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MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS:

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AN ACCOUNT OF i

THE STRUCTURE, GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION, AND
QUALITIES OF INDIAN WOODS.

PREPARED BY

J. S. GAMBLE, M.A., F.L.S.,

OFFICIATING CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS, BENGAL.
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Wublished by Order of the Gobernment of Enda. ai

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INTRODUCTION.

In publishing the ‘Manual of Indian Timbers,’ the compilation
of which has, owing to the writer having been at the same time engaged
in his ordinary official duties, lasted over three years, it is necessary
to make a few remarks on the circumstances which have led to its
preparation, the materials by the assistance of which it has been
compiled, and the sources from which the information given in its
pages has been drawn. It will be remembered that the forests and
forest products of India were represented at the Paris Exhibition of
1878 by a collection which was undoubtedly the most complete that has
ever been formed in India and sent to Europe for exhibition. This cols
lection, prepared and arranged under the immediate supervision of Dr,
Brandis, the Inspector General of Forests, was got together in the winter
of 1877-78, by the simple process of inviting from the different Local
Governments and their Forest Officers the contribution of rough wood
specimens and other products, which were afterwards prepared and ar-
ranged in a central workshop, first in Simla and afterwards in Calcutta.
During the progress of this work, which lasted from August 1877 to
May 1878, a very large and valuable series of wood specimens, of un-
doubted botanical determination, was received. The pieces of wood (to
which class of specimen alone we need now refer) which were then sent,
were so large and valuable that it was settled that at the same time as
the principal object of the work, the collection for exhibition at Paris,
was got ready, a number of duplicate sets should be also prepared, suffi-
cient to supply a good stock to the Royal Gardens at Kew, and to other
museums both in Europe and America, as well as type collections to
be deposited in the offices of the Forest Conservators in the different
Provinces or Circles. It is obvious that such authentic collections are
likely to serve as reference collections of great and undoubted value,
not only to Forest Officers, but to all persons interested in timber
and ornamental woods and their applications to engineering works
or industrial manufactures. Chief among these coilections was that
specially set apart for the Museum of the Forest School of Dehra Diin,
and next to it in completeness in India was the collection deposited in

oe

ll INTRODUCTION.

the office of the Conservator of Forests in Bengal at Darjeeling, and
it is these two collections, and especially the former, which have been
chiefly used and consulted in the preparation of this work. But it is
necessary here to point out, that the collections prepared in 1877-78
from the contributions to the Paris Exhibition works, would not alone
have sufficed for the description of anything like the number of species
which find a place herein, and it was owing to the fortunate circum-
stance that the large private collection of Dr. Brandis was available
that it was found possible to make sure of the identification of most of
the more ordinary timbers and lay the foundation for the descriptions
which are now published. When it is considered that Dr. Brandis’
private collection gave no less than 320 specimens, and that the private
collection personally formed by the writer in the Darjeeling forests,
and that of Burmese and Andaman woods made by the late Mr. S.
Kurz and presented by the Superintendent of the Royal Botanical
Gardens, Caleutta, gave a further series of 194 specimens, it will be
understood that considerable material was available to add to the nucleus
formed by the Paris Exhibition sets. But this is not all, for, by the
kindness of several Forest Officers, supplementary pieces were received,
sometimes spontaneously, sometimes by special request, from time to
time; and there have been, even since the work itself was completely
printed, several important additions, These were chiefly obtained by the
writer’s personal collection in various parts of Bengal, such as Darjeeling,
the Western Didars, Chittagong, Chota Nagpore, and Orissa, and have
been described, if not in the pages of the work, at any rate in the
rather voluminous Adddenda-Corrigenda sheets. In order to explain
more definitely the sources from which the original Paris Exhibition
woods were obtained, the following extract from Dr. Brandis’ Intro-
duction to the Catalogue of specimens of forest produce sent to that
Exhibition will be worth quoting :—

“The orders for the preparation of the present collection were received in August
1877; and, as it was necessary to despatch it early in February 1878, so as to be in
time for the Exhibition, barely six months were available to bring together specimens
from all parts of India, and to prepare and name them, The work was entrusted to
the undersigned and to Mr. J. S. Gamble, Assistant Conservator of Forests, who un-
dertook the task of supervising the preparation of the specimens. A workshop was at
once established in Simla, and a large number of pieces were collected from the hills
in the vicinity of that place. These specimens are numbered from 1 to 115, and from

145 to 159. Early in November the work was transferred to Calcutta, where the
specimens from all provinces were collected.

“The bulk of the logs and pieces from which the specimens were prepared ariel
in December and January ; some, however, were not received until February, after the

collection had been prepared, packed, anddespatched. It thus happens that a large

INTRODUCTION. ili

proportion of the contributions from the southern forests in the Bombay Presidency
from Sind, Oudh, and Chittagong, and a portion of those from Madras and Assam
could not be utilized for the Exhibition, because they arrived too late.

“The difficulty was, in the short time available, to bring together seasoned pieces
of the different species required. Fortunately, a number of pieces collected between
1866 and 1870, from the North-West and Central Provinces, the Punjab and British
Burma, which had been kept at Calcutta until they should be required, were available.
Some of these pieces had decayed or been eaten by insects, but the remainder yielded
a number of excellent and thoroughly seasoned specimens: and it is remarkable how
well many of the woods had kept in the damp climate of Calcutta. The specimens
yielded by these collections were numbered from 160 to 353.

“From the Punjab a large, varied, carefully named, and selected collection was sent
by Mr. Baden-Powell, the Conservator, and the officers under his orders; the main
series is numbered from 881 to 947, while those sent from the forests of Kulu, Kangra
and Chamba, by Lieutenant-Colonel Stenhouse and Mr. Pengelly, are numbered, re-
spectively, 116 to 132, 602 to 617, and 770 to 782. .

Besides these collections and those made by the undersigned in Simla, and already
alluded to, the Rev. Mr. Heyde of the Moravian Mission, Lahoul, sent a number of
most interesting specimens from the arid districts of the inner Himalaya (numbered
133 to 144 inclusive): and Mr. F. Halsey of Madhopur sent a small collection of fine,
well-seasoned pieces from the district of Gurdaspur (numbered 1190 to 1201).

“The contributions of Ajmere were not large enough to give timber specimens of
the size required for the Exhibition ; they were numbered from 437 to 472.

“Mr. Greig, the Conservator of Forests in the North--Western Provinces, sent col-
lections made by Messrs. O'Callaghan and Bagshawe and Captain Campbell in the
forests of Dehra Din, Jaunsar, and Kumaun; they are numbered respectively 527 to
544, 420 to 432, and 873 to 875. Larger collections had been made, but, as the logs
were unseasoned, they were not sent down to Calcutta. From Oudh a few well-
seasoned pieces were early received (Nos. 387 to 394), but the remainder did not arrive
till after the Exhibition specimens had left Calcutta.

“The collections sent from Bengal under the orders of the Conservator, Dr. W.
Schlich, arrived, with the exception of those from Chittagong, in very good time, and
furnished a large number of interesting specimens from parts of the country the forest
resources of which are not yet generally known. Mr. Richardson’s contributions from
the Sundarbans (Nos. 395 to 419) illustrate well the forest growth of the delta of the
Ganges and Brahmaputra; and those sent by Mr. Chester from Chittagong (Nos. 708
to 722, and 1951 to 1965) would have been of great interest had not the main series
arrived too late. But the chief collections received were sent by Messrs. Johnston and
Manson and the late Mr. Bonham Carter from the Darjeeling Hills and Terai,
numbering 170 pieces (Nos. 354 to 385, 433 to 436, 473 to 500, 573 to 601, 618 to
627, and 641 to 707), and including several very valuable and interesting kinds of
timber. Besides these, a small collection of 14 specimens (Nos. 964 to 976) was ob-
tained by Dr. Schlich from the valley of Chumbi, to the north of Sikkim ; which, though
to the south of the main Himalayan range, is actually in Thibet territory ; and which
had not hitherto been explored.

“The collections from Assam sent by Mr. Gustav Mann, the Deputy Conservator,
and by the Deputy Commissioners of Cachar and Sylhet, included many fine and well-
seasoned pieces. These were numbered from 628 to 641, 783 to 799, 1228 to 1234,
1254 to 1277, 1285 to 18300—the last numbers arriving too late for the Exhibition.

? Besides the numbers here given as indicating the specimens received from the Pun-

jab and other provinces, there are a few scattered numbers which it has not been thought
necessary to quote.

iv INTRODUCTION.

“ From the Central Provinces, the Conservator, Captain Doveton, sent a collectiott
of well-seasoned pieces, numbering 1101 to 1186, procured by Mr. Richard Thompson
from the Chanda forests.

“From Berar Mr. Drysdale, the Deputy Conservator, sent fine pieces of timber,
numbered 820 to 844, and a valuable series of fibres, numbered 977 to 989.

“ The contributions from the Bombay Presidency comprised a few pieces from Guzerat,
Poona, and Ahmednagar, too small for cutting up, and a number of large pieces sent
by Lieutenant-Colonel Peyton, the Conservator, and Mr. Barrett, the Deputy Conser-
vator, from North Kanara, numbered 992, 993, 1217 to 1227: the latter, as well as
the Sind specimens already referred to, and numbered 1379 to 1384, unfortunately
arriving too late for the Exhibition.

“The collections sent from Madras were very full and complete. Those from the
eastern side of the Presidency were sent by Colonel Beddome, the Conservator, and
numbered from 1051 to 1109. Besides this collection a few logs and specimens of
minor produce came from Gumstir—the logs too late for cutting up. From the West
Coast were received a large number of specimens, Nos. 723 to 769, 845 to 869, pre-
pared by Mr. Cherry in South Kanara. From Malabar Mr. Ferguson, the officer in
charge, sent a most interesting series of sections of young trees, illustrating the rapid
growth of teak in the magnificent Conolly plantations at Nilambir.

‘The pieces received from Burma were not very numerous, though they comprised
the most useful kinds of trees. Many of them were of very large size. The logs sent
by Major Seaton, the Conservator at Moulmein, were numbered 545 to 554 and 1944
to 1950; while those from Mr. Ribbentrop, the Conservator at Rangoon, were from
555 to 572 and from 801 to 819.

« A most important collection was sent from the Andaman Islands by Major General
Barwell, the Chief Commissioner. It consisted of 26 large logs (Nos. 501 to 526),
besides numerous canes and bamboos. ”

It must not be supposed that because specimens were too late for the
Exhibition that they were not utilized for the other distributed collec-
tions and for the descriptions given herein ; on the contrary, they proved,
several of them, most valuable for description, and especially those from
Oudh, Sind, Gumstr and Chittagong.

After the Exhibition collections had been despatched, by the kindness
of the Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, a series of 100
Andaman Islands woods made in 1866 by Lieutenant Colonel Ford,
M.S.C., at that time Superintendent of Port Blair, and which were accom-
panied by a carefully prepared bound catalogue, giving all the available
information regarding quality and uses, was made available. This col-
lection had been received in 1867, and, for better custody, had at that
time been deposited in the Calcutta Gardens. Naturally, after ten years’
storage in the moist climate of Calcutta, many of the specimens were
found to be considerably damaged by decay or by the ravages of white-
ants, but it was remarkable that so many species were found to be
sound and to have sufficiently resisted those destructive agencies to be
capable of furnishing good specimens for description and distribution.
They are numbered B 2201 to B 2300, and an examination of the list

INTRODUCTION. Vv

appended to this work will show what species in particular were fit

for use. A small hand collection was also received from the Salem Dis-
trict, Madras ; and a small collection of Ceylon woods was available from
the Inspector General’s Office. These were separately numbered and
have been separately quoted.

The chief contributors of further specimens for purposes of description
were Colonel Beddome, Captain Bailey, R.E., Messrs. Ribbentrop, Thomp-
son, Dodsworth, Smythies, Vincent, Johnston, Elliot, Oliver, Manson,
Fuchs, Wilmot, all Forest Officers; as well as Dr. G. King and Mr. J.
F, Duthie, the Superintendents of the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta and
Saharunpur.

Taking all these sources together, the number of specimens named,
numbered, and described reaches 2,530, belonging to 906 species and 432
genera. All the wood specimens described in this work bear a letter and
a number, the numbers having been given in the order of receipt, and
each number refers to the particular specimen or series of specimens cut
out of one log or piece. In this way there can be no mistake, any number-
ed specimen can be at once compared with its description in the book by
means of its number, the index of numbers, and the list of specimens at
the end of the description of each species. It will be noticed that
some of the serial numbers from 1 to 3636 are not represented in
this work. The reason is that when the Paris Exhibition collections
were numbered the specimens of dyes, fibres, manufactured articles, etc.,
were also included’; these, or most of them, have now been omitted,
as well as such of the wood specimens as were in too bad a condition
for description, or regarding the correct names of which any doubt
was felt. %

The letter represents the region from which the specimen came.
For this purpose eight regions have been established, on the principle
that the forests comprised in one region should possess a similar climate
and a similar flora.

The regions so established and the letters by which they are desig-
nated are—

H. The North-West Himalaya, comprising the mountains of that range above an
elevation of 3,000 feet, between the Indus and the Sardah river on the Nepal
frontier.

P. The dry and arid region of the plains and lower hills of the Punjab, Rajpu-
tana, and Sind.

O. The plains and Sub-Himalayan tract of the North-West Provinces, Oudh and
Gorakhpur, ascending to 3,000 feet.

C. Central India, the hilly country lying south of the Jumna and north of the
Godavery River, and including the Vindhia and Satpura Hills, as well as Orissa.

v1 INTRODUCTION.

E. The North-East comprising the Himalaya from the Nepal frontier eastwards,

the Khasia Hills, Assam, Cachar, Chittagong and the Sundarbans.

D. The Dekkan, comprising the country to the south of the Godavery, and chiefly

included in Madras and Mysore.

W. The west coast of the peninsula, comprising the Western Ghats and the coun-

try lying between them and the sea.

B. British Burma, including the Andaman Islands,

Exception might, perhaps, be taken to some points in this classifica-
tion. The flora of Chittagong is, in reality, quite as closely allied to that of
Burma as to that of Northern Bengal and Assam; while that of Orissa
and Ganjam (Northern Circars) might, perhaps, have more correctly been
classed with the flora of the Carnatic than with that of Central India,
But the classification adopted is a convenient one, and was established by
Dr. Brandis after very careful consideration and discussion. And it will
be seen by a reference to the accompanying map, kindly furnished by
Mr. dH. F. Blanford, F.R.S., Meteorological Reporter to the Government
of India, that the regions which we have designated by the eight letters,
whose meaning we have just described, are really the regions which re-
present the different zones of comparative rainfall. The map, it will be
seen, is coloured in four shades from white to dark blue, represent-

ing :—

1. The Avid Zone with a rainfall less than 15 inches.

2. , Dry Zone ,, ® of between 15 and 30 inches.
3. ,, Intermediate Zone ,, 5» 30 and 70 inches.
4. ,, Moist Zone ,, ” of over 79 inches.

The first or Avid Zone covers only the north-western plains of the
Punjab, Sind, and Rajputana; this, with a portion of the Dry Zone, to —
the north and east of it, constitute the region marked by the letter ‘ P*.

The Dry Zone has also two further areas in South India, that is in
India south of the latitude of 21°; these areas, together with the portion
of the Intermediate Zone on the east coast of the Peninsula south of the
River Godavery and a narrow strip along the east of the range of the
Western Ghats, form the region which we have designated by the letter
‘D’, It may, however, be remarked that Berar, from the similarity of
its flora to that of the Central Provinces, is classed, though strictly
speaking within the Dry Zone, under region ‘C’.

The rest of the Intermediate Zone, forming quite half of the whole
country, occupies a band stretching right across the head of the Penin-
sula, as well as a strip along the foot of the Great Himalayan Range.
Though, comparatively speaking, this large area possesses a flora showing
a general common likeness and similarity, yet we can easily divide
it into two by considering the great sal belt between the foot of the Hima-

INTRODUCTION. Vil

‘

laya and the Ganges as one section ; and the great main belt of sal passing
into teak between that river and a southern boundary approximately re-
presented by the river Godavery, as a second. These two sections
correspond to the regions represented respectively by the letters ‘O.’
and ‘ C’. |
The Moist Zone, shown in the map in dark blue, occupies two main
areas : first, the great belt of the mountain ranges of northern and north-
east India from Kashmir, through Nepal, Sikkim and Assam, to Chitta-
gong and Burma; and, second, the narrow belt along the western coast.
This latter corresponds to the region we have marked ‘W’, while the
former is divided into 8 sections, each having its characteristic flora:
These are—
1. The Himalayan region, from Kashmir to the boundary of Nepal at the Sarda
river, in longitude about 81°.
2. The Himalayan region, from the Nepal boundary at the Mechi river, in longi-
tude nearly 88", the Assam Valley, Khasia Hills, Cachar, and Chittagong,

together with the Delta of the Ganges.
3. Burma, including the Andaman Islands.

and are respectively represented by the letters ‘ H’, ‘ E’ and ‘B’.

So that, with trifling exceptions, the zones of rainfall and the regions
represented by the letters prefixed to the numbers of the specimens agree
with each other.

As far as it was published, Bentham and Hooker’s “ Genera Plantarum”
furnished the order in which the families were arranged, as well as
the general nomenclature of genera and species. At the time that
most of the work was written (1878) the “ Genera Plantarum” had only
been published as far as the end of Gamopefale. Since then the Apetale
have been completed, while the Monocotyledons may be expected to be
published before long. In almost all cases the names given in the
“ Flora Indica” have been taken, though there are a few exceptions in
some of the genera in which it was considered best to use better known
names, quoting always the names given in the “Flora Indica” as
synonyms. The ‘Flora Indica” is quoted as far as the end of the
second volume, that is, to the end of Cornacea. The third volume
of the ‘Genera Plantarum’ and the third volume of the ‘ Flora Indica,
now in course of publication, have very considerably altered the genera
and specific names of many of the plants whose woods are here
described. To have inserted these alterations either during the course
of the printing, or as ‘Corrigenda’, would have caused considerable
delay ; and:so the text remains as it was written, But when a new
edition is published very great alterations will have to be made and

Vill INTRODUCTION.

especially in some of the large orders like ‘ Lauracex,’ which’ will have
to be entirely remodelled. Generally speaking, the only books regularly
quoted, are—

1. Hooker’s Flora Indica.

2. Roxburgh’s Flora Indica.

3. Brandis’ Forest Flora of North-West and Central India.

4. Beddome’s Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presidency.

5. Kurz’s Forest Flora of British Burma.

6. Gamble’s Trees, Shrubs and Large Climbers of the Darjeeling District.

The last-mentioned work being referred to merely as indicating that
the tree in question is found in the North-East Himalaya, in the same
way as Brandis’ Forest Flora shows that the tree is found in North-West
and Central India; Beddome’s Flora that it occurs in Madras; Kurz’s
Forest Flora that it is a native of Burma,

A list of other works from which information has been drawn is
appended to this introduction, and it must always be borne in mind
that, excepting the actual descriptions of the woods, very little of
what is here given is new, but has been compiled from all available
sources of information. In this way the chief points of information
here recorded under each species are—

1. The scientific name—with synonyms, so far as the six books referred to above

are concerned.

2. The vernacular names—selected with as much care as possible and with the
spelling given according to the most ordinary system and the pronunciation
of the word.

. The description of the wood.

. The geographical distribution, as shortly as possible.

. The record of all available information regarding rate of growth.

. The results of all experiments on weight and strength that it was possible to
quote.

7. The uses to which the wood and other products of the tree are generally put.

8. The list of specimens used in identification and description.

> orb co

To have added also a botanical description of the plant, as is done in
Mathieu’s “ Flore Forestiére ” would have doubtless increased the value of
the work, but it would have at least doubled its size; and, in the present
state of our knowledge of the Indian Flora, would have been almost
impossible. Besides, as has been already explained, the number of species
of which the woods have been described is only a small proportion in
reality of the total number of species of woody plants inhabiting India.
But some attempt has been made to notice even the species which have
not been described. In some important genera, a list of known species
and their geographical habitat has been given, in other genera other
species of note have been mentioned, and, whenever possible, notes regard-

INTRODUCTION. 1x

ing the uses and qualities of the wood and the other products of the trees
so referred to have been added. One great object in having thus men-
tioned other species has been kept in view; v2z., to show Forest Officers
and others who may have the opportunity, what we have not got, and so
persuade them to help, by sending to the writer or to the Forest School
Museum, specimens that can be described and help at some future time in
the publication of a more correct and complete description of the Indian
woods than can now be attempted. In a few cases where most of the
species are well known, as, for instance, the Maples, an attempt at an
analytical key by which the species may be roughly determined in the
forests has been given. In the French Forest Flora this has been done
for all species, and the different Indian Forest Floras have similar
analyses, but they are all dependent on more or less difficult botanical
characters, while what we chiefly require is a series of keys which shall
enable a non-botanical Forest Officer to ascertain the species of the tree
he meets with, by means of the more conspicuous differences in habit,
bark, and leaf.

It is now necessary to explain how the descriptions of the woods were
made. During the progress of the work of preparation of specimens in
Calcutta, and afterwards at more leisure in Simla, the examination of the
different woods and their description was made by a committee which
consisted of—

1. Dr. D. Brandis, F.R.S., C.1.E., Inspector General of Forests.

2, Mr. J. S. Gamble, M.A., Assistant to the Inspector General of Forests.

3. Mr. A. Smythies, B.A., Assistant Conservator of Forests, Central Provinces.

The descriptions were usually dictated by Dr. Brandis, and written
down by one of the others, generally Mr. Smythies, but the wood struc-
ture was examined by all three officers and discussed before the descrip-
tion was finally passed. The whoie was gone over three or four times,
.and in the later examinations, when the Committee was more accus-
tomed to the differences of structure, the generic and family characters
were discussed and drawn up. Some of the later received specimens, as
well as those given in ‘Addenda,’ were described by the writer, but on
the same plan and principle as was originally adopted by the Committee.

In the description of the woods the chief characters of which note
has been given are :—

1. Size of tree.
2. Evergreen or deciduous.
3. Description of bark—
a. Colour.
6. Thickness.

e. Appearance and fissures, exfoliation.

x : INTRODUCTION.

4. Description of wood (sapwood and heartwood)— ,
a. Colour.
6, Hardness.
ec. Grain.

5. Annual rings.

6. Pores.

7. Medullary rays.
8. Other characters, such as the presence or absence of concentric markings.

and these characters require a short explanation.

1, Size.—The plants are usually described as “shrubs”, “large shrubs”,
“small trees”, “ trees”, “ large trees”, and “ very large trees”’, according
to general size ; or as “ climbing” or “ straggling plants”.

2. Evergreen or Deciduous.—These characters are given as far as our
knowledge of the trees extends, and are easily understood.

3. Bark.—Is described according to its colour, which usually presents
some shade of grey or brown, varying into white, or red, or black ; its thick-
ness represented by the fractions of the inch ; its roughness or smoothness,
and the fissures and clefts into which it is cut externally ; its texture whe-
ther hard or soft, papery or corky ; and the way in which it exfoliates.

4. Wood.—The wood is described whenever possible according to
both sapwood and heartwood. ‘The colour is given as nearly as possible
according to the shades, usually of white or brown, but varying into red,
grey, yellow, purple end black. The hardness is given according to the
different categoriesas ‘extremely soft”, “very soft”, “ soft’’, ‘* moderately
hard”, “ hard”, “very hard”, and “ extremely hard”, and in order to give
an idea of these different categories we may instance the following among

well-known trees :—

Extremely soft ; - Cochlospermum Gossypium.

Very soft . : . Sterculia villosa; Bombax malabaricum.
Soft ° : - Cedrela Toona ; Albizzia stipulata.
Moderately hard ° - icus bengalensis ; Tectona grandis.

Hard ; : » Shorea robusta; Terminalia tomentosa,

Very hard . ; - Dalbergia Sissoo; Quercus semecarpifolia.
Extremely hard ‘ . Pterocarpus santalinus ; Hardwickia binata.

The grain is usually recorded as being “close”, “even”, “ open”,

“rough ”, “cross”, &c., &c., and the relative roughness or smoothness is
generally given.

5. Annual rings.—In the description of the wood these are only
referred to as regards their presence or absence, their being more or less
well marked, and the marks which so distinguish them.

6. Pores.—As in the case of the hardness, so, too, the pores are de-
scribed according to a scale of size which varies in those trees which
possess them, as “ extremely small ”, “ very small’, “ small ”, “ moderate

INTRODUCTION. XI

sized”, “large”, “very large”, and “ extremely large”. As examples
of these categories may be given—

Extremely small . é . Buus sempervirens,
Very small - ‘ « Acer pictum.

Small : a . Adina cordifolia.
Moderate-sized . ‘ . Bassia latifolia.
Large : . . Albizzia Lebbek.
Very large : : . Lrythrina suberosa.
Extremely large Many climbers,

7. Medullary rays.—The slpeniuention of the medullary rays has been
made upon a similar plan, and they have been divided into ‘ extremely
fine”, “ very fine”, “ fine”, “ moderately broad”, “ broad”, “ very broad”,
and “ extremely broad ”’, examples of which categories are—

Extremely fine . : . Euonymus lacerus.
Very fine ° : . Diospyros Melanoxylon.
Fine : - Albizzia Lebbek.
Moderately based : . Dillenia pentagyna.
Broad p . - Platanus orientalis.
Very broad : - Quercus incana.
Extremely broad : Samara robusta.

In addition, the distance between the medullary rays is usually given
and is compared with the diameter of the pores. The medullary rays are
said to be distant when they are further apart. than twice the diameter
of the pores, and in some species they are closer together than that
diameter, often bending round the pores which come between them.

8. Other characters.—The most noticeable of these are the presence or
absence of concentric bars across the rays; and of patches of white tissue
and the way they are disposed. These other characters are often
valuable accessaries in determining the genera, and even the family to
which a wood belongs. The woods of different species of ANONACEZ are
all characterised by regular ladder-like transverse bars, and so far as the
experience gained in the preparation of this work goes, the character
affords an unmistakeable sign for recognizing the trees of that order.

In Saporacem again, the wavy concentric lines and the arrangement
of the pores in short wavy lines affords a character which is almost cer-
tain; and if any doubt could arise it would be between that order and
its neighbour the Esznacem, which, however, almost always differs in
having the wood of a white, grey or black colour, while that of
SAPOTACEH is generally some shade of red.

Concentric lines of soft texture occur in many families and genera.
They are very common in the Leauminosm, as may be seen from the
description of the seven groups which the woods of that family form, as
described at pages 115, 116. They occur also in Garcinia and Mesua

xii INTRODUCTION,

among Gurtrrerm; in Eleodendron, Celastrus, and Lophopetalum among
CELASTRINEE ; in Heynea, Amoora, and Walsura among MEttace2 ; Cordia
in BoraGiNeg, and in other genera. The wood of the trees of the great
and important order of Conirerm is always recognizable, at any rate, by
the constant character of the absence of pores; that of the CupuLirers
by the arrangement of the pores in wavy, radial lines, and a particular
texture; somewhat broad medullary rays often indicate the orders
DiLtenNtacez, RuizopHorpm, and Myrstnem; a close and even-grained
wood, most species of the great order of Rustacem; while the large
genus Ficus has its woods extremely uniform in character and recognized
by alternate layers of soft and firm tissue.

In this way a little practice enables a very near guess to be made at
the scientific name of the tree which gave any wood which it may be
necessary to determine, and it may be hoped that, with a rather wider
acquaintance with the woods of India, we may be in a position to draw up
an analytical table for the woods which are most chiefly in use in India,
similar to that given at the end of the French Forest Flora.

Mention has been made of some families and genera which have woods
of similar character and structure, but it is also necessary to point out
that there is no regular rule for determining orders and genera by means
of the wood, for in some cases the structure of the different component
genera or species presents characters of a very dissimilar type. In the
genus Dalbergia, for instance, there is a very great dissimilarity, so that
while three species (see p. 124) have hard dark-coloured heavy woods,
others have white, often soft, woods without heartwood, and one species
has the peculiarity of a wood divided into concentric rings, which are often
separable, of alternate layers of wood and bark-like tissue.

But, in general, it may be said that in the same genus the wood
structure is usually constant, and in this way the character may often
serve as a valuable aid in botanic investigation, as it has constantly done
in paleontology.

It is not always easy to give in words an explanation of the reasons
which lead one who is tolerably conversant with the structure of woods to
pronounce an opinion; there are often characters of appearance, touch,
colour, odour, &e., which afford clues, as well as the arrangement and
relative size of the pores and medullary rays, and the presence or absence
of annual rings; so that it is really only experience and habit that can
teach us to recognize, from a mere inspection of a wood, the place which
it ought to occupy in the natural system.

Asan instance of how the structure of a wood may bear out an opinion

INTRODUCTION. xili

on generic distinction the following may be given. When describing
the woods of the different species of Olive, one kind was met with which
presented a structure entirely dissimilar from the rest. This was our
No. £379 which was sent, accompanied by leaf specimens, from the
higher forests of Sikkim. Wishing to ascertain the name, Dr. Brandis
took the specimens to the Calcutta Herbarium, and after careful examina-
tion pronounced them to belong to a species of Osmanthus, a genus
closely allied to Olea, and it is.as Osmanthus, nov. sp., that the
wood is described at p, 257. A few days ago, in the forest near
Darjeeling, the writer found trees of the well known Osmanthus fragrans,
and on examining the wood, found that it agreed in structure with
No. E. 379, having the pretty network of anastomosing bands of pores,
and not the more regular and uniform arrangement presented by Olea.
So that the correctness of Dr. Brandis’ determination is borne out
by the structure of the wood at any rate.

The examination of specimens to determine the rate of growth was
chiefly made by Mr. Smythies, assisted at one time by Dr. Warth; and,
in writing the account of rate of growth, reference has been made to all
the information published, or otherwise obtainable, on the subject. For
the principal woods some data have been procured which will doubtless
be very valuable; while even the record of the countings made on our
small specimens is, though not absolutely reliable, at any rate useful as
a commencement. Whenever possible, countings were made on the log,
on the whole diameter of the section, but time and leisure were not
always available for this during the work in Calcutta, so that many of
the results given are merely calculated from an inspection of such pieces
as were available, and are necessarily, therefore, not completely reliable.
This explanation is necessary, in order that it may be well understood,
that our record is not always a record of the results of a series of care-
fully conducted experiments and examinations, but in many cases is only
given as @ beginning and as being the best information available.

The discussion of the rate of growth of teak was based on a memo-
randum which was published by Dr. Brandis on the subject and circu-
lated ; that of sal was chiefly drawn up by Mr. Smythies, and ap-
peared first in Vol. IV, page 324, of the Indian Forester ; the rest were
drawn up by the writer. Information regarding the rate of growth of
our forest trees is one of the greatest of our desiderata, as such informa-
tion is essential to the determination of the rotation of forests and the
construction of working plans, so that no possible opportunity should be
lust of collecting information on the subject.

XIV INTRODUCTION.

The rate of growth is recorded as “slow”’, “moderate ”, or “ fast”,
according as the number of rings per inch is greater than 12, between 12
and 6, and less than 6. These correspond to ages at 6 feet in girth of
134 years, 67 to 134, and 67 years respectively.

Weight.—As already stated in ‘reference to the annual rings, the ex-
periments made with our specimens in ascertaining the specific gravity
of different kinds of woods, are also merely given as being often the only
information available. Most of the specimens weighed were of small size,
and they were, perhaps, not always cut so as to be capable of very exact
measurement, but, nevertheless, the information obtained is of value and
can serve until it is supplemented or superseded by more accurate experi-
ments made with a large choice of specimens. |

The weighings were done by Mr. Smythies and Dr, H. Warth, and
the result is given in the form of the number of pounds per cubic foot, as
being a more easily utilized form of information than the figures repre-
senting the specific gravity, compared with that of water taken as 1.
The weight here recorded is always, unless otherwise stated, that of sea-
soned timber, and it is given as “ light”’, “‘ moderately heavy”, “ heavy ”,
and ‘ very heavy ” according as the woods give:—

Tight, less than 30lbs. per cubic foot.

Moderately heavy, from 30lbs. to 50lbs. per cubic foot.
Heavy, from 50|bs. to 70lbs. per cubic foot.

Very heavy, over 70lbs. per cubic foot.

Asin the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, only the in-
formation regarding the transverse strength of timber is recorded, thous
in a few cases the modulus of elasticity is also given.

In regard to ¢ransverse strength, the value of P is the result obtained

by the formula—
wWwxth
Bx D?
where—

W=tThe breaking weight, or the weight which when placed on the middle of the

bar causes it to break.

L=the length of the bar between supports, in feet.

B=the breadth of the bar, in inches. ~

D=its thickness, in inches.

A great number of recorded experiments have been brought together,
chiefly from those made by Baker, Skinner, Benson, Bennett, Dundas,
and others, while in these pages are for the first time published the re-
sults of the valuable and careful experiments made in Calcutta by Dr.

Brandis in 1864.

INTRODUCTION, XV

In writing the remarks on the products of each tree, the uses for
which its wood is valuable, and the various economic purposes to which
the bark, fibre, gum, fruit, leaves, &c., are put, information has been
extracted from a very large series of books and papers, official documents
and notes furnished by the officers who contributed to the Paris Exhibi-
tion. In fact, almost all available sources of information have been con-
sulted in order to make the remarks as complete as possible. But there
is still much to be done, every day adds some new fact to the stores of
our information regarding Indian trees: and the Departmental Reports,
the Indian Forester, and the various publications of Government on
the different subjects of economic interest, the dyes, fibres, gums, oils,
&c., are constantly still increasing this information, so that before long
even the more recently added items will become old. in their turn.
As our knowledge of Indian trees and their uses and capabilities extends,
and as specimens are obtained and wood structures described, so it is
hoped that facts may be collected which will enable some future Forest
Officer to revise and republish this work, bringing it up to date and
making more wide the area of our knowledge of the wonderful
productions of the very varied forest flora of India. It may be
called ambitious to attempt a description, even in the shape of a ‘ Pro-
dromus,’ of the woods of such a wide field as that of British India; but
the difficulty would always be, in attempting to restrict the area, that
the various floras of the different regions run so much into one another,
and so often contain the same or similar species ; so that it may be hoped
that the publication of this work, which, except as regards the wood struc-
ture alone, is only after all a compilation, will be looked upon chiefly as
an attempt to describe the principal woods of India, and in a less degree
as a convenient book of reference for the native names and economic uses
of Indian trees.

The Addenda-Corrigenda sheets are rather lengthy, but the num-
ber of corrected mistakes is not very great, the chief reason for length
being the addition of descriptions of woods lately obtained and of native
names not before published. The K6l names for instance, it is believed,
are herein published for the first time: these, as well as a few Oraon,
Bhumij and Kharwar names, were collected by the writer in the winter of
1880-81; and he has also added a number of Uriya names obtained
in the forests of Khurda, and Magh and Bengali names obtained in
Chittagong. The Mechi and Garo names attached to Mr. Shakespear’s
collections in the Bengal Forest Herbarium have also been added, as

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XVil

LIST OF BOOKS AND PUBLISHED PAPERS REFERRED TO.

Anderson. An Enumeration of the Palms of Sikkim. Journal of the Linnean
Society of London, 1868.

. An Enumeration of the Indian Species of Acanthacesw. Journal of the
Linnean Society of London, 1866,

Atkinson. Economic Products of the North-Western Provinces. ‘Gums and Gum-
resins, Allahabad, 1876.

Baden-Powell. Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee,
1868.

Baker. Experiments on the Elasticity and Strength of Different Kinds of Timber.
Gleanings in Science, 1829.

Balfour. Timber Trees of India, Madras, 1870.
Beddome. Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presidency, Madras, 1869-73.
. Report on the Nilambur Teak Plantations, Madras, 1878.

Bennett. Experiments on Andaman woods. Professional Papers on Indian En-
gineering, Roorkee.

Bentham and Hooker. Genera Plantarum, Vols. I and II.
Bidie. Report on Neilgherry Loranthaceous Plants, Madras, 1874,
Brandis. Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, London, 1874.

———~. List of Specimens of the Woods of British Burma sent to England for the
~ International Exhibition of 1862, Calcutta, 1878.

Catalogue of Specimens sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878, Calcutta,

1878.
Brandis and others. Report on the Deodar Forests of Bussahir, 1865.
. Working Plan for the Bias Forests, 1871.
Working Plan for the Deoban Working Cirele, 1875.
Preliminary Working Plan of the Sutle} Working Circle,

1875.

Suggestions regarding the Demarcation and Management of
the Forests of Kulu, 1877.

Brandis. Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in the Central Provinces,
1876.

———. Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in the Hyderabad Assigned
Districts, 1877.

Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in Assam, 1879.

. Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in Ajmere and Merwara,
1879.

Cathcart and Hooker. Illustrations of Himalayan Plants, London, 1855.
Clarke. Composite Indices, Calcutta, 1876.

. A Revision of the Ferns of Northern India. Transactions of the Linnean
Society, 1880.

Cleghorn. The Forests and Gardens of South India, London, 1861.

Clifford. Memorandum on the Timber of Bengal, Calcutta, 1862.

Collins. Report on the Caoutchouc of Commerce, London, 1872.

Cooke. Report on the Gums, Resins, &c., in the India Museum, London, 1874.

XVili LIST OF BOOKS AND PUBLISHED PAPERS REFERKED TO.

Cooke. Report on the Oilseeds and Oils in the India Museum, London, 1874.

Cunningham. On Stone and Timber of the Gwalior Territory, Roorkee Professional
Papers, 1854,

De-Candolle. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Paris, 1824-1873.
Monographie Phanerogamarum, Vol, I, Meliacex, Paris, 1878.
Don. Prodromus Flore Nepalensis, London, 1825.

Drury. The Useful Plants of India, Madras, 1858.

Dundas. Experiments made at Lucknow on the Strength of Sél and Teak Timber.
Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, 1879.

pers ies sna Smythies. Report on the Bijeragogarh Reserved Forests, Nag-
pore, 1875.

Firminger. A Manual of Gardening for India, Calcutta, 1869.
Fluckiger and Hanbury. Pharmacographia, London, 1874.
Forsyth. Highlands of Central India, London, 1871.

Gamble. List of the Trees, Shrubs, and Large Climbers of the Darjeeling District,
Calcutta, 1878.

Griffith. The Palms of British East India, Calcutta, 1850.

Helfer. The Provinces of Ye, Tavoy, and Mergui on the Tenasserim Coast, Calcutta,
1839.

Hiern. Monograph of the Ebenacee. Cambridge Phil. Soc. Transactions, 1873.
Hill and Vincent. Plan of Operations for the Simla Municipal Forests, 1876.

Holtzapffel. Descriptive Catalogue of the Woods commonly employed in the Me.
chanical and Ornamental Arts, London, 1852.

Home. Report on the Vegetation of the Andaman Islands, Calcutta, 1874.
Hooker. Flora of British India, Vols. I & II.
Himalayan Journals, London, 1854.
The Rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya, London, 1849.
—_____. and Baker. Synopsis Filicum, London, 1874.
Hunter. Statistical Account of Bengal, London, 1877.
Keay. Scantlings of Timber for Flat Roofs, Roorkee, 1872.
King and Dey. A Glossary of Indian Plants, Calcutta, 1879.
Kurz. Report on the Vegetation of the Andaman Islands, Calcutta, 1870.
. Preliminary Forest Report of Pegu, Calcutta, 1875.
Forest Flora of British Burma, Calcutta, 1877.
Lang. Indian Timber Trees. Professional Papers on Indian Engineering.
Laslett. Timber and Timber Trees, London, 1875.
Lewin. The Hill Tracts of Chittagong, Calcutta, 1869,
Lindley and Moore. Treasury of Botany, London, 1873.
Mathieu. Flore Forestiére, Paris, 1877.

Molesworth. Graphic Diagrams for the Strength of Teak Beams. Professional
Papers on Indian Engineering, Roorkee.

Munro. A Monograph of the Bambusacew. Transactions of the Linnean Society,
1868.

Mueller. Select Plants for Industrial Culture, Melbourne, 1876.

Newbery. Descriptive Catalogue of the Economic Woods of Victoria, Melbourne,
1877.

Ribbentrop. Hints on Arboriculture in the Panjab, Calcutta, 1874.
Working Plan of the Kalatop Forest, 1873.
Roxburgh. Flora Indica, Calcutta, 1832, reprint 1874.

LIST OF BOOKS AND PUBLISHED PAPERS REFERRED TO, xIxX

Royle. Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains, London, 1839.
. The Fibrous Plants of India, London, 1855.

Schlich. Report on the Pyinkado Forests of Arakan, Rangoon, 1870.

Sebert. Notice sur les Bois de la Nouvelle Calédonie, Paris.

Skinner. Description and Strength of some Indian Timbers, Madras, 1862.
Stewart. Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869.

Strettell. Note on Caoutchouc obtained from Chavannesia esculenta, Rangoon,
1874.

Thompson. Report on Insects Destructive to Woods and Forests, Allahabad, 1868.
Thwaites. Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylanie, London, 1864.

Van Someren. List of the Forest Trees of Mysore and Coorg.

Wallich. Plantz Asiatice Rariores, London, 1830.

———. List of Indian Woods collected by —. By A. Aikin, Transactions of
the Society of Arts, 1839.

Waring. Pharmacopeia of India, London, 1868.
Watson. List of Indian Products, London, 1872.

Index to Names of Eastern Plants and Products, London, 1868.
Wight. Icones Plantarum Indix Orientalis, Madras, 1840-1853.
Illustrations of Indian Botany, Madras, 1838—53.

Also numerous papers in the Indian Agriculturist, Statistical Reporter, Indian
Forester and other periodicals.

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ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

Page 1, last line but 6. For “ H 2850.” read “ H 2820.”

”?

3)

”»

2, line 7. After “ Andamans.” add “It has a red bark, peeling off in hard flakes ;
light brown, moderately hard wood, with large round pores and
broad medullary rays (E 3370. Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong.)”

2, Dillenia indica. To vernacular names add “ Ramphal, Nep.; Panpui,
Giro; Betta kanagala, kad kanagala, Kan.; Chilta, Monghyr ;
Oao, Uriya;”

2, line 6 from the bottom, after ‘ radius.’ add ** A round (E 2310) in the Bengal
Forest Museum shews 62 rings for a mean radius of 63 inches, or
- nearly 9 rings per inch.”

83, line 4. Add “The leaves are said by Mr. Brownlow of Cachar to be used for
feeding the silkworm Attacus Atlas.” -

3, D. pentagyna. To vernacular names add “ Pashkouli, Rajbanshi; Agar,
Monghyr; Uchki, Garo; Korkot, Oraon; Korkotta, K6l; Kaltega,
kad kanagala, Kan. ;”

3, D. pentagyna. To numbers add—

“C3571. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : . « 49 lbs.”

5, Talauma Hodgsoni. To vernacular names add “ Luigongron, Mechi ;
Pankakro, Garo ;”

5 Magnolia Campbellii. Before vernacular names add “ Red Magnolia.” and
to vernacular names add ‘* Patagari, Bhutia;”

6, Michelia Cathcartit. To numbers add—
“E3321. Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.”

6, M. eacelsa. To vernacular names add “ Pendre, Lepcha ;’”

7, line 2. After “specimens.” add “ Young specimens cut in the Park, Dar-
jeeling, shew 4 to 7 rings per inch of radius; while a large round
(E 3631) in the Bengal Forest Museum, having a girth of 91 inches,
shows 7 rings per inch mean growth.”

7, M. excelsa. To numbers add—
“EH 3586. Darjeeling, 7,000 ft.”
7, line 18. After “ growth moderate ” add “6 rings per inch of radius.”
7, M. lanuginosa. To numbers add—
“EK 3331. Darjeeling, 6,000 ft. . VD nw o. we 361s

9, Polyalthia cerasoides. To vernacular names add “ San hessare, Kan;"

9. After PotyattHiIa add “C 3483, from the Kolhén Forests, Singbhtim,
Chota Nagpore, is probably P. swberosa, Roxb. Vern. Sandi omé,
K6l. Bark thick, brown. Wood olive grey, hard, close-grained,
resembling that of P. cerasoides.”

.
10, Saccopetalum tomentosum. To vernacular names add “ Omé, hake hiimi
K6l; Hessare, Kan. ;”

A

il

Page 10, S. tomentoswm. To numbers add—

”

“C 3471. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore.”

10. After Saccorprtatum above the 12th line from the bottom of the
page, add—

“C 3536, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa. Vern. Patmossu,
Uriya, resembles the wood of Saccopetalum tomentosum, but is whiter.
Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot.”

“KE 3368, from the Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong, is Unona
longiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 668; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 61; Kurz i.
35, a small tree of Assam, the Khasia Hills, and Chittagong. Bark
greenish-grey, thin, smooth. Wood yellowish white, moderately
hard, close-grained. Pores small, scattered, scanty. Medullary rays
moderately broad, joined by numerous white transverse bars.

“ B 3380, from the hills to the east of Toungoo, British Burma,
is Mitrephora vandeflora, Kurz i. 45, a tree of the forests of
Chittagong and Pegu, but chiefly found in the Martaban Hills.
The wood is grey, moderately hard. Pores small to moderate-sized,
not numerous. Medullary rays moderately broad, joined by numerous,
regular, white transverse bars.

“ E 3300, from Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft., is Goniothalamus
sesquipedalis, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 73; Kurz i. 41;
Gamble 3. Vern. Sané, Nep.; Stngnok, Lepcha, a small shrub of
the Eastern Himalaya down to Burma. Bark black. Wood dark
grey, soft. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays fine to moder-
ately broad, wavy. Transverse bars very numerous, very fine.”

1], line 5. After “B 273.” add “ B 276.”
13, ,, 26, For “52 lbs.” read “ 55 lbs.”
13, ,, 29. For “‘Naghanda” read “ Nagkanda” -

15. After“2, C. aphylla” add—

“3. C. horrida, Linn. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 178; Brandis 15;
Kurzi. 62. C. zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 567. Vern. His, karvila,
Pb.; Karralura, Oudh; Adonda, Tel.; Katerni, Gondi; Gitoran,
Ajmere; Bagnai, Monghyr ; Atanday, Tam.; Oserwa, Uriya.

“A climbing thorny shrub. Bark } inch thick, brown, rough.
Wood yellowish white, moderately hard. Pores small to moderate-
sized, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, not numerous,
short. Faint, wavy, concentric lines of soft tissue.

** Most parts of India and Burma.

“P 3244. _Ajmere PA? SEN IOS 8 6) nnn

“4. ©. multifiora, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 178;
Kurz i. 61; Gamble 5. Vern. Suntri, Nep.

“A climbing thorny shrub. Bark smooth, dark. Wood white,
moderately hard. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays short, fine,
Faint concentric lines of softer texture.

* Kastern Himalaya, Upper Burma.

“E3349. Nagri, Darjeeling, 4,000 ft.

“5. C.olacifolia, Hook. f.and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i.178; Gam-
ble 5. Vern. Naski, hais, Nep.; Jhenok, Lepcha.

“A thornyshrub. Bark }inch thick, brown, rough, corky. Wood
white, hard. Pores small, often subdivided, or in radial lines. Medul-
lary rays fine, very numerous.

“Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal to Assam, chiefly in the
undergrowth of Sissti forests, along rivers.

“KE 3297. Balasun, Darjeeling Terai. , . 44]bs.

il

“6. C. sepiaria, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.177; Brandis 15;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 568; Kurz i. 66. Vern. Hién garna, Pb.;
Kanti kapali, Uriya. a

"A shrub. Bark brown, 4th inch thick. Wood white, hard.
Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays short, fine. Faint,
white, concentric bands.

“ Dry places in India and Burma.

“P 3242. Ajmere.

“C 3580, from Khurdha, Orissa, is this species. The wood
resembles that of the Ajmere specimen, but the medullary rays are
moderately broad and longer.”

Page 15, Crateva religiosa. To vernacular names add “ Tuiladu, bunboronda,

Mechi; Wiruzani, Coorg ;”

16, line 22. For “ moderately fine’ read “ moderately broad ”

16, , 32. After “Latkan,” add “ natkdna,”

16, ,, 33. After “ Kuppa-manhala,” add “ rangamali,”

16, ,, 13 from the bottom. Add after “ Nilgiris” “ Sanna solti, Hassan ;”

16, ,, 7 fromthe bottom. Before “ Flacourtia” add “ Bixa,”

16, last line but one. For “ Kuntto.” read “ Kunth.”

17, Cochlospermum Gossypium. To vernacular names add “ Hupu, K6l;
Betta tovare, Kan.; Konto palas, Uriya;”

17, line 17. After “ Burghers,” add “ Dodda jepalu, Kan.”

18, Flacourtia Ramontchi. To vernacular names add “Serali, merlo, K6l;
Katail, Palamow; Bali baincho, Uriya;” and to numbers add
“C3453. Saidope Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore,” and “ C 3488.
Kolhan Forests, Singbhtim, Chota Nagpore.”

18, at the end of Furacourtia after line 18 add ‘“C 3519, from the
Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is Flacourtia sepiaria, Roxb. Vern.
Baincha, bainch kolt, Uriya. Bark yellowish-red, thin. Wood light
red, hard, close and even-grained. Pores very small, in radial lines
between the very fine, uniform, closely-packed, wavy medullary rays.”

18, line 31. For “H 2947.” read “ H 2949.”
18, line 32. After “ Assam” add “ Chota Nagpore”

18, at the bottom of the page, add ‘‘ E 3401 from Julpigori, Bengal, is the wood
of Biza Orellana, Linn. Bark brown, $ inchthick. Wood pinkish
white, soft, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, in radial strings of
3 to 6, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, closely

acked, bent round the pores or groups of pores, so that the distance
rca the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores.
Annual rings marked by a line without pores. Growth moderate :
5 rings per inch of radius.”

19, Order XI. Potyeatem. At the end add “No. E 3393 is Polygala

. arillata, Ham., from Jalapahar, Darjeeling, 7,500 ft. It has a
thin grey bark, and white, soft wood. Pores small, arranged in
radial, or sometimes oblique, lines or patches. Medullary rays fine,
scanty. Annual rings distinct.”

20, heading. For “ Tamarie” read “ Tamarix’

21, line 11 from the bottom. After “ Kirballi,” add “ ballagi,”

23, , 22. After “ Mataw, Burm.” add “ Divarige, Kan. ;”’

24, Garcinia Cambogia. To vernacular names add “ Manthulli, Kan.’

24, G. Morella. To vernacular names add “ Kankutake, Kan. ;”

24. After “4, G. Morella,” above line 8 from the bottom, add—

“5. G.stipulata, T. And.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 267; Gamble 7,
Vern. Sanakadan, Lepcha.

,

iv

“A tree with brown bark. Wood light orange-yellow, moderately
hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided.
Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous. Numerous wavy con-
centric bands of soft texture, and of colour lighter than the rest of the
wood, across the rays, and often anastomosing.

“Sikkim and Bhutan in damp forests up to 4,000 ft.

“The fruit is yellow and sometimes eaten by Lepchas. It gives
a yellow gum, chiefly from the fruit, but it does not seem to be used.

“ E 3352. Kalimpung, Bhutan, 4,000 ft.

“ E 3365 is a specimen of the wood of a Garcinia from Burkhal,
Chittagong Hill Tracts. Bark thin, brown, Wood reddish white,
moderately hard. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided, Medullary
rays fine to broad. Numerous, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue
across the rays.” 7

Page 25, line 16. For “are found” read “they are found ”

39

93

3)

”
;

25, Calophyllum inophylilum, To vernacular names add “ Pinekai, Kan.;
Poonang, Uriya;”

25, line 10 from the bottom. Add “ Sebert in ‘ Les Bois de la Nouvelle Calédonie ’
says it is a magnificent wood for cabinet-maker’s work, and that it
gives a yellowish green, pleasantly scented resin. He gives the mean
specific gravity as 0°924, equivalent to nearly 59 lbs. per cubic foot.
In Orissa it is much cultivated, and an oil extracted from the seeds .
is used for burning.”

26, C. tomentosum. To vernacular names add “ Kuve, bobbi, Kan.;”

26, line 15. After “ per cubic foot.” add “Molesworth in ‘Graphic Diagrams
for Strength of Teak Beams’ gives: Weight, 37 lbs., P = 640,
E = 3,500,”

27, Mesua ferrea. To vernacular names add “ Nahsher, Mechi; Kesara, Kan. ;”

27, line 9. After “ evergreen tree.” add “ Bark 3 inch thick, reddish brown,
peeling off in flat thin flakes, leaving a slightly roughened surface.”

27, line 26. After “cubic foot in weight.” add ‘* Molesworth in ‘ Graphic Dia-
grams for Strength of Teak Beams’ gives: Weight, 71]bs., P—=1,040, _
E = 6,000.”

