the
Bay of Biscay and by Pinus sylvestris on the cast of North Germany. The impor-
tance of the works of reclamation which have resulted in clothing with a belt of
Casuarina very considerable lengths of the Coromandel coast from the Chilka Lake
southwards and also much of the coast land of N. Kanara in the Bombay Presidency,
cannot be over-estimated. It is true that the growth is short-lived, "that natural
reproduction is bad and artificial reproduction difficult; but once reclaimed by the aid
of Casuarina, the coast lauds get easily covered with shrubby and tree vegetation ; and
other trees, which would have been difficult to plant at first, can be easily brought in
and a permanent forest constituted. Among such other trees are the" Cashew nut

6Q6 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

(Anacardium occidentale), the Nim (Melia indica), the Jaman (Eugenia Jambolana),
the Karkapilly, the Palmyra palm and even the Coconut. The fine plantations made
by private enterprise in the neighbourhood of Madras, and those of the Government at
Tumalapenta, Dugarazpatam, Kottapatam, Tamminapatam and other places on the
Nellore coast show well what can be done by the aid of this valuable tree in prevent-
ing the encroachments of sand-drifts and protecting the villages and their cultivated
lands from destruction. Inland, also, Casuarina can be grown as a forest crop with
much advantage as is abundantly shown by the plantations made in Mysore and in the
North Arcot and other districts of Madras: while as a tree of ornament, planted in
avenues and in gardens, the Casuarina may be seen with its graceful stems and foliage,
in most of the stations of Northern India, at any rate as far as Saharanpur and Ambala.
A full account of the Nellore plantations of Casuarina is given in D. E. Hutchins'
Report of 1883. There were then over 3000 acres of plantation, but the area has
doubtless largely increased since then. Much of the planting was done dose, i.e.
4J ft. x 4J ft., and in this Mr. Hutchins found the average yield to be 3 tons per
acre per annum, while in wide planting 9 ft. x 9 ft. it was 7 tons. In coast sands,
Casuarina requires that its roots should find fresh water at, at any rate, 6 to 10 ft.
below the surface, so that watering is necessary for some years. Mr. Popert's "Note
on Casuarina Planting " (" Ind. Forester," xxii. 8) gives information on all points. He
says the average age of felling is 10 years ; the average outturn is 50 tons per acre in
Nellore (coast) and 28 tons in North Arcot (inland) ; seed is sown in nurseries usually
in February, and the seedlings are put out usually 9 ft. x 9 ft. in September or
October ; watering is carried on for 3 to 4 years in dry months, but 2 years is usually
enough ; the cost per acre for completed plantations varies from Rs.32i in South
Arcot to Rs.43 in Nellore, Rs.45 in North Arcot and Rs.109 in Trichinopoly ; and at
10 years of age a plantation should give 40 tons per acre and a net return of Rs.38 per
acre. The trees are usually cut clean and the area replanted, either with Casuarina
again or with some other kinds. Casuarina coppices badly, but if cut at 2 to 3 ft.
above ground it usually gives good shoots, while many of the trees layer naturally
from lower branches. Self-sown seedlings are found only in favourable localities.
Old trees are often much damaged by a fungus, Polystictus egregius, Massee ; and
frequently badly bored by longicorn beetles, of a species not yet determined.

The Casuarina wood of the Madras coast plantations is chiefly used for fuel, but
some of it for poles and rafters. It is grown on so short a rotation that planking and
other scantlings are not often obtainable, but in these respects even if the tree weir
grown to a larger size the timber could hardly compete with the excellent indigenous
timbers brought from the natural forests. It was, however, recommended by such
good authorities as Messrs. Chisholm, consulting architect, and Thorowgood, harbour-
engineer, for wood-paving and other important uses, but it does not appear that their
recommendations ever came to much. The wood is hard and difficult to work.
Skinner, No. 42, gives W = 55 lbs. per cubic foot and P = 920. M. Sebert, in his
" Notice sur les bois de la Nouvelle Caledonie," gives W = G3 lbs. Hutchins' careful
experiments in Nellore give for green wood an average of 70 lbs., and he considers that
the weight of dry wood is nearly 50 lbs. per cubic foot. He adds that in Mysore green
wood is usually taken at 72 lbs., and seasoned wood at 52 to 56. lbs. It is probable
that 50 lbs. is a good average for young wood, and 60 lbs. for wood of old trees. The
bark is used by Madras fishermen for dyeing their nets.

lbs.

E 2465. Calcutta (G. King) 62

D 3908. Dugarazpatam Plantation, Nellore (Gamble) . . . .61
D 4024. South Arcot (Wooldridge) —

2. C. suberosa, Ott. and Dietr.; Penth. Fl. Aust. vi. 197. "Swamp Oak'' of
Australia.

A small tree. Barh very rough, dark brown, deeply cleft in narrow-
vertical clefts. Wood brown, hard, in alternate belts of brown large-
celled tissue and pale small -celled tissue, the latter usually about
double the breadth of the former. Pons small to moderate-sized,
irregularly distributed. Medullary rays of two classes: irregular,
often widely spaced, broad, very broad and even extremely broad rays
of dark colour, with numerous regular very narrow ones between them.

CASUARINACE.E 667

Introduced into and planted in India, especially on the Nilgiris at 5-7000 ft.

Indigenous in Australia.

This tree has been rather successful in some Nilgiri plantations.

lbs.

W 4091. Bandy Shola Plantation, Nilgiris (Gamble) . . . .49

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6.

3. C. StPieta, Ait, ; Benth. Fl. Aust. vi. 195 ; Brandis For. Fl. 435. "She Oak "
of Australia.

A small tree. Wood light brown, hard, the usually pale cellular
tissue traversed at intervals by concentric wavy or interrupted
narrow, very narrow or extremely narrow bands of darker larger-
celled tissue. Pores rather scanty, small to moderate-sized, arranged
in radial or oblique lines and patches. Medullary rays of various
classes from extremely fine up to broad, irregularly arranged.

Occasionally planted on the Nilgiris at 5-7000 ft. Indigenous in Australia.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

Order CV. CUPULIFERJE.

An Order of much importance, indeed of the greatest forest importance, in temperate
climates, containing, as it does, such genera as those of the oak, beech, chestnut, hazel,
hornbeam, birch and alder. In India, however, the trees which belong to it are con-
fined to the Himalaya or to the mountain ranges of Eastern Bengal and Burma, no
single species occurring in Southern India or Ceylon. There are six genera belonging
to three tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Betulese Betula, Alnus.

„ II. Quercineaj Quercus, Castanopsis.

„ III. Coryleaa Oorylus, Carpinus.

and they contain in all 52 species, all trees.

Castanea vulgaris, Lara. (C. Vesca, Gaertn.) is the " Sweet Chestnut " or " Spanish
Chestnut," found in almost all the countries bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, and
extending eastwards through Northern Asia to Japan and westwards to North America ,
besides being largely cultivated in Northern Europe and elsewhere. It yields an
excellent timber when grown as a large tree, while saplings aud coppice shoots are
largely used for hop-poles, cask-binding and other small industries. Its chief product,
however, is its fruit, which in some countries, as in Southern France and Italy, is one
of the chief food-articles of the people. Of recent years, many attempts have been
made to introduce it successfully in the Himalaya as an assistance in supplying food to
the villagers in times of scarcity, and much credit is due to Sir Edward Buck for his
endeavours to this end (see Agricultural Ledger, No. 15 of 1894, and No. 4 of 1898).
In some places it has succeeded fairly well, as at Dehra Dun, where there are trees of
good size bearing good fruit in gardens at Chandbagh and Kaulagarh. But the fruit has
not the same size or quality as that produced in Europe, nor does it keep well. It has
also been grown at Ranikhet aud Mukhtesar in Kumaon, at Simla, in Kulu, aud near
Darjeeling with different degrees of success. It seems that the most successful planta-
tions have been those made at comparatively low levels, at 3-5000 ft. rather than at
5-7000 ft. ; on northern rather than southern aspects ; in fairly dry regions rather than
in those of heavy rainfall, and on good soil rather than on poor lauds, sandy soils being
preferable to clays: see note by Sir E. C. Buck in Agric. Ledger, No. 4 (1898).

The beech, Fag as sylvatica, Linn, is the well-known European forest tree. Attempts
have been made to grow it in the Indian hills, but unsuccessfully, the only specimen 1
can remember having seen being a poor small one in the Botanic Garden at Coonoor
in the Nilgiris (Sim's Park).

Wood usually white, grey, or brown, rarely very dark in colour.
Annual rings distinct in birch, alder, hazel and some of the oaks,
indistinct in the rest. Poi-es of various sizes, and most usually in
radial or oblique often branching groups or lines : in oak and chestnut

G08 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

this character is very marked ; it is seen in hazel, but is faintly per-
ceptible only in the rest. In some oaks the pores become very large.
Medullary rays fine, clear and regular, but in most genera broad rays
(sometimes very broad) appear which are really compound and made
up of closely packed fine ones. In birch and chestnut there are no
broad rays. Medullary "patches occur in some genera, especially in
alder and hazel.

The grain of the wood of Cupuliferee is somewhat characteristic :
on radial sections a silver-grain is generally seen, varying in size of
plate according to the thickness of the broad medullary rays, and the
pores also adopt a characteristic pattern; on tangential sections
the medullary rays make a pattern of oblong lenticular spots, and
the pores also are somewhat marked.

Tribe I. BBTULBJ!.
1. BETULA, Tourn.

Three Indian species. The common European Birch is B. alba, Linn., and the
American Paper Birch, of whose bark the light, portable canoes are made in Canada,
is B. papyracea, Willd.

Wood tough, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores small, not
numerous. Medullary rays fine. Medullary patches scanty.

1. B. Utilis, Don ; PL Br. Ind. v. 599 ; Gamble Darj. List 79. B. Bhojpattra,
Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 457. The White Himalayan Birch. Vera. Bur], burzal,
bhtij, phurz, Pb. ; Bhoj, Kashmir; Shdk, pad, phatak, takpa, Ladak, Lahoul, Piti,
Kunawar; Bhuj, Jaunsar ; Talcpa, Bbutia ; Bhujpattra, Hind. ; Phuspat, Nep. ; S&nli,
Lepcha.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark smooth, shining, reddish-
white or white, with white horizontally oblong lenticels, the outer
bark consisting of numerous distinct, thin, papery layers, peeling off
in broad horizontal rolls. In these layers the lenticels appear as pink
elongated oblong patches. Wood white with a pinkish tinge, tough,
even-grained, moderate^ hard. Annucd ring* marked by a distinct
line. Pores small, scanty, uniform and uniformly distributed, except
that sometimes they are arranged in interrupted lines along the edges
of the annual rings. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous,
prominent on a radial section as a silver-grain of narrow reddish plates.

Higher ranges of the Himalaya, westwards to the Safed Kob (Aitchison in Kuram
Valley at 11,000 ft.), eastwards to Bhutan, ascending to 14,000 ft., rarely descending
below 10,000 ft., and usually with the silver fir or above it, the last tree met with at
the limit of forest vegetation.

A beautiful tree, very conspicuous and often gregarious, but the bole is rarely
straight, and only the upper branches show white bark, the thicker part of the bole
getting rough and dark, as does that of the European birch. The growth is slow, with
an average of about 15 rings per incb of radius. Keproduction is usually good where
there is some immunity from the generally heavy grazing of the higher Himalayan
regions. The average weight of the wood is about 41 lbs. per cubic foot; Wallich
gave 35^- lbs.

The wood is extensively used in the inner arid Himalaya for building; it is elastic,
seasons well and does not warp. The bark is very valuable ; it is used as paper for
Writing and packing, for umbrellas, hooka-tubes, and for roofing houses. The branches
are made into twig bridges, and the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder.

lbs.
H 909. Upper ( Ihenab, 10.000 ft. (Baden-Powell) .... 45
H 610. Lahoul, 10,000 ft. (W. Pengelly) 44

CUPULIFERE 669

H 126, 130. Eotang Pass, Kulu, 9000 ft. (Col. Steubouse)
H 127. Monali, Kulu, 8000 ft. (Col. Stenhouse) .
H 4527. Chachpur Peak, Jaunsar, 10,000 ft. (Gamble)
E 381. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,0C0 ft. (Johnston)
E 2403. „ „ „ (Gamble) .

lbs.
42
46
47
44
43

2. B. alnoides, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 599 ; Gamble Darj. List 79. B. acuminata,

Wall.; Braudis For. Fl. 458, t. 56; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 476. Vern. Puya udish,
chambar mdya, maksheri, sheori, shag, Pb. ; Blmjpattra, hdur, shdul, Hind. ; Kath
bhiij, Jaunsar; Vtis, saner, Garhwal; Ban litis, payan utis, haoul, Kumaon ; ShaJcshin,
Tibet; Saver, sauer, payong, utis, Nep. ; Hlosunli, Lepcha ; Dingleen, Khasia.

A large deciduous tree. Baric grey, peeling off in horizontal rolls ;
lenticels large, oblong. Wood grey, light brown or white, moderately
hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a line. Pores small
to moderate-sized, larger than in B. utilis, scanty, evenly distributed.
Medullary rays fine to almost moderately broad, short, much further
apart and less numerous than in B. utilis, prominent on a radial
section.

Himalaya, in the outer ranges, from the Sutlej eastwards, at 5-10,000 ft. ; Kbasia
Hills at 3-5000 ft. ; Kachin Hills, Shan Hills and bills of Martaban in Burma at
5-6000 ft.

This is the common bircb of the Himalayan forests, so commonly seen at Simla,
Chakrata, Darjeeling, etc. The growth is moderate, 10 rings per inch for wood from
the North-West, 6^ rings for Darjeeling wood. Wallich says the wood is esteemed in
Nepal for all purposes for which strength and durability are required, but in other parts
it is very little used. The bark of old trees is often seen covered with a red fungus.
Hymenochcete Mougeotii, Cke.

lbs.

H 611. Parbatti Valley, Kulu, 8000 ft. (W. Pengelly) . . .41

H 2904. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) 41

E 2404. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

3. B. sp. B. cylindrostachys, Gamble Darj. List 79, non Wall. B. alnoides, Ham.
(part); Fl. Br. Ind. v. 599. Vern. Sauer, Nep. ; Sunli, Lepcha.

A tall deciduous tree. Bark pink, peeling off in large vertical
flakes, giving the stem a shaggy appearance. Wood red, hard, heavy.
Annual rings indistinct. Pore* scanty, small, often subdivided, uni-
formly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, the distance
between the rays larger than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Darjeeling Hills from the Terai up to 6000 ft.

This reaches a large size, 80 to 100 ft. in height, with a girth of 6 to 8 ft. The growth
is fast, 51 rings per inch of radius. The wood is strong and seasons well, but is not
used except for firewood and charcoal, for which purposes it is very good. It is a
handsome tree with drooping branches, which requires further investigation as to its
being distinct, as I strongly believe it to be, from B. alnoides. It is found even down
in the Terai forests, along streams, in localities where it would be very unlikely that
B. alnoides would occur. I think that, pending such investigation, it is best to keep
it distinct, and more especially as the wood differs from that of B. ahioides.

lbs.

E 678. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) 52

2. ALNUS, Gaertn.

Two Indian species. The chief European Alders are A. ghttinosa, Linn, with
glutinous leaves, and A. incana, Willd. with pubescent leaves. The wood of both
shows medullary patches.

Wood soft, light pinkish-brown. Annual ring* well marked.
Pores small to large; if large, much subdivided; otherwise in radial

670 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lines. Medullary rays of two classes, very few broad with numerous
line ones between. Medullary patches scanty.

1. A. nepalensis, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 600; Brandis For. Fl. 460 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii.476; Gamble Darj. List 79. Nepalese Alder. Vera. Kohi, koe, Pb. ; Kunch, Bashahr ;
Kurdz, ni, newn, Sutlej ; Utis, udish, wusta, N.-W. P. ; Utis, Kumaon ; Pusdla,
Jaunsar ; Kiinis, Garhwal ; Boshi swa, udis, litis, Nep. ; Kowal, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, silvery grey, like that of the
birch : in thick forest dark green. Wood light pinkish-brown, soft,
even-grained. Annual rings marked by a poreless band. Pores
small to moderate-sized and even large, the latter much subdivided,
or else pores in rather long radial strings. Medullary rays of two
classes, a few broad rays (made up of closely packed fine rays) at
considerable intervals with numerous fine rays between them, the
broad rays causing a marked silver-grain on a radial section, and
ending in the cambium in a horny plate. Medullary patches few.

Forests of tbe Himalaya from the Bavi eastwards at 3-9000 ft., sometimes lower ;
Assam and the Khasia Hills ; hills of Upper Burma.

A very fine tree, growing to an especially large size in the Sikkim Himalaya, and
reaching 80 to 100 ft. in height with 6 to 8 ft. in girth. In that region it is especially
common in old cultivated lands and near streams. In the West Himalaya also it
affects ravines and the banks of streams, but not nearly to the same extent as does
A. nitida, and it may sometimes be found in forests even in dry localities. The growth
is fast: a round of Sikkim wood gave 2-4 rings per inch; Aikin, in Wallich's List,
mentions two specimens, one giving 11*8 rings, the other 2*7 rings ; the specimens
examined showed 3-6 rings per inch.

The wood does not warp, and deserves to be more used than it is ; it would do well
for tea-boxes. Kanjilal says it is used for bedsteads and for the hooked sticks of rope
bridges, in the Jumna-Tons valleys. The bark is used in dyeing and tanning.

The leaves are sometimes damaged and stripped from the tree by larva! of the
ScarabaMd beetle, Anomala viridis, Fabr.

lbs.

H 83. The Glen, Simla, 6000 ft 28

E 356. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. (Johnston) . . .27
E 2405. „ „ (Gamble) —

2. A. nitida, Endl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 600 ; Brandis For. Fl. 460, t. 57. Vera.
Gira, Afg. ; Sarol, selang, Kashmir; Shrol, saroli, saivdli, rikunra, chdmb, chdpu,
pidk, kunsa, kundash, niii, kosh, rajdn, Pb. ; Kuntz, ni, newn, Sutlej ; Utis, kiinis,
Jaunsar ; Paya udesh, Kumaon.

A large tree. Bark brown, rough, with deep furrows. Wood
reddish-white, soft, close- and even-grained, tough to cut. Annual
rings distinctly marked by harder wood near the inner edge of each
ring. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed, arranged in
radial lines. Medullary rays of two classes, a few broad rays at con-
siderable intervals with numerous fine rays between them ; the broad
rays (really closely-packed small rays) marked as irregular shining
plates in the silver-grain. Medullary patches scanty.

Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, descending to the plains, and
ascending to 9000 ft., but most commonly at 2-4000 ft., always along rivers and
streams.

In the Fl. Br. Ind. this tree is said to reach 100 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth of
trunk. I have never seeu it so big, but as Brandis is the authority, the statement is
doubtless correct. It is usually rather crooked, and branches early. Brandis says
the wood is used for bedsteads and the hooked sticks of rope bridges, and that the
twigs are tough, and used in making bridges and tying loads. The bark is used in
dyeing and tanning. An attempt was recently made to float out pieces of the wood
from the Tons river forests, but failed, as the wood quickly got waterlogged.

CUPULIFER.E G71

lbs

H 119. Vaziri Rupi, 6000 ft, (Col. Stenhouse) 28

H 147. Sainj, Simla, 4000 ft 31

Tribe II. QUERCINE.E.
3. QUERCUS, Linn.

Oaks. A large genus, one of those of most forest importance, not only in India and
in Europe, but also in North America, Japan and other parts of the world. It con-
tains about 300 species, of which 31 are found in India and Burma. These 31 belong
to 6 subgenera.

The most important of the non-Indian oaks are described in Brandis For. Fl. pp.
483 to 487, and in other works such as Mathieu's " Flore Forestiere ; " it is only neces-
sary, therefore, to say that the British oaks are Q. pedunculata, Ehrh., and Q. sessiliflora,
Sm., usually united by botanists under the name Q. Robur, Linn. The Cork oak is
Q. Suier, Linn., found throughout the Mediterranean region ; and cork is also pro-
duced by Q. occidentalis, Gay, of Spain, Portugal and Western France. The Vallonea
oak of Syria and Asia Minor, whose acorns are so largely used for tanning and dyeing,
is Q. JEgilops, Linn. The Cork oak has been tried, but unsuccessfully, in the JELima-
laya, and the common oak has been grown here and there in gardens, but does not do
well. The best specimens are probably those to be seen in gardens, public and private,
on the Nilgiris. The Turkey oak of Europe is Q. Cerris, Linn. The Red oak of
North America, much planted in European gardens, is Q. rubra, Linn.

Wood brown, very hard to extremely hard, heavy, generally with
a distinct, darker-coloured heartwoocl, and generally with alternate
concentric dark and light belts, the latter the harder. Pores small to
large, arranged in irregular radial lines or elongated patches. Ann ual
rings very indistinct, and not marked as in the case of European
oaks, by a belt of larger pores in the spring wood (Q. Griffiihii and
Q. serrata are an exception to this). As regards the medullary rays,
two types may be distinguished. In the first type (Q. pacliypUylla,
fr nest rata and lappacea) there is only one class of medullary rays,
all being very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant. The
other species have two classes, namely, besides the very fine rays
already described, a small number of broad, or very broad, rays, which
are really composed of many small ones close together.

First Group. — All medullary rays very fine, very numerous,
uniform and equidistant. Wood seasons well, does not warp or crack.

Second Group. — Medullary rays of two classes, very fine and broad,
the latter very prominent on a vertical section, making a silver-grain
of rather large plates. The wood of most Indian species warps and
splits in seasoning.

Subgenus 1. LEPIDOBALANUS.

Seven species.

1. Q. semeearpifolia, Smith ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 601 ; Brandis For. Fl. 479, t. 64.
Vern. Barchar, jangal k<> parungi, Jholum : Kreu, khareu, krui, Chenab, Ravi ; Karshur
karsiii, Icarzu, sduj, Sutlej to Sarda ; Ghent, kasru, Nep.

A large evergreen tree. Baric dark grey, rough, with small quad-
rangular scales, and often with protuberances arranged in horizontal
lines. Wood very hard, close-grained : sapwood greyish-white ; heart-
wood light pinkish-brown ; cellular structure in more or less regular,
wavy, interrupted, concentric alternate bands of lighter, looser and
darker, closer texture, the width of each about equal. Annual rings
only recognizable in young trees or coppice shoots, and there marked

072 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

by a line without pores. Pores in more or less radial groups, branch-
ing outwards and forming a curious and pretty network. Medullar;/
rays of two classes : few broad (made up of closely packed tine ones) at
irregular intervals, separated by numerous uniform, regular, and equi-
distant, very fine. Silver-grain not conspicuous, but characteristic.

Inner Himalaya, throughout, extending westwards to the Safedkoh and Afghanistan,
eastwards to Bhutan, usually at 8-12,000 ft. ; hills of Manipur.

The " Karshu " oak, recognizable hy its brownish foliage, is characteristic of a
zone of elevation, where it is the principal tree and grows gregariously in extensive
forests. This zone begins practically where that of the " Moru " oak (Q. dilatata)
ends, the two only very slightly overlapping. The elevation of the lower limit of
Karshu is 8000 ft., but it is not really in its best form below S500 ft. Aitchison says
that in the Kuram District, " I measured one 18 ft. in circumference, with the trunk
' 100 ft. before it divided. It had been cut down by the Afghan army just before our
' occupation." He gives its limits as 9-11,000 ft. for Kuram and Hariab. In exposed
places, on high ridges about 10,000 ft., it is usually quite a small tree with branches
laden with mosses (Meteor ium, etc.) and lichens (Usnea, etc.), which are especially
noticeable on southern aspects where the monsoon rainclouds surround them. On
northern aspects and in sheltered places it becomes a very large tree, and may reach
a height of 80 to 100 ft., with a girth of 12 to 15 ft. The Karshu forests may often be
seen in a condition suggesting coppice growth, and this may be really due to previous
bad treatment, though its cause is not accurately known. The growth is slow, 10 to 15
rings per inch of radius ; in what were apparently coppice shoots I have found it as
fast as 5 to 6 rings, but this is quite exceptional. It is distinctly a light-demanding
species, and if treated in High Forest, seed-fellings have to be made heavy, and the
ground to be well worked up if good reproduction is to be obtained. Good seeding
years occur at somewhat irregular intervals, but when they do occur the amount of
acorns produced is enormous, and where they can reach the soil, and are neither eaten
by bears, squirrels and other animals, nor choked by prolific ground vegetation, the
young crop they produce is dense and complete. The growth of seedlings is very slow
at first, but when once a good leader is formed, it becomes quicker. Propagation by
seed-sowing usually gives better results than transplants, especially if the soil can be
well worked up ; but it is distinctly difficult, and though the seed usually germinates
well, the seedlings often die off unaccountably. Treated in coppice Karshu grows
fairly well only, and the rotation has to be a somewhat long one. In forests worked
for fuel the Karshu is a very important tree.

The timber is not much used, that of the deodar, firs and pines, which generally
are found in the same region, being preferred for construction; but it is of good
quality, and where carriage is easy and cheap, it should be more employed on account
of its strength and durability. It is an excellent firewood, and gives charcoal of the
best description. Dr. Leather found the calorific power of the wood 03 as compared
with pure carbon 100. He found ordinary dry wood to give 92 per cent, carbon and
organic matter, 2 per cent, ash and 6 per cent, moisture. The leaves are used for
fodder and employed as litter. The bark has been experimented on as a tanning
material, but is poorer than that of " Ban " (Q. incana), and not worth collecting for
the purpose. The leaves have been found suitable for feeding the caterpillars of the
silk-moth, Anthercea Pernyi, introduced from China and reared in Jamisar in 1898.
Old trees are much attacked by a fungus, whose sporophores have not yet been
found, but from the appearance of the mycelium-filled wood and the black flat
rhizomorphs, it would seem to be Agaricus ualhioi, Vahl, or some allied species
(see " Ind. Forester," xxv. 434).

lbs.

H 39. Mahasa, Simla, 9000 ft 54

H 72, 2893. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .53

H 4709. Deoban, Jaunsar, 9000 ft. (Gamble) 56

The latter specimen from a coppice shoot.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. XIV. 1).
No. E 2464, sent by Dr. Schlich from the Valley of Chumbi, Tibet, between Sikkim
and Bhutan, is a tree, the leaves of which resemble those of Q. semecarpifolia, but are
smaller and less tomentose beneath. The tvood is light-coloured, the pores small, sur-
rounded by soft tissue, in long, radial anastomozing bands. The wood resembles that
of Q. Hex, which or near which species it probably is.

XIV.

QTTEKCTTS SEMECABPIFOLIA.

Q. rULATATA.

Q. LAMELLOSA.

0. LArrvrr.A.

{Mttffiiifii-d :','. linns.)

:. I UTCE2BF01 I \.

cupulifer.i: 673

2. Q. seprata, Thunb.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 601; Brandis For. Fl. 486. Vern. Din-
grittiang, Khasia.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark § in. thick, very rough,
with deep irregular vertical fissures, dark greyish-brown, granular.
Wood dark greyish-brown, very hard, with faint, alternate, concentric,
wavy and interrupted belts of light-coloured open, and dark-coloured
close, cellular tissue, the latter about double the width of the former.
Annual rings prominently marked by a belt of large or very laro-e
pores in the spring wood. Pores in the spring wood as above, thence
gradually decreasing in size, and more and more scanty in long
straight or oblique streamers surrounded by pale loose tissue. Medul-
lary rays of two classes, fairly numerous, broad compound rays
(10 to 15 per inch) alternating with many very numerous, and regular
fine ones. The broad rays give a conspicuous silver-grain on a radial
section.

Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills at 3-5000 ft. ; Manipur ; Shan Hills of Burma
at 5000 ft. ; Japan.

A handsome species, straight-stemmed and quick-growing. It has been largely
planted at the Cinchona Plantations near Darjeeling, and succeeded admirably, but I
never saw it wild in Sikkim. It has also been planted about Dehra Dun, also very
successfully : its cultivation deserves to be extended. A round cut from a tree felled
in the garden of the Imperial Forest School shows a growth of 2 to 3 rings per inch
of radius. The timber is used for building purposes in Assam.

lbs

E 3339. Shillong, Assam, 5000 ft. (Mann) —

O 4579. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (cult.) . . . .58

3. Q. dilatata, Liudl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 602 ; Brandis For. Fl. 482. Vern. Zriih,
Kafiristan ; Ban, banji, banchar, bararhar, bardin, banni, parungi, chora, kali ring,
mdru, mdur, moru, m.arghang, harsh, Pb. ; Moru, tilangsa, timsha, N.-W. P.; Kilonj,
Kumaon ; Tilonj, Garhwal ; Ravishing, Byans.

A large, nearly deciduous, tree. Bark dark grey, almost black,
often with horizontal cracks, peeling off in longitudinal scales. Wood
very hard : sapwood grey ; heartwood reddish-grey with darker
streaks; with alternate, very faint belts of light-coloured loose and
dark-coloured close texture, the latter the broader. Annual rings
marked by a dark line. Pores small or moderate-sized, scanty, in
long radial or oblique ramifying patches between the broader me-
dullary rays. Medullary rays of two classes ; the very broad ones
fairly numerous; the fine ones very numerous, uniform and equi-
distant, between them.

Inner Himalaya, extending westwards to Afghanistan and the Safedkoh, and east-
wards to Nepal, usually at 7-9000 ft.

The "Moru" oak, recognizable by its shining green foliage, occupies the forest-belt
below that of the " Karshu," and above or running into that of the "Ban." While
the latter, however, prefers dry exposed spurs and ridges, the " Moru " seems to prefer
ravines and moist forests with the spruce and silver fir as its most frequent associates.
Like the other two, "Moru" is also frequently gregarious, and sometimes reaches a
very large size. Brandis mentions 80 to 90 ft. in height, and a girth of 8 to 9 ft., and even
15 to 18 ft.; but I have seen trees taller tbau 100 ft. in various places in Jaunsar and
Tehri-Garhwal. Moru reproduces very well from seed, and the seedlings can endure
rather more shade than the other two common species, though, if they are to grow well
afterwards, they require to be given light at an early stage. Dense thickets of seed-
lings are frequently seen in the neighbourhood of old trees. It coppices well also.
Artificial reproduction by means of transplants is easy in suitable spots, as may be
seen in the small Matkangra plantations near Chakrata. The growth, so far as is known,
is moderately fast. In the Working Plan of the Naini Tal Municipal Forests, 1896,

2 x

674 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

by F. B. Bryant, the exploitable age is fixed at 160 years, corresponding to a girth
of 6| ft.

The wood is durable, and used for building, agricultural implements, axe-handles
and jampan poles (Brandis) ; in the Tons Valley sleeper works, it is the best wood for
making the runners of the sledges used in the extraction of the deodar timber. It has a
good grain if properly cut, but does not season well, being rather apt to warp and shrink.
The wood weighs about 61 lbs. per cubic foot. It is a good fuel. Dr. Leather found
its calorific power 91 as compared with carbon = 100, but it gave 5*55 per cent, ash as
compared with the 2-3 given by Karshu. Major Lang gives P = 670. The leaves are
very much lopped for fodder in open forests near villages. The bark has been tried
for tanning, but is much poorer than " Ban," which see. Old Mora oaks have been
sometimes found attacked by a fungus, Stereum lobatum, Kunze.

lbs.

H 935. Hazara, 8000 ft. (Baden-Powell) 61

H 4. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft 56

H 40. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft 69

H 2845. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) 58

H 2873. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft, „ . . .
H 777. Kalatop Forest, Punjab, 7000 ft. (Pengelly) .
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Tab. XIV. 2).

4. Q. Ilex, Linn.; PL Br. Ind. v. 602; Brandis For. Fl. 480. The Holm oak.
C'hene Tense, Fr. ; Lectio, Ital. V era. Charrei, serei, bahlt, Afg. ; Spercherei, pargdi,
kharanja, Trans-Indus; Chur, Jceharsu, kharen irri, yuru, hern, ban, bre, brekcke, Pb.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark } in. thick, dark grey,
tessellated, and cut into quadrangular plates. Wood very hard :
heartwood red or reddish-brown, durable, with very fine, wavy, con-
centric rings of loose tissue alternating with broader bands of firmer
texture. Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, in long, irregular,
anastomozing, radial bands. Medullary rays of two classes; few
broad or very broad rays, separated by numerous, regular, uniform
and equidistant, very fine rays.

Inner West Himalaya, extending westwards to Afghanistan and the Suliman Range,
eastwards to Kumaon, at 3-8000 ft. ; westwards to the Atlantic.

The evergreen oak is scarcely an Indian forest tree of importance, as it is chiefly
found only in the inner dry region, beyond the reach of the monsoon rains. It is
usually gregarious, though more or less mixed with other trees, especially the wild
olive.

Growth slow, rings uncertain ; if the concentric lines in No. H 1406 are annual

rings, the growth of that specimen was 70 rings in 4 in. of radius. In 1880, in a

small forest in the Spingawai Pass in the Kuram Valley, Mr. Bagshawe counted the

rings of eight trees. These trees averaged 85 in. in girth, with an average number

of 270 rings, or nearly 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight: that of the European

tree varies between 60 and 69 lbs. per cubic foot ; the three specimens examined give

an average of 61 lbs., but the third was old wood, having been cut in 1867. Mathieu

PI. For., p. 374 gives the weight as varying from 55 to 74 lbs. per cubic foot. The

wood warps and twists, but when well seasoned it works admirably, and takes a fine

polish. Aitchison says that the wood gives a good fuel in the Kuram Valley even when

green. It is largely used for tool-handles, and pieces are brought from the Suliinan

Range for that purpose. It is used for agricultural implements, and yields good fuel

and charcoal. The branches with prickly leaves are used for fencing, and those

without prickles are stored for winter cattle-fodder. The acorns (probably var.

BalJota, Desf.) are eaten in France, Spain and Portugal, and the bark is considered of

good quality for tanning.

lbs.

H 903, 953. Upper Sutlej Valley, 8000 ft. (Baden-Powell) . . 62 and 68

H 1406. Suliman Range (Stewart, 1867) 54

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 3.

5. Q. Grifflthii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 602. Vera. Dingim, Khaaia ■
Metlein, Ruby Mines, Burma.

CUPULIFER.E G7.">

A large deciduous tree. Bark black, with deep vertical fissures.
Wood brown, very hard, with numerous fine, parallel, wavy, transverse
lines. Annual rings marked by a belt of large pores in the spring
wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, large in the spring wood,
gradually decreasing outwards, enclosed in patches or radial wavy
branching groups of soft tissue. Medullary rays of two classes :
numerous, fine, uniform and equidistant rays and few broad to very
broad rays.

Khasia Hills at 5-6000 ft. ; Manipur ; Shan Hills aud other hills of Burma : cultivated
in the Sikkirn Himalaya.

This is the one of the Indian oaks which most nearly resembles, in appearance and
structure, the Q. Bobur of Europe. Its growth is fast, and it has been successfully
cultivated as a fuel tree at the Cinchona Plantations of Mongpu near Darjeeling, along
with Q. serrata. Is seems certainly to deserve more attention as giving an excellent
wood and being easily treated in forest. The timber is used for building and other
purposes in the Khasia Hills.

E 3337. Shillong, Khasia Hills, 5000 ft. (G. Mann).

6. Q. lanuginosa, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 603 ; Brandis For. Fl. 481. Yern. Banj,
rianj, rai banj, Kumaon ; Kiani, Garhwal ; Banga, Nep.

A large, evergreen tree. Bark ^ in. thick. Wood greyish-brown,
very hard, with many wavy, concentric lines. Pores moderate-sized,
in radial strings, scanty. Medullary rays of two classes, the broad
rays prominent on a vertical section, giving the wood a handsome
silver-grain.

Xaini Tal ami a few other places in Kumaon, between 6000 and 7500 ft., extending
eastwards to Bhutan. Gregarious, or associated with Q. incana.

Growth, annual rings not sufficiently recognizable for certainty, but if the lines on
No. 2968 are annual rings, the growth is moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. The wood
is used for firewood, the leaves for cattle-fodder. Fernandez, in his Naini Tal Working
Plan, 1888, points out that the rianj tree likes a soil which contains lime and grows
in patches, affecting cool protected aspects.

lbs.
H 2968. Naini Tal, 7000 ft 55

7. Q. ineana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 642 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 603 ; Brandis For. Fl. 482.
White oak. Vern. Vari, Salt Range; Shin, Hazara; Binj, rin, Jhelum; Boa, banj,
Pb. ; Banj, Kumaon ; Kharanj, tikia banj, Dotial.

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark coloured, brown or greyish-
brown, rough, with irregular fissures, silvery when young, peeling off
in rounded flakes. Wood very hard, reddish-brown, warps and splits ;
with alternate very faint concentric belts of light loose and dark
compact tissue. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small and moderate-
sized, scanty, in radial extended, irregular, usually oblique patches
between the broader medullary rays. Medullary rays of two classes :
few extremely broad (5 to 6 per inch) alternating with numerous very
fine uniform and equidistant rays ; the broader rays giving a very
conspicuous silver-grain on a radial section.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal at 2000 (Dehra Dun) up to nearly 8000 ft.;
Shan Hills of Burma.

The " Ban " is probably the best known of the Himalaya oaks ; it is found as one
of the most common trees near the hill stations of Simla, Mussoorie, Naini Tal, etc.,
and is at once recognized by its grey foliage. It is more or less gregarious, growing
usually in association with Bhododendron arboreum, Piei-is ovalifolia, and a few
other species, also occasionally the deodar; and forming the chief tree of a well-known
class of forest. As it prefers rather dry hillsides, it runs often above the lower limit
of the " Moru," which affects the ravines, but it descends much lower, and may be

676

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

found even right down to 2000 ft., as in the Motronwala Forest in Dehra Dun, its most
usual lower limit, however, being 5000 ft. The forests of Ban oak are mostly treated
in coppice, and in some parts of the Grovernment Reserves they are in process of con-
version into deodar, for the deodar can be planted or sown under the protection of the
Ban oak, and will grow up through it, when the oak can be girdled and allowed to die or be
felled. In some cases they are treated in simple coppice with standards of coniferous trees,
deodar, blue pine or long-leaved pine. The Ban oak forests, however, form one of the
chief grazing grounds of the hill villagers, and the custom of annual firing damages the
trees and prevents reproduction. Wherever protected from fire excellent grazing can be
obtained for a number of cattle within reasonable limits, without such damage, and with
a considerable yield in firewood replaced by fair seed and coppice reproduction. Some
forests of Ban oak are regularly treated for lopping for litter and fodder for cattle in the
winter. Such a practice would of course be impossible with a valuable timber tree,
but is quite possible with a fuel tree, provided that the lopping is not too carelessly
done, and that ordinary necessary precautions like the care of the leading shoot, are
observed. Ban oak can be reproduced artificially, either by transplants or by sowing the
acorns, but care must be taken to dibble these irregularly, and, if possible, watch them,
for the acorns are much sought for as food by bears, monkeys, rats, squirrels, etc., as
well as by birds of many kinds. It is owing to this circumstance that, in spite of very
profuse seeding, natural reproduction is not good unless the ground has been well
worked, so that the acorus can get covered with soil and hidden.

In the Working Plan for the Xaini Tal Municipal Forests by P. B. Bryant, the
exploitable age, equally with Moru, is fixed at 140 years, corresponding to Gh ft. in
girth.

The wood is scarcely used for timber, as it warps and splits badly and is rarely
straight, but it is used occasionally both in building and for agricultural implements.
Its chief use is as fuel, for which purpose it is important all through the West
Himalaya, both as firewood and as charcoal. Dr. Leather found the calorific power
90*8 against 100 for pure carbon ; his analysis gave 91*80 per cent, of carbon and other
organic matter, 4'75 per cent, of moisture, and 3-95 per cent, of ash. Dr. Warth's
experiments gave, however, only 0*62 lb. of ash in 100 lbs. steam-dry wood, 0*25 of
this being calcium carbonate and 0*16 magnesium carbonate. The weight is about 64
lbs. per cubic foot ; Major Laug found P = 491. As already stated, the leaves are
much used for fodder.

The growth is fairly fast; on young trees and coppice shoots the rings can be
counted, and well-grown specimens give about 6 rings per inch of radius.

The bark has been experimented on as a tanning material by Prof. Trimble (see
D. Hooper in Ind. Agrt., April 1, 1895), at the same time as that of the other oaks of
the N.-W. Himalaya. The result was as follows : —

Tannin in
air-dried bark.

Moisture.

Tannin in
dry bark.

Ash in dry
bark.

Q. annuhtta .....
Q. dilatuta .....
Q. incana .....
Q. semecarpifolia ....

11-37

7-40

2212

7-99

6-85
6-88
5-31
704

12-20
7-94

23-36
860

11-30
1002
11 06
10-88

Mr. Hooper says that the Ban oak gives a larger percentage of tannin than the
European or American oaks do.

H 899. Murree, 7000 ft. (Baden-Powell)
H 171. Kangra, 6000 ft. (Stewart, 1867)
H 1, 24. Simla, 7000 ft. .
H2867. „ „ (Gamble) .

H 2. Mahasu, Simla, 7000 ft.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Tab. XIV. 3).

lbs.

. 62

67 and 66

Subgenus 2. CYCLOBALANOPSIS.

Nine species. Q. oidocarpa, Korth., Q. Brandisiana, Kurz, Q. mespili/olia,
Wall., Q. Helferiana, A. DC and Q. velutina, Lindl. are all Burmese trees, the last-
named extending north to Chittagong, and some of them to the Shan Hills.

CUPULIFER.E 677

8. Q. semiserrata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 641 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 604 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 488 ; Kurz For. FJ. ii. 488. Vera. Thitcha, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood hard : sap wood reddish-grey, heart-
wood reddish-brown. Pores small to moderate-sized, often subdivided,
rather scanty, irregularly scattered, but roughly showing small radial
or oblique strings. Medullary rays fine only, no broad ones, regular,
numerous, silver-grain of narrow horizontal plates. Annual rings
marked by darker autumn wood with fewer pores.

Assam, Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Cachar up to 3000 ft. ; Eng forests throughout
Burma.

It is curious that this species should be devoid of broad medullary rays, but I
cannot suppose that Sir D. Brandis' specimen is wrongly named. Kurz says that the
wood weighs 48 lbs. per cubic foot, and is used for the pins that join together the parts
of Burmese cart-wheels.

Burma — Kew Museum (Brandis).

9. Q. glauea, Thunb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 604. Q. annulata, Smith; Brandis For.
Fl. 487, t. 65. Vern. Bran, bren, barin, banni, imbri, indri, Pb. ; Inai, bdni, Jaunsar ;
Phanat, Garhwal ; Pharonj,phanyat, phaliant, paliyat, Kumaon; Phalat, Nep. ; Sagat,
metlein, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark £ in. thick, grey, smooth. Wood very
hard, grey or greyish-brown, with numerous fine wavy concentric
bands. Annual ring* indistinct. Pores moderate-sized and small,
in irregular radial lines or groups. Medullary rojys of two classes :
few broad and very broad rays with numerous, uniform, equidistant
very fine rays between them, the broad rays showing as a marked
silver-grain of broad plates on a radial section.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan at 3-6000 ft., most common in the valleys of
the Garhwal and Kumaon Hills, less so in Sikkim ; Khasia Hills at 2-4500 ft. ; Shan
States and Katha in Burma.

The "Inai " oak is not properly gregarious, but is frequent, chiefly along the banks
of streams with laurels and other evergreen trees. The acorns are pointed with a con-
spicuous apex and a small thin-ringed rather deep cup. The wood is little used, but
has been found useful in Jaunsar for sledge-runners equally with that of Q. dilatata.
It weighs about 58 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.

H 927. Hazara, 6000 ft. (Baden-Powell) 55

H 90. Bhajji, Simla, 4000 ft 62

H 423. Eaulagadh, Chakrata, 9500 ft. (Bagshawe) . . . .57

10. Q. lineata, Blume ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 605 ; Gamble Darj. List 80. Vern. PJuiUtt,
Nep.; Siri, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark brown, thick, rough. Wood brown
or greyish-brown, very hard, with well-marked alternate concentric
wavy bands of pale close and dark open tissue, the latter very narrow.
.1 // // mil rings indistinct. Pores small to very large in radial branch-
ing lines or groups between the broad medullary rays. Medullary
rays of two classes : fairly numerous very or extremely broad rays,
with very numerous uniform equidistant very fine ones between, the
broad rays making a marked silver-grain of broad plates on a radial
section.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, usually at 6-9000 ft. ; Khasia and
Hills at 5-6000 ft. ; hills of Arracan : Slum States.

This is the second of the important Darjeeling oaks ; it has generally been called
Q. annulata (see Ed. 1, p. 387), but, according to King, it seems clear that the common
Phalat which has a depressed acorn in a somewhat broad shallow cup is this species,
while the true Q. annulata, i.e. y. glavca of the Fl. Br. Ind., has a pointed acorn and

678 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

narrow deep cup, and is found much lower down. It is a constant companion of the
Biik (Q. lamellosa) and its wood is used almost indifferently with that of that species,
though it is not considered quite so good, and is more liable to warp and crack. Its
natural reproduction is not very good, but it is not difficult to rear artificially. It
demands the same treatment as is accorded to Biik.

lbs.

E 433. Eangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) ... 60
E2451. „ „ „ „ (Gamble) ... 69

E 3609. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Q. annulata).
All these probably belong to var. Thomsoniana, Wenzig.

Nos. E 1439, 1443 Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) most probably belong to this species.

U. Q. lamellosa, Smith ; Hook. f. 111. Him. PL t. 20 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 606 ; Brandis

For. Fl. 488 ; Gamble Darj. List 80. Vern. Shalshi, pharat-singhali, bndgrat, Nep. ;
Biik, Lepcha.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark greyish-brown, I to }, in. thick,
rough. Wood very hard ; heartwood greyish-brown, concentric wavy
lines indistinct. Annual rings not distinct. Pores small to large,
less scanty than in the woods of Subgenus 1, in more or less radial
groups or strings, often oblique, several between each pair of broad
medullary rays. Medullary rays of two classes : few broad to
extremely broad (about 8 to 9 per inch), with numerous rather short,
fine, uniform ones between them ; these are bent round the pores.
The broad rays show, on a radial section, a very prominently marked
silver-grain of broad plates, and on a tangential section broad oblong-
lenticular patches.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to the Duphla Hills at 5-9000 ft. ; hills of Manipur
at 7-8000 ft.

This is the finest and most important tree of the forests of Darjeeling. It grows
to a very large size, reaching, occasionally, 100 to 120 ft, in height, with 30 to 40 ft.
to the first branch, and 15 to 20 ft. and even 30 ft. in girth, but old trees are often
hollow or decayed in the centre. The acorns arc very large, the cups often 2 to 3 in.
in diameter, and composed of broad annular rings. The leaves are large, hard, and
parallel-veined. Natural reproduction is not good, perhaps because the soil is often
insufficiently worked up and the cover too heavy for good growth. In nurseries the
acorns germinate well, though they often take a long time ; seed is, however, not
always obtainable, good seeding years only occurring at intervals. Manson says :
" The reproduction of biik is most satisfactory where the soil is rich and light, where
' there is no grazing, and especially on ridges or where the forest is open or the cover
' (canopy ?) particularly lofty." He thinks that seedlings are most usually found
uuder the shelter of a boulder, stump or fallen tree, and probably come from seeds
which have escaped the notice of the squirrels. He also thinks that seedlings thrive
better in company with the Moling bamboo (Arundinaria racemosa) than elsewhere.
It has been settled that in the biik forests, a rotation of 160 years is the best one to
adopt, but for the preseut and to introduce more uniformity the system of working is
to be by " amelioration-fellings." The rate of growth is probably about 8 to 12 years
per inch of radius, but as the annual rings are usually indistinct and doubtful, it is
difficult to determine this accurately.

The timber is durable if not much exposed to wet ; it is used for posts and beams
in the construction of houses and bridges, and for door-posts, window-frames and
rafters. It is an excellent fuel. It also splits well and can be used for shingles,
though it is inferior for this purpose to the woods of Q. paehyphylla and of the chest-
nuts. The bark is used for tanning in Darjeeling. The average weight of the wood
is about 59 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
E 434. Eangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) ... 63
E 2452, 2453. llangbi.il Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . 59 and 57
E 1438, 1448. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1830) .... 57 and 59
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8 (Tab. N1V. 4).

CUPULIFER.E <J7U

Subgenus 3. PASANIA.

Ten species. Q. Lindleyana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 607 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 480, is
a small tree of Upper Burma. Q. Amherstiana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 607 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 484, is a large evergreen tree of Tenasserim. Q. acuminata, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 636; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 607; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 484; Vern. KantagoJa batana,
Beng., is a large tree of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Q. Falconeri, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 608 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 485, is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim. Q. polystachya,
Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 610 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 485, is a tree of Manipur, the Shan
Hills and Upper Burma.

12. Q. lappaeea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 637 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 607 ; Brandis For. Fl.
489 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 484. Vern. Oolu chakma, Beng. ; Thitclia, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Pores large, uniform, isolated, arranged in
oblique, more or less radial, branching groups. Medullary rays very
line, very numerous, uniform, equidistant, with innumerable, line,
transverse bars across the rays, and no broad rays.

Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim.

The acorns have a cup composed of imbricate, soft tomentose scales.

lbs.
B 553. Upper Tenasserim ......... 56

B 2715. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) .45

This latter specimen is not named, but probably belongs to this species.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XIV. 5).

13. Q. paehyphylla, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 608 ; Gamble Darj. List SO. Vern.
Bara katiis, Nep. ; Hlosiri, kashok, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark grey-brown, rough. Wood grey,
durable, moderately hard, showing alternate bands of dark close and
light-coloured open tissue, the latter about half the width of the
former. Annual rings faintly marked by concentric lines. Pores
scanty, rnoderate-sized, isolated or in short irregular radial and
oblique branching lines, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary
rays very fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant, no broad rays ;
silver-grain and tangential grain inconspicuous.

Inner Sikkim Himalaya at 6-10,000 ft. ; Manipur at 7-9000 ft.

In the Darjeeling Hills this tree is really the most important of the oaks after
Q. lamellosa, but it is not so common near the station as is Q. Uneata. It is a very
large tree, reaching a height of 80 to 120 ft. and a girth of 12 to 15 ft. In Manipur,
however, Dr. Watt found it growing only as a bush. It is usually found at higher
elevations than the Buk, and is especially frequent in the forests of the Singalila range,
as about Tonglo. The leaves are greyish and smooth, and the large acorns are remark-
able by being crowded together in compact masses containing 3 to 6 nuts. The repro-
duction naturally is not very good, and artificially it is difficult, so many of the acorns
being found to be infertile.

The timber is good, more like chestnut than like that of the Buk and Phalat ; it is
used for planking, palings, shingles and other purposes, and weighs about 50 lbs. per
cubic foot.

lb?.

E 364. Rangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7500 ft. (Johnston) . . .51
E 2454. „ „ „ „ (Gamble) . 48

E 2455. Rangimm Forest ,, „ ,, ... 51

E 3607. Darjeeling Hills, St )00 ft. (Gamble) —

14. Q. fenestrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 633 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 608 ; Brandis For. Fl.
489; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 483 ; Gamble Darj. List SI. Vern. Kala chakma, Beng. ; Patle
katiis, Nep. ; Kashiendung, Lepcha; Dingjing, Khasia; Thitcha, thitepinzank, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark £ in. thick, rough, greyish -
brown, deeply lissured into small rectangular plates. Wood very

680 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMIiERS

hard : sapwood pale ; heartwood red. Pores large, arranged in
groups, and short or oblique belts. Medullary rays very numerous,
very fine, uniform and equidistant.

Eastern Himalaya, chiefly in Sikkirn and Bhutan, where it is common, at 5-8000 ft. ;
Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft. ; Eastern Bengal and the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim.
In the Darjeeling District, this oak is most common about Tukdah and Dumsong,
and its large clusters of acorns are often very conspicuous on the ground under the
trees, as the whole spike falls off in one piece. In the Khasia Hills the wood is used
for building and farm purposes. Wallich gives W = 47 lbs.

lbs.

E 3338. Shillong, Khasia Hills, 5000 ft, (Mann) —

B 552. Martaban Hills (Seaton) 56

Sir J. D. Hooker's specimen from Darjeeling in the Kew Museum differs, having
very broad medullary rays. It much resembles Q. lamettosa.

15. Q. dealbata, Hook. f. and Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 609. Q. acuminata, Gamble
Darj. List 80, non Boxb. Vern. Sanu arkaula, Nep.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey to greyish-black, smooth.
Wood light red, very hard. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, arranged
in short irregular branching lines, which rarely go beyond the spring
wood. Annual rings marked by the larger pores in the spring wood.
Medullary rays of two classes : very few broad ones, and numerous,
uniform and equidistant very fine ones between them.

Eastern Himalaya at 3-7000 ft. ; Khasia and Naga Hills.

I am not sure about the identification of this, as I have lost the herbarium specimens
belonging to the wood specimens examined, but it is mentioned in Ed. 1, p. 386, as
Q. acuminata, which is only a Chittagong species, and I believe that the plant is
Q. dealbata. The presence of broad medullary rays distinguishes the wood from that
of Q.fenestrata, which it might otherwise possibly be. The note under that species in
Darj. List 80 refers to Q. acuminata, and not to Q. fenestrata. The tree coppices
well, and its wood is a good fuel.

lbs.

E 2456. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (Gamble) . . . 4.".
E 3333. Birch Hill Park, Darjeeling, 6500 ft. „ ... 55
E 3384. Darjeeling, 6500 ft. (Gamble) —

16. Q. spieata, Smith ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 609 ; Brandis For. Fl. 489 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 486; Gamble Darj. List 81. Q. squamata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 638. Vern. Daim-n
singali, phaco singali, arkaula, Nep. ; Bara chakma, Beng. ; Kachceng, Lepcha ; Salm
hingori, Ass. ; Dingjing, Khasia ; Thitcha, sagat, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood red, very
hard, with very numerous, fine, parallel, wavy, transverse lines.
Annual rings not traceable. Pores moderate-sized and large, in
groups, patches and radial often branching lines. Medullary rays of
two classes : broad and very broad ones, with numerous very fine,
uniform and equidistant rays between ; the silver-grain being very
prominent on a radial section.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, rising to 5000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, Naga
Hills and Eastern Bengal ; drier hill forests of Martaban and Tenasserim.

This fine large-leaved species is variable in foliage and size of fruit. It is often
gregarious, and forms in the Darjeeling Hills a sort of coppice wood, preferring some-
what dry exposed ridges, and usually associated with Engelhardtia spieata and Schima
Wallichii. It would be a good tree to grow for tea-estate firewood and charcoal
supply. The fruit is collected in spikes, and these spikes are common objects on
roadsides in the forests where the tree grows. The wood does not warp and is durable ;
it is used for building in Assam and for charcoal in Darjeeling; it weighs 58 lbs. per
cubic foot on an average.

CUPULIFER.E 681

lbs.

E 595. Khooloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .56
E 1444, 1445. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) . . . . 59 and 55
B 545. Martaban Hills (Seaton) 63

Subgenus 4. CYCLOBALANUS.

Two species. Q. eumorpha, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 612 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 487, is a
small stunted evergreen tree of the forests on the top of the Nattoung Hills of Martaban
at 6-7000 ft. Q. Thomsoni, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 615 (Q. turhinata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
636) ; Vern. Bansua batana, Beng., is a large tree of the Khasia Hills and Sylhet,
extending to Burma and ascending to 5000 ft.

Subgenus 5. CHLAMYDOBALANUS.
One species only.

17. Q. laneesefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 634 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 616 ; Brandis For. Fl.
489 ; Gamble Darj. List 81. Castanea lancecefolia, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 482. Vern.
Patle katus, Nep. ; Siri, Lepcha ; ti/dngra, chauJco, Garo ; Buclclai, Ass. ; Hingori,
Cacbar ; Dingsning, Khasia.

A small evergreen tree. Wood greyish -white, hard, with alter-
nate bands of dark, close and light open tissue, the latter narrow.
Pores moderately large to large, scanty, arranged in wavy, radial and
oblique branching lines. Medullary rays of two classes : numerous,
very fine, uniform and equidistant rays, and very few broad rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract of Sikkim and Bhutan, rising to 5000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia
Hills and Chittagong ; Upper Burma and Shan Hills.

Weight 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Wallich). The wood is used for building in Assam.
The acorns are completely enclosed in thin, broad, ringed cups, which are set sideways
on the branch ; they have ruminate cotyledons. The acorns are much liked by some
birds, and the Lepchas consequently use them as a bait to catch them.

lbs.

E 1262. Tezpur, Assam (G. Mann) 42

Xordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XIV. 6).

Subgenus 6. LITHOCARPUS.

Two species. Q. xyhcarpa, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 618 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 489, is
a tree of Assam, the Garo Hills, the Naga Hills and the hills of Arracan, usually at
4-7000 ft. In Assam, according to Prain, it is found as a gregarious tree or mixed
with Q. lamellosa. Q. truncata, King ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 618, is a tree of Assam, the
Naga Hills and Manipur, common at 2-6000 ft.

There is another species, known only from the fruit, Q. OUa, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
619, a tree of Assam.

4. CASTANOPSIS, Spach.

Twelve species, four of which are Himalayan. Five species are found in Assam
and Eastern Bengal, and seven species in Burma. They are very difficult to dis-
tinguish ; however, so far as the wood specimens available are concerned, I have no
doubt of the correctness of the identification. There are three divisions of the genus :
first, A, that in which the species have spiny globose involucres ; secondly, B, that in
which the involucres are subglobose, and have transversely tubercled zones; and
thin////, C, that in which the involucres are flattened on one side, with conical spines
on the other. In division A come ten of the species, including those described.
C. diversi/olia, King; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 620 (Castanea divereifolia, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
479); Vern. Kyanza, Burm., is an evergreen tree, common in the drier hill forests of
the Martaban Hills at 3-5000 ft. C. javanica, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 620 (Castanea
favanica, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 179): Vern. ThitS, Ruby Mines, Burma, is an ever-
green tree, common along streams in the tropical forests of Burma, with a brown, heavy,
strong wood. C. argentea, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 6-1 {Castanea arg\ idea, Bl. ; Kurz

682 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

For. FL ii. 479) ; Vern. Thitcha, Burm., is also an evergreen tree of the tropical forests
of Pegu and Tenasserim, with a stunted form (var. Tungurrut, Kurz), in the hills of
Martaban at 6-7000 ft. C. castanicarpa, Spach; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 621 {Castanea
Roxbicrghii, Lindl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 480, Quercus castanicarpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
640), is a large evergreen tree of the forests of Chittagong, extending to Manipur. C.
argyrophylla, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 622, is a scarce tree of Burma found near Rangoon
and in Arracan and Tenasserim. C. armata, Spach; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 622 (Castanea
tribuloides, var. armata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 480, Quercus armata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
640), is a tree of the Sikkim Terai, Bhutan Dtiars and adjacent lower hills, the Khasia
Hills, Assam, Chittagong and Burma up to 3000 ft. C. Clarkei, King; Fl. Br. Ind.
v. 623 ; Vern. Methin, Burm., is a large tree of the Bhutan Himalaya, found at
Kalimpung, 5000 ft., by C. B. Clarke, and in the Shan Hills of Burma by Collett.
In division B, C. sumatrana, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 623 (Castanea inermis, Lindl.;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 481), is an evergreen large tree of the moister hill forests of Martaban
at 4-5000 ft. In division C, C. rhamnifolia, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 624 (Castanea
rhamnifolia, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 481), is an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the
Eastern Pegu Yoma and South Tenasserim.

The species of Gastanopsis have a uniform structure which re-
sembles that of the oaks with one class of medullary rays. Wood
grey, moderately hard to hard, does not split or warp, seasons well, is
durable, and often shows wavy, concentric lines. Pores large, in
wavy, radial bands, and lines very prominent on a vertical section.
Medullary rays of one class, very fine, uniform and equidistant.

1. C. indica, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 620 ; Brandis For. Fl. 490; GambleiDarj. List
81. Castanea indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 643; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 478. Quercus serrata,
Roxb. I.e. 641. Vern. Banj katus, Nep. ; Kashioron, Lepcha; Serang, Ass. ; Ckarang,
Garo ; Tailo, Cachar ; Nikari, gol-shingra, Sylhet ; Thite, Ruby Mines, Burma.

A moderate-sized, evergreen tree. Bark silvery grey, J m- thick,
with regular equidistant longitudinal fissures. Wood light greyish-
brown, hard. Pores rather scanty, small to very large, arranged in
wavy, interrupted, branching radial lines. Medullary rays extremely
fine, uniform, equidistant, very numerous. Numerous, very fine,
concentric lines or dark -coloured bars joining the rays.

Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Assam at 1-4000 ft.; Khasia Hills, Eastern
Bengal and Chittagong Hills; Upper Burma.

A pretty tree, resembling in appearance the European Chestnut, but with stouter
shorter leaves, which are evergreen. It is especially common in the Darjeeling Hills,
on old cultivated lands on dry exposures, and coppices well, so that it could easily be
grown, though as a fuel tree it is not so good as the oaks.

Growth apparently fast, about 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight; Wallieh
gives 39, specimens examined 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Skinner, No. 40, gives W = 35
lbs., P = 404, but as he gives Theethkaya for the Burmese name and this species is not
described from Lower Burma, he may refer to some other species. The wood splits well,
and is very largely used for shingles in Darjeeling. The tree is often pollarded and the
branches burnt for manure. The fruit is eaten; it much resembles the filbert, both iu
shape and in flavour, but has a thinner shell. It is enclosed in a very prickly cup.

lbs.

E 494. Dalka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai (Mansou) 43

E 681. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Manson) . . .45

E 1254. Tezpur, Assam (Mann) 44

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 9 (Castanea indica) (Tab. XV. 1).

2. C. Hystrix, A. DC; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 620; Gamble Darj. List 81. C. rufescens,
Hook. f. and Tb. Vern. Dalne Katih, Nep.; Sirikishu, Lepcha; Hingori, Ass.

A very large evergreen tree. Wood grey or light greyish-brow n,
hard. Annuo/ rings marked by narrow belts of firmer texture.
Pores moderate-sized and large, very scanty, arranged in irregular

XV.

'•V&fS

C iSTANOPSIS INHIi' \.

HtYLTJS COLURNA.

PLATANUS OBIENTALIS.

ENGELH \I;HTI \ SPIC WA.

SALE TETBA8PEBM I.

POPULUS Air. V.

(Magnified :'>£ lim>n.)

CUPULIFEIt.E 683

short radial and oblique lines. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, uniform and equidistant, with numerous short, fine trans-
verse bars, sometimes forming concentric belts.

Eastern Himalaya, in Sikkimand Bhutan at 6-8000 ft., common round Darjeeling;
Assam and the Khasia Hills at 2-4000 ft.

This species is, in the Darjeeling Forests, the chief kind of chestnut, and the tree
there grows to a large size, reaching 100 to 120 ft. in height, and 10 to 20 ft. in girth.
In Assam and the Khasia Hills it is, however, a much smaller tree.

The growth is moderate, about 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight 46 lbs. per
cubic foot. The wood is used in Darjeeling for house-building and other purposes,
exactly as that of Quercus pachyphylla, which it closely resembles. It gives excellent
shingles, and is more valuable as planking and posts whenever exposed to wet than
other species of this genus. The fruit is small, but edible and of good flavour; it is
enclosed in a large cup with long needle-like spines, longer than those of C. indica.

lbs.

E 354. Rangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Johnston) . . .47
E 2457. „ „ „ „ (Gamble) . . . 4.3

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (C. rufescens).

3. C. tribuloides, A. DC ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 622 ; Brandis For. Fl. 490 ; Gamble
Darj. List 81. Oastanea tribuloides, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 480. Quercus ferox, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 639. Vem. Ghiseri, ghogsa, ghogu, Garhwal; Tumari, katoaj, Knmaon; Musre
katus, kotur, chisi, maku, shingali, Nep. ; Kasluoshem, Lepcha; Bur hingori, hingori,
kanta singar, Ass. ; Dingsaot, Khasia; Singhara, Tipperah ; Kantu lal balana, Chitta-
gong ; Kyansa, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood grey, moderately hard, with alternate
dark and light, wavy, concentric lines. Annual rings marked by
dark lines. Pores moderate-sized and large, scanty, in long wavy,
often branching radial lines and patches, prominent and characteristic
on a vertical section. MeduUa/ry rays numerous, very fine, uniform
and equidistant.

Himalaya, from the Ganges eastwards, ascending to 6000 ft. ; Assam, Eastern
Bengal and Burma in all the hill ranges.

A common, usually more or less gregarious tree with a very wide range aud
considerable variability. Peal says that in Assam it runs to 6 ft. in girth, with a
clean shaft for about 30 or 40 ft., tolerably straight, after which it forks into large
branches. The Darjeeling trees rarely grow so big. He says that the strong spines
on the involucre cause great trouble in marching and wound the feet of the travellers ;
also that the wood is not durable, lasting barely three years, aud makes bad charcoal
which easily goes into powder. The tree is bad for shading tea, dwarfing the busing
around it. In Darjeeling the wood is used for planking and shingles.

Growth : apparently very fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius, but the rings are
doubtful. Weight : Kyd gives weight 43 lbs., P = 483, specimens examined give an
average of 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Wallich gives 62, which is much too great unless
quite fresh damp wood were weighed. The fruit is eaten ; it is similar to that of C.
indica, but is enclosed in an involucre armed with strong, distant, branching spines.
The tree coppices admirably, and with C. indica, Quercus spicata and F.mj, lliar<!tin
should be grown wherever small wood and fuel forests are required, as they often
are by planters.

lbs.

E 626. Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai (Bon ham-Carter) . . . 32
Vj 495. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (Mansou) . . . 3'J
E 3591. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6000 it. (Gamble) . . . 3lJ

E 4699, sent by H. C. Hill from Dibrugarh, Assam, under the name Hingori, lias
the wood of Quercus more than that of Castanopsis, as it has distinct broad medullary
rays. Weight per cubic foot, 53 lbs.

684 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tribe III. C0RYLE.E.

5. CORYLUS, Tournef.

Two Indian species. The European Hazel is C. Avellana, Linn., found in Eng-
land, France and eastwards to the Caucasus and Asia Minor.

Wood soft, even-grained, light-coloured. Annual rings distinct.
Pores very small, in radial, often oblique, sometimes branching lines,
less numerous in autumn wood. Medullary rays of two classes, the
broad rays being composed of numerous tine rays. Occasional me-
dullary patches.

1. C. ferox, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 625 ; Brandis For. Fl. 494 ; Gamble Darj. List
82. Vern. Curri, Nep. ; Lavgura, Bhutia.

A small tree. Wood pinkish-white, soft, even-grained. Pores
scanty, very small, generally in short, radial lines, far apart. Me-
dullary rays of two classes : fine and broad, the broad ones numerous.
Medullary patches scarce.

Central and Eastern Himalaya at 8-10,000 ft.

Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius. The fruit is covered with a very spinous
cup, the kernel is edible.

E 376. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9000 ft, (Johnston) 38

2. C. Colurna, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 625; Brandis For. Fl. 494. Vern. Urni,
•I helum ; Winri, wiri, warawi, tuuriya, thangi, thankoli, Kashmir and Chamba ; Jangi,
Chenab; Shurli, sharoli, ban pc'rfu, geh, gey beza, shloi, ban dilla, Sutlej : Kaposi,
sharori, Jaunsar ; Kajpasi, bhotia bad dm, Kumaon.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, dark grey. Wood pinkish-
white, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a
narrow belt of firm wood, with few pores, inside the outer edge of
each ring. Pores very small, numerous, uniformly distributed, in
straight or somewhat oblique radial lines, less numerous in autumn
wood. Medullary rays fine, numerous, with few broader rays. Me-
dullary patches fairly numerous, more or less concentric.

West Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nepal at 6-10,000 ft. Westward to Europe.

Growth moderate, about 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight about 35 lbs. per
cubic foot. The wood is only used locally, but it is well grained and does not warp,
and deserves to be better known, especially as many specimens show a fine shining
grain resembling Bird's-eye Maple. The fruit is as good as that of the English Hazel,
and is largely eaten, if it can be saved from the birds, monkeys and squirrels.

lbs.

H 57. Nagkanda, Simla, 80,000 ft .:7

H 908. Upper Chenab, Punjab (Baden- Powell) 33

H 3179. DungagaHi, Hazara (Wild) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 6 (Tab. XV. 2).

6. CARPINUS, Tournef.

Two Indian species. C. faginea, Lindl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 626; Brandis For. Fl.
192, t. 66; Vern. Shirdsh, (mar, bijauwi, Ph.; Gish, N.-W. 1'. is a moderate-sized
tree of the Himalaya, from the Beas eastward, at 4-7000 ft. The Hornbeam of
Mnrope is C. Betulus, Linn., generally found in forests of Oak and Beech throughout
the greater part of Europe and eastward to Asterabad, south of the Caspian Sea.

1. C. viminea, Wall.; PI. Br. Ind. v. 626; Brandis For. Fl. 492; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 177. Vern. Charkhri, lolti, kdsh, kdi, Ph. ; Pamni, goria, ckamkharak, N.-W. P. ;

CUPULIFER.E 685

Chamleto, hiri, gad kharik, Garhwal ; Shinroi, shangri, JauDsar ; Phamnai, phayon,
chamria, chamasri, ban kharik, Kumaon ; Ckamria, gadayu, Dotial ; Chukissi, konikuth,
Nep. ; Pangyauk, Burnv.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, compact, \ in. thick. Wood
white, shining, no heartwood, warps in seasoning. Pores small,
scanty, often subdivided, in short radial lines. Medullary rays of
two apparent classes : very numerous very fine rays, with occasional
much fewer broad rays.

Himalaya, from the Eavi eastwards, at 5-7000 ft., often near water; Khasia
Hills at 5-6000 ft. ; Martaban Hills at 5-6000 ft,

Growth moderately slow, Brandis says 10 rings per inch, and specimens examined
show the same. The stem is irregular in section like that of the European Hornbeam,
which it much resembles in general appearance ami in wood except that in the Indian
tree the lines of pores are more scanty.

lbs.

H 3098. Sipi, Simla, 6500 ft. (Gamble) 50

H 4417. Jaunsar, 6000 ft. „ 46

Order CVI. SALICINEJE.

The Willows and Poplars belong to this Order, which, with very few exceptions,
contains only Himalayan plants within the Indian region. The Order is an important
one in the colder countries of the Northern Hemisphere. Two genera : Salix and
Populus, between them producing 32 species, some of which are, however, introduced
plants, and others merely small shrubs of very cold climates.

Wood soft, even-grained. Pores small, numerous. Medidlary rays
fine or very fine, numerous, regular.

1. SALIX, Tournef.

Contains 26 species indigenous in India, as well as 4 species which have been
introduced and are fairly common in cultivation, chiefly in the Himalaya. They are
divided into three sections : Pleiandrex with several (three or more) free stamens ;
Diandrece with two free stamens ; and Synandrece with two stamens and connate
filaments.

The European species of willow, which are very numerous, belong to two sections,
the " Sallows," the type of which is S. Caprea, and the " Osiers," the type of which is
S. alba. They are largely cultivated, and are in great use for all purposes, and especially
for the protection of river-banks, for basket-work, and for the production of a valuable
medicine.

Wood soft, even-grained, white or light red. Pores small, nume-
rous, often subdivided, uniform and uniformly distributed, sometimes
more or less in a pattern of oblique lines. Medidlary rays numerous,
fine, uniform. Med/uMary patches frequent. The species cannot be
distinguished by the structure of their wood alone.

Sectiok I. PLEIANDRE.E.

Three species. S. ichnostachya, Ldl. ; Fl. Br. Iud. v. 628 (<Sr. tetrasperma, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 302, in part), is a tree of South India, recorded in Fl. Br. Ind. as having
been found at Pondicherry by Perrottet, and by Wight as occurring in Mysore and in the
Shevaroy Hills in Salem. I have specimens collected by Talbot in North Kauai a.

1. S. tetrasperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 753; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 626; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 302 (in part) ; Brandis For. Fl. 462, t. 58 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 493 : Gamble Darj.

686 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

List 82 ; Talbot Bomb. List 198. Vera. Bed, bent, baishi, Hind. ; Laila, bains, North-
Western India ; Bis, beis, bitsa, bin, bidu, bakshel, magsher, safedar, badha, Pb. ; Tir,
bins, Kashmir; Bed, jalmala, Dekra Dun; Garbains, Garhwal ; Bhanish, Kumaon ;
Bilsa, bhiusa, Oudh ; Pani jama, Beng. ; Bhesh, Garo ; Bhi, Ass.; Wallunj, bacha,
Bombay; Bocha, bitasa, Mar. ; Nachal, K61; Gheur, Kharwar ; Baigay, Badaga ; Bes,
Monghyr ; Niranji, Kan. ; Momaka, yethabye, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark rough, with deep vertical,
rough fissures. Wood red, soft, porous, even-grained. Annual rings
indistinctly marked by lines. Pores small, often subdivided, very
numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
distinct, bent round the pores.

Throughout India and Burma, on river-banks and in moist places ; ascending in
Himalayan valleys to G000 ft. and tke kills of Soutk India to 7000 ft. ; absent from
Ceylon, but found in tke Malay Peninsula and Java. In Burma it is found as far
north as Myitkyina.

The chief Indian willow, a fine large tree, but exceedingly variable in flower and
foliage, so that there are several varieties. Its growth is fast : Minniken found the
growth in the Delhi Bela plantation 2 to 2\ rings per inch of radius, while specimens
examined give 2 to 7 rings. The wood deserves attention ; it has been tried, but
not very successfully, for cricket-bats, and it kas been used for gunpowder charcoal.
Mann says tkat in Assam it is used for posts and planks. Tke twigs are made into
baskets and tke leaves lopped for cattle-fodder. Tke bark is said by Kurz to be used
for tanning, and by Dalzell as a febrifuge. In Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 89,
tke weigkt is given as 37 lbs. per cubic foot ; tke average of specimens examined
is 31 lbs.

Tke wood of living trees is frequently found to be badly bored and damaged by tke
larvse of a Longicorn beetle, Batocera sp.

lbs.

H 155. Sainj, Giri Valley 35

II 99. Bbajji, Sutlej Valley 32

0 1485. Kheri, Oudh (Wood) 32

O 1465. Gonda, Oudh „ 35

0 2818. Melgbat, Berar (Brandis) 31

E 1256. Tezpur, Assam (Mann) 35

W 3861. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble) . . . . —

W 3753. Coonoor, Nilgiris, 5500 ft. ...... 31

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XV. 5).

2. S. aemophylla, Boiss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 628 ; Brandis For. PL 463. Vera. Bed,
Afgk. ; Bada, bisu, Pb. ; Jalmala, Dekra Dun.

A deciduous tree. Bark £ in. thick, rough, dark brown, somewhat
corky, deeply and irregularly vertically cleft. Wood soft, porous,
even-grained; sapwood white. Annua! rings marked by a line
without pores in the autumn wood. Pore* small, smaller and less
numerous than in S. tetrasperma. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
regular.

Himalayan valleys, sub-IIimalayan tract and Siwaliks from tke Ganges westwards,
ascending to 6000 ft. ; Afgkanistan and Baluckistan.

Tke specimen described belonged to wkat is a well-marked variety of tke ordinary
6'. aemophylla, approaching to tke 8. Sqfsaf, Forsk. of Arabia and Egypt. In appear-
ance it is like S. alba, but differs in bearing five stamens and in otber points. The
branches are used for fodder.

lbs.
H 4807. Mautargadh Valley, Tehri-Garhwal, 3000 ft. (Gamble1) . . 37

Section II. DIANDR.E.

Nineteen indigenous species and four cultivated ones. S. sclcrophylla, Anderss. ,
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 630, is a branching shrub of the inner Western Himalaya at

SALICINEiE 687

10-15,000 ft. S. insirjnis, Anderss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 631 ; Brandis For. Fl. 470 ; Vera.
Bitm, Pb. ; Gir, Kashmir, is a large shrub of Kashmir and eastwards to Kunawar at
5-12,000 ft. S. eriostachya, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 633, is a large shrub or small tree
of Nepal. 8. obscura, Anderss., S. sikkimensis, Anderss., 8. Daltoniana, Anderss. and
S.longiflora, Anderss., are shrubs or small trees of the inner Sikkim Himalaya above
9000 ft. S. eriophylla, Anderss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 633, is a spreading shrub of the Khasia
Hills at 4-5000 ft. The remaining six species are small prostrate dwarf shrubs of very
high regions.

3. S. Walliehiana, Anderss.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 628; Brandis For. Fl. 468, t. 61.
Vera. Bwir, Pb. ; Bhdins, bhangli, lcatguli, N.-W. P. ; Bhainshra, Jaunsar.

A large deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark greenish-grey, rather
smooth, with scattered rounded lenticels, peeling off in large thin
flakes. Wood light pinkish-brown, soft, even-grained. Annual rings
marked by a line and the smaller pores of the autumn wood. Pores
small, numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
regular.

Himalaya eastwards to Bhutan, ascending to 9000 ft. and descending, but only
occasionally, to the plains ; Afghanistan Hills.

A common Himalayan species. Gleadow has sent me from Jaunsar specimens in
which the woody tissue projects regularly into the inner bark, giving a fluted appear-
ance to a transverse section, the projections not noticeable on the bark outside. The
growth is fast. The branches are used in basket-making and the twigs for tooth-brushes.

lbs.

H 2910, 3035. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .32
H 4926. Jaunsar Hills, 7000 ft. (Gleadow) _

4. S. Caprea, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 629; Brandis For. Fl. 467, t. 60. The
Sallow. Saule marceau, Fr. ; tiahlweide, Germ. ; Salicone, Ital. Vera. Bed mushk, Pb.

A large deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark dark grey or
yellowish-brown, with irregular longitudinal clefts and short cross-
clefts. Wood light red, soft, even-grained. Annual rings marked by
a line and fewer pores in autumn wood. Pores small, regular, nume-
rous. Medidlary rays fine, regular, numerous. Medullary patches
frequent, elongated concentrically.

Cultivated in the Punjab and Rohilkhand : indigenous in Europe and Northern Asia.

The Sallow is not common, and is generally propagated from cuttings. It is grown
in willow-gardens on the bank of the Ravi near Lahore. Mathieu gives the weight of
the wood at 27 to 45 lbs., and Nordlinger at 27 to 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Experiments
made in 1878 by Captain Call, R.E., at Kandahar, gave, if the determination of the
species is correct, with bars 1' x 1" x 1", W = 32*2 lbs. and P = 641 ("Ind.
forester," v. 480).

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

5. S. alba, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 629; Brandis For. Fl. 466. The White Willow.
Saule blanc, Fr. ; Weisse weide, Germ.; Salicastro, Ital.

A large deciduous tree. Bark light brown. Wood white, pink
or light brown, soft, even-grained. Annual ri/ngs marked by a line
and smaller and fewer pores in the autumn wood. Pores small.
regular, very numerous. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular.
Medidlary patches scarce.

Cultivated in the West Himalaya up to 6000 ft.; indigenous in Europe and
Northern Asia.

The white willow often grows to a large size ; Brandis mentions 70 to 80 n . Mathieu
gives the weight as 24 to 38 lbs. per cubic foot. Captain < 'all's experiments, it" the species
is correctly determined, gave, for Kandahar wood in bars 1' x 1" x 1". W = 27*7

688 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

P = 602. It is the best kind of willow for making cricket-bats, and would be worth
cultivation for tbe purpose.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

Hough's " American Woods," vol. ii. No. 46.

6. S. babyloniea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 629 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 754 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 465, t. 59; Gamble Darj. List 82; Talbot Bomb. List 199. The Weeping
Willow. Vera. Bisa, bada, bed, katira, majniln, Pb. ; Musru, Kunawar ; Qiwr, Kash-
mir ; Gadhbains, manjan, Garhwal ; Majlduns, Kumaon ; Lawria bains, Dotial.

A deciduous tree with pendent branches. Bark grey, i to J in.
thick. Wood white, soft, porous, even- grained. Annual ring* marked
by a line and smaller and less numerous autumn wood pores. Pores
small, numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
regular.

Cultivated in Northern India, both in the plains and up to 9000 ft. ; indigenous,
probably, in Central Asia and Persia.

The Weeping Willow is common in gardens in many places. It is reproduced by
cuttings, and has been used to plant for the protection of canal-banks and to reclothe
slips in wet places. The branches can be used for baskets. The growth is fast, being
usually about 4 to 5 rings per inch of radius.

H 3060. Koti, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

7. S. elegans, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 630 ; Brandis For. Fl. 466 ; Vera. Beis, bitsu,
bed, bida, belt, yir, Chenab; Badd, Ravi; Bdshal, kalislian, Sutlej ; Bail, blail,
bhanis, Simla ; Choti bashroi, Jaunsar ; Kadoi, karwi, Garhwal ; Kale bainsh, Kumaon ;
Bhainsu, Dotial.

A deciduous shrub. Bark greenish-grey. Wood pink, soft, even-
grained. Annual rings well marked. Pores small, numerous,
evenly-distributed. Medullary rays fine, regular, numerous.

Himalaya from Nepal westwards to Hazara at 6-11,000 ft.

The commonest of the Himalayan willows, often forming a gregarious growth in
forest blanks and patches on the hillsides associated with Rubus, Rosa and Berberis,
and useful as a shelter for seedlings either natural or planted. It is used as fodder for
cattle and goats. The wood is only used for fuel. It is often attacked by the larva;
of a beetle, a species of Melasoma, of the Family Chrysomelidce, near Melasoma populi,
Linn., which give a powerful and unpleasant scent. The larva? are found in early
June, and the beetles appear at the end of the month or in July (C. G. Rogers in Mus.
Notes, iii. 5, 43 ; see also Stebbing " Inj. Insects," p. 50). The leaves are also attacked,
.as are those of S. daphnoides, by a brilliant orange-coloured fungus, Lecythea salicina,

Lev.

lbs.

H 2842. Mahasu, Simla, 8000 ft. (Gamble) 33

H 2906. Nagkamla, Simla, 9000 ft. ,, —

8. S. fragilis, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 630; Brandis For. Fl. 466. The Crack
Willow. Saide fragile, Fr. Vera. Tilchang, Lahoul.

A deciduous tree. Bark grey, deeply fissured. Wood white or
light red, soft, porous, even-grained. Annual rings of a well-marked
Jine caused by absence of or very small pores in the autumn
wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, numerous, evenly distributed.
Med id Icury rays numerous, fine, regular, bent round the pores.
Medullary po/bches none.

Cultivated in Lahoul and Ladak at over 9000 ft.

The growth is rather slow, about 11 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.

ii Ml. Lahoul (Rev. Mr. Heyde) 28

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2.

9. S. ha&tata, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 630 ; Brandis For. Fl. 467.

A deciduous shrub. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Ann tod

SALICINE.E 689

rings well-marked. Pores small, single or in short radial or oblique
lines. Medullary rays fine, regular, numerous.

Himalaya, in the inner ranges from Kashmir to Garhwal at 9-15,000 ft. ; inner
Sikkim Himalaya at 11-12,000 ft.
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

10. S. daphnoides, Till. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 631 ; Brandis For. Fl. 469, t. 62. Vera.
Bed, biddi, betsu, beli, hushan, bashal, blxail, bheul, mudanu, shwi, iha.il, Pb. ; Yur,
Kashmir; Changma, chamma, malchang, kalchang, West Tibet; Richang,roangching,
changkar, Lahoul ; Kalislian, bhashli, Sutlej ; Bashrdi, bhanishra, Jaunsar.

A large deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark smooth, greenish -
grey. Wood light red, soft, even-grained, smooth. Annual rings
marked by a belt without pores in the autumn wood. Pores small,
numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, regular, numerous.

West Himalaya, eastwards to Kumaon, above 3000 ft. ; westwards to Europe.
A fairly common species of the white oak and mixed forests, especially at about
7-9000 ft. The growth is rather slow, 10 to 15 rings per inch, but the Laboul
specimen shows only 4 rings.

The wood is used in the arid inner valleys for building, pails, tubs and tools. The
twigs are used for baskets, for twig bridges in Piti, Zanskar and Ladak, and for building
(willow wattle and daub) in Ladak. It is much grown in Lahoul, from cuttings 9 to
12 ft. long ; the trees are pollarded every third or fourth year, and the branches and
leaves used for cattle-fodder and litter (Brandis).

lbs.

H 2854. Mahasu, Simla, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

H 47. Kalashi „ „ 30

H 66. Nagkanda, Simla, 8000 ft 34

H 2905, 3034, 3036. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . . . 35
H 142. Lahoul, about 9000 ft. (Rev. Mr. Heyde) .... 34
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

11. S. viminalis, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 631 ; Brandis For. Fl. 470. Osier
Willow. Osier blanc, Fr. ; Korbiveide, Germ. Vera. Bitsu, Pb. ; Kuman ta, Lahoul.

A deciduous shrub. Bark shining, grey, slightly cracked. Wood
white, soft, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a line of very
small pores in the autumn wood. Pores small, numerous, evenly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular. Medulla ry
patches frequent and conspicuous.

Inner Himalaya from the Jhelum to Sikkim (S. Smithiana, Willd.) at 5-9000 ft. ;
cultivated in Lahoul, Dras and Kuuawar : extending west to Europe.
H 113. Lahoul, about 9000 ft. (Rev. Mr. Heyde).
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

12. S. sikkimensis, Anderss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 632.

A deciduous shrub. Bark dark, smooth. Wood soft, red, even-
grained. Annual rings marked by smaller pores in autumn wood.
Pores small and numerous in spring wood, very small and scanty
in autumn wood. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform,
and equidistant.

Sikkim Himalava, at (J-14,000 ft.

li)-.
E966. Chumbi Valley, E. Tibet, 8000 ft. (Schlich) . . . .31

13. S. Daltoniana, Auderss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 632.

A small tree, a shrub at higher altitudes. Bark blackish-brown,
nearly smooth, peeling off in thin flakes, and showing a red under-
surface. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Annual rungs marked by
grouping of more numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores small,

■2 v

690 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

scattered. Medullary rays fine, numerous, giving a silver-grain of
very small plates.

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, at 9-14,000 ft.

Sikkim, 9000 ft.— Kew Museum (J. D. Hooker).

Section III. SYNANDKE.E.

Four species. S. pycnostachya, Anderss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 636 ; Brandis For. Fl.
470; Vern. Changma, W. Tibet, is a shrub or small tree found growing in clumps in
dry stream-beds at high elevations in the inner Western Himalaya at 12-15,000 ft. S.
oxycarpa, Anderss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 636, is a closely allied species found in Kashmir
and Kishtwar at 6-11,000 ft. S. angustifolia, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 637 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 471, is a low shrub of the valleys of inner Kashmir at 7-12,000 ft. ; and S.
divergens, Anderss., a low much-branched shrub of similar regions.

2. POPULUS, Tournef.

Five or six indigenous and one introduced species. P. microcarpa, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 639, is a tree of Bhutan, found by Griffith between 7000 and 8000 ft.
The Aspen Poplar of Europe is P. tremula, Linn. ; Brandis For. Fl. 474.

Wood soft, even-grained, porous : sapwood white ; heartwood pink
or reddish-brown. Annual rings distinct. Pores small to moderate-
sized, often subdivided, evenly distributed. Medvllary rays very
fine, numerous, regular.

1. P. eiliata, Wall.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 638; Brandis For. Fl. 475; Gamble Darj.
List 82. Vern. Safeda, bagnu, phalja, phlassu, falls, paliich, 2>hulsh, ban phrastu, dud
pkras, asdn, sudli, rikhan, salci,pdbe, chanun, krammal, Jcrambal, paJiari pipal, Pb. ;
Ohelaun, chelun, Simla; Piplds, bidon, sharphara, tilaunju, kapdsi, Jaunsar; Chain i,
ban pipal, Garhwal ; Gad pipal, Dotial ; Garpipal, Kumaon ; Bang ikat, Nep.

A large deciduous tree. Ba rk greenish -grey, smooth when young ;
brown, with deep vertical fissures when old. Wood grey or brownish-
grey, soft. Annual rings marked by smaller and fewer pores in the
autumn wood. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided or in short
radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, regular.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan at 4-10,000 ft.

This poplar is a common and conspicuous tree in the West Himalaya, in mixed
forests, with the Ban and Mora oaks, the deodar and blue pine. It grows fairly fast,
quicker at first, more slowly as it gets old, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius being about
an average. The weight of the wood is about 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is
used for cattle-troughs, and the leaves as fodder for goats. The wood would do well,
were there a demand, for planking, boxes, matchwood and various other purposes like
the poplar woods of Europe, but in the Himalaya it is hardly likely to be much in
request where deodar, chir and blue pine and the spruce and silver fir woods are avail-
able. The leaves and twigs are often covered with galls, probably caused by a species
of Pemphigus (Aphidce). The leaves are also subject to the attacks of fungi, notice-
able being Uncinula salicis, DC, which covers them with a white powder ; and
Melarnpsora eiliata, Barcl., which makes light yellow patches on them.

There is a Darjeeling species found in woods about Kalimpung and Dumsong,
and apparently included with the West Himalayan one, which extends eastwards
to inner and higher Sikkim, in Fl. Br. Ind. It is probably a distinct species. It
differs considerably in several respects, and is easily recognized by the leaves being
square instead of cordate at the insertion of the petiole. Vern. Sungribong, Lepcha.

lbs.

H3188. Dungagalli, Hazara (Wild)

H 34. Matiyana, Simla, 7000 ft.

H 2884. Nagkanda „ 8000 ft, (Gamble)

H 770. Kalatop, Dalhousie, 7000 ft. (Pengelly) .

H 4796. Kathian, Jaunsar, 7000 ft. (Gamble)

E 970. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 8000 ft, (Schlich)

35
30

26
2i i
27

SALICINE2E 691

2. P. balsamifera, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 638; Brandis For. Fl. 476. Vern.
1'lialsh, makkal, pakhslm, pakli but, kramal, Pb. ; Berfa, changma, yarpa, magical,
muhal, W. Tibet.

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, thick, rough, with longi-
tudinal fissures. Wood light grey, soft to moderately hard. Annual
rings distinctly marked. Pores very small and numerous in the
spring wood, extremely small, scanty, and in short radial and oblique
lines in the firmer autumn wood. Medullary rays very fine, uniform,
numerous.

Inner arid Himalaya and Tibet at 8-14,000 ft. ; westward to Afgbanistarj, Northern
Asia and North America.

Growth slow, 30 riDgs per inch of radius. The wood is grown for fuel in the inner
arid Himalaya, and the branches are lopped for cattle-fodder. The leaves and branches
are full of balsamic juice, which also exudes on a fresh cut between the bark and the
wood.

lbs.

H 136. Lahoul, about 9000 ft. (Rev. Mr. Heyde) 32

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5.

Hough's " American Woods," vol. ii. No. 47.

3. P. euphratiea, Olivier; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 638; Brandis For. Fl. 474, t. 63.
Vern. Bahan, Sind ; Bhdn, jangli benti, safedar, Pb. ; Patki, Brahui ; Hodung,
Ladak.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, with irregular vertical
furrows. Wood moderately hard, compact, even-grained : sapwood
white ; heartwood red, often nearly black near the centre. Annual
rings marked by a narrow belt with fewer pores. Pores small, very
numerous, uniformly distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays
very fine, uniform, equidistant.

Sind and the Punjab; also in the Upper Valley of the Indus, and its tributaries
in Tibet up to 13,500 ft., but not in intervening regions ; Baluchistan, Afghanistan,
and westward to the Mediterranean; all Tibet and N. Asia to the Altai.

The Bahan poplar has a very remarkable geographical distribution. It is, after
the babul, the most noticeable of the trees of Sind, " where its seedlings spring up in
' abundance, some time after the annual floods have receded, on the fresh alluvial
' deposits (Katchas) which are formed every year by the action of that river. There

• the poplar forms standard trees over the underwood of tamarisk. It is also wild in
' the Southern Punjab, forming thickets along the lower course of the Sutlej river,

• about Multan and between the Sutlej and Indus. It has not been found wild on
' any of the other Punjab rivers " (Braudis). As above noticed, it reappears in the
Upper Indus Valley, this being, possibly, the original home. It reaches 40 to 50 ft. in
height and 5 to 8 ft. in girth ; in the inner Himalaya it is naturally not so big. Brandis
says, " where the tree is subject to inundation the lower part of the trunk often gets
' covered with short horn-like roots, similar to what is seen in willows, and from the
' wood of the trunk, short, hard, spine-like processes are often found projecting iDto
' the inner part of the bark, as in I 'linns." The same growths are observable in Salix
Wallichiana (see p. 687).

The reproduction of the Bahan poplar is almost entirely from self-sown seed,
brought by water, attempts to grow it artificially from seed or cuttings having been
found unsuccessful. The tree coppices readily, and gives out a great crop of suckers
from the routs, often at considerable distance from the parent tree.

The growth is rapid : Brandis says 3 to 1 rings per inch of radius. In regard to
weight, experiments made at Kandahar by Captain Call, U.K., with bars 1' x 1"
x 1" gave the weight 27-2 lbs. and 427 for the value of P ("Indian Forester,"
v. 480). The wood is largely used in Sind for building, turnery, lacquered boxes, but
not for fuel for the river steamers or for locomotives, as its heating powers are not
great. On the lOuphrates and Tigris it is used for planking and boat-building, and in
the Punjab for the lining of walls. The inner bark is made into gun-match in Sind,
and the bark given as a vermifuge. The leaves are used for fodder for goats and
cattle. In Ladak it is much prized for fuel.

692 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Young poles of about 12 years of age fetch a good price, even as much as Rs.30 to
40 per 100 for house-posts, and coppice shoots also make good posts and rafters.

The tree has some insect enemies. Galls on the twigs are formed by an aphid
(Pemphigus napceus, Buckton), at an elevation of 9000 ft. in the Tasin Valley (Steb-
bing, "Inj. Insects," p. 18); and the wood is frequently bored and completely riddled
by a Sesiid moth larva, Trochilium omnaticeforme, Moore, the Baluchistan poplar-
borer, discovered and reported by Mr. Cleghorn as found in the Baluchistan plantations,
which it had greatly damaged (Stebbins, I.e. p. 95).

lbs.

P 883. Multan (Baden-Powell) 32

P 1384. Indus bank, Central Sind 37

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11.

4. P. alba, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 038; Brandis For. Fl. 473. The Abele or
White Poplar. Peuplier blanc, Fr. ; Silber pappel, Germ. ; Gattice, Ital. Vern.
JSperdor, spelda, Afgh. ; Chitta bagun, safedar,janglifrast,fras, prist, rikkan , sannun,
chanun, mdl, Pb.

A large deciduous tree. Bark J to f in. thick, light grey or
yellowish-grey, smooth when young, rougher when old. Wood white,
often with a red or yellowish tinge, soft, even-grained. Annual rings
marked by a line and smaller pores in the autumn wood. Pores
small, often subdivided, numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays very fine, numerous, regular.

West Himalaya, in Kashmir and elsewhere at 4-10,000 ft., wild and cultivated ;
westward to Europe and North Africa and north to Siberia.

The white poplar is not a large tree in the Himalaya, though in Europe it reaches
a very large size. It is generally grown from cuttings, and rarely flowers. The wood
is used to make Afghan grape-boxes : it weighs, according to Mathieu, 28 to 44 lbs. per
cubic foot. The leaves are, as reported by Lace, attacked by an orange-red fungus,
Melampsora cecidioides, Barcl.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 2 (Tab. XV. 6).

Hough's " American Woods," vol. iv. No. 96.

H 138, sent from Lahoul by the Rev. Mr. Heyde, is probably this species. It is
fast grown, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius, and weighs 30 lbs. per cubic foot.

5. P. nigra, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 638 ; Brandis For. Fl. 472. The Black
Poplar. Peuplier noir, Fr. ; Schwarz puppet, Germ. ; Pioppo, Ital. Vern. Frast,
Kashmir ; Sitfeda, Pb. plains ; Prost, farsh, makkal, Chenab ; Kramali, biiins, do,
Sutlej ; Yarpa, yulatt, kabul, Ladak.

A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, grey or blackish-grey, rough,
with numerous characteristic deep vertical fissures. Wood soft,
even-grained: sapwood white; heartwood reddish-brown. Annual
rings marked by a line and smaller pores in the autumn wood. Pores
small, often subdivided, numerous, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays very fine, numerous, regular.

West Himalaya as far east as Simla and up to 12,500 ft. ; cultivated only ; west-
ward to Europe.

The variety of the Black Poplar found in the Himalaya is almost always the
fastigiate form known as the "Lombardy Poplar; " it is very common and conspicuous
in avenues in Kashmir, and some of the trees are 90 to 100 ft. in height and 6 to 7
ft. in girth. From the Kurarn Valley, Aitchison and Hemsley have described a var.
>if</hanica with slender branches and small leaves. The wood is not much used, but,
like that of the Abele, it is made into grape-boxes by the Afghans. It weighs,
according to Mathieu, 26 to 35 lbs. per cubic foot. It is chiefly propagated by cuttings
and flowers rarely. The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder.

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

GNETACEiE 693

Class II. GYMNOSPERMS.

Orders 107 to 109.

As explained at p. 1, the stems of Gymnosperms are characterized by distinct bark
and wood, the general presence of annual rings, the presence of medullary rays, but
the absence of pores in the two chief Orders. These are the Ccmiferce and Cycadacece ;
in Gnetacece pores are found, as in Dicotyledons. Cycadacece are distinguished by
having alternate layers of woody tissue and bast tissue.

Order CVII. GNETACEJE.

Two genera, Ephedra and Gnetum, containing trees or shrubs, the latter either
erect or climbing, and all having branches jointed at the nodes. The Order is a small
one, containing, besides the two genera above mentioned, only one other, a genus of
a single species, Welwitschia mirabilis, Hook, f., a strange thick-stemmed dwarf plant
of the stony desert regions of Western tropical South Africa.

1. EPHEDRA, Linn.

Three species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind. as occurring within the limits of the
Indian Flora, and at least one other species is found in Baluchistan, which is not
included in Sir Joseph Hooker's work or in Dr. Stapf s revision, translation of which is
given at p. 863 of the Fl. Br. Ind., vol. v. The only good sj^ecimens of Ephedra
wood which I have seen are two collected by Lace in Baluchistan, and named by
him E. nebrodensis and E. vulgaris, both collected in Zarghun in 1885. They seem
identical in bark and structure, and I propose to describe them here under the former
name, which is that given, doubtfully, in his paper in Joum. Linn. Soc, xxviii. 305.

E. vulgaris, Rich. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 640 ; Brandis For. Fl. 501 ; Talbot Bomb. List
199 ; Vern. Asmdnia, budshur, bulshur, chewa, Pb. ; Klianda, khanna, Kunawar ; Tse,
tsapatt, trano, Ladak ; Tut-gantha, Jaunsar, is a small, much-branched, apparently
leafless shrub growing in dry stony places and on rocks in Baluchistan, Afghanistan
and the Himalaya at 8-16,000 ft. ; with a whitish-yellow wood. It is sometimes
used for fuel, is browsed by goats, and the scarlet fruit is occasionally eaten. It
extends westward throughout South Europe to the Atlantic. E. pachyclada, Boiss. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 641, is a shrub, often rather tall, sometimes very small when much
browsed (Lace in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 30l), found in the West Himalaya,
Afghanistan and Baluchistan above 6000 ft. E. peduncuhiris, Boiss.; Fl. Br. Ind. v.
641 ; Talbot Bomb. List 199 (E. Alte, Brandis For. Fl. 501, t. 69) ; Vern. Kuchan,
mihhi hurlcan, bratta, tandala, lastilk, nangarwal, Pb., is a climbing shrub of the
plains of the Punjab, Baluchistan, Sind and Rajputana, ascending in the Salt Range
to 3000 ft. It is " somewhat gregarious, forming dense clumps of low brushwood in
' the most arid, sandy or stony places " (Brandis). The fruit is eaten, and bunches of
the stem and branches are sometimes used to clean brass dishes. E. foliata, Boiss.
and Ky., is described as a monoecious shrub of the Kuram Valley by Boissier, but
Hooker in Fl. Br. Ind. believes it to be only a variety of E. peduncular is.

1. E. nebrodensis, Tin. ; Boiss. Fl. Oriont. v. 713. Vern. Womah, Baluch.
A shrub. Bark grey-brown, rough, vertically fissured in a network
of fibrous lines. Wood hard, yellowish-white, heartwood pink, with
wavy, pale, concentric bands, containing small inconspicuous pores.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, fairly numerous, irregular.

Hills of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, above 6000 ft. ; westwards to S. France.

P. 4483, 4484 Zarghun, Quetta, Baluchistan (Lace).

694 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. GNETUM, Linn.

Five species. G. Gnemon, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 641; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 518;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 497, is a small evergreen tree or large shrub of the Khasia Hills,
Manipur, Eastern Bengal and Burma, whose bark is used for cords, and whose leaves
are eaten as spinach. G. neglect urn, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 642 ; Kurz For. Fl. 496, is
an evergreen large climber of Arracan and Tenasserim. G. funiculare, Bl. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. v. 643; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 496; Vern. Gyutnwe, Burm., is a large climbing shrub
of Assam, Chittagong and Burma. G. macropodum, Kurz ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 643, is a
lofty climber of the Nicobar Islands.

1. G. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 518 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 643 ; Brandis For. Fl. 502 ;
Gamble Darj. List 82 ; Talbot Bomb. List 199. G. edule, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
495. Vern. Kumbal, umhli, Bombay; Nanu-ioiti, Sylhet ; Apzu tsulu, Saora;
Lulludi, Reddi ; Gyutnwe, Burm .

A large climbing shrub. Bark \ in. thick, brown, rough. Wood
dark brown, soft, arranged in concentric rings, separated by narrower
rings of bast tissue, from the outer edges of which run rays of the
same, star-like, into the woody rings, dividing them into wedges.
Pores large, numerous. Medullary rays : none distinct from the bast
rays above mentioned. Cellular tissue very open and prominent.

Sikkim Himalaya and eastwards to Assam, and thence down through Eastern
Bengal, Chittagong and Burma in the moist mixed forests, and up to 2000 ft. ; hills
of the .Northern Circars ; hills of the Western Ghats from the Konkan southwards up
to 7000 ft. ; not in Ceylon.

A very interesting plant. Fruit red, edible.

E 3727. Rangbi, Darjeeling, 4000 ft. (Gamble).

C 3786. Mahendragiri Hill, Ganjam, 4500 ft. (Gamble).

W 3794. Ootacamund, Nilgiris, 7000 ft. (Gamble).

Order CVIII. CONIFERS.

A very important Order of forest trees, the most important of all in the Northern
temperate regions of the world, where the Coniferous forests occupy by far the largest
proportion of the forest area, affording the principal and most generally used timbers.
In India, with very slight exceptions, the Coniferous trees belong to the Himalaya
and the connected ranges of Assam and Burma, there being one species only in
Southern India and none in Ceylon.

In India there are twelve genera belonging to five Tribes, a sixth Tribe containing
genera which have cultivated representatives. To the twelve genera I add two,
Thuya and Cryptomeria, in which there are trees of very common occurrence and
some importance, though not indigenous.

Tribe I. Cupressineffi . . . Thuya, Cupressus, Juniperus.

„ II. Taxodieee . . . Cryptomeria, Cephalotaxus.

„ HI. Taxese .... Taxus, Dacrydium.

„ IV. Podocarpeaj . . . Podocarpus.
,, V. Araucarieaj.

„ VI. Abietineaj . . . Pinus, Cedrus, Picea, Tsuga, Abies, Larix.

The wood of coniferous trees is of very simple structure. It has
no vessels, and hence, on a horizontal section, there are no pore*. The
wood consists of two elements : (1) a tissue of cells called traclwides,
which are long and pointed and dotted with bordered pits chiefly on
their radial walls, and which have a more or less rectangular section ;
and (2) medidlary rays which are composed of two kinds of cells,
namely, parenchymatous cells with simple pits, and tracheides with
bordered pits. In many species resin-ducts are also found, which may
be vertical in the cellular tissue or horizontal in the larger medullary

CONIFERS 695

rays. Resin is in some species found in the cells. The annual rings
are generally conspicuous, marked by the smaller tracheides of the
autumn wood, which is usually harder and heavier than the somewhat
porous spring wood, and with smaller cavities (lumina). Consequently
a slow-grown wood is harder and stronger than one which has grown
quickly. The medullary rays are usually somewhat irregularly
spaced, having from two to several rows of tracheides between them.
They are rarely broad, usually fine to moderately broad.
Coniferous woods may be classified as follows : —
Without resin-ducts.

With well-marked annual rings. Thuja, Cupressus torulosa,

Juniperus, Crytomeria, Dacrydium, Taxus, Cedrus, Picea.

With obscurely -marked annual rings. Cupressus sempervirens

and funebris, Cephalotaxus, Podocarpus.

With resin-ducts. Pinus, Tsuga, Abies, Larix, those in Tsuga, and

Abies being sometimes very scanty or absent. Cupressus funebris

has occasional resin-ducts.

Note. — It is curious that in Europe Picea excelsa, the Spruce, has resin-ducts, while
Abies pectinata, the Silver Fir, has none. The converse seems to be the case in India.

Tribe I. CUPRESSINE^l.

Besides the genera here described, Callitris contains some species which are found
in cultivation, the chief of which is C. rhomboidea, Br. (Frenela rhomboidea,
Endl. ; Benth. Fl. Aust. vi. 237), a small Australian tree. This, I believe, is the
species which is cultivated in the Nilgiris, where it can also reproduce itself from
seed. It has been used for hedges, also as a nurse for other trees, and is likely to be
a useful fuel plant. The Australian species of Callitris are usually called " Cypress
Pine." C. quadrivalvis, Vent. ; Brandis For. Fl. 535, is a large tree of the forests of
Algeria, remarkable for the beautiful grain of the wood of the knotty roots. This root-
wood is caused by ill-treatment by cutting and burning, and is made into carved
articles, some of which are of considerable beauty ; also into veneers for cabinet-work.

1. THUYA, Linn.

The Arbor- Vitse. About 12 species, mostly American or N.-E. Asiatic. The chief
and largest species is T. gigantea, Nutt., the " Yellow Cypress " of the Pacific coast of
America, which grows to a very large size and has a fine timber.

1. T. orientalis, Linn. Biota orientalis, Endl. ; Brandis For. Fl. 534. The
Chinese Arbor- Vitse.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, thin, peeling off in flakes.
Wood moderately hard, close-grained : sap wood white ; heartwood
reddish-brown. Annual rings a well-marked narrow line. Medul-
lary rays fine, numerous, very short.

Indigenous in China and Japan. Very frequently planted in India, especially about
hill stations.

The trees in the Dhobijhora Plantation in the Darjeeling Hills, planted about I860,
had in 1899 a girth of nearly 3 ft., which is large for the species. lbs

0 4495, 4561. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) . . . 33

E 3414. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. CUPRESSUS, Linn.

One indigenous species ; others cultivated. Perhaps the best general account of the
Cypresses is that of Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S., in Journ. Limi. Soc. xxxi. 312,
where 14 species are admitted. C.glauca, Lamk. ; Fl.Br. Ind. v. 045 ; Brandis For. Fl.

696 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

534, is the "Goa Cypress." Its native country is uncertain. Dalzell and Gibson in
Bomb. Fl. Suppl. p. 83, says that it is cultivated in the Bombay Ghats, but only
succeeds where the soil is rich and deep, and not at all below Gh&t. C. maerocarpa,
Hartw. is a fine species found in California and having the appearance of a cedar.
It is much cultivated in the Nilgiris and grows very fast. 0. Lawsoniana, A. Murray
is the beautiful " Lawson's Cypress," also from the Pacific coast of America. It has
been occasionally cultivated in the Indian hill stations, as at Darjeeling.

Wood homogeneous, fragrant. Annual rings marked by a narrow
distinct line, absent in some species. Medullary rays very numerous,
fine, long. Occasional resin-ducts in C. funcbris, scarce or absent in
other species, replaced by having some of the wood-cells, especially
near the annual rings, filled with resin. These are prominent in
C. tondosa, old specimens.

1. C. torulosa, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 645 ; Brandis For. Fl. 533. The Himalayan
Cypress. Vern. Devi-diar, Ravi ; Deodar, Kulu, Bhajji ; Gulla, gulrai, hallain,
Simla ; Leauri, leori, Jaunsar ; Raisalla, sarai, Kumaon ; JRasida, Garhwal ; Dhiipi,
Dotial ; Sctrru, surah-vyu, surin, Tibet.

A large evergreen tree. Bark ^- in. thick, brown, the outer layer
peeling off in long, narrow, thin fibrous strips, inner substance reddish-
brown. Wood moderately hard, close-grained : sapwood white ;
heartwood light brown with darker streaks, very fragrant, Annual
rings distinctly marked by a narrow, firm and dark-coloured belt.
Medullary rays very fine and extremely fine, moderately long, very
numerous. Cells with resin in lines near the annual rino;s, in verv
old trees very numerous.

Outer ranges of the Western Himalaya, from Chamba to Nepal, scattered and in
numerous isolated localities of greater or less extent, chiefly on limestone, between 5500
and 9000 ft.

This most beautiful tree is found rather locally in places which suit it. Brandis
mentions several localities, such as : small patches on the Ravi, parts of Kulu, limestone
rocks of the Shali and Tika Hills near Simla, Lokandi and Moila Hills on limestone in
Jaunsar, limestone below Karamba Peak in Jaunsar, Chinar Peak above Nairn Tal on
clay slate, but near limestone, Garhwal, Kumaon and Nepal. It is also found iu the
Bamsu Valley in Tehri-Garhwal of considerable size. It reproduces well from seed
and very often in the crevices of vertical precipices, as at Moila, where it grows first
outward and then straight up close to the rock. The average growth is slow, about
15 rings per inch of radius. It has been a good deal planted and is easy to rear,
though a large proportion of the seeds fail to germinate. It grows well and fast (No.
O 4644 shows 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius) even in the plains of India, and may be
seen in quantity at Dehra Dun, Saharanpur, Chikalda in Berar and even Calcutta.
It often reaches a large size, the well-known tree at the Deota temple in the Tons
Valley had recently a girth of 22 ft. and a height of 154 ft., and Stewart and Brandis
mention others nearly as large, or larger, one even 27 ft. in girth.

The timber is very durable, even more so than deodar, as is shown by the results of
buried sleepers of the wood at Dehra Dun (Ind. For. xix. 207). These pieces were put
down in 1881 and taken out in 1892, 11 years later, and the Cypress wood was found
to have resisted the best of all. It has been found very good for sleepers, but is not
procurable in sufficient abundance to be much used. The average weight is about
38 lbs. per cubic foot. It is good for building, equally with deodar, and is frequently
employed for temples in the Himalaya, as well as for images and poles to carry the
sacred arks. The wood also is burnt as incense. It gives very little ash, Dr. Warth's
experiments gave only 0"1 per cent, ash in steam-dry wood, the ash chiefly consisting
of carbonate of lime and phosphates of iron and lime.

Young plants are often seen affected by a fungus, Gymnosporangium Cunning-
hamianum, Barcl., which occurs as a yellow gelatinous mass. The alternate generation
is on leaves of Pyrus Pashia (" Ind. For." xxv. 435). lbs.

II 30. Tika, Simla, a)00 ft 34*

II 01. Kandru, Simla, 8000 ft 42

XVI.

IBM warm i»Hn» fa, < — : — TJfff*'

Hifr. H

PTNU9 fiONGIFOLIA.

*

teMSMHMlftMri^tltMMiillflti

CEDRTTS LIB \M. MM". D] OD VH \.

IBTEfl PISDBOW. HI'TAIX DACTTLIFEBA.

l/n j in 'jied :'>j times.)

«i unifihi

CONIFERiE 697

Lbs.

H 771. Belj, near Bassti, Chamba, 7000 ft. (Pengelly) . . . 36

H 613. Kulu, 7000 ft. (Pengelly) . 44

0 4644. Forest School Garden, Dehra Dun (Gamble) .... 34
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10 (Tab. XVI. 1).
W 4339, from a planted tree in the Botanic Garden, Ootacamund, called C. cash-
miriana, 31 lbs. per cubic foot, may be this species. The wood is white.

2. C. sempervirens, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 645 ; Brandis For. Fl. 533 ; Boxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 653. The Cypress. Cypres, Fr. ; Cipresso, Ital. Vern. Sara, Saras, Hind.

A tall evergreen tree. Bark thin, light brown, fibrous, peeling off
in thin strips. Wood light brown, moderately hard to hard, close-
and even-grained. Annual rings usually distinctly marked by a firm
line, sometimes indistinct in specimens grown in equable climates
(e.g. spec, from Ceylon). Medullary rays fine, brown, very numerous.
Resin-cells not common.

Indigenous in Persia, Syria, and Asia Minor ; cultivated in Northern India and
elsewhere both in the ordinary and fastigiate varieties.

The fastigiate variety is the most common in gardens. In India it reaches some-
times 6 to 7 and even 9 ft. in girth and a height of 70 to 100 ft. (Brandis).

lbs.

O 3267. Saharanpur Bot. Garden (Duthie) 37

4940. Ceylon (Alexander) 30

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 4.

3. C. funebris, Endl.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 646; Brandis For. Fl. 534; Gamble Darj.
List 82. The " Funereal Cypress " or " Weeping Cypress." Vern. Chandang, tchen-
den, Bhutia ; Tsandan, Lepcha.

An evergreen tree with pendulous branches. Bark brown, fibrous.
Wood moderately hard, close- and even-grained, light yellow, with
watermark-like concentric bands of darker or lighter tissue, caused
by a change in size of wood-cells. Annual rings none, or only found
in young trees. Medidlary rays very fine, very numerous and close.
Resin-cells none or very few. Resin-ducts occasional.