27, at the end of Mzsva, add “C 3513 and C 3524 (55 lbs.), from Kohori, Khur-
dha, Orissa, where the tree was planted on an area of about 12 acres
by a former Raja of Khurdha, are Ochrocarpus longifolius, Bth. and
Hook.f. Vern. Chhuriana, Uriya. Bark reddish brown, } inch thick,
exuding a red gum. Wood red, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores
moderate-sized. Medullary rays moderately broad, very numerous,
the distance between them equal to, or less than, the diameter of the
pores. Annual rings marked by a darker line, Lines of soft texture
numerous, but indistinct. Numerous resin-ducts in radial long cells,
which appear as shining lines on a horizontal, and black points on a
vertical transverse section. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of
radius. Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot.”

28, line 25. or “ Bhutan Himalaya.” read “ Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya,”

28, line 10 from the bottom. Add “Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of
radius.” |

29, line 15. After “ Ouli gogen, Nep.;” add “ Laidonto, Mechi;”

29, at the end of 1. S. napaulensis, add—
“9. §. Roxburghii, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 287 ; Kurz i. 103;
Gamble 8. TZernstrimia serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 521. . Vern.
Dahip, Sylhet; Ouli gogen, Nep.; Dangsipha, Lepcha; Laidonto,
Mechi,

Vv

“A small tree. Bark thin, reddish brown. Wood reddish
brown, soft, with large central pith. Pores small, very numerous.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous and closely set.

“Eastern Sub-Himalayan tract, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal
and Burma.

“ E3271. Borojhar Reserve, Western Diars . 42\bs.”

Page 29, Schima Wallichii. To vernacular names add “Singbrang, Lepcha;
Gugera, Géro; Gogra, phulgogra, Mechi; WSangraban, Magh;
Sambaw, Arracan ;”
» 930, S. Wallichit. To numbers add—
“EK 3602. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai . . Al Ibs.”

» 30,iine9. After “demand” add “Hooker in Himalayan Journals i. 157,
says that it is much prized for ploughshares and other purposes need-
ing a hard wood.”

30, lines 16 and 17 from the bottom. or “ Bark thin” read “Bark very
thin” and for “Wood grey, soft, even-grained” read “* Wood pink,
moderately hard, close- and even-grained.”

» 30, Camellia drupifera. To list of numbers add—
“Ei 3358. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1,500 ft. - 60 Ibs.”

» 90, last line. For “3142” read “3143”
» 92, line 28. After “ Guga,” add “walivara,”

» 932, last line but one. After “No. 63,” add “(marked D. alatus, which how-
ever is not the ‘ Eng’ tree, as this is).”

» 934, line 13. or “ Medullary rays fine, broad” read “Medullary rays fine to
broad.”

» 34, Shorea robusta. To vernacular names add “Sarjum, K6l; Sargi, Bhumij ;
Sakwa, Kharwar ; Sekwa, Oraon; Shal, Beng ;”

» 936, above line 12 from the bottom, imsert “ Recent countings made in the
forests of Chota Nagpore shew that the rate of growth in Saranda may
be taken at 7 to 9 rings per inch for trees growing in good soil in
sheltered localities, and 12 to 15 rings for trees in more exposed
conditions. (Indian Forester, Vol. VI., p. 318.) Small trees counted
in Orissa gave the very good rate of 3 rings per inch. Countings of
rings on rounds in the Bengal Forest Museum, cut in the Dulka Jhar
Reserve, shew as follows :—

No. Rings. Radius, .
E 3626 47 8°5 inches.
E 3627 42 80 ,,

E 3628 53 85 , e
E 3629 70 SU. 45,
E 3630 57 a ee

or an average of 6°2 rings per inch of radius, No. E 3617 from
Sivoke and E 3616 from Bamunpokri, both rounds, give: the first 7,
the second 5°7 rings per inch, so that the Sikkim Terai sél seems to
have a similar rate of growth to that of Oudh.”

»» 96, last line but one. After “being 790” add “Molesworth in ‘Graphic Dia-
~ grams for Strength of Teak Beams’ gives: Weight, 60 lbs., P =

926, EK = 4,800.’
», 37, in schedule of experiments. After “Cunningham” last line but two, add—

“Dundas 1877 | Oudh 12 10’ x4" x6" | 69 551 E=2,500
pi eusks a 35 et - whe oa 2’xl" x1" PP 64
Thornhill . .| 1846 | Terai of N.-W. | 38 Various % 710”
P. and Oudh.

» 98, line 13. After “ now available,” add “(A tree, measured in the Valley of
the Great Rangit, Darjeeling, gave: girth at 4 ft. from the ground
128 inches ; height 161 feet; height to first branch, 86 feet.)”

Page 38, in list of numbers.

3)

35

33

””

7)

38, After C1235 add—

al

For “0 388” read “ O 386, 387, 388, 390.”

*C 3434. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow.

“C3440. Neturhat, Palamow.

“© 3441. Chanpi pe

“C3444. Henar i

ty s pik } Rongo, Saranda, Singbhtim.

“C 3478. 2,700 feet.

*C 3479. fama Hill, Saranda { 2,000 ,,

*C 3480. 1,800 _,,

“C 3490. Kolhan Forests, Singbhtim.

3 fi ag Khurdha Forests, Orissa 48 lbs,

E3385. Berhampore Forest, Rungpore, Bengal 80 lbs.
and after “ KE 2322” add— 7

“ E 3616, 3618. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling, 1,000 ft.

“Ei 3624 to E 3630. Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai 57 lbs. (E3625)

“EE 3589. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai . 47 lbs.

o E 3617. 33 3° 3° 39

“EK 3390. Dhupguri, W. Duars.”

39, at the end of 6. S. siamensis, add—
fi «7, §. assamica, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 307. Vern. Makai,
S.

“A large tree. Wood brown, moderately hard. Pores large,
sometimes surrounded by a ring of lighter tissue. Medullary rays
fine to moderately broad, short, the distance between them equal to
the diameter of the pores.

“ Upper Assam.

“The wood, according to Mr. Mann, is used for planking and for
making canoes.

“E3369. Makum, Assam.”

AO, line 27. For “ Bennett in 1872, No. 5, Andaman Wood, gave 58 lbs., P=
737” read “ Bennett in 1872, No. 5, three experiments with Andaman
wood 3'x 14” x 134” gave 58 lbs., P = 711.”

42, ,, 17 from the bottom. After “ Beng. ;” add “ Maoh, Garo ;”

42, ,, 10 from the bottom. After“ Juwa, oru, Beng. ;” add “ Daswéla, Kan. ;”

43, , 2 Add “Sebert in ‘Les Bois de la Nouvelle Calédonie’ says it is used
at Tahiti for planking and building light boats.”

43. After line 4 add “ E 3289, from the Rinkheong Reserve, Chittagong, is the
wood of H. macrophyllus, Roxb. A small tree. Bark j in. thick,
light brown, fibrous, rather smooth. Sapwood white, heartwood light,
purplish brown, soft, even-grained, Pores large, somewhat scanty,
often subdivided. Medullary rays fine but clearly marked, unequally
distributed, short. Annual rings marked by fewer pores in the
autumn wood. Growth fast, 3 rings per inch of radius.’

43, line 8, After “ (Wallich) ;” add “ Reké, K61l;”

43, Thespesia populnea. To vernacular names add “ Asha, hurvashi, Kan. ;
Bugari, Hassan ;”

43, line 23. Add “Sebert in ‘Les Bois de la Nouvelle Calédonie’ gives the
weight at 42 lbs. per cubic ft.”

43, Kydia calycina, To vernacular names add “ Moshungon, Mechi; Bitha
gonyer, K6l; Derhi, Kharwar; Kunji, Gondi; Bende-naru, Kan, 6

44, Bombax malabaricum. To vernacular names add— :
* Panchu, Garo; Dél, K6l; Birga, Kan, ;”

Vii

Page 44, B. malabaricum. To numbers add—

”

3)

3>

“‘& 3606. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai.”

44, line 16 from bottom. After “ cuttings.” add “C978 is a fine specimen
of the fibre sent from Berar and capable of being used for rough
paper.”

45, last line but one, After “ Dodeli, Kan.;” add “ Bara laiphanzeh, Mechi ; “¢

46, Sterculia wrens. To vernacular names add “ Keonge, Manbhim; Teley,
K6l; Mogul, karaunji, Monghyr;” and to numbers add—

« (© 3436. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore.”

46, 8. villosa. To vernacular names add “Sisi, walkém, K61; Pironja, Mun-
dari; Sisi7, Oraon ;”

47, S. colorata. To vernacular names add “ Sisi, K6l1; Lersima, Kharwar ;”

49, Helicteres Isova. To vernacular names add“ Ainthia dhamin, Monghyr ;
Renta, sakomsing, K61; Aiteni, Kharwar; Muri-muri, Uriya ;”

49, Pterospermum acerifolium. To vernacular names add “ Laider, Mechi;”
and change “ Mus, Beng.” to “ Mis, Beng.”

49, P. acerifolium. To numbers add—

“ E 3596. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai . . 46 lbs.”

50. P. suberifolium. To vernacular names add “‘Giringa, Uriya;” and to
numbers add “ C 3523, C 3534. Khurdha Forests, Orissa.”

50. Eriolena Hookeriana. To vernacular names add “ Bindin, oit bulung,
K6l; Ponra, Oraon ;”

51, line 8. For “C 3791” read “C 3191,” and after it add ‘* C 3437. Kumandi

Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore.”

52, ., 7. After “ Chowra,’ add “‘ kadu-bende,” .

52, ,, 31. After “markets.” add “It is also cut up into thin planking and

exported to Assam to make tea-boxes.

52, Pentace burmanica. To numbers add “ B 2915. Burma.”

53. In strength schedule, column ‘ Year,’ last line but one, after “ A, Mendis,
No. 33” add “ 1855”

53, first line after schedule. After “probably this.” add “ Molesworth gives :
Weight 50 lbs., P = 844, E = 3,000.”

53, Berrya Ammonilla. To list of numbers add—

“ No. 33. Ceylon collection . ; 48 lbs.”

54, first line. After “Tel. ;” add “ Bolmengo, Géro; Kokirsida, Mechi;”

54, Grewia tiliefolia. To vernacular names add ‘“‘ Tarada, Madura; ”

55, G. salvifolia. To vernacular names add “ Bursu, sita pelu, K6l” and to
numbers add “ C 3457. Barasand Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore.”

55, G. vestita. To vernacular names add “ Pershuajelah, Mechi ;”

56, G. pilosa. To vernacular names add ‘ Bhorkund, Monghyr ;’ Gursikri,
Kharwar ; | )

56, at the end of G. pizosa. After line 14 add “ E 3318 is the wood of a small
tree from Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3,000 ft. In structure it resembles
the wood of G. oppositifolia, but has not the unpleasant odour of the
latter. It is probably G. polygama, Roxb.”

56, ,, 18. After “ Banj, Nep. ;” add “ Saimuladdi, Mechi;”

57, » 16. After “ Rudrak, Hind.;” add “ Dandla, Mysore ;”

58, Erythroxyon monogynum. To vernacular names add “ Devadérum, Kan.;”

58, line 22. After “boats.” add “ Dr. Bidie says that’‘During the Madras
famine the leaves were largely eaten by the starving poor, and as
there is nothing in them structurally likely to satisfy the pangs of

hunger, it seems probable that they contain some principle like that
of EB’, Coca,’”

Vili

Page 58, line 21 from the bottom.. After “ Beng.;” add “ Boromali, Uriya;”

» 58,
5» 89;
» 99,
» 59,
» 99,
» 59,
» 59,
» 99,
»» 60,

Pages 60, 6).

39

39

9 from the bottom. After “ Beng. ;” add “ Kiranelli, Kan. ;”
5. For ‘* Binninghau senia” read “ Bénninghausenia”

7. Hor “ Xanthorylee” read ‘* Zanthorylee” and for “ Xanthoxy-
lum” read “ Zanthoxylum”’

19. After ‘* Loajam,” add “ holholi”

20. After “ Burma.” add “ Kyd gives: Weight 36 lbs., P= 267.”

22.. After “Hind. ;” add “Chouldua, Uriya; Laker-konta, Monghyr ;”
38. After ‘‘ Kawat, Mar.;” add “‘ Naibela, Kan. ;”

46. After “« Suntala, Nep.;” add “ Shoungpang, Magh ;”

28. For “ pael” read “ pale”

For the whole of 2. XantHoxytum, Linn. substitute the following :—

“2. ZANTHOXYLUM, Linn.

“Contains 10 small, rarely large trees or climbing shrubs,
usually armed with strong prickles. Besides the species here described
Z. tomentellum, Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493, is a small tree of the
Eastern Himalaya. Z. Khasianum, Hook. f., of the Khasia Hills
and Z. tetraspermum, W. & A. of the Western Ghats, are prickl
climbing shrubs. Z.. Rhetsa, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 495; Bed-
dome xli (Fagara Rhetsa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417) Vern. Rhétsa,
man, Tel.; Tessal, Mar.; Rattu kina, Cingh., is a large tree of
Southern India. Z. Andamanicum, Kurz. 1. 181, is a straggling
shrub of the Andaman Islands. i

“1. Z. alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 768; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493 ;
Beddome xlii.; Brandis 47; Gamble 14. Vern. Zimbir, timur,
tezmal, dirmir, Hind.; Balay timur, Nep.; Gaira, Monghyr;
Sungrt, Lepcha,

**A shrub or small tree. Bark corky, young stems with thick
conical prickles from a corky base. Wood close-grained, yellow,
Pores small, often in radial lines, not uniformly distributed; belts with
numerous pores often alternating with belts with scanty pores. Me.
dullary rays fine, short, very numerous.

** Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7,000
ft.; Khasia Hills.

“The wood is used for walking-sticks, the branches for makin
tooth-brushes. The fruit is a remedy for toothache and is also u
to purify water and as a condiment. The whole plant has a strong
unpleasant aromatic smell. -

“H 107. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 ft. . : . 46 Ibs.

‘*& 2329. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 ft. . "Bee

“2. Z. acanthopodium, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493; Kurz i-
181; Gamble 14. Vern. Bogay timur, Nep.

‘‘A small tree. Bark 4 inch thick, greyish brown, shining,
studded with the large conical corky bases of the prickles which fall off
as the tree grows. Wood yellowish white, soft. Pores small, often in
short radial lines.. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

** Outer Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim, and the Khasia Hills,
up to 7,000 ft.

«* A common small tree in second growth forest. Growth fast, our
specimen (a round) shews 1] rings on a mean radius of 23 inches, or
4°4 rings per inch of radius.

‘‘ E3415. The Park, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.

“3, Z%. oxyphyllum, Edgew.; Hook. Fl. Ind..i. 494; Gamble
14, Vern. Zimur, Nep.

1x

* A climbing shrub. Bark greyish brown, covered with large
corky lenticels, and armed with recurved thorns on a conical corky
base, often 2 inch high. Wood yellowish white, soft, porous. Pores
large, usually many times subdivided radially, Medullary rays moder-
ately broad, bent where they pass the pores. Annual rings marked
by a white line.

“Himalaya from Garhwal to Bhutan, from 6,000 to 8,000 ft.;
‘Khasia Hills, 4,000 to 6,000 ft.

‘E3375. Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.

“4, Z, Hamiltonianum, Wall.; Hook. Fl, Ind. i. 494; Kurz
i. 181; Gamble 14. Vern. Purpuray timur, Nep.

‘A climbing thorny shrub. Bark dark grey with white lenti-
cels, armed with short recurved prickles on a thick, nearly cylindrical
corky base, often ~ inch high. Wood yellowish white, soft. Pores
fine, not numerous. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, nu-
merous, nearly equidistant.

“Sikkim and Assam.

“F 3416. The Park, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.

“5. Z. Budrunga, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 495; Kurz i. 182;
Vern. Brojonali, Ass.; Mayaning, Burm.

“A tree with greyish-brown bark; young stems covered with
thick conical prickles froma corky base. Wood moderately hard, close-
grained, white. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in short
radial lines. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous.

«astern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma.
** E 3324. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft.

«6, Z. ovalifolium, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 492; Beddome
xlii.; Gamble 13.

“A shrub. Bark thin, grey-brown, with white vertical streaks.
Wood light yellowish-white, very hard, close-grained. Pores very
small, rather scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very
numerous. Numerous sharp, white, concentric lines, as in Murraya
exotica, which it much resembles in structure.

a ‘Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Assam and the Western
Ats.
«E3353. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1,500 ft. . 54 Ibs,”

Page 61, Heading. For “ Xanthoxylum” read “ Zanthoxrylum ;”

393

61, Toddalia aculeata. To vernacular names add “ Tundupara, Uriya;”
61, Skimmia Laureola. To numbers add “E3293. Mahalderam, Darjeeling

7,000 ft.” }
61, line 14 from the bottom. For “6” read “5”

61, lines 13 to 7 fromthe bottom. Strike out and add at the end of VW. exotica
on page 62 the following:

“2. M. Kénigii, Spr. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 503; Beddome sliy. ;
Brandis 48; Kurz i. 190; Gamble 14. Bergera Kénigii, Linn. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 375. Vern. Gandia, gandi, bowala, Pb.; Harri,
katnim, Hind.; Barsanga, Beng.; Chanangi, Hyderabad; Gant ,
Banda; Humwah, Mechi; Karsepak, kari-vepa, Tel. ; Kamuwepila
Tam.; Kari-bévu, Kan. ;

**A small tree. Bark grey with shallow netted fissures. Wood
greyish white, hard. Pores small, sometimes subdivided or arranged
in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Concentric
white lines less strongly marked than in ©. exotica.

“Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Assam, Bengal, South India
and Burma. The wood is durable and is used for agricultural imple-
ments. The leaves are used to flavour curries.

“Q 3265. Saharanpur - =. °°. wt, 48 Ibs.”

x

Page 62, Murraya exotica. To numbers add “C 3495. Kolhan Forests, Singbhim,

3?

Chota Nagpore.”
62, line 12. For “5” read “6”

62, Atalantia monophylla. To vernacular names add “ Narguni, Uriya;”
and to numbers add “C 3515. Khurdha Forests, Orissa.”

62, Feronia Elephantum. To vernacular names add “ Vellam, Madura ;”

62, Aigle Marmelos. To vernacular names add “ Maika, Gondi; Lohagasi,
K6l; Auretpang, Magh;”

63. At the end of 8. Aegle. After “ soft tissue.” add—

“E 3295 is Paramignya monophylia, Wight, from Babookhola,
ea i ie 4,000 ft. Bark white, corky, vertically cleft. Wood white,
hard, close-grained. Pores very small to moderate-sized. Medullary
rays very fine, extremely numerous. Prominent, sharp, white,
concentric lines at unequal distances and often joining each other.

““E 3371 is the Orange, Citrus Aurantium, Linn. from Raja-
bhatkhawa, W. Diars. Bark thin, greenish grey. Wood yellowish
white, moderately hard, close and even-grained. Pores small, scanty,
joined by concentric patches of white colour, which occasionally join,
Phat concentric circles. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, equi-

istant.

“FE 3348 is the Lime, Citrus medica, L., from Darjeeling.
Bark yellowish white, thin. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores
small, numerous, often subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary
rays fine, very numerous. Concentric white lines distant. Pores
often joined by white concentric patches.

“ E 3284 is Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa, from Chittagong.
Bark light greyish-yellow. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores
small, sometimes subdivided or arranged in radial lines. Medullary
rays fine, wavy, very numerous. Sharp concentric white lines, often
running into each other, very prominent.

“E3355 is Micromelum pubescens, Bl., from the Teesta Valley,
Darjeeling. Bark thin, white. Wood yellowish white, hard, close-
grained. Pores small, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays
fine, sharply marked. Sharp white concentric lines, often running
into each other, prominent.

“Ei 3354 is Clausena excavata, Burm., from Sivoke, Darjeeling
Terai. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown. Wood white. Pores small,
scanty. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. White concentric
lines often interrupted, but very closely packed radially.

“© 3530 and C 3570 are Limonia acidissima, Linn. Vern.
Bhenta, Uriya, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa. It has a thin, light-
brown bark, and very hard, yellowish-white wood. The pores are
small, surrounded by white tissue, solitary or arranged in oblique
strings. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant.
Annual rings marked by a white line. Growth moderate, 8 rings per
inch of radius. Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot.”

64, Ailanthus-malabarica. To vernacular names add “ Mandadipa, Hassan;”

64, A. excelsa. To vernacular names add “ Mahanim, Uriya; Ghorkaram,
Palamow ;” and to numbers add “ C 3449. Betlah Reserve, Palamow,
Chota Nagpore.”

64, line 24. After “ tree.” add *‘ Bark light greyish-brown, fibrous, rough.”

65, line 12 from the bottom. For “ Komari” read “ Koniari,” and at line 5
from the bottom add—

“© 3541. Khurdha Forests, Orissa 4 . 46 lbs.”
67, line 8. For‘ Knkar’ read ‘ Kankar’ ;

67, Garuga pinnata. To vernacular names add “ Nia jowa, Kél; Kékur,
Kharwar ; Kardr, Bhumij; Gharvi, Gondi;”

xi

Page 67, G. pinnata. To numbers add— |

3)

3)

”

Bh)

“FE 3604. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai.”

68, line 3. After “ Burma.” add “found by Mr. R. Thompson in Bustar and om
the hills of Panabaras.”

68, Canarium bengalense. To numbers add—
“Fi 3592. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling.”

70. After line 12 add “Molesworth gives in ‘ Graphic Diagrams for the
Strength of Teak Beams’: Weight 50 lbs., P = 736, E = 2,900.”

71. After line 19, to numbers add—
**E 3357. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4,000 ft.
“ E 3360. Rangirim, Darjeeling, 5,000 ft.”

71, at the end of Metra add “ E 3499 is Cipadessa fruticosa, Bl., from
the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, where it is a common shrub or small tree
of the dry stony hills and laterite plateaux, and used for fuel. It has
a thin reddish-brown bark and a red, moderately hard wood,
which has a faint odour resembling that of the Toon wood. Pores very
fine, numerous, usually in lines between the very numerous close and
fine medullary rays. These latter are slightly wavy and short, and
bend where they meet the pores. The pores are prominent as red
lines on a vertical section. Annual rings marked by a white line.
Growth of our specimen 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight,
about 50 lbs. per cubic foot.”

72, Dysoxylum procerum. To numbers add—

“E3595. Rungdung Forest, Darjeeling Terai.”

72, line 4. Before “ Assam” add “ Sikkim and the Western Ddars,”

73, Amoora Rohituka, To vernacular names add “ Sikru, K6l;”

73, at the end of “3. A. spectabilis ” add—

“4, A. decandra, Hiern; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 562; Gamble
16. Vern. Tangartik, Lepcha.

“ A tree, with thin grey bark. Wood pinkish white, hard. Pores
small, scanty, joined by wavy, occasionally concentric, bands of soft
tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous,”

“Eastern Himalaya, from 2,000 to 6,000 ft.

«* E 3392. Lebong, Darjeeling, 5,500 ft.”

74, at the end of “Watsura” add ‘ C 3459, from Bandgaon, Singbhtim, 2,000 ft.,
is Heynea trijuga, Roxb. It has a thin, rough, reddish-brown bark
and yellowish-white, moderately hard wood. Pores small, often
subdivided, in groups or in short radial strings, surrounded with
white tissue and arranged in wavy concentric lines. Medullary rays
fine, short, numerous.”

74, Carapa moluccensis. To vernacular names add “ Pussur, Beng.;”

74, line 22. After “the hair.” add “Capt. Baker in May 1829 in ‘Gleanings
in Science’ spoke of Fussur or Pussooah as being a jungle wood of
a deep purple colour, extremely brittle and liable to warp. He said
that native boats made of the best species last about 3 years, and that
the wood, if of good quality, stands brackish water better than sal.

“The following were Captain Baker’s experiments :—

Weight. P=

49, 52. Large tree 1825 . 6°X13"%2" 515 472

47, 48. Small ,, 1826 . ve 4A, 484,

95,101. Large ,, 1826 . 46 562

104. Small ,, 1826. Fr 47 586
334, 335. Large ,, a Se sees 502”’

75, line 31. After “ wood 546.” add ‘‘ Molesworth gives for Honduras wood:
Weight 35 lbs., P = 615, E = 3,100.”

Xi

Page 76, Soymida febrifuga. To vernacular names add “ Suam, Uriya;”

>>

>?

3)

76. To numbers add—
*C 3566... Khurdha Forests, Orissa . ; ~ SL Tbe
77, Chloroxylon Swietenia. To vernacular names add “ Sengel sali, K6l?
Bharhil, Kharwar ; Bhira, Gondi; Bhirwa, Baigas ;”

77. Below line 31 add ‘‘ Molesworth in ‘ Graphic Diagrams for the Strength of
Teak Beams’ gives: Weight 60 lbs., P = 950, E = 5,200.”

77, C. Swietenia. To numbers add— ; lbs.
© 3443. Seemah Reserve, Palamow a eae
C 3572. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : rae

D 2926. Madras : ; : ‘

78, Cedrela Toona. To vernacular names add ‘* Kujya, Tippera; Somso,
Bhutia; Katangai, K61; Madagiri vembu, Madura ;”

79, C. Toona. To numbers add— lbs.

**C 3476. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore . «wm»
“C 3545. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : a!
**E 3599. Sukna Forests, Darjeeling . . . 39
“Ki 3619, Latpanchor, Darjeeling Hills, 4,000 ft.. ...
“EK 3623, Kalingpung, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft. . 35
(The last shews 11 rings on 7 inches radius or 1°6 rings per inch,
while No. E 3619 has 31 rings on a radius of 73, or about 4 per inch,
and E 3599 shews 33 rings per inch.) ”

79, After the end of C. serrata, above the 6th line from the bottom of the
page, add—
* In the Monograph of the Meliacee published in 1878 by
Casimir de Candolle, the species of Cedrela formerly grouped under the
one head of Cedrela Yoona, Roxb., have been separately described.
They are thus distinguished :—
* Ovary glabrous—

* Leaflets petioled . ‘ . C. serrata, Royle.
* Leaflets subsessile . - . C. glabra, C. de Cand.

“ Ovary hairy—
* Leaflets acute at the base . C. Toona, Roxb.
“Leaflets round at the base . C.microcarpa, C. de Cand.

“ In the ‘ Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Darjeeling District,”
three varieties were spoken of and separated as follows :—

“*No. 1. Deciduous; flowering March; fruiting June; bark grey-
brown, smooth, exfoliating; found in the plains on low land.

“*No. 2. Evergreen ; flowering October-November ; fruiting Feb-
ruary and March; bark dark brown, rough, not exfoliating; found
in the lower hills up to 4,000 ft.

*** No, 3, Evergreen; flowering June; fruiting November—Decem-
ber; bark light reddish-brown, exfoliating in long flakes; found
in the upper hills from 5,000 to 7,000 ft. and of great size.’

“No, 1 is C. Toona, Roxb.; No. 2 probably C. microcarpa, C.
de Cand.; No. 3, probably C. glabra, C. de Cand. It would, how-
ever, have probably been better to describe No. 1 as ‘deciduous in
the cold season’ and Nos. 2 and 3 as ‘deciduous in the rains.’
There is perhaps a fifth species.

“ They may also be distinguished as follows by the capsule :—
capsule round . C. Toona.

» long, pointed. C. microcarpa,
Capsule covered with corky tubercles — . C. glabra.

“Of the Northern Bengal specimens which we have examined,
E 360 and E 2333 will be C, glabra, while E 655, E 2332, E3599,

Capsule smooth . {

Xlil

E 3619, and E3623 will be C. microcarpa. Some of the Assam,
Chittageng and Burma specimens are probably C. microcarpa.

“No. B 3378 from the Salween, 2,000 feet, is probably C.
multijuga, Kurz i. 229. Vern. TYoungdama. Burm. ; Nee, Karen.
(Trade name, like the other Toon-woods, Thitkado.) It has a light, soft,
pink wood, with the usual characteristic scent strongly perceptible,
and structure resembling that of the other species of ‘l'oon, the pores
being perhaps more scantily distributed. Weight, 35°5 lbs. per
cubic foot.”

At the foot of the page add—

“ F 3341, from the north-eastern part of Sibsigar, Assam, called
Mipak, is a soft, reddish wood, resembling that of Melia. It is
evidently a useful wood for the same purposes as Toon is used ; it
splits well and is used for shingles. Pores moderate-sized to large,
often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, short, tapering
gradually at the ends. Annual rings distinct, about 7 per inch of
radius. Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot.”

Page 80, line 19. Omit “ Daphniphyllopsis.”

”

”»

”

9.

81, Olax scandens. To vernacular names add “ Arthil, Monghyr ; Rimmel,
K61; Bodobodoria, Uriya;” To numbers add ‘‘C 3467. Bandgaon,
Singbhtim, Chota Nagpore. and C 3494, Kolhan Forests, Singbhim,
Chota Nagpore.

81, 2. Daphniphyllopsis, Kurz, &c., should be transferred to p. 213
under CORNACESS, Wyssa sessiliflora, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii.
747.

81, Daphniphyllopsis capitata. To numbers add—
* FE 3608. Darjeeling, 6,000 ft.”

83, line 8. After “ Weight, 40 Ibs.” inseré¢ “Growth: a small tree (E 3407)
felled in the Park, Darjeeling, shewed 14 rings with a girth of
183 inches, or 4°7 rings per inch of radius.”

85. After “5. E. thesefolius” insert—

“6. E. frigidus, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 611 ; Gamble 18.

A straggling shrub. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard,
compact, with extremely small pores, extremely fine medullary rays
and annual rings marked by the darker colour of the autumn wood.

« Himalaya, from Kumaun to Bhutan,from 8,000 to 12,000 feet.

* K 3406. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet.”

86, Celastrus panicuiata. To vernacular names add “ Kujuri, K6l;”’

86. After line 5 from the bottom 'add “C 3448, from the Barasand Reserve,
Palamow, Chota Nagpore, is the same species as E 2334, but it differs
in having no corky bark, but a brown thin bark. In the wood the
difference is slight and consists merely in smaller pores, and a closer-
grained wood. The difference may be only due to climate.”

87, Celastrus spinosus. To numbers add “H 2950, Sutlej Valley, Punjab,
3,500 ft.”

87. After *3. C. senegalensis ” insert—

“4, C. acuminatus, Wall.; Kurzi. 252. Gymnosporia acu-
minata, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 619. G. ZLhomsoni, Kurz;
Gamble 19, Vern. Phugong, Lepcha.

** A large thorny shrub. Bark thin, greyish white. Wood white,
hard, close-grained, with numerous white concentric bands, in struc-
ture resembling that of C. spinosus.

** Sikkim Himalaya, and Khasia Hills, up to 5,000 feet.
“E 3391. Lebong, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet.

X1V

_ “5. C, emarginatus, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 620; Beddome,
Ixvi. ; Gymnosporia emarginata, Roth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 621. Vern.
Bali bhains, Uriya.

“A thorny shrub. Bark grey, thin ; wood white, hard, in structure
resembling that of C. spinosus.

. “ Orissa, South India and Ceylon, common shrub on dry laterite
soils.

“© 3521. Khurdha, Orissa.”

Page 87, Eleodendron Roxburghii. To vernacular names add “ Miri, K61;”
88. Above the first line add “ P 460. Ajmere.”
88. After line 7, at the end of CetastrInEZ add “ No. E 3345, from Lebong,’ Dar-

39

33

35

39

23

”»

”

5)

jeeling, is the wood of Microtropis discolor, Wall. Bark very thin,
greenish grey. Wood white, soft. Pores very small, rather unevenly
distributed in long radial broken strings. Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous. Faint, concentric white lines across the rays. Weight,
35 lbs. per cubic foot.”

88, Zizyphus Jujuba. To vernacular names add “ Yellantha, Madura;

Janumjan, K6l; Ringa, Gondi; Bor, Baigas; Bogri, Rajhanshi;
Jibang, Magh ;”

89, Z. Ginoplia. To vernacular names add “ Mahkoa, Monghyr ;”
90, Z. rugosa. To vernacular names add “ Tshirka, K61; Kataila, Kharwar +

Bogri, Rajbanshi ;”

90, Z. xylopyra. To vernacular names add ‘‘ Karkata, K61; Gott, Bhumij ;

Kankor, Kharwar; Got, gotoboro, kanta bohul, Uriya; Ghattol,
ghotia, Gondi;”

90, Z. eylopyra. To numbers add— Ibs.

“°C 3508. Sonakalla, Khurdha, Orissa . - ocak ake
“°C 3559. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ‘ P - oD
“C3433. Latihar, Palamow, Chota Nagpore oi ae

91, line 6. After “ Kumaun ;” add “ Bonga sarjum, K6l ; Kyonti, Kharwar ;”
91. After line 19 add—

“© 3484, from the Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore, is V. calycu-
lata. It has a similar bark and structnre of wood to the pre-
ceding, but the wood is somewhat closer grained.”

92, after “4. R. procumbens” insert{—

“5, R. nepalensis, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.640; Gamble
19. Vern. Achal, Nep.

“A largeshrub. Bark dark brown, rough. Wood brownish grey,
moderately hard. Pores very small to small, arranged in obliqu-
anastomosing bands, and sometimes in softer whitish tissue. Medul-
lary rays fine and moderately broad, short. F

“ Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft.; Sub-Himalayan tract ;
Khasia Hills.

“FE 3346. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4,000 ft.
“FE 3364. Dhupguri, W. Diars.”

93. After line 10, at the end of Sagenetta, add “E 3430 is Gowania lepto-

stachya, DC. from Darjeeling, 6,500 ft. It has a rough brown bark,
1 inch thick. Wood soft, with very numerous large pores and broad
medullary rays.”

93, AMPELIDE®, line 5, After “V. lanata, Roxb.” add “ (E 484. Darjeeling

93,

Terai.)”
,line 6. After “V. repanda, W. and A.” add “(E 486.
Darjeeling Terai)”

XV

Page 93, AMPELIDER, line 9. Before “ H 2913” insert “H 44,”

”

33

33

99

93, —-———,, line 10. After “flattened stems,’ add “E 486, from the
Darjeeling Terai, is V. @longata,”

93, —————-, line 16. After “LZ. sambucina, Willd.” add “(E 880.
Darjeeling Terai).”
93, , line 20. After “W. Diars” add “ Vern. Ashrah, Mechi.”

95, line 12 from the bottom of the page. or “from the Sutlej eastwards,”
substitute ‘ trom the Sutlej eastwards to Nepal,”

96, Schleichera trijuga. To vernacular names add “ Baru, K6l;” and to
numbers add—

“© 3533. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . y - 665 lbs.”

97, Sapindus attenuatus. To vernacular names add “ Tigroht, Mechi.”

97. After line 14 insert “E3373, from Kaptai, Chittagong Hill Tracts, is
S. Danura, Voigt. The wood is white, moderately hard, with scanty
moderate-sized pores, very fine, numerous medullary rays, and thin
white concentric bands, of soft tissue, intervening between dark bands
of firmer texture.”

98, line 19. After “Kumaun.” add “The common European Maple is
A. campestre, Linn.; the Sycamore is A. pseudoplatanus, Linn. ;
the Norway Maple is A. platanoides, Linn. ; and the Sugar Maple of
America is “‘ A. saccharinum, Linn.”

100, Acer caudatum. To vernacular names add “ Chetokwa, Bhutia ;”

100, A. Campbellii. To vernacular names add “ Kilok, Bhutia ;”

101, A. pictum. To vernacular names add ‘* Mandar, Chenab ;”

102, line 9. After “ Nagpat, Nep.;” add “ Bundibru, Mechi ;”

103, Meliosma simplicifolia. To vernacular names add “ Laigongron, Mechi.”

103, line 30. After ‘inch of radius.” add “ It is, however, often fast grown,
especially if from coppice shoots: a tree in the Park, Darjeeling,
shewed a girth of 22 inches and a height of 32 feet at an age of 22
years, giving thus 63 rings per inch of radius. Specimens of still
faster growth are not uncommon.”

107, Mangifera indica. To vernacular names add “ Bocho, Garo; Uli,
K6l; Ama, Baigas; Tsaratpang, Magh;”

107, line 30. After “P = 471.” add “Molesworth gives: Weight 42 lbs.
P = 592, E = 3,400.”

108, VW. sylvatica. To vernacular names add “ Bagnal, Mechi ;”

108, line 30. After “are eaten.” add “The leaves are used in Assam to feed the
silkworm Cricula trifenestrata.”

109, line 20. For “ D 1066” read “ D 1065”

109, Buchanania latifolia. To vernacular names add “ Tarum, Kél: Pial,
Bhumij ; Peea, Kharwar ;”

110, After line 5, add—

“C 3532. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . 34lbs,”
110, Odina Wodier. To vernacular names add “ Jir, jial, Monghyr; Dowka,
Kol; Dowka gia, Bhumij ; Moi, Uriya.”
lll. After line 7 add “Tf this is No. 11 (Nabhay) of Bennett’s experi-
ments with Andaman woods in 1872 the weight was found to be
59 lbs., and P = 483, in three experiments, with bars 3’ X 13” x14”.
111. After line 24, below “ C 1103.” add—
*C 3529. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : - 66 ]bs.”

111, eee Anacardium. To vernacular names add “ Soso, K61; Bhilwa,
aigas ;”

Xvi

Page 113, Spondias mangifera. To vernacular names add “ Adai, Garo ;”

33

99

33

3°

>?

3)

o>

5)

]

113, last line but three. After “about Simla.” add “The silkworm <Actias
Silene is fed upon its leaves.”

114, Moringa pterygosperma. To vernacular names add “ Mulgia, K6l;”

117, line 1. For “ Wood white.” read “‘ Wood white, with an irregular grey
heartwood.”

117, line 2. For “edge” read “edges”

117, line 7. After “in Europe.” add “Our Darjeeling specimen shews 12

| rings per inch of radius.”

117. After line 8 add—

** E3405. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 11,000 ft.”

117, line 10. After “and Burma.” add “It has a smooth yellowish bark»
white wood and pores rather scanty, solitary or in radial lines between
the fine medullary rays. (E3311. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3,000 ft.)”

117, at foot of page, add— ;

“3. Indigofera stachyodes, Ldl.; Gamble 25. J. Dosua,
Ham., var. tomentosa, Baker; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 102. Vern.
Chiringi ghar, Nep.

“A small tree with thin brown bark. Wood hard, white, with an
irregular dark-coloured heartwood. Pores small to moderate-sized,
enclosed in patches of white tissue, forming irregular, sometimes con-
centric, bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant.

“Inner Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Sylhet.
“EF 3359. Rhenokh, Sikkim, 3,000 ft.
“(© 3447 from Barasand Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore, is

I. pulchelia, Roxb. Vern. Uterr, Kol; Jirhil, Kharwar. The wood
has a structure similar to that of J. heterantha.”

118, line 17. After “Kumaun ;” insert “ Hél, K61; Gurar, Kharwar;” —

118, line 18. For “ No. 3479” readj‘ No. E 479.”

118, line 19 from the bottom.’ After “Kumaun ;” add “ Balashoe, Mechi;”

118, line 8 from the bottom. After “fish.” add “ E 3636 from Bamunpokri,
Darjeeling Terai, is this species. It has a thin brown bark and white
wood with an irregular dark heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided, enclosed in, and often joined by, round concentric rings of
white tissue. Medullary rays short, fine to very fine, numerous.”

119, Ougeinia dalbergioides. To vernacular names add “ Tinsai, Gondi; Ruta,
Kél;” and (p. 120) to numbers add “C3477. Saranda Forests,
Chota Nagpore.”

121. After line 8 add “C3432 is Desmodium pulchellum, Roxb., from
Amjberia, Lohardugga, Chota Nagpore, with a yellowish-white, hard
wood, annual rings marked by a white line, small pores, and fine
white medullary rays ;”

121, line 10, At the end add “ Karzani, Monghyr; Kaincho, Uriya;”

121, Erythrina suberosa. To vernacular names add “ Farhud, Kharwar ;”

122, E. indica. To vernacular names add “ Paldua, Uriya; Pharad,
Monghyr ;”

122, line 12 from the bottom. For “ F 3106” read “E3106 ;” and to numbers
add “ E 3330. Darjeeling, 7,000 ft.”

122, line 5 from the bottom, after “ Nep. ;” insert “ Morw, mirrd, Kél; Bandu,

durang, Kharwar;”
123, line 3. “eds 3 “Gondi;” add “ Badiri, Singrampur; Ohihint, Mon-
ghyr;

XVil

Page 123, Butea frondosa. To vernacular names add “ Palashu, Mechi; Murut,

3)

”»

K6l; Pharsa, Baigas; Pards, fards, Behar ;”

123, line 26 from bottom. After “slow matches.” add “ C 979 is a fine speci-
men of the fibre sent from Berar.”

123, last line but three. After “ Lepcha,” add “ Dangshukop, Mechi.”

123, last line. Add “FF. Chappar, Ham. and J. strobilifera,, R. Br., are
common shrubs of forest undergrowth. Vern. Ulu, K6l.”

124, line 40. For “4. Dalbergia Sissoo,” vead “4. D. Sissoo,”

126. After the schedule add “Molesworth gives: Weight, 52 lbs., P. = 760,
E. = 3,800,” and to numbers “ E 3588 Darjeeling Terai.”

127, Dalbergia latifolia. To vernacular names add “ Ruté, Kol; Ruzerap

Mechi;” and to numbers add— By
“© 3456. Saidope Reserve, Palamow . - a
**C 3622. Khurdha Forests, Orissa d ; e--BF

“TD 1476, Anamalai Hills, Madras j ; at ae
128, line 4. For “ W 720.” read “W 729.”
128. D. lanceolaria. To vernacular names add “ Piri, K6l;”
129, D. paniculata. To vernacular names add “ Surteli, passi, Baigas ;”

130. At the end of DatBrreta add ‘C3450 is Dalbergia volubilis, Roxb.,
from Ramundag Reserve, Palamow. Bark thin, brown, peeling off
in flakes. Wood light brown, hard. Pores small to very large,
scanty. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Occasional faint
concentric bands.”

130. In Schedule, last line. For—
“ Bennett, No.1 1872 ,, 49°5 ~ 827 ”
read—
“Bennett, No.1 1872 ,, 495 3X13 x14 830”

131, line 12. For “B 584” read “ B 548.”

132, Pterocarpus Marsupium. To vernacular names add “ Hitun, hid, K6l;
Beeya, persar, Kharwar ; Bijo, Gondi; Piasdl, Urya ;”

133, P. Marsupium. To numbers add—
*©C 3542. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . , . 54 ]bs.”

133, es. glabra. To vernacular names add “ Khawdri, karmuj,
irguja ;”
183, line 10 from the bottom. After “ Beng.;” add “ Nas-bél, OC. P.;” and for
* golart” read “ Golari”

134, After line 8 add “No. E 3356, from the Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling,
1,500 ft., is probably Ormosia glauca, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 253.
Vern. Chuklein, Lepcha, a large tree of the Central Himalaya.
It has a grey bark, and greyish white, moderately hard wood. The

a pores are large, scanty, sometimes vance they are joined by
irregular, wavy, somewhat anastomosing patches of white, soft tissue.
The medullary rays are fine to moderately broad, wavy. The tree
bears a woody pod, filled with bright scarlet seeds, which are used by
the Lepchas as a bait to catch jungle fowl.”

135. At the end of Cmsanprnta add “C 3460, from Saranda, Chota
Nagpore, is Cesalpinia sepiaria, Roxb. Vern. Uchay, K6l; Gilo,
Uriya. It has a yellowish-white corky bark, with large corky excres-
cences, bearing strong thorns. The wood is light brown, moderately
hard, with masses of reddish-brown harder wood near the centre,
The pores are large, often subdivided or in groups, surrounded and
connected by anastomosing bands of white tissue. The medullary
rays are fine, very numerous, the distance between them much less
than the transverse diameter of the pores.”

C

XVill

Page 136, line 13, for “ Manson” vead ‘Mr. Manson ” and line 15, after “ end.” add

i

33

* A large tree measured by the Inspector General at Dalingkote
was found to have a girth of 121 inches, a height of 181 feet and 110
feet to the first branch.”

136, Cassia Fistula. To vernacular names add “ Hari, Kél; Dunras,
Kharwar; Jagartia, Gondi: Raella, Baigas.” and omit “persar,
Palamow.”, and (p. 137) to numbers add—

“C 3544. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . * . 58l|bs.”

139, line 8. For “ Paur, bela, Gondi;” read * Paur-bela, Gondi;” aud then
add “ Lamma, ring, K6l; Maulan, Kharwar;”

139, line 17. After “ Terai,” add “C977 is a fine specimen of the fibre sent
from Berar. It was examined in 1879 by Mr. Routledge, who
reported it to be an excellent, strong fibre, hemp character, and
tough, (Kew Gardens Report, 1879.)”

139, Bauhinia malabarica. To vernacular names add “ Laba, Kdl;”

139, B. racemosa. To vernacular names add “ Kaimu, K61; Ghatonli, Oraon;
Katmauli, Kharwar ;”

140, B. purpurea. To vernacular names add “ Buruju, K6l ;”

140, B. variegata. To vernacular names add “ Kurmang, Mechi ; Singya, Kél;

- Kundol, Bhumij;” and at the end of the list of numbers (p. 141)
insert “H 105 from Bhajji, Punjab, 3,000 ft., is also probably this
species.”

141, B. retusa. To vernacular names add “ Laba, K6l; Tewar, Oraon;
Katman, Kharwar; Thaur, Gondi.”

142, Tamarindus indica. To vernacular names add “Jojo, Ké6l; Chita,
Gondi ;”

143, line 15 from the bottom. After “line.” add “ At the Dehri workshops
on the Sone River, it has been used instead of brass for bear-
ings for machinery, and found to wear well. In the Sone river piles
of anjan have been found after twenty years as sound as when first
put in.”

146, lines 12, 11, and 9 from the bottom. Omit the words “two of the species
now being grown, viz.,” and “ P. pallida of”

146. Omit the last two lines.
147. Omit lines 1,2, 17 to 21.

147, Prosopis spicigera. To vernacular names add “ Somi, Monghyr;
Perambai, Madura ;”

148, line 6. After “small tree.” add “Bark brown, fibrous, deeply fissured

vertically.”

148, Mimosa rubicaulis. To vernacular names add “ Dandu deta, Kél; Arai,
Kharwar ;”

148, Xylia dolabriformis, To vernacular names add “ Kongora, Uriya;”
and (p. 149) to numbers add—

(3514, 3546. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . 54]bs.”
149, line 3. After “ District,” add * Orissa,”
149, after the schedule add ‘ Molesworth gives: Weight 58lbs., P = 836,
E = 4,300.”
151, line 34. After the words “Skinner gives 884.’ add “ Molesworth gives
Weight 541bs., P = 880, and EK = 4,150.”

152, Acacia leucophlea. To vernacular names add “ Reinga, rinja, Gondi;
Goira, Uriya;” and to numbers add “ C 3506. Khurdha Forests,
Orissa.”

154. Above line 19 from the bottom inmsert—
“© 3526. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . é . 62\]bs.”

Page

33

33

33

”

xix

154, line 19 from the bottom. For “ E 663” read “ E 665.”
11 Dyspag Ala » For “locolly” read “locally.”
154, , .6 xn Bes » Hor * F 2355” read “ E 2355.”

154. Below line 4 from the bottom add “ No. 3420 is a piece of hard, dark-red
wood, resembling this last form in appearance and structure. It was
obtained from the excavations made at Prince’s Dock, Bombay (see
Indian Forester, Vol. VI, p 108.)”

155. A. Intsia. To vernacular names add “ Kundaru, K6l;”

155, line 15. Por “ E 2379” read “E 2359.”

155. After line 15 add “C 3468, from Bandgaon, Singbhtim, Chota Nagpore,
is this species, but the wood is harder and, though recognizable, the
angular form of the stem is not so prominent as in the Darjeeling
specimens.”

155, A. pennata. To vernacular names add “ Kundaru, Kél; Arar, Kharwar ;”

156, Albizzia Lebbek. To vernacular names add “ Tinia, Uriya.” and (p. 157)
to numbers add—

“© 3560, C 3567. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . 49,59 lbs.”

158, A. procera. To vernacular names add ‘ Tinia, Uriya; Pandrai,
K6l; Garso, Kharwar ; Laokri, Mechi;”

159, line 2. For“ between A. Lebbek and the woods of A. procera” read
“between the woods of A. Lebbek and A. procera.”

159, line 10. For “ P = 884” read “ P = 695.”

160, A. stipulata. To vernacular names add “ Chapin, kera serum, Kol;
Bunsobri, Mechi;”

160, A. amara. To vernacular names add ‘* Wusel, Madura; ”
164, line 12. Add “ Vern. Lali, Nep.”

164, line 138. After “reddish brown” add “with a pretty wavy lustre on a
radial section.”

164, after line 17, add “‘ E 3422. Rangirim, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.”

165, line 10 from, the bottom. After “ Himalaya.” add “It has a brown
thick, soft bark and porous wood, with large pores and broad medul-
lary rays. (EH 3361, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.)”

166, Rubus lineatus. To list of numbers add “ E 3383, Senchul, Darjeeling,
8,000 feet.”

166, line 17 from the bottom. After “ Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 513,” add “ Vern.
Kuda, Beng.”

168. After line 6 add “FE 3335. Rangirim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.”

168, at the end of Ertosotrya. After line 6 add “ E 3411, from Darjeeling, is
Docynia indica, Dene. The wood closely resembles that of Pyrus.
Bark 4 inch thick, greyish brown, shining, splitting off in irregular
flakes and leaving a rough under-surface. Wood light brown with an
irregular purple-brown heartwood, hard, close, and even-grained.
Pores very small, more numerous in the spring wood. Medullary rays
fine, very numerous. Annual rings marked bya line. Our specimen
is a round with a mean diameter of 12 inches, and shewing 36 well-
marked rings; the growth, therefore, is 6 rings per inch of radius.”

169, last line but two. Add “E 3404. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet (has
well-marked medullary patches).”
170. After line 7 at the end of Pyrus add—
“FE 3403, from Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet, is P.
rhamnoides, Dene.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 377. Vern. Kumbil,
Lepcha ;. Kangedoc, Bhutia, a small, often epiphytic tree of the
upper forests of the Sikkim Himalaya. It has a hard, yellowish-

Xx

brown wood, with numerous small, evenly distributed pores and very
numerous fine medullary rays. The annual rings are marked by a
darker line.

“ E3633, from Goompahar, Darjeeling, 7,000 ft,, is P. Wallichii,
Hook. f. It has a greyish-brown bark; and brown, moderately hard
wood, Poies uumerous, small to moderate-sized, fewer in the autumn
wood and thus marking the annual rings. Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous, indistinct. Medullary patches few.”

“ ¥ 3400, from Darjeeling, 7,000 feet, is Photinia integrifolia,
Ldl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 381; Gamble 37. Vern. Shumbul, Lepcha,
asmall tree of the Eastern Himalaya. Bark thin, greyish brown.
Wood brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, the distance be-
tween them about equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.
Annual rings marked by a sharp line.”

Page 173, line 15 from the bottom. For “ H 3038.” read “H 3028.”

3

3

”

39

174, line 8. Omit “H 2912.”

177, Carallia integerrima. To vernacular names add “ Jér, K6l;” and to
numbers add *‘C 3482. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore.”

179, line 6. After “Lepcha;” add “ Palandu, koldungi, K61; Kundol,
Bhumij ; Buria, raterr, Kharwar ; Atundi, Uriya;”

179, Terminalia belerrca. To vernacular names add “ Luping, liking, K61;”

180, 7. Chebula. To vernacular names add “ Rola, K6l; Hadra, Oraon;”
and (p. 181) to numbers add—
*C 3531. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . ‘ 5 - 59 lbs.”

182, 7. tomentosa. To vernacular names add ‘ Hatana, K61;’ and to numbers
“HE 3590. Darjeeling Terai.”

184, Z. Arjuna. To vernacular names add “ Gara hatana, K61;” and (p. 185)
to numbers add—
“C 3461. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore = 5 ie
285, Anogeissus latifolia. To vernacular names add “ Hesel, K6l;” and
(p. 186) to numbers add—
“© 3562. “Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : . . 62 lbs.”

186, A. acuminata. To vernacular names add “ Gara hesel, pandri, pansi
K6l1;” and (p. 187) to numbers add “C3462. Saranda Forests,

Chota Nagpore.”

187, line 23. After “Adeciduous tree.” add “Bark thin, greyish white,
smooth.”

187, Gyrocarpus Jacquini, To numbers add *C 3517. Sonakalla, Khurdha,
Orissa.”

190, line 26. For “1095-7” read “1095-8” and for “2, 3,4” read “2, 3, 4,
5.” ,

190, Psidium Guava, To vernacular names add “ Gaya, Magh;”
193, Eugenia formosa. To vernacular names add “ Panchidung, Garo ;”
194, H. operculata. To vernacular names add “ Topa, K61;”

194, #, Jambolana. To vernacular names add “ Kuda, Kél; Jambin,
Oraon ;” and to numbers ‘ E 3598, Darjeeling Terai.’

195. E. Heyneana. To vernacular names add “ Gara kuda, Kél; Jamti,
Kharwar ;”

195. At the bottom of the page, add “E3439, from the Ramundag Reserve,
Palamow, Chota Nagpore, is this species. The white concentric bands
are more prominent and enclose the pores.”

196, after line 5, add “ No. © 3582, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is pro- -

bably #. zeylanica, Wight. Vern. Sagarabatna, Uriya. It is a
small myrtle-like shrub of the scrub forests. Bark brown. Wood hard,

Oe

XXI

close-grained, grey. Pores small and extremely small, joined by
concentric bands of white tissue, which are closely packed. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous. >

Page 196, Barringtonia acutangula. To vernacular names add “ [jar, Monghyr;

3”)

”

3°

39

Saprung, K6l; Hinjara, Uriya.” To numbers add “ C 3470, Saranda
Forests, Chota Nagpore.”

197. Careya arborea. To vernacular names add “ Asunda, K6l; Kim,
Bhumij ; ”

197, in schedule, line 8 from the bottom, column 5, omit the word “ Various.”

197, in schedule, line 4 from the bottom, column 5, for “2X X1” read
oe Sere'2.”

198, line 9. After “astringent.” add “C 980 is a fine specimen of the fibre
sent from Berar.”

199. At the end of Mrtastoma add—

“E 3419, from Lebong, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet, is Oxyspora
paniculata, DC. Bark reddish brown, thin. Wood light reddish-
grey, moderately hard, with dark-brown medullary patches. Pores
small to moderate-sized, scanty, often in short radial lines. Medul-
lary rays fine, short, numerous, not straight. Concentric bands of
soft tissue, often interrupted, prominent.

“ © 3561, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is Memecylon edule,
Roxb. Vern. Wirdsa, Uriya. Wood light brown, very hard, consisting
of alternate concentric layers of dark tissue without pores, and lighter
tissue in which small but distinct pores are visible. These layers may
represent annual rings. Medullary rays of two kinds, the larger fine
and short, the smaller extremely fine. Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot.”

199, line 13 from the bottom. For “ Atlacus” read “ Attacus ;”

_ 200, Woodfordia floribunda. To vernacular names add “ Icha, K61; Dadki,

Bhumij ; Harwari, Uriya.”

200, Lagerstrimia parviflora. To vernacular names add “ Saikre, K61; Sidha
Behar ;” and (p. 201) to numbers add—

“C 3547. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . 7 . 58 lbs.”
202. L Regine. To vernacular names add “ Gara saikre, Ké1;”

202, line 10 from the bottom. After “Ratnagiri.” add ‘‘Saranda forests in
Chota Nagpore.”

203, L. Regine. List of Numbers. For “ E 620” read “E 630” and after
“FE 2188. Nowgong, Assam ” add “E1433. Assam.” |

204, Duabanga sonneratioides. To vernacular names add “ Aching, Garo ;”
and to numbers ‘‘ E 3622. Kalimpting, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft.”

204, line 20 from bottom. After “radius.” add “Our specimen No. E 3622
shews only 2 rings per inch.”

205. Sonneratia acida. To numbers add—
“B 3379, from Kyoukphyoo, Arracan . . 42 Ibs.”

206, Casearia tomentosa. To vernacular names add “ Roré, Kél; Béri,
Kharwar ;” and to numbers add—

“© 3527. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : k . 43 Ibs.”

206, line 23. For “01393” read “01363.”
206, C. graveolens. To vernacular names add “ Reri, K6l; Béri, Kharwar ; ”’

208, line 7. For “Bark grey-brown, wrinkled.” vead “Bark greyish white,
one inch thick, spongy, marked with horizontal wrinkles and small
vertical lines of lenticels : peels off in thin papery layers.”

209 line 2, After “ Cachar;” add “ Arengi banu, K6l1;”’

XXil

Page 209, line 6. After “H. f and Th.;” add ‘ Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 740.”

3)

3

3)

3)

209, line 7. For “eastern slopes of the Arracan Yoma.” read “ Khasia Hills q
and the Eastern, &c.” a

209, at the end of Herrarptevrum add “C 3442, from Neturhat, Palamow,

3,000 feet, is Heptapleurum venulosum, Seem. Vern. Sukriruin,
K6l. Bark grey, shining. Wood light brown, soft. Pores small.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad.”

“EK 3635 from Goompahar Forest, Darjeeling, 7,500 ft., is A.
impressum, C. B. Clarke. Bark brown, thick, exuding a copious gum.
Wood grey, soft. Pores very small, evenly distributed. Medullary
rays prominent, moderately broad. Conspicuous concentric white
lines which run into each other. Annual rings doubtful.

210. At the end of Brassatopsts add “ E 3409, from Darjeeling, 6,700 feet,
is Brassaiopsis speciosa, Dene. and Pleh.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 737
(B. floribunda, Seem.; Gamble 44), a moderate-sized tree, with thin

grey bark, and soft white wood, in structure resembling that of

B. mitis. Growth fast,5 rings per inch of radius.”

210, line 10. After “Mig. ;” add “ Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 738.”

210, line 11. For “ Martaban Hills above 5,000 feet” add “ Eastern Hima-
laya, Khasia and Martaban, &c.” )

210, line 12. After “Seem. ;” add “ Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 738.”
210, line 24, After “Linn.;” add “Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 739.”

210, at the end of HepERa add—

“FE 3402, from Tonglo, Darjecling, 9,000 feet, is Gamblea
ciliata, C. B. Clarke ; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 740. Vern. Rama, Bhutia,
a large tree of the forests of the Senchul and Singalila Ranges above
8,000 feet. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, shining, moderately
hard. Pores extremely small, except on the outer edges of the
annual rings, which are very distinctly marked by lines of moderate-
sized pores. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, white,
shining, irregularly distributed.

* F 3576, from Darjeeling, 6,000 feet, is Pentapanaxr racemosum,
Seem. A large climbing or straggling shrub. Bark silvery grey,
thin, peeling off in thin flakes. Wood greyish white, soft. Annual
rings very prominently marked by a line of large pores: the pores
in the rest of the wood small, scanty. Medullary rays moderately

broad.” :

211, line2. After “ Torricellia tiliafolia, DC.;” add “Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 748 ;” ‘

211, line 4. After “ Khasia Hills.” add ‘(See p. 81, Daphniphyllopsis capi-
tata).”

211, line 11. After “ Thwaites;” add ‘ Hook. Fi. Ind. ii. 741 ;”

211. Alangium Lamarckii. To vernacular names add “ Ankol, K6l; Ankula,
dolanku, Uriya;” and to numbers add— Ibs. :

“C3466. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore y Ie Be
“(© 3564. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . ; 4 a ee
211, line 33. After “ Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 261;” add ‘‘ Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 743 ; ”
212, line 5. After “Linn.;” add “ Hook. Fi. Ind. ii. 744; ”
212, line 9. After “ Wall.;” add ‘* Hook. Fl, Ind. ii, 744;”
212, line 24, After “ Wall.;” add “ Hook. Fi. Ind, ii. 744;”
212, line 36. After “Wall. ;” add “ Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 745 ;”
213, line 11. After “ Hook. f, and Th.;” add “ Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 747 ;”

Xxlll

Page a16, Viburnum erubescens. To vernacular names add “ Asari, Nep.; Nakouli,

33

3°)

Bhutia ;”

217, last line but 8. For “ E 2866.” read “ E 2856."
219, Anthocephalus Caaamba. To vernacular names add “ Sanko, K61;”
220. Adina cordifolia. To vernacular names add “ Kirumba, Komba, Kol;”
220, last line but 2. For “ Hnanbeng” read “ Hnaubeng”
221, A. cordifolia. To numbers, add—

* © 3543. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : « 43 lbs.”

222, in page number. Por “22d” read “222”

222. Stephegyne parvifolia, To vernacular names add “ Gui, kémba, K6l;
Guri, guri karam, Kharwar ;” and to list of numbers add—

“C 824. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar.”

224. Hymenodictyon excelsum. To vernacular names add “Sali, K6l;
Burkunda, Bhumij ; Konso, Uriya;”

225. After line 7, add—
*C 3565. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . , - 29 Ibs.”

226, Webera asiatica. To numbers add “C 3579, C 3520. Khurdha Forests,
Orissa. Vern. Jhaujhauka.”

226. Randia uliginosa. To vernacular names add “ Kumkim, K6l;”

227, R. dumetorum. To vernacular names add “ Portohs, Ké6l; Mohna,
Kharwar ; ” .

227. At the bottom of the page add “E 3363, from Dhupguri, W. Diars,
is R. rigida, DC. The wood resembles in structure that of 2. wli-
ginosa.”

228, Gardenia turgida. To vernacular names add “ Duduri, Ké6l; Kharhar,
Oraon;” and to numbers add “C3435. Kumandi Reserve, Pala-

oe)
mow.

228. After G. LUCIDA, at the bottom of the page, add: “ C3465, from
Bandgaon, Singbhtim, Chota Nagpore, is G. gummifera, Linn. Vern.
Bururi, burt, K6l; Bruru, Bhumij. Bark brown, nearly } inch
thick. Wood yellowish white, hard, close-grained. Annual rings
indistinct. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous. This wood might serve as a substitute for boxwood.”

229. G. latifolia. To vernacular names add “ Papra, papadar, K61; Popra,
Kharwar ;”

229, lines 17,18. For “B” read “C”

229. At the end of GarprentA add “ E 3286, from the Rinkheong Reserve,

Chittagong, is Hyptianthera stricta, W. and A. Bark. brown,
somewhat corky, thin, cleft in long continuous furrows about 2
lines apart. Wood brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores
small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays of two classes: small
ones very fine, very numerous ; larger ones few, fine. Our specimen
weighs 56 lbs. per cubic foot.”

230, Plectronia didyma. To vernacular names add “ Jor, K6l;”

230, line 11. For “grey” read “light brown ;”

230, P didyma. To numbers add “C 3481. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore.”

230, Jxora parviflora. To vernacular namesadd “ Pété, K6l ;” and to numbers
add—

“C 3464. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore.”

231, Pavetta tomentosa. To vernacular names add “ Sikriba, sikérip, Kol;
Burhi, Kharwar ;”

231, line 22. After “ Gamble 49.” insert “ The Coffee plant.”

XXiV

Page 232, Morinda exserta. To numbers add—

39

39

33

*“C 3535. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . : - 40 lbs.”

232. At the end of Mortnpa add “C 3431 from Amjheria, Lohardugga, is
Hamiltonia suaveolens, Roxb. Vern. Kudia, Kharwar. It has a grey,
shining bark, which peels off in short papery flakes. The wood is dark
grey, soft, porous, with few small pores often subdivided, and moder-
ately broad to broad medullary rays.”

233, line 13. For “ Weight, 31°5 lbs.” read “ Weight, our specimen gives
27 lbs.”

233, last line but one. For “ Thibandia” read “ Thibaudia”
235, line 25. For “ E 3328” vead “ E 3325”
237, line 9. After “ Kégu,” add “ kalma,”

238. At the end of RoopopENpDRoON add “ No. E 3394, Gaultheria Griffith-
tana, Wight, from Jalapahar, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet, has a moderate-
ly hard, greyish-white wood, with numerous brown medullary spots.
Pores extremely small and numerous. Medullary rays fine, scanty.
The bark is light brown, peeling off in papery layers.” ‘

240. After line 25, add “ C 3438 from Ramundag Reserve, Palamow, and C3528
from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, are this species, but the bark is ©
thinner, and the wood differs by having the medullary rays only
‘broad’ instead of ‘ extremely. broad.’ ”

241, At the end of Arpista add “ E 3350, from the Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling,
1,500 feet, is A. tnvolucrata, Kurz; Gamble 53. Vern. Denyok,
Lepcha. It has a yellow corky bark and pinkish-white wood;
with small, scanty pores, and broad, white, wavy medullary rays.

‘E3367, from the Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong, is A. pani-
culata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 580; Beddome exxxviii.; Kurz ii. 107, a
small tree of Chittagong with handsome pink flowers. The bark is
thin, greyish brown; and the wood pinkish white, with small pores
radially disposed between the short, broad, wavy medullary rays.

“C 3463, from Bandgaon Ghat, Singbhtim, Chota Nagpore,
2,000 feet, is a species of Ardisia, probably A. solanacea, Willd.
Bark brown, smooth. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores small
and very small, often in short radial lines between the broad, wavy,
porous medullary rays.” .

242. At the end of SarcospErMa add “C 3504, from the Khurdha Forests,
Orissa, is Sideroxylon tomentoswm, Roxb. Vern. Kanta bohul,
Uriya. Bark light reddish-brown, thin. Wood light reddish-white,
hard. Pores fine to moderate-sized, in short concentric or sometimes
oblique lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, equidistant.
Concentric bands of rather darker colour having the appearance of
annual rings.”

243, Bassia latifolia. To vernacular names add “ Mandukum, K6l; Mohil,
Bhumij ;”
246, Mimusops indica. To numbers add—
“C 3551. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . 72 Ibs.”
249. Diospyros Melanoxylon. To vernacular names add “ Tiril, Ké6l;”

249, D. Melanoxylon. To numbers add “ C 3493. Kolhan Forests, Singbhiim,
Chota Nagpore.”

250, last line but 5. For “No. 62” read “No, 61”
251, D. Ebenum. To numbers add “W 1207, South Kanara (saplings).”

252, line 18. For * white’ read * grey ”

XXV

Page 252, D. Embryopteris. To numbers add “C3474. Saranda Forests, Chota

”

Nagpore.”

253. After line 9, at the end of Esnnacem, add “O 3502, from the Khurdh,
Forests, Orissa, is Maba buaifolia, Pers. Vern. Guakoli, Uriya.
Bark greyish black, thin. Wood greyish white, moderately hard,
Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines. Medullary rays very
fine, numerous and equidistant. Concentric lines of white tissue, thin,
very numerous and regular. In Orissa it is a very common bush
on poor soils.’

253. After line 24 add “ E 3372, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet, has a similar structure,
but the white bands are muck less marked. . It is probably S. serru-
latum.”

254, at the end of SympLocos add—

“E 3347, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet, is Symplocos glomerata, King.
It has a thin brown bark and white wood resembling in structure
that of S. lucida.”

(C3491, from the Kolhan Forests, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore,
is S. racemosa, Roxb. Vern, Ludum, K61; Lodh, Oraon. Bark
yellow, rough, spongy, $ inch thick. Wood white, soft. Pores
small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays short, broad, numerous.”

254, last line. After “ Beng.;” add “ Samsihar, Kharwar ; Saparing, K61;”

255, Schrebera swietenioides. To vernacular names add “Jarjo, sandapsing,
K6li Ghato, Oraon; Ghanto, Kharwar ;”

256, S. swietenioides. To numbers add “C 3454. Ramundag Reserve, Pala-
mow, Chota Nagpore.”

256, line 35. After “ Shang, Afg.;” add “ Banafsh, Kandahar ;”

256, line 40. After “ good fuel.” add “ Experiments, made at’ Kandahar by
Captain Call, R.E., with pieces 1'X 1” X 1”, gave for the average
ee Ibs. and 641 for the value of P. (Indian Forester, Vol. V,
p- 480.)”

259, after line 17, add—

“C 3486 from the Kolhan Forests, Singbhim, Chota Nagpore, is
probably L. dichotoma, DC. (Chionanthus dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
1.108). Vern. Deorkuda, K6l. Bark ¢ inch thick, light yellowish-
brown. Wood moderately hard, close-grained, white. Pores moderate-
sized, often in pairs or threes, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
equidistant, the distance between them equal to, or less than, the
diameter of the pores. Fine concentric lines of white tissue, which
may be annual rings.”

259, at the end of LrnocrERa add—

“(© 3412 from Hazaribagh, and C 3492 from Kolhan,
Singbhtim, Chota Nagpore, are Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn.
Bark ¢ inch thick, light brown, rough. Wood yellowish-brown,
moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, grouped in short
radial lines, but arranged more or less in concentric rings, the
annual rings apparently marked by a dark line and a more complete
ring of pores. Medullary rays very fine to fine, very numerous, the
distance between them equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.”

261, Carissa diffusa. To vernacular names add ‘“‘ Kanuwdn, Oraon; Anka
rt Uriya;” and to numbers add “C 3518. Khurdha Forests,
rissa.

26], at the bottom add “ C 3511 and C 3569, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa
are Carissa Carandas, Linn., Vern. Kenda keri, kerendo kuli, Uriya.
Bark yellowish brown, peeling off in square flakes. Wood white,
hard, smooth, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized or small, irregularly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous.”

BD

XXVl

Page 262, Alstonia scholaris. To vernacular names add “ Chatin, bomudu, K6l;

”

95

3

3°

9

Chhatiana, Uriya;”
263, Tabernemontana coronaria. To vernacular names add “ Chameli,
Monghyr ;”’
263, Holarrhena antidysenterica. To vernacular names add “ Korkoria,
Oraon; Kurchi, Bhumij; Zowa, kuti, Kol; Kuria, Kharwar ;
Pita korwa, Uriya;” and to numbers add—
*C 3558. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . ‘ . 39lbs.”

264, Wrightia tomentosa. To vernacular names add “ Sandikuya, K6l;
Dudh-koraiya, Monghyr ;”

265. After line 2 add “ OC 3496, from Chaibassa, Chota Nagpore, is Thevetia
neritfolia, Juss. Bark thin, greyish brown, shining. Wood grey,
moderately hard. Pores very small and small, numerous. Medullary
rays very fine, very numerous, the distance between them less than
the transverse diameter of the pores.”

265, line 29. After “‘ Auk, Nep.;” add “ Akhwan, Kharwar; Palati, K6l;
Uruk, Uriya:”

265, at line 17 from the bottom. After “purposes.” add “C 3446, from the
Barasand Reserve, Palamow; and C 3512, from Burkool, Khurdha,
Orissa, are Calotropis gigantea. The bark is light yellowish-white,
consisting chiefly of cork, and deeply cleft vertically. Wood white,
soft. Pores small to moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty.
Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous.”

268, line 20. For “Burman” read “ Burm., an”

268, line 35. or “ Bark =3, inch thick ....... .. scales” read “ Bark 4 to 2
inch thick, black or brownish black, corky, very deeply and narrowly
cleft vertically, so as to form thin ridges which easily break off.”

269, Strychnos potatorum. To numbers add “C3500. Khurdha Forests,
Orissa.”

269, S. Nusx-vomica. To vernacular names add “ Kuchila, Uriya;” and to
numbers, add ‘‘C 3537 (63 lbs.), C 3538 (54 lbs.). Khurdha Forests,
Orissa.”

269. At the end of line 11 from the bottom add “ C3475, fiom the Koel River,
Saranda, Chota Nagpore, is Rhabdia viminea, Dalzell. It has a soft
white wood, with scanty pores, often subdivided or in short radial lines.
Medullary rays extremely fine, very indistinct.”

270, Cordia Myxa. To vernacular names add “ Kmbrim, K6l;’

271, C. Macleodii. Tovernacular names add “ Renta, porponda, K6l;
Bharwar, belaunan, Kharwar ; and to numbers add “ C 3455. Betlah
Reserve, Palamow.”

273. After line 13 add “C 3497, from Ghatsila, Dhalbhim, is Hrycibe pa-
niculata, Roxb. Vern. Orumin, K6l, a climber, with the peculiar
structure of climbers: soft porous wood, large pores and moderately
broad medullary rays. The woody portions are arranged in wavy
concentric masses, separated by lines of cellular tissue. The bark is

brown with corky lenticels.”

275, Ororylum indicum. To vernacular names add “Sona, Hazaribagh ;
Sanpatti, Monghyr; Arengi banu, Kol; Sonepatia, Kharwar;
Phunphuna, Uriya ;”

275, line 31. For “ E 2396.” read * KE 2395.”

277, line 3. After “ Ceylon Collection” add “ (marked Spathodea longifolia.
Vern. Daanga, Cingh.)”

278, Stereospermum chelonoides. To vernacular names add “ Kandior, K6l ;

278, S, suaveolens. To vernacular names add “ Kandior, Kél; Pandri, Khar-
war;” and (p. 279) to numbers add “OU 1378. Gonda, Oudh.”

XXvVll

Page 279, line 16 from the bottom. For “ B 2355” read “ B 2235.”

”

280, line 6 from the bottom. For “ Ban marua” read “ban marua’
280, foot-note. For “ Linn.; Soc.” read “ Linn. Soc.”
281, Adhatoda Vasica. To vernacular names add “ Basung, Uriya;”

282, Callicarpa arborea. To vernacular names add “ Bundiin, K61; Bogodi,
gogdi, Kharwar; Boropatri, Uriya;” and to numbers add “C 3445.
Seemah Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore.”

292. Before line 5 from the bottom insert “‘C 1204. Khandwa, Central Pro-
vinces.”

295. At the end “ of Premna add “C 3578, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa.
Vern. Agabathu, Uriya, isa species of Premna, near P. latifolia,which
it resembles in structure. Bark light yellowish-brown, thin.”

295, Gmelina arborea. To vernacular names add “ Kasamar, K6l;” and
(p. 296) to numbers add—

*C 3549. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ¢ ; . 387 lbs.
* FE 3605, E 3620. Darjeeling Terai.”

297, Vitex Negundo. To vernacular names add “ Hhiri, K6l; Sindwar, Khar-
war; Samdlu, Monghyr ;”

297, V. altissima. To vernacular names add “ Simyanga, gua, K6);”

297, V. pubescens. To vernacular names add “ Muria, Uriya;” and to num-
bers (page 298) add—

“© 3550. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . ‘ - 6&2 lbs.”

299, line 3. «After “ Mechi ;” add “ Kula marsal, K61; Anguti, Uriya;”

302, Nyctacinex. Atend add “C3507, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is
Pisonia aculeata, Linn. Vern. Hati-ankusa, Uriya. It has a very
peculiar structure, consisting of regularly arranged, very large, single
or subdivided pores or groups of pores, with 2 or 3 moderate-sized pores
radially arranged on the inside of each. The medullary rays are very
fine, very numerous, and often pass through and subdivide the pores.
Bark light brown, thin.”

309, Machilus cdoratissima. To numbers add “ ¥ 3634. Darjeeling, 7,000 ft.”
310, line 25. Por “ 01378,” read “01373”
310, Tetranthera monopetala. To vernacular names add “ Pojo, hajam, K61;”

311. After line 18 insert “C3581, from the Burnai Forest, Khurdha, Orissa, is
Actinodaphne angustifolia, Nees. Vern. Jharchampa, Uriya. Bark
light brown, smooth; wood light brown, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores numerous, moderate-sized, evenly distributed or roughly
arranged in oblique lines, often subdivided. Annual rings marked by
more numerous pores. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad.”

313, line 11. After “42 lbs.” add “ This species is not a Daphnidium, but
Lindera heterophylla, Meissn.”

325, line 23. For “E 3377” read “ E 3317.”

327, Streblus asper. To vernacular names add “ Hara saijung, K6l;” and to
numbers add *“C 3577. Khurdha Forests, Orissa.”

327, Plecospermum spinosum. To vernacular names add “ Banabana, Uriya ;”

329, line 16. For “ E 3376” read “ E 3396.”

329, Artocarpus integrifolia. To vernacular names add “ Pords, K6l;”

330, A. Lakoocha. To vernacular names add “ Dao, Kol ;”

331, line 7 from bottom. For “W755” read ‘ W 758” and after line 7 from
the bottom insert “‘W 1208. South Kanara (saplings).”

332, line 830. Omit “and W 729 fromSouth Kanara;” and for “resemble”
read “ resembles ”

XXVill

Page 333, Ficus bengalensis. To vernacular names add “ Bai, K6l ;”

3°?

”

334, F. infectoria. To vernacular names add “ Baswesa, K6l ;”

335, F. religiosa. To vernacular names add “ Hesar, K6l; Jari, Uriya ;”
336, F. retusa. To vernacular names add “ Butisa, K6l;’

338. F. virgata. To numbers add “H 148. Sainj, Simla, 3,000 feet.”

339, F. Cunia. To vernacular names add “ Riu, ain, K6l; Poro dumer, Khar-
war ;”

339, F. glomerata. To vernacular names add “ Léa, K61; Dumer, Kharwar;”
340, F. Roxburghii. To vernacular names add “ Kotang, K6l ;”

340, F. hispida. To vernacular names add “ Kotang, sosokera, K61;”

341, at the end of Ficus add— ©

“E 3334 from Darjeeling, 7,000 ft., is F. Fieldingit, Miq., a
common tree of the Hill forests of the N. E. Himalaya, whose leaves
are much used for fodder. It has a thin, grey bark; wood white,
close-grained, soft. Pores moderate-sized, very scanty. Alternating
wavy bands of soft and firmer tissue prominent. Medullary rays
short, moderately broad.

“ E 3612 from Chenga Forest, Darjeeling, 1,500 ft., is F. clavata,
Wall. It has a very thin, smooth, greenish-grey bark. Wood white,
moderately hard, close-grained, lustrous. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, often subdivided and enclosed in a ring of white tissue.
Alternating layers of white, soft, and firmer dark tissue, very regular.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, very short, white.”

341, line 12. For “2075” read “2975.” '

342, Ulmus integrifolia. To vernacular names add “ Daurango, Uriya;”

344, Sponia orientalis. To vernacular names add “ Rarunga, K6l;”

347, line 18 from the bottom, after “ Beng.;” add “Hara sejum, K0l; Sikat,
Kharwar; Mahkod, Monghyr; ”

348, line 27, after “ Vern.” insert “‘ Simul aloo, simul turil, Beng. ;”

349, Antidesma Ghesembilla. To vernacular names add “ Mata suré, K6l;”

352, Phyllanthus Emblica. To vernacular names add “ Meral, Ké61;” and
to numbers add—
“© 3539. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . ; ._ 58 lbs.”

353. At theendof “ Puytiantuus,” add “C 3485, from the Kolhan Forests,
Singbhim, Chota Nagpore, and © 3501 and C 3553, from the Khur-
dha Forests, Orissa, are Phyllanthus lanceolarius, Mill. Arg. Vern.
Marang mata, K61; Kalchua, Uriya. Eark brown, longitudinally
cleft, soft. Wood reddish brown, moderately hard. Pores small
and moderate-sized, scanty, in radial lines between the fine medullary
rays. The distance between the rays is equal to, or less than, the
transverse diameter of the pores. Weight, our specimen ‘ C3553 °
gives 56 lbs. per cubic foot.

“© 3451, from the Betlah Reserve, Palamow, is Breynia
rhamnoides, Mill. Arg. Bark greyish brown, fibrous. Wood reddish ~
brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small, in radial lines between. the
numerous, fine medullary rays.”

353, last line. For “Ei 5469” vead “ Ki 2469.”

356, Briedelia retusa. To vernacular names add “ Kharaka, kaka, K6l;
Karika, Bhumij; Kan, haji, Kharwar; dj, Monghyr;”

357, line 8. After “Ceylon Collection” add “(marked B. spinosa. Vern.
Kettekale, Cingh.)”

357. Briedelia tomentosa, To numbers add “C 3498, Dhalbhtim, Chota Nag-
pore.”

xxix

Page 357. At the end of Brizpr1i1a add “C 3503 from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa,

3)

»

3

is Briedelia stipularis, Bl. Vern. Gour kassi, Uriya. Bark brown.
Wood greyish brown, moderately hard. Pores scanty, often subdivided
or in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, nunferous, uniformly
distributed, the distance between them less than the transverse dia-
meter of the pores. Numerous very fine, concentric, transverse bars
across the rays.”

358, Lebedieropsis orbicularis. To vernacular names add “ Parasu, pas, K61;
Kergaili, Kharwar;” to numbers add “C3452. Betlah Reserve,
Palamow, Chota Nagpore;” and in line 18 after “ poisonous,” add
“and in Singbhim is so used by the Ho Kdls, as also the root, mixed
with salt.”

359, line 9, after “ Nep.;” add “ Kurti, konya, kuli, K6l; Putila, Bhumij;
Putri, Kharwar ; Puter, Monghyr ;”’ .

359, Croton caudatus. To vernacular names add “ Wusta, Uriya;”

359, line 5 from bottom. After “smaller.” add “C 3458, from Chandwa, Tori,
Chota Nagpore, is this. It has a yellow wood, pores moderate-sized,
scanty, single or subdivided, or in groups of 3 to 4; and medullary
rays fine and very fine, very numerous. Wavy concentric bands of
white tissue.”

359, Trewia nudiflora. To vernacular names add “ Kurong, Nep.; Gara
lohadaru, K61; Gamhdr, Monghyr; Monda, Uriya.”

363. Ricinus communis. To vernacular names add “ Bindi, K6l;”

365, Jatropha Curcas. To vernaeular names add “ Kulejera, totka bendi,
K6l;”

366, After Comtocarrus insert “C3548, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa,
is Gelonium lanceolatum, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 831; Beddome
ecxiv. Vern. Kakra, Uriya; Suragada, Tel. It is a pretty evergreen
tree of the Eastern Circars and Orissa, and has a yellow, smooth,
close and even-grained wood, which weighs 50 Ibs. per cubic foot and
has a peculiar waxy smell. The pores ure moderate-sized, scanty,
sometimes subdivided. The medullary rays are very fine, very nu-
merous, and are joined by very faint, fine, white lines. Growth moder-
ate, 6 rings per inch of radius.”

369. After line 3 insert “C 3509, from Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is Huphorbia
Tirucalli, Linn. Vern. Séju. Bark brown or greenish brown. Wood
white or grey, moderately hard. Pores small, single or subdiuided,
scanty. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous.”

369, line 5. After “ Baillon.” add ‘‘ The Box Tree.”

372, line 17 from the bottom. Ayter “ roofing houses.” add “(H 130, Rotang
Pass, Kulu, 9,000 ft.)”

372, line 10 from the bottom. For “ E 2404.” read “ E2403.”

373, line 6. oie E 2914.” read “* E 2904.”; and line 7, for “ E 2405.” read

374, line 18. For “ E 2406.” read “FE 2405.”
375, line 12. For “ 8S. serphyllum” read “ 8. serpyllum.”

375, Salia tetrasperma. To vernacular names add “ Nachal, Kél; Chéur,
Kharwar ; ”

379, line 18. For “ H 3138.” read “H 3188.”

380, line 8. For “ Vulgaris” read “vulgaris” and line 9, for “ Castanea
Vesca” read ‘* Castanea vulgaris.”

384, ibn To numbers add ““H777. Kalatop Forest, Punjab,

386, Q. acuminata. To numbers add “ E 3384, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.”

XXX

Page 392, Juglans regia. To numbers add “H 7. Theog, Simla, 5,000 ft.”
ys 392, line 3 from the bottom. For “ H 41” read “ H 35.”

» 393, after line 4 add “ E 3587, E 3632, Darjeeling, 7,000 ft. The latter is
from a planted tree and shews 15 rings to a radius of 44 inches, or
3% rings per inch of radius.”

» 408, line 8. For “ H 2898.” read “ H 2896.”

» 409, after line 26, add “Our No. E 2437 shewed, on the round, a mean
diameter of 22 inches corresponding to 134 years or 13 rings per
inch of radius. This agrees with several other measurements made
in the Singalila Forests in Darjeeling, though at a lower elevation the
growth is faster. Twelve rings per inch may be, therefore, taken as
an average rate of growth for the Sikkim Silver Fir forests.”

» 410 line 16. After “above Ghat.” add “ C. Lawsoniana, Murray, is cultivated
and grows well at and around Darjeeling.”

», 410, line 6 from the bottom. After “Gamble 83.” add “‘ The Funereal Cypress.”

» All,line 10. At the beginning add “E3615 from Rangirim, Darjeeling,
7,000 ft., and” and for “is” write “ are”

» 411, line 20. After “ Wood soft,” add “white, with a brown, often almost
black, heartwood,”

» 412, last line. For “ H 127.” read “ H 129.”

» 415, line 8, after “ Cuttack,” add “Rengua, Uriya.” and in line 10, for *‘ Mid.”
read “ Miq.” 7

» 418, line ll. For “talll ” read “ tall”
» 419,line 6. After “ Hind.;” insert “ Keeta, Kél;” ie
» 421, line 14 from the bottom. For “ENTINCKIA” read “ BENTINCKIA ”

» 423, Calamus tenuis. To vernacular names add “ Jali, Cachar;” and to
numbers add “(EK 1298. Cachar).”

», 424, C. Mastersianus. As number add “ (E1299. Cachar).”

5, 424, C. Jenkinsianus. To vernacular names add “ Gallah, Cachar;” and to
numbers “ (EK 1300. Cachar.)”

,. 426, line 16 from the bottom. For “ E 1354,” read “E 1351, 1354,”

» 427, line 24 from the bottom. After “ Beng.;” insert “ Pepe siman, Kol;”
and for “* E 1329” read * E 1328,’

», 428, line 12. After “ Hind.;” insert “ Katanga, K6l;”

», 428, line 16 from the bottom. After “E3428 ” add “ E 1327;” and line 15°
Sor “E1314” read * E1312”

», 430, line 10. After “Beng.;” insert “ Mathan, saring, buru mat, Kél;
Bukhar, Palamow (the clump) ;”

», 430, line 17. After “ basket work.” add “ (B 1322, Burma. P 1352, Hoshiar-
pur, Punjab.)”

» 430, line 12 from the bottom. After “‘E 1341” add “ E 1466.”

431, line 28. For “CRYPTOGAMIA.” read * CRYPTOGAMA.”

432, line 21. For “ Braineat nsignis” read “ Brainea insignis”

Under their proper places add E 3593, Beilschmiedia Roxburghiana ; E 3597, Ehretia

Wallichiana ; E 3600, Terminalia belerica ; E 3603, Stereospermum chelonoides ;

E 3607, Quercus pachyphylia ; B 3609, Quercus annulata ; £3610, Echinocarpus —
dusycarpus ; and E 3611, Lagerstrémia parviflora,—all from Darjeeling.

MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS.

—---—-»-- --

I. DICOTYLEDONS.
Orper I. RANUNCULACEE.

A family which contains chiefly herbaceous plants. Besides Clematis and Nara-
velia, which are genera of climbing shrubs, Peonia Emodi, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind i.
30. Vern. Mamekh, Pb. is an erect undershrub of the Western Himalaya, whose root
“4 said by Stewart to be used in native medicine, and young shoots as a vegetable in

umaun.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Of this and the neighbouring genus, Waravelia, 22 species occur in India. They
are distributed almost all over India: 11 are found in the North-West Himalaya, 14
in the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, 2 in Central India, 4 in the Dekkan, 4 on
the Western Coast and 10 in British Burma. |

The commonest kinds in the North-West Himalaya are C. grata, Wall., C. nutans,
Royle, and C. orientalis, Linn., with white or yellowish-white panicles of flowers ;
C. montana, Ham., with large white star-shaped flowers, and C. barbellata, Edgw.,
with dull purple ones, commonin the hill forests; while C. Buchananiana, DC.,
is conspicuous for its woolly leaves and large soft tomentose bell-shaped flowers. In
the Eastern Himalaya this latter species is the most common, with C. grewieflora,
DC., covered all over with golden pubescence, and the beautiful pink-flowered C. smilaci-
folia, Wall. C. gouriana, Roxb. and Naravelia zeylanica, DC., are common in
Bengal, Central India, the Dekkan, and in Burma, where the second species of Wara-

velia (NV. laurifolia, Wall.) is also found.

These climbers are all very ornamental, but they have little or no value, though
Kurz says that the “stems of the species from Burma while fresh are often used for
ropes and are very strong.” Mathieu Fl. For. p. 9 gives the weight at 24 to 36 lbs.
per cubic foot for C. Vitalba, Linn, the European Clematis, or Traveller’s Joy.

1. C. montana, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.2; Gamble 1. Vern. Ghantidli, Hind.
H 2851. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 ft.
2. C. barbellata, Edew.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 3.
H 2852. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 ft.
H 3156. Theog, Simla, 7,000 ft. . ae : P 40 lbs.
3. C. grata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 3. Vern. Ghantidli, Hind.
H 2850. Simla, 6,000 ft.
4. OC. Buchananiana, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 6; Kurz i. 17; Gamble 1.
H 2838. Simla, 6,000 ft.

Woody climbers, with a fibrous bark and a porous yellowish-white
wood, with broad or very broad medullary rays and pores which vary

from small to very large.
| , A

2 DILLENIACE®. . [ Dillensa.

Orver II]. DILLENIACEA.

An order of three Indian genera, belonging to two tribes, viz.,—

Tribe JI.—Delimex : Raa tor ; - Delima and Tetracera.
» i1—Dilleniee . p ; F F « Dillenia and Wormia.

Delima sarmentosa, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 31; Kurz i. 22; Gamble 2 (Tetra-
cera sarmentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645) Vern. Monkyourik, Lepcha, is an evergreen
rough-leaved climber of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andamans.
Tetracera includes two species: Z. levis, Vahl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 31 (2. trigyna,

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645), a climber of the forests of Malabar; and 7. Assa, DOC.;

Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 31; Kurz i. 22, a scandent shrub of Chittagong. Wormia is found
in Ceylon.

1. DILLENIA, Linn.

Eight species. D. bracteata, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind.i.37 (D. repanda, Roxb.

Fl. Ind. ii. 652. Wormia bracteata, Beddome t. 115) is a handsome tree of South
India. D. pulcherrima, Kurz i. 19; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 37. Vern. Byoo, Burm., is a
handsome deciduous tree of Pegu and Martaban, chiefly in the Eng forests, which Kurz
evidently identifies with No. 2 of Brandis’ Burma List of 1862 (Bjooben): weight
69 Ibs., wood hard and strong, and used for rice-mills. D. seabrelia, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 653; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 38; Kurz i. 21. Vern. Akachi, Garo, is a deciduous tree
of Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. D. parviflora, Griff.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.
38; Kurzi. 21. Vern. Lingyau, Burm., is a deciduous tree of the mixed forests of
Burma up to 2,000 feet.

Wood characterized by prominent medullary rays which appear as
high, shining plates on a vertical section, giving the wood a remarkably
mottled appearance. The rays are generally of two sizes and the pores
are small, the distance between the rays being greater than the diameter
of the pores. iy

1. D. indica, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 36; Brandis 1 ;*Kurz i. 19;
Gamble l. D. speciosa, Thunb.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11. 650; Beddome t. 103.
Vern. Chalta, Hind.; Chalta, hargesa, Beng.; Phamsikol, Lepcha;
Otengah, Ass.; Rat, Uriya; Uva, Tam.; Uva, pedda-kalinga, Tel. ;
Syalita, Mal. ; Mota karmal, Mar. ; Hondapara, Cingh. ; Thapru, chaura-
lest, Magh ; Thabyoo, Burm. ; Carliow, Taleing.

A large evergreen tree. Bark red, peeling off in small hard flakes.
Wood red with white specks, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores
moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays of
two classes, broad and extremely fine, a large number of fine ones
between two broad ones. Two or more lines of pores between each pair
of broad rays. The medullary rays are visible. on a radial section, giving
the wood a mottled appearance, but not to the same extent asin D.
pentagyna, — 7

Bengal, Central and South India, Burma; often planted for ornament.
Growth moderate, our specimens shew seven rings per inch of radius, The weight
and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments :—

Weight. P
Skinner, No. 58, in 1862, in South India . found 45 Ibs., 721
Kyd in 1831 with Assam wood, bars2)x1’x1".,, 45 ,, 243 (doubtful)
Brandis, in 1862, Burma List, No.3. Sat Biv ge Vee
Smythies, in 1878, with our fourspecimens . , 44°65 ,, aad

found with sal.

Dillenia. | DILLENIACER: 3

The wood is used to make helves and gunstocks, and in construction ; and is said to
be durable under water. It makes good firewood and charcoal. The large fruit is
surrounded by the fleshy accrescent calyx which is eaten either raw or cooked, The
rough old leaves are used to polish ivory. ; i

lbs.

E 596. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai. ° : . . 40
E 2310. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai ° . é : . 41
E 1395. Chittagong . ‘ ; ; . ; , : é . 48
B 2501. Burma . ‘ ; ‘ = es ‘ ; . 49

2. D. pentagyna, Roxb. Fi. Ind. ii. 602; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 38;
Beddome t. 104; Brandis 2; Kurzi.21; Gamble2. D. augusta, Roxb.
le. Vern. Aggai, Oudh; Kallai, C.P.; Karkotta, Beng.; Suha-rih,
Bori, C.P.; Tatri, Nep.; Shukni, Lepcha; Akshi, Ass.. Mechi; Akachi,
Géro; Rai, Uriya; Rai, pinnai, nai-ték, Tam.; Rawadan, chinnakalinga,
Tel.; Kanagalu, Mar.; Mirchi, Baigas ; Kallei, Gondi; Malé geru, Kirg ;
Machil, Kan.; Zambrin, Magh.; Zimbyin, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey or pale-brown, smooth,
inner substance red. Wood rough, moderately hard, reddish grey; apt
to split, warp and crack ; strong, heavy, durable, handsomely marked on
a vertical section by the darker-coloured medullary rays which appear
as broad plates. Pores small and moderate-sized, many of them filled
with a white substance, which is visible both on the horizontal and
vertical sections, and is one of the characteristics of the wood. Medul-
lary rays numerous, moderately broad, with a few intermediate, very
fine rays. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt in the outer edge
(autumn wood) without pores; this is particularly distinct in the wood
from Oudh, less so in the specimens from Burma.

Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma.

Growth moderately fast, our specimens give five to six rings per inch of radius.
Saplings grow up very fast, with straight, thick-barked stems, crowned by very large
leaves. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :— ’

Weight. P=

Skinner, in 1862, in South India, No. 57 5 . found 70 lbs. 907

Benson, in Burma, with bars 3’«1°4’ x14" are. es 960

Kyd, in 1831, with Assam wood, in bars2’x1’x1". ,,) 45_—,, 593

Brandis, in 1862, Burma List, No.1. ‘ : 48 ,, ote

rt in 1864, with Burma wood (4 experiments)
bars 3’x1’x1" . , : ‘ ‘ ‘ aviieat Ata 740
Smythies, in 1878, with our six specimens. wi teet MELB: «55 ai

The wood is used for construction, ship-building, rice-mills, and for charcoal;which
is of good quality. The leaves are very large, often 2 feet long; they are used for
plates. The fruit is eaten when green, as also are the flower-buds. The tree is often

O 348. Gorakhpur (1868) . ‘ ‘ : aaa ‘ . 54
FE 658. Rakti Forest, Darjecling Terai . ‘ ; : . . 45
E 2311. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai . ° ‘ ‘ . ‘ . 54

Bi Saat SE gs gw ale meh ot

~B. 66%. Prome, Burma . ‘ A F : ; ‘ : , ee
3. D. aurea, Smith; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 37; Brandis 2; Kurz i. 20,
D. ornata, Wall. Vern. Chamaggai, Oudh; Dheugr, Nep.; Byooben, Burm.

A large tree. Bark 4 inch thick, reddish grey. Wood grey, beauti-
uflly mottled and wainscoted, hard, close-grained, Pores small and

4 DILLENIACER. { Dellenia.

very small, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays broad, with a
few intermediate very fine rays. Annual rings very indistinct. The
wood differs from that of D. indica and D, pentagyna by smaller pores.
and narrower medullary rays.

Nepal, Bengal, Burma and Andaman Islands.

Weight : according to Benson, 44 lbs.; Brandis, 45 Ibs.; our specimens give 48 to
49 lbs. Benson gives P = 834. Wood not used.
Ibs.

B 2502. Burma (1862) 2 3 Ps . . i ; . . 49
B 2253. Andaman Islands (1866) : : ; : : . 48

4. D. retusa, Thunb.; Thwaites Enum. 5; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 37.
Vern. Godapara, Cingh. ;

A tree. Wood resembling that of the other species.

Ceylon, up to 2,000 ft. 7

Weight according to A. Mendis, 51 Ibs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building.

Ibs.
No. 29, Ceylon collection es 9. cg: Eee et Renna 51

Two specimens, B 2245 (52 Ibs.) and B 2275 (44 Ibs.), sent by Major Ford from the
Andaman Islands in 1866 under name of Lingyaw, have a structure similar to that of
D. aurea, but the wood is purplish grey and may possibly belong to D. pilosa, Roxb.
(Kurz i. 20) which, according to Kurz, is a large tree of the Andamans.

2. WORMIA, Rottb.

1. W. triquetra, Rottb.; Thwaites Enum. 4; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 35.
Vern. Diyapara, Cingh.
Wood reddish, in structure resembling that of Dellenia.
Ceylon, up to 2,000 ft.
Weight 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building ; the nut gives an oil.
Ips,
No. 22, Ceylon collection : ° : 2 als oak . : = . 44

Orpver III. MAGNOLIACEZ.

Contains 8 genera of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers, which are chiefly found in the
Eastern Himalaya and the Eastern moist zone. The order is divided ino 4 tribes,
viz. —

Tribe I.—Trochodendree . ‘ ; ° - Kuptelea.
» iL—Winteree . J 7 ; s - Lilicium.
» ill.—-Magnolies . ° me ins : - Lalauma, Magnolia, Man-
glietia and Michelia,
» 1V.—Schizandres ° ° - ° . Schizandra and Kadsura.

Four of these genera contain only shrubs or woody climbers : Hwptelea pleiosperma,
Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 39, isa shrub of the higher Mishmi Hills; Z/liciwm
contains two shrubs ; I. Griffithii, Hook. f. and Th. of the Khasia Hills, and Z. majus,
Hook. f. and Th.; Kurz i. 23, of thé Thoungyeen Hills in Tenasserim ; Schizandra, 4
climbing species of the Eastern epg fe of which S. grandiflora, Hook. f. and Th. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 44; Brandis 571; Gamble 3. Vern. Klandru, kaljendrw, Simla;
Sillangti, Kumaun; Singhata, taksielrik, Lepcha, with edible fruits, extends as far
west as Simla (H. 3,029, Nagkanda, 9,000 ft., with a porous wood and strong resinous
smell); and Kadsura, two climbers of Assam and Malabar respectively. Of the remain-
ing genera, three are here described, the last, Manglietia, containing two large trees ;

— a SO ee en
7

Talauma. | MAGNOLIACER. 5

M. insignis, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 42; Kurz. i. 25, of the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia
Hills and Pegu, above 6,000 feet; and M. Caveana, Hook. f. and Th. of the Khasia
Hills. Nearly all the family are showy plants, with handsome foliage and sweet-scented,
large flowers. Many species come from America and are grown in gardens in Europe ;
among such are Liriodendron tulipiferum, the well known Tulip Tree and several
handsome Magnolias,

Wood soft, generally rough. Pores generally small, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays sharply marked, fine. The annual rings
are generally marked by a clearly defined line, or narrow belt of soft
texture. The structure of the different species of this order is so uniform
that no attempt has been made to give generic characters. _ ?

1, TALAUMA, Juss,

T. Rabaniana, Hook.f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Jnd. i. 40; Kurz i. 24. Vern. Sappa,
Ass., is a large tree of the Khasia Hills and Burma. whose wood is sometimes used in
Assam for furniture and planking; aod 7. mutabilis, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 40
(7. Candollei, Bl. ; Kuvz. i. 24). a shrub of Tenasserim and Tavoy. Most of the species
are remarkable for their large fragrant flowers. |

1. T. Hodgsoni, Hook. f.and T.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 40; Gamble 3.
Vern. Siffoo, Lepcha; Harré, Nep.

An evergreen tree. Bark grey, + inch thick, smooth. Wood grey,
very soft, even-grained. Annual rings distinct. Pores small. Medullary
rays fine and very fine.

Sikkim Himalaya from the Terai up to 6,000 ft.; Khasia Hills.
Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight 21 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
E 3100. Darjeeling 5,000 ft. . hah n : sondegie ty Polog SSE

2. MAGNOLIA, Linn.
Besides the species given below, M. globosa, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind.

4. 41; Gamble 2, is a small tree of the inner ranges of the Sikkim Himalaya;

MM. Griffithii, Hook. £. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 41, an evergreen tree of the forests
of Upper Assam; and M. sphenocarpa, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 41; Kurz i. 24.
(Liriodendron grandijlorum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 653.) Vern. Burramtiri, Ass. ; Duli
champa, Sylhet. is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the base of the
Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong.

1. M. Campbellii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 41; Gamble 2.
Vern. Lal champ, Nep. ; Sigumgrip, Lepcha; Pendder, Bhutia.

A large, tall, deciduous tree. Bark dark coloured, that of the
branches black. Wood white, very soft. Annual rings distinctly marked

by prominent white lines. Pores small. Medullary rays moderate-sized,
prominent,

Sikkim and Bhutan from 7,000 to 10,000 feet. Growth moderate, 113 rings per
inch of radius, Weight 25lbs. per cubic foot. Wood occasionally used for planking,
but now scarce. Chiefly remarkable for its magnificent large pink or white flowers,
which appear in April. .

< Ibs.

E 365. Rangyriim Forest, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet . : : ; ; 25

3. MICHELIA, Linn,

Besides the 5 (Somes described below, M. Kisopa, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43.
Vern. Banchampa, Kumaun ; Champ, chobsi, Nep., is a tall tree of Nepal. A. Aikin, in

'. his Catalogue of Indian woods collected by Wallich, says the wood is yellowish, is used

in Nepal for light works, and has 8 to 11 rings per inch of radius. J. punduana, Hook.

6 MAGNOLIACER. [ Michelia,

f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 43, is found in the Khasia Hills; and WZ. nilagirica Zenk ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 44; Beddome t. 62. Vern. Pila champa, Hind., Mar.; Shembugha,
Tam.; Walsapu, Cingh., with a strong, fine-grained wood, used for building, beams
and rafters, in the higher forests of the Western Ghats and Ceylon.

1. M. Cathcartii, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 42 ; Gamble
2. Vern. Kala champ, Nep.; Atokdting, Lepcha.

A large tree, with dark-coloured bark. Sapwood large, white,
heartwood dark olive brown, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly
marked by a white line. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, not very
prominent.

Sikkim Himalaya, 5,000 to 7,000 feet.

Weight 41 lbs. Wood used for planking, will do well for tea boxes. The flowers

are terminal, white, but turn red in drying.
Ibs.

E 2314, Rangbdl Forest, Darjeeling, 6,500-feet . . : ; . Al

2. M. Champaca, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 42; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
656; Beddome vi; Brandis 3; Kurzi. 25; Gamble 3. Vern. Champa,
Hind, ; Oulia champ, Nep.; Titasappa, Ass.; Champa, champaka, Beng. ;
Shimbu, sempangam, Tam.; Champakamu, sampenga, kanchanamu, Tel. ;
Sampighi, Kan.; Champakam, Mal.; Tsaga, Burm.

A tall evergreen tree, with grey bark, 4 inch thick. Wood soft,
seasons and polishes well; sapwood white; heartwood light olive brown; ~
annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores small and
moderate-sized, equally distributed. Medullary rays short, fine to
moderately broad, visible on a radial section. |

Cultivated throughout India from the Ravi southwards and up to 5,400 feet in
the North-West Himalaya. Wild in Nepal, Bengal, Assam (ascending to 3,000 feet),
Burma, and in the forests of the Western GhAts as far as Kanara.

Growth moderate, our specimens shew seven rings per inch of radius. It often
reaches 8 feet girth at an age of 100 to 120 years.

Weight: the mean of 7 experiments made by Rrandis in 1864 gave 37 lbs.
per cubic foot; Puckle’s experiments in Mysore gave 42 lbs. ; while Smythies found 38 lbs.
per cubic foot as the average of our specimens. In Brandis’ experiments of 1864 on Nepal
wood, 4 with bars 6' x 2” K 2” gave P= 564, while 3 with bars 6' X 2” x 12” gave P=
561. Puckle’s in Mysore with bars 2’ x 1” x 1” gave P = 642.

The wood is very durable: e. g., specimen No. 1437 was cut by Griffith in 1836 and
has been since then in Caleutta, and is now assound asif fresh cut. The wood is used for *
furniture, house-building, carriage work and native drums. It is considered valuable in
Northern Bengal for planking, door-panels and furniture; and in Assam for building
and canoes. The flowers are prized on account of their sweet scent, and the tree is
planted at Hindu shrines.

E 576. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai. - , : . 38
E 2313. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai ; ; ; Ps . i BF
E 2195. Nowgong, Assam . : ; . . : é ‘ . 40
E 1049. Eastern Diars, Assam . ; ; : . . ; . 86
E 1437. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) ‘ “ ; 7 : . 42

3. M. excelsa, Blume ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43; Gamble 8. Vern. Bara
champ, safed champ, Nep.; Sigugrip, Lepcha; Gék, Bhutia.