Indigenous in China. Cultivated in the Eastern Himalaya, in Nepal, Sikkim and
Bhutan at 4-8000 ft., chiefly near temples and monasteries.

A fine species, not difficult to grow. It is one of the trees planted at the Dhobi-
jhora Plantation near Kurseong (where trees planted in 1866 had in 1899 a girth of
over 4 ft.), and there are several specimens about Darjeeling. A fine one may be seen
at the Tasingthong monastery in British Bhutan.

lbs.
E 972. Darjeeling Hills, about 5500 ft. (Schlich) . . . .34

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

3. JUNIPERUS, Linn.

A large genus of about 25 species, four of which are found in India, in the Himalaya
and the mountains down to Baluchistan. One of those is J. communis, Linn., which
extends to Europe. Among non-Indian Junipers, the most important are J. virginiana,
Linn., of the Atlautic coast of North America, and J. bermudiana, Linn., of the
Bermudas, West Indies and Florida, which are the trees whose woods are the most
used for making pencils (Pencil Cedar or Red Cedar).

Wood homogeneous, fragrant, close- and even-grained, soft to
moderately hard: sapwood white; heartwood red. Annual rings
well marked by a prominent, distinct line. Medidlary rays very fine
to fine, extremely numerous and regular. No resin-ducts, but resin-
cells in concentric lines in some species.

1. J. communis, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 646 ; Brandis For. Fl. 535. The Juniper.
Oenevrier, Fr. ; Wachholder, Germ. ; Gintyo, Ital. Vern. Nacit. puma, petlira,

698 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

bentha, betar, Kashmir, Chamba and Kulu ; Lang shur, pama, thelu, leirar, Kurtawar;
Chuni, shupa, Piti ; Sbama, Lahoul ; Chichia, Kumaon ; Chache, pates, Byans.

A large evergreen shrub. Baric thin, reddish-brown, fibrous.
Wood white ; heartwood yellowish or pale red, fragrant, moderately
hard. Annual rings marked by a distinct line. Medullary rays
very fine to fine, close, numerous and regular.

West Himalaya, eastwards to Kumaon, at 5500-14,000 ft.; westwards through
Western Asia and Europe.

In the Himalaya the common Juniper rarely attains more than 6 to 7 ft. in height,
often with a disproportionately thick stem, 18 to 24 in. in girth. Growth extremely
slow, the specimens show : one 35, the other 50 rings per inch of radius. Weight,
according to Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 515, 34 lbs. ; the specimen gives 33 lbs. per cubic
foot. The wood is used for fuel, and, as well as the leaves and twigs, is burnt as
incense (dhiop). The fruit is sweet, aromatic and resinous ; it is sold in the bazars of
North India as a medicine (cibhul, huber), and is administered in decoctions as a
stimulant and diuretic. In Europe the berries are used to flavour gin.

lbs.
H 137. Lahoul, about 10,000 ft. (Rev. Mr. Heyde) . . . .33
H 907. Upper Chenab „ (Baden-Powell) . . . —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

2. J. pseudo-sabina, Fisch. and Mey. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. G46. J. WaMchiana,
Hook. f. and Th. ; Brandis For. Fl. 537. The Black Juniper. Vera. Bhil, Hind. :
Poll, Tibet ; Shirchin, Byans ; Tchokpo, Bhutia.

An evergreen shrub or tree. Bark brown, smooth, exfoliating in
large flakes. Wood that of the genus.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, at 9-15,000 ft.

This species is merely a bush in the West Himalaya, but a tree, sometimes 60 ft.
high, in Sikkim (see picture in Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 55).

H 129. Rotang Pass, Lahoul, 12,000 ft. (Rev. Mr. Heyde).

3. J. reeurva, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. G47 ; Brandis For. Fl. 530 ; Gamble Darj.
List 82. The Weeping Blue Juniper. Vera. Wetyar, bettar, chuch, thelu, tela, tain,
phulu, Ph. ; Bettir, bheddra, bendhara, bidelganj, thelu, phulu, Jhora, guggal, bit, uni,
agdni, N.-W. P. ; Tupi, aru, uguru, Nep. ; Pdma, Tibet ; Deschii, Sikkim ; Chakbu,
resiih, desu, sukpo, Lepcha.

An evergreen tree or straggling shrub. Bark brown, thin, peeling
off in long fibrous strips. Wood moderately hard, very fragrant : sap-
wood white ; heartwood light red. Annual rings marked by a pro-
minent line. Medullary rays numerous, fine and very fine, rather
short.

Inner Himalaya at 7500-15,000 ft., extending westwards to Afghanistan, eastwards
to Bhutan.

In Sikkim and Bhutan, this is a rather large graceful tree, and good specimens may
be found on Sandukpho in the Darjeeling District, though it is still more common in
Sikkim, and grows to 30 ft. high (picture in Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 28). In the North-
West it is a prostrate or straggling bush (var. squamata, Parlat.), which 1 have found
on the northern slopes of Chansil in Bashahr at 12,000 ft. The growth is slow, about
22 rings per inch for Sikkim wood and nearly twice as many for North-West wood.
The wood is very good, quite equal to the best pencil-cedar; but it is not used, except
to burn as incense in the Buddhist temples. The foliage is of a glaucous blue colour.

lbs.

H 144. Lahoul (Rev. Mr. Heyde) 47

H 4573. Chamdhar Thach, Chansil, Bashahr, 12,000 ft. (Gamble) . 35
E 374. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 12,000 ft. (Johnston) . . .38

E 2438. „ „ „ (Gamble) .... 42

4. J. maeropoda, Boiss. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. G47. J. excdsa, Brandis For. Fl. 53S,
t. 68. The Himalayan Pencil Cedar. Vera. Appurz, Baluchistan ; Obiisht, Patlian ;
Chdlai, Jhelum ; Shiikpa, shur, slalrgu, lewar, Chenab and Sutlej ; Liter, Ravi ; SJu/r-

CONIFERS 699

bi'da, shiirgu, shukpa, Tibet; Dhup, paddm, padmak, surcji, N.-W. P. ; Dhupi, dhiipri
chandan, shukpa, Nepal.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, reddish-brown,
fibrous, peeling off in thin longitudinal flakes. Wood moderately hard,
fragrant : sapwood yellowish ; heartwood red, often with a purplish
tinge. Annual rings distinct, in a well-marked line. Medullary
rays obscure, extremely fine and fine, the latter short.

Inner dry ranges of the Himalaya, extending east to Nepal and westwards to
Afghanistan, at 5-14,000 ft. ; Baluchistan.

This is the chief Indian juniper, but its forest importance is greatest in Beluchistan.
Aitchison says it forms fully half of the forests at 9000 ft. in the Hariab District.
It forms pure forests at Ziarat, and in the Pil and Zarghun ranges. Lace says of it,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 307 : " The best forests are situated some 60 miles east of
' Quetta, in the neighbourhood of Ziarat and extending over more than 200 square
' miles of country. It usually exists in open forest. Trees with clean boles are very
' rare, and they are generally branched from the base ; the lowest branches being often
' buried in leaf detritus near the trunk, and their extreme ends taking an upward
' turn, give them the appearance of young trees surrounding the old one. The growth
1 of the juniper is very slow, yet it attains 20 ft. in girth and occasionally 70 ft. in
' height. Although it reproduces itself from seed, very few of the seedlings survive.
' The wood is light, has little strength, and burns quickly ; it is employed extensively
' in building, principally for rafters, but even more for fuel. The bark is of immense
' thickness at the base of old trees, and is taken off in long pliant strips by the
'Pathans, who use it for roofing their huts. A kind of liquid called ' Doshah ' is
' prepared from the fruit, and the fruit is also employed in curing skins." Its chief
companions are Pistacia mutica, var. cabulica, Fraxinus xanthoxyloides and Prunus
eburnea. The following account of the reproduction by A. M. Reuther, given in his
Forest Report of Baluchistan for 1894-95, is interesting : —

"Extended examination of the forests has shown that a fairly plentiful advance
' growth of juniper exists in most places where gaps in the cover have occurred through
' felling or burning of single trees or small groups. This is especially noticeable in the
' immediate vicinity of the very numerous dead juniper trees, killed by fire, which are
' so conspicuous a feature on every hillside within the old-established forest pasture-
' grounds, and which afford clear evidence of the widespread injury to the forest growth
' caused by the practice (now happily almost extinct) of setting fire to standing trees
' for the purpose of protecting flocks at night against beasts of prey. These dead trees
' are almost everywhere surrounded by young junipers of sizes varying from a few
' inches to several feet in height, growing vigorously without much shelter. The prin-
' cipal agent in dissemination of the seed in such situations appears to be a bird named
• by the Pathans ' Obisht-khwarak ' (juniper-eater), which feeds largely on the seed
'of the juniper when ripe. The condition of the juniper forest leaves no room for
'doubt that with proper protection their reproduction, though extremely slow, is quite
' safe and certain, and the fears entertained in this respect in the early years of forest
' conservancy in Baluchistan were groundless."

Of the tree in its Himalayan habitat, Brandis gives much information. He says it
is generally gregarious on rocky slopes ; that it does not generally reach a height
greater than 50 ft., but that the girth is often considerable, G to 7 ft. being not un-
common, while exceptionally 20 ft. or more are reached. One tree in Lahoul had
33^ ft. The rate of growth is very slow indeed. The wood is used in Lahoul for the
wall-plates and beams of houses, alternating with stone ; in Kunawar, temples are built
of it, and it is made into drinking-cups and walking-sticks, and burnt as incense. At
Leh it is (chiefly the driftwood of the Zanskar river) used for fuel, and it is sometimes
made into charcoal. Aitchison says that in the Kuram Valley strips of the bark are
used as pads for carrying water-jars. It can be easily planted, and has been grown
even in the plains of India at Saharanpur. lbs<

Hazara, 7000 ft 32

Banmir, Ravi, 7000 ft. (W. Pengelly) 34

Upper Chenab Valley, 8000 ft. (Baden-Powell) . . . —
Lahoul, about 8000 ft. (Rev. Mr. I kyde) . . . .34

„ (W. Pengelly) 29

P 4482. Baluchistan (Lace) 40

11

163.

II

772.

11

906.

11

139.

11

608.

700 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tribe II. TAX0DIE.E.

Besides the genera described, this Tribe contains the important genus Sequoia, in
which come the two giant trees of California. 8. sempervirens, Endl. is the " Redwood,"
which sometimes reaches a height of 300 ft. and a girth of 66 ft. ; and 8. gigantea,
Torrey is the " Wellingtonia" or "Mammoth tree," which attains 350ft. in height and
110 ft. in girth. The timber of the former is good, but that of the latter is rather poor.
They are both much planted in Europe, but are not yet in cultivation in India, except
perhaps as isolated specimens in hill Botanic Gardens. Taxodium distichum, Rich, is
the " Swamp Cypress " of the Southern United States of America, a deciduous-leaved
tree often planted in Europe.

4. CRYPTOMERIA, Don.

1. C. japoniea, Don ; Gamble Darj. List 83.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark brown, fibrous, peeling off in
narrow strips. Wood soft, fragrant: sap wood white ; heartwood reddish-
brown, often almost black in old Japanese trees. Anmu.il rings
marked by broad, very prominent lines. Medullary rays, several
very fine, and then a broader fine ray, very numerous, regular.

Indigenous in Japan : cultivated in India, especially in the Darjeeling District, at
4-7000 ft.

The seeds of the Cryptomeria were first brought to India by Mr. Fortune in 1844.
The trees about the station of Darjeeling are probably the oldest, but at that elevation,
7000 ft., they do not grow so quickly or thrive so well as lower down at 4-6000 ft.
The first attempt to grow them in plantation was probably that made about 1866 at
Dhobijhora near Kurseong, where in 1899 the trees had a girth of 43 in. They are
now largely grown, and especially through the energy of Sir G. King and Mr. J. A.
Gammie, at the Government Cinchona Plantations of Sureil, where they thrive
admirably. The growth is very fast, and seeds are produced in abundance. The wood
makes excellent tea-boxes, and is good as a substitute for deal.

lbs.

E 697. Rnngbee, Darjeeling, 5500 ft. (King) 21

E 3615, 3679. Rangirrim, Darjeeling (Gamble) —

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

5. CEPHALOTAXUS, Sieb. and Zucc.

1. C. Mannii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 647.

A small tree. Bark light brown, thin, peeling off in small flakes.

Wood very light brown, soft, even-grained. Annual rings faintly

marked by a dark band. Medullary rays fine, long, numerous.

Khasia Hills at 5000 ft. ; hills of Upper Burma.

lbs.
B 4431. Upper Burma (J. W. Oliver) 36

2. C. Grifflthii, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 648. Vern. Tinyu, Burm.

A small tree. Bark dark brown, very thin, peeling off in large
papery flakes. Wood very light brown, moderately hard, even-
grained. Annual rings marked by a dark autumn line. MeduUary
rays very fine, numerous.

Mishmi Hills at 6000 ft. ; Manipur; hills of Upper Burma.

B 4430. Bernardmyo, Upper Burma, 5500 ft. (J. W. Oliver).

Tribe III. TAXE^].

Ginkgo bilola, L. (Salisburia adiantifolia, Sm.), the "Maidenhair tree" of China
and Japan, is a large deciduous tree of graceful foliage sometimes seen in cultivation in

CONIFERiE 701

Indian gardens. The wood is yellowish-white, moderately hard, with faintly marked
annual rings and many rather indistinct fine medullary rays.

(0 4499. Saharanpur Bot. Garden and Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.)

6. TAXUS, Tournef.

1. T. baeeata, Linn. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 648 ; Brandis For. Fl. 539 ; Gamble Darj.
List 82. The Yew. If, Fr. ; Elbe, Germ. ; Tasso, Ital. Vern. Sardp, badar, Afg. ;
Birmi, barmi, barma, barini, tung, thunu, sungal, pustill, chogu, chatting, Kashmir,
Chamba; Choga, Pangi ; JRakhal, Beas ; Barmi, Shali ; Thuna, Hattu ; Yamdal, riva-
ling, dealing, arkhan, kaderu, Kunawar ; Thuner, geli, gallu, lust, N.-W. P. ; Nhare,
Tibet; Pung-cha, sungcha, Ladak; Thuner, thunidra, Jaunsar ; Tcheiray sulah, Nep. ;
Tingschi, tsa, Bhutia ; C'heongbu, tunsi, Lepcha ; Bingsableh, Khasia ; Tinyu, Barm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark thin, purplish-grey, peeling oft' in
longitudinal flakes. Wood hard, close- and even-grained, smooth :
sapwood white; heartwood orange-red, light red or white. Annual
rings marked by a conspicuous line. Medullary rays fine and ex-
tremely fine, very numerous, regular and long.

Himalaya at 6-11,000 ft., extending westwards to Afghanistan and eastwards to
Bhutan; Garo and Khasia Hills at 5000 ft.; Upper Burma, in the Ruby Mines Hills
at 5-6000 ft. Extends to most temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

The Yew is a conspicuous tree in the Himalayan forests, usually in shady places
under other trees. In the West Himalaya it is most usually found with the Karshu
oak and the silver fir; sometimes, but more rarely, with spruce, deodar and Moru
oak. In the Sikkim Himalaya it accompanies silver fir, hemlock spruce, rhodo-
dendrons and Quercus pachyphylla. I have not often seen it at a lower level than
8000 ft., but Brandis says that in Garhwal and Kumaou it is most common at
6-8500 ft. Sound trees are scarce, but I have seen some very fine specimens in the
Darjeeling Hills ; and a very large one, cut at the time of the visit of Sir R. Temple,
Lieut.-Governor, to Sandukpho, in or about 1876, was quite sound. Its measurements
have unfortunately been lost, but I once measured two trees, one 20 ft. in girth with a
broken top, the other 16 ft. in girth with a cylindrical bole of 30 ft. (" Ind. For." i. 97).
In the West Himalaya " Madden records a tree at Gangiitri 100 ft. high and 15 ft.
' in girth ; in the Punjab Himalaya the common size is 5 to 6 ft. in girth, in Hazara
' 8 to 9 ft. is not uncommon " (Brandis). In Europe it is often much larger, and Mathieu
and Fliche mention two trees in England, one 45 ft. in girth and 1419 years old,
another 2096 years old. Nisbet (Br. For. Trees) says that in Central Europe there
are several which are 2-3000 years old.

The growth is very slow ; the specimens examined varied from 12 rings (H 56, 116)
to 44 rings (H 773), while E 382 showed 55 rings per inch of radius. Brandis gives
20 to 32 rings, and this perhaps is the average. Round No. H 4772 had a mean
diameter of 5| in. for 83 rings, or 29 rings per inch.

Weight, according to Brandis, 46 to 59 lbs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu Fl. For. p. 511,
gives 42 to 55 lbs., the average of specimens quoted below gives 44 lbs. The wood is
used for bows, carrying poles and native furniture, and if more common would probably
be more extensively used, as it is very strong and elastic, and works and polishes
beautifully. It requires long seasoning, however, for if used at all green it is liable
to warp. In some parts of the Himalaya and t lie Khasia Hills it is held in great
veneration and called Beoddr (God's tree). The wood is burnt as incense, the branches
are carried in religious processions in Kumaon, and in Nepal the twigs are used to
decorate houses at religious festivals. In Bashahr and Tehri the sheep-graziers make
small baskets of it for feeding sheep. The bark is used in Kunawar as a substitute for,
or mixed with, tea; the berries are eaten and the leaves are exported to the plains ami
used as a medicine. In Europe they are considered poisonous, but are not always so,
as goats, rabbits and sheep are said to eat them with impunity (mostly after Brandis).

The young plant requires shelter and thrives in deep shade; it consequently will
not reproduce where the forest has been cleared. It flowers in spring, the young
leaves appear almost immediately after, and the fruit ripens in autumn. It may be
hoped that in the working of the Himalayan Forests such an interesting tree will be
protected, both from being cut in the regular coupes, and from being barked and
otherwise damaged by villagers. The bark is so thin that fire would probably be

II

161.

II

921

11

895.

II

116.

H

773

II

18

H

56

H2865

H

422

H4772

E

382

E 3671

E

796

702 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

immediately fatal, but luckily fires are rare in the rather moist localities which the

Yew frequents.

u lbs

Hazara, 8000 ft 41

„ (Baden-Powell) 43

Murree „ „ 40

Jagatru, Kulu, 8000 ft. (Col. Stenhouse) . . . .41

Chanota, Ravi, 7500 ft. (W. Pengelly) 43

Matiyana, Simla, 9000 ft 46

Hattn, Simla, 9500 ft 50

„ (Gamble) 47

Mohna Block, Deoban, 8000 ft. (Bagshawe) . . . .43

Balcha, Tehri-Garhwal, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . . . .52

Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9000 ft. (Johnston) 46

Rimitti Spur, Darjeeling, 9000 ft. (Gamble) . —

Khasia Hills, 5000 ft. (G. Mann) 45

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 1.

7. DACRYDIUM, Soland. D. datum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 648 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 499 (Juniperus data, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 838), is a large evergreen tree of the Malay
Peninsula, said by Kurz to occur in Burma, probably in Tenasserim.

Tribe IV. P0D0CARPEJ!.

8. PODOCARPUS, L'Her.

Three species. P. cupressina, Br. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 650. Vera. Tampyu, Kachiu,
is a lofty tree found at Bhamo by Griffith and by H. N. Thompson on the low hills
bordering the Hukong Valley in Upper Burma. It extends to the Malay Peninsula
and the islands, and in Java is called " Chomoro" and grows to a very large size, often
180 ft. in height, giving an excellent timber.

P. elongata, L'Her., is a common and important tree of the Cape of Good Hope,
known as " Outeniqua Yellow-wood."

1. P. latifolia, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 649 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 257. Nageia lati-
folia, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 500. Vern. Soplong, Khasia; Nirambali, Tinnevelly ; Kartm-
thnmbi, Kader; Tliitmin, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Wood grey, aromatic, moderately hard,
even-grained. Annual rings faintly marked or not marked. Me-
dullary rays extremely fine, very numerous. No vertical resinous ducts.
Khasia Hills at 3000 ft. ; tropical forests of the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim ;
Tinnevelly Ghats at 3-5000 ft.

The only coniferous tree of the Indian Peninsula.

lbs.

B 569. Tonghoo, Burma (Ribbentrop) 33

W 4298. Tinnevelly (Brazier) 32

2. P. neriifolia, Don ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 649 : Brandis For. Fl. 541 ; Gamble Darj.
List 83. Nageia bracteata, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 500. Vern. Gunsi, Nep. ; Dingsableh,
Khasia; Jinari, Cachar ; Tliitmin, Burm. ; Wdimadd, And.

A large evergreen tree. Bark greyish-brown, thin, fibrous, peeling
off in narrow flakes. Wood light yellow or yellowish-grey, homo-
geneous, even-grained, soft to moderately hard. Annual rings dis-
tinct though faint. Medullary rays very fine, numerous. No resin-
ducts, but scattered cells with resin prominent on a thin section.

Eastern Himalaya, in Nepal and Sikkim, up to 2000 ft.; Khasia Hills, Eastern
Bengal and Chittagong ; forests of Martaban and Tenasserim in Burma ; Andaman
Islands.

The Thitmin, or " Prince of Woods," is justly esteemed in Burma, and is of con-
siderable importance in the Andamans. Brandis, in Burma List, 1862, No. 94, says the
stems are not very regularly shaped, and that the tree reaches 6 ft. iu girth, with 20 ft.

averts evil.

E 1277.

B 508.

B 2265.

B 2556.

CONIFERS 703

length of bole. The log, however, sent from the Andamans for the Paris Exhibition of
1878 was larger than this and very straight ; while the list of Andaman woods sent to
the Calcutta International Exhibition of 1883-84 says it gives spars up to 60 ft. and
is plentiful.

The growth is slow, about 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight : Brandis gives
50 lbs., the Calcutta List 42 to 45 lbs., Bennett 34 lbs., specimens examined 39 lbs. ;
probably the best average to take is 42 lbs. Bennett gives P = 588. The wood is
used in general carpentry and is excellent to work, but would probably not resist white
ants ; it is also employed for oars, spars, masts and to make tea-boxes (Calc. Exh. List).
Heinig says it squares up to 35 ft. in length with 15 in. of sidiDg. It seasons well,
and does not warp or shrink. Dr. Mason says, "It is used by carpenters for various
1 purposes, and the Burmese have a superstition that the beams of balances should be
' made of it." Major Berdmore says that a peg driven into a house-post or boat

lbs.

Cachar . . 3b

Andaman Islands (General Barwell, 1878) . . . .37

„ (Major Ford, 1866) 39

„ (A. L. Home, 1874, No. 80) ... 41

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 5 (Tab. XVI. 2).

„ „ „ 10 (P. bracteata, BL).

Tribe V. ARAUCARIM.

Cunninghamia sinensis, Br. is a large tree of Southern China, which can be
grown in India. It does well at Dehra Dim, and can easily be propagated by cuttings.
It has been much planted at HongkoDg.

Agathis loranthifolia, Salisb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 650, is a large tree of the Malay
Peninsula and Islands. It is much used for avenues in Java, and gives the resin called
" dammar." A. austrdlis, Salisb. is the Kauri pine of New Zealand.

Araucaria contains about 10 species, most of which have been introduced into and
cultivated in gardens in India. A. imbricata, Pavon is the curious "Monkey-puzzle"
tree, native of Chili, but common in English gardens. A. excelsa, R. Br., from Norfolk
Island, is much planted in Calcutta, where also may be seen A. Canninghamii, Ait.,
from Queensland, A. Coohii, R. Br., of New Caledonia and A. Bidvnlli, Hook., the
" Bunya-Bunya " pine of North-East Australia.

E 3720 is A. Cunninghamii, from a tree blown down in 1881 in the Royal Botanic
Garden, Calcutta. The wood is soft, light yellow and the medullary rays fine,
prominent, but scanty and irregular (also Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8).

E 4734 is A. Coohii from the same place. Bark rough, with horizontal lines.
Wood grey with a reddish-brown heartwood, soft. Annual rings not apparent.
Medullary rays moderately broad, not very numerous, but causing a marked silver-
grain on a radial section. W = 36 lbs.

Tribk VI. ABIETINE-E.

Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Sab. is the well-known " Douglas fir," so largely planted of
late years in Europe. It is found in large forests on the Pacific coast of North America
and gives an excellent timlier. It ought to do well in suitable soils and at a suitable
elevation in the Indian hills.

9. PINUS, Linn.

Five species indigenous in India, there being altogether about 70 known. The
European species are, many of them, very important: —

P.sylvestris, Linn, is the Scotch pine, which gives the timber known as Red Memel,
1 >antzic fir and Red Deal of the Baltic. P. Pinaster, Soland. (P. maritima, Lamk.) is the
Maritime or Cluster pine so largely used in reclothing sandy wastes on the seashore like
the " Landes " of Gascony, and for the production of resin. P. halepensis, Mill, is the
Aleppo pine found throughout the Mediterranean region, chiefly on limestone. P.Laria'oy
Poiret gives two varieties, called respectively the Corsican pine and the Austrian pine,
which are also used for the production of resin and for replanting barren soils. P. Pinea,
Linn, is the Stone pine of Italy, with edible fruits, and P. Cembra, Linn, the "Arolle"
of the mountains of Central Europe.

704 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Of the American pines the most important is P. Strobus, Linn., the White pine
or Weymouth pine, whose wood is extensively used in America and is exported to
Europe from the forests of Canada.

Some of these are occasionally cultivated in India, the chief being the Cluster
pine, which has been planted on the NTlgiria and does well at various places in the
Himalaya, as at Chakrata. It is well worth more extensive cultivation, both for its
timber and for resin.

Wood generally very resinous, not homogeneous, consisting of
alternate layers of soft and often spongy spring wood, and of hard and
darker coloured autumn wood ; heartwood distinct. Medullary rays
fairly numerous, rather irregular, fine to moderately broad. Vertical
resin-ducts large and numerous, in most species visible on horizontal
and vertical sections.

1. P. exeelsa, Wall. ; PI. Br. Ind. v. 051 ; Brandis For. PL 510 ; Gamble Darj.
List 83. The Blue pine. Vern. Piuni, Afg. ; Nukhtar, Kuram ; Biar, Hazara ; Chil,
cliir, chiltu, chitu, chiu, Kashmir to Jaunsar ; Chila, Garhwal ; Kail, Beas, Sutlej ;
Lim, Chamba, Kunawar ; Yara, yiir, yiro, Jeairu, hair, Kashmir ; Shomshing, limshing,
Lahoul ; Eaisalla, lavishing, durrasalla, Kumaon; Tongschi, Bhutan.

A large evergreen tree. Bark greyish-brown, cut into small
rather regular plates by shallow fissures £ in. thick. Wood moderately
hard : sap wood white ; heartwood light red. Annual rings marked
by the denser autumn wood with more compressed tracheids and much
smaller lumina. Medullary rays fine, numerous, rather irregular,
causing a silver-grain on a radial section. Resin-ducts scattered, fairly
numerous, prominent on all sections.

Temperate Himalaya at 6-12,500 ft., extending westward to Kafiristan and
Afghanistan ; and eastwards, except for gaps in Central and North-West Kumaon and
Sikkim, to Bhutan.

The Blue pine belongs to the Strobus section of the pines, with 5 to 8 needles in a
cluster and cylindrical soft-scaled cones. It resembles the Weymouth pine, but has
much longer leaves and larger cones. It is found either gregarious or mixed with
other trees, such as the Deodar. At high levels it is found with the birch and silver fir,
at low levels with the Long-leaved pine. On the edges of forests, fallow lands and scrub
lands soon get covered with Blue pine seedlings if seed-givers are near, and these grow
up into dense gregarious belts. If any deodar seed-bearers are also at hand, deodar
seedlings come up with the Blue pine, but are soon suppressed, as the Blue pine grows
so much faster. It is therefore necessary to make thinnings to assist the deodar if it
is required that the eventual forest should be of deodar or with a good proportion of
deodar among the pine. The Blue pine reaches a height of 100 to 120 and even 150
it., with a girth of 6 to 10 and perhaps 12 ft. It is a light-lover, ami rarely if ever
comes up in shade. If grown in pure forests, it can be treated, like the Scots pine
in Europe and the Long-leaved pine, by a heavy seed-felling and breaking up of
the soil, to be followed by a final felling when the seedlings have come up and are
strong enough. The flowers appear in spring and the fruit ripens in the autumn of the
following year, so that it is not unusual in spring to see fruit in three stages at succeed-
ing verticils of a branch : (i.) the minute new cones at the last joint ; (ii.) the small
green year-old cones at the next ; and (iii.) the dry open cones, which have shed their
seed the autumn before at the third from the end. The male and female flowers are
usually on separate branches, but catkins are occasionally found bearing both male and
female flowers.

Blue pine seedlings are easy to rear in nursery if it is remembered that they stand
pricking out and transplanting badly. It is best, therefore, to put them in baskets at
an early stage and use the baskets in planting ; otherwise they must be taken out with
balls of earth so as to avoid disturbing the roots.

The growth of Blue pine varies, naturally, according to the locality in which it
is found. In good soil at a moderate elevation it grows very fast, perhaps having 4 to
5 rings per inch of radius. At high elevations and on rocky ground, the growth will be

CONIFEILE 705

slow, perhaps 20 to 25 rings per inch. The rate of growth, therefore, and the rotation
to be adopted in working, require to he ascertained for each locality under consideration,
but at a moderately high elevation in a good climate and with good soil the rotatiou
will usuaUy not be longer than 100 to 120 years. It prefers sandy or clayey soils
rather than limestone.

The timber given by the Blue pine is good, better than that of the Long-leaved
pine and next in estimation to that of the deodar. It is very largely used in construction
throughout the West Himalaya, especially in Kashmir and the Punjab, and is much
exported to the plains. It floats well and does not soon get waterlogged. It gives
good railway sleepers, but as they are much inferior in durability to those of the
deodar, they ought to be first creosoted. For planking, doors, windows and furniture
it is better than deodar, as it is not so brittle, has not the oil which in the deodar so
readily absorbs dirt, and is free from the strong scent. In Kangra and Kulu it is used
for tea-boxes (L. G. Smith). Resinous wood is used for torches, and the leaves are cut
for litter. It gives an excellent resin, less freely than the Long-leaved pine, but the
turpentine and colophany produced are of slightly better quality. The tapping is done
by vertical cuts as in the case of the Long-leaved pine. The trees are tapped, with
usually two cuts on opposite sides, for about 3 years, and are then allowed 3 years'
rest, after which tapping can recommence on another side, and so on. Tapping to
death (gernmage a mort) has been tried, with comparatively young trees that it was
proposed to kill for the sake of underplanted deodar, but it did not succeed in killing
the tree, and the amount of resin obtained was not great. There is no reason to
suppose that moderate tapping injures the tree ; on the contrary, in all probability it
improves the timber.

Dr. Warth's analysis of the wood ash, of which he found only 0*14 lb. in 100 lbs.
steam-dry wood, showed that the principal salts were carbonates of calcium and
magnesium with smaller quantities of potassium and sodium compounds, phosphates of
iron and calcium and silica. The experiments of Messrs. Leather and Collins showed
that the calorific power of Blue pine was 96*92 against 100 for pure carbon ; also that
in 100 lbs. of wood 97*10 lbs. were carbon and other organic matters, 2*55 per cent,
moisture and 0*35 per cent. ash. One pound of wood evaporated 14*56 lbs. of water at
212° Fahr.

The origin of the manna-like substance occasionally found on the leaves of the Blue
pine, which is eaten and found sweet and palatable, has not yet been fully determined.
It was described by Major Madden as having been abundant in the winter of 1814-15,
and Capt. Hay informed him that it was due to a species of Aphis (cf. B. H. Baden-
Powell in Ind. For. i. 55).

The Blue pine has, so far as is known, but few insect enemies. Dead trees show
the tunnels of species of Scolytus, and girdled trees in Jaunsar have been found pierced,
in the bark and outer sapwood, by small beetles of the genus Polygraplms (Stebbing,
" Inj. Insects," p. 63).

In respect to fungoid enemies, also, there are but few. The only one so far recorded
is Peridermium orientate, Cooke {JEcidium brevius, Barcl. in Jour. As. Soc. Beng. lix.
ii. 102), which occurs as little orange-coloured sacs of spores on the needles of the trees,
but does really very little harm, except in the condition called var. corticola, when it
kills off the branches (see "Ind. For." xxv. 435). A worse enemy is the minute
Loranthoid parasite Arceuthobiwm minutissimum,~H.o6k. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. v. 227, which
Mr. J. F. Duthie found covering the stem and branches of Blue pine in the Kumaon
Himalaya and doing great damage (see p. 584). Pandit Keshavanand has also found
it doing much harm in the Ganges portion of Tehri-Garhwal, but so far I have never
met with it in the Jumna Valley region, though I have kept a good look-out for it.

lbs.

H 923,901. Hazara, 7000 ft. (B. H. Baden-Powell) . . . 29 and 30

H 140. Lahoul, about 10,000 ft. (Rev. Mr. Heyde)
11 609. „ „ „ (W. Pengelly) .

H 37. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 ft. . " .

H 2871. Nagkauda „ 8000 ft. (Gamble)

H 1403a \ r

II 1 I08j8 I Punjab Hills,

H 1404. | Dr. Stewart (1867) )

H 1407. J I

E 2463. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 ft. (Schlich)
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8.

2 z

26

27

32
32

33
28
30

706 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

2. P. longifolia. Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 651; Fl. Br. Tnd. v. 652; Brandis For. PI.
506; Gamble Darj. List 83. Long-leaved Pine. Vera. Nukhtdr, Afg. ; Chil, cMr,
drab chir, Pb. ; Quia, thansa, Kangra ; Anander, Jhelum ; Skti, Sutlej ; Siral, sirli,
kalhain, Jaunsar; Chir, salla, sapin, Jeolon, kolan, holain, Garhwal and Kumaon;
Salo, Dotial ; Dhup, Oudh ; Dlmp, sola dhup, sula, Nep. ; Gniet, nyit, Lepcha ; Teadong,
tang, Bhutia.

A large, more or less deciduous, tree. Bark 1 to 2 in. thick,
reddish-brown outside, dark red within, cut by deep fissures into
large plates of irregular size, but more or less rounded, and on an
average about 6 in. across. (In the Sikkini tree, the bark is thinner
and the plates smaller.) Wood moderately hard : sapwood white ;
heartwoocl light reddish-brown. Annual rings very distinct. M( ■
duttary rays fine, numerous, rather irregular. Resin-ducts large,
numerous, irregularly distributed, prominent on vertical sections.

Outer Himalaya and Siwalik Range, also valleys of principal Himalayan rivers, at
1500-7500 ft. ; extending west to Afghanistan and east to Bhutan, but in the east it
rarely rises to over 3000 ft.

The long-leaved pine is an eminently gregarious tree forming pure forests every-
where that it is found in the West Himalaya. Some of these forests are of great
extent ; that of the Tons Valley, the chief tributary of the Jumna, for instance,
forms a sheet of perhaps 100 square miles, from the mouth of the Rupin down to
that of the Pabar and even further. The forest is naturally best on slopes with a
northern aspect and where the soil is good. There are also large forests in various
parts of the Punjab and in Garhwal and Kumaon. In Sikkim the forest is not
always pure, but the pine is much mixed with Sal and other trees ; in fact, it has
the appearance of being slowly driven out. The tree can be planted and will thrive
in most places in the Indian plains, even in Calcutta.

The long-leaved pine is a very fine and stately tree, with long (9 to 10 in.) needles
in clusters of 3 and large woody cones. In age it has a tall, usually somewhat curved,
but often straight bole, surmounted by a few large horizontal branches bearing a
rounded head. The trees with twisted stems, so common in parts of Kumaon, are
useless for timber, as the twist may be found in the planks and pieces cut. The cause
of the twist is not fully understood. Chir reproduces admirably from seed wherever
the forest is protected from fire, better, of course, if the thick carpet of grass and dry
needles is more or less removed to allow the seed to reach the ground. But even when
that carpet is left and there is ample light, it is wonderful how good the reproduction
is, the seed managing somehow to work its way down. Moderate grazing is rather
beneficial than otherwise. It is probably the most completely light-loving, not only
of Indian conifers, but of the principal Indian forest trees. In treatment it resembles
the Scotch pine, and the best method is to make a heavy seed-felling, leaving only a
few well-distanced good seed-givers, and to stir up the soil where the works of con-
version have not done this sufficiently. If fire-protection is fully assured — and without
fire-protection proper management is hopeless — a complete new crop may be confidently
looked for within a very short time, and then a final felling can clear away the seed-
giving scattered trees, which are best removed, unless small enough to be capable of
remaining for a whole rotation. The system of restricting fellings to trees above a
certain girth, such as 6 ft., has not been very successful in practice, as it has in many
cases led to poor and unequal reproduction, and sometimes to none at all. The size of
exploitable trees depends entirely on soil and climate, and trees are often fully mature
and fit to cut on poor soil at a less girth than 6 ft., so that it is a mistake to leave
them for another rotation. The flowers appear in early spring, producing enormous
quantities of pollen, and the fruit ripens in about fifteen months, the seed being usually
shed in the hot season. Good seed-years come only at irregular intervals, and the
forester has therefore to watch and take advantage of them in ground preparation.
The Long-leaved pine is easily grown in nursery, but sowings have generally been
found to be more satisfactory, and much cheaper than planting transplants, for the
tree has a long taproot, the treatment of which in nursery is difficult. Young trees
are very hardy and will often, if cut or burnt, reproduce from the roots or from what
is left of the stem, almost as coppice shoots. If transplanting is necessary, it must be
done in the winter or even in the hot season rather than in the rains, for the tree will
not stand wet, and the plants will die at once if at all waterlogged.

CONIFERS 707

The rate of growth of long-leaved pine varie3 very greatly according to cir-
cumstances. In suitable places on good soil and in a forcing climate, it is very fast,
and 2 to 3 rings per inch are by no means rare ; in rocky exposed sites, on the contrary,
it may be slow, and 15 to 20 rings per inch will be more nearly the rate. In W. E.
D'Arcy's " Chamba Working Plan," the average of a large number of trees came to 11
to 12 rings per inch, and the rotation was fixed at 120 years. In J. L. Pigot's " Working
Plan " for Murree and Kahuta, a faster growth was found, 6§ rings per inch, and 80
years was adopted as the exploitable age. For Kulu 70 years was taken. In the
Tons Valley the rate varies from 4 to 12, average 8-J- rings per inch, and the exploitable
age fixed was 100 years. In the forests of Naini Tal and Eainkhat 13J and 16
rings per inch of radius proved to be the ascertained average rate of growth, and the
exploitable age was fixed at 135 and 160 years respectively. In very good localities
a rotation of 80 years would probably suffice to give trees of 6 ft. girth without bark,
in rocky places it would have to be nearly double, so that an average of 120 years is
probably likely to suit most forests where there is considerable variety of soil and
climate.

The timber of the Long-leaved pine is not so good as that of the Blue pine, but it
is by no means bad, and is in very considerable demand. In his " Hints on Arbori-
culture in the Punjab," Ribbentrop says: "I am convinced that this freewill yield
1 the greatest net money return when once we begin to impregnate ; " and I am disposed
to endorse this and to express the opinion that when the convenient situation of the
forests, the easy reproduction of the tree and the easy extraction of the timber are
taken into consideration, it ought to be from properly creosoted Long-leaved pine wood
that the Indian railways should be chiefly supplied with sleepers, for the supply of
deodar wood is not sufficient alone. The wood floats fairly well, and is chiefly extracted
in the form of " Karis" or small beams of section 5" x 5" or 5" x -4", for use in build-
ing in the plains districts bordering on the Himalaya. The wood is used in building
houses and boats, for making tea-boxes, shingles, etc. The wood of the Sikkim trees
is heavier, harder and stronger, more durable and of better general quality than that
of the North-West.

Regarding the weight and transverse strength of Chir wood the following experi-
ments have been made : —

Captain Jones at Almora in 1844 —

Weight

in lbs. P=

15 exjDeriments, unseasoned wood, -4' x 2" x 2", gave 39 626

5 „ seasoned „ „ „ 38 645

Experiments at Roorkee in 1858 on Garhwal wood by Colonel Maclagan, R.E. —

Weight
in lbs. P=

3 experiments, with bars 22' x 1" x 1" . . gave 37 906

4 „ „ „ 34' x 1" x 1" . . „ 27 961
4 „ „ „ 34' x 2" x 1" . . „ 27 916

The specimens enumerated below give an average of 40 lbs. per cubic foot for north-
west wood, and 42 to 43 lbs. for Sikkim wood, which is, perhaps, correct.

The Long-leaved pine is the chief tree tapped for resin, chiefly because it is found
in much larger numbers than the Blue pine, but also because it yields a larger amount.
The tapping for resin was commenced, in a systematic manner, in Jaunsar, but it has
been now extended both to the Punjab on the west and to the forests of Kumaon on
the east. In 1888-89 about 9600 trees were tapped in Jaunsar, each giving about
8J lbs. of resin. The total yield of the year was rather over 1000 maunds (1 md. =
SO lbs.), and this produced, at the Forest School Factory at Dehra Dun, about 900
maunds of colophany and 1740 gallons of turpentine, which sold for nearly Rs.9000.
The profit was about Rs.l 13a. per maund of crude resin. In good seasons, a tree
will generally give about 12 lbs. of resin. The tapping is done in two vertical cuts,
one on each side of the tree, and after 3 years' tapping, rest is given for another 3 years,
when tapping can recommence. The tapping does not injure the timber ; it rather
improves its quality. The colophany sells chiefly for soap manufacture; the turpentine
is in great demand for various industries, but chiefly in railway workshops. The
manufacture of turpentine and colophany is described in "Ind. Forester," xxvi. 497,
by Babu Birbal, the Rauger in charge of the work. The roots of felled trees can also be
utilized in the manufacture of tar. In Jaunsar, tar has been systematically manufactured

708 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

in closed masonry kilns. Each kiln (at Thadiar) holds 15 maunds, which usually gives
lj maunds of tar and 6 maunds of charcoal. The tar is then boiled down into pitch
and exported to the plains for sale. The industry only requires to be better known,
to produce a better demand than at present exists. Experiments on the calorific
power of the wood, made by Messrs. Leather and Collins at Dehra Dun, showed that
the wood of the Long-leaved pine had a calorific power of 97*85, that of pure carbon
being 100. The wood contained 94-65 per cent, carbon and organic matter, 4-15 per
cent, moisture and l-20 per cent. ash. One pound of wood evaporated 14*78 lbs. of
water at 212° Fahr. Dr. Warth's experiments showed that 100 lbs. of steam-dry clean
wood gave 0*33 lb. of ash, mostly calcium carbonate (0'12 lb.) and silica (0'16).

The bark is sometimes used in tanning leather, the skins being steeped in a
decoction of it for 3 or 4 days. But experiments at Dehra Dun showed that the
amount of extract given was quite small. The wood is not a good fuel, and burnt in
a grate it is said to be troublesome in giving out sparks. It gives, however, a fair
charcoal, and the charcoal of the leaves mixed with rice-water makes ink.

The Long-leaved pine has some insect enemies. The Curculionid beetle, Aslycus
lateralis, Fabr., tunnels into the wood and renders it unfit for timber, and various
Scolytid beetles are also destructive. Small grasshoppers of the genera Caloptenus,
Chrotogonus, Catantops and JEdalus destroy the leaves of seedlings in the nurseries of
the Baldhoti Plantation, North-Western Provinces.

Like the Blue pine, the Long-leaved pine is injured by the fungus Periderm ium
orientate, Cooke (jEcidium complanatum, Barcl.), a species which forms small orange-
coloured sacs of spores on the needles of the trees. In this state it does but little
harm, but when the fungus attacks the branches, in the state known as var. corticola,
the damage is considerable (see " Ind. Forester," xxv. 435).

The forests of Long-leaved pine in the Western Himalaya have a great future
before them if properly managed, but the first essential to that management is per-
manent and complete protection irorn fire.

lbs.
H 602. Tuttul Forest, Kangra (W. Pengelly) 37

H 13, 93. Simla, 6000 ft.
H 3003. Garhwal (Brandis, 1874)

E 704. Badamtam Forest, Darjeeling, 2500 ft. (Manson)
E 2435. Great Eangit Valley „ 2000 ft. (Gamble)
E 2436. Darjeeling, 7000 ft. (planted) (Gamble) .
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Tab. XVI. 3).

39

45
45
42

3. P. Khasya, Boyle ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 652 ; Brandis For. Fl. 508 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 499. Khasia Pine. Vern. Dingsa, Khasia ; Tinyu, Burm. ; 2'aru, Shan.

A large evergreen tree. Bark thick, with deep cracks. Wood
very resinous, moderately hard, pale brown to red. Armual rings
very distinct. Medullary rays fine, numerous, irregularly distributed.
Resin-ducts moderate-sized, numerous in the outer and middle belt of
each annual ring, prominent on vertical sections.

Khasia Hills, hills of the Lushai country of Chittagong, Shan Hills and hills of
Martaban in Burma, at 3-7000 ft.

The Khasia pine forms gregarious forests, but is not of large size in the Khasia
Hills, though in Burma it may reach 100 ft. (200 ft, ! Fl. Br. Ind.), with a girth of
10 ft. or more. The growth is moderately fast; the specimen examined showed 6
rings per inch of radius. In an account of the firs of the Khasia Hills by Captain
Jones of the Quartermaster-General's Department in " Gleanings of Science," vol. i.
p. 202, 1829, the weight determined by Captain Baker, but with small bars 15" x 0'8"
x 0-9" is given as 37 lbs., and the value of P 522. The wood is extensively used in
the Khasia Hills for building and other purposes. It is very rich in resin. G. Mann
says that in the bazars of the Khasia Hills a very resinous wood is sold, which is used
by the natives as well as by Europeans for kindling fires. It is produced artificially
by cutting a hole in the lower part of the trunk and removing the bark and a little of
the wood from just above it. The result is that the wood above the hole gets saturated
with resin and is cut out. This resinous wood is also used for the extraction of crude
turpentine (" Ind. Forester," vii. 125).

The pine forests of Burma were examined and reported on in 1897, and from these
Reports it appears that the area of Khasia pine forest is from 100 to 200 square miles,

CONIFERiE 709

the most extensive areas being those in the Shan States and in the Chindwin Valley.
Mr. Nisbet found good forest at Kalaw, and reported that, though not tapped for resin,
the trees were charred at the base and pieces saturated with resin cut out and sold in
bundles for fire-kindling. He mentions that natural reproduction is good, the only
help required being efficient protection from fire. Mr. J. Copeland found it on the
crests of the ridges in the Mandalay Division, but only in small clumps; also in forest
in the Thibaw State. He found, by valuation survey, partly in pure partly in rnixed
forest, on 16 acres, 512 trees under 2 ft. girth, 584 trees from 2 to 4 ft. girth, 350 trees
from 4 to G ft., and 20 trees over 6 ft. in girth. He ascertained, also, that at 72 years
of age average trees reached G ft. in girth and a height of 100 ft. The wood was only
used as kindling sticks. In the Southern Shan States, Mr. H. 1ST. Thompson found a
considerable area of forest of Khasia pine, with many trees over 6 ft. in girth and
boles reaching 20 to 30 ft. without branching. The wood was only used as torches
and kindling sticks, and occasionally for planking in native monasteries and rest-
houses, but it was not durable. Mr. A. E. Ross found considerable areas in the
Mongpu, Monghsat and Monglun States, worked only for kindling sticks.

In that beautiful work " Burma," by Max and Bertha Ferrars, the region of this
pine is given as up to 10,000 ft. The authors say that the undergrowth of the pine
forests consists of Saccharum grass, and when this catches fire large areas of pine are
destroyed.

The crude turpentine of the Khasia pine has been examined in London by Prof.
Armstrong, F.R.S., and pure turpentine of good quality distilled from it. It is pro-
bable that the turpentine and colophany yielded are quite as good as those obtained
from the Long-leaved and Blue pines, but the area of forest is too small to make the
industry even one of much importance in Assam, and in Burma the distance from the
rivers and coasts of the chief forests seems to preclude its profitable extraction.

lbs.
E 7(J7. Khasia Hills (G. Mann) 38

4. P. Gerardiana, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. G52 ; Brandis For. Fl. 508, t. 67.
Himalayan Edible Pine. Vern. Chilghoza, jalghoza, Afg. ; Chiri, prita, mirri, galboja,
galgoja, Chenab; Kashti, Ravi; Hi, rhi, ree, Kunawar; Kannuchi, koniunchi, Icanin-

vhi, shangti, W. Tibet ; the seeds, neoza.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark very thin, grey, smooth,
exfoliating in large thin scales, leaving rounded shallow depressions,
cracked only in very old trees. Wood hard, very resinous ; heart-
wood yellowish-brown. Annual rings distinct. Medullary rays
fine, not numerous. Resin-ducts scattered, moderately large, promi-
nent on vertical sections.

Inner dry and arid West Himalaya, from the Niti Pass in Garhwal westwards,
found in isolated areas of no great extent, generally between 6000 and 10,000 ft. ;
mountains of North Afghanistan and Kafiristan ; Hariab District at 7-11,000 ft.

The Himalayan edible pine is gregarious on dry, steep, rocky slopes, on granite or
clay slate especially, in the inner valleys beyond the reach of the south-west monsoon.
It does not form dense forests, but is common over large areas. It reaches a girth
of 6 to 7 ft., occasionally 12 ft., and a height of 30 to 40 ft., or occasionally more.
Thomson (" W. Himalaya and Tibet," p. 74) says of it, " It is a compact small tree,
1 with much twisted ascending branches and a mottled grey bark, quite smooth from
' the decortication of the outer layers."

The growth is moderate, Stewart's specimen showed 13 rings per inch of radius.
The wood, according to Brandis, "is used for the hook which supports the passenger's
' seat on the single-rope swing-bridge ; it probably is tough, but the tree is hardly ever
' felled, as it is valuable on account of its edible seeds." The bark is made into baskets
and rough water-buckets.

The seeds are a staple article of food in Kunawar and other parts of the Himalaya;
they are largely brought into India from Afghanistan. They are oily, with a slight
turpentine flavour, and by Europeans are generally roasted and eaten at dessert.

lbs.

11 991. Kunawar, Punjab, 9000 ft 44

H 1405. Chenab „ „ (Stewart, 1867) . . . . 1 «

710 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

5. P. Merkusii, Jungh. and de Yriese ; Fl. Br. Ind. 652 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 499.
Vera. Tinyu, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark thick, rough. Wood moderately
hard, very resinous ; heartwood yellowish-brown with dark streaks.
Annual rings very distinct, zone of autumn wood nearly as broad as
that of spring wood. Medullary rays fine, fairly numerous, long.
Resin-ducts fairly numerous, moderate-sized.

Hill forests of the Shan States, Martaban and Tenasserim at 500-3500 ft.

This pine of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula finds its northern limit in the
hills of Burma, where it is chiefly found in the Southern Shan States, the hill Eng
forests along the Salween river, and in those of the Thaungyeen. In Sumatra, it
grows to a height of 100 ft., but in Burma it scarcely attains 60 ft. in height and a
girth of 6 ft. H. N. Thompson, however, mentions trees of larger size in the Shan Hills,
and says that they are generally found growing in very hot, dry forests of Ingyin,
Thitya and Thitse, and occasionally in Engdeing. This pine does not, however, form
pure forests as does the Khasia pine. A. E. Ross found it fairly common in the
Mongpu State. The forests are of quite small extent, so that its use as a timber and
as a yielder of resin and turpentine is not likely to be of importance. Its growth is
moderately fast, about 11 rings per inch of radius. The wood is heavy ; Seaton gave
54 lbs., the specimens examined 51 lbs. The wood has sometimes been brought to
Moulmein in the form of mast pieces, but the difficulties of extraction and transport
are great. Splinters of the wood are used as torches, and the resin and turpentine are
of excellent quality. See Prof. Armstrong's Report to the Imperial Institute.

lbs.

B 547. Thaungyin, Burma (Col. Seaton) 51

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 10.

10. CEDRUS, Loud.

1. C. Libani, Barrel., var. Deodara, Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 653 ; Gamble Darj.
List 83. C. Deodara, Loudon ; Brandis For. Fl. 516. Pinus Deodara, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 651. Deodar. Himalayan Cedar. Vera. Nakhtar, Imanza, Afg. ; Didr, deodar,
dedivar, daddr, Hazara, Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaon ; PaMdar, Hazara; Kclu, Iceoli,
hilar, kilei, kilai-didr, Chenab to Jumna ; Kelmang, Kunawar ; Giam, Tibet ; Kdon,
Jaumar ; Thingu, Dotial.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark greyish-brown, with numerous
rather shallow, vertical fissures, which run into each other and give
a reticulate appearance. Wood moderately hard, strongly scented,
oily: sapwood white; heartwood light yellowish-brown. Annual
rings distinctly marked by the darker autumn wood. Medullary
rays fine, unequal and irregular, fairly numerous, not deep, causing a
silver-grain of small plates. Resin-ducts none, the oil contained in
wood-cells in the heartwood.

Western Himalaya, extending westwards to the mountains of Afghanistan; east-
wards to the Dauli river in Kumaon, at 4-10,000 ft., most common at 6-SOOO ft.
Often planted in hill stations and their neigh bourhcod, and in some plains localities
in \'< rth-West India, as well as in Europe and America.

_ The Deodar, for which perhaps it would be more convenient, for forest purposes, in
citing the scientific name, to use the better-known one of C. Deodara, is the principal
timber tree of the Himalaya, giving the most important and valuable of the timbers of
Northern India. It is a gregarious tree, forming fine forests in the valleys of the
Punjab and Kashmir, as well as in those of the Tons, Jumna and Bhagirathi, ending
up in the watershed of the Alaknanda. The forests are rarely of pure deodar, though
exceptions are met with occasionally and usually in the form of sacred groves ; but
more often the deodar is associated with the spruce and blue pine and the three oaks
Kharshu, Moru and Ban in their various zones. Sometimes the silver fir (Abies Pin-
drow) accompanies it, but more rarely ; the cypress in its favourite localities joins it ;
the yew is often found under it ; and at low elevations it mixes with the Long-leaved

CONIFERS 711

pine. Among other trees commonly found with deodar may be mentioned the birch
(Bet ul a alnoides), poplar (Populus ciliata), horse-chestnut, elm, hazel, hornbeam,
maples, bird-cherry, holly {Ilex dipyrena), Pieris ovalifolia and rhododendron ; while
among shrubs which are commonly found in deodar forests may especially be noted
species of Berberis, Indigofera, Desmodium, Cotoneaster, Euonymus, Salix, especially
S. elegans, Viburnum, Lonicera, Parrotia, and rose, while Clematis rnontana and Vitis
semicordata, with the ivy, are frequently met with climbing over it and festooning its
branches. In the outer ranges, the deodar forests clothe chiefly the northern and
western slopes of the ridges, while in the more inner ones to which the rainfall of
the south-west monsoon still reaches, they are found at all aspects but less pure.
Beyond the region of the south-west monsoon, deodar is still found, but it gets
gradually scarcer, and in such places its companions may be Pinus Gerardiana and
Querents Ilex.

The male and female flowers of the deodar are found, as a rule, on separate indi-
viduals, but this is not always the case, and monoecious trees are often met with (see
" Ind. For." xxv. 246). The pollen is shed at the end of the rainy season, in October,
and the young female cones, which have then their scales open, get fertilized, and
their scales close. During the winter they increase but little in size, but with the
advent of spring growth becomes fast, and the cones are mature in October and
November, when they break up and discharge their winged seeds. Good seed years
come irregularly, roughly speaking, about once in four or five years. In suitable
localities, where the seeds can get through the grass and weeds and moss of the surface
covering, reproduction is very prolific, and where not interfered with by fire or cattle
or a severe drought, the young trees grow fast and well. On the edges of forests
where there are seed-bearers of both deodar and blue pine, the young growth of both
comes on in mixture, but as the blue pine grows faster than the deodar, artificial
assistance is required to prevent the deodar being ousted, and this has to be given by
degrees as they grow up together. Where, as often happens, the deodar is associated
with white oak and rhododendron, it is astonishing how little the young trees object to
the shade ; indeed, they seem to like it, and will in time pierce right through the
foliage of their nurses. It is best, however, to help them, and this is done usually
by girdling the oak, etc., so that they may die gradually and not damage the deodar,
as might happen if such heavy-branched trees were felled green. It is best, however,
to lop the oak branches as much as possible, so that if the dry oak should be blown
down, as little damage as possible may be done. In order to produce the tall straight
branchless boles which alone give good building timber and good railway sleepers,
deodar must be grown close, and only very carefully and gradually thinned until it
has made a sufficient height-growth. Natural reproduction of deodar, under ordinary
circumstances, and with immunity from fire and too heavy grazing, especially by
sheep, is usually excellent. Artificial reproduction also is by no means difficult:
deodar is easily grown in nurseries, and with care is easily transplanted ; but young
plants cannot stand waterlogging, and dislike being moved after the new year's shoots
have started, and so it suffers if transplanted during the rainy season. Consequently,
it is generally best to use baskets or to transplant with balls of earth, putting the
plants out in the spring, and choosing as far as possible one of the showery days which
often come at that time of year (April to May).

The treatment best suited for mixed forests of deodar and other species is probably
that of a moderate seed-felling, bearing as much as possible on the other species of
tree, and accompanied by a good working up of the soil. If the succeeding year turns
out a good seeding year, and the new crop of young deodar comes up well, the next
fellings can soon be made, and can be made heavy and in one or more operations, the
last one leaving only those poles and trees which are immature, but sound and good,
and capable of lasting till a new regeneration comes round. This seems to be the
average procedure generally advised, but it naturally requires to be altered according
to circumstances, and it is consequently important for those entrusted with the prepa-
ration of Working Plans to study very carefully the localities with which they have
to deal. Much information on the subject is given in B. Ribbentrop's " Notes on the
Deodar," "Ind. For." xxv., Appendix, 1899.

After the systematic working of the existing deodar forests in the Himalaya, the
most important work may be said to be the filling up of blanks in those forests, natu-
rally or artificially, and the conversion of all available waste lands and forest areas of
ban oak and rhododendron, suitable for it, into forests of deodar.

The Deodar can reach a very considerable size. Thomson (" W. Him. and Tibet,"

712

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TLMHEItS

p. 6-4) mentions one near Nachar on the Sutlej that had 35£ ft. in girth. Brand is
mentions trees in Kunawar that had 30 to 36 ft. in girth ; Dr. Stewart measured one
at Kiiarsi, in the valley of the Ravi, that was 44 ft. at 2 ft. and 36 ft. at 6 ft. from the
ground, and another was ascertained to be 34,^ ft. in girth, and to be about 900 years
old. Minniken records a tree at Punang in Bashahr that was 150 ft. high, and had
a girth of over 36 ft., the clean bole height being 45 ft. The great section in the cor-
ridor of the Imperial Forest School at Dehra Diin shows 23 ft. in girth and 665 annual
rings, equivalent to about 13 rings per inch of radius ; it came from the Gokul Forest
in Tehri-Garhwal, and was cut by Mr. E. M. Moir. In the Moriru Forest in the
Tehri-Garhwal Leased Forests, I measured in 1898 a stump — or rather shell, for the
interior had decayed — that was 34 ft. in girth ; while not far off, in Dumrali Block, a
dry fallen tree was unearthed, 90 ft. long, and over 7 ft. in diameter at base. It had
been dead for at least 100 years, and was, when it fell, probably 550 years old. When
cut up, it gave 460 metre-gauge sleepers and some karis (" Ind. For." xxiv. 400).
Aitchison mentions a tree in the Kuram Forests 22 ft. in girth and 150 ft. high.
Schlich found a tree in the Sutlej Valley 240 ft. high ; and W. It. Fisher tells me he
saw one of 216 ft. in the Bashahr forests of the Pabar Valley. Deodar is probably at
its best, in good localities, at about 12 ft. in girth, and in the Tehri Forest Working
Plan it is estimated that an average tree gives 50 sleepers 6' x 8" x 4},".

In common with most species of the Order, the Deodar has well-marked annual
rings which, there is little, if any, reason to doubt, represent yearly growths. More
information has, perhaps, been collected on the subject of the rate of growth of
Deodar than of any other species of Indian tree, though we have as yet no such com-
plete series of trees of known age to deal with as were available at Nilambur for the
question of the rate of growth of Teak. The geographical range of Deodar, especially
iu altitude, is very wide, and this circumstance, considering that some specimens may
be obtained from sheltered places in comparatively warm valleys, while others come
from exposed and high situations, makes it doubtful whether much value can be
attached to general deductions from data collected from many quarters, and whether
it should not usually be the practice to take only for use in any forests, the experiments
made on trees in that or neighbouring localities. Brandis gives a large amount of
information, to which reference can be made. He points out that the Deodar forests
may be classified in three great divisions, viz. —

(1) Those in a dry climate in the vicinity of the arid zone of the inner Himalaya,

having usually the age of trees 6 ft. in girth above 140 years.

(2) Those in the intermediate ranges and valleys, having 6 ft. iu girth for an age

of between 110 and 140 years.

(3) Those in the outer ranges under the full influence of the monsoon and having

the age of trees 6 ft. in girth usually below 110 years.

In his " Notes on Deodar Localities near Simla," 1867, Brandis mentions two trees
at Naldehra which gave 9 rings per inch of radius ; two trees at Gund, iu the Giri Valley,
which gave 12?. rings; and a tree at Cheog which had 8 rings. In the Mahasu Water-
Catchment Forests, valued iu 1877 (" Ind. For." v. 139) the stumps of large trees gave
9'64 riDgs on an average, and pcles gave 8 rings. Planted trees in Kulu gave 3 to 5
rings, and trees in the Kulu forests an average of 9*6 rings. Bagshawe's measurements
in the Peiwar Forests of the Kuram Valley, Afghanistan, gave an average of about
21 rings, which is very slow. These measurements, however, confirm Brandis1 classifi-
cation.

The Working Plans of various Himalayan forests afford important information.
Thus N. Hearle's Working Plan of 1888 for the Tehri-Garhwal Leased Forests found
the deodar area 45,198 acres, and the number of trees of over 1 ft. iu diameter
260,000. The growth by age classes was as follows : —

V. Class.

IV. Class.

III. Class.

II. Class.

I. Class.

A.

B.

0.

Diameter

Years .

0-G in.
36

6-12 in.

28

12-1S in.
26

1S-24 in.
30

24-30 in.
32

30-36 in.
35

36-42 in.

38

CONIFER.E

713

and the outturn-

Girth .
Average age .
No. of sleepers
metre gauge

6 ft.
120 years

40

7 ft.
140 years

50

8 ft.
165 years

70

Oft.
185 years

95

These forests may
be said to belong
to Brandis' 2nd
division.

The same officer's Deoban Working Plan of 1889 for outer range forests (3rd
division) gave for growth by age classes —

Diameter
Years .

V. Class.

0-6 in.
32

IV. Class.

6-12 in.
15

III. Class.

12-18 in.
18

II. Class.

18-24 in.
20

I. Class.

over 24 in.
85

Age on entrv of class.

He also found that the height was, on an average, at 24 in. girth, 99 ft.
119 ft.; at 36 in., 117 ft. ; at 42 in., 129 ft.

The following information is given from Punjab Working Plans : —

at 30 in.,

Average rate

Average no.

Exploitable

of growth.

of years to

age adopted.

Rings per in.

attain —

Years.

Kotkhai-Kotgarh ....

10§

5 ft. . 106

106

Pangi ......

10

6 ft. . 120

120

Upper Eavi

9

lh ft. . 135

135

Kulu ......

lh

6 ft. . 90

90

Simla Municipal Forests

10

6 ft. . 120

120

These figures (more might easily be quoted, but it is unnecessary) seem to show
that the question of the rate of growth of deodar and the best exploitable age is one
which can only be properly discussed in reference to the locality to which it is pro-
posed to apply the results. But it certainly seems as if the exploitable size, usually
6 ft., is a good deal too low for getting the best possible return. It might be better
fixed at 8 ft., or even more, even though the rotation may have to be also
raised.

As an ornamental tree, there are few trees in the world that can compare with the
deodar, even when the most beautiful of those of its own family, like the species of
Araucaria, Sequoia, Abies, Pseudotsuga and Picea are taken into account. From the
Lebanon cedar and the Atlas cedar it differs somewhat in appearance ; but even to
an expert, in the collections of Europe, it is not always easy to recognize to which
of the three varieties a given specimen belongs. Koughly, however, the deodar is
distinguished by means of its drooping branches and its longer needles. The deodar
is grown as an ornamental tree in the hill stations, and does well when the soil, which
should be light, suits it. It does not succeed either at Darjeeling or on the Nilgiris,
where there is too much clay. The deodar prefers to grow on gneiss or granite or
even on limestone.

Two well-marked varieties are recognizable in the forests, the one with dark green,
the other with silvery, foliage. The latter variety, well known in European collections,
is t'<>und wild in ravines at a comparatively low level. I have seen it in Jaunsar, iu
the upper Dharagadh, in raviues at from 4-6000 ft., and I believe the variety comes
true to seed. Deodar trees are frequently lopped for litter, and retained near villages
for that purpose. If the leading shoot is not damaged, the tree grows on well enough,
but its timber is naturally not improved by the lopping, though it may cause it to
become harder and more oily. When the leading shoot is cut or damaged, the tree
shows a great tendency to torm others, and frequently several erect shoots with the
appearance of youug trees may be seen growing up straight from the branches.

714 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

These shoots may perhaps afford poles, and part of the original bole may perhaps be
utilizable, but. ordinarily speaking, trees of this description are of no value except as
seed-bearers. The deodar may almost be said to produce coppice shoots, for, as Brandis
remarks, if only a small branch be left to a stump, it will send out shoots and grow
well, eventually perhaps forming a new tree.

In close forests, deodar trees flower and seed rather sparsely only ; for good seed-
bearers we have to look to the old trees on dry ridges where they can get a large
amount of sunlight. When the seeds are ripe, the cones break up and the scales fall ;
the winged seeds are then carried by the wind for a short distance. It may be inte-
resting to record the result of the examination of an average cone by Mr. B. B.
Osmaston in October, 1900. He found in the top part 25 scales with 50 bad seeds ; in
the middle 100 scales with 90 good and 110 bad seeds; in the bottom part 94 scales
with 188 bad seeds ; the whole cone giving, therefore, 219 scales with 438 seeds, of
which 90 were good.

The other varieties are known as the " Cedar of Lebanon " and " Atlas Cedar."
Like the Deodar, they are both largely cultivated in Europe. In Great Britain, the
Lebanon Cedar was introduced in the year 1683, but the Deodar only in 1822, and the
Atlas Cedar in 1843 (G. Nicholson, " Diet, of Gard.," i. 286). The Lebanon Cedar
grows chiefly on the mountains of Asia Minor and in Cyprus, its most southerly
locality being the celebrated one in the Kedisha valley of Lebanon at about 6500 ft.
The Atlas Cedar forms forests on the Atlas range in Algeria at 4-7000 ft.

Deodar timber is, as has already been stated, the chief timber of Northern India.
Its mest important use is for railway sleepers, of which very large numbers are supplied
every year to the various railways of the north. It is also of value for bridge-work,
and is employed extensively in building, chiefly for beams and door and window frames,
but is rather brittle to work and does not take paint and varnish well. It has also a
very strong odour, which, pleasant enough in the open air, is rather unpleasant in a
room. The timber is almost all brought out by water ; either, as largely in Kashmir
and the Punjab, in log ; or, as in the Tons and Jumna valleys, in the form of sleepers
or scantling. The wood floats very well, and the oil it contains prevents its becoming
waterlogged, so that few pieces get irretrievably lost. The logs or sleepers are cut
in the forests, far away within the Himalaya, are extracted by means of rough slides
or sledge roads or by wire tramways to the rivers, and then floated down with the help
of " mullas," men who use inflated skins to help them to move down the rapids. The
pieces get much worn against the rocks during the floating, so that they arrive with
their edges rounded, but there is no doubt that the floating hardens and seasons the
wood more or less. The system of conversion is at present wasteful, as there is little
or no means of disposing of the small pieces, slabs, etc., which are left after the sleepers
are cut ; in time perhaps this may be remedied, and perhaps much of this wood may
be used in the hill villages in satisfaction of those rights of building wood which so
many of them possess, and which are often exercised wastefully. It is by no means
an unusual thing in the Himalaya to see a huge deodar, blue pine, long-leaved pine,
spruce, silver fir and even cypress lying rotting. It has been chosen by some village
for house-building, often in the exercise of a right, cut down and perhaps one or two 6-
foot sections cut out and the rest left. The practice was strongly commented on by
Capt. Gerard in his "Account of Koonawur," 1841, p. GS, who says, "It is astonishing
1 what a quantity of this fine wood is wasted, even where it is scarce, for the saw is
' unknown ; and to get a plank of any size they split a tree into several thick pieces
' with wedges, and then fashion it with an adze, thus losing the greater part of it."
Capt. Gerard wrote 60 years ago ; my own frequent observations have convinced me
that no great improvement has taken place since then, though I am glad to admit that
some villagers have learnt the utility of a saw and the saving of labour caused by its
employment. I doubt if they ever consider the saving of timber. Deodar wood is
very durable, probably, with Cypress, the most durable of Himalayan woods. Stewart
mentions the pillars of the Shah Hamaden mosque at Srinagar in Kashmir, which date
from 1426 A.n., and are now consequently (1901) 475 years old, as having been quite
sound at the time he wrote. It resists wet, also white ants, and apparently does not
suffer much from dry rot.

With regard to the weight of Deodar and its transverse strength, the following
experiments are available : —

CONIFERS

715

1 1

k Z

Experiment by whom
made.

J Year.

Wood whence
procured.

EH S

Size of bar.

Value of P.

ft. in. in.

lbs.

Col. Maclagan, R.E.

1858

Punjab

1

2x1 X 1 I

( 554

» j)

55

51

4
4

3x1 X 1
3x1 X 2 )

2305

{ 580
( 602

Garhwal .

1

2x1 X 1 j

630

"

3

3x1 Xl

24'G5

{ 637
I 550

»

4

3X1 X 2 )

Major Robertson and
Captain Henderson

J 1856

Punjab

10

various

—

538

Major Cunningham .

1854

—

20

2x1 X 1

656

_

12

various

3670

340

(443, un-

Captain W. Jones .

1844

Kumaon

I10

—

3S\
40/

1 seasoned
j 560,
[seasoned

Rai Kanhya Lai

1S76\

/ Ravi .

4

12 x 6 x 4

38

331

•»

" 1

Ujh .

4

„

35

304

55 1

\ Chenab

4

„

33

346

??

PunJab Ravi3J:

4
8

8 x s" x 3

34
34

215
367

55

51 1

/ Ujh .

8

55

38

387

1

f Chenab

8

„

34

341

?>

55 '

V Sutlej .

8

55

S3

315

Ganga Ram

Chamba

2

12 x 3 x 3

32

351

5

1

12 X 2-9 X 29

34

330

55

* *

1

12 X 28 X 28

35

302

Note. — The Roorkee experiments gave a mean of 587 as the value of P for Punjali
timber, and 592 for Garhwal timber. It has since been proved that these values were too
high, and the experiments of Rai Kanhya Lai, who operated on larger pieces, give a mean
of 334. The working value of P as taken by the Department Public Works in the Punjab
is now 300.

The weight of well-seasoned dry deodar wood of average growth is about 35 lbs.
per cubic foot. Branch wood is very much heavier, and is often saturated with
resin oil, giving a weight of 48 lbs. per cubic foot (No. H 4470). Dr. Warth's
experiments showed that 100 lbs. steam-dry wood gave 0*33 lb. of ash, one-half of
which consisted of calcium carbonate. The tree gives only a very small quantity of
resin, chiefly from wounds in the bark ; but the oil contained in the wood can be
extracted by distillation, exactly as is done for the tar of the long-leaved pine. It is
a dark brown, strong and unpleasant-smelling fluid, said to be a good antiseptic. It
is used to coat the " mussucks," or inflated skins used on the rivers of the Himalaya ;
also as an outward application to the feet of horses, cattle, and camels ; and as a pre-
ventive of the bites of the " potu " fly (Simulium indicum, Becher), which is so common
and so troublesome in Himalayan forests.

So far, the deodar tree has not been found to be much attacked by insect pests,
but it is right to notice that the cones are badly damaged by the larva; of a Pyralid
moth, Euzophera punicceella, Moore, which eat out nearly all the seeds, even of large
apparently healthy cones.

Of fungoid pests, the most serious is the well-known Polyporus annosus, Fries
(= Trametes radiciperda, Hartig), which attacks groups of saplings and kills them.
It spreads itself underground from tree to tree through the roots, and in places is likely
to be a source of very considerable damage. The leaves of the deodar are also attacked
by Uredineous fungi, notably by the JEcidium Cedri, Bare]., which forms small yellow

spots and causes the leaves to fall off (see " Ind. For." xxv. 431).

lbs.
Chenab Forests (Baden-Powell) ...... 34

11

1)40.

II

902.

11

900.

11

616.

11

617.

Siul Valley, Chumba (Baden-Powell)
Ravi Forests (Baden-Powell) .
Beas Forests, Kulu (Pengelly)
Sutlej Forests (Bashahr)

32

36
[2
31

716 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

lbs.

H 16. Cheog Forest, Simla, 7000 ft 41

H 42. Mahasu Forest, Simla, 8000 ft 35

H 3058, 3096. „ „ „ (Gamble) .... 42

H 4470. Deota, Tehri-Garhwal „ „ .... 48

Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 11 (C. Deodara) (Tab. XVI. 4).

11. PICE A, Link.

The common Spruce (also called Norway Spruce) of Europe is P. excelsa, Link.
(Abies excelsa, DC ; Brandis For. Fl. 526), which, is, with the Scotch Pine, the most
important tree of the northern half of Europe, especially in Norway, Sweden and
Russia, yielding the wood known as White Deal. Picea alba, Link, is the " White
Spruce," and P. nigra, Link, the "Black Spruce" of North America.

1. P. Morinda, Link. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 653 ; Gamble Darj. List 83. Abies Smith-
iana, Forbes ; Brandis For. Fl. 525. The Himalayan Spruce. Vern. Wesha, bajtir,
Afg. ; Kachal, re, riar, kachan, Hazara,- Kashmir ; Pewari, ban hidar, sangal, salla,
sarei, Icduli, roi, rag, rdo, bang re, Jcrok, Pb. Himalaya; Tos, Ravi ; Pau, raiang, re,
ryang, Sutlej ; Pai, Jaunsar ; Kandre, re, rhdi, rdo, khutrau, ridlla, rdgha, morinda,
hail, kiln, Garhwal, Kumaon ; Sehshing, Bhutia.

A very large and lofty evergreen tree. Bark rough, reddish- or
greyish-brown, with very shallow furrows both longitudinal and
horizontal, causing small rounded or somewhat quadrangular plates
to fall off. Wood white, soft to moderately hard ; no heartwood,
sometimes with a reddish or brown tinge, sometimes (in old wood,
seasoned in log) grey. Annual rings conspicuously marked, the
spring wood soft and spongy. Medullary rays fine, very numerous,
prominent on a radial section. Resin-ducts very scanty or none.

Himalaya, at 7-11,000 ft., extending west to Afghanistan, east to Bhutan ; in the
Kuram forests at 8-12,000 ft.

The Himalayan spruce is a very fine tree, which, though not perhaps reaching so
great a girth as the Deodar, attains very often a greater height. Measurement of large
trees made near Mundali in Jaunsar gave from 176 to 215 ft. in height with a girth
of 19 to 23 ft. (Gleadow in lad. For. xxvi. Appx. p. 49). It grows in mixture with
silver fir (Abies Pindroio), and. in such mixed forests the spruce affects the drier ridges,
the silver fir the moister raviues. These forests, which are often very extensive in
the West Himalaya, cover chiefly the northern and western slopes of the moun-
tains, usually at 7500 to 8500 ft., and a little higher or lower in places. It is also
commonly found in mixture with deodar. When grown in close forest, the boles
are often without branches to a great height, and the top conical with conspicuously
pendant branches. Grown in the open, the branches cover the lower part of the tree
as well, but are never of large size. The needles are longer and the cones larger than
those of the European spruce. In Sikkim it is not very abundant, and does not appear
in the forests of the Darjeeling District.

The treatment suitable for the spruce is still a matter of considerable question. In
the more distant forests, this is of not much consequence, as the wood is not in much
demand, and whenever deodar is found with it, the spruce has to be made entirely
subordinate to its more valuable rival. But in the outer ranges, and especially near
cantonments and large towns where a good fuel supply is required, and where spruce
planking is in demand, it is important to know how the forests should be treated. The
spruce is essentially a light-demander, and requires to be freed from cover as early as
possible. In the Kanjatra and Hajawa forests in Jaunsar, under working for the
supply of Chakrata, a fairly heavy seed-felling proved a failure, and, after much dis-
cussion, the general opinion of those best qualified to decide seems to be that in treat-
ing these virgin forests, clear-cutting and artificial regeneration with a well worked-up
soil is likely to be the most successful method. Large trees in close forest produce but
little seed, and that only at intervals of 3 to 4 years, and liable to be eaten off by birds
before it can fall, for birds like the seeds of the spruce as being less resinous and easier

CONIFERS

71'

to extract from the cones than those of the other large conifers. The cones are pendu-
lous, and the scales persistent. Then, too, in the spruce forests, the ground vegetation
of Strohilanthes, small bamboos, raspberries, balsams and other plants is often very
rank and very difficult for the seeds to penetrate, so that they fail to reach the ground,
or if they do reach it, their resulting seedlings get smothered. Natural reproduction
may thus be said to be somewhat doubtful. Artificial reproduction is easy, and is
quite successful if done with care, especially if basket-planting is resorted to.

The rate of growth of spruce is fairly fast. Trees at Kalatop, Dalhousie, measured
by Eibbentrop in 1873, gave an average of 11 rings per inch of radius, or 125 years
to a girth of 6 ft. This is very nearly the same as the results recorded in the Deoban
Preliminary Report of 1875, while the Working Plan of 1889, by N. Hearle, gave, by
age classes —

Diameter
Years .

V. Class.

0-6 in.
35

IV. Class.

6-12 in.
17

III. Class.

12-1S in.
24

18-24 in.
24

I. Class.

over 24 in.
100

Age on entry of class.

the height at 42 in. being 135 ft.

If good timber only is required, the exploitable age ought to be more than 100
years, which corresponds to a girth of 6 ft., for a girth of 8 to 10 ft. would perhaps be
more suitable; it fuel only is required, it is probable that a much earlier exploitable
age, say 40 years, corresponding to a girth of a little less than 3 ft., would suit best ;
if, however, both are wanted, possibly 100 years' rotation with a 6-ft. girth is the best
average.

The wood of the Himalayan spruce is almost similar to that given by the European
spruce. It gives excellent planking for floors, walls and ceilings ; it can be used
for shingles, and is good for rough purposes like packing-cases, building huts for
shepherds, making water-troughs, etc. In Kangra and Kulu it is used for tea-boxes
(L. G. Smith). So far it has not been seriously tried, but there is little doubt but that
it would be excellent for paper pulp, matches and match-boxes, and perhaps even for
sleepers if creosoted. It has one difficulty in that, most of the forests being far from
the plains, extraction by floating is necessary, and having little or no resin or oil in the
cells, as is the case with deodar, cypress and the pines, it rapidly gets waterlogged and
sinks, not to be recovered. The weight of the wood is, on an average, 30 to 32 lbs. per
cubic foot. The bark used to be extensively employed by shepherds for roofing their
huts, but the practice has been stopped in Government and other forests under con-
servancy. The leaves and twigs are used for litter and manure. It gives a small
quantity of resin, chiefly from between the bark and wood, but not enough to be ot
any consequence. Dr. Warth found that 100 lbs. of steam-dry wood gave 0*63 lb. of
ash, most of which consisted of salts, phosphates or carbonates, of calcium.

The Himalayan spruce is often badly attacked by the same spruce-gall aphis which
attacks the European spruce, viz. the Chermes abietis, Linn., which forms cone-like
excrescences on the twigs. As is well known, this insect in Europe has an alternating
generation on the Larch, but so far it is not yet known whether any such alternation
exists in India.

It is also the object of the attacks of some Uredineous fungi, and notably of one
which makes curious tassel-like orange-coloured bunches on the branches. This is
Peridermium incarcerans, Cooke ( = P.piceie, Barcl.). The damage done is not very
great. Another species which attacks the leaves is the ^Ecidium Thompson/, Barcl.,
but this also is not of much importance.

lliS.

H 3165. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7000 ft —

H 775. Kalatc'.p Forest, Dalhousie, 7000 ft. (W. Pengelly) ... 31

H3, 12, 43. Mahasu Forest, Simla, 8000 ft 2^,32,32

II 2896. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) —

II 3032. Hattu Forest, Simla, 9000 ft. (young tree) (Gamble) . . 39
H 420. Mohna Block, Deoban Forest, 8000 ft. (Bagshawe) . . .26
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Abies Smithiand).

E 965 seut by Dr. Schlich from the Chumbi Valley, Tibet, between Sikkim and

718 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Bhutan, from about 9-10,000 ft., is the wood of a species of Picea closely allied to
P. Morinda, but with shorter needles and smaller cones. It is probably undescribed.
The structure of the wood is identical with that of P. Morinda.

12. TSUGA, Carriere.

The " Hemlock Spruce " of Canada is T. canadensis, Carr. (Abies canadensis,
Michaux: Brandis For. Fl. 527), a graceful tree, much cultivated in Europe. In
Canada and the United States the bark is used for tanning leather.

1. T. Brunoniana, Carr.; Fl. Br. Iud. v. 651; Gamble Darj. List 84. Abies
dxiiiosa, Loudon ; Brandis For. Fl. 527. The Indian Hemlock Spruce. Vera. Changa-
thasi dhiip, thiagia, thingdni siila, Nep.; Tangshing, Bautia; Semadung, chemdang,
nyitkuri, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Ba/rh thick, rough. Wood white, soft,
with a slight pinkish tinge. Annual rings prominent. Medullary
rays fine, numerous. Resin-ducts scanty.

Central and Eastern Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan, at 8-10,500 ft.

The Indian Hemlock spruce extends, according to Duthie, as far west as the Kali
Valley in Kumaon. Duthie says it forms beautiful forests near Sosa in North-East
Kumaon at 9-10,000 ft. (Gard. Chron., March, 1886). In British Sikkim it is found in
the Siri Valley, where there are forests, and there it grows mixed with or just below
the silver fir (Abies Webbiana), and associated with yew, oaks (especially Quercus
pachyphylla), Rhododendrons (chiefly JR. grande, It. Falconeri and R. barbatum) and
the Maling bamboo (Aritndinaria racemosa). It " forms a stately blunt pyramid with
* branches spreading like the cedar, but not so stiff and drooping gracefully on all
' sides" (Hook. Him. Journ. i. 206). Sir J. D. Hooker mentions a tree which had 28 ft.
in girth and over 120 ft. in height. The bark is used for roofing, and the wood, which
is not of very good quality, for shingles. The growth is rather slow, 11 to 18 rings
per inch of radius. The cones are verv small, with persistent scales.

lbs.
E 377. Plmllaloong Ridge, Darjeeling, 10,000 ft. (Johnston) . .2,

E 968. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 ft. (Schlich) ... 29

13. ABIES, Juss.

Two Indian species. The Fl. Br. Ind., following Brandis and als:> Thomson, have
considered them as one; but from personal observation and from the opinion given me
by Mons. R. Hickel, who has studied the question on cultivated trees in France, I am
so convinced that they are separate species that I propose to follow Royle and make
them so here. The " Silver Fir" of Europe is A. pectinata, DC ; Brandis For. Fl. 528 ;
and several other fine species are in cultivation in Europe, and most noticeably
A. Nordmanniana, Spach of the Crimea and Caucasus, A. Pinsapo, Boiss. of the
mountains of Spain and A. nobilis, Lindl. of the Western United States of America.

1. A. Webbiana, Lindl.; FI.Br.Ind. v. 654; Brandis For. Fl. 528 ; Gamble Darj.
List 84. Vera. Chilroiv, oonum, N.-W. Him. ; Wuman, wunbu, Byans ; Oobri i suhih,
Nep.; Dunshing, Bhutia.

A large evergreen tree. Bark greyish-brown, rough. Wood white,
soft. Annual ri/ngs conspicuous. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
irregular. Resin-ducts scanty, but distinguishable in the spring
wood.

Inner Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan at 10-14,000 ft., but rare below 11,000 ft. ;
Kuram and Hariab Districts at 8-11,000 ft., usually on ridges (Aitchisou).

This silver fir is distinguished from A. Pindroiv by having quite a different appear-
ance, shorter and thicker leaves white beneath, well-marked rough leaf-cushions on the
branchlets, smaller cones with acuminate bracts nearly as long as the scales, and a quite
separate zone of vegetation. Brandis tells me he has seen the two growing together, and
this is, I believe, the case on the Chor, but my own experience in the valley of the Tons

COXIFER.E

719

and on the Chansil Range is that this species commences usually at from 1-2000 ft.
above the point where the other disappears. I believe that this species is an Eastern
Himalayan one which only extends westwards at high elevations, while A. Pindrow is
only Western. A. Webbiana is said to occur on the Chor, but I have not been there. I
never saw it on Kedarkanta. This species has an erect bole with rather thick spreading
horizontal branches bearing a flattened leaf-canopy. The leaves are short, white beneath
and thick, and the cushions of the fallen leaves very characteristic. It is, with the
silver birch (Beticla utilis), the last tree met with before the treeless snowy wastes begin
in the Western Himalaya, and in Sikkim forms forests of considerable extent on the
hillsides in more or less exposed places. In the Singalila forests of Sikkim it is gre-
garious, and in higher levels almost or quite pure ; lower down it meets the Tsuga
Brunoniana, the Yew and various Rhododendrons, and has a dense undergrowth of
small bamboo. The rate of growth is only moderately fast, 12 rings being about the
average per inch in Sikkim. The bark is used for salt-troughs for sheep in Sikkim, as
that of the Yew (and perhaps also that of this silver fir) is used in the Western Hima-
laya. The cones are erect, purple in colour, and the scales deciduous.

lbs.
E 359. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 11,500 ft, (Johnston) . . . .27
E2437. „ „ „ (Gamble) . —

E 964. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 ft. (Schlich) .... 29

2. A. PindPOW, Spach. A. Webbiana, var. Pindrow, Brandis For. Fl. 528 ; FJ.
Br. Ind. v. 655. Vern. Pahidar, rewari, Jhelum ; Bddar, biidar, tung, tiing bandar,
biitllu, dreivar, Kashmir; DTiiinu, rag, rail, pe, re, salle, sara, Chamba ; Tos, Kulu ;
Spun, pun, krok, kalrei,; Kunawar ; Bharda, thanera, Shali ; Burla, pindrau, pind-
rai, Hattu ; Kudrom. Matiyana; Span, krok, Bashahr; Burid, biirra, buldu, Bhajji;
Kalrai, satrai, chur, Kotkai; Baho, row, chilrow, kilaunta, Chor; Morinda, Jaunsar ;
Bagha, rao ragha, ransla, raisalla, Kumaon.

A lofty evergreen tree. Bark smooth and silvery when young;
when old greyish-brown, deeply cleft in vertical fissures, thick. Wood
white, soft. Annual rings prominent, the autumn wood rather broad,
the spring wood often spongy. Medullary rays very fine, very nume-
rous. Re sin- dud* sometimes rather common in the spring wood,
sometimes scarce, moderate-sized.

Outer Himalaya from Chitral to Xepal at 7-9000 ft., occasionally to 10,000 ft.
This, the better known of the two Silver firs in the Western Himalaya, has quite
a different appearance to the other. It affects ravines chiefly with a northern or
western aspect. It has long green needles and larger cones with very short emarginate
bracts. It has, also, nearly smooth silvery branchlets with inconspicuous leaf-cushions.
The shape of the tree is very narrowly conical, and the branches, which are small
only and short, curve downwards strongly at first, bending up somewhat at the end,
so that they open out fan-fashion. It is usually associated with the spruce, morn oak,
and sometimes the deodar and blue pine. More often its associates are broad-leaved,
such as the walnut, moru oak, maples, the bird-cherry and horse-chestnut. At higher
levels it joins the kharshu oak. It grows, like the spruce, very tall and of considerable
girth, though not quite so large as the deodar. Trees measured in the Mundali Forest
in Jaunsar gave heights varying from 188 to 206 ft. and girths of 19 to 26 ft. Kanjilal
mentions trees 250 ft. high at Mundali, but these are not recorded by Gleadow ("Ind.
Fur." xxvi. Appendix, p. 49).

The rate of growth of silver fir is perhaps rather fastor than that of spruce when
young, slower when old, perhaps about the same on the whole. Mr. Ribbentrop's
Kalatop Working Plan gives an average of 13 rings per inch of radius. Hearle's
Deoban Working Plan gives, for age classes —

Diameter
Years .

V. Class.

IV. Class.

0-6 in.
39

6-12 in.
20

III. Class. II. Class

12-1S in. 1S-24 in.
23 27

1. Class.

over 24 in.

109 Age on entrv of class.

720 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

He also gives for the height— at 18 in. diameter 93 ft., at 24 in. 100 ft., at 30 in. 107 ft.,
at 36 in. 122 ft., at 42 in. 138 ft., and records, as reducing factor for trees under 24 in.
diameter 0*60, and for those over that size 0"54, which is almost precisely the same as
spruce, 0'60 and 0#53.

The Silver fir is essentially a shade-enduring tree: it is wonderful, indeed, how Ion?
it will remain alive and healthy, though making little or no growth, under dense shade,
and then when the cover is removed shoot up vigorously and well. Its natural repro-
duction, consequently, is much better than that of spruce, and indeed, except in those
old virgin forests of closely grown mixed spruce and silver fir, where, after a seed-felling
the ground speedily covers itself with herbaceous vegetation, preventing seeds getting
to it, the natural reproduction is usually excellent. Where there is sheep-grazing it
fails, of course ; though even then, perhaps owing to the protection of a few bushes or
a bit of rocky ground, small clumps of seedlings may sometimes be seen. The seed of
the silver fir is not sought for by birds, so much as that of the spruce, probably because
it is more resinous.

The cones are dark purple, erect, and the scales are deciduous. Artificial repro-
duction is also easy ; the seed, though difficult to collect on account of the cones
breaking up when ripe, germinates well and the seedlings are hardy. Transplanting
is not difficult, though it is better to put the plant into baskets for a year or more
before planting out. Seed-sowing at site is not usually successful.

Treated in mixture with other trees like Karshu and Mora, oaks, Silver fir is easy
to reproduce, and will probably give the best results. It is only in the vicinity of hill
stations and cantonments that its timber is of importance, for, like that of the spruce,
it quickly gets waterlogged if floated, and also like that of the spruce, there is little
demand for it in the plains, since the railways have not yet adopted the practice of
creosoting, and the demand for matchwood and paper-pulp is as yet non-existent.
For big timber, an exploitable age corresponding to a girth of 8 to 10 ft. will probably
be best; for fuel only a much earlier age would probably be most profitable, say
40 to 50 years.

The wood is used indiscriminately with that of the spruce ; if anything, however, its
quality is not quite so good. It could be used for sleepers, if creosoted. It is good for
planking, tea-boxes, packing-cases, etc., and makes excellent shingles. It gives very
little resin. The weight is about 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Capt. Jones' ten experiments
in 1844 gave W = 31 lbs., P = 440. The branches are sometimes used for litter.

So far, few, if any, insect or fungoid enemies of the Silver fir have been recorded.

lbs.

H D34. Hazara, 7000 ft, (Baden-Powell) 29

H 774. Kalatop Forest, Dalhousie, 7500 ft. (Pengelly) . . . —

H 2895, 3031. Hattu, Simla, 9000 ft. (Gamble) —

H 65. Nagkanda, Simla, 9000 ft. . 29

H 421. Thona Block, Deoban Forest, 8000 ft. (Bagshawe) ... 30
Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 7 (Abies Webbiana) (Tab. XVI. 5).

U. LARIX, Miller.

The Larch of Europe is L. ewopcea, DC ; Brandis For. Fl. 531, found in the Alps
•of France, Switzerland and Austria and elsewhere in Europe, and now largely planted
in Britain. It has been tried in various places in the Himalaya, but not with much
success, those at Manali in Kulu being apparently the most successful, though I can
find no record of them since that of Ind. For. vii. 1881, when young trees 4 years old
were already 6 ft. high. The Siberian Larch, L. sibirica, Led., forms large forests in
Russia and Siberia. The American Larch or " Tamarack " of swamp lands in the
Northern United States is the L. americana, Michx.

1. L. Griffithii, Hook. f. and Th. in 111. Him. PI. t. 21 ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 655 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 531; Gamble Darj. List 84. The Sikkim Larch. Vern. Boargasella, Nep. ;
Sah, saar, Lepcha.

A deciduous tree. Bark, reddish-brown, h in. thick. Wood soft to
moderately hard: sapwood white; heartwood rod. Annual rwigsvery
distinct. Medullary rays fine, numerous, prominent on a radial
section. Resin-ducts scanty, large.

CONIFERS 721

Eastern Himalaya, in Eastern Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, at 8-12,000 ft.

The Sikkim Larch is not found in the Darjeeling Forests, but only in the inner
ranges. Sir J. D. Hooker in Him. Journ. ii. 44 says the wood is white, and that he
never saw it red, as the Chumbi specimen certainly is. The Chumbi specimen was
well authenticated by excellent fruiting specimens, having cones considerably larger
than those of the European Larch and with more conspicuous bracts, which, with
the scales, are persistent. Growth slow, about 21 rings per inch of radius. The wood

is durable and is exported from Sikkim into Tibet.

lbs.
E 969. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 ft. (Schlich) ... 32

Order CIX. CYCADACEJE.

A most interesting Order of plants, but one of very small importance in Forest
economy. In appearance, the Indian Cycads resemble palms or tree-ferns ; they have
usually a thick woody or more or less spongy stem which is not, or very little, branched.
The leaves are large and pinnate. They come near to the vascular cryptogams and
especially to the Marattiacece tribe of ferns : in former periods of the world's history
they were of great importance and appeared among the first of phanerogamic plants.

1. CYCAS, Linn.

Five species. C. Bumphii, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 657; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxvii.;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 502; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 122 (C. circinalis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 744) ;
Yern. Mondaing, Burm. ; Maha-madu, Cingh., has a thick cylindrical palm-like
scarred trunk, occasionally branched and reaching; 20 to 25 ft. in height, with a girth
of 3 to 4 ft. It is found in the beach forests of South Tenasserim and the Andaman
Islands, and is often cultivated in gardens. Prain says that it is also found in the
Coco Islands, and there attains a height of 50 ft., with a girth of 5 ft. " The wood
' yields a good quantity of sago or starch, the seeds are in Ceylon made into flour.
'Exudes a good sort of resin, which is applied to malignant ulcers" (Kurz). C. sia-
mensis, Miq. ; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 657 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 503 ; Vern. Mondaing, Burm., is
an evergreen shrub or small palm-like tree found in the Eng and dry forests of Prome
in Burma and in the Shan Hills. It gives a whitish gum. C. revoluta, Thunb. is a
Japanese species often grown in Indian gardens.

1. C. Circinalis, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 656; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxvii.; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 121. C. sphcerica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 747. Vern. Orasmaro, org una,
oruna, rcngua, Uriya; Per ita, Tel. ; Madu, Cingh.

An evergreen palm-like tree. Bark brown, smooth below, tessellated
above in small diamond-shaped scars. Wood soft, yellowish, consist-
ing of alternate layers of woody and bast tissue, the woody layers about
twice as broad as the bast ones, and all concentric though rather
irregularly anastomozing. The woody layers consist, like the wood
of Coniferw, of tracheides and have no pores. The tracheides have
many small not bordered pits. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
regular.

South India, on both sides of the Peninsula, on the east extending north to Orissa ;
moist region of Ceylon up to 1500 ft.

This Cycas is found in the undergrowth of the forests, and may reach a height of
15 ft. It is often branched. The seeds give a kind of flour, and are hollowed out and
used by the Khonds as snuff-boxes. The stems give a clear gum.

lbs.

( ! :;7S2. Ganjam Forests (Gamble) —

D 4279. Mogilipenta, Cuddapah (Gamble) 37

2. C. peetinata, Griff.; Fl. Br. Ind. v. 057; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 503; Gamble Darj.
List S4. Vern. Thakal, Xep.

A small evergreen palm-like tree. Bark brown, in horizontal

3 A

722 A MANUAL OF INDIAX TIMBERS

folds with diagonal clefts making diamond-shaped bosses. Wood
yellowish -white, in alternate more or less concentric but anastomozing
rings of wood tissue and bast tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Eastern sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascending the hot valleys ;
Khasia Hills, Assam, Chittagong Hills ; Eng and pine forests of Martaban and
Tenasserim.

In the Darjeeling Terai, this Cycas is common in the outer Sal forests, like the
Sath Bhaia and Tehsilpur Jhars, also in the Tista and Great Eangit valleys and in
other valleys of the lower hills. It gives a coarse kind of sago, which, with the fruit,
is eaten by Lepchas.

E 877. Balasun Forest, Darjeeling, 1000 ft, (Gamble) . . . —
E 2489. Chenga Forest „ „ „ ... 5-1

3. C. Beddomei, Dyer ; Fl. Br. Iud. v. G58. C. revoluta, Bead. Fl. Sylv. ccxxvii.
Vera. Per ita, Teb.

A low short-stemmed treelet. Bark brown, exfoliating in rect-
angular scales showing a yellow under-surface. Wood yellowish-
white, in alternate concentric or anastomozing layers of woody and
bast tissue, the latter layers rather narrow. Medullary rays fine,
numerous.

Hills of the Ceded Districts, especially Cuddapah.

D 4280. Mogilipenta, Cuddapah (Gamble).

SCITAMINEiE 728

Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Orders 110 to 114.

The wood of Monocotyledonous trees differs considerably from that of Dicotyledon.-
and Gymnosperms. In a Monocotyledonous stem the wood is in distinct fibro-vascular
bundles in no regular arrangement, and more or less separated from each other by the
cellular tissue or parenchyma. Though the arrangement of the bundles is irregular,
it may roughly be noted that those of the interior are larger and more complex, the
outer less so, the outermost smaller and simpler still, and they all are connected with
leaves — that is to say, they pass from the leaf-stalk downwards in a curved fashion,
first inwards and then outwards, finally joining or passing parallel to each other down
the outer cylinders. In section, a fibro-vascular bundle in a woody Monocotyledon
shows usually a few large pores which are large pitted vessels ; a few smaller, which
may be spiral or annular vessels ; on the outer side and between the pores a small
mass of bast cells (phloem), the whole surrounded by a thick-walled fibro-vasal ring.
There is no regular bark, but sometimes there is a thin cylinder of tissue resembling
it. "When once developed, the stem usually increases no more in thickness, so that a
young palm or bamboo, for instance, has from the first the greatest thickness which it
will attain during life.

The chief woody plants of the Monocotyledons are the Palms and Bamboos ; in
the former, the wood is continuous throughout the cylinder ; in the latter, the central
portion is usually hollow, so that the wood is found in a ring.

Order CX. SCITAMINEJE.

The Ginger Family. The plants of this Order are scarcely woody, though some of
the Tribe MusEiB attain a large size.

There are four Tribes. Tribe 1. Zingibere^: contains the ginger, cardamom and
turmeric, all well-known Indian cultivated plants. Alpinia nutans, Roscoe ; Fl. Br.
Ind. vi. 256, is a large gregarious species of the swamps of the Terai, growing to a
height of 10 to 15 ft., and important as fodder for elephants. Tribe 2. Maraxteje
contains the arrowroot, also the Clinogyne dichotoma, Salisb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 258,
the plant from whose stems the beautiful Situlpati mats are made. Tribe 3. Canker
contains the well-known garden Canna indiai, Linn. Tribe 4. Muse.e contains the
"plantains," of which there are six species. M. superba, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 261, is
a fine species of the Bombay Ghats. M. sapientum, Linn, is the common "plantain"
or " banana," which is wild in many of the damper forests in India, and is everywhere
cultivated for its fruit. Though quite herbaceous, it reaches the proportions of a small
tree with very large leaves, 4 to 5 ft. long and 2 ft. broad. M. textilis, Nee, of the
Philippine Islands, is sometimes cultivated in India ; it gives the valuable Manila
hemp. Eavenala madagascariensis, Sonn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 198 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
504, is the " Traveller's tree " of Madagascar, an evergreen palm-like tree with
plantain-like distichous leaves and a more or less woody trunk 20 to 30 ft. hi
It is cultivated in gardens in many places in India where the climate is moist and
warm enough for it.

In the Natural Order H.emodoraceje comes Sanseviera Boxburghiana, Schult. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 271, which is found in many forests in South India and col
its valuable fibre.

The Natural Order Amaryllideje contains the so-called American Aloes, chief oi

724 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

which is Agave americana, Linn. ; PI. Br. Ind. vi. 277, so conspicuous as a hedge
plant especially along Indian railways.

Order CXI. LILIACE-E.

In India four genera contain more or less woody plants — Smilax, Asparagus,
Dracaena, Cordyline. The rest are herbaceous, some of them, like the lilies, being
conspicuous forest flowering plants. Lilium giganteum, Wall. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 349, is
a tall species with white flowers reaching 6 to 12 ft. in height in damp valleys of the
Himalaya at about 7-9000 ft. L. polyphyllum, Don is a common species in the
forests of the West Himalaya, and has recurved petals, dull white striped with purple.
L. neilgher reuse, Wight, with large white flowers, is conspicuous in open shrubby
banks in the hills of South India. Gloriosa superba, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 35S, is a
handsome climbing plant with splendid golden and scarlet flowers, found in the out-
skirts of forests in most parts of India.

1. SMILAX, Linn.

Several species are small erect shrubby plants of the Himalayan forests, noticeable
among which are 8. vaginata, Dene, of the underwood of the oak, fir and deodar
forests of the West Himalaya ; and 8. rigida, Wall, of the forests of Sikkim. Among
climbing species, besides S. prolifera, Roxb., S. aspera, Linn., is a woody climber of
the Himalaya, often with variegated leaves ; and S. Wightii, A. DC is a large climber
common in the sholas of the Nilgiri Hills at 4-6000 ft.

The wood consists of cellular tissue, with rather large but distant
fibro- vascular bundles, each with two or three large pores and a few
smaller ones.

1. S. prolifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 795 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 312 ; Trimen PL Ceyl.
iv. 283. Vern. Kumari, dahni, maskanti, Behar ; Seinnabaw, seintabaw, Burm.;
Mahakabarasa, Cingh.

A thorny climber. Outer surface smooth, furrowed, marked by
remains of fallen leaves, jointed. Wood like that of canes, consisting
of soft cellular tissue, in which are embedded irregularly ribro-vascular
bundles. These have usually two large pores, with a third which is
often subdivided.

Deciduous forests in most parts of India, common in those of Sal.

C 3763. Ganjam forests (Gamble).

2. ASPARAGUS, Linn. Seventeen species of Asparagus are described in Fl. Br.
Ind., all erect or climbing usually spinescent shrubs. The largest and most common
is A. racemosus, Willd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 31G, which often covers the bushes and shrubs
on the outskirts of the forests, almost all over India, with a sheet of white fragrant
flowers. The shoots of several species are edible, resembling those of the cultivated
Asparagus in flavour.

3. DRACAENA, Linn. Eight species are described in the Fl. Br. Ind. D. angus-
tifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 155; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 327 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 543 (Z>. ensi-
folia, Wall. ; Kurz I.e.) ; Vern. Kunlinnet, Burm., is an evergreen shrub or small tree
of the Khasia and Naga Hills, Sylhet, Burma and the Andaman Islands. D. spicata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 157 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 328 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 545, is a small evergreen
treelet of Sylhet, Chittagong and the Andamans, The rest are quite small. The
celebrated " Dragon-tree " of the Canary Islands, which grows to a great age and very
large size, is P. Draco, Linn. The most especially celebrated specimen was that of
Orotava near Teneriffe, destroyed by a storm in 1867, when its trunk had a circum-
ference of 78 ft., and its height was 75 ft. (Kew Museum Cat.).

The stem-wood of Dracaena, in fact of most Liliaccce, differs from that of the larger
"Monocotyledonous Orders such as Palmece and Graminece, by its capability for
increasing in diameter and by having a distinct outer bark.

PALME.E 725

4. CORDYLINE, Commers. G. terminates, Kunth ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 331 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 546 {Dracaena terminalis, Roxb. Fl. lad. ii. 156), is an evergreen erect
glabrous shrub of Bengal, Assam and Burma, with large leaves, frequently cultivated
in gardens.

Order CXII. PALMES.

A most important Order of plants, containing some of what have been called the
princes of the vegetable kingdom. Not only are the palms among the most beautiful
of plants, but they contain species which afford some of the most valuable of economic
products, for examples of which I need only point to the coconut, date, oil-palm, sago-
palm, and various others giving foodstuffs, wax, flour, gums, fibres and building timber.
In Indian Forest economy, only a few are of great importance, e.g. the palmyra, which
forms valuable gregarious forests in places, as does the wild date also ; but there are
other species occasionally found in the forests which have a special importance, and
amoDg these the most noticeable are the Caryota, Arenga, Nipa, species of Phwnix and
the rattan canes. Some species are found only in cultivation, artificially grown in
forests, such as the Areca palm and coconut.

Many exotic species are to be found in cultivation in India. Species of Chamcerops
and Livistona are commonly cultivated in gardens in the north, while in the Royal
Botanic Gardens of Calcutta and Peradeniya, the public gardens of Madras, Bombay,
Rangoon and elsewhere, and in many private gardens, numbers of other introduced
species may be seen. The collections of the two Botanic Gardens mentioned, those
at Penang and Singapore, and that of the Dutch colonial garden at Buitenzorg in
Java, are justly celebrated all over the world for the splendid series of palms that
has been got together. In these and in various other collections, the most noticeable
species is perhaps the Oreodoxa regia, H. B. and K., of Cuba and Central America, dis-
tinguished by the somewhat inflated base and upper portion of its trunk. It is gene-
rally planted in avenues, and has a fine effect, the grey symmetrical stems recalling
the columns of an ancient Egyptian temple. The 24 Indian genera of palms belong to
six Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I. Arecea? .... Areca, Pinanga, Loxococcus, Oncosperma,

Bentinckia, Wallichia, Didymusperma,
Arenga, Caryota, Nipa.

„ II. Phcenicese . . . Phoenix.

„ III. Corypheai . . . Corypha, Nannorhops, Licuala, Livistona,

Trachycarpus.

„ IV. Lepidocaryeaj . . . Calamus, Dasrnonorops, Zalacca, Korthal-

sia, Plectocomia, Plectocomiopsis.

„ V. Borassea? .... Borassus.

„ VI. Cocoinea? .... Cocos.

The wood and bark are not distinct, but the stem generally con-
sists of an inner softer and an outer harder portion. The stem con-
sists of a large number of scattered fibro-vascular bundles, embedded
in soft cellular tissue. On a horizontal section the vascular bundles
appear most numerous near the circumference of the stem, where they
are small, very hard, and often nearly confluent, so as to form a hard
rind. In the centre of the stem, the bundles are less numerous and
generally not so hard as near the circumference. Consequently, the
central portion of the stem is chiefly composed of cellular tissue which
often decays, so that the centre of old palms is frequently hollow, with
a few isolated fibres.

On a vertical section the fibro-vascular bundles appear like long
wavy lines, which do not run parallel to each other. On a radial
section the vascular bundles cross each other, and they can be traced
from the base of the leaf, where they terminate, bending inwards to
the centre of the stem and then outwards again towards the circum-
ference.

726 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

The structure of each bundle is different in its upper and lower
parts. In its upper part it contains, firstly, vessels varying in size,
which on a horizontal section appear as pores ; secondly, elongated or
polygonous cells, generally forming a mass of softer tissue immediately
surrounding the vessels ; thirdly, a mass of long, thick-walled fibres,
of which the hard horny portion of the bundle is composed. In the
lower part, the bundle is composed almost entirely of fibres without
any vessels or cells.

A horizontal section shows the bundles near the circumference in
their lower part ; these therefore only consist of fibre, while towards
the centre the upper part of the bundles is cut through and shows
fibres, vessels and cells. It must not be forgotten that on a cross-
section the upper portion of the bundles may be cut through near
the circumference where they enter the leaf-stalk, but these are
cut through obliquely, are easily recognized, and there are few
of them.

Tribe I. ARECEJ3.

Actinorhytis Calapparia, Wendl. and H. Drude; Talbot Bomb. List 201 (Areca
cocoides, Griff.); Vera. Bam supdri, Kan., is a Malay palm, often planted in the
areca-nut groves of N. Kanara.

1. ARECA, Linn.

Four species. A. concinna, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 406 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 322 ;
Vera. Lenteri, Cingh., is a small erect species reaching about 8 to 12 ft. in height and
1^ to 2 in. in diameter, endemic in the moist low country of Ceylon. A. triandra,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 617 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 406 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 537 ; Vera. Bangua,
ramgua, rani supari, Beng. ; Tawkunthi, Burrn. ; Abaradah, And., is a small erect
species, reaching 12 to 25 ft. in height with 1 to 1J in. in diameter, found in the
undergrowth of tropical forests in Chittagong, Burma and the Audaman Islands.
A. nagensis, Griff., is a rather tall species of the Naga Hills of Assam, but little
known.

1. A. Catechu, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 405; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 615; Brandis For.
Fl. 551 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 536 ; Gamble Darj. List 84 ; Talbot Bomb. List 200 ; Hook,
f. in Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 321. The Areca-nut or Betel palm. Vern. Supari, Hind. ;
Qua, Beng.; Pung, Mar.; Poha, oka, vaka, Tel.; Camugu, paku, kamukai, Tarn.;
Adike, Kan. ; Adaka, kamugu, Mai.; Buwak, Cingh.; Kunthi, kilnbin, Burm.; Ah-
liud-dah, ah-pur-rud-dah, And.; Pinang, Malay.

A tall tree. Stem slender, cylindrical, grey, annulate, the inner
part generally hollow. Wood brownish-grey. Vascular bundles
large, brown, forming a hard rind on the outside of the stem, each
with a heart-shaped horny part and one pore in the sinus.

Cultivated throughout tropical India ; original country unknown.

The Areca-nut palm is grown in large groves in all the moist hut regions of India,
especially in Malabar and Kanara, in Burma, in Ceylon, in Bengal and Assam, and at
the foot of the Nilgiri and other hills of South India. It reaches a height of 40 to 100
ft., and a diameter of 6 in. to 1 ft., the stem being cylindrical with regular rings, the
scars of fallen leaf-sheaths. It is a very beautiful palm, and very ornamental in
gardens. In Malabar the black pepper vines are grown on the stems.

A. Mendis gives the weight per cubic foot at 57 lbs. The wood is used for fur-
niture-pins, bows, spear-handles, and for scaffolding-poles in Ceylon. The sheaths
of the leaves are used to wrap up articles and as paper to write upon ; the seeds are
used in turning for necklaces, the knobs of walking-sticks and other small articles,

PAIMRM 727

on account of the reticulated appearance formed by the ruminate lines in the albumen
of the nut. These nuts are the well-known betel nut, so universally chewed by natives
of India, especially in Bengal and Burma. Most villages in Bengal, Burma and South
India have their few betel trees. On the Bombay coast, the Areca palms are often
badly damaged by a scale insect, Chionaspis aspidistrce, Sign., which largely reduces
the outturn of fruit. The nuts are sometimes badly damaged, when stored for
trade purposes, by the beetle Arceocerus fasciculatus, Degeer (" Ind. Mus. Notes,"
iv. 125).

lbs.

E 419. Sundarbans (Richardson) —

AV 769. South Kanara (Cherry) —

No. 73, Ceylon Collection, old ; No. 118, new (A. Mendis) . . .57

2. PINANGA, BI.

About eight species, small erect palms like the smaller species of Areca, and of little
importance. P. hexasticha, Scheff. ; Fl. Br. Ind, vi. 406 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 539, grows
to a height of from 25 to 30 ft. in marshy places at the southern end of the Pegu
Yoma. P. Kuhlii, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 409 (P. costata, Bl. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 538),
is a soboliferous species of the South Andaman Island. P. Dicksonii, Bl. ; Fl. Br.
Ind. vi. 409 {Areca Dicksonii, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 616), is a small species, 16 to 18 ft.
in height, found in the forests of the Western Ghats. Dr. Dickson reported that the
fruits were used for chewing as a substitute for those of A. Catechu (Griff.). P.
Griffithii, Becc. and P. Hookeriana, Becc. are found in the Khasia Hills. P. Manii,
Becc. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 409, is a comparatively large species, reaching 50 ft. in height
and 5 to 6 in. in diameter in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

1. P. gracilis, Bl.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 407; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 538 ; Gamble Darj. List
85. Areca gracilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 619. Vern. Gua supari, ramyua, Beng. ; Khur,
/car, Lepcha ; Ranga, Ass. ; Tawkunthi, Burm.

A slender palm. Stems brown, jointed, with closely packed
libro-vascular bundles outside, the inside becoming hollow when
dry.

Lower Himalaya of Sikkim and Bhutan at 2-3000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Hills and
Chittagong; tropical forests of Burma, and north to the Kachin Hills.

This little species is common in the Darjeeling Hills. In Assam its leaves are
used in roofing native huts.

E 3425. Dalingkot, Darjeeling, 1500 ft. (Gamble).

3. LOXOCOCCUS, Wendl. and Drude. L. rupicola, Wendl. and Dr. ; Fl. Br. Ind.
vi. 413; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 322; Vern. Dotalu, Cingh., is an erect but soboliferous
palm, rather common on rocks and cliffs in the moist region of Ceylon, at 1-5000 ft.
The seed is used to masticate, like the Betel-nut. It reaches 30 to 40 ft. in height,
with a diameter of 1J in.

4. ONCOSPERMA, Bl. O.fasciculatum, Thw. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 415 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 323 ; Vern. Katu-kitul, Cingh., is an endemic Ceylon palm, growing on
steep hillsides in the moist region. The stems reach 50 to 60 ft. in height, with
5 to 6 in. in diameter, and are copiously armed with long flexible black spines. The
fruit resembles very large black currants.

5. BENTINCKIA, Berry.

B. nicobarica, Becc; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 418, is a tall palm of the Nicobar Islands,
with a trunk 60 to 70 ft. high and 9 in. in diameter.

1. B. Coddapanna, Berry ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 418 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 621. Vern.
Vunda-pana, Tam.

An erect palm, 6 to 7 in. in diameter, 20 ft. high. Stem grey,

728 A MANUAL OF INDIAN UMBERS

striate longitudinally. Wood grey with large fibro-vaseular bundles,
the horny part grey, each with a pore on the inner side.

Hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly.
W 4301. Tinnevelly (Brasier).

6. WALLICHIA, Roxb.

Three specie?. W. densijlora. Mart.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 419; Brandis For. Fl. 549;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 532 ; Gamble Darj. List S5 ; Vern. Kala aunsa, gov aunsa,, Kumaon ;
Ooh, uh, Lepcha; Takoru, Xep. ; Zanaung, Burni., is a small stemless palm, common
in the Outer Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards up to 4000 ft., in Eastern Bengal and
Chittagong. In Kumaon the leaves are used for thatching, and in Darjeeling they are
employed as pony-fodder, while the midrib of the leaves makes combs for the Nepalese
settlers. W. caryotoides, Roxb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 419; Brandis For. Fl. 550; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 532 (Wrightea caryotoides, Pioxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 621); Vern. Chilpatta,
belpatta, Chittagong; Mochooma, Magh; Zanaung, Burm., is a small palm of Chitta-
gong and Burma.

1. W. distieha, T. And. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 419 ; Gamble Darj. List 85. W. Yomoe,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 533. Vem. Katong, Lepcha; Zanaung, Burm.

An erect palm. Stem covered with bases of fallen leaves, shaggy
with fibre. Wood soft, when dry hollow in the centre, fibro- vascular
bundles dark brown or black.

Outer hills of Darjeeling District and perhaps eastwards up to 2000 ft.; Kachin
Hills and upper mixed forests of the Pegu Yoma in Burma.

A very interesting and curious palm with distichous or somewhat spiral leaves.
It grows to a height of 15 to 20 ft., with a diameter of 6 to 12 in., and has its large
grey leaves joined at the base by a network of dark fibres. The Lepchas fell it to get
the pith, which they eat, so that the tree may eventually get scarce in Sikkim.
T. Anderson says that the berries, and perhaps the leaves, irritate the skin, but I
never found it so. It prefers to grow on very steep rocky places in full glare of
sunlight.

E 878, 2460. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling (Gamble).

7. DIDYMOSPERMA, Wendl. and Drude. Two species. B. nana, Wendl. and
Drude ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 420, and D. gracilis, Hook, f., are dwarf palms of Assam and
the Khasia Hills.

8. ARENGA, Labill. Two species.

A. saccharifera, Labill. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 421 ; Brandis For. Fl. 550 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 533 (Saguerus Bumphii, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 626); Vern. Taung-on, Burm.; Eju,
Malay, is the common Malayan Sago palm, very commonly cultivated in India, and
wild in the forests of Burma and Assam. The heart of the stem contains large
quantities of sago, and the cut flower-stalks yield a sugary sap, which is made into
sugar and palm wine. The horsehair-like fibre fouud at the base of the petioles is
similar in its uses to coconut fibre and is valuable for cordage. The palm dies after
ripening its whole crop of fruit, and the stems, which speedily become hollow, are then
useful for troughs and water-channels, lasting well underground. Roxburgh was so
impressed with its general utility that he recommended its being largely cultivated
in India. He records that one tree gave about 150 lbs. of good sago meal. It reaches
a height of 20 to 40 ft., with a diameter of 1 to 2 ft., and retains its leaves for long, so
that it is leaf-bearing almost from the base up. The leaves are very long, sometimes
20 to 28 ft., and the Fl. Br. Ind. says that there are often up to 115 leaflets on each
side of 3 to 5 ft. in length. They are joined together by shaggy fibres. A. Wightii,
Griff. ; FL Br. Ind. vi. 422 ; Talbot Bomb. List 201, is a stemless or short-stemmed
long-leaved palm of the Ghats of North Kanara, extending to Coimbatore and the
Nilgiri Hills at 1500-3000 ft. It grows chiefly in forest undergrowth in ravines, and
is very local. I have found it in the Coonoor Valley, and Talbot says it is common
near the falls of Gairsoppa.

PALMES

729

9. CARYOTA, Linn.

Three species. 0. obtusa, Grifl'.; PI. Br. Ind. vi. 422; Vern. Bum snwat, Ass., is
a species of the Mishnii Hills in Assam at 3-4000 ft. closely resembling C. ureas, but
with more obtuse leaflets. C. mitis, Lour. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 423 (C. sobolifera, Wall. ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 530); Vern. Minbaw, Barm.; Baratahdah, And., is a soboliferous
species of the tropical forests of Arracan, Martaban, Tenasserim and the Andaman
Islands. Praiu says it forms dense thickets in the Coco Islands, and Mr. Homfray
says it is called the " Sago Palm" in the Andamans (B 1045, Andaman Islands).

1. C. UPens, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 422; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 625 ; Brandis For.Fl.
550; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 530; Gamble Darj. List 85; Talbot Bomb. List 201; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 324. Vern. Bungbong, simong, Lepcha; Tamadong, Bhutia; Bara
flawar, Ass.; Salopa, Uriya; Solopo, mrta, Khond; Jiluga, Pteddi ; Mhdr, viardi,
mari, jirugu, Tel.; Conda-panna, erim-panna, utali-panna, tippilipana, Tarn.;
Bhyni, beina, baini, bugani, bagni, Kan.; Berli, Mar.; Shundra partu, erimpana,
chundapana, olathi, Mai.; Kiti'd, neporu, Cingh. ; Hlyamban, Magh; Muibavj,
Burm.

A fine palm. Stem smooth, cylindrical, annulate, grey. Wood
very hard in outside portion, soft within, the outside brown with
close black streaks caused by the horny part of the fibro-vascular
bundles. This is black, somewhat quadrangular or triangular in
section, with a large pore at the base inside.

Lower Himalaya from Nepal eastwards up to 4-5000 ft. ; Assam, Eastern Bengal
and Chittagong; upper mixed forests of Upper Burma and the Pegu Yoma; Orissa,
the Circars and shady valleys in the eastern forests of the Deccan ; Western Coast from
the Konkan southwards ; low country of Ceylon : much planted in gardens.

This splendid palm is remarkable for its much-cut leaves and wedge-shaped leaflets.
The leaves are often 18 to 20 ft. long and 10 to 12 ft. broad and the trunk rises to
30 to 40 ft., with a diameter of 1 ft. A. W. Higgens found one in the Palkonda
Hills, Cuddapah, which was nearly 50 ft. high and 6 ft. in girth. In the Darjeeling
Hills it is rarely of large size, as it is much cut for food by the Lepchas. The same
is the case in the hills of Orissa and the Circars, but near villages it is protected by
Khonds, Sauras, and other tribes on account of its toddy. In that region its leaves
are the chief fodder for elephants. The wood is strong and durable ; it is used for
agricultural purposes, water conduits and buckets ; and it is also employed for plough-
shafts and for rafters in house-building. The leaves give the " Kitdl " fibre, which
is very strong, and is made into ropes, brushes, brooms, baskets and other articles ;
the fibre from the sheathing petioles and the peduncle is made into ropes and fishing-
lines, which are very strong. The interior of the stem is filled with a sago-like
starch which is made into bread or boiled into gruel. Seemann says it is good and
very nutritious. From the cut spadix large quantities of toddy are obtained, which
is either fermented or boiled down into sugar. For an account of the tapping of
Ca/ryota in Travancore, see A. M. Sawyer in Ind. For. xxi. 134. With regard to
the length of life of the tree, Seemann says (" Popular History of Palms," p. 135),
" The Caryotas flower ODly once during their course of existence. The first spadix
' appears at the top of the tree ; as soon as that has done flowering, others (latent buds)
• issuing from the axils, or former axils, of the leaves, make their appearance ; this
1 process, being of a downward tendency, is repeated until the last spadix, which may
' be looked upon as the death-knell of the plant, shows itself at the foot of the trunk,
'proclaiming that the hour of departure from life is at hand."

lbs.
B 2159. Chawa Jhora, Sivoke, Darjeeling (Gamble) . . . .45

D 4278. Mogilipenta, Cuddapah (Gamble) 54

No. 44, Ceylon Collection (old), 74 (new) (A. Mendis) . . . .71

10. NIPA, Wurmb. N.fruticans, AVurmb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 424 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 650 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 541 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 325 ; Vern. Gi'dga, gabna,
golphal (fruit), golpatta (leaves), Beng. ; Dani, Burm. ; Footthaduh, And. ; Ginpol,
Cingh., is a large gregarious soboliferous palm with branched rootstock and pinnate
leaves, often 23 to 30 ft. long. It is found in the river estuaries and tidal forests

730 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

of the Sundarbans, Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans ; also, but rarely, in
Ceylon, but not in the Peninsula. The leaves are very largely used for thatching
and at the Straits for covering cigarettes ; toddy is obtained from the spathe ; and the
young fruit is edible. The old fruits are large, the interior being hard like ivory, but
transparent ; they are carried to sea and floated great distances. In " Him. Journ."
Hooker draws attention to the frequency with which very similar fruits are found iu
the Tertiary strata at the mouth of the Thames, and points out how they must have
floated there as the fruits of Nipa do now to distant shores. The leaf-stalks are used
to help to float Sundri logs in the Sundarbans, also as fishing floats. The trade in
Golpatta leaves in the Sundarbans is considerable ; it amounts yearly to about 135,000
tons, valued at nearly Rs.60,000.

Tribe II. PHffiNICE^E.
11. PHOENIX, Linn.

There are eight species of wild date palm in India, and the cultivated date, P. dacty-
lifera, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 786 ; Brandis For. Fl. 552; Vern. Khajdr, is now
largely planted in various parts of India. When Brandis' For. Flora was published,
it was only mentioned that it was cultivated in the Punjab and Sind ; but of receat
years, owing to the Government having taken the matter up strongly, plantations of
it have been formed in many places, and it is hoped that in some, at least, it will
succeed and prove a valuable help to the people as providing an excellent food. It is
rather difficult, however, to find the exact climate to suit it with the proper amount
of moisture in the soil. A damp place in a hot, dry climate (like an African desert
oasis) seems to be its favourite locality, and if it obtains that, it does not mind very
hot winds at one season and frost at another. It can be grown from seed, but such
a large percentage usually turn out male trees, that in making a date grove it is more
satisfactory to use offsets from known female plants with only an occasional male.
Such offsets are produced in abundance at the base of the stem, and can be taken off
and planted separately. In this way, also, good varieties can be selected. The best
kinds come from the Persian Gulf.

P. zeylanica, Trim. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 425 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 32G ; Vern. Indi,
Cingh., is a rather short palm 8 to 20 ft. high, found in the moist low country of
Ceylon, especially on the southern coast. The leaves are made into mats and boxes,
and the fruit is eaten. P. rupicola, T. And. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 425 ; Gamble Darj.
List 85 ; Vern. Schiap, sap, fam, Lepcha, is a graceful slender species, 15 to 20 ft.
high and about 8 in. in diameter. It is found in the Sikkini Himalaya, chiefly on
the steep cliffs of the lower hills around the Tista and Mahauadi rivers ; also in Assam
and the Mishmi Hills. The interior of the stem is eaten by Lepchas. P. paludosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 789 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 427; Brandis For. Fl. 556 ; Kurz For. Fl. li.
536; Vern. Uintal, hital, Beng. ; TJdnbaung, Barm., is a soboliferous gregarious palm
of the Sundarbans, Burma and the Andaman Islands. The stems are used for rafters,
the leaves for thatch and to make ropes: the trade in them in the Sundarbans is con-
siderable, and is valued at about Rs.8500 yearly (B 3643, Sundarbans). P.farinifera,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 785 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 426 (P. pusilla, Gaertn. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv.
327) ; Vern. Inchu, Tam. ; Ghilta-eita, Tel. ; Ichal, Kan., is a shrubby, very spinous,
stemless dvvaif palm of the sandy tracts on the Coromandel coast and in Ceylon. Its
leaves are used to make mats, and its trunk gives a farina which is eaten. P. acaidis,
Buch. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 783; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 426 ; Brandis For. Fl. 555 ; Kurz For.
Fl. 535; Gamble Darj. List 85 ; Talbot Bomb. List 202; Vern. Khujari, pind khujiir,
jangli Jcha/ur, palauti, Hind. ; Takul, Nep. ; Schap, Lepcha ; Boickand, Mar. ;
Kojiri, Uriya ; Keeta, Kul, Sonthal ; Chindi, hindi, jhari sindi, Gond ; Eetu, Reddi ;
Juno, Kurku ; Thinbaung, Burm., is a low palm with a thick bulbous stem found in
a sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards and up to 2500 ft., also in Central
India, Behar and Burma. It chiefly grows in forests of Sal or Long-leaved pine iu
Northern India, on dry hill slopes in Central India and in Eng forest in Burma. The
fruit is occasionally eaten, and a kind of sago obtained from the pith. P. robusta,
Hook. f. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 427, is a wild date found by Sir J. D. Hooker on Parasnath
Hill in Chota Nagpore at 4000 ft. It has a trunk 15 to 20 ft. high, very thick, and
densely covered with oppressed old leaf-sheaths. I have specimens collected in various
places in the Gumsiir Valley, Ganjam, which have been kindly identified for me by
Prof. Beccari, and he has also identified as this a specimen collected by Talbot in M.

PALMES 731

Kanara. These three species, P. acaulis, P. robusta and P. humilis, are most difficult
to distinguish, especially in dried specimens, which must of necessity be fragmentary.
Speaking from the point of view, not of the botanist, but of the Forest observer, I
recognize clearly two species : P. acaulis, whicb has a very short bulbous stem and
very short peduncles, and P. humilis, which has a distinct stem and very long pedun-
culate flowers. This would include (1) the Siwalik plant with tall stems 10 to 12 ft.
high, whose wood is here described under P. humilis ; (2) the S. Indian plant (var.
pzdunculata, Becc), which has quite short, but still distinct stems ; (3) the tall-
stemmed plant of the Circars, of which a fine patch is to be seen on the western side
of Mahendragiri, and which may extend north to include the Chota Nasrpore plants,
and even P. robusta of Parasnath ; and (4) the Khasia Hills plant (var. Loureirii, Becc),
which I do not know personally, but which has a short stem. Sir Joseph Hooker has
well said that more knowledge of the living plants is necessary for the proper identi-
fication and description of these puzzling wild dates.

1. P. sylvestris, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 787; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 425; Brandis For. Fl.
554; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 535; Talbot Bomb. List 202. The Wild Date Palm. Vera.
Khajur, khaji, salma, thalma, thahil, Hind.; Pedda eeta, Tel.; Peria-eetcham, Tarn. ;
Ichal, kullu, Kan. ; Seimdi, Berar; Boichand, shindi, Mar. ; Sindi, Gondi.

An erect palm. Stem thick, densely covered with the bases of
fallen leaves, or marked by prominent scars if they have fallen. Wood
light brown, outer cylinder hard and rough, inner soft. Fibro-vascidar
bundles large, the horny part pale, shining, round or oval, with 3 to 5
pores at the inner border.

Cultivated all over India and Burma ; wild in the Indus basin (Aitchison, see Fl.
Br. Ind.); Talbot says, " certainly indigenous," as I too am inclined to think it is.

The common wild date-palm is one of the most conspicuous trees in India. It
sometimes, if not tapped or damaged, grows very tall and graceful, reaching 40 to 50
ft. high and 1 to 2 ft. in girth. In some regions it is almost the only tree visible.
In some places, as on salt lands and about springs in the Deccan, it covers considerable
areas, forming a gregarious forest growth, and these areas are valuable, and are being
reserved where they belong to Government. Where they come on private estates they
give a considerable income. The reason for this is that they are tapped regularly for
toddy, and this is either made into fermented liquor or is boiled down into sugar. In
some cases, in South India, rights to tap existing date-trees (also palmyra) in Beserved
Forests have been claimed and allowed. The tapping is done by cutting a notch in
the soft wood at the base of the lowest living leaves, and a pot is tied on to catch the
juice. The wound is renewed by cutting a fresh thin slice from time to time until
exhausted. As this is done regularly, at intervals of two to three years, the stems of
old trees have a curiously zigzag appearance, and the terminal tuft of leaves appears
as if pushed to one side (see picture in Ind. For. xviii. 452, Article on the " Date Sugar
Industry of Bengal," by Upendranath Kanjilal).

The wood is sometimes used for building, for water-pipes and other purposes,
and the leaves are made into matting, ropes and baskets. Skinner gives (No. 104
with Madras wood) W = 39 lbs. per cubic foot, P = 512.

lbs.

E 416. Sundarbans (Richardson) 45

P 887. Multan (Baden-Powell) —

O 4567. Saharanpur Botanic Garden (Gollan) 28

In Nordlinger's Sections, vol. 8, is a specimen of P. dactylifera with similar
structure (Tab. XVI. 6).

2. P. humilis, Royle; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 426; Talbot Bomb. List 202. Vein.
Kliajur, Hind.

An erect palm. Stem sometimes short, sometimes reaching a con-
siderable height, 10 ft. or more, covered closely with the bases of the
petioles of fallen leaves, or marked with very prominent scars where
these have fallen. Wood light brown, moderately hard. Fibro-
vascula/r bundles small, many, the horny part small in section, white,
rounded, with 2 to 5 pores in a group on the inner edge.

732 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Hilly districts of India ; Siwalik Kange and Lower Himalaya ; Assam, the Khasia
Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma ; Chota Nagpore, Orissa and the Circars ; Deccan
Hills and Nilgiris, and the W. Ghats from Kanara southwards.

A graceful species when well grown and with a well-marked stem ; but sometimes
nearly stemless. It has several varieties, for which see before.

lbs.

O 4694. Kanipur, Saharanpur Siwaliks (Gamble) 29

D 4188. Cuddapah Forests (Gamble) ... . —

Tribe III. CORYPHEE.

Chamcerops exceha, Thunb. ; Brandis For. Fl. 547, is a Chinese and Japanese fan
palm often cultivated in Northern India. It is quite hardy up to 7000 if. or more,
and may be seen in gardens in Simla, Chakrata and elsewhere.

12. CORYPHA, Linn.

Four species, three of which are tall fan-leaved palms which die after flowering and
fruiting. C. elata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 176 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 428 ; Brandis For. Fl. 549
(C. Gebanga, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 429); Vera. Bajur, bajilr-batul, Beng., is a tall palm,
said to be native of Bengal. Eoxburgh describes two specimens which flowered when
30 years old ; the first was 70 ft. high, the second 60 ft. to the base of the great terminal
inflorescence. They were 8 ft. in circumference, and their whole stem was "strongly
' marked with rough dark-coloured spiral ridges and furrows, which plainly point out
' the spiral arrangement of the leaves." Only the outside wood is hard, the inside being
soft and spongy. C. Tallkra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 174 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 428 ; Brandis
Fur. Fl. 549 ; Vera. Tara, talier, tarit, Beng., is also a Bengal palm which has a
straight trunk, about 30 ft. high, rough with impressions of tne fallen leaves. The
leaves are used to write on and to tie the rafters of native houses. O. macropoda, Kurz
For. Fl. iii. 525 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 429 ; Vera. Dondah, And., is a large stemless (in
his For. Fl., Kurz says 8 to 12 ft. high !) palm found in the bamboo jungles of the
western side of South Andaman. Dr. Prain found it also in the Coco Islands, but
considers it to belong to C. elata, and he also, with the concurrence of Sir G. King,
gives it as his opinion that O. elata is not really wild in India, and that the plauts of it
cultivated about Calcutta may have originally come from the Andamans (Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. lx. ii. 331).

1. C. umbraculifera, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 428 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 117 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 549; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 524; Talbot Bomb. List 203; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv.
328. The Tali pat Palm. Vera. Conda-pani, Tarn. ; Sidalum, Tel. ; Kodapana, Mai. ;
Bine, tali, shri-tali, Kan. ; Tula, Cingh. ; 1'elin, Burm.

A tall fan-palm, with annulate stem. Wood soft, with a hard rind
composed of black vascular bundles : those in the centre of the stem
are soft, pale ; those of the outside very hard and black, the horny
part rounded, cordate in section, with 1 to 3 large pores.

Ceylon and the Malabar Coast. Cultivated in Bengal and Burma.

The Talipot palm, the largest and most imposing of Indian palms, is very common
on the Malabar coast. Talbot says it covers extensive areas near Gairsoppa and Yena,
also on the Yellapur Ghats. It is often planted in gardens near the sea-coast, and
(lowers usually when about 40 years old. In Ceylon it is also common in the moist
region, but is rarely seen in forest. It reproduces profusely, but as the leaves are so
much cut, the seedlings get little chance of growing to maturity. The tree often grows
to a great size before flowering ; one whose measurements were given in the Indian
Agriculturist for November 1878 as flowering at Peradeniya, Ceylon, measured : height
of stem 84 ft., of flower panicle 21 ft., total 105 ft. ; girth at 3 ft. from the ground
round the persistent bases of the leaves 13 ft. 9 in., at 21 ft. from the ground 8 ft. 3
in. ; age about 40 years. The loaves are very large, often 10 ft. in diameter ; they are
made into fans, mats and umbrellas, and are used for writing on. The horny globose
seeds have the hardness of ivory. They are known as Bajurbet or Bayurbatum nuts,

PALMES 733

and are made into necklaces and buttons and beads. From the Kanara ports they are
exported to the Persian Gulf. A kind of sago is yielded by the pith.

lbs

W 867. South Kanara (Cherry) 42

W 4316. Malabar (Morgan) —

13. NANNORHOPS, H. Wendl. N. lUtchieana, H. Wendl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 42<J ;
Talbot Bomb. List 203 (Chamcerops Ritchieana, Griff. ; Brandis For. Fl. 547); Vern.
Mazri, maizarui, Trans-Indus; Kilu, kaliim, Salt Range; Ffis, 2^sh, pease, f ease,
pfarra, piharra, Sind, Baluch., is a gregarious tufted low-growing palm with branched
stems or prostrate branching rhizomes 8 to 10 ft. long and 6 to 12 in. thick. It is found
in Sind and the Western Punjab, on the Salt Range and about Attock, also in the
Kuram Valley and in Baluchistan. In the latter region it covers many acres of
country about Harnai, rising to 5500 ft. (Lace). The leaves are used to make matting,
fans, sandals, baskets, hats and other articles ; also to give a fibre which is made into
ropes. The seeds are pierced and made into rosaries, and are exported in quantity for
the purpose from the port of Gwadur to Mecca. The leafbud, young inflorescence and
fruit are eaten. The dried trunks and foliage are used for fuel, being of some impor-
tance for that purpose in the arid countries where the palm grows. The scurf of the
leaves, stalks, etc., is made into tinder with the addition of saltpetre. There are very
fine large branching specimens of this palm in the Botanic Garden at Saharanpur,
showing that it is capable of cultivation in Indian gardens.

14. LICUALA, Rumph.

Three species of low palms with flabellate leaves and annular stems. L. lomjipes,
Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 431 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 528, is a nearly stemless palm with large
fan-shaped leaves and long stout petioles found in the forests south of Mergui. L.
spinosa, Wurmb. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 431 (L. paJudosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 528), is a gre-
garious palm with a trunk 4 to 8 ft. high and 2 to 4 in. in diameter, and thorny leaf-petioles,
frequent in tidal forests on the coasts of the Andaman Islands. The well-known
walking-sticks called " Penang Lawyers" are the young stems of L. acutifida, Mart,
of the Malay Peninsula.

1. L. peltata, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 179 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 430 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
527; Gamble Darj. List 85. Vern. Tale-Jama, Lepcha; Patli, chatta-pat, Ass.:
Kurud, hurkuti, Beng. ; Salu, Burm. ; Kdpxulah, And.

A gregarious, fan-leaved palm. Stem annular. Wood rather soft,
the fibro-vascular bundles dark-coloured and evenly distributed.

Lower Sikkim Himalaya; Assam, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Chittagong;
tropical forests of Burma ; Andaman Islands.

The Licuala palm reaches a height of 5 to 15 ft., but its stem is slender, only 2 to 4
in. in diameter. In Darjeeling it is scarce, and only found in the deep hot valleys
near the Tista river ; in Chittagong it forms a great part of the undergrowth in some
forests, especially in the Kasalong reserve ; and its leaves, under the name Kt>-
ruchhpat, are employed in the inner hill tracts for thatching, and, when grass is scarce,
are exported. In Assam the leaves are made into umbrellas. In Burma and the
Andamans they are used for thatching. They are also covered with the wood-oil of
Eng or Kanyin, and used for torches in the Illaine District (Brandis in Ind. For. i. 366).

E 3366. Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong (Gamble).
B 1046. Burma.

15. LIVISTONA, Br.

Two species. L. speciosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 526 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 435 ; Vern. Thctfu,
Magh ; Taungtcm, taiutan, Burm., is an evergreen lofty fan-leaved palm, reaching
40 to 60 ft. of trunk, and a diameter of 1 to 2 ft., with orbicular flabellate leaves and
annulate stem. It is found in the evergreen tropical forests of Chittagong and Burma,
and its leaves are sometimes used as thatch. J., chiru ruts, Br. is a Chinese and Japanese
species often cultivated in Indian gardens. Fine specimens may be seen at Dchra Dun.

734

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

It produces its olive-like seeds in great abundance, they germinate well, and the palm
is very easy to grow, not minding the winter frosts.

1. L. Jenkinsiana, Griff.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 435; Gamble Darj. List 85. Vera.

Talainyom, tulac-myom, purbong, Lepcha ; Toko pat, Ass.

A large fan-leaved palm. Stem thick, grey, annulate. Wood very
soft, with white fibro-vascular bundles.

Lower Sikkim Himalaya and eastwards to Assam, where it is chiefly common in
Nowgong and the Naga Hills.

A very handsome palm, which is 20 to 30 ft. in height of trunk, and 6 to 12 in.
in diameter. It is scarce in the Darjeeling Hills, where large specimens used to be found
at the back of the big precipices above Sivoke. The leaves are very large, and are used
by Lepchas for thatching and to make umbrellas. In Assam they are used to roof
huts, boats and doolies, and to make the large Naga hats often 3 to 4 ft. in diameter
called jhapies.

E 2461. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling (Gamble).

16. TRACHYCARPUS, H. Wendl. Two species, both fan-leaved palms. T.
MarUana, H. Wendl.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 436 ; Gamble Darj. List 86 (Ghamcerops Mar-
Mama, Wall. ; Brandis For. Fl. 546, C. khasyana, Griff. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 527) ;
ATern. Jhangra, jhaggar, tal, Kumaon ; Taggu, Newar ; PakJia, Ass., is a tall slender
palm with fan-leaves, a trunk 40 to 50 ft. high, and stem 6 to 12 in. in girth, found in
the Central and Eastern Himalaya, at 6 to 8000 ft., from Kumaon eastwards, iu the
Khasia Hills and the hill tracts of Upper Burma and Martaban. In Sikkim I have
only once found it, on the hills east of the Tista river. Its chief Himalayan locality
is the Thakil mountain in Eastern Kumaon, in damp shady glens with a north-west
aspect. T. excelsa, H. Wendl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 436, is a similar species of Uppir
Burma with the stems covered with the bases of old leaf-sheaths.

Tribe IV. LEPID0 CARTEL.

Metroxylon Sagus, Rottb. and M. Bumphii, Mart, are Malay palms, which give the
" Sago " of commerce.

17. CALAMUS, Linn.

The Indian Rattan-canes belong to this genus and the nest. In this genus there
are 41 species, all but a few climbing palms. My best plan is, I think, simply to give
a list, taken from Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 436.

No.

Name.

Distribution.

Remarks.

C. ereetus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
774; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 516;
Gamble Darj. List 80. Vern.
Sungotta, Sylhet; Bong, Lep-
cha ; Thaing, Burin.

C. Flagellum, Griff.; Gamble
1 >iii j. List 86. Vern. Reem,
Lepcba; Xagagola bet, Ass.;
Hudum, Chittagong.

C. arboreseens, Grift'.: Kurz

For. Fl. ii. 516. Vern. Danon,
Burm.

Eastern Himalaya,
from Nepal to As-
sam ; Sylhet, Chit-
tagong and the Kha-
sia Hills ; tropical
evergreen forests of
Burma.

Eastern Himalaya
from Nepal to Bhu-
tan up to 3000 ft..
Assam. Sylhet, and
Khaaia Hills to 4000
ft. ; Chittagong.

~N a rshy beds of streams
iu Pegu.

An erect palm 12 to 18

ft. high, very thorny.
Wood hard, with closely-
packed fibro - vascular
bundles, but of no use.
— E 3:577. Sivoke Hills.
Darjeeling.
CliinlnT. i anes soft.

An erect palm, 15 to 20
ft. high, very thorny.
Wood not used. — B
1026. Tounsjoo. Burma.

PALME/K

735

Name.

C. longisetUS, Griff. C. tigri-

nus. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 519.

Vern. Leme', Burm. ; Amduh,

And.
C. Thwaitesii, Becc. ; Trimon

Fl. Ceyl. iv. 330; Talbot

Bomb. List 204.
C. leptospadix, Griff. ;

Gamble Darj . List 86. Vern.

Lat, Lepcba ; Chemchun,

Bhutia.

C. rivalis, Thw. ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. iv. 332. Vern. Ela-
wel, Cingb.

8 C. paehystemonus, Tbw. ;

Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 333.

9 C. digltatUS, Becc.; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 334. Vern.
Kukula-wel, Cingh.

C. radiatUS, Tbw.; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. iv. 333. Vern. Ku-
kula-wel, Cingb.

C. viminalis, Willd. var.
fasciculatus, Becc. C.fascicu-
latus, Koxb. Fl. Intl. iii. 779;
Kurz For. Fl.ii. 517; Brandis
For. Fl. 559. Vern. Bara
bet, Beng. ; Pepa beti, Pal-
konda ; Amla vetasamu, Tel. ;
Kyeinga, Burm.

C. eoneinnus, Mart.

C. floribundus, Griff.

C. pseudo - tenuis, Becc. ;

Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 330;

Talbot Bomb. List 204.
C. delieatuluS.Thw.; Trimen

Fl. Ceyl. iv. 332. Vern.

Nara-wel, Cingb.
C. Helferianus, Kurz For.

Fl. ii. 521.
C. nieobarieus, Becc.

C. tenuis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
780; Brandis For. Fl. 559;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 520; Gamble
Darj. List 86. C. Rotang,
Linn. ; Brandis For. Fl. 559
part. Vern. Bet, bent, Hind. ;
Cltachi bet, Beng. ; Bandhari
bet, Cbittagong ; Kriug,
Magb ; Jalla bet, Ass. ; Jali,
Cachar.

C. Rotang, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 777; Brandis For.
II. .~>59; Talbot Bomb. List
204; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv.
331. Vern. 1'epu. prabba,
C.P.; Priampu, Tarn.; W'ewel.
Oingh.

C. Brandisii, Becc.

C. Feanus, Becc.

Distribution.

Tropical forests of
Burma, Andaman
and Coco Islands.

Most low country of
Ceylon ; evergreen
forests of N. Kanara.

Sikkim Himalaya in
wet valleys and Te-
rai swamps; Kbasia,
Xaga, and Manipur
Hills.

Moist low country of
Ceylon, scarce.

Moist low country of

Ceylon, scarce.
Moist low country of

Ceylon, scarce.

Moist low country of
Ceylon, common.

Lower Bengal ; Orissa
and tbe Circars ;
Cbittagong and
Burma ; Andaman
Islands.

Mergui.

Assam. Misbmi and

Kbasia Hills and

Sylhet.
Western Gbats ; low

country of Ceylon.

Low country of Ceylon,
scarce.

Tenasserim or tbe An-

damans.
Nicobar Islands.

Sub-Himalayan tract
from Debra Diin
eastwards ; Assam,
Sylhet, and Cbitta-
gong ; Pegu. ;

Remarks.

Climber. Canes about 1
in. tbick. — B 1042.
Andamans.

An erect palm.

Climber. Canes thin and

useless. Foliage fea-
thery and graceful.

Climber with slender
canes.

Climber. Canes slender.

Climber. Canes slender.

Climber. Canes slender.

Large climber. Canes
thin but strong; make
good walking-sticks.

Erect.

Climber. Canes thin.

Climber. Canes slender.
Climber. Canes slender.

Climber.

Climber. Canes very
slender.

Climber. Canes slender.
The common rattan of
Northern India, largely
used for mats, screens,
chair - seats, basket -
work, blinds.— O 1038.
Debra Dun. E 1298.
Cachar.

Central Provinces ; Climber, blender cane:-

Deccan and Carna-
tic ; Konkan ; dry
places in Ceylon.

Courtallum in Tinnc-

velly at 3-5000 ft.
Tenasserim.

The common rattan of
tbe South of India, used
for basket-work, chairs,
mats, blinds, etc., but
is not strong.

Climber. Canes slender.

Climber.

736

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Name.

Distribution.

Remarks.

C. aeanthospathus. Griff;
Gamble Darj. List 86. Vera.
Gouri bet, pukka bet, Nep. ;
Bue, ru, Lepcha.

C. GuPUba, Ham. ; Kurz For.

PL ii. 522. Vera. Eyeinni,

Burm. ; Sundi-bet, quabi-bet,

Ass.
C. nitidus, Mart.
C. platyspathus, Mart.
C. hypoleUGUS, Kurz For. PL

ii. 523.
C. myrianthus, Becc.
C. travaneorieus, Bedd.

C. Rheedii, Griff.

C. Huegelianus, Mart.

C. Gamblei, Becc.

C. gracilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
781 ; Kurz For. PL ii. 520.
Vera. Mapuri bet, Beng. ;
Eraipang, Magh ; Hundi bet,

Ass.

C. melanaeanthus, Mart.

C. zeylanieus, Becc; Tri-
men FL Ceyl. iv. 335. Vera.
Maweicel, Wanderuwel,
Cingh.

C. latifolius, Roxb. PL Ind.
iii. 775; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
518; Brandis For. FL 560;
Gamble Darj. List 86. C.
macracanthus and C, inermis,
T. And. Vera. Buebee, groom,
rabi, Lepcha (C macracan-
thus); Dangribet,15&p.\ Brill,
Lepcha (C. inermix); Korak
bet, Chittagong; Sain, Magh;
Yamata,yamata ky&in, Burm.

C. Doriaei, Becc.

C. ovoideus, Thw.; Houk. f.

in Trimen PL Ceyl. iv. 335.

Vera. Tambutu-irt'j, Oingh.
C. andamanieus, Kurz For.

Fl. ii. 519. Vern. Chowdah,

And.
C. palustris, Griff

Eastern Nepal; Sik-
kim Himalaya at
3-6000 ft.; Khasia
Hills at 2-4000 ft.

Bengal, Assam, the
Khasia Hills, and
Chittagong ; all over
Burma.

Tenasserim.

Tavoy.

Thaungyin Valley in
Tenasserim.

Mergui.

West Coast, Malabar
aud Travancore.

Malabar.

Nilgiri Hills at 5-6000
ft., Sispara and Na-
duvatam.

Nilgiri Hills at 5000
ft., Makurti.

Khasia Hills up to
4000 ft., Assam, Ca-
char and Chitta-
gong-

Tenasserim.
Moist low country of
Ceylou, common.

Sikkim Himalaya and
Terai,and eastwards
to Assam up to 2UO0
ft. ; Eastern Bengal
aud Chittagong ;
tropical forests of
1 Surma.

Burma.

Moist low country of
Ceylon, scarce.

Andaman, Coco and
Nicobar Islands,
common.

Tenasserim; Anda-
man Islands.

Climber. The best of the
rattan canes of Sikkim.
better known by the
name C. montanus, And.
The canes are rather
thick, and where obtain-
able are used for cane-
bridges, chair-making,
and walking-sticks, but
are now scarce.

Climber. Canes slender.
— B 103L Toungoo. E
1299, Cachar.

Climber.
Climber.
Climber. Canes slender.

Climber. Canes very
slender.

Climber. Canes stout.

Climber.

Climber. Canes very
slender.

Climber.

Climber. Canes stout.

Climber. Canes stout,
thick. The rattaus are
very strong and good,
;ind are in use for walk-
ing-sticks, basket-work,
timber-work, etc. In
Sikkim two varieties
are known, the Buebee
with broad leaflets, E
1017. Darjeeling Hills,
and the Brul, the latter
the best for making
alpenstock canes. — E
1016, Darjeeling Hills.
The ordinary kind, E
1004, Chittagong ; B
1001. 1003, 1027.
Burma.

Climber. Allied to C.
hdi/olius.

Climber. Canes stout.

Climber. Canes very
stout.

Climber. Canes stout.

palmk.i: 737

No.

Name.

1 listribution.

Remarks.

40

41

C. unifarius, H. Wendl.
C. quinquenervius, Roxb.

Fl. Ind. iii. 777. Vern.

Hurnur-gullar, Sylhet.

Nicobar Islands.
Sylhet.

Climber.

18. DiEMONOROPS, Blunie. Three species, climbing palms with the appearance
of Calamus. D. Jenkinsianus, Mart. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 462 ; Gamble Darj. List 86
{Calamus Jenkinsianus, Griff.); Vern. Cola bet, Ass.; Oallah, Cachar, is a stout
species of the Darjeeling Terai (Dulka Jhar and Singari Pahar forests), Assam, the
Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. The canes are long and rather soft,
and are used for basket-work (E 1018, Darjeeling Terai, E 1300 Cachar). I). Manii,
Becc. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 463, is found in the Andaman Islands. D. Kurzianus, Hook. f. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 463 {Calamus grandis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 523), is a stout species of the
tropical forests of the Andamans, giving useful canes and a kind of dragon's blood gum.

19. ZALACCA, Reinw. Three species : stemless, soboliferous, thorny palms.
Z. secunda, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 472, is found in the Mishmi Hills, Upper Assam.
Z. Wallichiana, Mart.; Fl. Br. Iud. vi. 472; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 511; Vern. Tingan,
Burm., is common in the tropical forests of Burma. Z. Beccarii, Hook, f . ; Fl. Br.
Ind. vi. 474, is a Burmese species found near Rangoon.

20. KORTHALSIA, Blume. K. laciniosa, Mart.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 475; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 513 (K. scaphigera, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 513; Vern. Bordah, paridah, And.,
is a large thorny climbing palm of the forests of Tenasserim, the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.

21. PLECTOCOMIA, Mart. Four species, large, climbing, thorny palms, with
conspicuously bracteate inflorescence. P. khasyana, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 478, is a
large thick-stemmed species of the Khasia Hills at 4-5000 ft. P. himalayana, Griff. ;
Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 478; Gamble Darj. List 87; Vern. Runool, ranul, Lepcha, is a gre-
garious species of the Sikkim Himalaya, at 4-7000 ft. ; very common about Darjeeling.
but with soft canes of little use except occasionally for tyiDg fences and for rough
basket-work. P. assamica, Griff. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 479, is a large-leaved species of
Upper Assam and of the Kachin Hills in Burma. P. macrostachya, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
514 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 478, is a large species found on the Bithoko Hills in Tenasserim
at 3000 ft.

22. PLECTOCOMIOPSIS, Becc. P. paradoxus, Becc; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 480
{Calamus paradoxus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 521), is a large climbing palm uf the evergreen
tropical forests of Palawazeik in the Martaban Hills. It is distinguished from Plecto-
coraia by the upper leaves being reduced to sheaths with long fiagella, and by the
scales of the fruit being exceedingly small.

Tribe V. B0RASSEJ1.

Lodoicea scychellaruui, Labill. ; Brandis For. Fl. 545, is the "Double Coconut" of
the Seychelles Islands. The half shell of its very curious fruit is a familiar object in
India, as it is carried by wandering priests and pilgrims as a water-vessel, and mav be
very often seen at the great fairs at I lard war aDd elsewhere. Formerly the shells used
to be obtained from drifted nuts thrown up on the coast, but they are now imported.

■2:]. BORASSUS, Linn.

1. B. flabellifer, Linn.: Fl. Br. End. vi. 482; Talbot Bomb. List 203; Trimen
Fl.Ceyl. iv. 336. B. flabcUiformis, Linn.; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 790; Brandis For. Fl.
;")-! I ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 529. The Palmyra Palm. Vern. Tdl, tdla, tdr, faduha, Hind.;
Ttil, Beng. ; Tad, tamar, Mar. ; Potu tddi rf, penti tddi 9, Tel.; Panam, pannie,
panei, Tarn. ; Pana, Mai.; Tali, tali, Kan. ; Tad, Guz. ; Tdl, Cingh.: Tan, Burm.

3 B

738 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

A large erect palm. Stern black, tall, cylindric, marked by the
long semicircular scars of fallen leaves below, and above and in young-
trees by the dry spreading bases of the leaf-petioles ; the upper part
of the stem in old trees somewhat enlarged. Wood hard, black out-
side, light brown and soft inside, but not hollow. Fib ro-vasc alar
bundles black, rounded, the horny part cordate in section, with one
large pore in the sinus ; on a vertical section the wood is handsomely
streaked.

Cultivated and run wild throughout the plains of India, Burma and Ceylon ; most
frequent in somewhat dry regions, as in Behar, the Circars and Carnatic, the Konkan
and the north part of Ceylon : native of Africa.

The Palmyra palm is one of the most valuable and important of Indiau trees, as it
is one of the most striking of palms, with its fine crown of large fan-shaped leaves and
dark stems. Though not "indigenous" it is distinctly "wild,"' and propagates itself
readily from seed in regions where it is abundant, as it is, for instance, in the Nellore
District on the Coromandel Coast, and about Jaffna in Northern Ceylon. In such
regions it is capable of occupying waste land and forming forests, and it is most easy
to form such forests artificially with some slight protection against cattle during repro-
duction, and a prohibition against the digging up of seedlings for food. Some areas of
pure Palmyra have been reserved for permanent forest in South Didia, and are easily
worked in selection, for timber, by the cutting of mature trees only and the filling of
blanks by sowing seed. The exploitable age is probably about 50 to 60 years, perhaps
less in some localities. If the palmyra forests are worked for both toddy and timber,
it is usual to cut only those trees which are past tapping. As the tapping does not
injure the wood in the same way as it does that of the date palm, this presents no
difficulty, and a palmyra forest may be said to be a valuable property.

The Palmyra generally reaches a height of 40 to 60 ft., and may reach even 100 ft.
and a diameter of 1| to 2 ft. above the usually enlarged base. The enlargement at
the base is caused by a network of root-fibres. The lower part of the tree is the
hardest, the fibro-vascular bundles being there more numerous and more closely packed.

The following experiments have been made on the weight and transverse strength
of the timber : — w . , .

Weight
in lbs. Value of 1'.

A. Mendis, Ceylon, No. 83, bars 2' x 1" x 1" . . found 65 814

Skinner, Madras, No. 30, 1862 „ 65 944

Warth in 1878, No. W 2922 „ 63

„ „ Salem, No. 15 „ 72

The weights of all the pieces examined are given below, but Xos. \V 2922 and
Salem 15 were the only ones consisting entirely of the outer, harder wood. The
average of all the specimens gives 49 to 50 lbs., which may be taken as the average
weight of pieces containing partly outside, partly inside wood. The hollowed-out
stems are used as water-pipes, and, split in half, for gutters and open water-channels.
The hard outer wood is, in South India, in universal employ for posts, rafters and
other purposes. The leaves are used for thatch, mats, umbrellas, fans, hats, sandals
and basket-work, and for writing on. The pulp of the fruit, which resembles a natural
jelly, is eaten, and in Ceylon is made into a preserve. Seemann says that the Dutch,
when they had possession of Ceylon, considered the preserved pulp or 1'nnatoo such a
dainty that large quantities of it, preserved in sugar, were exported to Holland and
Java. The chief product, however, of the Palmyra tree " is the sweet sap which runs
' from the peduncles cut before flowering and collected in bamboo tubes or earthen
' pots tied to the cut peduncle" (Brandis). Seemann says that in Ceylon the spathes
are tied up from end to end with thongs, and then beaten and crushed between wooden
battens for three successive mornings, that on each of the following four a thin slice is
cut from the points of the spathes, while on the eighth day the sweet, clear sap begins
to exude, and is caught in earthen pots or bamboos. The sap is fermented into toddy,
is distilled, or is made into sugar known as " jaggery." The female tree gives a larger
amount of sap than the male, perhaps one and a half times as much. The fibrous web
at the base of young leaves is used for straining toddy and to make torches. The fibres
from the petioles of the leaves and midribs are used in brushmaking, and are not
unlike the South American " Piasaba." The stem base is hollowed out and made into

L'ALMej:

730

water-buckets. The young seedlings are dug up and eaten as a vegetable after cook-
ing or else ground into flour. The uses of the Palmyra palm are, in fact, almost
as many as the uses of bamboo, and for an account of them Mr. W. A. Symonds'
" Palmyra Palm and its Uses," in Madras Agri. Bulletin, No. 25, 1892, and Mr. E.

Thurston's Eeport in Agri. Ledger, No. 20 (1894)

C 960. Guzerat, Bombay (Shuttleworth)

E 418. Jessore, Bengal (Richardson) .

W 767, 869. South Kanara (Cherry) .

W 2922. Malabar ....

D 1475. Salem, Madras

B 563. Prome, Burma (Ribbentrop) .

B 2458. Myanaung, Burma (Gamble) .

No. 15, Salem Collection

No. 83, Ceylon Collection (old), No. 130 (new) (Mendis)

may be consulted.

lbs.

42
46
51
63
25
49
31
72
65

Tribe VI. COCOINEJ].

Elozis guineensis, Linn. ; Brandis For. Fl. 558. is the African palm which gives the
Palm-oil of commerce.

24. COCOS, Linn.

1. C. nucifera, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 482; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 614; Brandis
For. Fl. 556; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 540; Gamble Darj. List 87 ; Talbot Bomb. List 202 ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 337. The Coconut tree. Vero. Narel, nariyal, Hind. ; Xarikel,
Beng. ; Tenna, tenga, Tarn.; Nari kadam, tenkqia, Jeobbari,Te\.; Tlienpinna, king-
henu, tengina, Kan.; Tenga, Mai.; Pol, Cingh. ; On, Burm. ; Jadhirdah, And.

A large palm. Stem smooth, annulate, grey or greyish-brown,
erect or curved. Wood hard, red outside ; reddish-brown and softer
inside, but not hollow ; fibro-vascular bundles red, the horny part
in section rounded or irregularly-shaped, cordate, with one or more
large pores in the sinus ; on a vertical section the wood is prettily
streaked.

Cultivated in sea-coast regions of India, Burma and Ceylon ; less so inland; probably
native of tropical America.

The Coconut palm is not, like the Palmyra, a forest tree, though it may be seen
practically in forest, grown in gregarious plantations all round the Indian coasts and
on some of the islands like the Coco and Nicobars (not in South Andaman). The
tree reaches a height of 30 to 40 ft., and a diameter of 1 to 2 ft. above the base, where
it is thickened by a multitude of root-fibres. It is easily grown from seed, usually by
allowing the nuts to germinate in water and then planting them in pits prepared with
manure. They usually require to be regularly watered. Sometimes, after germination,
they are put in nursery beds, and only planted out definitely after two or three years.
The stems are rarely quite erect, but are generally seen to curve more or less in various
directions. The leaves are pinnate, often 12 to 18 ft. long.

The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength of the wood : —

Skinner in 1862, No. 49, with Madras wood . . found

Puckle, 4 experiments in Mysore, bars 2' x 1' x 1"

A. Mendis, Ceylon, No. 72

"Warth, in 1878, the average of 3 specimens examined

The wood is commercially known as " Porcupine wood ; " it is used for rafters and
ridge-poles, house-posts and other buildim: purposes ; for spear-handles, walking-sticks
and fancy work. It makes very pretty and durable furniture. The leaves are used
for thatching, and the net of fibres at the base of the petioles is made into bags and
paper, and is used in Ceylon for toddy-straining. The cut flower-stalks yield toddy
which is fermented or made into sugar; the kernels of the nuts are eaten, and the
sweet fluid of the young nut is a pleasant drink ; the thick fibrous rind of the fruit is
the "Coir" fibre, used for ropes, mats, and other articles: the shell of the nut is made

Weight.

lbs.

Value of 1

i 70

608

47

562

70

—

49

—

lbs.
40
.-,5, -
58
52
70

740 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

into spoons and cups and other utensils ; while the oil obtained from the kernel is an
important article of trade, and is used for burning, for cooking and in the manufacture
of candles and soap. Dried in the sun, the kernel of the nut becomes " copra" an
article of very considerable trade in the South Seas. To the native of many Indian
and other tropical coast regions, the cultivation, tending and utilization of the Coconut
palm is the business of life.

A small variety (var. nana) is found in the Maldive Islands of Ceylon.

The Coconut palm has several insect enemies. A scale insect, Aspidiotim
destructor, Sign., does great damage to the trees in the Laccadive Islands, often in
company with another species, Dactylopius cocotis, Maskell. On the coasts of South
India, great damage is often done by the well-known " Ehinoceros beetle," Oryctes
rhinoceros, Linn., which cuts large holes in the young shoots and stops their growth.
Another destructive beetle is the large weevil, Rhyncophorus ferrugineus, Oliv. ; and
among other beetle enemies are Sphenophortis planipennis, G-y 11., and Batocera rubm,
Linn. The larva of the Hesperid butterfly, Qaugara thyrsis, Fabr., does considerable
damage to young Coconut palms on the Malabar coast.

E 417. Sundarbans (Eichardson) ....
W 768, 868. South Kanara (Cherry) ....

D 4268. Madras (Gamble)

B 562. Burma (Bibbentrop) .....
No. 72, Ceylon Collection (old), 116 (new) (Mendis)

Order CXIII. PANDANEiE.

Two genera, Pandanus and Freycinetia.

1. PANDANUS, Linn. f.

The Screw pines. There are six species properly known, and a few others im-
perfectly known or doubtful. P.fcetidtis, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 742 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 483 ;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 506; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 340; Vern. Keur-kanta, Hind.: Kea-
hanta, Jcotki-Jcanta, Beng. ; Thagyet, tawthagyet, Burm. ; Dumukeyiya, Cingh., is a
densely-branched shrub of Assam, the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Burma and
Ceylon. P. ceylanicus, Solms ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 484 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 339 ; Vern.
O-Jceyiya, Cingh., is a tall slender Ceylon species found in the beds of streams and
planted on the edges of rice-fields. P. minor, Ham. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 485 ; Gamble
Darj. List 87, is a dwarf species of hot valleys and wet places in the Sikkim Hima-
laya, Assam and Eastern Bengal. P. andamanensium, Kurz For. Fl. iii. 507 ; Fl.
Br. Ind. vi. 485, is a very large species which grows to a height of 60 to 70 ft., and has
a diameter of 12 to 18 in., and is only slightly provided with aerial roots. It is
common in tropical forests of the Andaman Islands, especially near the sea.

The wood consists of cellular tissue and fibro-vascular bundles, the
latter usually showing 2-3 large pores, embedded in a rounded or
oblong mass of horny tissue.

1. P. furcatUS, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 744; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 48-1; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
507 ; Gamble Darj. List 87. Vern. Jarika, Nep. ; Bor, Lepcha.

A tall screw pine with branching stems 10 to 20 ft. high, and
numerous aerial roots. Trunk smooth, with a thin bark layer, light
brown. Wood soft, outer layers moderately hard, fibro-vascular
bundles white, satiny, the horny parts rounded with two or three pores.

Valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya at 2-5000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia and Naga Hills,
Sylhet and Chittagong; tropical forests of Burma up to 2000 ft.

This is a very striking, handsome plant, and has a diameter of -I to 6 inches. Ii
is sometimes cultivated for ornament.

lbs.
E 473, 2462. Darjeeling Hills (Manson and Gamble) .... 30

2. P. odoratissimus, Linn. f. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. iv. 339 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 508 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 738. P. fascicularis, Lam.; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 185. Vern. Keura,

PANDAXE.E 741

I Tind. ; Kea, ketuki, Jeeori, Beng. ; Mugallk, Tel. ; Thai ay, talai, talum, Tain.; Kaida,
thala, Mai.; Satthapu, Burm. ; Mudu-keyiya, Cingh.

A much-branched screw pine, shrub or small tree, with numerous
aerial roots. Stem light brown, smooth. Wood light brown, mode-
rately hard outside, very soft inside ; fibro-vascular bundles somewhat
concentrically elongate, rounded, with usually 2 pores in each, the
harder part white satiny.

Sandy coasts of South India, Burma and the Andarnans.

This is the common screw pine, forming dense impenetrable thickets in tidal forests
and extensively grown as a hedge-plant in coast districts, and cultivated in gardens ou
account of the strong fragrance of its flowers, of which the natives of India are very
fond. The women wear the panicles in their hair, and they are much employed in
temples. They may be seen for sale in native shops and at Indian railway-stations.
The leaves give an excellent fibre which is used for nets, sacks and brushes. The
soft floral leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and the pulp of the fruit is also eaten.

W 4131. Gudalur, South-East Wynaad (Gamble).

2. FREYCINETIA, Gaud.

Four species, slender climbing shrubs, climbing by means of aerial roots. F.
angustifolia, Bl. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vi. 487, is found in Tavoy. F. insignis, Bl. ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 509, is a large species of the Andarnans. F. pycuopliylla, Solms, and F. WalJeeri,
Solms, are found in Ceylon.

Order CXIV. GRAMINEJE.

The grasses constitute one of the largest and most important families of the
vegetable kingdom, containing plants of every size from the tiny herbs of the
meadows to the giant bamboos of the forests of Burma. In most forest regions of
India, tall grasses cover the greater part of such land as is not too densely shaded
with trees to prevent their growth ; these tall grasses are found, like the species of
Arundo and Saccharum, near the banks of streams; or, like the Anthistiria and
Andropogon, in drier localities, covering sometimes large extents of land and render-
ing it liable to the evil effects of jungle fires. Such grasses have, however, many uses,
and chief among them that of providing material for thatching, for in some parts
of India not only the roofs but even the walls of all village houses are made of grass.
Some are used as fibre plants, as giving essential oils, and as food or fodder, and ;i
brief enumeration of some of the largest, most conspicuous and most important seems
called for. Finally, there is the large tribe of bamboos, which are, almost everywhere
in India, of the utmost importance in Forest economy. Grasses are divided into two
Series, and these again into eleven Tribes : —

Series A. Panicacese.

Tribe I. Panicese .... Panicum, Thysanolama, Spinifex,

Pennisetum.
. Oryza.

. Coix, Zea. Imperata. Miscanthu>.
Spodiopogon, Saccharum, Eri-
anthus, Ischsemum, Andro-
pogon, Anthistiria.

. Aristida.
. Avena.

. Cynodon, Eleusine.
. Arundo, Phragmites, Triraphia,
Eragrostis.
Triticum, Hordeum.

. Aruudinaria, Phyllostachys.
. Bambusa, Thyrsostachys, Gi-
gantochloa, Oxytenauthera.

))

II.

Oryzese

>)

III.

Zoysitre.

>)

IV.

Andiupononea?

Series B

. Poacese.

Tril

ae V.

Phalaridea).

)»

VI.

Agrostide;i' .

jj

VII.

Aveneae

»

VIII.

Chloridea? .

J5

IX.

Festucace;'- .

1)

X.

Hordeeaj

>J

XI.

Bambusese.

Sub-tribe J. Arundmariea

t

, 11. Eubambusea

742 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Sub-tribe III. Bendrocalamece . . Dendrocalamus, Melocalamus,

Pseudostachyum, Teinostach-
yum, Cephalostachyum.
„ IV. JMelocannece . . Dinochloa, Melocanna, Ochlandra.

The genera of grasses above mentioned have been selected as containing species
of economic importance, and some of them are noticeable for containing the species
which give the chief cereal crops of the country. They are : Oryza sativa, Linn.,
the Rice plant; Triticum vulgare, Vill., the Wheat; Hordeum vulgare, Linn., the
Barley; Avena sativa, Linn., the Oat; Zea Mays, Linn., the Maize; Andropogon
Sorghum, Brot., the " Jua/r" millet; Pennisetum typhoideum, Rich., the " Bdjra"
millet; Eleusine Coracana, Gaertn., the " Mandua" or " Ragi" millet. The Sugar-
cane is the produce of Saccharum officinaruiit, Linn. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. is the
" Bub " grass, the chief and best of the pasture- and fodder-grasses of the plains.

The grasses which form the forest savannahs, and which are found in blanks and
in open forest, belong to many species ; and here I need only mention a few of the
most important. One of the largest, perhaps the largest of the grasses of the drier
savannahs in Northern India, is Anthistiria gigantea, Cav., which has stems reaching
10 to lti ft. in height, with large panicles of oat-like flowers. Not much smaller is
Andropogon Nardus, Linn., found all over India, Burma and Ceylon, and giving, like
the allied A. Schcenanthus, Linn., which is equally widely distributed, the aromatic
" Rusa" oil. In some parts of the Indian forests, the collection of the leaves of these
grasses and the expression of their oil is an important Forest industry. Among other
large grasses found in forest blanks may be mentioned Panicum antidotale, Retz ;
Imperata arundinacea, Cyril!.; Erianthus Ravennoe, Beauv. ; Sacchannn r'nscum,
Roxb. ; Andropogon intermedins, Br., A. serrutus, Thunb. ; A. squarrosus, Lmn. f.,
the " khaskhas " grass, whose roots give the fragrant fibres of which mats and braoolete ■
are made, the wetted mats being used in the hot season to cool the rooms of Indian
houses; A. Gryllus, Linn., chiefly found, as also is Spodiopogon dubius, Hackel, on
the Himalayan slopes ; Andropogon contortus, Linn., the well-known " Spear-grass,"
and Triraphis laadagascariensis, Stapf. These great grasses and many others are
those which are so liable to be burnt and difficult to extinguish when burning.

In swampy lands, there are some very large species of considerable importance.
The largest of all are perhaps the great reed-grasses, Arundo Donax, Linn, and
Phragmites Karka, Trim, known as " Nal " grass and extensively used in mat-making.
But the most important is Saccharum aruitdinacewm, Retz. the "Miinj" whose
exploitation, especially in Northern India, is a very important Forest industry. The
stems, peeled of their sheaths, are used for matting, and the sheaths give a fibre which
is made into carpets, ropes, mats, string, and both together are worked up into chairs
and stools, tables and screens. Another most important fibre-grass, found over large
areas in the drier forest lauds of India, is the " Bhabar" grass, helm mum uugusti-
folium, Hack., found in the Lower Himalaya, the Siwaliks, Rajputana, the C.P.,
Behar, Chota Nagpore, Orissa and the Circars, and yielding a very important paper
material of quality similar to the "Alfa" of Algeria and the "Esparto" of Spain
(Macrochloa tenacissima, Kth.). It is also made into ropes and mats, and its exploita-
tion is a valuable industry.

A few other grasses deserve mention. Thysanolcena Agrostis, Nees, is a large
grass with broad bamboo-like leaves and dense panicles of very small flowers, found in
shady places in the forests almost all over India. The leaves are used for fodder, and
the flower-panicles for brooms, especially in Hindu temples. Aristlda is a genus with
several species covering large areas in the very dry regions, the largest of which is A.
cyanantha, Steudel, found in the beds of streams in the Lower Himalaya and Siwaliks,
and also used to make brooms. Eragrostis cynosuroides, Beauv. is the " Darbh " grass
common on waste lands in the drier regions almost throughout India, important
in Hindu religious ceremonies, and used to give a fibre. Coix Lacryma-Jobi, Linn, is
a broad-leaved grass of wet places which gives hard grey fruits used for making bead
necklaces. Finally, Spinifex squarrosus, Linn, is a hard large grass found on the
coasts, and of considerable importance in binding and fixing the blown sand.

Tribe XI. BAMBUSEJ].

In the following account of the species of Indian bamboo so far known, I have
endeavoured to be as brief as possible. For more information, reference is invited to
the "Bambuseas of British India" in vol. vii. of the "Annals of the Royal Botanic

graminej-: 743

Garden of Calcutta;" to Kurz' paper on "Bamboo and its Uses" in "Ind. Forester,"
vol. i.. as well as to many other papers and letters and pieces of information on the
Tribe scattered through the pages of that Magazine; to the charming account of the
species cultivated in Europe given iti the "Bamboo Garden" by Mr. A. B. Freeman-
Mitford, C.B. (published 1896); and to the work on "Les Bambous" by Messrs. A.
and C. Riviere. It is necessary to be brief, because if 1 were to try to quote anything
like completely the information on record, it would require three times the space avail-
able. There is scarcely any Tribe of plants in the Indian Forests of such great impor-
tance in forest economy as the Bamboos, whether from the point of view of sylviculture
or from that of utilization. The chief Indian bamboo is that of the deciduous forests,
Dendrocalamus strictus ; the chief species in Northern Bengal and Assam is Dendroca-
la uii ns Hamiltonii; in Eastern Bengal and Chittagong the most common kind is Melv-
carma bambusoides; in Burma, besides Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa polymorpha
and Cephalostachyum pergracile are the chief associates of teak. In Central and South
India, the valleys produce magnificent clumps of the thorny Bambusa arundinaceu.

As regards the wood-structure, it resembles that of the palms, but
the tibro-vascular bundles are more complicated. The culms of bam-
boos have a smooth outer surface, and are jointed at intervals, the
nodes of the joints showing more or less prominent rings, and at the
nodes the wood is solid. In the internodes, the culms are hollow, the
cavity being cylindrical. On the transverse section, a bamboo shows
the form of a ring whose outer portion is hard, and made up of fibro-
vascular bundles with no or few pores, and a very little intervening-
parenchyma. Proceeding from the exterior towards the interior, the
wood becomes softer, the bundles larger, and they consist usually of
about 4 rounded masses of bast tissue surrounding smaller horny
masses, which again enclose about 3 large pores arranged in a rough
cross, with a fourth which is generally subdivided. By degrees the
bundles are separated by more and more parenchyma until the in-
terior part of the ring consists of parenchyma only. The shapes and
arrangement of the fibro-vascular bundles are variable, so that specific
characters based upon them seem impossible to obtain.

The nodes of bamboos bear culm-sheaths which will be found very interesting in
form, and usually characteristic. The leaves are all grass-like, of various degrees of
length and breadth. The flowers are irregular; in a few species they come annually,
in most they come at long intervals, and then all the clumps in a locality usually
flower together and seed and die.

The cultivation of bamboos is easy ; it is done by seed or by offsets, in some cases
by cuttings or layers. If the seed is good it germinates easily, aud seedlings are easy
to rear and easy to transplant in properly prepared ground ; but as general seeding
years are scarce, it is necessary to wait for seed, and therefore propagation by offsets
is quicker. In the case of those species which flower and seed both generally at long
intervals, and occasionally sporadically, such as Dendrocalamus strictus and Hamiltonii,
the sporadic flowerings give very little if any fertile seed, so that it is necessary to wait
for general flowerings, as with the rest. Offsets consist usually of a portion of an old
culm with its roots, cut off above a joint at about 1 to 2 ft. above the ground, and the
shoots come from dormant buds at the base of the culm. Such offsets are best taken
and planted in the season of rest, so that the season of active vegetation which usually
begins in the early days of the rains may find them well in position and capable of taking
root well. Offsets taken in the rainy season after new growth has started usually fail.
Cuttings are usually made by planting one or more internodes, the lowest bearing root-
buds capable of growing ; while layers, the more usual method of propagation with
some species (e.g. Bambusa vulgaris), are made by partly cutting and laying a culm in the
ground so that it may take root at the nodes. When the shoots have appeared and are
strong-growing, the internodes are cut and the layers planted separately. A bamboo
plantation succeeds best where moderftte shade is available. In the cavity of the joints
of some species of bamboo, especially Bambusa arundmacea, is found a white silicious
substance known as " TabasMer? It is used in China and elsewhere as a medicine.

744

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Sub-tribe I. ARUNDINARIE.E.
1. ARUNDINARIA, Michx.

Erect, occasionally climbing, shrubby species, found, with very few exceptions, in
the hill regions. Four species are so far known to occur in the West Himalaya ;
16 in the East Himalaya, Assam and the Khasia and Naga Hills ; 3 in the South
Indian mountains; 4 in Burma; and 5 in the mountains of Ceylon. There are 28
species altogether described in the Fl. Br. Ind., following the Monograph in vol. vii.
of the " Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden of Calcutta." It will be best to give the
species in the form of a list, taken from Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 376.

No.

Name.

6

A. Walkeriana, Munro ;

Bedd. Fl. 8ylv. ccxxx. ;
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. v. 309.

A. Wightiana, Nees ; Bedd.
I.e. ccxxx. ; Trimen I.e. v.
309.

A. floribunda, Thw. ; Bedd.

I.e. ccxxx. ; Trimen I.e. v.

310.
A. elegans, Kurz For. Fl. ii.

549. Vern. Jilli, Naga.

A. polystaehya, Kurz

Gamble Darj. List 87.

Distribution.

A. debilis, Thw.; Bedd. I.e.
ccxxx. ; Trimen I.e. 311.

8

A. densifolia, Munro; Tri-
men I.e. 312, t. 100.

A. raeemosa, Munro; Gamble
Darj. List 87. A^ern. Moling,
Nep.; Phyum,miknu,Ijey)cha;
Pheong, mheam, Bhutia.

Pulney Hills in S.
India ; Central Pro-
vince of Cevlon at
5000 ft.

Nilgiri and other hills
in 8. India at 6-8500
ft. : Ceylon hills at
8000 ft.

Hills of Cevlon at 5000
ft.

Naga Hills of Assam ;

hills of Upper Burma

and Martaban at 5-

7500 ft.
Sikkini Himalaya and

Khasia Hills at 3-

5000 ft.
Hills of Ceylon at 6-

8000 ft., common.

Remarks.

A small stiff species.

The common Nilgiri
shrubby species, flowers
annually. Culms used
for mats, baskets and
fencing.

A shrubby small bunib >o :
scarce.

A small bambon
used for the
native huts.

Sterna
walls of

A thin wiry-stemmed
shrub. Very common
about Newera Ellia.
Leaves used for fodder
for horses.
A very small species. At
Newera Ellia and else-
where in Ceylon it grows
like a reed on lake-
banks.
It may prove that there
are two species here : ( 1)
the big Moling, so much
used in Darjeeliug for
pony-fodder, and which
has not yet been known to flower; and (2) the small high-level red-strmmed one, which
flowered in 1857, 1887. The culms of the big var. reach 1 to 2 in. in diameter, and are used
in making mats, etc. E 1351, 1354, Darjeeling, 8000 ft.

Anamalai Hills of S.
India at 8500 ft. ;
hills of Ceylon.

East Nepal ;ind Sik-
kini Hiiualava at 6-
12,000 ft.

9

10

12

A. Griffithiana, Munro ;

Gamble Darj. List 87. Vern.

Khnap, Khasia.
A. Pantlingi, Gamble;

Gamble Darj. List 87.

A. CallOSa, Munro. Vern.
Uskong, uspar, spar, Khasia.

A. falcata, Nees; Brand is
For. Fl. 562. Vern. Nirgol,
nigul, ringed, nagre, narri,
garri, gero, Hind. ; Spiiig,
gorwa, spihso, pitso, Kuna-
war; Iiingalo, Garhwal; Nin-

East Himalaya, Khasia
and Jaintia Hills at
3-4500 ft.

East Himalaya, on
Rechi La, at 11,000
ft.

Duphla Hills at 4-
7000 ft.; Khasia
Hills at 6000 ft.

Western Himalaya,
from the Ravi to
Nepal at 4-7000 ft.

Nodes of stem thorn v.

Probably thorny.

Nodes of stem thorny.

The common, more or less
gregarious, low - level
Ringal of the Western
Himalaya with no trans-
verse veinlets to the
leaves. Often found in

GRAMINE.E

745

13

galo, Kumaoa ; Go-ningal,
Jaunsar.

A. khasiana, Munro. Vern.
Namlang, Khasia.

14 j A. intermedia, Munro;
Gamble Darj. List 87. Vern.
Tit! nigala, Nep. ; Parmiok,
Lepcha.

15 A. Hookeriana, Munro;

Gamble Darj. List 87. Vern.
Singhani, Nep. ; Prong,
Lepcha.

16 A. spathiflora, Trin. Tham-
nocalamus spathiflorus,
Munro ; Brandis For. Fl.
563. Vern. Ringal, deo nin-
gal, Jaunsar.

17 A. aristata, Gamble ; Gamble

Darj. List 8S. Vern. Babain,
Lepcha ; Bh&bham, Bhutia.

18 A. Faleoneri. Benth. ; Gamble
Darj. List 88. Thamnoca-
Jamus Faleoneri, Hook. f. ;
Brandis For. Fl. 563. Vern.
Pummoon, Lepcha.

19 A. Prainii, Gamble. Vern.
Sampit, kevva, Naga.

20 A. mierophylla, Munro.

21 A. hirsuta, Munro.

22 A. Gallatlyi, Gamble.

23 A. jaunsarensis, Gamble.

Vern. Ningal, Jaunsar.

24 A. Rolloana, Gamble.

25 A. armata, Gamble. Vern.

Maitut, Shan.

26 A. SUbereeta, Munro. Vern.

Lombnang, ukadai-natnla ng.
Kliasia.

27 A. Kurzii, Gamble.

Distribution.

28 A. Mannii, Gamble.

Heneng, Kliasia.

Vern.

Khasia Hills at 5-6000
ft., perhaps also in
the Sikkim Hima-
laya.

Sikkim Himalaya at
4-7000 ft., perhaps
also lower.

Sikkim and Western
Bhutan Himalaya
at 4-7000 ft.

Western Himalaya,
from the Sutlej to
Nepal at 7-9000 ft.,
gregarious in under-
growth of fir, oak
and deodar forests.

Eastern Himalaya at
9-11,000 It.

Central Himalaya from
Jaunsar to Bhutan
at 7-9000 ft.

Naga and Jaintia Hills
in Assam at 3500-
8000 ft.

Bhutan at 6-10,000

ft., perhaps also in

Sikkim.
Khasia and Naga

Hills at 5-9500 ft.
Moolyet Hill in Tenas-

serim at 6000 ft.
Jaunsar in Western

Himalaya, at Mun-

dali, 7-8000 ft.
Naga Hills in Assam

at 5-7000 ft.
Hills of Upper Burma

at 5500 ft.
Sikkim Himalaya;

Khasia and Jaintia

Hills at 4-5000 ft.
Coasts of Teuasserim.

Jaintia Hills at about
3000 ft.

flower. Used for basket-
work, hookah - tubes,
fishing - rods, etc. — H
132, Kulu.

Similar to A.falcata, but
the stems stronger and
harder and better for
fishing-rods.

Similar to the two last,
and with strong hard
stems ; good for fishing-
rods, baskets and mats.
— E 1339, 3427, Dar-
jeeling Hills.

A large species, culms
12-15 ft. long and often
over 1 in. thick.

A useful kind, recognized
from A. falcata by the
conspicuously tessellate
leaves. Used for pipe-
stems, baskets, pea-
sticks, etc. Flowering
sometimes gregarious,
sometimes sporadic. — H
131, Kulu.

Stems strong, yellow ;
branchlets reddish.
Stems used for pipes. —
E 3426,Tonglo,lO,000 ft,

A rather soft - stemmed
species, not very com-
mon.

A semi-scandent. nearly
solid - walled thin
species, with usually 6
stamens.

A gregarious low shrub.

A small species.

A gregarious shrub.

Recognized by its very
long rhizomes.

Also remarkable for very

long rhizomes.
The strong culms make

good walking-sticks.
A wiry species with rather

tall thin culms.

The only really low-level
species — very little
known.

A climbing solid-stemmed
species, remarkable for
its very long sheaths.

746

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

_ The culms of Arundinaria are usually slender, the joints, unless studded with
spines, not very prominent, the walls thin except in such species as A. Prainii and
A. Mannii, which are climbing plants, and differ in appearance and character from the
general type of the genus.

2. PHYLLOSTACHYS, Sieb. and Zucc. Two species occur in India : one, found
in the Mishmi Hills of Upper Assam, has been identified with P. bambusoides, Sieb. and
Zucc. of China and Japan ; and the other, P. Mannii, Gamble ; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 386,
is a very pretty species cultivated in the Khasia Hills at 5000 ft., and apparently wild
in the Naga Hills. It has also been found by J. W. Oliver in Upper Burma at
Bernardmyo, where it is called Maipangpuk, Shan. Both these species, but especially
the latter, give excellent walking-sticks. The culms resemble those of Arundinaria,
but the joints are much more prominent, and the internodes are more or less flattened
on one side. The leaves have always transverse veinlets.

Sub-tribe II. EUBAMBUSBJ1.
3. B AMBUS A, jSehreb.

This genus contains some of the most important of the Indian bamboos, and some
of the largest. There are 22 species found in India, Burma and Ceylon, so far as is at
present known, but two of these are introductions naturalized in the couutry. Some
of them are difficult to distinguish when not in flower, and even the culm-sheaths, which
are usually the best means of identification, are sometimes difficult to recognize. The
following list is taken from Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 386, etc. :—

Name.

distribution.

Bengal, Assam, Chit-
tagong, Northern
Circars, Burma ;
often cultivated.

B. Tulda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
TJ3; Brandis For. Fl. 5G6;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 552; Gamble
Darj. List 88. Vera. Peka,
Hind.; Tulda, jowa, Itiranti,
matela, mitenga, Beng. ; Mir-
tenga, Sylhet ; Wamuna.
wagi, ndl-bans, deo-bans, bi-
juli, jati, jao, ghora, Ass. ;
Pepe siman, Kol ; Maltor,
MalPahari; Bleeng, Lepcha;
Watt, Garo ; Madaewah,
Magh; Thaikwa, Burm.

B. nutans, Wall.; Brandis
For. Fl. 5(J7; Gamble Darj.
List 88. Vern. Maid, Nep. ;
Maid u, Lepcha ; Jiil, Bhu-
tia ; Bidhuli, multial, molted,
Ass. ; Seringjai, Khasia ;
Wa-malang, Kuki ; Fickle,
Sylhet.

general purposes of building and mat- and basket-work. The
diameter of the central cavity being usually about half that of
Delira Diin.

Sub-Himalayan tract
from the Jumna
eastwards, Assam,
E. Bengal, in Sik-
kim to 5000 ft.

In Lower Bengal the most
common bamboo, with
greyish-green culms 'JO
to 70 ft. high, and 2 to
4 in. in diameter. Hie
cavity small. The culms
are used for all general
building purposes and
in mat- and basket-
making. The young
shoots are sometimes
eattn. — E 1333, Sundar-
bans; E 1328, Chitta-
gong; B. 1321, Burma.

Has bright green culms
20 to 4U ft. high. I.1, to
3 in. in diameter, aris-
ing from long rhizomes
rather far apart. It
is much cultivated in
Delira Dun, and the
culms are ustd there
and elsewhere for all

walls are fairly thick, the

the culm itself.— < I L338,

B. teres, Ham. Vein. Bha-
lulti-malcal, Ass.

B. burmaniea, Gamble.
Vern. Thaikwa, Burm.

Assam and
Bengal.

Eastern

A large bamboo with
culms up to 60 ft. in
heighl and :; in. in
diameter, but they are
rather soft and not
much used in building.
A large bamboo with
culms up to 50 to 00 ft.
and 4 in. in diameter, in
somewhat open clumps,
pale green with a ring of hairs above the joint, cavity almost none below, large above
average § in. thickness of ring. It is now being cultivated at Dehra Dim, and seems useful.

Katha District of Up-
per Burma, on dry
hill Blopes,

GR AMINES

747

Xo.

Xanie.

10

11

B. polymorpha, Monro ; Eastern Bengal in Syl-
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 553. Vern. j liet; upper mixed
Kyathaungwa, Burm. ; Jama I forests of Burma,
betud, Sylliet. often associated with

teak.

B. pallida, Munro; Gamble
Darj. List 8S. Dendrocala-
mu8 criticus, Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 559. Vern. Pshi, pashipo,
Lepcha ; Bong shing, Bhutia;
Wathai, walkthai, mahal,
bijli, Ass. ; Watoi, tesero,
Naga; Loto, Mikir; Ushen,
then, tneng, Khasia ; burwal,
bahhal, Cachar ; <iyawa,
Burm. ; Madankran, maipyu,
Kachin.

B. affinis, Munro; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 551. Vern. Theeshe,
Burm.

B. khasiana, Munro. Vein.
Serim, tyrah, Khasia ; Tir-
riah, Naga : Wachiusa, Ca-
char; Bewah, Mikir: Chaltah,
Kuki.

B. nana, Roxb. Fl. Iud. ii.
190; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 551;
Trimon Fl. Ceyl. v. 315.
Yern. Palawpinamca, Burm.

B. Baleooa, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. L96; Brandis For. Fl. 567.
Vern. Balku, Beng. ; Baluha,
Ass. : Sil barua, teli bariia,
Sylhet; W'amnah, beru, Garo.

^ikkim Himalaya up
to 3000 ft., and
eastwards ; Dupbla
Hills ; Assam, Kha-
Bia Hills, and Syl-
het; Upper Burma
and Pegu ; often
cultivated.

Eng forests of Marta-
ban in Burma. In
Calcutta it thrives
on the muddy bank
of the Hugli at the
Botanic Garden.

Khasia, Jaintia, Naga
and Manipur Hills
of Assam up to
4000 ft.

Wild in Malay Penin-
sula, indigenous in
China; cultivated in
many places in India
and Burma.

Assam, Lower Bengal
and Behar, west-
ward to the Gogra
river; often culti-
vated.

B. vulgaris, Schrad. ; Bedd.
PL 83 lv. eoxxxii, ; Brandifl
For. PL 56S; Talbot Bomb.
List 2(15; Trimen FL Ceyl
v. 314. Vern. Basini, ban-
sini, Beng.; Wanet, Barm.;
Bariala, Chittagong ; tiun-
drogai, Uriya; Una, Cingh.

Commonly cultivated
in various places in
India, especially in
the Konkan. Iu X.
India the goldeu-
stemmed var. striata
is more common.

Remarks.

A large bamboo, reaching
a height of 50 to 80 ft.
and a diameter of 3 to
6 in. The culms are
greyish - white, scurfy
when young, in very
dense clumps. The
culms are said to be the
best in Burma for build-
ing.—B 1310, Toungoo.

A moderate-sized caespi-
tose bamboo, with olive-
green culms up to 40 to
60 ft. in height, and 2
to 3 in. in diameter:
cavity large and walls
thin. It is much used
in Assam for building,
in mat- and basket-
making, and for water-

A shrubby species, with
pale green or striped
culms 15 to 20 ft. long
and 1 to 14 in. diameter.

A solitary-stemmed, soft
species, with thin-walled
dull green culms up to
30 to 40 ft. long and 1
to 1£ in. in diameter.
It has a curious sheath
with inflated pseudo-
phyll. The culms are
used in building and
for basket-work.

A shrubby species, re-
sembling Arundinaria.
useful to make neat
hedges.

A large, strong cssspitose
bamboo, with greyish-
green culms 50 to 70 ft.
high and 3 to 0 in. in
diameter, walls thick,
the diameter of the
cavity about one-third
of that of the culm.
The best species in
Bengal for scaffolding
and building in general.
— E 1332, .Tessore.

A large, handsome species.
with rather distant
bright green, orange-
yellow, or striped culms
reaching 20 to 50 ft. in
height and 2 to 4 in. in
diameter; walls rather
thin. It is used for
building and other pur-
poses.

748

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Distribution.

B. Oliveriana, Gamble. Vern.
Wapyusan, Burm.

B. Binghami, Gamble. Vern.

Ngachativa, Burm.
B. Kingiana, Gamble. Vern.

Thaikwabo, Burm.

B. lineata, Munro.

B. sehizostaehyoides, Kurz.

Cephalostachyum sehizosta-
ehyoides, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
565.

B. Griffithiana, Munro.
Dendroealamus Griffithianus,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 562.

B. arundinaeea, Willd. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 191 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. cexxxi. t. 321;
Brandis For. Fl. 564; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 554 ; Talbot Bomb.
List 205; Trimen Fl. Ceyl.
v. 313. B. spinosa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 19S ; Bedd.
I.e.; Brandis For. Fl. 566.
B. orientalis, Nees. ; Bedd.
I.e. Vern. Magar. ndl, Pb. ;
Eattang, C.P. ; Behor, ketiia,
katausi, Beng. ; Kotoha, Ass. ;
Wahkanteh, biru, Garo ; Kin-
koit, Cachar ; Wanah, Magb ;
Konta bansa, Uriya ; Ka-
tanga, K61 ; Mulsa veduru,
Reddi ; Kati loadtir, Gondi ;
Dongi, bidungalu, hebbidru,
Kan. ; Vedru, mulkds, inundla
vedru, bongudu, Tel. ; Miingil,
Tarn. ; Kalak, kalki, padhai,
khara, manwel, goda, kashti,
mandgay, Bombay ; Ki/aka-
twa, Burm. ; Jlli, Mai.; Kata-
una, Cingh.

Hills of Upper Burma
up to 20U0 ft.

Tenasserim.

Katha District of Up-
per Burma.

Andaman Islands, in
marshy coast forests
on Rutland Island :
also in Java and else-
where in the Malay
Archipelago.

Tropical forests
South Andaman.

A pretty crespitose species,
with glossy green culms
up to 40 to 45 ft. in
height, and 1 to 2 in. in
diameter, walls thick,
diameter of cavity one-
third that of culm.

A lurgespecies, with culms
up to 60 to 70 ft. in.
height and 4 in. in
diameter.

A reed-like shrubby bam-
boo, often found in
flower, never yet in
seed.

of

Mogaung Valley in
Upper Burma.

Throughout India,
Burma and Ceylon,
except in the Hima-
laya and sub-Hima-
layan tract and the
valleys of the Ganges
and Indus ; often
cultivated and very
ornamental.

A moderate-sized bamboo,
with tufted green stems
•_'o to 30 ft. high and 3
to 4 in. in diameter.

Said to have soft slender
hollow culms.

A magnificent species, at
once recognized by its
thorns and its pecu-
liar culm-sheaths. The
culms are rather soft-
W( 'Oded though stout,
bright green; they reach
80 to 100 ft. in height
and 6 to 7 in. iu diame-
ter, and have cavities iu
diameter nearly one-
third of that of the culms.
The forests are difficult
to work because the
culms interlace so much
ami are so much mixed
up with thorny brauch-
lets that they cannot
easily be extracted
singly. They are used
for building, mats,
baskets, and all sorts of
purposes. Flowering
years occur at intervals
of about thirty years in
any given locality, and
the seed is eagerly
The leaves are sometimes attacked by an aphid. Oregma bambutm,

lUickton Ind. Mus. Notes iii. 87, which covers them with a black sticky gum. — O 1337.

I >ehra Dun ; B 1319, Toungoo; W 1330, South Kanara. Weight of wood 45 to 50 lbs. per

cubic foot.

sought for as food.

19 B. aurieulata, Kurz. Gigan-
tochloa aurieulata, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 557. Vern. Kalia,
Beng. ; Talaguwa, Burm.

A moderate-sized tufted
bamboo, with yellowish
culms reaching 40 to 50
ft. in height and 2 to 2£
in. in diameter. It has
recently flowered in the Botanic Garden, Calcutta, and I think it will have to be
transferred to Oxytenanthera. where it will be very near to, if not identical with.
0. nigrociliata.

Assam, t^ylhet, Chitta-
gong and Burma ;
cultivated in Cal-
cutta.

CLTJMF OF THORITE BAMBOO. FOREST SCHOOL PARK. DEHRA DuN.

GRAMIXEJG

749

1
No.

Xame.

I listribution.

Remarks.

20

B. villOSUla, Kurz For. Fl.

Limestone hills of Te-

A species with separate

ii. 553. Vern. Tdbendeinwa,

nasserim and Marta-

culms on long rhizomes,

Burm. ; Wami, Karen.

ban (Brandis).

but little known.

21

B. Mastersii, Munro. Vem.

Dibrugarh in Assam

Culms scandent, reed-like.

Benti, Ass.

(Masters).

but little known.

22

B. marginata, Munro. Vern.

Top of Daunat Range

Culms scandent, dark -

Wamf, Karen.

in Tenasserim at
5000 ft. (Brandis).

coloured.

4. THYRSOSTACHYS, Gamble.

Two species, both erect tufted graceful species.

1. T. Oliveri, Gamble ; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 397 ; Vern. Thanawa, Burm. ; Maitong,
Kachin, is found in the hills of Upper Burma, in moist forests, on ridges at 2000 ft.,
also in the Shan Hills. It has straight culms up to 50 to 80 ft. in height and 1| to 21
in. in diameter, the sheaths remaining persistent on the culm for long, and the nodes
only very slightly thickened. The cavity has a diameter of half of that of the culm.
The culms are excellent for building purposes, and the seed is eaten. A picture of a
clump is given in Ind. For. vol. xx. (1894).

2. T. siamensis, Gamble ; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 397 ; Vern. Tiyowa, kyaungwa, Burm.,
is found in Burma from Mandalay down to Tenasserim. It has graceful culms 25 to
30 ft. in height and 1\ to 3 in. in diameter, usually covered with the persistent bases
of the sheaths, and having the nodes not prominent. The cavity is rather more than
half the diameter of the culm. This is the species used for the handles of state
umbrellas carried by notable persons and priests, and it is often cultivated in monastery
gardens for the purpose.

5. GIGANTOCHLOA, Kurz.

Two species. Besides these, G. t'erticittata, Munro is a Malay species of very
large size, the culms attaining 80 to 100 ft. in height and 4 to 5 in. in diameter, and
being greyish-green in colour, the younger ones striped with yellow, which is possibly
to be found wild in Tenasserim, and is cultivated in the Botanic GardeD, Calcutta, and
elsewhere. The Malay species, G. Atttr, Munro and G. Apus, Kurz, are also both
cultivated in Calcutta. They are both very common in Java.

1. G. maerostaehya, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 557; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 399; Vern. Tek-
serah, Garo ; Madi, madaywa, Magh ; Wanet, wapyugyi, tabendeinwa, Burm. ; Wabray,
Karen, is found in tropical forests in the Garo Hills, Assam, Chittagong, Arracan and
Burma. It is a fine bamboo with culms 30 to 50 ft. long, 2\ to 4 in. in diameter, dark
green when old, glaucous when young. It is cultivated in Calcutta (B 1314, Toungoo).

2. G. Kurzii, Gamble ; Vern. Kobah, Burm., is a little-known bamboo of Tenas-
serim and Malaya found near the coast. It was collected by Kurz on his last trip
in 1878, and he does not mention the size, but Ridley says that iu Province Wellesley
the culms reach 20 ft. in length and 4 in. in diameter.

6. OXYTENAXTHERA, Munro.

Seven species, aborescent or scandent bamboos with a stout, usually creeping ami
stoloniferous rootstock. The following list is compiled from Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 101 : —

7oO

A .MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

.No.

Name.

0. nigroeiliata, Munro ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxxiii.
Gigantochloa andamanica,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 556. Vern.
Bolangi, Uriya ; Washut,
Garo; Pocldh, And.

0. albOCiliata, Munro. Gi-
gantochloa albociliata, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 555. Vern. Wa-
■pyuyale, ivagok, ivalca, wariwe,
Burm.

0. parvifolia, Brandis.

Vern. Tseikdo-mindii, Burni.;

Wamo, Karen.
O.Thwaitesii, Munro; Bedd.

Fl. Sylv. ccxxxii. t. 322;

Trimen Fl. Ceyl. v. 316.

Vern. Watte, Anamalais.

0. monostigma, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccxxxiii. ; Talbot Bomb.
List 205. Vern. Choua, chu-
mari, chiwa, cliiivan, chaica,
Kan. ; Huda, udha, mangam,
tandali, Mar.

0. StOCksii, Munro; Bedd.

Fl. Sylv. ccxxxii. ; Talbot

Bomb. List 206. Vern.
Konda, Tine's, Kan.

0. Bourdilloni, Gamble.
Vern. Fan mungil, Tarn.;
Arambu, Mai. ; Kdmbu, Trav.
Hills.

Distribution.

Orissa, Garo Hills.
Cbittagong. Burma
and the Andaman
Islands.

Remarks.

Throughout Burma,
common and often
gregarious

Yonzalin Valley in
Burma (Brandis).

Hills of Kurnool; Hills
of Western Ghats
from the Nilgiris
southwards at 3500-
6000ft.;CentralPro-
vince of Ceylon at
4-6000 ft. ; common
in Western Ghats
and Ceylon, and
usually gregarious.

Western Coast and
Western Ghats from
the Konkan to the
Anamalai Hills,
usually as under-
growth in deciduous
forests.

The Konkan coast ;
Ghats of N. Kanara ;
usually cultivated.

Ghats of Travaucore.
at 3-4000 ft., on
steep precipitous
places.

A tufted bamboo. Culms
30 to 40 ft. long, J to 2
in. in diameter; dark
green, si unetimes striped
with yelb iw ; nodes pro-
minent. Gregarious in
the Andaman Islands.
Used in the Garo Hills
for building and basket-
work.— B 1331. Anda-
maus.

A tufted, straggling bam-
boo. Culms 20 to 30 ft.
long. J to 1 in. in dia-
meter, greyish - green,
curved. A species of
very little value, some-
times troublesome in
the Teak plantations.

Apparently a large-sized
bamboo, with culms up
tn 3 in. in diameter.

A straggling, subscamlent,
gregarious, shrubby
bamboo with whip-like
branches, culms 10 to
12 ft. long or longer,
about 1 in. in diameter.
Of no value, but Bed-
dome says the leaves
are used for thatch on
the Anamalais.

A rather small bamboo,
with isolated culms 10
to 15 ft. or more long
by about 1 in. in dia-
meter, velvety - tomen-
tose. pale yellow ; inter-
nodes long. The culms
are used for basket -
work, but are not very
good.

A slender bamboo with
greyish - green culms,
glabrous or softly pu-
bescent. The culms are
strong, and are used for
punting-poles and for
making umbrellas.

A moderate-sized strag-
gling bamboo forming
open clumps, culms up
to 2 in. in diameter.
The sheaths are
leathery.

Sub-tribe III. DENDROCALAME^l.
7. DENDROCALAMUS, Nees.

Moderate-sized, large or very large bamboos with densely brauehing root-stocks and
flowers in globose clusters. There are 14 to 15 species, as in the following enumeration
based on Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 403 : —

GRAMIXE.K

"51

No.

1

Xame.

D. StrietUS, Nees ; Brandis
For. Fl. 569, t. 70 ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. ccxxxv. t. 325 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 558; Talbot Bomb.
List 206. Bambusa stricta,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 193. Male
bamboo. Vera. Bans, Hind. ;
Karail, Beng. ; Salia bans,
aalimbo, Uriya ; Bansdr, Ko-
derma ; Matluin, saving, buru
mat, K61 ; Mat, Sonthal ;
Marri, maringo, Khond ;
Konda veduru, Reddi ; Buli-
har, Falamow (the clump);
Malpa, veddar. vadur, Gondi ;
Indo, Kurku ; Bhiru, Bai-
gas ; Karh, Pandratola ;
Kauka, sadanapa vedru, Tel. ;
Kal mungil, Tam. ; Kiri-
bidru, Kan. ; Myinwa, Burin.

Deciduous forests and
dry and moderately
dry regions all over
India and Burma,
except in Northern
and Eastern Bengal
and Assam. The
most common and
gregarious species.

Var. Prainvinu in
the Cocos Islands
(Prain).

Var. sericea (D. seri-
ceus, Munro ; Fl. Br.
Ind. vii. 401) on
Mount Parasnsith in
Behar at 4000 ft.
(Hooker).

Remarks.

The male bamboo is de-
ciduous. It is very
variable in size of culm,
size and pubescence of
flower - heads, and in
size of cavity. On dry
hills like the Siwaliks.
Mount Abu, etc., many
of the culms are quite
solid ; in wetter places,
as in Burma aud the
valleys of S. India, the
culms are larger and
have a distinct cavity.
The culms reach 30 to
50 ft. in height and 1
to 3 in. in diameter ;
they are glaucous when
young, yellowish when
old, and they form very
dense clumps, the ten-
dency of culms on the outside often being to grow inwards and then again outwards higher up.
This makes extraction from old clumps difficult, so that the aim of the forester in working
bamboo forests is to keep the clumps as open as possible, when' the culms will grow
straighter, thicker and easier to extract. The subject has been very much discussed,
and for further information various papers in the " Indian Forester " may be consulted.
Usually, it is best to work by a yearly selection thinning bearing on culms of 2 years old
and over. The bamboos are strong and elastic and in use for all purposes of building,
basket- and mat-work, walking-sticks and " lathis," lance-shafts (the solid ones), furniture,
agricultural and industrial implements, etc. The leaves are used for fodder and the dry
culms and rhizomes for fuel. Usually, the male bamboo flowers gregariously in any given
locality, but sporadic flowering is by no means uncommon, single clumps in flower being
frequently found, often when the clump has been partly or wholly damaged. (Sporadic
flowerings, however, produce but little seed; for a quantity of good seed gregarious
flowerings must be relied upon. The seed is eaten as a food grain in time of scarcity.
In 1900, trees in Chanda C.P. were found to give a kind of manna, which was eaten. An
analysis of 100 lbs. steam-dry wood made by Dr. Warth gave 2 lbs. of ash, of which 0-78
Hi. was siliceous, 0*71 lb. phosphates of iron, calcium, etc., and the rest chiefly calcium
carbonate with some soluble compounds of potassium and sodium. Dr. Romanis' analysis,,
made in 1885 (see " Ind. Forester," xii. 73), gave 7373 per cent, silicic acid, 12'83 per cent,
potash, 7 "29 per cent, phosphoric acid, 3-94 per cent, lime and magnesia. (P 1352, Hoshiar-
pur, Punjab. B 1322, Burma.) The demand for culms of this species is very gnat.
Dickenson (" Notes on the Flora of Berar ") says that the Melghat outturn alone comes to-
3,000,000 stems yrarly, all D. strictus. The total outturn of the Indian forests is about
140 to 150 millions, of which at least 100 millions probably come from D. strictus.
2 D. membranaeeUS, Munro ; Moist forests and low A graceful bamboo, form-
ground in Eastern
Burma, from near
Mandalay down to
Tenassorim.

Kurz For. Fl. ii. 560.
Wupyn, W. Burm.
L. Burm.

Vera.
Wnye,

ing more open clumps
than D. strictus, and
with culms spreading
and arching outwards.
The culms arc light
green, pubescent, and have a large cavity, in diameter three-fourths of that of the culm.
The lower nodes are often constricted obliquely in alternate directions, and the curious
Bambusa constrictinoda, Broudloek, may be this species, for my specimens agree well. The
phenomenon may be seen in clumps in the School Park at Dehra Dun. The culms are
used in building. B 1315, Toungoo.

Eastern Himalaya at
4-6000 ft.; Tura
Peak in the Garo
hills, 3500 ft. : culti-
vated in many plans
in India and in
Europe.

D. sikkimensis, Gamble ;
Gamble Darj. List 88. Vera.
Tiria, vola, Nep. ; Pagriang,
Lepcha : Wadah, Garo.

used in Sikkim to make '• chungas " for carrying
be poisonous to cattle.

water and milk

A very fino bamboo, with
culms 50 to 70 ft. high
and 5 to 7 in. in di-
ameter, dark green.
The sheaths arc densely
brown -felted. The
culms arc good, and
Bectiona of them are

. The leaves are said to

7-32

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Name.

Distribution.

Remarks.

D. Hookeri, Munro ; Brandis
For. Fl. 570 ; Gamble Dan".
List 88. Vern. Kakaon, N.-W.
Him.; Till, Nep. ; Patu,
Lepcha ; Ussey, nssey denga,
nJ;ot<tng, Ass. ; Kaica ule,
Kachin.

D. Hamiltonii, Nees and
Am. ; Brandis For. Fl. 570 ;
Gamble Darj. List 88. Vern.
Chye, N.-W. Him.; Tama,
Nep. ; Poo, Lepcha : Pu-
shing, Bhutia ; Pechu, Benir. ;
Kokwii, Ass. ; Fonay, Mikir ;
Wnnohe, Garo; Wnh, Mechi;
Wnbomyetsn ngye. Burm.

Sikkim Himalaya and
eastwards ; Assam,
Khasia Hills, ex-
tending to Upper
Burma in the Bhamo
District, 2-5000 ft. ;
cultivated in the
West Himalaya, in
Garhwal (P. Mac-
kinnon) and Ku-
maon (Fernandez).

Central and Eastern
Himalaya from
Simla eastward
(perhaps only culti-
vated west of Nepal)
up to 3000 ft.; Assam.
Khasia Hills and
Sylhet; Katha,
Bhamo and Ruby
mines in Upper
Burma.

A large bamboo, with
culms 50 to (30 ft. high
and 4 to (J in. in dia-
meter, dark green.
The culms are made
into water-buckets and
used for general pur-
poses. D. Pariehii,
Munro; Fl. Br. Ind.
vii. 408 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 570, is perhaps this
species.
The common bamboo of
Northern Bengal and
Assam. Culms up to
80 ft. long, 4 to 7 in. in
diameter; white pube-
scent when vi mug, grey-
green when old ; much
curved and bent, ami
though sometimes erect
and tall, more often
forming thickets of
nearly impenetrable
growth. Culms used for all sorts of purposes of building, mat- and basket-making. The
culms used to be much employed to help in floating heavy timber and sleepers down rivers
like the Tista. The young shoots are eaten in Sikkiin. The cavity in good culms is one-
third of the diameter of the culm in lower joints. The flowers are purple, and sporadically
flowering clumps, especially from injured specimens, are common. The young shoots are
often badly damaged by a Curculionid beetle, Cyrtotrachelus dux, Behern. E 1341. 1466,
Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai.

Gamble; I Sikkim Himalaya at
38. Vern. 4000 ft. : Naga Hills
Footoong, in Assam.

D. patellaris,

Gamble Darj. List
Pagjioh, Lepcha :
Mikir.

D. glganteilS, Munro. Vern.
Worm. Ass. ; Wabo, Burm.

A scarce but interesting
moderate-sized bamboo,
remarkable forthr hairj
plate at the nodi.-, and
the fringed sheaths.
Culms 20 to 30 ft. high and 1 to 1J in. in diameter.

The biggest of the Indian
bamboos. A fores! of
it. like the one near
Myanoung on the Irra-
waddy, is a truly line
sight. The culms reach
80 to 100 ft. in height
and S to 10 in. in dia-
greyish- green when old, and have large glabrous
hard sheaths. The magnificent clumps of this bamboo in the Peradeniya Garden in
Ceylon are justly celebrated. The culms make excellent pots for holding water and milk
and are used in building. — B 1329, Moulmein.

Tenasseriin, Shan Hills
and the Malay Pen-
insula ; cultivated
in the rest of Burma,
also in Assam, Ben-
gal, Malabar and
Ceylon.

meter ; they are glaucous when youm

8

10

D. ealostaehyus, Kurz For.

Fl. ii. 562.

D. latiflorus, Munro.
IV'ini, Burm.

Vern.

D. longlspathus, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 501. Vern. Khang,
Beng. ; Orn, Chittagong,
Wayti. talagu, Burm.

Upper Burma ; Bhamo
and Kachin Hills up
to 3500 ft.

Southern Shan States
of Burma ; culti-
vated at Maymyo;
a ( 'liinese species.

Sylhet; Chittagong;
Arracan; Burma,
along streams and in
upper mixed forests.

A tufted large bamboo
very Little known.

A very large
culms tall. 5
meter.

bamboo :
n. in dia-

A large, often gregarious,
bamboo, eulms reaching
60 ft. in height and 3
to 4 in. in diameter, but
with lar<_'e cavity and
walls only £ in. thick. The .sheaths are thin and papery. Chester found it in the Chitia-
ironp Hill Tracts, covering large areas, over which it flowered gregariously in 1879. The
culms are used for building and baskets. Brandis says they resist the attacks of insects.
-E 1324, 3428. Chittagong Hill Tracts.

GRAMIXE^E

753

No.

Name.

Distribution.

Remarks.

11

D. Brandisii, Kurz For. Fl.

Burma, from tbe Ka-

A very large tufted bam-

ii. 560. Vera. Kyeloia,

cbin Hills south-

boo, not usually, though

io(ty<t, vmho, Burai. ; Wakay,

wards to the eastern

nearly, as large as D.

waldu, Karen.

slopes of the Pegu

giganteus, with which

Yoma and Martaban

it often is confused.

Hills, up to 3500 ft.

Culms ashv-grev, up to

60 to 100 "ft. high and
5 to 8 in. in diameter.
It is, apparently, not
much used. — B 1313,
1312, Toungoo.

12

D. flagellifer, Munro.

Moolyet Hill in Te-

A very large species,

nasserim. 2000 ft.

closely allied to, and

(Bedd.); common in

possibly identical with.

Malay Peninsula and

D. Brandisii.

Archipelago.

13

D. longifimbriatus, Gamble.

Kyaukshat and Mali-

A large bamboo, the leaf-

Vera. Myengwn, wapyau,

wan forests in Te-

sheaths with conspicu-

Burm.

nasserim.

ously fringed auricles.

14

D. Collettianus, Gamble.

Fort Stedman and

Apparently a large

Taunggyi in Upper

species.

Burma.

8. MELOCALAMUS, Benth. M. compact iflorus, Benth. ; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 409,
(Pseudostachyum compactiflorum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 567); Vera. Daral, Beng. ; Lota,
Chittagong; Wanwe, Burm., is a climbing bamboo of Sylhet, Chittagong and Arracan,
and of the hill forests of the Euby Mines District and of Martaban at 3-6000 ft. The
culms are rough, thin-walled, extending to 100 ft. in length, but with only i to 1 in.
in diameter. The seeds are large, fleshy, 1 to li in. in diameter, often germinating
while still on the tree. The culms are used in Sylhet for basket-work.

9. PSEUDOSTACHYUM, Munro. P.polymorphum, Munro ; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 409 ;
Gamble Darj. List 88 ; Vera. Filing, Nep. ; Purphiok,paphok, Lepcha; Wachall, Garo ;
Bajal, tolli, ndl, basal, Ass.; Baiva, paukwa, Burm., is a thin-walled shrubby bamboo
of river-banks and valleys in the Terai and lower hills of Sikkim, rising to 3000 ft., and
extending eastwards to Assam, the Garo Hills, Manipur and Upper Burma (Myitkyina
and Bhamo). It is easily recognized by the sheaths and by the very slightly prominent
nodes, and is in considerable demand among tea-planters and others, as giving the best
materials for estate and other basket-work. E 1340, Darjeeling Terai.

10. TEINOSTACHYUM, Munro.

Five species, shrubby or arborescent, erect, straggling or climbing. Three of the
species are found in Assam and Burma, one in South India and one in Ceylon.

1. T. Grifflthii, Munro; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 410, (Cephalostachyutu Grijjitltii, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 566) ; Vera. Behti, beti, Ass., is a graceful straggling or subscandent bamboo,
the culms reaching 20 to 50 ft. in length and scarcely 1 in. in diameter, walls thin. It
is found in Sibsagar and Dibrugarh in Assam, in the Khasia Hills, Chittagong and
Upper Burma ; perhaps also in the hills of Eastern Sikkim (Vera. Rivett, Lepcha). It
is used in Assam for basket-work and to make pipes.

2. T. Wightii, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxxii. t. 323 (excl. Syn.); Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 410;
Talbot Bomb. List 206; Vera. Hada, Mar.: Wontemrtgi, Kan.; Nanyura, meieetta,

chitthu, Traw Hills, is a slender, tall, semi-scandent bamboo with culms up t>> 20 ft.
long and 1 to 1* in. in diameter, bright green. It is found on the slopes of the Western
Ghats from X. Kanara down to Cape Comorin. usually at 3-5000 ft., and in the under-
growth of big-tree forest. Talbot says it is " much used in the construction of temporary
' bridges over the streams of the Ghats during the south-west monsoon;" but there
may be some mistake, as he himself gives the maximum diameter of the culms at ;4! in.

:] c

754

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

3. T. attenuatum, Munro; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 410; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ccxxxiv. :
Trimen Fl. Ceyl. v. 317, is a tufted bamboo with culms 12 to 25 ft. in height and
i to 1 in. in diameter, very slender. It is endemic in Ceylon, found in the Central
Province at 4-6000 ft.; the culms are used for basket-making (Ferguson).

4. T. Dullooa, Gamble; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 411; Gamble Darj. List 88; Tern.
Tukre bans, Nep. ; PogsJo, paksdlu, Lepcha; Wadru, Garo; Sflloh, Jaintia ; Dolu,
'l<Olooa, bajail, Beng. ; Tliaikicaba, gyawa, Burm., is a moderate-sized or large tufted
bamboo, sometimes more or less scandent. The culms are dark green, reach 20 to 30 ft.
in height and 1 to 3 in. in diameter. It is found in the East Himalaya from Sikkim
to Assam, the Khasia and Jaintia Hills, Sylhet, Chittagong and Upper Burma.
Major Lewin says the culms are " used for making mats, used in loading vessels
' with cargo ; " in Assam they are used for basket-work, boxes to hold pan and in
building.

5. T. Helferi, Gamble (Pseudostachyum Helferi, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 568; Fl. Br.
Ind. vii. 411); Vera. Wall, Garo; Tumoh, Khasia; Wanwe, wathabut, Burm., is an
evergreen, tufted, bushy or climbing bamboo, remarkable as having the internodes of
the culms sometimes as long as 4 ft., being the longest so far known in India. The
culms reach 20 to 40 ft. in height and 1 to lh in. in diameter. It is found in the Garo,
Khasia and Jaintia Hills in Assam and in iiill forests in Burma up to 3500 ft., and
always in moist valleys, where it forms a dense almost impenetrable jungle. The
culms are sometimes used for basket-work. B 1318, Toungoo.

11. CEPHALOSTACHYUM, Munro.

Seven species, shrubby bamboos with spikelets in globose or panicled heads, or in
fascicles. They are all found in the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Burma, one species
only extending to the Peninsula, to the forests of Chota Nagpore. The following list
is taken from Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 411 : —

1

Name.

C. eapitatum, Munro;

Gamble Darj. List 89. Vern.
Gobia, gope, Xep. ; 1'ayong,
Lepcha; Sillea, sullea,
Khasia.

Sikkim and Bhutan
Himalaya at 2-8000
ft. : Khasia, Jaintia
and Naga Hills of
Assam.

A

graceful, .-mail, gre-
garious bamboo, with
culms 12 to :;n ft Inl-
and 1 to li in. in dia-
meter and b>ng inter-
nodea It i.s used by

Lepchas for bows and arrows, for which it is considered the best kind, also for basket-work.

The leaves are used for fodder. — E 1 :;">:!, 3429, Dumsong, Darjeeling.

2 C. pallidum, Munro.

C. latifolium, Munro; Gamble
Darj. List 89.

C. Fuehsianum, Gamble;
Gamble Darj. List 89. Ve a.
Paldm, Lepcha.

5 C. pergraeile, Munro; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 564. Vern. Ln-
tang, Naga: )Iadang, Sing-
pho; Tinim, Burm.

Misluni Hills, Khasia
Hills, Patkoye
Range and Manipur
up to .'"ton it.

Eastern Sikkim Hima-
laya, up to 5000 ft.;
Manipur.

Hills of Eastern Hima-
lava at 0-8000 ft.;
Daphla Hills at G-
700U ft.: Kachin
Hills of Upper
Burma.

Singhbhum forests of
C h n t a Nag pore
(Gamble); Sibsagar
Lakhiinpur and
Naga Hills in
A ssam : all over
Burma, where very

A graceful, small, shrubby

bamboo.

A shrubhy, semiscandeni
bamboo with broad
leaves.

A moderate-sized, senii-
scaudent bamboo, with
-<>ti thin-walled culms,
huge 1< aves and flower-
beads and characteristic
shi ath.

A deciduous, arboreous,
tufted bamboo, with
glaucous - green culms
30 to 40 ft. high. 2 to 3
in. in diameter and
rather thin-walled, the
walls usually about h

GRAMIXE.E

755

Name.

common and often in. thick. It is one of
gregarious. the chief bamboos of

Burma, and one of those
most frequently found in association with teak. It flowers usually gregariously, but also
sporadically, though when thus flowering it rarely produces good seed, following in this
the example of the Male Bamboo. The culms are used in building arid mat-making and
rice is often cooked in the joints to be easily carried on a journey. In Assam it is used
for basket-work. — B 1317, Toungoo.

C. flaveseens, Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 564.

C. Virgatlim, Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 565. Vera. Waba, Burm. ;
Lakra, Kachin.

Burma, exact habitat
unknown: culti-
vated iu Calcutta,
Madras, Dehra Diin
and elsewhere. Kurz
says, " introduced
'from Pegu," but I
am inclined to think
it is from the Anda-
man Islands.

Upper Burma, at
Keouksik on the Mo-
gauug river and in
the Bhamo District
J. W. (Oliver).

An evergreen, tufted, ar-
borescent bamboo, with
greyish-green culms 20
to 30 ft. high and 1 to
1J in. in diameter, or
perhaps more. It forms
dense clumps with a
rounded head and a
great number of shoots.
See No. 1 clump at
the corner of two roads
in the bamboo grove in
the R. Botanic Garden.
Calcutta.

A moderate-sized, slender,
tufted bamboo, with dark
green culms up to 4 in.
in diameter.

Sub-tribe IY. MEL0CANNE.E.

Besides the genera described, Schizostachyum contains several species found in the
Malay Peninsula, some of which may eventually prove to extend to Tenasserim.

12. DINOCHLOA, Biise.

Two species, erect or scandent, one found in the Andaman Islands, the other in
Cbittagong and Burma.

1. D. Tjankorreh, Biise; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 414 (D. andamanica, Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 570) ; Vera. Baradahharat, And., is an evergreen, lofty, climbing bamboo of the
Malay Peninsula and Archijtelago, whose var. andamanica is found in the Audaman
and Nicobar Islands, where it forms dense nearly impenetrable thickets.

2. D. M'Clellandi, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 371; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 414; Vein. Wanv&,
Burm., is an evergreen, erect or scandent bamboo of Chittagong and Burma, the culms,
which arc often somewhat square in section, running up to 100 ft. in height and 1 to -
in. in diameter, alternate joints bending different ways so as to give them a zigzig
appearance. It is cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens of Calcutta and Ceylon.
B 1320, Toungoo, Burma.

13. MELOCAXXA, Trin.

Two species, arborescent bamboos, both of the Burmese region, the chief one extend-
ing to Chittagong and Assam.

1. M. bambusoides, Trin.; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 117; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 569 (Bambusa
bacci/era, Boxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 197) ; Vera. Muli, metunga,paia, Beng. ; Tarai, Ass. ; 11"';//,
Cachar; Artem, Mikir j Turiah, Naga ; Watrai, Garo ; Kayaungioa, Magh ; Atoorya,
Chakma; Pagu-tulla, Chittagong; Kayinwa, tabendeinwa, Burm., is an evergreen
arboreous bamboo with single distant culms arising from the ramifications of an

756

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

underground rhizome. The culms are tall, straight, with very slightly raised nodes,
green when young, straw-coloured when old, clothed with hard persistent sheaths with
long acuminate pseudophylls, 50 to 70 ft. in height and lh to 3 in. in diameter. It is
found in Eastern Bengal and Burma, from the Garo and Khasia Hills to Chittagong and
Arracan, and again in Tenasserim ; but its real home is in the Chittagong Hill Tracts,
where it is gregarious, covering large areas of country, and affording a valuable bamboo
for building purposes, both locally and for export to Bengal. At least sixteen millions
are yearly thus exported. It is excellent for building, basket-work and thatching, and
having its culms single and not in clumps, its cutting and extraction are easy and cheap.
The fruit is large, with a thick fleshy pericarp; it is often 3 to 5 in. long and 2 to 3 in.
broad, pear-shaped, and germinates often before falling : it is sometimes eaten. — E 1325,
Chittagong.

The young shoots of Midi are often badly attacked by a beetle, Cyrtotrachelus
longipes, which kills them (J. P. Gregson in " Ind. For." xxv. 420).

2. M. humilis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 569 ; Fl. Br. Ind. vii. 418 ; Vera. Tabendeinwa,
Burm., is an evergreen tufted bamboo with culms reaching 8 to 15 ft. in height and
about 1 in. in diameter. It is found in the upper mixed forests of Arracan and in Pegu,
but is scarce and little known. The specimens much resemble a small variety of
M. bambusoides, with which I cannot help thinking it will prove identical.

14. OCHLANDRA, Thw.

Six to seven species of shrubby, gregarious, reed-like bamboos, all of South India
or Ceylon. The following list is compiled from Fl. Br. Ind. iii. 418 : —

No.

Name.

0. Rheedii, Benth. ; Beeslia
Bheedii, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxxiv. Vern. Amma, Mai.

Var. sivaairiana.

0. Stridula, Thw. ; Trimen
Fl. Ceyl. v. 318. Beesha
stridula, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
ccxxxiv. Vern. Batali, batta-
gass, Cingh.