A lofty deciduous tree. Bark greyish brown, 4 inch thick. Wood
soft; sapwood small, white; heartwood olive brown, glossy; annual
rings distinctly marked by firmer autumn wood with fewer pores.
Pores small, Medullary rays short, fine and moderately broad, very
numerous, prominent on a radial section. According to Gamble, the
wood is yellow when fresh cut,

Michelia. | MAGNOLIACER, 7

Eastern Himalaya, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet ; Khasia Hills.

Growth rather slow; 13 to 16 rings per inch of radius are shewn by our specimens.
Weight, 33 to 341bs. per cubic foot. The wood isvery durable: ¢.¢., specimen No, 1442
was cut in 1836 and kept since then in Calcutta; the wood is now as sound as if fresh

cut.
Used for building, but chiefly for planking, door and window frames, and for furni-
ture. The principal building and furniture wood of the Darjeeling Hills.

lbs.
E 657. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . ; . . 88
E 2312. Rangbidl Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . ° ; . 33
E 1442. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836). ¢ : ; d . 84

4, M. lanuginosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43; Gamble 2. Vern.
Gogay champ, Nep. |

A large deciduous tree. Bark + inch thick, greyish brown,
smooth. Wood grey, soft, shining. Pores small, scanty. Medullary
rays fine and very fine, closely packed. Narrow concentric (annual ?)
rings of soft texture, often confluent.

Forests of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills from 5,000 to 7,000 feet.
Growth moderate. Weight 27 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs,

E 3099. Darjecling,7,000 fect . . . 2. © © «© « W
5. M. oblonga, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43. Vern. Sappa, phul-

sappa, Assam.
A tree. Sapwood white; heartwood-dark grey, soft. Annual rings

_ indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, often in short radial lines. Medullary

rays fine, uniform, closely packed, equidistant; the distance between two

rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Khasia Hills and Assam.
Weight, 40 Ibs. per cubic foot, The wood is used in Assam for canoes and rough
furniture. ;
lbs.

E 1268. Lakhimpur, Assam oer) Ms ‘ : ° : . 40

Orpver IV. ANONACES.

This order contains 21 Indian genera, the majority of which are South Indian
and Burmese.

They belong to 5 tribes, viz.,—

Tribe I.—Uvaries - : : . Uvaria and Ellipeia.
» I1.—Unonesx ; ‘ : . Cyathocalyx, Artabotrys, Cananga,
| Cyathostemma, Unona, Polyal-
thia, Anaxagorea and Popowia.
» I11.—Mitrephoree . < . . Oxymitra, Pheanthus, Gonio-
thalamus and Mitrephora.

» I1V.—Xylopiex : : ‘ . Anona and Melodorum.
» V.—Miliuseze : : é - Miliusa, Saccopetalum, Alphonsea,
Orophea and Bocagea.

One genus, Anona, contains introduced fruit trees; five, Uvaria, Ellipeia, Arta-
botrys, Oxymitra and Melodorum, chiefly climbing shrubs; fifteen, Cyathocalyz,
Cyathostemma, Unona, Polyalthia, Anaxagorea, Popowia, Pheanthus, Goniotha-
lamus, Mitrephora, Miliusa, Saccopetalum, Orophea, Cananga, Alphonsea and
Bocagea, are shrubs or trees. In Northern and Central India the family is represented

8 ANONACEZ. [ Polyalthia.

by 4 species of Polyalthia, 3 of Anona, 2 of Saccopetalum and Miliusa velitina.
The Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal,-contain trees, shrubs or climbers
of the genera Uvaria, Artabotrys, Anona, Polyalthia, Melodorum and Miliusa, while
the remaining genera, and the majority of the species of these, are found in South
India or Burma.

Of the genera not herem described, the five climbing ones contain about 30 species,
the principal of which are: Uvaria macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 663; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 49; Kurz i. 28. Vern. Bagh-runga, Beng.; Thabwot-nway, Burm., a large evergreen
climber common in Eastern Bengal and Burma; Zllipeia ferruginea, Hook. f. and
Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 52 (Uvaria ferruginea, Ham,; Kurz i. 29), a shrub of the
Irrawaddy valley ; and Artabotrys odoratissimus, R. Br.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 54; Kurz i.
31 (Uvaria odoratissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 666), a large Burmese shrub with fragrant
flowers. Cyathocalyx martabanicus, Hook, f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 53; Kurz i.
30, is an evergreen tree of Martaban and Tenasserim. Cananga odorata, Hook. f. and
Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 56; Kurz. i. 33 (Uvaria odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.661) Vern.
Kadapgnam, Burm., is a large evergreen tree of Tenasserim. Unona contains seven
Burmese and three South Indian trees. Popowia two, viz.: P. Beddomeana, Hook. f.
and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 68 (P. ramosissima, Beddome viii.) of the Travancore and
Tinnevelly hills; and P. Helferi, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 69; Kurz i. 39
of the Andamans and Tenasserim. Alphonsea four, viz., A. madraspatana, Bedd.
t. 92; A. zeylanica, Hook. f. and Th., of South India; A. lutea, Hook. f. and Th., of
Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma; and A. ventricosa, Hook. f. and Th., of
Assam, Chittagong and the Andamans, all trees of considerable size. Mitrephora
grandiflora, Geddome t. 91.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 78, is a large handsome tree of the South
Kanara forests. There are altogether, excluding those of the Malay Peninsula and
Ceylon, about 100 Indian species ; of these about 60 occur in Burma, 30 in South India
and 30 in Eastern Bengal. Further specimens of the wood of the larger species are
urgently required for investigation and determination of doubtful woods, such as
Bamau, &c. (see p. 10). :

Wood, light-coloured, generally yellowish and soft. Pores small. -
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, joined by numerous fine trans-
verse bars. These transverse bars furnish an excellent character for
distinguishing the wood of Anonacez from that of most other families;
they are also found in Bassia and Mimusops, but in these genera they
have more the character of wavy concentric lines. The structure of the
different species of this family is so uniform that no attempt has been
made to give generic characters. .

1, POLYALTHIA, Blume.

Besides the two species here described, P. simiarwm, Bth. and Hook. f.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 63; Kurz i. 37, is a large tree of Eastern Bengal and Burma; P. Jenkinsii,
Bth. and Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 64; Kurz i. 37, is a common tree of the Andamans,
found also in Assam and Sylhet; P. coffeoides, Bth, and Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
62; Beddome t. 53, is a common tree of the Western Ghats, where its bark is made
into ropes; P. swberosa, Bth. and Hook. f.; Hook, Fl. Ind. i. 65; Brandis 5. (Uvaria
suberosa, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 667.) Vern. Bara chali, Beng.; Banderhola, Ass.; Chilka
didiga, Tel., is a small tree of Oudh, Bengal and South India, with a corky bark,
and close, tough, hard, durable wood, weighing, according to Brandis 40, and Kyd
45 lbs. per cubic foot, and having P = 430. There are also about 8 other species de-
scribed, from India and Burma.

1. P. longifolia, Benth. and Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 62; Bed-
dome t. 88; Brandis 4. Uvaria longifolia, Lam,; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664.
Vern. Asok, debdari, Hind.; Assothi, Tam.; Asokd, devadaru, Tel.

A large evergreen tree with smooth bark. Wood white. Pores small,
often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, fine to
very broad. Numerous, equidistant, very fine transverse bars across
the rays.

——————— ——eE
.
‘

Polyalthia. | | ANONACER. 9

Wild in Ceylon. Planted as an avenue tree throughout Bengal and South India.
Weight: according to Skinner, No. 76, 37 lbs.; Brandis says between 30 and 40; our

specimen gives 37 lbs. Skinner’s experiments give P = 547.
‘ Ibs,

E 2479. Calcutta : [ ‘ R - , . B7

2. P. cerasoides, Benth. and Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 63; Bed-
dome t. 1.; Brandis 5; Kurzi. 38, Uvaria cerasoides, Roxb. FI. Ind.
ii. 666. Vern. oom, Mar.; Chilka didigt, Tel.; Nakulsi, miléli, Tam.

A large evergreen tree. Wood olive grey, moderately hard, close-
grained. Poressmall. Medullary rays short, broad and moderately fine ;
the distance between the rays twice or three times as great as the
transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous, very distinct, fine, equidis-
tant, tranverse bars between the rays. |

Behar, Eastern and Western Ghats, Dekkan, Burma.

Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for carpentry and in boat-building.

It is much prized in Bombay.
lbs,

C 997. Poona . ; : j F : ‘ : . 3 . 52

2. ANONA, Linn.

Besides the species given below, the ‘ Bullock’s heart,’ A. reticulata, Linn.; Vern.
Ramphal, and the ‘Soursop,’ A. muricata, L., are also cultivated in many parts of
India. (Skinner, No. 14, gives for A. reticulata W = 40 lbs. P = 640).

1. A. squamosa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 78; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 657 ;
Brandis 6; Kurz i. 46; Gamble 3. The Custard Apple. Vern. Sharifa,
sitaphal, Hind.; Ata, lina, Beng.; Sita, Tam.; Sitapundu, Tel.; Atia,
Mal., Cingh.; Auza, Burm.

-A small tree, with an erect, short trunk. Bark thin, grey. Wood
soft, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays moder-

ate-sized, joined by numerous white transverse bars.

Introduced from the West Indies, and domesticated throughout India and Burma.

- Cultivated for its fruit, which ripens from July to October. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic

foot.
. lbs.
B 2317. Myanoung, Burma . ; ’ ; > ‘ : P 46

3. MILIUSA, Lesch.

_ Besides the two species herein described, MW. indica, Lesch., M. Wightiana, Hook.
f,and Th., and M. nilagirica, Beddome, are shrubs or small trees of the Western Ghats ;
M sclerocarpa, Kurz, is a small tree, with a rather heavy wood, from Martaban and
Tennasserim; and M. macrocarpa, Hook. f. and Th., a small tree from Sikkim and
the Khasia Hills.

1. M. velutina, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 87; Beddome

t. 37; Brandis 6; Kurz i. 47. Uvaria villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664.

Vern. Jom-sa/, Hind. ; Karz, C. P.; Kharrei, Oudh ; Peddachilka didiga,
nulla didiga, Tel.; Thabitgyee, Burm.

'A deciduous moderate-sized tree, with a short erect trunk; in Burma

a large tree. Bark 4 inch thick, rough. Wood yellow when fresh

cut, grey or greyish brown when dry, moderately hard. Annual rings

indistinct. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in short radial
lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, the distance between
two rays larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. ‘Transverse

bars distinct, numerous.

B

10 ANONACER. — [ Miliusa,

Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal to the Ganges, Central India, Godaveri districts
and Burma.

Brandis says, “ The seasoned wood weighs from 40 to 50 Ibs. per cubic foot ;” Kurz
gives the weight at 42 lbs.; Benson’s experiments give 60; and Skinner’s (No. 93) 50 lbs.
Benson's experiments give P = 833, and Skinner's P = 839.

Used for carts and agricultural implements, spear-shafts and oars.

B 3062. Prome, Burma. . ; - ‘ 5 : : ‘ 4 si
B 3122. Burma (1862) . ; ° ° : ‘ ; ° ° 48
O 3113. Dehra Din 4 5 5 : . 53

2. M. Roxburghiana, eae f, and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 87;
Kurz. i.47; Gamble 4. Uvaria dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11. 659. Vern.
Sungden, Lepcha ; Tusbi, Sylhet.

A small tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood greyish white, hard. Pores
very small, scanty. Medullary rays short, white, of all sizes, from fine to
broad, very numerous, prominent on a-radial section. Numerous white
parallel wavy transverse bands across the rays.

Terai and valleys of the Bengal Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Burma.
Weight 51 lbs.
Ibs.

E 2316; Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet ‘ i : Z ; 51

lbs.

4. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett.

Besides the species here described, S. longiflorum, Hook. f. and Th.,, is a tree of
Eastern Bengal found near Purneah.

1. S. tomentosum, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ; Bed-
dome t. 89 ; Brandis, 7. Uvaria tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. hee Vern.
Kirna, tarr Hind. ; Hoom, Bombay ; Chilkadidi, Tel. ; Zhoska, Gondi ;
Humbu, Kurku.

A large tree with straight stem. Bark 3 inch thick, of various shades,
sometimes black, deeply cracked. Wood olive brown, moderately hard,
smooth, close-grained ; no heartwood. No annual rings. Pores small
and moderate-sized, numerous. Medullary rays broad and fine, very
numerous, distinctly visible on a radial section as long, narrow plates,
giving the wood a mottled appearance. Numerous, regular, fine, white,
transverse bars across the medullary rays, the distance between the rays
being a little larger than the transverse diameter of the pores,

_Oudh, Nepal Terai, Gorakhpur, Behar, Central India, Western Ghats.
Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot.

© 342. Gorakhpur (1868) . . : ‘ ; = an
C 1109. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces. é > ; ‘ 3 45

Ibs,

The following woods cannot at present be identified, but they probably belong to
this family :—

B 1949. (58 lbs.) Bokenet from Tavoy. A hard, close-grained, yellow wood ; when
seasoned it is said to shew black and white stripes, and is then called Zebra Wood.
Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays fine and very fine, joined by numerous fine
parallel transverse bars. Used for furniture. Scarce in the Mergui Archipelago but
plentiful in the Andaman Islands.

B 2281. (32 lbs.) Received from the Andaman Islands in 1866 under the name of
Thanloong. Pores small, often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, the
distance between them many times larger than the transverse diameter of the pores.
Numerous faint transverse Baty It may possibly be Polyilthia Jenkinsii, Bth, and
Hook. f,

Saccopetalam, | ANONACER. 11

B 2261. (33lbs.) Received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Thitpyoo ;
has a white soft wood, with small, scanty pores often in short radial lines. The
medullary rays are moderately broad, far apart, joined by innumerable parallel bars,
and shew well on a radial section.

B273. (38 lbs.) Received from Burma in 1867 under the name Bamau ; has an olive
grey wood; it is handsome, even-grained, moderately hard and possesses a certain
lustre. Pores small, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine. Numerous faint white
transverse bars across the medullary rays. According to Kurz, Bamau is Tetranthera
grandis ; but on account of the transverse bars in the wood, we have placed it under
Anonacee.

B 2236. (53 Ibs.) Received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Pan-noo ;
has a similar structure to Bamau. Wood yellowish grey, hard. Pores small,
transverse diameter equal to or one-half the distance between the medullary rays, which
are fine and are joined by numerous transverse bars.

Orpvrer V. MENISPERMACEZ.

An order which, in India with the single exception of the species described below,
contains only climbing plants. Of the 17 genera found in India, many contain only
single species. These 17 genera belong to 4 tribes, viz.,—

Tribe I.—Tinosporee . - ‘ . Aspidocarya, Parabena, Tinospora,
Fibraurea, Anamirta.
» L1.—Cocculeze i : . «+ iliacora, Limacia, Cocculus, Peri-
campylus.
» LII.—Cissampelidez . ¢ . Stephania, Cissampelos, Cyclea,-
Lophopetalum.

» LV.—Pachygonee. . . . Pachygone, Pycnarrhena, Hemato-
carpus, Antitaxis.

Anamnirta Cocculus, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 99; Brandis 8; Kurz i. 53
(Menispermum Cocculus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 807) Vern. Kakmdari, Hind., a climbing
shrub of Southern and Eastern India and Burma, has bitter berries which in India are
used to poison fish and crows (whence the native name), and in Europe under the name of
*Cocculus indicus’ in the adulteration of beer. Zinospora cordifolia, Miers ; Hook. FI.
Ind. i. 97; Brandis 8; Kurz i. 52; Gamble 4 (Menispermum cordifolium, Willd. ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii, 811) Vern. Batindu, Pb.; Golancha, Beng.; Gurcha, Kumaun; Gurjo, Nep.;
Tippa tiga, Tel.; Galwail, Bombay, is a well known climber which sends down long
filiform runners from the branches of the trees over which it climbs; the root is used in
native medicine, and elephants are fond of the stem and runners. Cissampelos Pareira,
Linn. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 103; Brandis 10; Gamble 4 (C. convolvulacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 842) Vern. Katori, parbik, pataki, tikri, Pb.; Dakh nirbisi, pari, N. W. P.;
Harjeuri, Oudh; Batilpati, Nep.; Pata, Tel., a climber common both to the old
and new worlds, furnishes the Radix Pareire of druggists. Cocculus Leeba, DC.;
Hook., Fl. Ind. i. 102; Brandis 9. Vern. Vallur, illar, Pb.; and_C. villosus, DC. ;’
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 101; Brandis 9 (Menispermum hirsutum, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
814). Vern. Hier, dier, are large climbers of the dry andarid zones, while Tiliacora
racemosa, Coleb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 99; Brandis 10; Kurz i. 54 (Menispermum poly-
carpon, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 816), Vern. Tiliakoru, Beng.; Karwanth, rangoe, Hind. ;
Tiga mushadi, Tel., is a large climber of most parts of India, often covering tall trees
with its dense dark green foliage. Other genera, such as Aspidocarya, Stephania
and Parabena, furnish climbing shrubs common in Eastern Bengal and Assam.

“ The structure of the wood of Menispermacez is remarkable, and
differs in several respects from the wood of other Dicotyledons. The
vascular bundles of a young branch (which in most Dicotyledons unite
and form concentric rings of wood and liber) generally remain distinct
in Menispermaces, and are separated by broad radial masses of cellular
tissue, corresponding to the medullary rays of ordinary wood. After
some time these original wood fascicles cease growing, and in the cortical
cellular tissue exterior to the liber originates a second circle of bundles
similar to the first formed, excepting in the absence of spiral vessels.

12 MENISPERMACEM. [ Coceulus.

After these bundles have attained full development, they in turn cease
to grow, and a third circle forms in the cellular tissue of the bark, and
soon. There is great variety in the wood structure of the genera of
this family.”—Brandis’ Forest Flora, p. 10.

1, COCCULUS, DC.

1. C. laurifolius, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 101; Brandis 9. Meni-
spermum laurifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11.815, Vern. Tidpara, kakra, Hind.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood greyish
white, soft, divided by very broad medullary rays and concentric rings of
the same substance as the rays, into numerous oblong radial masses, each
mass consisting of wood cells and small uniformly distributed pores with
a narrow belt of fibres (liber) at the outer edge.

Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Nepal ascending to 5,000 ft. -

Weight 41 lbs. per cubic foot. 7

H 2939. Near Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 ft. . sla’. : .
E 2466. Calcutta Botanic Gardens . : ‘ : d : ¢ 40

Orper VI. BERBERIDEZ.

An order containing four Indian genera of woody plants, belonging to two tribes, viz.
Tribe I.—Lardizabalez . : ; ; ; ; Decaisnea, Parvatia
and Hollbéllia.
s, 11.—Berberes : : : : : - . Berberis.

Two, each containing one species, are climbers, viz., Parvatia Brunoniana, Decaisne ;

Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 108, from Assam and the Khasia Hills; and Hollbéllia latifolia

Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 108; Brandis 13; Gamble 4. Vern. Gophla, Kumaun ; Chiriya-

nangri, bagul, Nep.; Pronchadik, Lepcha; Domhyem, Bhutia. The latter is found

in the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, above 4,000 feet elevation, and in the

Khasia Hills. It has a large edible fruit, a soft corky bark and wood with large

pores and broad medullary rays (E 2859. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet). Decaisnea

insignis, Hook. £. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 107. Vern. Nomorechi, Lepcha; Loo-

dooma, Bhutia, is an erect shrub of the Inner Sikkim Himalaya, growing between
7,000 and 10,000 feet, also with edible fruit.

1. BERBERIS, Linn.

Contains about twelve species, all Himalayan ; two only extending southwards to the
Nilgiris and the hills of Burma. One species, B. asiatica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 182;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110. Vern. Kilmora, Kumaun ; Mate-kissi, chitra, Nep., is also
found on Parasnath in Behar. Besides those here described, B. umbellata, Wall.,
B. asiatica, Roxb., B. Wallichiana, DC., B. insignis, Hook. £., B. macrosepala, Hook.
f., and B. concinna, Hook. f. occur in different parts of the Himalaya, chiefly at
elevations above 8,000 ft.

Wood yellow, hard or moderately hard, splits very much in seasoning.
Pores small, larger and more numerous on the inner edge of each
annual ring, the rest of the pores smaller and arranged in irregular tails
or patches. Medullary rays bright yellow, moderately broad, or bréad.

The chief North-West Himalayan species may thus be recognized :—

Leaves pinnate nett yt Ok PS sll sh Radi « B. nepalensis.

Leaves simple—

Leaves thin with many equal serratures ¢ ; ~ B. vulgaris.
Leaves coriaceous, serratures few, unequal
Branches grey
Leaves large, green beneath . ; . B. coriacea.
Leaves small, glaucous beneath , . B. Lycium,
Branches reddish’ . ; ° : : . B. avistata.

es Ml we .

Berberis. | BERBERIDEX. 13

1. B. nepalensis, Spreng.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 109; Beddome xi.;;
Brandis 12; Kurz i. 58; Gamble 5. B. pinnata, Roxb. FI, Ind. ii. 184
(probably). Vern. Amidanda, chiror, Pb.; Chatri, milkisse, jamne-
munda, Nep.

An evergreen shrub attaining in Bengal a height of 20 feet and
oceasionally 2 feet in girth. Bark soft, corky. Wood bright yellow,
hard. Pores very small, arranged in radial lines or patches. Medullary
rays moderately broad, prominent, numerous, well marked on a radial
section.

Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Bhutan, Khasia Hills, Tenasserim, Nilgiris and
Western Ghats, above 5,000 feet elevation.

Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood has a handsome colour and might be
useful for inlaying ; it is used as a dye by Bhutias.

lbs,
E 2318. Darjeeling, 7,000 ft. : - pr. . : ; ; . 49

2. B. vulgaris, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 109; Brandis 11. The
Barberry. Vern. Zrishhk, hashmal, chochar, Pb.

A deciduous thorny shrub, with soft brown bark, 2 inch thick.
Wood lemon yellow, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings
marked by an irregular belt of small pores, which are larger than those
in the rest of the wood. The pores in the main portion of the annual
rings are grouped in short, whitish, irregularly bent lines or tails.
Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, well marked on a vertical
section.

Himalaya, from Nepal westwards, in shady forests above 8,000 ft. elevation,
Afghanistan and Beloochistan, Europe.

Weight, our specimen gives 52 lbs. per cubic foot; Mathieu Fl. For. p. 12, gives 45
to 57 lbs. Fruit edible. The wood is a good firewood.

H 3037. Matiyana, Simla, 9,000 ft. F : : : : - Af Ie
H 3040. Naghanda, Simla, 9,000 ft. P ‘ : ‘ ; : < ae

3. B. aristata, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110; Beddome xii. ;
Brandis 12; Gamble 5. B. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 183. Vern.
Simli, simlu, kasmal, chitra, Pb.; Tsema, Bhutia; Chitra, Nep.; Chotra,
Hind.

An erect spinous shrub. Bark soft, light brown, corky. Wood
yellow, hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow belt of
numerous pores, Pores small, in short, narrow, wavy tails of white
tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad.

Outer Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan: in the North-West Himalaya 6,000 ft.

lbs.

to 10,000 ft., in Darjeeling above 10,000 ft. ; Western Ghats at high elevations; Ceylon.

Wood used for fuel. the root in native medicine,

H 80. Simla, 7,000ft. . ;
H 2888. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 ft.
H 3053. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 ft.

Ibs.
’ . 52

4. B. Lycium, Royle; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110; Brandis 12. Vern.
Kasmal, Simla; Kashmal, chotra, Hind.

An erect rigid shrub. Bark rough, corky, white or light grey.
Wood yellow, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a narrow porous
belt. Pores very small and extremely small, in narrow irregular lines
of white tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous.

14 BERBERIDER. [ Berberis.

North-West Himalaya from 3,000 to 9,000 ft.

Ib e
H 45. Simla, 6,500ft. . A ‘ ; - ; : ; ”
H 3054. Mahasu, Simla, 7,500 ft. : 5 - 62

5. B. coriacea, nov. sp., Brandis. Vern. Kashmal, Simla.

A large erect thorny shrub, with soft corky bark. Wood yellow,
moderately hard, Annual rings marked by a belt of small or moderately
sized pores; in the rest of the wood the pores are very small or ex-
tremely small, and arranged in numerous confluent, irregularly shaped
- and patches of whitish tissue. Medullary rays short, fine to

road.

North-West Himalaya above 8,000 ft.; often forming alone or with other shrubs
large extents of scrub jungle, e. g., in the valley south of Nagkanda near Simla.

lbs,
H 48. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 ft. . : - : : fas
H 2894. . os = ‘ , ‘ : ;
H 3039. - ‘ is : ; 5 3 : ; pan
H 3041. as ~ a ; . ? : F 4 - 5d
H 3043. = on ts - ‘ . , ; F . §2
H 3038. Matiyana, Simla, 8,000 ft. : y A > ae

H 3042. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 ft.

6. B. angulosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 111; Gamble 5. Vern.
Chutra, Nep.

A large erect shrub. Bark soft, brown, corky. Wood dark grey
or yellowish brown, hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of small
pores; in the rest of the wood the pores are very small, arranged in
irregular radial tails of whitish tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Inner ranges of Nepal and Sikkim above 11,000 ft.
E 2862. Suburkum, Darjeeling, 11,000 ft.

Orpver VII. CAPPARIDEZ.

Six Indian genera are of trees, shrubs or climbers belonging all to one tribe, Capparex.
The climbing genera are: Maerua, one species, M. arenaria, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 171 (Capparis heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 570). Vern. Patta tiga, Tel., a
large woody climber of the Western Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain and Central
India; and Roydsia, two species, R. suaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11.643; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 180; Gamble 5. Vern. Kasonli, Nep.; Tunggor, Lepcha, in the tropical forests of
Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, and #. obtusifolia, Hook. f. and Th.; Kurz i.
67. Vern. Ngaphyoo, Burm., in the swamp forests of Burma. Wiebuhria linearis,
DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 171, is a small tree of the hilly parts of the Carnatic; and the
species of Cadaba are small straggling shrubs chiefly of the arid zone, C. indica,
ak Vern. Kali taka, occurring in Berar and the Dekkan, and C. heterotricha,
Stocks; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 173, being a small tree found in rocks near Cape Monze
in Sind.

Wood light-coloured. Pores small to moderate-sized, rarely large;
often arranged in radial lines; medullary rays moderately broad, wavy.

1. CAPPARIS, Linn.

A genus of about thirty species of thorny shrubs or climbers. About fifteen occur in
Burma, ten in the Dekkan and Carnatic, five on the western coast, eight in Bengal and
Assam, two in the Gangetic valley and Central India, and three in the arid zone of the
Punjab and Sind. Besides those here described, there are several common species. C. spi-
nosa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 173; Brandis 14. Vern. Kabawa, Afg.; Kabra, Tibet;
Kaur, keri, kander, kakri, taker, ber, barari, bauri, bassar, Pb.; Ulta-kanta, Kumaun;

Capparis. | CAPPARIDER. 15

Kalvéri, Sind, is a small trailing shrub of the Punjab and Sind, whose flower buds give
the capers of commerce; they are pickled and eaten in Sind and the Punjab Salt Range.
C. divaricata, Lamk.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 17 (C.‘stylosa, DC.; Beddome xiii) Vern.
Toaratti, Tam.; Budareni, Tel.; Pachinda, Mar., is,a shrub or small tree of the
Dekkan and Carnatic, with large scarlet fruit. C. olacifolia, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 178; Gamble 5. Vern. Naski, hais, Nep.; Jhenok, Lepcha, is a common
thorny shrub of river banks and valleys in Northern Bengal and Assam. C. horrida,
Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 178; Brandis 15 (C. zeylanica, Roxb. F1. Ind. ii. 567). Vern.
His, karvila, Pb.; Karralura, Oudh; Adonda, Tel.; Katerni, Gondi; Gitoran,
Ajmere; Atanday, Tam. is a climbing shrub common in most parts of India.

1. C. grandis, Linn. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 176; Beddome xiii; C.

- bisperma, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 569. Vern. Guli, regguti, ragota, Tel.

A small tree. Bark thick, extremely irregular, rough and corky,
deeply and irregularly cracked. Wood white, moderately hard. No
heartwood, no annual rings. Pores scanty, moderate-sized to large.
Medullary rays moderately broad, short.

Chanda district and eastern part of the Dekkan, Eastern Ghats and Carnatic.
Weight, 46 lbs. Wood durable, much used by the natives in the Madras Presidency.

Ibs,
C1134. Ahiri, Central Provinces ‘ 4 46

2. C. aphylla, Roth; Hook. Fl. Ind.i.174; Beddome xiii; Brandis
14. Vern. Kartl, Pb.; Kiral, Sind; Karz, Behar.

A small tree with scanty, small, caducous leaves, found only on the
young shoots. Bark 3 inch thick, grey, corky, with deep irregular cracks.
Wood light yellow, turning brown on exposure, shining, very hard and
close-grained. Annual rings doubtful. Pores small, generally in groups
or patches between the prominent, very short, numerous, fine medullary
rays.

Punjab, Sind,” Rajputana and the Dekkan.

Weight, 53 lbs per cubic foot. The wood is used for small beams and rafters in
roofs, for the knees of boats, for oilmills and agricultural implements ; it is a good

firewood, and is not eaten by white ants. The fruit is eaten both raw and preserved,
and the young flower buds are preserved as pickle.

P 444, Ajmere . ; % " : ; ¢ i r j tunis
P 8s92. Multan . . : : é ‘ " ‘ ; . 53
1S 94] . ” : ‘ . . . . . e ° 3 aa
P 3056. - ; : ‘ : : ‘ ; : : :

2. CRATAVA, Linn.

1. C. religiosa, Forst.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 172; Beddome t. 116 and
xiv (C..Nurvala, Ham.) ; Brandis 16; Gamble 5. C. Roxburghii, Ham. ;
Kurz i. 66. Capparis trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 571. Vern. Brarna,
bilasi, bila, biliana, Hind. ; Barn, tikto-shak, Beng.; Purbong, Lepcha;
Maralingam, marvilinga, Tam.; Uskia, usiki, ulimidi, urumatti, tellaveo-
ener Tel.; Nirvdla, Kan., Mal.; Kiémla, karwan, Mar.; Kadet, katat,

urm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, } inch thick, with long
horizontal wrinkles. Wood yellowish white, when old turning light
brown, moderately hard, even-grained, Pores moderate-sized, numerous
and uniformly distributed, often in short radial lines, each pore surrounded
by a whitish ring. Medullary rays short, very wavy, fine and mo-
derately broad, the distance between the rays slightly greater than the
transverse diameter of the pores.

Ibs,

16 CAPPARIDER, [ Crateva,

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, Bengal, Assam, Central wis South
India and Burma.
Weight, 42 lbs. The wood is used for drums, models, writing-boards, combs and in

turnery.

P 3217. Nagpahar, Ajmere : : : ; ; ; te
O 270. Garhwal (1868) . ‘ + oe ‘ , ‘ ; on tom eee

lbs.

O 3112. Dehra Din ; : ; : 5 4 . : ae
C 3115. Chanda, Central Provinces . - . ‘ - - i eer
B 565. Prome, Burma . - . Piri gre 4 d : . 43

No. 23. Salem Collection . j : . : : ; : . 44

Orpver VIII. VIOLACEZ.

This order contains three genera of Indian plants: of these, two, viz., Viola and

Tonidium, are herbaceous; while the third, Alsodeia, comprises six shrubs or small
trees found in Northern and Eastern Bengal, Burma and Malabar. A. bengalensis,
Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 186; Kurz i. 70; Gamble 6. Vern. Kalipat, Nep., occurs in
Sikkim, Assam, Burma and the Andamans. A. Roxburghii, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 186; Kurz i. 69 (Vareca heteroclita, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 648), in Sylhet and the
Andamans; and A. racemosa, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 187 (4. longirace-
mosa, Kurz i. 70), in Assam and Tenasserim, said by Kurz to have a yellowish white
close-grained wood.
’ No. B 3198. (Home, 1874, No. 26, Kyadoo). A white scented wood from the
Andamans, with scanty, moderately large pores ; moderately fine, wavy, medullary rays,
and numerous concentric lines of soft tissue, was identified by Kurz from Home’s
specimens as coming nearest to Alsodeia (Brandis’ Memorandum on the Forest
Resources of the Andamans, dated August 25th, 1874). —

Orper IX. BIXINES.

Seven genera belonging to three tribes :—
Tribe I.—Bixez ; ; ° . Cochlospermum and Bizxa.
» I1.—Flacourtiex ; ; » Scolopia, Flacourtia and Xylosma.
» ill.—Pangier . ; - «+ Gynocardia and Hydnocarpus.

Bixa Orellana, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 581; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190; Beddome t.
79; Brandis 17; Kurz i. 72; Gamble 6. The Arnotto Plant. Vern. Zatkan, Hind.,
Beng.; Jarat, Ass.; Jafra, Tel.; Kuragimangal, Tam.; Kuppa-manhala, Kan.;
Kisri, Mar.; Theedin, Burm., is an American shrub, introduced and cultivated in
India for the red dye given by the pulp surrounding the seeds.

Hydnocarpus contains four Indian species. H. heterophylla, Bl. ; Kurzi. 77. Vern.
Kal-lau-tso, Burm., is described by Kurz as an evergreen tree with heavy, strong,
yellowish white wood, found in the tropical forests of Burma. HH. castanea, Hook.
f. and Th.; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 197 ; Kurz i. 79, is a tree of the Andaman Islands.
H. alpina, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 197; Beddome t.77. Vern. Maratatti, Nilgiris,
isa tree of the Western Ghats, whose wood is said by Beddome to be used in the
construction of native houses, for packing cases and firewood. H. Wightiana, BL.;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 196 (H. Wightiana and H. inebrians, Vahl.; Beddome xvi, xvii).
Vern. Yetti, maravetti, Tam.; Kowti, Mar.; Makili, Cingh., isa common tree of
the Western Ghats and western coast.

The wood of Flacourtia, Xylosma, Gynocardia and Scolopia is
uniform and remarkably similar to the wood of Euphorbiacee ; it is hard
and close-grained and the pores are small, in short radial lines between
fine or very fine, closely packed medullary rays. The wood of
Cochlospermum has au entirely different structure.

1. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kuntto. -
1. C. Gossypium, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 190; Beddome xiv;

r
*

Cochlospermum. | BIXINER. 17

Brandis 17; Kurz i. 72. Bombax Gossypium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 169.
Vern. Ktimbi, gabdi, ganidr, galgal, gangal, Hind.; Gangam, Gondi;
Gingt, hong, kandu-gogu, Tel.; Tanaku, -kongillam, Tam.; Chima-pinji,
Mal.; Ganeri, Bhil; Ganeri, gunglay, Mar. )

A small deciduous tree, with short, thick, spreading branches, Bark
one inch thick, deeply furrowed ; inner substance*red. Wood extremely
soft, grey; no heartwood. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided into
compartments. Medullary rays broad, on a radial section, visible as long
rough plates. |

Forests at the base of the North-West Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastwards,
Central India, Dekkan, Prome District in Burma.

Weight, 17 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood useless. Gives a clear white gum (Xatvra),
which, according to Baden-Powell, is used in the trade of shoemaking. s
8.

C1141. Ahiri Reserve, C. P. : ; ~ F ‘ 3 ; EES

2. SCOLOPIA, Schreber.

Three species. S. crenata, Clos.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 191; Beddome t. 78. (Phoberos
crenatus, W.and A. Prodr. 29). Vern. Hitterli, Burghers, isa tree of Malabar, Kanara
and Mysore, said by Beddome to have a hard, dense, white wood, liable to warp.
S. Roxburghii, Clos.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190; Kurz i. 73 (Ludia spinosa, Roxb. FI.
Ind. ii. 507), is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim, the stem and older branches of which
are armed with long, straight or compound spines.

1. S. rhinanthera, Clos. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190. B 1969, collected
by Kurz in the Andamans in 1866, bears this name. It has a hard red
wood, with a structure similar to that of Mlacourtia, the pores being
small, in short radial lines, between the very fine and closely packed

-medullary rays. Weight 60 lbs. per cubic foot.

3. FLACOURTIA, Commerson.

Seven Indian species. The following are the names given in the Flora Indica i.,
191 to 194:—

1. F. sumatrana, Planch.; Kurz i. 74. ? . Tenasserim.

2. F. inermis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 833; Beddome Sylhet, S. India, Martaban.
xvi; Kurz i. 74. Vern. Zomitomi, Mal.;

Ubbotu, Kan. Perhapsintroduced. Fruit
edible.

3. F. montana, Grah.; Beddome xvi. Vern. Attak, ‘Western Coast.
Kan., : .

4. F. mollis, Hook. f. and Th.; Kurzi.74 . . Tenasserim.

5. F. Cataphracta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 834; Bed- Bengal, Burma, Bombay,’
dome xvi; Kurz i. 74. Vern. Paniala; Western Ghats,
panizal, Beng.; Talispatri, paniala,

Hind. ; Zalisapatri, Tam., Tel. ; Na-yuwat,
Burm.

6. F. Ramontchi, L’Herit. . : : ‘ . India.

7. F. sepiaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 835 (also #. Kumaun, Bengal and South
obcordata); Beddome xvi; Brandis India.

18; Kurz i. 75 (also F. rotundifolia).
Vern. Sharawani, dajkar, jidkar, Hind. ;
Kanru, Tel.

1. F. Ramontchi, L’Herit.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 193; Beddome xvi;
Brandis 18. Jf. sapida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 885; Kurz i. 75.- Vern.
Kika, kakoa, kang, hander, Pb,; Bilangra, bhanber, kanji, kandi

Cc

18 BIXINEZ. [ Flacourtia.

kattér, khattit, Hind.; Kaikun, Mhairwarra; Kant, hénki, bilati, C. P.;
Arma-suri, katien, .Gondi; Gurgoti, Kurku; Bincha, katdi, Beng. ;
Bonicha, Uriya; Pahar, bhekal, kakei, kaker, Mar.; Dhutankas,
Hyderabad ; Kanregu, pedda-kanru, kaka, nakka-naregu, Tel. ; Ugirassa,
Cingh. ; Na-yuwai, Burm.

A small thorny deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood red, hard, close-
and even-grained, splits, but does not warp and is durable. Pores
small, in radial lines between the fine, uniform, closely-packed and some-
what wavy medullary rays.

Dry hills throughout India, Prome District in Burma.

Weight: Brandis gives 50 lbs. per cubic foot, the average of our specimens is 53 lbs.
The wood is used for turning and agricultural implements, and the fruit and leaves are
eaten.

lbs.

P 460.. Ajmere. © «i>. “hls oes mes . 62
P 3221. Nagpahar, Ajmere Ses = Sie et :. 3 ee
O 260. Garhwal (1868) . » ; : . ; : : . 650
C 2739. Moharli Reserve, C. P. . : : : 2 ; , . 52
=P 91s. > Bawa (1869) i a ee ee

4. XYLOSMA, Forster.

Three species. X. controverswm, Clos.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 194, is a tree of Nepal
and the Khasia Hills, nearly allied to X. longifolium. X. latifoliwm, Hook. f. and
Th.; Hook. Fl, Ind. i. 194, is a large thorny tree of the Bababuden Hills in Mysore.

1. X. longifolium, Clos.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i.194; Brandis 19. Vern.
Chopra, chirinda, chirndi, drendu, Pb.; Kattdwa, Oudh ; Dandal, hataré,
kandhéra, Hind. :

A small evergreen tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey. Wood pinkish,
moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, in short radial lines between
the wavy, very fine and closely-packed medullary rays.

North-West Himalaya ascending to 5,000 feet, Assam.
Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for fuel and charcoal.

H 2947. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3,500 feet . 4 ; : - . 55

5. GYNOCARDIA, R. Br.

1. G. odorata, R. Br.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 195; Kurzi. 76; Gamble
6. Chaulmoogra odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 835. Vern. Chaulmigré,
petarkura, Beng.; Kadu, Nep.; Tih, Lepcha ; Toungpung, Magh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, readily known by the hard, round
fruits which grow on the stem and main branches. Bark } inch thick,
grey, smooth. Wood hard, close-grained, yellow or light brown. Pores
very small, in radial lines between the white, very numerous and promi-
nent medullary rays,

Northern and Eastern Bengal and Assam, Chittagong and Burma.

Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot.

The wood is used in Chittagong for planking and for posts, and the pulp of the
fruit in Sikkim to poison fish. The seeds give by expression a thick oil, used in the
treatment of cutaneous diseases, especially leprosy.

J Ibs.
E 708. Chittagong . 2 ee . geOP ey cs os Fae . AF

. Pittosporum. | PITTOSPORER. 19

Orpen X. PITTOSPOREZ.

An order containing one genus of Indian trees or shrubs, the remaining genera
being chiefly Australian. The genus Pittosporwm, Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 198, contains eight
Indian species, two of which, P. glabratum, Lal. and P. hwmile, Hook. f. and Th., grow
in the Khasia Hills; three, P. tetraspermum, W. and A., P. nilghirense, W. and A.,
and P. dasycaulon, Miq., on the Western Ghats, and one, P. ferruginewm, Ait. ;
Kurz i. 78, 1m Burma. Of the remaining two: one, P. eriocarpum, Royle; Brandis
19, is found in the outer Himalaya of Kumaun and Garhwal (Meda tumri, gar-silung,
garshina, Hind.) ; and the other, P. floribundum, W. and A.; Beddome xvii; Brandis 19 ;
Gamble 6 (Celastrus verticillata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 624). Vern. Yekaddi, Mar.;
Prongzam, Lepcha, is a common small tree of the outer Himalaya from the Jumna to
Bhutan ascending to 8,000 feet, the Khasia Hills and Western Ghats.

Orpver XI. POLYGALEZ.

Three Indian genera of woody plants of little forest interest.

- Polygala arillata, Ham. ; Hook. Fi. Ind. i. 200; Gamble 6 (Chamebuxus arillata,
Hassk.; Kurzi.79). Vern. Karima, Nep.; Michepnor, Lepcha, isa shrub of Northern
Bengal and the Khasia Hills; and P. Karensiwm, Kurz (C. Karensium, Kurz i. 79),
a shrub of Martaban. Seewridaca tavoyana, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 208 (S. inap-
pendiculata, Hassk.; Kurz i. 80), is a large woody climber of Eastern Bengal,
Arracan and Tenasserim. Xanthophyllwm contains four species: X. flavescens,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 222; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 209; Kurzi. 81 (imcluding, according to
Bennett in the “ Flora Indica,” X. Arnottianwm, Wight, X. angustifolium, Wight, and
X. virens, Roxb.; Beddome xix). Vern. Ajensak, gandi, Beng.; Thitpyoo, Burm., is
a tree of Bengal, South India, and Burma, said by Kurz to have a heavy, close-grained
wood, X. glaucum, Wall.; X. Griffithii, Hook. f.; and X. affine, Korth., are
evergreen trees of Burma.

Orper XII. TAMARISCINEA.

A small order containing bushes or small trees with small sessile or scale-like
sheathing leaves: two genera, Tamarix and Myricaria. ’

Wood white or reddish, sometimes darker in the centre, but no heart-
wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, often in groups, more numerous
and large in the spring wood wherever the annual rings are distinct.
Medullary rays generally moderately broad to broad, short, distant.

1. TAMARIX, Linn.

Bushes or small trees, with scale-like leaves and white or pink flowers, chiefly found
on the banks of streams and on the lowlands near rivers. There are six species, of
which the most important are: 7. articulata, Vahl., 7. dioica, Roxb., and 7’. gallica,
Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.248; Beddome xx ; Brandis 20; Kurz i. 83 (7. indica, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 100). Vern. Kéan, rukh, leinya, ghazlei, pilchi, Pb-; Lei, lai, jhau, Sind ;
Yelta, Tibet; Jhau, Beng., the last two species being found along rivers and the sea-coast
almost throughout India. Of the remaining species, 7. salina, Dyer, and TZ. stricta,
Boiss, are found in the Punjab and Sind, and 7’ ericoides, Rottb., in Bengal and Central
India. Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 23 gives 40 to 48 lbs. as the weight per cubic foot of 7.

gallica.

1. T. dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 101; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249;
Beddome xx; Brandis 21; Kurz. i. 83; Gamble 6; Vern. Lez, pilchi,
koan, kachlet, Pb.; Gaz, léo, au, Sind; Lal jhau, Beng.; Jau, Hind.

A gregarious shrub, Bark grey with reticulate cracks, shewing the
red inner bark. Wood moderately hard, red, outer portion white.
Pores small to moderate-sized, in groups or short radial lines, more
abundant and larger in the spring wood. Medullary rays very promi-

20 TAMARISCINER. [ Tamaria.

nent, short, fine to very broad, very prominent on aradial section. The
distance between the rays is generally three or four times the transverse
diameter of the pores.

Throughout India from Sind to Burma. Often planted for ornament.

Of the rate of growth, little is known. Minniken, in his report of 1878 on the
Delhi Bela plantation, gives the following measurements of seven trees in the 4th
(Jaffar Khan) compartment, 3 years old, 8 to 15 feet high :—

No. 1 . : ° . 25 inches
33 2 . ° . . 18 ”
2 ‘ i 4! Average 13 inches or 1°4 rings
« 5 ° 12 “ per inch, which is fast.
wae Bahay
7 : ae

Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used mainly for fuel, but also for the
supporting sticks of roofs.

. Ibs,
P 888. Multan 2 . o . : . eo s s e . 48
P 1388. Lahore ‘ 3 Fs ; ‘ . 61

2. T. articulata, Vahl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249; Beddome xx;
Brandis 22. Vern. Farés, farwa, rikh, ukhan, kharlei, narlei, Pb.;
Asrelei, Sind,

A moderate-sized tree, with grey rough bark, coppices well, and is
easily reproduced either by seed or by cuttings ; wood white, moderately
hard; annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, often in groups,
scanty. Medullary rays short, fine to very broad, the distance between
the rays somewhat greater than the transverse diameter of the pores ;
prominent on a radial section as irregularly shaped plates, giving the
wood a mottled appearance.

Punjab and Sind.

_ “Growth rapid, trees 12 years old, on an average attain a girth of 2 to 3 feet, one
15 years old measured 4 ft. 10 in. in girth, and itis stated that at times it attains
5ft. in 7 years.”—Brandis. “It grows very rapidly and toa large size, and I have
frequently seen trees of 10 to 12 feet’ girth and 60 or 70 feet high.”—J. L. Stewart,
Punjab Plants, p. 92.

Weight: Brandis says, 40 to 60 lbs. when seasoned ; Stewart says, 92 lbs. per cubic foot
green and 60 lbs. dry; the specimen received weighed 61lbs. Wood used for many
kinds of ordinary work, for ploughs, Persian wheels and small ornaments, and for
charcoal. The bark is used for tanning as well as the galls (Maz, Punjab ; Sekun, Sind)

which are also used as a mordant in dyeing.
Ibs.

P 886. Multan , ‘ Fs ‘ ; : ~ - m ‘ o: OF

2, MYRICARIA, Desvaux,

The genus contains, besides the species given below, MM. elegans, Royle, a small
bush of the inner Western Himalaya and Tibet, where it is very valuable as fuel.

1. M. germanica, Desv.; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 250; Brandis 23.
Vern. Bis, shalakdt, khathi, humbu, Pb.; Ombu, Lahoul.

A shrub with rough brownish bark. Wood hard, white. Annual
rings marked by porous spring wood. Pores small, medullary rays
broad, short, very numerous and prominent.

Inner Himalaya from Punjab to Sikkim.
Wood used for fuel, and the branches as fodder for sheep and goats.

H 133. Lahoul, 10,000 ft. . , i . - ; ; : :
E 974. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 ft, : : ‘ ; ‘ site

Cratoaylon. | . HYPERICINER. 21

Orpvrr XIII. HY PERICINEH.

A small order with three Indian genera. One, Aseyrwm, contains only one small
plant from Sikkim. Hypericum, a number of herbs and small shrubs of the Himalaya,
the most common of which are H. cernuwm, Roxb. F). Ind. iii. 400; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
253, a handsome small shrub with large bright yellow flowers, found in the Western
Himalaya especially on rocks ; and H. Hookerianum, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
254; Gamble 6. Vern. Zumbomri, Lepcha. (E 2861, Darjeeling, 7,000 ft. (43 lbs.) ) a
very common, rather gregarious, handsome shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya, often used
for hedges. This last has a close-grained, moderately hard wood, with annual rings
marked by a ring of larger pores than those in the rest of the ring, which are small,
scanty. Medullary rays fine, very numerous,

1. CRATOXYLON, Bl.

A genus of five trees from Burma and the Andaman Islands containing besides the
one described, C. formosum, Bth. and Hook. f., from the Andamans, and C. pruniflorum,
Kurz, ©. polyanthum, Korth., and C. arborescens, Bl. from Martaban and
Tenasserim.

I. C. neriifolium, Kurz i. 85.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 257. Vern.
Baibya, Burm.

A tree. Bark dark coloured, rough. Wood dark grey, hard, close-
grained. Pores large, in short narrow wavy irregular patches of softer
tissue. Medullary rays not prominent, fine, numerous, on a radial section
visible as dark narrow plates.

Chittagong and Burma.
Weight, 47 lbs. per cub. ft. According to Kurz, the wood is used for building
purposes, for ploughs, handles of chisels, hammers and other implements.
Ibs,
Betas) oo. oo stor ahetowls DMD

Orver XIV. GUTTIFERZ.

An order of tropical trees, containing six genera, belonging to two tribes, viz. :—

Tribe I.—Garciniee 5 . 4 . Garcinia and Ochrocarpus.
» i1—Calophyllee . ; : - Calophyllum, Kayea, Mesua and
Peciloneuron,

Of Ochrocarpus, there are three species. O. longifolius, Bth. and Hook. f,; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 270; Beddome t. 89. Vern. Suringi, Mar.; Sura-ponna, Tel.; Serdya,
Mal; Windi, taringi (d), poone (2), suringi, gardindi (%), Kan., is a large,
usually dicecious tree of the Western Ghats, whose dried flowers are used for dyeing silk.
Skinner, No. 35 (Calophyllum longifolium) gives weight 45 lbs. P=546. O. sia-
mensis,T. And.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 270; Kurz i. 94. Vern. Zaraphee, Burm., is an ever-
green tree of the Eng forests of Prome and Martaban, and O. nervosus, Kurz i. 94,
an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the Arracan Yomah. Peciloneuron
includes two species, given by Beddome under Ternstrémiacesw, but referred to this
Family by Dyer m “Flora Indica, i. 278.” P. indicum, Beddome t. 3. Vern.
Kirballi, Kan., is a large tree of the western slopes of the Ghats from South Kanara
to Malabar, from 3,000 to 4,000 ft., said by Beddome to have a hard wood used for
rice-pounders. P. pauciflorum, Beddome t. 93. Vern. Pudangalli, is a large tree of
the Ghats of Tinnevelly and Travancore with a valuable, hard, reddish timber, used
for building, and to make walking-sticks.

Wood red (in Calophyllum, Mesua and some species of Garcinia),
generally with a distinct heartwood. Pores variable in size. Medullary
rays generally fine. Numerous concentric lines or bands of soft texture
across the rays. ,

1. GARCINIA, Linn.

A large genus of evergreen, opposite-leaved trees, usually with a yellow juice,

22

GUTTIFERZ,

[ Garcinia,

generally giving a more or less pure description of gamboge. They chiefly come from
the tropical regions of India, none of them extending to Northern and Central India,
and only one or two as far as Northern Bengal. There are about 22 Indian species,
‘the synonymy of which is somewhat confused.

The following is Dr. T, Anderson’s list, given at pages 259 to 270 of
Hooker’s Flora Indica, Karz’s species being added in brackets :—

SECTION I.—GARCINIA,

1. G. Mangostana, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 618; Cultivated in South Te- ©

g

_ Kurz i. 87. The Mangosteen. Vern.
Mengkop, youngzalai, Burm. In
Helfer’s “ Report on the Provinces of Ye,
Tavoy and Mergui” of 1839, he says
that “a full-grown tree yields 1,000
fruits, which at the lowest can be
reckoned at Rs. 3 per 100,” and that

“the integument of the fruit yields a

very strong and valuable tan.”
G. cornea, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 629; Kurz
i. 88.
“Wood brown, heavy ; gives an inferior kind of
gamboge.”— Kurz.

nasserim.

Eastern Bengal and
Burma.

G. speciosa, Wall. . eo . : ; . Tenasserim and Anda

G. indica, Choisy (G. purpurea, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ti. 624; Beddome xxi). Brindall, Goa.
“The fruit has an agreeable, acid flavour, a

syrup is made from it; the seeds furnish
a concrete oil called Kokum in Bom-
ay.

G. Chahcaih Desrouss. . : “ 7 ‘

G. Cowa, Roxb. ; : Pe : - ;

G. lanceaefolia, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 623 ; Kurz i. 91.
(G. purpurea Wall.) Vern. Kirindur,
Sylhet.

G. loniceroides, T. And. (G. succifolia, Kurz
i, 91).

‘‘Wood white, perishable; yields little and
inferior gamboge.”’—Kuwrz.

G. pedunculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 625 ; Gamble
7. Vern. Tikil, tikur, Beng.; Borthekra,
Ass.; cultivated for its fruit.

“Wood used for planks, beams, and ordinary
building.”— Mann.

G. Morella, Desrouss. . 4 ‘

G. heterandra, Wall. (G. elliptica, Wall. ; Kurz
i. 49). Vern. Z'hanat-tau, Burm.
“Wood soft, white; yields a superior quality
of gamboge.’—Kurez.
G. Wightu, T. And. ; : R ,
“The gamboge of this species is very soluble
and yields a good pigment.” —7.. And,
G. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 626; Kurzi.
92. Vern. Bubi-kowa, Sylhet.

G. atro-viridis, Griff. . : ‘ ‘ -
G. anomala, Pl. and Trian.; Kurz i. 89, Vern.
Usaqueng, Ass.

mans.
Ghats of Concan and
Kanara.

Western Ghats.

Assam, Bengal, Burma
and Andamans.

Assam, Sylhet and Chit-
tagong.

Swamp forests in Pegu.

Rangpur, Goalpara and
Sylhet.

. Assam, Eastern Bengal,

South India.
Hills of Burma up to
3,000 feet.

. South India.

Eastern Himalaya, Kha-
sia Hills, Sylhet and
Chittagong.

Upper Assam,

Khasia Hills, and hills of
Martaban, 3,000 to
6,000 feet,

Garcinia, | GUTTIFERZ. 23

SECTION I.—GARCINIA—continued,

16. G. stipulata, T. And.; Gamble 7. Vern. Sana- Sikkim and Bhutan, up
‘kadan, Lepcha. to 4,000 feet.
* Fruit yellow, sometimes eaten by Lepchas;
the tree and fruit give a yellow gum,
but it does not seem to be used.”—
Gamble.

17. G. merguensis, Wight; Kurz i. 89. : . Tenasserim.

18. G. travancorica, Beddome t. 173 (G. sp. 2. Forests of Travancore
Beddome xxi). Vern. Malampongu, Tin- and Tinnevelly.
nevelly,

“ Every portion of the tree yields an abundance
of bright yellow gamboge, not yet ex-
amined.”’— Beddome. .
19. (G. microstigma, Kurz i.91)_. : , . Andamans.

SECTION II.—XANTHOCHYMUS,

20. G. Xanthochymus, Hook. f.; Kurz i.93. Xan- Eastern Himalaya, East-
thochymus pictorius, Roxb. Fl. Ind.ii. ern Bengal, Burma,
. 633; Beddome t. 88. Vern. Zepor, Ass.;. South India.
Maohla, Phekial; Dampel, Hind.;
Iwara memadi, tamalamu, chitaka-
mraku, Tel.; Mataw, Burm. !
“Yields a large quantity~ of indifferen
gamboge.”— Roxburgh.
21. G. ovalifolia, Hook. f.; X. ovalifolius, Roxb. Western Ghats.
Fl. Ind. iit. 632; Beddome xxi. Vern.
Kokatie, Tam.; Hllagokatu, Cingh.
22. G. dulcis, Kurz i. 92 (X. dulcis, Roxb. Fl. Andamans.
Ind. ii. 631).

Wood close-grained, hard. Pores small to large, subdivided.
Numerous concentric bands of softer texture. The structure of the wood
of the species of Garcinia is not uniform. G. Cowa and G, Morella have

’ similar wood, while G. speciosa differs by having fine medullary rays and
G. Cambogia by the absence of distinct concentric rings. The structure
§ of the Garcinias requires further investigation.

ri 1. G. speciosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 260; Kurz i. 88. Vern.
ps Palawa, Burm.

‘ An evergreen tree. Bark thin, greyish-black. _Heartwood red, very

hard, cross-, and close-grained. Pores small, very numerous. Numerous
short, wavy, transverse bands joining the pores. Medullary rays very
fine, uniform, equidistant, not very distinct, the distance between two
rays about equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, according to Major Protheroe, 72 lbs. ; our specimens give only 52 lbs. and
Wallich (Nos. 73, 74, Garcinia sp., Pullowa) 45°5 lbs.

Used for house and bridge posts, and other purposes; said to be used by the

Andamanese to make bows.
Ibs,
B 504. Andaman Islands , P : : ; ; : , . tn
B 2492. Do. (Home, 1874, No. 18) é ; : . b2

Two specimens marked B 2493 Pantagah, No. 20. (51 lbs.), and B 2,500
Phungnyet, No. 19 (62 lbs.), brought by Home from the Andamans in 1874 resemble
gga but the pores are in short radial lines and the medullary rays more

istinct.
es _ B 2206 (47 lbs.), received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Thingan-
+ nee is similar in structure to B 2493 and 2500, but the pores are larger.

24 GUTTIFERZ. [ Garcinia.

2. G. Cambogia, Desr. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 261; Beddome t. 85 ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 621. Vern. d4radal, Kan. ; Heela, Burghers.

A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, cross-grained, shining, hard.
Pores small and very small, in short radial lines, between the closely
packed, uniform, very fine medullary rays. Concentric bands present,
but indistinct.

Western Coast and Ceylon.

. Weight, 541bs. per cubic foot. Beddome says the wood would answer for common
rniture.

Thwaites states that this tree yields a yellow insoluble gum, which is consequently
valueless as a pigment. It is, however, said to be soluble in spirits of turpentine, and
to form a beautitul yellow varnish. Mr. Cherry says it gives an oil which is used in
medicine.

Ibs.

W 845. South Kanara ; . ‘peace ‘ 54

3. G. Cowa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 622 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 262; G. Cowa
and G. Kydia, Roxb.; Kurzi. 90. Vern. Cowa, Hind.; Toungthalay,
Burm.

A tall evergreen tree with round stem and dark grey bark. "Wood
greyish-white, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty,
often subdivided. Medullary rays fine to broad. Numerous, wavy,
concentric bands of soft tissue across the rays.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis 1862, No. 19) ; our specimens give an average

of 40 lbs. Kyd gives weight 47 lbs.. P= 815. Wood not used. Is said to give a kind
of gamboge of a rather different colour to that produced by G. Morella. me
8.

B 549. Martaban. . = ‘ 7. A : F ; 43
B 3148. Burma (1862) ‘ ‘ - ; P ; : ; ae

4, G. Morella, Desrouss.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 264; Thwaites Enum.
49; Beddome t. 86. G. pictoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 627; Beddome t. 87.
G. Gutta, Wight. The Gamboge Tree. Vern. Aradal, punar puli, Kan.;
Gokaté, kana-goraka, Cingh. (The gum resin, Gota gamba, Hind.; Makéki,
Tam.; Revachinni, Mar.; Sanatosi, Burm. ; Gokatu, Cingh.)

An evergreen tree. Wood yellow, hard, mottled. Pores large, sub-
divided. Medullary rays moderately broad. Numerous, wavy, concentric
bands of soft texture across the rays which are narrower than in G. Cowa,

Forests of the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Western Coast, and Ceylon.

The tree which produces the ‘true gamboge. The gum is, however, not collected
* in the forests of South India, and the chief trade supply is obtained from Siam. In
Ceylon it is usually collected by cutting a thin slice off the bark of the tree here and

there of the size of the palm of the hand. On the flat space thus exposed the gum

collects and is scraped off when sufficiently dried. Bs
iS.
No. 14, Ceylon collection (marked Cambogia Gutta, Vern. Cocatiye) . 56

2. CALOPHYLLUM, Linn.

A large genus of chiefly tropical trees, of which many species occur in the Malay
Peninsula and Ceylon. Six species oceur in India, of which four in Burma and the Anda-
mans, three in Southern India and one in Northern and Eastern Bengal. Five species are
herein described, and the remaining species is C. retuswm, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 272
(C. amenum, Wall.; Kurz i. 95), an evergreen tree of Tenasserim. The genus is
remarkable for its handsome flowers and beautiful parallel-veined, opposite, coriaceous

leaves,

7

7 5,000 feet.

Calophyllum. | GUTTIFER &. 25

Wood soft and moderately hard, reddish, with a darker coloured
heartwood, seasons well, weight moderate. Pores moderate-sized or large,
prominent on a vertical section, often arranged in wavy strings or groups.
Medullary rays fine or very fine, indistinct on a cross section but prominent
as straight narrow lines on a radial section, Interrupted concentric lines

of soft tissue.

1. C. spectabile, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 271; Kurz i. 94;
C. Moonii, Wight, Beddome xxii.; C. amenum, Wall. in Exhibition
Catalogue; C. telrapetalum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 608. Vern. Panta-ha,
kyandoo, Burm. ; Dakar taladd, And, ; Lal chuni, Hind. (from Andamans).

A tall evergreen tree. Wood light red, shining, cross-grained, moder-
ately hard. Pores large, in scattered groups, and wavy lines prominent
on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, promi-
nent on a radial section as long, straight, dark-coloured narrow plates.
Concentric lines of soft tissue divide the wood into what at first sight
appear to be annual rings, but on closer examination are found to
be interrupted, and cannot be held to be the lines which mark th
annual increment; these lines are visible on a vertical section. ;

Tenasserim and Andaman Islands.

Weight, 38-39 lbs. per cubic foot. No. 13, from the Andaman Islands, of Brandis’
experiments of 1866 is probably this: Weight, 39°56 lbs. P—=530—mean of 8 experi-
ments with bars 2’ x 1” x 1.”

The wood is used for masts and spars; also for planking, for which purpose it
has lately been used in building barracks in the Andamans.

Ibs.
B 525. Andaman Islands ; ‘ : ‘ é H 3 aie
B 1992. a » (Kurz, 1866) . ‘ ; : 5 ‘ - 38
B 3197. - », (Home, 1874, No. 14, Zeent) . : r . 389

2. C. inophyllum, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 273; Beddome xxii. ;
Kurz i. 95; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 606. The Alexandrian Laurel. Vern.
Sultana champa, Hind., Beng.; Pianay, Tamil; Pina, piinds, Tel.;
Wima, Kan. ; Undi, Mar. ; Domba, Cingh. ; Pongnyet, Burm. ; Bintangor,
Malay.

aa evergreen tree. Bark grey or blackish-brown, smooth. Wood
reddish-brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small and
moderate-sized, arranged in groups. Medullary rays extremely fine

_ and numerous. Numerous, not very prominent, interrupted concentric

lines of soft tissue.
South India, Burma and Andaman Islands, often cultivated for ornament in other

parts of India.
Weight: 63 lbs. per cubic foot according to Kurz; the specimens received averaged
42 lbs. omitting the last which was rather decayed, “Used for masts, spars, railway

sleepers, machinery, &¢.”—Kurz.

Ibs.
W 733. South Kanara . ; é : ‘ , 4 ; . 88
B 2257. Andaman Islands (1866) . D : : P : . 45
B 2258. a Ps | . “ u ‘ 3 , . 44
B 2263. op - a ; 3 . 26

3. C. polyanthum, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 274; Kurz i. 95;
Gamble 7. Vern. Kandeb, Beng.; Kironli, Nep.; Sunglyer, Lepcha.
An evergreen tree. Structure the same as that of C. spectadbiée.

Northern and Eastern Bengal, Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Burma, ascending to

D

96 GUTTIFERZ. [ Calophytlum.

Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Mr. Chester says it is used largely in Chittagong
for masts, spars and rafters, and sometimes for small boat building and canoes.

Ibs.
E 1400. Chittagong . sags oS hes ° ; ; . 44
E 2490. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai. : ‘ A ; . 38

E 2953. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 3,000 feet . : . ‘ : . 39
These last two have the same structure as C. polyanthwm, but the wood has a dark
red colour.

4, C. tomentosum, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 274; Beddome xxii.
C. elatum, Beddome t. 2. The Poon Spar Tree. Vern. Poon, poone,
Mal. ; Pongoo, Tamil; Sivi poone, Kan.

A large, tall, evergreen tree. Bark with numerous longitudinal
eracks. Structure the same as that of C. spectabile.

Evergreen forests of the Western Coast from Kanara southwards.

Weight: Couch’s experiments at Plymouth Dockyard: gave 36 to 43 Ibs. per cubic
foot; our specimens give 35 lbs. per cubic foot. Yields the Poon spars of commerce,

good spars often fetching large prices. It is also used for building and bridge work.
The seeds give an oil.

wirceGe. (South Managa ies 80.5). So os ep ben Joa
D 1279. Anamalai Hills . ‘ p : z ig

5. C. Wightianum, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 274; Beddome t. 90.
C. decipiens, Wight Ic, 106. Vern. Katpoon, kull-ponné, Kan.; Cheru
pinnay, Tam. |
An evergreen tree. Wood hard, red. Pores large and moderate-
sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, not very distinct.
Numerous interrupted, wavy and anastomozing concentric bands of
soft tissue.
Western Ghats from the Konkan to Travancore.
Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. It is probably No. 36 of Skinner’s List (C. spw

rium) W = 39 lbs.; P = 567. Beddome says the timber is much esteemed and
valuable for engineering purposes.

Tbs.
W 861. South Kanara

° e . * . e e 45

8. KAYEA, Wall.

Two Indian and one Ceylon species. K. floribunda, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 276;
Kurz i. 96. Vern. Karram-jowa, Sylhet, is a tree of the tropical forests of the Eastern
Himalaya and of the hills of Martaban, ascending to 3,000 feet. KH. nervosa, T. And. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 277 ; Kurz i. 97 is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim.

1. K. stylosa, Thwaites Enum. 50; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 276;
Beddome t. 102. Vern. Sivenda, Cingh.
A large tree. Barkdark grey. Wood soft, reddish. Pores moderate-

sized, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, indistinct, with concentric
bands of soft texture across the rays.

A. Mendis gives the weight at 56 lbs. and P= 814.
Ceylon, south of the island. No. 82, Ceylon collection. . . « 56

4. MESUA, Linn.

Beddome gives six species of this genus, but all these are included in the Flora
Indica by Dr. T. Anderson under one, Mesua ferrea. In the “Genera Plantarum ”
there are said to be three species. These include MW. Uhwaitesii; Pl. and Trian., of
Ceylon, and a species from Malacea.

—

a a ee

Mesua. | GUTTIFERA. 27

1. M. ferrea, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 277; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
605; Kurz 1. 97; Beddome xxiii (with also MM. speciosa, Choisy ;
M. Roxburgh, Wight; UM. sclerophylla, Thw.; M. pulchella, Pl. and
Trian.; and I. coromandeliana, Wight; Beddome t. 64) ; Thwaites Enum.
50. Vern. Nagesar, Beng.; Nahor, Ass.; Nageshvoro, Uriya; Nangal,
mallay nangal, Tam.; Naga-kesara, Tel.; Nang, Tinnevelly; Naga
sampigi, Kan.; Nag-champa, Mar.; Behetta-champagam, Mal.; Nd,
deya-ndé, Cingh.; Kaing-go, Magh; Gangau, Burm,

A large evergreeu tree. Heartwood dark red, extremely hard.
Pores moderate-sized, often in groups, scanty, often filled with yellow
resin. Medullary rays extremely fine, uniform, equidistant, very
numerous, Numerous fine, wavy, concentric lines of light-coloured
tissue.

Eastern Bengal from the Monas eastward (though traces of its having formerly
been found west of that river occur sometimes in the names of places, e. g.,
Nageshwarbari, or Naksarbari, a town in the Sikkim Terai on the Nepal frontier),
Assam, South India, Ceylon, Burma and the Andamans, often cultivated.

= weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments :—

Weight. Value of P,
A. Mendis Ceylon No. 59, with bars 2’ x 1” x 1” found 72 Ibs, 994
Brandis Burma No. 18, 1862 : ; ; ss 69 ,, ss
Bennett Andamans No. 4, 1872 . . ; et TOs 1053
Assam (4 specimens), 1878 . ; ms 67°5 5 cle
Smythies { Kanara (1 Pe Oe : ‘ " a a
Burma (6 9 ), 22 ° ° 9 70 9 *

Several of our specimens, however, reached 74 to 76 lbs. per cubic foot in weight. It
is very durable. It has been found to answer for sleepers equally well with

Pynkado, but the cost of cutting the hard wood, its weight, and the freight from the

Tenasserim forests to Calcutta prevent its being much used, as the total cost is scarcely
covered by the price (Rs. 5) per broad-gauge sleeper. It is used for building, for
bridges, gunstocks and tool handles; but its more general use is prevented by its
great hardness, weight and the difficulty of working it. In Ceylon an oil is obtained
from the nut, and the tree is often planted for the sake of its handsome flowers.

E 2309. E. Diars, Assam . F ; , : ; ‘ ; . 64
E 793. Kaémrip - a ; : r ‘ Ranh S52 : TRL
E 2190. Nowgong ,, ; P . : é : ; : . 75
E 1273. Cachar ‘ ‘ 3 : ; _ ‘ : ; ‘ ¥70
W 741. South Kanara ‘ ‘ * < ‘ ; : ‘ . 62
B 2504. Burma (1862) — . : = ‘ 4 - $ ‘ - 69
B 554. Martaban ‘ ; ; : ; ° é ‘ : ae J
B 2700. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . ; ‘ : : : ‘ . 60
B 2238. Andamans (Major Ford, 1866) ; ‘ F his - 76
B 2491. fe (Home, 1874, No. 10) . - . ‘ : . 67
B 620. 3 ‘ : ; : ; ‘ ’ ° . 74
No. 59. Ceylon Collection (Mesua Nagaha) - : ; ; oa

Orver XV. TERNSTROMIACEE.

Twelve genera belonging to three tribes, viz. :—
Tribe I.—Ternstrémiee . 4 L . Anneslea, Ternstrimia, Adinan.
dra, Cleyera and Eurya.
» iIL—Sauraujes . . : . Actinidia, Saurauja and Stachy-
Uurus.
» I111.—Gordoniex ‘ ; 3 . Pyrenaria, Schima, Gordonia and
Camellia.

28 TERNSTROMIACER. | [ Lurya.

Anneslea contains two small trees of Burma: A. fragrans, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
280; Kurz i. 98, of the Eng forests, and A. monticola, Kurz i. 98, of the hill forests of
Martaban at 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Zernstrémia, two trees of South India and Burma:
T. japonica, Thunb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 280; Kurz i. 99 (7. gymnanthera, Beddome t.
91). Vern. Kaymone, Nilgiris, an evergreen tree of the Western Ghats and the Marta-
ban Hills, said by Beddome to have a pinkish wood, used for house-building; and
T. penangiana, Choisy; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 281; Kurz i. 99, an evergreen tree of the
Andamans and Tenasserim. Adinandra villosa, Choisy ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 283 ; Kurz
i. 100, is anevergreen tree of Pegu. Cleyeraochnacea, DC.,and C. grandiflora, Hook.
f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. 283, 284, are small trees of the North-Eastern Himalaya
and Khasia Hills. <Actinidia contains two climbing shrubs: A. callosa, Ldl. (No.
KE. 2858, Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet, with corky bark and brown, very porous
wood) at about 5,000 feet, from Garhwal to Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, and A.
strigosa, Hook. f. and Th., of the Sikkim Himalaya, at 6,000 to 8,000 feet: both, Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 286; Gamble 8. Vern. Tikphal, Nep.; Taksing, Lepcha. Fruit edible, of
good flavour. Stachyurus himalaicus, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 288, is a
small glabrous tree of the Eastern Himalaya from 5,000 to 8,000 feet.

In Pyrenaria are four evergreen trees: three of which, P. attenuata, Seem.;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 290 (P. serrata, Bl.; Kurz i. 105) of Tavoy; P. diospyricarpa,
Kurz i. 104, and P. camellieflora, Kurz i. 105, of the Martaban Hills, are Burmese:
and one, P. barringtoniefolia, Seem.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 290, of the Garo Hills in
Assam. Gordonia obtusa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 291; Beddome t. 83. Vern.

‘ Nagetta, Nilgiris, is a tall grey-barked tree of the Western Ghats, said by Beddome
to have a yellowish-white, even-grained wood, used for house-building, but liable to
warp. G. excelsa, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 291, is a tree of the Bhutan Himalaya,

Pores small, uniformly distributed between the fine or very fine
medullary rays. The species of Lurya have a few broader rays alternat-
ing with the fine rays.

1, EURYA, Thunb.

A genus of evergreen shrubs or small trees, of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam,
Southern India, and Burma, F. japonica, Thunb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 284; Beddome
t. 92; Brandis 24; Kurz i. 101; Gamble 7. Vern. Bauwnra, gonta, dewra, Hind. >
Shingni, Nep.; Tungchong, Lepcha; Hoolooni, Nilgiris ; Towngletpet, Burm., is found
in the Himalaya from the Jumna eastwards, above 3,000 feet in altitude, in the Western
Ghats and in Burma. It grows quickly and often gregariously in the Sikkim hills,
mt coppices well. JZ. trichocarpa, Korth. is a small tree of Bhutan and the Khasia

ills.

1. E. symplocina, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 284; Kurz i. 102; Gamble
7. Vern. Bara jhingni, kisi, Nep.; Flotungchong, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, thin. Wood reddish-white, soft,
close-grained. Annual rings marked by more numerous pores in the
spring wood. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine and moder-
ately broad, the latter short, prominent. | |

Hills of the North-Eastern Himalaya, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, Burma.

Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. Used only for firewood.

: Ibs.
E 385. es 35
E 2319. } Rangbéil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . , . : : { aa

2. E. acuminata, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 285 ; Kurz i. 101; Gamble
7. Vern. Sanu ghingni, Nep.; Flotungchong, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, thin, smooth. Wood differs
from that of 2. symplocina in having the larger medullary rays less
broad and less prominent.

Hills of the North-Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Martaban, from 5,000 to
8,000 feet.

Saurauja, | TERNSTROMIACER. 29

Weight, according to Kyd 32 lbs.; our specimen, however, weighed 47 lbs.

Kyd’s experiments on a bar 2' x 1” x 1” gave P = 337, for wood from Goalpara.
‘ Ibs.

E 2320. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7,500 ft. ‘ : “pee ea Te a |

2. SAURAUJA, Willd,

A genus of trees or shrubs with handsome, parallel-veined, generally scaly and
rusty-tomentose leaves, and pink or white flowers. Of the eight Indian species five are
found in Burma, and six in the Eastern Himalaya. Besides the species here described,
S. Griffithii, Dyer; Hook. Fl.!Ind. i. 286 ; Gamble 8. Vern. Gogen, Nep. ; Hlosipha,
Lepcha, is an extremely handsome small tree with large leaves bright green above and
densely yellow tomentose beneath, found in Sikkimand Assam. S. fasciculata, Wall. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 287 ; Gamble 8. Vern. Gokul, Sare gogen, Nep:; Sipha, Lepcha, from
Sikkim; and S. punduwana, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 287 ; Kurzi. 103; Gamble 8. Vern.
Rata gogen, Nep; Sipha, Lepcha, from Sikkim, Assam and Burma, are small trees
or shrubs; S. Rorburghii, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 287; Kurz i. 103; Gamble 287
(Ternstrimia serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.ii.521). Vern. Dalip, Sylhet ; Ouli gogen, Nep. ;
Dangsipha, Lepcha, is a small tree of the valleys of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, and
Burma; and S. tristyla, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 287; Kurzi. 104; (Zernstrimia
bilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 622) occurs in Tenasserim.

1. S. napaulensis, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 286; Brandis 25;
Gamble 8. Vern. Gogina, goganda, Hind.; Gogen, Nep.; Kast, Lepcha.

A small tree, Bark reddish-brown, thin. Wood light pink, very
soft, spongy; shrinks much. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and
moderately broad, prominent on a radial section.

Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan above 3,000 feet, Khasia Hills.
Weight, 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Leaves lopped for cattle fodder.
Ibs,

E 2321. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet. ; , ‘ 2 . . 25

3. SCHIMA, Reinw.

Six species. S. crenata, Korth.; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 289; Kurz i. 107. (Gordonia
oblata, Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 572. G. floribunda, Wall.) is an evergreen tree of Burma.
S. khasiana, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 289, is a white-barked tree of the Khasia Hills.
S. monticola, Kurz i, 107, is a tree of the summits of the Nattoung Range in
Martaban, at 6,000 to 7,200 feet; and S. bancana, Miq.; Kurz i. 108, is a tree of the
Eng forests of Martaban and Tenasserim.

1. S. Wallichii, Choisy; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 289; Gamble 8.
Gordonia integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11. 572. Vern. Chilauni, goechassi,
Nep.; Makusal, Hind. ; Sumbrong, Lepcha; Gugera, Goalpara; Makriah
chilauni, makusal, Ass.; Dingan, Khasia; Boldak, Géro; Jam,
Cachar.

A large evergreen tree. Bark black or dark grey with deep vertival
eracks. Wood rough, red, moderately hard, shrinks much in seasoning,
but is durable. Pores moderate-sized and small, round, extremely
numerous and uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, uniform,
equidistant, very numerous: on a radial section visible as narrow, darker
coloured plates.

Northern and Eastern Bengal, and Chittagong, ascending to 5,000 ft.

Growth moderately fast, our specimens shew 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius.

The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength :—

Weight. iY =a
Kyd with Goalpara wood in 1831, No. 48, bar2' x 1” x 1". found 43 lbs. 383
Brandis with Sikkim ,, in 1864, Dee 629 3 9S Pe; eo ©6468 =; -'760
Smythies with our four specimens in 1873 sty aaa ob olde Th MRE Oe,

30 TERNSTROMIACER. [ Schima.

The wood is durable; E 1449, brought by Griffith from the Mishmi Hills in 1836,
was perfectly sound when cut up in 1878. It is used in Northern Bengal and Assam for
many purposes, but chiefly for building. Many of the tea factories in Darjeeling have
been built of it, and the Public Works Department have sometimes used it for bridges.
Mann states that in Assam it is used for planks and ordinary building purposes and
for canoes. In 1875 several sleepers were made over to the Northern Bengal State
Railway fer experiment, but the result is not yet known. As large quantities of the
timber, ‘well grown and straight, are available, it is to be hoped that it may be ere
long in more extensive demand.

It seeds profusely every year during the winter ; the fruit is a hard capsule which
splits open to let full the flat, slightly winged seeds. In thick forests, however,
seedlings are rarely found, but wherever light is admitted and the soil has been
slightly stirred, they come up in profusion.

E 491. Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling . . ; ise Fle as 43

E 646. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai - : : ; . 44
E 636. Eastern Diiars, Assam . : 3 ; Ne Mae : . 42
E 1449. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836). : ' : ly Pei . 50

2. S. Noronhe, Rwdt.; Kurz i. 107. Vern. Panma, thitya, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark brown, irregularly cracked. Wood reddish-
brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, in short: radial lines
between the very fine and closely-packed medullary rays. There is some
doubt about the identification of this number.

Tenasserim and Martaban Hills. Weight 45 lbs. per cubic foot..

lbs.
B 299. Burma (1867) . ; : : : F : : ‘ 4 45

4. CAMELLIA, Linn.

Four species. C. caudata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 293; Kurz i. 108, is an
evergreen shrub of the forests of the Martaban Hills at 3,000 to 4,000 feet. C.
lutescens, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 293, is a shrub of the Mishmi Hills,

1. C. drupifera, Lour,; Hock. Fl. Ind. i. 293; Kurz i. 109; Gamble
9. C. Kissi, Wall. Vern. Kiss, hingua, Nep.; Chashing, Bhutia,
Lepcha.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark thin, greyish-white. Wood grey,
soft, even-grained. Pores very small, uniformly distributed between
the very fine, very numerous medullary rays,

Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Khasia Hills, ascending to 8,000 feet, Tenasserim, ©
and Andaman Islands.

E 8111. Kalimpting, Darjeeling, 4,500 feet.

2. C. Thea, Link.; Brandis 25; Kurz i. 109; Gamble 9, the
China Tea Plant. C. theifera, Griff. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 292, the Assam
Tea Plant. Vern. Cha.

A shrub with thin grey bark. Wood grey, soft. Pores numerous,
very small, uniformly distributed between the numerous fine medullary
rays.

Cultivated in many districts in India, especially in Kangra, Kulu, Dehra Din,

Kumaun, Darjeeling, the Western Diiars, Assam, Cachar, Chittagong and Hazaribagh
in Northern India, as well as in the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon.
Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs.
O 3142. Dehra Din . ; . : ; ; ; o gtd sag

Dipterocarpus. | DIPTEROCARPEZ. 3h

Orver XVI. DIPTEROCARPE.

An order of great forest importance, containing large resinous trees and a few
climbing shrubs, belonging to seven genera, viz., Dipterocarpus, Ancistrocladus,
Anisoptera,, Vatica, Shorea, Hopea and Vateria. Doona and Monoporandra are
found in Ceylon.

Of Ancistrocladus, a genus of climbing shrubs, two species are found in India:
A. Wallichii, Planch; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 300; Kurz i. 111, in Chittagong, Burma and
the Andamans; and A. Griffithii, Planch; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 300; Kurzi. 110. Vern.
Panben-nway, Burm., inswamp forests in Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim. Anisoptera
glabra, Kurz i. 112. Vern. Thingado, Burm., is a large evergreen Burmese tree.

The camphor of commerce is obtained from Dryobalanops Camphora, a tree of
Sumatra. The camphor is often found in the stem in a solid state, but is also procured
liquid by incision.

The Dipterocarpee here described have a uniform structure. The
pores are round, often in groups, small to large, but generally moderate-
sized, enclosed in a narrow white ring. The medullary rays are fine and
moderately broad, generally equidistant. The heartwood is generally

distinct, dark coloured, heavy (from 40 to 70 lbs.) and resinous, exuding

wood oils or dammer, which are found, not in separate resinous ducts, but
in the pores (vessels) of the wood. The wood of most species is hard,
strong and durable, that of several species of Dipterocarpus is softer and
perishable.

1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. f.

Twelve species, all lofty trees, of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. These
species are :—

1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f. . : ; . Eastern Bengal, Burma and

Andamans.
2. D. levis,Ham. . , : F ; - Burma.
3. D. vestitus, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 295. . Tavoy.
4. D. obtusifolius, Teysm. ; : . . Hills of Prome and Martaban.
5. D. pilosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.615; Hook. Fl. Arracan, hills of Martaban

oa i, 296; Kurz i. 115. Vern. Hollong, and Tenasserim.
ss.
“Rarely used for canoes, does for planks. ”—Mann.
6. (D. Hasseltii, Bl.; Kurzi.114) . ’ . Tenasserim and Andamans.
7. D. tuberculatus, Roxb. s ; : . Chittagong and Burma.
8. D. scaber, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 297. . Eastern Bengal.
9. D. alatus, Roxb. . : A é : . Chittagong, Burma and
Andamans.
10. D. incanus, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 614; Hook Chittagong.
Fl. Ind. i. 298.
ll. D. Griffithii, Miq.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 299; Tenasserim and Andamans,

Kurz i. 116. ;
12. (D. costatus, Gaertn.; Kurz i.117. Under Hills of Chittagong, Marta-
D. alatus in Hook. FI. Ind. i. 298.) ban and Tenasserim.

This list is chiefly taken from Dyer’s description in the ‘“ Flora Indica,” and Kurz’
“Burma Flora,” but there is considerable difference in the synomymy given in Kurz, the
“Flora Indica” and Alphonse de Candolle’s Monograph in the “ Prodromus, ” Vol. xvi.
Kurz’ species are given in brackets.

The species of Dipterocarpus have a reddish, soft or moderately hard
heartwood, generally rough. Pores visible on a vertical section, moderate-
sized to large. Medullary rays often of two sizes, fine and moderately broad.

1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 295; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i.612; Kurzi.114. The Gurjun-Oil Tree. Vern. Gurjun, tiliyagurjun,
Beng. ; Kanyoung, Magh; Kanyin-nee, hanyin-wettoung, Burm.

32 DIPTEROCARPE. | Dipterocarpus.

A lofty evergreen tree. Wood rough, moderately hard; heartwood
reddish grey. ‘Pores round, large and moderate- sized, joined by short
concentric bands of soft tissue. “Medullary rays prominent, broad and
very fine, a large number of the latter intervening between a pair of the
former; very prominent and shining on a radial section.

Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Skinner, No. “64, gives the weight at 45 lbs. and P = 762; Kurz gives 55 Ibs. for the
weight, while our specimens average 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for house-
building and for canoes in Burma; and the wood-oil is used in painting houses and

ships.
lbs.

E 709. Chittagong ; ‘ ; . ; : ; ‘ F 49
B 293. Burma (1867 ) : ; : é ; ; 43
B 2216. Andaman Islands (Major Ford, , 1866) : : ; ‘ °, a
B 2555. Burma (1862) ‘ , - , 56

2. D. levis, Ham.; Kurzi. 114. D, tur sbeaiaat Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
295 (in part). Vern. Kanyin, kanyin-nee, Burm.

A lofty tree. Sapwood white ; heartwood rough, reddish, soft. Pores
moderate-sized, numerous. Medullary rays red, fine, moderately broad
and broad, visible on a radial section as long bands, the distance between
two broader rays equal to two to four times the transverse diameter of the
pores.

Tropical forests throughout Burma.
Weight: our specimens give an average of 46 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is
rarely used, but is occasionally employed for planking and rafters. It yields copiously

a resin and a wood-oil used for painting.
lbs.

B 292. Burma (1867) ‘ : : ; ‘ : : ; j 43

B 2506. rs (1862) ; d : 49

D. indicus, Beddome t. 94. Vern. une Kan’ of the Western Ghits, is referred to
this or to D. turbinatus by Dyer.

3. D. obtusifolius, Teysm.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 295; Kurz i. 115,
- Vern. Kanyin-kok, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark ? inch thick, ash-grey, longitudin-
ally cracked, rough. Heartwood reddish brown, rough, moderately
hard. Pores large. and moderate-sized, Medullary rays fine and very
fine, numerous.

Eng forests of Prome and Martaban, ascending to 3,000 feet.

Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot. a

B 3128. Kya-eng, Attaran Valley, Burma. . «"ts) «oe

4, D. tuberculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 614; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 297;
Kurzi. 113. D. grandiflorus, Wall. The Eng Tree. Vern, Hg, Burm. ;
Sooahn, Taleing.

A large deciduous gregarious tree, with dark grey bark, forming the
« Eng forests” of Burma. Wood red, hard. Pores circular, large and
moderate-sized, often filled with resin,‘ Medullary rays prominent,
moderately broad, with a number of fine rays between each pair of broad
ones; distance between broader rays as much as twice transverse dia-

meter of pores.

Chittagong and Burma.
Weight: Brandis in Burma List of 1862, No. 12, gives 55 Ibs. ; : Skinner, No. 63,

gives 45 and Benson 46 lbs. ; while the average of our specimens gives 54 lbs. Benson

4 ee

Dipterocarpus. | DIPTEROCARPER. 33

gives P== 758; Skinner 750. The timber is very largely used in Burma for building,

canoes; and house posts. It gives no wood-oil, but a clear yellow resin. 3
z ‘ 8.

B 2505. Burma (1862) ‘ ‘ F P ; . . 60

PRA TRG TS) | gs yao” APRA Med cool! ely ee BD

B 2480. % - ° ° : : . ° ; . 69

5. D. alatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 614; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 298; Kurz
i. 116. Vern. Gurjun, Beng.; Kanyin, kanyin-pyoo, Burm.

A very large tree with grey bark. Sapwood white ; heartwood reddish
grey, moderately hard, smooth, mottled. Pores scanty, large, often oval
and subdivided. Medullary rays undulating, short, fine and moderately
broad, not prominent. Pores prominent on a longitudinal section.

Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands. }

Weight: Brandis in Burma List, 1862, No. 11, gives 38lbs.; our specimen gives
50lbs.; Bennett, No. 9, Andaman woods, (Kanyin), gives Weight 49 ibs.. P= 727. The
wood is used for house-building and canoes, but is not durable.

lbs,
B 818. Burma ‘ ‘ . . : . - 50
B 2243. Andamans (1866) (rather eaten) . ; , oy Ss 2S

6. D. zeylanicus, Thwaites Enum. 383; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 297;
Beddome xxv. Vern. Hord, Cingh.
Heartwood red, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to very large.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, frequently bending.
Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet.
Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building. It gives a wood-oil and
gum resin.

Ibs.
No. 37. Ceylon collection . . - : . Sil eae see)

E 720 is a wood sent from Chittagong under the name Michamma. In structure
it resembles Dipterocarpus, and differs chiefly by the very numerous, very fine, equi-
distant medullary rays. The pores are joined by white, wavy concentric lines. The
wood is oases aa by concentric belts of fibrous substance resembling liber, about 4
inch thick. |

E 1257. (43 lbs.) from Tezpur, Assam, has the structure of Dipterocarpus.

E 1960. (37 Ibs.) Vern. Lowa, Beng.; Chakyai, Magh, from Chittagong, is
probably a species of Dipterocarpus : it is distinguished by numerous broad and fine
medullary rays, and moderate-sized, often subdivided pores.

2. VATICA, Linn.

Six species. V. grandiflora, Dyer; Hook. Fl, Ind. i. 301 (Anisoptera odorata,
Kurz i. 112. Hopea grandiflora, Wall.) is a deciduous tree of Martaban and
Tenasserim, where also are found V. faginea, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 301, and
V. Helferi, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 301 (Shorea Helferi, Kurz i. 119). V. scaphula,
Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 301 (Hopea scaphula, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611; Kurz i. 121).
Vern. Boilshura, Beng., is a tree of Chittagong, especially on Maseal island, whose
trunk is used for making canoes. V. Roxburghiana, Bl.; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 302;
Beddome t. 95. Vern. Mendora, Cingh., is a large tree of the Western Coast and
Ceylon, yielding a gum resin.

1. V. lanceefolia, Bl.; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 8302; Kurz i. 122; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 601. Vern. Morhal, Ass.; Moal, Sylhet; Panthitya, Burm.

A large tree. Heartwood red, rough, hard. Pores small, numerous,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, not distinct.

Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma.
_ If thisis Skinner’s No. 131 (Vateria lanceefolia, Vern. Let-touk, Burm.) the weight
is 58 lbs. and P= 931; Wallich gives 54 lbs. ; our specimens 35 to-52 Ibs. per cubic foot.

E

34 DIPTEROCARPESR. [ Shorea,

The wood is not very good. The tree gives a resin called ghund, used in temples.
; lbs,
Bi2508. Honma (i862). |. | 3 ee te
B 2282. Andamans (1866) 2 ‘ ‘ ; ‘ 2 ; . 52
We identify this last by the structure, though the tree is not given from the
Andamans.

3. SHOREA, Roxb.

Nine species. WS. floribunda, Kurz. i. 119; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 304, is a deciduous
tree of Tavoy. S. assamica, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 307, is a tree of Upper Assam
discovered by G. Mann on the banks of the Dehing river. S. gratissima, Dyer; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 307 (Hopea gratissima, Wall. ; Kurz i. 121), is found in Tenasserim.

Wood generally cross-grained. Heartwood brown, hard or very
hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, generally filled with resin, in
patches of lighter coloured tissue, Medullary rays fine, broad, equidistant.

1. S. stellata, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 804. Parashorea stellata,
Kurz i. 117. Vern, Koungmhoo, Burm.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark 34 inch thick, dark brown,
longitudinally fissured. Wood white, hard, rough. Pores round,
moderate-sized to large, uniformly distributed, often filled with a white
substance; each pore enclosed in a narrow white ring. Medullary
rays moderately broad ; the distance between two rays generally equal to
the transverse diameter of the pores.

Burma.
Weight, 47 to 50 lbs. The wood is a used for canoes and in boat-building.
- Tbs.
B 1944. Tavoy, Burma . ; 7 see aun ae : : ’ 47
B 2481. Tenasserim . : : . 60

2. S. Talura, Roxb. Fil. Ind. ii. 618; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 304.
S. laccifera, Heyne; Beddome t.6. Vatica laccifera, W. and A. Vern.
Talura, talari, Tam.; Jaldrz, Tel. ; Jalaranda, Kan.

A large tree. Bark grey, with longitudinal fissures. Wood grey,
very to extremely hard, smooth, with small dark-coloured irregularly-
shaped heartwood. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in groups
enclosed in patches of white tissue, which are frequently elongated and
wavy, forming interrupted concentric bands. No distinct annual rings,
but alternating belts, with numerous and with few pores. Medullary
rays fine, very numerous, frequently white, bending,

Mysore and the eastern districts of Madras.

Weight: Puckle gives 43 lbs. per cubic foot; our specimens give 65 to 70 Ibs.
Puckle finds P—=896. The wood is much used for house-building, and is largely sent
down to Madras for that purpose. ch

8.

D 1056. South Arcot : ; - : ; : - - . 70

D 1092. Madura ; ; : ; ; : : : . 65

D 1092 has a smooth, yellow, even-grained wood, while D 1056 is grey with a dark
brownish-red heartwood, but the structure of the two is identical.

3. S. robusta, Gaertn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 615; Beddome t. 4;
Brandis 26; Kurzi. 119; Gamble 9. The Sdl Tree. Vern. Sd, sd/a,
salwa, stkhu, sakher, Hind.; Sakwa, Nep.; Teturl, Lepcha; Bolsal, Garo ;
Salwa, soringhi, Uriya ; Koroh, Oudh ; Sarei, rinjal,C, P.; Gégal, Tel. ~

A large gregarious tree, never quite leafless. Bark of young trees
smooth with a few long, deep, vertical cracks ; of old trees 1 to 2 inches
thick, dark coloured, rough, with deep longitudinal furrows. Sapwood

—

Shorea. | DIPTEROCARPER. 35

small, whitish, not durable. Heartwood brown, finely streaked with
dark lines, coarse-grained, hard, with a remarkably fibrous and cross-
grained structure ; the fibres of successive concentric strata in the wood
do not run parallel but at oblique angles to each other, so that when
the wood is dressed the fibres appear interlaced; does not season well.
Annual rings visible. Pores moderate-sized to large, often filled with
resin ; each pore or group of pores in a patch of whitish tissue. Medullary
rays uniform, moderately broad, straight, very prominent, joined by
short white transverse lines, clearly visible on a radial section as
numerous interrupted bands; the distance between the medullary rays
equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. . |

North-east moist and intermediate zones: Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Bias to
Assam, eastern part of Central India, from the Ganges to the Godaveri, extending
westward to the longitude of Mandla, with an outlying patch on and around the sand-
stone hills of the Pachmarhi Range.

The wood of the sal tree has concentric rings, which we at present assume to
correspond to one year’s growth. There are afew cases on record in which the wood of
young trees (up to 15-years) has been found to have a number of rings corresponding
to the age of the tree. But sufficient proof to support the assumption has not yet been
collected. Assuming, however, that the concentric rings are annual, the following
information is available regarding the rate of growth of sal. | |

In 1873 Mr. Fisher examined 40 sAl trees in the Pantan Reserve, Kamrtip district,
Assam: 5 trees of 6 feet in girth had, on an average, 10 rings per inch of radius;
20 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth had an average of 9°7 rings per inch; and 15 trees of
3 feet girth had 11 rings per inch. The rings were counted on lengths of radius, from
the centre, of 2°86, 5°73, 8°6 and 11°5 inches respectively, corresponding to a girth of
wood only of 18, 36, 54 and 72 inches.

In 1874 he examined 32 trees in the Balipara Reserve, Darrang district; Assam :

10 trees of 1 foot 6 inches girth gave an average of 38 rings, or 13 rings per inch

of radius; 10 trees of 3 feet girth gave 61 rings, or 10°6 rings per inch of radius;
10 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth gave 92 rings, or 10°7 rings per inch; 1 tree of
5 feet 7 inches girth gave 110 rings, or 10°3 rings per inch; and 1 tree of 6 feet
girth gave 122 rings, or 10°6 rings per inch of radius. .

In 1875 he examined 20 trees in the Sidli forests, Godlpfra district,
Assam: 3 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth gave an average of 89 rings, or 10°3 rings
per inch radius; and 17 trees of 3 feet girth gave 50 rings, or 8°8 rings per inch radius.
The rings were counted in the same manner as in 1873.

In 1876 he examined 11 trees in the same forests: 4 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth
gave 76 rings, or 88 rings per inch of radius; 7 trees of 3 feet girth gave 51 rings,
or 8°8 rings per inch. . | |

In 1877 he examined 17 trees in the same forests: 1 tree 6 feet in girth gave 103
rings or 9 rings per inch of radius; 1 tree 4 feet 6 inches in girth gave 96 rings, or 11
rings per inch of radius; 13 trees of 3 feet in girth gave 51°5 rings, or 8'9 rings per
inch of radius ; and 2 trees of 1 foot 6 inches girth gave 26 rings or 9°1 rings per inch.

The rings were counted in the same manner in each case. ‘The result of the detailed
counting of the rings was as follows :—

S Rings counted on a length of
, radius from centre, correspond-
Locatiry. eA ing to a girth (wood only) of
Le vd
aS
: |
y 4 18” 36” | 54” 72"
Pantan (on the hill) A : 4 ; - 22 80. | 56 82 115
» {in the plains) A ’ ‘ ‘ ; = 18 $2 65 96 126
Balipara ; : : A 3 ° 3 32 88 61 92 116
‘Sidli, 1875 i ‘ . k ’ 3 20 28 52 89 =
wt . " : : P : 11 26 5 76 AP
” 1877 . . Ld . . . . *. 17 26 61 f2 90
120 30 56 83 112

36 DITEROCARPER. [ Shorea.

On an average the number of rings per inch of radius is 10, and it will be noticed
that the annual increments are exceedingly uniform. A tree grows :—

up to 18 inches girth (wood only) in 30 years.

from 18 to 36__sé,, os Bs in 26 ,,
» s6t0ob4 ,, Fe = in27 ,,
» 54 to 72 ” ” ” in29 ,,

In the Oudh forests a different result has been obtained. When the first proposals
were made in 1863 to regulate the working of the forests of the Kheri division, the
following was assumed as the mean rate of growth :—

Girth 18 inches, age 15 years.
” 54, ” ” 50 ”
” 72 ” ” 80 ”?

Subsequent data seeming to indicate a somewhat slower rate, it was estimated in
1868, in order to settle the number of trees to be cut over in 1868 and 1869, that a
girth of 54 inches would be attained in 65 years, and a girth of 72 inches in 95
years.

In September 1869, Mr. Forrest examined 50 logs cut in the Newal Khar sub-
division of the Kheri forests ; these logs had a mean girth of 5 feet 3 inches and gave
on an average 4°79 rings per inch of radius. Again in 1877 a s4l tree about 16 or 17
years old was examined by Captain Wood, and at 1 foot from the base, where the girth
was 1 foot 10 inches, it was found that an inch of radius contained 4°80 rings.
Thus, supposing we take 5 rings to the inch as indicating the average rate of growth,
the trees examined in Oudh would have attained a girth of 6 feet in 57 years, which,
- it will be seen, is about one-half the time which the trees examined by Mr. Fisher in
the Diars required to attain the same size.

In the Central Provinces the counting of rings has given a mean between Bengal
and Oudh. In 1867, Captain Douglas examined 13 stumps in the Bijeragogarh
forests; their mean girth at 17 inches from the ground was 5 feet 3 inches, and the
average number of rings per inch of radius was 6°5. In 1874 Mr. Fernandez examined
a single stump in the same forests, and 7:2 rings were counted per inch of radius.
The mean of the results of these countings is 6°85 rings per inch, which would place
the age of a tree 6 feet in girth at 78 years. Subsequent observations in the Banjar
Valley forest, Mandla district, give a mean of 5 to 8 rings per inch and tend to
confirm this rate of growth. ;

The following cultivated trees of known age were measured by Mr. Brandis
in 1863;

Saharanpur, and Eastern Jumna Canal 13 years, girth 27 inches (average of 33 trees).
9 ” 9 30 9 9 545 9
99 2) ” 35 9 33 795 ”

latte hg el ene gh Oc gh gy HOD eer gle

The weight of a cubic foot of seasoned wood is generally found to vary between
50 and 60 lbs. The average of the experiments recorded below is 591bs., but while
Baker’s experiments (85) give an average of 61°6 lbs., Brandis’ experiments (114) give
only 53°6 lbs. as the average. The average of the 13 specimens weighed in 1878,
omitting the last, is 59 lbs., but this includes unseasoned or only partially seasoned wood ;
the average weight of the Garhwal (O 204) and Mandla (C 173)specimens, which were
thoroughly seasoned, is 511bs. Clifford gives 55 Ibs. as the weight of sl when perfectly
dry; 54 to 55 lbs. may therefore be considered as the average weight of seasoned sél.

The transverse strength has been tested by numerous experiments. The value of
P as determined by Brandis, Baker and others, ranges from 648 to 939, the mean
value being 790. The following abstract shews the results of all the best experiments
on this timber.

Shorea. | DIPTEROCARPEM. 37
| ‘ Ko
: Experiment by whom Year Wood whence peoeuxed 3 8 Size of b a bi
P conducted, E fe ees ~ Sp 2a:
| re e|s
Ft. Ins, Ins.
endie 3), cet Key, a's) ate 1864 Bengal (Morung) . «| 28 6x2x2 57 806
| A) on Vie ae or ee ma “a a Oth eee 62 If 56 847
As thes Seni a al os os es. ee, Oe .-4 3 60 | 745
. Mite tii hte 6:7 AP FOOROS = o ')e. gdh Gp Cae | 56 916
1 nS) ” ” m-* -| 14 Fe ene 49 802
| adh. ; “ : as », (Durbhunga). of “SS 6 2 2 51 708
a ee ; . : we > Fal . -| 12 eyo). 54 791
4 * ‘ . . . »” os aes . ‘ 8 S: iy t2 56 884
BRO ae ee are Oe 1829 » (Morung) «| ARS SE a a 59 778
’ - 5 i ge a ; Ae > ae ae 54 6 2 2 64 792
+s Z . " ag 2b i is ees tea bee peas as a 803
. ee ee 2 ai PAE Tak 6 722 he he =
7 ; S ‘ 3 ‘ . a Bengal . ; 9 a 61 717
: > ee rer ie ‘6 ; . 3 3 141 858
sharon OR er - > ; 18 AS ISR 823
si Pure , wanes og Gorakhpur ee ee a ee 6.es1i-3 62 816
Sate a aac a a aca Cm tS 6 7 2 2 62 692
Campbell . + «+ «| 1881 Morung (seasoned)... 4 6 2 2 65 870
d ie fer yer 4g » (unseasoned) 4 er Ss 66 862
7 Ro, a ae ee eae ~ Gorakhpur ,, . 1 6 2 2 65 88+
: Skinner, No.182.. . «| 1862 |NorthenIndia . .| | wae 55 | 880
a ee eh | Mott | Motiog wl ts 1 ie eS | 54 820
Cunningham. . . «| 1854 |Gwalior . . . «| 8 2 1 1 | 65 | 1,007
“A We yy ei India‘and Nepal... «| 3 | sens 47
bi -Smythies . . . .| 1878 | Many localities (Seelist)| 138 | ...... 59

The following is a summary of Mr. Clifford’s remarks about s4l in his Memoran-
dum on the Timber of Bengal :

The inherent qualities of sal render it a very difficult wood to season; it warps
and splits in drying, and even when thoroughly seasoned, it absorbs moisture with
avidity in wet weather, increasing 1-24th in bulk, and correspondingly in weight.
During the process of seasoning it dries with great rapidity on the surface, while
beneath it remains as wet as when first cut, and evaporation goes on afterwards with
extreme slowness. The effect of this peculiarity is to cover the surface all over with
superficial flaws from unequal shrinkage. With proper precautions, however, it can
be made to dry slowly, and under these circumstances it has been found by numerous
experiments that the ratio of drying is ¢ of an inch annually all round the piece of
wood. Sal, when once thoroughly seasoned, stands almost without a rival, as a
timber, for strength, elasticity and durability, which qualities it retains without being
sensibly affected, for an immense length of time. 2

Numerous varieties of sal timber are supposed to exist. Mr. Clifford, in the

> pamphlet above quoted, says: “There are two descriptions of s&l brought to Calcutta ;
: they ave known as ‘ Morung ‘ and ‘ Durbhunga;’ one from the forests to the east of
: the Coosi, the other from the forests to the west. The Morung sl is the best; it is

exe? DIPTEROCARPER. [ Shorea.

very straight-grained, clean and free from knots; it seasons more kindly, and is
stronger than the Durbhungah s&l; only a practised eye can distinguish one s4l from
the other.’ Many of these supposed varieties, however, exist in imagination
only, ¢.g., the two Buxa pieces E 3137 and E 3138, the Nepalese sawyers say that one
is asofter and redder wood than the other, but we can distinguish no such difference
between them.

Sal is the timber which in Northern India is the most extensively used. It is in
constant request for piles, beams, planking and railing of bridges; for beams, door
and window-posts of houses; for gun-carriages; the body of carts (not the wheels, for
which it is unsuited and for which sissi or even saj is better); and above all, for
railway sleepers, the yearly consumption of which reaches some lakhs of cubic feet.
It is used in the hills of Northern Bengal, where it is found, perhaps, of the largest size
now available, for making canoes. Owing to its not being floatable, difficulty is
experienced in most sal forests in getting the timber out of the forests in log. The
difficulty is, however, partially overcome by floating the logs either with the assistance
of boats or with floats of bamboos or light woods, such as semul (Bombax
malabaricum).

When tapped, the tree exudes large quantities of a whitish, aromatic, transparent
resin (Jé1 dhiina), which is collected and sold. It is used to caulk boats and ships and
as incense. “In some places in the Upper Tista forests, large pieces, often 30 to 40
cubic inches in size, are found in the ground at the foot of the trees." —Gamble. Large
extents of forest, chiefly in Central India, such as Chota Nagpore, the Central Provinces
and the country between the Mahanadi and Godavari, are often ruined by this practice
of tapping the trees to obtain the resin. The seed is eaten by the Sonthals, especially
in time of scarcity, it is roasted and is usually eaten mixed with the flowers of the
Mohwa (Bassia latifolia).

Scarcely any tree of the Indian forests has such a power of natural reproduction as
sil. The seed ripens at the commencement of the rains; and often germinating even
while yet on the tree, the heavy seed is scattered around and at once produces a crop
of seedlings. Without light, however, these seedlings soon die off, so that cuttings in
sal forest where fire protection is assured, might be heavy. But, usually, scarcely
have the seedlings reached one year in age when they are destroyed by jungle fires,
but so great is the vitality of the plant, that the roots of the stems destroyed again at
once put out fresh shoots, and this happens often year after year, so that at the root of the
tree a large hard ball of wood and bark is formed. With fire-protection, however, the
regeneration of sal forests is almost a certainty; the seedlings in a few years kill
down the grass and plants of slower growth which surround them, and form forests,
_ often of very considerable extent, almost to the exclusion of other species of tree.
The sl tree coppices, especially when young, but not under all circumstances.

Ibs.

204. Garhwal (1868) . : , ; ; ‘ : : . 53
2990. » (1874) . . : . ‘ ; ‘ ‘ . 59
873. Ramganga Valley, Kumaun, 1,800 ft.. ; ‘ ‘ . 69
388. Oudh. eeeee ; Oe Pa estar : : an
1215. 9 . 59

2980. ” (section of fire-damaged tree) ‘ é a9
{ rake } » (sapling sections) . 5 - r ; ° pc
1213. », (sections of shoot)

1214. » (butt ends) ; . : Ms. =.
173. Mandla, C. P. (1871) . ; > : ; 49
1235. Gumstr, Madras 3 ‘ : . A . 64
497. Sukna Hills, Darjeeling, 1,500 ft. ; : . oe
702. Tista Valle Ls - eel le : : - . 64
2322. Darjeeling Terai ‘ , : : ‘ : , . . 54
3137. Buxa Reserve, Western Diars . : : : : . 62
3138. + es i. a A ; : . : . On
635. Eastern Diars, Assam ; x : . :. 4 RAY

HEBHEEEEAACO OC OO0000

1440. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) . : er , . 47

(The identification of this last specimen is doubtful; the pores are not filled with
resin, and the medullary rays are finer and more numerous than in sal.)

S

‘* ow

ey il

Shorea. | DIPTEROCARPER, 39

_. .4, §. obtusa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 306; Kurzi. 118. Vern.
Thitya, Burm. A
A large tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey, with deep longitudinal
fissures. Heartwood the colour of sal, very hard and durable. Pores
moderate to large, often filled with resin; each pore surrounded by a
narrow white ring. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, numerous,
joined by short irregular transverse bars or lines of lighter coloured
tissue. The wood of this tree is more even-grained than that of either
sal or engyin.
Eng forests of Burma.
Weight : according to Skinner, No. 115, 58 lbs.; Brandis’ Burma List of 1862,
No. 17, gives 57 lbs. ; our specimens vary from 52 to 67 lbs., averaging 60lbs. Skinner

gives P= 730. — The wood is much valued on account of its durability ; itis used for
canoes and in building, and is valuable for tool-handles and planes.

Ibs.
B 555. Prome, Burma - ; : : : ; 7 : . 64
B 556. ‘a be : : e } ; : J : . 67
B 2973. aa ¥ , . ; ; - ; : 5 . 62
B 283. Burma (1867) ’ - 56

5. 8. Tumbuggaid, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 617; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 306;
Beddome xxvi, t.5. Vatica Tumbuggaia, W.and A. Vern. Cangii, congo,
tambugai, tambagum, Tam.; Thambd, googgilapu-karra, Tel.; Vanboga,
Mal.

A large tree. Wood smooth, harder than that of sal, but similar in
structure. Medullary rays shorter and somewhat unequal. Concentric
lines more numerous and more distinctly marked.

Intermediate and south dry zones. Cuddapah and North Arcot Districts.

Weight: Baker gives 68 lbs.; Skinner, No. 133, 58 ; while our specimens give 67 Ibs.
Baker gives P varying from 902 to 996; Skinner 980. This is also, probably,
Skinner’s No. 137 ‘Congoe’; weight 64 lbs., P = 892. The wood is used for house-
building, particularly for door frames and posts and for rafters. It gives a dammer,
which is used as a substitute for pitch and for burning in temples.

Ibs.
D 1062. Cuddapah Kid te ; : ; : ' ; : 66
D 1078. North Arcot ; . ‘ : + 68

6. S. siamensis, Miq.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 804. Pentacme siam-
ensis, Kurzi. 119. Vern. Hugyin, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 3 inch thick, dark grey, with deep
vertical fissures. Heartwood very hard, very heavy and cross-grained ;
in this respect similar to sal, which it also resembles in colour. Pores
moderate-sized, rarely large, sometimes in groups and filled with resin,
_ enclosed in narrow white rings and joined by fine, wavy, concentric
lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant.

Eng forests of Burma.
Weight: Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 16, gives 55 Ibs. ; our specimens

‘average 541bs. The wood is much prized on account of its durability, it is used for
- house-building, bows and other purposes. It gives a red resin.
Ibs.

B 2507. Burma (1862) : ; : ; : ; f ‘ . 48
B 3127. Kya-eng, Attaran Valley, Burma . : : ‘ : 69
B 2972. Prome, Burma ‘ ‘ ‘ : ; i ‘ . . 46

4. HOPEA, Roxb.

Large, glabrous or hoary tomentose, resinous trees. Eight species, of which 5 are

South Indian and 3 Burmese. H. longifolia, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 309 (ZZ. parvi-

4,0) DIPTEROCARPER. [ Hopea.

flora, Beddome xxvii., in part) is a large tree of Tinnevelly. H. Wightiana, Wall. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 309; Beddome t. 96. Vern. Kalbow, kiralboghi, Kan.; Kong,
Tinnevelly, is a large tree of the Western Ghats often forming coppice woods and
yielding a good timber. H. glabra, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 309 (H. Wightiana,
Beddome t. 96, in part), is a tree of South India; and H. racophlea, Dyer (Hopea sp.,
Beddome xxvii) is a tree of the Wynaad with hard, heavy, durable timber. H. oblongi-
folia, Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 309; Kurzi. 121, and H. Griffithii, Kurz i. 122;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 310, are trees of Tenasserim.

Heartwood yellowish brown, hard, smooth, even-grained; seasons

well.

1. H. odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 609; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 308;
Kurz i. 120. H. eglandulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611. Vern. Z'kingan,
Burm.; Rimdd, And.

A large evergreen tree. Bark } inch thick, dark, with deep longi-
tudinal furrows. Wood yellow or yellowish brown, hard, close and even-
grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, less numerous than in sal,
Medullary rays short, moderately broad, with a few intermediate fine
rays, very prominent, joined by numerous white transverse lines. The
rays are visible on a radial section as long straight bands, giving the
wood a beautifully mottled appearance.

Eastern moist zone. Scattered in evergreen forests of British Burma and the
Andaman Islands.
The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :—
Weight. Value of P.
Baker in1829, 4 experiments with Tavoy wood 7’ x 2” x 2” gave . 51 Ibs, 839

Skinner in 1862, No. 80, ... ‘ Burma et aft a ae 706
Bennett in 1872, No.5, ,, » Andaman a esae a¥ yi ct oh BO eas 737
Wallich ... sis ss on. Martaban 4. 1 1G ais 55 62 OP eae ae
Brandis in 1862, No, 14, » Burma ae rau ae aa: 5 Ser
Smythies in 1878, 8 Pr s oe and Andaman wood Sr, a kee

Very durable, e.g., the specimens brought by Wallich from Tavoy in 1828, which,
though now 50 years old, are perfectly sound and good. Boats made of it are said
to last 20 years. Itis the chief timber tree of Southern Tenasserim. It is used for
house-building and canoes; also considered good for solid cart wheels. It gives a
yellow resin, which, according to Major Protheroe, is used by the Andamanese, mixed
oe beeswax and red ochre, to make a wax used to fasten their spear and arrow-

eads.

Ibs.
B 282. Burma (1867) , . ‘ 44
B 285. e ~ ° : pent
B 546. Martaban . ° . ; ; 53
B 2509. Burma (1862) ; : ° * 43

B 2698. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828). . . . «. « “« «© BY

B 2714. - “ a ee : f : ‘ : . . 49
B 2716. ~ P= cards ; : ; ; - ‘ . 56
B 611. Andaman Islands . ; ; ‘ : ‘ : oo On
B 2201. - Me (Major Ford, 1866) . ; : ; . 54

2. H. parviflora, Beddome t. 7. Hook. Fl. Ind.i.808. Vern. Kiral
boght, tirpu, Kan.; Irubogam, Malabar. ,
A large tree. Wood brown, hard and close-grained. Pores small and
moderate-sized, numerous. Medullary rays moderately broad, prominent,
generally bent where they touch the pores, uniform and equidistant. ~

Western moist zone. Malabar and South Kanara, up to 3,500 ft.
Weight, 62 to 63 lbs.

Vateria. | DIPTEROCARPER. 41

The wood is of good quality, though scarcely known; it is valued in South Kanara
for building temples and may be found useful for sleepers.

Ibs.
W 745. South Kanara ; - ; , P , . : ; 62
W 759. a x - ‘ : ‘ ; : ; s CS

5. VATERIA, Linn.

Only one species is indigenous in India, though fourteen are described from
Ceylon.

1. V. indica, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 313; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 602.
V. malabarica, Blume; Beddome t. 84. The Piney Varnish or Indian
Copal Tree. Vern. Piney maram, dhup maram, vallay kungiliam,
kondricam, Tamil; Dupa maram, dhupa, paini, munda dhup, Kan.;
Dupada, Vel.; Payani, paint mara, vella kondrikam, Mal.; Hal, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree, bark whitish. Sapwood white witha tinge
of red ; heartwood grey, rough, moderately hard, porous. Pores small and
moderate-sized, often in groups. Medullary rays fine and broad, very
prominent on all vertical sections, while on a radial section they appear
as rough plates with white shining fibres between them. The dis-
tance between the broad rays is generally greater than the transverse
diameter of the pores.

Western moist zone. Western Ghats from Kanara to Travancore, ascending to

4,000ft.
Weight 41]bs. per cubic feet.
_ Wood not much in request, occasionally used for canoes, for coffins and the masts
of native vessels. It gives an excellent varnish resembling copal.

Ibs.
W 747. South Kanara : 4 a ; § ; ; . aL
W 1187. Z a ; ‘ ‘ , : ‘ : 5 . Al

6. DOONA, Thwaites.

A genus of Ceylon trees, 10 species.

1. D. zeylanica, Thwaites Enum. 34; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 311; Bed-
dome t. 97. Vern. Doon, Cingh. |

A large tree. Bark rough and cracked. Heartwood the colour of
sal, moderately hard. Pores large, often subdivided. Medullary rays
fine, uniform and equidistant, the distance between the rays less than
the transverse diameter of the pores.

Central Provinces of Ceylon, up to 4,000ft.
Weight, according to A. Mendis, 291bs. Wood used for housebuilding. The tree
gives a large quantity of colourless gum resin, which, dissolved in spirits of wine or

turpentine, makes an excellent varnish.
lbs,

No. 25, Ceylon Collection > R ; ; : : a : . 29

Orpver XVII. MALVACEZ.

An order of which in India about 22 genera are found, mostly herbs or small under-
shrubs, with ten genera of trees or large shrubs. Few of them are valuable for their
timber, though the wood of Bombax malabaricum is extensively used for temporary
constructions and boxes. Many are valuable for their fibres, and particularly Adanso-
nia and Hibiscus. The Cotton Plant, Gossypium, belongs to this family, only one
species of the genus, G. Stocksit, Masters, a straggling shrub of the limestone rocks on
the coast of Sind, being indigenous in India. ;

F

42 MALVACER. [ Hibiscus,

The ten genera belong to two Tribes, viz. :—

Tribe I.—Hibiscee . 5 - Decaschistia, Dicellostyles, Hibiscus
and Thespesia.
» iI.—Bombaceer . . Kydia, Adansonia, Bombax, Erioden-
dron, Cullenia and Durio.

Decaschistia contains 2 shrubs of Southern India. Dicellostyles jujubifolia’
Benth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 333; Gamble 10. Wern. Kubindé, Nep. ; Dantaglar, Lepcha’
is a small white-flowered tree of the hills of Sikkim and Bhutan. Adansonia
digitata, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 348; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 164; Beddome xxix;
Brandis 30, the Baobab Tree. Vern. Gorak imli, Hind.; Kalp briksh, Ajmere,
Delhi ; Paparapulia, Tam., was introduced from tropical Africa and is now cultivated
here and there, chiefly in South India and Bengal, but occasionally as far north as
Gurgaon (see ‘Indian Forester,’ Vol. iv. i. p- 102, for description of a tree at Tilpat,
measuring 22 feet in girth and rising 50 feet to the first branch). Brandis mentions
3 trees at Deogarh in the Central Provinces, respectively measuring 16, 22 and 40 feet
in girth, and there are one or two good-sized trees at Caleutta and Barrack-
pore. It is being experimentally planted at Calcutta and in the Sundarbans; as,
were it capable of easy cultivation, its rapid growth, valuable fibre and fruit would
make the extension of its growth desirable; as yet, however, it has not succeeded.
Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 350; Beddome xxx. (F. orientale,
Steud.; Kurz i. 131. Bombax pentandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 165) the White
Cotton Tree. Vern. Safed simal, senibal, hatian, katan, Hind. ; Shwet simil, Beng. ;
Llavam, Tam.; Buruga, pur, kadami, Tel.; Shamieula, Mar.; Pania, Mal.; Imbil, ;
Cingh., is a tall deciduous soft-wooded tree of India and Burma, often planted. Skinner,
No. 67, gives its weight as 30 lbs., and P = 400. Cullenia excels1, Wight; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 350; Beddome xxx. Vern. Matlai-konji, aini-pillao, Tam. ; Kattu-bodde,
Cingh., is a tall white-wooded tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon, having a
large globose, spiny fruit. Dwrio Zibethinus, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 351; Roxb.
Fi. Ind. iii. 399; Kurz i.132. Vern. Duyin, Burm. ; Durian, Malay, is the well known
and much prized fruit tree, yielding the Durian or Civet-Cat fruit. It is wild in
South Tenasserim, but is cultivated as far north as Moulmein.

Wood generally soft, a few species with small dark coloured heart-
wood. Pores moderate-sized to large. Medullary rays fine or mode-

rately broad. Kydia calycina and Hibiscus syriacus have transverse
bars across the rays.

1. HIBISCUS, Medik.

A genus of herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees. The 9 Indian woody species
consist of 2 small trees, 2 shrubs, 1 climber and 5 introduced garden shrubs.
H. fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 195. Vern. Kinirlur, Beng., is a small tree of
Assam and Cachar. H. macrophyllus, Roxb.; Kurzi. 126 (H. setosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 194) Vern. Kachia udal, kasyapdla Beng.; Sho, dayban, Magh ; Yetwoon, Burm.
(Weight, 27 to 28 lbs. per cubic foot, according to Wallich) a small handsome, large-leaved
tree of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, said by Kurz to have a rather heavy
wood, and to give a good rope-making fibre. H. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ill. 200 ;
Kurz i. 127; Gamble 10, is a large climbing shrub of Eastern Bengal from Sikkim
to Chittagong; and H. collinus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 198. Vern. Kandagang, Tel.,
a large shrub of the Eastern Madras coast. H. rosa-sinensis, Linn., the » Shoe
Plant. Vern. Juwa, orw, Beng.; Khoungyan, Burm. with brilliant, large, red
flowers ; H. tricuspis, Banks; H. mutabilis, Linn.; and H. syriacus, Linn. Vern.
Gurhul, are all shrubs which have been introduced and are now cultivated in gardens.

1. H. tiliaceus, Linn.; Hook Fl. Ind. i. 843; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii,
192; Beddome xxix ; Kurz. i. 126. Vern. Bola, chelwa, Beng. ; Thengben,
thimban, Burm. ; Beligobel, bellipatta, Cingh. MM
Pores very numerous, small and moderate-sized, often subdivided.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, not very prominent,

Coasts of India, Burma and Ceylon.
Weight, 35 to 38 lbs. per cubic foot.

Thespesia. } MALVACEA, 43

The wood is not used, except as fuel. If gives a fibre wh'ch ‘s very extensively
used in Bengal for rough ropes. ei

E 405. Sundarbans ‘ ; , - ; ° ; : . 35
No. 7. Ceylon Collection (marked Paritium tiliaceum) . . 38

2. THESPESIA, Corr.

Two species. J. Lampas, Dalz. and Gibs.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 345; Kurz i.
128; Gamble 10 ( Hibiscus Lampas and tetralocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 197, 198)
Vern. Bonkapash, Ass. (Wallich); Kondapatti, Tel., is a shrub found in most
parts of India, whose wood, according to Kyd, weighs 29 lbs. and P = 407.

1. T. populnea, Corr.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 345; Beddome t. 63;
Kurz i. 128. Aidiseus populneus, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. tii. 190. The
Portia Tree or Tulip Tree. Vern. Parsipu, Hind.; Poresh, parash,
Beng. ; Portis, purasa, portia, pursa, pursung, puvarasam, Tam.; Gan-
garaya, Tel.; Bendi, Guz., Mar.; Sureya, Cingh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Sapwood soft; wood pale reddish,
with small, dark coloured, hard heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, scanty,
subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, uniform, the
distance between two rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of
the pores.

Coast forests of India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Planted throughout

India.
Weight, “Skinner, No. 130, and A. Mendis give 49 lbs. ; our specimens give 50 Ibs.

Skinner gives P = 716, and A. Mendis 708.
Wood durable : it is used in South India for gun stocks, boats, cart and carriage
making and for furniture; in Burma for carts and furniture. It yields a good fibre

from the bark, and a yellow dye from the capsules.
Ibs.

C 1050. Guzerat . ; d ; , ; ; i ‘ : 50
E 2488. Calcutta . ; : : ’ ‘ ° : ; : ei
B 2470. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) £
No. 51. Salem Collection ; 3 p ; . , ‘ 53
No. 28. Salem Collection (marked Hugenia caryophyllefolia) ; 48
No. 80. Ceylon Collection , i 5 s : ' : 49

8. KYDIA, Roxb.

Besides the species described below, K. glabrescens, Mast.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
348, is a tree of Bhutan and Assam.

1. K. calycina, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 348; Beddome xxviii;
Brandis 29; Kurzi. 124; Gamble 10. KX. calycina and fraterna, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 188, 189. Vern. Pola, pila, pili patha, potdéri, Hind.;
Barranga, bhoti, C. P.; Kubindé, Nep.; Sedangtaglar, Lepcha; Mahow,
Mechi; Boldobak, Garo; Kopasia, Uriya; Potri, pandiki, peddapotri,
pedda kunji, Tel.; Buruk, bosha, Gondi; Bendi, Kan.; Warung, Mar. ;
Dwabote, Burm.

A small tree. Bark ¢ inch thick, grey, peels off in irregular flakes,
Wood white, soft ; no heartwood. Annual rings marked by white con-
centric lines. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided.
Medullary rays short, fine to broad, numerous, joined by white trans-
verse bars, and in this respect resembling Anonacez ; on a radial section
distinctly visible as long straight bands.

Common in the forests of all parts of India and Burma, except the arid region.

Growth fast, 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius.

44, MALVACES. | [ Bombar.

Weight, 40 to 45 lbs. per cubic foot according to Brandis ; our specimens give 38 lbs.

as an average. ‘I'he wood is used for house-building, ploughs and oars, and for carving.
The inner bark gives a fibre.

Ibs.
C 1177. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . : . : : ee:
C 1163. es - és ae . P ; : ; . an
O 3154. Saharanpur : ; : ; : ; : ; . 45

4. BOMBAX, Linn.

1. B. malabaricum, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 849; Beddome t. 82;
Brandis 31 ; Kurz i. 180; Gamble 10. 8B. heptaphylium, Cav.; Roxb. FI.
Ind. 1. 167. The Cotton Tree. Vern. Simbal, Hazara ; Shirlan, Sutlej ;
Semul, shembal, semur, pagun, somr, Hind., Beng. ; Bouro, Uriya; Bolcht,
Garo ; Sunglé, Lepcha ; Birga, bu: gu, buraga, Tel.; Illavam, puld, Tam. ;
Katu-imbil, Cingh. ; Wallaiki, Gondi; Katseori, Bhil; Lapaing, Magh;
Letpan, Burm.

A very large deciduous tree, with branches in whorls, spreading hori-
zontally, and stem with buttresses at base. Bark grey, when young with
eonical prickles with corky base, when old with long, irregular, vertical
eracks. Wood white when fresh cut, turning dark on exposure, very
soft, perishable ; no heartwood; no annual rings. Pores scanty, very
large, often oval and divided into compartments. Medullary rays fine

to broad, numerous, not prominent. Pores prominent on a vertical
section.

Throughout India and Burma.

Growth fast. Our specimens shew 3 to 7 rings, averaging 4% per inch of radius.

Weight : 23 to 241bs. according to Brandis, For. Fl., 28 lbs. Burma List of 1862,
No. 5; our specimens vary from 17 to 32 lbs. the average being nearly 23 lbs., the
Bengal and Assam specimens being lighter. than those from the Central Provinces.
The value of P is between 642. and 697 (Cunningham). The wood is not durable,
except under water, when it.lasts tolerably well; it is used for planking, packing cases
and tea-boxes, toys, scabbards, fishing floats, coffins, and the lining of wells. In
Bengal and Burma the trunk is often hollowed out to make canoes. It gives a brown
gum used in native medicine, regarding which Captain Campbell says: “ ‘The collec-
tion of Semul gum commences in March and is continued till June; it sells in the
Kumaun Bhabar at one anna per seer, and is used as a medicine; it is not exported
from Kumaun.” The cotton which surrounds the seeds is employed to stuff pillows
and quilts. |

The Semul tree seeds very freely every year, and seedlings come up abundantly
and grow very rapidly. It is easily reproduced by cuttings.

P 466. Ajmere ; ‘ : ; 3 ‘ : ; ; ; fad
C 201. Mandla, Central Provinces (1871) , ‘ ; ; 32

lbs.

C 11)7. Chanda 3 » 4 < ‘ 5 ; ; 81
E 679. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . ; ; . ; . 23
E 2323. ‘s P sf : ; ‘ ; ‘ . 17
E 1232. Sibs4gar, Assam ; ‘ / : ' ‘ ‘ P 28
E 1432. Assam ; . . . ‘ : ° : ‘ . 20
E 1961. Chittagong 2 ; ‘ . ; ‘ . . ; 21
B 3117. Burma (1862) ° : ° 24

No. 14. Salem Collection . ; 4 J , 20

2. B. insigne, Wall.; Hook. Fl Ind. i. 349; Kurz i. 180. Vern,
Semui, thuia, Beng.; Saitu, Magh. ;
A large tree, trunk without prickles. Structure similar to that of
B. malabaricum, but pores smaller and more scanty, —
Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

——_

aed

Sterculia. | STERCULIACER, 45

Weight, 31 Ibs. per cubic foot. The wood is more durable than that of B. mala-
baricum ; the specimen from the Andamans had been J2 years in Calcutta in the
rough, and was only slightly discoloured on being cut up. ds

8,
B 2215. Andaman Islands (Major Ford, 1866) - ‘ ° ‘ 31

Orver XVIII. STERCULIACEZ.

An Order containing 15 Indian genera of herbs, shrubs, climbers or trees. Of
these genera, three are herbs or (Melhania) undershrubs, and the rest shrubs, erect
or climbing, and trees. The Order is divided into 6 Tribes, viz. :—

Tribe I.—Sterculier . , ; ; . Sterculia and Heritiera.
» Il.—Helicterer . : , : . Reevesia, Kleinhovia, Helicteres
and Pterospermum.
» i1ll.—Eriolenee . : : . . Kriolena.
» LV.—Dombeyee . P . A . Melhania.
A V.—Hermanniez 5 ; ; . Melochia.
» ViI.—Buettneriez ; , : . Abroma, Guazuma, Buettneria

and Leptonychia.

Of the genera not here described, Reevesia contains two small trees: BR. Wallichii,
Br. and R pubescens, Mast. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 364; Gamble 11, of Sikkim and the
Khasia Hills. Kleinhovia Hospita, Linn. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 364; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
141; Beddome xxxiii, is a handsome tree commonly cultivated in the hotter regions of
India. Fine specimens may be seen in avenues in Calcutta. Melochia velutina, Beddome
xxxv., is a small tree of Burma and the Malay Archipelago, cultivated elsewhere in
India. Abroma augusta, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 375; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 156 ;
Gamble 11. Vern. Ullat kumal, Beng., is a large shrub or small tree of Sikkim and the
Khasia Hills, cultivated in other parts and yielding a strong, white fibre. Guazwma
tomentosa, Kunth ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 375 ; Beddome t. 107 ; Kurzi. 149. Vern. Rudrak-
sha, Tel.; Thainpuche, Tam., is an American tree often planted in avenues, having alight
brown wood used in Southern India for furniture and packing cases. According to
Skinner, No 77, its weight is 32 lbs. per cubic foot, and P= 596. Buettneria contains
8 species of small trees and climbers ; and Leptonychia (under Tiliaceze in Beddome), two
shrubs of Burma and the Western Ghats. The Cocoa Plant, Theobroma Cacao, Linn.
belongs to this family, and has been grown in some parts of India and in Ceylon.

The genera of this family have little in common as regards the struc-
ture of their wood. The species of Sterculia have a very softand light
wood, that of Heritiera being very hard and heavy, while the wood of
Eriolena and Pterospermum is intermediate between the two.

1. STERCULIA, Linn.

In the Flora Indica 22 species of this genus are described. Among these, 13 out
of the 14 species described by Kurz occur, and there are also 4 Burmese, chiefly Tavoy,
species not occurring in Kurz: total 17 Burmese species. Nine species are described from
the north-eastern moist zone, and eight from the western moist zone and Southern
India. Three occur in North-West and Central India.

S. fetida, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 354; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 155; Beddome xxxi;
Kurz i. 135. Vern. Jangli-badam, Hind.; Pindri, Tam.; Gurapu-badam, Tel.;
Hil anpyoo, letkop, Burma, is a large evergreen tree of South India and Burma,
with a light wood and edible seeds According to Skinner, No. 118, the weight is 28
Ibs. and P= 464. S. guttata, W. and A.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 148; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 355 Beddome t. 105; Vern. Kawili, Tam.; is a common tree of Southern India
whose bark yields a valuable cordage. S. Roxburghii, Wall. (8S. lanceefolia, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 150), is a tree of the hills of Sikkim and Assam, ascending to 6,000 ft. S.
Balanghas, Linn.; Beddome xxxii. (S. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 148; Kurz i.

_ 138) Vern. Cavalwm, Mal, is a moderate-sized tree of the western coast. 8S. alata,

Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 152; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 360; Beddome xxxii.; Kurz i. 134; Gamble
ll. Vern. Tula, Beng.; Muslini, Nep.; Dodeli, Kan.; Hangkyow, Magh; Letkop,
Burm., is a tall tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma.

46 ; STERCULIACES. [ Stereulia,

The wood is generally light, soft. often spongy, with large pores and
moderately broad or broad medullary rays, which are very prominent on
a radial section.

1. S. urens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 145; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 8355; Beddome
xxxil; Brandis 33; Kurzi. 185. Vern. Gu/u, kilt, gular, tabsi, tanuku,
karrai, Hind.; Odla, hatchanda, Ass.; Tabsu, Tel.; Vellay pitali, Tam. ;
Hititim, pinoh, Gondi; Taki, Kurku; Karat, kandol, gwira, Mar. ;
Kairu, Ajmere ; Kalauri, Panch Mehals.

A large deciduous tree. Bark $ inch thick, very smooth, white or
greenish grey, exfoliating in large thin irregular plates. Wood very
soft, reddish brown with an unpleasant smell, with lighter coloured sap-
wood. Prominent and regular concentric lines, which may possibly
be annual rings. Pores large, often oval and subdivided, frequently
filled with gum. Medullary rays moderately broad, on a radial section
prominent as long, dark, undulating bands, giving the wood a mottled
and reticulate appearance; the distance between the rays is larger than
the transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, Southern India and Burma.

Weight, about 42 lbs. per cubic foot; Kyd gives for Assam wood : Weight 18 lbs.,
P = 103, but it seems probable that Kyd’s specimen was not this, but S. villosa.

Wood used to make native guitars and toys. It yields a gum called ‘Katila’ or
‘Katira. The seeds are roasted and eaten by Gonds and Kurkus in the Central Pro-
vinces. Its bark gives a good fibre, and fine specimens of it from Berar were sent to
the Paris Exhibition of 1878 (C. 984 from Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat.)

lbs.
P 471. Ajmere. ; : : ‘ ‘ > ; é ‘ 35
P 3220. Nagpahar, Ajmere . : . ; ; : ; ‘ obs
C 1102. Ahiri, Central Provinces . ; é : : ‘ ‘ 39
D 1088. Madura, Madras : : : : } ; ; : 51

2. S. villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 153; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 355 ; Beddome
xxxii; Brandis 82; Kurz 1. 186; Gamble 10. Vern. Poshwa, Sutlej ;
Udal, udar, Hind.; Gul-bodla, gul-kandar, massu, Punjab; Kanhlyem,
Lepcha; Kédar, baringa, Gondi; Buti, Kurku; Omak, odela, salua,
Ass.; Udare, Garo; Vake nar, arni, ani-nar, Tam. ; Sambeing, Magh.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey or brown. Wood grey, very
soft, spongy. Annual rings prominent. Pores large, often sub-
divided. Medullary rays moderately broad, harder than the white
spongy tissue between them, joined by numerous transverse bars. Ona
radial section the pores and medullary rays are distinctly visible, giving
the wood a reticulate and mottled appearance.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards; common in forests throughout

India and Burma.

Growth fast, 3 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 15 to 22 lbs. per cubic foot.
Wood not used. The tree is valuable on account of its fibre, which is coarse but strong.
It is made into ropes and coarse bags, and in Bengal, Burma and South India into ropes
and breastbands for dragging timber. Specimens were sent to the Paris Exhibition of
1878 from many provinces, but especially from Bengal and from Berar (C 986, for
Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). It gives a white pellucid gum which exudes copiously

from cuts in the bark. It coppices freely, and is extremely difficult to extirpate in.

clearings.
Ibs,
E 2324. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai ‘ ; ‘ : ‘ . » 22
E 620. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. R ; ° . 1
W 847. South Kanara ; : ; . a's , . » 20

-

Sterculia. } STERCULIACER. AT

8. S. coccinea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 151; Hook. Fi. Ind. i. 357;
Kurz i. 137; Gamble 11. Vern. Sitto udal, Nep. ; Katior, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree, with smooth, hght grey bark. Wood grey,
spongy, extremely soft. Structure similar to that of 8. wrens. Trans-
verse bars distinct.

Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 feet, Assam, Khasia Hills, hills of
Burma.

Weight, 17 Ibs. per cubic foot.

Bark used for the same purposes as that of S. villosa, but less commonly.

Ibs.

E 573. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . a a rae

4. §. colorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 146; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 359;
Beddome xxxii; Brandis 34; Kurzi. 138; Gamble 11. Vern. Bodula,
walena, samarri, Hind. ; Moola, Beng. ; Sitto udal, phirphiri, omra, Nep.;
Kanhlyem, Lepeha; Bolazong, Garo; Khowsey, pinj, Berar; Bhdi-koi,
Bombay; Karaka, Tel.;. Wet-shaw, Burm.; Berdd, And.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey. Wood grey, very soft. Struc-
ture similar to that of 8. wrens, but medullary rays broader and shorter,
and transverse bars distinct.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Central and South India, Burma
and the Andaman Islands,
Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 24 lbs. per cubic foot.
Bark used in rope-making. Fine specimens of the fibre were sent from Berar to
the Paris Exhibition of 1878 (C 985. Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). "
8.

E 1394. Chittagong . ; ‘ . : : oy tne . - 24

2. HERITIERA, Blume.

Contains 3 Indian trees, of which 2 are here described. They have simple
leaves, scaly beneath or silvery white. Besides the two here described, H. Fomes,
Buch. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 363. (A minor, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 142; Kurz. i. 141) is a
tree of Sylhet, Chittagong, Arracan and the deltas of the Ganges and Irrawaddy.
It has a red brown, strong wood, weighing 66 lbs. per cubic foot, and used for boats,
bridges and house-building.

Heartwood red, very hard. Numerous transverse bars between the
medullary rays.

1. H. littoralis, Dryand.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 363; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
il. 142; Beddome xxxii.; Kurzi. 140. Vern. Sunder, sundri, Beng. ;
Penglai-kanazo, Burm. ; Mawtdd, And.

A small gregarious evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, with longi-
tudinal cracks. Sapwood white; heartwood dark red, very hard, close-
grained. Pores moderate-sized to large, often oval and subdivided into
compartments. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad, short,
wavy, with numerous, very fine, white, transverse bars; the distance

between two rays being generally equal to the transverse diameter of

the pores.

; Coasts and tidal forests of Bengal, the Peninsula, Burma and the Andaman
Islands. ;

Weight, as much as 104 lbs. when wet, according to Schlich. The weight of
seasoned wood, as well as the value of P, have been determined by the following

48 STERCULIACER. [ Heritiera.

experiments which shew that the weight may be tolerably correctly taken at 65 lbs.
and the value of P at 850:— y

Be
58
. 2 one
2 spa neo whom Year. Wood whence procured, es Size of bar. 3 Value of P.
ay -
S
Ft. in. in. | lbs
Brandis . ° BE .| 1864 | Bengal 9 |6x2 x2] 62 860
- ; 5 - d - a 2\);6x2 x1k 63 927
9 . : 3 .| 1865-6 i L 6-3 Bite) 6S 783
99 : . ; , a a 56 |}3x1 x1| 66 1,288
Skinner, No, 79 4 .-| 1862 | Burma AT A ADORE 64 816
Kyd $ > : .| 1881 | Assam. 5 . PBL een toaog 710
Campbell J 3 t ‘5 Bengal (seasoned) - - 2 16x22 x 2) 625 1,038
a 3 RR x » (unseasoned) 2\16x2 x2] 68 744
Baker ; ‘ r | 1829 » (5 years old) 417x2 x2| 64 984
9 é ‘ r 5 7 » (4 years old) 1: 6 35, 324. Be 859
a5 . 2. : : $s 7% as 9 |}38x1%x 1 os 848
’. . ° . . . os 3 ” 10 2 x 1 x 1 * 808
ss . - ” NE 6 |7x2 x2] 68 883
Wallich . a India Poy tae 59 Wn
= ‘ 7 > e ise - : 5 ‘ - 1 i> Sta Cy om
Smythies. . . .| 1878 | Different places . , es ee oe Goi hia

Sundri wood is durable; it is heavy and does not float, and is extremely tough. It is
used for a great variety of purposes, such as beams, buggy shafts, planking, posts,
furniture, firewood; but chiefly in boat-building, for which purpose it is very exten--
sively used in Calcutta, and particularly in the Government Dockyard at Kid re.
It is the chief timber of the Sundarbans forests. Its reproduction is most favourable.
On all lands flooded by ordinary flood-tides, a new growth of jungle springs up imme-
diately ; but on land ordinarily above high-water mark, it only establishes ‘tself by slow
degrees. It soon spreads itself on newly formed islands on the sea edge of the forests.
“The roots of the Sundri do not penetrate deep into the ground, but spread laterally

2 to 3 feet. below the surface, sending out perpendicular tough shoots, which stand —

from 3 to 15 inches in height all round the parent stem; and when there are man
trees close together, walking Sher a Sundri forest is very much like finding one’s
way among a fine growth of inverted tent pegs.”— Home, in“ Bengal Forest Report,
1873-74, paragraph 13,” which, as well as Dr. Schlich’s article in the “Indian
Forester,” Vol. i, p. 6, may be referred to for further details about Sundri.

The Sundri forests are generally very well stocked. Valuations made by Home in
1873-74 gave, for the average amount of material per acre of Sundri forest,—

Seedlings and saplings under 3 feet girth : ; : . No. 2,487
Trees above 3 feet girth . : : ‘ é : : oe

Ibs,
E 401. Sundarbans F : F ‘ ; : : ; ‘ 70
E 2916. ‘ . : . : : ‘ , ; 3 66
B 3123. Burma (1862) . ; , : 3 ; ; : ‘ 69
B 517. Andaman Islands. ° ; ; 7 ; ; ; 63
B 2285. : ¥ (1866) . ; 2 i ; : ? 68
B 2226. a5 by * ; : 53

2. H. Papilio, Beddome t. 218.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 363. Vern.
Soundalay tinnu, Tinnevelly.

A very lofty tree, Wood red, very hard, structure similar to that
of H. littoralis, but pores less numerous and smaller, and transverse
bars more numerous and more prominent.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats between Travancore and Tinnevelly.

Weight, 63 lbs. per cubic foot, Wood used for building, cart poles and agricultural

implements,
Ibs.

D 1066. Tinnevelly ‘ : ; : , ‘ ; ; e 63

tng

Helicteres. | STERCULIACER. 49

8. HELICTERES, Linn.

The genus contains, besides the common H. Jsora, Linn., six other species, chiefly
small shrubs of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma, H. elongata, Wall.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 365, and H. spicata, Colebr. ; Hook, Fl. Ind. i. 366, extending as far north
as Sikkim,

1. H. Isora, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 865 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 143 ;
Beddome xxxiii ; Brandis 34; Kurzi. 142. Vern. Maror-phal, jonkaphai,
kapasi, bhendu, Hind. ; Itah, Godavari ; Atta, Gondi; Kort-buta, Kurku ;
antéri, Banswara ; Gubadarra, kavanchi, Tel. ; Kewan, maradsing, Bombay ;
Thoognaychay, Burm.

A shrub with grey bark, wood white, soft. Pores numerous, small,
often in radial lines. Medullary rays fine and very fine.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum eastward, Bengal, South and Central India
and Burma. ;

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 35lbs. per cubic foot. The
branches are used for fuel, fencing and thatching, and the bark yields a strong white
fibre made into coarse cordage and canvas for gunny bags (specimens from Berar sent
to Paris Exhibition, 1878. C987. Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). The fruit is remark-

able for its spirally twisted carpels ; it is used in native medicine. “
8.
C 2804. Melghat, Berar . : . . ; : : < +85

4, PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb.

Twelve species of this genus occur in India. Of these, two are found in North-
West India, three in North-East India, seven in Southern India and five in
Burma. They are, most of them, trees with handsome flowers and generally oblique,
leathery leaves. Three species are here described. Of the remainder, P. lanceefolium,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 163; Hook. Fl. Ind.i 368; Brandis 35; Kurz i. 146. Vern. Ban
kalla, Beng., is a large tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards
and of Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong. P. Heyneanum, Wall., P. diversifolium,
BL, P. reticulatum, W. and A., P. obtusifolium, Wight, P. glabrescens, W. and
A., and P. rubiginosum, Heyne; Beddome t. 106. Vern. Kara toveray, Tinnevelly,
are treesof South India; while P. cimnamomeum, Kurz i. 147, and P. javanicum,
Jungh., are trees of Burma.

Wood reddish, moderately hard. Pores small and moderate-sized,
often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, closely packed.

1. P. acerifolium, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 868; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii,
158 ; Beddome xxxv; Brandis 35 ; Kurzi. 145; Gamble1ll. Vern. Kanak-
champa, Mis, Beng.; Hattipaila, Nep.; Gaik, Magh; Towngpetwoon, Burm.

A tall tree, with thin, grey, smooth bark. Sapwood white; heartwood

soft to moderately hard, red. Pores scanty, small, oval or elongated,

generally subdivided, visible on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays
fine, very numerous, undulating, not prominent, uniform and equi-
distant. Innumerable very fine transverse lines.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Chittagong and Burma.
Often planted for ornament.

Weight, our specimens average 47°5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood somewhat resem-
bling Thitka, is worthy of notice; itis sometimes used for planking in Bengal. Leaves
used as plates and for packing tobacco in Northern Bengal. The down on the leaves
is used for tinder and to stop bleeding in wounds.

Ibs.
E 593. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . ° a res ee |
E 3135. Sukna ‘€ P . ° - ‘ 48

Reet. Doran Pe er Pe ee ee

50 STERCULIACER. [ Plerospermum.

2. P. suberifolium, Lam. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 367; Beddome xxxiv ;
P. canescens, Roxb. FI. ‘Ind. iii, 162. Vern. Baelo, Uriya; Lolagu, Tel. ;
Taddo, Tam. ; Velenge, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree, wood light red, moderately hard ; structure the
same as that of P. acerifolium. Medullary rays closely packed.

Northern Circars and Carnatic.

Weight, 36 to 40lbs. Wood tough, used for building, carts and other purposes.

lbs.

C 1250. Gumstr . ; : ; 3 s ; : : | . 38
C 1811. ; “ : : ‘ A : : 40
No. 91. Ceylon Collection A ‘ ; : 36

3. P. semi-sagittatum, Ham. ; Hook, mM aa. i. 368 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 160; Brandis 35; Kurz i. 146. "Vern. Nagyee, Burm.; Nwaleinbyeng,
Magh.

A moderate-sized tree with an irregularly shaped, fluted stem and
grey bark 1 to 2 inches thick. Wood reddish grey, moderately hard ;
structure the same as that of P. acerifolium, but with more numerous
pores and a few broader medullary rays.

Chittagong and Burma ; sometimes planted in other parts of India.

Growth moderately fast, 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 40 to 50 lbs. per cubic
foot. Wood durable.
Ibs.

B 2511. Burma (1862) . : ‘ ; : : 2 , 40
B 2706. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828). : : : : ; , ‘ 50

Similar in structure to this is B 1418, sent from Burma under the name of Hman,
the chief difference between its wood and that of P. Pafeertireaiet yes, being that it
is scented, smoother and has much smaller pores.

5. ERIOLANA, DC.

Contains six Indian species, one of which comes from Central India, two from the
Eastern and Central Himalaya, three from Southern India and one from Burma.

Besides the species here described, there are H. Stocksii, Hook. f. and Th., ; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 370, a shrub; H. quinguelocularis, Wight; Beddome xxxv., a tree from
Southern India; and spectabilis, Planch. ; Hook. “Fl. Ind. i. 37 1, from the Himalaya.

Heartwood hard, reddish, close-grained, mottled. Pores moderate-
sized, in rings of soft tissue often arranged in concentric bands.
Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform.

1. E, Wallichii, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 370. Hriolena by , Gamble
ll. Vern. Kubindeé, Nep.

A small tree, bark 4 inch thick, brown. Sapwood grey ; ; heartwood
reddish brown, hard, mottled. Boras moderate-sized, often subdivided,
enclosed in irregular patches of soft tissue, and frequently arranged in
concentric lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and very fine.

Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya.
Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood much esteemed by Nepalese.
Ibs.

E 2326. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling ‘ ; ; - 40

2. E. Hookeriana, W.and A.; Hook. Wi, Ind. 370; Beddome
xxxv; Brandis 36. Vern. Nar-botku, Tel. ; ina Berar; Kuchi,
bhonder, Gondi.

A small tree. Bark grey. Wood light red. Annual rings marked
by an almost continuous line of pores. Pores small and moderate-sized,

Eriolana. | STERCULIACER. 51

often subdivided, enclosed in rings of soft texture. Medullary rays
moderate-sized, wavy. Structure similar to that of the wood of Kydia
calycina, but transverse bars wanting.

Central and Southern India.

Growth moderate; our specimen shews 10 rings per inch of radius. The bark

gives a good fibre, and fine specimens were sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 from
Berar (C 989. Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat).

C 3791. Chanda, Central Provinces t ; - - ° 5 A

3. E. Candollei, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 870; Kurz i. 148.
Vern. Lwanee, Burm.

A deciduous tree, with grey bark. Heartwood brick-red, with orange
and brown streaks, old pieces, however, losing their bright colour; hard,
close-grained, shining, takes a beautiful polish, seasons well. Pores
round, moderate-sized, in narrow rings of ‘white tissue, prominent on a
vertical section. Medullary rays numerous, white, prominent, fine and
moderately broad. Annual rings marked by sharp concentric lines,
Pores frequently arranged in concentric lines, and sometimes joined by
narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue.

Burma.

Weight, according to Kurz 47, according to Brandis’ experiments 48 lbs. ; our
specimens average 51lbs. According to Brandis’ four experiments, made in 1864,
with bars 3’ x1” x1” the value of P is = 1020, which shews great transverse strength.

Wood used for gunstocks, paddles and rice pounders: it is very handsomely marked
and is well worthy of attention.

bs.
B 286. Burma (1867) P - F . ; ; ; : . Al
B 326. S arnt ; : ; : : : Ba cies .77.08
i aes "Toy ‘ ; ; ; 7 , ; : 2 ; . 54
MI rn

E 1951 (45 lbs.) is a wood received from Chittagong under the name Mossé. It
is soft, reddish grey, with a small darker heartwood, splits and warps. Pores moderate-
sized, subdivided often in short radial strings. Medullary rays short, moderately
broad, joined by innumerable transverse bars. In structure the wood resembles
that of H. Candollez, but the specimens of leaves which accompanied the wood sent
belonged to Brownlowia elata, Roxb., a Tiliaceous tree. The wood, however, has no
resemblance to that of any of the latter family.

Orprr XIX. TILIACES.

Contains 11 Indian genera. Of these, 9 are trees, shrubs or climbers, and 2, Cor-
chorus and Triumfetta, herbs or undershrubs. The Order is divided into 4 Tribes,
VIZ.:—

Tribe I.—~Brownlowieex . d : ; ‘ . Brownlowia, FPentace and

Berrya.

» ilL—Grewier , ; . i P : . Grewia, Columbia, Erino.
carpus and Triumfetta.

», LII.—Tiliee . , . ; . ; . Corchorus and Plagio-
pteron.

» 1V.—Heteropetale . : > ° ‘ . Kchinocarpus and Eleo-
carpus.

52 TILIACER. [ Peutace.

Brownlowiee contains 3 species: B. elata, Roxb. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 381 ; Kurzi. 153
(Humea elata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 640.) Vern. Masjot, a lofty tree of the tidal
forests of Chittagong and Tenasserim (see p. 51, under Eriolena in Sterculiacese
No. E1951); B. lanceolata, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 381, of the tidal forests of the
Sundarbans, Arracan and Tenasserim, and B. peltata, Bth:; Kurz i. 153 of Tenasserim.
Columbia includes two shrubs of Burma. Krinocarpus Nimmoanus, Grah.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i, 394; Beddome t. 110. Vern. Chowra, jangli bendi, Kan., is a fibrous- -
barked tree of the western coast, and Plagiopteron fragrans, Griff.; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 399, a climbing shrub of Mergui. To the genus Corchorus belongs the Jute Plant, C.
capsularis, Linn.; Vern. Pat, Beng., now extensively grown in and exported from
Bengal: and other species, all of which yield fibres. Several species of Triwmfetta also
yield fibres, e. g., 7’. angulata, Lam. (T. rhomboidea, Jacq.; Fl. Ind. i. 395) Vern.
Chikti, Hind., of which fine specimens were sent from Berar to the Paris Exhibition
(C. 988. Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). Tilia ewropea, L., the Lime Tree or Linden
of Europe, belongs to this Order.

The wood of Tiliaceze is marked by numerous, uniformly distributed,
small or moderate-sized pores, and fine, equidistant, medullary rays.

1. PENTACE, Hassk.

1, P. burmanica, Kurz; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 381; Kurz i. 154.
Vern. Thitha, kathitka, Burm.

A very large, tall tree. Wood yellowish red, shining, soft, even-
grained, takes a good polish. Pores moderate-sized, often oval and
subdivided into compartments, numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays moderately broad, wavy, red, visible on a radial section,
equidistant ; the distance between the rays generally equal to the trans-
verse diameter of the pores. Annual rings visible.

Burma.

Growth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per inchof radius. Weight, 421lbs.on anaverage. Now
very largely used in Burma for boats, boxes and other purposes for which a light wood
is required. Large quantities are annually exported, and though a few years ago the
wood was quite unknown, it is now well known, even in European markets.

Ibs.
B 281. Burma (1867) ; ; ; : ; : : - . 42
B 802. Tharrawaddi, Burm i : ‘ 4 ; : : . Al
B 815. Rangoon Fata: 2 f : 3 : ~ : .
B 1386. Moulmein ake : ; é 3 { “ . . 4i
B 3119. Burma (1862) . ; < : = . . 42

2. BERRYA, Roxb.

1. B. Ammonilla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 639; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 888;
Beddome t. 58; Kurz i. 155. The Trincomali Wood. Vern. Petwoon,
Burm. ; Halmiliila, Cingh. (whence the specific name),

A large tree with thin bark. Heartwood dark red, very hard, close-
grained, but apt to split; it has, even when old, a smooth, rather damp
feel. Pores small, oval, subdivided, enclosed in white patches, which are
united by narrow undulating bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays
prominent, numerous, uniform and equidistant ; the distance between the
rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

South India, Burma and Ceylon.

Berrya. | TILIACER. 53

The Weight and Transverse strength have been determined by the following

experiments :— .
berber ros id ae Year. ereaeear of experi Size of scantling | Weight. bee of
Ft. in. in
Brandis . . - | 1864 | Burma, 7 " socks das } 64 826
2x 1x1
na No. 8 . - | 1862 PP eA we ae tt 56-62
Puckle . : = ste Mysore. 2 B 6° 1. 1 * Pbk 971
Skinner No, 28 . . | 1862 | Ceylon. one Various, 50 784
Sages es 24 he he ch 63 1,012
Cat. Exh,, 1862 . 5 = > a 8x 14 x 14 50 622-1028
Baker . “ r -| 1829 = 3 6 X¥2x 2 51 700
A. Mendis, No. 33 . Se $9 ere AX Se 48 844
Smythies . - «| 1878 | Burma, 63.; abit upctons . 61

Benson’s Byttneria, weighing 72 bs., is probably this. The wood is very durable.
No. 6 2722 had been 50 years in Calcutta, and was perfectly sound and good on being
cut into. It is used for carts, agricultural implements and spear-handles, and in Madras
for mastila boats, and is much esteemed for toughness and flexibility.

Ibs,
B 288. Burma (1867) . : { ; ‘ F . ; . 52
B 327. » (1866) F ; ; : : ; : ; . 61
B 1420. Tharrawaddi, Burma . ; ‘ ; : : ; . 65
B 1452. Prome, Burma . ; ; ; ; 5 : : . 65
B 2722. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . ; é : : i é . 63
B 3118. Burma (1862). , : § Cases d ; : . 58

3. GREWIA, Linn.

A large genus containing about 30 Indian trees and shrubs, distributed all over
India, except in the inner arid Himalaya. G. oppositifolia is found as high up as
6,000 feet in the North-West Himalaya. There are 12 species in North-West and
Central India, 8 in the North-East, 17 in South India and 10 in Burma.