Var. macidata.

0. Beddomei, Gamble.

0. travancorica, Benth.

Jletsha travancorica, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. ccxxxiv. t. 321.
" Elephant Grass " of Tra-
vancore. Vern. Eerah iriil,
Tam. : Ectta, r€, Mai. ; Ear
eetta, Trav. Hills; Irakalli,
Tinnevelly.

Var. ltirsuta.

Distribution.

West Coast of India in
Malabar, Cochin and
Travancore.

N. Kanara (Talbot);
Pulney and Sivagiri
Hills (Bedd.).

Low country in the
south of Cevlon.

Wyuaad in Malabar.
S. India.

Mountains of S. India
in Travancore and
Tinnevelly at :'>-
5000 ft. ; planted in
Madras and Ceylon.

Remarks.

Travancore Hills.

A shrubby, gregarious
bamboo, with erect
culms up to 16 ft. in
length and 1 in. in
diameter.

Apparently a larger bam-
boo in every respect,
and probably a separate
species.

A close-growing, very gre-
garious shrub, with
erect culms 6 to IS ft.
high and i to f in. in
diameter. They are
used for fences and roots
of huts, and the leaves
for thatch.

A variety with mottled
culms, used for sticks
to make I » ixes and fancy
articles, etc.

A little-kin twn species.

An erect, reed-like
shrubby, gregarious
bamboo, with culms G
to -20 it. long, and 1 to
2 in. in diameter; and
very large fruit 2 in.
long and long-beaked.
It sometimes has as
many as 120 Btamens.
It covers considerable
areas of country, and is
an excellent plant to
give paper fibre,

A variety with velvety
spikelets.

GRAMINEjE

757

No.

Name.

distribution.

Remarks.

5
6

0. Brandisii, Gamble.
0. setigera, Gamble.

Tiunevelly Ghats at
Courtallum, up to
3000 ft.

Gudalur, on the west-
ern slopes of the
Nilgiris at 3000 ft.,
perhaps also Ceylon.

A little-known species.

A small, tufted, erect
or straggling bamboo.
Flowers not yet known.

758 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Division II. CRYPTOGAMS.

Cryptogamic plants are divided into three Groups, viz. —

Group I. Thallophyta, including Class 1. Algse.

„ 2. Fungi.

„ II. Bryophyta, „ „ 3. Hepaticae.

„ 4. Musci.

„ III. Pteridophyta, ,, „ 5. Filicina?.

., 6. Equisetinse.

„ 7. Lycopodina?.

Class 1, AJgoe, contains plants of simple structure, chiefly living in the water, and
in whose tissues chlorophyll is present. Except, perhaps, a few genera, such as Xostoc,
which are sometimes found as parasites, the Algaj are of little or no interest from the
forest point of view.

Class 2, Fungi, includes an immense number of plants, of various sizes and shapes
and methods of growth and without chlorophyll. In Forest Economy, some of the
Orders of Fungi are of very great importance, as they contain plants which are para-
sitic on forest trees and often seriously injure and even kill their hosts. This is not
quite the place to go into a detailed description of those species which are so far
known, but the chief of them have been mentioned in treating of the trees on which
they chiefly grow. Lichens are Fungi living in symbiotic connection with minute
Alga?, and are to some extent important in the forests from the way in which, in some
localities, they cover the bark and branches of the trees.

Classes 3 and 4, the Uepaticce and Musci, which may together be called the
" Mosses," are small plants containing chlorophyll and growing on the ground, on
rocks, on tree-trunks, etc. Mosses are of interest in Forest Economy either from their
clothing the trunks of forest trees and thereby doing perhaps a certain amount of
harm, or from their growing on the ground in the forests and being of importance in
the formation of humus.

Class 6, Equisetince. contains the Horsetails, and Class 7, Lycopodince, the Club-
mosses and Selaginellas. The Horsetails are common in wet places in many parts of
the Indian forests, but of no particular importance ; the Clubmosses and Selaginellas
also are forest plants, the former containing species of Lycopodium, some of which are
epiphytic on forest trees, and some covering banks and heaths with tangled growth.

Class 5, Filicinx, contains the Ferns and some of their allies, and among the Ferns
some are found which rise to the dimensions of trees and require to be noticed in this
work. The Filicina? are divided into 11 Orders, most of the important forest species
coming in the Order Cyatheacece. For the purposes of this work it will suffice to keep
the ferns together and treat them all as an Order Filices.

Order CXV. FILICES.

Ferns are extremely common objects in most of the Indian forests, only the most
arid regions showing few or none. In damp tropical forests, ferns often form the chief
part of the forest undergrowth; they also grow epiphytically on the branches of the
trees or climb over the bushes and up the tree-trunks. In the drier deciduous forests,
ferns may often be seen in the ground vegetation and in ravines. In the hill regions

FILICES 7o(J

of India, almost everywhere above 2-3000 ft. elevation, the well-known bracken,
Pteris aquilina, Linn., probably the most widely spread plant in the world, covers the
hillsides and forms the undergrowth of the more open forests, being of importance from
its power of holding the soil with its strong rhizomes, which are difficult to get rid of
for cultivation. And it is also in these hill regions, for the most part, that are found
the beautiful tree-ferns, and also the densely-growing species of Gleichenia, G. linearis,
Burm. and G. glauca, Hook., which often cover considerable areas of hill-slope with
their matted fronds and strong wiry branches.

Among other species of ferrjs, which, though not exactly arborescent, are yet
remarkable and of interest in the Indian forests, may be mentioned Angiopteris evecta,
Hoffm., a thick fleshy fern of most of the moister regions of India, with a huge fleshy
root-stock and leaves which often reach 6 ft. in length ; as well as its relative Marattia
fraxinca, Smith, of similar localities and growth in the forests of the Western Ghats.
Acrostichum aureum, Linn. ; Vern. Dhekwa, udoban, Beng., is a handsome fern, used
occasionally for thatching in the Sundarbans. Asplenium polypodioides, Mett. is a
common large-leaved fern of the Himalaya, which has often a distinct stem of a
few feet in height, and may also be ranked as a tree-fern. Conspicuous on trees in
the forests of Burma is the Stag's Horn fern, Platycerium Wallichii, Hook.; also the
Bird's Nest fern, Thamnqpteris Nidus, Linn., which is also found to extend to the
Khasia Hills and Eastern Himalaya, the Malabar Forests and Ceylon ; while among
other noticeable kinds are the climbing ferns of the genus Lygoditun, chief among
which is L. flexuosum, Sw., so common in the Sal forests and other deciduous forests
almost throughout India.

The Pteridophyta are not given in the Fl. Br. Ind., but the ferns have been
excellently described and often figured in Col. E. H. Beddome's " Ferns of British
India, Ceylon, and the Malay Peninsula," and in its supplement. The other chief
works on Indian ferns are the same author's two series of plates, " The Ferns of
Southern India " and " Ferns of British India ; " Mr. C. B. Clarke's " Review of the
Ferns of Northern India" in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 425 (1880), and Mr. C. W. Hope's
Ferns of N.-W. India now under publication in the Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.

The genera of tree-ferns are four: Cyathea, Amphicosmia, Alsophila and Brainea.

1. CYATHEA, Smith. Five species. C. sinuata, Hook, and Grev. and C. Booheri,
Thw. are graceful, erect, small-stemmed species of Ceylon, with undivided leaves.
0. spinulosa, Wall. ; Bedd. Ferns 5 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 572, is a tall tree-fern found in
various parts of India from the Khasia Hills, the hills of Pachmarhi (Duthie), the hills
of the Circars and Godavari to Coorg, Kanara and the Wynaad up to 3000 ft. Clarke
says it reaches 30 ft. in height. O. decipiens, Clarke and Baker in Jour. Linn.
Soc. xxiv. 409 {Amphicosmia decipiens, Bedd. Ferns 10, Hemitelia decipiens, J. Scott ;
Clarke Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2 i. 430 ; Gamble Darj. List 89), is a large tree-fern
of the Eastern Himalaya and the Khasia Hills at 3-6000 ft., reaching 20 ft. in
height and 6 to 8 in. in diameter. It is perhaps not distinct from C. spinulosa. (E
3423, Balasun Valley, Darjeeling, 5000 ft. ; E 3424, Dumsong, Darjeeling, 5000 ft.)
O. Brunoniana, Clarke and Baker I.e. (Amp>hicosmia Brunoniana, Bedd. Ferns 10,
Hemitelia Brunoniana, Clarke I.e. 430; Gamble Darj. List 89); Vern. Unyo, palp",
Nep. ; Paskien, pasen, Lepcha, is a large tree-fern of Eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan
and the Khasia Hills at 4-7000 ft. It is the most common species of the forests
round Darjeeling, and the soft part of the interior of the stem is eaten by Lepchas. It
reaches 30 and even 40 ft. in height and a diameter of 1 ft.

2. AMPHICOSMIA, Fee. A. Walkerce, Hook.; Bedd. Ferns 8, is a tree-fern of
the hills of Ceylon, common about Newera Ellia at 6-7000 ft.

3. ALSOPHILA, Br. Seven species. A. latcbrosa, Hook.; Bedd. Ferns 11;
Clarke I.e. 431 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. T>73 ; Gamble Darj. List 89, is a large tree-
fern of the hill ranges of South India, at 5-7000 ft., extending north to Sikkim.
Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, where it is scarce, and across the bay to the hills of
Martaban. It is the most common kind on the Nilgiris. It reaches 30 ft. in height
and a diameter of 1 ft. ^4. glauca, J. Sm. ; Bedd. Ferns 12 ; Clarke I.e. 432; Gamble
Darj. List 8'J (A. contaminans, Wall.; Kurz Fur. Fl. ii. 573) ; Vern. Pakjik, pallidum,
Lepcha, is a splendid tree-fern of the lower hills of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Burma.
It is probably the largest Indian species, reaching a height of T>0 ft., with a stem oi
considerable girth at the base, smaller above but widening again beneath the fronds.

7G0 A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

These fronds are very large, often reaching 10 to 12 ft. in length, and the fern is easily-
recognized by its smooth rachis and leaves glaucous beneath. A. ornata, J. Scott ; Bedd.
Ferns 12 ; Gamble Darj. List 89 {A. Oldhami, Bedd. ; Clarke I.e. 433 ; Bedd. Ferns
13 ; Gamble Darj. List 89) ; Vera. Dangpashin, Lepcha, is a pretty, often branching,
rather small, tree-fern, not uncommon about Darjeeling at 5-6000 ft. A. glabra, Hook. ;
Bedd. Ferns 14 ; Clarke I.e. 433 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 573 ; Gamble Darj. List 89, is the
common species of the plains. It is found in damp forests in the sub- Himalayan tract
and Eastern Bengal, from Nepal down to Chittagong and Tenasserim, Central and
Southern India, and Ceylon {A. gigantea, Hook. : Thw. Enum. 396). It is, however,
rather a small species, rarely reaching, so far as I know, to more than 15 ft., though
Clarke says it occasionally attains 50 ft. A. crinita, Hook. ; Bedd. Ferns 16, is a
tree-fern of South India and Ceylon reaching 20 ft. in height, and remarkable for
its being densely covered with shaggy scales. A. Andersoni, J. Scott ; Bedd. Ferns
12 ; Gamble Darj. List 89 ; Vera. Pulai-nok, Lepcha, is a scarce tree-fern of the
Sikkim Hills. A. albosetacea, Bedd. Ferns 16, is a tree-fern of the Nicobar Islands.

4. BRAINEA, J. Sm. B. insig7iis, Hook. ; Bedd. Ferns 395 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
574, is a tree-fern of the pine forests of the Martaban Hills at 4-6000 ft., with a stem
3 to 5 ft. high.

The structure of the stems of tree-ferns presents a great difference
from that of either Dicotyledonous or Monocotyledonous trees. The
appearance of the stem is usually that of a dark brown cylinder,
marked above by regular scars, the bases of fallen leaves, and below
by an entangled mass of fibres formed by the interlacement of roots.
The inner structure is shown by a horizontal section to consist mainly
of three portions : First, the outer layer formed by the bases of fallen
leaves and interlacing rootlets; secondly, the cellular tissue which
occupies the greater part of the interior ; and, thirdly, the vascular
bundles which form an irregular and cylindrically arranged ring
inside the cortical layer. Each of these vascular bundles presents
the appearance of a closed mass of curved, usually crescent-shaped,
outline, having on the outside a hard black layer of woody fibres,
and inside two light-coloured layers of soft tissue, chiefly containing
scalariform vessels. When dry, the cellular tissue which fills the
interior contracts, leaving usually a hollow space, the ring of vascular
bundles then showing a wavy pattern of alternately light and dark
layers.

INDEX TO EUROPEAN NAMES

A

Abele

Abricotier

Absinthe .

Acacia — false .

Adam's apple .

Agallochum

Agilwood .

Ahlkirsche

Alder

,, — Xepalese

Alexandrian laurel

Alfa grass

Allspice .

Almond .

,, — Indian
,, — Java.

Aloe — American

Amandier .

Anacardic acid .

Apfelbaum

Apple

Apricot

Aprikosenbaum

Arbor-vita?

„ — Chinese

Arbutus .

Areca-nut .

Argan tree

Argousier .

Arnotto

Arolle

Arrowroot

Ash .
„ — mountain

Asoca tree

Asparagus

Aspen poplar .

Aube'pine .

Avocado pear .

Babul
Bael .
Balsams .
Bamboo — malt
Banana
Bancouliei
Banyan
Baobab
Barberry .
Bark — crown

,, — Loxa

,, —red

PAGE

692
312
427
234
449
579
606
314
669
670

57
712
351
311
337
141
724
311
214
321
321
312
312
695
695
430
726
443
581

38
703
723
471
323
278
724
690
325
55 .

292

13?

IIS

751
723
618
638
86
29
406
406
nit;

PAGE

•AGE

Bark — yellow .

406

Calamander wood . 452,

4. ".;»

Barley

742

Calambac ....

579

Bayberry .

G64

Camel thorn

237

Bay laurel

557

Camphor tree — lapan 560,

564

Bdellium — Indian

139

., ., — Malay

69

Bead tree .

111

,, shrub

427

Beech

667

,, wood — Martaban

561

,, — white .

537

Cam wood

229

Beefwood.

665

( !andle nut

613

Belgaum walnut

613

Caoutchouc tree

641

Ben-oil

225

Cape gooseberry

507

Benzoin .

466

Caper ....

33

Betel palm

726

Capsicum ....

507

„ pepper .

554

Cardamom

723

Bhabar grass .

742

Cardol ....

214

Biancospino

325

Carob tree

277

Bilberry .

429

Cashew nut

214

Birch — American paper

668

Cassava ....

589

,, — European

<\M

Cassia cinnamon

560

,, — white Himalayan

668

,, Lignea .

560

Bird's-nest fern

759

Cassie ....

292

Birnbaum .

322

Castor oil . . . 589

622

Black bean

266

Catechin ....

2H7

Blackberry

317

Ceara rubber

589

Blackwood

250

Cedar — Atlas . . 713

714

,, — Australian

301

,, — bastard .

144

Bladder senna .

231

,, — Himalayan .

710

Blue gum .

352

„ — ,, pencil .

698

Bog myrtle

0(14

,, — Lebanon . 713

714

Bosso

592

,, — pencil .

697

Bougainvillaea .

549

„ —red . . 157

697

Box ....

592

,, — white .

14s

,, — brush

354

Cerisier a grappes

314

Boxwood — Ceylon .

419

Charcoal tree .

630

Bracken .

759

Chene yeuse

674

Bramble .

317

Cherry — acid .

311

Braziletto .

267

,, — bird .

314

Brazil wood

267

,, — sweet .

311

Bread-fruit

. 652

Chestnut — Moreton Bay .

266

Bread tree — common

145

„ — sweet

667

Bresillet .

267

,, — Spanish .

667

Broom

228

China grass

657

Bruyere

430

( hinese tallow tree .

621

Buis.

592

Chittagong wood

L56

Bullet wood Andaman

451

Cinnamon

562

Bullock's heart

20

Cipresso ....

697

Bunya-bunya .

703

Citron ....

L30

Batter nut

662

Clearing nut tree

497

Buttonwood

661

Clematis ....

•_>

Buxbaum .

. 592

Clign aloes

57:i

Clove ....

357

(love-scented creeper

506

C

Club-mosses

75s

Coca. ... 03

116

Cactus

382

Cocculus indicus

24

Cajuput oil

351

Cochineal ....

~

(02

A 3

MANUAL OF INDIAN

TIMBERS

PAGE

PAGE

■

TAGE

i locoa plant

. 93

Eng tree .

. 72

Hornbeam

. 684

Coconut .

. 7:;:/

Epheu

. 387

Horse-chestnut

. 193

., — double

. 737

Epine-vinette .

29

—In.

ian . 193

1 locus wood

229

Esche

. 471

Horse-radish tree

224

Coffee

. 422

Esparto grass .

. 742

Horse-tails

. 758

., — Liberian

422

Hydrangea

. 328

Coignassier

'. 320

Coir .

. 739

F

• !ola nut .

. 93

I

' lopal tree — Indian .

85

Ferns .

. 758

1 oral creeper .

. 552

Fig ....

. 637

If .

. 701

.. plant

. 612

,, — Indiarubber

. 641

Ilang-ilang

16

.. tree .

. 187

Fir — Dant/.ie .

. 7o:;

Indiarubber 6g .

. 641

.. — Indian .

. 242

,, — Douglas .

. 703

Indigo

. 230

< 'erk oak .

071

., — silver

. 71.S

Ipecacuanha

. 399

.. tree — Indian

509

., — spruce

. 716

Ironwood .

. 285

< 'ornouUler sanguin .

390

Flamboyant

. 270

Ivy .

. 387

» lorroyere .

224

Flax "...

. 116

1 k)tton plant

86

Frangipani

482

• lotton tree

90

Frankincense .

. 138

.1

., —white .

91

Frassino .

. 471

< lowhage .

240

Frene

471

• lack tree .

. 652

Cow-itch .

•.'in

Furze

228

Jarrah

352s 353

• rali — Siberian

322

Jasmine— Arabian

. ' 467

Cranberry

429

,, —Spanish

167, 469

Crespino .

29

G

— yellow

. 168

Cn4i.ii oil . . 589, 61

3, 61 1

Jujube

. 181

.. —purging

614

Gale- sweet

664

Jujubier .

. 182

— variegated .

61 1

Gambier .

405

Juniper

. 607

( !urrant — black

330

Gamboge .

49

., —black

. 698

— red

330

Gardenia .

414

— weeping b

ue . 698

i lustard apple .

20

Garo de Malacca

.".7 !•

Jute plant

. 105

< lutch tree

296

Gattice

693

( Jypres

697

( felso bianco

634

Cypress . . .

697

( rene'vrier .

697

K

-funereal .

697

Ginepro

697

— Goa .

696

Ginger

723

Kamela powder

. 620

— Himalayan

696

Giuggiolo .

182

Karri

. 352

— Lawson's .

696

• .i>.it>' foot creeper .

.",07

Kauri pine

. 703

pine

695

Gold mohur tree

■270

Khaskha- grass

. 742

— swamp

700

Gooseberry

330

Kino

. 261

; . — weeping .

697

,, —Cape .

507

„ —Bengal .

. 211

— yellow

695

„ — wild

355

Koiliueide

. 689

Gorse

228

Kumqual .

. 130

( .r.-ipe vine.

190

I)

Greenheart
Groundsel

558
428

L

Dammer .

703

Guava

355

.. —black

III

„ —wild .

.",."..'>

Laburnum

. 228

Date palm

730

Guelder rose

393

Indian .

. 27 1

—wild .

731

,, — Chinese

328

l.anccu 1 Moulmi

in .

Deodar .

7lo

Gulmohr tree .

270

Lantana

. .".21

Divi-divi .

268

( lulu arabic

299

Larch European

. 7 20

Dodder .

505

,, Benjamin

466

,, — Siberian

720

Dogwood .

390

.. — blue

352

>ikkim

. 720

Douglas fir

703

( rurjun-oil tree .

7o

Laurel Alexandrian

.".7

1 >ragorj tree

724

Gutta-percha

445

Baj .

. .'.o7

Dnrian

92

Laurustinus

. 393

.. —wild .

92

Leccio

. 674

II

Lemon
Lierre

. 130
387

i:

Hawthorn

325

Lign Aloes

. o7!>

Hazel

684

Lignum-vitffl

. 132

Eaglewood

579

Heath . . . .

430

Lilac

. 470

Ebony . . . 45

2, 156

Heather-bell .

430

,, — Himalayan

. 470

Eibe.

701

Heliotrope

499

Persian

1 II. 470

Li. lev dwarf .

393

Hemp

626

Lily .

. 721

„ — Himalayan .

393

., - Manila

72:;

Lime tree .

. 105

Elephant creeper

506

,, —sunn .

230

,, • sour

. 130

Ellera

387

Henna

370

., — sweet

. 130

Elm— common .

627

Hickory .

662

Linden

. L05

Himalayan

627

Ilou, plum

223

Ling.

. 430

.. — Wych ' .

627

ll..ll> ... 16

7. 169

Linseed oil

. 116

Emblic myrabolan .

600

Honeysuckle

396

Litchi

. 198

INDEX TO EUROPEAN NAMES

763

Locust tree
Logwood .
London plane
Longan

Lofjiiat

PAGE

234, 277
. 270
. 661
. 197
. 321

M

Mace .... 555

Madder . . . .399

Magnolia— red ... 9

Mahogany . . - 153

,, — African . 142

,, — Dastard . 353

Maidenhair tree . . 700

Maize .... 742

Mammoth tree . . . 700

Mandelbaum . . .311

Mango . . . .211

Mangosteen . . . 52

Mangroves . . . 332

Manila hemp . . . 723

Maple .... 199

,, — Norway . . 199

,, — sugar . . . 199

Marble-wood — Andaman

4.52, 458
Margosa .... 143
Marking-nnt . . . 220
Mastic of Chios . . 210

Mate' .... 167

Meadowsweet . . . 3 Hi
Medlar . . . 322. 323

Meh 321

Mesquit bean
Mezereon .
Micocoulier
Midnapore creeper
Mignonette
Milkwort .
Millet
Mistletoe .
Monkey-puzzle
Moonrlower
MoretOn Bay chestnut
Mosses

Moulmein lancewood
Mountain ash .
Mulberry — Indian
,, — paper
,, — white
Munj grass
Murier blanc
Myall wood
Myrabolan

— Embli
Myrrh
Myrtle

„ —bog .

,, — wax .

Mvsore thorn .

Nogal
Noyer
Nutmeg .
Nux- vomica

O

Oak

British .

cork
., — holm
„ —red .
„ —She.
„ -silk
,, — swamp .
,, — Turkey .
., — Vallonea .

Oat .
Oleander .

— yellow
Olive . " •
.. — Indian .
Olivier
( (range

I l-ier

,, blanc
( ttaheite apple .
( luteniqna yellow-wood

P

N

Nal grass .
Nan-muh tree
Neem tree

N. tile tree
,, — devil
- fever
— Indian

Noce

Padauk — Andaman

.. — Burma
Pagoda tree
288 Palma < 'hristi .
;,77 Palm oil .
629 Palmyra palm .
506 Papaw
3G Pani caoutchouc
44 Passion flowers
742 » fruit

583 Peach
. 703 Pear •
. 507 >i —prickly .
26C Peeher
758 I Peepul tree
254 Penang lawyer .
323 Peruvian bark .
635 Pepper Let el .
. 633 si —black .

. 634 „ tree

. 742 Peppermint tree
. 634 Per".

29] Pernambuco wood
338, 339 Pesco

Coo Peupliei blanc .
'. L39 •• »">'' •

350 Pfirsichbanm .
i;r,l Pflaumenbaum .
664 Physic nut
267 Pimento .

Pine Aleppo .
,, — Austrian
.. — blue
,, — cluster .
7 |j .. ( !orsicarj .
558 )5 — Himalayan (

l 13 .. — Khasia .

629 .. Kauri

656 .. - long-leaved

656 .. maritime

630 •■ Scotch .
662 •• — tone

PAGE

662
662
555

497

671

(571
G74
G71
667
57G
6GG
671
671
742
487
481
474
474
474
130
685
689
223
702

•'.".;

Pine — "Weymouth

., — white
Piney tallow

„ varnish .
Pioppo
Pi pal tree .
Pistachio .
Pitcher plant .
Plane

,, — London
Plantain .
Plaqueminier
Platane
Plum

Podophyllin
Poirier

Poma d'Adao .
Pomegranate
Pommier .
Poon-spar tree .
Poplar— aspen .
,, — black .
,, — Lombardy
,, — white .

Porcupine wood

Portia tree

Potato

Prickly pear

Primrose creepeT

Privet

Prunier

Pumelo

Purging croton

Pvracantha

482
622
739
73/
381
589
381
381
312
322
382
312
645
733
405
554
55 1
2n7
35 1
322
267
312
692
692
312
313
613
351
703
703
704
703
7<i:;
709
7( is
703
. 7oi;
. 703
. 703
. 703

Quassia
Quince
Quinine
Quitte

PAGE

704
7H4
86
85
692
645
210
553
661
661
723
455
661
. 313
. 27
. 322
. 449
. 377
. 321
. 57
. 690
. 692
. G92
. 692
. 739
. 88
. 507
. 382
. 493
. 475
. 313
. 130
. 614
. 326

132
320
406
320

B

Radix pareira ... 26

Ragwort . 428

Rain tree .... 310

Rajmebal fibre . . .492

Ramboetan . ■ • 197

Ramie .... 657

Rangoon creeper . • 350

Ratten cane- . . . 734

Red deal . . . .703

Red Memel . . - 703

Red Sanders . . .259

Redwood .... 267

., — Andaman ■ 25,

,, — Californian . 70O

-Indian . . 155

Rhea .... 657

Rhododendron . ■ • 432

— Indian . 367

Rhubarb .... 552

Ilice 742

Robinier faux-acacia . 234
Rose ..-•• 3bS
.. apple . . • 357

Roselle .... 8,
Rosemary . <«6

Rosewood . ■ • • 250
Rubber Accra . . ■ 478
— Ceara . • • 589

761

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Rubber — Lagos
,, — Mexican
,, — Para .

Rusa oil .

Sago palm

Sahhveide

Sal tree .

Salicastro .

Salicone .

Sallow

Salt bush .

Sandal — bastai

Sandalwood

Sapodilla .

Sappan wood

Sassafras .

Satinwood

Sauerdorn

Saule blanc
„ fragile
., marceau

Scbwarz pappe

Screw pine

Sea buckthorn

Sebestan .

Semaphore plant

Sensitive plant

Serpent stick

Shaddock .

Shea butter
Shell bark

She oak .
Shoe plant
Silber pappel
Silk oak .
Silver creeper
,5 fir .
„ tree
Siris tree .
,, —pink
,, — white
Sissoo tree
Snake climber

,, wood
Snow creeper
Soapberry
Soapnut .
Solan plant
Soom tree
Sorbier des oisel
Sonrsop .
Spadic
Spindle tree
Spruce— black
,, — common

TAGF.

478
626
589
742

28, 721L 734

687

687

687

685, 687

;(.M
in;

.X.J. 7.S.J

443
267
558
160

29
687
688
687
692
7-1 1 1
581
501
238
290
203
130
445
662
667

87
692
576
507
718
575
303
306
305
217
284
497
•(07
L96
196
237
567
323
21
116
170
71(1
716

Spruce — hemlock
., — Himalayan
,, — Indian hemlock
,, — Norway
,, — white .

Spurge laurel .

Stag's-horn fern

Star anise

Star apple

Stinkwood

St. John's wort

Storax

Strawberry tree

Stringy bark

Strychnine tree

Sugar-cane

Sumac fustet

Sumach .

., — American

Swamp oak

Sweet cup

Sycamore .

Syringa .

Taba sheer

Talipat palm

Tallow tree — Chine
Tamarack
Tamarind .
Tamarisk •
Tapioca .
Tasar
Tasso
Tea plant .

,, — Paraguay
Teak

Telegraph plant
Temple tree
Terebinth .
Terra japonica
Tobacco .
Tomato
Toon tree .
Toothbrush tree
Torch tree
Traveller's Joy
,, tree

Tree lettuce
Trincomali wood
Tulip tree
Turmeric .

199.

PAGE
71. S

716
718
716
716
577
7.".: i
8
443
558
48
466
430
353
497
742
207
2H7
268
666
381
66]
329

U

Ulivo

743
732
624

72m
278

46
589
343
7<>1

68
167
7)26
238
482
210
405
507
7.07
L57
476
421

2

723
549

107

7. ss

723

171

PAGE

Umbrella thorn . . 292

Upas tree .... 651

Varnish tree . . .217
Verbena — lemon-scented . -">24

Vine — grape . . . 190

Violet . . . .37

„ wood . . . 472

Virginia creeper . . 19fl

Vogelbeerbaum . . 323

W

Wachholder . . . 697

Wait-a-bit thorn . . 1 *7

Wallnuss .... 662

Walnut .... 662

,, — Belgaum . . 013

„ —black . . 662

„ — East Indian . 303

Wampi . . . .127

Waratah .... 575

Wattle— black . . .301

„ —broad-leaf . . 291

,, — common . . 302

„ —golden . . 291

,, —silver . . . 301

,, — white . . . .".Hi

Weissdorn . . . 325

Weisse weide . . .687

Wellingtonia . . .700

West-coast creeper . . 493

Wheat . . . .7 12

Whortleberry . . . 429

Wig plant . 207

Willow — crack . . . 688

,, — osier . . . 689

,, — weeping . . i;v>:

,, — white . . 687

Winter-green . . .430

Wood-apple . . . 13]

Wormwood . . . 427

Yellow-wood — Outenimia . 702
Yew 701

Zebra wood . . . 458

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Abelia, Brown

triflora, Br. .
Aberia, Hochst.

Gardnori, Clos.
Abies. Juss.

canadensis, Michaux

dumosa, Loudon

excelsa, DC .

nobilis, Lindl.

Nordmanniana, Spach

pectinata, DC

Pindrow, Spach

I'insapo, Boiss.

Smithiana, Forbes

"Webbiana, Lindl. .
Abkoma, Jacq.

augusta, Linn.
Abrus, Linn. .

precatorius. Liun. .
Acacia, WiUd.

arabica, Willd.

C<ezia. W. and A. .

Catechu, mild. .

concinna, DC

dealbata, Link

decurrens. Will J. .

eburnea, Willd.

Farnesiana, Willd.

Eerrnginea, DC
ferruginea, < Jamble

hnmalnphylla. ( 'm,i,.

inopinata, Prain .

[ntsia, 11';//,/.
Jacquemontii, Benth.
Kingii, Prain

Koeringa, Roxb. .
Latronum, Willd. .
I'M icularis, //'////. .
leucophlcsa, Wi
margmata, Sam. .
Melanoxylon, /.'. Br.
modesta, Wall. .
pennata, Willd.
planifrons, II'. and .1.
pruinescens, K\
I g iudo- [ntsia, \fiq.
pycnantha, Bth. .

rupestris, Stocks .

Senegal, Willd. .
Suma, Buck. .
Sundra, Bedd.
tomentosa, Willd.

Ai Al.\ PHA, Linn.
dim ntacea, Roxb. .
fruticosa, Forsk. .

A( AVllIAU.i; .

PAGE

PAGE

PAGE

. 396

Acanthopanax, Dene.

Actixodaphxe — contd.

. 396

and Planch.

385

confertinVira. Meissn.

569

. 41

aculeatmn. Seem. .

385

liirsuta. Hook. J". .

569

. 41

ricinifolium, Seem.

385

Hookeri, Bedd.

569

. 718

Acanthus, Linn.

522

Hookeri. Meissn. .

56!»

. 718

ebracteatns, Vahl .

522

lanata, Meissn.

569

. 718

ilicifolius, Liun. .

522

leiantha. Hook.f. .

569

. 716

Acer, Tournef.

199

madiaspatana, Bedd.

569

. 718

caesium, Wall.

201

molochina, Nees .

569

. 718

Campbellii, Hook. f. and

obovata, Bl. .

569

. 718

T/i

202

reticulata, Meissn.

569

. 719

campestre, Liun. .

L99

salicina, Bedd.

569

. 718

caudatom, Wall. .

201

salicina, Meissn. .

569

. 716

cultratum, Wall. .

201

sesquipedalis, Hook. f.

. 718

Hookeri, Miq.

200

and Th. ' .

569

. 104

isolobum, Kurz

199

sikkimensis, Meissn.

569

. 104

lsevigatum, Wall. .

200

speciosa, Nees

569

. 240

niveum, Bl. .

199

Actinorhytis Calapparia,

. 24(1

oblongum, Wall. .

199

1 1 "< //'//. and II. Drude .

726

. 291

Papilio, King

199

Adausonia digitata, Linn. .

86

. 292

pectinatum, IIV//.

199

Adelia neriipolia, Roxb. .

622

. 300

pentapomicum, ./. L.

Adenanthera, Linn.

287

. 29G

Stewart

200

aculeata, Roxb.

2SS

. 291

pi turn, Thunb.

202

bicolor, Moon

287

. 301

platanoides, Linn.

199

oudhensis, J. L. Stewart

289

. 302

Pseudo-platanus, Linn.

199

pavonina, Linn.

287

. 294

saccharinum, Wang,

199

Ahexochljexa, Baill.

617

. 292

sikkimense, Miq. .

200

indica, Bedd.

617

. 298

BtachyophyUum, Warn .

199

silhetiana, Benth. .

617

. 299

Thomsoni, Miq.

201

zeylanica, Thro.

617

. 291

villosum, Walt.

201

Adenosacme, Wall.

41(i

. 291

Achras elengioides, DC

11!

Lawii, Hook.f.

410

. 300

Achras Sapota, Linn.

443

longifolia, Wall, .

410

. 294

Aconitum, Linn.

2

Adhatoda, Nees

523

. 291

Ai ro< ARPUS, W. and A. .

290

Beddomei, Clark* .

523

. 310

fraxinifolius, Wight

290

Vasica, Nees .

523

. 299

Acronychia, Pers. .

124

Adina, Salisb.

401

. 299

Iaurifolia, Bl.

124

cordifolia, Hook. /'.

4oi

. 295

pedunculata, DC .

124

Griffithii, Hook.f. .

. 307

Acrostichum anreum,

polycephala, /» nth.

401

. 301

Liun.

759

sessilifolia, Hook.f.

403

. 291

Ai rEPHiLA, Blume .

598

Adinandra, Jack .

. 300

excelsa, Muell. Arg.

598

dumosa. Jack

62

. 292

javanica, Miq.

Griffithii, Dyer

62

. 291

mi li/In rn nsis, MV

598

lasiopetala, ( Tioisg

62

. 291

puberula, Kurz

598

\ illosn. ( %oisy

62

. 291

Thomsoni, Muell. Arg. .

598

Mi II M AM'lll i:a. X

518

. 299

A( riMinA. Lindl. .

64

tomentosa, Net $

518

. 299

arguta, PI.

u

.1...I \i.ii ts, R. Br. .

436

. 295

callosa, Lindl.

64

ntii. Kurz

436

. 296

3a, Hook. )'. and

rotundifolia, Roxb.

436

. 291

th. . . ' .

64

.!•".(. i< ii: \^. ( iaertu. .

442

. Ii!7

A< HNODAPHNEj N

569

ulata, Blani

442

. (11 7

angnstifolia, vl

569

niajiis. Gat rtu.

442

. CI7

campanulata, Hook./. .

569

.K(,i.i:. ( !orrea .

131

5 1 8

concolor, Net .-■

569

Marmelos, ( brrea .

131

7(i6

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

-Km KYNOMENE, Linn.

aspera, Linn.

grandiflora, Roxb.

Sesban, Roxb.
iEscuLUS, Linn.

assamica, Griff.

Hippocastanum, /.inn.

indica, t 'olebr.

punduana, Wall. .
Afzelia, Smith

bijuga, . 1. Gray .

palembanica, Baker

rctusa. Knrz .
V.GANOSMA, G. Dun

caryophyllata. G. Don

cyinosa, G. Don

marginata, G. Don
\>. lpetes, I>. Don .
^gathis australis. Salisb.

,, lorauthifolia. Salisb.
Agave americana, Linn.
Aglaia, Lour. .

apiocarpa, Hiern .

Chittagonga, Mi</.

odulis. - 1. Gray

khasiana, Hiern

Maiae, Bourdillon .

minutiflora, Bedd.

odorata, Roxb.

paniculata, Kurz .

perviridis, Hiern .

Kox burgh i ana. II . an
A. . '

Wallichii, H'u rn. .

\.GROSTISTACHYS, Dalz.

1 [ookeri, Benth.

indica, Dalz. .

Longifolia, Benth, .
An.AMiirs. Desf. .

excelsa, Roxb.

glandulosa, Desf. .

grandis, Prain

malabarica, ]>< '
\ langium, Lamk. .

decapetalum, Lamk.

fflandulosum, Thw.

hexapetalum, Roxb.

Kingianum, /'rain

Lamarckii, Tliwaites

sundanum, Miq.
\ 1 bizzia, Durazz. .

amara, Boivin

amara, Grah.

clegans, Kurz

< iamblei, Prain

glomeriflora, Kur/.

.Iiililn i.-sin. lloivin

Kalkora, /'rain
Lebbek, 7,7//.
Lebbek, Gamble .
lebbekoides, Bth. .
[ittoralis, Teysm. an

I tin m nil. .

Lophantha, lii/i.
lucida, Benth.
mollis. Boivin
moluccana, Miq. .
myriophylla, Hth.
odoratissima. Hi nth,
procera, Benth.
Richardiana, King on

/'ruin

■ '< ciosa, Roxb.
stipulate, Boivin .

. 237

ALBIZZIA — Cnnlil.

. 237

Thompsoni, Brandis

308

. 235

Wightii, Grah.

. 307

. 235

Alchornea, Swart/.

. nir

. 193

mollis. Muell. An/.

. <;i7

. 194

tilisefolia, Muell. An/.

. 017

. in:;

Aleukites, Foist. .

613

. ML'!

cordata, Muell. . In/.

613

. i:M

moluccana. 11'/'//./.

613

. 280

Irilnha. hirst.

613

. 280

Ar.H.voi, Desv.

237

. 280

camelorum, Fisch.

237

. L'SH

man rnrnm. P>ak.

237

. 188

Ai.i..KAXTins. Thw.

1;:;:;

. iss

Kur/.ii. //mi/:./'.

633

. 489

zeylardcus, Thw. .

633

. 188

AxiAMANDA, Linn. .

478

. 4211

cathartica, Linn. .

478

. 703

Ajllomokphia, Blume

367

. 703

hispida, Kurz

367

. 721

umbellulata, Hook.f.

367

. 1 in

\ 1 LOPHTLUS, Linn. .

in:;

. 1 l!»

aporeticus, Kur/,

in;;

. Mil

Cobbe, Bl. .

193

. 1 111

hispidus, Trin.

. in:;

. 1 Hi

serratus, I •• .

. 193

. L50

zevlanicus. Linn. .

in;;

. 149

Ai.xi s, Gaertn.

. 669

. 149

dinica. Roxb.

tins

. Mil

glutinosa, /.inn. .

669

. Mil

incana. 11'/'////.

. 669

nepalensis, /'<///

670

. Ill)

nitida. Endl. .

070

. UK

Ale-; r- 1 1 1 rfcucd: ri Linn.

. 52 1

. (in;

AlphONSEA, Hook. 1'. am

. en;

Th. .

23

. en;

lutea, Hook.f. ami '/'//.

•_'::

. 616

madraspatana, Hull.

•j:;

. L32

sclerocarpa, '/'////•. .

23

. 132

ventricosa, //•»■/■. /'. am

. 132

Th. . . '.

•_':;

. J 32

zeylanica. Hook. /'. am

. 1 33

Th. . . '.

23

. 389

Alpinia nutans. Roscoi

7i':;

. 389

ALSEODAPHNE, Nci is

568

. 389

grandis, Kur/.

560

. 389

grandis, Nees

568

. 389

petiolaris, //mil../. .'/i

8, 569

. 389

semecarpifolia, Nees

569

. ;is;i

ALSODEIA, Thouars .

.'!<

. 302

bengalensis, 11'////.

.11

. 307

decora, Trimen

Oi

. ;ii>7

GriflSthii, //mi/../', a,,. 1 7

//. ;;7

. 302

liiin/i niii mosa, Kur/.

37

. 302

mollis, Hook.f. ami Th

37

. .-ill-'

racemosa. Hook. /'. ////■

. 306

Th. . . ' .

.'!/

. 302

Roxburghii, Wall.

37

. :;o:!

virgata, Hook.f. and Th

.'J/

. 302

zeylanica. '/'////•.

,17

. 308

Alsophila, Brown .

7. Ml

albo-setacea. Bedd.

760

. 302

Andersoni, ./. Scott

7(io

. SOS

contaminans. Wall.

759

. 306

crinita. Ilnnl:.

760

. 306

i/'n/aiilia. II1111I:.

760

. 302

'-labia. Ilinil:.

760

302

glauca, ./. Sm.

759

. :!iil

latebrosa, linn/:.

759

. 305

Oldhami, Bedd. .

760

omata. ./. Smll

760

. 302

Ai. stoma. Br. .

is.;

. 304

Kur/.ii. Hook.f.

is:;

306

neriifolia, Don

|s|

Alstoma — contd.

scholaris. /,'. Br. . . Is:;

spectabilis, Kurz . . Is:;

venenata, /.'. Br. . . -is;;

Altingia, Noronha . . 332

excelsa, Noronha . . 332

Ai \ ma. Br. . . . is 1

ceylanica. Wight . . 481

gracilis, linith. . . 483

stellata, Roem. ami Sch, 48]

AaIai:axta( i:.r. . . 549

Am aki i.i.idi:.f. . . 723

Ambltanthcs, A. DC . 442

glandulosus, -1. DC . 142

Amherstia, Wall. . . 278

nobilis. II 'all. . . 278

Amooba, Roxb. . . 150

canarana, Bth. ami

Hook.f. . . : 150

CItampiohii, Bth. ami

Hook.f. . . . l.Mi

< Ihittagonga, Hiern. . 150
cucullata, Roxb. . . 151
decandra, Hiern. . . L51
LaWii, Bth. and Hook.f. 150
Rohituka, W. and A. . 150
.-/>t ctabilis, Hiern . . 1">1
Wallichii. King . . LSI

AMPEUDEjE ' . . is:.

Amphicorrte arguta, Ldl, . 509

Emodi, Ldl. . .".on

Ami'iih osmia, Fe'e . . 759

Brunoniana, Bedd. . 759

decipiens, Bedd. . . 759

Walkerfe, //<»,/■. . . 759

Amygdalites communis. Linn. .'!! 1

persica, Linn. . :!1 2

is pentaphylla, Roxb. 126

ANACARDIACEiE . . 207

\\ \' i ii. Rottb. . 211

latilnliiim. 11'////. . . 22(1

occidentale, /./'»//. . . 21 1

Anacoi/jsa, Bl. . . lot

densiflora, /;-././. . . L64

Griffithii, Mast. . . 164
ilicoides, Mast. . .164

puberula, Kurz . . L64

Anamikia. ( 'nlcbr. . . 21

< 'ncciilii-. II". ////// . I. . 2 1
paniculata, Trimen . 21

\s \\ IGORB \. St. ILL . IS

lu/oncnsis. . I. ti'rai/ . 18

AN< IM'LiH L\l>i:.'l". . 86

Am [strocladuSj Wall. . 86

GritBthii, Planch. . . 86

llcvncanus. Wall. . 86

Vahlii, .1/'//. . . . 86

Wallichii, Planch. . 86

. bidersonia cucullata,

Roxb. . . 151

Rohituka, Roxb. 150

ANDRACHNE, Linn. . . 598

cordifolia, Muell. Arg. . 598

trifoliata, Roxb. . ' . 607

Andromeda formosa, Wall. 4j1

ovalifolia, Wall. 131

Andropogon contortus,

I. inn. . 742

Gryllus, Linn. 742
intermedins,

Br. . . 712

Nai-.lus. /.;„//. 712
Scliocnantlius.

Linn. . 712

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Ti7

Andropogon serratus, Thunb.
Sorghum, Brot.
squarrosus,

Linn./. .

Ankkim •!.]•: rs'rrs. Korth.

Grifiithii, Hook./.

Helferi, Hook.f. .
Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm,
Anisophyllea, lir.

zeylanica, Bth.
Anisoptera, Korth.

glabra, Kurz

oblonga, Dyer

odorata, Kurz
Anneslea, Wall. .

fragrans. Wall.

monticola, Kurz .
Anodendron, A. DC

paniculatum, A. DC
Anogeisstts, Wall. .

acuminata, Wall. .

l.-iiilolia. Wall.

phillyresefolia, Heurch
and Muell. Arg.

pendula, Edgw.

sericea, Brandts .
Anomosanthes deficient, Bl.
ANONA, Linn. .

< Jherimolia, Miller

muricata, Linn.

reticulata. Linn.

squamosa, Linn. .
AXONACK.E .
Amplectrum, A. ( rray .

ci/ri niH-n ipmn. Kurz

glaucum, Triana .
Anthistiria gigantea, Cav.
Anthocephal us, A. Rich.

Cadamba, Miq.
Antiaris, Lesch.

innoxia, BL

toxicaria, Leech. .
Antidksma. Linn. .

acuminatum, Wall.

Alexiteria, Linn. .

Bunius, Spr. .

diandrum, Roth.

fruticulosum, Kurz

( tbsesembilla, Ga< rtn. .

khasianum, Hook.f.

Menasu, Mil/.

nigricans, '/'"/.

paniculatum, Roxb.

pubescens, Willd. .

pyrifolium, . Muell. Arg.

Roxburgbii, Wall.

velutinosum, HI. .

velutinum, Tnl.
i t/lanicum, Laink.
Anbgonon Leptopus, Hook.

and Am. .
\utistrophe, A. DC

srrratitolia. Hook.f.
[perula Neesiana, Blume .
Aphania Danura, Radlk. .
AIM x AN \<T..L
Apodytes, E. Meyer

andamanica, Kurz .

Beddomei, Mast. .

Benthamiana, Wight

( rardneriana, Mi< rt
Apollonias, Nees .

Araotti, Vees
A.POROSA, Blume

•\c.r.

PAGE

742

Aporosa — contd.

Aristoeochia — contd.

7-12

acuminata. Thir. .

608

Griffithii, Hook. /'. and

aurea, Hook.f.

608

Th. . . ' .

712

glabrifolia. Kurz .

608

platanifolia, Duchart.

367

latifolia, Thw.

608

Roxburghiana, Klotzsch .

367

Lindleyana, Bo ill.

608

ARISTOLOCHIACE-iE .

367

macrophylla, Muell. Arg.

608

Artabotrys, R. Br.

759

microstachya, Kurz

608

odoratissimus, /.'. Br. .

336

Roxburghii, Baill.

608

zeylanicus, Hook. f. and

336

villosa, Baill.

608

Th. . ' . '.

73

Wallichii, Hook.f.

608

Artemisia, Linn.

73

Apteron, Kurz

189

vulgaris, Linn.

i •'»

lanceolatum, Kurz

189

Arthrocnenuun glaucum,

84

Aqcilaria, Lam.

579

Ung. Sternb.

62

Agallocha, Roxb. .

.".79

„ indicum

62

malaccensis, Lamk.

579

Moq. .

62

Araeia, Linn. .

383

Arthrophyleum. Blume

489

armata, Seem.

383

diversifolium, Blume

189

cachemirica, Dene.

384

javanicum, Illume .

346

digitata, Roxb.

386

Artocarpus, Linn. .

347

foliolosa, Seem.

383

calophyUa, Kurz .

346

malabarica, Bald. .

383

( foaplasha, Roxb. .

papyrifera, Hook. .

384

Gomeziana, Wall. .

348

Thomsonii, Seem. .

383

hirsuta. Lamk.

348

ALALIA! T..E .

383

incisa, Linn.f.

347

Aralidium, Miq.

384

intei;-rifolia. Linn.f.

192

pinnatifidum, Miq.

384

Lakoocha, Roxb. .

20

Araucaria Bidwilli, Hook.

703

nobilis, Thw.

20

Cookii, R. Br. .

703

rigida, Bl. .

21

Cunninghamii,

Artjndinaria, Micbx.

20

Ail.

703

aristata, Gamble

20

excelsa. R. Br.

703

armata. Gamble

14

imbricata,

callosa, Munro

367

Pawn. .

703

deliilis. Tlnr. .

367

Arbutus Unedo, Linn.

130

densifolia, Munro .

367

Arceuthobium, Rich.

584

elegans. Kurz

742

minutissimum, Hook.f.

584

falcata, Nees .

400

Oxycedri, M. Bieb.

58 1

Falconeri. Benth. .

400

Ardisia, Swartz

441

floribunda, Thw. .

651

anceps, Wall.

111

< rallatlyi, Gamble .

651

colorata, Roxb.

til

< trifiithiana, Munro

631

flurilmmlo. Wall. .

111

hirsuta. Munro

609

humilis, Vahl.

141

Hookeriana, Munro

•111

involucrata, Kurz .

111

intermedia. Munro

610

macrocarpa, Wall.

141

jaunsarensis, Gamble

610

neriifolia, Wall.

441

khasiana. Munro .

610

paniculata, Roxb. .

111

Kurzii. Gamble

610

pauciflora, Heyne .

III

Mannii, Gamble

610

Wallichii, A. DC .

111

microphylla, Munro

610

ArecA, Linn. .

726

Pantlingi, Gamble .

610

< latechu, Linn.

72i ;

polystachya, Kurz

610

cocoides, Griff.

726

Prainiij Gamble

610

concinna, Thw.

726

racemosa, Munro .

610

Dicksonii, Roxb. .

727

Rolloana, Gamble .

610

gracilis, Roxb.

727

sjiathirlora. Trin. .

609

nagensis, Griff.

726

suberecta, Munro .

610

triandra, Roxb.

726

Walkeriana, Munro

610

Arenga, Labill.

72S

Wightiana, Nees .

610

saccharifera, Labill.

72s

Arundo 1 >onax, Linn.

Wightii, Griff.

72S

AS( |.|J>IAI)A( T..K

552

Argania Sideroxylon, /.'.

Asclepias gigantea, Roxb.

112

and S. . ' .

4 13

pallida, Roxb.

442

Argyreia, Lour.

506

/i nacissima. Roxb

574

cuneata, A'< r

506

tinctoria, Roxb.

197

muiilii. Sweet

.•,ni ;

volubilis, Roxbi

17s

pallida, < 'hoisy

506

ASP IRAGUS, I. inn. .

166

speciosa, Sm>< et

506

racemosus. 11'/'//./.

ice

tilisefolia, Wight .

506

Vsp ( im \- Hook. i.

L66

nni/lni a, Sw eel

506

and Th. .

L66

. [rillaria robusta, Kurz

265

uvifera. Hook.f. and '/'/..

166

Aristdda cyanantha, Hackel

712

Aspidop n Ri s, A. .In--. .

558

\i:i- rOEOCHIA, Linn.

55 1

lanuginosa, A. .lu-~.

-

acuminata, Roxb. .

55 1

until,,.-. \. .111--.

608

Cathcartii, Hook.f.

55 1

nutans, Hook.f.

768

A MANUAL OF INDIAX TIMBERS

Aspidopterys — contd.

Roxburghiana, J. Juss.

WaUichai, Hook.f.
Asplenium polypodioides,

Mitt. :

ASTEKIASTIGMA, Bedd. .

macrocarpa, Bedd.
Atalantia, Correa .

caudata, Hook.f. .

macrophyUa, Kurz

Missionis, Oliv.

monophylla, t 'orrea

racemosa, H*. and A.

zeylanica. Oliv.
Atragene zeylanica, Roxb.
Atraphaxis spinosa, Linn.
Atylosia. W. and A.

CandoUei, W. and A, .

crassa, Pra'vn

lineata, W. and A.

mollis, JJt/i. .

sericea. Bth. .
Aucuba, Thunb.

himalaica, Hook. /'. and
Th. . . " .

japonica, Thunb. .
Aulacodiscus. Hook. f. .

premnoides, Hook.f.
Avena saliva. Linn. .
Averrhoa, Linn. .

BUimbi, Linn.

Carambola, Linn. .
Avicexxia. Linn. .

officinalis. Linn.

tomentosa, Jacq.
Axinandra, Tbwaites

zeylanica, Thw.
Azadirachta indica, A.

Juss

AzimA, Lamk. .

sarmentosa, Benth.

tetracantha, Lamk.

Baccaukea, Lour. .
courtallensis, Muell. Arg.
flaccida, .Unci I. Arg.
parviflora, Muell. Arg. .
sapida, Bedd.
sapida, Muell. Arg.
Batobotrys glabra, Roxb. .
indica, Roxb. .
nemoralis, Roxb,
ramentacea,
Roxb. .
B ilanites, Delile .
(egyptiaca, Delile .
Roxburghii, Planch.
Balanocarpi s. Bedd.
erosa, Bedd. .
utilis, Bedd. .
zej Lanicus, Trimt

BAl INOSTREBLUS, Kurz .

i Licifolia, Kurt
Baliospermum, Blume .

axillare, Blume

corymbiferum, Hook. f,

montanum, M uell. Lrg. .
Bals ^modendron, Kuntli

Berrj i. , Irnott

caudatum, March .

Mukul, Hook.

Myrrha, Ehfenb. .

pubescens, Stocks .

Roxburghii, Am. .

Bambusa, Schreb. .

. 746

Bauhinia —

118

affinis, Munro

. 747

parviflora, Yabl .

118

arimdinacea, Willd.

. 748

piperifolia, Roxb. .

auriculata, Kurz .

748

Pottiugeri, Prain .

759

baccifera, Roxb. .

75.~>

purpurea, Linn.

42

Balcooa, Roxb.

747

racemosa, Lam.

42

Binghami, Gamble

. 748

racemosa, Yabl

129

burmanica, Gamble

. 746

retusa, Ham.

129

constrictinoda, Proudloc

k 751

tomentosa. Linn. .

129

Griffitbiaua. Munro

7 is

Yahlii. II'. and .1.

129

khasiana, Munro .

717

variegata, Linn. .

129

Khv/uuia. (iambic .

74 s

Beaumontia, Wall.

129

lineata. Munro

7 is

grandinora, Wall. .

129

marginata, Munro .

. 749

Jerdoniana, Wight.

3

Mastersii, Munro .

7b'

khasiana. Hook.f.

552

nana. Roxb. .

747

Beddomea, Hook. i.

245

nutans. Wall.

74fi

indica. Hook.f.

245

Oliveriana, (iambic

748

simplicifolia, Bedd.

245

orientalis, Nees

74s

Beesha Rheedii, Redd.

245

pallida. Munro

747

,, stridula, Bedd.

245

polymorpha, Munro

7)7

,, travanct rica, Bedd

245

schizost i: In : nlfs. A)..

7 is

Beilschmiedia, Nees

391

spinosa, Roxb.

748

assamica, .'/< ison. .

stricta, Roxb.

7.M

Brandisii, //■»>/.•. /'.

392

teres, Ham. .

746

Clarkei, Hook.f. .

391

Tulda, Roxb. .

746

fagifolia, Bedd. .

411

villosula, Kurz

749

Eagrfolia, Nees

411

vulgaris, Schrad. .

747

Gammieana, King .

742

Banksia .

5 , 5

globularia, Kurz .

118

Bapbia nitida. Lodd.

229

macrophylla, Meison, .

119

Barleria, Linn.

522

oppositifoba, Benth.

118

cristata, Linn.

522

Roxburghiana, Nees

546

Prionitis, Linn.

522

sikkimensis, King .

54 1;

strigosa, }\'illd.

522

Wightii, Benth. ' .

54 1;

Babringtonia, Forst.

."pfi;>

zeylanica, Trim en .

37*

acutangula, Gaertn.

363

Bennettia, Miq. .

378

augusta, Kurz

3fi3

longipes, Oliv.

conoidea, Griff",

363

Benthamiafragifera,lia6H

143

Helferi, Clarke

363

Hi n n\< ki \. Berrj .

478

macrostachya, Kurz

363

( oddapanna, B< rry

478

j>> ndula, Kurz

;iii.'i

nicobarica, Becc. .

478

pterocarpa, Kurz .

363

j;i:i;ni:i;ii)i:.L

racemosa, Blume .

363

BerbEris, Linn.

fill

speciosa. Forst.

.".fi.'i

angulosa, Wall.

611

zeylanica. Gardn. .

3fi;>

angustifolia, Roxb,

fill

Bassia, Linn. .

446

Aquifolium, Linn.

fill

butyracea, Roxb. .

4 is

anstata, DC .

611

caloneura, Kurz

446

asiatica, Royle

611

elliptica, Dalz

446

concinna, Hook.f.

437

tnlva. Bedd. .

446

coriact a, Brandis .

438

grandis, Bedd.

445

coriaria, Rot/li

438

latifolia, Roxb.

4 17

Darwinii, Hook

Lobbii, ( 'larke

446

insignis, Hook, /'. ami

437

longifolia, Willd. .

I 18

Th. . . ' .

135

malabarica, Bi dd. .

448

Lycium, Roylt

L35

microphylla, //<»)/.-.

446

macrosepala, Hook.f. .

L35

Mbonii, Bead.

446

aepalensis, Spr. .

83

ueriifblia, .l/oo?i

446

pinnata, Roxb.

84

Parkii, Don .

1 16

ulicina, Hook. /'. and

83

i, Wall.

4 17

Th. ' . . " .

83

Wightiana, DC . 41

1. 445

umbeUata, Wall. .

656

Bat is spinosa, Roxb.

' 634

vulgaris, Linn.

656

Bauhinia, Linn.

280

Wtdlichiana, DC .

623

acuminata, Linn. .

28 1

Hi R( in Mia. Neck. .

624

anguina, Roxb.

28 1

Qoribunda, Brongn.

623

diphj Ha. Symes

281

lineata. DC . .

624

diptera, ( 'oil. and //< tnsl

28 1

. Linn.

L39

enigmatica, Prain

28 1

Berrta, Roxb.

L39

Eerruginea, Roxb. .

281

Auiuioiiilla. Roa b. .

L39

Eoveolata, Dal .

281

Bi ci la, Tourn.

L39

I.nicii, Bth. .

28 1

acuminata, Wall. .

L39

macrostach} a. Wall.

281

alba, Linn. .

L39

malabarica, Roxb. .

282

alnoides, Ham,

L39

ornata, Kurz.

281

Bhojpattra, Wall. .

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

769

Bktula — contd.
cylindrostachys, Gamble
papyracea, Willd. .
utilis, Don
Bignonia chelonoides, Linn.
., crispa, Bach.
,, indica, Roxb.
,, quadrilocularis,

Roxb. .
,, spathacea, Roxb.
,, stipulata, Roxb.
,, suaveolens, IJoxb.
,, suberosa, Roxb. .
,, undulata, Roxb.
,, venusta, Ker.
,, xylocarpa, Roxb.
BIGNONIACILE .
Biota orientalis, Endl.
Bischofia, Blame .

javanica, Blume
Bixa, Linn.

Orellana, Linn.
BIXIXILE
Blachia, Baill.

andamaniea, Hook.f.
calycina, Benth. .
denudata, Benth. .
reflexa, Benth.
umbellata, Baill. .
Blackburnia monadelpha,

Roxb.
Blackwellia tomentosa^Vent.
Blastus, Lour.

cochinchinensis, Lour. .
Blepharistemma, Wall.

corymbosum, Wall,
Blighia sapida, Ktin .
Blinkworthia lycioides,

Chui.ii/ ,
Blumea, DC .

balsamifera, Dt ' .

Blumeodendron Tokbrai,

Kurz ....

Bocagea coriacea, Hook. f.

and Th. .

,, JJalzellii, Hook.f.

andTh. .
,, elliptica, Hook. t'.

and Tb. .
,, obliqua, Hook. f.

and Th. .
,, Tlnraifrsii. Hook,
f. and Th.
Boehmekia, Jacq. .
Hamiltoniana, Wall. .
macrophylla, l>on .
malabarica, Wedd.
nivea, Hook, and Arn. .
platvphylla, Don .
polystachya, Wedd.
rngulosa, Wedd.
tenacissima, Gaud,
travancorica, Bedd.
BOHBAX, Linn.
cambodiense, Pierre
Gossypium, Roxb. .
heptaphyllum, ( lav.
Lnsigne, Wall.
malabarirum.:/" ' .
pentandrum, Roxb.
BORAGINEjE.

BOBASSUS, Linn.
flabellifer, Linn. .
Jlabelliformis, Linn.

PAGE

PAGE

Boscia, Lamk.

33

669

variabilis, Coll. >tn<

668

Hemsl.

33

668

Bosia, Linn.

550

514

Amherstiana. Hook.f.

550

512

trinervia, Roxb.

630

510

Boswellia, Roxb. .

137

glabra, Roxb.

137

513

serrata, Roxb.

137

512

thurifera, Roxb. .

137

512

Bouea, Meissu.

214

515

burmanica, Griff. .

214

509

oppositifolia, Meissn.

214

511

Bougaixvilljea, Com-

509

mers. .

549

516

spectabilis, Willd.

549

509

Brachytome, Hook. f.

411

6!>5

Wallicbii, Bonk./.

411

607

Bradleia lanceolaria, Roxl

. 601

607

,, muitilocularis,

38

Roxb.

001

38

Bragantia, Lour. .

553

37

Dalzellii, Hook. f.

553

»;it;

Wallicbii, Br.

553

616

Brainea, J. Sm.

760

616

insignia, Hook.

760

616

Brandisia, Hook. f. anc

616

Th. .

508

616

discolor, Hook.f. and 77

. 508

Brassaia, Endl.

380

470

capitata, Clarke

386

380

Brassaiopsis, Dene, am

367

Pleh. . .

387

367

aculeata, Seem.

387

336

alpina, Clarke

387

336

Hainla, Seem.

387

191

hispida, Seem.

387

Hookeri, Clarke .

387

505

mitis, Clarke

387

127

pahnata, Kurz

387

427

speciosa, Dene, and Plch

. 387

Breynia .

0(13

018

angustifolia, Hook.f.

003

patens, Benth.

003

19

rhamnoides, MueU. Arg

004

Bridelia, WiUd.

594

15

ama na, Kurz .

594

assamica, Hook.f

595

15

burmanica, Hook.f.

594

crenutata, Ifoxb. .

595

19

dasycalyx, Kurz .

595

Griffithu, Hook.f.

595

15

Hamiltoniana, Wall.

595

657

Kurzii, Hook.f. .

595

657

lanceafolia, Roxb.

596

658

nuniititlura, Hook.f.

595

i>57

niontana, Willd. .

590

657

Moonii, Thwaites .

596

658

ovata, Kurz .

595

t;.")7

pubescens, Kurz .

595

657

retusa, Spreng.

595

('>."> 7

scandt ns, Roxb.

596

(157

spinosa, Willd.

595

89

Stipolaris, Bl.

596

91

tomentosa, BL

596

37

Broussonetia, Vent.

633

90

papyrifera, Vent. .

633

!>1

Brownlowia, Roxb.

1(15

!"l

data. Roxb. .

106

!H

lanceolata, Bth.

1(15

199

peltata, Bth. .

105

737

l'.i:. 1 KA, Mill. .

l.il

::;7

mollis. Wall.

134

7;i7

sumatrana, Roxb. .

134

Bruguiera, Lam. .

caryophylloides, Blume

eriopctala, II'. and .1.

gymnorhiza, Lam.

malabarica, Arn. .

parviflora, W. and A.

Rheedii, BL .
Brya Ebenus, DC

BuCHANANIA, Roxb.

acuminata. Turcz. .

angustifolia, Roxb.

arborescent, Bl,

glabra, Wall.

lanceolata, Wight .

lancifolia, Roxb. .

latifolia, Roxb,

laxiflora, Kurz

lucida, Blume

platyneura, Kurz .
Buckeandia, R. Br.

populnea, R. Br. .
Buddleia, Linn.

asiatica. Lour.

ColviUei, Hook.f. andTh

niacri istachya, Benth .

Neemda, Roxb.

paniculata, 1 Vail. .
Boettneria, Linn.

andamanensis, Kurz

aspera, Colebr.

crenulata. Wall. .

echinata, Wall.

pilosa, Roxb. .
Bupleurum, Linn. .

plantaginifolium, WigTi
Bursera, Linn.

serrata, Colebr.
BURSERA( T..E .
Butea, Roxb. .

frondosa. Roxb.

minor, Ham. .

parviflora, Roxb. .

superba, Roxb.
Bcxus, Linn. .

sempervireus, Linn.
Byrsophyelum, Hook, f

ellipticum, Hook.f.

tetrandrum, Hook . /'.

CACTE.E .
Cadaba, Forskahl .

farinosa, Forsk.

heterotricha. Stocks

indica, Lamk.

trifoliata, II'. and A.
( LbsAI .Pima. Linn. .

Bonduc, Roxb.

Bonducella, Roxb.

biaziliensis, Linn.

enriaria. Willd.

crista, Linn. .

cucuUata, Boxb. .

digyna, Rottl.

echinata. Lam.

iu< rmt.--. Roxb.

mimosoides, Lam,

minax, Ilnnce
Nuga, Ait.
pulcherrima, Swartz
Sappan, Linn.

stpiaria. Roxb.
C.KSALriNIK.i: .
Cajancs, DC .

indices, Spr. .

3 D

TAGfc

334
334
334
334
334
334
334
229
216
210
217
210
216
210
216
216
210
210
210
331
331
494
495
. 494
494
495
495
1 05
105
1(15
105
105
105
383
383
140
140
137
243
243
243
243
245
592
592
411
411
411

382
32
33
32
33
32
266
266
207
207
267
207
269
266
267
268
266
200
266
207
207
207
200
2 16
210

770

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Calacanthtjs, T. And.

Dalzelliana, T. And.
Calamus, Linn.

acanthospathns. Griff.

andamamcus, Kurz

arborescens. Griff.

Brandisii, Becc.

concinnus, Mart. .

delicatulus, Th/r. .

digitatus, Becc.

Dorirei, Becc.

erectus, Roxb.

fasciculalus, Roxb.

Feanus, Becc.

ElageUum, Griff. .

floribundus, Griff. .

Gamblei, Becc.

gracilis, Roxb.

grandis, Kurz

Guruba, Ham.

Helferianus, Kurz

Huegelianus, Mail.

hypoleucus, Kurz .

inermis, T. And. .

Jerikin s ia n us, Griff .

latifolius, Ro.rb.

leptospatlix, Griff.

longisetus, Griff. .

macracanthus, T. And.

melanacauthus, Marl.

myrianthus, Becc. .

nicobaricus, Becc. .

nitidus, Mart.

ovoideus, Tlur.

pachystemonus, Thw.

palustris. Griff.

paradoxus, Kurz .

platyspathus, Ma ri .

pseudo-tennis, Becc.

quinquenervius, Roxb.

radiatus, Thw.

Rheedii. Griff.

rivalis, Thw. .

Rotang, Li mi.

tenuis, Roxb.

Thwaitesii, Becc. .

tiffrinus, Kurz

travanooricus, Bedd.

unifarius, Jf. Wendl.

viminalis, Willi!. .

zeylanicus, Becc. .
I 'ai.i.iam.i;a, 11th. .

cynometroides, Bedd.

GrifBthii, Benth. .

umbrosa, Bih.
Callicarpa, Linn. .

arborea, Roxb.

lanata, Linn.

lobata, < 'larke

longifolia, Lamh. .

macrophylla, Vahl

psilocalyx, ( larlce

rubella, Lindl.

vestita, Wall.
CALLIGONUM, Linn. .

polygonoides, Linn.
Callistemon, I.'. 111.

lanceolatus, DC

salignus, /" '.
( 'allitris quadrivalvis, V< •<
,, rhomboidea, B> .
i lalluna vulgaris. Salisb.
( '.M.oi'in i.i.im, Linn.

amtenum, ll"«//.

PAGE

522
522

734
736
736

734
735
735
735
735
736
734
735
735
734
735
736
736
737
736
735
736
736
736
737
736

736
735

736

~: 15
735
735
735
735
736
737
735
736
3119
310
309
:!(i!i
525
525
525
525
525

525
525
525
5-25
552
552
351
351
35 1
695
695
430
56
' 58

Calophyllum — contd.

braeteatum, Thw. .

Burmanni, Wight .

datum, Bedd.

Inophyllum, Linn.

longifolium, Wall.

Moonii, Wight

polyanthum. Wall.

spectabile, Willi I. .

tetrapetalnm, Roxb.

tomentosum, Wight

\Valkeri, Wight .

Wigb-tianum, Wall.
Calosanthes indica, Bl.
Cai.otropis, R. Br. .

Acia, Ham. .

gigantea, R. Br. .

procera, R. Br.
< 'alvicarpum Roxburghii

G. Don
Calpurxia, E. Meyer

aurea, Baker .
Calycopteris, Lamk.

floribunda, Lamh. .

nutans, Kurz .
Camellia, Linn.

caudata, W<dl.

drupifera, Lour. .

japonica, Linn.

lutescens, Di/er

Thea, Link ' .

theifera, Griff.
Campnosperma, Thw.

zeylanicum, Thw. .
Cananga odorata, Hook, f

aiid Th. . .
Canangitjm, Baill. .

odoratmn, Bail!. .
Canarium, Linn.

bengalenso, Roxb. .

brunneuin, Bedd. .

coccineo - braeteatum,
Kurz .

commune, Linn. .

euphyllum, Kurz .

Manii, King .

reziniferum, Brac<

sikkimense, King .

striatum, Roxb.

zeylanicum, HI.
('anna indica, Linn. .

CANSJERA, .hiss.

Rheedii, Gmelin
scandens, Roxb.
Cantiiiim, Linn.
iliili/miiiii, Bedd.
diilvuiiiin, Roxb. .
aeilgherrense, Wight
parviflorum, LanUc.
parvifolium, Hush.
pergracile, Bourdillon
iimbellatum, Wight

(Ai>rAi:ii)i:.i; ' .

Capparis, Linn,
aphylla, Roth
bisperma, Roxb.
burmanica, Coll. am

Hemsl.
Cathcarti, //< msl. .
divaricata, Lamk. .
flavicans, Wall.
glauca, Wall.
grandis, Linn. I'. .
hastigera, Hance .

56
58
58

58

5s

57

56

58

510

491

491

491

191

482

2(15

265

315

345

345

67

68

68

68

67

68

68

222

16
16

n;

140
140
141

1 Ki
141
1 Id
I In
I in
1 in
111
111
723
L65
L65
L65

119
119
119
•119
119
119

420

119

31

.•;:;

3 1
35

34

31

:;i

3 1
31
:;.-,
:;i

Capparis — contd.

heteroclita, Roxb. .

Ileyneana. Wall. .

horrida, Linn. f. .

micracantha, i)< .

Moonii. Wight

multiflora. Hank. /'. an
Th. . .

olaeifolia. Hunk. /'. ami
7'/i. .' . '.

Roxburghii. /•"

sepiaria, Linn.

spinosa, Linn.

stglosa,BC .

trifoliata, Roxb. .

viminea, Hunk. /'. am
Th. . . ' .

xanthophvlla, Coll. am
Hemsl. " .

zeylanica, Linn.

zeylanica, Roxb. .
CAPRIFOLIACE^ .
Caragana, Lam.

ambigua, Stocks .

brevispina, Royle .

decortieans. I ft msl.

Gerardiana, Royle .

pygmsea, DC
CaralliAj Roxb.

calyciua, Thw.

integerrima, J>< ' .

lancesefolia, Roxb.

lucida, Roxb.
Carapa, Aubl.

moluccensis, Lam.

obovata, 111. .
Careya, Roxb.

arborea, Roxb.

herbacea, luuh.

sphterica, Roxb.
( !anca Papaya, Linn.
CARISSA, Linn. .

Carandas, Linn. .

Dalzellii, Bedd. .

diffusa, Roxb.

hirsuta, Loth.

macrophylla, II

paucinervia, I. /><

Bpinarum, -1. DC ■

suavissima, /" <I<1. ■
Carpinus, Tournef. .

BetuluS, Linn.

Eaginea, Limit.

viminea, Wall,
Carumbium baccatum, Kur
,, insigne, Kur/.

,, sehi/eriim.Kux

( ana alba, Nutt.
Caryopteris, Bunge

grata, Benin.

paniculata, ( 'larke

Wallichiana, Schaui i
(' .\m OTA, Linn.

mi t is, Li»ir. .

clitiisM. Griff.

sobolifera, Wall. .

ureus, Linn. .
Casearia, Jacq.

< 'anziala, "Wall. .

coriacea, Thw.

esculenta, Uoxb. .

glomerata, Roxb. .

graveolens, Dal . .

Klir/ii. Clarke

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

771

Casearia — amtd.

rubescens, Dalz. .
tomentosa, Roxb. .
Vareca, Roxb.
parians, Thw.
wynadensis, Bedd.
I assia, Linn. .
alata, Linn. .
anriculate, Linn. .
bicapsularis, Linn.
Fistula, Linn.
Jlorida, Vahl .
glauca, Lam.
laevigata, Willd. .
marginate, Roxb. .
montana, Heyne
nodosa, Ham.
occidentalis, Linn.
renigera, Wall.
Roxburffhii, DC
•siamea, Lamk.
Sophera, Linn.
timoriensis, DC .
tomentosa, Linn. .
Tora, Linn. ,
Cassiope, D. Don .
f'astigiata, D. Don .
Castanea argentea, Bl.

,, diversifolia, Kurz

,, indica, Roxb

,, inennis, Ldl.

,, javanica, Bl.

,, lancecefolia, Kurz 681
rhamnifolia,JSjm 682
Roxburghii, Ldl. 682

,, tribuloides, Kurz

,, Vesca, Gaertn. .

,, vulgaris, I .a m. .
Castanopsis, Spach
argentea, A. DC .
argyrophylla, Kurz
armata, Spach
castenicarpa, spach
( 'larkei, King
diversifolia, King .
Ilystrix, A. Dtf .
indica, A. DC,
javanica, .1. DC. .
rhamnif'olia, .1. DC
rufescens, Hook. f. and

Th

sumatrana, A. J>< '.
tribuloides, A. DC
Castanospernium australe,

A. Cunn. .
Castilloa elastica, < 'erv. .

CaSUARINA, Foist. .

equisetifolia, Forst.
lej)toclada, Miq. .
muricata, Roxb. .
palndosa, Sieb.
quadrivalvis, Labill
stricta, Ait.

378
37!)
378
379
378
271
271
273
271
271
274
271
271
273
274
273
271
271
273
274
271
274
271
271
431
431
681
681
682
682
681

683
667
667
681
681
682
682
682
682
681
682
682
681
682

682
682

i;s;;

PAGE

266
626
665
665
665
665
665
665
665, 61

Mlberosa.r^,,,/ Di,lr. CAVi, 666

CASUARINACEjE . . 665

( 'athartocarpus Fistula,

IVrs 271

Caulotretus scandens, L. . 285

Ceanotkut asiaticus, Roxb. L88

CeDRELA, Linn. . . L57

australis, /•'. von Mm II . . l">7

glabra, Cas. DC . . L67

hirsute, King . . 157

microcarpa, ( '. I>< ' . L59

Cedrela — contd.
multijuga, Kurz .

odorata, Linn.

serrata, Royle

Toona, Roxb.
Cedrus, Loud. .

Dcodara, Loudon .

Libani, Hand
CELASTRINK.E .
CELASTRtrs, Linn.

acuminata, Wall. .

emarginata, Willd.

monosperma, Roxb.

montana, Roxb.

nutans, Roxb.

oxyphylla, Wall. .

paniculate, Willd.

robusta, Roxb.

Rothiana, W. and A.

rate, Wall. .

senegalensis, Lam.

spinosa, Royle

stvlosa, Wall.

verticillata, Roxb.
Cei.tis, Linn. .

anstralis, Linn.

caucasica, Willd. .

cinnamomea, /-<//.

dysodoxylon, Thw.

eriocarpa, Dene. .

Hamiltonii, Planch.

mollis, Wall. .

orientalis, Linn.

Roxburffhii, Planch.

serotina, Planch. .

tetrandra, Roxb. .

tomentosa, Roxb. .

trinervia, Roxb.

Wightii, Planch. .
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Rich .
CEPHALANTHOfi, Linn.

naueleoides, DC . 401,
CephaZocroton indicum,
Bedd.

GePHALOSTACHTUM, Munro

capitatuin, Munro.

flavescens, Kurz .

Fuchsiartum, Gamble

Griffithii, Kurz

latit'olium, Munro .

pallidum, Munro .

pergracile, Munro .

schizostachyoides, Kurz

virgatum, Kurz
Cephalotaxi S, Sieb. and
Zucc. .

Griffithii, Eooh.f.

Mannii, Hook.f. .
CeraTONIA, Linn. .

Siliqua, Linn.
i 'eratostemma vaccii
ceum, Roxb.

( lERBERA, Linn.

fruticosa, Roxb. .

( fdollam, '-a, tin. .
i 'ercocoma Wallichii, Miq.
( i !:mrs, Arn. .

i landolleana, Irnott

Roxburgbiana, Arnotl
ChjEtocarpus, Thwaites

castanocarpus, Tlnr.

coriaceus, Thw.

pubescens, Hook.f.

pungens

160
157

160
ir.7

710
710

7KI
169
17.".
176
177
175
177
176
176
175
177
175
176
177
176
175
43
629
629
629
629
629
629
630
630
630
630
630
630
630
630
630
399
401
403

617
754
754
755
754
753
754
754
751
7 is
755

700

700
700

429
482
182
482
489
333
333
334
<rj::
623
623
623
623

PAGK

Chaiixetia, DC . . 162

gelonioides, Hook.f. . 162

Helferiana, Kurz . . 162

lonjfipetala, Turez. . 162

macropetala, Kurz . . 162

sumatrana, Miq. . . 162

CIIAILLETIAI K.K . . 162
Chamcebuxus a rill a in,

Hassk. ... 44

Chsrmerops excelsa, Thunb. 732

,, khasyana, Griff, 734

,, Martiana, Wall. 734

,, Rit c/u lea n a, Griff. 733

Champereia, Griff. . 588

Griffithiana, Planch. . 588

Chasalia, ( lomms. . . 421

curvirlora, Thw. . . 424

Chaulmooffra odorata,

Roxb. . . .41

Chavannesia esculenta, DC 188

CHENOPODIACE/E . 551

CinoKP.AssiA, Adr. .Tuss. . 156

tebularis, Adr. Juss. . 156

velutina, Roemer . . 15(5

Chilocarpus, Blume . 479

atro-viridis, Bl. . . 479

malaharicns, Bedd. . 479

< Tiionanthus dichotomus,

Roxb. . 17:;
intermedins,

Bedd. . 173
macrophyllus,

Kurz . 173
malabaricus,

Wall. . 173
,, minutiflorus,

Kurz . 473

,, lunula, his.

Kurz . 473
,, palembanicus,

Kurz . 472

Chisocheton, Blume . 148

costetus, II iern . . 149

dysoxylifolius, Fliern . 14s

grandiflorus. Hieni . 148

paniculatus, Hiern . 14s

Chloroxtlok, DC . L60

Swietenia, DC . . 160

Chonemorpha, G. Don . 48s

Griffithii, Hook.f. . 488

macrophylla. G. Don . ISS

Chorizandra pinnata, "Wt. 601

Chrtsophtllum, Linn. . 1 13

acuminatum, Roxb. . 1 13

Caiuito, Linn. . . 443

Roxburghii, G, Don. . 443

Cicca albizzioides, Kurz . 599

,, disticha, Kurz . 600

,, K inhl it-ii, Kurz . 599

,, Leucopyrus, Kurz . 603

., macrocarpa, Kurz . 599

., microcarpa, Kurz . 598

„ obovata, Kurz . 603

reticulata, Kurz . 5:'s

Cinchona, Linn. . 405

Calisaya, Weddell . tmi

• '. Roxb. . . 106

officinalis, Linn. . 406

succirubra, Pavon . 406

thyrsiflora, Roxb. . 407

Cixnamomim. Blume . 560
Camphors, Nett a,,,!

Eoerm. . . 560, 564
Cassia, Bl. .

72

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

< JlNJTAMOMUM — COJltd.

caudatum, Nees

560

cecicodaphne, Meissn.
citriodorum, Tluo. .

. 563
. 560

glanduliferum, Meissn.

. 560

gracile, Hook.f.

. 560

impressinervium, Meissi

. 561

iners, Reinw.

. 562

inunctum, Meissn. .

. 563

litseaefolium, Thw.

. 560

macrocarpmn, Hook.f.
multiflorum, Wight

. 560
. 560

nitidum, Bl. .

. 560

obtusifolium, Nees

. 56]

ovalifolium, 117. .

. 560

Parthenoxylon, Meissn

560

paucinbrum, Nees .

562

Perrottetii, Meissn.

560

sulphuratum, Nees
Tamala, Nees

. 560
. 560

tavoyanum, Meissn.

560

vimincum, Nees

560

Wightii, Meissn. .

560

zeylanicum, Breyn

562

Cipadessa, 151.

. 146

baccifera, Miq.
fruticosa, Bl.

146
. 146

Cissampei.os, Linn. .

. 26

convolvulacea, Koxb.

26

glabra, Roxb.

26

hermandifolia, Willd.

. 26

Pareira, Linn.

26

Citrus, Linn. .

129

Aurantium, Linn. .

130

deenmana, Linn, .

130

Hystrix, DC.

130

japonica, Thanh. .
limonium, Kiss.

130
130

medica, Linn.

130

nobilis, Lour.

L30

vulgaris, Riss.

130

CLAOXYLON, A. .hiss.

617

indicum, Hassle,

(117

khasianum, Hook./1.

CI 7

oligandrnm, Muell. Arg

617

Clausena, Buim. .

L26

excavata, Burm. .

L26

Lndica, Oliv. .

126

pentaphylla, 1>C .
Wampi, Blanco

126

127

Willdenovii, II'. and . 1.

127

Cleidion, Blume

620

javanicum, /Hume.

620

nitidum, Thw.

620

Cleistanthus, Hook. f.

,r)!>7

chartaceus, Muell. Arg.

597

collinus, Benth.

597

Hclfori, Hook.f. .

597

lancifolius, Hook. /'.

.r)!»7

malabaricus, Muell. Arg

•r)!»7

myriantbus, Kurz .

598

oolongifolius, Brandia

597

patulus, Muell. Arg.

598

stenophyllus, Kurz

597

Clematis, Linn.

2

barbellata, Edgw, .

2,3

Bucbananiana, /)('

2, 3

Gouriana, Roxb. .

2

grata. Wall. .

2. 3

gtewiaeflora, DC .

2

montana. Ham,

2

nutans, Royle

2

orientalis, Linn. .

•_>

smilacifolia, Wall.

2

Clematis — contd.

triloba, Heme

2

Vitalba, Linn.

2

Wightiana, Wall. .

2

Clerodendron, Linn.

543

bracteatum, Wall.

543

( 'olclirookianuin, Walp.

543

fragrans, Vent.

543

inerme, Gaeitn.

543

infortunatum, Gaertn.

543

nutans, Wall.

543

Phlomidis, Trimen

543

pblomoides, Linn. J".

543

serratum, Spreng. .

543

Siphonanthus, Br.

543

squamatum, Vahl .

543

venosuin, Wall.

513

Cleyera, DC .

63

grandiflora, Hook. /'. am

Th. .

63

ochnacea, l>< '

63

Clinoi^vne dichotoma

Solisb. _ .

723

Cluytia collina, Roxb.

597

,, oblongifolia, Koxl

. 597

,, patula, Roxb.

598

,, semperflorens, Box

1,. 615

ClTESMONE, Blume .

(121

javanica, Blume .

624

Ckestis, Juss. .

226

monadelpha, Roxb.

225

platantha, Griff.

226

potatorum, Watt. .

226

ramiflora, Griff.

226

Coccoceras, Miq. .

618

plicatum, Muell. Arg.

618

Coccdlus, DC .

25

glaucesa ns, III.

25

laurifolius, DC

25

Leseba, DC .

26

macrocarpus, W.and .1

2.".

mollis, Wall.

25

villosus, DC .

25

COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth.

37

Gossypium, /><' .

37

COCOS, Linn. .

739

nucifera, Linn.

739

( 'odieeum andamanicum

K 1 1 iv. .

616

,, umbellatum,

Muell. Arg.

616

CcELODEPAS, Hassk.

(117

calycinum, Bedd. .

617

Ccelodiscus, Baill. .

618

glabriusculus, Km >.

CIS

COFFEA, Linn. .

122

arabica, Linn.

122

bengalensis, Roxb,

122

fragrans, Wall.

122

Jenkinsii, Hook.f.

122

kbasiana, Hook.f.

122

liberica, Hiern

122

tetrandra, Roxb. .

123

travancorensis, II'. and .

. 122

Wightiana, IT. and A. .

122

Cms. Lacryma-Jobi, Linn.

712

Cola acuminata, Schott a ml

Endl.

93

COLEBROOKIA, Sill. .

547

oppositifolia, Sm, .

517

ternifolia, Roxb. .

517

1 iiMii iicii'ma. Wall.

548

coccinea, Wall.

54S

elegans, Wall.

548

Colquhounia — contd.

terniflora, Hook.f.

vestita, II 'nil. ' .
Colubrina, Rich. .

asiatica, Brongn. .

pubescens, Km-z .

travaneoriea, Bedd.
Columbia, l'ers.

floribunda, Wall. .

merguensis, Planch.
CoLUTEA, Linn.

arborescent. Linn. .

nepalensis, Sima .
Colvillea racemosa, Bojer
COMBKETAt K.K . '
Combretum, Linn. .

acuminatum, Roxb.

apetalum, Wall. .

costatum, Koxb.

decandruni, Roxb. .

extensum, Roxb. .

flagrocarpum, Herb. Calc,

nanuni, Ham.

ovalifolium, Roxb.

Wallichii, DC
COMPOSITE .
Congea, Boxb.

tomentosa, Roxb. .

velutina, Wight

vestita, Griff,

villosa, 117. .
CONIFERS .
(OXXALACE.E .
CoNNARUS, Linn.

Championii. Thw. .

H'ibbosus, Wall.

monocarpus, Linn.

nicobariciis, King .

paniculatus, Roxb.

pentandrus, Roxb.

Ritchiei, Hook. /'. .

Wightii, Hook.f. .

ConOCarpUS acuminata.
Koxl>.
,, latifolia, Box

( Jonocephali •-. Blume

suaveolens, HI.
CONVOLVULACEA
( lorn olvulus candican

Roxb.
Conyza balsamifera, IK'

I 'ool.-ia punctata. Sonn.
( hi: LLLOBOTRYS, Hook.

acuminata, Hook.f.
Corchorus capsularis, Lin
Cordia, Linn. .

abyssinica, R. Br.

angustifolia, Koxb.

en mjiiinnlatu , Koxb.

fragrantissima, Kurz
fulvosa, Wight
grandis, Roxb.
Tatifoka, Roxb.
Macleodii, Hook. /'. an

Th. . . '.
monoica, Roxb.
Mvxa, Linn.
obliqua, Willd. .
oblongifolia, Line.
octandra, .1. DC .
Perrottetii, Wight,
polygama, Boxb. .
Kotllii, Lam. and Sch.
serrata, Koxb.

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

773

C'ORDIA — CUiitil.

speciosa, Willd.

subcordata, Lamk,

tectonifolia, Wail.

vestita, Hook. J' . and Tli

Wallichii, G. Don .
Coudylink, Commers.

terminalis, Kunth .
Coriaria, Linn.

myrtifolia, Linn. .

nepalensis, Wall. .

sarmentosa, Font.
COPJAKIE/E .
CORNACEyE .
CoRNUS, Linn. .

capita ta, Wall.

macrophyUa, Wall.

oblonga, Wall.

sanguiuea, Linn. .
Corylopsis, Sieb. and
Zucc. .

bimalayana, Griff.
Coryi.us, Toumef. .

Avellana, Linn.

Columa, Linn.

ferox, Wall. .
Corypha, Linn.

elata, Ilo.rb. .

Gebanga, Kurz

macropoda, Kurz .

Talliera, Roxb. .

umbraculifera, Linn.
Coscinium, Colebr. .

fenestratum, Colebr.
Cotoneastjer, Linn.

acuminata, Lindl. .

bacillaris, 117///. .

buxifolia, Wall. .

frigida, Wall.

microphylla, Wall.

numniularia, Fisch. am
Mey. . . .

rosea, Edgar.

rotundifolia, Wall.
Cotyi.klop.ium, Pierre

scabriusculum, Brand it
Crataegus, Linn.

Clarkei, Hook. f. .

crenulata, Roxb. .

Oxvacantha, Linn.

Pyracantha, Persoon

Wattiaua, Hemsl. am
Lace. .
Ckat.-kva, Linn.

hygropMla, Kurz .

lophosperma, Kurz

Nurvala, Ham.

religiosa, Font.

Boxburghii, Br.
Cratoxyxon, HI.

arborescenflj Bl.

fonnosum, litli.
Hook.f. .

Qeriifolium, Kurz .

polyanthum, Korth.

prunifiorum, Kurz .

prunifolium, Dyer
CrOTALARIA, Linn. .

barbata, Grah.

llurhia, Ham.

formosa, Grah.

ftilva, Roxb. .

juncea, Linn.

obtecta, Grah.

PAGE

500
500
500
502
500
725
725
224
224
224
224
224
388
390
391
390
390
390

331
331
684
684
684
684
732
732
732

732
24
24
326
326
326
326
326
327

327
326
84
84
325
325
325
325
325

325
32
32
32
32
32
32
48
48

48

49

48

48

48

230

2:so

230

280

230

280

230

CROTALARIA — coutd.

seniperflorens, Vent.

tetragona, Roxb. .

Wightiana, Grah. .
Croton, Linn. .

argyratus, Bl.

aromaticus, Linn. .

caudatus, Geisel

drupaceus, Roxb. .

flocculosus, Kurz .

Gibsonianus, Nimtno

Joufra, Roxb.

Klotzschianus, Wight

laevifolius, Blame .

malabaricus, Bedd.

oblongifolius, Roxb.

polyandrus, Roxb.

reticulatus, Heyne .

robustus, Kurz

scabiosus, Bedd. .

sublyratas, Kurz .

Tiglium, Linn.

Wallichii, MueU. Arg.
Cruddasia insignia, Drain
Crudia, Schreb.

zeylanica, Be nth. .
Crypteronia, Blume

glabra, Bl. .

paniculata, Bl.

pubescens, Bl.
Cru ptocarya, Brown

amygdalina, Nees .

andainaniea. Hook. f.

Andersoni, King .

cassia, Bl.

Ferrarsi, King

ferrea, Kurz .

Griffitbiana, Wight

Kurzii, Hook. J'. .

membranacea, Thw.

Stocksii, Meissa. .

Wightiana, Thw. .
Cryptolkpis, K. Br.

Buchanani, Roem. an<
Sch. .
Cryptomeria, Don .

japonica, Don
Cryptostegia, Br. .

grandiflora, 11. Br.
CUDBANIA, Tre'cul .

amboinensis, Kurz .

fruticosa, 117.

javanensis, Tre'cul

pubescens, Tre'cul .
CudranuB Rumphii, Thw.

( Vl.l.KNIA, Wight .

excelsa, Wight
Cunuinghamia sinensis. /,'

Br. .
< i i- \ma. Plum.

adenophylla, I'lch.

fuscidula. Kurz

glabrata, Kurz

Griffithiana, Kurz .

Helferi, Hiern

Jackiana, Hiern

Lessertiana, Canto.

pentapetala, W. and A.

suinatrana, Miij. .
CUPBESSOS, Linn.

easlmiiriana .

funebris. Endl.

glaaea, Lamk.

Lawsoniana, .1. Murray

PAGE

230
230
230
613
614
614
615
615
613
613
613
614
613
613
614
624
613
613
614
613
614
613
229

370
370
370
370
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
558
490

490
700
700
490
490
651
651
651
651
6.")1
651
92
92

703
194
191
194
191
191
191
191
194
194
194
695
697
697
696
696

Cupbessus — contd.

macrncarpa, Hartw.

sempervirens, Linn.

torulosa, Dan
CUPULIFEILE
Cuscuta rerlexa, Lloxb.
Cyathea, Smith

Brunoniana, Clarke and
Baker

decipiens, Clarke and
Baker

Hookeri, Thw.

Binnata, Hook, and Greo.

spinulosa, Wall. .
C'yathocai.yx, Champion

martabanicus, Hook. f.
and Th. . . * .

zevlanicus, Champ.
CYCADACE.E
Cycas, Linn. .

Beddomei, Dyer .

circinalis, Linn.

circinalis, Koxb. .

pectinata, Griff. .

revoluta, Bedd.

revoluta, Thunb. .

Rumphii, Mia.

siamensis, Mtq.

sphmrica, Iioxb. .
Cyclea, Aruott

Burmanni, Miers .

peltata, Hook.f. and Th.
Cyclostemon, Blume

assamicus, Hook. J'.

confertirlorus, Hook. J". .

eglandulosns, Kurz

(iriffithii, Hook.f.

indicus, MueU. Arg.

lancifolius, Hook./.

macrophyllus, Bl.

malabaricus. Bedd.

subsessilis, Kurz .
Cydoxia, Tourn.

vulgaris, Pers.
Cylista, Ait. .

scariosa, Ait.
Cynodon dactylon, Pers. .
CraoMETRA, Linn. .

Beddomei, Train .

eauliflora, Linn. .

polyandra, Roxb. .

ramiflora, Linn.

travancorica, Bedd.
Cytisus Cajan. Roxb.

,, Laburnum. Linn. .

,, Bcoparius, Link. .

DacrydiusIj Soland.
elatum, Wall.

D.KDAI.At'ANTlHS. T. And.

macrophyllus, '/'. And. .

montanus, T. And.

nerrosus, 7". And. .

purporasceoB, '/'. And. .

splendens, T. And.
I).i:M(iN(ii:iu's, Blume

.Icnkinsianus. Mar!.

Kurzianus. Hook. J".

Manii, Bees. .
Dalbergia, Linn. f.

assamica, Heath. .

burmanica, Train.

cana, Grah. .

Championii. Thw.

PAGE

696
697
696

667
505
759

759

759
759
759

759
15

15
16
721
721
722
721
721
721
722
721
721
721
721
27
27
27
606
607
606
606
606
606
606
607
606
606
320
320
246
246
742
275
275
275
275
275
27.")
246
228
228

702

702
518
518
518
518
518
518
737
737
737
737
216
253
253
263
217

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

Dai.BEBGIA — contil.
( ollcttii. Prain. .
tonfertirlora, Bth. .
congesta, Grah.
cultrata, (hah.
foliacea, Gamble .
foliacea, Wall.
frondosa, Roxb. .
Gardneriana, Benth.
glauca, Wall,
glomeriflora, Kurz
hircina. Benth .
Kingiana, Prain .
Krowee, Roxb.
kurzii. /'ruin
lanceolaria, Linn. .
latifolia, Roxb.
Melanoxylon, Gwill. i

Perr. .
Milletti, Bth.
monosperma, Dal/..
nigrescent, Kurz .
< ilivori, Gamble
ovata, Grah. .
paniculata, Kurz .
paniculata, Roxb. .
parvirlora, Roxb. .
Prazeri, Prain.
I'seudo-sissoo, Miq.
purpurea, Kurz
purpurea. Wall. .
reniformis, Roxb. .
rimosa, Roxb.
rubiginosa, Ro.rb. .
scandens, Roxb.
■Sissoo, Roxb.
spiuosa, Roxb.
stenocarpa, Kurz .
tstipulacea. Ro.rb. .
Stock?! i. Benth.
sympathetica, Neinmo
tamarindifolia, Roxb.
Thomsoni, Bth.
torta, Grah. .
vcliitiua. Bill.
\ olubilis, Roxb.
Wattii, < 'larhe
Dai. i km siea, Grah.
bracteata, Grah. .
Damnacanthus, i iaertn

indicus, Gaertn.f.
Daphne, Linn,
cannabina, Wall. .
Lnvolucrata, Wall.
Laureola, Linn.
RIezereum, Linn. .
mucronata, Royle .
oleoides, Schreb. .
papgracea, Wall. .
pendula, Sm.
Daphnidiumbifarvum, Sn- 574
caudatum, Nees;57 1
,, pulcherrimum,

Nees .
Daphniphyllopsis capitata,
Kurz ....
!> \iiiNirin i.i r.M, Blume
glaucescens, />'/.
Iiimalayense, Mm U. i rg.
majus, Muell. . Irg,
Roxburghii, Baill. .
1 tatisca cannabina, Linn. .
DATISCE/E .
I »atura arbo,rea, /.. .

247

247

252
253
■i:n
247
253
247
252
253
255
217
263
255

25:;

25n

217
247
256
256
256
252
253
254
256
25;i
217
255
253
256
252
247
263
247
256
255
255
247
217
247
253

25i ;

217
251
25:;
2(14
264
423
423
577
577
577
577
5,7
577
577
577
577

571

392
609
609
609
609
609
381
:;si
507

Datura sangninea, /•'. et /'
Debeegeasia, Gaud.

bicolor, Wedd.

ceylanica, Hook.f.

dentata, Hook.f. .

hypoleuca, Wedd. .

longifolia. Wedd. .

velutina, Gaud.

Wallichiana. 115,/,/.
Decaisnea, Hook. f. and
Th. .

Fargesii, Franchet

insignis, Hook.f. and T7t
De< aspebmum, Eorst.

paniculatum. Kurz
Deerixgia, Br.

celosioides. Br.
Dehaasia, Blume .

cuneata, Bl. .

elongata, Bl.

Kurzii. King .
Dei. ima. Linn. .

sarmentosa, Linn. .
Dendbocalamos, Nees

Brandisii, Kurz

calostachyus, Kurz

Collettianus, Gamble

criticus, Kurz

fiagellifer, Munro .

giganteus, Munro .

i riffthianus, Kurz

Hamiltonii, Nees an
Am. . ' .

Hookeri, Munro .

latiflorus, Munro .

longifimbriatus, Gambl

longispatbus, Kurz

membranaceus, Munro

Parishii. Munro

patellaris, Gamble .

sikkimensis, Gamble

strictus, Nees
Dendbopanax, Dene, am
Planch.

japonicum, Seem. .

Listen, King
Derbis, Loureiio

cuneifolia, Bth.

dalbergioidea, Baker

latifolia, Prain

microptera, Bth. .

micropU m. ( iamble

cobusta, Bth.

Bcandens, Bth.

Binuata, Tlnr.

uliginosa, Bth.
1 »i smodiuMj 1 >esv. .

( cphalotes. Wall. .
confertom, DC
gyrans, DC .
gyroidos, 1>( '.
pulchellum, Benth.
tilisefolium, G. Don
umbellatum, DC .
I ii.r i/.ia, Thunb.
corymbosa, Brown
macrantha, Hook /'. an

Th. . . '.
staminea, Brown .

DlAXIUM, Linn.

coromandelianum, Houtt
ovoideiun, J'h/r.
Dicei losti i i 3, Bth.

axillaris. Bth.

PAKE

507
659
660
659
659
660
6(50
660
660

27
27
27
356
356
550
550
560
560
560
560

75(1
75:;
752
753
747
753
752
748

752
752
752

751
752
752
751

751

386
:;>.;
38G
263
263
263
263
263
232
263
263
263
263
238
238
2:;:'
238
238
239
239
238
328
329

328
329

275
276

275
.S7
87

DlCELI.OSTYI.KS — Cunt, I

jujubifolia. Bth. .

DlCHIXANTHE, Thw.

zeylanica. Thic.
DiCHOPSis, Thw.

elliptica, Benth.

grandis, Benth.

Gutta. Benth.

polyantha, Benth. .
Dichroa, Lour.

febrifuga, Lour. .

DlCHROSTACHTS, DC

cinerea. W. and A.

DlDTMOSPEBMA, W'en'il

and Drude .

gracilis. Hunk./. .

nana, Wemll. and l>r.
DlLLENIA, Linn.

augusta, Koxb.

aurea. Smith .

bracteata. Wight .

indica, J. inn.

parvirlora. Griff. .

pentagyna, /.',,.<:/>. .

pilosa, Kurz .

pilosa, Roxb .

pulcherrima, Kurz

retusa. 'I'h a nit.

scabrella, Roxb.

speciosa, Thunb.
DILLLXIACK.L .

DlMOKPHOCALYX, Thw.

glabellus, Tltw.

Lawianus. Hook.f.
Dinochloa, Biise .

andamanica, Kurz

M'ClellaiMlii. Kurz

Tjankorreh. Biisi .

javanica, Bth,

reflexa, Hook.f. .
DlOSPYBOS, Linn.

acuta, Thto. .

aflinis. Thw. .

assimilis, Bedd.

attenuata, Thm.

Brandisiana, Kurz

burmanica, Kurz .
,'„,/, Bedd.

canarica, Bedd.

Candolleana, Wight 460, 462

Chloroxylon. Roxb. . 15s

cordifoha, Roxb. . . 151

crumenata, Tlur. . . 462

dasyphylla, Kurz . . 45 !

densiflora. Wall, . . 463

discolor, Willd. . . 463

Ebenaster, Willd. . . 456

Ebenum, Bw nig . . 456

ehtetioides, Wall. . . 157

Embryopteris, Pers. ■ 455

exsculpta, Bedd. . . 461

flavicans, Hiern, . . 460

Eoliolosa, Wall. . . 156

Gardneri, Thw. . . 460

glutinosa. Roxb. . , 155

hiisuta, Linn./. . . 460

luunilis, Bouraillon . 158

insignis. Thw. . . 4HO

KaUi. Linn./. . . 455

Kurzii, Hiern . . 158

lanceeefolia, Roa '•. . 459

Loins. Linn. . . 455

martabanica, ( larfo . 454

Melanoxylon. Roa b. . 461

418
418
445
446
445
445
446
32s
328
2ss
288

72s
728
728
4
0
5
4
4
6
6

6

4
3
616
616
616
755
755
755
755
215
245
153
459
460
454
459
463
460
456
462

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

775

DlOSPYROS — Con I 'I.

micropbylla, Bedd.
montana. Raxb.
Moonii. Thir.
nigricans, Wall. .
nilagirica, Bedd. .
oleirolia, Walt.
oocarpa, Thw.
oppositifolia, Thtr.
ovalifolia, Wight .
Packmanni, ( 'larke
pauiculata, Dnl~. .
pilosula, Wail.
pruriens, Dalz.
pyrrhocarpa, Miq.
quassita, Thw.
racemosa, Roxb.
tamiflora, Roxb.
sapotoides, Kurz .
stricta, Roxb.
svlvatica. Roxb.
TWaitesii, Bedd. .
tomentosa, Poir.
tomentosa, Roxb. .
Toposia. Ha in.
Tupru, Ham.
undulata, II 'all.
variegata, Kurz
Wightiana, Bedd. .
DlPLARCHE, Hook. f. and
Th. .

DlPLOSPOKA. DC

apiocarpa. Dalz. .

Dalzellii, Thw.

singolaris, Korih. .

sphaerocarpa, Dalz.
Dipi/yoosia, Blume.
DIPTEROCARPEjE
Diptekocarpus, Gaertn

alatus. Roxb.

Bourdilloni, Brandts

t'ostatus, Gaertn. .

glandulosus, Thw.

arandiflorus, Wall.

Griffithii, Miq.

hispidus, Thw.

incanuB, Roxb.

indicus, Bedd.

insignis. Thw.

I" ris, II am. .

obtusifolius, Teysm.

pilosus, Roxb.

-calicr. Ham.

acabridus, Thw.

tubercnlatns, Roxb.

turbinatus, Dyer .

turbinatus, Gaertn.f.

vestitus. Wall.

zeylanicus, Thw. .
Distymum, Sieb. a
Zucc.

indicum, Benth.

1 >ITI1.I.A>M.\. Hook. f.

Rarak, 1 [ook. I'.
I >OBERA, JOSS.

Roxburgbii, /'lunch.
DOBINEA, Ilaniilt. .

vulgaris, Ham.
\u>i\ nia, Dene.

Ilnokeriaiia. Dene.
indira, I hi,, .
1 ►ODBCADENIA, Nces

grandiflora, nwi .
Griffithii, Hook. f.

DoDECADENIA — COTltd.

Echinocabpus — contd.

458

panicnlata. Hook.f.

574

sterculiaceus, Bth.

154

Dodox.ka, Linn.

202

tiliaceus, Mann

460

angustifotia, Linn. f.

202

fcomenfcosus, Bth. .

154

dioica, Roxb.

202

Echites dichstoma, Roxb.

162

viscosa, Linn.

202

,, grandiflora, Roxb

463

DoLICHAXDKOXE, Fl'lizl. .

511

,, Ian real at a

159

arcuata, Clarke

513

,, macrophylla .Roxb

462

crispa, Seem.

512

,, scholaris

454

falcata, Seem.

512

Edgeworthia, Meissn.

Kid

Lawii, Seem.

512

Gardner!, Meissn. .

463

Rheedii, Seem:

512

Ehretia, Linn.

4(53

stipulata; Benth. .

512

acuminata, Br.

154

Doona, Thwaites

73

aspera, Roxb.

103

cordifolia, Thw.

74

buxifolia, Roxb.

159

disticha, Pierre

73

lrevis, Roxb. .

454

trapezifolia, Thw.

73 !

niacrophylla, Wall.

463

zeylauica, Thw.

71

obtusifolia, Hochst.

400

Dorstenia Grifftthiana,

ovalifolia, Wight .

Kid

Kurz ....

656

parallela, Clarice .

457

Dracjena, Linn.

724

retusa, Wall.

Kid

angustifolia, Roxb.

724

serrata, Roxb.

I.Ys

Draco. Linn.

724

WaUichiana, Hook. J

460

ensifolia, Wall.

724

and Th. .

454

Bpicata, Roxb.

724

Wightiana, Wall. .

Kid

terminal/.*, Roxb. .

725

Ekebergia indica. Roxb.

463

Dkacontomelum, BC

224

EL/EAGNACEiE .

454

mangiferum, B<\ .

224

El.eagxus, Linn. .

4G1

Dregea. E. Meyer .

493

conferta, Roxb.

volubilis, Benth. .

493

hortensis, M. Bieh.

432

Drepanocarpus < 'umingii,

latifolia, Linn.

118

Kurz .

25G

pyrifonnis, Hook.f.

418

monospermy,

umbellata, Thnnb.

418

Dalz

256

Ela?is guineensis, Linn.

418

,, reniformis,

Ei.jeocarpcs, Linn.

lis

Kurz

256

acuminatus, Wall.

43]

,, spinosus,K\uz

256

amasnus, TJtw.

69

Drimycarpus, Hook. f. .

221

aristatus, Roxb.

70

racemosos, Hook.f.

221

Braceanus, Watt .

72

Dryobalanops aroniatica,

bracteatus, A"'(;~ .

70

Gaertn. .

69

cuneatus, Wight .

70

,, ' 'amphora.

69

ferrugineus, Wight

7d

Dr/ABANGA, Ham. .

376

floribundus, Bl.

72

sonneratioides, Ham.

676

Ganitrus, Roxb.

70

Duranta Plumieri, Linn. .

' 524

glaiiihilifera, Hook.

70

Durio, Linn. .

1)2

glandulifer, Mast.

70

zibctbinus, D<'

92

grandiflorns, Sm. .

70

Dysoxylum, Bl.

in;

graudifolius, Kurz

70

andamanicum, King

ho-

Griffithii, Mast. .

7d

arborescens, Miq. .

ik;

Helferi, Kurz

71

Beddomei, B7u rn .

140

hygrophilus. Kurz

71

binectariferum, Hook.f.

147

integer, Wall.

70

glandnlosum, Talbot

140

lacunosus, Wall. .

70

grande, Hiern

147

lanceeefolius, Roxb.

-■>

llamiltonii, Hiern

L48

leptostachya, Wall.

70

niaeriiiii rpiiin. BL .

1 17

littoralis, Kurz

70

malabaricum, Bedd.

1 18

lucidus, Roxb.

70

pallens, Hiern

l 16

\fonocera, Cav.

-■>

procerum, Hiern .

147

Munroii, Mast.

purpurenm, Bourdillon .

1 IS

oblongoS] Gaertn.

331

racemosum, King .

1 Ki

obtUSUS, Bin me

331

reticulatam, King .

1 10

petiolatus, Kurz

1 '.>•_>

tlivrsnidcmn. Grift'.

1 10

prunifolius, Wall,

192

robustus, Bl.

476

EBENACEjE .

152

rugosuB, Roxb.

176

ECOT SANTHEB \. 11m. k.

Berratos, Linn.

202

ami Am. .

188

sikkimensis, Ma

202

brachiata, A. DC .

188

simplex, Kurz

320

liiicrantlia. A. Dt '

188

Btipularis, Blam< .

320

Echincx \i;ri -. Blume .

112

Bubvillosns, Arn, .

320

as8araicu8, Bth,

112

tubercnlatus, /.'

573

dasycarpus, Bth. .

113

Varunua, Ham.

573

Mnrex, Bth. .

112

e, nustus, Bedd.

574

Sigun, Bl. .

112

Wallichii, Kurz

776

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

anil

and

Eweodendrox, Jacq. fil.

glaucum, Pers.

Roxburghii, W. and A.
Eleusine Coracana. Gaertn,
Eelertoxia. "Wight

Rheedii, Wight
Ellipanthus, Hook. f. .

ealophvllus, Kurz .

Griffitkii, Hook. f.

Helferi, Hook./. .

Thwaitesii, Hooh.f.

tomentosus, Kurz .

unifoliatus, Thw. .
EllipeiAj Hook. f.
Th. .

costata, King
Elscholt/.ia, Willd.

polystachya, Benth.
Embelia, Biirm.

floribunda, 117///. .

furfuracea. Cull.
Hemsl.

Gamblei, Kurz . .

Nagushia, Don

nutans, Wall.

parviflora, Wall. .

Ribes, Burm.

robusta, Roxb.

vestita, lioxb. . ,

viridirlora, Scheff.
Endiandra, Brown

firma, Nees .
Exgelhaedtia, Lesch. .

acerifolia, Blumt .

Colebrookiana, Lindl. .

Roxburghiana, Lindl. .

spicata, El. .

villosa, Kurz .
Enkiaxthus, Lour.

himalaicus, Hook.f. and

Th

Extada .

scandens, Benth. .
EPACEIDE/E .
Ephedra, Linn.

Alte, Brand is

foliata, Boixs. el Kg.

nebrodensis, Tin. .

pachyclada, Boiss.

peduncnlaris, Boiss.

vulgaris, Rich.
Epigyxum, Wight .

Griffithianum, Wight
Eranthemum, Linn.

indicum, Clarke .
Eremophila Mitchelli, lith .
Erianthus Ravenna?, Beauv.
Erica aiborea, Linn.

„ cinerea, Linn. .
ERICACEAE .
Eragrostis cynosuroides,

Beauv. . .
EbinocaeptjSj Nimmo

Nimmoanus, Grah.

Nimmonii, Grah. .
ErIOBOTRTA, Lindl.

anguetissima, Hook.f. .
bengalensis, Hook.f.
dubia, Dene. .
Hookeriana, Dene.
integrifolia, Kurz .
japomca, Lindl. . .
macrocarpa, Kurz . ,
petiolata, Hook. J'.

PAOE

178
178
178
742
483
483
227
227
227
227
227
227
227

15
15
547
547
439
440

439

439
440
439
439
440
440
439
440
5G0
560
663
663
664
663
663
664
432

432

287
287
436
693
693
693
693
693
693
693
489
489
523
523
584
742
430
430
430

742
112
J 12
112
320

:;•_'<)
321 »
320
320
324
321
320
320

PAGE
91

91
91
192
192
192
102
103
103
1H2
104
Stocksii. Hooh.f. and Tli. 103

Eriodexdrox, DC .
anf'ractuosuni, DC
orientale, Steud. .

Erioglossum, Blume
edule, Blume .
rubiginosum, Bl. .

Eriol.exa, DC
Candollei, Wall. .
Hookeriana, II'. ai
quinquelocularis; Wight
spectabilis, Planch.

d A.

Wallicbii, DC . . 103

Erycibe, Roxb. . . 505

coriacea, Wall. . . 505

glaueescens, Wall. . 505

glomerata, Wall. . . 505

laevigata, Wall. . . 500

paniculata, Roxb. . . 505

Erythrina, Linn. . . 240

arborescens, Roxb. . 242

indica, Lam. . .242

lithosperma, Bl. . . 242

ovalifolia, Roxb. . . 241

resupinata, Roxb. . . 240

stricta, Roxb. . . 242

subcrosa, Roxb. . . 241

umbrosa, //. B. K. . 242

velutina, Willd. . . 242

Erythropalum, Bl. . 164

populifolium, Mast. . 164

scandens, Bl. . . 164

vagum, Mast. . . 164

ERYTHUo.sPERSiuJf, Lam. 39

phytolaccoides, Card. . 39

Ebythroxyixot, Linn. . 116

burmanicum, Griff. . 117

Coca. Lam. . . . 116

indicum, Bedd. . . 116

Kunthianuni, Wall. . 116

lanceolatum, Hook.f. . 116

lucidum, Moon .' . 116

monogynnm, Roxb. . 116

obtusifolium, Hook. /'. . 116

Eucalyptus, L'He'r. * . 352
amygdalina, Labill. 352,354

calophylla, /,'. Br. 352a '-'<-A

citriodora, //("</■. . . 352

crebra, F. Muell. . . 352

corymbosa, Sm. . . 352

diversicolor, F. Muell. . 352

Globulus, Labill. . 352s 353

longifolia, Link and ('tin 352

margmata, >s'»/.
obliqua, L'He'r.
pulverulenta, Sims.
resinifera, Sm.
robusta, Sm. .
rostrata. Schlecht .
siderophloia, Benth.
tereticomis, Sm. .
viminalis, Labill. .
Euchresta, Bennett

Horsfieldii, Bennett

Eugenia, Linn.
alternifolia, Wight
amplexicaulis, Roxb.
aquca, Burm.
Arnottiana, Wight
bracteata, Roxb.
ealo])h yllifolia, 1 1 "t</h I
caryophyllata, Tliunb.
caryqphyllsea, Wight
clavinora, /.'".</>. .