The genus contains 3 sections, of which the first, Grewia, contains the majority
of species. The second, Omphacarpus, contains only one species G. calophylla
Kurz i. 157 Vern. Mayanbo, Burm., a small evergreen tree of the coast forests
of the Andamans. The third Microcos contains two species: G. sinuata, Wall.
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 392; Kurzi. 158, a large shrub of the swamp forests of Burma;
and G. Miecrocos, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 392; Kurz i. 157 (G. ulmifolia, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 591). Vern. Aswar, Beng.; Tardh, Magh; Myat-ya, Burm.; Thayoh,
Arracan—Weight 51 lbs. (Brandis, 1862, No. 10), a small tree of Eastern Bengal,
Chittagong, Burma and South India. In the section Grewia, besides those herein
described, may be noticed: G. villosa, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 388 ; Brandis 39 Vern,
Inzarra, pastuwanne, Pb.; Dhohan, Ajmere; Jalidar, kaskisri, thamther, Salt
Range, a small shrub of the arid zonein Rajputana, the Punjab and Sind; G. sapida,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 590; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 387; Brandis 41 ; Gamble 12, a well known,
small, yellow flowered undershrub of the Sub-Himalayan forests, sending up yearly
numerous shoots from a perennial root-stock ; and G. sclerophylla, Roxb. ; Brandis 39 ;
Kurz i. 162. (&. scabrophylla, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 584; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 387 ; Gamble
12) Vern. Pharsia, Kumaun, a small shrub with white flowers and large leaves, of
similar localities; G. levigata, Vahl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 389; Beddome xxxvii ;
Brandis 42; Kurz i. 150; Gamble 12 (@. didyma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591) Vern. Kat

54 TILIACEA. —— [ Grewia.

bhewal, bhimil, kakki, Hind.; Allpeyar, Tel.; Dansagla, Lepcha, is a small tree
of the outer Himalaya, from the Jumna eastwards, Assam, Central and Southern India
and Burma, recognized by its long, tapering, glabrescent leaves; while G. abutilifolia,
Juss.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 330; Beddome xxxvii (G. aspera; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591)
Vern. Pedda taraki, Tel., is a small tree found in Southern India. Some species of
Grewia have edible fruits, and the wood of some is strong, tough and elastic.

, The wood of Grewia has small or moderate-sized pores, uniformly
distributed, and numerous fine, rarely moderately broad medullary rays.

The annual rings are generally marked.

1. G. oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 583; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 384;
Brandis 537. Vern. Dhamman, pharwa, Pb.; Bil, biting, bahil, bhimal,
bhengal, Uind.; Bieul, Simla ; Pastuwanne, Afe.

A moderate-sized tree, with grey bark. Wood white, with a small —

mass of irregularly-shaped heartwood, hard, giving out an exceedingly
unpleasant odour, especially when fresh cut. Annual rings marked by
white lines. Pores moderate-sized, very numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, white, wavy, very numerous.

North-West: Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 6,000 feet.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 to 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is used for oar-shafts, handles, bows, &c., and for most purposes for which
elasticity and toughness are required. The bark gives a fibre which is much used in the
Punjab for rope and paper-making, but is not durable. The tree is much lopped for
feeding cattle during the winter.

Ibs.
H 100. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet . ‘ : : = . : 45
H 154. Sainj, ,, 3,000 ,, é . ; ; 50

2. G. populifolia, Vah!.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 385; Brandis 38. Vern.
Ganger, Pb.; Gango, Sind; Gangerun, Rajputana.

A small shrub, with grey bark. Wood yellow, hard, close-grained.
Annual rings marked by an almost continuous line of slightly larger
pores. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
very fine, white, wavy, very numerous. |

Arid zone, in the Punjab, Sind and Rajputana.
Growth very slow. The wood is used for walking sticks and the fruit is eaten.

P 3228. Nagpahar, Ajmere . ; : a ae

3. G. tiliefolia, Vahl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 386; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
587; Beddome t. 108; Brandis 41; Kurz i. 161. Vern. Pharsa,
dhamin, Hind.; Khesla, kast/, Gondi; Dhamni, Kurku; Charachi,
tharra, Tel.; Dhamono, Uriya; Thadsal, batala, Kan.; Damnak,
Bhil; Daman, Mar.; Sadachu, Mal.; Daminne, Cingh. )

A moderate-sized tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey on young trees,
dark brown on old trees. Sapwood white; heartwood small, brown,
close-grained, hard. Annual rings visible. Pores moderate-sized,
numerous, uniformly distributed; a continuous belt of pores in the
spring wood; autumn wood harder. Medullary rays fine, prominent on
a radial section, giving a handsome silver grain; the distance between
the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal, ascending to 4,000 feet ; Central

and South India.

Growth moderate, about 6 rings perinch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner
No. 75, 34 lbs.; Brandis says 30 to 40 Ibs.; the average of those examined gave 48 lbs.
Skinner's experiments in South India gave P = 565. Used for shafts, shoulder poles,
masts, oars and all purposes for which elasticity, strength and. toughness are required +

te ee,

Grewia. | TILIACEA. 55

The fruit is eaten and the inner bark made into cordage. Fine specimens of this were
sent from Berar for the Paris Exhibition of 1878. (C. 983. Bairagarh Reserve,
Melghat.) %

8.

C 188. Mandla, Central Provinces (1871) . ; ; ; - 48
C 1169. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : : ; . ; 46
C 2757. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces . : : ; ; 53
C 2766. Melghat, Berar : ; : ; ; : ; ate
C 1253. Gumstir, Madras ; , : - i : ; - 49
No. 17. Ceylon Collection . 44,

4. G. salvifolia, Heyne ; Hook. Fi. ‘Ind. i. 886; kobe XXXVii ;
Brandis 43. Vern. Bather, nikki-bekhkar, gargas, Pb. ; ; Saras, Ajmere ;
Jéra, Circars. |

A small tree, with dark-coloured bark. Wood. yellow, heartwood
orange-brown, hard, close-grained, structure similar to that of G.
tiliafolia, but medullar y rays more numerous and pores smaller. Annual
rings well marked by a line of larger pores.

Punjab, Sind, Central Provinces and Southern India,

Growth slow. Fruit small, edible.

P 3227. Nagpahar, Ajmere . at Be iro OAS AN : “ae ts

P 3237. Goran Hills, Ajmere ; ; : ; : ee

5. G. vestita, Wall. ; Brandis 40 ; Gamble'12. G. elastica, Royle ;
Kurz i. 160. G. asiatica, Linn. var.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 387. Vern.
Farri, phalwa, dhamman, Pb.; Phntsia; dhamin, bimla, Hind.; Poto
dhamun, Palamow ; Sealposra, Nep.; Kdnsting, Lepcha; Pintayau, Burm.

A small tree, with grey or brown bark. Wood greyish white, hard
and close-grained. Annual rings wavy. Pores moderate-sized. Medul-
lary rays fine and moderately broad, numerous, prominently marked on a
radial section, and giving the wood a beautiful silver grain.
es Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, Bengal, Central India and

urma.

Growth moderately slow, 5 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens
give an average of 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; Brandis says 50lbs. Wood tough and elastic,

used for shoulder poles, bows, spear handles, &e. Splits well, and is sometimes used
for shingles. The branches are lopped for fodder.

Ibs.
E 651. Bamunpokri, oct Terai . : ; . : ; 43
E 2325. Fs : 3 ; : : : 51
B 3120. Burma (1862) . 2 ; : 4 51

6. G. asiatica, Linn. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 386; Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 586 ;
Beddome xxxvii.; Brandis 40; Kurzi. 161. “Vern, Phalsa, Hind. ;

Dhamni, Ajmere.

A small tree. Bark rough, grey. Wood yellowish wi structure
similar to that of G. vestita.

Wild in Central India and Rajputana. Cultivated throughout India for its fruit.

Bark used in rope-making. !

P 470. Ajmere 2 : PRare F : - : ‘ ove

P 3218, Wauvahiy Ajmere ; ; f j ; ‘ : ; ove

P 3235, Goran Hills, Ajmere vee

7. G. multiflora, Juss., Hook. Fi. Ind. i. 388; Siidiite 12, G. sepi-
aria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 589. ; Brandis 42. Vern. Pansaura, Hind.,
Beng. ; Nilay, Nep.

A shral or small tree. Bark brown. Wood white, soft, similar in
structure to that of G. opposttifolia, but with smaller pores.

56 | TILIACE. [ Grewia.

Outer Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Khasia Hills.
Used in Bengal for making hedges, for which it is very useful.
Ibs.

E 2327. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai . 7 ° - 42

8. G. pilosa, Lam. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 388 ; Brandis 39. G. carpini-
folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587. Vern. Posangni, Ajmere.

A shrub with four-angled stem and brown bark. Wood yellowish
white, hard, divided into triangular wedges proceeding from the centre
towards the four corners and sides, the annual rings in the wedges towards
the corners marked by large pores, those towards the sides by a white line
and a few moderately large pores. Pores in the rest of the wood small.
Medullary rays fine, white, numerous.

Plains of the North-West, Central and South India.

P 3230. Nagpahar, Ajmere ; ‘ ° ° : : ’ «ons
P 3256, Goran Hills, Ajmere . : ; ° ‘ . ° a! ee

4, ECHINOCARPUS, Blume.

Contains 5 large trees of the forests of the north-east and east moist zone in
Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Burma. J. sterculiaceus, Bth. ; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 400; Gamble 12. Vern. Banj, Nep.; Thabola, Magh, is a very large tree of
the Sikkim Terai, Chittagong and Burma, with a deeply buttressed trunk and large fruit
covered with long needle-like spines. . tomentosus, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 400;
Gamble 12. Vern. Kaktay, Nep.; Taksor, Lepcha, is a large tree of the Sikkim Hills

from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. HE. Murex, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. 1. 399, is a large tree of the ©

Khasia Hills and Burma (#. Sigun, Bl.; Kurz i. 162); and #. assamicus Bth. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 399. Vern. Jabba hingori, Ass., a tree of Upper Assam, whose
wood, according to Mr. Mann, is used for planking.

1. E. dasycarpus, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 400; Gamble 12. Vern.
Gobria, Nep.

A large tree. Bark dark grey. Wood greyish brown, soft. Pores
small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, closely packed,

straight, prominent on a radial section.

Eastern Himalaya, 5,000 to’7,000 feet. (Hooker, in Fl. Ind., says: “ Sikkim at 2,000
feet,” but I have never seen it below 5,000 feet.—J. S. G.)

Weight, 32lbs. per cubic foot. Used for saga | for tea-boxes and to make
charcoal. It is in considerable demand in Darjeeling. The tree is very handsome, as
it has showy clusters of yellow-white flowers, capsular fruit, with short close-set spines,
black seeds with a red arillus, and drooping branches. It flowers and seeds Fea

each year, and seedlings come up well.
Ibs.

E. 694- Chuttockpur, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . . ° ‘ . 382

E. 1289 sent from Cachar under the name ‘ Sifarjat’ has a similar structure, but —

the pores are larger. This is probably FH. tiliaceus of Mr. G, Mann’s Assam Lists

(Phul hingori, Ass.; Sitarsaaz, Cachar), Assam Forest ied ip 1874-75 and 1875-76. ~

Said by Mr. Mann to be used for planks and beams w
of weather.

ere not exposed to changes

5. ELAOCARPUS, Linn.

A large genus of trees, chiefly found in the moister parts of India ; 25 species are
found in India, of which the distribution is :—

North-Western India . F ‘ ; - " - ‘ eT

North-Eastern India . : 4 . . ; f ~ ; . 14
Burma ; . ; : P : . : : id r + 2
Central India . ° , : , ‘ : . ’ ; sia

Southern India . ; / ; ‘ ; ; aoe , Pay f *

_—

Eleocarpus. | TILIACER. 57

The genus is divided into three sections :

Section I. Ganitrus contains EF. Ganitrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 592; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 400; Beddome xxxvii.; Brandis 43; Kurz i. 168. Vern.
Rudrak, Hind., a large tree of North-Eastern and Central India,
the hard tubercled nuts of which are polished and made into rosaries
and bracelets.

Section II. Dicera contains, besides the two species described below: ZL. serratus,
Linn. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 401. Beddome xxxviii. Vern. Jalpai,
Beng.; Perinkdrd, Kan.; Wiralu, Cingh., a tree, with edible fruit,
of Bengal, the North-East Himalaya and the Western Coast (Weight,
33lbs., Wallich); #. floribundus, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 401;
Kurz i. 167 of Eastern Bengal and Burma; FZ. oblongus, Gaertn. ;
Beddome xxxviii. Vern. Bikki, Nilgiris, of Southern India, with
a strong, white, tough wood; and several other less common species.

Section III. Monocera contains LH. tuberculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 594; Beddome
t. 113; Vern. Rudrak, Hind., a large tree of Southern India, whose
nuts are used in the same way as those of #. Ganitrus; FE. rugosus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 596; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 405 ; Kurz i. 166; Gamble
13. Vern. Nandiki, Nep., of the Eastern Himalaya, Chittagong and
Burma; F. ferrugineus, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 406; Beddome
t. 112, a common tree of the Nilgiris; and #. Varunua, Ham. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 407; Kurzi. 165. Vern. Tutticaly, saul kuri,
Ass., of the Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet
and Chittagong ; besides other species.

The species of Elgocarpus have usually handsome flowers with laciniate petals,
and the fruits of most species resemble an olive and are eaten.

1. E. robustus, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 402; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ij. 597;
Kurz i. 169; Gamble 18. Vern. Ja/pai, Sylhet ; Bepari, batrachi, Nep. ;
Chekio, Magh; Taumagyee, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood white, shining, soft, even-grained. Annual
rings marked by a prominent line. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly
distributed, generally oval or elongated, subdivided. Medullary rays
fine and very fine, closely packed, visible as long narrow bands ona
radial section.

Eastern Himalaya ascending to 2,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Chitta-

gong, Burma and Andaman Islands.
Growth moderate. Weight, 38lbs. per cubic foot. 3
8.

E 581. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . 38

2. EB. lancesfolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii..598; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 402;
Kurz i. 167; Gamble 13. Vern. Bhadras, batrachi, Nep.; Shepkyew,
Lepcha ; Sakalang, Ass.

A large tree. | Wood soft, light brown. Pores small, in short strings
of 2to 5. Medullary rays extremely numerous, fine and very fine,

- appearing as narrow plates on a radial section,

Eastern Himalaya from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Tenasserim.
Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight 41lbs. Used for house-
building, tea-boxes and charcoal, Fruit edible.
bs,
E 358. Rangbil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . . ick oe7 ee See

Orpen XX. LINEZ.

_ A small Order containing 4 genera of Indian trees or shrubs. The only one of any
- Sage is Krythroxylon. Reinwardtia contains 2 small yellow flowered under-
shrubs of the Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and the Western Ghats; Hugonia Mystaz,

H

58 LINEA. | | Lrythroxylon,

Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 413. is-a rambling leafy shrub of Southern India; and
Txonanthes khasiana, Hook. £.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 416. a small tree of the Khasia
Hills. Many species give a strong fibre. Linum wusitatissimum is the flax plant ;
cultivated in India for its fibre and oil.

1. ERYTHROXYLON, Linn.

Contains four Indian species. Besides the one described, #. Kunthianwm, Wall. ;
Hook. FI. Ind. i. 414; Kurz i. 171, is a shrub of Eastern Bengal, the Khasia Hills and
Burma, above 3,000 feet elevation ; and #. burmanicum, Griff. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 414;
Kurz i. 171, a tree of Burma and the Andaman Islands.

The Coca or Spadic Plant of Peru, well known as a powerful stimulant of the
nervous system, is the #. Coca.

1. E. monogynum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii..449; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 414;
Kurzi. 171. £#. indicum, Beddome t. 81. S2thia indica, DC. Prodr. i, 576.
Bastard Sandal. Vern. Devadart%, Tam.; Adivi gerenta, Tel.

A small tree. Sapwood white; heartwood dark brown, with a
pleasant resinous smell, very hard, takes a beautiful polish. Pores very

small, very numerous. Medullary rays short, very fine, uniformly

distributed.

South India and Ceylon.

Weight, 55 to 67 lbs. per cubic foot.

Used as a substitute for sandalwood. The wood gives an oil used as a preservative
for native boats.

: ares Ibs.
D 1083. North Arcot. ~ : ; : : : : ae
D 1091. Madura . ; A ; : ‘ ; : Sine ae

DT20R7., “Mysore. 6 S'S Ae nt, cee. Bi al

Orprr XXI. MALPIGHIACE.

An Order which is represented in India merely by two genera of climbing or

straggling shrubs. Hiptage Madablota, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 418; Brandis:
44; Kurz i. 173; Gamble 13. (Gaertnera racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 368) Vern.

Kampti, madmalti, Hind.; Endra, chopar, benkar, khumb, Pb.; Shempati, Nep.;

Haladwail, Mar.; Madubilita, Beng., is a common climbing shrub of most parts_

of India and Kurma; H. candicans, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 419; Kurz i, 174.
Vern. Toungsookapan, Burm.; and H. obtusifolia, DC:; Kurz i. 173 are respectively
a large shrub and a climber of Burma; H. acwminata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 419,
is a bushy shrub of the Khasia Hills; and H. parvifolia, W. and A.; Hook, Fl. Ind.
i. 419, a shrub of Southern Indiawand Ceylon: making 5 species. Aspidopterys
contains 7 climbers, chiefly of the Himalaya, Southern India and Burma, but none
of any special interest.

Orpver XXII. GERANIACEZ.

A large Order, chiefly containing herbaceous plants, such as Geraniwm, Oxalis and
Impatiens. Only one genus, Averrhoa, contains trees, and these introduced: A.
Carambola, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 439; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; Beddome xxxix. ;
Brandis 45; Kurz i. 177; Gamble 13. Vern. Kamaranga, Hind.; Kamrang, Beng. ;
Soungyah, Burm., is a small tree which is commonly cultivated in India and Burma
for its fruit, which is eaten stewed or made into preserves. Home says it is used in
the Sundarbans for building purposes and furniture. Skinner, No. 18, gives its weight
as 40 lbs. per cubic foot, and 712 for the value of P; Wallich gives its weight at 39 lbs.
A. Bilimbi, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 4839; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 451; Beddome t. 117.
Vern. Bilimbi, bhimbu, anvalla, Hind, is a small tree cultivated and often found

run wild in India. It has an acid fruit, which is pickled or preserved in sugar, and the

juice is used in removing iron stains from linen.

*
——— =

——— ee OO

Evodia. | RUTACER, 59

Orver XXIII. RUTACEZ.

A large Order, containing however few trees of any size, but generally shrubs or
climbers, which are aromatic with gland-dotted leaves.
The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz. :—
Tribe J.—Rutezx F : , ‘ Only herbs such as the garden Rue,
| and the Bénninghausenia, so

common in Himalayan forests.
» Il—Xanthoxylee . ; ; Evodia, Melicope and Xan-

thoaylum.

» L1I.—Toddaliex . ¢ 2 ; Toddalia, Acronychia and
Skimmia.

» i1V.—Aurantieer . : : ; Glycosmis, Micromelum, Murraya,

Clausena, Triphasia, Limonia
Luvunga, Paramignya, Atalan.
tia, Citrus, Feronia and Aegle-

Melicope contains two shrubs: M. indica, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 492, Beddome
xl., of the higher ranges of the Nilgiri Hills; and MW. Helferi, Hook. f., of the Andaman
Islands and Tenasserim. <Acronychia laurifolia, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 498; Kurz
i. 184; Gamble 14 (4. pedunculata, DC.; Beddome xlii.) Vern. Paowlay, Nep.;
Loajam, Ass., is a small tree of the Sikkim Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Assam,
Chittagong, South India and Burma. Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa; Hook. Fl. Ind,
i. 499; Beddome xliii.; Brandis 49; Kurz i. 186; Gamble 14. Vern. Ban-nimbu,
potali, pilru potala, girgittt, Hind.; Kirmira, Bombay; Zaushouk, Burm., is a
common evergreen shrub, with very variable leaves and fruits, found in most part of
India. Micromelum contains 2 species: M. pubescens, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 501;
Beddome xliii.; Kurz i. 186; Gamble 14. Vern. Lasmani, Nep.; Kambrong, Lepcha;
Tanyenghpo, Burm., is a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Eastern Bengal,
South India and Burma, with a rather heavy, close-grained, yellowish white wood ; and
M. hirsutum, Oliv.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 502; Kurz. i. 187., a small Burmese shrub.
Clausena contains 9 species, chiefly shrubs, the chief of which are C. pentaphylla,
DC.; Brandis 49. Vern. Rattanjote, surjmukha, teyri, Hind., a deciduous shrub
of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal; and C. Willdenovii, W. and
A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 506; Beddome xliv.; Gamble 15. Vern. Mor kurangi, Kaders ;
Madanay, Nep.; Terhilnyok, sidemnyok, Lepcha, a small tree of the Sikkim
Himalaya, Western Ghats and Ceylon. Triphasia trifoliata, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 507; Kurz i. 192, is a small spinous garden shrub of South India and Burma.
Timonia contains 4 shrubs of India and Burma, of which Z. acidissima, Linn.;
Hook. Fl ind. i. 507; Beddome xlv; Brandis 47; Kurzi. 192 (Z. erenulata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 381) Vern. Beli, Hind.; Tor-elaga, Tel.; Kawat, Mar.; Theehaya-za,
Burm. a spinous shrub of dry hills in various parts of India, with a hard close-
grained wood, is the most common. Luvunga has 2 climbing shrubs, one of Eastern
Bengal and Burma, the other of Southern India. Paramignya, has 5 shrubs or climbers
of Eastern Bengal and Burma, of which the most common is P. monophylia,
Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 510; Kurz i. 193; Gamble 15. Vern. Natkanta, Nep.;
Jhunok, Lepcha, an erect or climbing shrub extending from Sikkim down to Tenas-
serim. Citrus contains 3 well-known fruit trees—C. Awrantiwm, Linn. Vern. Narangi,
_ naringi, Hind.; Kumla nebu, Beng.; Suntala, Nep.; Kitchli, Tam.; Kittali, Tel.,
the Orange, cultivated in most parts of India, but especially m Sikkim and Sylhet
(Skinner, No. 48, gives W.=49, P=717); C. medica, Linn., the Citron, Lemon and
Lime, cultivated all over India;-and C, decumana, Wild., the Shaddock or Pumelo.

_ The Rutacee have a very uniform structure. The wood is close and
even-grained, generally white, with a yellowish tinge. The pores are small,
uniformly distributed, with a tendency to form radial lines. The medul-
lary rays are fine, uniform and equidistant. The wood of Skimmia is
anomalous, being distinguished by extremely small pores, arranged in
oblique wavy tails, and by very fine, very numerous medullary rays. The
wood of most species is marked by white concentric lines, which are»
generally at unequal distances and often run into each other.

60 RUTACER. [ Bvodia,

1. EVODIA, Forst.

Contains 6 species of Indian small trees or shrubs. LZ. viticina, Wall. ; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 489 ; Kurz; i. 179, is a small tree of Tenasserim; E. rutecarpa, Hook. f. and
Th., a small tree of the inner valleys of Sikkim, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet; and 2H.
meliefolia, Bth., a small tree of Assam.

1. E. fraxinifolia, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 490; Gamble 13.
Vern. Kanukpa, Nep.; Kant, Lepeha.

A small tree. Bark smooth, light grey, 34; inch thick. Wood
white, soft. Pores small, often subdivided, numerous near the inner
edge of each annual ring. Medullary rays short, moderately broad.

Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim, between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills from
3,0C0 to 5,000 feet.
Growth fast, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 21 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood

used only for posts of huts. It comes up commonly in second growth forest, and the

leaves, flowers and fruit when bruised, have a disagreeable aromatic smell.
lbs.

E 3101. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet : 4 4 : ; 21

2. E. Roxburghiana, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 487; Kurz i. 180.
EL. triphylla, Beddome xli. Fagara triphylla, Roxb. FI. Ind. 1. 416.
Xanthorylum triphyllum, Thwaites Enum. 69. Vern. Nebede, lunu-
ankenda, Cingh. |

A small tree. Wood greyish brown, moderately hard. Pores small,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, distant, fine to moderately
broad.

Khasia Hills, South India and Ceylon, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.
Weight, 51 lbs., according to A. Mendis. a

No. 60. Ceylon Collection . : ; : P : : : : 51

B 1979 collected by Kurz in the Andamans in 1866 and marked HF. triphylla,
DC. (Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 488; Kurz i. 180), has a soft pale red wood, with moderate-
sized, oval, elongated and subdivided pores, and very fine and closely packed
medullary rays.

aa
2. XANTHOXYLUM, Linn.

A genus containing 10 small, rarely large trees or straggling or climbing shrubs,
most of them of very little importance. Besides the one described : X. acantho-
podium, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493; Kurz i. 181; Gamble 14. Vern. Bogay timur,

Nep., is a small tree of the outer Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim and the Khasia —

Hills, ascending to 7,000 feet; X. Rhetsa, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 495, Beddome xli.
(Fagara Rhetsa; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417) Vern. Rhetsé mdn, Tel. ; Sessal, Mar.;
Rattu kina, Bingh. is a large tree of the Western and Eastern Ghats of South India;
and X. Budrunga, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 495 ; Kurz i. 182. Vern. Borjonali, Ass. ;
Mayaning, Burm., is a tree of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, with a rather
heavy, soft, yellowish white, close-grained wood. The rest are shrubs or climbers.

1 X. alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 768; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493;
Beddome xlii.; Brandis 47; Gamble 14. Vern. Zimbir, timur, tezmal,
dirmir, Hind.; Balay timur, Nep.; Sungrié, Lepcha.

A shrub or small tree. Bark corky, young stems with thick conical
prickles with a corky base. Wood close-grained, yellow. Pores small,
often in radial lines, not uniformly distributed; belts with numerous

pores often alternating with belts with scanty pores. Medullary rays

fine, short, very numerous.
Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills.

Xanthouxylum. | RUTACEH. 61

Wood used for walking sticks, the branches for making tooth-brushes. Fruit
used as a remedy for tooth-ache, as a condiment and to purify water. The whole
plant has a strong aromatic unpleasant smell.

H 107. Bhajji,Simla, 4,000 fet . . . . + « « 46
E 2329. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . > ‘ F . . 34

3. TODDALIA, Juss.

Contains two species: one the rambling, sarmentose shrub here described ; the other
T. bilocularis, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 497 Beddome xliii., a handsome tree
of the Western Ghats, always unarmed and reaching 3 feet in girth.

1. T. aculeata, Pers.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 497; Beddome xlii ;
Brandis 46; Kurzi. 183; Gamble 14. Scogolia aculeata, Sm.; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 616. Vern. Kanj, Hind. ; Dahan, lahan, Rajputana ; Meinkara
Nep.; Saphijirik, Lepcha; Milkaranai, Tam. ; Kondakashinda, Tel.

A large scandent shrub, the branches covered with prickles. “Wood
porous, yellowish white, soft. Pores moderate-sized, very numerous,
often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine,
uniform and equidistant.

Outer Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, Khasia Hills and Western Ghats, ascend-
ing to 7,000 feet.

The root bark gives a yellow dye and a bitter and aromatic tonic, used by natives
in some parts of the country as a remedy for fever. (Bidie.)

E 2855. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet.

4. SKIMMIA, Thunb.

1. S. Laureola, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 499; Brandis 50;
Gamble 14. Vern. Ner, darru, Pb.; Nehir, gurl pata, Kumaun; Chum-
tani, Nep.; Timburnyok, Lepcha.

An extremely aromatic shrub. Bark thin, bluish grey. Wood white,
soft, with distinct, white, concentric lines which may possibly be annual
rings; has an aromatic scent when fresh cut. Pores extremely small,
in narrow, irregularly bent lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 11,000 feet, Afghanistan.
Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are eaten in the Himalaya in curries.

lbs,
UE aa eile: GOOG thot os 6.7... LA) oa Pe de
Beem” Pukdali) Daticcling, 6,000fest =. «kegel eng

6. MURRAYA, Linn.

Besides the species described, M. Kénigii, Spr.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 503; Beddome
xliv; Brandis 48; Kurz i,190; Gamble 14. (Bergera Kénigii, Linn.; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 375) Vern. Gandla, gandi, bowala, Pb.; Harri, katnim, Hind.; Barsanga,
Beng. ; Chanangi, Hyderabad; Karepak, kari-vepa, Tel.; Kamwepila, Tam., is a
small tree of the outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Assam, Bengal, South India and
Burma, whose leaves are used for flavouring curries. The wood is close, even-grained,
hard and durable, and is used for agricultural implements.

1. M. exotica, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 502; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii,
374; Beddome xliv.; Brandis 48; Kurz i. 190; Gamble 14. Vern.
Marchula, juti, Hind. ; Kamini, Beng.; Naga golunga, Tel.; Raket-berar,
Gondi; Simali, Nep.; Shitzem, Lepcha; Makay, Burm.; Machalla, And.
: A shrub or small tree, with thin grey bark. Wood light yellow,
close-grained, very hard, apt to crack. Pores very small, sometimes

62 RUTACER, ~ [ Murraya.

in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Sharp,
white, concentric lines, which frequently run into each other. |

Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam ascending to 4,500 feet, Behar, South
India, Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Weight, 62 lbs. per cubic foot is the average of our specimens ; Wallich gives 61 lbs.
The wood resembles boxwood and has been tried for wood-engraving, for which it
seems suitable if well seasoned; it is also used for handles of implements. It is
often planted for ornament, and is sometimes called “ Satinwood” at Port Blair.
lbs

B 3195. Andaman Islands (Home, 1874,No.24). . . . . 68
B 619. Andaman Islands . ‘ : ; t ‘ : : . 62
No. 26, Ceylon Collection . _ ; , : , toate * Tie

5. ATALANTIA, Correa.

Contains 5 small trees of South India and Burma. A. racemosa, W. and A.;

Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 512; Beddome xlvi, is a small tree of South India and Ceylon ;
A. caudata, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 513, a shrub of the Khasia Hills; and A.
macrophylla, Kurz i. 195, an evergreen tree of the coast forests of the Andamans.

1. A. monophylla, Correa ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 511; Beddome xlvi. ;

Kurz i. 195, Vern. Arawi nim, Tel.; Katyalu, Tam.; Makhur, Mar.

Wood yellow, very hard and close-grained. Pores very small; in

groups or short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, numerous ; the
distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the
pores. Numerous white concentric lines at varying distances.

Eastern Bengal, Southern India and Ceylon.

Weight, 65 lbs. per cubic foot. Recommended by Kurz as a substitute for box-

wood
bs,
No. 10. Salem Collection . ‘ ‘ 65

2. A. missionis, Oliv.; Hook. Fl, Ind. i.513; Beddomexlvi. Limo-
nia missionis, Wall.; Thwaites Enum. 45. Vern. Pambdtré, Cingh.

Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings
marked by a white line and a belt of more numerous pores. Pores

small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, wavy, very numerous,
uniform, not equidistant.
South India and Ceylon.

Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for furniture and cabinet work,

it is sometimes variegated.
Ibs.

No. 66. Ceylon Collection . : ° ; : ° ‘ - 48

7. FERONTA, Correa.

1. F. Elephantum, Correa ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 516; Roxb, Fl. Ind.

ii. 41; Beddome t. 121; Brandis 56; Kurz i. 198; Gamble 15. The
Wood Apple. Vern. Bilin, katt, kat-bél, Hind.; Kath-bel, Beng.; Vallanga,
veld, kavit, Tam.; Velagd, elaka, yellanga, Tel.; Bilwar, Kan.; Kawat,
Mar.; Hman, Burm.

A large tree. Bark dark grey or nearly black. Wood yellowish
white, hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores
small, in short radial lines, joined by short, narrow, white, concentric
bands. Medullary rays short, white, prominent, fine and moderately
broad, very numerous, not straight. Structure similar to that of dgle
Marmelos and Cratava religiosa.

EE -"

Feronia, | RUTACEA. 63

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Ravi eastwards, Bengal, South India, Chanda
district in the Central Provinces. r

Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot, according to Skinner, No. 74; 49 according to Cun-
ningham. Value of P. 623 (Cunningham); 645 (Skinner), The wood is used for
house-building, naves of wheels, oil-crushers and agricultural implements. It gives
a gum similar to gum arabic. The pulp of the fruit is acid and is made into jelly.

E 2487. Calcutta

8. AEGLE, Correa.

1. A. Marmelos, Correa; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 516; Roxb. Fl. Ind, 579;
Beddome t. 161; Brandis 57 ; Kurz i. 198; Gamble 15. The Bael Tree.
Vern. Bél, Hind.; Bela, Beng.; Mahaka, Gondi; Bela, Kurku; Vilva,
Tam. ; Maredu, patir, marat, Tel.; Bilapatri, Kan. ; Okshit, Burm.

A small tree, bark } inch thick, outer substance soft, grey, exfoliating
in irregular flakes. "Wood yellowish white, hard, with a strong aromatic
scent when fresh cut ; no heartwood, not durable, readily eaten by insects.
Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays wavy, fine, short,
white, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings marked by
distinct lines, and often by a continuous belt of pores. In some cases the
pores are more numerous in the autumn wood.

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Jhelam eastwards, Central and South India,

urma.
Weight, 40 to 50 lbs. (Brandis) ; Wallich gives 49 ; our specimens average 57 lbs.
The tree is not often cut, as it is chiefly valued for its fruit, the pulp of which is
used medicinally in diarrhcea and dysentery, as a sherbet and as a conserve, keeping
well when dry. The wood is used in construction, for the pestles of oil and sugar-
mills, naves and other parts of carts, and for agricultural implements.

P 441. Ajmere . ; ‘ ; : ‘ ; : ribs ie ‘ *
O 248. Garhwal (1868) . : : F ‘ : 7 , on
O 268. 7 ” . : . . . : : : . 60
C 1176. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . : ‘ 3 : . 52
C 2785. Melghat, Berar . ‘ : ; . . : - on
E 2486. Calcutta ; 7 . ; - - : : De
E 638. Goalpara, Assam . : : ; ; ‘ , : . 683

B 564. Prome, Burma 60

The structure of Crateva religiosa is very similar to this, but the aed is much
softer, and the pores are enclosed in patches of soft tissue.

Orver XXIV. SIMARUBEZ.

Contains eight genera of Indian trees or shrubs, almost always with bitt ,
They belong to 2 Tribes, viz.,— y itter bark.

Tribe I.—Simarubezx . ° , : . Atlanthus, Samadera, Picrasma,
; Brucea, Eurycoma and Suriana.
» 11.—Picramniex - “ . Harrisonia and Balanites.

Harrisonia Bennettii, Hook.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 519; Kurz i. 203. Vern.
Tapooben, Burm., is a small spinous tree of Burma. Brucea contains two bitter
shrubs: B. swmatrana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 449; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 521, of Assam
Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands; and 2B. mollis. Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 521:
Gamble 15, of Sikkim, Bhutan, Sylhet and Burma, ascending to 6,000 feet. Eurycoma
longifolia, Jack ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 52; Kurz i. 202, is a small tree of Tenasserim
and the Andaman Islands, with a bitter bark which, in the Malay Archipelago, is used
as a febrifuge. Swriana maritima, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 522; W. and A. Prodr.
361 (Surianee), is a sea-side shrub with thick velvety branches and yellow flowers.

Quassia wood is the produce of Quassia amara, a tree of the West Indies,

64 SIMARUBER. [ dilanthus

Wood white, soft (moderately hard in Balanites) ; no heartwood.
Pores moderate-sized. Medullary rays moderately broad to very broad.

1. AILANTHUS, Desf.

Besides the two species described, A. glandulosa, Desf., is a lofty tree, indigenous
in Japan, but cccasionally planted both in Europe and in Northern India. It grows
rapidly, throwing up abundant root suckers, and has for that reason been employed in
plantations made to clothe barren stony hills in the south of France. It is also often
employed as an avenue tree, and is cultivated in gardens.

1. A. malabarica, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 518; Beddome t. 122 ;
Brandis 58; Kurzi. 200. Vern. Peru, Tam., Tel. ; Dhuip, baga-dhuip,
gogul-dhip, Kan. ; Matti pal, Anamalais; Kambalu, walbiling, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree, with thick, rough bark. Wood white, very
soft and spongy. Pores large, scanty, subdivided. Medullary rays
short, moderately broad, the distance between the rays being larger
than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Western Ghats, rare in Pegu. Often pianted in South India for ornament.

Weight, 23 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. The tree gives a gum resin
which is used medicinally, especially in dysentery. For Mr. Broughton’s report on

an analysis of itsee Beddome t. 122.
Ibs.

W 746. South Kanara P ; ; ; 3 : r : .

2. A. excelsa, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 518; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450;
Beddome xlix; Brandis 58. Vern. drtéia, Meywar; Maha rukh, Hind.,
Mar. ; Peru, pee, Tam. ; Pedu, pey, pedda, Tel.; Gormi-kawat, Uriya.

A Jarge tree. Wood soft, white. Structure similar to that of A.
malabarica.

Central and Southern India. Often pisniet
Weight, 28lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used to make floats for fishing, sword handles,
spear sheaths and catamarans. The bark is aromatic and is used as a febrifuge and

tonic.

C 2784. Melghat, Berar ; : : ; : ; ; a
No. 4. Salem Collection . . 3 F , : , - . 28

2. SAMADERA, Gaertn.

9. S. indica, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 519 ; Thwaites Enum. 70;
Beddome xlix; Kurz i. 200. Vern. Samadara, Cingh.; Kathai, Burm.

A small tree. Wood light yellow, soft, no heartwood. Pores small;
scanty. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, closely packed.

South India and Ceylon.
Weight, 26 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

lbs,

No. 76. Ceylon Collection . ° , ° ° ‘ ° “ . 26

8. PICRASMA, Bl.

B 1977. collected by Kurz in the Andamans in 1866 and marked
P. javanica, Bi. Vern. Thityooben, Burm., has a soft, white wood. Pores
small, uniformly distributed, joined by fine, concentric lines. Medullary
rays short and fine. Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot.

Besides this species, P. nepalensis, Benn. is a small tree of Nepal and the Khasia
Hills, and P. qguassioides, Benn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 520; Brandis 59, Vern. Tuthat,

_

ee

Picrasma. | SIMARUBEE. 65

tithu, hala, Pb.; Charangi, Hind., is a tall shrub of the outer Himalaya from the
Chenab to Nepal, occasionally ascending to 8,000 feet, with a bitter bark, which is used
as a substitute for quassia.

4. BALANITES, Delile.

1. B. Roxburghii, Planch. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 522 ; Brandis 59 ; Kurz
i. 204. B. egyptica, Delile; Beddome |. Ximenia agyptiaca, Roxb. FI. Ind.
ii. 253. Vern. Hingu, ingua, hingol, hingota, Hind.; Garrah, Gondi;
Gari, ringri, Tel.; Nanjunda, Tam. ; Hingan, Mar.

A small tree, with grey bark, } inch thick. Wood yellowish white,
moderately hard, no heartwood, no annual rings. Pores small or
moderate-sized, distributed in irregular bands and groups. Medullary
rays short, very broad; on a radial section visible as narrow plates, with
a few fine ones intervening.

Drier parts of India and Burma.
‘Weight, 48lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for walking sticks and for fuel. From

the seed a fixed oil is expressed. The seeds, bark and leaves are used in native

medicine, and the kernel of the fruit, filled with gunpowder, in fireworks.
lbs.
P 450. Ajmere . ; ; 2 ‘ ; : R : 48
C1171. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . - : , vad

Orper XXV. OCHNACEZ.

Contains two genera, Ochna and Gomphia, comprising glabrous trees and shrubs.
Ochna is described below. Gomphia contains two small trees: G. angustifolia, Vahl. :
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 525; Beddome li., a small tree of the Western Ghats; and G. swma-
trana, Jack, of the sea-coast of Tenasserin).

Wood red or brown; grain close, but twisted. Pores small or very
small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad.

1, OCHNA, Linn.

Besides the three species described, O. pumila, Ham., is a small undershrub of the
Sub-Himalayan tract, principally in sal forests, with a perennial underground stem
throwing up annually, after the jungle fires, stems 2 to 3 feet high, bearing handsome
yellow flowers.

1. 0. squarrosa, Linn.; Hook, Fl. Ind. i. 523; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
643; Beddome 1.; Brandis 60. Vern. Sunari, yerra-juvi, Tel. ; Narole,
mudah, Kan.; Komari, Uriya.

A shrub or small tree. Wood reddish brown, moderately hard, close-
-grained. Pores very small, very numerous, between the moderately
broad, but not very prominent medullary rays, which are clearly visible
on a radial section.

Bengal, Burma and South India.
Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs,

C 1305. Gumestir. : . 1

2. B. 1978 collected by Kurz in 1866 in the Andaman Islands and
marked O. andamanica, Kurz, has a red, hard wood, with the medullary
rays prominent on a radial section, similar in structure to that of
O. squarrosa. Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot.

66 OCHNACER. [ Ochno.

3. 0. Wallichii, Planch ; Hook. Fl. Ind. 524; Kurz i. 205. Vern.
Yodayah, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood light brown, hard, close-grained. Pores
small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad,
prominent on a radial section.

Burma.
Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. Ibs.
B 3132. Burma (1862) ‘ é ; : . , ; . . 54

Orper XXVI. BURSERACEZ.

Contains seven genera of Indian trees, often resinous. They all belong to the
Tribe Burseree, viz.: Protium, Boswellia, Garuga, Balsamodendron, Bursera,
Canarium and Filicium. Protium contains two South Indian trees: P. caudatum,
W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 530; Beddome t. 125. Vern. Konda mamidi, Tel.;
Kilevay, niluve, Tam. ; Konda mdvu, Kan., a deciduous tree with green bark, often
used for planting in avenues; and P. pubescens, W. and A, a small tree, resembling
the former species.

Wood marked by fine distant medullary rays, and small or moderate-
sized, uniformly distributed pores.

1. BOSWELLIA, Roxb.

1. B. thurifera, Colebr.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 883; Beddome lii. ;
Brandis 61. 2B. serrata, Roxb.; Hook. Fl Ind. i. 528. B. glabra,
Roxb.; Beddome t. 124. Vern. Salhe, salei, sdélgd, Hind.; Guggar,
diimsal, Kumaon ; Salla, bor-salet, ganga, Gondi; Luban, salai, Bene.;
Kungli, gigtlu, kindrikam, morada, Tam.; duduku, anduga, parangi, —
Tel.; Chittu, Kan. :

A moderate-sized, often gregarious tree. Bark 4 inch thick, yellow,
sometimes greenish yellow, exfoliating in small, hard, irregular flakes
and thin plates of much largersize. Wood rough, white when fresh-cut,
darkening on exposure, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, often
subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderate; on a radial section
distinctly visible as long narrow plates.

Intermediate, northern and southern dry zones, Sub-Himalayan tract from the
Sutlej to Nepal, drier forests of Central and Southern India.

Weight, 30 to 35lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; our specimens give 32lbs. Wood not
durable, but it has been reported that 5 sleepers made of it and soaked for some time
in a tank filled with the leaves of Bahera (Terminalia bellerica) and water and put
down in June 1876 on the Holkar and Neemuch State Railway are still perfectly
sound and good. (Indore Forest Report, 1876-77, quoted in Indian Agriculturist of
May 1878.) Itis used for fuel and for making charcoal, which in Nimar is used
for iron smelting. From wounds and cracks m the bark it gives a_ transparent,
fragrant, green resin, having an agreeable scent when burnt. _ It is used medicinally
as a diaphoretic and astringent, to make ointment for sores, and as incense (Zabanu,
kindir, kindivra, kimdrikam), but is not the true frankincense, which is the produce ”
of a tree of the Somali country and Arabia. (Birdwood in Linn. Trans. xxvii,
p. 146. Cooke’s Report on the Gums, Resins, Oleo-resins and Resinous Products in |
the India Museum, p. 81, 1874.) |

Ibs.

P 38215. Nagpahar, Ajmere . : : "

(1112. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ‘ : : . ae

© 2780. Melghdt Forest, Perar . . F : ‘ ’ ‘ ; 28
2, GARUGA, Roxb.

1, G. pinnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 400; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 528;°

i

Garuga. | BURSERACER. 67

Beddome t. 118; Brandis 62; Kurz i. 207; Gamble 15. Vern.
Kharpat, hatila, kilmira, sarota, Pb. ; Ghogar,katkar, Hind. ; Gurja, Banda;
Knkar, haikra, ghunja, mahérvul, C. P.; Stim, kharpat, nit bhadi, Beng. ;
Mohi, Uriya; Gia, Mechi ; Dabdabbi, Nep.; Maldit, Lepcha; Gendeh poma,
Ass. ; Chitompa, Garo ; Mroung-shisha, Magh; Garuga,gargé, Tel ; Gépni,
kekra, Gondi; Kekkeda, Kurku; Karre vembu, Tam.; Kurth, Mar. ;
Chinyok, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 1 inch thick, soft, red inside, grey or
brown outside, exfoliating in large irregularly shaped scales; sapwood
large, heartwood reddish, moderately hard. Pores large, not numerous.
Medullary rays short, moderately broad; on a radial section visible
as narrow horizontal plates.

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Jumna eastwards, Central and South India,
Chittagong, Burma.

Weight, according to Brandis, No. 45, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The specimens here
examined varied from 39 to 46 lbs., giving an average of 40 lbs. This 1s, very likely,
Wallich’s Jeeah, 36 lbs. The wood is not durable, but it seasons well. It is used
occasionally for house-building and for fuel. The bark is used for tanning and the leaves
for fodder. It exudes copiously a clear gum of no value. The fruit is sometimes eaten.

Ibs,
QO 225. Garhwal (1868) . d : : , : ; , . 39
O 346. Gorakhptr (1868) . ‘ : : : ; ; ; . 39
€ 1107, Chanda, Central Provinces. - P . , ; ee
E 648. Darjeeling Terai . : ; ; : : ‘ i. rege
E 1389, Chittagong . 3 : , ; ‘ ‘ ; : . 46
B 812.. Burma . , : ; hr

38. BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth.

Contains four species of balsamiferous, often spiny shrubs or trees. Besides
B. Mukul, Hook., described below, it contains B. pubescens, Stocks; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 529; Brandis 65. Vern. Bayi, bai, Beluch., a small tree of Beluchistan and the
hills separating that country from Sind, as far south as Karachi. It yields a small
quantity of tasteless, inodorous, brittle gum, almost entirely soluble in water.
B. Berryi, Arnott ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 529; Brandis 65; Beddome t. 126, is a tree of
the forests on the east side of the Nilgiris, cultivated as a hedge plant. It is very
fragrant and gives a gum-resin. B. Roxburghii, Arn. Vern. Gugala, Beng., is a
small tree of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The drug called ‘Myrrh’ is the gum-
resinous exudation of Balsamodendron Myrrha, Ehrenb., a small tree of Arabia and the
African coast of the Red Sea.

1. B. Mukul, Hook. FI. Ind. i. 529; Brandis 64. Vern. Giigal, Sindi.

_ A small tree, bark greenish yellow, peeling off in long thin, shining
paper-like scrolls. Wood soft, white. Pores small. Medullary rays fine,
short.

Arid zone, Sind, Kattywar, Rajputana, Khandesh.
Weight, 20lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. The tree yields a gum called
*Gugal’ or Indian Bdellium, which is obtained from incisions made in the bark, and is

. used in native medicine and for preparing an ointment for bad ulcers,

P 448. Ajmere F s - : : F : i ; sed
_ P 2919. Rajputana . ‘ : ; : : : : d ; 20
-P 3238. Dewair, Ajmere . 3 : : ‘ ‘ :
4. BURSERA, Linn.
1. B. serrata, Colebr.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 530; Brandis 61; Kurz i.
208. Vern. Murtenga, Ass.; Thadee-ben, Burm.
A large evergreen tree. Wood hard, sapwood light brown, heart-
* wood red, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medul-

lbs.

68 BURSERACER. { Bursera.

lary rays fine, red ; on a radial section distinctly visible as narrow dark
bands.

Eastern moist zone, Bengal, Assam, Chiesa and Burma.
Weight, 46 Ibs. per cubic foot. "Wood good for furniture.

B 313. Burma (1867). . : ; ‘ : : ; :
B 2225. Andamans (similar in structure, but wood lighter and softer) 37

5. CANARIUM, Linn.

Contains 4 large resinous trees of Southern India, Eastern Bengal and Burma.
C. strictum, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 584; Beddome t. 128, is the Black Dammer Tree,
Vern. Karapu kongiliam, Tam.; Manda dhiip, Kan.; Thelli, Mal., a tall tree of
Southern India, giving a brilliant black gum used medicinally and for other purposes
(for Mr. Broughton’s analysis of it, see Beddome under t. 128). C. euphyllum, Kurz,
i, 208 and C. coccineo-bracteatum, Kurz, i. 209 are large trees of the Andaman Islands.

1. C. bengalense, Roxb. F). Ind. iii. 186; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 534;
Kurz i. 209; Gamble 15. Vern. Goguldhip, Nep.; Narockpa, Lepcha ;
Tekreng, Garo; Bisjang, dhina, Ass.

A tall tree with straight cylindrical stem. Bark light coloured,
hard, thin, rough with horizontal wrinkles. Wood shining, white when
fresh cut, turning grey on exposure, soft, even-grained, does not warp,
but decays readily. Pores scanty, large, often oval and subdivided,
prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, white; on a
radial section distinctly visible, giving the wood a mottled appearance.

Eastern moist zone, eastern Himalaya, Bengal and Burma. ;
Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is much esteemed in Bengal for tea-

boxes, and it is also used for shingles. The tree yields a resin which is used as
incense ; it is clear, amber-coloured and brittle.

Ibs.
46

Ibs.
E 703. Great Rangit Valley, Darjeeling, 3,500 feet . : : . 28
6. FILICIUM, Thwaites.

1, F. decipiens, Thwaites Enum. 59; Beddome t. 129; Hook. Fi.
Ind. i. 5389. Vern. Katu puveras, Tam.; Pehimbia, Cingh.

A tree with elegant fern-like leaves. Heartwood red, moderately —

hard. Pores small, in groups or short radial lines, Medullary rays fine,
numerous, at unequal distances. ‘

Western Ghats up to 4,500 feet, Ceylon.
Weight, 68 lbs. per cubic foot (A. Mendis). Wood strong, valuable for building.
Ss.

No. 70, Ceylon Collection . ; : ‘ ‘ cess - . ae

Orpver XXVII. MELIACEZ.

An Order containing about 20 trees or shrubs, chiefly of the moist zones.
The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz. :—

Tribe I.—Meliez , , . ; . Turrea, Naregamia, Munronia,
Melia and Cipadessa.
» il.—Trichiliee . ‘ ‘ ‘ . Dysoxylum, Chisocheton, Sando-

micum, Aglaia, Lansium,
Amoora, Walsura, Heynea,
Beddomea, and Carapa.

IlI.—Swietenieo . . «. + + + Soymida, - Chickrassia, and
Swietenia.

» LV.—Cedrelex : . - . Chloroxylon and Cedrela.

OO SE EE

Melia, | MELIACEM, 69

Of these 20 genera, 10 are described here. The remaining 10 are of much less
importance. Zurrea virens, Linn., T. villosa,. Benn., and Naregamia alata,
W. and A., are shrubs of Southern India; Munronia Wallichii, Wight, is a shrub
of the Eastern Himalaya and the Nilgiris; Cipadessa fruticosa, Bl.; Hook. FI.
Ind. i. 545 (Mallea Rothii, Adr. Juss.; Beddome liv. EHkebergia indica, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 392). Vern. Wal bild, Hind.; Chendbera, purudona, Tel., is a small
tree of the western coast, used for fuel. Chisocheton contains 3 evergreen trees:
C. grandiflorus, Kurz i. 216. Vern. Thitkatong, Burm., with a pale brown, rather
heavy, hard and close-grained wood, and C. dysoaylifolius, Kurz i, 215, are from
Burma; while C. paniculatus, Hiern.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 552; Kurz i. 216. (Guarea
paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 242) Vern. Kalikoura, Sylhet, is a tree of the Khasia
Hills and Eastern Bengal. Aglaiw contains about 10 species, chiefly Burmese or
East Himalayan trees, among which A. Rowxburghiana, W. and A.; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 555; Beddome t. 130, a large tree of the Western Ghats, with a strong useful
timber; and Ad. edulis, A. Gray; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 556; Gamble 16. (Milnea
edulis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 637.) Vern. Lati mahwa, Nep.; Sinakadang, Lepcha ;
Gimi, Sylhet, a tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal with edible fruit, are chiefly
noticeable. Lansiwm anamallayanum, Beddome t. 131,is a handsome tree of
the Western Ghats. Heynea trijuga, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 390; Hook. Fl. Ind.i.
565; Brandis 70; Gamble 16 (H. affinis, Juss.; Beddome t. 134. Walsura
trijuga, Kurz i. 225) Vern. Yakushi, akhaterwa, Nep.; Limbara, Mar., is a
tree of the Outer Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, the
Khasia Hills, South India and Burma. Beddomea contains two species: B. indica,
Hook. f., a large shrub, and B. simplicifolia, Beddome t. 135, a tree of the Western
Ghats. Most of the Meliacez give a good timber, and some of the species are among
the most important of Indian forest trees.

Wood red (yellow in Chloroxylon, dark reddish brown in Soymzda).
Heartwood generally hard and dark coloured, not distinet in Cedre/a,
in several species of Melia and Dysoxylon. Pores varying in size, often
- subdivided, always prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays
fine, numerous and sharply marked in Chloroaylon, Sandoricum and
Melia; broader and often less prominent in the other genera. Con-

centric bands of softer texture in Amoora Rohituka and Walsura robusta.

1. MELITA, Linn.

Besides the three species, the wood of which is here described, M. excelsa, Jack ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 644; Kurz i. 212; and M. birmanica, Kurz i. 213. Vern. Zau-ta-ma-
kha, Burm., are evergreen trees of Burma.