352, 353

352, 353
. 352
. 352
. 352
. 352
. 352

352. 353
. 352
. 264
. 264
. .".56
. 360
. 356
356
. 358
. 362
. 360
. 357
. 359
356, 363

Eugexia — contd.

corymbosa, Lamb. .

. 359

cymosa, Roxb.

. ^58

Vergusoni, Trimen

. 360

formosa, Wall.

. 357

fruticosa, Roxb.

. 357

graudis, Wight

. 358

hemispberica. Wight

. 356

Heyneana. Wall. .

. 362

Janibolana, Lam. .

. 361

Jambos, Linn.

. 357

javanica, La ink. .

363

kanarensis, Talbot

. 362

Kur/.ii. Duthie

. 358

laeta, Ham. .

. 358

lanceolata, Bedd. .

. 356

lissophylla, Thw. .

. 359

macrocarpa, Roxb.

. 356

malabarica, Bedd. .

. 356

malacccnsis, Linn.

. 357

mangifolia, Wall. .

. 363

montana, Wight

. 359

Mooniana, Wight .

. 357

Munronii. Wight .

. 356

nervosa, DC .

. 360

oblata, Roxb.

. 356

operculata, Roxb. .

. 360

pro a ix. Roxb.

. 357

ramosissima, 11V;//.

. 356

salicifolia, ^Vigkt .

. 362

spicata, Bedd.

. 356

sylvestris, Wight .

. 359

ternifolia. Roxb. .

. 357

tctragona, Wight .

. 360

Thumra, Roxb.

. 356

venusta, Roxb.

. 356

Wallichii, Wight .

. 357

Wightiana, Wight

. 356

Wightii, Bedd.' .

. 357

zeylanica, Wight .

356, 363

Euonymus, Linn.

. 170

atropuifureus, Koxb.

. 171

bnUatus, 117///. .

. 170

calocarpus, Kurz .

. 172

crenulatus, 117///. .

. 170

dichotomus, Heym

. 170

echinatus, 117///. .

. 170

europseus, Linn. .

. 170

fimbriates, Wall, .

. 171

frigidus, 117///.

. 172

garcinisefolius

. 173

glaber, Roxb.

. 170

Goughii, Bedd.

. 170

grandifolius, 117///.

. 171

Hamiltonianus, 117///.

. 171

indicus, Heyne

. 170

javanicus, HI.

. 170

lacerus, limn.

. 171

macrocarpuB, (iambic

. 171

pendulus, 117///.

. 172

sclerocarpus, Kurz .

. 172

thesefolius, 117///. .

. 172

tingens, Wall.

. 172

Li PHORBIA, Linn. .

. 590

antdquorum, Linn.

. 590

( 'attimandoo, Elliot

. 590

epiphylloides, Kurz

. 590

l.ii/iiln riii. Roxb. .

. 591

nereifolia, lioxb. .

. 590

neriifolia, Linn.

. 591

Nivulia, Ham.

. 590

pulcherruna, Willd.
Koyleana, Boiss. .

. 591.

. 591

Tirucalli, Linn.

. 591

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

777

PAGE

Euphorbia — contd.

tortilis, Bottler . . 591

trigona, Haworth . . 590

EUEHOBBIACE.E . . 588

Euphoria Longana, Lanik. 197

Euptelea, Sieb. and Zucc. 8
pleiosperma.//o"/'. /'. and

Th. . ' . . . 8

ElJRYA, Thunb. . . 63

acuminata, Bl. . . 64

ceylanica, Wight . . C3

chinensis, R. Br. . . 63

japonica, Thunb. . . 63

serrata, Bl. ... 64

symplocina, Bl. . . 63

trichocarpa. Korth. . 63

EURTCOMA, .lack . . 134

longifolia, Jack . . 134

Evodia, Forat. . . 120

fraxinifolia, Hook.f. . 120

melisefolia, Benth. " . 120

Roxburghiana, Benth. . 120
mtxcarpa. I/<iii/:./'.(i ihI Th. 120

triphylla, Bedd. . . 120
triphvlla. DC . .120

viticina, Wall. . . 120

ExciECAitiA. Linn. . . 625

acerifolia, F. Didrichs. . 625

Agallocha. Linn. . . 626

baccata, Muell. Arg. . 624
coch inch mentis, Muell.

Arg 626

crenulata, Wight . ' 626

holophylla, Kurz . . 625

indica, "Muell. Ar^. . 625

insignis, Muell. Arg. . 625

oppositifolia, Griff. . 626

oppositifolia, Muell. Arg. 626

rectinervis, Kurz . . 626

robusta. Hook./. . . 626

sebifera, Muell. Arg. . 624

Fagara Budrunga, Eoxb. 123

*„ Rhetsa, Eoxb. . 123

„ triphylla, Eoxb. . 120

Fagrjea, Thunb. . . 495

auricula ria, Benth. . 495

auriculata, Jack . . 495

carnosa. Jack . . 495

coromandelina, Wight . 495

fragrans, Roxb. . . 496

khasiana, Benth. , . 495

morindsefolia, HI. . . 496

obovata, Wall. . . 495

racemosa, Jack . . 496

zeylanica, Thunb. . . 495

Fague Bylvatica, Linn. . 667

Feronia, Correa . . 131

Elephantum. Correa . L31

Ferriola buxifolia, Willd. 152

Fibraurea, Lour. . . 24

tinctoria, Lour, . . 24

Fn ra, Linn. . . . 636

altissima, Blume . . 638

Ampelos, Ron. . . 637

angugtifolia, Roxb. . 640

Arnottiana, Mia. . . 638

Bsperrima, Roxb. . . 617

bengalensiSj Linn. . 638

Beniamina, Linn. . . 640

/;, njamina, Willd. . 613

calhcarpa, Afiq. . , 616

••all.isa. Willd. . . 616

Carica, Linn. . . 637

PAGE
FlCUS — Contd.

caricoideg, Iioxb. . . 649

Chittagonga, Miq. . 650

cinerasceng, Thw. . . 646

Clarkei, King . . 649

clavata, Wall. . . 646

comosa, Eoxb. . . 641

conglobata, King . . 647

conglomerata, Roxb. . 648

coraifolia, Iioxb. . . 644

Cuuia, Ham. . . . 648

ihi monum, Eon . . 647

Dalhousia?, Miq. . . 638

elastiea, Roxb. . . 641

excelsa, Yabl . . 637

foveolata, 1 Vail. . . 648

geniculate, Kurz . . 638

gibbosa, Blume . . 637

glaberrima, Bl. . . 640

glomerata, Roxb. . . 650

Goolereea, Eoxb. . . 650

guttata, Kurz . . 649

heterophyUa, Linn. f. . 646

hirsuta, Roxb. ." . 648

hirta. Vahl . . .648

hispida, Linn. f. . . 647

Hookeri. Miq. . . 638

indica, Linn. . . 638

indka, Iioxb. . . 638

infectoria. Roxb. . . 645

javanica . . .641

laccifera, Roxb. . . 638

ltevis, Blume . . . 648

laminosa, Hardw. . . 647

laneeolata, Haw. . • 649

macrocarpa, Wight . 649

macro phy 11a, l)i<f. . 637

macrophglla, Roxb. . 649

mysorensis, Heyne . 638

nemoralis. Wall, . . 649

nervosa, Roth . . 638

nuda, Miq. . . . 640

obscura. Blume . . 646

obtusifolia, Roxb. . . 638

oppositifolia, Willd. . 647

palmate, For.-/.-. . . 649

parasitica, Koen. . . 637

pilo.^a. Reinw. . . 638

polycarpa, Iioxb. . . 647

pomifera, Eurz . . 646

pomrfera, Wall. . . (\:>u

puniila. Linn. . . 637

pyrrhocarpa, Kurz . 647

inr, mifera, Iioxb. . 649

racemosa . . . 650

Rama Varmae, Bourd. . 638

regia, Miq. . . . t;;,n

religiosa, Linn. . . 614

rrtu>a, /./'////. . . 643

Ribes, Reinwdt. . . 617

Roxburghii, Wall. . 649

Iiuinpliii. Blume . . 6 It

Bsemocarpa, Miq. . . 617

Bcandens, Roxb. . . 648

Bikkimensis, J/Ij. . 6 16

squamosa, Roxb. . . 617

Bubulata, Blume . . t;.;7

Talboti, King . . 638

Thomsoni, Miq. . . 640

Tjakela, /Jmm. . . 646

trachycarpa, Miq. . . G 16

triloba, Ham. . . 6 18

Trimeni, King . . 638

Tsiela, Roxb, . . 645 I

tomentosa, Roxb. .

640

tuberculata, Roxb.

637

tuberculata, Wall. .

647

nrophyUa, Wall. .

637

vagans, Iioxb.

648

variegata, Blume .

649

virgata, Roxb.

649

Wightiana, Wall. .

645

FILICES ....

758

Filicium, Thwaites .

142

decipiens, Thw.

142

FlNLAYSuMA. Wall.

490

obovata, Wall.

490

Flacourtia, Commers. .

39

Cataphracta, Roxb.

40

inermis, Roxb.

39

mollis, Planch.

39

montana, Grah.

39

obcordata, Roxb. .

40

Ramontchi, L'JIerit.

40

rotundifolia, Clos.

40

sapida, Roxb.

40

sepiaria, Roxb.

40

suniatrana, Planch.

39

Flemingia, Iioxb. .

246

bracteata, Wight .

246

Chappar, Ham.

246

confiesta, Roxb.

246

fruticulosa, 117///. .

246

Grahamiana, II'. and .1.

246

involucrata, Bth, .

246

semialata, Roxb. .

246

stricta, Roxb.

246

strobilifera, //. Br.

246

Flueggia

60S

Leucopyrus, Willd.

603

microcarpa. Blume

603

Fbaxinus, Liuu.

470

excelsior, Linn.

471

rloribunda, Il'«//. .

471

(iriffithii, Clarice .

470

Moorcrqftiana, Erandis .

471

xanthoxyloides, Il'«//. .

471

Frenela rhomboidea, Endl.

695

Freycinetia, Gaud.

741

angustifolia, Bl. .

741

insignis, Bl. .

741

pycnophylla, ,^<>lms

741

Walkeri, Solms

741

Funtumia elastiea, Stapf .

478

Fusanus acuminatus, /.'. Br

584

,, Bpicatus, R. Br. .

584

Gaertnera, Lamk.

499

Konigii, Wight

499

racemosa, Iioxb. .

118

Galearia, Zoll. and Moritz 612

Helferi, Hook. f. .

612

WaUichii, Br.'

612

Wallichii, Kurz

612

Galedupa indica. Lam.

262

Galega lanceafolia, Iioxb.

234

,, purpurea, Linn.

234

,, tinctoria, Iioxb. .

234

Gamblea, Clarke .

388

ciliata, Clarke

:;vs

GarciNIA, Linn.

49

affinis, Wall,

51

andamanica, King

50

anomala, /'/. ami Trian,

51

atroviridis, Griff. .

51

< 'adelliana, Kin^- .

51

calyciiia, A'»r:

55

778

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

GAR! IMA — contd.

< !ambogia, Desr. .

< !hoisyana, Wall. .
conicarpa, Wight .
cornea, Chois.
Cowa, Roxb. .
dulcis, Kurz .
«chiuocarpa, Thir.
elliptica, Hooh.f. and Th
el lipt lea, Wall.
eugenisefolia, Wall.
heterandra, Wall. .
Hombroniana, Pierre
Imberti, Bourdillon
indica, Chois.
Keeniana, Pierre .
Kingii, Pierre

Kurzii, Pierre

Kydia, Koxb.

lancesefolia, Itoxb.

Lanessani, Pierre .

loniceroides, T. And.

malabarica, Talbot

Mangostana, Linn.

merguensis, Wight

microstigma, Kurz

Morella, Desr.

ovalifolia, Hook. f.

paniculata, Roxb. .

pedunculate, Roxb.

pictoria, Ilo.rb.

purpurea, Roxb.

speciosa, Wall.

spicata, Hooh.f. .

stipulate, G. And.

succifolia, Kurz

terpnophylla, Thw.

travancorica, Bedd.

Wightii, G. And. .

Xanthochymus, Hook. /
Gardenia

cainpanulate, Roxb.

coronaria, Ham. .

costata, Koxb.

cuneata, Jir. .

dasycarpa, Km-:: .

erythroclada, Kurz

florida, Linn.

gummifera, Linn. /'.

latifolia, Alton

lucida, Roxb.

■obtusi folia, Roxb. .

pulcherrima, Kurz

resinifera, Roth. .

sessili flora, Wall. .

tetrasperma, Roxb.

turgida, Ro.rb.
Gardneria, Wall. .

auguetifolia, Wall.

ovata, Wall. .

<i \i:k: A, Roxb.

pinnate, Roxb.
■<; \ki,tiii:i:ia, linn.

fxagrantissima, II 'all.

Grimthiana, 11'/'/////

Hookeri, ( 'larhe .

punctata, Bl. .

pyrolsefolia, Hooh.f.
Gelonium, Roxb. .

bifarium, Wall.

fasciculatum, Roxb.

■lanceolatum, Willd.

luultilloruni, . I. Juts,
GERANIACEiE

i,i:s\ki;ack.k

54 Getonia fioribunda, Koxb.
• <■> ,, nutans, Roxb.

54 GlGANTOCHLOA, Kurz

51 albociliata, Kurz .

54 andamanica, Kurz

50 Apus, Kurz .

53 Atter, Munro

55 auriculata, Kurz .
55 Kurzii. Gamble

51 macrostachya, Km ■:
55 verticillata, Munro
51 Ginalloa, Korth. .
51 andamanica, Kurz

54 Helfori. Km:.
51 spathulifolia, ollr.
51 Ginkgo biloba, Linn.
51 Girardinia heterophylla
54 Dene. .

53 GlRONNIERA, Gaud.

51 cuspidata, Planch.

54 lucida, Kurz .

50 nervosa, Kurz

52 reticulata, 77/ ir.

51 subsequalis, Planch.

53 Givotia, Griff.

55 rottleriformis. Griff.

50 Gleichenia glauca, 71oa/.-.

53 ,, linearis. Burin

51 Gleniea, Hook. f. .
55 zeylanica, Hooh.f.

54 Glochidion

53 acuminatum, Muell. An/.

50 arboreum, Wight .

52 coccineum, Muell. Arg,

54 coriaceum

51 fagifolium, Miq. .

52 Gamblei, Hooh.f. .

55 glaucogynum, Bedd.
50 Heyneanum, Wight

414 j hirsutum, Muell. .1///.
1 1 I lanceolarium, Dalz.
41i! malabaricumj Bedd.
U6 Moonii, Thw.

II I multiloculare, Muell. A,

III oeilgherrense, Wight
111 nepalense, Kurz
III nubigenum, Hooh.f.
1 1 li Perrottetianum, Bedd.

415 velutinum, Wight .
415 zeylanicum, A. Juss.
415 Gloriosa superba, Linn.
I 12 GLOSSOC IR1 a. Wall.
I l."i Linna i, lienth.
414 i mollis. Wall.
412 scandens, Trimen .
1 16 GLTJTA, Linn. .
499 elegans, Wall.
199 longepetiolata, Kurz.
499 | tavoyana, 11'-///. .
L38 travancorica, Bedd.
138 Glycosmis, Correa .

130 arborea, Roxb.
430 pentaphylla, < 'orrea

131 Gltptopet mi m. Thw.
130 calocarpum, /'rain
130 grandinorum, />'<-/./.
130 sclerocarpum, A'///-;
623 zeylanicum, '/'////•. .
623 Gmelina, Linn.
623 arborea, Roxb.
623 asiatica, Kurz
G23 asiatica, Linn.
lis Hystrix, Schult. .

TAGE

PAGE

. 509

Gmelina — contd.

345

Leiehhardtii, F. ran

Muell

. 537

. 345

oblongifblia, Roxb.

53*

. 749

villosa, Roxb.

537

. 750

i;xi:taci:.e .

G93

. 750

< ixi.ru. m. Linn.

(3!»4

. 749

edule, Bl.

694

. 749

funiculare, Bl.

694

. 748

Gnemon, Linn.

694

. 749

macropodum, Kurz

694

. 749

neglectum, Bl.

694

. 749

scandens, Roxb.

694

58 1

Gomphandra, Wall.

165

. 584

axillaris. Wall.

L66

. 584

coriacea, Wight

165

. 584

polyinorpha. Wight

165

. 700

Gomphia, Schreb. .

136

■

angustifolia, Vahl.

137

. 656

sumatrana. Jack. .

L36

. 631

Goniothalamus, Ml.

18

. 632

cardiopetalus, 7A«//.

■ /■

. 632

and Th. .

is

. 631

Griffithii, Hooh.f. ai

d ih

19

. 631

peduncularis, King

and

. 631

/'rain

19

. 615

sesquipedalis, Hook

f

. 615

and Th, .

19

. 759

Simonsii. Hook. /'. a,

d ih

18

. 759

Thwaitesii, Hook. /'.

and

. 196

77/. .

19

. L96

Wightii. Hook, fan

i Th.

18

. 601

wynaadensis, Bedd.

IS

/. 602

Gonocaryvsm Griflithianum,

. 601

Kurz .

166

601

(i(M)DKXOVIK.E .

428

. 603

Gordonia, Kllis

(17

. 601

elliptica, Gardn. .

07

. 601

excelsa, Bl. .

07

. 601

integrifolia, Roxb.

6G

. 601

obtusa, Wall.

67

. 601

speciosa, Tfiw.

67

. 601

zeylanica. Wight .

07

. 601

Gossypiiun Stocksii, Master

■ 86

601

GOUANIA, Linn.

is:.

a. 601

Brandisii, Has*/:. .

189

. 602

leptostachya, 7" ' .

189

602

microcarpa, DC

189

601

nepalensis, Wall, .

189

602

t.i: \mixl.e .

711

602

GrEENEA, W. and A.

109

601

Jackii, W, and A,

409

724

Wightiana, II". and

A. .

409

544

Grevillea, R. Mr. .

576

. 544

roliusta. A. ( 'nun. .

576

545

( rREWIA, Linn.

108

5 1 1

abutilifolia, Juss. .

108

L' 1 ."»

asiatica. /./'////.

no

111

215

aspera, Roxb.

108

111

calophylla, Kurz .

108

215

ca /■/»/' ni/'iilia . Roxb.

11 1

. 215

didi/ma, Koxb.

ill

. 1 25

elastemonoides, ' 'oil

(/«</

. 1 25

Hemsl.

108

1 25

elastica, Kurz

1 10

17 J

elastica, Royle

1 10

. 1 72

heteroclita, Roxb. .

105

. 172

laevigata, Vahl.

III

. 172

Microcos, l.lnn.

112

L72

multdflora, Juss.

1 1 1

537

oppositifolia, Roxb.

109

537

orbiculata, Rottl. .

109

. o.'!7

pilosa, Lam. . .

1 1 1

. 539

populifolia, Vahl .

109

. 539

salrifolia, ffeyn< .

109

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

779

PAGE

t !k i:\via — contd.

sapida, Roxb. ■ .108

scabrophylla, Roxb. . 108

sclerophylla, Roxb. . 108

sepiaria, Roxb. . .111

simiata, Wall. ■ ■ 108

tiliffifolia, Vahl . . 109

idmifolia, Roxb. . . 112

vestita, Wall. . .110

villosa, Willd. . . 108

firixlea tomentosa, Roxb. . 369

Guaiacum officinale, L, . 132

,, alliaria, Ham. . 148

Guarea binectarifera, Roxb. 147

,, Gobara, Ham. . 147

,, Gotodhara, 11am. . 147

,, paniculata, Roxb. . 148

Guazuma, Plum. . . 104

tomentosa, Kunth: . 104

GuETTAKDA, LillD. . . 418

speeiosa, IAnn. . . 418

Guvoa squamosa^ King . 104

Gunisanthus mollis, Km-/.. 4.34

,, pilosulus, DC 454

GUTTIFEILE . . .40

Gymnema, R. Br. . . 402

acuminatum, Wall. . 402

hirsutum, W. and A. . 402

molle, Wall. . . 102

sylvestre, R. Br. . . 492

tingens, 117. . . . 402

Gymnosporia acuminata,

Hook. f. 176
,, emarginata,

Roth . 177

,, molilalia,

Lawson . 117

,, pallid:!, (.'oil.

.■mil Hemsl. 175

,, Royleana^Vi 'all. 170

„ rufa, Wall. . 170

« rYNOCARDIA, R. Br. . 41

odorata, R. Br. . .41

Gynochthodes, Blume . 42:;

macropby 11a, Kurz . 123
Gynopogon lanceolatum,

Kiirz . . . .481

,, stellatum, Labill. 481

Gynotroches, Blame . 336

axillaris, Miq. . . 336

< lYKixors, Gaertn. . . 570

Walla, Gaertn. . . 579

Gyrocarptjs, Jacq. . . 350

.lacquini, Roxb. . . 350

Haasia oppositifolia, Bedd. 559

Wighth, Nees . 559

11 ew \ ii» \i:ri s. Miers . 27

Thomsoni, Mar* . . 27

11.i;maj'o\yi.on. Linn. . 270

campechianam, Linn. . 270

U.i;.M<ilio|;.\( i;.K. . 723

Hakea .... 575

1 1 \i.o\i i. on. Bunge . 551

Vmmodendron, Bungt . 551

(iriflithii. Bungt . . 552

recurvum, Bunge . . 551

HAMAMELIDEjE . . 330

I [amelia patens, Jacq. . 411
Hamiltonia, Roxb. 125

suav < •< >l<-i i ~. Roxb. . . 125

II vr.nwii kia. Roxb. . 270
binata, Roxb. . . 270
pinnata, Roxb. . 277

PAGE

Hakpttllia, Roxb. . . 100

cupanioides, Roxb. . 100

imbricata, Bl. . . 199

Hakhisonia, Brown . 134

Bennettii, Hook.f. . 134

Hastingia coccinea, K6nig 511

Hedera, Linn. . . 387

Helix, Linn. . . 387

Hedyotis, Linn. . . 409

articulari.s, Br. . . 410

fruticosa, Linn. . . 409

hirsutissima. Bedd. . 410

Lessertiana. Am. . . 409

scandens, Roxb. . . 409

stylosa, Br. . . . 409

swertioides, Hook.f. . 409

Hedysarum Cephalotes,Hoxb. 238

>s //.'/''«"■'■ Roxb. . 238

,, lagenarium,

Roxb. . . 237
,, pulchellum,

Roxb. .

., sennoides,

Willd. .

., tuberosum,

Roxb. .

Helichrysum, Gaertn. .

buddleoides, DC .
Helicia, Lour.
ceylanica, Gardn. .
cochinchinensis, Kurz
erratica, Hook.f. .
excelsa. Blume
nilagirica, Bedd. .
pyrrhobotrya, Kurz
robusta, Bedd.
robusta, Wall.
salicifolia, Presl. .
terminalis, Kurz .
travancorica, Bedd.
Helicteres, Linn. .
elongata, Wall.
Isnra. Linn. .
spicata, Colebr.
Helinus, E. Meyer .

lanceolatus, Brandis
Heliol ropium peruvianum,

Linn

Helwingia, Willd. .
himalaica, Hook. /'. <nal
Th. . . ' .
Hemic \( i.ia, Wight and
Am. ....
andamanica, "Kurz .
elata, Bedd. .
Gardneri, Tliw.
[anceolata, Thw. .
Porteri, Gamble
sepiaria, II'. and A.
Bumatrana, Muell. Arg.
venusta, Thw.
Wightii, Hook.f. .
Hemigyrosa, Blame
canescens, Thw.
deficiens, Bedd.
Hemitelia decipiens, .'. Scott
,, Brunoniana,
Clarke .
1Ii.n-i.oyia. Blame .
granulata, Bool: f. ami

Th. . . ' .
heterantha, Hook. /'. and

Th. . . '. . 588
rarians, />'/. . . . 588

239

237

245
427
427
5 ( 5
57G
570
576
57G
57G
570
570

00
99

00

'.111

180
180

499
385

385

0(15
605
605
605
605
Oik;
005
605
000
605
192
102
102
7511

750
588

588

PAGK

Heptapleurcm, Gaertn. 385

elatum, Clarke . . 385

emarginatum, Seem. . 385

exaltatum, Seem. . . 385
glaucum, Bth. and Hook.

f. . . . . 385

glaucum, Kurz . . 38a

hypoleucnm, Kurz . ?>*a

impressuni, < 'lathe . 385

khasiannm, Clarke . 385

Lawranceanum, /'rain . 3.s5

racemosom, Betid. . . 385

rostratam, Bedd. . . 385

Btellatum, Gaertn. . 385

venulosum, Seem. . . 386

Wallichianam, Clarke . 385

Heritiera, Aiton . . 07

acuminata, !!'«//. . . 99

dubia, Wall. . . . 07

Fomes, Buch. . . 07

littoralis. Dryand. . 08

macrophyUa, 115///. . 07

minor. Roxb. . . 07

Papilio, Bedd. . . 00
Herminiera Elaphxoxylon,

Guill. el J'err. .' . 207

Hernandia, Linn. . . 575

peltata, Meison. . . 575

Hesperethusa crenulata,'Rbm 128

Heteropanax, Seem. . 386

fragrans, Seem. . . 386

Heterophragma, DC . 513

adenophyUum, Seem. . 514

Roxburghii, Z)< ' . . 513

sulfur eum, Kurz . . 513

Hevea braziliensis, Muell.

Arg 5s: i

IIkyxka, Roxb. . . 152

ajfinis, Bedd. . . . 152

trijuga, Roxb. . . 152

Hibiscus, Medik . . 87

collinus, Roxb. . . 87

fragrans, Roxb. . . 87

furcatus, Roxb. . . 87

Lampas, Cav. . . -s's

macroplivllus. Roxb. . 87

mutabilis, Linn. . 87, 88

populneus, WiUd. . . 8s

rosa-sinensis, Linn. . t>7

Sabdariffa, Linn. . ■ *~

scandens, Roxb. . . 87

setosus, Roxb. . . 87

syriacus, Linn. . 87, 88

tetralocularis,Hioxb. . 88

tiliaccus. IAnn. . . 87

t ricuBpis, Banks . . 87

HlPPOCRATEA, Linn. . 178

arborea, Roxb. . .178

Grahami, Wight . . 17s

indica, Roxb. . .17s

obtusifolia, L'oxh. . . 17:1

HlPPOPHAE, Linn. . . 581

rhamnoides, Linn. . 581

salicifolia, Bon . . 583

Hiptage, Gaertner . .117

acuminata, Wall. . .117

candicans, Hook. /'. ■ 117

Madablota, Gaertn. . I in

obtusifolia, DC . .117
pan ifolia, H'. and -I. • 1 17

Hi i a a indica, Roxb. . 118

Holarrhena, I.'. Brown t^ I
antidysenterica, WaU. . 's i

i odaga, G. Don . .484

780

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

HOLAURHENA — COIltd.

mitis, II. lir. .
Holigarna, Ham. .
Arnottiana, Hook, f
Beddomei, Hook. f.
ferruginea, March. 221
Grahamii, Hook. f.
Helferi, Hook. f. .
longifoiia, Roxb. .
longifoiia, W. and A.
racemosa, Roxb.

HOLLBOLLIA, 'Wall. .

(i hi/ ii st [ful i a . Wal I .
latifolia, Wall.

HOLMSKIOLDIA, Retz

sanguinea, Retz
Holochilus micranthus, Dal

HOLOPTELEA, Planch.

integrifolia, Planch.
Homalicm, Jacq. i.

GrifEthianum, Kurz

minutiflorum, Kurz

nepalense, Bcn/h. .

propiiiquum, Clarhi

Scklichii, Kurz

tomeutosum, Bth. .

travancorium, Bedd.

zeylaiiicum, Ben tit.
Homonoia, Lour.

retusa, Muell. An/.

riparia, Lout:
Hopea, Roxb.

cordifolia, Trim, .

discolor, fhw.

eglandulosa, Roxb.

glabra, W. and A.

i/ rat issi inn. Wall. .

Griffithii, Kurz

Helferi, Brandis .

iucunda, Thw.

lonffifolia, Dyer

malabarica. Bedd. .

oblongifolia, Dyer .

odorata, Roxb.

parviflora, Bedd. .

racophloca, Dyer .

Scaphula, Roxb. .

mavis, Wall.

Wightiana, Wall. .
Hordeum vulgare, Linn.
Hortonia, Wight .

angustifolia, Trim.

Hori bunda, Wight .
Hovenia, Tliimii. .

(liilcis, Thumb.
Hugonia, Linn.

ferruginea, W. and . I .

Mystax, Linn.
Hullettia, King

Griffithiana, King .
HlJMBOLDTIA, Yahl .

Brunnonis, Wall. .
decurrens, Bedd. .
laurifolia, Vahl
unijuga, Bedd.
Vahliana, Wight .
Humea elata, Roxb. .

HUNTERIA, Roxb. .

corymbosa, Roxb. .
Roxburghiana, Wight
zeylanica, Retz
lh dnocarpi s, Gaertn.
alpina, 117. .
castanea: Hooh.f. and Tit.

PAGE

485
221
221
222
222
221
222
222
221
221

28
27
544
544
452
628
G28
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
;;,xi
G22
022
G22
74
74
74

742

L87

187
116
no
Ufi
656
656
27!)
280
280
279
280
280
L06
481
4x1
481

IX I

II

12

II

I'AC !•:
HyDNOCARPUS — Ci in Itl.

heterophylla, Kurz . 42

octandra, Thw. . . 41

venenata, Gaertn. . . 42

Wightiana, Bl. . . 42

Hydnophytum, Jack . 125

formicarium, Jack . 425

Hydrangea, Linn. . . 328

altissima, 117///. . . 328

aspera, Don . . . 328

hortensia, DC . . 328

Pottingeri, Prahi . . 328

robusta, Hook. /'. and Th. 328

stylosa, Eook.f. . . 328

vestita, Wall. ' . . 328

Hymenandra, A. DC . 442

Wallichii, A. DC . . 442

Hymenocardia, Wall. . 612

plicata, Kurz . . 618

punctata, 117*//. . . 612

Wallichii, Tul. . . 612

Hymenodictyon, Wall. . 406

excelsum, 117///. . . 4IM1

rlaccidum, Wall. . . 406

obovatum, Wall. . . 407

thyrsijlorum, Wall. . 400

utile, Wight . . 406

Hymenopogon, Wall. . 4oG

assamicus, Hooh.f. . 406

parasiticus, Wall. . . 4()0

Hymenopyramis, Wall. . 545

brachiata, Wall. . . 545

Hyperanthera Moi'inga,

Roxb. . .' . 224

HYPERICINEJE . . 48

Hypericum, Linn. . . 48

cernuum, Roxb. . . 48

Hookerianum, W.andA. 48

mysorense, Heyne . . 48

patulum, Tltttnb. . . 48

Hypobathmm racemosum,

Kurz . 117
strictum,

Kurz . 117

Ichnocarpus, R. Br. • 489

fragrant, Wall. . . 489

frutescens, R. Br. . . 489

Ilex, Linn. . . . Iii7

Aquifolium, Linn. 107. 169

cymosa, />'/. . . .107

daphniphylloides, Km/, . 392

denticulata, Wall. . . 169

dipyrena, Wall. . . 168

embelioides, //i»>/-. /'. . KI7

excelsa, Wall. . . 107

exsulca, Brandis . . 107

Eragilis, Hooh.f. . . Ku

Gardneriana, Wight . 107

gaulthericefolia, Kurz . 107

Godajam, Colebr. . . 107

Griffithii, Hooh.f. . 107

Hookeri, King . 169

insignis, Hook. /'. . . 168

intneata, Hooh.f. . 107

macrophylla, Wall. . \>'<7

malabarica, Bedd. . .107

odorata, Ham. . . L68

paraguayensis, -sv. ///'/. . 107

sikkimensis, King . .108

sulcata. 117///. ' . . H',7

thesefolia, Wall. . . L67

Thomsoni, Hooh.f. . 107

venulosa, Hook. /'. . . h''7

[lex — contd.
Walkeri, Wight and

Gardn. .' . . 107

Wallichii. Hooh. /'. . 167

Wightiana, Walt. . . 169

ILK INK. K . . .167

Ii.i.k n\M. Linn. . . 8
Griffithii. //..„/.•. /'. and

Th. . . ' . . 8

majus, Hooh.f. and 77/. 8

manipurense, Watt . 8

Simonsii, Maxim. . . 8'

verum, Hooh.f. . . ji

Illigera, Blume . . 350

appendiculata, Kurz . 350

Coryzadenia, Meism. . 350

khasiana, clinic . . 350

Kurzii. ( 'larhe . . 350

Impatiens fruticosa, DC . 118
., Leschenaultii,

117///. . . 118

Imperata arundinacea,

Cyrill. . . .712

Ikdigofera, Linn. . . 230

atropurpurea, Ham. . 230

Dosua, Ham. . . 231

galegoides, DC . . 230

Gerardiana, Wall. . 230

hebepetala, Bth. . .231

heterantha, Wall. . . 230

leptostachya, DC . . 230

pulchella, Roxb. . . 231

stachyodes, /-<//. . . 231

tinctoria, Linn. . . 230

iinciiiata. Roxb. . . 230

Estga, Willd. . . .310

cynometroides, Bedd. . 310

dulcU, Willd. . . 309

xylocarpa, DC . . 285

Inula, Linn. . . . 127

Cappa, J><" . . . 127

cuspidata, Clarh . . 127

eupatorioideSj DC . . 427

IODES, lilumc . . .107

IroM.KA, Linn. . . . 507

biloba, Forth. . . 507

Bona-nox, Linn. . . 507

grandiflora, Roxb. . 507

[schsemum angustifolium,

Hack. ' . . . 742

Isonandra, Wight . . 144

caloneura, Kurz . . 446

Candolleana, Wight . 444

lanceolata, Wight . . Ill

Perrottetiana, Wight . Ill

polyantha, Kurz . . I hi

Stocksii, Clinic . .Ill

Wightiana, A. DC . Ill

Itea, Linn. . . .329

chinensis, Hooh. and Am. ;!2l>

macrophylla, Wall. . 329

nutans, Royle . . 329

riparia, Coll. and Hemsl. 329

[XONANTHES, .lack . .117

icosandra, Jack . 1 17

khasiana. Hooh.f. . 117

[XORA, Linn. . . 120

acuminata, Roxb. . . 120

Bandhuca, Roxb. . . 420

brunnescens, Kurz . 120

calyciuaj Thw. . . 120

coccinea, Linn. . . 120

iucunda, Thw. . . 120

naticlt it/oni. Kurz . . 121

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

781

TAGE

PAGE 1

Ixora — contd.

Kendkickia, Hook. f. .

367

nigricans, Br.

420

Walkeri, Hook./. .

367 ;

Notoniana, Wall. .

420

Kliai/a senegalensis, Juss. .

142

parviflora, Void

421

Kickxia . . . .

478 !

Pavetta, Roxb.

421

KlGEI.IA, DC .

517

polyantha, Wight .

420

pinnata, DC .

517

spectabilis, Wall. .

420

Klkixhovia, Linn. .

99

stricta, Roxb.

420

Hospita, Linn.

99

Thwaitesii, Hodk.f.

420

Kokoona, Thwaites

174

tomentosa, Roxb. .

421

littoralis, Lawson .

174

undulata, Roxb.

420

zeylanica, Thw.

174

Koi-sia, lilume

482

Jacquinia ruscifolia, Jaca.

437

fruticosa, A. DC .

482

Jasminum, Linn.

167

Korthalsia, Blame

737 j

arborescens, Roxb.

107

laciniosa, Mart.

737

auriculatum, Vahl

4(17

sea pit ij/era. Kurz .

737

brevilobum, A. DC

468

Kurrimia, Wall.

177

cordifolium, Wall.

467

bi partita, Laws.

177

grandiflorum, Gamble .

468

paniculate, Wall. .

177

grandiflorum, Linn.

469

pulcherrima, Wall.

177

hirsutum, Willd. .

468

robusta, Kurz

177

humile, Linn.

468

zeylanica, Am.

177

officinale, Linn.

467

Kvdia, Roxb. .

89

pubescens, Willil. .

468

calycina, Roxb.

89

revolution, Sims. .

468

/'interna, Roxb.

89

rigidum, Zenker .

467

glabrescens, Mast.

89

Sambac, Ait.

467

scandens, Vahl

467

LABIAT/E

546

Jatijopha, Linn.

612

Lagerstromia

371

Curcas, Linn.

613

calyculate, Kurz .

371

glandulifera, Ro.rb.

612

floribunda, Jack .

371

gossypifolia, Linn.

612

Flos-Resinse, Rets

373 |

heterophylla, Heyne

612

ffrandiflora, Roxb.

376

multifida, Linn.

612

hypoleuca, Kurz .

375

nana, Dalz. and (lib.--.

612

indica, Linn.

371

Wightiana, Mudl. Arg.

612

lanceolata, Bedd. .

371

Jbhnia coromandeliana,

lanceolate, Wall. .

.572

Roxb.

170

inacrocarpa, Wall.

375

,, salacioides, Roxb.

179

microcarpa, Wight

372

Jbnesia Asoca, Roxb.

278

parviflora, Roxb. .

371

.TUGLANDE/E

662

Reffina, Roxb.

373

Jugi.ans, Linn.

662

Rottleri, Clarice .

371

cinerea, Linn.

662

tomentosa. Pred .

375

nigra, Linn. .

662

venusta, Wall.

371

pterococca, Roxb. .

663

villosa, Wall.

375

regia, Linn. .

662

Landolphia

. 478

Jui.ostyi.es, Thwaites

87

Lansium, Rumph. .

. 150

angustifolia, Thw. .

87

anamalayanum, Bedd.

150

JUNIPERUS, Linn.

697

domesticum, Jack .

. 150

bermadiana, Linn.

697

Laxtana, Linn.

. 52 1

communis. Linn. .

697

aculeate, Linn.

. 524

data, Roxb. .

702

alba, Schauer

. 524

excelsa, Brandis

698

Camara, Linn.

. 524

macropoda, Boiss. .

698

indica, llo.rb. .

. 524

pseudo-Sabina, Fisch.

Laportea, Gand.

. 656

and Mey. .

. 698

crenulate, Gaud. .

. 656

reenrva, Ham.

698

Larix, Miller .

. 720

virginiana, Linn. .

697

americana, Michx .

. 720

Wallichiana, Hook. I

europsea, DC .

. 720

and Th.

698

Griffithii, Hook. /'. an

JUSTICIA, Linn.

523

Th. .

. 720

, [dhatoda, Linn. .

523

sibirica, Led.

. 720

Gendarussa, Linn./.

. 523

Lasianthera, Pal. de

Beauv.

. 165

Kadsura, Kaempfer

11

apicalis, Thw.

. L65

Roxburghiana, . Ira.

11

Lasi ANTiirs. .lack .

. 424

Wightiana, Arn. .

14

acuminates, Wight

. 12 1

Kandelia, W. and A.

. 33 1

Biermanni, Kin;/ .

. 12 1

Rheedii, II'. and A.

. 334

capitulates, Wight

. 121

Kayea, Wall. .

. 59

cyanocarpus, .la,k

. 121

assamica, Kino and Pra

a 59

Hookeri, Clarke .

. 121

floribunda, Wall. .

. 59

lucldus, lilume

. 124

nervosa, '/'. And, .

59

sessilis, Talbot

. 425

stylosa, 'I'h ic.

. 59

atrigosus, Wight .

. 121

PAGE
LASIANTHUS — cont'l.

truncates, Bedd. . . 425

venulosus, Wight . . 425

Wallichii, Wight . . 424

Lasiococca, Hook. f. . 622

symphyllisefolia, Hook.f. 622

Lasiosiphon, Fresen. . 578

eriocephalus, Dene. . 578

LAURACE/E . . . 557

Laurus bilocularis, Roxb. 559

,, Camphora, Linn. . 564
,, camphorifera,

Kaempf. . . 564

,, Cassia, Roxb. . 560
,, Cinnamomum,

Roxb. . . 562

,, glandulifera, Wall. 563

,, lanceolaria, Roxb. 568

,, nitida, Roxb. . 562

,, nobilis, Linn. . 557

,, obtusifolia, Roxb. 561

,, porrecta, Roxb. . 560

,, villosa, Roxb. . 565

Lawsonia, Linn. . . 370

alba, Lam. . . . 370

inermis, Linn. . . 370

Lebedieropsis orbicula ris,

Muell. Arg. . . 5! '7

Leea, Linn. . . .191
alata, Edgw. . . .191

aspera, Wall. . . 191

crispa, Willd. . . 191

macrophvlla, Roxb. . 191

robusta, "Roxb. . . 191

sambucina, Willd. . 191

umbraculifera, Clarke . 191

LEGUMINOSiE . . 227

Lepidopetalum Jackian Win,

Radlk. . . . 194

Lepionurus, Blume . 165

oblongifolius, Mast. . 165

sglvestris, Kurz . . 165

Lepisanthes, Bl. . . 194

burmanica, Kurz . . 194
montana, 151. . . .1 94

Leptadenia, R. l»r. . 4ii3

reticulata. Wt. and Arn. 493

Spartium, Wight . . 4'.i:!

Leptobjsa, 15th. . . 509

multiflora, Gamble . 509

Leptodermis, Wall. . 426
crassifolia, Coll. and

Semsl. . . . 426

Griffithii, Hook.f. . 426

lanceolata. Wall. . . 42'i

virgate, Edgw. . . 42'i

LeptonychiA, Turcz. . 105

glabra, Turcz. . . 105

heteroclita, Kurz . . 105

moacurroides, Bedd. . 1 < •.">

Leptospermum, Forst. . -'!-"il

javanicum, Illume . 351

Lespedeza, Mich. . . 236

eriocarpa, DC . . 2-">i'>

Prainii, Coll. and Hemsl. 236
sericophvlla, Coll. and

Hemsl. . . . 236

Btenocarpa, Maxim. . 236

Lettsomia, Roxb. . . 507

Bona-nox, Roxb. . . 506

ornata, Roxb. • • 506

unijhra, Roxb. . . 506

Leucadendron argenteum,

//. Br. . . . 575

"82

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

KUCiENA

glauca. Benth.
EUCAS, Br.
lanceaefolia, Desf. .
eucomeris, Don .
decora, Kurz
spectabilis, Don
kucopogon, R. Br.
malayanus, Jack .
i;l'( IOSCEPTRUM, Smitli
canum, Sm. .
EUCOTHOE, D. Don
Griffithiana, Clarke

KYCESTEKIA, Wall.

formosa. Wall.

glaucophylla, Hook./.
iCUAiiA, Rinnph.

acutifida, Mart.

longipes, Griff".

paludosa, Kurz - .

peltata, Roxb.

spinosa, Wnrmb. .
Ligustrcm, Linn. .

bracteolatum, Brandis

compactum, Hook. /'. an
Th. .

confusum, Dene. .

Decaisnei, Clarice .

lucidum, Alton

Massalongianum, Vis.

myrsinites, Dene. .

neilgherrense, Wight

nepalense, Wall. .

Perrottetii, A. DC

robustum, Bedd.

robustum, Blume .

robustum, Hook. f. and
Th. .

Roxburghii, Clarh

vulgare, Linn.

Walked, Dene.
LILIACL.E .
I. ilium giganteum, Wall.
,, neilgherrense, Wigh
,, polyphyllum. Dm,
LiMACiA, Lour.

cuspidata, Hook. /'. and
Th. . _ . ' .
LlMONIA, Linn.

acidissima, Linn. .

alata, W. and .!. .

alternans, Wall. .

crenulate, Roxb.

pentagyna, Roxb. .

pentaphylea, Roxb.

scandens, Roxb.

LlNDERA, Thunl).

assamica, Kurz

bifaria, /.'< nth.

caudate, li/h.

heterophylla, Meissn

lancifolia, Thw.

latifolia, Hook.f. .

Laureola, Coll. <ni<l Hem

Meissneri, King

melastomacea, Bth.

Neesiana, Benth. .

nervosa. Kurz

pulcherrima, Benth

reticulata, Benth. .

venosa', Benth.
LINK.-E .
LlNOCIERA, Swart/. .

albidiflora, Thw. .

TAGE

PAGE

. 289

Linociera — eontd.

. 289

caudate, Coll. and Hemsl

. 473

. 548

insignis, Clarke

473

. 548

intermedia, Wight

473

. 428

leprocarpa, Th/r. .

472

. 428

macrophylla, Wall.

473

. 428

malabarica, Wall. .

473

. 436

minutiflora, Clarke

473

. 436

paucirlora, Clarke .

472

. 548

purpurea, Vdhl

472

. 548

terniflora, Wall. .

472

. 481

Wightii, Clarke .

472

. 431

Linostoma, Wall. .

578

. 398

decandrum, Wall. .

578

. 398

paueirlorum, Griff'.

578

. 398

scandens, Kurz

578

. 733

siamense, Kurz

578

. 733

Liquidambar altingiana,

. 733

Bl. . . .

332

. 733

Liriodendron grandiflorum

. 733

Roxb.

9

733

,, tulipiferum,

. 475

Linn.

7

. 475

Lits.ea, Lamk.

571 I

'/

amara, Blume

.r)7l

. 476

angustifolia, Kurz

569

. 475

angustifolia, Wall.

572

. 475

assamica, Hook.f.

571

. 475

Beddomei. Hook.f.

572

. 475

chartecea, Wall. .

572

. 475

chinensis, Lamk. .

570

. 475

citrata, Bl. .

570

. 475

concolor, Kurz

569

. 476

coriacea, Heyne

572

. 475

elongate, Wall.

572

. 475

foliosa, Nees .

573

fuscate, Thw.

57:;

. 475

glaberrima, Thw. .

.".72

. 475

glabrate, Wall.

572

. 475

grandis, Wall.

.".71

. 475

iteodaplme, Thw. .

572

. 724

Khasyana, Meissn,

572

724

Kingii, Hook.f. .

570

hi 721

Kurzii, Kim/ .

571

724

la?ta, Wall. .

572

. 25

lancifolia, Roxb. .

571

I

lanuginosa, Nees .

57:;

25

leiophylla, Kurz

569

. 127

ligustrina, 2V< es

57ii

. 1 27

Mannii, King

57:;

. 1 28

macrophylla, Kurz

569

. 127

Meissneri, Hook.f.

. 572

. 127

mishmiensis, Hook.f,

. 571

. 140

nitida, Roxb.

. 572

. 1 25

oblonga, Wall.

. 571

. 128

oleoides, Mi \ssn. .

. 572

. 574

oreophila, Hook.f.

. 57H

. 57 1

Panamonja, Ham. .

. 572

. 574

polvantha. Juss. .

. 57 1

. 57 1

rangoonensis, Meissn.

. 571

. 574

salicifolia, Roxb. .

. 571

. 574

Bebifera, Pers.

. 570

. 574

semecarpifolia, Wall.

. 572

,.-!. 57 1

sericea, Wall.

. 570

. 57 1

Stocksii, Hook.f. .

. 572

. .".7 1

tomentosa, Hb. Heyn<

. 570

. 574

umbrosa, Nt i s

. 57:;

. 57 1

undulate, Hook.f.

. 57o

. 574

venulosa, Meissn. .

. 571

. 574

WaUichii, Hook. f.

. 57 1

. 57 1

Wightiana, Wall. .

. 572

. in;

zeylanica, C. and Fi

. 472

Nees .' .

.' 57:;

. 172

Livistosa, R. Br. .

733

Livistona — eontd.

chinensis, Br.

Jenkinsiana, Griff.

speciosa, Kurz
Lodoicea seychellarum

Labill. .
LOGANIACEjE
Lonicera, Linn.

acuminata. Wall. .

alpigena, Linn.

angustifolia, Wall .

Braceana, Hemsl. .
dabrata, II 'all.

I OCT

7:; I

494
:;:-.;
:;:<.;
398
:;;.:
:;:«;
396, :'.'.<.

Hildebrandiana, Coll

and Hemsl.
hypoleuca. Dene. .
leiantha, Kurz
Leschenaultii, Wall.
ligustrina, Wall. .
macrantha, Dt '
obscura, Coll. ami Hemsl.
orientelis, Lamarck
ovate, Ham. .
Periclymenum, L. .
purpurascens, Hook. f.

and Hi.
quinquelocularis, Hardw.

LOPHOPETALUM, Wight .

fimbriatum, ]\"></ht
uoribundum, Wight
littorale. Kurz
WaUichii, Kurz
Wightianum, Am.

LOPHOPHTLLUM, Griffith .

bicristetum, Griff.

I.oi; AXTUACK.K .
Loranthus, Linn. .

ampullaceus, Roxb.

bicolor, Roxb.

capitellatus, II'. ami .!.

elasticus, Vesv.

globosus, Roxb.

heteranthus, 115///.

involucratus, /,'o.rb.

lignstrinus, 115///.

longiflorus, /'■ •■■.

loniceroides, Linn

memecj lifolius, II'. ami
.1. ' .

neelgherrensis, W. ami .1

odoratus, Wall.

pentepetelus, Roxb.

pulverulentus, n

Scunrula, Linn.

tomentosus, Heyne

vestitus, Wall. . 582, 583

Wallichianus, Schuliz. . 582
Loropetalum, Br. .

chinense, Ohv.
Loxoi ... < i s, Wendl. and
Drude

rupicola, Wendl. and l>r.
Lucuxi \. Sweei

gratissima, Sweet .

Pinceana, //.«./-.

LUMNITZERA, Willd.

coccinea, W. ami .1.

littorea, NToigt

racemosa, Willd. .
I.i \ i N«.\. Ham.

eleutherandra, /'///:.

Bcandens, Ham.
Ly« n m. Linn. .

barbaruui, Linn. ■

:;:.•;
398
396
::!..;
397
396

:;:».s
396
396

396

:;i»7
17;;
173

17;;

173

171
174

582

582
582
583
582
582
. 582

•

. 582

185

582, 58;;

. 582

582

5s:;
582
582
5S2
582
5S2

;;;;i
;;:;i

407

407
107
348
348
348
348
1 28
I2S
1 28

5. is

508

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

783

Ltcium — contd.

europaeum, Linn. . . 508

ruthenicuin, Murray . 508

Lygodium flexuosuni. Sic. 759

L'YTIIKACEiE . . 369

Maba, Forst .

452

andamaiiiea, Kurz

452

buxifolia, Pert.

452

merguensis, Hiern.

■452

micrantha, Hiern.

452

niftrescens, Dalz. .

453

oblonjjifolia, Hiern.

452

Macaranga, Thouars

020

Brandisii, King

620

denticulate, Muell. Arg.

621

digyna, Muell. Arg.

620

Gamblei, Hool-.f. .

620

gmelinsefolia, King

620

indica, Wight

621

pustulate, King

620

Roxburghii, Wight

621

Tanarius, Muell. Arc/. .

620

tomentosa, Wight .

621

Mac ii ilus, Nees

565

bombycina, King .

566

bootenica, Meissn.

565

Clarkeana, King .

566

Duthiei, King

567

oflnlis, King .

566

fruticosa, Kurz

565

( iamblei, King

566

Gammieana, King .

566

in<liat, Kure .

565

Kingii, Hook.f. .

565

khasyana, Meissn .

565

Kurzii, King .

565

Listeri, King .

565

niacrantha, Nees .

567

odoratissima, Nees

565

parviflora, Meissn.

565

tavoyana, Kurz

567

villnsa, Hook.f. .

565

Macreightia oblongifolia,

Thw.

452

Macropanax, Miq.

387

oreophilum, Miq. .

387

ondulatum, Seem. .

387

Maddenia, Hook, f. and

Th

315

bimalaica, Hook f. and

Th. . . '.

315

Mjes \. Forsk. .

437

andamaiiiea, Km-z

•137

argentea, Wall.

137

Chisia. l>'"i .

438

dnbia, Wall. .

137

indica, Wall.

438

macrophylla, Wall.

438

mollis, .1. DC

137

mollissima, Kurz .

437

mnscosa, Kurz

437

panictdata, A. DC

137

ramentacea, A. D(

l:;7

rugosa, ( larke

■137

Magnolia, Linn.

9

Campbellii, Hook, /'. and

Th. . ' . '.

9

globosa, Hook.f. and Th

9

Griftithii, Hook. /'. and

Th. . . ' .

in

i lustavi, King

9

Pealiana, King

in

pterocarpa, Roxb. .

9

Magnolia — contd.
sphenocarpa, Wall.

MAGNOLIACE.E .
M-kki'a. Forskahl .

arenaria. Hook.f. and 77*.
Malaisia tortuosa, Kurz .
Mallea Rothii, A. de Juss.
Mallotls, Lour.

acuminatum, Muell. An/.

allius. Muell. An/.

andamanicus, Hook.f. .

atrovirens, Muell. Arg.

Beddomei, Hook.f.

cockiuchiuensis, Lour. .

floribundus, Muell. Arg.

fuscescens

khasianus, Hook.f.

Kurzii, Hook.f. .

Lawii, Muell. Arg.

micranthus, Muell. Arg.

muricatus, Bedd. .

muricatus, Kurz

nepalensis, Muell. Arg. .

oreophilus, Muell. Arg.

paniculatus, Muell. Arg.

philippinensis, Muell.
Arg

repandus, Muell. Arg. .

rhamnifolius, Muell. Arg.

EoxburghianuB, Muell.
Arg.. . . .

steuanthus, Muell. Arg.

tetracoccus, Kurz .

Walkerae, Hook.f.

zeylanicus, Muell. Arg. .
MALPIGHIACE.E .
.MALVACEAE .
Mangifera, Linn. .

andamaiiiea. King

ealoneura, Kurz

fsetida, Lour.

indica, Linn.

longipes, Griff.

oppositifolia, Roxb.

sylvatica, Roxb.

zeylanicaj Hook.f.
Manglietia, Blume

Caveaua, lhmk. /'. and
Th. . . ' .

insignia, HI. .
Manihot Glaziovii, Shall.

Arff'

,, utilissiuia. Pohl

Maoutia. Wedd.

Puya, Wedd.
Mappia, Jacq. .

futida, Miers

oblonga, M"u rs

ovata, Miers .

tomentosa, M'u rs .
Marattia fraxinea, Smith .
Marlea, Roxb.

barbata, /.'. Br.

begonisefolia, Roxb.

tomentosa, Endl. .
Marsdenia

lucida, Edgw.

Roylei, Wight

tenacissima, Wt. and
Am. . ' .

tinctoria, /.'. Br. .
Masti rsia, Benth. .

assamica, Bth.

cleistocarpa, Laker

,m;e

PACK

Mastixia, Blume .

. 391

9

arborea, Clarke

. 391

7

euonymoides, Prain

. 391

31

pentandra, Blume .

. 391

31

tetrandra, Clarke .

. 391

633

Mayodendron, Kurz

. 514

1 16

i<jneum, Kurz

. 514

618

Medinilla, Gaud. .

. 368

HIS

himalayana. Hook.f.

. 368

619

rubicunda, Bl.

. 368

619

Melaleuca, Linn. .

. 351

618

Cajuputi, Roxb.

. 351

618

Leucadendron, Linn.

. 351

618

Melanorrhgea, Wall.

. 217

618

glabra, Wall.

. 217

622

usitata, Wall.

. 217

618

Melanthesopsia fruticosa,

618

Muell. A

rq. 603

618

„ patens. Muell

618

Arg.'

. 603

618

Melastoma, Linn. .

. 366

619

Houtteanum, Nand.

. 366

619

imbricatum, Wall.

. 36(1

619

malabathricuui, Linn.

. 366

CIS

normale, Don

. 367

MELASTOMACE^

. 366

619

Melhania, Forsk. .

. 104

618

futteyporensis, Munro

. 104

618

Hamiltoniana, Wall.

. 104

MeliA

. 143

(US

Azadirachta, Linn.

. 143

618

Azedarach, Linn. .

. 144

619

birmanica, Kurz .

. 146

G18

composite, Willd. .

. 145

618

dnbia, Hiern.

. 145

117

excelsa, Jack

. 143

8(1

indica, Brandts

. 143

211

japonica, G. Don .

. 145

211

robusta, Roxb.

. 145

213

sempervirens, Sw. .

. 144

211

superba, Roxb.

. 146

211

MELIACEJE .

. 142

213

Melicocca trijuga, .Iu.->.

. 195

214

Melicope, Forst.

. 121

213

Helferi. Hook.f. .

. 121

213

indica, Wight

. 121

10

Meliosma, Bl.

. 204

Arnottiana. Wal/i.

. 206

10

Collettiana. King .

. 205

10

dillenia?folia. Bl. .

. 21 15

ferrtaginea, Kurz .

. 21 15

589

pinnate, Roxb.

. 205

589

pungens Bedd.

. 205

660

pungens, 11 'all.

. 2o5

660

simplicifolia, Hook. /'.

. 206

L66

Wallichii, Planch.

. 206

166

Wightii, Planch. .

. 205

166

Melocalamds, Benth.

. 753

166

compactifloruSj Benth.

. 75:;

166

Melocanna, Trin. .

. 75.".

759

bambusoides, Trin.

. 755

389

liuinilis, k'nr:.

. 756

389

MelochiAj Linn.

. 101

389

velutina, Bedd.

. 104

389

~S\\ lodinus, Forst. .

. 479i

192

khasianns, Hook.f.

. 179

192

monogynus, Roxb.

. -179

492

Melodortjm, Dnnal.

20

macranthum, Kmz

. 20

192

polyanthum, /.

/'.

492

and Th.

. 20

215

Memecylon, Linu.

-

245

amabile, Bedd.

. 368

215

amplexicaule, Roxb.

. 359

784

A MANUAL OF IXDIAX TIMBERS

MeMECYLON' — Contd.

angustifolium, Wight
capitellatum, Linn,
edulc, Roxb. .
grande, Retz .
Heyneanum, Benth.
paucifiormn, Blume
umbellatum, Burm.
MENISRKRMACK.K
Men isperm um ( 'occulus,
Roxb.
,, cor&ifollu

_ Willd.
,, fenestration

Gaertn
,, hirsutum

Linn.
,, laurifolium

Roxb.
,, polycarpon

Roxb.
,, vlllosum,

Roxb.
Meriandra, Benth.
bengalensis, Bth. .
strobilifera, Benth.
Mespilus bengalensis, Roxb

,, japonica, Banks
Mesua, Linn. .
coromandelina, Wight
ferrea, Linn.
pulehella, PI. and Trian
RoxburgMi, Wight
scleropnylla . Thw.
speciosa, Choisy
Tbwaitesii, J'l. ami Trian
Mctroxylon Rumphii, Mart,

,, Sagus, L'ottb.
MezoneoruMj Desf.

cucullatum, W. ami A
MlCHELIA, Linn.

Cathcartii, Hook. /". "//./

Th. .
Champaca, Linn. .
oxeelsa, A'/. .
Kisopa, Ham.
lanuginosa, Wall.
Mannii, King
montena, HI.
nilagirica, Zenk. .
oblonga, Wall. .
punduana, Hook. /'. an
Th. . . '.
Micrechites, Miq.
clliptica, Hook. J. .
polyantha, Miq. .
Microdesmis, Planch,
casearisefolia, Planch.
Microglossa, DC .
albescens, Clarke .

volubilis, DC

zej lanica, Clarke .
Micromelcm, Blume

hirsutum, olir.

pubescenSj Bl.
Microtropis, Wall.

bivalvis, Wall. .

densinora, Wight .

discolor, Wall. .

latifolia, Wight .

longifblia, \\'all. .

microcarpa, Wight

ovalifolia, Wight .

raniiflora, Wight .

Microtropis — contd.
3G8 Wallichiana, Wight
368 Millettia, W. and A.
31 18 atropurpurea, Bth.
3G8 I auriculata, Baker .
368 Brandisiana, Kurs

368 cinerea, Bth. .

368 Dorwardi, Coll. an

23 Hemsl.
externa, Bth. .

24 glaucescens, Kurz.
Xeiogyna, Kurz

:?4 leueantha, Kurz

macrostachya, Coll. an

24 ' Hemsl. ' .

monticola, Kurz .

25 1 multiflora, Coll. an

Hemsl.
25 ovalifolia, Kurz

pachycarpa, Kurz .
24 pendula, Bth .

Piscidia, Wt.
2(> pubinervis, Kurz .
547 puerarioides, /'rain

547 pulchra, Bth.

547 racemosa, Bth.

320 sericea, Kurz

321 I splendens, W. and A.
59 tetraptera, Knrz .
59 Wrightiana, Prain

59 Millingtonia, Linn. f.

59 hortensis, Linn.

."i!t pinnata, Roxb.

."ill simplic'ifolia, Iioxb.

59 Miliusa, Lesch.
. 61 indica, Lesch.

734 ' macrocarpa, Hook.f. an
734 I Th. .

268 nilagirica, Bedd. .

269 Roxburghiana, Hook. /

10 and Th. .
sclerocarpa, Kurz .

1 1 velutina, Hook. /'. and Th

12 Wightiana, Hook. f. and
II th. .
Ki zeylanica, Gardn. .
1 1 Milnea edulis, Roxb.
11 Mimosa. Linn. .
11 anaira, Roxb.

13 arabica, Roxb.
13 biglobosa, Roxb. .

ctesia, Roxb.
11 Catechu, Roxb. .

489 catechuoides, Roxb.
48!i cinerea, Roxb.
489 concinna, Roxb.
612 dulcis, Roxb.
612 dumosa, Roxb.
4'_'7 eburnea, Roxb.

1"_'7 elata, Roxb. .
427 Farnesiana, Linn. .

427 ferruginea, Roxb. .
125 hamata, Willd. .
!'_'.'> heterophylla, Roxb.
125 Intsia, Roxb.

17.". Kalkora, Roxb.
17;> Latronum, Roxb. .

173 leucophlcea, Roxb. .
1 7.'! lucida, Roxb.
173 mutabilis, Roxb. .
17:1 myriophylla, Roxb.
1 7."> obovata, Roxb.
17.'! odoratissima, Roxb.
17;> pennata, Roxb.

PAGE PAGE

Mimosa — contd.

173 polyaucistra, Bth. . . "2!'(l

232 procera, Roxb. . . 305

232 pudica, Linn. . . 290

233 pulehella, Roxb. . . 307
232 rubicanlis, Linn. . . 290
232 scandens, Roxb. . . 287

Sirissa, Roxb. . . 303

232 stipulacea, Roxb. . . 306

233 Suma, Roxb. . . 295

232 Sundra, Roxb. . . 296

233 i xylocarpa, Roxb. . . 285
233 MlMo.SK.E . . . 285

Mimusops, Linn. . . 449

232 Elengi, Linn. . . 449

232 hexandra, Roxb. . ' . 150
indica, A. DC . . 450

232 indica, Kurz . . . 450

232 Kauki, Linn. . . 44!»

232 littoralis, Kurz . . 450

233 Roxburghiana, Wight . 440
232 Miquei.ia, Meissn. '. . M/
232 dentata, Bedd. . . 16?
232 Kleinii, Meissn. . .167

232 MiacHODON, Thwaites . 607

233 zeylanicus, Thw, . . 607
232 Mitrephora, Bl. . . li)
232 grahdiflora, Bedd. . . 19
232 Heyneana, Thw. . . 19
232 Maingayi, Hook. f. and
509 Th. .
509 obtusa, Bl. .

205 Praiuii, King

206 reticulate, Hook. f. and

21 Th

21 tomentosa, Hook. f. and

Th

21 vandceflora, Kurz

21 Moacurragelonioides, Roxb.
!/ tlinasa canesct ns, Roxb.

21 I MonetiabarlerioideSfliHet.

22 MOXIMIACE.E

21 MONOPORANDRA, Thw. .

cordifolia, Thw. .

21 elegans, Thw.

21 I Monosis Wightiana, Redd.

149 Morinda, Linn.

290 angustifolia, L'n.rh.
307 citrifolia, Linn.
292 exserta, Roxb.

289 persicsefolia, Ham.
300 speciosa, Kurz
296 fcmctoria, Roxb.
2!»('> umbellata, Linn. .
■2*s Morindopsis, Hook. f.

291 ; capillaris, Kurz

309 MllKIXGA. .hlSS.

200 concanensis, Nimmo

294 pterygosperma, Gaertn.

306 M()Kl'.\(ii:.L

292 Morocarpus longifolius, Bl.
208 ,, Waltichianus,

290 Miq. .
;!l)il MORUS, Linn. .

300 alba, Lini

302 atropurpurea, Roxb.

299 cuspidata, Wall. .

20.") indica, I. inn.

306 Uevigata, Wall. .

200 papyrifera

302 serrate, Roxb.

299 MUCUNA, Adans.

804 atropurpurea, D( ' .

300 gigantea, DC

10
10

10

19

10

10

162

102

17.s

557

85

85
85
426
422
422
422
422

122
423

122

122
417

117
22 1
225
22 1
22 I
660

660
634
634

CM

(;;;(•>

1 ;;;.'>
636
633
635
21(1
:;in

2 0)

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

785

PAGE

PAGE

MOCUNA — contd.

Myrsine, Linn.

438

imbricata, DC

240

africana, Linn.

438

macrocarpa, Wall.

240

in-, ,,is. A. DC

439

monosperma, DC .

240

capitellata, Wall. .

439

pruriens, DC

240

semiserrata, Wall.

439

Muehlenbeekia platyclada,

Wightiana, Wall. .

439

Meissn. ....

552

MYRSINEiE .

437

Mundui.ea, DC

233

MYRTACE/E . . .

350

suberosa, Bth.

233

Myrtus caryophyllata, Linn

359

Munronia, Wight .

143

,, communis, Linn. .

350

pnmila, Wight

143

,, Jambosa, H. 1>. K.

357

Wallichii, Wight .

143

„ melastomoides, F. M

. 365

Muraltia jimiperifolia, DC

44

,, trinervia, Sm.

365

Mukraya, Linn.

125

Myxopykum, 151.

476

elongata, DC

125

sniilacifoliuni, Blume .

476

exotica, Linn.

125

Gleniei, Thw.

125

Nageia bracteata, Kurz

702

Konigii, Spr.

12G

,, latifolia, Kurz

702

Musa sapientum, Linn.

723

,, Putranjiva, Roxb.

604

,, superba, Roxb.

723

Nannokhops, H. Wendl.

733

,, textilis, Ne'e .

723

Ritchieana, //. Wendl.

733

Mussjenda, Linu. .

410

Naravelia, DC

3

cali/ciiia, Wall.

410

laurifolia, Wall. .

3

flavescens, Karst. .

410

zeylanica, DC

3

frondosa, Linn.

410

Naregamia, W. and A. .

143

glabra, Vahl

410

alata, 11'. and A. .

143

macropkylla, Wall.

410

NargediA, Redd. .

418

Mykica, Linn.

6G4

macrocarpa, Bedd.

418

californica, Cham.

664

Natsiatopsis, Kurz

165

cerifera, Linn.

664

fchunbergiaefolia, Kurz .

165

Gale, Linn. .

664

Natsiatlm, Ham. .

167

integrifolia, Koxb.

664

herpeticum, Ham.

167

Nagi, Thunb.

664

Nauci.ea, Linn.

405

sapida, Wall.

664

< 'adamba, Roxb. .

400

MYRICACE;E .

664

coadjunata, Roxb.

400

Myiucaria, Desvaux

47

cordata, Roxb.

400

elegans, Boyle

47

cordifolia, Roxb. .

401

germanica, Desv. .

47

elliptica, Dais, and Gibs.

405

Mykioneuisox, Wall.

410

niissionis, Wall. .

405

nutans, Wall.

410

parrifolia, Roxb. .

403

Myeistica, Linn. .

55 1

polycephala, Wall.

401

amygdalina, Wall.

555

purpurea, Roxb.

405

andamanica, Hool,-. f. .

555

rotundifolia, Roxb.

404

attenuata, Wall. .

556

sessilifolia, Roxb.

403

Beddomei, King .

556

tetrandra, Roxb.

401

cauarica, Bedd.

556

zeylanica, Hook.f.

405

ceylanica, A. DC .

555

Nectandra Rodisei, Rob. .

558

Clarkeana, King .

555

Xeerija dichotoma, Roxb.

178

corticosa, Bedd.

556

Neii.i.ia, Don .

317

corticosa, Hook f . and Th.

555

rubiflora, Dun

317

elliptica, Kurz

555

thvrsiflora, Don

317

erratiea, Hook.f, and Th.

555

NEPENTHACEiE .

553

exaltata, Wall.

555

Nepenthes, Linn. .

553

Farquhariana, Wall.

556

distillatoria, Linn.

553

EragranB, HoiUt.

555

khasiana, Hook.f.

553

geminata, .)/»/.

555

Nephelium

197

gibbosa, Hook.f. and Th.

555

( iardneri, Thw.

197

glabra, Blume

555

Grif&thianum, Kmz

197

glauca, Blume

555

hypolencum, Kmz

197

glaucescens, Hook. t'. and

lappaceum, Linn. .

197

Th

555

Li tell i, ('and).

198

Horsfieldii, Blume

555

Longana, Camb.

197

Irya, Gaertn.

556

mutabile, Br.

197

Kjngii, Hook.f. . 555

, 556

Btipulaceinn, Bedd,

198

laurifolia, Hook, f, and

NERIUM, Linn.

487

Th. . . ' .

555

granilijlnnnn, Koxb.

490

linifolia, Koxb.

555

odorum, Solander .

487

longifolia, Wall. .

556

487

magnifica, Bedd. .

556

reticulatum, Roxb.

490

maJabarica, Lamk,

555

tinctorium, Roxb. .

486

niissionis. Wall. .

555

tomentosum, Roxb.

487

moschata, Willd. .

555

NEUROPELTI8, Wall.

507

l'rainii. King

555

racemosa, Wall. .

5(i7

MYRISTICACKffi .

554

Niebuhria, DC

31

Niebuhria — contd,

linearis, DC .

siamensis, Kmz .

variabilis, Kurz
Nip A, Wurmb.

fruticans, Wurmb,
Xoltia africana, Harv. i

Sond. .
Nothopegia, 111.

aureo-fulva, Bedd.

Colebrookiana, Bl.

travancorica, Bedd.
Notothixos, Oliv. .

floccosus, Oliv.
NYCTAGINEjE
Nyctanthes, Linn.

Arbor-tristis, Linn.
Nyctocalos, Teysni. and
Binn.

Thonisoni, Hook.f.
Nyssa, Linn. .

sessiliflora, Hook.f.

Ochlandra, Thwaites

Beddomei, Gamble

Brandisii, Gamble .

Rheedii, Benth.

setigera, Gamble .

stridula, Thw.

travancorica, Benth.
OcHNA, Linn. .

andamanica, Kurz

fruticulosa, Kurz .

Gamble!, King

pumila, Ham.

rufescens, T7tw.

squarrosa, Linn.

Wallichii, Planch.

Wightiana, Wall. .
OCHNACE/E .

OCHRADENUS, Delile

baccatus, Delile
Ochrocarpds, Thouars
longifolius, Bth. and

8k. f.

nervosus, Kurz
siamensis, T. And.

OCHROSIA, JuSS.

borbonica. Gmel. .

salubris, Bl. .
OCHTHOCARIS, Blume

javanica, Bin me .
( h-citca bullata, X. ah L.

( ►ctotbopis, Bedd. .

travancorica, Bedd.

< toiNA, Roxb. .

Wodier, Roxb,
OLACINE.E .
( >i.a\. Linn.

acuminata, Wall, .

imbricata. Roxb. .

mergnensis, Planch.

nana. Wall. .

Bcandens, Roxb.

Wightiana, Wall.

zeylanica, Linn. .
( lldenlandia ombellata,

Linn.

< »i.i:a, Linn.

cuspidata, Wall. .
dentata, Wall.
dioica. Roxb.
etuopsea, Linn.
ferruginea, Roylt .
3 E

786

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

PAGE

Oi.ea — contd.

Otanthera — contd.

fragrans, Thunb. .

-172

nicobarensis, Teysm. am

Gamblei, Clarice .

473

Bum. . ' .

366

Gardneri, Thwaites

473

OtTGEINIA, Bth.

237

glandulifera, Wall.

474

dalbergioides, l'» nth.

237

linocieroides, Bedd.

472

Oxymitra, Blume .

20

paniculata, Roxb.

474

fornieata, Hook.f, and 1

%. 20

polygama, Wight .

473

OXYSPORA, 1 M '

367

robusta, Kurz

475

cernua, Triana

367

U rniflora, Kurz

472

paniculata, DC

367

OLEA'CEvE .

467

vagans, Wall.

367

( >NCOSPERMA, 151.

727

Oxytenanthera, Monro

749

fasciculatuui, Thw.

727

albociliata, Munro

75(1

Ophioxylon densiflorum,

Bourdilloni, (Iambic

750

Wall.

481

monostigma, Bedd.

750

,. serpentinum,

nigrociliata, Munro

750

Willd. .

481

parvifolia, Brandts

750

Opilia, Eoxb.

165

Stocksii, Munro .

750

amentacea, Roxk. .

1 65

Thwaitesii, Munro

750

Opuntia, Mill.

382

Dillenii, DC .

382

Pachygone, Miers .

27

spinosissima, .1/(7/.

382

ovata, Miers .

27

Oreocnide acuminata, Kurz

659

P.eijeria, Linu.

425

,, sylvatica, Bedd.

659

fsetida, Linn.

425

( treodoxa regia, H.B.and A"

723

Paeonia Emodi, Wall.

2

Ormocarpom, Beauv.

237

Pahudia, Miq.

280

senuoides, DC

237

martabanica, Prain

280

Ormosia, Jacks.

265

xylocarpa, Kurz .

230

glauca, Wall.

265

Pa.tanf.i.ia, DC

517

inopinata, Prain .

265

multijuqa, Kurz

517

Iaxa, Prain .

265

Rheedii, DC .

517

robusta, Wight

265

Palaquium grands, Engle

r 445

travancorica, Ball.

265

,, Gutta, Burck.

445

Ornitrophe aporetica, Roxb.

193

,, oblongifolium,

,, Cobbe, Willd. .

193

Burck .

445

,, glabra, Roxb. .

193

PALME/E

. 725

,, villosa, Roxb. .

193

Panax fragrans, Roxb.

. 386

< ►rophea, Blumc

19

,, fruticosum, Linn,

383

Brandisii, Hook. f. and

,, paimatum, Roxb.

387

Th. . . '.

19

Pancovia rubiginosa, Bail

. 192

coriacea, Thw.

19

PAXDANE.E .

740

erythrocarpa, Bedd.

19

Pandanxts, Linn. f. .

740

hexanilra, Bl.

19

andamanensium, Kurz

740

katschallica, Kurz

19

ceylanicus, Solms .

710

obliqua, Hook.f. and Th.

19

fascicularis, Lam.

740

polycarpa, A. DC .

19

foetidus, Roxb.

740

Thomson!, Bedd. .

19

furcatus, Roxb.

740

uniflora, Hook.f. and Th.

19

minor. Ham.

740

zeylanica, Hook.f. and T)

. 19

odoratissimus, Linn.f.

740

< (roxylum, Vent. .

,-,|ii

Panicum antidotale, Ret .

742

indicum, Bth.

.Mil

PAPILIONAC1LE .

228

Orthanthera, Wight .

193

Pakab.ena. Miers .

23

viminea, 11". and A.

493

sagittata, Mil rs

23

< >ryza sativa, Linn. .

712

Parameria, Benth.

188

Osbeckia, linn.

366

glandulifera, Benth.

188

buxifolia, Am.

366

Paramignya, Wight

1 28

crinita, Benth.

366

Iongispina, Hook.f.

L28

1 Ism wini -~. Lour. .

472

monophylla, Wight

1 28

Eragrans, Lour.

472

Paranepheliom, Miij.

191

sua\ is. King .

472

xestophyllum, Miq.

10 1

Osmelia, Thwaites .

380

Parashorea, Kurz

83

Gardneri, Thw.

380

stellata, Kurz

183

zeylanica, TJiw.

380

Parastemon, A. DC

311

( 1ST! OMEl.ES, l.iinll.

327

urophyllum, A. DC

311

anthyllidifolia, Lindl. .

327

Parinarium, .hiss. .

311

< istodes, Blume

616

Griffithianum, Bth.

311

Helferi, Muell. Arg. .

616

indicum. Bedd.

.ill

paniculata, Blum< .

616

travancoricum, Hull.

.ill

zeylanica, Muell. .1 rg. .

616

PARISHIA, Hook. P. .

220

< tSYRIS, Linn. .

588

moigms, /A" >' 1 .

220

arborea, Wall.

588

Parkia, R. Br. ' .

289

< >tan thera, Blame

366

insignia, Kurz

289

bracteata, Korth. .

366

leiophylla, Kun

289

moluccana, Blume

366

Roxburghii, G, Don

289

Parkinsonia, Linn.

aculeata, Linn.
Parrotia, C. A. Mirer

Jacquemontiana, Dene.
Parsonsia, R. Br. .

spiralis, Wall.
Parvatia, Decaisne

Brunoniana, Dent .
Passiflora, Linn. .

cilulis. Sims. .

foetida, Linn.

Leschenaidtii, DC.

nepalensis, Wall. .

stipulata, Ait.

suberosa, Linn.
PASSIFLORJELE .
Pavetta, Linn.

brevirlora, DC

Brunonis, Wall. .

Gleniei, Thw.

hispidula, W. and A.

indica, Linn.

involucrata, Thw.'..

naucleiflora, Wall.

siphonantha, Dal/. .

subcapitata, Hook.f.

tomentosa, Roxb, .

tomentosa, Sm.

Wightii, Hook. f. .
Pay i.x a, A. DC

lucida, A. DC

paralelloneura, Kurz
Peetophokum, Vogel

ferrugineum, Benth.
Pemphis, Forst.

acidula, Forst.

angusttfolia, Roxb.
Perinisetum tvphoideum,

Rich.
Pentace, Hassk.

biirmanica. Knrz .

decapti rn. Bang

Grifnthii, King
Pentacme, A. DC .

siamensis, Kurz

siia\ is. A. DC

PKNTAPANAX, Seem.

Leschenaultii, S< em.
parasiticum, Seem.
racemosum, Seem.
Btellatum, King
subcordatum, Seem.
/'. ntapU ra Atjuna, Roxb.

,, bimata, Roxb.

,, coriacea, Roxb.

,, crenulata, Roxb.

., glabra. Roxb.

,, paniculata, Roxb.
tomentosa, Roxb.
Pentapteri gium,

Klotzsch

serpens, Klotzsch .

PKNTAI". MS, HOOk. t\

stipulata, Hook.f.

l'l RGULARIA, Linn. .

minor. Andr.

odoratissima, Wight

paUida, Wight
Pericampi lis. Miers

incanus, Mit rs
Perk orsis, Thw. .

Mooniana, '/'/"/•. .
I'i i:i rim a. Linn. .

aphylla, Dent .

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

787

Fkimpi.oca — contd.

calophylla, Falc. .

490

hydaspidis, Falc. .

490

Persea gratissima, Gaertn.

557

,, Nan-muli, Oliv.

558

PetAI/IDIL'M, Nees .

518

barlerioides, Nees .

518

Petaloma alternifolia, Rox

j. 848

Petraa volubilis, L. .

524

Petcnga, DC .

417

Roxburghii, DC .

417

Ph.eaxtiius, Hook.f. ant

Th

21

andamanicus, King

21

malabaricus, Bedd.

21

Phaleria, Jack

578

cauliflora, Benth. .

578

Philadklphus. Linn.

329

coronarius, Linn. .

329

Phillyrea robusta, Roxb. .

475

Phlebocaiymua, Griff. .

L66

Griffithiana, Mast.

166

Phlogacanthus, Nees .

523

thyrsiflorus, Nees .

523

Pikebe, Nees .

567

angustifolia, Meissn.

567

attenuata, Nees

567

lanceolata, Nees

568

pallida. Nees

567

paniculata, Nees .

568

pubesei ns, Nees

568

tavoyana, Hook, f.

567

villosa, Wt. .

565

Wightii, Bedd. .

568

Phcenix, Linn.

730

acaulis, Buck.

730

dactylifera, Linn.

730

farinifera, Roxb. .

730

humilis, Boyle

781

paludosa, Roxb.

730

pusilla, Gaertn.

730

robusta, Hook.f. .

730

rupicola, T. And. .

730

sylvestris, Roxb. .

731

zeylanica, Trim. .

730

Photixia, Lindl.

324

Griffithii, Dene.

324

integrifolia, Lindl.

325

Lindleyana, 11". and A,

824

mollis. Hook.f.

824

Notoniana, 11'. and .1.

324

Phragmites Karka, Trim.

742

Pin i.i. an iiit F8, Linn.

598

albizzioides, Hook.f.

599

baeobotryoides, Wall,

600

bicolor, Muell. . Irg,

602

columnaris, Muell. Arg,

600

cyanospermus, Muell.

Arg. .

603

distichus, Muell. Arg.

600

Emblica, Linn,

599

glaucus, Wall.

599

inilicus, Muell. Arg.

601

funiperinoides, Muell. Ai

£.600

lanceolarius, Muell. Arg

. 601

Lawii, Gran.

600

I., schenaultii, Muell. .1/

,/. 600

/.. tieopyrus, Roxb.
longifolius, Roxb. .

603

600

multiflorus, Roxb.

598

myrofoliuB, Mi

. 600

nepalt nsis, Muell. Arg.

. 602

pan ifolius, Ham,

. 600

patens, Roxb.

. 603

PiiYi.i.Axriius — contd.

polyphyllus, Willd.

pomiferus, Hook.f.

Prainianus, Coll. and
Hemsl.

reticulatus, Poir. .

retusus, Roxb.

strictus, Roxb.

vi?~osus, Roxb.

Yitis-idaea, Roxb. .

Wightianus, Muell. Arg.
Phyli.ochi.amys, Bureau

spinosa, Bureau
Piiyi.i.ostaciiys. Sieb. and
Zucc.

bambusoides, Sieb. and
Zucc.

Mannii, Curable
Phytockeste, Wall.

bracteata, Wall. .

gigantea, Wall.

palmata, Wall.
Picea, Link

alba, Link .

excelsa, Link

Morinda, Link

nigra, Link. .
Picrasma, 1!1.

andamanica, Kurz 133,

javanica. Bl. . 133.

nepah nsis, Benn. . 133,

quassioides, Bmn.
Picnena excelsa. Lol.
Pierardia sapida, Roxb. .
Piekis, 1). I >< 'II

Eormosa, D. Dan .

ovalifolia, D. Don

villosa, Hookjf. .
Pileostegia, Ilook. f. and
Tb

vibumoides, Haul-. /*. and
Th

PlMELANDRA, A. DC

eugeniseflora, Hook.f. .
Pimenta officinalis, Lai. .
Pikanga, Bl. .

costata, Bl. .

Dicksonii, Bl.

gracilis, Bl. .

Griffithii, Becc.

hexasticha, Scheff,

Hookeriana, Becc. .

Kublii. Bl. .

Mannii, Becc.
Pints. Linn. .

( lembra, Linn.

Deodara, Roxb.

excelsa, Wall.

Gerardiana, Wall.

halepensis, Mill. .

Khasya, Royle

Laricio, Potret

longifolia, Roxb. .

maritima, Lamk. .

Merkusii, Jungh, and •>>■
I 'riese

Pinaster, Soland. .

Pinea, Linn, .

Strobus, Linn,

sylvestris, Linn.
Piper, Linn. .

argvTophyllum, Mia,

Betie, Li'n,

brachystacbynm, Wall.

600
599

599
598
603
604

0(13
(104
601
632

G82

740

740
740
166
166

166

106
710
710
710
710
710
133
134
134
1 34
133
182
011
431
431
431

328

328

4 12
442
351

727
727
727

727

703
703

7H)
701
709
708
70S
703
706
7o:i

710
703
703
704

To;;
55 1
55 1
:,:, i
55 I

PACK

Piper — contd.

llainiltonii. Cos, DC . 554

nigrum, Linn. . . 5.54

subpeltatum, Willd. . 554

P1PEPACE.E . . . 554

Piptadenia, Benth. . 289

oudhensis, Brandis . 289

Piptanthus, I). Don . 229

nepalensis, D. D<>n . 220

PlSONlA, Linn. . . 549

aculeata, Linn. . . 549

alba, Span. . . . 549

excelsa, Bl. . . . 549

umbellifera, .Seem. . 549

Pistacia, Linn. . . 210

cabulica, Stocks. . . 211

coccinea, Coll. and Hemsl. 210

integerrima, ./. L. Stewart 210

Khinjuk, Stocks . . 210

Lentiscus. Linn. . . 210

mutiea, Fitch, and Mey. 210

Terebinthus, Linn. . 210

vera, Linn. . . . 210

Pithecolobiuji, Mart. . 309

affine, Baker . . . 809

anamallayanum, Bedd. . 309

angulatum, Benth. . 309

bigeminum, Benth. . 309

dulce, Benth. . . 309

geminatum, Benth. . 309

glomeriflorum, Kurz . 309

In Latum. Benth. . . 809

montanum, Benth. . 309

nicobaricum, Drain . 309

Saman, Benth. . . 810

subcoriaceum, Tlnr. . 809

nmbellatnm, Benth, . 309

PITIOSPORE.E . . 43

Pittospobdm, Banks . 43

ceylanicum, Wight . 43

dasycaulon, Miq. . . 43

eriocarpum, Royle . 43

ferrugineum, Ait. . . 44

floribundum, W. and A. 43

glabratum, Ldl. . . 48

bumile, Hook.f. and Th. 43

nilgbirense, W. and A. 43

tetraspermum, W. and A. 48

Tobira. Dryand. . , 43

uiululatum, \'cnt. . . 48

Pityrahthe, Thwaites . lo7

verrucosa. Thir. . . ]07

Pi. Ai.iui'TKi'.ox, Griff. . 112

fragrans, Griff. . . 112

Pl.AM HOXIA, Bl. . . 805

littoralis, \'<in Houtte . 365

valida, Plume . . 365

PLATAN F..E . . . 661

Pi.ATAXis. Linn. . . 661

aa rifolia, Ait. . . 661

occidentalis, Linn. . 661

orientalis, Linn. . . 661

Pktycerium WaUicbii,

Hook 759

Pi.atvstii.ma, Brown . 612

myristiceum, Brown . 612

PlECOSPEIOIUU, Trccul . 084

andamanicum, King . 63 1

Bpinosum, Treed . . ii.;|

Pi.i:i I'm umia. Mart. . 7.17

assamica, Griff. . . 7.;7

himalayana, Griff. . 7:;7

khasyana, Griff. . . 787

macrostacbya, Kurz . 787

788

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

Plectocomiopsis, Becc. . 737

paradoxus, Becc. . . 737

Plectranthtjs, L'Her. . 54G

rugosus, Wall. . . 546

Plectronia didyma, Btli.

and Hook. . 419

,, didyma, Brandis 419
,, neilgherrensis,

Bedd. . 419

,, parvifiora, Bedd. 419
,, parvifolia, Bth.

and Hook. f. 419

Pleurostylia, Wight . 1 75

Wightiij W. and A. . 175

Pluchea, Cass. . . 427

indica, /!,('.>■.«. . . . 427

oralis, DC . . . 427

tomentosa, DC . . 427

PLUMBAGINIvE . . 430

Plumekia, Linn. . . 482

acuminata, Roxb. . . 482

acutifolia, Poir. . . 482

alba, Jan/. . . . 482

rubra, Linn. . . . 482

PodadeniA, Thwaites . G17

sapida, Thw. . . 617

Podalyria bracteata, Uoxb. 2G4

Podocarpus, L'ller. . 702

bracteata, Bl. . . 703

crtpressina, Br. . . 702

elongata, L'Hcr. . . 702

latifolia, Wall. . . 702

ncriifolia, Don . . 702

Podophyllum Emodi, Wall. 27

,, peltatiun, L. 27

Pceciloneukok, Beddome 61

indicum, Bedd. . . 61

pauciflorum, Bedd. . Gl

Poinciana, Linn. . . 2G9

data, Linn. . . . 2G9

pulcherrina, Roxb. . 2G8

rpfjia, Bojer . . . 270

Poinsettia pulcherrima,

Grab. . . . 591

Polyalthia, Bl. . . 17

acuminata, Thw. . . 17

andamanica, Kurz . 17

ccrasoidos, Bth. and

Hook.f. . . .17
coffeoides, Bth. and Hook.

f. .... 17

costata, Hook. f. and Th. 15

dubia, Kurz . . . 20
fragrans, Bth. and Hook.f. 18
Jenkinsii, Bth. and

Hook.f. . . .17

korinti, Bth. and Hook. f. 17
longifolia, Bth.

Hook./. .
macropht/lla, IIoo

and Tb.
Moonii, Thw.
obliqua, Hook.f. m
persicifolia, Bth.

Hook.f. . . .17
rufescens, Hook.f.and Th. 17
simiarum, Bth. andHook.f. 17

and

f!

d Th.

ami

suberosa, Bth. and HooTc.j. 17

POLYGAIiA, Linn.

arillata, Ham.
POLYGALEiE
I'OLYtiOXH.K
Polygonum, Linn.

frondosum, Meiss

11

14

II

552

552

PAGE

PoLYGOsruM — contd.

niolle, Don .

paniculatum, Bl. .

polystachyum, Wall. .

rude, Meissn.
Polyosma. Blume .

integrifolia, Blume

WaUichii, Benn. .
I 'olyph ray mnu Jla vescens,

Kurz ....
Polyscias, Forst. .

acuminata, Seem. .
Pomaderris
Pometia, Forst.

e.rimia. Bedd.

tomentosa, lith. and
Hook.f. .

PONGAMIA, Vent.

glabra, Vent.
Popowia, Endl.

aiyeniea, Hook. f. and

Tli

Beddomeana, Hook. !'.
and Th. . . " .
Helferi, Hook.f. and Th.
Hookeri, King
Kur/.ii, King .
nitida, King .
ramosissima, Bedd.
Populus, Tournef. .
alba, Linn. .
balsamifera, Linn.
ciliata, Wall.
euphratica, Olivier
microcarpa, Hook. /'. and

Th. .
nigra, Linn. .
tremula, Linn.
Porana, Burm.
panieulata, Roxb. .
racemosa, 1'o.rh. .
volubilis, Burm. .
Posoqueria dumetorum,
Roxb. .
,, fasciculata, Roxb. 412
,, fragrans, Kon. .
,, lonyi/lora. Roxb.
,, uliginom, Roxb.
Potentilla, Linn. .

fruticosa, Linn.
Pottingekia, Prain
acuminata, Prain .
Pottsia, I look, and Arn.
eantouensis, Ilook. and
Arn

POURTHLEA, Dene. .

arguta, Ih-ne.
Pouzolzia, Gaud. .

viminea, Wedd.
1'kkmxa, Linn.

barbata, Wall.

bengalensis, Clarke

coraifolia, Bedd. .

coriacea, ' 'larke .

corymbosa, Rottl. and
Willd.

flavescens, Hum. .

herbacea, Roxb.

integrifolia, Linn. . 535,

interrupta, Wall. .

latifolia, Roxb. .

mucronata, Roxb. . 535,

nana, Coll. and Hemsl. .

pyramidata, Wail.

OOo

552
552
553
330
330
330

418
385
385
180
198
198

198

2G2

2G2

19

20

20
19

20

19

19

20

G90

G92

691

G90

691

690

G92

GOO
507
507
507
507

413

411
412
318
318

330
330

I, si;

48G

325
325

c,:,s

G5S

534

535
53G
53 1
531

53 1
53 1

535
537

xv,
:,m
536

535
53G

Premna — contd.

scandens. Roxb. . . 535

serratifolia, Linn. . . 535

spinosa, Roxb. . . 535

tomentosa, Kurz . . 53G

tomentosa, Willd. . 536

oiburnoides, Wall. . 536

Prinsepia, Royle . . 316

utilis. Royle . . . 316

Prioteopis, W. anil A. . 229

cytisoides, W. and A. . 229

Prismatobieris, Tbwaites 423

albidiflora, Tlnr. . . 423

Prosopis .... 288

pnbescens, Bth. . . 288

spicigera, Linn. . . 288

Stephaniana, Kunth . 288

Protea .... 575

PROTEACEiE . . 575

Protium caudatum, W. and

A 139

PRUNUS, Linn. . .311

acuminata, Wall. . . 314

Amygdalus, Bailb. . 311

armeniaca, Linn. . . 312

Avium, Linn. . . 311
Cerasus, Linn. . .311

communis, Huds. . . 313

eburnea, Aitch.ei Hemsl. 315

Jacquemontii, Hook.f. . 315
Jenkinsii, Hook. f. and

Th. . . '. .311

martabanica, Wall. . 314

microcarpa, C. A. Mey. 315

nepalensis, Ser, . . 314

Padus, Linn. . . 314

persica, Bth. and Hook.f, 312

prostrata, Labill. . . 312

Puddum, Roxb. . . 313
punctata, //<»;/.•. /'. and

Th. . . ' . . 311
rufa. Wall. . . .313

sylvatica, Roxb. . . 313

tomentosa, Thunb. . 311

triflora, Roxb. . . 311

undulata, Ham. . . 31 1

PSEUDOCARAPA, Hemsl. . 150

Championii, Hemsl. . 150

PSEUDOSTACHYUM, Muuro 753

compactiflorum, Kurz . 753

Helferi, Kurz . . 754

polymorphum, Munro . 753

Pseudostreblus, Bureau 632

indica. Hunan . . 632

Pseudotsuga Douglasii,

Sab. '..'.. 703

Psidium, Linn. . . 355

Guava, Raddi . . 355

pomiferum, AN'illd. . 355

pyriferum, Willd. . . 355

Psoralea pinnata, Linn. . 228

PSYCHOTRIA, Linn. . . 423

bisulcata, II'. and A. . 421

calocarpa, Kurz . . 121

congesta, II'. and A. . 424

elongata, Wight . . 424

erratica, Hook.f.and 'Hi. 424

I'ulv.-i. Ham, .' . . 424

Thwaitesii, Hook. f. . 424

truncata. Wall. '. . 424

Pteris aquilina, I. inn. . 759

I'll RNAN1>RA, .lack . . 3G8

cserulescens, Jack . . 868

capitellata, Jack . . 3GS

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

789

PAGE

PterocarpuSj Linn. . 257
dalbergioides, Roxb. . 257
indicus, Willd. . . 257
macrocarpus, Kurz . 259
Marsupium, Roxb. . 261

santalinus, Linn. f. . 259

Ptekolouium, R. Br. . 269
indicum, A. Rich. . 269

lacerans, Roxb. . . 269
macropterum, Kurz . 269

Pte ropy rum, Jaub. and

Spach. . . . 552
Aucheri, Jatib. and Spach. 552
Oliveri, Jaub. a ltd Spach. 552

Pterospermum, Schreb. . 100
acerifolium, Willd. . 100
aceroides, Wall. . . 100
Blumeanum, Korth. . loo
canescens, Koxb. . . 101
cinnamomeum, Kurz . 100
diversifolium, Blume . 100
glabrescens, W. and A. 102
Heyneanum, Wall. . 102
javanicum, Jungh. . 100
lanceaefolium, Roxb. . 102
obtuslfolium, Wight . 100
reticulatum, W. and A.. 100
rubiginosum, Heyne . 101
semi-sagittatum, Ham. 101
suberifolium, Lam. . 101

Puekaria, DC . . 245

Collettii, Prain . . 245
sikkimensis, Praia . 245
tuberosa, DC . . 245
Wallichii, DC . . 245

Punica, Linn. . . . 877
Granatum, Linn. . . 877

Putraxjiva, Wall. . 604

Roxburghii, Wall. . 604
zeylanica, Muell. An/. . 605

Pycnarrhkna, Miers . 27
plenifiora, Miers . . 27

Pygeum, Gaertu.
acuminatum, Colebr.
Andersoni, Hook. J'.
arborcum, Endl. .
eeylanicum, Bedd. .
Gardneri, Hook.f.
glaberrimum, Hook. f.
montanuui, Hook. J'.
persiniile. Kurz
Wightianum, Blume
zcylanicum, Gaertn.

Pykenakia, 131.
attenuatii, Seem. .
barringtoniaefolia, Seem
camelliajflora, Kurz
diospyricarpa, Kurz
serrata, Bl. .

Pyrularia, Mich. .
edulis, A. DC
Wallichiana, liedd.
Pi BUS, Linn. .
Aria, Elirli. .
Aucuparia, Gaertn.
baccata, Linn.
communis, Linn. .
cuspidata, Bertal, .
< 't/aonia, l!oxb.
Eerruginea, Hook.f.
foliolosa, 1 1 'all.
geimanica, L<ll. .
granulosa, Bertol. .
Griffithii, Dene. .

315
315
315

315

315

315

315

315

315

315

316

65

65

65

65

65

65

585

585

588

821

323

323

822

822

821

820

321

323

:;■-;

821

321

Pyrus — contd.
ittilica, Wall,
insignis, Hook. f. .
Jacquemontiana, Dene.
khasiana, Dene.
Kumaoni, Dene. .
lanata, Don. .
Mains, Linn.
microphylla, Wall.
Pashia, Ham.
polycarpa, Hook.f.
rhamnoides, Dene.
sikkimensis, Hook.f.
Thomsoni, King .
variolosa, Wall. .
vestita, Wall, .
ursina, Wall.
Wallichii, Hook.f.

Quassia amara, L. .
QuERCUS, Linn.

acuminata, Gamble

acuminata, Roxb. .

^Egilops, Linn.

Amherstiana, Wall.

annvlata, Sm.

armata, Koxb. .

Brandisiana, Kurz

castanicarpa, Roxb.

Cerris, Linn.

dealbata, Hook.f. and Tli

dilatata, Lindl.

eumorpha, Kurz .

Falconeri, Kurz

fenestrata, Roxb. .
ferox, Koxb.

glauca, 77tunb.

Griffithii, Hook. f. and
Th. .

Helferiana, -1. DC

Ilex, Linn. .

incana, Roxb.

lamellosa, Smith .

lanceffifolia, Roxb.

lanuginosa, Don .

lappacea, Roxb.

Lindleyana, ]\'all.

liueata, Blume

mespilifolia, 1 Vail.

occidentalis, Gay .

oidocarpa, Korth. .

Olla, Kurz .

pachvphylla, Kurz

pedunculata, Khrh.

polystachya, Wall.

Robur, Linn.

rubra, Linn. .

semecarpifolia, Smith

semiserrata, Roxb.

serrata, Koxb.

serrata. Thunb.

si'ssilitlora, Sm.

spicata, Smith

squamata, Koxb. .

Buber, Linn. .

Thomsoni, Miq. .

truncata, King

turbinata, Roxb. .

velutina, LSI.

xylocarpa, Kurz .
QUISQDALIB, L.

densiflora, Wail. .

indica, Linn.
malabarica, Bold. .

320
321
321
321
321
323
321
321
322
321
324
321
321
322
323
324
324

132
671

680
679
671
679
677
682
676
682
671
680
673
681
679
679
683
677

674
676
674
675
678
681
675
679
679
677
676
671
676
681
670
671
679
671
671
671
677
f,N2
678
671
680
680
671
681
681
681
676
681
819
349
350
349

Radermachera amcena,

Seem.
Randia, Linn.

Candolleana, W. and A

deccanensis, Bedd.

densirlora, Benth. .

dumetorum, Lam.

exaltata, Griff.

fasciculata, DC
ftoribundu, DC
fragratts, Kiin.

Gardneri, TJtw.

Griffithii, Hook.f.

hygrophila, Kurz .

longitlora, Lami. .

longispina, DC

malabarica, La ink.

nutans, DC .

polysperma, Roxb.

racemosa, Roxb. .

rigida, DC .

rugulosa, 7'hir.

sikkimensis, Hook.f.

speciosa, Bedd. .

striata, Roxb.

tetrasperma, Hook.f.

tomentosa, Bl.

uliginosa, DC

Wallichii, Hook. f.

ranunculace;e

Raton ia, DC . .
Rauwolbta, Linn. .

canescens, Linn. .

densiflora, Benth. .

serpentina, Benth.
Ravenala madagascariensis,

Sonn.
Reevesia, Lindl. .

pubescens, Mast. .

Wallichii, Br.
Reinwardtia, Dumort.

tetragyra, Planch.

trigyna, Planch. .
Rennellia, Korthals

speciosa, Hook.f. .
Rki'toxia, A. DC .

buxifolia, -4. DC .
RESEDACE.E
Rhabdia, Mart. [.

lvcioides, Mart.
KllAMXEyE .
Rhamnds, Linn.

Arnottianus, Gardn.

circu in scibsus, Roxb.

dahuricus, Pall. .

hirsutus, W. and A.

Jujuba, L.

nepalensis, Wall. .

persieus. Boissier .

procumbens, Edgew.

purpureus, Edgew.

tricpieter, Wall. ,

virgatus, Roxb.

Wightii, W. and A.
Kha/.va, Dene.

stricta, Dene.
Rhipsalis, Gaertu. .

Cassytha, Gaertn.
Rhizophora, Linn.

t andelaria, DC

conjugata, Linn. .

decandra, Koxb. .

gymnorhtza, Koxb.

Mangle, Koxb.

700

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

PAGE

Rhizophora — Contd.

RiVEA, Chois. .

506

mucronata, Lamh.

333

candicans, /'rain .

506

parviflora, Roxb. •

334

hypocraterifonnis. Choi.

. 506

RHIZOPHOREiE .

332

ornata, Choi*.

506

Rhodamnia, Jack .

355

Robinia, Linn.

234

trinervia, Blume .

355

Candida, Roxb.

234

Rhododendron, Linn. .

432

macrophylla, Roxb.

233

afghauicum, Aitch. and

pseudo-acacia, Linn.

234

Hem, I.

432

racemosa, Roxb.

233

Anthopogon, Don .

432

sennoides, Roxb. .

233

arboreum, Sm.

433

suberosa, lioxb.

233

argenteum, Hook. f.

433

Rondeletia exserta, Roxb

408

Aucklandii, Hook. f.

432

., tinctoria,\'xox\>.

109

barbatum', Wall. .

435

Rosa, Linn.

318

campanulatum, Don

434

anserinaefolia, Doit*.

318

campylocarpum, Hook.f.

435

Collettii, Crepin .

318

cinnabarimim, Jinn/,-. f.

43G

Ecre, Aitch. .

318

Collettianum, Aitch. and

Eglanteria, Linn. .

318

Hemsl.

432

gigantea, i 'ollett .

318

Dalhousise, Hook, f.

432

mvolucrata, Roxb.

318

Edgeworthii, Hook.f. .

432

Leschenaultiana, W.am

Falconeri, Hook.f.

433

A

319

formosnm, Wall. .

432

longicuspis, Bertol.

318

fulgens, Hook.f. .

435

Intro, Mill. .

318

grande, Wight

433

macrophylla, Lindl.

319

Griffithianum, Wight

432

moschata, Mill.

318

Hodgsoni, Hook.f.

433

sericea, Lindl.

319

lepidotum, Wall. .

432

Webbianaj Wall. .

318

Maddeni, Hook. /*.

435

L< KSACE/E .

31i>

modcstum, Hook.f.

432

Roscoca tomentosa, Roxb.

545

uioulmainense, Hook. f.

432

,, villosa, Roxb.

545

nivale, Hook.f. .

432

Rosmarinus officinalis, L.

540

ponticum, Linn. .

433

Rottlera alba, Roxb.

G19

puniceum, Roxb. .

433

,, dicocca, Roxb.

618

Thomsoni, Hook. f.

432

,, peltata, Roxb.

618

Wightii,Hook. f. .

435

,, tetracocca, Roxb

619

RlIODOMYRTUS, DC

355

,, Thwaitesh, Baill

017

tomcntosa, Wight .

355

,, tinctoria, Roxb.

619

Rhopala excelsa, Roxb.

576

Rourea, Aubl.

225

,, robusta, Roxb.

575

caudata, Planch. .

226

commutata, Planch.

226

acuminata, DC

21(1

huniilis, Jll. .

225

Buckiameta, Roxb.

208

santaloides, II'. and . 1.

225

( loriaria, Linn.

207

ROYDSIA, Roxb.

36

( lotinus, Linn.

207

obtusifolia, Hind.-. .

36

(iriffitliii, Hook.f.

207

parvitlora, Griff. .

36

insignis, Hook.f. .

209

suaveolens, Roxb. .

36

javanica, Linn.

208

Roylea, Wall.

548

khasiana, Hook.f.

207

elegans, Wall.

.MS

mysorensis, Heyne

208

Rubia cordifolia, Linn.

399

paniculate, Wall. .

•-'117

RUBIACE/E .

399

parviflora, Roxb. .

208

Rubus, Linn. .

317

punjabensis, ■/. L. Stewai

t --'(iii

biflorus, Buck.

317

semialata, Murray

208

ellipticus, Smith .

317

succedanea, Linn.

210

ffavus, Sam. .

317

rrrnicifcra, DC

209

fruticosus, Linn. .

. 317

Wallichii, Hook.f.

200

Gowreephul, Roxb.

. 317

RllYNCIIODIA, Uoilth.

489

lasiocarpus, Smith

. 317

Wallichii, Benth. .

489

lineatus, Reinw.

. 318

RhyNCHOSIA, Lour.

246

niolueeanus, Linn.

. 3 1 7

paeudo-Cajan, Camb.

246

niveus, Wall.

. 317

RibeSj Linn. .

330

paniculatus, Sm. .

. 318

desmocafpum, Hook. f.

racemosus, Roxb. .

. 317

and Th. . . ' .

330

rosssfolius, Sm.

. 317

glaciale, Wall.

330

Rumex, Linn. .

. 553

(Iriffitliii, Hook.f.and 77

. 330

hastatus, Von

. 553

Grossularia, Linn.

330

i;ita<t..k .

. L19

Inridum, Hook. f. and Th

330

nigrum, Linn,

330

Sabia, Colebr.

. 21 1 1

onentale, Paint, .

330

campanulata, Wall.

. 204

rubrum, Linn.

330

Leptandra, Hook.f.

. 2ot

RlCINUS, Linn.

622

limoniacea, Wall .

. 204

communis, Linn. .

622

malabarica, Bedd.

. 2d 1

Mappa, Roxb.

620

paniculataj Edgw.

. 2d 1

Sabia— contd.
parviflora, Wall. .

sai;ia< ']■;.]•; .

Saccharum axundinaceum,
Hit:. .
,, fuBcum, Roxb.
,, officinaruni.

Linn .
Saccopetamjm, Bennett .
longiflorum, Honk. /'.
and Th. . . ' .

sclerocarpum, Hook. f.

and Th.
tomentosum, Hook, f,

and Th.

SageRjEA, Dalz.

Dalzellii, Bedd. .

elliptica, Hook.f. and 'Hi.

lamina, Dalz.

Listen, King .

Thwaitesii, Hook.f. and
Th. . . ' . .
Sageretia, Brongn.

Brandrethiana, Aitch. .

costata, .Uii/.

hamosa, Brongn. .

oppositifolia, Brongn. .

theezans, Brongn.
Saguerus Rumphii, Roxb.
Salacia, Linn.

oblonga, Wall.

prinoides, DC

Roxbnrghii, Wall.

verrucosa, Wioht .
SAI.K'IXE.E .'
Salicornia brachiata, Roxb.
Salisburia ad iant folia,

Roxb

Salix, Tournef.

acmophylla, Boiss.

alba, Li ii it. .

angustifolia, Willd.

babylonica, Linn. .

Caprea, Linn.

Daltoniana, Anderss. 687.

daphnoides, \'ill. .

divergens, Anderss.

elegans, Wall.

eriophylla, Anderss,

eriostachya, Wall.

fragilis, Linn.

hastata, Linn.

ichnostacbya, Ldl.

insignis, Anderss. .

Longiflora, Anderss.

obscura, Anderss. .

oxycarpa, Anderss.

pycnostachya, Anderss.

Safsaf, Forsk.

scleropbylla, Anderss. .

sikkimensis, Anderss. 687

tetrasperma, Bedd.

tetrasperma. Roxb.

viminalis, Linn. .

Wallichiana, Andt rss. .
SALSOLA, Linn.

arbuscula, J'all. .

Eoetida, Jhl. .
SaBVADORA, Linn. .

oleoides. Low.

persica, Linn. . .
Wiqhtiana, Bedd. .
SALVADORACE^l
Samadera, Gaertn.

204

204

ri2

742

■)•>

22
15

15
15
15
15

15

187
188
188
137

iss
188
728
170
179
179
179
170
685
557

700
085
686
687
690
G88
687
689
689
690

OSS

687
687
688

CSS

685

687

OS?

0S7
090
690
686
686
689
Os.%
685
689
687
552
552
552
170
477
170
470
470
133

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

791

Sa.mahkra — contd.

indica, Gaertn.
Samara ririditlora, Bedd
Sambucus, Linn.

adnata, Wall.

Ebulus, Linn.

javanica, Blume .
SAMYDACE.E
Sandoricum, Cav. .

indicnm, Cav.
Sanseviera Roxburghiana

Schult.
SANTALACRffl
Santaltjm, Linn.

album, Linn.

austro-caledonicum,

i ';<-;//

Cunninghamii, Hunk. /'.

Cygnorum, Miq.

Frevcinetianum, Gaud

insulare, Bert.

latifolium

Lomei .

pyrularium, A. Gray

Yasi, Scon. .
SAPIXDACE.E
Sapindus

attenuatus, Wall. .

Danura, Voigt.

detergens, Roxb. .

emarginatus, Vahl

laurifolius, Vahl .

Muhorossi, Gaertn.

ruber, Kurz .

i -ubiffinosa, Roxb. .

saponaria, Linn. .

SquamOSUS, Roxb. .

trifoliatus, Linn. .
Sapium, P. I3r.

baccatum, linxb. .

cordifolium, Roxb.

eugeuia?foliuin, Nam.

hulicum, Willd.

insigne, Benth.

sebiferum, Roxb. .

virgatum, Benth. .
SAI'oTACE/E
Sai'uosma, Blume .

ceylanicom, Bald.

consimile, Kurz

fragrans, Bedd.

indicum, Dal:.

ternatum, Hook.f.
Sakaca, Linn.

( ;riffitliiana,-/V«(«

indica, Linn.

Lobbiana, Baker .

triandra, Baker

ZoUingeriana, Mia.
Sarcocephalus, Af/.cl

t 'adamba, Kurj

cordatus, Miq.
Sarcochlamys, Gaud.

pulcherrima, Gaud.
Sai coclinium Hookeri, Thw
,, longifolium, W
SAKCOCOCCA, Lindl.

pruniformis, Lindl.

saliffua, Muell. Axg.

S IRC03PEBMA, Hook. f.

arboreum, /-'• nth.
Griffithii, Benth. .
Sarcostemma brevistigma
W.andA. .

PAGE
133

440
393
393
393
393
378
149
149

723
584
585
585

584
584
584
584
584
584
584
584
584
191
196
197
197
196
196
196
196
197
192
196
194
196
624
624
617
624
625
625
624
624
443
425
425
425
425
425
■I -.v.
278
278
27s
278
278
278
4iii)
4i ii i
400
659
659
616
t. 616
5 9 J
592
592
443
1 13
443

19 1

PAGE

Sap.costigma, W. and A. 167

edulo, Kurz . . . 167

Kleiuii, W. and A. . 167

Wallicbii, Baill. . . 167

Sassafras officinale, Nees . 558

Saurauja. Willd. . . 64

faseiculata, Wall. . . 64

Griffithii, Dyer . . 65

napaulensis. DC . . 65

punduana, Wall. . . 65

Roxburghii, Wall. . 65

Sauropus, Illume . . 604

albicans, Blume . . 604

compressas, Muell. Any. 604

trinervius, Muell. An/. . 604

SAXIFRAGACE..E . ' . 327

Sclevola, Linn. . . 428

Koenigii, Vald . . 428

Lobelia, Linn. . . 428

Plumieri, Vahl . . 428
Taccada, Boxb. . .428

Schima, Reinw. . . C>C,

baucana, Miq. . . 66
crenata, Korth. . 66, 67
kkasiana. Dyer . . .66

mollis, Dyer ... 66

monticola, Kurz . . 66

Noronhas, Rwdt. . . 67

Wallicbii, Choisy . . flii

Schinus molle, Linn. . 207

Schizandra, Michaux . 14
axillaris, Hunk. /'. and lit. 14
elongata, Hook.f. and Th. 14
grandiflora, Hook.f. and

Th 14

propinqua, Hook. f. and

Th. . . . . 14

Sc/i izocli itmi dysoxylifoliu

Kurz*. . 148

/in, i iculat n ,-•, Kurz 1 18

Schizostacbyum

SCHLEICHERA, Willd.

pcntapetala, Roxb.

fcrijuga, Willd.
Schmidt lia hispida, Thw.
Schoepfia, Schreb.

acuminata, Widl. .

fragrans, Wall.

SCHREBERA, Roxb. .

swietenioides, Itoxb.

SCHDMACHERIA, Vahl

castaueaef olia, Vahl

SCLEROPYBCM, Aniott

Wallichiannm, Arn.

SCITAMIXK.E
Si iolopia, Schre.ber

acuminata, Clos. .

crassipes, Clos.

crenata. ( 'Ins.

Gaertneri, Thw.

lncida, Wall.

rhinanthtra. Clos.

Roxburghii, Clos. .
Scopolia aculeata. Sm.
SCROPHTTLAKLA.CKE
Sci i ia. < Somm.

indica. Brongn.
Si \ i • 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 < • i : .\ . Gaertn.

hydrophyllacea, Gaertn

SCYPHOPETALUM, llirrn.

,, rauiiilonuu

II, cm.

Sci phostachys, Thw.
coffeoides, Thw. .

I DO

194

194

194

193

164

164

164

469

469

3

3

588

588

723

38

39

39

39

39

38

39

38

L23

.".us

187

187

418

418

r.u

194

lis
lis

PAGE

S< yphostaciiys — contd.

pedunculatus, TJur. . 418

Scytalia Damira, Roxb. . 197

„ Litchi, Roxb. . 198

,, Longana, Roxb. . 197

,, rubra, Roxb. . 197

,, rerticillata. Roxb. 197

Secamon-e, R. Br. . . 491

emetica, It. Br. . . 491

Securidaca, Linn. . . 44

inappendiculata, Hassk. 44

tavoyana, Wall. . . 44

Securinega Leucopyrus,

Muell. Arg. 603
,. oborata,

Muell. Arg. 603

Semecarpus, Linn, f . . 220

Anarcardium, Linn./. . 220

auriculata, Bedd. . . 221
pandurata, Kurz . .220

BubpandunformiSj Wall. 220

subspatulata, King . 220

travancorica, Bedd. . 221

Senecio, Linn. . . 42s

araneosus, DC . . 428

coiymbosus, Wall. . 428

scandeus, Don . . 428

Sen mi alata, Roxb. . . 271

,, arborescens, Roxb. . 271

,, auriculata, Roxb. . 273
,, sumatrana, Roxb. .

Sequoia gigantea, Torrey . 700

,, sempervirens, Endi. 700

Sesbania, Pers. . . 235

segypticaca, Pers. . . 235,

grandiflora, Pers. . . 235

paludosa, Praia . . 235

Shorea, Roxb. . . 77

assamica, Dyer • • 83

floribnnda, Kurz . . 77

gratissima, Dyer . . 77

lacci/cm, lleyne . . 82

nervosa, Kurz . . 73

oblongifolia, Tluc. . 77

obtusa, Wall. . . 82

robusta, Gaertn. f. . 77

siamensis, Miq. . . 77

stellata, Dyer . . 83

Talura, Roxb. . . 82

Tumbnggaia, Roxb. . 81

Sideroxylon, Linn. . 444

assamicuni, Clarke . 444

attenuation, A. DC . 444
burmauicuin, Coll. and

Hemsl. ... 444
ferruginenm, Hook, and

Am 444

Gamblei, Clarh . .44 1

grandifolinm, Wall. . 444

Hookeri, Clarh . . 441
longepetiolatnm, King

nil. I I'rn'iii . . 444

tomentoaum, Roxb. . Ill

SlLVIANTHUS, Hook. f. . 410

bracteatus, Hook. /'. . 4K»

SlAlAi:ri!E.E *. . 132

Siphonanthus indica, Linn. 5 13

SlPHOJJODON, (iriff. . 179

celastrineuB, Griff. . 179

SXIMMIA, Tllllllb. . . 12 1

Laureola, Hook./. . 12 I

Sladekia, Kurz . . 62

celastrifolia, Kur: . 62

Smilax, Linn. . 721

792

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PACK

PAGE

Smilax — contd.

Sponia politoria, Planch.

631

aspexa, Linn.

724

,, velutina, Blanch.

630

prolifera, Roxb.

724

,, Wightii, Planch.

630

rigida, Wall.

724

Stachyukus, Sieb. am

I

vaginata, Dene.

724

Zucc. .

65

Wightii, A. DC .

724

himalaicus, Hook. f. am

Smythea, Seem.

lsi)

Th. .

65

calpicarpa. Kurz .

180

Staphylea, Linn. .

203

SOLAXACK.E .

507

Emodi, Wall.

203

SOLANUM, Linn.

507

Stemoxopohus, Thw.

85

ferox, Linn. .

a i.s

Wightii. Thw.

85

giganteum, ./acq. .

508

Stemonurus, Bl.

165

iudicum, Linn.

507

Stexosiphoxii/m, Nces

518

jasminoides, Paxt.

408

Stephania, Lour. .

26

pubescens, Koxb. .

508

elegans, /look. f .-and Th

26

pubescens, Willd.

507

hernandifolia, Walp.

26

torvum, Sir. .

;,n7

rotunda, Lour.

26

verbascifoliuni. Linn.

508

Stepiieuyxe, Korth.

403

Soi.enocarpus, W. and A

. 218

diversifolia, Hoaik.f,

404

indiea, W. and A.

218

parvifolia, Korth. .

In;;

Solenostigma Wightii

tubulosa, Hook.f. .

404

Blume

630

Sterculia, Linn.

93

SoXNEKATIA, LinU. f.

376

alata, Roxb. .

96

•acida. Linn.f.

377

angustifolia, Roxb.

03

alba, Sm.

376

armata, Mast.

05

apetala. Ham.

Si 6

Balan^has, Linn. .

93

(jriffitkii, Kurz

376

campanulata, lt'«//.

93

Sophoka, Linn.

2G4

coccinea, Roxb.

95

Bakeri, C. B. Clarke

264

cognata, J' ruin

93

Dunii, Prain

264

colorata. Roxb.

96

glauca, Lesch.

264

foetida, Linn. .

93

Griffithii, Stocks .

264

fulgent, Wall.

96

heptaphylla, Bedd.

264

guttata, Roxh.

95

liiterrupta, Bedd. .

2G4

(irnata. Wall.

95

mollis, Grah,

264

pallens, 117///.

96

I'razeri, Prain

26 1

populit'olia, Roxb. .

97

tormentosa, Linn.

264

Roxburghii, Wall.

93

Wightii, Baker

264

scaphigera, Wall. .

93

Soymida, Adr. Juss.

155

urens, Roxb. .

94

febrifuga, Adr. Juss.

L55

versicolor, Wall. .

93

Spathodea, Beauv.

511

villosa, Roxb.

94

arcuata, Wight

513

STEHCUL1ACE/E .

\K\

campanulata, Beam-.

511

Stereospermum, Cham.

514

crispa, Wall.

512

chelonoides, DC .

51 1

falcata, Wall. . 51

1,512

limliriatum, DC

. 516

longifolia

512

glandulosum, Miq.

514

Rheedii, Wall.

512

hypostictum, J//'/.

514

Roxbu rffhii, Sprengel

513

neuranthum. Kurz

5 1 5

stipulata, Wall.

512

Buaveolens, DC

515

velutina, Kurz

512

Waltichii, Clarke .

51 1

xglocarpa, T. And.

. 516

xylocarpum, Wight

516

Spatholobus, Hassk.

24^

Stilago Bunius, Linn.

61(1

crassif'olius, Bth. .

. 243

,, diandra, Roxb.

CHI

Listeri, /'rain

243

,, tomentosa, Roxb.

61(1

Pottingeri, Prain .

21:;

Stixbanthus, Hook. l.

530

pnrpureus, Jith.

. 243

scandens. /look, f.

550

riparius, Praia

243

Stocksia, Beuth.

193

Roxburghii, Bth. .

243

brahuica, Bth.

193

Sphenodesma, Jack

. 515

Stkaxy.esia, Lindl.

325

unguiculata, Schauer

545

glaucescens, Lindl.

325

Spinifex squarrosus. Linn

712

Streblus, Lour.

632

Siik.ka, Linn. .

316

as])er, Lour. .

632

canescens, Don

317

mitis, Kurz .

632

Lindleyana, Wall. .

316

taxoidet, Kurz

632

sorbifolia, Linn. .

316

zeylanica, Kurz

632

Spodiopogon dubius,

Strobilanthes, Blume

518

Hackd

712

alatuS, .Wis .

519

SpONDIAS, Linn.

223

amabilis, < 'larke . 52

i. 622

(ii-'u/iiiia/a, (iambic

223

asper, Wight .

520

acuminata, Roxb. .

223

atropurpureus, Nets

519

axillaris. Roxb.

22:;

auriculatus, Nees .

..19

duicis. wad.

223

barbatuB, Nees

519

mangifera, /'< rs. .

22:;

bolamputtensis, />'<»/</.

:r.'o

Sponia oriental i s, Planch.

630

callosus, Nees

519

Strobilaxthes — contd.

Dalhousianus, Clarke . 519
divaricatus, T. And. . 519
Dyerianus, Hook. J'. . 521
rlaccidifolius. Xees . 519

foliosus, T. And. . 52". 521
gossypinus, '/'. And. 520, 521
gregalis, Coll. and Hemsl. 521
heteromallus, T. And. . 520
Heyneanus, Nees . . 519
homotropus, Nees . . 520
Uophyllus, T. And. . 5111

ixioeephalus, Benth. . 519
jeyporensis, Bedd. . . 519
Kunthianus, T. And. . 520
luridus, Wight . 52o. 522
papillosum, '/'. And. . 521
pectinatus. T. Ami. . 519
pentstemonoides, 7*. And. 519
perfoliatus, T. And. . 520
Perrottetianus, Nees . 520
pulneyensis, ('larke 520, 521
rufescens, T. And. . 521

scrobiculatus. Dalz. . 520
sessilis. Nees . . . 520
sexennis, Nees . 520, 522
violaceus, Bedd. . 520, 522
Wallicbii, Nees . . ' 519
warreensis, Dalz. . .519
Wightianus. Nees . . 520

Stromeria tetrandra, Vahl 33
,, trifoliata, W.

and A. 32

Strombosia, Bl. . .164
cevlanica, Card it. . .164

javanica, Bl. . . .164
leprosa, Talbot . . 164

Strophanthus, DC . 4SS
dichotomus, DC . . 488
Griffithii, Wight . . 488
hngicaudatus, Wight . 188
Wallicbii, .1. DC .
Wightianus, 11'-///. . 188

Strychnos, Linn. . . 497
cinnamomifolia, Thw. . 497
colubrina, Linn. . . 497
Nux-Vomica, Linn. . 197
potatorum, Linn.f. . 498
Rheedii, Clarke . . 497
Wallichiana, Benth, . 197

STYKACE/E . . .464

Styuax. Linn. . . . 466
Benzoin, Dtyand. . . 466
Hookeri, ' 'larke . . 467

officinale, Linn. . . 466

polyspermum, ( 'larke . 166
rugosum, Kmz . . 466
serrulatuni, Roxb. . . 167
virgatum, Wall. . . 467

Sr.i'.HA, Forsk. . . 551

frutieosa, Forth, . . 551
monoica, Forsk, . . 551
nuditlora, .l/<»/. . . 551

Sumbavia, Baill. . .617
macrophylla, MueU.Arg, (H7

Sunaptea disticha, Trimen 73
,, scabriuscula,

Trimeu . . 84

Si'uiana, Linn. . . 13 1

maritima, Linn. . . 134

Swii 1 1 ma. Linn. . . 153

( 'hickrassa, Roxb. . 156

ChloroxgUm, Roxb. . 160

febrifiiffa, Willd. . . lob

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

79 3

Swietenia — amtd.
macrophylla, King
Mahagoni, Linn. .

Swintonia, Griff. .
Griflfithii, Kurz
Helferi, Hook.f. .
Schwenckii, Teysm.
Binnend. .

Stcofsis, Oliv.
Griffithiana, Oliv. .

SYMPHOREMA, Eoxb.

involucratum, Roxb.

polyandrum, Wight

ungulculatum, Kurz
Symplocos, Linn. .

anamallayana, Bedd.

Beddomei, Clarke .

cratsegoides, Buch.-Ham

dryophila, Clarke .

foliosa, Wight

Gardneriana, Wight

glomerata, King .

grandiflora, Wall. .

leucantha, Kurz .

lucida, Wall.

inacroearpa, Wight

micro phylla, Wight

nervosa, Wight

obtusa, Wall.

oligaudra, Bedd, .

phyllocalyx, Clarke

pulchra, Wight

racemosa, Eoxb.

ramosisaima, Wall.

rosea, Bedd. .

spicata, L'oxb.

sulcata, Kurz

Sumuntia, Ham. .

theaefolia, Buch.-Ham.
Syndiclis, Hook. f.

paradoxa, Hook. J'.
Syringa, Linn .

Emodi, Wall.

persica, Linn.

vulgaris, Linn.

TAi;Ki;N.KMONTANA,Plllin

alternifolia, Roxb.

coronaria, Wllld. .

crispa, Roxb. .

dichotoma, Roxb. .

divaricata, 151.

llevnoana, Wall. .

recurva, Roxb.
T.ENiocnr..ENA, Hook. f.

birmanica, Prain .
Tai.auma, .hiss.

aiidamanica, King

Candollei, Bl.

Hodgsonij Hunk. /'. an
Th. . . '.

nuitabilis, Bl.

phellocarpa, King .

Kabahiana, Ilnuk. /*. an
Th. . . '.

spongocarpa, King
Tamarindus, Linn. .

tndica, Linn. .
TAMARISCINE/E .
Tamarix, Linn.

articulata, Vahl

dioica, Roxb. .

ericoides, Rottl,

gallica, Linn.

TAQE
155

153
218
218
218

218
331
331
545
545
545
545
464
464
464
. 464
466
466
464
466
464
464
465
466
464
466
464
464
464
464
465
466
464
465
464
464
165
560
560
470
470
470
470

485

485

485

48o

485

485

485

485

226

226

8

8

8

8
8
8

8
278
278

15
46
16

46
47
46

Tamarix — contd.
genua nica, Linn. .

Indlca, Roxb.

macrocarpa, Bunge

orientally, L. .

salina, Dyer .

stricta, Baits.
Tai-ihia, Juss. .

hirsuta, Hook.f. .
Taraktogenos, Hassk.

Kurzii, King .
Taxodium distichum, Rich.
Taxotkoi'His, Blume

Roxburgh//, Bl.

zeylanica, Tltw.
Taxus, Tournef.

baccata, Linn.
Tecoma, Juss.

capensis, Ldl.

grandiflora, Sir.

jasminoides, Ldl. .

radicans, Juss.

Stans, Juss. .

undidata, G. Don .
Tk< tuna, Linn, f . .

grandis, Llnn.f. .

llaniiltoniana, Wall.
Teinostachytjm, Munro ,

attenuatum, Munro

Dullooa, (iambic .

Griffithii, Munro .

Helferi, Gamble

Wightii, Bedd.
Telopea speciosissima, R.

Br. .
Tephbosia, Pers. ,

Candida, DC .

purpurea, Pers.
Termisalia, Linn. .

angustifolia, Roxb.

argyiophylla, King am
J 'rain

Arjuna, Bedd.

belerica, Roxb,

l.ialata, Wall.

Catappa, Linn.

Chebula, Retz.

citrina, Roxb.

crcnulata, Roth.

fstidissima, Griff".

glabra, W. and A.

macrocarpa, Steud.

Manii, King .

nivriocarpa, Heurck ant
Muell. .l,y,.

Oliveri, Brandts .

paniculata, II'. and A,

parvirlora, Thir,

procera, Roxb.

pyrifolia, Kurz

tomentella, Kurz .

tonientosa, 11". and A.
Tbrkstromia, Linn.

emaiginata, i Tansy

gi/m it a nth era, 1 !ci li 1 .
japonica, Thunb. .
penangiana, Choisy
si rrata, Bozb.

ii:i:\sti;(")MIACE.e

TetracerAj Linn. .

Assa, DC
Uevis, Vahl .
iiiacro])hvlla. Il'«//.
sarmentosa, Wllld.

Tktracera — contd.

. 48

trlgyna, Roxb.

3

. 46

Tetrameles, R. Br.

381

. 46

nudirlora, /'. Br, ,

381

. 46

Tetrauthcra amara, Nees .

571

. 46

,, apetala, Roxb.
,, glauca, Kurz .

570

. 46

571

. 218

,, grandts,M.eissD

571

. 218

., lanceiefolia,

. 42

Roxb.

571

. 42

,, laucifolia,

. 700

Roxb.

571

. 632

,, laurl folia,

. 632

Roxb.

570

. 632

,, monopetala,

. 701

Roxb.

571

. 701

,, n it Ida, Roxb.

572

. 511

,, polyantha,Wa.U

.570

. 511

., semecarpifolia,

. 511

Wall. .

572

. 511

,, Wiahtiana,

. 511

Bedd. .

572

. 511

'J'h <i in a mult iii us spath ijiorus

. 511

Munro .

745

. 526

,, Faiconeri,

. 526

Munro .

745

. 534

Thanmopteris Nidus. Linn.

759

. 753

Theobroma Cacao, Linn. .

93

. 753

Thespesia, Corr.

88

. 754

Lampas, Dal:, and nibs.

88

. 753

populnea, Corr,

88

. 753

Thevetia, Linn.

481

. 753

neriifolia, Juss.

481

Thunbergia, Linn. f.

518

575

coccmea, Wall.

518

. 234

grandiflora, Roxb. .

518

. 234

mysorensis, T. And.

518

. 234

Tiivva, Linn. .

iii 15

337

gigaatea, Nutt.

695

. 340

orientalis, Linn. .

695

THYMEL^EACE/E .

577

.'!•') i

Thyrsostachys, Gamble

749

. 341

Oliveri, Gamble

749

337

siamensis, Gamble.

749

. 345

Tli y sanolaena Agrostis, Nees

742

. 337

TUla, Linn.

105

. 338

TILIACE.E .

105

. 340

Tiliacora, Colebr. .

24

. 341

racemosa, Colebr. .

24

. 337

Timonhs, Rumph. .

418

. 31 1

Jambosella, Thw. .

418

. 341

TinosporAj Mieis .

24

. 337

cordifolia, Miers .

24

TOODAI.IA, JllSS.

123

. 344

aculeata, Pers.

123

. 340

bilocularis, 11'. and A. .

123

. 344

TORRK Kl.l.IA, DC .

392

. 337

tiliiefolia, DC

392

. 337

TOURNEFORTIA, Liuil.

504

. 344

argentea, Llnn.f. .

5(14

. 338

Candollei, Clarke .

504

. 341

llookeri, ( 'larke .

504

62

khasiana, Clarke .

504

62

ovata, Wall. .

504

62

reticosa, Wight.

504

62

Roxborghii, Clarke

5(11

62

\iriditi(ira, Wall. .

504

65

Walkene, Clarke .

5(il

61

Wightii, Clarke

504

3

Tbachelobpbbuck, Le-

3

maire

189

axillare, Hook. J'. .

489

'.!

Etagians, Hook.f, .

189

3

gracilipes, Hook.f,

189

794

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tbachycaefus, II. Wendl

Martiaiia, H. Wendl.
Tkema, Lour. .

amboinensis, Blum,

orientalis, Blume .

politoria, Planch. .

timorensis, Blame .
Tbevesia, Vis.

palmata, Vis.
Tbewxa, Linn. .

nudiflora, Bedd. .

nudiflora, Linn.

polycarpa, Be nth. .
Tkichadenia, Thw.

zeylanica, Thw.
Tbichospebmdm, Bl.

Kurzii, King .
Tiugonostemox, Blume

diplopetalus, Thw.

heteranthus, Wight

lastus, Baill.-..

LawianuB, Muell. Arg.

longifolius, Baill. .

nemoralis, Thw. .

seniperflorens, Muell. Arg
Tkiphasia, Lour.

trifoliata, DC
Triraphis madagascariensi

Stapf.
Tbistania, R. Br. .

burmanica, Griff. .

conferta, R. Br. .

Griffithii, Knrz

merguensis, Griff. .
Tkitaxis, Baill.

Beddomei, Benth. .
Triticum vulgare, 177/.
Triumfetta, Linn.
Trochisandra indica, Bcdd
Trophis aspera, Beta

,, spmosa, Roxb.
Tsuga, Carriere

Brnnoniana, Carr.

canadensis, Carr. .
Tupidanthus, Hook, f
and Th. .

calvptratus, Hook. f. an
Th. .
Tuhpinia, Vent.

nepaleusis, Wall. .

pomifera, DC
Tukk.-ka, Linn.

villosa, Benn.

virens, Linn..

Ulex curopanis, Linn.'
Ulmus, Linn. .

campestris, Spach.

integrifolia, Roxb.

lancifolia, Roxb. .

montana, Smith

parvifolia, Jacq. .

villosa, Brandis

virgata, Roxb.

Wallichiana, Planch.
UMUKLLIKEILE .
Uncabia, Schreb. .

attenuata, Korth .

dasyoneura, Korth .

/'irruginea, DC

Gambier, Roxb.
laevigata, Wall.
macrophylla, Wall.

pilosa, Roxb. .

PAGK

734

734
630
630
630
630
630
386
386
617
617
617
617
41
41
112
112
615
615
615
615
616
615
615
, 615
127
127

742

354
354
354
354
354
613
613
742
105
177
632
632
718
718
718

388

3SS
203
203
203

113
143
143

22S
627
627
628
628
627
627
62S
627
627
383
4(15
405
405
405
405
405
405
405

PAGE

Uncabia — contd.
sclerophylla, Roxb. . 405
sessilifolia, Roxb. . . 405
sessilifructus, Roxb. . 405
Unona, Linn. . . .16
Dasymaschala,, Bl. . 16
Desrnos, banal. . . 16
discolor, Vahl . . 16

elegans, Thw. . . 16
latifolia, HooTc.f. ami Th. 16
Lawii, Hook.f. and Th. 16
longiflora, Roxb. . . 16
pannosa, Dalz. . . 16
prsecox, Hook.f. and Th. 16
viridirlnra. Bead. . . 16
zevlanica, Hook. f. and
Th. . . ".
Ubceola, Roxb.
esculenta, Bth.
Ubophyllum, Wall.
zeylanicum, TJtu: .
I rtica acuminata, Roxb.
,, bicolor, Roxb.
,, erenulata, Roxb.
,, frutescens, Roxb.
,, heterophj/lla, Roxb
,, naneleijlora, Roxb.
,, puleherrima, Rox
,, rugulosa, Roxb.

urtica'cile .

UVABIA, Linn. .
Badajamba, Roxb.
cerasoides, Roxb. .
dioica, Roxb.
Hamiltonii, Hook, f.and

Th. .
longifolia, Lam. .
macrophylla, Roxb.
Narum, Wall,
odorata, Roxb.
suberosa, Roxb.
tomentosa, Roxb. .
ventricosa, Roxb. .
villosa, Roxb.

VACC1XI.VCLYK .
VACCINIUM, Linn. .

acuminatum, Knrz

bancanum, Mia. .

Dunalianimi, Wight

exaristatum, Knrz .

Leschenaultii, Wight

Myrtillus, Linn. .

nilgherreiise, Wight

I (xycoccos, Linn. .

rotundifolium, Bedd.

sexratum, Wight .
Vallabis, Burm.

dichotoma, Wall. .

Heynei, Spreng. .
Vangcebia, .hiss. .

edulis, Vahl .

pubescens, Kurz

spinosa, Roxb.
I 'areca heteroclita, Roxb.
Vatebia, Linn.

acuminata, Heun< .

ceglaniea, Wi^lt .

indica, Linn.
lanc&mfolia, Roxb.
malabarica, Bl.

\ \ ii< a, Linn. .
artinis, Thw. .
chinensiS) Linn.

16

411

411

659

660

656

659

656

c,:,t\

656

658

626

15

23

17

21

15
18
15
15
16
17
22
23
21

429
429

429
429
429
429
42!i
429
4 2: i
429
429
486
486
486
420
420
4 10
420

85
85
85
85
85
85
84
84'
84

Vatica — contd.

disticha, A. DC .

faginea, Dyer

grandiflnra, Dyer .

Griffithii, Brandis .

lancerefolia, Bl.

obscura, Trim.

Roxburghiana, BL

scabriuscula, Dyer .

Scaphula, Dyer
Vkmii.ago, Gaertu.

calyculata, Tal.

madraspatana, Gaertn. .
VERBENA( ILL
Vkknoxia. Schreb. .

acuminata, DC

Aplinii, < 'oil. and Hemsl.

arborea, limn.

elaeagnifolia, DC .

Kurzii. Clarke

scandens, DC

solanifolia, Benth.

talauniifolia, Hook. /'.
and Th.

travancorica, Hook.f. .
volkamericefolia, Bedd. .
volkamerisefolia, 1>< '
VlBUBNUM, Linn.
acuminatum, DC .
atro-cyaneum, ( 'larie .
Colebrookianum, ll'«//. .
cordifolium, Wall.
coriaceum, Bl.
corylifolium, HooJe.f. .
cotinifolium, Don .
erubescens, Wall. .
foetens, Decaisne .
foetidum, 117///.
Griffithianum, Clarlu
hebanthum, W. a
lutescens, Hook. f. and

Th

Mullaha, Brandis .
nervosum, Don
odoratissimum, Kt i

( tpiiliis, Linn.

punctatum, Ham. . 393, 39 1
Simonsii, Hook. /'. and Th. 3!'3

Btellulatum, Wall. . 393

Tinus, Linn. . . . ;;'.';>

Villebubnea, Garni. . 659

frutescens, Blume . . 659

integrifolia, Gaud, . 659

VKtLACE.E . . .37

Virgilia capensis, Lam. . 228

VlSCUMj Linn. . . . 583

album. Linn. . . 583

angulatum, Heyne . . 58 1

articulatum, Burm. . 584

capitellatum, Sm. . . -"'s I

japonicum, Thunb. . 584

monoicum, Roxb. . . 684

orbiculatum, 117. . . 58 1

orientale, Willd. . . 684

ovalifolium, Wall. . 584

ramosissimum, Wall. . 684

verruculosum, 117. . 584

Vitkx, Linn. . . . 539
Agnus-castus, Linn. 539, 542

alata, Heyne . . . 539

alata, Roxb. . . .541

altissima. Linn. . . 54(1

arborea, Roxb. . . 54 1

canescens, Kurz . .54]

73
84
84

84

84

84

84

84

84

18(>

180

180

523

426

427

426

426

427

426

427

426.

426
426
426
427
3!>3
394
393
3'. i4
393
394
393
393
395
395
393
393
395

394
395
393
393

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

795

PAGE

Vitex — contd.

diversifolia, Kurz . . 539

glabrata, Br. . . . 542

heteropaylla, Roxb. . 53!)

leucoxylon, Linn.f. . 542

limonifolia, II 'all. . . 541

Negundo, Linn. . . 539

pednncularis, Wall. . 541

pubescens, Vahl . . 541

saligna, Koxb. . . 542

trifolia, Linn.f. . . 539

Wimberleyi, Kurz . 539
Vitis, Linn,

discolor, Dalz. . . 189

Mmalayana, Brandis . 190

lanata, Roxb. . . 190

lanceolaria, II 'all. . . 190

latifolia, Roxb. . . L90

pallida, II'. and A. . 190

plauicaulis, Hook.f. . 190

quadrangnlaris, Wall. . 189

quinquei'olia, . . 190

repauda, W. and A. . 190

semicordate, Wall. . 190

vinil'era, Linn. . . 190

Volkamcriafarinoaa, Itoxb. 543

,, infortunata,

Eoxb. . 543

,, scrrata, Eoxb. 543

Wagatea, Dalz. . . 270

spicata, Dalz. . . 270

Wallichia, Eoxb. . . 728

caryotoidcs, Roxb. . 728

densiflora, Mart. . . 728

disticha, T. And. . . 728

Yomce, Kurz . . . 728

Walsuka, Eoxb. . . 151

Gardneri, Tliw. . . 152

piscidia, Roxb, . . 152

pubescens, Kurz . . 152

robusta, Roxb. . . 152

ternata, Roxb. . . 152

trijuga, Kurz . . 152

tubulate, Hi on. . . 152

villosa, Wall. . . 152

Webeua, Schreb. . . 411

asiatica, Bcdd. . . 411

corymbosa, Willd. . 411

fasciculata, Kurz . . -112

(/lomerijtora, Kurz . . 411

lucens, Hookf. . . 411

nilagirica, Hooh. /'. . 411

odorata, Roxb. . . 411

oppositifolia, Eoxb. . 412

scandens, Roxb. . . 411

Weihba, Spreng. . . 336

ceylanica, Baul. • . 330

"Wchvitschia mirabilis,

Hook./. . . . 693

Wendlandia, Bartling . 408

arjgustifolia, Wight . 408

Wendlandia — contd.

coriacea, DC

corymbosa, DC

exserta, DC .

glabrata, DC.

glomerulata, Kurz .

Lawii, Hook.f.

liij,ustrina, Wall. .

nitcns, Wall.

Notoniana, Wall. .

paniculate, DC

pendula, DC .

puberula, DC

scabra, Kurz .

secunda, Griff.

tinctoria, DC

Wallicbii, W. and A. .
Wigutia, Wall.

giganfcea, Wall.
Wikstiuemia, Endl.

cauescens, Meissn.

indica, C. A. May.
Wili.oughbeia, Eoxb. .

ceylanica, Thw.

edtdis, Roxb. .

martabanica, Wall.
Winchia, A. DC

atro-viridis, Kurz .

calophylla, A. DC
Wisteria chinensis, Sieb.

and Zucc. .
Withaxia, Pauq. .

coagulans, Dirndl .

somnil'era, Dunal .
WoODFORDIA, Salisbury .

rloribunda, •Salitb. .

fruticosa, Kurz

tomentosa, Bedd. .
Wormia, Eottb.

bracieata, Bcdd. .

triquetra, Rottb.
Wriffhtea caryotoides, Boxb.

WlUGHTIA, Br.

angnstifolia, Thw, .
coccinea, tiims.
flavido-rosea, Trimen
mollisiiima. Wall. .
tinctoria, R. Br. .
tomentosa, Rom. and Sch.
zeylanica, R. Br. .

Xanthochymus ovalifolius,
Roxb. .
,, pictorius,

Eoxb. .
XANTHOPHYLLUMj Eoxb.
afSne, Korth,
angustifolium, Wight .
. I mottianum, Wight
eglandulosum, Grrff.
flavescens, Roxb. .
fflaucum. Wall.

408
408
408
408
408
408
408
408
109
408
408
408
408
409
409
408
508
508
578
578
578
479
479
479
479

479

229
508
508
5i is
309
369
369
309

728
480
480
480
480
487
480
487
480

50

50
45
45
45
45
45
45
45

PAGE

Xanthophtllum — contd.

Griffithii, Hook.f. . . 45

virens, Eoxb. . . 45

Xekospermdm, Blume . 197

Noronhianum, Bl. . . 197

Ximexia, Linn. . . 163

ceayptiaca, Eoxb. . . 135

americana, Willd. . . 163
Xylia, Benth. . . .285

dolabriformis, Benth. . 285
Xylopia, Linn.

Championii, Hook, f.and

Th. . 20

nigricans. Hook. f. and

Th 20

parvifolia, Hook. f. and
Th. . . *. .20

Xylosma, Forster . . 41

controversum, Clos. . 41

latil'olium, Hook. f. and

Th. . '. 41

longifolium, Clos. . . 41

Zalacca, Eeinw. . . 737

Beccarii, Hook.f. . . 737

secunda, Griff. . . 737

Wallichiana, Mart. . 737

Zanthoxtlum, Linn. . 121

acanthopodinm, DC . 122

alatum, Roxb. . . 121

andamanicum, Kurz . 121

Budrunga, DC . . 123

Hamiltoniannm, Wall. . 122

khasianuin, Hook.f. . 121

ovaJifolium, Wight . 121

oxvphvllum, Eagew. . 122
Ehetsa, DC . . .123

tetraspermum, II'. and A. 122

tomentellum, Hook.f. . 121

Zea Mays, Linn. . . 742

ZizyphoSj Jnss. . . 180

glabra, Roxb. . . 181

ylabrata, Heyne . . 182

borrida, Roth. . . 181

Jujuba, Lam. . . 181

latifolia, Eoxb. . . 184

Liniiiii, Laws. . . 181

lucida, Moon . . 181

microphylla, Eoxb. . 182

.\'iij)'riiy Roxb. . . 183

Napeca, Willd. . . 131

iiuniinularia. II'. ami A. 182

CEnoplia, Mill. . . 183

oxyphylla, Edgw. . . 183

rugosa, Lam. . . 184

Spina-Christi, Lam. . 181

tnnervia, Roxb. . . 182

vulgaris, Lamk. . . 182

wynadensis, Bedd. . 180

xylopyra, Willd. . . 183

ZOLLINGEEIAj Kurz . 199

macrocaxpa, Kurz . . 199

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

A.

TAGK

PAGE

tage

Aglay

Akhora

. 389

Aak .

. 422

Agni

44

Akhota

. 3x4

Aavl .

. 422

Agniu

537

Akhreri .

. 317

Abai

. 116

Agniun

171

Akhrot

. 662

Abalu

. 419

Agniuu

536

Akmediva

. 631

Abaradah

. 726

Agnu

171

Akol * .

. 389

Abblu

. 39

Agru

577

Akola

. 389

Abniis

. 454, 456, 460

Agur

579

Akori

. 389

Ach .

. 423

Ahalu

583

Akoria

. 209

Acha

. 276, 456

Ah-biid-dah

726

Akota

. 195

Achal

. 187, 603

Ah era

337

Akrod

. 613

Achar

. . . 216

Ahlada

638

Aknit

. 662

Achatta

. 197

Ah nan

405

Akshar

. 389

Achi

. 510

Ahnau

401

Akshi

6

Achu

317, 423

Ah-pur-rud-dah

726

Akupatrikani

. 573

Achung .

. 376

Ahu .

42

2, 423

Akus

. 618

Adai

. 223

Aigiri

431

Akvau

. 579

Adak

. 503

Ail .

267

Al .

. 422

Adaka

. 726

Aila .

267

Al .

. 290

Adamarrar

a . 337

Ailah

291

Ala .

. 638

Adamarutl

li . . .338

Ailan

431

Aladamara

. 638

Adaniarut]

1U ."ill.")

Aima

216

Alai .

. 267

Adamboe .

. 373

Ain .

34

2, 648

Alale

. 339

Adampu

. 363

Aini . .

652

Alandu . ,

. 633

Adamsali

. 624

Aini-pillao

92

Alanga

. 507

Adanthei .

. 146

Ainshi

42

2, 423

Alangi . ,

. 389

Adda

. 283

Ainta

603

Alariya .

. 482

Addalay

. 612

Ainth

17s

Alasale . ,

. «;.".i

Addasaran

1 523

Ainthia dhamin

99

Alash

. 271

Adda tiga

. 283

Aira .

431

Ala thanda

. 599

Addula

. ."in;;

Aisalu

317

Alawa

. 650

Adei

. 396, 397

Aita .

99

A lav

. 290, 3<»0

Adhatodai

. 523

Aiteni

L00

Ah-hi

. 522

Adlniari

. 371

Aiyanepela

652

Alei .

. 254

Adike

. 726

Ajanta

502

Alesi

. 523

Adivi bhci

idi . . . 112

Ajensak .

45

AH .

271, 423, 644

Adivi bills

[ 264

Ajeru

58

3, 588

Alish

. 317

Adivi gere

ata . . .116

Ajhar

373

Alisi

. 522

Adivigubu

tadu. . .619

Ajjanpatte

651

Alkusa

. 240

Adivi pala

tiga. . . 190

Ak .

491

Alia

. 656

Adona

. 630

Akachi

6

Alla'di

. 423

Adonda .

. 36

Akalbir .

381

Alleri

. 423

Adulsa

. 52:;

Akari

491

Alii . .

368, 452, 651

Agabatbu

. 537

Akar-kanta

389

Alliau .

. 390

Agal

. 156

Akas

238

AHpeyai .

. Ill

Agaladara

. 523

Akas-ni'm

509

A 1 mora

. 553

Agallochu

m . . .579

Akata

629

Alti .

. 276

Agiini

. 698

Akatti

235

Ala .

. 420

Agaa

. 143

Akaul

889

Alubo

. 359

Agase

. ■-';;.-.

Akee

191

Ahicha

. 313

Agaata

. 235

Akh

614

Aladel .

. 656

Agati

. 235

Akhar

99

Am .

. 211

Aggai

6

Akhaterwa

15

2, 572

Ama

. 211,631

AgU

. . . 117

Akhe

;;i7

Amadum .

. 622

Agla

. 290, 300

Akhi

317

Amal

. 323

Agla bt:l

. 800

Akhia'ri

819

Amala kamu

. 599

Aglaia

. 188

Akhor

662

Auialguch

. 313

INDEX TO VERNACULAE NAMES

797

rAGK

PAGE

PAGE

Amaltas . • . .271

Amrut .... 355

Anteri . . .

. 99

Amanta .

255

Amsiil

51

Anvalla .

. 119

Amara

223

Amte

223

Anyar

. 431

Amarai

193

Amti

22,

J, 440

Aola

. 599

Amari

15

1, 345

?, 610

Amtu

610

Aolay

. 599

Amati

22,

}, 610

Amtua sag

610

Aonla

. 599

Amatum .

223

Amudanda

28

Aonli

. 599

Arab

223

Amudapu .

622

Aor .

312, 313

Amba

211

Amuk

355

Appa-kodakka .

. 38

Amba bhosa

281

Amuki

413

Appurz

. 698

Ambada .

223

Amulati .

599

Apia

281, 282

Ambal

599

Amur

151

Apzii tsulu

. 694

Ambalam

223

Am lit

583

Aradal

54, 55

Ambar

223

An .

635

Aradi

. 290

Ambari

599

Ana choriya

656

Arai .

. 290

Ambarki .

631

Anaimalli

291

Arak

. 476

Am bat

635

Ana kuru .

567

Arali

166, 644

Ambata .

500

Anale

339

Aralu

. 339

Ambati

440

Anambo .

370

Aramana .

. 274

Ambayam

223

Anan

496

Aramanda

. 362

Ambe

211

Anander .

706

Arambu .

. 750

Anibera .

223

Anap

595

Aram puli

. 282

Amberi

222

Anar

377

Aran

178, 535

Ambeti

223

Ana-vaya .

51

Arandei .

. 510

Ambgool .

581

Anchu

31

7, 318

Arang

. 103

Ambhota .

281

Andamargal

335

Aranjili .

. 651

Ambia

454

Andara

289

Aranthal .

. 651

Ambli

27

3, 599

Andipunar

335

Arar

. 413

Amblu

602

Anduga .

137

Arara

. 413

Ambo

211

Anduku .

137

Arasa

. 644

Ambodha .

223

Anduli

458

Aratala

. 196

Ambolati .

599

Andun-wenna

169

Aravi mamadi .

. 223

Ambota .

223

Anduvan .

429

Arawi mm

. 129

Ambotha .

282

Anei thondi

96

Arbambal

. 387

Ambre

395

Anemiii

342

Archaka .

. 377

Ambri

493

Anepu

595

Archarru .

. 224

Ambiit

223

Aneru

622

Archi

. 281

Amdah

735

Aneta

118

Ardawal .

• 433

Amdali

221

Anga

471

Are .

. 282

Amdi

622

Angan

471

Areeta

. 196

Ame

261

Angana .

418

Areka

. 281

Ami .

207

Angao

171

Arend

. 622

Ami .

553

Angari

421

Arendi

. 622

Amili

. 18

4, 439

Angiar

431

Arengi banu

386, 510

Amilpati .

440

Angnera .

595

Arfu

. 300

Arnjour

221

Ango

471

Arghawan

. 264

Am kudu .

486

Angon

471

Arhai

. 300

Amla

. 00

J, 599

Angiir

. 190

Arhar

. 245

Amlai

183

Angiirak .

314

Arhar dal .

. 246

Ainlanch .

330

Angiiti

601

Ari ... 2;

J6, 267, 281

Amla vetasamu

735

Ani kundamani

287

Ari . . .

. 395

Audi . 278, 279, 2i

11, 28

2, 610

Ani-nar .

94

Aridda

. 222, 223

Audi taki

282

Anjalli

652

Arikota

. 349

Amliiicha .

. 394

A n j an

27

6, 341

Arinj

. 295

Audika

599

Aniaui

. 341

Arinjil

. 389

Ainlora

553

Anjir

. 4.

a, 6i

7. 649

Arivita

. 362

Amlosa

. 282

Anjiri

. 649

Arjan

. 341

Audiik

455

Anjnn

. 368

Arjan

. 628

Amluki

. 3C

7, 599

Anjuni

368

Arjun

. 341

Annua

. 756

Anka koli .

. 480

Arjiin

. 341, 503

Amna

. 22:;

Ankenda .

. 124

Arjiina

. 341

Amnia

. is:;

Ankhria .

. 484

Arjuna sadru .

. 34 1

Amora amari

. i;.o

Ankol

. 1 88

Arjunna .

. 614

Ampallai .

223

Ank.il

. 389

Arjiino

. 341

Ampati-lara

. 505

Ankola

. 389

Arka

. 491

A in peach .

. 1 27

Ankolamu

. 389

Arkaula .

. 680

Aiuphak .

. 631

Ankora

. 389

Arklian

. 7(11

Am phi

. 585

Ankri

. 317

Ark liar

. 208, 209

Anir.-i

. 223

Auk id

. 389

Arkhoi

. 208, 2i hi

A mini

. (127

Ankula

. 389

Arkol

. 208-210

A uircr

. 660

Ansandia .

. 298

Arkur

. 291 i

Auiritphal

. 130

An^jeni

. 652

Arlanthei .

. .".in

Amrola .

. 395

Ant.-ilii

. 124

Aria.

;7. 267, .".in

A in n id

. 355

Antawala .

. L96

Anna

. 346.

798

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

V \G1".

l-AGE

Ami ....

Atika ....•:

Badibyu .

. 604

Arremene .

. 274

Atki

438

Badidapu .

. 242

A rro

281

Atkuri

487

Badlo

. 176

Arrodah .

. 156

Atmatti .

284

Badoh

. 19S

Arsanatega

40

0, 4(11

Atokdung

11

Badror

565, 668

Arsina gurgi

. 55

Atta

20

Badu

. «138

Arsul

419

Attah bor

041

Badulpati .

. 507

Arsul

273

Atta- jam .

175

Badu manu

. 630

Artem

755

Attak

39

Badwan .

. 210

ArtMl

1G3

Attaka

403

Baegul

27

Am .

312, A'..

;i. 6(

5, 698

Atta pe'ra .

363

Baelo

101, 131

Ania

132

Atta vanji

400

Baen

. 546

Aruna

is

Attba perantha

310

Baer

. 181

Arunelli

601

Atti .

050

Bags

. 296

Arupatti .

314

Attika

050

Baga-dbiip

. 1 33

Arur

431

Att-illupei

448

Bagalamara

. 450

An'isa

523

Attucbankalai

42

Bagana

. 307

Arwan

431

Attuneddi

237

Bagberenda

. 613

Aryili

578

Atuke'tiya

20

Bagfal

. 235

Asainda

237

Atuljan .

438

Bagh ankuni

. 389

Asam

279

Atiindi

349

Bagb-runga

. 15

Asan

26

1. 342

Atzu

123

Baglall

. 571

Asan

. 690

Au .

056

Bagnai

. 36

Asana

. 595

Augusta

235

Bagnal

. 213

Asari

395, 41

0, 48

6, 500

Auk .

491

Bagui

207. 729

Asauna

595

Aulanche

458

Bagnu

. 690

Aschu

423

Aunla

599

Bagriwila darim

. 170

Aseka

278

Aunra

599

Baguli .

. 345

Asereki

599

Aunre

599

Bahan

. 091

Asha

ss

Aunri

599

Rahaiva .

. 271

Ashialo

317

Aupta

281

Bahekar .

. 523

Ashok

278

Aura

599

Babera

:;:;7. 338

Ashpbal .

197

Aval

628

liaheri

. 337

Ash-shour;

1 25

Avarai

273

Bah re

. 337

Ashta

281

Avaraiu

273

Babul

. 109

Ash iik

582

Avesi

235

Bai .

L39, 638

Ashunkar

278

Awa

656

Baichua .

376, 543

Ashvatha

044

Awal

27

3, 300

Baigay

. (ISO

Ashwal

.VI 2

Awla

599

Baikal

. 177

Asid

371

Aworja

755

Baikunti .

. 330

Askuta

;;:;o

Awza

20

Hail .

. 688

Asmi'mia

G93

Aya .

628

Bail a da .

. 365

Asna

342

Ayali

631

Baili

. 101

Asok

is, 278

Avar

6, 224

Baincha .

. 40

Asoka

. 18, 278

Ayar

431

Baiiiehampa

. 125

Asolin

. 112

Avatta

431

Baincbi

. 17H

Asrelei

. 46

Ayil

628

Bainda

. 337

Asroli

389

Ayma

364

Baing

. 382

Assain

342

Ayni

652

Baini

. 729

Assaina

312

Ayri

358

Bains

. 686

Assar sauna

510

Azad-darakbt

113

Bairada

. 333

Asscy denga

752

Rairi

. 37H

Assothi

18

Bairo

. 337

Astra

2 s |

B.

Bairdla

. 502

A si id

644

Baixula

. 502

Asirna

595

Baishi

. 686

Asunda

364

Babain . . . .745

Baisi kara

. 405

Asura

.•,07

Babbai

292

Bajadanti .

. 622

Asuru

486

Babela

337

Bajail

. 754

Aswai

112

Babola

292

Baj.-il

. 753

Aswat

644

Babri

ll(i

Bajra

. 712

Aswel

189

Babul

•>.

2, 294

Hnjur

71(1, 732

Ata .

. 2d

Babui

177

Bajdr-batdl

732

Atal .

. 125

Babiir

2'. (2

Bajurbet .

'. 732

Atalai

. 612

Bacha

686

Bak .

. 235

A tan a

.112

Bit da

68

6, 688

Bakain

. 144

A.tanday

36

Badd

688

llakaimi .

. 144

Atcapali

. 514

Badani

337

Bakalpata

. 2ol

Atelu

. 290

Baddm

311

Bakalwa .

. (102

Atha

do

Badapu

212

Bakam

. 2(17

Athalangh

i

. 112

Badar

245

Bakamu .

. 2(17

Atlina

. 3 12

Radar

719

Bakapn

. 207

Ati .

278,

Badba

G4

1, 686

Bakar

Atia dhani

in

. Ill

Badhar

>;:

5, 701

llakar

. 390

1XDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

799

PAGE

PAGE 1

Bakarcka . . 53

5, 536. 603

Banbakri .

. 543

Banna

Bakardharra

. 588

Ban-bokal

. 006

Banne

Bakarja .

144. 588

Ban bnkul

. 607

Ban-nebu .

Bakas

. 523

Banbwe .

. 364

Banni . 2

98, 54

0, 67

Bakauro .

. 18G

Banbwe-ni

. 365

Ban-nimbu

Bakavan .

. 144

Banchampa

. 10

Bannu

Bakh'al .

. 747

Banchar .

. 673

Hanoi

Bakhiu

. 3!»7

Bancbilla .

. 628

Ban pala .

Bakkiamela

. 208

Bancbilu .

. 397

Ban palti .

Brfkla

. 346

Banchir .

171. 470

Ban palu .

Ba'kli

316, 371

Banchor .

. 171

Banpatara

Bakmi

. 400

Banda

387, 583

Ban phrastu

Bakora

. 420

Banda ajari

.118

Ban pbi'mt

Bakra

. 178

Ban dakkiir

. 470

Ban pindalu

]!akraina .

. 205

Banda madumalti

. 118

Ban pipal .

Bakrasang

. 205

Bandara .

. 407

Banraj

Bakrelara .

. 409

Bandarlati

. 271

Ban riha .

Bakshel .

. 686

Bandaru .

. I'll

Ban-ritha .

Bala .

. 222

Bandaru .

. 438

Bans

Baladah .

. 510

Banderbola

. 17

Bansa

Balai

. 461

Bander siris

253, 255

Ban-sanjli

]!alanja

. 552

Banderu .

. 202

Bansar

Balashoe .

. 234

Baudhari bet .

. 735

Bansha

Balasu

. 419

Bandhona

. 237

Ban-shagali

Balasu kiira

. 419

Bandibru .

. 203

Bansini

Balay timur

. 122

Bandi gurivenda

. 287

Bansua batana

Balda

. 338

Ban dilla .

. 684

Bansiik

Baleekoma

. 165

Bandi murudadu

. 345

Bansura .

Balengra .

. 240

Bandi'r

. 255

Bantamman

Balgay

. 540

Bandolat .

. 271

Bantbra .

Balhar zengi

. 339

Bandordema

147. 1411

Banu

Bali baincho

. 40

Bandorhulla

. 376

Ban utis .

Bali bhaiiis

. 177

Bandrike .

. 2<i2

Baonli

Balku

. 747

Bandripbal

14H, 150

Bapanabiiri

Balkuniki

. 454

Bandu

. 243

Ba-pattra .

Ballagi

. 61

Bandura-wel

553

Bar .

Ballera

. 384

Bandurgi .

. 202

Bara bet .

Balori

. 231

Banga

6.5

Bara ehakma

Balpale

. 174

Bangab

. 455

Bara chali

Balra

. 338

Bangbhalu

. 314

Bara champ

Bala chinia

. 385

Bangikat .

601, 690

Barackand

Baluka

. 747

Bangka

. 401

Baracbar .

Baluletwa.

. 386

Bang re

. 716

Bara churcheri

Baluna kuta

. 162

Bangsa

. 523

Bara dabdabbi

Bahit

. 674

Bangiia

. 726

Baradahbarat

Balwa

. 577

Ban-gulab

. 319

Bara rlawar

Bama'ri

. 647

Banbarria.

. 631

Bara i:arn

I'.amau

. 114

Bani .

. 546

Bara gorakuri

Bamaur .

. 391

Bani.

. 677

Baragund .

Bamba

. 254

Bania

. 543

Baraiburi .

Bambal

. 583

Banj.

. 112. 675

Bara'in

Bambara-wel .

. 247

Ban-jam .

. 357.4 11

Bara janian

Bambber .

. 547

Ban-jamat

. 548

Bara jliingni

Bamemia .

. 41C.

Banji

. »;7;;

Bara katus

Bamigi

. 632

Banjir

. 338

Bara-kimda

Uannnevra

. 580

Banj katus

. 682

Bara laipbanzel

l

Bamora

. 391, 439

Ban kalla .

. 102

Bara lesura

Bamtsunt.

. 320

Ban kapasha

. 88

Bara nianda

Uaiiuil

. 294

Bankapsi .

. 88

Barana

Bamunhatti

543

Bankar

. 536

Barangj .

Ban .

. 674

Bankaru .

. 229

Bara nirnbu

I'.an . 182, 581, 5i

53, 673. 675

Bankati .

. 230

Baranki .

Bana

495, 58]

I'.an kbarik

. i;s;,

Barare

Bana-bana

. 634

Bankharra

. 2.". 1

Barari

Banafsh .

. 472

Bankhoi .

. 193

Bara-ritha

Baling

. 271

Bankiiuu .

. 2' '2

Bara si.iru

Bana bata

. 510

Bankli

. 346

Bara singoli

Banalgay .

. .Mo

Bankoi

. 319

Bara-ta*rar

Banapu

. .112

Ban kotkora

. 659

Baratahdah

Banarish .

. 471

Bankuncli

. 393

Barau

Bann'ru

. 186

I'.an lmlar

. 7b;

Bnraulia .

1! m-li:ika'r

. 390

I'.an meha]

. 322

Baxawa-embilla

Ban bakharu .

. 396

I'.an mendn

. 2d2

Barbari

Ban-bakhrn

. 203

Ban uiussureya

. 610

Barbaru .

800

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

TAGE

TAGE

P.arbat

Bata-li

. 766

Bekling .

. 316

Barbatti .

440

Batang

. 322

Bel .

. 131

Barchar

671

Batangi .

. 322

Bela .

. 131

Bardungi .

643

Batank

. 322

Belana

. 131

Barelli

638

Batavi nimbu

. 130

Belandi .

. 157

Bargat

638

Batbar

. 645

Belanji

. 290

Barhat

655

Bather

. 109

Belari

. 245

Bar-hingori

683

Bathna

. 408

Belaunan .

. 502

Banal

284

Bathor

. 393

Belevleh .

337

Bariala

747

Batindu

. 24

Beli'.

127, 688, 689

Barin

677

Batinj

. 537

Belia pahi>

. 215

Baringa .

94

Batiwa

. 205

Beligobel .

. 88

Barini

701

Batkal

. 210

Bel kamu .

. 489

Barinika .

632

Batkar

. 629

Bel kamuri

. 507

Barinka .

632

Batrachi .

. 114, 115

Bel-khambi

. 307

Barj . .

. 182

Batraj

. 543

Bella

. 16(1

Barkholi .

378

Bat sinjal .

. 186

Bellaka

. 89

Barma

701

Batta

. 363

Bellati

. 305

Barmal

32

Batta-gass

. 756

Bellinandi

. 371

Barmera .

547

Bat-taman

. 629

Bellipatta .

. 88

Barmi

701

Batti jamb

. 358

Belori

. 573

Baro .

305

Batu .

. 316

Belpatta .

. 72K

Baro-kala-goru

513

Bata .

. 631

Belsian

. 1 27

Barokoli .

183

Batul

. 625

Beltivas .

. 245

Baxola

222

Bat nl pat i .

. 26

Benang

. 326

Baroli

231

Batwasi .

. 189, 246

Benchu

. 378

Baror

322

Baumri

. 390

Bende-naru

. 89

Barotri

598

Bauiala .

. 500

Bendhara .

. 698

Barrauga .

89

Bauranga .

. 407

Bendi

88, 89

Barrarra .

490

Bauri

33, 64, 33/

Bendia murdon

. 38

Barre

490

Bauriphal.

. 148

Benduga .

. 588

Barri

643

Baurlo

. 502

Beneng

. 745

Barru

124

Baw .

. 386

Benga

. 261

Barsaj

342

Bawa

. 271, 753

Bengha

. 303

Barsanga .

126

Bawanet .

. 523

Benkar

. L18

Barsoli

450

Bawaroe .

. 220

Bent .

. 686, :;;.">

Bart .

314

Bawdi

. 641

Bentea

. 503

Barthoa .

407

Bayalo

. 101

Benteak .

. 372

Bartu

407

Bayi .

. 139

Bentha .

. 698

Bartundi .

422

Bayurbatum

. 732

Benti

40. 749

Baru

19

5, 202

Beati

. 274

Bepari

. 114,616

Biirua

32

Bebana

. 410

Ber .

33, 638

Banin

32

Bebrang .

. 438, 440

Ber .

. 181, 182

Bas .

304

Be'bya

. 49

Bcraliya .

. 74

Basak

328

Bed .

686, 688, 689

Berda

. 96

Basal

753

Bedas

. 362

Berosi

. 439

Basant

116

Bedi-del .

. 654

Berfa

. 691

Basavana pada

282

Bed musbk

. 687

Beri .

. 181

1 laseri

i;;;7

Bedu

. 649

Ben .

1 B3, 378, 379

Bashal .

689

Beem

. 140

Beriju

. 281

Bashal

688

Beeya persar

. 261

Berikuru .

. 399

Bashaag arus

523

Begana

. 628

Be'riya

. 348

Bashkah .

523

Begpura .

. 130

BerkutiLC .

. 320

Bashitfi

689

Besyo

. 543

Berli

. 729

Basini

747

Behara

. 337

Bersa

. 304

Basna

235

Behcda

. 338

Bersinge .

. 516

r>;is(it;i

536

Behedo

. 338

Bersu

. 598

Basri

644

Behel

. 109

Beru

616, 649, 747

Bassai

33

Behetta ehampa

nam. . 60

Berula

. 502

Bassari

646

Behor

. 748

Berwaja .

. 552

B.assein

304

Behra

. 160. 337

Bes .

•• . . 6S6

Basting

.v.-:;

Behrn

. L60

Bet .

. 735

Basutli

523

Behti

. 753

Betain

. 143, hi

Biasuti

547

Be-hunukirilla

. 601

Betar

. <\:>*

Basiiti

523

Beimu

. 312

Beta .

. 753

Baswe'sa .

646

Beina

. 729

Bet kukri .

. 397

Bat .

638

Beinni

. 312

Bet-Iara .

. 397

Bata.

•19

0, 603

Beis .

. 686, 688

Betsu

. 689

Bata-damba

360

Bejalu

. 346

Betta bevu

. 145

Bata-ganapn

■in:;

Bejaura

. 130

Betta-kanagala

4

Bata kadapu

403

Bejunpati .

. 194

Bettar

. 69K

Bata kar;is

. I7S

Bekal

. 177

Bettir

. 698

Bata-kiriUa

. 116

lVkk.ir .

. .v.'::

Bevina

. 143

Batala

. 110

Bokkra .

. 3L6

Bevu

It.:. 114, 145

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

801

PAGE

PAGE

PAGE

Bewah .... 747

Bhawasar . . . . 407

Bhumra .... 337

Bewal

. 109

Bhebham .

745

Bhurkiil .

. 407

Beygiina .

. .",40

Bhedara .

. 698

Bkurvar .

. 638

Beymada .

. 303

Bhedda .

. 327

Bhutaukusam

. 614

Bhabar

! 6fi

6, 742

Bhedra

. 412

Bhuti

. 317

Bhadala .

. 280

Bhek

. 316

Bhuti karsi

178

Bhadrak .

428

Bhekal .

4

0, 316

Blmt kaiuju

. 389

Bbadras .

. 115

Bhekkai .

. 523

Bhiitkes .

410

Bhadroi .

568

Bhekkoi .

. 316

Bhutrakshi

. 178

Bhadur

541

Bhela

. 220

Bhutta

178

Bhagmili .

208

Bhelatuki

220

Bhyni

729

Bhai-koi .

96

Bhelu

392

Biacn

690

Bhail

089

Bhempli .

323

Biar .

7(14

Bhains

G87

Bhcndu

99

Biba

220

Bhains

688

Bhengal .

109

Bibha

220

Bhairis ber

379

Bhengoi .

550

Bibla

261

Bhainshra

687

Bhenta

127

Biba

220

Bbain.su .

688

libera

317

Bibwa

220

Bhainswali be'l

240

Bherda

338

Bichua

656

Bhaira

337

Bheria

160

Bida

688

Bhairnd .

54

Bhes

299

Bidai

689

Bhaj ra

397

Bhe's babul

294

Bidbans korati

522

Bhalai

220

Bhesh

686

Bidelganj .

698

Bh.ilaio

209

Bhe'ul

689

Bidhuli .

746

Bhalona .

407

Bhevla .

220

Iiidu

6S6

Blialia

246

Bhi .

686

Bidungalu

748

Bhaliiin .

209

Bhiala

280

Bieul

109

Bhallia

220

Bhiiaul

397

Bihi

320

Bhaluki-makal

740

Bhi'l . •

698

Bihri

100

Bhambela

172

Bhilawa .

220

Bija .

261

Bhambeli .

172

BhiUar .

607

B-jaira

261

Bbami'na .

407

Bhillaur .

G17

Bijasal

201

Bhaniini .

547

Bhilwa

220

Bijasa'r

261

Bbamji

628

Bhimal

109

Bijauwi .

084

Bhamni

628

Bbimbu

119

Bijgai

397

Bhan

323

1 ill i m ill

111

Bijli

747

Bhiin

20

7. 691

Bhira

160

Bijo

261

Bbanbcr .

40

Bhirra

160

Bijuli

746

Bhandara .

415

Bhiru

751

Bikki

11

4, 416

Bhandaru .

203

Bhirwa

160

Bil .

698

Bhand ber

184

Bhita

413

Iiila .

32

Bhandir .

304

Bhiunl

109

Bila gura .

40

Bhang jala

381

Bhiiisa

686

Bilangra .

40

Bhangli .

687

Bhohar

407

Bilapatri .

131

Bhangra .

583

Bhoj

32

9, 668

Bihisi

32

Bhangria .

547

Bhojinsi .

224

Bilauni

43

3, 439

Bhanish .

686

Bhojo

567

liildi kand

245

Bhanishra

689

Bhokar

500

Bilga

550

Bbankachu

208

Bhokra

306

Bilgar

125

Bhant

543

Bhnkur

500

Bilgn

160

Bhara

333

Bholiya

500

Biliana

32

Bbarangeli

440

Bhoma

601

Bili-basri .

645

Bharani .

412

Bhonder .

103

Bill budlige .

140

Bharassi .

127

Bhondir .

306

Bili devdari

140

Bharatti .

177

Bhooi dalim

364

Bilijali .

295

Bharda

719

Bhor

18

1, 182

Bilimbi

119

Bharhul .

160

liboru'ns .

434

Bilin

131

Bhari

379

Bhorgoti .

183

Billa

53

;, 624

Bhartoi

598

Bhorkoru .

407

Billar

26

Bbartula .

396

Bhoikand

111

I'.illaru .

653

Bharwar .

502

l',lx,rs:il

407

Billawar .

304

Bhashli .

689

Bhotbcula

250

Billi

24

5, 134

Bhathi

603

Bhoti

8

1, 502

liilli niatti

:: 1 1

Bhati

32

), 196

lihntia bada'm

684

Billi nandi

372

I '.hat i a

23

9, 254

Bhotuk .

250

Billu

100

Bhati inowa

664

Bhoursal .

107

Bilodar .

625

liliat kukra

397

Bhringeli .

440

Ililoja

625

Bhatniggi

578

niiiiiiuiira

IT.",

Bilpliari .

-

Bhatnoi .

394

Bhtij

668

Bilsa

686

Bbatti

329

lihii.jhi .

329

Bilsi

439

Bhatula .

239

I'.im jnali .

398

Bilugatha

25 i

Bhaulan .

in?

Bhdjpattra

66

}, 669

Bilur

178

Ilhaimra kujoi

319

Bhujroi

329

Bilwai .

131

Jthaiiri

601

Bhujru

329

Bilwara .

304

3 F

802

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PACK

PAGE

pagi;

Bimla

. 110

Bobl

. 450

Borara

. 284

Biaiol

. 658

Bohora

. 337

Boray

. 181

Ufa .

. 686

Boibiodi .

. 413

Bor- bur

. 644

Binda

. 547

Boichaad .

730, 731

Bordab

. 737

Bine

. 732

Boilam

. 218

Bordengri .

. 371

Binga

. 404

Boilshora .

. 84

Bordheri .

. 371

Biu-kobouiba .

. 143

Boilsur

. 218

Bore .

. 181

Biana

. 540

Boin

. 661

Bor gahori sopa

. 10

Bias . . . .

. 686

Boja

. 285

Borbar

. 638

Bfasi'a

. 438

Bojeb

. 285

Borbi

. 304

Biutaagor

. 57

Bojewar .

. 562

Borilu

. 500

Bipemkauta

. 317

Bokal

. 450

Borla

283, 500

Bipua kaata

. 3G

Boke

. 607

Borla mebraau

. 502

Birali

. 245

Boke'la

. 136

Boraiala .

. 525

Birar

. 182

Bo-kera .

135, 137

Borodo

. 525

Birari

. 182

Bokbi

. 118

Borogotodhara .

. 147

Birignya .

. 426

Bokli

. 450

Boroha

. CIS

Biraii

. 701

Boklu

. 450

Boro-koli .

. 181

Birmolo .

. 525

Boknio

. 267

Boromali .

. 118

Birsa

. 408

Bokria

. 647

Boropatri .

. 525

Biru . . . .

. 748

Boktok .

. 364

Bor-patta-jam .

. 663

Bis .

47, 686

Bola .

88, 636

Bor-salai .

. 137

Bfsa .

. 688

Bolaugi .

. 750

Bor-sopa .

. 13

Bisi'r

. 321

Bolas

. 663

Bor tekera

. 51

Biskoprah

. 269

Bolashari

. 373

Born

. 638

Bismar

. 389

Bolashia .

. 148

Bonraa

. 541

Bistend

. 454

Bolatru

. 243

Bosha

89, 281

15isteodu .

. 454

Bolay

. 205

Boshi swa

. 670

Bistu

. 108

Bolazong

. 96

Bossai

. 281

Bisu .

. 686

Bolbek .

. 571

Bosuniya poma

. l 18

Biswiil

. 300

Bolchim .

. 376

Bot .

502, 638

Bitaa

. 144

Bolchu

. 90

Botaaskaui

. 178

Bitasa

. 686

Boldak .

. 66

Botbi

. 89

Bitba-goayer .

. 89

Boldobak

. 89

Botya gingaio .

. 412

Bitbiia

. 253

Bol-kadaui

. 400

Boura

. 621

Biti .

. 250

Bolkakarii

. 263

Bouro

. 90

Bitrayau .

. 144

Bolkobak .

. 537

Bowala

. 126

Bitsu . . 68

6, 688j 689

Bolmcngo

. Ill

Boya

. 27 1

Bitusi

. 32

Bolnawak

. 194

Braa.

. 231

Biul .

. 109

Boloug

. 382

Brahmaoi

. 171

Bii'mg

. 109

Bolsal

. 77

Brahmani kbair

. 298

Biuns

. 692

Bolsobak .

357

Brahmi

. 628

Blail

. 688

Bolii

. 238

Braa . . 62

7. 628, 677

Bleeng

. 746

Bolundur .

. 372

Branchu .

. 138

Boargasella

. 720

Bolur

. 382

Braaku] .

. 627

Boaungza

. 607

Bolzel

. 514

Brarua

32

Bobbi

57, 58

Bolzuru .

. 607

Bras

. 433

Bobich

. 157

Bomair

. 647

Bratta

. 693

Bocha

. 686

Bombi

. 570

Brazen

. 318

Boda

. 284, 647

Bombu

. 465

lire' .

. 674

Boda jam .

. 360

Boaii

. 57ii

Brekche .

. 674

Bodal

. 201

Bomudu .

. 483

Bren

. 627

Bodala

. 96

Bondara .

. 37 1

lirt'ti

. 677

Bodal mowa

. 664

Boaderi .

. 441

Brera

. 627

Boda-mamadi .

. 647

Bondga

. 518

Breri

. 319

Bodara

. 389

Bondorkclla

. 376

Briali

. 547

Bodda

. 650

Boae

. 276

Brimij

. 629

Bodeda

. 573

Bonga sarjam .

. 180

Brind

. 306

Bodega tiga

. 243

Bongeri .

. 416

Brindall .

. 5 1

Bodina gidda .

. Ill

Bongshing

. 717

Briukol

. 188

Bodle

. 234

Bongudn .

. 748

Brisari

. 264

Bodle kuni

. 238

Bonicha .

. 10

Brojonali .

. 123

Bodobodoria

. 163

Bonkapash

. 88

Broog

. 22]

Bodoka

. 407

Bbumeza .

. 307

Brons

. 433

Bodnla

. 96

| Boota yepi

. 595

Brori

. 627

Boeri

. 500, 504

Boourlati

. 27 1

Brudiug .

. 232

Boga poma

. 156

Bonurlauri

. 271

Bnil. _ .

. 736

Bogay fcimai

. 1 22

Boothgani

. 465

Brumaj

. 630

Bogodi .

. 525

Bootigi

. 1 7.S

Bnimbruui

. 387

Bogoti

. 328, 138

Bop .

. 5ns

Bni-rik

. 233

Bogri

. 181

Bor . .181, 6

38, 641, 740

Bruru

. 416

Bohari

. 500

Boralu

. 429

Brus

. 433

Bobera

. 337

Boramthuri

8

Baal

. 503

Bohkara .

. 378

Boramthuri sopa

9

Biibi-kowa

. 53

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

803

Bucha karum
Ituckay
Bucklai
Buda-darini
Buda-durmi
Budalet
Budar
Budareni
Budatare
Budgrat
Budhal
Budhbola
Budi
Budlu
Budshur
Baembilla
Bugani
Bugari
Bugc'tiya
Buhal
Biii .
Bum
Buivah
Buk .
Buka
Bukal
Bukhar
Bu-kobbe
Bulali
Buldu
Bulkokra
Bulphet
Bulii

Bulumora
Bulyettra
liumegi
Bumenarri
Bumroti
Bumsutu
Bun .
Buna
Bun am
Bunborondn
Bundun
Bungru
Bimkonkri
Bunsobri
Buntbula
Bunuga
**ur .
Buraga
Buramb
Burans
Bura suwat
Burdii
Burga
Burgonli
Bi'irgii
Burgund
Burhi
Buihi lat
l'.iiri
Buna
I'.urj
Burja
Burkas
Burkunda
Burkundu
Curia
Burma
Burna
Buroh
Buroni
liurra

. 347

Burra nuge

. 653

Bursu

. C81

Buruga

. 364

Buriii

. 364

Buruju

. 114

Buruk

. 719

Burul

. 34

Bi'ini mat .

. 364

Bururi

. 678

Burns

. 389

Buruta

. 495

Burwal

. 650

Burzal

. 719

Bu-se'ru

. 693

Bushan

. 610

Bushkua .

. 729

Bus i

. 88

Buswanpad

. 116

But .

. 500

But .

. 546

Buta-kadambe

. 661

Butalet

. 289

Butalli .

. 678

Buta pala .

. 235

Buti .

. 450

Butisa

. 751

Butru

. 193

Butshur .

. 615

Bu-\val-anguna

. 719

Buzgai

. 623

Buzimpala

. 255

Bway champ

338, 436

Bwfecheng

. 198

Bwegyin .

. 243

Bwir

. 632

Bya .

. 647

Byasa

. 464

Byebering

. 320

Byu .

. 422

306, 661

. 213

. 32

103, 525

Cacbu

. 271

Caj u

. 357

Camugu .

. 307

Cangu

. 289

Carllow

. 638

Catappa .

. 638

Cavalum .

. 90

Cawtha

. 150

Cesi .

. 433

Cha .

. 729

Chache

. 305

Chacbi bet

. 90

Chachri

. 378

Chadache .

. 90

( ihadavakku

. 500

Chadua

. 421

Chaile

. 507

( 'hainehar .

. 465

Chaine

. 349

Chain jli .

. 668

Chaiura .

. 107

Chakbu

. 178

Chakota .

. 407

Chakdtra .

. 236

Chakro

. 719

Chaku

. 614

Cbakua

. 621

Chakwa

. 90

( lhakyai .

. 646

Chal ".

. 719

Chalai

TAGE

PACK

. 475

Chalain

. 483

. 109

Chalanga-da

. 257

. 91

(.'halcha .

. 243

. 415

Chaldua .

241,242

. 284

Challa hole dasal

373

. 89

Challa manta .

. 603

. 719

Challane .

. 70

. 751

Challe

. 183

. 415

Chalmeri .

. 600

. 160

Chalai

. 690

13, 160

Chalta

4

. 747

Chaltah .

. 747

. 668

Chalta jamb

. 356

. 536

Cham

. 654

. 689

Cham a

. 655

. 205

Chamaggai

5

. 541

Chamari .

. 602

. 281

Chaunir kas

. 6 12

. 638

Chamasri .

. 685

. 571

Chamb

. 670

. 403

Chamba . . 25

!9, 468, 655

. 442

Chambagam

. 12

. 615

Chambara

. 536

. 178

Chambari .

. 535

. 94

Cham bar nniya.

627, 669

. 643

Chambel .

. 469

. 471

Chamber .

. 454

. 693

Chambil .

. 283

. 488

Cham boa .

. 229

. 210

Chamboi .

. 578

. 199

Chambu .

. 361

606, 607

Chambuli .

. 283

. 284

Chameli

. 468, 482

. 282

Chamhun .

. 187

. 687

Chamkat .

. 239

. 335

Chamkharak

• 684

. 261

Chamkul .

. 239

. 440

Chamiari .

. 313

5

Chamlai .

. 239

Chamlani . . 35

0, 441, 465

Chamleto .

. 685

Chamletu .

. 578

Chamlia .

• 239, 578

. 296

Chamma .

. 689

214

Chamo

. 467

726

Champ

. 10

81

Champa .

• 12

4

Champaca

. 12

337

Champakam

. 12

93

Champakamu .

. 12

131

Champa pungiir

. 482

317

Champer .

. 39

68

Chamra

. 23! 1

698

Chamria .

. 685

735

Chamrdr .

. 503

438

Chamvar .

. 239

110

Chan

. 568

152

Chana

. 196

185

1 'hanangi .

. 126

483

Chanch

. 317

660

Chanchala

. 238

500

Chancheri

. 647

660

Chanchri .

. 637, 648

lis

Chanda

. 621

698

Chandal .

. 585

L95

Chandan .

. 466. . -

L80

Chandang .

. 697

621

Chandkura

. 651

31

7, 361

Chandle .

. 500

307

Chandui .

. 485

347

Chandra . . H

Jl, 568, .-.TO

73

Chandui .

. 651

318

Chandui .

. is.".

698

Changathasi dhnp

. 718

804

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

PAGE

PAGE

( hangkar .

. 689

Chedwala .

Chichri

207, 546

Chan-ma . 326, 689, 690, 691

Chegarasi .

156

Chichru

. 656

Chani

. 288

Chehur

283

Chiehua

. 304

Chaniat

. 207

Chein

144

Chichwa .

. 304

Channi niggi

. 577

Chekerey .

371

Chidla

. 498

Chani'm

690, 692

Chekio

114

Chigiri

. 55

Chaonku .

. 665

Chekka .

423

Chilnint .

. 245

C'haor

. 37

Chekrej

371

Chikado .

. 157

Chapa

. 282

Chela

18

Chikai

. 291

Chapalu .

. 319

Chelampai

403

(hi'kan

. 171

Chapkia .

. 493

Chelaun .

690

Chik bevu

. 144

Chaplash .

. 654

Chelitana .

408

Chikna

. 570

Chaplis

. 654

Chella

500

Chikrassi .

. 156

Chappar tang .

. 190

Cbelna jh;ir

508

Chikri

. 592

Chapraka .

. 455

Chelun .

690

Chikul .

. 305

Cbapu

. 670

Chehva

88

Chikveng .

. 178

Chapiln

. 307

Chemanatti

llti

Chi'l .

701, 70.1

Char .

. 216

Chemchun

735

Cbila

. 408

Chara

216, 217

Chemdang

718

Chfla

. 701

Charachi .

. lo:i

Chem-maram

150

Cbilana

. 323

Charalu

. 39

Chemoorda

33

Chilanghati

. 470

Charang .

. 682

Chenalla .

557

Chilania .

. 390

Charangi .

. 133

Chench

317

Chilanti .

. 136

Charei

. 221

Chendala .

195

Chilar

. 300

Cbarkeint.

. 322

Chendbera

146

Chilara

. 379

Charkha .

. 573

Chendra .

619

Chilatti .

. 2: to

Charkhri .

. 684

Chengane .

221

Chilauni .

. 66, 392

Charli jal .

. 476

Chengrung

422

(hill.il

. 628

Charmaghz

. 662

Cheninge .

371

Chilbinj .

. 498

( 'harmna .

. 577

Chentha kauni

621

Chilghoza

. 709

Charoli

. 216

Chenthanam

558

Chili

. 231

Charr

. 262

Chenung .

422

Chilikat .

. 592

< 'harrci

. 674

Cheongbu

701

Chilkadudii

22

Chara

216, 429

Cheppura .

282

Chilka dudiiga .

'. 17

Charwari .

. 216

Chera

221

Chilkia posara .

. 408

Charyula .

. 185

Cherara

310

Chilkiya .

. 408

• harvulo .

. 185

Cheratali badu

263

Chilla . 245, 37

•i. ;;7!>. -i:.s.

Chasbing . . <

8, 165, 472

Cherauni .

. 200

626. .;■>

( 'haterni .

. 186

Cheraya .

. 397

Chillar .

. ' 6l>8

Chathur .

. 29

Cheriala .

. 434

Chillari

. 267

Chatinn

. 483

Chcrinangri

. 194

Chillay .

. 503

Chatiiin

. 483

Cher kiish .

. 312

Chillu

. 498

Chatiwan .

. 483

Cherla

638

Chilhir .

. 267

Chatni

. 483

< hcroli

312

Chilniil .

. 628

Chato

. 185

Cherpong .

510

Chilotu .

. 573

Chatr

. 185

Cheru piney

M

Chilpatta .

. 728

< liatri

. 28

( 'hern pinnay

58

Chilrow

718, 71!»

< Ihatroa

. 29

Cheta biita

. 396

Cbilru

. 397

(liatroi

. 30

Chetain

1 85

Chilta-eita

. 730

( hatta-pat

. 733

Clu'tenda .

238

< 'hilt a

. 704

( halt itiuila

. 540

Chetippa .

■107

Chilu

312, .".oo

• nailing .

. Tin

• Ihettupulukodi

. 226

Chimal

. 43.">

< ihatura kalli .

. 590

Cheuli

lis

Chimat

. 187

Chatwa

. 484

(lu'iir

(is.;

( hinikani .

. --'71

Chatwan .

. 483

Chewa

693

< hiniiuan .

. 587

Cbauko

. 681

Chhan

133

< himplet .

. 572

• Ibaulai

. 408

( hhatiana

483

Chimu

. 635

Chauli

. 17s

(hhatin

. 483

Cbimul

■l.'M

Cbaulmugri

. -11

Cbhatni .

. 483

Chinangi .

. 371

( 'haunkra .

. 288

< hhena

•;i

( hinaniui .

. 312

Cliaunsh .

. 188

( hhendula

1 85

Chinar

. 661

Chauralcsi

■1

Chhetulo .

1 85

1 linu ll

. 279

( lhaurdha .

. 185

Cbhithula .

1 85

( !hin cbampa

. 482

Cbauri

. 178, 333

Cbbota dundhei

a

276

Chindaga .

. 307

Chavandalai

. 1(>7

Chburiana

.*! .">

Chindar

. 580

Chavandi .

. .Mi::

Chiaduk .

. 1 84

Chinderpang

. 619

Chawa

. 7.">o

Chicha

. 27 'J

Chindi

. 730

Chawna

. CCO

Chichalda

. 804

Chindia

. 202

Chay

. 215, 899

( 'hichanda

304

( Ibinduga .

. 304

Chaya

. 450

Cbicbera .

. 237

Ching

. 622

Chayruka .

. :: l

Cbichia

CMS

Chingari .

543, 544

Che .

. 22(i

Chichli .

546

(hini

. 382

Chechar .

. 208

Chichola .

303,

Cbinia

385, -S7

• in 'Ida neredi .

. i:;:

Chichra

243

( 'hinna kadainlm

. 403

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

805

Chinna-kalinga

6

Chinna moral .

216

Chinna-polavu .

101

Chinna thuvare

458

Chinua ulinji

. 452

Chinna walursi

152

Chinni

634

Chinni-erandi

. 612

Chinsira .

. 647

Chinta

27

1, 502

Chintheletnwt:

. 545

Chintil .

24

Chinyok .

. 138

Chi pal

628

Chipali

658

Chipla

. 607

Chippura .

386

Chiptikiiru

239

Chi'r .

70

4, 706

Chira

. 112

Chirara

573

Chirauli

216

Chirchira .

. 573

Chirchitta

508

Chiri

709

Cbiriman .

346

Chiringi jhar

231

Chiriyabaug

393

Chiriyanangri

27

Chirla

185

Chirmi

240

Chirmutti .

598

Chirndi

573

Chiron

176

Chironji .

216

Chiror

28

Ch irons

337

Chiruchemanatt

116

Chirudi

41

Chiru-illantai

163

Chirukandal

333

Chirukila .

480

Cliininda .

41

Chiru-piyari

175

Chirupunnai

58

Chisi

683

Chita.

279

Chitakamraku

51

Chiti .

492

Chitnityal

415

Chitompa

138

Chitpattra

389

Chitra

2

9, 203

Chitreka .

140

Cliitriug .

438

Chitta

137

Cliitta bagun

692

Chitta bikke

415

Chittakatti

235

Cliitta inatta

415

Chittania .

183

Chitthu .

753

Chittila madaki

199

Chittivadi

512

( 'hittiwotlii

512

Chita

543

Chi'tu

704

Chitulia .

202

Chitz

•.'79

Chiu .

483

Chin.

704

Chiiila

248

Chiuii

34

Chi lira

448

Chiwa
Chi wan
Chloani
Chobsi
Chochar
Chochnia
Choga
Chogu
Choi .
Chok
Chokkala
Chok lu
Chola
Chomoro
Chomuntiri
Chona atthi
Chongta-fibrik
Chonoo
Chooi
Chopar
Chopra
Chor.
Chora
Chorakali .
Chorcho .
Chorgu
Chorha
Chori-konnan
Chorla
Chorpatta .
Choruna .
Chosi
Choso

Chota aryili
Chota kagshi
Chota kimbu
Chota kiiail
Chota lewar
Chotara
Chota sinkoli
Chothu
Choti bashroi
Chotra
.Chotte
Choua
Chouchong
Chouk
Chouldua .
Choulisy .
Choupaba .
Choupultia
Chonra
Choveri
Chowdah .
Cliram
Chii .
Chiia
Chual
Chiial
Chiiuri
Chuaru
Chiich
Cliuchi am
Chugalam
Chuglam
Clnigu
I'l.nj

Chnkisu

Chuklein

Cliiila

Chide

Chilli

Cluima

Chumari

28

PAGE

750
750
233

10

29
483
701
701
305
455, 463
149
209
323
702

98
647
518
614

23
118
41, 172
112
243, 673
458
379
180
628
510
166
656

18
209
220
577
617
635
658
431

28
560
432
688
29, 30
500
750
342
665
125
367
644

89
112
281
736
654
591
543
171
203
312
312
698
213
345
556
546
471
685
265
591
314
312
582
750

318

page

Chumlani .

. 124

Chumli

. 329

Ch iin

591, 634

Chundan .

. 179

Chiinda pana

. 729

Ch ling .

. 548

Chiinga

. 591

Chungi

. 371

Chungkyeh dum

. 369

Chimi

. 698

Chunna jhar

. 508

Chunt

. 321

Chunu koli

. 184

Chupra

. 439

Chiipra

. 438

Chirr

674, 719

Churai

. 184

Chiira panu

. 556

Chiira payin

. 556

Chiiri

. 448

Churipat .

. 420

Churla

. 628

Churna

. 184

Chiirni

. 184

Churo

. 570

Chiiru

. 471

Chutra

. 30

Chuwa

. 964

Chye . .

. 752

Cocatiye .

55

Cochli

. 123

Conda-pana

. 727

Conda-pani

. 732

Conda-panna .

. 729

Cong

. 195

Congo

. 81

Congii

. 403

Corunga-manje

. 619

Cowa

. 54

Coya

. 355

Cuddapah .

. 363

Cul gerweygay

. 156

Cum mi

. 537

Curri

. 684

Dab .
Dab .

Dabdabbi

Daberi

Dabiir

Dadap

Dadiir

Dadhippa

Dadhiiri

Dadia

Dadki

Dadmurd

Dadu band

Dadiil

Dadiir

Dadiiri

I>agdakti

Dalian

Dahat

1 >aheo

Dahi

Pahia

Dahipal&a

Dahiri

Pahlschi

Dahni

138

390
395
206
178
482
242
710
407
650
574
369
271
637
171
185
647
621
123
53 1
655
502
632
502
3(19
329
724

806

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Daholia .

Da), a

Dain

Daintha .

Daira

Dai was

Da j kar

Dakhani babul

Dakari

Dakar tabula,

Dakh

Dakhmila

Dakh nirbisi

Dakki

Dakkuri .

Da-kom .

Dal .

Dala hardi

Dalchini .

Dalchini kaulo

Dali bbimal

Dalibuda .

Daliru

Da lima

Dalimbe .

Dalkaramcha

Dalli

Dalmara .

Dalme

Dalne katus

Dalai

Daloutcbi .

Daluk

Dahmchi .

Dalung

Dal up

Daina

Damadi .

Daman

Damange .

Damar

Daniasegyi

Dambel

Daminiya .

1 >amnak .

Dainpel

I 'amshins

Dan . .

I >an .

J 'anala

Danda bhekar

1 landal

Dandeka katho

Dandelo .

Dand kuncnli

1 'and kunju

Dandora .

Dandoshi

J >andous .

Dandua

Dandudeta

1 tangnosooketek

I toDgpasbin

Dangri lift

I >angsipha

Dnni

Danoi

Danc'm

I >ansagla .
Danshir .
Danta < .
I lantagla .
Dantausi .
Danthaldn

10,

PAGE

649

655
386
225
187
502
177
309
387

58
190
208

26
190
471
101
160, 377
422

560, 56

565
561

111
97
377
>s
377
262
160

156
603

682
588
329
590
329
396

65
236
461
110
233
2-17
408
364
110
110

50
395
370
359
115
398

•11
231
407
319
319
568
253
253
346
290
658
760
736

65
7l". I
■"■77
734
111
L79
177

87
177
225

Danti

Dantkura

Danton

Dantrung

Danura

Danwan

I lanwa singali

Dao .

Daom

Daor

Dar .

Darachk

Daral

Daram

Darar

Darbela

Darbh

Darepi

Dargola

Dargu

Dari .

Darigopa

Darim

Darli

Darloi

Darlu

Darmi

Darshana

Daru

Damn

Dasan

Dasarni

Dasaundu

Dasmila

Dasni

Daspii

Daswala

Daswila

Date

Datir
Dat-kctiy
I )atranga

Datti

Datwan

I >au .

Dauktalaung

1 >aukyama

Daukyat .

Daula

Dauldhak

Dauli

1 >aulo

1 laungsntpya

1 >atmgzok

Daurango

Dauri

1 >avan

1 >awa

Dawata .

1 >a\voh maing

DaVwi

Dawu

I )awul-kurund

Daya

Dayaro

Day ban .

Dayshing .

Dayti

Deavkai .

Debdari .

I 'ebrelara

Dedi-kaha

1 'id war .

Degai

I'AGE

. 177

Dehua

. 510

Deikna

. 396

Deknoi

. 206

Del .

. 197

Del .

. 438

Dela

. (180

Demata

. 655

Detmir

. 202

Dendra

. 369

Denkan

. 657

Denthar

. 144

Denyok

. 753

Deo-bans

. :;77

Deodar

. 503

Deomuk

. 487
. 742

Deo ningal
Deorkuda

. 364

Deosii

. 188
. 237

Dephiil
Dera

. 245

Derhi

. 547

Descbii

177, 603

Desu

. 160

I leutsch

. 160

Devadaru

. 160

1 >evadarum

3/ 7

1 >eva kanchan

• :i1-'

Devdari .

. :;77

Devi-diar .

. 377

I >e\van

. 208

Dhabri .

. 21 18
. 454

Dhadonira

Dhai

. 208

Dhaia

. 208

Dbaian

. 329

Dhaim

87
. 208

Dbaiphal .
1 >bair maba

. c.y.s

Dhai wan .

637, 646

Dhak

. 20

Dhak chamboi

Dhakka .

. 369

Dbakki .

. 599.

Dhakur .

. 346

Dhalasingha

. 255

Dliaman .

. 203

Dhaniin .

604, 608

Dhamman

. 599

Dbanina .

. 241

Dhamni

. 537

1 >hamono .

. 21

1 Miamora .

. 525

Dhamun .

. 268

1 'handiain

. 628

Dhani

. 160

Dhantia .

. 208

I Mianwala

. 655

Dhao

335, '■>'■>''<

1 (haoli

348, 350

Dhaora

. 369

Dhaori

. 346

Dharauli .

. .-.7.".

1 lliannara

. 525

Dharu

. 397

IMiania

. .-7

Dhatela .

. 577

Dhatiko .

. 369

Dhatte .

. .".1

Dliatti

18

Dhau

. 243

Dhankra .

. 368

Dhaula .

. 71(1

Dhaula khejra

. 647

Dhauli

,

696, 701

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

807

Dhaul kagshi

Dkaulo

Dhaunda .

Dhaundak

Dhaura

Dhauri

Dhauta

1 >havada .

I )hawa

I >hawa

Dhedu mera

Dhekwa .

Dhengan .

Dheniani .

Dher

I )her-umber

Dheu

Dheugr

Dhi .

Dhimeri .

Dhin

Dhinti

Dhobein .

Dhobela .

Dhobu .

Dhohan

Dhohein .

Dhokri .

Dholtu .

I )hondel .

Dhondri .

Dhorara .

Dhorbeula

1 >horbieula

Dhota mara

] >hotte

Dhowda .

Dhua

Dluidi .

Dhuij'a

Dhiina

Dhundera .

Dhundul .

I »hunu

Dhup

Dhilp

I>hupa

Dhupi

1'hiipi

Dhup maram

Dhupri chandan

Dhtira

Dhursii

Dliuruchu .

Dhavi

Di.-ir

Dibru

I >idri;ir

Didu

Dihgan

l>ikamali .
1 >ik-wenna
Dimal
Dimua
1 >indal
Dindlu .
Dinduga .
Dingan
Dingdah .
Dingim
Dingjiog .
I ttngkain .
1 >ingkurlon{
1 'inglaba .

PAGE 1

PAGE

PAGE

. 660 !

Din^latterdop . . . 562

Dowki Poma .

568, 569

369, 595

Dingleen .

669

Dowla

. 484

. 346

Dingori

147

Drab chfr .

. 706

. 346 '

Dingpingwai .

574

Draksha .

. 190

! 184, 346, 371

Dingri

194

Drange

. 188

. 184, 346, 369

Dingrittiang

673

Drangu

. 188

. 346

Dingsa

708

Drawi

157, 160

. 346

Dingsableh

70

L, 702

Drek

. 144

. 346

Dingsaot .

683

Drendu

. 41

. 346

Dingsning

681

Drewar

. 719

. 647

Dingsolir .

664

Drob

. 236

. 759

Dingsong .

242

Driinda

. 168

. 502

Dingsopha

321

Driiss

. 525

. 163

Dirasana .

303

Dsagunda

. 280

. 317

Disti

42

L, 503

Duari

. 489

. 647 '

Diiisa

168

Dub .

. 742

. 655

1 Hvarige .

51

Dudagu .

. 401

5

Divi-kadu.ru

185

Dudcory .

. 484

. 369

Diwal

131

Dudela

. 387

. 650 1

Diyadanga

512 1

Duden

. 470

. 369

Diya-kirindi we

1 .

1 79

Dudhali .

484, 486

. 369

Diya midella .

363

Dudhapar

. 171

. 254

Diya-mitta

26

Dudhi . 465, 48

3, 487, 489,

. 349

Diya-na .

61

492, 049

. 346

Diya-para

3

Dudhiari .

. 484

. 108

Diya-ratmal

278

Dudhia sagun .

. 533

. 254

Diya-talcya

391

Dudh-koraiya .

. 487

. 346

I )iy a-wawaleti y

a

266

Dudhkuri .

. 4S4

. 495

Djati

526

Dudhia .

. 649

. 282

Do . . .

692

Dudhli .

. 646

. 281

Dobakari .

500

Dudi

. 484

. 281

Dobin

287

Dudila .

648, 649

. 261

Doda

323

Dudi maddi

342, 595

. 261

Dodan

196

Diidi mara

. 91

. 576

Dodan-kaha

368

Dudippa .

. 107

. 516

Dodan-wenna .

368

Dudippi .

. 364

. 484

Dodda, .

14

}, 363

Dudiyetta

. 107

. 140

Dodda jopalu .

39

Diidla . . 20

8, 314, 625

484, 486

Dodharni .

245

Dud phras

. 690

. 369

Dodru

168

Dudri

. bW

. 140

Doekoe

150

Dudumara

. 442

. 281

Dogola

151

Dudiiri

. 416

. 153

Dohu

346

Dugdugia

. 360

. 719

Doika

525

Duhiwan .

. 500

. 699

Dokeri

510

Duhudu .

. 176

133, 706

Dolanku .

389

Duja-beru

. 616

. 85

Dolu

754

Dukesa

. 5! )7

. 254

Dolu-kurta

449

Dul .

. 489

696, 699

Do in

202

Duli champa

9

. 85

Domba

57

Dullooa .

. 754

n

. 699

Domba-kina

58

Dulsbat .

. 547

. 649

Domdomah

418

Dumar

. 647

. 421

Domhyem

27

Dumbail .

. 559

. 525

Dom-sal .

21

Dambla .

. 88

. 369

Dona

42

7. 5, ,

Dambni .

. 648

477, 710

Dondah .

' 732

Dumer

. 650

. 206

Dondlup .

510

Dumitha .

. 202

. 290

Dondouki

116

Dumki

. 416

. 9]

Dondru

407

Dum kotokoi .

. 525

. 502

Dongi

748

Dumper .

. 218

. 415

Dongrima

443

Duaipini .

. 218

. L07

Donsbaw .

95

Dunipri

. 218

. 179

I >opattd

560

Duniraj

. 541

. 386

Dope

. 218

Duiuri

. 650

. 346

Dor .

2C

9, 169

Dumu-keyiya .

. 740

. 846

Dori

. 193

Duuu'ir

. 648

. 346

1 toioBindra

. 619

Dun.

71, 77, 662

66

Dosiil

. 5 17

Dundillam

. 510

. 33]

Dotalu

. 727

Dungla

. 208

. 671

Dotti

. 503

Dangra

. 648

. 679, 680

Dowa

. 656

Dum

. 398

. 210

Dowari

'. 3

39, N

7, 504

Dunn-madsla .

. 515

. 115

Dowka

. 2 1 s

Duaraa

. --'7 1

. 668

Dowka gia

. 218

Dunshing

. 718

808

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

Dupada . .

. 85

Dupa maram .

. 85

Dupatti

561, 568

Dur .

. 376

Durang

. 243

Dur chuk .

. 582

Durga

. 599

Duriamadi

. 595

Durla

160, 640

Durniur .

. 121

Durrasalla

. 704

Bursal

. 508

Duss .

. 547

Dussarika jhar .

. 547

Duyin

. 92

Dwalok

. 89

Dwani

. 103

Dzaral

. 176

Eai .

Ebans

Eda-kula .

Edana

Edang korua

Eddi

Edel

Eeccha

Eeral

Ecta .

Eetta

Egayit

Ehela

Ehctu

Ehir

Ehuri

Eikmwe .

Eikmwemvi'

Eilan

Fin .

Eisur

Eisur

Eju .

Ekaling .

Ekarit

Eka-weriya

Ekdania .

Ekuhca

Elagokatu

Ela-imbul

Elaka

Ela midella

Ela-nuga .

Ela palol .

Elavangam

Ela-wel

Elbedda .

Elengi

Elentha .

Kleutliaray

Elicheviccha

Elilaippalai

Klila-pala

Ella-kura

Ellal

Ellandi

Ellupi

Elluva

Elumpurokki

Elapa

Embarella

Euibri'un .

584
456
483
475
516
497
90
486
756
730
756
509
271
645
163
540
373
440
431
656
525
145
728
701
514
481
595
194
50
38
131
363
645
516
562
735
206
450
LSI
156
458
483
483
551

L8]
148
38

570

148
223

500

Embul-bakmi

Em nii

Endaru

Endra

Eng .

Ennei

Ensi

Er .

Erabadu

Eran

Eravu

Eri .

Erirapana

Erim-panna

Eringolam

Erra chandanum

Erra maddi

Eru .

Erukku .

Eruma nakku

Eruvadi .

Eruvalli .

Eruvalu .

Esar

Escalu

Eshwar .

Eskombo .

Esumuko .

Eta-kirindi-wel

Et-amba .

Etambiriya

Etamburu

Eta-uiiriya

Eta-mura .

Eta-werella

Eta-wira .

Et-demata

Etheraliya

Et-korasa-wel

Et-kukuruman

Etok

Etok-amat

Etteriya .

Et-tora

Etuna

Fagiri

Fagora

Fagora

Fagu

Fagwara

Fah's

Fam .

Farnsikiil

Farad

Faralla

Faras

Farhud

Farri

Farsk

Farwa

Fease

Filing

Kirki-tagai

Fisauni

Flotungchong

l-'onay

Footoong

Fras .

Frast

Fudalu

46

PAGE

. 400

Fullidha .

. 627

Fuhva

. 622

. 118

. 72

. 70

. 394

Gab .

. 313

Gabdi

. 212

Gabna

. 431

Gabur bakar

. 254

Gachoda .

4, 394

Gada-nelli

. 729

Gada phassa

. 729

Gadara

. 562

Gadaru

. 259

Gadayn

. 341

Gadda

. 237

Gadda pirar

. 491

Gaderi

. 647

Gadgair .

. 250

Gadhbains

. 452

Gadkmowa

. 285

Gadichora

. 317

Gadiri

. 317

Gadkanira

. 525

Gad kharik

192

Gadkimu .

473

Gadmel

497

Gadmeuli .

213

Gad pipal .

505

Gadru

495

Gadtung .

505

Gaduli .

165

Gadiimbal

203

Gaggar

605

Gaggaru .

537

Gagjaira .

177

Gaka

3

Gahori sopa

412

(iaia.

434

Gai asw;it .

433

Gaiger

1 25

Gaik

245

Gaild

98

Gainda

Gainti

Gait .

Gaira

(iajackinui

601

Gaj era

186

Gajiun

649

Gajkai

649

(Jajna

649

Gajuro

690

( talay

730

Galboja .

357

Galdu

242

Galeni

583

Galgal

, 243

Galgoja .

241

(ialion

110

Galis

692

Galiya

46

(ialka

733

Gal karanda

753

Galla

185

Gallah

425

Gallu

63

Gal niendora

752

Galmora .

752

Gal-ota

692

Gal-siyambala

692

Galnga

94

tialu-mora

PAGE

241, 242
. 448

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

809

PAGE

I'AGK

Galwail .

Garbhali . .

. 108

Geio .

Gal-weralu

. 114

Gar bijaur

. 570

Gejra

Gal-wira .

. 605

Gardal

. 287

Geli .

Gamari

. (117

Gardalu .

. 312, 313

Gempe aselu

Gambari .

. 537

| Gardar

. 205

Gendeli poma

Gamberi .

. 537

Gardar

. 168

Gendelli poma

Gambu

. 362

Gardban .

. 186

Gendu

Gamgudu .

. 379

Gardundi .

55

Genduli

Gamhar .

. 617

Garga

. 138

Gengri

Gaminea .

. 537

Gargas

. 109, 603

Genthi

Gammala .

. 261

Gargati

. 40

Geor

Grin .

. 480

Gargela .

. 658

Ger .

Gandada .

. 585

Garh kimu

. 389

Gera.

Gandal

. 393

Gari .

. 135, 619

Geredi

Gandaliin .

. 577

Gariki

. 187

Gergutti ._

Gandapana

. 166

Garinda .

. 480

Geria

Gande

. 577

Garinga .

. 479

Geriata

Gandera .

. 482

Gariphal .

. 317

Gero .

Gandha

. 585

Garja

. 218

Geru mavu

Gandha badhul

i

. 425

Garjial

. 26

Geta netiil

Gandi

5, 126

Garkath .

. 329

Geti .

Ganer

3<

Garkaula .

. 168

Geva

Ganeri

37

Garkuin .

. 389

Gbaduli .

Gandla

. 126

Garmehal .

. 325

Gbain

Ganga

. 137

Garna

. 480

Ghansing .

Gangai

. 619

Garodosal

. 255

Ghant .

Gangal

. 37

Garokat .

. 608

Gbanta parali

Gangam .

. 38

Garoli

. 570

Ghantiali .

Gangara .

. 224

Garpa shola

. 625

Ghanto

Gangaraya

. 88

Garpipal .

. 690

Ghara

Gangareni

. 88

Garrah

. 135

Ghari

Gangaru .

'. 3i

5, 412

Garrar

. 597

Ghari am .

Gangaw .

. 60

Garri

. 327, 744

Gharrar .

Ganger

! i

)9, 11

8, 508

Garshun .

. 168

Gharri

Gangeru .

. 224

Garshuna .

. 44

Ghatbor .

Gaugerun .

. 109

Gar-silung

. 44

Ghato

Gaugichu .

. 591

Garso

. 303, 305

Ghatolan .

Ganglay .

. 37

(iar tasbiiira

. 659

Ghatonli .

Gangna

. 224

Gariidar .

. 547

Ghattar

Gango

. 109

Garuga

. 138

Ghattol

Gangr

. 182

Garum

. 617

Ghazlei

Gangro

508

Gariir

. 172, 474

Ghela

Gangru

. 412

Gashing .

. 431

Gheru

Gangwa .

626

Gas-kayila

. 604

Ghesi

Ganhila .

535

Gas-kc'la .

. 243

Ghetu

Ganhi'ra .

487

Gas-ne'tul .

. 637

Ghia .

Ganhula .

393

Gas-pinna

. 543

Ghiseri

Gani

126

Gata.

. 457

Ghiwai

Ganiiir

37

Gaterh

. 469

Ghiwain .

Ganjal

364

Gathara .

. 116

Ghiwala .

Ganjher .

644

Gatharu .

. 333

( ihogar

Gan-mi

446

Gauj

. 233

Ghogsa

Ganne

395

Gaul .

. 364

Gbogsha .

Ganniari .

535

Gauli

. 595

Ghogn

Gant .

126

(iaunt

. 439

Ghonas

Gantha

469

Gaunta

393, 439

Ghont

Ganti malic

156

Gauri

. 18

Ghrfnt

Ganuga

262

< iausal

. 21

Ghora

(iapsundi .

43

Gausain .

. 194

Ghorbel .

Gara hesel

347

Gavuldu .

. 364

Gbordhaman

Garakuda .

362

Gawlin

. 175

Ghor dhok

Gara lohadam .

617

Gaya

355, 595

Ghor-karam

Gararnbe .

287

Gaz .

. 46

(ibota

Garanji

262

Gazlei

. 46

Ghotia

Ganins

434 |

Gnz-surkh

. 46

(ihoti-suara

Gara patana

341

Geang

. 397

Ghowl

Garar

■112

Gebokanak

. 328

G hiind

Garari

597

Gedda chita

. 421

(rhunia

Gara saikre

373

Geduniba .

. 631

Ghunja

Gara tiril .

455

Gednri

. 500

Ghiirga

< 1 a ran m la .

480 i

Geggar .

. 416

Ghiittia .

Gar badero

488

Geh .

. 684

Ghwareja .

Garbains .

686

Geh beza .

. 684

Ghwareshtiii

Garbo . .

287 1

Gcia .

. 596

Ghwi

810

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Gia .
Giam

Ciii'in

Gianni

Gidardak .

Gidesa

Gidngam .

Gidiiri

Giggar

Gilas

Gilchi

Gil la

Gilo .

Gineri

Gingaru .

Ginnera

Ginnuna .

Ginroi

Ginpol

( rinwanin .

Ginyan

Gira .

Girari

Girchi

Girgitti

Giridi

Giringa

Giri-tilla .

Girk

Giroli

Girthan

Giruli

Girya

<Ti'sh .

Gitoran

Gitir .

Gizai

Gniet

Gob .

Gobar mowa

Gobha

Gobia

Gobla

Gobli

Gobra nairiU

Gobria

Gobria sulah

Inula

( roda kadi'iru
Goda-kirilla
Gndambe .
Goda-midella

< rodapaia .
Godaru
Goddigattu
Godela
Goden
Godetta .
• iodgudala
Godhunchi

< rodokodika
( rodugura

< loechassi .
Goehlo
Gogan
Gogana
Goganda .
Gogar
Gogarli
Gogatti
Gogay champ
Gogdl
Gogen
Gogera

541, U

VAGI.

138
710
536
325

188, 314 i
425
379
500
183
311
503
287
•24, 267
537
325
304
495
580
721)
580
218
G70
379
484
125
378
1(H
50(5
603
24

L88, 603
646
L60
684
36
688

700
218
664
(',17
754
(147
292
607
113
718
7 is
497
628
21 I
363

325

454
502
500
28 1

94
804
469
28 1

66
525

65

65

65
416
416
396

11
525

65

Gogina

Gogra

Gogsa . 18."

Gogsa makola

Gogu

Gogul

Gognl-dhiip

Goher

Gohinla .

Gohora

Goi .

Goindii

Goiri

Goit .

Gojal

Gojar

('"JL'

Gdk .

Gokatii

Giiki

Gokiru

Gokpak

Gokul

Gol .

Gola bet .

Golaincbi .

Gola-mohani

Golancha .

Golasi

Goldar

Goldia

Golia dhau

Golia dhok

Goli kalam

Golka

Gol kamela

Golpatta .

Golphal

Gdlra

Gol sbingra

( iiiin .

Gomari

Gorama

< rona

( ronapana .

Gonawel .

Goncha

Gondan

Gonda palasu

Gondela .

Gondhan .

Gondliona

Gondhori .

Gondi

Gondni

Gondri

Gondserai

Gongo seoli

Gongotu .

Gonharea .

(ioni .

Go-ningal

Gonjha

Gonjo

(ion-kadmu

(Ion n\ in

( ;<m nyinya

(ionta

Gonti

Googgilapu-karra

Goo plea .

Gope

Gophla

Gopoori

186, 43

1 33

PAGE
65

66

,43!)
224
291
132
140
188
425
536
205
454
295, 307
183
218
264
595

11

55
469
303
206

64

218, 631

737

482

550

24
263

95
346
346
346
403
058
602
729
729
346
682

20
537

42
460
50, 150

86
240
,-,iio

22
126
500
599
562
500, 501
5(H
562
562

L69
632
295
638
745
233
233
482
287
604

INS

126

si

27

754

•_>7

264

53

( rora bel .

Gorachand

( rorado

Goragmi'idi

Gorahadu .

Goraka

Gorakchinch

Gorak imli

Gorakotta

( rorakuri .

Goran

Gorantlu .

Goiari

Gor aunsa

(iori .

Goria

Goria m'm

Goripi

Gorivi

Gorkatti .

Gorkln

Gormi-kawat

Gorshingiah

Gnr\i

Gorwa

Got .

Gota gamba

Gotaha

GoW

(ioteui

(iotllO

Goti .

Goto

Gotoboro .

Goure karam

(iouri bet .

Gour kassi

Gouro kosai

( rovamellu

Govorpongyota

Gowindi .

Grawa

( I ra y

Grelu

Groom

Grid.

( ina .

< iuachipo
Guagoli .
Gua kasi .
Guakoli .
Guara
Gua supari
Gubadarra
(inch
(iudlci
Gaga

Gugal .
Gugala .
Gaga tadda
Gugera
Giiggal .
Guggar .
( ruggilam .

< ruggilapu
Gngle
Gugu
Gugul
Guguli .
Gugula
Gxihor
(iui .

( rujerkota
Gu-kikar .

TAGE
245

238

295
362

417

54

86

86

126

3! '4

;, 334

370

243

72S

421

334, 346, GS4

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

811

Giila.

Gulab

Gulab jaman

Gul acbin ,

Gulal

Gulancba

Galax

Gular

Gulaveli

Gul-bodla .

Guldar

Guldaur

Gule .

Gulel

Giilga

Guli .

Galijbai

Giilili

(jul-kandar

Gulla

< iulli bouli
Gulmur

< rulnari
Gulnasbtar
Gulo .
GuLrai
Gulsima
Giilsunti
Gulii

GlllllgU

Gulum

Gulunga

Gumadi

Gumai

Guniar

Guniar

Guniar-tek

Gumbar

Gurnbengfom

Guuibon^

Gmnda-ma

Gumhiir

Giitni

< iiimlap tij.

< iuinmar
(in modi
( iumpina
Gumpirti

< rumpna
Gumpri
Guraudu

< inn .
Gunacba

< imiclii
Ginida
Gundali
( riind gerweyg
Gundi
Guiidira

< rundroi
Gundrow
Gang
Giiagat
( riingii

dmilii

Gunj

I ■ njan
( 'mi palos
Gunscrai
Gun si

< tunsur
Guntera
( hiorgi
Gi'ipni

154

iada

ay

PAGE

PAGE

. 706

Giir .

. 166

ITaddu

. 319

Guracka .

. 317

Hadga

. 357

Gura nianja

. 305

Hadkuwa

. 482

Gurandra .

. 56D

Iladra

, 459, 463

Gurapu-badam .

93

Hadri

. 613

Gurar

233, 305

Hadru

. 94

Guras . . 43

2, 434, 435

Haiga

649, 650

Gurbari

. 305

Haira

. 24

Gurcba

. 24

Hais

. 94

Gurenda .

. 629

H aj am

. 203

GuxgUli

. 598

Hajeru

. 369

Giirgura .

. 442

Hake-bumu

. 171

Gurkul .

. 87

Hakna

. 24

Guri.

. 403

Haktapatia

. 729

Giirial

281. 284

Hal .

. 35

Gurinda .

. 316

Hala

. 482

Gurja

. 138

Halabalagi

. 174

Gurjo

. 24

Haladi .

. 94

Gurjun

. 70

Halasbang

. 696

Gurkur

. 305

Halbambar

. 294

Gurlpata .

. 124

Hal-bembiva

. 558

Gurmala .

. 271

Halda

. 158

Gurmungbati

. 555

Haldi

. 241

Giir musaureya.

. 610

Haldu

. 24

Gurol

. 413

Haleo

. 696

Giirsawa .

. 602

Hali

. 168

Gurskagal

. 239

Haliwara .

. 656

Gur^ikri .

. Ill

Halloray .

. 94

Guru

. 94

Hal-meudora

. 452

Gurudu

. 415

Halmilla .

. 567

Giiruj

. 24

Halmillila

. 125

Gurukina .

. 58

Halpa

537, 539

Gurupis

. 548

Halra

. 537

Gurupu

. 421

Halsi

. 364

(iun'ir

. 233

llalsina .

. 537

Gusvakendbu .

. 455

llalsu

. 537

Guti .

. 189

Hamara .

. 537

Gutti

17

Hammadi

. 634

Guttia

. 333

Hamparila

. 263

Guvaini

. 438

Hampilla .

. 546

Guwa

. 394

Hamra

. 5.",:

Giiya

394, 395

llama

. 149

Giiya babula .

. 292

Han.

. 254

Gwa .

. 570, 571

Hancbu .

. 364

Gwala

. 603

Hane

. 245

Gwala darirn

. 176

Hangkyow

. 218

Gwalam .

. 322

Hamkay .

. 218

Gwaldakh

. 330

Hanjal

. 218

Gwaldokb

. 330

Han mocbu

. 218

GwaJi

. 172

Hanpalandra

. 537

Gwan

. 210

1 Ian sampige

. 193

Gwandish

. 393

Hantige .

. 317

Gwaria

. 295

Hamidun .

. 240

llwi: .

. 223

1 1 an uz

. 5(10

Gwep

. 205

Hanza

• 425

Gweyral .

. 282

Haoul

. 159

(Jwia

. 39 1

Happurmali

. 501

Gwiar

. 28 1

Happu savaga

. 152

Gwira

. 94

Bapn

: 562

Gwnddan .

. 22:;

liar .

. 413

Gwyheli .

. 536

Ilaralu

. 287

Gyasay

. 648

Harangi .

. 415

Gyawa

. 747. 75 1

Hara saijung

. 38

Gyeaa

. 212

liar cbikkai

. 306

Gy

. L9S

Hardala .

. 263

Gyobo

. 1 :.-2

Hardi

. 595

Gyutnwe .

. 694

llar.lu

. 323

Harduli .

. 562

11.

llarfaruri .

. 702

Ilargesa .

. 614

llabara

. 15 1

Hargosa .

. 469

Iladaki .

. 481

Hari .

. 596

Hadaog .

. 103

H4ri

. J 38

lladawa .

. 630

Hari basri

812

A MANUAL OF IXDiAX TIMBERS

I'AGF.

PAGE

Haribawal

. 295

Herka

Hmaubyu

Harido

. 487

Herpa

. 656

Hmanni .

Hari-kekra

. 241

Heru

. 674

Hmanthin

Haringar .

. 469

Hesar

. 644

Hmyaseik

Harinhara

. 596

Hesel

. 346

Hnabe

Harin harra

. 150

Hessain

. 652

Hnara

Harin khana

. 150

Hessare

22

Hnaw

Haritaki .

. 339. 340

Hesswa

'. 652

Bneingpyoing

Harjeuri .

26

Heta

. 235

Hodung .

Harki

. 481, 488

Hewar

. 295

Hohnoi

Har-kinjal

. 15

Hiasmin .

. 470

Hoi-bali .

Harku .

. 209

Hid .

. 261

Hoi in a

Harla

. 339

Hieren

. 147

Hola naki

Harnauli .

. 622

Hijal

. 3<!3

Holav

Harparauri

. 601

Hijalya

. 644

Holda

Harpulli .

. 199

Ilijul'i

. 214

Holematti

Harra

. 339. 340

Hijuli mendi

. 362

Holigar

Harrani .

. 253

Hik .

. 218

Holle-tupra

Harrara .

. 339

Hikpi

. 231

Hollock .

Harrari

. 300

Hila anwal

. 541

Hollong .

Harra sejum

. 604

Hilda

. 339

Holonda .

Harray baer

. 184

Hilikka .

3b

!». 340

Homba

Harre

8, 168

Himalchiri

4-1

0. 610

Homediriya

Harreri

. 303

Hi man

206

Houa

Harri

. 126

Himu

635

Honal

Harro

. 339

Hindan

359

Honania .

Harm

. 390

Hindi

730

Hond

Harsingbar

. 469

Hinembilla

610

Hondapara

Hartho

. 603

Hinga

280

Hongal

Hartundi .

. 479

Hingadu .

463

Honge

Harwar

. 295

Hingan

L35

Honne

Hanvari .

. 369

Hingman .

206

Honro

Hiisa dhamin .

. 110

Hingol

L35

Hooday .

Hasar guniri

. 254

Hingori .

61

1. 68

2, 683

Hoolgeri .

Hasi

. 579

Hingota .

135

Hoolooui .

Hassurugumi .

. 254

Hinga

135

Hoom

Hat .

. 484

Hingua

68

Hoongia .

Hatian

. 91

Hinguru .

300

Hor;i

Hati-ankusa

. 549

Hin-himbutu-w

si

179

Horada

Hattipaila

. 100

Hiujara

363

Horralu .

Haulia

. 568

Hinjolo

363

Hortucki .

Hiiur

. 669

Hin-kadol

442

Horu surat

Havulige .

. 290

Hin-karamba

4 HO

Hota

H:iwar

. 512

Hin-katupila

603

Hote baghi

Hebalsu .

. 652

Hinkina .

58

Botsige .

Hebbalsina

. 652

Hins

36

llrnprukban

Heb-be'vn .

143. 144

Hinsau

317

Htainbvoo

Hebbidm

. 748

Hinshalu .

317

H u.la " .

Heb halasu

. 652

Hinsola

317

Hilda

Heb halsu

. 653

Hinsra

317

Hudigolla

Heda waka

. 623

Hintal

730

Huilum

Hcddc

. 401

Hippe

lis

Hulashing

Heddi

. 401

Hir .

339

Iliilia

He'doka .

. 623

Hirda

339

lluli mukki

Hedu

401. 403

Biiek

151

llullock .

Hecla

. 54

Hirih

303

Hulluch .

Heeran

22

llirojah

271

Buluva

Heeida

. 339

Hi's .

3G

Ilulve

Heggaijige

. 479

Hisalu

317

Hum

Begu

. 225

Hital

730

Huinba

Bene!

. 238

Hitta

279

llumliilli .

Ht-'karilla .

. 508 1

Hittcrlu .

39

Iliimhu

He'l .

. 233

Hittum

94

Iliiniwah .

Hda

. 338 !

Hiti'iu

261

llnnab

Helamba .

. 101

Hii'm garna

35

Bunase

Heltcga .

. 400

Hlega

:,(■,:>

Hundi bet

Hembra .

. 627

Hlosahlot.

31 1

Ilimgiy .

Hendi

. 362

Hlosipha .

65

Iluim-kirilla

Hendol .

. 363

Hlosiri

679

Hi'ipii

Henduri poma .

. 1 57

Blosunli .

669

Hon

Hemic

. 370

Hlotagbret

L90

1 1 uragalu .

Hennu

. 421

Hlyamban

729

Burcbu

Berandori

. 493

Hmaingu .

581

Burkli .

Heriss

. 109

11 man

102

Iltirku

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

813

PAGE

rAGE

PAGE

Hurkut

. 522

Irak

. 476

.Tali ... 18

5, 292, 735

Hurna

. 625

Jrakalli

. 756

Jalidar

108, 185

Huruur-gullar .

. 737

Iramballi .

• 452

Jalla bet .

. 735

Hursing .

. 469

Irambaratthan .

. 419

Jallaur

. 283

Huruk

. 157

Iiampalai.

. 452

Jalmala

. 086

Huruuay' .

. 326

Irandi

. 622

Jalpai

. 114

Hurvasbi .

. 88

Irapii

. 275

Jalninga .

. 207

Huvwara .

. 641)

Irhu .

. 447

Jam (!

6, 358, 361

Iridi .

. 250

Jama

. 355

Iriki

. 500

Jama betua

. 747

I

Iriva

. 556

Jamadu

. 590

Irki .

. 500

Jamal gota

. 614

Icha .

. 369

Irkuli

. 178

Jaman

358, 361

lciial

. 730, 731

Iipi .

. 447

Jamana

. 314

lehanku .

. 478

Irrip.

. 447

Jamara

. 395

Ichavalai .

. 309

Irubogam .

. 75

Jamawa .

. 360

Igasira

. 487

Inil .

285, 756

Jamba

. 285

Ijal .

. 363

Iruli .

. 567

Jambe

. 285

Ijar .

. 363, 364

Iriini

. 607

Jam bo

. 361

lie .

536

Irumbaripi

. 420

Jambu . . 2

15, 288. 361

Ikari

. 177

Irumbarutthan .

. 647

Jambul

. 361

Ikili .

. 522

Irummala .

. 285

Jambun

. 361

Ikti .

. 603

Irumpala .

. 486

Jam era

. 130

Iktibi

. 603

Irun .

. 543

Jam la

. 341

Ilambili .

. 356

Inin .

. 183

JamnemVinda

. 28

llanji

. 181

Irundi

. 613

Jamni

. 361

Uantai

. 181

Inip .

. 447

Jamnoi

. 314

Ilapongu .

. 74

Iser .

. 312

.Tamo

. 361

I lavam

. 91

Ishi rashi .

. 192

Jamoi

. 314

Ilavu

. 90

Ishwarg .

. 482

Jamrasi

. 178

Iliya

. 89

Itah .

. 99

Jamroi

. 314

Ilia .

. 525

Iti .

. 250

Jamti

. 362

I liar .

. 26

Itola

. 271

Jamu . 314. 356, 3

51, 473, 643

Illi .

. 748

Itsit .

. 546

Jamuna

. 39

Illinda

. 458

ltti .

. 643

Jan .

. *;:,c,

lllupathla.

. 85

Iwara meniadi .

51

.Tana .

. 109

lllupei

. 446, 447, 448

lyamalai .

. 309

Janagi

. 51

llso .

. 1 68

Iyanku

. 478

Jana-pa-laseru .

. 610

J mar

. 684

Iyola

. 569

.land

. 230

lmbri

. 628, 677

Jartgal ka parungi

. 671

Imbul

. 91

Jangi

. 684

Imli

. 278, 599

J.

Jangli benti

. 691

Imra

. 627

Jangli-erandi .

. 612

In .

72

Jabba hingori .

. 112

Jangli frast

. 692

Inai .

'. '. 677

Jadhirdah

. 739

Jangli khajur .

. 730

In bo

. 71

Jadi .

. 645

Jangli pipli

. 645

Incbu

. 730

Jadi .

. 526

Jangli sbarifa .

. 27

I'nd .

. 622

Jafra

. 38

Jangra

. 1 82

Indak

. .r.<i2

.lagalagante

. 454

Jan j ban .

. 235

Inderal) .

. 500

Jagarua .

. 271

Janmera .

. 130

Indi .

. 730

Jagat-madan

. 523

Jantballa .

. 483

Indo .

. 751

.Taggarwah

. 271

Jantia

116. 46!l

Indrajau .

. 484

Jaggra

. 271

Janu .

. 519

Indrani

. 539

Jagguchal

. 431

'aniunjau

. 181

Ind-rendi .

. 622

Jagrikat .

. 566

Janwa

. 178

Indri

. 677

Jaguri

. 651

Janyepang

. 40(1

Iiulu .

. 525

Jagya-domur .

. 648

Jao .

17. 7 16

Induga

. 498

Jagya dumai

. 650

Japle

. 39

Indu]ia

. 498

Jai .

. 468

Jara .

. 109

Induva

. 498

Jai-mangal

. 516

Jarat

. 38

[ngai

. 363

JaipaJ

. 614

Jargi

77. 369

Ingini

. 498

Jaipbal

555. 613

Jari .

. 614

Ingli

. 177, 363

.lairum

. 130

Jarika

. 710

[ngua

. L35

Jail .

. 235

Jarila

. .".si

Ingyin

77. 608

Jaji .

. 369

Jaijo

. 169

Injar

. 363

Jajikai

. 556

Jarlangei .

. 397

Inkathit

. 242

Jakkahi .

. 28

Jairi .

. 300

fozai

. 649

Jal .

. 477

Jaru .

. 237

[nzarra

. L08

Jala .

. 82

.larnl

. 373

[petta

L6

Jalaranda .

. 82

Jardl-jhalna

. 376

Ippa.

. 447, 448

Jalari

. 82

Jam mainidi

. 216

[ppi .

. 447, 448

Jal bagl'l .

. 394

Jassuuidi .

. 278

1 ra .

. 394

.laldaru

. -M-2

Jasiin

. 138

Irai .

. 58

Jalghoza .

. 709

Jastind

. 651

814

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

PAGE

Jaii . 4(

9, 555, 7-b)

Jinga

. 281

Jatiko

. 369

Jingarj

. 64

Jati-koroi

. 304

Jingya

. 284

Jatrasigi .

. 523

Jinnekoi .

. 542

Jatri .

. 555

Jinti .

. 31(5

Jaiin

. 631

Jinuguda .

. 379

Javra

. 47

.Tir .

. 218, 643

Jawa

. 393

.Tirbiil

. 231

Jawa

. 237

Jiri .

. 220

Jawani

. 237

Jirral

. 236

Jaw&sa

. 237

Jiriigii

. 729

Jawbar

. 631

Jitaugi

. 250

Jayant.i

. 235

Jitegi

. 25o

Jayaphal .

. 556

Jiti .

. 492

Jazugri

. 651

Jitiyegishi

. 250

Jeeah

. 139

Jiii .

. 746

Jegachu .

. 211

Jivputrak .

. 604

Jeljanibll .

. 622

Jiyal

. 218

Jembiit

. 288

Jiyal

. 218

Jerimu

201, 202

Joi;'ia padera

. 420

Jermalu .

. 382

Jogi mallata

. 619, 621

.Terra

. 583

Joi .

. 469

Jewan-putr

. 604

Jo jo .

. 279

Jewi .

. 646

Joki .

. 607

Jhaggar .

. 734

Jom .

. 283

Jhal .

3G, 477

.Torn janoin

. 181

Jhal .

. 476

Jondri

. 010

.Tlialbhor .

. 182

Jonkapbal

. 99

Jhari .

. 469

Jonua

. 048

Jhand

. 288

Jor .

. 419

Jhangra .

734

Joti .

. 604

.Ihar .

470, 477

Jotmida .

. 647

Jharchampa

. 569

Joufra

. 613

Jhari

. 182

Jovi .

. 640

Jhari sindi

. 730

.Tow a

. 746

.Ihar katchura .

. 497

Jowassi

. 237

Jhatela . . 3'

6, 536, 573

Joweea

. 575

.liiau .

. 46,342

Juai .

. 742

Jhaujhauka

. 411

J liari .

. 468, 470, 577

Jhenok

36

J u da pa

. 498

Jhera

337

Jugguru .

. 39

Jherphal .

. 648

Jugia

. 502

.Ihijan

. 235

Jngfc6r

. US

Jhijir

. 417

Jiii .

. 421

Jhind

. 295

Jtda .

. 487

Jliinga

. 281

Ji'un .

. 13S

Jhingan .

. 218

Jummina .

. 123

Jhirjgni

63

Jumuda

. 333

Jliinja

. 28]

Jungsong .

. 360

Jhiri

36

Juno .

. 730

Jb.it .

. 470

Jupong

. 63]

Jhiun

. 438

.1 ur .

. 335

Jbora

. CMS

.Tnri pakri .

. 641

Jlnmjun .

. o::i

Juta salpani

. 239

Jhunok

. 128

Jiiti .

. 125, 604

Jburi

. 588

Jutili

. 332

Jia-piita .

. 604

.Tuti mcrsolo

. 125

Jibarj

. 631

Jutru

. 438

Jibang

. 181

Jutta

. 059

Jidi .

. 220

Juvarai

. 452

.liili mamidi

. 214

Jawa

. 87

Jidkai

40, 214

Jigilu

. 631

Jigna

. 218

I

L.

Ji.ja .

. 28]

Jikjik

. 319

Ka .

. 002

.lik

. 577

Kaak-avenako

. 013

Jikri.

. 577

Kaat-ainunak

. 613

Jili .

. 641

Ka-aunggyi

. 543

Jilleda

. 491

Kabaing .

. 333,334

Jilli .

. 711

Kaliai pipal

. 044

Jilnga

. 729

KabaJ

. 307

Jinari

. 7i)2

Kaliar

. oil

Jindi

. 632

Kabaira .

. 33

Kabashi .

Kabasi

Kabaung .

Kabbar

Kabit

Kabodda .

Kabonau .

Kabooay .

Kabotan:. .

Kabra

Kabra

KabshiDL; .

Kabul

Kabyaing

Kaccha patti

Kachal

Kacham .

Kachan

Kachecn. .

Kaehein .

Kacbeyta .

Kachia udal

Kachik

Kachipadel

Kachir

Kachka

Kacblei

Kachlora .

Kachnal .

Kaehnar .

Kacbri

Kachiir

Kaclniria chiill

Kada

Kadaga

Kadakai .

Kadal

Kadali

Kadalranchi

Kadam

Kada ma .

Kailamanakku

Kadamb .

Kadambe .

Kadambo

Kadambu .

Kadami

Kadamic .

Kadani

Kadat

Kadatnyan

Kadavari .

Kad bende

Kiid btvu .

Kad buraga

Kaddam .

Kadda vailu

Kaddu

Kaddu-ma

Kaddupuli

Kadeoli .

Kadera

Kaderi

Kaderu

Kadet

Kad.war .

Kadgandba

Kadiala

Cadishen .

Kadivi

Kadi wan .

Kad-kanagala

Kadmero .

Kadna

PA G E

199, 201. 2o2
. 202
. 497
4,0. 477
131

92
599
304
662
041

33
662
692
334

43
710
628
710
680
144
290

87
283
421
390
207

40
310
281
281, 284
484
390
411
285

339
154
373
163
400, 613
482
540

403

400

4oo

395

91

363

4o3

32

16

420

112

1 1;.

38

400, 403

too

94
218
275
887
L68
296
;. 701
226
170
147
403
597
348
507
1. ''.
571
411

57;

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

815

PAGE

i-AGi;

PAGL

Kadoi

Kaj pat i

. 386

Kala kbarani .

. 466

Kadok

. 226

Kaj ra

. 497

Kala kiamoiii .

. 4<5

Kadol

'■V-\'-'i

Kajrauta .

. 21

Kala kudu

. 486

Kadrajuvi

. 604

Kaj ti

. 214

Kal i kura

. 4*fi

Kadsige .

. 307

Kaj utala ni

. 317

Kala kg . . 1

iO, 184. 189

Kadu

. 41

Kajvaug .

. 383

Kala loari

. 550

Kadukar .

. 339

Ka'k .

. 649

Kalam

. 403

Kadukka .

. 339

Kaka

40. 210, 416, 595

Kalamet .

. 587

Kadukkodi

. 27

Kakad

. 138

Kala mukba

. 17.s

Kaduruberiya

. 460

Kakabi

. 89

Kalangreti

. 469

Kadung .

. 543

Kakai

. 40

Kala palas

. 237

Kadungbi .

. 543

Kakaipalai

. 125

Kalarukh .

. 250

Kadungnyok

. 543

Kakammal

. G50

Kala sabaju

. 342

Kadu-nockcki

. 542

Kakandan

. 334

Kala sakeiia

. 230

Kadurpala

. 59.".

Kakaon

. 752

Kalasan .

. 218

Kadut

. 32, 647

Kakar singi

. 210

Kala siris .

. 304. 307

Kadwal

. 4(io

Kaka suroli

. 457

Kala teudu

. 455

Kadwar

. 403

Kaka-tati .

. 456

Kalati

. 17

Kaen

. 607

Kaka ulimera

. 455

Kala titmaliya .

. 394

Kagbhalai

. 608

Kakbhalao

. 209

Kalatiya .

. 310

Kaghak

. 330

Kakeda

. 416

Kalatti

. C45

Kaghania

. 203

Kaker

. 40

Kala-umber

. 647

Kagkuti

577, 578

Kakbri

. 640

Kalauri

. 94

Kagi

. 221

Kakbum .

. 438

Kalauzo .

. 42

Kagira

. 221

Kaki

. 271

Kaiavada .

. 513

Kagiri

. 641

Kakira

. 163

Kalavi

. 206

Kagli

. 296

Kakkaipalai

. 379

Kalawar .

. 317

Kagphulai

. 209

Kakkar

. 210

Kala-wel .

. 263

Kagsari

. 577

Kakke

. 271

Kalay

. 392

Kagsha

390, 047

Kakkeran .

. 208

Kalay bogoti

. 440

Kagshi

390, 659

Kakki

. Ill

Kalazaung

. 382

Kaha

. 38

Kakkrein .

. 209

Kalazaw .

. 382

Kahakala

. 454

Kakkri

. 200

Kal bagbi .

303. 307

Kabata

. 364

Kakmari .

. 24

Kal ban

. 573

Kahbang

. 583

Kakoa

. 40

Kalbikki .

. 115

Kahimmal

. 646

Kako-dumar

. 647

Kalbow

74

Kahu

. 341, 474

Kakor

. 183

Kalchang .

. 689

Kahiia

. 341

Kakra

25, 334, 623

Kalchar .

. 339

Kahud ■

. 138

Kakrangche

. 210

Kalcbua .

. 601

Kakukrik

. 405

Kakri:

33, 208, 378

Kale .

. 403

Kahwa

. 422

Kakria

44, 243, 371

Kale banish

. 688

Kai .

628, 684

Kakring .

. 210

Kaledzo .

. 558

Kaida

. 741

Kakroi

. 210

Kalei

. 304

Kaiday

. 465

Kakru

. 202

Kaleiu

266, 267

Kaiger

. 298

Kaksa

. (147

Kalet

. 504

Kaikar

. 138

Kaksh

. 390

Kalga

. 317

Kaikra

138, 218

Kak<hoz .

. 398

Kalgante .

. 469

Kaikun

. 40

Kaktay

. 112

Kal^iir

. 166

Kail .

704, 716

Kakundan

. 176

Kalhain

. 706

Kaim

. 646

Kakurcba

. 476

Kalbenyok

. 409

Kaimlar .

. 619

Kakiiri

. 571

Kalia

. 748

Kaimu

. 281

Kakuru

. 183

Kaliar

. 281

Ksiin

. 027

Kal .

. 656

Kali bi'-l .

. 180

Kainar

. 27 1

Kalaaba .

. 479

Kali guras

. 433

Kaincho .

. 240

Kala-aja .

. 503

Kali harchu

. 429

Kaing-go .

. 60

Kala akbi .

. 318

Kali harreri

. 304

Kainguli .

. 583

Kala anchu

. 318

Kalikai

479, 480

Kainjal

. 607

Kala aselu

. 317

Kali-kardori

. 492

Kainjli

201, 202

Kala aunsa

. 728

Kalikat

. 403

Kainju

. 201

Kala boeri

. '.'9

Kalikatha

. 439-

Kaint

. 322

Kala bogotl

535, fill

Kali-kbatai

. 610

Kaiphal .

. 664

Kala cbakma

. 679

Kalikikar.

. 292

Kair

602, 7"l

Kala cbamp

11

Kabkoura

. 110

Kaini

94, 7o|

Kala (lhaukra .

. 348

Kalilambili

. ll'o

Kaisho

. 596

Kal.iilri

. 628

Kalilara .

349, 492

Kait .

. i.;i

Kalagaii .

. .".u;

Kali niariitbai .

. 342

Kaita-da .

. 654

Kala goindu

. 451

Kalindra .

. 201

Kaithali .

. 91

Kala goni

. 514,516

Kalipat

37

K:ii zaban

. 432

Kalaba

. 646

Kaliporana

.

KAj .

. 595

Kala bi.salu

. 317. ;;is

Kali rinu .

. 673

Kajei

. 318

Kala indeijau .

. o7

Kalis

3i ;

Kai or bel .

. 497

Kalak

. 748

Kalishan .

688, -

Kaji .

. 595

Kala kandei

10

Kali taka .

.;:;

Kajo

. 339

Kalakat .

. 311

Kaliiin

. 7;;;:.

816

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Kalivi

Kaljemi .

Kaljendru

Kalki

Kal kilingi

Kalkora .

Kallai

Kallain

Kall-alini .

Kallam

Kallei

Kalli

Kalliachi .

Kallu

Kall-ndi .

Kalma

Kal mnngil

Kal pakku

Kalpayin .

Kalp Lriksh

Kalpoon .

Kalrai

Kalrei

Kalru

Kalshi

Kalsis

Kaluga

Kalth:inu .

Kal-thuringi

Kaluchia .

Kalucho .

Kal udai .

Kalu-kabaraliya

Kaln-kadumbt riy

Kah'ikeia .

Kalumaduwa

Kalu-mediriya

Kahiwaia .

Kaluwella

Kalli yette

Kalvari

Kalwa

Kamada .

Kama]

Kamanji i.

Kamaranga

Kamarri .

Kamaung .

Kamba

Kamba

Kambagam

Kambal

Kambalu .

Kambai .

K.illllir

Kambel

Kambhai .

Kambli

Kambli vetti

Kambiong.

Kambu

Kamela

Kamhyem

Kami la.

Kamini

Kamkata juli

Kainki

Kamkiii

[vain la

Kaml&i

Katnli

Kamli mallata

Ramma regu

Kamo

9, 590

43

PAGE

479
130

14
748
157
302
6
G96
646
403
6
591
317
74, 460
515
602
751
310

70

86

58
719
719

94
390

303, 305, -138
6
503
3()4
■157
168
294
452
459

19
638
2, 459, 462
456
■454
192

33
482
401
619
595
119
415
373
90, 431
103

, .'i

209, 619

L33

28, 2

27

L2

537
415
cm
537
403
465
58 1
750
619
660
619
1 25
604
313
595
28
218
658
618
755
333

PACK

PAGE

Kampotta .

. 608

Kandla

. 282

Kampti

. 118

Kandlar .

. 168

Kampu gumadu

. 536

Kando

. 267

Kamni

. 276

Kandol

. 94

Kanirang .

. 119

Kandre

. 716

Kamrup .

. 643

Kandru .

. 628

Kamtiya .

. 295

Kandu

. 176

Kamugu .

. 726

Kandugogu

. 38

Kamukai .

. 726

Kanemis .

. 178

Kamwepila

. 126

Kane'r

. 487

Kan .

. 479

Kan era

379. 425

Kanachi .

. 317

Kanga

262, 415

Kanagala .

. 482

Kangali .

. 282

Kanagalu

6

Kangar

209, 210

Kanagi

. 555

Kangedoe.

. 324

Kanagola .

6

Kangei

. 403

Kana-gona

. 655

Kanghi

. 323

Kana-goraka .

. 55

Kanii'i

408, 409

Kanai

. 648

Kangji

638, 646

Kanait seik

. 65 1

Kan^kur .

. 138

Kanaizu .

. 611

Kanglu

. 631

Kanak

. 188

Kango

. 40

Kanakayitka .

. 15

Kangori .

. 40

Kanakchampa .

. 100

Kangshior

. 431

Kana kindali .

. 197

Kangu . 49, 47

1, 508, 651

Kanako .

. 614

Kanguli .

2

Kanal

. 497

Kanguni .

. 176

Kanalla .

. 282

Kanhil

. 371

Kanamaung

. 545

Kanhlyem

94, 96

Kanam mayili .

. 198

Kanhya .

. 648

Kanapa

. 363

Kaniai

. 283

Kanapu

. 401

Kaniga

. 262

Kanar

. 201

Kaniuchi .

. 7o:i

Kanaraj .

. 284

Kaniia

. 487

Kanazo

. 611

Kanitri

. 316

Kanazo-ta-loo .

. 174

Kanh'iri .

. 387

Kanbala .

. 376

Kaniyiii .

. 487

Kancha

. 395

Kanj

. 595

Kanchan . . 2?

1, 284, 454

Kanj

. 1 23

Kanchanamu .

. 12

Kanj a

. 267

Kancheli .

. 202

Kanjala .

. 442

Kanchia .

. 457

Kanja liita

. 493

Kanchin .

. 281

Kan jar

. 202

Kanching .

. 3: >7

Kanjaia .

. 201

Kanchini .

. 281

K:inji

. 1 85

Kanchinu .

. 390

Kanjiram .

. 497

Kanchivala

. 284

Kanj la

. 201

Kanchivala-do .

. 28 1

Kanjlu

. L68

Kanchupranti .

. 621

Kanju

in. 628

Kanchurai

. 497

Kankai

. 292

Kanda

. 188

Kankoli .

. 580

Kandagang

. 87

Kankor

. 1S3

Kandagai.

. 622

Kankia . . 2-

3, 33 1. Ill

Kandai

. 123

Kankiei .

. 243

Kandailo bail] .

. 168

Kankutake

. 55

Kanda]

. 333

Kanlao

. 282

Kandalanga

. 1 53

Kanman .

. L38

Kandali .

. 478

Kanmai .

. L96

Kandalu .

. 246

Kannucbj .

. 7o:i

Kandan

. 283

Kanom

. :!:i7

Kandai

33, i:»3

Kanoi

. 193

Kandai

. 77. r.Mi

Kan phulia

. 52.""

Kandaia .

. 168, 390

Kan regu .

. 10

Kandain .

. 201

Kaiiru

K»

Kanda-veltu

. 618

KansbJD .

. 201

Kandeb

. 58

K: ill si

. 330

Kandei

. -Id

Kansian .

. 577

Kanderu .

. 168

Kauta

. 182

Kandhaia

. 11

Kanta bohul

is;;, ill

Kandi

40. 288

Kanta gola batana .

. 67H

Kandiari . . 17

>',. L82, .U7

Kanta-giir-kaniai

. 478

Kandiawa

. 282

Kanta-jati

. 522

Kandika .

. 1 82

Kanta kanchi .

. 596

Kandioi .

514, 516

Kanta kunila .

. HI

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

817

I'AGE

p m.i

Kantal

. 168

Kanim

. 401

Kari gberu

KaDta la] batana

. 683

Karamara

. 462

Karigicbi .

Katitiilu .

. 425

Karamb .

. 403

Karigidda

Kantauch

. 317

Karamba .

. 475

Karika

KaDta singar .

. 683

Karanibru

. 304

Karikaput

Kantebhouri

. 489

Karamkanila .

. 510

Karil

Kan tekera

.).'>

Karan

. 505

Karima .

KanteDa .

. 441

Kaia-nangu

. 59

Karimara .

Kanthal .

. 652

Karandje .

. 262

Kari matti

Kanthan .

. 577

Karanga .

. 316

Kari mutal

Kanthar .

35, 653

Karangal .

. 271

Karindi

Kantian .

. 318

Karangalli

. 296

Karinga .

Kantiernyok

. 193

Karangi .

. 279

Kariugi

Kanti kapali

. 35

Karang kuntbrikani

. 141

Karingotta

Kantjcr .

. 610

Karani

. 92

Karinji

Kan tumri

. 462

Karanj

. 262

Karipal

Kanu

. 403

Karanja .

262, 674

Karippalai

Kami

. 120

Karanjcl .

. 628

Karir

Kanuga .

. 202

Karanj el o

. 512

Karivappilei

Kanujerla

. 307

Karanj i .

305, 628

Karivempu

Kanuki

. 209

Karanj <> .

. 267

Kari-vepa

Kanukpa .

. 120

Karan kutti

. 421

Karjara .

Kanun

336

Karanoi .

. 548

Kark

Kanun pallc

150

Karanphal

. 130

Karka

Kanupala .

. 149

Karanta .

. 490

Karkacba

Kanuwan .

. 480

Karanthei

. 426

Karkanna

Kanvel

. 573

Karanuchi

. 539

Karkapilly

Kanwail .

. 180

Karanzai .

. 271

Karkar

Kanwal

. 567

Karapincba

. 126

Karkat

Kanwala .

. 573

Karapu kongiliam

. 141

Karkata .

Kan we

. 545

Karaput .

. 168

Karkava .

Kanyin

70

Karar

. 283

Karkawa .

Kanyiubyu

. 72

Karasni .

. 632

Karkava .

Kanyingok

. 71

Karassi

. 469

Kar kbair

Kanyinni

70

Kara-toveray .

. 101

Karkotta .

Kanyin-wefctaung

. 70

Karaun

. 479

Karkun

Kanyoung

. 70

Karaunda.

479, 480

Karkunnie

Kanyu

. ;,;,»

Karaunj .

. 267

Karla

Kanzal

201, 202

Karaunji .

. 94

Karmai

Kanzaw

. 447

Karawala-kebella

. 610

Karmal

Kanzlo

. 201

Karawnn .

. 480

Karmi

Kao .

. 474

Kara way .

. 562

Karmora .

Kaogruni .

. 252

Karawu .

. 601

Karmiij

Kaoria babul .

. 294

Karay

. 419

Karnaliya

Kapadah .

. 733

Kara van .

. 557

Kami

Kapali

. 100

Kar ayani

. 92

Karo

Kapashi .

128, 631

Karbaru .

. 387

Karolu

Kapasi . . !

!», 684, 690

Karbat

. 267

Karon j

Kaphal

96, 664

Karboti semtil .

. 386

Karpati

Kaphalmuk

. 88

Karcbanna

. 632

Karr

Kaphitki .

. 659

Karchi

. 484

Karra

Kapila

. 619

Karchia. .

. 469

Karrai

Kapli

. 619

Kardahi .

. 348

Karrallua .

Kapok

92

Kardclii .

. 347

Karra marda

Kappura .

. 503

Kardor

. 86

Karrani jowa

Kapsi

. 660

Kardul

. 86

Karre \ embu

Kaputobo .

. 638

Kan . 111. 4

2, 413, 454

Karri

Kar .

. 727

Karedha .

. 339

Karri jali .

Kara

. 497

Kar eetta .

. 756

Karril

Karachi

. 276

Karei

. 379

Karrka

Karada

. 597

Kankai .

. 479

Kami

Karadi

. 500

Kanniara

. 456

Karruwa .

Karadipongan .

. L92

BLarendera

. 201

Karsane

Kar agi! .

. I I*

Karepak .

. 126

Karsepak .

Karai

. 94

Karer

317,318

BLarsh

Karail

. 751

Karera

. 632

Karshu

Karailo

. 318

Karcbanna

. 193

Kar>ui

Karaingi .

. 415

Kaignalia

. 596

Karu

Karaka

:»<;, 339

Kargol

. 631

Kami

Kara kong

. 83

Karliar

. 413. 116

Karuk

Karalla

. »:-_>.-,

Kari . 21, 34, 12

7. isl, 505,

K aruk

Karalli .

. 283, :;:;/.

571, in >2

Karnka

Karallu

. 305

Kari-l)c\u

. 126

Karuka\ a .

Karaui

100, 401

Kari ganne

. 176

Kani maruthi

3 Q

818

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Karumba
Karumbel

PAGK
413

6

Kasnri
Kasyapala

PAGK

. - 1 72
. 87

Kat kiimbla
Katkura .

•

Kari'in •

. 17

1. 635

Ivataia

. 629

Kat maa .

21t

Karun charci

221

Katail

. 4<i

Katmaba .

Karunda .

479

Katakamma

. .".7ii

Kat malli .

Karungandam

546

Katakamu

. 498

Katman .

Karung kongu

71

Katakucbi

. 595

Katmara .

Karunkali

456

Kat-allari

. 622

Katmarra .

Karun thagara

305

Katamba .

. 223

Katmatialna

Karunthali

456

Katambal

. 553

Katmedh .

Karunthumbi

7H-2

Kat ambolam .

. 223

Kat moliya

Karun thuvarei

454

Katan

35, 91

Katmoria .

Karupale .
Karvtr

604

Kata narunga .

. 129

Katmouli .

. 11

,8, L8

s, :;s;

Katang

. 109

Katnembilla

Karu vage

304

Katanga .

. 748

Katnini

Kara vagei

304

Katangai .

. 1 .".7

Katoddi .

Karuvali .

178

Katapenga

. ! tl

Katol

Karuvamari

551

Katapergu

. 505

Katonda .

Kan'ivelam

292

Kat-arali .

. 482

Katong

Kar vaghe
Karvati ,

304

K atari

41, 322

Katongzu

632

Kata-una .

. 748

Katonj

1 ti"

Karvila

36

Katausi .

. 748

Katori

Karwai

407

Kat-btl .

. 131

Katpali

Karwan

32

Kat-ber .

. 183

Kat] lira

Karwand

179

Kat bhewal

. Ill

Kat rain

Karwanth

24

Katbliilawa

. 216

Katrar

Karwat

651

Katdad .

. 290

Katria

Kanveil

G

Kat ilhaura

. 371

Kats

Karwi

!4, 39

4, 688

Katerni

. 36

Katsawar .

Karzani

240

Kateru

. 168

Katsbal .

Karzu

671

Katganja .

. 595

Kat semul

Kas .

237

Kat gularia

. 647

Katseori .

Kasamar

537

Kat guli .

. 687

Katsirsa .

Kasaragadde

497

Katb

. 523

Katta naragam

Kasaraka

497

Kathal

638, 653

Kat tang .

Kasarkana

497

Katha-paharia .

. 178

Kattar

Kashi

595

Katba puvan

. 197

Kattawa .

Kashicndung

679

Katba shenn'kotta

. 221

Katti

Kashin

208

Kath-bel . '

. 131

tvattimuracban

Kashinron

682

Katb bbalaia .

. 209

Kaltito .

Kashioshem

683

Kath blu'ij

. 669

Kattra

Kasbit ,

106

Ka'tbo

. 133

Kattu elupaj

Kashmal

29. 30

Katheik .

. 212

Kat tuianji

Kashmala

218

Katbera .

. 378

Kata andara

Kaslimi

29

Katberu .

. 1st;

Katu-boda

Kashmoi

29

KathgiUar

. 650

Katu-imbul

Kashok

679

Kathi . 47, 21

0, 231, 264

Katukali .

Kasbti

70

9, 74S

Kathit

. 21 1

Katu-karandu

Kashyem
Kasi .

317
240

Kathitka .

Kalli-jahi

. 106

. 122

Katukonda
Katu-kitul

Kasfr

'. 30

7, 390

Kath manwa .

. 602

Katu-kurundu

Kasira

469

Kathmora

. 328

Kat id

20, 41'

Kasirut

646

Kathoi

230, 231

Kat nia

Kaskusri

108

Kathsola .

. 235

Kat n la

Kasmal

29, 30

Kathula .

. 570

Kat inner .

Kasmir

641

Kalhun-h;ira

. 121

Katuniyada

Kasmol

390

Kati ain .

. 595

Katu puveras

Kasonli

36

Katiang .

211, 212

Katnr

Kasn kan

649

Katil

. 1 1 2

Katuru-murung

a

Kasivto

648

Kat illippi

. 417

Katu-timbal

Kasrikc

665

Kat illupai

. 11:;

Kat vage .

Kasru

671

Ivat illupei

146, 1 1>

Kat vaghe

Kussarnar

537

K m t i or

9.")

Katyalu .

Kassau

368

Katira

91. 688

Kan

. 36

Kassri

595

Kati wadiir

. 7 is

Kauchia .

Kassi

595

Kat kamali

. HI

Kaula

Kassod

27 1

Kat kanai

. 390

Kauli

Kasscc

648

Kat-karai

. 136

Kiiuli

Kassumar

195

Kat karanj

. 267

Kauna kompu

Kastel

12

K at kanv.a

. 267

Kauner

lasting

230

Kat karinga

. 267

Kanrjggale

Kashira

121

Kat kanla

. 56 1

Kaunghmu

Kasul

109

Kat kaulo

. 568

Kaungwa .

Kasur

65

Kat kawal

. 568

Kaungyan

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

819

PAGE

PAGE

Kauka

. 751

Reliya

. 112

Khaksha .

Kaukonda

. 517

Relmang .

. 710

Khaksho .

Kauni

3

Relon

. 710

Khaksi

Kauniabali

2

Relu .

. 710

Khnlis

Kauntel

:;.")

Kema kechoong

. 430

Khalshi .

Kaur

33, 548

Rembal .

. 29

Rhamara .

Kaura

. 484

Kembu

. f.49

Khammara

Kaura

. 635

Remma

. 360

Khanchi .

Kaurak

. 583

Rempu gandaglu-ri

. 157

Khanda

Kaurchi .

. 253

Kempu garu

. 214

Khang

Kauri

201, 548

Ke'mu

. 135

Rhamara .

Kauria

. 121

Ke'nawila .

. 9G

Khanjak .

Kauri-jal .

. 476

Rend

. 4G0

Khankri .

Kaurio

. 412

Renda

. 621

Khanoi

Kauri van

. 476

Kenda keri

. 479

Khansing .

Rauseri

. 512

Kendhu .

156, 460

Khanta

Kaval

. 364

Rendu

455, 460

Rhaoi

Kavalam .

. 95

Rengeni .

. 230

Khar

Kavali

. HI

Ren-henda

. 543

Khara

Kavanchi .

99

Rentia lota

. 263

Rharai

Kavani

. 271

Rentki

. 522

Rharak

Kavarachu

. 88

Reol .

. 646

Rharaka .

Kavargi .

. 100

Reoli

. 710

Kharak chena

Kavi't

. 131

Reonge

. 94

Rhara-narval

Kavsi

. 74

Reor .

. 487

Kharani .

Kavuki

. 510

Keori

. 741

Rharanj .

Kawakuruni

. 309

Keowra

. 376

Kharaoli .

Rawal

. 568

Repiliya .

. 608

Rharas

Kawala . . 51

5, 566, 5i)7

Keppetiya

. 614

Kharbel .

Kawali

. 492

Ker .

. 34

Rharchu .

Kawat

127, L31

Kera .

. 34

Rhardal .

Kawa ulc .

. 752

Rerani

. 369

Khardala .

Kawgwa .

. 35

Rerauli

. 571

Khardhawa

Rawili

. 95

Rerendo kuli

. 479

Rharen irri

Kaya . 362, 31

8, 150, 522

Kergaili .

. 597

Khareu

Kayaputi .

. 351

Keri . . . i

3, 475, 656

Rhargaa .

Kayaungwa

. 755

Rering

. 510

Rharhar .

Kayaw

545, 626

Rerra

. 497

Kharidjar .

Kayinwa .

. 755

Ken; in

. 262

Kharik

Kayu

. 427

Kesara

. 59

Rbariz

Kay u garu

. 579

Reshiabaru

. 172

Kharkath .

Kayu-lakka

. 255

Resi-pissan

. 27

Khar-kodi

Razu

. 656

Reso .

. 244

Kharlei

Kazurati .

. 178

Kesseru

. 386

Kharmo .

Kchai tun .

. 422

Reta kala .

. 595

Kharnnich

Kea .

. 74 L

Ke'tambilla

. 41

K ha n>t

Kea-kanta

. 740

Keti .

. 247

Kharota .

Rebel la .

608, 609

Retiya

. 43

Kharoti

Redar-sundri

. 105

Retiia

. 748

Rharpat .

Reembootcn

. 429

Retuki

. 741

Rharrei

Recta

. 780

Reura

. 740

Rharsani .

Reg .

. 155

Reur-kanta

. 740

Rbarsing .

Kegu

. 433

Revva

. 745

Rharsoni .

Kehar.su .

. 67 1

Rewani

99

Kharwa .

Rehel inohru .

. 109

Reynjee .

. 572

Rharwala .

Rehimu

. l7o

Rhabar .

644, 646

Rharwat .

Kehi-pittan

. 27

Rhabara .

. 649

Rhas

Reim

. 403

Rhabsawar

. 90

Rhasaroa .

Rein.

. C07

Rhad bekula

. 607

Rhasca

Reindu

. 15!

Rhagas

. 329

Khateb .

Keint

. 322

Rhagshi .

G31, 647

Rhatta jhinjho

Rei pala .

. 446

Kh.Vi.

. 627

Rhattimal

Rein

. 127

Khaina

. 650

Rhau

Ki-k.i l;i

. 16

Rhair

290, 296

Rhaana

Rekda

138, 223

Rhair champa .

. 482

Rhawari .

Kcki'ila

. 218

Rhairwal .

. 283

Rhejra

Rekiri-wara

3, 378

Rhaja

595, 596

Khemri

Kekkcda .

. 138

Kh.iji

. 731

Rhenti

Kekra

138, 568

Kliajir

. 321

Rher

Kekn

L9

Rhajlir

730. 731

Rheri

KiKumi

. Ill

Rhajiiri .

. 730

Rhersari .

Ki'kur

. 138

Rhakeran .

in

Rherwa

Kelia lota.

. 263

Khakhin .

. 476

Rhesa

Keli-kadam

. 401

Rhakra

. 243

Rhesla

820

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

PAGE

Kheu

Kilar ...

Kirmoli

Kheunia .

. 650

Kilar

. 331

Kirmora .

Khewnau .

. 648

Kilatti

. 480

Kirna

Khichar .

. 508

Kilaunta

. 719

Kirnelli

Klu'mor

. 393

Kibiwa

. 487

Kimwa

Khi'na

625

Kilei

. 710

Kironli

Kkinam .

. 160

Kili .

. 305

Kirpa

Khinna

625

Kilingi

. 290

Kirra

48

Khinni

369

Killvay

. 139

Kirrari

Khip

493

Kilmicb

:!'.•;!, 395

Kirri

Khir.

450

Kilmira

. 13K

Kirri bt'vu

Khiri

. 450

Kilmora

29, 30

Kirru

Khirmich .

396

Kilonj

. 673

Kirsahar .

Khirni

1:

0) Is

6, 625

Kilpattar

200, 202

Kirsaru

Khishing .

160

Kilu.

2(

0, 716, 733

Ki'rsel

Khitsar

508

KJmbu

. 636

Kirua

Khnap

744

Kimu

. 635

Kishing

Khoira

296

Kinnil

. 218

Kisbur

Khoiru

■_':

5, 296

Kina

. 57

Kisri

Khoja

525

Kinbalin

. 610

Kissi

Khokar .

477

Kindal

. 344

Kitcbili .

Khol

662

Kiner

. 146

Kitcbli .

Khola ruis

622

Kingaro

. 177

Kithondi .

Khonji

94

Kinghena

. 739

Kithu

Khonki

209

Kingi

. 656

Kitla

Khoobani .

312

Kingli

. 290

Kitola

Khor

29

'. 662

Kingora

29, 30

Kitoli

Khora

28

Kingrei

. 290

Kitsorma .

Khoskadumar .

647

Kinhai

. 305

Kittali

Kkour

299

Kini .

. 305

Kitiil

Khowsey .

96

Kinihiriya

. 38

Kitwuli

Khreik

222

Kinjal

. 344

Kiwach

Khudi jamb

610

Kinjiil

. 271

Kjera

Khukie champ

9

Kinjolo

. 363

Klandru .

Khulen

628

Kinkoit

. 748

Klenchu .

Khiim

397

Kinnai

. 377

Kliunti

Khumb

118

Kinni

. 305

Ko .

Khumbi .

;;i;i

Kinton

. 561

Ko&mil

Kbunkia .

208

Kimirlur

. 87

Koan

Khun man i

264

Kioch

. 171

Koaya

Khur

727

Kip .

. 493

Kobah

Khura

648

Kirakuli

. 450

Kobbari .

Khurasli .

469

K i ral

. 34

Kobbe

Klnirhiir .

648

Kirala

. 271

Kobo-mal

Khuri

631

Kirallmghi

74, 75

Kobnmella

Khurinri .

tit;

K i ran

. 603

Kobra

Khurphendra .

416

Kiranclli

. 119

Kubiisi

Khtirnir .

116

Kiranti

. 746

Kocham .

K lius:nii .

664

Kirhalli

. 61

Kochan

371

Khushin .

138

Kiri .

16, 685

Kni'hrik .

Khutnia .

650

Kirianguna

. 493

K ( ida

Khutnui .

716

Kiribidru .

. 751

ELoda bikke

Khwairal .

284

Kirihemli(4i\ a

. 445

Kodaga

Khwairnlo

283

K iribiriya

. 445

Kodagapalei

Khwan

474

Kirikon .

. 152

Kodale

Khwangcre

546

Kiri 11a

. 377

Kodali

Eaahong .

217

Kiri-makuht

. 625

Kodanyi .

Kiam

484

Kiri-mawara

. 485

Kodapala .

Kiamil

218

Kirindi-«ol

225

Kodapana

Kiamnni .

360

Kirindur .

. 53

Kodapanna

Kiamomi .

62

Kiripella .

. 645

Eodapuli .

Kiani

675

Kiriibi .

. 438

Kodari

Ki;ir.

271

Kiri walla .

. 485

KLodaro

Kiari

33

Kiri-wel .

179. 489

Kodarsi

597

Kibu

5 1 9

Kiri werala

. 444

Kodi

Kichige

212

Kirkcn

. 647

Kodi kallu

Kierpa

335

Kirkha

. 416

Kodi nirvctti

Kihur

596

Kirkiria .

. 560

Kod-murki

Kikar

■".•

2, 291

Kirk la

. 413

Kodo

361

Kikra

560

Kirkundi .

. 612

Kodum

Kikri

316

Kirma

. 659

Codwari .

Kilai

305

K ii in. 'ilia .

. 271

Koe . . . .

Kilai-diar.

710

Kirinira

. 125

Kocli

KilakiTua

121

Kirmula .

. 199

ELogar

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

821

Koha

Koham

Kohan

Kohbeng .

Kohi

Kohomba .

Kohu

Kohu-kirilla

Kohumba .

Koila-mukri

Koilari

Koilsha

Koipura

Koir .

Koiral

Koito

Kojiri

Kojulara .

Kokam

Kokan

Kokan ber

Kokatiya .

Koketi

Kokha

Kokhe

Kokhiiri .

Koki

Kokili

Kokkita .

K&kko .

Koko

Kokoa

Kokoara .

Koko-aru .

Kokoranj .

Kokorendua

Kokottai .

Kokra

Koku

Kokum

Kokun

Koknndia .

Kokiirsida

Kokwa

Kol .

Kolairj

Kola mava

Kolan

Kola sampigo

Koliivu

Koldungi .

Kolepot .

Koli .

Kolia

Koliar

Koli.iri

Koli kuki .

Kolinchi .

Kolinu

Koli-vala .

Kolkaphul

Kolla

Kolla in;i\ ii

Knlnaru .

Kolon

Kolongda .

Kolukkatti

Kolungai .

Kumliii

Komi

Kommi

Komui

Kon .

Konay

L'AGE
341

195

1 95

280
596, 670
143
474
112
143

187

•JS3, 2s)
442
194
296

283, 284
131
730
232

51

376
183

51

95
220

91
138
339
139
415
303
206
40, 413
631
L63
345
L09

.Vi
608
619

51
174
345
111
752
662
706
214
Toil

12
•J 7 7
.r!4!t

28
17.".
602
28 1
28 1
HI I
234

llll

55
481

"'77
567
100
7ii0
480
536
58 1
108
411
111
195
195

28;

111

Konda buraga

Konda chiragu

Kondagogu

Konda juvi

Kondakasbinda

Konda main id i

Konda manga

Konda mavu

Konda mayiir

Kondapalti

Kondas

Konda tangedu

Konda vaghe

Konda vavili

Konda vednru

Kond gaidh

Kondlo

Kondricam

Kone

Konea dumbar

Kong

Kon gillam

Kongki

Kongora .

Kongtri

Kongu

Komari

Konikath .

Koniunchi

Konkatkit

Kon kudu .

Konnai

Kon pyinma

Konso

Konta banso

Kontaboro

Kontai koli

Konthra .

Konto palas

Konya

Kooail

Koon

Kootigheri

Kopadalli

Kopaaia .

Kopu

Kor .

Kora

K ' i r.ii la

Korai

Korajbothi

Korakadi .

Kora-kaha

Korak bel

Korakkaipuli

Kora kukundi

Korauiadi

Koramaa .

Korampala

Koran jn .

Korasa-wel

Kora scrum

Korattti

Koratthi .

Korchi

Koreh

Korei

Korelawa

Koiera

Korgi

Korhoi

Kori

Koria

Kori-bata

j- n. i.

38

3i»7

40

637

123

139

415

139

441

88, 89

419, 750

275. 285

305

542

751

176

392

85

271

647

38, 75

38

0, 313
285
316

38, 75
136
G85
709
241
196

1, 27J
375
407
748
444
183
421

38
614
I, 631
195
221
440

89
28 1
484

.'. is i

597
263
I no
1 52
368
736
54
349
595
595

ISO

262
307

.!."».".

-_'si I

603
647

5! > 7
648
597
421
390
121
602
99

Korika-sopa

Korinda

Koringi

Korinta

KorisbJ

Koriti

Korivi

Kor- jam

Korkoria

Korkot

Korkotta

Korna nebi

Koroh

Koroi

Korra

Korsa

Korsano

Korshe

Kos .

Kosai

Kosatta

Kosbada

Kosengi

Kosgona

Kdsh

Kosi .

Kosomara

Kosromba

Kosru

Kossekuli

Kosum

Kosundra .

Kot .

Kota dimbula

Kota gandhal

Kotaku

Kotaug

Kotapengu

Kota-rauga

Kote

Kotki-kanta

Kotoha

Kotokoi .

Kotori

Kot semal

Kol -semla

Kotta

Kottamba

Kottei

Kottu vaga

Kotur

Kouatch .

Kouloi

Kovidara .

Kowa

Kowal

Kowha

Kowsey

Kowti

Koya

Ko/.o

Kraiilone .
Krai pang .
Kramal
Kramali .
K rami, a I .
Krammal .
KrapcbJ .
Kraunti
Krawru
Krein
Krou
Krim
Kring

822

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Krinjal

K ripa

Krishna chi'ira

K rishnasarwa

Krok

Krorue

K rot .

Krowai

Krowee

Krui .

Krumbal .

Krusbal

Ku .

K iiar

Kuay

Kuayral .

K uba

Kuberakashi

Kubinde .

Kuchan

Kuchila

Kuchla

Ruckni

Kud

Kuda

Kudak

KudaJ

Kudar

Kud champa

Kudijamu

Kudrom .

Kudu-dawula

Kudumiri

Kuimaru .

Kuja

Kujarra .

Kuji

Kujitekra .

Kujoi

Kujri

Kuju

Kujuri

Rujva

Ri'ikai

Kuka-mogi

Kuka-moi

Kukandra

Kukar

Kukei

Kukis

Kuktis

Ruku

Knkula-we]

K uk in- chita

K iikurkat

K ukuruman

Kul .

K ul a

Kulain

Kula marsaJ

Kula nun .

Kula-pannai

Kulara

Kulari

Kulejera .

Kulgaya .

Kuli. .

Rulla-kith

Kull-ponne

Kul In

Kulm

Kulmi-luta

Kulsi

Kiilsi't

87, 89

PAG)

271

Kul-tolia .

348

Ki'ilu

268

Rulu-nivan

489

Kulyatzo .

. Till

Rum

5G7

Kama

662

Kumala .

56]

Kumanta .

203

Kumar

671

Kumara .

650

Kumari

311

Kumar puliki

, 029

Rumba

484

Rumbak .

413

Rumbal .

282

Kumbay .

364

Rumbe

516

Kuiubh

, 103

Rumbi

693

Rumbia

497

Rumbil

497

Rumbul .

1 85

Rumbul .

361

Rumbulu .

36]

Kiiniburii-wrl

1 38

Kumbyiing

94

Rumia

94

Ku.mil

12

Rumila

36]

Kum-jainr\ a

719

Kumki

573

Kiimkoi

123

Kiimki'iui .

i;;

Rumkuma

468

K inula

497

Runila lielm

318

Rummar .

335

Rum pa i man

318

Kumpoli .

i7i;

Rumra

318

Runiri

176

Rlimsum .

157

Rumta

40

Kiinitia

L36

Run .

136

Kunachi .

200

Kiinbin

95

Kunch

1 85

Kimda

31 G

Rundapula

316

Kundaru .

619

Ki'indasli .

735

KuinUii

57(1

Riindi

1(17

Riindi

II.",

Kiiiidn

18]

Kiindnl

r.M

Rundotkum

328

Kundoung

543

Kiiiidrikani

509

Kundrow .

1 25

Rundrudi .

395

K ilnga buti

306

Runghi

613

Rungin

595

Rungku

7, 614

K lingkiing

650

Rungli

58

Kuuliip

731

Kimi

103

Kunis

. 606

Kunj

. 142

l\nnja

29

K imjil li:ili

L88, 364

PAGE

V \'.l

. 544

Rtinji

. 18G

. 04

Runkirkola

. 104

. 601

Ri'inku

. 172

. 443

Runkun .

. 172

103, 471

Runlai

. 289

. 196

Rimlinnet

. 724

bS'i . 'ill1

Runrat

. 289

. 689

Ruusa

. 670

. 537

Ri'msung .

. 110

537, 568

Ruuthav .

. 474

. 724

Runthi

. 72G

. 350

Kimti

. 125

. (128

Runtumaiii

. 240

. 311

Runtz

. 670

. 694

Runumella

. 154

. 41(1

Ruppa-alarie

. 482

. 364

Ruppa-manhala

38

. 364

Rura 175, 411, 42

1. 184, 186

115, 502

Ruradia .

17

. 364

Ruragumangjal

. 38

537

Rurakat .

. is!

. 444

Rurakhatto

. 484

. 324

Rural

. 1M

. 557

Rural

282, 284

. 266

Rurambo .

. 400

. 61]

Kurang

168, 402

. 363

Rurangadi

. 290

. 539

Kuranjan .

. 290

. 619

Rurat

. 121

. -1(17

Kurchi

. 484

. 396

Kurchna .

. G32

. 403

Rurdu

. 484

. 112

R ii res

. 255

. 619

Rurgul

. 660

. 52

Kuri . . 31

7. 169, 551

. 150

Ruria

. ISl

. 627

Kurincha .

. 405

. 502

Ruring kura

. 515

. 444

Rurkui

. 598

. 403

Rurku

. 619

364, 389

Rurkui

. 389

. 630

K iiikun bcr

. 183

. 2! •;»

Rurkuria .

. 503

. 295

Kurkuti

. 733

. 254

Rurlinga .

. 133

. 317

Kiirnia

. 567

. 725

Rurmali .

. 307

:; 5, 670

Rurmang .

. 284

. 168

Riinni

. I'M

. 282

Kurinni

. 306

. 300

Rurmura .

. 306

. 57o

Rurol

. 387

. 265

Kuroug

. 617

. 288

Rurpa

. L92, 368

. 167

Kurpa

. 363

. 168

Rurpah

. 102

284, 349

Rurpodur

. 155

. 646

Kurpoora ma ram

. 355

. 540

Rurr

. 9 1

. 157

Rurra

. 184

. 28 1

Rurrera

. 552

. 122

Rursan

. 25

. 508

Rurse

. 557

. 2oo

Kur semul

. 886

. 475

Rursi

. 108

. 172

Rursimla .

. 106

. 439

Kurti

. 511

. 137

Rurud

733

. 51 1

Kurugu

. 1 1 5

. 265

K Ul'U K

138, 157

. 570

Kuril]

. 50

. 628

Rurumas .

. 5.x.-,

. 318

Kurumba .

. KU

. 628

Kurumcha

. 170

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

«23

Kurumia .
Kurim . .
Kurundu .
Kuruntu .
Kuruperi .
Kurwa wagui bi
Kurwut .
Kusan
Kusavi

Kusliarta .

Kushki
Kusho

Kiisht

Kiishii

Kusi

Kiisi

Kusmia aru

Kustun

Kusumb .

Kusumo .

Kutaichu .

Kutebi

Kuthada .

Kuti

Kutilal

Kutki

Kutri

Kut sai

Kuva

Kuvalam .

Kwedauk .

Kwele

Kwe-nwe .

Kwia

Kwillar .

Kwillim .

Kwinda .

Kyadoo

Kyaigyee .

Kyaisai

Kyakatwa

Kyansa

Kyanza

Kyarbn

Kyathanngwa .

Kyaukpan

Kyaungcket

Kyaungdank

Kyaunglettn

Kyaungmigu

Kyaungthwe

Kyaungwa

Kyaungya

Kye . .

Kyegyi .

Kyeinga .

Kyeinxu .

Kyelowa .

Kyeni

Kyefcmao'k

Kyetmauk

K\ •( •! maukiii

Kyetpaung

I\\ : paungbm .

Kyetsu

Kyettetnwe

Kyetyo

K\ ingbi .

Kyinki

Kylanki .

Kyon

Kyonti

Kyn ...

K y ciu

I8l

L23

PAGE

PAGE

47'.)

Kyunbo .... 536

Lao .

59

Kyunnalin . . . 536

Laokri

562

Kyutnenwe . . . 345

Lapaiug .

129

Kywedanyin . i>.;-J. 265j 309

Lapet

421

Lapi .

128

Lapong

047

L.

Larrna

407

Lashtia

206

Lasmani .

455

Laba .... 282

Lasoia

656

Labanu

. 1 38

Lasria

398

Laber

. 239

Lasseri

316

Labshi

223

Lastiik

321

Lachata

'. 230

Lisuni

596

Lad rant; .

. 431

Laswara .

455

Ladiili

. 170

Lit .

312

Ladiiri

. 469

Latang

292

Laeli

. 307

Latecku .

195

Laghiine .

. 577

Latikat

194

Lahan

. 1 23

Lati mahwa

425

Lahokiing

. 243

Lationj

4o;j

Lahura

. 511

Latkau

91

Lai .

. 46

Latkar

484

Laider

. 100

Latman

577

Laidonto .

65

Latmi

103

Laigongron

8

Latora

51 18

Laikez<au .

. 62]

Laur .

396

Lai la

686

Lauri kassain

• >t

Lainja

379

Lavanga .

131

Lajima

290

Lavasat .

177

Laj uk

290

La vun ga .

240

La j want i .

290

Lawa

189

Laker-konta

1 25

Lawadho .

318

Lakhandi .

192

Lawria bains

283

Lakhai

210

Lawiilu

395

Lakhori .

508

Leauri

3 1 8

Lakra

7.Vi

Lebu

37

Lakshmi am

213

Leddil

l 16

Lakuch

<;.v.

Ledra

568

Laku-chamma

655

Lehtia

748

Lai champ

!l

Lei .

683

Lai chandarj

25

9, 16

i, 609

Leila

681

Lai chiin i .

58

Lein .

28

Laldairo .

369

Leina

747

Lai devadari

156

Lein j a

539

La] guras

434

Leinmaw .

269

Lali .

:;i

J, 56

:. 632

Leinya

517

Lai jb.au .

Hi

Leja .

513

Lai kabashi

200

Lekbilani .

195

La] kainja]

624

Lekkigidda

126

La] koi-piira

L97

Lelar

749

Lalla

599

Lelka

510

Lallei

307

I. In .

363

Lai maUata

621

Leliin

363

Lalmandai

191

1. me

735

Lalsingh .

562

Lendi

736

La] siris .

306

Lendva

7.-.:;

Lai titmaliya

394

Lendwa

363

Lai totilla

Lendva

111

Lamenar .

5:;.'i

Li uteri

19.S

Lamkana .

id;

. 595

Leonsh

226

Lamma

283

Leonshi

488

Lampatia .

376

Leori

641

Lamahing .

704

Lepchakawala

622

Lamtani .

189

Lepcbaphal

349

La-mut

•Jll

Leria

541

Lanala

58 1

Lersima .

658

Lanang

190

Lean .

660

Landai

164

Lesiiri

376

Landittan .

.'.,ii

l.ttk.".k

460

Lanebar .

193

Letkop

ISM

Mir

698

Letpan

340

Languia .

6X9

Lettok

526

Lanka .-ij .

591

Lettukkyi

824

Lettoktkein

Let-touk

Lewar

Lewassi

Leza .

[.hi jo

Lhish

Li .

Li.ii .

Li sir .

Lickhoi

Lienda

Lihiing

Likh-aru

Lilima

Li'm .

Limb

Limba

Limbara

Limbarra

Limbo

Limbtoli

Limbu

Limshing

Limtoa

Lin .

Linda

Ling.

Lingiir

Lingyaw

Liniva

Lipia

Li pic .

Lisaro

Li say

Litciii

Litzaklo

Liu .

Linn .

Li ur .

Li'war

Liyan

Liyangu

Lmanza

Loajan

Locundi

Loda .

Lodam

Lodh

Lorlh bholi

Lodhia

Lodhra

Lodo .

Lodra

Lohagasi

l.ohara

Li i I Kir bhadi

Lohari

Lobasa

Lohero

Lobudru

Loburi

Loima lar;

Loj .

Loja .

T >< »k.-i in 1 i

Lokaneli

Lnkhandi

Lolagu

Lolti.

Lohi .

Loiulman:.

L6nbo

Longan

A MANUAL Of INDIAN

PAGE

484, 487

Longsoma .

. 85

Loodooma .

. 698

Lookoy

. 169

Losk .

. :;75

Lota .

. :S22

Lota amari

. 186

Lotal

320, o22

Lotkar

. 501

Loto .

. 501

Louna,

. 171

Lowa

. 625

Lii .

. 337

Liiar .

. 314

Luban

. 596

Lubbor

157, 704

Liibri

. 14^

Liid .

. 369

Ludum

. 1 52

Luhisb

. 145

Luki .

. 143

Lukunak .

. 369

Lulingyaw

. 130

Lulludi

. 704

Lumba-muli jam

. 010

Lumbo

. 326

Liin .

. 625

Luna

. 326

Lungom .

. 539

Luni .

. 017

Lunia

. 100

Lunu-ankenda .

. 659

Lunu-dan .

. 659

Lunukatiya we]

. 500

Lunu-madala .

. 169

Lunu-midell.i .

. [98

Lunu-warana

. 224

Lupiing .

. 322

Liirjiii

. 326

Lust .

. 698

Lutckmi .

. 322

Luteo

. 381

Luti-am .

. 38]

Lutki

. 710

Lut-tcr

. [24

. 369

. 600

ft]

. 601

. 105, 100

Ma:'t .

. 105

Machalla .

. 104

Macliil

. 464

Machkunda

101

Machugan

. 104

Mada

. 13L

Mada

. 581

Madaewab

. 218

Madagari vembi

151

Madagiri vembi

. 209

Madaka .

. 511

Madalkura

. 361

Madama .

. 51 1

Ma-dan

. 596

Madaney .

. 10 1

Madang .

. n;i

Madankran

180, 121

Mailapn

. [92

Madai

. 120

Madara

. 101

Madare

170. 684

JNIadaru

. 500

Madat

. 715

Madatiya .

. 216

Madaw

. 107

Madaywa .

riMBERS

PAGl

[95

Madbel .

27

Maddi

050

Madge

104

Madhava lata

75o

Madi

[50

Madlat

588

Madlatah .

316 '

Madling .

717

Madmalti .

20

Madmandi

. 650 1

Madol

104

Madrasada

511

Mada

137

Madubuluta

385

Maduga .

547

Madu karray .

157

Magadam .

105

Magar

ISO

Magkal

542

Magsher .

543

Magyi

501

Malia

694

Maha-andara

356

Maka-beru

130

Maha-bowitiya

326

Maha-bulumora

20

Mahadan .

245

Maha-debara

327

Maha-ili\ a-dal

107

Maha-eiaminiy

120

Maha-getiya

111

Mahahlegani

20

Mahajani-lnta

5 1 5

Mahaka .

1 15

Mahakabarasa

32

Mahakaramba

337

Maha kuret'n a

378

Mahal

701

Mahalegabyu

202

Alalia limbo

61 L

Maha limbu

470

Mahalimo

367

Maha-madu

65 1

Maba-midi

Mabani'm .

Maba nimlm

Maha-nuga

Maha raianili.il

211

Malia rukh

1 25

Mabdrut .

0

Mabatawara

100

Mahila

010

Mahkoa .

546

Mahkoa .

333

Mahl

710

Mahlu

150

Mahluu .

157

Mablwa

15

Maboka .

io:;

Mahol

252

Mahow

.101

Malm

127

Mahua

75 1

.Malma

7 17

Mahida

283

Muliur

212

Mahwa .

211

Mai .

598

Maidal

507

Maida lakn

.412

Maidal-lara

287

Maika

51

Mail .

7 10

Mai la

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

825

r u:i

PAGE

TAGE

Mainuina .

. ISS

Malt- gem .

6

Mangei

. 651

Main

. 413

Malei utlii

. 51 6

Manghati .

. 37U

Main

. 15(3

Maleo

. 394

Mangi

. 341

Mainakat .

. 382

Malet

. 544

Mangustan

. 52

Mainakat-lara .

. 034

Malghan .

. 283

Maniawga

. 335

Maindal

. 413

Mali . . .15

7. 396, 416

Alan idalai

. 475

Mainhiiri .

. 413

Alalia

. 454

Alani maratlia .

. 373

Maini

. 413

Maling

. 744

Manipangain

. 192

MainphaJ .

U2, 413

Alalitta .

. 369

Alaniphtyol

. 238

Maipangpuk

. 746

Mai j an

. 283

Alaiiipulnati

. 004

Maiphak .

. 1 20

Malkakni .

. 176

Alanjadi .

. 287

Maipyu

. 747

Mai kangani

. 176

Manjakadambe

. 401

Mairi

. 584 ,

Mai kanguni

. 177

Alauja kadamlui

. 401

Alairol

. 540

Malkarr .

. 398

Alan jan

. 688

Maisonda .

. 014

Malkauni .

. 387

Alanjanatti

. 423

Maitong .

. 749

Mal-kcra .

. 130

Alanja-pu .

. 409

Maitut

. 745

Alalia

. 182

Alanjati

. 287

Maiu-lok .

. 647

Mallaguru

. 32

Alanjr konne

. 274

Maizarai .

7.'!.'!

Mallali .

456, 514

Alan jit

. 399

Alajhiiins .

. 688

Mai la nun

. 144

Alanjinida.

. 410

Alajnun

. 688

Mallata .

. 020

Manneul .

. 413

Makai

83, L83

Mallay konc

. 200

Afamii

. 329

Makal

12, 717

Mallay naDgal .

. v59

Alanuo

. 543

Makamanni

. 329

Mallay fcanak .

. 407

Alaniiu

. 028

Makamauna

. 543

Mallay venii n .

14 1, 145

Alantet

350. 590

Makanchi .

. 525

Mallei vepu

. 1 56

Alanthulli .

. 54

Makam'm .

. 144

Alalle nerale

. 357

Manu,

. 207

Makarokranda .

. 282

MaUigiri .

560, 562

Alanwel

. 748-

Makax-tendi

. 451

Malmora .

. 74

Aianyiil

. 413-

Makauksan

. 1 ! 5

Maloh

. 550

Alao .

. 664

Makchand

. 100

Malorigha

. :,;,:;

MAoh

87

Makhi

. 599

Mala

. 283

Maoo

400

Makhota .

. 648

Mm Ink _ .

. 455

Maoshla .

50

Makil

. 450

Mamadi

. 211

Alapuri bet

. 736

Makkal .

691, 692

Alamekh .

2

Alaput

. 608

Makkani .

. 469

Ma mid

'. 211

Alara

171, 303

Makki

:k>

Mamidi

. 441

Marabow .

. 280

Makkuna .

. 281

Mamji

. 628

Maradsing

99

Makoh

. ]83

M Am puli .

. 223

Alara baraln

. 613

Makoi

. 1*1

Manual

. 185

Alara-illupai

18

Alakola

. 22 1

Alamri

. 178

Marai-tium

618

Alakor

. 183, 746

Manakkovi

. I'.'l

Alara kata

541

Alakreru .

. (MS

Mananwi- .

. 349

Alaral

627, 628

Makriali chilauni

66

Manayar .

. 318

Alaralingam

32

MakshAri .

. 627

Mancharei

. 610

Alaiama .

. 370

Maksheri .

. 669

Mancliavana

. 423

Alara oarulle

. 613

Maku

. 683

Alancbi bikki .

. 415

Maranda .

. 356

Makulu .

. 42

Alanchi mogi .

. 360

Alarandi .

. 522

Makur-kendi

. 455

Alanchi moyadi

. 360

Marangmata

. 601

Maki'ir limbu

. L29

Manda

. 113.1.51

Maranthu .

. 28

Makusal .

66

Manda dhup

. Ill

MarAra

. 239

MA] .

. 692

AIand;il

. 133

MarAri

. 027

Mala

. 243

Mandania .

. 290

.Marat

. 131

Malabatu .

. 508

Mandar

. 201

Maratalti .

. 42

Malabnda .

. 555

Mandareb .

. 28 1

Ma-iatmal

. 434

Malachithiyan .

. 607

Mandai g<Sm

. 20

Alaravetti .

. 42

Ma] ahcota

. 197

Mandat

. 21 1

Marazh

. 627

Malai-konji

92

Mandeo

. H 2

March i

. 125

Malaing .

. 633, 636

Manderung

. 627

Alarebob .

. 203

Malai-parutti

96

Mandgay .

. 748

Marchula .

. 125

Malaka .

. 555

Maudii ' .

. 233

Mania

. 571

Mala kanjiram .

. 346

Mandia

. 387

Alar.li

. 341,729

Mala manjAdi .

. 265

MandiAru .

. 242

Marcdu

. 131

Malam padavu .

. 555

MandkoUa

. 413

Mareila

. 177

Malampongu

:>^

Manilla tiga

. 34!»

Marghang

. 673

Malam puli

. 276

Mandu

. 628

Alar gbwaliwa .

. 393

Alalampunna

57

Mandua

. 742

Alari . . 0.

18, 650, 729

Ma Ian

. 264

Mandugram

. 101

Maringo .

. 751

Mala virinyi

. 669

Mandukam

. 117

Maris giri .

. 560, 562

Alala-vunim

. 101, L02

Manehingi

572

Marithondi

. 370

Malchang.

. 689

Manga

. 413

Mark

199, 5:c>

Maldang .

. 628

Mangam .

. 75(1

Marka

. 211

Moldit

. 138

Mangarvral

. 693

Ma ilea

. 389

MaUluug .

. 627

Mangos

. 211

Marleya .

. 619

826

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Marliza

Mannati .

Marn

Marni

31aror-phal

Marorsheng

Marpdl

Marral

Marri

Marria

Marrun

JMarsada boli

Martan

Marti li

Martoi

Mara

Marudu

Marukli .

Marungi .

Marup

Marveerj .

Marvilinga

Marwan .

Marwar

Mashul

Masliur

Masjot

Maskanti .

Maslara .

Mas-mora .

Maspati

Massei

Massivara .

Massu

Masua

Masur bauri

Masuri

Mat .

Mata-ara .

Mata bimbiya

Mata sura .

Mata sure .

Matayen sampi

Matekisse.

Matela

Mathagiri \ eml

Mathan .

Mathara .

Mathirsbi .

Matkom .

Matsola .

Mattei

Matti

Matti piil .

Mattranja .

Mattu

Matzbang .

Man .

Ma-u

Ma-ugauugdon

Mauhrain .

Ma-ukadoD

Maul

Maula

Maulan

Mau lettanshe

Ma-ulettanshi

Mauli

Maulser

Maulwa

Mann

Maungmaka^ n

Maur

Maura

PAGE

389

Maura

PAGE

. 028

Mezaligyi

294

Mausa sij .

. 501

Meze

028

Maussa

. 656

Mhancr

c::]

Mauwa

. 004

Mhar

99

Mavena

. 211

Mheeni

1110

Mavn

. 211

Mhow

323

.Mawewel .

. 736

Mhua

627

Mawtda .

. 98

Mi .

751

May .

. 104

Michainma

108

Mayabnin.

. 200

Michapgong

627

Mayan

. 21 1

Miehapnok

34.5

Mayan bo .

. 1 os

Micha-tummur

ra

239

Mayanin .

. 1 25

Michepnor

323

Maya rawa . '

. 441

Midi

239

Mavenc; .

. 100

Migyaungnwe

34

2. 673

Maybell .

. 525

Mihiriya .

07

' 131

Mayila

28 1 , 540

Mihnl .

132

Mayilella .

. 5 01

Mijhaula .

356

Mayirmanikkan

. ISO

Mikki kiirkarj

] 32

Mayo

. 101

Mik-kukrik

211

Mazri

i 33

Miknu

32

Mealum-ma

. 656

Milkaranai

539

Mechiaphal

4

Milkisse .

283

Meda

. 571

Milla

218

Meda lakri

. 570

Milla kunari

577

Medasinghi

. 512

Milli

km;

Meda tiimri

. 44

Mimarari .

724

Medeloa .

255, 505

Mimini-mara

490

Medh

. 570

Z\I ituri

287

Medi

. 650

Minbaw .

240

Meditella .

. 630

Mimlhal .

379

Mediya

. isl

Mindla

206

l\Iedka-sirji;ki .

. I0O

Mindri

94

Mehal

. 322

Mingu

210

Mehel

. 522

Mingut

.' 52,

610

Mehndi .

57o. ;, 17

Mini ' .

22 1

Melirwan .

. 542

Mipak

751

Mehul

. 320

Mipitinuk

610

Meicetta .

. 753

Mipullanti

138

Meinkara

. 125

Mixandu

lio

Mekrap

635

r\Iirchi

610

Mel .

. 522

Miri .

rani .

'111

Mella

. 104

Miriah

29

Mella-duni-kola

. 604

Miriam

746

Melu

522

Mirianga .

bu • '

157

Men .

. 570

Mirri

751

Mendah .

. 571

Mirtenga .

525

Mendal

. 5 1 2

Mishmish .

500

Mendia

. 370

Mitenga

117

Moulin

. 202

.Mitha nebu

5 is

Mendora .

74

Mithiari .

15

Mene

. 230

Mithidiar

. 34

2. 193

Mepyaung

. 152

Mithi van

133

Mera]

. 500

Mith-patta

525

Merbau .

. 115

Mifcli

250

Mercha

. 175

Mitta tamara

396

Merinu

. 628

Miwenna .

648

Merle

10

Miyan-milla

100

Merlo

10

Moakurra .

100

Mer mahaul

. J 72

Moal

283

Merommel

. 121

Moat soom

100

Mcrota

. 547

Mdcharas .

.' 28

:. 1 17

Mersingh .

. 512

Mocbi

. 24

;. 281

Mersingi .

512. 515

Mochooma

■_•>:;

Meru

. 68

Modagerri \ eml

u

570

Mes .

. 75i l

Modala

ioo

Meshkuri .

. 055

Modhuphal

323

Mess-guch

. 306

Modhuriam

150

Methuri .

. 101

Moduga .

283

Mnkiir .

. 178

Modugu .

.' 212.

37

I. 115

Metlein . . 07

I. 677,

Mogalinga

we

349

Metunga .

7.i.>

Mogasong

673

Mewri

. 5 10

Mogi

539

Mezali

. 27 1

Mogul

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

827

Moba

Mohal

Mohani

Mohi

Mobin

Mohnar .

Moho

Moholo .

Mohtu

Mobu

Mokul

Mohwa

Moi .

Moisbkamla

Moj . .

Moja

Moka

Mokal

Mokalapu

Mokapa .

Moka-yapa

Moke

Mokba

Mokkak .

Moko

Mokob

M..1 .

Molpedda

Mol-petta .

Momaka .

Momanfcha

Mom-china

Mom-rik .

Monda

Mon-daing

Mongtbel .

Moni

Monigeli .

Monisia jainu

Monkakrik

Monkurokuri

Monkyourik

Monnabillu

Moola

Mooncas .

Mimng

Moonga .

Moqchini .

Mora

Morada

Mora kangi

Morula

Morannn .

Moraun

Mored

Morgatchee

Morbal

Mori

Morinda .

Moringi .

Mor kurangi

Morli

Moroi

Morphal .

Mora

Morua

M 0] Ml

Morunga .
Moshungon
Mosonea .
Mosroi

MOSSC

Mota bondara
Mota-karmal

PAGE

PAGE

447, 448 !

Motameri .... 129

Mulu niodugu .

. 322

Motayen .

522

Mulu-vengay .

. 544

Motha

239

Munali

. 138

Mothuga tiga .

243

Manama] .

. 218

Motira kanni .

116

Munasi

. 283

Moti yekkadi .

175

Munda dbup

. 447

Mutta vaga

3( u

Mundi

. 447

Mouksbow

25

4, 380

Mundi-mumli .

. 243

Mouricou .

242

Mundiri .

. 447

Movi

300

Mundla vedru

. 447

Mowa . 1 17. 19;

. G02

. 663,

Muneti

. 447

GG4

Manga

. 218

Mowen

218

Mungapera

. 455

Mnwba

451

Mungil

. 310

Mowhitta

263

Muni

. 218

Mora

205

Muniah

. 469

Moyan

521

Munigba .

. 746

Moydi

650

Munj

. 469

Move

218

Munkuknyok .

. 469

Moyen

218

Munri

. 514

Moyna

218

Miira

. 569

Mrouiig-ahisha .

138

Murada

. 469

Muchj tanki

454

Muradh

. 469

Muchucuda

101

Muraii

. 4G9

Mucbuddai

50G

Murga

. 469

Mudah .

13G

Murgal

. 322

Mudalei .

631

Murgut

. 444

Mudanu .

G89

Muria

21 1

. 152

Mudar

491

Mori-mnri

622, 686

Mudbol .

183

Murkalu .

. 598

Mudilla .

363

Murkila .

. G24

Mudkondai

35

Murki malic

. 507

Mudla

475

Murki tumiiia

. 617

Mudpulanti

603

Murkut .

174, 721

Mududad .

160

Munmitti .

. 622

Muilu-kaduru

182

M HIT

. 544

Mudu-keyiya

741

Murrd

. 413

Mudu-muranga

264

Murt

. 360

Muga

56

1, 5G7

MurU-nga

. 535

Mugali

450

Muruka .

. 379

Mugalik .

741

Murukku .

3. 139

Mugila

199

.Mump

. 407

Mugli

295

Murut

. 96

Mugunu .

382

Muruta

. 579

Muhli

144

M^ u rut than

. 463

Mukalei .

150

Muruva-dul

. 224

Mukampala

183

Mus

. 387

Mukampalei

183

M^usadi

197, 539

Mukial .

746

Mushidi .

. 137

Mukki .

51

Mushkamba

. 216

Mukru

66

Mushkiara

. 216

Mukta maya

196

Mushti .

. 522

Mula .

243

Mushtimbi

. 539

Mulaka .

225

Muskamba

. 627

Miil-annincbil

. 389

Muskei

. 340

Mulei

197

Muslindi .

. 81

Mulgia

22 1

Muslini

00, I

".;. 379, 650

. 710, 719

. 656

. 1 27

. 216

. 304

. 323

. 243, 673

. 132

. 628

. 22 1

. 89

503, 571

. ' 22 1

. L06

.'!7.'!

4

.Mill.
Mulili
Mulillam .
Mulimpalei
Mulin
Mulkaa .
Mulla bo mil
Mullangayun

Mullu kare

Mullu maruthu
Mulluta .
Mul-makil
Mulsa veduru
Mulsari
Mulaeri
Mulu anam
Mulu-gorinda

755
17
. 1 23
. 616
. 510
. 748
. 595
. 595
. 183
. 595
. 5is
. Ill
. 7 is
. 150
. 226
m
. 522

Mu<r. kati -
Musru

M.US8

Mussenda.

Muti
Mutirai

.M ut kar
Mutni
Mulriik
Mutta

Mutta kongu
Mattala .
M in tu-nari
Mil i tluiri
Muttia tumiki
Miati ki'ipit
Muttuga .

828

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Mutwinda

Mva

Myatle .

Myatya .

Myaukchaw

Myaukgonm in

Myaukletwa

Myanklok

Myaukngo

Myaukokshil

Myaukseit

Myauktanyel

Myaukzi .

Myengwa .

Myethlwa

Myet-pyi

Myinkabin

Myingauugnax

Myinwa .

Myladi .

Myrole

Mynngarer

Na .

Xa 1 iar

Nabari

Nabe .

Nabre

Xabri

Xabu

Xabunwr .

Xacbal

Nadanyi .

Nadapyoo .

Naga ' . 1

Naga dona

Nagagola bet

Naga golunga

Naga kesara

Nagal

Nagari

Xaga sarapigi

Nagay

Nagcbampa

Nagdana .

Nagdaun .

Nagesar

Nagesbvoro

Nagetta

Naglkudd .

Xagpat

Nagprit

Nagre

Nagltm

Nagye

Naba

Nahor

Nahua

Naibel

Naibela

Xa-iinbiil .

Naiiuli

Xairul

Xairuri

Nai-tek

Nai-udi

Xaiwilli

Xuk .

Naka.

Nakbtar .

Xakka Daregu

320,

556

Xakkani .

616

Xakka-reum

469

Nakkeia .

112

Nakouli

:S80

Naksher .

263

Nakulsi

380

Nal .

655

Nalavail .

376

Nal-bans .

17!'

Nal bila

628

Nalgi

289

Nali .

184

Nalkaru

753

Nalla balasu

89

Nalla duduira

367

Nalla ghanta

•.'75

Nallaika .

176

Nalla kakislr

751

Nalla-mada

54 1

Nalla madi

540

Nallarenga

•23

Nalla sandra

Nalla tiga .

Nalli .

Nallupi

Nalluti

60

Nalsbuna .

331)

Nal velanga

649

Nambyong

218

Namendora

330

Namli

330

Nam me

349

Namoeinglet

345

Nam-papi'ita

686

Nana

587

Nanapadhera

587

Nan bbantw c

427

Xaneha

427

Xanda

734

Nandi

1 25

Nandiki

59

Nandruk .

536

Nang

57

Nangal

59

Nangke

358

Nangthada

59

Nangu

428

Nanju

203

Xanjunda .

59

X inlongy ling

59

Xan-nuih .

67

Xannal

185

X ant ay ok .

1'03

Nanu-witi .

284

Nanyi'd

711

X any ura .

535

Napiritta .

L0]

Naoru

57S

Xar .

59

Xara .

371

Narag

323

Xara la

295

Narangi

L99

Narara

361

Nara sij

361

Nara-wel .

361

N.ii boi ku .

6

Xaivbikki

..1 1

X.i rrl

28 1

Nareyr

322

Narguni

59

Xarba

71i)

Xari-ilantni

10

Xari kadam

IS

PAGE
419

655
500
395

60
17
. 753
263
740
146
LOS

398

11!)
21
157
412
412
546
342
31)7
296
. 4 SO
599
35
156
503
253
636
84
628
340
243
421
.372
438
615
L97

:><.*:,
371
115
013
. 390

59
330
211

5!)
578
L35
202
.i.i,
607
332
694
4 1 9
, 53

.S7
536

, 37S
378
628
301
130
:,;•,;,
590
735
L03
115
73!)
361
1 2!)
378
L83
73'.)

Narikandaui

Xarikel

Naringi

Nariyal

Narkeli

Narki

Narlei

Narlingi .

Narlu

Xaro .

Narockpa .

N a role

Narpati

Xarra

Narra alagi

Narri

Narsej

Narum panel

Naruvili .

Narvilli

Nai yepi .

Nas-bel

Nasedu

Nash a

Nasbpati .

Naski

Xasnt

Xata .

Nathabyn .

Xatkana .

Xatkanta .

Xatmi

Natol

Xatu .

Natua

Xatu shengoti

Nat vadoin

Xauladi

X a ura

Xa\ a .

Navadi

Xa\ al

Navala

Xavili

Nawel

Xawabandi

Xawal

Nawar

Nayalpati .

Nay kambagam

Nay unam

Nay we

Neb .

Nebedda .

Xebede

Xobu

Neckanie .

Xeddi

Nedibnnda

Xi dun

Nedu-nai .

Niilunarai

Nedu natta

Xcdiivali kobgl

Nee .

NeelacomuJ

Neela muni

Neemeeri .

Xcbar

Nekota

Nela-amida

Nelkar

Nella-jedi .

Nella-madu

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

829

Nella purududi'

Nella ti'ima

Nella ulimira

Nellekai

Nelli .

Xel mal

Nelthare .

Nemiburo .

Nemili-adagu

Nemili adugu

Nengar

Nensi

Neoza

Nepalam .

Nepora

Ner .

Nera

Neradi

Nerale

Neredu

Nerel

Neri .

Neribi

Nerinda .

Nerlu

Nesomme .

Netavil

Netawu

Neva-ledi

Neverra .

Nevli

Xewar

Newarpat i

Newn

Newrang .

Newri

Neya-dasse

Nc)'<iram .

Neykoddan

Ngacbatwa

Ngahlaingbo

Ngaponse .

Ngapyu .

NgayanpaOu

Ngoomcc .

Ngraem

Ngu .

Ngugyi .

Ngushwo .

Ngutlicin .

Nhare

Nhyu

Ni .

Niajowa .

Niba.

Nibari

Nibasegale

Nicbni

Nidi-kunilia

Nidyali .

Niechak .

Nigal

Niggi

Nigunn

Nika.

Nikadawulu

Nikari

Nikki-bekkar

Xikki kandei

Nil .

Nila .

Nila pali i .

Nil.-iv

\ii bhadi .

r.vGii |
599
292
458
599

, 599
498
568
469
f)40
511
.".III
458
71 Ki
613
729
L24
132
178
361
361

301

539

140
622
361
421
651

20
542
650
591
172
495
070
590
378

63
569
196
7 is

HIS

389

:;i;
543
273
00, 306
271
271
271
273
701

100

(170
I. -is
423
Hill
422
432

2'. Ml

58 1
581
711
577
382
5 In
206
682
loo
1 85
230
203
is,;
111
138

Nilika

Nilli .

Nil nika .

Nil-pitcha

Nil live

Ni'm .

Nimat

Ni m bar

Ni'mbarra .

Nimbay

Nimbu

Nimda

Nimi

Nimi chambeli

Xmi pootcli

Nimuri

Ninai

Ninas

Ningal

Ningalo .

Nior .

Nira .

Niral

Nirainbali

Nirangi

Niranji

Nirasa
Nir-chappay
Nirgal
Nirgiri

Nirgudi

Nirgunda .

Xirgiir

Nirija

Niri-wel .

Nirji luza .

Xir kadambe

Nir kadampa

Nir-kocki .

Xinnali

Xir marutha

Xir mulei .

Xir-n;ini;ii

Xir-noclielii

Nir-nochi .

Niroli

Nirpa

Nir pongilain

Niru .

Xirujani .

Ni.rva.la

Xirvali

Xirvuddi .

Nisbinda .

Nisinda

Nisol-bondi

Xisur

Nit ha \ an i i

Nilitunika

Xin .

Nivar

Nivarung .

Niwaro
No:i Lota

Nnlillllisrl'.i

NogaM .
Xogakat .

Noir

Noi baila .
Nomorchi .
Nulla
Noogay

Noli .

Ndwli crnga

1- Mil.

599

Xublay

;,: hi

Niich

540 1

Nuga

418 1

Nuggee .

139 '

Nukhtar .

143

Number .

500

Numbong .

295

Xumbor .

145

Numbungkor

143

Numing .

130

Xuninia

495

Numro

26

Nuna

509

Xuncwalai

618

Nuni

143

Nuni ajbar

458

Nuniari

208

Nuni nunika

745

Nupsor

74 1

X'urai

1 85

XTurgi

607 '

Nurkul

508

Nuva-niallika

702

Nwaleinbyeng

269

Nwamanitbanb

686

Nwozat

368

Nyai

609

Nyamzo .

744

Nyanpadu

540

Nyara

540

Nyaungbawili

». 540

Xyaungbcn

540

Nyaungbyu

178

Nyaunggyal

25

Nyaimggyin

237

Nyaungkyetpa

403

Nyaungok

103

Nyaungpeinne

609

Nyaungthabye

198

Xyaw

:!73

Nvawgyi .

149

Xyir . .

59

Nyitkuri .

542

539

142

282

512

Oao .

178

Obiisbt .

32

Odai .

32

Odal .

142

Odala

512

Oda salo .

539

Odci usal .

540

Odela

179

Odosbi .

178

Odi .

196

Odisha

155

Odla

7, (170

Odolau .

. 363

<>- .

. 591

Obalu

. 644

Ohez

263

Oi .

. L36

< "it bulling

Oil

uka .

. Hi:

< l-krvi va .

. 157

Okhar .

. 17(i

< Ikhiouugza

• >-

Okbyang .

! 20

<>k>liit

. 225

Oknru

. 600

Ola .

. 541

Olal .

PAGB

.

17

171,

697

638

225

704,

706

366

inn

619

537

•119

318

347

020

122.

423

206

035

568

610

440

610

561

57 1

197

5s 1

216

407

HU

36

515

:;:in

230

543

350

641

, 644

638

MA

638

646

641

043

03s

ii37

, 638

123

122

706

718

4

mis

2: »2

:n

94

292

299

:n

5117
218
597
!>!
482
306
5: i;t

502

306

in:;
720
7ln
002
I5u
150
131
02H
031
109

830

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGE

V \'.l

i

Olathi

Padaria

. 516

Pa k ura

Olchi

311, 313

Padauk

257. 259

Pal .

. 150,

Olindawel

. 240

Pad dam .

. 313

Pal .

Olupetta .

616

Padebiri .

. 425

Pala .

143,483,

Omak

94

Padeiiarayau

. 269

Pala .

. 4 16,

Omara

17

Pader

. 514

Pala .

Ombu

47

Padera

421. 125

Palaga

()ni'

22

Paderai

425, 426

Palaga-payani

Onira

96

Padhai

. 748

Pala garuda

On .

739

Padhera .

. 409

Palai"

. 2ii;>,

Ollilim

57

0, 57 1

Padiala

. 516

Palak

Onhne

632

Padln

. 389

Palaka imam

( (nkvir

38

Padma-golancba

. 25

Palakh .

Onra

599

Padmak .

. 699

Palala

Onth

51

Pa don

. 25 1

Palamkat .

Ooh

72s

Padrai

. 144

Pa Ian

( )ola .

ion

Padri . 25 1,51

2, 514, 516

Palandu .

Oolu chakma

679

Padrian

. 284

Palangkacchi

( >onuin

718

Padri tin

. 178

Palanti .

Oosnlay •

31)7

Padul

. 514

Palap

Opa
0 panic

476

I'adurni

. 514

Pala-parki

631

Padyeuro .

. 426

Palaperbi .

Ora .

3i

7,77.2

Pagan

. 90

Palara

Orasmaro .

721

Paghala .

. 169

Palas

Orel in

377

Pagjiok .

. 752

Palashu .

Orer .

622

Pagriang .

. 751

Palasi

Orguna

721

Pagunrik .

. 283

Palasin samatb

Orjori

285

Pagu- tulla

. 755

Palasvel .

Oru .

87

Pahar gimgri .

. 2(14

Palatu

< truna

721

Pahari cha

. 438

Palava

Osai .

541

Pahari kikar

. 294

Palavareni

( tserwa

3(3

Pahari pi pal

. 690

Palawpinanwa

Oshoko .

278

Pahar lampati .

. 443

Paldatam .

Osht .

51

Paharmul .

. 26

Paldua

'. 211.

Osirka

599

Paharvel .

. 26

Pal' .

Ota .

62

0, 622

Pahi .

. 32:;

Palegnyok

Otengah .

4

Pahumbon

. 115

Palei ' .

Othalam .

482

Paia .

. 755

Pal en

Othalei .

296

Paichandia

. 604

Palet

Otta nali .

647

Paidi

. 650

Paletmyok

Otta plavu

656

Paieli

571, 57 1

Palita mandar

Ottu tholi .

251

Pailae

. 364

Palivi

Ouk-mouk

619

Pa in\ an

. 360

Paliwara .

Oulia champ

12

Paini

. 85

Paliyat

Ouli gogen

65

Paini niara

. 85

Palkai

Ounla

599

Pain kuray

. 121

Pal kurwan

Ovalli

150

Pair .

. 644

PaUa

! 1 16,

Owla

599

Pairmal .

. 283

Palla panda

( )\vli .

150

Paisar

. 26]

Palle panlo

Paja .

. 313

Palmanikam

Pajakiru .

. 403

Palo.

P.

Pajcrra

. 22 1

Palok

Pajia

. 313

Palol

Paan . . 207

Pajipotong

. 500

Pahim

Pabba

i:.<;

Pajpati

. 540

Pa In re

Pabda

375

Pa'kar

644, 646

Palosa

Pabe

690

Pakari

. 646

Palsi

Pabiina

627

Taker

. 4ii

Paltu

Pacei

638

Pakha

. 734

Pain

321, 432,

Pacharan .

35

Pakhana .

. 317

Pa Inch

Pacini ri

25 1

Pakhar

. 646

Pal lidai .

." 710,

Pacbichettu

619

Pakh but .

. 691

1'aludiim .

Pachi niiinu

3 17

Pakbshu .

. 691

Pal vcllndav

Pachnala .

39

Pakhur

. 397

Palyok .

Pachoonda

35

Paki-tumma

. 299

I':!lli:l

! 697,

PachumaUai

5: 17

Pakjik .

. 7.r0

Pamania .

I 'arh inula .

. 34

Pakki

. 632

Pambapena

Pad .

. 668

Pakkilipal

. 1 11

Pambara kumb

i !

Pada

L60

Pakpa

. 759

Pambavctti

Padal

. 516

Pakri

64 1. 646

Pamlnirii .

Padam

. 699

Paksalu .

. 751

Pamne

Padar

.' 51

2, 616

Paktawar.

. 396

Pampana .

Padara .

. 426

Paku

. 726

Pampani .

Padari

. 516

Pakur

. 27

Pamnhunia

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

831

V U.l

PAGE

PAGE

Tana . . 3;

56, 510, 737

Panuikutlii

. 333

Parpat

199

Panaka

. 175

Pannivaga

. 3H1

Parphuta .

649

Pari a karawu .

. -11!)

Panpui

4

Parpiri

421

Panalai

. 1 :<»;

Pansaura .

. Ill

Parral

514

Panatn

. 737

Pansayeik

. 420

Parr jamb

475

Panan

. 237

Pansi

. ::47

Parsi'd

276

Panapoki .

. mo

Pan sopa .

. 10

Parsipu

88

Panar

. 412

I'antaga .

58

Parol

516

Panasa

. 653

Pan ta gab .

. 53

Panlngi .

673

Panasi

. 335

Pantbitva

83. 84

Parur

516

Panben

. 86

Pan torn

. 19]

Parwana .

43!)

Paacbi

. 347

Panu

. 557

Paryel

27

Panchidung

. 357

Panugeri .

. 500

Pas ....

597

Panchioli .

. "255

Panu-nuga

. 643

Pasarganni

25a

Panckman

. 34?

Pao .

658, 752

Pasel

331

Pancboti .

. 446

Paowlay .

. 1 24

Pasen

75!)

Panebu

. 90

Papa .

. 543

Pasend

15)

Pandl

. 583

Papadai .

. in;

Pasendu .

454

Pandan

. 516

Papadi

. 421

Paser

331

Paudaru .

. 419

Papar 171, 262, 33

1, 415. 416,

Pash

171

Panda sabajo .

. 34 1

592, 628

Pashi

347

Pandayan

. 5H3

Papara

. ' 628

Pashicn

75!)

I'ande kilmora .

. 28

Paparapulia

. 86

Pasbing .

752

Pandcn

. 503

l':i pat kalam

. 393

Pashipo .

747

Pandia

. 421

I'apatta

. 421

Pasbkouli

6

Pandiki .

. 89

Papaya

. 381

Pasi ....

347

Pandrai

. 305

Papbar

. 415

Paspu

lol.

Pandra-kura

. 485

Paphok

. 753

Paspu kadarabc

401

Pandri

347, 516

Papiri

. 421

Passcrginni

305

Pandroi .

. 318

Papita

. 381

P&ssi . . 253, 25

I. 322

Pandru

. 416

Papli

. 180

Passy

320'

Pandu

. 428

Papra

115. in;

Pastuwannc . . 10

8, L09

Pandur

. too

Paprang .

. 592

Pasvik

543

Panduray .

. G13

Papray

. 5(i7

Pat ....

105

Panei

. 737

Papri . 180, 4i

18, 592, 628

Pata .... 2

;, 202

Panclra

. 412

Papria

. 571

I'atada

622

Panga

. 33!)

Paxai

. 26

Patagari .

9

Pangali

. 285

Paral

514, 5J5

Patagruja

411

Pangar

. 193

Pa ram

. 631

Patak

591

Pangara .

65, 2 12

Paratnie .

. 183

Patakhan .

325

Pangia

. 313

Paranga .

. 199

PatakJ ... 2

3, 17(>

Pangla

. 23

Parangan .

. Ill

Patala

516

Panged

. 199

Parangi .

. 137

Patalgani .

481

Pangra . . 2-

1, 242. 287

Parana i .

. 183

Pata I i . . . 46

1, 516

Pangyala .

. L99

Parar

. 516

Patanga .

267

Pangyauk

. 685

1 'a ra i'i

51 1, 516

Patangalia

199

l'ani .

. 654

Paras

243,314

Patchalai .

254

Pania

. 91

Parash

. 88

Patobamla

94

Paniab

. 412

Para's pipal

. 644

Patenga .

596

Paniala

39, 607

Paras u

243, 597

Pates

698

Panichcliai

. 455

Parava idalei .

. 475

Patha ... 8

9, 583

Panichi

. 155

Parbati .

253

Patbiri . . 514, 51

J, 555

I'ani-cliika

155

Parbekat .

.' 40

Pathoi

517

Pani-jama

. 686

Parbik .

26

Patbor . . .49

2, 595

Panipatia .

. 397

Pardali

. 184

Patihonda

561

Panir

. 418

Pareoga .

. 205

Patimil

610

Panisaj

. 34 1

I'aivr

. 516

Patir

131

Pani/.ali .

. 39

I'arrva-auwal .

. 514

Pativa

113

Pan jam bill

. 362

Pargai

. 674

Patji

604

Panji

. tl3

I'arb.

. 490

Pat kala .

596

Panjira

211. 212

Parha

. 26

Patkarni .

548

Panjra

. in;

Pari .

26 420

Pat-kenda

621

Panjnli

. 599

Pariara

. 211

Patki

691

Pankakro .

8

Paridah .

. 737

Patle katiis . . 67

1, 681

1'ankar

. L93

I'ariki

. [83

Patmero .

55S

Panlag

. 513

Parirajhar

. 468

Patmoro .

390

Panle

. 369

Parifcjak .

. 469

Patmoya .

205

I'anina

67

Pariya

. 646

Patoia . . . .

571

Parma

6

Parmiok .

. 745

Patoli

51 I

Paiman

. 237

Paroa

. 650

Patpatta .

8

Pannia bhil

. 1 1 5

Parokupi .

. 61 1

Pat-pbanaa

652

Panniari .

. 363

Paroli

51 1, 516

Patpiray .

632

Pannie

. 737

l'anip

. 216

Patrang .

121

Panniha .

. 363

Parpaili gidda .

. L82

Patrukirwan

184

832

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGK

PAGE

Patsari .... 254

Peddamandu

. 132

Perungtmdn

Patsaru

254

Pedda manu

. 1 32

Perunkila .

Patta del .

656

Pedda-mari

. 638

Perunkuruntu .

Pattali .

171

Pedda-morali .

. 217

Pesh .

PattaDg .

267

Pedda-nalla-kura

. 537

Peshora .

Pattangi .

267 i

Pedda uarva

. 535

Pesung

Pattarola .

318

Pedda-nowli-eragu

. 628

Petakara .

Patta walla

579

Pedda patseru .

. 305

Petakbowra

Pattewar .

454

Peddapotri

. 89

Petarkura

Patthapanu

555

Peddasiva konita

. 32

Petchumra

Pattharee sagm

533

Pedda sok<>

. 400

Pete.

Pattharman

525

Pedda sopara .

. 253

Pethiri puliki .

Patti

733

Pedda taraki

. 108

Pethra .

Pattia

307

Peddci

. 261

Petika-wel

Patti panna

6

Peddimella

. 418

Petiri puliki

Patu .

752

Pedega

. 201

Petisurali

Patiili

516

Pedei

. 261

Petpuria .

Patimga .

267

Pedu

. 132

Petta mari

Patu-swa .

553

Peduman .

. 195

Pettega

l'atwan .

454

Pee .

. 132

Petthan .

Pauchonta

446

Peea

. 216

Petwiin

Pauk

243

Peemooba

. 621

Petvagvi .

Paukh .

349

Peetiraga .

. 417

Per . " .

Paukkyan

512

Pefri ' .

. 643

Peyara

Pauknwc .

24

5, 245

Pehimbiya

. 142

Peykuruntu

Paukpyu .

235

Pei kadakkay .

. 340

PezigSn .

Paukwa .

753

Peikthingat

. 273

Pfarra

Pauncbinan

347

Peinne

. 653

Pfis .

Paur bela .

283

Pei rab

. 216

Phaco singali .

Pdva

194

Peiri

. 144

Phaja

Pavaddai .

421

Pek .

. 546

Phakram .

Pavagha .

469

Peka

. 746

Phalama .

Payan

599

Pe-karakai

. 344

Phalamkat

Pavettai .

523

Pela .

. 355

Phalangatetu

Pavetti

411

Pelanga .

. 605

Phalani .

Pawaing ,

621

Pelin

. 732

Phalat

Pawatta .

421

Pella-gumudu .

. 610

Phaldu .

in'

Piiya

313

Pempn

. 416

Phalgataitu

Payala

216

Pena-mihir;ya .

. 62

Phalgatetu

P.iviin

18

S, 313

Pendder .

9

Phaliant .

Pavani

85

Pender

. 412

Phalinda .

PayaD utis

669

Pendgul .

. 420

Phalja .

Payar

475

Pendguliyel

. 2-17

Phallai .

Paya udesh

670

Pendra

112, lit!

Phalsa .

in'

r.i\ aungban

481

Pendri

112, 416

Phalsh . . r

1, 69

J 'aj-a\ a

53 Peoela .

L92, 196

Phahva

Payir

301)

Pengiri-kurundu

. 560

Phatnlet . . 5

'&, 57

Payomko .

382

Pengji

. 595

1'hamnai .

Payong

1

0, 66

,t, 754

PenguD

. 116

Phamsiko]

Paj ongrik

204

Peni .

. 396

Phanas

Pe" .

719

Penrc

9, 11

Phanat

Pease

733

Penti tadi

. 737

PI land a

Pech

577

Pepa

735

Phandra .

Pecha

752

Pepa licti .

. 735

Pbandra khair .

Pecha-da .

458

Pepere

. 646

Phane

Pedalli .

111

Pepero

. 115

Ph. -m -era .

Pedda

132

Pepe si man

. 746

Phani

Pedda ar<5

28 1

Pepuli

. 123

Phanyat .

Pedda battava

502

Pera.

. 364

Pharat-singbali

Pedda bikki

416

Peraln . . 3!

I, 413, 638

Pharenda .

Pedda boku

500

Peranjoli .

. 407

Pharengala

Pedda-cbilka .1

i. hi-

21

lYr.i tambala .

. 499

Pharkath .

Pedda chintil

177

Perei pastawane

. 603

Phar-kathrellu .

Pedda duchirra

ll

303

I't'l'i .

60

Phaionj .

Pedda eeta

731

Peria eetcbam

. 731

Pharra

Peddagi

261

Perinji

. 383

Phani

Peddagomrn

537

P6r ita

. 721

Pharsa

10

Pedda gnmu

537

Permani .

. 627

Pharsai

Pedda ippa

. 447

Persar

. 271

Pharsanyi

Pedda kalinga

1

Persbuajelali

. Hit

PharsawoD

Pedda-kanru

. 40

Peru

L32, 133

Pbarsia L08, 11

19, 11

Pedda karinga

. III!

Perua

. 216

Pharson .

Pedda kunji

. 89

Pernmbe .

. 288

Pharsuli .

Pedda main

. t67

Perum pine)

. 85

Pharwa

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

833

PAGE

page ;

PAGE

Phas

. 347

Piamantbuti

. 360

Pintayaw .

. 110

Phassi

. 254

Piangani .

. 254

Pipal

. *;44

Phatak .

. 008

Pi.ir .

. 216

Pipali

. 044

Phatgoli .

. 561

Piasal

261, 342 |

Piplas

. 690

Phaunda .

. 361

Piazay

. 431

Pipli

331, 044

Phayon .

. 685

Pichaungia

. 604

Pipri

044, 645

Pbedu

. 649

Pichle .

. 740

Pi pro

. G44

Pbegran .

. 638

Pida

. 500

Piralo

. 412

Phempri .

. 378

Pigavi

. 176

Pirar

. 412

Pbeong

. 744

Piktiimi .

. 292

Pirasu

. 032

Pheru

. 649

Pila .

. 234

Pire .

. 121

Pbetra

1 1 -J, 4 1 6

Pila cbampa

13

Piri .

. 253

Phetrak .

. 41G I

Pila kaner

. 18]

Pirijda

. 280

Philku .

. 397

Pilala

. 643

Pirlu

. 397

Philli

. I'd.",

Pilavaram

. 233

Pironja

. 94

Phillu

. 425

Pilchi

. 46

Piru .

. 592

Pbilru

. 329

Piler

. 397

Pisangan .

. Ill

Philuna .

. 1 90

Pil kcba .

. 33ii

Pisangi

. 543

Pbindak .

. 325

Pilipiccba

. 166

Pisba

. 569

Phiongli .

. Ill

Pili vagei .

. 3n7

Pisinika .

. 452

Phipai

. 185

Pilkhan .

il44. 646

Pissi babul

. 292

Phiphar .

. 416 ,

Pilkboi .

H44, 646

Pista

. 210

l'birphiri .

!)6, 569

Pilla

. 653

Pistan

. 500

Phisbekkar .

. 547

Pillai marda

. 344

Pisul

. 514

Phitm

. 182

Pillu

. 470

Pita-bodalva

. 165

l'hiunli

. 48

Piloka .

. 349

Pitagoria .

. 262

Pblankur .

. 190

Pilru

. 397

Pita kolaria

. 419

Pblassu

. 690

Pilru-potala

. 1 25

Pita koluchia .

. 419

Phober

. 361

Pilsa

. 330

Pita korwa

. 484

Ph<Sg

552

Pilu . . . 31

1. 170. 477

Pitali

. 617

Pliok.

. 552

Pthign

. 371

Pitamari .

. 410

Phompbli .

. 188

Pilva

. 176

Pitari

. 017

Pbota

. 387

Pihvari bel

. 26

Pitculi

. 356

Pluidgus .

. 5158

Pimpri

. 378

Pitella .

. 350

Phudupjob

. 438

Pin .

502, 598

Pithogarkh

. 443

Phuga

. 405

Pinang

. 726

Pitni

. 183

Phngong .

. 176

Pirjari

93. ;,13

Pitraj

. 150

Pbulabi .

. -299

Pinaru

. 54

Pits,,'

. 744

Pnul atnpbi

. 392

Pincba

. 172

Pitta

. 309

I'bulancb .

. 330

Pinch.il

. .'.13

Piuli

. 48

Phnlas

. 213

Pincho

. mm

Piiimar

. 546

Phulel

. 448

l'indalii

. 112

Piuni

. 704

Phulgogra

. 66

Pindar

. 412

Piyara

. 355

Pliulbingor

. 1 13

Pindaro .

. 412

Pivari

1 75, 178

Phalli

186, 213

Pinde

. 112

Po .

. 331

I'bullas kakria .

. 243

Pindi

. 556

Podah

. 750

Phulsar

. 599

Pind khajlir

. 73n

Poelassan .

. 197

l'bulsatti .

. 369

Pindra

. 412

Pogada .

. 450

Phutee! .

. 39 1

Pindrai

. 719

Poghada .

. 469

Phul-sola .

• 237

Pindrau .

. 719

Pogslo

. 754

Phulsopa .

in. L3

Pinckai

• >7

Poguntig .

. 623

Phnlaun .

. 213

Pinev marani .

. 85

Poll .

. 698

Phulu

. li'.tS

Ping"

. 275

Pohor

. 569

Phnlwara .

316, lis

Pingniaro

. 48

Pohora

. 155

Phulwari .

. 318

Pinguel

. 176

Poi .

. 632

Pbungali .

. 626

Pingyat .

. 325

Pdi .

. 660

Phungnyet

;,:;

Pim-barn .

3.x

Poidhaula

. 659

Piiuiiphuna

. .".in

Pini-beraliya .

71

Pojo.

. 571

Pirn pari

. L76

I'inj .

. 96

I *i »i < >li

. 571

Pluirpata .

. 416

Pinle kanazo .

97. 98

Poka

. 720

Phurz

. 668

Pinle kathit

. 212

Pokob

307

Phusara .

. 428

Pinle ka\ in

. 163

Pokaha .

. 04<

l'bustra .

. 137

Pinlel

. 3 in

Pokuttia .

. 328

Phuaiari .

. I2S

Pinledn

. 153

Pol .

. 739

Phnapat .

. 668

Pinletan .

. I2S

Pola.

. 89

J ' 1 1 1 1 < re kamli .

. 657

Pinlethitkauk .

. 350

Polach .

. 304

Phuari

572, 574

Pinlezi

. 163

Polan

. 605

Pbnsri mallata

. 618

Pinna

. 1 is

Polari

. 610

Phut,

. 397

Pinnai

6

Polavu

. 102

Plmtkia .

. 625

Pinnay

57

Pollai

. 610

Phntuka .

. 3(17

Pinoh

. '.'4

Poma

. 157

I'livum

. 711

Pinpriya .

. 378

Pomanti .

. 535

Pi.ik

. i;7n

l'inri

. 105

Pomponia

. 510

Pial .

. 216

Pinrik

. 349

Pona

. 245

3 ii

834

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

TAGF.

PAGK

■

Ponan<rka . . .101

Prabba .... 735

Pun j c

Pondam .

. 49;")

Pratshu

. 438

Piinjlawai

Pondika .

. 619

Pri .

. 239

Punna

Pong

. 262

Priampu .

. 735

Punnai

Ponga

. 262

I'rin .

. 660

Punna pay

Pongalam

. 604

Prind

. 495

Punschi

Pongu

7, 262

Prist

. 692

Punya

Ponmatkcin

. 427

Prita

709

Puuyan

Pou mungil

. 750

Proncharik

■27

Pupalasu .

Ponnagam

. 619

Prong

. 745

Pur .

Ponnai murank

li

. 304

Prongzam

43, 3

34, 38

5, 387

Pura .

Pdnnyet .

. 57

Proosti

583

Puran

Pon-padira

. 514

Prora

565

Purapunna

Poo .

. 434

Prost

692

Purasia

Pooalay .

. 574

Prot .

. 389

Purbo

is

Poo marda

. 344

Pshi .

747

Purbong .

.".'.

Poon

. 57

Psorki

202

Pureea

Poonagay .

. 359

Pu .

19

3, 194

Purgecn .

Poonam .

417

Pua .

660

Purgur

Poonang .

57

1 'udan

414

Purhe

Poone

. 57

Pudangalli

61

Puri singbatti .

Poorakoi .

194

Pudari

1 25

Punno

Poorwi

34

Puddum .

619

Puroa

Poota-tammi

364

Pudlikat .

624

Puroha

Pooteli

573

Pudumaddi

l.vi

Purphiok .

Poothadah

729

Pukana

317

Purpuray timur

Poovati

197

Pukka bet

736

Purputa .

Popoli

588

Pukshioung

317

Pursa

Popra

416

Piila .

8

9, 599

Pursung .

Poprco

416

Pulachi

191

Puru

Popro

416

Pulai-nok .

760

Purudona .

Popso koni.iri

38

Pulan

89

Piiri'ini

Porapa

148

Pulanthi .

115

Punish

Porapatcha

254

Pulari

628

Pusala

Porasan .

243

Pnldu

421

Puska olat

Porasu

243

Pulhari

282

Ti'iski'i

19*

Porda

205

Puli .

8

>, 279

Pussa

Porddh .

648

Pulichella

619

Pussooah .

Poresh

88

Pulichinsaku

621

Pussur

Porilla .

25 1

Puli-eliki .

40

Piistii]

Poris

88

Puli ille .

223

Puswel

Porki

1 83

Puli maranga

55

l'utajan .

Porla

96

Puli shinta

282

Putchaw .

Poro dumer

648

Pulla dondur

282

Puter

Porok

648

Pullanti .

599

Puthangkolli .

Porda

653

Pullavari .

486

Putigia

Porponda .

502

Pullibaghi

304

Putila

Portia

88

Pullowa .

53

1'ntkia

Poruwamara

460

Pullung .

513

Putli

Posangni .

111

Pulinii

395

Putlinga .

Poslnii

153

Pulsar

610

Pufcol

Poskwa .

91

Pulun imbiil

91

PVitra-jiva

Pota beluri

369

Pu marutha

344

Putra-jivi

60

Potai

199

Piimaruthu

37:;

l'utri

Potali

1 25

Pumbadi .

512

Pntta-tiga

Potari

S9

Pumbathri

5 11

Puvaccha .

Potha

547

Pummoorj

715

l'uN.'iin

Pothi

547

Pun .

60

7, 719

Piivan

Pot la

1 25

Puna

57

Puvandi .

l'otli

202

Punii,

197

Puvar

Poto dkaimin .

l Hi

Pilnag

619

Puvarachu

Potowa

413

Punagam .

173

I'mainsam

Potra

263

Punai-virandi

3 1

Puvatti

Potri

89

Punarpuli

55

Puvella

Potrum

254

Punas

57

1'llVII

Pottama .

631

Punay

55

1'llVII

Potnlr

407

Pundali

271

Puwak

Potll t.'idi .

7.17

Pundalu .

199

Puwak-g^di ya-wel

Potwa

•in

Pundri

31

Puya

Pounanga

196 |

Pung

726

Puya udisb

Poura

803

Pung-cba .

7<>1

Pyabdechu

Poyn

364

Pungu

262

Pyal . .

Poza

635

Pi'mil

218

Pya-shing

Prab .

<;:,

8, 64

1, 646 !

I'unisi

173

Pyaukseik

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

835

PAGE

PAGE

PAGE

Pyidin

. 207

Ramkantka babul

. 294

Rata.

Pyin " .

. 285

Ramnia

. 325

Rata kina .

123

Pyingado .

280, 285

Ramphal .

. 1. 20

Rata-mihiriya .

62

Pyinma .

373, •">< 5

Ramshing .

. 673

Ratu-wa .

273

Pyinmalbyu

. 371

Ramsita .

. 20 !

Ran .

32

3, 716

Pyinyaung

. 638

Ram supari

• 726

Raulavang

359

Pvizin

. 610

Ramtezpat

. 561

Rauli

573

Pyu .

. 333

Ranabili .

. 116

Raunch

326

l'yiira

. 116

Ranai .

. 50s

1,'ann dolu

559

Ranai

. 171

Raundra .

295

Ranamba .

. 57 1

Rauni

619

Q.

Ranambada

. 631

Raunj

295

Ranawara.

. 273

Rauns

326

Quabi-bet .

. 736

Ranbhendy

. 88

Ravi .

044

Rami

. 622

Rawadan .

6

Randkari .

. 571

Rawanidala

109

R.

Ranel

. 208

Rawit

378

Raneta

. IIS

Razbam

397

1 tal lan

. 171

Ranga

. 727

Razli

170

Rabi .

. 736

Rangamali

. 38

Re .

71

6,719

Raella

. 271

Rangan

420, 421

Rebd.in

511

Radaliya .

. 226

Rangchari

. 547

Recheda .

287

Radat bera

. 231

Rangcbul .

. 171

Redda pul-mera

503

Rag . . .

. 716, 719

Rangi

. 644

Ree .

70!)

Ragat bera

. 261

Rangirata .

. 147

Reem

734

Ragha

. 716, 7J!I

Rangkrun .

. 170

Regcha

171

Ragi. . . 2

!9, 644,742

Rangoe

. 24

Regguti

35

Ragota

. 35

Rangrok .

. 324

Reo-i .

181

Rahi'ra

. all

Ranguera .

. 246

Regrak tiga

118

Raho

. 719

Rangul

. 176

Regu

225

Rai ... 4,

6, 64 1. 716

Rangyal .

. 310

Rek .

312

Raiang

. ' . 716

Rani-bhendi

. 89

Rekorlo .

233

Raiavala .

. 601

Rani supari

. 726

Rela .

271

Rai lianj .

. 675

Raniwalai

. 210

Relu .

267

Raiga

. 644

Ranj

. 675

Renchiling

218

Rai jam an

. 360

Ranjana .

287, 450

Reng

583

Rail .

. 719

Ranket

. 638, 641

Renga

is

1, 449

Raila

. 271

Ran limlni

. 129

Rengha

181

Raimani .

. 524

Ramil

. 737

Rengua

721

Rain .

. 450

Ran -pal ai .

. 513

Renje

450

Raini

13, 150, 61!)

Uan-phanas

. 652

Reuta

10

0, 502

Raisalla . . 6

J6, 701, 719

Ransla

. 71!)

Renuja

295

Rai tuni;- .

. 20S

Ranyeed .

. 1 28

Reodana .

511

Rajain

. 628

Rao .

. 716

Reoni

619

Rajal

. 393

I. 'an ragha

. 71!)

Reori

. 583

Raj an

. 670

Rapesho .

. 398

Repala

. 486

Raj ana

. 120

Rarunga .

. 631

Rcra .

. 271

Raj birij .

. 271

Rasa-kinda

. 21

Reri .

. 378

Raj briksh

. 27 1

Rasamalah

. :;32

Rerii .

295

Raket-berar

. 1 25

Rasamora .

. !!>7

Res iik

. 698

Rakbal

. 7D1

Ras bija .

. 628

Reto on

. 185

Rakbt reora

. 511

Raselwa .

. 221

Rettiyan .

. 315

Raklop

. 622

Rasbnia .

. 394

Reunja

. 295

Rakta-chandan 2

59, 287, 609

Rasbtu

. 208, 2o:i

Reusn

. 326

Rakta kanchan .

. 28 1

Rassaul

. 291

Re\ a chinni

. 55

Rakt. anglia

. 609

Rasiila

. 696

Rewari

7;

6. 719

Raktapita .

. ISO

Ratabouli .

. 294

Rewat

. 378

Rakta roll ida . 1

sr,, 153, 51 1

Rata sogen

. 65

Reylu

. 271

Raktarora.

. 153

Rata-kekuna

. L41, 613

Rha .

. 284

Rakti

. 2lo

Ratamba .

. 51

Rhai .

. 716

Rai .

. 290

Ratambala

. 42o

Rhetsa

. 123

Raldlnip .

. 1 11

Ratangern

. 178

l.'lict-a man

. 1 23

llama

. 388

Rat-beraliya

. 71

Rhi .

. 7o:)

Ramakantha

292

Rat-ekaweriya .

. IS|

Rhin.

. 675

Ramanadike

.' 556

Ratenda .

. 609

Rhodelu .

. 543

Ramani

. 537

Ratcrr

. 349

Rhodera .

. 543

Ramanjii .

. 646

Rati .

. 240

Ri .

16, 709

Raoiasitapalam

. 20

Rat kiliiri .

. 296

Rialla

. 716

Ramboetan

. 197

Ratmanti .

. 571

Rian.

. 570

Raingda .

. 726. 72,

Rattan jot€

. 1 26

Rianj

. 675

Rami

. 578

Rattankat

. 131. 132

Riai .

. 716

Ramie

. 6,57

Rattatiya .

. 62

Richabi

. 393

Rainita

. 578

Ratthi .

. 631

Ricbang .

. 689

Ramjani .

. 138

Rattota

. 62

Ii'ichli baa .

. 393

830

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Richhoi

Rich riklu ,

Rikaling

Rikemra

Rikhali

Rikham

Rikhdalmi

Rikhpeta

Rikhiil

Rikkan

Ri'mda

R'nimel

Rfn .

Ring

Ringa

Ringal

Ringalo

Ringo

Ringri

Ringyal

Rini .

Rinj .

Riuja

Rinjal

Rinjra

Ri'ns .

Rfs .

Risapaing.

Rish.

Rita .

Ritha

Rithei

Rithoul

Rithu

liiti .

Ritza

Riu .

Rinna

Roangching

Roatanga

Robhay

Rode

Rodinga

Roem

Roghn

Rohal

Rohan

Rohani

Rohi

Rohina

Rohini

Rohituka

Robni

Rohvi

Roi .

Roina

Roir .

Roira

Rola .

Roli .

Rolli .

R(im .

Rormisk

KoiicluliiiL

Rong.

i.'c'Olll

K'orc .
Rori .
Rosbang
Rdl .
Rotdhip
Row .
Rowanra
Rowi .

PAGK

. ;

Rovta

392

Ru .

704

Ri'ichia

670

Rudai

209

Rudraganapu

690

Rudrak

438

Rudrakadapu

27

Rudrak sb .

210

Rudraksba

692

Rudrak-shamba

75

R ue .

163

Ruebee

675

Ruel .

325

Ruen .

'. 181, 295

Ruens

. 744, 745

Rugendi

. 744

Ruglim

. 325

Ruinsh

. L35

Ruk .

. 318

Rukattaun .

. 583

Rukenda .

. 295, 675

Riikh .

. 295

Rukb baer .

77

Rukni

. 295

Ruktmara .

. 326

Rumadi

. 395

Rumbal

. 572

Rumgach .

. 326

Rung. .

. 196

Rungara

. 192,196

Rungbong .

. 603

Runggong .

. 544, 603

Rungra

. 171

Rungyeongrik

. 051

Runinsh

. 659

Runjra

. 320. 648

Runool

. 619

Rusa .

. 689

Rusaai

. 194

Rusot

. 330

Russa nsareki

. 330

Ruta .

. 242

Rute .

. 619

Ruthu

. Kin. 401

Rutok

. 349

Rutripuli .

. 155

Ruzerap

. 295

Ryang

. ITS

Rvom

. 1 55

. 155

. L50

. 619

. 562

Saar .

. 710

Sabyit

. 619

Sacbeng

. 51]

Sadachu

. 511

Sadanapa vedri

. 339

Sadara

. 619

Sadora

. 619

Sadra

. L38

Sadri .

. 1 85

Sadun

. 223

Sadura

. 206, 734

Safeda

. 519

ak .

. 379,619

Safedar . 2

. ' 0I!>

Sa fed arand

. 546

Safed champ

'_'.">7

Safed kabra

. 543

Safed khair

. 719

Safed kikar

. 24]

Safed simal

. 191

Safed siris .

G4

• 86. 6!

1 55

Safbyi

736

Safri-am .

390

Safun

L13

Sag .

101

Sag .

115

Saga .

401

Sagade

113

Sagapu

104

Sagarabatna

loo

Sagargota .

736

Sagat .

736

Sagawa

349

Sagdi. .

619

Sagok

326

Sagun

595

Sagwan

170

Sagwani

:\-2(\

Sah .

555

Sahada

183

Sahadra

619

Saba j u

46

Sahara

isl

Saherwa

631

Sabine

650
650
663
283
242
729
269
244
184
326
295
737
632
194
28
600
237
250
237
237
322
250
710
492

720
L90
338
no
751
342
342
342
342
262
341
690
491
1. 692
613

11
640
298
295

:»i
305

Sahm
Sabora
Sahu hingori

S;ii

Saiban

Saihiar:

Saikamebh

Saikanta

Saikre

Saimuladdi

Sain .

Sainjan

Sainjna

Safphra

Saitu .

Saj .

Saj a .

Sajeri

Saji malo

Sakalang

Sakal vol

Sakena

Sakhex

Sakhu

Saki .

Sakina

Sakna

Sakomsing

Sakrela

Sakun

Sakwa

Sal .

Sala .

Sala dhup

Salai .

Salaia gugj

Salang

Sal anker

Salapan

Salat .

Saldawar

Salv .

Sale manti

Saler .

Salgd .

Salbe.

Sali .

Salia bans

Sali'ma

Sa limbo

05,

585
355
8
537
520
12
195
4o7
362
267
680
12
195
!>
526
526
5-JC
7 -Jo
632
632
342
632
169
371
65 1
632
680

. 584
225
469
347
295
37]
L12

. 736

224

225

156

91

342, 526
342
15
ISO

115
180
to, 231
77
77
690
26 1
10, 231
kki
525
47

706
1:17
137
233
396
603
182
94

■JUL'

603
137
137
137
619
751
201
751

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

837

r.voi

Sal jam

. 361

Salla .

. 137, 706, 716

Salle .

. 719

Salma

. 731

Salo .

. 706

Saloha

. 245

Salopa

. 729

Salphullie .

. 137

Salu .

. 733

Salua .

. 94

Sal \va

77

Sam .

. 654

Sama .

. 602

Samadara .

. 133

Samala

. 540

Samarri

. 96

Sambar

. 239

Sambaw

. 66

Sambeiug .

. 94

Sambiri

. 220

Sam bung .

. 218

Samli

. 202

Samoka

. 4X4

Sampaga-pala

. 540

Sampenga .

. 12

Sampigc

. 12

Sam pit

. 745

Sampni

. 547

Samsih.'ir .

. 469

Samstravadi

. 363

Samsundra

. 307

Sanuidra .

. 363

Samudra sboka

. 506

Samundar .

. 363

Samimdar pliul

. 3G3

Samur

. 245

Sanakadan

. 52

Sanalinga .

. 562

Sanatta

. 202

Sanbli

. 656

Sandal

. 171, 585

Sandan

. 237

Sandani venibu

. 17)7

Sandan pipli

. 237

Sambiri

. 271. 660

Sandawa .

. 50]

Sandeh

. 022

Sandi kuya

. 187

Sandi omi

. 17

Sandra

. 200

Sandugaza

. 382

Sane .

10

Sangaiprn

. 221

Sangal

. 716

Sangimphron .

. 218

Sanging .

. 560

Sangj i

. 0|S

Saagraban

. 66

Sangran .

. .'.7 1

Sangri

. 2SS

Sangryn .

. 221

Sanibari .

. 1011

Sanjal

. 171

San j it

. 580

Sanjna

. 22 1

San karimil:i

. 480

Sankesula

. 269

Sanko

. 400

Sanmin

. 692

Sanpalu .

. 0(ix

Sanpatti .

. 510

Sansa.ru .

. 560

Sansoi

. 010

Santagu .

. 585

21;

Santara
Santha
Santhama vembu

Santhana viri .

Santi

Sanua

Sanu arkaula .

Sanu gambari .

Sanu bingo

Sanu-kapasbi .

Sanu kiniu

Saochala .

Saodi

Saori

Sap .

Sapai

Sapaning .

Sapbiji

Sapin

Sapka

Sapong

Sapota

Sap pa

Saprunn' .

Saptaparni

Sapu

Sapu-milli

Sara .

Sarab

Saradi

Sarai

Saraka

Sarai

Sarap

Sarapatri .
| Saras

Sarata

Sara wan .

Sarbashtai

Sarda

Sargi

Sargoyit .

Sare gogen

Sarei

Sari .

Saring

Sarisa

Sarjum

Saro .

Sarol

Samli

Sarota

Sarpattia .

Sarra gadu

Sarru

Sarshoia

Sarta

Saru-akasari

Sarugar .

Sanu

Sasi .

Saslendi .

Sat-bargi .

Sat barm .i

Sat-bur

Satiana

Sati tin

Satni
Satpura

Satpuria .

Satrai

Satsha ii.il . 65

Satsiyar .

Sat fchapu .

PAGE

. 130

Sattni

203. 309

i Satwm

. 157

Sau . . . .

. 150

Sauer

. 337

Saiij . . . .

. 510

Saulkuri .

. 680

Sauna ippa

. 525

Sauna solti

460

Saunder .

104

Sauugbale

170

Saungbya .

658

Saungya .

90

Saunjla .

235

Savaya

73(i

Saver

649

Savimadat

469

Savyak

123

Sawali

700

Sbama

40

Schap

631

Schiap

289

Sealposra .

8

Seb .

:i63

Sebe

483

Sedangtagla

12

Sedeng

540

Sedong

097, 719

Sedongtagla

. 47

Seej ....

140, 44<l

Seeru

77. 000

Seete soah

. 216

Sega

. 706

Segabin .

. 701

Segapu

. 305

Segapu-munthari

2.".:,, 007

Segora

. 47

Segum kati

. 210

Seboong .

. 316

Sehsbing .

. 01

Sehud

77

Seikbalu .

3

Seikcbi

. 04

Seimdi

77.716

Sein ....

. 140

Seina

. 751

Seinkasi .

. 109

Seinnabaw

. 77

Seintabau'

. 413

Sejan

. 670

Sejana

. lull

Seji ....

. 138

Sejna

. 544

Sokra

. 184

Sekwa

. 696

Selang

. 610

Sela vanj.ii

. 729

Selcho

. 010

Selemnj'ok

. i:; I

Selte ...

. 28 1

Selupa

. .".70

Sema

. 200

Semadung

. 236

Semagyi .

. .'.77

Semar

. Oil

Seme

. is::

Semla

. is::

Sempak .

. 183

Seinpangani

. ■>. 7

Sempat

. 254

Semrn

. 719

Semul

,:i. 660

Sciiuir

. 250

Sendri

711

Senduria .

838

A MANUAL OF INDIAN* TIMBERS

PAGE 1

PAGE

Senen . . . .

GGi)

Shan-' .

471

Sengel .

160

Shangal .

471

Sengeni . . . .

7,42

Shangala .

168

Sengtungrung .

604

Shangar . . . .

288

Senhur .

590

Shangdc-Dg

401

Senibal . . . .

91

Shangri . . . .

685

Senjal .

072

Shangti .

709

Senjna .

224

Shan jau . . . .

237

Senkani .

542

Shanjoi . . . .

168

Senta .

C36 |

Shank pot . . . .

1 :;i i

Seo

321

Shankthakwa .

130

Seoli .

469

Shapra . . . .

2i 10

Sepala .

409

Shapri . . . .

47o

Sqialika .

169

Shapti .

30-

Sephalika

469

Sharawani

40

Sepistan . . . .

;,ini

Shargadi .

195

Ser .

237

Shargar .

434

Serai gi'iti

539

Shari . . . .

312

Serali .

40

Sharifa .

20

Seran .

200

Sharoli .

084

Serang .

682

Sharori .

684

Seregad .

503

Sharphara

690

Serei .

674

Shash

210

Serh

209

Shashri

121

Seihnvok .

iMn

Shaul . . . .

669

S'erilli

646

Shaung-pang .

130

Serim

747

Shaiiria

178

Seringjai .

746

Shaursi

503

Sen's

250

Shawali . . .31

8, .Mo

Seriss

109

Shaw byu

93

Serissn

250

Shawdu .

559

Serkuji

312

Shawni

94

Serpa

656

Shawwa .

95

Serva .

66o

Shayrang .

22( |

Seta pajja

185

Shazaung . . . 59

o, 591

Sethanbaya . .11

4, 023

Shazaunglethny ( i

591

Seti champ

11

Shazaungpyathat

590

Set krishnapani

239

Sheaboge .

431

Sewan

537

Shealbuk .

7,72

Sewana-mediya

647

Sheashong

58 1

Sewar

182

Shechin . . 578, 52

3, 7, 1 1

Sewri

2:;:.

Shedbarvva

b'l 7

Seya

346

Shegappu agili

2HO

Seyapu chandanum .

259

Shegul .

022

Si-y.-ira

281

Shej ....

2,7 1

Sey barasi

L56

Shekram .

307

Sevr ....

591

Shelangri .

. 7,4 1

Sha ....

296

Shelu

. 500

Shafri

170

Shem

. 1 7,;,

Sliafroi

470

Shembadu

540

Shag

669

Shembal .

'M

Shagali .

230

Shembugha

10

Sliaing

22il

Shemi

. 288

Shak

. 6G8

Shem lnanitha .

. :;7:;

Shakab .

017

Shempati .

. lis

Shak a i

660

Shempi'ivan

. 197

Shakardana

. 547

Shenchanthanam

. 217.

Shakshin .

. 669

Sheni'iirungi

. 217,

Sha] ....

77

Shendri

. 619

Shalakat .

47

Shengali .

. 335

Shalanghar

. i7o

Shengkottu

. 22o

Shalanghi

. 568

igori .

. 192

Shalaoglu

. r,7;;

Shengra .

. 101

Shalangri .

■ >i •

Shengrik .

. 217

Shalgari .

. 229

Shengi'itau

156

Shall

. 169

Shenkurani

. 217,

Shalshi

. 1 .s

Shenta

. 279

Shama

. 599

Sheodui .

. 27,1

Shami

. 288

Sheova

. 632

Shamieala

. 91

Sheori

. 669

Shamoi .

. is:;

Shepkyew]

. 117.

Shamra

. 239

Shi ra

. 221

Shamshad

. 592

Sheiawane . . 1

'7. 185

Shanda laghiine

592

Sheriman .

. 0 10

Slierniana

Sherus

Sherwod .

Shetturi .

Shewa

Shewan

Shewa ri

Shiali

Shibika .

Shibsashin

Shida

Shidi

Shidu

Shikand .

Shilli

Shilling .

Shilve

Shinial

Shiinarra .

Shima sunkesula

Shimbat .

Shimbu

Shimlo

Shimti

Shin

Shinaluk .

Shindar

Shindi

Shinduga .

Shiug " .

Shingali .

Shingai

Shingari .

Shingra

Shingran .

Shingri-lota

Shinroi

Shinwala .

Shipri gidda

Shiran

Shirash

Shi roll in .

Sliirlan

Shirnboli .

Shirsh

Shirsha

Shinil

Shisham .

Shishi

Shitzem

Shinlik .

Shiiintra .

Shivani

Shiwali

SMwala .

Shiwari

Shka

Shko

Shloi

Sho .

Shola vengai
Shomfol '.
Shomshing
Shongral .
Shoondul .
Shora
Shorag
Shothali .
Shouktono
Sbowla
Shri-tali .
Shrol
Shta .

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

839

PAGE

PAGE

Shtar

. 331

Silkanti

. 560

Shti .

. 706

Sil koioi .

. 306

Shu .

. 321

Sillangti .

. 14

Shubung .

. 118

Silica

. 754

ShiiL-

. 210

Sill-kurta .

. 446

Shiik

. 584

Silloh

. 754

Shukni

6

Siltimber .

. 570

Shukpa

. 698, 699

Silu .

. 500

Shulunda koro .

. 421

Silum

. 130

Shumaj

. 592

Sim .

. 271

Shumanjra

. 201

Sima bandaru .

. 403

Shumbul .

. 325

Simal

9i), 157

Shuu

. 171, 689

Simali

. 125, 204

Shundra pana .

. 729

Sima tumma

. 270

Shunjai

. 468

Simbal

, 90

Shupa

. G98

Simli

. 182

Sln'ir

. 098

Simlu

. 29

Shurali

-77

Simong

. 729

Shurar

! 573

Sim pi lit .

. 118

Shiirbiita .

. 698

Simris

. 434

Sbtirgu

. 698, 699

Simrung .

. 434

Shurli

. 6x4

Simur

. 90

Shuriizbed

. 157

Simyanga

. 541

Shutthi

. 426

Si'oa .

. 371

Shwan

. 474

Sinakadang

. 149

Shwet kadam .

. 401

Sinar

. 060

Shwet simi'd

. 91

Siuara

. 271

Shyakul .

. 183

Siud .

. 577

Shyona

. 510

Sindi

. 731

Sia .

. 318

Sindri

. 535

Siahtut

. 635

Sindrol

. 185

Siali

. 245

Sinduri

. 619

Sialu

41, 389

Sinduria .

. 619

Siama lota

. 489

Sinduri dabdabbi

. 205

Siamum'i .

. 205

Sindurpong

. 619

Sia aaboi .

. 59

Sindwar .

. 540

Sianangi .

. 371

Sindwari .

. 540

Siar .

658. 660

Singbana .

. 387

Siaru

. 660

Singhani .

. 745

Sibri

. 590

Singbara .

. 683

Sibriu

, 290

Singbata .

14, 380

Sicka

. 187

Singi

. 171

Sida .

. 371

Singjo

. 131

Sidalnm .

. 732

Singka

, 323

Sidemnyok

. 127

Singliang .

. 331

Sidlia

. 371

Singna

. 392

Sidhera

. 171

Singnarmlk

. 328

Sidhsaro .

. 209

Singnok . . 1

l, 203, 409

Sift'oo

8

Siograf

. 571

Sigappu kakandau .

. 33 1

Singrauf .

. 57o

Sige .

. 291

Singriang

. 307

Sigekai

. 291

Singtok

. 636

Sigugrip .

. 11

Singuru

. 520

Sigumgrip

9

Sing we

. 5 1 5

Signmkati

. 289

Singya

. 284

Sihar

283, 482

Singyan .

. 465

Siharu

. 409

Singyara .

. 284

Sihaura

. 632

Singyen .

51 1, 516

Mliimd

. 591

Smjli

. 1 82

Sij .

. 590

Sinkadi

. 508

Siju . . . .

. 171

Siiik.'imi .

. 560

Sikat

. 604

Sinkoli

. 561

Sikertip

. 121

Sinkoai

560, ■'■''•l

Siki . . . .

. 171

Sinmanopyin

. 596

Sikkai

. 307

Sinna

. 195

Sikrilia

. 121

Sinni

. 177

Sikru

. 150

SiDniutbayet

. 213

Silang

. 172

Sinong

. 607

SUapoma .

. 663

Sinsui

. 28

Silari

. 308

Sinthapan

649, 650

Sil barua .

. 717

Sinuk

. 591

Silikka .

. .!H»

Siora

. 632

Silim

. 339

Sipha

64, 65

Silingi

100, 172

Sipua

. 526

PAGE

Sir .

. 216

Sua .

. 474

Sirai

303, 596

Sira kadamba .

. 403

Simla

. 245

Siran

. 304, 307

Sirapunna

. 58

Siras

. 250

Siratpc

. 646

Sfrgiillum

. 618

Sirhootiingchir .

. 197

.Siri . . 57, I

'8, 677, 681

Sirid

. 407

Sirikara .

. 346

Sirikishu .

. 682

Sirikone .

. 271

Sirin

. 303, 306

Siringri

. ■ . 546

Siriokbtem

. 386

Siris .

. 303, 304

Sirisha

. 303

Sirkuchi .

. 330

Sirkul

. 14

Sirli .

. 7o6

Si rm a

. 581

Sirnat

. 056

Sirpang

. 514

Sirpha

. 20

Sirs .

. 306

Sirsa

. 250

Sirsang

. 306

Sirshing .

. 580

Sirsi .

. 253

Sirsi tentura

. 304

Sirsiil

. 3oy

Sish .

. 210

Sisi .

94, 96, 574

Sisir .

. 94

Siske tasar

. 393

Sissa

. 250

Sissai

. 247

Sissu

247, 250

Sissua

. 250

Sissiii

. 250

Sisu .

. 250

Sit .

. 305

Sita . . . .

. 20

Sitalxr

. 183

Sitalpati .

. 723

Sitanga

. 109

Sita pandu

. 20

Sita-pelu .

. 109

Sitaphal .

. 20

Sitarga

. Ill

Sitarjat

. 113

Sitarsaaz .

. 1 13

Sitki

599, 031

Sitnyok

. 0 13

Sitsal

. 250

Sitta

. 279

Sittamindi

. 622

Sitlamunuk

. 022

~^it t< ■ udal

95, 96

Sivettacbin

. 544

Sivor

. 508

Siyembela

. 279

Sken

. 717

Skioch

. 171

Soa .

Soandal

. 22 1

Soanjna .

. 22 1

Sodbera

. 195

Sodoi

. 01s

Sohaga

. 15

840

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMHEKS

Sohajna •

Sohau

Soilo

Soimi

Sokria

Sokutia

Sola

Solei

Solomanini

Solopo

Soman^i .

Sompotri .

Sompotri dope

^onir

Somri

Somso

Somunthiri

Son .

Sona

Sonai

Sonajahi .

Sonalu

Son chain] 1:1

Sondar-padal

Sondarra .

Sonepatta .

Songarbi .

Soni .

Son kairi .

Son khair .

Sooahn

Soom

Soonjna '.

Soothan

Sopa

Sophi

Sopho

Soplong .

Sora pinnai

Sorapotri moi

Son .

Soringlii .

Soso .

Sosokera .

Sotege

Soundalav mini

Soymide .

Sozong

Spahvakka

Span

Spar

Spelda

Spera wuna

Spercherei

Sperdor

Spikso

Spiiig

Sprek

Spun

Srii;'andani

Starga

Sua .

Suali

Sualu

Suam
Sub6k
Subdk kale
Sudauk
Sudhari
Sudrabilo .
Sudu idda
Siiilu-kadiinili
Sudu nika
Sudu-uijan

PAGE

PAGE .

page

.

Sufeda

. 692

Simkeswar . . . 269

. 155

Sufok-ji .

. 317

Sunkong .

638

. 459

Sugauk

. 266

Sunkrong

656

. 155

Suglim

. 173

Sunletthe .

266

. 184

Sugroomook

. 525

Siinli

66

8, 669

. 371

Sugvat

. 378

Sunnu

471

. 237

Suhutiing-rung

230, 234

Sumiui

8, 360

. 546

Suiuiinta .

. 235

Sunomjar

641

. 304

Sujuna

. 224

Suntala

130

. 729

Sukali

. 632

Suntong .

38

;,. 38

6, 387

. 155

Snkanu

. 182

Suntri

35

. 138

Sukat-sing

. 592

Supari

726.

. 138

Sukkaput .

. 478

Supliut

571

. 90

Sukpo

. 698

Suppatnyok

570

. 383

Sukriruin .

. 386

Supti

233

. 157

Suk van! >o .

. 267

Sura .

591

. 153

Sula .

. 706

Suragi

55

. 168

Si'ili .

. 157

Surah-vyu

696

283, 510

Sulia

. 324

Suran

184

510, 577

Sulla

. 609

Surangru .

306

. 468

Sullea

. 754

Suran ji

307

. L'71

Sultana chanipn

. 57

Sura-ponua

55

. 482

Sulu maruthu .

. 310

Surat

656

. 516

Sum .

. 471

Surati-chekka

180

. 254

Sumiili

. 525

Siiich

582

. 510

Si'imli

. 471

Si'irganch .

317

. 542

Sumbling .

. 611

Surgi

699

. 160

Suinbrangrip

. 107

Surhoni

57

. 2! t5

Sumbrong

. 66

Suria

285

. 298

Sumbul

. 29

Surin

696

. 72

Sumeher .

523

Suringi

55

. 566

Sumi

. 1 55

Suiiya

88

. 225

Sum lit

. 29

Suriya maia

304

. 217

Sunnnuin .

. Ids

Surjmukha

126

. 13

Sun .

. 321

Surkila

193

. 664

Suna kbaii

. 195

Surli

. 60

. 320

Simari

139, 271

Surool

565

. 702

Sunaru

. 271

Surroli

609

. 333

Si'ind

. 325

Surs .

591

. 140

Sundali

. 271

Sursanjli .

325

. 510

Suudapsini;-

. 169

Surt:iri

369

77

Sundar

. 226

Surtcli

. 25 1

. 220

Sunder

. 97

Surtoyli .

369

. 647

Sundi-bet

. 736

Suru

5!

0, 591

. 616

Sundok

. 121

Suriind

. 626

99

Sundragundi

. 619

Surungi .

."..'.

. 155

Sundvi

;»;. 98

Suss .

. 660

. 510

Sundri-lota

. 263

Sussu

. 394

. 191

Sundrogai

. 717

Susurudi .

. 386

. 719

Siing-a

. 525

Sutanyet .

. 413

. 744

Sangal

. 7ol

Sutbanbaya

. 413

. 692

Sungcha .

. 701

Sut/. .

. 5S2

. 495

Sunnden .

. 21

Suxanda .

59

. 674

Sungloch .

. .ill

Suvarnam

. 271

. 692

Sunglu

. 90

Suyit

. 300

. 711

Sunglyor .

58

Sw.-ina

577

. 744

Sungna

. 536

Swanjeia .

224

. 133

Sungnan .

. 360

Syalita .

4

. 719

Sun-gdm .

1

. 585

SuDgoo-rik

. 1 67

. 662

Sungotta .

. 73 1

T.

. 523

Sun- rani .

. 355

.".17, 690

Sungray .

. 269

Tabendeimvu . 749, 755

. 571

Sungribong

. 690

Tabo

. 89

155, 599

Sungru

. 1 22

Tabsi

. 94

. 291

Sung-ryong

IS

Tabsu

. 94

. 300

Sungsum .

. 680

Tabu

. 134

. L83

Sungsiing

. 66

Tabuya

389

. 195

Sungung .

. 283

Tabyu

. 376

. 221

Sungyen .

. 27 1

Tacbanza .

. 386

. 186

Sun kanwal

. 568

Tad .

. 737

iya

. 157

Sun kauln

. 568

Tadasala .

I 10

. 510

Sim kawal

. 568

Tadda pal In

42 1

. 601

Sunkeint .

. 322

Taddo

10

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

841

p \gi:

PAGE

Tadra

. J86

Tali . . 217. 44

;. 732, 737

Tarak

Tadru

. L85

Talibda .

. 614

Tarai

Taduka

. 737

Talier

. 732

Taraka vepa

Tagada

. 514

Talisa

. 432

Tarana

Tagashing

. 6(52

Tai is far

. 432

Tax-cbarv i

Taggai

. 485

Talispatri .

. 39

Taree

Taggar .

. 485

Talisri

. 432

Tar-gaz .

Taggn

131, 734

Taliti

. 226

Tari .

Tagho

. 629

Talkar

. 177

Tarit

Tagla

89

Talle

. 312

Tarkhana .

Taglang .

. 361

Talok-te .

. 455

Tarla

Tagooyi

. 304

Talsiari

. 660

Tarni

Tagumi'ida

. 537

Talu.

. 698

Tan. .

Tanaka

. 338

Tai uin

. 741

Tarota

Tahasi

. 471

Tai ura

. 82

Tarotrik .

Tahg

. 551

Tama

. 752

Tarru

Tai .

. 156

Tama

. 236

Tarsi

Taikran

. 648

Tamadong

. 729

Tarsing

Tailadu

. 32

Tamak

. 403

Tartar

Tai In

. 682

Tamaka .

. 143

Taru .

Tairi

. 270

Tamil

. 50

Taruka

Taisoh

. 607

Tamalamu

. 51

Tarum

Tai tu

. 514

Tamalan .

. 255

Tarwah

Taka

. 338

Taman

. 373

Tarwar

Takal

. 543

Tamar

. 737

Tarwas

Takbret .

657, 659

Tamasauk

. 409

Tasba

Takchabrik

. 615

Tamasok .

. 601

Tasbiari .

Takcbir

. 420

Tamasokkyi

. 601

Tatebiri

Taker

. 33

Tambagum

. 81

Tatmorang

Takhril .

. 208

Tambara .

. 491

Tatpalang

I'akhum .

. 629

Tambara kura .

. 487

Tatari

Taki .

. 284

Tarn bat

. 40

Tattayanwc

Takkada .

. 428

Tamboli .

. 503

Tattumia .

Takla

. 397

Tambugai

. 81

Tatua

Taklej

. 94

Tambutu-wel

. 736

Tatiike

Takli

. 94

Tammanua

. 607

Taukkyan

Takmui .

. 305

Tamomban

. 438

Taukma .

Taknoi

397, 398

Tampanai

. 607

Tauksha .

Takoi

.317

Tamruj

. 178

Tauksbama

Takoli

. 253

Tamu

. 377

Taukyat .

Takoru

. 72S

Tan .

. 737

Taukyat kyi

Takpa

. 668

Tanaku

38, 350

Taungdama

Takpadik .

. 199

Tanauug .

. 295

Taungdamin

Takpsdrik

. 125

Tandai

. 306

Taungkau

Takpier

. 309

Tandala

. 693

Taungkanyin

Takpo

. 312

Tandali .

. 750

Taungkathit

Takpyit .

. 309, 310

Tandfi

. 395

Taungkazaw

Takpyitmuk

. ' 229

Tandi

. 337

Taungkazung \

Takral

77

Tang

. 322, 706

Taung-lapel

Taksiebrik

. 14

Tangani .

. 285

Taungmayo

Takaing .

. 64

Tangar

. 273

Taangmedk

Taksol

. 113

Tangan'ik

. 150, 151

Taungmezali

Taksor

182, 342

Tangedi .

. 285

Taung-c'in .

Takaot

617, 648

Tangedu .

. 273, 285

Taungpeinne

Taksni

. 957

Tangshing

. 718

Taungpetwiin

Takta

. 1 52

Tangudu .

. 285

TanDgsaga

Takto kliyciu .

. 287

Tani

. 337

Taungsalat

Taku

. 317

Taniki

. 622

Taungtamasuk

I'akul

. 730

Tanki

. 378

Taungtan .

Pal .

734, 737

Tantia

. 255,3113

Taongtangj i

Tala .

. 732,737

Tanuku

. 94

Taungthabye

ralagu .

. 752

Tanycrik .

. 240

Taungthale

Talagawa .

. 7 is

Tanyin

. 310

Taungthanai

I'alai

. TU

Tanyinbo .

. 125

Taungtbawga

Talaing-no

. 479

Tanvinni .

. 232

Taungyopyizin

Talaingaok

, 488

Tapasi

. 628

Tauprengjan

ralainyom

. 731

Tapatbyer

. 392

Taui

Tala kiriya

. 626

Tapauk

. 253

Tanthamaga

Talapi

. 56

Tapkel .

. 112

Tauthayet

Talari

. 82

Tappaddar

. 547

Tawbnt

Tale-lama

. 733

Tapria-airis

. 306

Tawenna .

lalensei .

. 543

Tapu

. 377

TawkuntbJ

ralhang .

. 395

Tar .

. 192, 737

Tawkyctlauk

rail .

. 737

Tara ... 1

16, 312, 732

Tawmagyi

842

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

PAGK

PAGB

Tawmeyaing . . 230, 231

Telus

. 237

Tbakal .

Tawsabe .

. 467, 489

Tembar

. 1 _'•-'

Thakil

Tawshauk

. 1 25

Tembiliya

. 362

Thakutina

Tawtan

. 733

Tembusu .

. 445, 497

Thakut] o .

Tawtfaabut

. Ill

Temru . 1

22, 454, 400, 401

Thala

Tawthabye

356

Tendii . 4

54, 456, 400, 461

Tbalay .

Tawthagyet

. 740

Tenga

. 739

Tbalav maratbi

i

Tawthidin

619

Ten gin a .

. 739

Thale . 3

77, 404. 628

Tawyinma

. 156

Tenkaia .

. 739

Thali

. ■ 203

Tawzalat .

485

Tenna

. 739

Thali kabashi

Tawzinwe

. 1 83

Ten rh

. 282

Thallira .

Tayaw

. 11

1, 626

Tentukki .

. 610

Thalma .

Tayawm i>n\\ e

. 189

Tentuli

. 278

Thalot

Tayoksaga

. 482

Teo .

523

Thalu

Tazak-tsun

. 432

Tedri khair

. 298

Tliamaga .

Tcheiray sulah

701

Teotosa

. 434

Thamaka .

Tchenden .

en:

Tepor

. 50

Thamakanwe

.' > 1 ! '

Tchokpo .

(398

Teppaddi .

. 614

Thaniba .

Tchongtay

650

Teprong .

. Oo.-j

Thambagani

Te .

463

Tepukau .

. 263

Thame

Teadi rag .

706

Ter .

. 312

Thaminsza

Teakah

458

Terene

. 3'J

Thaminzabyu

Tedlapal .

486

Terhilnyok

. 127

Thaminzani

Teeni

59

Terhilsok .

. 570

Thammal .

Tega

526

Teri .

. 200

Thamon

Teihyaprik

247

Tesero

. 747

Thamther .

Teila

330

Teteli

. 278

Than

Teinkala .

103

Teto

. 516

Tbanat .

Teinnyet .

267

Tetrikaii .

. 602

Thanatka .

.' 125

Teinthe

403

Tetta

. 498

Tbanattaw

Tejmal

1 22

Tetta manga

. 415

Thanawa .

Tek .

526

Tettam-parel

. 4D8

Thanaze .

Teka

526

Tettancottai

. 498

Thanboi .

Tekata sij

590

Tettian

. 498

Thandara .

Tekil

21 3

Tetu

. 510,512

Tbande

Tekka

526

Tetuliya .

. 302

Thandra .

Tekku

526

Tetura

. 304

Thanella .

Tekserah .

74!)

Teturl

77

Thanera .

! 1 16,

Teku

526

Teturldumm

. 329

Thangi

Telaki

543

Tewar

. 282

Thanka .

Telambu .

93

Tewas

. 237

Thank i .

Tel-domba

:<(

Tewsa

. •_>:;:

Thankoli .

Tel61

in;

Teyrui

. 126

Thankya .

Teley

94

Tezbal

. 122

Tharih'ing .

Tel-hiriya

L89

Tezaial

. 12]

'I'll ansa

Telia babul

29 1

Tezpat

. 56]

Thanthar .

Telia sagun

533

Thab

. 24 1

Thanthal .

. 306,

Teli barua

717

Thabola .

. 112

Thanthatkyi

. 150,

Telinga-china .

o71

Thabut

1 5

Thaontay .

Tel-ki kima

613

Thabutkyi

. 21

Thapan

Telia barinka .

637

Thabyay .

. 198

Thapra

Telia chinduga

305

Thabye .

. 362

Thapsi

Telia gada ' .

451

Thabyebyu

. 361

Tbapui

Tellaguma

416

Thabyega

. 356

Thara

Telia jiivi

504

'1 h.-iii\ egj i

. 358

Tharbal .

Tella-kaka-mua

ili .

630

'1 lmi>\ eni .

356, 357

Than

Telia kurwai: .

421

Tbabyu

1

Tharrri

Tella-mada

546

Tbabyu thabye

. 357

Tharwar .

Telia niadu

341

Thadi . " .

. 140

Thatthabye

Telia manga

415

ThadBal .

. lid

Thaui

. 28 1 .

Telia motku .

237

Thagu

. 514

Tliavithoo

Telia pal .

487

Thagya .

. 38]

Thawga .

Telia pnliki

615

Thagyaletwa

. 495

Thawgabo

Telia punki

615

Thagyane

. -.'it;

I'hawi

Telia punigudu

603

Thagyel .

. 740

Thayet

Telia Bopara

305

Thaikwa .

. 740

Tbayetkin

Tella-tuma

29

5, 298

'1 baikwaba

. 754

Thayetsaa

Telia upi .

•ITS

Tbaikwabo

. 748

Thayetthini

Telia voolemarn

32

Thai]

. 689

Thayetthitse

Telli

109

Tbaila

. 389

Thayoh

Telphctru

•1 1 >

Thafnbai] .

. 1 16

Theeshe .

Telsu

304

Thaing

mi, 103, 734

Theetbkaya

Telsur

22 1

TbainpncbJ

. 104

Thckri napay

Tel ii

698

Tbaka

. 603

Thelain

Thelka .

Thelli

Tlielu

Thembarai

Tkembavu

Thcncher.i

Theiipinna

Thenpii

Theot

Tberagam

Tbesi

Thetmagj i

Tbevatbali

Thibin .

Thibvu .

Tbi-din .

Tbihaza .

Tbihothayet

Tbilak ' .

Thilkain .

Tliilla

Thinban .

Thinbau-kyetsu

Thinbaung

Tbinbaw .

Thinbawmagyi

Tbinbaw-tamaki

Thinbawzibyu

Thiugadu .

Thingan .

TMnganee

Tbingani sala

Thin-gan-sbw«

Thingia .

Thingu

Thinkadu

Thinkiyo .

Thin perivelum

Tkiuwin

Thiripu

Thirmal

Thitcha . (w

Thitchauknvve

Thite

Tkitegin .

Thitepinzauk

Tbit-bpalu

Thitka

Thitkado .

Thitkalc .

Thitkya .

Thitkyabo

Thitlainyin

T'hitlinda .

Thitmagj i

Thitmanku

Thitmin

Thitni

Thitpagan

Thitpasaing

Thitpok .

Thitpwe .

Thitpyu .

Thitsanwin

Thitsat

Tbitsein .

Tbitsi

Thitsibo .

Thitswelwe

Thitto

Thittu

Tbittwet .

Thitva
Thitvabvu

INDEX TO VERNACL'LAI! NAMES

84JJ

PAGK

PACT.

PAGE

. 471

Thityin .

. (114

Tihin

204

. 141

Thityu

. 134

Timal

649

. 698

Thodali .

. 184

Timar rtikh

604

. 220

Tbodagatti

. 250

Timbernyok

475

. 342

Thoja

. 650

Timbiri

455

. 221

Thondapala

. 486

Timbur . . .12

1, 122

. 736

Tbondi

95, 607

Timburi .

455

. 126

Thunzinban

. 414

Timburjhien

28

. 230

Thoomay

. 215

Timburni . . .45

4, 461

. 047

Tkopali

. 102

Timburnyok

124

. 391

Thor

590, 591

Timil . . .38

1, 050

. 280

Thoras

. 243

Tim la

049

. 150

Thorlagauj

. 287

Timmurri .

401

. 131

Thothagatiti

. 250

Timru . . J 12

1, 122

. 93

Thovara .

. 409

Timsa

237

. 38

Thuddu ponna .

. 334

Timsha

673

. 127

Tbula

. 91

Timukbia .

479

. 21 1

Thiim

188, 471

Timur . . 122, 45

4, 400

. 578

Thuma

. 133

Tingscbi .

701

. 395

Thuna

. 701

Tinia

303

. 626

Thundri .

. 379

Tnmas

237

. 88

Thuner

. 701

Tintil . . . .

278

1

. 613

Thungfe-cbe

. 100

Tintiri . . . .

278

216, 730

Tbuniara .

. 701

Tintiil

27.S

. 381

Thunla

. 416

Timva .

754

. 264

Thur

. 99

Tinyu G05, 700, 701, 70

8, 710

ta

. 143

Thmingi .

. 307

Tipparathai

348

. 601

Thuttabat

. 444

Tippa tiga

24

. 83

Thuvar

. 591

Tippilipana

729

75

Thuvarei .

. 454

Tipti

190

53

Thuvarkandati .

. 334

Tirawa

285

. 71s

Tiamle

. 649

Tirboi . . . .

649

. 7.;

Tian

2oo, 202

Tirhilsok .

572

. 718

Tibri

. 208

Tiria

751

. 7I(i

Tibru

. 460

Tiril ....

460

73

Ticliing

. 320

Tirki

622

. L68

Tidhara

. 590

Tinual

649

. 525

Tieko

. 408

Tirinan •.

346

233, 262

Tiga lnusbadi .

. 24

Tirmi

649

. 607

Tibiri

. 305

Timoi

395

. 573

Tikayon .

. 290

Tirphal

123

77. 67

9, 680, 682

Tikhar

. 004

Tirpu

75

. 470

Tikia banj

. 075

Tirriah

747

681, 682

Tikkoe

. 401

Tirsam

107

. 606

Tikpbal .

. 64

Tiro kalli

591

. 679

Tikri

. 26

Tim kontai

271

. 496

Tikta

. 202

Tirumal .

349

. 106

Tikta-raj .

. 150

Tiniwa

408

157. L60

Tikto-sbak

. 32

Tisul

123

. ln7

'l'ikiil

. 51

Tita bateri

397

. 458

Tikiir

. 51

Titapat

427

. 562

Tila .

. 116

Titar

210

. 564

Tila .

. 4 os

Tita-sopa .

8, 12

. 513

Tilai . . H

18, 109, 626

Titbora

573

304, 308

Tilangsa .

073

Tithu

133

. 314

Tilani

. 202

Titia

155

. 702

Tilato

. 395

liti (.-hamip

11

L50, I":'

Tilaungu .

. 090

Titi nigala

745

232

Tilcbang .

. 688

Citmoi .

647

'. 150

Tilhanj

. 395

Titmolia . . .39

', 394

255. 382

Tilbetter .

. 387

Titmoya .

394

. 115

'I'ili .

. 752

Titpati

548

45, ■'<<

1. 408, 1"'.'

Tiliakoru .

. 24

Titri . 207, 208, 21

'. 278

. 255

Tiliari

. 592

Titta

41

. 608

Tiliya-gurjuD .

70

Titta-wel .

24

. 338

Tilka

. 108

Titta-weralu

114

. 217

Tilki

108, 409

I'inn

655

. 218

Tilliah

. 108

Tiusai

237

. 169

Tilmadi .

. 138

Tiwar

363

. l 19

Tilooj

. 073

Tiyowa

749

. U8

rilpara

. 25

T'neng

747

. 216

Tilpatta .

. 2oo

Toandi

337

82

Tilpattai .

. 2ol

Toaratti .

31

. 67

Tilpattra .

. 889

rode

205

S44

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Todu

Tofshing .

Toga

Togari

Togri

Toitpay .

Toko pat •

Tokra

Tokre bans

Tolan

Tolli

Tolol

To! rik

Tolu asclu

Tomitomi

Tongrong .

Tongschi .

Tongsor .

Tdn-nyok

To pa

Topal

Topatuj-ok

Toper

Topia

Toponi

Toposi

Toppinelli

Tora bujja

['orate

Toratti

Torban

Tor-elaga .

Tori .

Torjaga .

Tos .

Toska

Totilla

Totka bendi

Totmida .

Totmila

Totnye

Toungpeingnai

Toungpung

Towa

Traina

Trano

Trekan

Trekhan .

Trikanta-juti

Trfmal

Trimba] .

TrimmaJ .

Triphula .

Tsa .

Tsaingtsa .

['stun belay
Taandan .
Tsapatt

fsapo
Tsarap
Tsarai pang

I's.i 111

rsatin
Tse .

I'sci'i kado
Tseikdo-mindii

rseikpoban
Tsekoban .
Tselain
Tsema
Tserkar
Tsermang
rsikeri
Tsjakela .

p \<: i.

. 157

Tsonu

. 434

Tsui .

. 650

Tsiik

. 246

Tsuman

. 231

Tuatuka

. 649

Tue .

. 734

Tugang

. 542

Tugla

. 754

Tugli

. 419

Tugom

. 753

Tiiin

. 41

Tuk .

. 300

Tuki

. 317

Ttikla

. 39

Tuknu

. 223

Tuksat

. 704

Tuksot .

. 543

Tiil .

. 255

Tula .

. 360

Tulac-nyoni

. 295

Tula-lodli

. 518

Tulanch .

. 254

! Tulda

. 254

Tulenui phul

. 654

Tdlklu .

. 454

Tiilukul .

. 599

Tiima

. 523

Tumari

35

Tumberh .

. 42

Tum.bi

. 539

Tumbika .

. 127

Tumbomri

. 458

Tiimbri

. 193

Tumbning

6, 719

Tumbiik .

22, 571

Tumi

. 510

Tumida

. 613

Tumika

. 643

Tmnike

. 647

Tamil

. 553

Tuiwki

. 655

Tiitnma

. 41

Tummer .

. 184

Tinnoh

. 236

Tumpalei .

. 693

Tumpat-kiii un

. 200

Tiimra

1. 202

Tumri

478

. 649

Tiimria

5, 649

l'uii .

. 649

Tunang

319

Tunani zanani

701

Tunani zenani

514

Tiiinlhe

371

Tundhi

• 197

Tundvj

693

Tundupara

1 85

Tiing . 2

581

'1 linga

211

Tung bandar

581

Tungbraui

598

Tungcheong

693

Tungchei .

157

Tungchir .

750

Tungchong

382

Tongflam

601

Tunggom

395

Tungla

28, 29

Tunglu .

58 1

Tungnyok

58 1

Tungrangmuk

290

Tungrongrik

646

Tangra

. 6

PAGE

46X

Tungrun-

591

Tungsbinj;

581

Tungu

468

Tunguk

514

Tuni

650

Tunka

207

Timnia

631

Tunsi

307

Tuntri

l:;s

Tupa

395

Twpai!

41

Tuparada

456

, 461

Tupi

619

Tut .

553

Tura

631

Tu ran

646

. 647

Turapani

634

Turiah

.

96

Turka-vepi

734

Turmong

409

Turruli

317

Tusbi

746

Tiisi

425

Tussa

034

T ust us

635

Tilt .

292

Tut-gantha

536

, 683

Tuthai

410

Tutri

456

Tutnini

455

Tuttcaly .

48

Tutu

389

Tuvadi

392

Tuvarai

391

Twiunet .

461

Tworshing

461

l'\ rah

460

455

455

160

461

393

460

Ubberiva .

460

Dbbolu .

754

Uchav

84

IVhk'i

1 28

Udagu

2i is

Ddai

160,

516,

1'ilaivrl

568

017

l.lnl

421

Udale

157,

159

Ddalia .

245

Udalu

186

Udainbatti

395
395

Ddar
Qdare

L86

Udatalli .

.

157

1,1.1a

1 -J:)

IM. .

701,

719

l.lha

207,

•JDS

r.ii .

719

rdis.

367

[Jdish

L89,

139

I'lloban

611

Ddu .

1 1*8,

l:;i

Ddul

63,

166

Ugado

017

(Jghai

36

Dgbz

51(1

I gur

'.in

(Jgiirassa .

200

Uguru

509

lli

505

Ik .

323

1 Fkadai-nai

157

246,

nilaiiL

imgi:
472

38 1
210
398

, 159
367
2; 17
701
634
419
263
460
698
590
246
184
583
755
L63
525
178
2)
649
649

39 I
14, 635, 636

. 693
. 1 33
634, 635
. 29
. 115
. 121
. 187
. 246
489
. 170
. 717

S9

207

6

389

202

294

94

94

94

94

is

91

94

368

512

5 1 6

750

516

07(1

• 170

7:.9

i II 1 1

3(17

382

170,

662

579

40

698

728

491

715

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

845-

L'khan

Ukieng

Dkkovi

Uklu

Ukotang .

Ukshi

Ul .

Ulang karai

Uli .

Ulimidi

Ulkhuru .

I'llat kumal

Ullo .

Ullu .

Ulta-kauta

Ululu

Uluvintai .

Ulwe

Umar

Uma thekka

Umb

Umbi

Umbia

Umbli

Umbur

Umra

Umrai

Umtoa

Una .

Unden;'upa

Undi " .

Undie

Undipanu

Ungnai

Unt katai .

Unu .

Unyo

Upagi mara

Upalkai .

Upas autiar

Upligi

Up00-J)0]lia

Dpphing .

I'pranti

Irani

Uranechra

Ur&vu

I'rl.ul

I'rchirri .

Urga .

I; igu

Uri .

Driam

Uri-gab

I riuikli

I'rmu

U nil ul

I in .

Urni

Urn .

I'-ru .

1'nilionda

Uruk

Urukanu .

li'uin

Urumatti .

Uruinin

I'nisa

Usan

Uaaquesg .

Usari

Ushgai

Osiki

Usir .

r.\ci: '

PAGE

n;

I'siri

603

Usirika

599

491

Usiriki

599

395

Usken

747

752

Uskia

32

345

Uskiamen

•_>7;;

21]

I'skonj;-

74 1

114

Uspai

711

211

I'sri .

599

32

Ussey

752

209

Ustabunila

535

1(H

Usto

044

G56

Ustumri .

198

510

Itali-panna

720

3, 36

Uterr

231

567

Uthi

218

17

Uti .

4 5

2. 107

344

Utimukta .

118

650

Utis .

66

», 07(i

525

Uttraccham

114

22

Uva .

4

22

Uvav

476

22

Uyil"

307

694

650

650

V.

05O

610

Yackana .... 155

747

Yada

638

596

Yadatalla .

289

bi

Yadatara .

289

15

Yadencarni

510

557

Yadi

638

632

Vadilr

751

516

Vaghe

303

109

Vail .

54(i

759

Vaiya

01

54

Yaka

720

621

Yakai

•_>7

3, 274

651

\ake nar .

0 1

621

Yakhande

492

333

Yakka

94

1 52

Yakru

003

62 1

Valange .

254

277

Yaliya kara

114

10:;

Yallampuri

10(1

507

Vallanga .

131

640

Vallayam

. 335

163

Vallay kungiliam

. 85

271

Vallu'r

26

389

Yal murichha .

. 142

21 i 7

Vamat yakku .

. 540

1. 0»i7

Yanimi

. 400

463

Van .

. 177

273

Vandakanni

. L50

140

Vanga

. 510

649

Vam

. 477

207

Yanuthi

. 603

;;. 684

Yar .

. 645

389

Varana

. 32

698

Varanga .

.'::;,i

5. 1 1 7

Varangu .

. 70

209

VargaTum

. 482

. 165

Vargnnd .

. ;

. 607

Van .

. 075

32

Vasanvel .

25

. 505

Vassiintagunda

. 619

. 508

Vasiika

523

. 342

Vatatna dakki .

! 543

51

"\" ;i t .li i koian

. no

. 599

Vatoli

.

. 210

Vattakanni

. 621

. 32

Vatta thamaiei

. 62]

. 599

Vatyel

25

Vavili

Yavoli

Vayana

Vayangkarei

Vayila

Ve .

Yeckuli

Vedam

Yedan^'-kernian

Vedchi

Veddar

Vedda vala

Yedi vembu

Yedru

Yedukkanari

Vedupla .

Yeku

Vela

Velaga

Vela-padri

Velar ani .

Velayil .

Velittha vitti

Yella

Yella cadamba

Yella chini

Yella kadamba

Yella kasavu

Yella kondrika

Yellani

Yella niarda

Yella niariithu

Yella matti

VellariDgi

Yella thorasey

Yellay agil

Yellay naga

Vellay piitali

Yellay thuvare

Yelleicbarie

Yellei-karnuka

Yellei naogu

Yellei-nuchi

Yellei payin

Yellei thuvarei

Yellelambu

Ye lie ma .

Yelloday .

Velturu

Vel-vaghe

Velvaylam

Velvelam .

Vrai inanithi'i

Yempa

Yempadam

Vempu

Vena

Venachcbi

Yenda

Vendale .

Vengai

Vengalam

Vengai kattei

Vrengia .

A engkadavan

Vengkotta

Vengsha .

Venkalikaya

Venkandan

Vennochchi

Ventaku .

Venteak .

Vepa

Vepali

*4<3

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

i'agi;

Verabudi . . . 648

Wala

Verasu

500

Wal-amba

Verenda .

613

Walbiling

Yeri .

492

Wal-bombu

Veska

8, 379

Wal-buruta

Yetpavaddai

421

Wal-ehetu

Vettelu patta

525

Walena

Veyala

540

Wal-gammaris-

Vevpale .

486

Wal-gona .

Vidi .

.Mill

Wal-gurenda

Vidpani .

107

Wal-handun

Vila .

131

Wali

Vilatti

131

Wal-idda .

Vilayati imli

309

Wal-janibu

Vilayati kikar

27(1

Wal-karapincha

Vili".

33

Walkekuna

Villa

17

Wal-kobbe

Vilpadri •

512

Walbdm .

Vilva

131

Wal-kopi .

Vilvam

131

Walkthai .

Yilva-pattin

450

Wal-kurundu

Vinanku .

101

Walla

Virai

605

Wallaiki .

Virali

203

Wallunj .

Virasham .

500

Walmediriya

Viigi

500

Wal-mora

Viri .

57

Wal-munamal

Vitchu-runai

604

Wal murunga

Vitli kanna

442

Wal-nawahandi

Vittil

609

Wal-nik-attana

Vivay

476

Wal-sapu .

Vola'

751

Walsura .

Vorepuvan

603

Walu-kina

Vreda

231

Walursi .

Vubbina .

17

Wal-warak.i

Vullari

203

Wa-malang

Vullinda .

158

Wame

Vullinji .

158

Wanii

Vunne

288

Wamnah .

Vurada

:i:i !

Wamo

Vurtuli .

28!)

Warn para

Wampi

Wampu litsi

W.

Warn una .

Wana

Wa .... 274

Wanah

Waba

755

Wana-mi .

Wabo

75

2. 753

Wana-potu

Wabomyetsang

re

752

Wanderu-wel

Wabray

749

"W'.-i i ii 1 ii rolli

Wacball

75: !

Wanepala .

Wa-chiusa

747

Wanet

Wada

638

VN';i ni

Wadab .

751

Wanoke .

Waddan .

597

Wunsh

Wadiga .

112

Wimivo . 7

Wad ill

751

Wapyau .

Wag .

36

Wapyu

Wagati

270

Wapyugale

Wagatta ,

412

Wapyugyi

Waghoti .

36

Wapyusan

Waghz .

662

War.

Wagi

746

Wara

Wagok .

750

Waragogu

Wagutty .

34

Waragu h enki

Wah ' .

752

Warang .

Wahal

583

Waraa

Wahkanteb

748

Warawi

Wahrangur

176

Warga

Waiwarung

in)

Waringin .

Waka

75K

Wasn

Wakay .

75:!

Washui .

Waklu

75:'.

Wasonwe .

Wakoilu .

180

Wasopan .

PAGE

r.iGi:

. 89

Watal

. 213

Wathabut

751

. 1 33

Wathai

747

. 165
13

Wati
Watoi

74

;. 755

747

. 646

Watrai

, 55

. 96

Watte

750

wel

. 554

Wawali

628

. 646

Wawiva .

557

543

Way a

7."

2. 753

. 41 1

Wave

751

. 754

We'da-pana

127

. 486

Weera

175

. 356

Welanga .

101

. 125

Welangiriya

;;r,

. 616

Wel-aralu .

i;;.!

. 193

Wold.pli .

497

. ill

Wel-butv .

317

lis. 424

Welbatsarana

(in

. 717

Wel-dehi .

478

. 5fi0

Wel-ehetu

637

510. 579

Wel-embilla

44

(i, 5s 1

. 90

Weli-kaha

368

. (ISO

WelimadA

7n2

. 160

We'li-penna

336

. 19(1

Weli-piyanna

336

. 632

Weliweotia

616

. 603

AVel-kapi'iru

430

. 382

Wel-kayila

599

. -178

Wel-keppetiya

. 014

. 13

Wellangiriya

128

. 1 52

Wel-radaliv.-i

226

56

Wel-rukattaiia

. 490

. 1 52

^reni-wcl .

. 24

. 379

Weralu

. 114

. 746

Weraniya

. 109

. 719

\\'esha

. 7b:

. 719

Wet kyui .

. 199

. 747

Wetshaw .

. 96

. 750
1

Wetynr .
Wewarani

. 698
. 568

. 127

Wewel

735

. 324

Wi .

. 47 1

. 746

Wikuati babul

. 292

. 539

Wilayati kikar

. 292

. 7 IS

Wina

. 176

. in;

Wini'i

. 684

. 174

Wira

. 605

. 736

Wiri .

. 684

. 271

Wodayu .

. 597

. 5j:;

Wodesha .

. 5! 17

. 717, 749

Wodi

. 512

. 752

Wodier .

. 21 S

. 752

Wodrase .

. 483

. 208

Womab

. 693

50, 7.

..!. 754, 755

Wome

. 631

. 75:;

Wond

. 155

. 751

Wonta

. 655

. 75U

Wontennlgi

. 75:;

. 749

Wdra

. <\:\s

. 7 IS

Worra

752

688, 645

Wotomba .

655

. 491

Wowolo

568

. i7i;

Wudaga .

:;s:i

. I7d

Wud,.

2 1 s

89

Wuksej

345

. 246

W'l'llllM

. 57

. 684

Wiiman

7ls

. 271

Wumb

2

2. Iii7

. 640

A\" 1 Ml

71S

. 379

Wiindi

55

. 75H

Wuui

29S

. L80

Wiinja

:;u7

. Ill

Wuraga

90

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES

847

P IGE

r IGE

Wurak .

. 185

Yelo ^ulla . . .

591

Yingan

Wuriya

. 6.84

Yelinga wadinika

583

Yingat

n:

Wurruradfl

. 334

Yellal

419

Yinma

Wurnga .

. :;s:i

Yella madda

346

Yinye

AVurus

. .",1:;

Yella mall a kai

407

Yir .

681

"Wusel

. 307

Yellande .

181

Yiro .

Wiista

615, 670

Yellauji'a .

131

Yodaya

Yellantha .

181

Yok '.

Yella piinigiidii

604

Y'okchomirik .

188

Y.

Yellari

G04

Yokdiing .

Yelle sunde

394

Yon .

Yaccada-wel

. 180

Yelli kalli

591

Youaygyee

Yakada-wel

. 16

Yelnyo

320

Yiilatt " .

Yakahala .

. ::;

Yel paras .

245

Yiimbok .

Yak-eiaminiya .

. 181

Yelpote

118

Yung

Yakinaran

. i 29

Yeltu

2*9

Yur .

lis;

Yakuslii .

. 152

Yen .

342

Yuri .

Yal .

. yi8

Yenki

660

Yurmi

Yali .

. 202

Yenkul

177

Yiiru

Yalishin .

199, 201

Yenne

277

Y\ve;ryee .

Y'amane .

. 537

Yepa

143

Ywenge

Yamata

. ::jr,

Yepi ....

276

'Ywetwun .

Yamata kyein .

. 7.-56

Yeppa . . .44

7, 448

Yamdal

. 701

Ye-pyinma

373

Yamein

. 608

Yerindi

147

/..

Yange

. 330

Yerjonhetta

304

Yan^bai .

. 330

Yerjuchinta

304

Zadeikpo .

Yanj;kup .

267, 269

Yerkoli

419

Zaih .

Yapa

1 43, 276

Yerma . . . .

346

Zaitun

351

Yara

. 7' 14

Yermaddi .

.'ill

Zalatiii

Yarpa

691, 692

Yerra adnga

149

Zalatpyu .

Yarta

. 431

Yerra bikki . . 41

5, 416

Zam .

Yatli

. 202

lrerra cbietali .

ISO

Zambnin .

Yaunggal6

. 375

Yerragoda

454

Zambu

Yaungmakinnyo

. 604

Yerra-juvi . .13

6, 643

Zamir

Yavaranai

. 568

Yerra patsaru .

253

Zanaung .

Yaythagyi

. 235

Yerra polki

94

Zanzibar .

Yeanga

. 261

Yerri cbilla

614

Zanu

Yocbinva .

255, 603

Yerruti . . . .

452

Zardalu

Yegi . " . .

. 261

Yerui^udu .

250

Zardaru

\ egin

. 612

Yenil .

285

Zard kuno'l

Yegfsa

. 261

Yetagyi .

622

Zasbe

Yegyin

612, 618

Yetama

29il

Zbani;-

391

Yehera

. 338

Yetega

403

Zebri

351

Yehinydk .

. 617

Yethabye ... 36

). est;

Zelloosey .

Yekadat .

. 32

Yetbapan . . .64

9, 650

Zemardachan .

Yekaddi .

. 43

Yetkyi .

369

Zemaro

Yckal

. 177

Yettada .

401

Zhiko

Y. kathit .

. 242

Yetta^al .

4ol

Zi .

YekhaOn .

. CIS

Yettama .

346

Zibyu

Yekiii

. <;•_><;

Yette

217

Zinbvuu .

Yekkadi .

. 177

Yetfcega

mi

/at '.

Yekyel .

. 247

Yetti . . . 1

.'. 497

Zirisbk

Y, 1 ' .

. 448

Yetwun . . . .

87

Zolim-buriki

Yela .

. 338

Yeyo . . . .

122

Zopru

Yelatri

. 289

Yi

543

Zoshn

Yelchi

. 181

rindaik . . . .

253

Ziim .

INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS

Page
67ti
676
717
674
I.V.i
-Ml
663
159
663
636
211
717
708
434
663
716
432
7d2
209
312
168
314
322
676
L60
326
l'ii J
636
663
696
194
172
201
690
663
629
705
594
672
674
202
716
717
190

30
313
689

30
316
319
239
394
396
165
326
7'i_'
684

60
61
62
63
64
(55
66
• 17
68
69

74

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

II 1(10

101
102

II 103

in 1

II 105

I" 106

II 107

P 108

I' L09

I • L 12

II 115
11 116

Page
314
628
205
696
201
573
323
720
689
171
224
388
L86
581
672
434
202
186
394
594
391
185
29
398
316
670
390
203
172
665
6G0
209
C77
568
567
708
391
636
304
:;.m;
298
686
109
272
238
625
600
28 I
377
1 22
283
620
495
610
180
319
702

No.

II 117

H 118

H 119

II 120

H 121

H 122

11 123

H 124

H 125

H 126

II 127

H 128

H 129

II 130

II 131

H 132

11 133

II 134

H 135

II 136

II 137

II 138

II 139

II 140

II 141

II 142

II 143

II 144

145
146

II 147

II lis

P 149

II 150

II 151

II L52

II 15a

II 1 54

II 155

11 L56

1 1 1 57

1 1 1 58

H 159

II L60

II L61

II L62

II L63

P L64

II L65

II L66

II 167

II L68

I' 169

P 17ii

II 171

II 172

C 173

Page
197
474
671
327
435
628
628
326
663
669
66!)
435
698
669
745
74.")
48
.".24
582
691
698
692
699
7o.".
688
689
689
698
145
2.50
671
649
650
391
314
306
284
109
686
649
■I 1 2
495
317
210
702
•17 1
699
299
594
191
201
594
I 12

676

171
81

No.
C 174

17.".
17(1
177
178
179
180
L81
182
L83
184

1 85

1 86
L87
L88
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
190
L97
199
200
201
202
203

20 1
205
206
207
208

209

210

211
212
213

21 1
215
216
217
219
220
221
222
224
22.5
226
227
228
229

231
232
233

Page

343

262

338

159

404

311

502

340

538

178

305

238

404

250

110

298

347

19.5

15 1

170

L56

362

372

516

596

281

91
219
298

81
2.50
19.5
343
365
362
362
362
238
340
15: i
402
107
307
305

306

2oo
17.5
362
139
219
211
365
28 1
28 1
502
372
347

No.

B 234

( » 235

II 236

( ) 237

0 239

<> 240

H 241

(i 243

< » 244

( ) 245

( > 246

() 247

o 2 is

( ) 2.50

( I 252

( t 253

( ) 2.5.5

II 256

( ) 2.57

o 258

( ) 2.59

o 260

1 1 262

( i 263

o 264

( > 265

( ) 266

o 268

( i 269

( ) 270

(> 271

B 272

B 274

B 27S

B 279

I! 2S1

I: 282

B 283

I ; 28 1

B 285

B 286

B 288

B 289

B 290

B 291

B 292

B 293

B 294

i: 295

B 296

B 29S

B 290

B .'.ol

B 302

B 303

11 305

Page

S'o.

313

B

307

17s

B

30S

322

B

309

244

i;

311

362

B

312

370

1!

313

664

B

31 1

516

B

315

272

1!

316

217

P.

317

571

B

319

281

o

32 1

132

0

325

501

B

326

600

B

327

571

B

329

29S

B

330

168

B

331

51 1 1

(i

332

485

o

333

595

0

334

10

0

335

413

( i

336

485

0

:;:;,

629

o

338

L82

o

339

448

(t

340

1.52

(>

341

404

( i

342

32

(i

343

379

(i

344

159

o

502

»i

347

171

o

348

407

(i

349

! 106

(»

350

76

1

354

82

E

3.5,5

416

E

356

7(1

i:

357

In 1

E

3.5S

L08

E

359

197

r.

360

305

i:

361

256

E

362

71

i:

363

71

i

213

E

365

539

i;

366

375

E

367

564

i:

368

67

i

273

r.

370

7

i:

372

-

r.

373

361

i:

374

j 2

i:

375

INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS

849

Page
684
7 is
323
472
323
669
702
434
575
64
81
81
81
81
343
343
629
343
347
377
620
275
546
377
482
98
153
280
G44
88
442
334
625
374
263
334
362
151
280
731
740
739
727
717
72D
702

077

594
474
665
561
663
165
160
20]
202
678
678
566
202
272
linn
272
294
132
ls-_>
35
629
347
219
139
501
135
27! I

452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
463
46 1
466
467
468
469
470
471
473

488
491

P
P

I'
P
P
P
P
P
E

E 171

K 476

E 477

E 478

I-: 480

E 481

E 482

E 4X4

E 485

E 487
E
E

K 192

E 4! 13

E 494

E 493

E 496

E 197

E 498

E 499

E 500

B 501

B 502

B 503

B 504

B 505

B 506

II 507

B 508

l! 509

B .-.in

B 511

B 512

B 513

B 514

B 515

B 516

B 517

B 518

1! 519

B 520

B 521

B 522

B 523

B 524

B 525

1 1 526

( ) 527

< t 528

( ) 529

( I 530

0 531

( ) 532

533

53 1

Page
362
281
348
298
487
263
404
288

40
595
144
250

91
250
304
461
111

94
740
283
301
287
300
243
414
285
190
L90
634
269

67
250
414
682
6S3
622

81
561
223
345
614
332
517

53
160
306

703

556

37.",

76

152
366
61 1
220

99
306
126

61
458
344
2x7
280

59
259
362
340
404
211
317
283
645
338

Xo.

I ) 535

( ) 536

( ) 53 7

( » :>:i*

<> 539

O 541

O 542

O 543

(> 511

B 545

B 5 16

B 547

B 54S

B 549

B 550

B 551

J! 552

B 553

B 554

B 555

B 556

B 557

B 559

B 560

B .",62

B 563

B 564

1! 565

B 569

B 572

I". 573

E ."'7 l

E 575

E 576

E 577

E 57s

E 579

E 580

E 581
582

584
585
586

5.S7
588-

E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E 589

590

591

E 592

E 593

E 594

E 595

596
597
598
599

E 600

E 601

11 60 2

II 603

P 604

II 605

II 606

II 6o7

11 608

11 609

11 610

II 611

II 612

II 613

II 614

II 615

II 616

Page
362
195
259
645
600
417
413
645
283
681

76
710
259

54
497
218
680
679

61

82

407
223
740
739
132

32
702
376

96
255
561

13
483
220
272
600
114
510
648
361
284
644
665
641
408
282
284
566
101
213
681
5
525
653
620
65S
238
70s
307
298
611

650

6 III

699

705
668
669
171
697
59 1
625
715

to.

Page

617

715

618

25 1

619

506

620

95

621

537

622

449

623

487

624

365

625

29 8

626

683

627

220

628

563

620

655

630

374

631

147

63-2

515

633

569

634

250

635

81

636

67

637

213

6;;x

132

639

563

640

159

6 12

501

643

651

644

147

645

595

646

67

647

307

648

139

640

204

650

401

651

110

652

376

653

664

654

608

655

159

656

636

657

12

658

7

659

515

660

306

661

219

662

343

663

338

664

362

665

298

666

372

667

291

669

630

070

563

671

340

072

250

073

515

674

211

675

250

070

539

677

300

078

669

070

91

680

200

681

682

682

360

683

313

684

200

685

602

686

202

687

664

oss

387

689

650

690

504

691

378

602

168

No.

E 693

E 694

K 695

E 606

E 697

E 60s

E 699

E 706

E 714

E 718

E
E
E
E
W
W

^Y
w
w
w
w

\Y

w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
vv
w
II
II
II
il
II
II

Page
561
113
392
314
7oo
585
331
550
358

81
140
708
L45
636
630

41

71
374
151
150
376
501
455
644
483
517

i 3
055
221
174
540
305
374
498
304
252
534
457
195

57

656

61
262
335
652

, 5
133

86
304
457
304
262
534
287
343
053
540
652

75
287

58
159
157
..i ."»
739
710
727
690
697

000
702
72"
717

776
777
778
779
780
781
782
7s:;

788
793
794
796
797
798
700
( ' SOij
B 801
B so2
B 803
B 804
B 805
B 806
B 807
B 808
l; 809
B 810
B 811
B 812
B 813
B 814
B 815
B 816
B 817
B 818
C 820
C 82 1
( ' 822
( ' 823
C 824
C 825

0 826
( ' 827
C 828
( ' 820
G 830
(' 831
( ' 832
C 833
c 834
( ' 835
C 836
< 837
( ' 838
C 839
C 840
( ■ 84 1

1 842
c 843
c 844
\V si;,
W 847
\V 850
\V 853
\Y s:,5
W 857
W 861
W 862
W st;:;
\v 864
W 867
W 868

3 I

850

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Tage

No.

Page

No.

Page 1

No.

Page

No.

Page

No.

739

P 945

299

D 1075

260 1

C 1149

50]

i: 1230

376

B 1315

235

P 946

145

I) 1076

272

c L150

640

E 1231 !

407

B 1310

236

F 947

295

D 1077

343

C 1151

287

E 1232

91

B 1517

298

E 948

539

D 1078 ;

82

(' 1152

238

C 1235

81

B 1318

81

E 949

306

D 1079

350

C 115:;

162

C 1236 !

251

B 1319

343

E 950

376

D 1080

274

(' 1154

272

C 1237

461

11 152o

3(12

E 951

580

D 1081

298

C 1155

504

C L238

202

B 1321

370

E 952

213

D 1082

389

(' 1156

421

c 1239

162

B 1522

722

H 953

674

D 1083

117

C 1157

220

C 1240

156

B 1324

728

II 954

594

D L084

305

(' 1158

485

C 1241

543

E L325

L93

C 955

251

D 1085

291

(' 1159

340

(' 1242

238

E 1328

304

C 956

372

D 1086

262

(' 1160

283

(' 1243

448

B 1329

288

( ! 957

485

I) 1087

571

C 1161

610

C 1214

347

AY 1330

692

( 958

517

D 1088

94

(' 1162

177

(' L245

402

B 1331

251 I

C 959

539

D 1089

630

(' 1163

89

C 1246

423

I! L332

L83

C 960

739

D 1090

652

(' 1164

5 1 5

(' 1247

840

E L333

47

E 964

719

D 1091

117

C 1165

633

C 1248

417

0 1337

731

E 965

717

D 1092

83

(' L166

646

C 1249

217

0 L338

46

E 966

689

D 1093

1 15

C 1107

454

C 1.250

101

E 1339

552

E 967

322

W1094

353

C 1168

645

C 1251

362

E 1340

294

E 968

718

W1095

353

C 1169

110

C 1252

597

E 15 11

635

E 969

721

W1096

353

(' 1170

28]

(' 125:1

110

B 1540

35

E 970

690

W 1097

353

(' 1171

135

E L254

682

P 1547

645

E 972

G97

W1098

353

C 1172

515

E 1255

151

E 1351

203

E 973

330

W 1099

301

C 1173

416

E 1256

686

P 1352

702

E 974

48

W1100

302

C 1174

595

E 1257

73,608

E 1355

169

E 975

396

O 51101

499

(' 1175

5:i7

E I25x

559

E 1551

211

E 976

432

C 1102

94

C 1176

i:;2

E 1259

147

E 1356

676

II 99<)

594

C 1103

219

(' 1177

89

I'. L260

157

E 155,

715

II 991

709

C 110 1

.' 1 1 3

C 1178

620

K 1261

151

E 155X

705

W 992

li:;

C 1105

262

C 1179

510

i; 1262

681

D 1300

715

AY 993

417

C 1106

514

(' 1180

648

E L263

306

E 1:5:1

674

I) 994

487

C 1107

139

C 1181

629

E 12(14

559

0 L362

471

C 995

513

(' 1108

470

C L182

178

E 1265

612

i) L363

331

(' 996

517

C 1109

22

(' 1183

379

E 1266

159

0 1305

699

(' 997

17

(' 1110

195

(' 11X4

L63

E 12(17

550

0 L366

698

I) 998

187

C 1111

341

(' L185

4 1 5

E 1268

13

0 1367

684

B 1001

736

C 1112

138

C L186

413

i: L269

332

0 1368

668

B L003

736

(' 1113

461

W 1 1 87

86

E 127ii

483

0 1509

649

E 1004

736

C 1114

516

W 1188

338

E 1271

567

(i 1570

646

E L016

736

(' 1115

255

AVI 1X9

505

E 11272

374

0 1371

442

E 1017

736

C 1116

448

P 1190

338

E 1275

HI

0 1572

170

E ]<)I8

7:;7

(' 1117

91

P 1191

159

E 1274

446

0 L373

188

B L026

734

C 1118

295

P 1192

362

E 1275

119

0 157 1

201

B 1027

736

(' 1119

211

P L193

304

E 1276

275

0 1375

:;i 1

I; 1031

736

(' 1120

404

P L195

635

E 1277

703

0 1575

628

0 L038

735

(' 1121

347

P 1196

298

D 127X

198

(t L377

02X

B 104]

731

C 1122

305

P 1198

29 1

D 1279

58

0 1378

171

I; L042

735

C 1123

156

1' 1200

28 1

D L280

344

P 1579

160

B 1045

729

(' 1124

217

P L201

1 15

D i-2s|

343

P L380

702

B L046

755

C 1125

338

E 1202

534

I) L282

517

P 15S1

661

E 1049

I.",

(' L126

600

W 1203

53 1

1) L283

451

P L382

7ii5

C 1050

89

(' 1127

107

C 1204

534

W L284

517

P l.ixl

390

I) 1051

294

C 1128

182

P 12o5

250

I'. L285

376

B 15X5

520

D 1052

308

C 1129

538

W L206

534

E L286

407

B L386

211

1) in.,:;

144

C L130

423

I) 1209

587

E 1289

11:;

B 15x7

677

1) L054

159

c L13]

365

0 1210

81

i: L290

559

P L388

175

I) 1055

277

C 1132

364

(> 1211

8]

E 1296

223

r. i:;s9

565

U L056

83

C 1133

263

0 121:1

XI

E 129X

735

I'. 159H

D L058

54]

C 1134

35

0 1214

XI

1". L299

75(5

E 159 1

202

1) L059

343

(' L135

362

O 1215

81

E 150"

737

E 1592

629

D 1060

199

(' 1136

402

AY 1217

53 1

(' 130]

461

i; L393

33]

1) L06]

<• 1157

282

W 1 2 1 8

157

c L303

251

E 159 1

720

I> 1062

82

C 1138

65]

W 1 2 1 9

652

( 1304

1(12

E 1595

674

D L063

5 11

c 1139

5 1 3

W 1220

572

C L305

i:;r,

E 1590

L94

I> L064

277

c 11 10

372

W 1221

3 1 1

c L306

507

K. L397

561

W L065

216

c 11 11

38

AV 1 222

387

(' L307

12.;

E 159X

298

I) L066

99

('11 12

417

W 1 223

150

C L308

295

E 1599

288

1) 1069

L62

('II i:;

347

W 1 22 1

498

C 1309

417

E 1 loo

715

1) 1070

c 1111

254

W 1 225

In/.

C 1:110

295

E 1 10]

35

[) 1071

182

en 15

211

AV 1226

238

C 1311

101

E 1402

177

l> 1072

c 11 n;

25 1

W 1 227

252

B 1512

75:;

11 1 105

511

I) L073

150

(' 11 17

277

I'. 1228

374

11 1313

75.'!

11 1 K> t

299

1) 1071

340

629

1: 1229

150

B I'M 1

719

11 1 106

INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS

8.31

Page
674
705
533
533
470
515
162
470
220
629
345
102
629
Jus
514
157
541
536
539
305
502
541
596

HI
539
147
401
376

13
078
678

81
365

12
678
i;.si
68]
360
313
678

07

496

287

L08

304

298

104

379

538

H3

604

i'.".it

H3

m;

117

illl

686

752

739

252

(504

633

365

595

lul

107

538

591

686

250

n.i

113
117
102

No.
O 1492
O 1493
E 1494
E 1497
E 1499
B 1500
li 1944
B 1U45
B 194(1
li 1917
B 1948
B r.i.-.n
B 1951
E 1952
E 1953
E 1955
E 1956
E 1957
E 1958
E 1959
E 1960
E 1961
E 1962
E 1964
E 1965
li L969
B 1971
li 1973
B 1975
B 1977
B 1978
11 L979
B 1982
11 L983
15 1985
B L986
B 1988
B 1990
B 1991
li 1992
B L993
li 1995
li 1997
li L998
C 2000
I) 2008
1) -.'in 1
I) 2025
1) 2027
I) 2044
1) 2045
D 2052
D 2053
D 2066
D 2113
E 2186
i: 2187
E 2188
E 2189
E 2190
E 2191
E 2192
E 2193
E 2194
E 2195
i; 2196

E 2197

E 2199

li 2201

li 2202

li 2203

li 2204

B 2206

Pace

461

448

440

223

376

335
S3

563

562

171

580

587

106

446

648

306

3(>7

213

362

516
73
91

(124

218

220
39

418

199

314

134

136

120

340

337

333

152

193

496

463
59

363

370

463

418

370

462

279

277
117

252
162

272

213
260
L56
005
563
374
l 18

01

608

151

539

306

1;;

636

C157,

1340

363

158

KO.

li 22H7
li 2208
li 2209
B 221(1
1! 2211
1! 2212
B 2213
li 2215
B 2210
B 2218
li 2221
11 2223
B 2221
B 2225
li 2220
li 2227
li 222*
li 2229
li 2231
B 2232
B 22:;:i
B 2234
B 22;;5
B 223*
B 2239
B 2240
B 2241
li 2213
B 2244
11 2215
li 2210
li 2217
li 2248
li 2249
B 2250
li 2252
li 2253
li 2255
li 2250
11 2257
li 2258
B 2259
1! 2260
B 2201
li 2200
li 220.".
li 2275
B 2274
li 2275
I! 2278
J! 2281
B 2283
li 2284
li 22*5
B 2286
11 2287
li 22**
li 22s:i
li 2292
B 229 1
li 2295
li 2300
B 2301
B 2302
E 2300

i: 2:;oi

E 2305

E 2306

I) 2307

E 2308

I". 2310
E 2511
E 2512

Page
259
304
280

005
055
452
214

91

71
542
507
242
45o
140

99
214
305
214
305
-10 ;
105
517
517

61
1 53
ooo
450

70
405

610

3O0
174

200

147

512

5

117

358

5,

57

196

275

5 1 2

o'i

703

Oil

18
075
546

99
571
■107
405
055
000

190
273

171
000

213

509
500,

636
636

5s 7
634

01

No
E 2313
E 2514
E 2315
E 2310
B 2317
E 2318
E 2019
E 202U
2021
2322
2323
2324
2325
252.)
2327
2329
E 2330
E 2531
E 2352
E 2333
E 200 1
E 2335
E 2030
E 200 1
E 200s
E 2339
E 2310
E 2041
E 20 12
B 2313
E 2041
E 2015
E 2340
E 2547
E 2348
E 20 19
E 200o
E 2351
E 2552

E 2001

E 2355

E 2557

E 2358

E 2559

E 20.00

I. 2361

E 2505
E 200,1
E 2365
E 2000
I. 2:;.:;
E 200*
E 2369
E 2370
E 2071

i: 2.;72

E 2070
i: 2374
E 2375
I. 2376
1. 2377
E 20,7s
E 2079
E 2380
E 2381
E 20*2

E 20.* I

E 20S0

I. 2:;*0

I. 2387

13

11

345

21

21

29
64

64

05

■si

91

95
110
103
111
1 22
124
151
159
159
176
178
184
202
200
206
209
220
220
242
212
214
254
20o
251
255
2*2
2*1
272
279
290

298

29S
299
301

305

000
307
515
313
320
019
017
318
oil
328
02*
001
001

340

: ', I o
345
362
005
572
376
57*
387

00 2
095

100
■111

102

No.
E 20**
E 2389
E 209O
E 2391
E 2392
E 2093
E 2594
E 2395
E 2590
E 2597
E 2398
E 2399
E 21oo
E 2101
E 2402
E 2403
E 2404
E 2405
E 2400
E 2407
E 2!o*
E 2409
E 2410
E 2411
E 2412
E 2413
E 2414
E 2415
E 2110
E 2117
E 241*
E 2419
E 2120
E 2121
E 2122
E 2423
E 2424
E 2125
E 2420
E 2427
E 2428
E 2429
E 2100
E 2431
E 2452
E 2105
E 2434
E 2455
E 2150
E 2 107
E 2438
I! 2439
E 2110
E 24 41
E 2112
E 2145
E 2444
E 2115
E 2446
E 2117
E 2 lis
E 2119
K 2150
E 2151
E 2152
I! 2155

i: 2ioi

E 2455

E 21 or,

E 2 157

E 2458

i: 2109

i: 2460

E 210.1

Page

No.

154

E 2102

438

E 2403

105

E 2404

609

li 2 105

486

E 2466

494

E 2467

501

E 2468

539

E 2409

510

11 2470

525

B 2472

525

B 2474

537

I! 2475

53(5

B 2476

544

li 2477

544

0 217*

609

E 2479

669

l; 2i*o

070

li 24-* 1

585

B 2482

581

B 2483

57*

B 2 1*1

5,0

B 2485

525

E 24 so

5 1*

E 2487

553

E 2488

563

E 2489

5GG

E 2190

568

B 2491

566

1! 2492

574

B 2493

574

B 2494

009

B 2495

575

li 2190

020

B 2497

019

B 2498

619

li 2499

021

li 25oo

021

li 2501

021

li 2502

013

15 2504

590

1! 2505

022

li 250(3

010

B 2507

Oil

11 2508

600

li 2509

B 2510

602

1! 2511

708

B 2512

70*

li 2515

719

11 2514

09*

l; 2010

722

li 2510

000

li 2517

663

11 25 IS

00 1

B 2519

658

l; 2520

653

B 2521

656

li 2522

631

li 2525

659

li 2524

634

11 2525

010

i; 202.;

01*

I'. 2027

07S

U 2528

07 s

11 2500

678

li 25: u

079

11 2532

079

li 20o:;

680

li 2501

683

li 250,5

70,9

li 2536

729

i; 2537

728

B 250s

701

1! 2539

852

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Page
416

455
457
501
512
512
515
513
536
542
541
534
612
656
655

71
703
655
365
612
423
564
380
055
564
516
253

76
380

61
380
365
332
308
102
257
534
365
542
274
358

76
679

76
374
536
564
612

108
253
474
448
251
416
185
372
184
338
600
in
306
262
L62
343
347
616
220
365
306
372
III
217

No.
(' 2753
C 2754
C 2755
C 2756
C 2757
(' 2758
(' 27511
C 2760
C 2761
(' 2702
c 2763
C 27H4
(' 2705
(' 2766
(' 2707
C 27(18
C 2769
(' 2770
(' 2771
(' 2772
C 277:;
C 2774
(' 2775
C 2776
(' 2779
C 2780
(' 2781
C 2782
(' 27 s:;
C 2784
C 2785
C 2786
C 2789
C 2792
(' 2794
C 2796
C 2799
C 2800
C 2801
c 2802
C 2803
C 2804
C 2808
C 2809
c 2810
C 2811
C 2813
C 2814
C 2815
C 2S17
c 2818
II 2819
H 2820
I[ 282]
II 2S22
11 2S25
II 2824
][ 2825
11 2826
II 2827
II 2828
II 2829
II 2830
II 2831
II 2s:i2
II 2s:;o
II 2834
11 2835
11 2836
II 2837
II 2838
II 2839
II 2840
1 1 28 1 1

Page
1 83
461
345
413
110
298
244
341
362
164
217
184
595
110
238
372
195
281
448
470
338
600
539
347
117
138
178
413
404
133
132
362
540
284
370
651
414
223
485
379
648
100
646
534
517
279
640
645
182
282

686

329

412
426

231
578
317
578
439
439
390
592
649
394
396
329
172

548
547

517

No.

Page

11 2842

688

II 2843

397

II 2844

172

H 2845

674

11 2846

124

11 2847

319

H 2848

ISC,

H 2849

398

11 2850

329

11 2851

2

11 2852

3

11 2853

22 1

H 2854

689

E 2855

121

E 2856

399

E 2857

428

E 2858

64

E 2859

28

E 2860

191

E 2861

48

E 2862

30

E 2863

:;:i7

K 2864

185

II 2865

702

II 2866

394

II 2867

676

II 2868

316

II 2869

3114

II 2870

231

II 2871

705

II 2872

319

11 2873

674

H 2874

398

H 2875

397

II 2876

312

II 2877

185

II 2879

469

II 2880

465

1 1 288 1

172

11 2882

495

II 2883

171

1 1 288 1

690

H 2885

224

11 2886

396

II 2887

323

11 2888

29

II 2889

327

II 2890

326

11 2891

168

II 2892

205

II 2893

072

11 2894

30

II 2895

720

II 2896

717

11 2897

171

II 2898

329

11 2899

201

II 2:ioo

203

11 2901

2d I

II 2903

186

11 2904

669

11 2!M)5

689

11 2906

688

11 2907

210

II 2:108

330

II 2909

398

11 2910

687

II 291]

170

11 2912

398

11 2913

190

II 2914

59 1

E 2916

98

D 2:1 17

260

(' 2918

262

No.
P 2919
(' 2920
W 2022
2:12:;
(' 2924
I) 2H26
O 2927
(' 2! i2s
(' 2929
II 2930
P 2H31
II 2932
(' 2933
II 2934
II 2!»35
II 2936
II 2937
II 2038
II 2939
II 21140
II 2941
II 2042
11 2'.i4;:
II 2944
II 2945
II 2:i40
II 2047
II 2948
II 2040
II 2050
II 2051
II 2952
E 20;.:;
E 2054
E 2055
E 2050
E 2057
E 2058
W 2050
11 2007
II 2008
II 2000
11 2070
11 2071
I! 2072
I! 2070
2071
C 2070
(i 2980
0 20si

2982

2080
2084
20S.-,
2986

2087
20SS

2989

2000
( 1 2001
(i 2002
( 1 2993
(» 200 1
0 2005
( 1 200i;
( ) 2007
0 2008
( I 2000

( 1 3000
O 3001

O 3002
II 300;;
0 :;(i(U
E 3005

Page
130
180

730

I.V.i

34:;

102
243
255
277
211
182
170
533
200
231
5 17
300
583

25
475
003
200
523
200
598
L88

U

170
188
187

58
283
358
357
135
436
534
320
075
US
325
•171

77

83
171
100

SI

101

25 1
502

277
533

1(12

307

81

L78

210
002
1 1 >2
338

05S
505
0.20
70S
306
337

No.

Page

II 3006

20]

II 3007

202

II 30O8

202

II 3009

201

II 3010

388

II 3011

171

II 3012

171

H 3013

527

II 301 1

316

H3015

396

11 3010

:10s

11 3017

398

II 30 is

1115

11 3010

250

11 3020

521

II 3021

330

II 3022

330

II 31120

170

1 1 302 1

220

II 3(125

0011

II 0020

100

II 3027

10s

II 3028

520

11 3029

14

11 3030

204

II 3031

72(1

II 3032

717

II 3030

5 s: !

11 3034

689

II 3035

687

11 3000

OSO

11 3037

20

II 3038

30

II 3039

Oil

II :

20

11 3041

on

11 0012

on

II 3043

50

II 3044

540

II 3045

548

II 3046

517

II 3048

.-,5;;

11 3049

210

11 3050

107

11 3051

200

II 3053

20

11 3051

:;n

11 3055

575

P 3056

55

11 0d57

■187

11 3058

710

II 3059

470

11 3060

OSS

11 3061

583

1! 3O02

22

II 3063

582

I! 3005

.102

11 3066

287

11 3067

07 1

I! onus

375

I; 3069

403

1! 3070

407

13 3072

498

B 3073

107

B 3H71

500

1' 01175

501

1' 3070

202

I' 5077

1 82

11 0ii7s

200

II 3079

2110

11 oosn

010

0 3083

185

1 > 3084

2S0

( » 3085

070

x...

O

3080

0

3089

()

3090

()

oool

( )

3092

P

3093

II

3094

1!

3095

II

3096

I!

3(107

H

:100S

E

3O00

E

3100

E

3101

E

3102

i:

0100

E

OKU

1".

3105

E

Oloo

E

3108

E

3109

E

3110

E

3111

0

3112

( 1

3113

O

5114

(

3115

('

0110

I!

3117

li

3118

B

3110

B

3120

r.

3121

I!

0122

11

0120

B

3125

11

0120

11

0127

li

012S

11

0120

II

3130

i:

3151

B

3132

E

3133

0

OKI !

E

0105

('

Ol:lO

E 0107

i:

3138

E

0100

1>

3140

11

5111

0

51 13

i;

:;ill

I!

01 15

11

3146

P,

01 17

li

01 IS

11

3149

w

8150

1)

0151

1> 0152

E

0150

0

0154

w

0155

II

0150

i:

0157

E

3158

K

3159

0

.1100

< 1

3101

11

0102

11

0100

11

3164

INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS

Page

No.

Page

No.

Page

No.

Page

No.

Page

No.

717

E 3274

252

E 3355

125

C|

3 135

417

C

3ol3

56

E 3602

210

E 3275

367

E 3356

266

c

3436

94

('

351 1

287

E 3604

185

E 3276

526

E 3357

145

c

3437

103

G

3515

129

E 3605

629

E 3277

623

E 335S

68

«'

3438

140

('

3516

81

E 3606

209

E 3278

191

E 3359

231

('

3439

362

C

3517

350

I:'. 361,7

434

E 3279

246

E 3360

145

c

3440

81

('

3518

480

]•: 3i :i is

171

E 3280

401

E 3361

318

c

3441

81

c

3519

40

E. 3609

636

E 3281

239

E 3362

599

c

3442

386

('

3520

411

E 3610

628

E 3282

603

E 3363

412

('

3443

162

c

3521

177

E 3611

326

E 3283

572

E 336 1

187

c

3444

81

('

3522

251

E 3612

331

E 3284

125

E 3365

55

c

3445

525

C!

3523

101

E 3615

684

E 3285

446

E 3366

733

c

3446

491

('

3521

56

E 3616

398

E 3286

418

E 3367

441

G

3447

231

c

3526

298

E 3617

160

E 3287

222

E 3368

17

c

34-18

176

c

3527

379

E 3618

208

E 3288

382

E 3369

83

c

3449

133

c

3528

440

E 3619

455

E 3289

87

E 3370

3

c

3450

254

c

3529

219

E 3620

239

E 3290

534

E 3371

130

c

3451

604

c

3530

128

E 3622

322

E 3291

534

E 3372

467

c

3452

597

c

3531

340

E 3623

322

E 3293

124

E 3373

197

c

3453

40

c

3532

2 17

E 3624

171

E 3294

440

E 3374

572

c

3454

170

c

3533

195

E 3625

690

E 3295

129

E 33 1 5

122

c

3155

502

c

3531

1,01

K 3626

203

E 32! 16

429

E 3376

548

c

3456

251

c

3535

423

E 3627

471

E 3297

36

E 3377

734

(•

3457

109

('

3537

498

E 3628

103

E 3298

615

B 3378

160

c

3458

615

c

3538

498

E 3629

237

E 3299

505

B 3379

377

c

3459

152

c

35311

600

E 3630

204

E 3300

19

B 3380

19

c

3460

268

c 3541

136

E 3631

492

E 3301

349

E 3381

64

c

3461

341

c

3542

262

E 3632.

126

E 3302

440

E 3383

318

c

3462

347

c

3543

102

E. 3633

59

E 3303

622

E 3384

680

c

3463

442

c

35 1 1

272

E.3634

37

E 3307

318

E 3385

81

c

3464

424

c

3545

159

E. 3635

615

E 3308

172

E 3386

534

c

3465

415

1

3546

287

E. 3636

282

E 3309

315

K 33X7

534

c

3466

389

c

3547

372

E 3637

347

E 3310

366

E 3388

534

c

3467

164

c

3548

623

E 3638

196

E 3311

229

E 3389

566

c

3468

300

c

3519

539

C 3639

473

E 3312

427

E 3390

81

('

3469

489

c

355(1

541

E 3640

225

E 3314

509

E 3391

176

c

3470

364

c

3551

451

E 3641

138

E 3315

441

K 3392

151

c

3471

22

c

3553

602

E 3642

281

E 3316

444

E 3393

44

c

3472

81

c

3556

81

E. 3643

32

E 3317

658

E 3394

431

c

3473

81

c

355s

485

E 3644

111

E 3319

603

E :^<:>

535

c

3474

456

I

3559

184

(' 3615

502

E 3320

467

E 3396

636

c

3475

504

1

3560

30 4

C 3616

94

E 3321

11

E 3397

619

c

3476

159

(

3561

369

(' 36 17

40

E 3322

439

E 3400

325

c

3477

238

I

3562

347

G 3648

487

E 3323

509

E 3401

38

('

3478

81

('

356 1

389

(' 3649

305

E 3324

123

E 3402

388

('

3479

81

c :;:,{;:,

407

C 3650

644

E 3325

432

E 3403

324

('

3480

81

C

3567

304

(' 3651

219

E 3326

W,

E 3404

322

(•

3481

419

C

3569

180

C 3652

225

E 3327

392

E 3405

229

c

3482

335

c

3.570

1 28

E 3653

109

E 3328

660

E 3406

172

c

34*3

17

c

3571

7

0 3655

109

E 3329

660

E 3107

168

C 34*4

180

c

3572

162

( i 3657

289

E ;i3:io

242

E 3408

585

c

3485

602

E

3575

240

0 ■■■■!■,:,*

111

E 3331

11

E 3409

387

c

3486

■173

i;

3576

384

(i 3659

208

E 3332

395

E 3410

570

c

3488

40

c

351 <

i\:v:,

0 3660

502

E 3333

680

E 3411

320

c

3490

81

i

3578

537

E 3661

111

E 3334

649

c 3412

469

c

3491

466

<

3579

ill

D 3662

109

E 3335

321

E 3414

695

('

3 192

169

c

35SH

35

E 3663

139

E 3336

466

E 3415

122

('

3493

461

i

35S1

57o

E 3664

289

E 3337

675

E 3416

122

c

3494

164

<

3582

362

E 3665

35

E 3338

6.SO

E 3117

386

('

3495

126

i.

3586

12

E 3666

36

E 3339

673

E 3419

367

(•

3196

181

E

3587

663

E 3667

504

E 3340

624

3420

29S

(•

3197

506

i:

3588

25o

E. 3668

603

E 3341

121

E 3422

315

('

3498

597

i.

3589

81

E 3669

208

E 3312

385

E 3423

759

(•

3199

1 16

i:

3590

343

E 367.0

111

E 3343

628

I! 3424

759

c

3500

499

E

3591

6s;i

E 3671

198

E 3344

508

i: 3425

c

350|

602

E

3592

1 lo

i: 3672

576

E 3315

173

E 3126

745

c

3502

152

E

3598

569

I'. 3,173

289

i; 3346

L87

E 3127

745

c

3503

596

i:

3594

313

(' 3674

L26

E 3:; 17

466

1. 3428

752

('

350 1

III

i:

3595

147

I'. 3675

278

E 3:: is

ISO

E 8429

75 1

c

3506

295

i:

3596

10]

E 3676

679

E 3349

85

i: 3480

L89

c

3507

549

E

3697

504

E 3,177

351

E 3350

■111

C 8431

426

(•

3508

1SI

1.

359S

36,2

E 8678

65

E 3352

52

C 8432

289

('

3509

591

1

8699

159

E 3679

197

!■: 3353

121

C 3433

!S|

(•

8511

■ISO

E

3600

338

c 3680

39 1

E 8854

127

C 3484

81

c

8512

491

1

3601

504

C 3681

854

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Page 1

No.

Page

No.

Page

Xo.

Page

Xo.

Page

Xo.

Page

251 1

W 3759

124

C 3836

251

W3912

410

W3993

25

B 4075

107

461

D 3760

300

C 3837

612

AV3913

29

AV 3994

383

AY 4076

534

347

W3761

43

C 3838

300

W3914

354

\V 3996

29

AY 4077

238

402

W 3762

438

C 3839

233

W3915

354

D 3997

507

AY 4079

470

262

W 3763

724

C 3841

345

W3916

301

D 3998

238

AY 4080 !

1 20

61

W3765

67

(' 3842

176

W3917

204

!' 399!

567

W4081

445

374

W 3766

359

(' 3843

180

W3918

430

c 4000 ;

81

AY40S2

324

157

W 3767

123

D 3844

473

C 3919

274

D 4001

512

W 1084

173

71

W3768

427

C 3845

454

(' 3920

163

D 4002

389

W4085

583

446

W3769

430

c 3846

1 28

C 3921

380

D 4003

365

AY 4 os,;

521

58

W 3770

410

D 3847

604

E 3923

155

D 4004

304

W4087

521

539

W3771

521

]) 3848

230

R 3924

310

D 4005 :

40*

AY 4 o.v.n

572

403

W3772

522

W3850

534

E 3925

576

D 4006

340

W4089

57:;

98

W 3773

521

W 385 1

252

W 3926

120

D 4007

499

AY 4091

667

153

AY 3774

4'.^

C 3852

343

\Y 3928

29

D 4008 !

645

AY 4092

354

151

W 3775

395

D 3853

294

D 3929

277

D 4009

640

AY 409:!

L86

334

W377C

115

c 3854

461

D 3930

101

D 4010 i

338

W4094

169

377

W3777

173

c 3855

347

1) 3931

35(i

D 4011

295

AY 4 0! i5

630

333

C 37,8

43

W 3856

359

C 3932

347

1) 4012

651

AY 4097

434

215

(' 37711

417

AY 3857

124

1) 3933

540

D 4013 |

596

W lo'.ts

29

76

C 3781

136

AV 3858

173

D 3934

214

1) 4014

304

W4099

125

218

c 3782

721

AY 3859

5. 3

C 3935

444

D 4015 !

402

AY lloo

534

568

(' 3783

53 1

1> 3860

.)>.)

D 3936

451

D 4016

534

1) 4101

101

434

C 3784

592

AY 3861

686

D 3937

360

D 4017 |

294

C 4102

461

104

(' 3785

478

W3862

43

AY 3938

359

D 4018 |

272

c 4103

287

94

C 3786

694

VV3863

476

D 3939

369

D 4019

341

C 4104

343

250

C 3787

428

W3864

444

1) 3940

196

D 4020

277

C 4105

317

274

C 3788

182

VV3865

324

C 3941

133

D 4021 !

534

C 41o7

534

310

C 3789

419

D 3866

177

t 3942

534

D 4022

294

D Hon

546

337

C 3790

132

D 3867

103

(' 3943

162

D 4023

457

D 4109

546

380

C 3791

409

D 38 !8

614

C 3944

514

D 4024

666

I) 4110

335

351

C 3792

423

1) 3869

536

C 3945

208

D 4026

587

D 4111

442

351

W3793

468

D 3870

504

C 3946

165

D 4027

340

D 4112

334

576

WB794

694

1) 3871

545

C 3947

490

D 4028

498

D 4113

377

648

W 3795

124

D 3872

17

(' 3948

152

I) 4029

279

D 411 1

153

703

W 3796

428

D 3873

491

C 3949

126

1) 4030

131

I) 4115

333

392

W 3797

499

AY 3874

169

c 3950

598

W4031

216

D 4116

626

65

I) 379S

126

AV 3875

con

c 3951

389

C 4032

1 15

1 ) 4117

348

63

D 3799

136

AY 3876

63

c 3952

123

W4033

355

D 4118

256

239

W 3800

397

AY 3877

203

C 3953

534

W4034

397

I) 4119

:,:, i

432

W3801

319

W3878

602

c 3954

152

AY 4035

125

1) 4120

333

506

W3802

492

AV 3879

13

C 3955

175

W4036

166

AY 4121

5. no

694

W3803

168

W3880

466

C 3956

598

W4037

422

AY 4122

312

369

W3804

581

W3881

434

c 3957

35

\V 4038

568

1) 4123

605

465

\\ 3805

522

W3882

206

C 3958

38

W4039

29

W 1 1 2 1

602

203

AY 3806

522

W3883

475

< 3959

287

W W40

44

AY 4125

168

359

AY 3807

430

W 388 1

563

c 3960

305

W4041

121

AY 4126

445

609

W3808

410

W 3885

355

C 3961

294

W4042

395

AY 4 1 27

445

568

W3809

592

1) 3886

506

C 3962

L23

AV 104 1

230

VT 1120

56 I

204

W3810

522

D 3887

190

c 3963

1 52

W 1045

1 85

W4131

711

578

W881]

548

C 3888

129

c 3964

149

AY in hi

42 1

1) 4132

640

324

VV3812

424

1) 3889

350

]) 3965

51 >2

AY 40 is

35 1

1) U83

16

430

W3813

■12 1

W3890

62

1) 3966

2 i 5

W4049

170

1) 4134

1 li

355

W3814

425

1) 3891

97

D .'1967

203

AY 41150

169

I) 4135

309

394

W3815

353

VV3892

381

1) 3968

24

AY L051

360

1> 4136

511

121

W3816

166

1) 3893

274

1) 3969

l i:i

D 4053

33

D 4138

94

29

W3817

181

D 3894

82

D 3970

is

c 1055

53 1

D 4139

298

173

(' 3818

110

1) 3895

83

1) 3971

611

W 1056

353

1)41 10

L38

176

C 3819

III

li 3896

117

1) 3972

504

c 1058

252

1) 11 11

615

264

C 3820

L64

1) 3897

308

1) 3973

198

c 1059

262

1) II 12

30i

1 86

• 3821

157

1) 3898

177

1) 3974

53 1

c loco

L56

\Y 11 13

3 * :'

48

(' 3822

1 28

W 3899

92

D 3975

511

(' 4001

2. «

W-ll II

111

139

C 3823

162

W3!

359

D 3978

287

(' 4062

347

VV4145

58

468

(' 3824

L56

W3901

583

1) .1979

157

C 4063

287

AY 11 10

591

L69

c 3825

81

W3902

55 l

D 3980

513

C 4061

534

YV 11 17

Lffl

62

(' 3826

51

(' 3903

380

1) 3981

192

c 4065

102

AY 41 18

337

no

C 3827

L76

W3904

395

D 3985

157

D 1066

83

D li lo

4 I

193

c 3828

623

W3905

206

1) 3986

L63

D loo;

L17

D ll.'d

2kg

686

C 3829

369

W 3906

:;;;;;

D 3987

178

D 1068

308

D 4151

5j)9

551

c 3830

637

VV3907

L33

c 3988

146

1) 4069

82

1) 1152

25

C 3831

i 16

D 3908

666

W 3989

III!

B 4071

83

D 4153

(79

348

c 3832

36

W3909

302

c 3990

604

B 4072

562

I) 1151

334

429

c 3834

[18

1) 3910

111

I) 3991

;'.:;

B 1073

71

1 1) 4155

31

III

C 3835

1 484

\Y;;:u i

120

W3992

421

B W74

563

| D 4156

991

INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS

855

Page

No.

Page

GOG

W 4680

462

221

W 4681

475

222

W4683

276

92

W4684

459-

556

W 4G85

311

446

W4686

362"

67

W 4687

459

206

W4688 ,

198

359

W4689

42

GOG

W4690

28G-

555

W4691

51

114

W4692

53

463

W 4693

52

141

O 4G94

732"

556

E 4G98

83

221

E 4699

683

458

E 47110

71

174

E 4701

608

166

E 4702

10

277

E 4703

13

358

E 4704

13=

112

II 47(15

503-

148

II 4706

377

214

U 4707

186

54

H 4708

412/

152

II 4709

672

424

W4710

70-

611

W4711

391

414

W4712

4 1

40

W4713

607

369

W4714

616

45

W.4715

222

178

W 1716

(!•"'-

206

W4717

199-

351

W4718

620

96

W4719

1-27

57G

W4721

502

-_> ; ; 7

W 4722

980

38 1

W 4723

37!

330

W 1721

55

582
26

W 4726

(34<».
\344

697

W 1727

50

102

W4729

84

245

W4730

449

176

W4731

637

35

W4732

96

W 4733

61

540

E 17.: 1

7'-:;

300

o 4735

184

301

0 4736

182

186

o 4737

301

5(17

it 4738

411

(i 1739

31 1

490

0 471'»

32]

351

i) 1711

603

192

B 17 12

333

510

P 1743

251 1

63J

P 4711

250

il I

0 17 15

127

326

0 4746

312

1! 1717

331

198

B 17 is

607

148

B 4749

91

359

B 4750

75

B 1751

566

315

o 1752

O 1,5 1 300

1 > 1755 234

647

E 1755 306

2 '-'•_'

E 1756 306

95

.

381

1". 17 -

164

I'. 1759

856

A MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS

Xo.

Page

No.

Tage

No.

Page 1
308

Xo.

Page

No.

Page

No.

Page

B 4760

304

H4808

186

B 4851

O 4901

213

O 5006

652

B 5063

6

D 4761

474

O 4809

483

B 4852

375

4902

265

O 5007 !

652

o 5064

G35

0 1762

198

O 4810

30

B 4852

73

4904

460

E 5008

408

it 5065

633

E 4763

306

O 4811

602

B 4854

95

0 t90o

138

D 5011

542

O 5066 !

llo

0 1764

386

O 4812

130

1 35

P 4906

501

B 5012

05

O 5067

111

II 1765

168

n 4813

370

B 4856

95

P 4907

oil

B 5013

382

n 5068

110

II 1766

567

II 4*1 1

208

B 4857

252

P 4908

516

B 501 ;

349

B 5070

382

II 1767

209

H 4815

29

B 1860

146

B 4909

259

B 5015

252

B 5071

73

H 4768

395

O 4816

422

B 4861

382

11 4910

205

B 5016

6

11 5072

45

H 5769

205

11 4817

578

i: 1862

264

E 4011

99

B 5017

6

B 5073

95

H 4770

171

II 4818

183

E 1863

334

E 4012

105

B 5018

515

11 5074

93

11 1771

391

H 4819

664

E 1864

6

E 4913

119

B 5019

541

B 5075

310

II 4772

702

11 4820

625

C 4865

348

E 401 s

•-'7s

B 5020

344

B 5077

155

11 177:;

327

0 4821

595

E 4866

205

E 4915

575

11 5021

170

11 5078

273

11 4774

326

O 4822

620

E 1867

8

O 4916

268

B .".022

501

E 5079

417

H 4775

435

0 4823

602

E 1868

10

O 4017

525

B 5023

541

■

410

H4776

30

(> 4824

267

E 4869

149

<) 1918

350

B 5025

243

C 5083

347

II 1777

323

( i 4825

24

r 4870

312

i: 4oio

119

11 5026

345

C 5084

347

H 4778

398

H 4826

209

O 4871

289

B 4020

588

11 5027

515

E 5086

314

H4779

476

W 4827

463

I> 4872

462

B 1921

588

B 5028

545

E 5087

169

H 4780

ISO

O 4829

.)

11 4873

■172

B 4022

536

B 5031

344

E 5088

9

H 4781

316

P 4830

299

B 4874

135

li 4923

535

11 5032

252

u :,os;i

658

H 4782

327

O 4831

267

B 1875

344

B 4024

384

349

O 5090

631

11 1783

547

H4831

325

B 4876

6

i) 1925

613

11 5034

6

ii 5091

155

II 4784

329

1832

295

E 1878

114

II 4026

087

B 5036

-['■}

o 5092

25 1

11 17s.-,

329

I! I-:::

119

E 4879

252

E 4027

218

B 5039

.'!,.,

ii 5093

401

H 4786

316

0 1834

/111,

\ 2ul
112

e isso

147

B 1929

535

i; 5040

50]

i) 5094

640

11 1787

330

i: 1881

8

B 4930

535

11 7,0-1 1

515

B 560.-,

226

H 4788

330

O 4835

E 1882

53

B 4031

562

11 .-,o42

648

11 5096

249

II 1789

397

O 4836

44

E 4885

218

B 1932

564

B 5043

515

11 5097

:;7.->

H 1790

468

O 4837

607

E 488S

141

(i 4933

81

11 :.oll

308

VV5098

308

II 4792

2

i) 4838

124

E 1887

115

E 4034

313

11 5045

36 1

B 5101

17'.'

II 4794

327

II 4839

44

c 4889

214

E 4935

313

B 5046

:,ol

1! 5102

252

H 4796

600

O 4840

265

C 1890

245

D 4036

43

11 5047

545

B 5103

95

0 17! is

414

11 4841

188

D 1891

458

(i 1937

118

B 5048

310

E 5104

68

0 4799

22

C is 12

270

II 1892

649

0 1938

480

11 .-,(H0

to

I- 5105

635

o ison

417

II 1843

201

H 4893

648

4939

409

B 5050

6

P 5106

635

0 1801

100

I! 1844

215

11 1894

565

1940

697

11 5052

159

E 5107

556

11 4802

190

B 4845

341

E 4895

449

B 50 H

135

B 5054

311

c 5108

255

0 1803

299

C 4846

308

I! 1896

27S

\v;,o.ii

308

1! 5056

364

E 5109

103

E 1804

224

C -is 17

348

B 4897

1 16

W5002

150

11 5058

252

i: 5iio

13

1) 1805

606

P is is

270

B 1898

252

B 5003

232

11 5059

15

11 .Mil

232

H 1806

171

I! 4849

56

B 1899

364

(i 5004

186

11 oii.U

35 1

11 5112

232

H 1807

686

li 1850

95

11 !!

382

0 5005

41

THE KM i

•HINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND .-oss, LIMITED, LONDON \M> BECCLES.

n «. i

1 ' ■ ^

41

University of British Columbia Library

DUE DATE

:-'n-r

'"N^

,

<^fdi a

/#J@

rlP. 2 2 1985

^tCF; i7

• •

f # •

_^ "*_

i?5

p i98t

-

FORM 3IO

STORAGE

MacMILLAN
LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF B.C. LIBRARY

ns4-jq*

3 9424 02586 3702

STORAGE

University of British Columbia

Vancouver 8, 8. C

Canada

ii-.1
■t > .« .