The wood of WM. dubia and M. Azedarach resembles that of Cedrela
in structure, but differs in having fine and numerous medullary rays.
M, indica has a distinct heartwood, which is hard and close-grained,
but the pores and medullary rays are similar to those of the two species
first named. 7

1. M. indica, Brandis For. Fl. 67. I. Azadirachta, Linn. ; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 544; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 394; Beddome t, 13 (14 by mistake) ;
Kurz i, 212. The Neem or Margosa Tree. Vern. Azad-darakht, neb,
Pers.; Nim, Hind.; Betain, Kumaon; Agas, Palamow; Limdo, C.P.;
Kohumba, Guz.; Nimuri, Sindi; Veypam, Tam.; Yapa, yepa, taruka,
vempa, Tel. ; Limb, nimbay, Mar.; Bevina, bévu, heb-bevu, Kan. ; Thimbau-
ta-ma-kha, Burm.

Alargetree. Bark grey, with numerous scattered tubercles. Sapwood
grey; heartwood red, wery hard. Annual rings doubtful: the wood
shews alternating bands with numerous and with fewer pores; also
' white concentric lines, whether these are annual rings is a matter for
farther enquiry. Pores moderate-sized and large, often oval and sub-
divided ; visible on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, numerous

70 MELIACE®. [ Melia.

white, prominent, bent outwards where they touch the pores ; the distance

between the rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Planted and self-sown throughout the greater part of India and Burma.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :—

Puckle in 1859, three experiments, with bars 2’ x 1” x 1”, found 49]bs. 539

Skinner in1862,No.19 . : : : ; ‘ v 50 ,, 720
Cunningham in 1854, two experiments, with bars 2' x 1” x 1’, ,, 52 ,, 687

Fowke in Catalogue, South Kensington Museum, 1859 ‘ is 45 ,, 315
Wallich . : ‘ : . : $ . , : y 46 §> ee
Smythies in 1878, the mean of our three specimens .. 63 ,, ita

The wood is used for the construction of carts, in ship-building and for making agricul-
tural implements, and in South India for furniture: It is held sacred by Hindus, and idols
are made of it. The bark is bitter and is used as a febrifuge. Theleaves are made
into a poultice for ulcers. The gum is clear, amber-coloured and used as a stimulant.
The seeds are employed to kill insects and for washing the hair. The fruit gives a fixed,
acrid, bitter, yellow-coloured oil which is used to burn, but smokes badly in burning : it
is also used in medicine as an antiseptic and anthelmintic. .

Ibs.
P 463. Ajmere (sapwood) . : Libs vive i ; ot Sa
D 1053. Salem, Madras ; ? . g ; : . ; s' &
No. 11. Salem Collection . . é 59

2. M. Azedarach, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 544; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
395 (also M. sempervirens, Sw.) ; Beddome t. 14 (13 by mistake) ; Brandis
68; Kurz i. 212; Gamble 16. The Persian Lilac, Bastard Cedar or Bead
Tree. Vern. Chem, kachein, Sutlej; Drek, bakain, bakdayan, betain, deikna,
bakarja, Hind.; Maha limbo, malia nim, muhli, C.P.; Bakaini, Nep. ;
Maliay vembu, Tam.; Taraka vepa, makanim, Tel.; Bévu, chik bévu,
Kan. ; Za-ma-kha, Burm. ’

A tree with smooth grey bark. Sapwood yellowish white ; heartwood

soft, red. Annual rings marked by a broad belt of large pores, the

outer part of each annual ring containing a few smaller-sized pores which
are joined by irregular, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue. Medullary
rays moderately broad; visible on a radial section as long rough plates.
Pores very prominent on a longitudinal section.

Commonly cultivated throughout India, and believed to be indigenous in the outer
Himalaya, Siwalik tract and the hills of Beluchistan.

Growth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius; it coppices freely. Weight, 30 Ibs.
according to Skinner, No. 92; our specimens give an average of 38lbs. Skinner gives
the value of P at 596.

Wood used for furniture. Beddome, Brandis and Kurz all say it warps and splits,
but Mr. Halsey of Madhopir writes to say that it is equally useful either green or
seasoned. Our specimens split only very slightly, and we are inclined to think it is
better than it has been supposed to be. ‘The wood is very handsomely marked and

lishes well. The bark is extremely bitter and is employed as an anthelmintic. The
it yields an oil, and the nuts are freqnently strung as beads, The leaves and pulp
of the fruit are used in native medicine.

Ibs,
P 146. Sainj, Giri Valley, Punjab. ; ‘ j ‘ : . 38
P 946. Lahore, Punjab . : ; ‘ - ‘ J J . 86
P 1201. Madhopir, Punjab ; ‘ 40

3. M. dubia, Cav.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 545.- I. composita, Willd. ;
Beddome t. 12; Brandis 69; Gamble 16. J. superba and M. robusta,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 396-7. Vern. Hisiér, limbarra, némbarra, Bombay ;
Lapshi, Nep.; Dingkurlong, Khasia Hills; Mallay vembu, Tam.; Bévu,
betta bévu, kad bévu, Kan.

Weight. Value of P.

|
:
|
.

Melia. | MELIACER. 71

A large deciduous tree, with smooth, dark-brown bark. Sapwood
grey; heartwood reddish white, soft. Pores large, generally round,
visible on a vertical section. Medullary rays white, fine, scanty, pro-
minent on a radial section. The structure resembles that of Toon, but
all the pores are of the same size and the wood is softer, The annual
rings are marked by more numerous, but not larger pores.

Eastern Himalaya, South India, Ceylon and Burma.

Growth rapid ; 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius in the Madras specimen; that from
Bengal was moderate, 7 rings per inch. Roxburgh says that a tree of MW. robusta
grown in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens from Malabar seed produced in 7 years, trees
46 feet high, with a girth of 44 inches at 4 feet from the ground, which is equivalent
to about 1 ring per inch of radius. Also that another, of W. superba, from seed sent
by Dr. Berry from Sunda, reached in 6 years a height of 40 to 50 feet with a girth
of 48 inches. Weight, 26 to 33 ibs. per cubic foot; used for building in South India.
The wood will probably be found useful for tea-boxes and similar purposes, and the
tree should be cultivated on account of its rapid growth.

E 705. Great Rangit Valley, Darjeeling . 4 “sinew : . 33
D 1093. Madura, Madras . : ; A : 4 2 . 26
No. 49. Ceylon Collection . ; ; ; ; : ; ‘ . 26

B 507 (28 lbs.) sent from the Andamans under the name of Barringtonia speciosa.

Vern. Kyaigyee, Burm.; Doddd, And., has a wood in every respect similar to that of
M, dubia, but that tree has not yet been reported from the Andaman Islands.

2. DYSOXYLUM, Blume.

Besides the three species here described, the following occur in India: D. grande
Hiern ; Hook. Fi. Ind. i. 547, a tree of Sylhet; D. pallens, Hiern; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
548, a tree of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills; D. malabaricum, Bedd.; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 548. (Dysoxylum sp., Beddome liv.). Vern. Porapd, Kaders; and D. Bed-
domei, Hiern ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 548, trees of Southern India. The leaves of several
species give out a strong odour of garlic; the leaves are compound, with oblique often

ree leaflets, and the capsules are generally large, containing large brightly coloured
seeds.

Wood reddish, rough, moderately hard. Pores prominent on a verti-
eal section, moderate sized to large, often subdivided.

1. D. binectariferum, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 546; Kurz i.
215; Gamble 16. D. macrocarpum, Bl.; Beddome liv, t. 150. Guarea
binectarifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 240, Vern. Katongzu, Lepcha ; Rangi-
vata, Cachar ; Borogotodhara, Ass.

A large evergreen tree. Wood reddish-grey, rough and close-
grained, hard, Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medul-
lary rays moderately broad, red, wavy, irregularly distributed; the
distance between the rays generally larger than the transverse diameter
of the pores,
tegen ascending to 2,000 feet, Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong and the Western

ats.

Weight, our specimens give 44 lbs. i ‘ i
Kyd kuaeas Gotsdhdea, Ham.) © eh older ‘200 ere rerin p he fps:

E 644, Khyrbani Forest, Darjeeling Terai : 44

_ 2 D. procerum, Hiern; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 547; Kurz i, 214.
Vern. Dingori, govorpongyota (Wall.), Ass.
An evergreen tree. Wood bright red, moderately hard. Pores large,

72 MELIACER. [ Dysoxylum.

often oval and subdivided, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary —

rays fine, numerous, wavy, not prominent; the distance between the
rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Assam, Khasia Hills and Cachar to Pegu and Tenasserim.

Kyd (Guarea Gobara, Ham.) gives weight 47 lbs., P = 617 ; our specimens weigh
from 37 to 40 lbs. It is a handsome wood, well deserving of more extensive notice.
It is said by Hamilton to be used for canoes.

lbs.
E 631. Eastern Diiars . ; P ; ; ‘ ; ; 5 40
E 1434, Assam . 5 toe : ; : : ‘ ; 37

B 2484 (44]bs.), B 2250 (40 lbs.) and B 2255 (31 lbs.) from the Andaman Islands
(1866) have been put under this species on account of their structure, although Dysory-
lum has not been described from the Andamans.

3. D. Hamiltonii, Hiern; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 548; Gamble 16.
Vern. Bauriphal, Nep.; Gendelli poma, bosuniya poma (Wall.), Ass. ;
Bolashin, Garo.

A large evergreen tree. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores
moderate-sized, subdivided. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidis-
tant ; the distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter
of the pores.

Darjeeling Terai, Assam and Sylhet.

Growth moderate, 6 rings per inch of radius. Kyd (Guarea Alliaria, Ham.)
gives weight 40°65 Ibs., P = 523; our specimens average 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood
used in Assam for boats and planks, said not to be durable.

Hamilton says it is used for canoes.

E 1259. Tezpur, Assam. -. ; : : - ; ; : 47
E 2189. Nowgong, Assam . 4 : 5 é ; 5 : 36

3. SANDORICUM, Cav.

1, S. indicum, Cav. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 553; Roxb. Fl.-Ind. ii. 392;
Beddome lv.; Kurz i. 217. Vern. Zhitto, Burm.

An evergreen tree with grey, not very rough, bark. Sapwood grey;
heartwood red, moderately hard, close-grained, takes a beautiful polish.
Pores small, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, undulating, not
prominent; marked on a radial section as long narrow bands, giving the
wood a beautifully mottled appearance. :

Burma, introduced in Southern India. ;
Weight, our specimen gives 36]bs. per cubic foot; Wallich, No. 175, gave 28 lbs.
Used for carts and boat-building.
Ibs.

B 804. Burma s “ ; : ; ; 5 ‘ : . 36

4, AMOORA, Roxb. ,

Besides the three we have described below: A. Chittagonga, Hiern; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 559 (Aglaia Chittagonga, Miq.; Kurz i. 218) Vern. Thitpasaing, Magh;
is a large tree of the North-East Himalaya and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong and
Arracan, whose wood is largely used in Chittagong; A. Lawii, Bth. and Hook. f,
Beddome t. 133. Vern. Buéirumb, Bombay, is a tree of the Bombay and Kanara Ghats ;
A. decandra, Hiern; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 562; Gamble 16, is a tree of Sikkim and Nepal,
from 2,000 to 6,000 ft.; and A. canarana, Bth. and Hook. f., a tree of the Western

Ghats.

Wood hard, close-grained, red, with a darker coloured heartwood. : a

Pores small to large, often subdivided, visible or prominent on a vertical

section. In. A. Rohituka the pores are joined by wavy concentric bands_

of soft texture,

‘
ie a i

——————EE—

Amoora., | MELIACE®. 73

1. A. Rohituka, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 559; Beddome t.
132; Brandis 69; Kurz i. 220; Gamblé 16. Andersonia Rohituka,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 213. Vern. Rohituka, Sans.; Harin harra, harin
khana, Hind.; Sohdga, Oudh; TVikta-raj, pitraj, Beng.; Bandriphal,
Nep.; Zangartik, Lepcha; Lota amari, amora amari, Ass. ; Okhioungza,
okhyang, Magh.; Chem-maram Mal. ; Thitnee, Burm.

An evergreen tree with thin grey bark. Wood reddish, close and
even-grained, hard. Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays
moderately broad, uniform and equidistant, distinctly visible on a radial
section. Pores joined by reddish, soft, wavy, concentric lines. The
concentric bands in this species are remarkable, as they are absent from
the two other species here described.

Oudh, Assam, Northern and Eastern Bengal, Western Ghats and Burma.

Average wright 40°5 lbs. per cubic foot.

Wood good, but little used, in Chittagong canoes are sometimes made of it. In
Bengal an oil is expressed from the seeds. :
Ibs.
O 1362. Gonda,Oudh . : ‘ ; , j - : ; 42
E 2331. Mangwa, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . . ‘ J : ( 36
E 1261. Tezpur, Assam . : : ; : " : 39
E 711. Chittagong 45

2. A. cucullata, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 560; Beddome lv. ;
Kurz i. 221. <Andersonia cuculiata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 212. Vern. Amir,
latmi, natmi, Beng. ; Thitnee, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with thin grey bark. Wood red,
hard, close-grained, but apt to split. Pores small and moderate-sized.
Medullary rays very fine, uniform, very numerous.

Coasts of Bengal and Burma.
Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for pests and other purposés in Lower

Bengal, and for firewood in the Sundarbans.
Ibs.

E 414. Sundarbans : c ‘ : . 44

3. A. spectabilis, Miq.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 561; Kurz i.221. Vern.
Amari, Ass.
An evergreen tree. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-
_ sized and large, often oval and subdivided, distinctly visible on a longi-
tudinal section. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant, prominent on
a radial section, the distance between them less than the traverse
diameter of the pores.

Eastern moist zone. Assam and Burma.
Average weight, 48°5 lbs. Wood durable ; takes a good polish. Used for boat-building
es esorate in Assam. This is probably Kyd’s Guarea (Amari), Weight, 47 lbs.

Ib
E 1255. Tezptir, Assam oT ' é : , aia : 49°
E 2192. Nowgong, Assam . ‘ : : ; . : ; . 48

5. WALSURA, Roxb.

B 1986 is a specimen collected by Kurz in the Andaman Islands in
1866, marked Walsura robusta, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 565; Kurz. i,
223. Vern. Upphing, Sylhet; Gyopho, tsoukmayba, Burm. Wood light
red, very hard. Pores small, joined by numerous, prominent, wavy,
concentric lines. Medullary rays very fine, numerous. Weight, 63 lbs,
per cubic foot.
K

74 MELIACER. | [ Watsura,

Six other species of this genus occur in India: W. tubulata, Hiern.; Hook. FI.
Ind. i. 563, is a tree of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills; W. ternata, Roxb., occurs in
the Circars and northern part of Madras; W. piscidia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 389; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 563; Beddome lvi. Vern. Walsura, Tam.; Wallursi, Tel., is a small tree
of South India with good wood and bark used to poison fish; W. villosa, Wall.;
Hook. FI. Ind. i. 564; Kurz. i. 223. Vern. Gyobo, Burm. and W. pubescens, Kurz, are
evergreen trees of Burma; while W. hypoleuca, Kurz i, 224 and W. oxycarpa, Kurz i.
224, occur in the Andaman Islands.

6.. CARAPA, Aubl.

1. C. moluccensis, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 567; Beddome t. 136.
C. obovata, Bl. ; Kurz 1.226. Xylocarpus Granatum, Kon. Vern. Poshir,
dhundul, Beng. ; Kandalanga, Tam.; Pinlayoung, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in
regular flakes. Wood white, turning red on exposure, hard. Pores
small, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays prominent, moderately
broad, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings distinctly
marked by a continuous line of pores.

Coasts of Bengal, Malabar, Burma and Ceylon.

Growth moderate, 6°6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens give 41 lbs. ;
Brandis, No. 24, Burma List, 1862, gives 47 lbs.; Wallich 47 lbs. Used in Burma for
house posts, handles of tools and wheel spokes. Gives a clear, brown, brittle resin.
The fruit yields an oil used for burning and for the hair.

lbs,
E 402. Sundarbans . : ; : . : ; ‘ ‘ . 41
B 2514. Burma (1862) j : : ; ¢ . ; ; . 42

B 2239. Andamans (1866) . . . . : ‘ : : - Al

7. SWIETENIA, Linn.

1, S. Mahagoni, Linn.; Brandis 70. The Mahogany Tree.
A large evergreen tree. Heartwood reddish brown, seasons and

works well, hard. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of pores. —

Pores moderate-sized, scanty, uniformly distributed, subdivided.
Medullary rays very short, very numerous, moderately broad, uniform
and equidistant. .

Jamaica and Central America. mn
Cultivated in Bengal and as far north as Saharanpur. The tree was introduced
into the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta in 1795 (plants from the West Indies), and
although it was largely propagated by layers, no further new introductions
were probably made until 1865, when about 8,000 seeds were sown in Caleutta
by Dr. T. Anderson. A number of these seeds did not succeed, but in the
460 plants were procured, three-fourths of which were planted in the Mohur-
gong Forest in the Darjeeling Terai, and the remainder at Calcutta. The plant-
ation at Mohurgong was a failure, but the growth of mahogany at the Caleutta
Botanic Gardens, and at other places in Bengal to which it was distributed,
has been very satisfactory. The experiment is now being continued, both in
Bengal and in Burma, and in time it may be hoped that the tree will be cultivated
successfully as an adjunct to teak. In a report submitted to Government by
Dr. T. Anderson, of 27th December 1866, he states that 3 trees presumably
73 years of age gave, at 4 feet from the ground, girths of 14 feet 3 inches, 12 feet 3 inches
and 13 feet respectively, equivalent to a growth of 3°11 rings perinch of radius. Inthe
reat cyclone of 1864 a number of the trees originally introduced in 1795 were blown
. fine they had then, most of them, attained 12 feet in girth at 4 feet from the ground,
and logs cut from them sold at 4} to 6 annas per superficial foot one inch thick, or
at about Rs, 3-6 per cubic foot, J

‘

Swietenia. | MELIACER. 75

The following measurements of Saharanpur trees are taken from an article in the
Indian Agriculturist, of the 1st June 1876:—
Trees planted in 1827-28 measured in May 1873, at 3 feet from ground :—
No. 1. ; . 90 inches.
a ae ; A Height, 80 to 100 feet.
Oe : Rk: Se Average girth, 88
Bs : ; SOL a inches.
33 5 . . . 101 ”
Trees planted in 1839 measured in May 1873, at 3 feet from ground :—

No.1. ° . 57 inches.) Height, 55 feet.
; 33, 2 € ne . 40 ” } ” 3°
Trees planted in 1842-43 measured in May 1873, at 3 feet from ground :—

No 1. 2 . 40 inches.
oo nee ye ; ee -: heate {Height 50 to 70 feet.

, op OK ; se tina
The first five vary from 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius, averaging 3°41 rings.
»» second pair ,, re tS tee is > - 478 4,
9 third three ” ” 5 to 8 ” ” 9 9 6°09 ”

from which it would seem that the growth gets faster as the trees get older. As the

1827-28 and 1839 trees were from plants sent up from Calcutta, the age has been

taken at 47 and 36 years respectively, the 1842-43 plants were from seedlings, and were
: consequently 30 years old. Taking the Calcutta and Saharanpur trees together, we
have a mean growth of 4°94 rings per inch of radius as the mean of 13 trees, or an
age of 58 years corresponding to a girth of 6 feet. The growth in Calcutta is much
faster than this, as the Calcutta average gave 36 years corresponding to a girth of
6 feet.

The weight of Mahogany varies much. Tredgold gives for Honduras wood
35 lbs. and for Spanish Mahogany 53 lbs., and Fowke gives 52 lbs. as the weight of
Jamaica mahogany. Our specimen cut from one of the trees destroyed in the 1864
cyclone gave 45lbs. Tredgold gives for the value of P. for Honduras wood 637,
for Spanish Mahogany 425; Fowke gives for Jamaica wood 546. Laslett’s experi-
ments give the following results :—

Weight. Value of P,
Cuba Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7’ x2” x2” (6

feet between supports) . . A ‘ . 48 Ibs. 642
Honduras Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7' x2”
x 2” (6 feet between supports) 41 ,, 601

Mexican Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7’ x2"
x2” (6 feet between supports) . : c a 4D: 43 587
In Europe the wood is, perhaps, used more extensively than any other for furniture ;
it is also used in ship-building. On account of its rapid growth and the great value
of its wood, the tree should be grown whenever practicable in the tropical regions of
‘India. In the Calcutta market it fetches from 65 to 8 annas per superficial foot of
* planking one inch thick; and in London from 4d. to 1s. 6d.
» The difficulty in propagating Mahogany in India arises mainly from the want of
«seeds. In the Saharanpur gardens the trees, as stated above, have never seeded. As
+ far as it is now known, one or two trees in private gardens near Barrackpore, and two
-e or three trees belonging to Government on the Barrackpore road, have been seedin
@éeasionally for many years past. One tree in the Barrackpore Park, and an ola.
damaged and gnarled tree in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, which, however, was
blown down in the cyclone of 1864, have also seeded, but not freely. Whenever these
~ trees did seed, the seeds have been regularly collected and sown.
4. Allattempts to propagate the Mahogany by cuttings have failed. It has, how-
ever, been propagated to.a considerable extent by means of layers, and trees raised
from layers are believed to be much more likely to produce seed early than seedlings ;
but from their tendency to form low branching bushes, it is feared that they will
_ «not yield much valuable timber. It has, therefore, been found necessary to depend
‘upon the West Indies for supplies of seed as yet, and for some years past supplies
Wave been received and the seedlings regularly distributed, chiefly in Bengal.
: Ibs,

E1361. Calcutta Botanic Gardens. 6 et) wee 5

*
\

76 | MELIACER. — [ Soymida.

8, SOYMIDA, Adr. Juss.

1. S. febrifuga, Adr. Juss.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 567; Beddome t.
8; Brandis 71 ; Kurz i.228. Swietenia febrifuga, Willd.; Roxb. FI. Ind.
ii. 898. Indian Red Wood. Vern. Rohan, Hind.; Rohina, Beng.; Shem,
wond, Tam. ; Sumi, Tel.; Sohan, Uriya; Soimi, Gondi; Royta, Bhil.

A large deciduous tree. Bark $ to 4 inch thick, bluish grey or
dark brown. Sapwood small, whitish; heartwood extremely hard and
close-grained, reddish black, very durable. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, distinctly visible on a radial
section as dark, shining, horizontal plates. Numerous fine, concentric
lines of lighter colour, often closely packed and forming broader bands.

Central India and Dekkan. j

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 117, and Fowke, 66 lbs. ; R. Thompson gives 71,
and Bombay specimens gave 76; Wallich (Swietenia febrifuga) 55 lbs. ; our specimens
give an average of 73°5lbs. According to Skinner’s experiments, the value of Pis 1024,
Fowke gives 626. The wood is durable. Skinner says that a piece taken out of the
workshop at Fort Saint George, which had been erected in 1803 and pulled down in 1859,
stood 1,232 lbs. without breaking a scantling 3' x 13” 14.” Itis not much attacked
by white ants. It is used for construction, well-work, ploughshares and oil-mills.
The bark is bitter, and is used as a febrifuge and in diarrhcea and dysentery.

|
C 194. Mandla, Central Provinces, 1871 . é 7 , ; > 73
C 1123. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . F ; : ‘ »
C 1240. Gumstir, Madras . ; ; : 5 ‘ ; ; . 74
D 2113. Mysore. ; : : 4 . ; 7 ‘ ; oe

9. CHICKRASSIA, Adr. Juss.

Besides these species, Kurz describes C. velutina, Roemer. Vern. Yimmah, as
occurring in Pegu. |

1. C. tabularis, Adr. Juss.; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 568; Beddome t. 9;
Brandis 73; Kurz i. 227. Swietenia Chickrassa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 399.
Chittagong Wood. Vern. Chikrassi, Beng. ; Boga poma, Ass.; Aglay,

agal, eleutharay, Tam.; Madagari vembu, Tel. ; Ganti malle, Salem; Dal- ©

mara, Kan, ; Pabba, Mar.; Main, Hyderabad ; Saiphra, sey barasi, Magh;
Chegarasi Chakma; Yimmah, yengma, Burm. ; Arrodah, And.

A large tree. Bark reddish brown, deeply cracked. Heartwood
hard, varying from yellowish brown to reddish brown, with a beautiful
satin lustre, seasons and works well; sapwood of a lighter colour. Pores
moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided, isolated, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, uniform, mostly equidistant, slightly undulating;
the distance between the rays generally equal to the transverse diameter
of the pores. Annual rings distinctly marked by a sharp line.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma and South India,

Growth, moderate, 8°6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner,
No. 46, 42 lbs.; our specimens give an average of 45°5lbs. Skinner’s experiments

give P= 614. The wood is used for furniture and for carving. The bark i
powerful astringent, and the flowers give a red or yellow dye. : oF

E 1260. Tezptir, Assam , P j , ; ‘ ‘ A ; 40
E 2197. Nowgong, Assam . . . : ‘ i ; : 4 +88
E 1401:, Whitkemour «4 new fiber (8 urs a ty oh ce
W 764. South Kanara . ; . . - ; i} eel : . 4
W1218. North Kanara ; ‘ ' , ‘ : ; “ . 4

B 2616. Burma (1862) . ? , ; ; ; ; ° . 53

Eee a

——— =

li i

Chloroxy lon. | MELIACER. 77

10. CHLOROXYLON, DC.

1. C. Swietenia, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 569; Beddome +. 11;
Brandis 74. Swietenia Chloroxyion, Roxb. Fl. Ind.ii.400. Satin Wood.
Vern. Behra, girya, behru, bihri, C. P.; Mididad, Tam.; Billu, bilgu,
Tel. ; Burts, purish,Tam.; Behru, Uriya; Halda, bheria, Mar.; Huragalu,
Mysore; Burute, mal burute, Cingh.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark + inch thick, soft, spongy,
light grey or yellow. Wood very hard, yellowish brown, the inner wood
of a darker colour, but no distinct heartwood, with a beautiful satiny
lustre, seasons well. Annual rings distinct. Pores very small. Me-
dullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant, very numerous, distinctly
visible on a radial section as shining irregularly-shaped plates; the
distance between the rays is greater than the transverse diameter of
the pores.

Central and South India and Ceylon.

Growth slow, 16 rings per inch of radius. The following experiments have been
made to determine the weight and transverse strength :—

Weight, Val f'P,
Baker, in 1829, with Madras wood, 3 experiments, hy

with bars 6’ x 2” x 2” —, . ; ‘ - found 65lbs. 744,
A. Mendis, No. 8, with Ceylon wood, with bars

TIE ia ieee mice ae a
A. Mendis, No. 52, with Ceylon wood, with bars

Bi KLE 3 rae SO 57 5, 504,

Skinner, No. 47, with Madras wood 4 ; : “A 60 ,, 870
Puckle (Balfour, p. 317) with West Mysore wood,
3 experiments, with bars2’x 1” x1” . . ,, 812
The Catalogue of the Paris Exhibition, 1862, :
Central Provinces wood, with bars 3’ x13” x14’, ms 61 ,, 620 to 1,059
Wallich, No. 187, with Ceylon wood ; d ; r. 51 ,, x
Smythies in 1878 found the average of our specimens to
give : ; ; . . ; ; d « Fry aie
The wood is used for agricultural implements, cart building, furniture and picture

frames. In Madras it is prized for ploughs and oil-mills, and is found to stand well

=

under water. It has been tried as a substitute for boxwood in engraving, but has not
been found suitable; it is however good for turning. It is imported into England for
cabinet work and the backs of brushes.

C 1153. Ahiri, Central Provinces . - ef ry A ‘ j : ba
© 1412. Seoni, Central Provinces. ; ED dete : ‘ ; . 49
C 2742. Jamui, Berar . p - : - ; 4 - ; - ee
C 1239. Gumstir, Madras. ‘ 4 : : : ‘ . . 6&6
© 1304, 9 99 : : ; : : . ; . . 66
D 1069. North Arcot . ; : ; ; ‘ P ° > + GF
No. 20. Salem Collection . ; : . 5 , ; . OE
“d pst: Ceylon Collection . : ‘ ; * : 3 . 66

11. CEDRELA, Linn.

_ Besides these two species, Kurz gives C. multijuga, Kurz i. 228.:-Vern. Toung-da-ma
as a large, rather rare, evergreen tree of Pegu. :

Wood light, soft, red; no heartwood. Annual rings marked by a
continuous belt of larger pores. Pores prominent ona vertical section,
Medullary rays distant.

“1. C. Toona, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 568; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 635 -
Beddome t. 10; Brandis 72 ; Kurzi. 228; Gamble 16. The Toon Tree,

78 MELIACER. [ Cedrela.

Vern. Tin, lini, lim, maha nim, Hind. ; Téni, tin, lid, Beng. ; Maha limbu,
Uriya; Mahiun, Satpuras; Drawi, Pb. ; Tint, bobich, labshi, Nep. ; Simal,
Lepcha ; Poma, henduri poma, Ass. ; Séli, mali, Salem ; Kal hilingi, Nil-
giris ; Sandanivembu, Tinnevelly ; Tundié, kempt gandagheri, Kan.; Nogé,
belandi, Coorg; Deodari, kwruk, Mar.; Chikado, tseetkado, Magh;
Shurtiizbed, Chakma; Thithado, Burm.

A large tree. Bark thin, dark grey or reddish brown, exfoliating when
old in irregular woody scales. Wood brick-red, soft, shining, even but
open-grained, fragrant, seasons readily, does not splitnor warp. Annual
rings distinctly marked by a belt of large and numerous pores. Pores fre-
quently double or subdivided, unequally distributed, scanty in the autumn
wood, somewhat unequal in size, prominent on a vertical section ; those
in the spring wood larger. Medullary rays red, fine and moderately
broad, uniform; the distance between the rays generally equal to the
transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan forests, Bengal, Burma, South India; ascending in the North-West
Himalaya to 3,000 feet, in Sikkim to 7,000 feet.

Growth rapid: Brandis says that in 1863 he measured the following trees on the
Eastern Jumna Canal near Saharanpur :—

Age 30 years, girth 58 inches, mean of 6 trees

a
” 0 55 ” ” ry) al a

This would give a growth of 25 to 3 rings per inch of radius, which is very fast.
Our specimens shew a growth varying from 3 to 9 rings per inch of radius, shewing
that some have come from fast-grown trees, while others have had only a moderate
growth. | |

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :— |

33
|
Experiment by whom Wood whence | 5 & | g. , 1 ae
pennies Year. | procul, 23 Size of bar. ce; Value of P,
=}
zk e
- | Ft. in, in. | of

Clifford 1862 | Bengal . éé 6x2x2]| 34 369
Campbell ° 1831 | Morung . 1 |6x2x2}| 85 423 (unseasoned),

yd. 1831 | Assam 2 2x1xi1i| 33 465 -
Cunningham 1854 | Gwalior . 2);2x1xi1i{ 34 541
Skinner, No, 45 1862 | Travancore he saa 31 560
Baker . 1829 | Chittagong 8 |6x2x2| 40 | 6550
Fowke . . 1859 badad wee POR eee 35 420
Brandis,No,25 . . 1963 |.Barms.. . F2 wlie PEG! a eRe
R. Thompson . . 1868 | Central Pro-| ... | yi a ee

vinces,
Wallich, Nos. 39 and 40 “Se Assam & India Ret ate Oe ee
Hamilton . sare ee me arr re eo a ie 2
Smythies ° 1878 | Different pro-| 17 | cise SB 1 We secede
vinces,

The wocd is durable and is not eaten by white ants; it is highly valued and univer-

sally used for furniture of all kinds, and is also employed for door panels and carving.
From Burma it is exported under the name of ‘ Moulmein Cedar,’ and as such is
known in the English market. It there fetches about Rs. 65 per ton, the cost of
cutting and delivery being Rs. 44, according to Major Seaton. In North-West India
it is used for furniture, carvings and other purposes. In Bengal and Assam it is the
chief wood for making tea-boxes, but is getting scarce on account of the heavy demand.
The Bhutias use it for shingles and for wood carving, they also hollow it out for rice
ounders. It is, or rather used to be, for very large trees are now rather scarce, hol-
owed out for dug-out canoes in Bengal and Assam. In Bengal, Assam and Burma
it grows to a very large size, trees 20 feet girth with a height of 80 to 100 feet of
clear stem being not uncommon in forests which have been only little worked like —
those in Dumsong and in some parts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. At page 91 of

Cedrela. | MELIACER, 79

the ‘Indian Forester, Vol. i the cubic contents of 4 trees in the Reyang Valley,
Darjeeling, are given as 211, 375, 720 and 400 cubic feet respectively ; the third of
these had a mean girth of 12 feet and a length of 80 feet, while the second had a girth
of 20 feet. It is easily propagated from seed, but the seeds being very small and light,
the seed-beds must be sheltered till the seedlings have well come on. It also coppices
freely. The leaves are used to feed cattle, and the flowers yield a red or yellow dye
(Gulnari). The bark is astringent and gives a resinous gum, it is also used as a
febrifuge.

Ne rink res rs OB
H_ 8. Simia, Punjab : ; : , ; ‘ ‘ : . 87
H 6. Sirmir, Punjab . . . : Ny
O 214. Garhwal, 1868 : ; f . : . ; F , 88
C 177. Mandla, Central Provinces, 1871 . ; - tal fe . 87
E 360. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 ft. . ; j ‘ ‘ ‘ . 3B4
E 2333. Darjeeling, 6,000 ft. : . ; . é , ; . 84
E 655. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai , é : , , - 80
FE 2332. Sukna, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft. . - 3 ’ ‘ . . 36
E 640. Kamrip, Assam . ‘ , : , ; : . 44
E 1266. Tezptir, Assam ‘ ; ‘ : : . f ; . 34
E 1229. Sibsagar, Assam . . ; ; ; a 5 ; ane
E 712. Chittagong . ; ; ; , A ‘ ‘ : Sigh Re
D 1054. Salem, Madras f : . ; ‘ : ; ‘ ae
W 763. South Kanara ‘ ‘ , - ‘ : ; : . 29
B 272. Burma, 1867 . : ; ; : ‘ ; : ‘ . 36
-B 803. Tharrawaddi, Burma . ‘ ‘ : , : : . 38
SERUM TNE WGHOCHOR «se ee MT ye
No. 19. » . 9 (marked Chickrassia tabuluris) . ; a) sae

2. C. serrata, Royle; Brandis 73; Kurzi. 229. C. Toona, Roxb.;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 568 (in part). Vern. Drawi, dalli, dil, dauri, khishing
khinam, N. W. Him. 7 :

A tree. Bark dark grey, $ inch thick, with regular longitudinal fur-
rows. Heartwood light-red, even, but open-grained, fragrant. Annual
rings distinctly marked by broad belts of numerous large pores. Pores
often double or divided into three compartments, unequal in size, and
unequally distributed, very prominent on a vertical section, scanty and
small in autumn wood, large and very numerous in spring wood.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

North-West Himalaya up to 8,000 ft.

i Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius, consequently slower than that of
oon.

Average weight, 31 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for many purposes about Simla,

also for the hoops of sieves and for bridges. The shoots and leave ]
cattle fodder. ves are lopped for

H 3181. Dungagalli, Hazara, 6,000 ft. vy ad SU lahitiee sabes) ie
H 920. Hazara, Punjab, 6,000 ft. . j P = 38

‘Hl 897. Murree,Punjab,7,000ft| . . . . . . . 39
H 782. Salan, Chamba, 5,000 ft. ; ‘ 2 - : ; » 28
H 25. Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 ft. . A 3 . 4 ; ot ee
H 430. Deoban, Jaunsar, 5,500 ft. : ‘ : - ; . 80

. B 505, sent from the Andaman Islands under the name of Diospyros undulata,
Vern. Thikado, Burm. ; Padé, And., has areddish, moderately hard, even-grained wood
which seasons well. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided; very prominent on a
vertical section. Medullary rays numerous, fine, uniform; the distance between the
rays many times less than the transverse diameter of the pores. It evidently belongs
to Meliacee, but cannot at present be identified.

80 OLACINER. [ Clax.

Orpver XXVIII. CHAILLETIACEA.

An Order containing one Indian genus, Chailletia, with three species: C. gelo-
nioides, Hook. f.; Hook. Fi. ‘Ind. i. 570; Beddome lix.; Kurz i. 230 (Moacurra
elonioides ; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 69.) Vern. Moakurra, Beng., is asmall tree of Eastern

ngal, South India and Burma; C. Helferiana, Kurz; and C. longipetala, Turez
(C. macropetala, Turcz; Kurz i. 231), are evergreen shrubs of Tenasserim.

Orpver XXIX. QOLACINEZ.

An Order which contains about 19 or 20 genera of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers,
including about 40 species. They are chiefly found in the moist zones of Eastern
Bengal, Burma and the Western Ghats. But little is known of the qualities and
uses of their wood.

The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz. -—

Tribe I.—Olacex a of te Ree . <Aimenia, Olax, Erythropalum,
Strombosia, Anacolosa and
Schipfia.
» I1.—Opilieze ; ‘ ; ; . Cansjera, Lepionurus and
Opilia.
» I11.—lIcacinee ; ; : ; . Gomphandra, Anodytes, Map-
pia, Daphniphyllopsis and
Phlebocalymna.
» LV.—Phytocrenez : ; ‘ . Phytocrene, Miquelia, Sarco-

stigma, Natsiatum and Iodes.

Ximenia americana, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.574; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 252; Kurz
i. 232. Vern. Uranechra, Tel.; Pinlaytsee, Burm., isa straggling shrub of South
India, Tenasserim and the Andamans, with a yellow wood said by Roxburgh to be
sometimes used as a substitute for Sandal. Of Hrythropalwm, there are 3 species of
climbing shrubs: /. vagum, Mast. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 578, of the Eastern Himalaya;
E. populifolium, Mast. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 578, of Travancore; and E. scandens, Bl. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 578; Kurz i. 234; Gamble 18, of the North-East Himalaya, Khasia
Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma. Sérombosia contains 2 large trees: S. javanica,
Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 579; Kurz i. 235, of Tenasserim, and S. ceylanica, Gardn. ;
Beddome t. 157, of the Western Ghats. -Anacolosa includes four trees: A. densiflora,
Beddome t. 138, of the Anamalai Hills; A. ilicoides, Mast.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 580,
of the Khasia Hills; A. Griffithii, Mast.; and A. puberula, Kurz i. 235, of Tenasserim
and the Andamans. Schépfia fragrans, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 581, is a small tree
of Nepal and the Khasia Hills; and S. acwminata, Wall., of Assam, the Khasia Hills
and Sylhet.

Gaeens Rheedit Gmelin; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 582; Brandis 75; Beddome
elxxix.; Kurz i. 237 (under Thymeleeacese) (C. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 441), is a
large evergreen climbing shrub of Oudh, Southern India and Burma. Lepionurus
oblongifolius, Mast.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 583; Gamble 18 [Z. sylvestris, Kurz
ii. 330 (under Santalaceze)] is a small tree of the North-East Himalaya and
Eastern Bengal. Opilia amentacea, Roxb. Fi. Ind. ii. 87 ;. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 583;
Beddome !x.; Kurz 1.238 Vern. Baleekoma, Tel., is a scandent shrub or small tree
of South India and Burma. Piney

Of Gomphandra, there are two South Indian trees: G. axillaris, Wall.; and
G. polymorpha, Wight; Beddome Ixi.: while 3 species, G. penangiana, Wall.;
G. affinis, Mast.; and G. tomentella, Mast , all under Stemonwrus in Kurz i. 339,340,
occur in Tenasserim. Apodytes Benthamiana, Wight; Beddome t. 140, is a tree of
the Western GhAts; and A. andamanica, Kurz i. 239, a tree of the Andaman Islands.
Mappia contains 4 species from South India, MZ. fetida, Miers; Beddome t. 141,
being common on the Nilgiris. Phlebocalymna (Gonocaryum, Miq. in Kurz i.
240-241) contains 2 Burmese trees. [ : mee

Phytocrene gigantea, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 591 ; Kurzi, 241, is a gigantic climber
of the forests of Chittagong and Burma, whose stem on being cut gives out a quantity of
fresh water good for drinking ; the structure of its wood is very curious. Of Miguelia,

Olax. | OLACINER. 81

there are two climbing shrubs: WZ. Kleinii, Meissn., of Assam; and WM. dentata,
Beddome, of the Anamalai Hills. Sarcostigma.and Jodes contain also climbing
shrubs of little interest. Natsiatum herpeticum, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 595;
Kurz i, 242; Gamble 18. Vern. Swngoo, Lepcha, is a common climber throughout
Eastern Bengal and Burma.

1, OLAX, Linn.

Contains six species, of which, besides the one described, one is found in Southern
India, O. Wightiana, Wall.; Beddome lx.; one, O. acuminata, Wall., in Eastern
Bengal; two in Chittagong and Tenasserim; and one, O. xana, Wall.; Brandis 75,
in the valleys of the North-West Himalayas

1, 0. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 163; Hook. Fl: Ind, i. 575;
Brandis 75; Kurz i. 2338. Vern. Dheniani, Hind.; Koko-aru,
Beng.; Kurpodur, murki malle, turta-vepa, Tel.; Harduli, urchirri,
Mar. ; Lailoo, Burm.

A large rambling shrub, sometimes a climber. Bark grey, } inch
thick. Wood porous, yellowish white, soft. Pores numerous, large and
moderately sized, uniformly distributed, often oval. Medullary rays
fine, numerous, not prominent.

Sub-Himalayan tract in Kumaun, Behar, Central and South India, Burma.
Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot.. The fruit is used in Hazaribagh for making sherbet.

Ibs.
C 1184. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces. ; ps ‘ » - 40
C 2762. Moharli , ._,, J : ; ; ; ° » 36

2. DAPHNIPHYLLOPSIS, Kurz.

1. D. capitata, Kurz in Journal As. Soc. Cale., 1875, p. 201; For.
Fl. B. Burma i. 240; Gamble 18. Ilex daphuiphylloides, Kurz ; Hook.
FP). Ind. i. 606. Vern. Kalay, chilauni, Nep.; Tumbrting, Lepcha.

A large tree. Wood grey, soft, even-grained. Pores small, often
in short radial lines between the fine and very numerous straight
medullary rays.

Forests of the Sikkim Himalaya above 5,000 feet, and of Martaban between 4,000
and 6,000 feet.

Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot.
-Used for house-building and other purposes about Darjeeling.
lbs.

E 695. Chuttockpur, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . d ; j P . 39

Orper XXX. ILICINE®.

An Order containing only one Indian genus.

1. ILEX, Linn.

A genus of 21 Indian species, of which 11 are found in the Eastern Himalaya and
Khasia Hills, 3 in the North-West Himalaya, 6 in Burma, and 4 in South India.
The following list is taken from the Flora Indica, pp. 598 to 606 :—

1. I. insignis, Hook.f... . . « ~~ «+ Sikkim, 7,000 feet.

2. I. dipyrena, Wall. . , y ; 4 . Himalaya, Simla to Sikkim,
3. I. odorata, Ham. . : : ‘ : : ” Simla to Nepal.
4. I. malabarica, Beddome . ; : 7 . Western Ghats.

5. J. Walkeri, Wight and Arn.; Beddome lxii. . » ‘s

L

82 ILICINER. { flex.

6. I. denticulata, Wall . prene £5 : , . Western Ghats.
7. I. theefolia, Wall. . ‘ ‘ eure . Sikkim, Khasia, Tenasserim.
8. I. embelioides, Hook. f. . ‘ . , . Khasia Hills.

9. I. Grifithii, Hook. f. ‘ : . ‘ . Assam, Sylhet.
10. I. Thomsoni, Hook.f. . ; ° ‘ . Eastern Himalaya, Khasia.
ll. L. intricata, Hook. f. ; ; : ; . . Eastern Nepal and Sikkim,

, 10,060 to 11,000 feet.

12. I. fragilis, Hook. f. . . ‘ - é - Eastern Himalaya, Khasia.
13. I. venulosa, Hook. f. 5 . é ; -. Khasia Hills.
14. I. Gardneriana, Wight ; Beddome lxii. . . Nilgiris.
15. I. Wightiana, Wall. . ; : .

16. I. excelsa, Wall. ‘ ‘ " ; . - Himalaya, Khasia.
17. I. Godajam, Colebr. . ‘ 3 : ; . Eastern Sub-Himalaya,
Burma,
18. I. sulcata, Wall. (I; Godajam, Kurz i. 245,
part) . >. Tenasserim.

19. I. macrophylla, Wall.; Kurz i. 246 .
20. I. cymosa, Bl.; Kurzi. 246. °
21. L. Wallichii, Hook. f.; Kurz i. 246 .

I. excelsa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 603 (I. exsulca, Wall.; Brandis 76). Vern.

Piimari, Hind., is a small evergreen tree of the outer Himalaya and Siwalik tract.

extending eastwards to Assam and the Khasia Hills. J. odorata, Ham. ;- Brandis 77,
is an evergreen tree of the outer Himalaya from the Sutlej to Sikkim, ascending to
6,000 feet. J. Godajam, Colebr.; Kurz i, 245; Gamble 18. Vern. Zirsam, Ass., is a
good-sized tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards. J. denticulata,
Wall.; Beddome t. 142, with a good timber, which is said not to warp nor crack, is found
in the Nilgiris and Anamalai Hills. J. Wightiana, Wall. Vern. Horralu, Nilgiris,
has a pale yellow wood useful for building and for bowls and platters. The European
Holly is L. Aquifolium, Linn., while the Maté or Paraguay Tea is made from the
leaves of I. paraguayensis.

Pores small, arranged in radial lines or irregular elongated patches.
Medullary rays of two classes, fine and broad, prominent on a vertical
section, and generally darker coloured than the fibrous tissue, giving the
wood a mottled appearance.

A. dipyrena, Wall.; Huok. Fl. Ind. i. 599; Brandis 76; Gamble
18. Vern. Shangala, kandlar, kalticho, ditsa, dodru, dréinda, Pb.;
Kaula, karaput, munasi, gulsima, Nep.; Kandara, kadera, kateru, Simla.

A small evergreen tree. Bark dark, rough. Wood white, hard, close-
grained. Pores extremely small, in long irregular wavy radial lines,
Medullary rays short, moderately broad to broad, prominent ona radial
section, giving the wood a mottled appearance.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, above 5,000 feet.
Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. f

H 21. Matiydna, Simla, 7,000 feet . ‘ : ; = P : AG

2. I. theefolia, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 601. J. gaultheriafolia,
Kurz i, 245.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood white, soft, close-grained,
with white concentric lines, which seem. to correspond to annual rings.
Pores very small and numerous. Medullary rays very fine and broad ;
the latter short, scanty, prominent, giving the wood on a vertical section
a beautifully reticulate appearance.

Darjeeling and Khasia Hills and Tenasserim,
Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot, s
8,

E 692. Chuttockpur, Darjecling, 6,000 feet —, R ; . ; 39

Llew. ] ILICINER. 83

3. I. insignis, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 599; Gamble 18. Vern.
Lasunt, Nep. :

A small evergreen tree, with smooth grey bark. Wood white, soft,
close-grained. Pores very small, numerous, often in radial lines.
Medullary rays very fine and broad, the latter longer than in J. ¢he@folia,
prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a mottled appearance.

Darjeeling, above 6,000 feet.
Weight, 40 Ibs. In winter it has clusters of bright red berries like common holly,

and is used for similar purposes of decoration.
Ibs.

E 355. Gumpahar Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. ; , F 40

H 256, from the Garhwal Hills, is a specimen sent by Mr. R. Thomp-
son in 1868. It has been much eaten by insects, but shews a structure
similar to that of J. insignis. We refer it to I. odorata, Ham. Weight,
82 lbs. per cubic foot. Nes

Orpver XXXI, CELASTRINEZ.

An Order of trees, shrubs and climbers, sometimes thorny, and recognised by the
flowers having a conspicuous disk. It contains 13 genera, 4 of which are found
in North-West India, and the remainder in the Eastern and Western moist zones.

The Order is divided into 2 Tribes, the first being subdivided inte 3. These are—

Tribe I.—Celastrez

Sub-Tribe I.—Kuonymex . . Huonymus, G lyptopetaium,
Microtropis, Lophopetalum
and Pleurostylia.

a II.—Celastrese * . Celastrus, Gymnosporia and
‘ Il].—Eleodendree . . Eleodendron.

Tribe I1.—Hippocrateze : , ‘ : . Hippocratea, Salacia and
Sipheonodon.

Glyptopetalum contains 3 shrubs or small trees, of which G. zeylanicum, Thw.
and G. grandiflorum, Beddome lxv., are large shrubs of the Western Ghats; and G.
sclerocarpum (Kuonymus sclerocarpus, Kurz i. 250), with a white, close-grained
wood, of the Pegu Yoma. Microtropis contains 7 species, of which 4 occur in Southern
India, 3 in Burma, and 2 in the Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal. The chief
species is M. discolor, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 614; Kurz i. 251; Gamble 18.
(Huonymus garcinifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 628) Vern. Suglim, Lepcha; Mori,
Sylhet. Pleurostylia Wight, W. and A., Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 617, is a small tree
of Southern India. Kurrimia contains 3 trees, of which XK. paniculata, Wall.;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 622 (Zrochisandra indica, Beddome t. 120), is a handsome tree of
the Anamalai Hills, said to yield a good timber, and K. pulcherrima, Wall. (K. robusta,
Kurzi. 253) Vern. Kwaydouk, Burm., an evergreen tree of Burma with a brown,
heavy, close-grained wood. Hippocratea contains 6 species of climbing shrubs, of
which two, H. indica, Willd. Vern. Kurzati, Bombay; and H. arborea, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 167; Brandis 83. Vern. Katha-paharia, Beng., reach to Northern India.
Salacia contains also 14 species of climbing shrubs, of which 8 occur in Burma and 6in
South India: while Siphonodon celastrineus, Griff., Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 629; Kurz i. 254,
Vern, Myoukopshit, is an evergreen tree of Burma, with a pale yellowish heavy wood,

Wood even-grained, not very hard; generally without heartwood
(except Ligodendron). Pores uniformly distributed, very or extremely
small. Medullary rays very fine, very. numerous.

84 CELASTRINEX. [ Luonymus.

1. EUONYMUS, Linn.

r’ A genus of about 24 Indian species, of which many are merely small shrubs or
climbers. About 11 occur in the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal, 5 in
the North-West Himalaya, 5 in Burma and 7 in South India. Among them,
E. crenulatus, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 608; Beddome t. 144, of the Nilgiris, and FZ.
glaber, Roxb. Fi. Ind. i. 628; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 609; Kurz i. 248, of Chittagong and
Burma, may be mentioned as most important. 2H. echinatus, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 611; Brandis 80; Gamble 18, is a small climbing or epiphytic shrub of the Hima-
laya from the Jhelum to Sikkim at 7,000 to 12,000 feet. The wood of some species may
be worth trying as a substitute for boxwood.

Wood compact, even-grained, white. Pores very or extremely
small. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous. .

The first four species here described are common in the North-West Himalaya, and
may thus be distinguished :—

Leaves deeply cut . . F . E. lacerus.
% slightly cut. , ‘ . EL. Hamiltonianus.
Leaves long, sharply serrate . . EF. pendulus.
» short, obtusely serrate . . LE. tingens.

1, E. lacerus, Ham.; Brandis78. Z. grandiflorus, Wall.; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 608. Vern. Ski, pattali, papar, banchir, dudhapar, hanchu,
pash, mara, chtkan, rangchul, hkioch, Punjab; Gule, gruz, Simla.

A small deciduous tree with smooth grey bark. Wood white,
moderately hard, exceedingly compact, close and even-grained. Annual
rings visible, but not very distinct. Pores extremely small, barely
visible under the lens. Medullary rays extremely fine.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 6,000 and 11,000 feet.
Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for carving. The seeds are strung as
beads in Bassahir and used for necklaces.

Leaves membranous {

Leaves coriaceous

Ibs.
H_ 67. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . : : - - : . 48
H 2883. % ms Se > ; ott Fs ; ‘ . 46
H 3011. is ‘s ‘4 : ; : : : ; . 49
H 3187. Dungagalli, Hazara, 8,000 feet ‘ : : . ae

2, E. Hamiltonianus, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 612; Brandis 78.
EF. atropurpureus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 627. Vern. Szke, singi, chual,
watal, papar, rithu, randi, brahmani, banchor, karin, skioch, sidhera, naga,
Pb. ; Aguiun, agnu, Kumaun. .

A large deciduous shrub, or small or occasionally moderate-sized tree.
Bark thick, grey, corky, with deep irregular fissures. Wood white,
with a slight yellow tinge, soft, close-grained. Annual rings marked
by a narrow belt of firm wood with fewer pores.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, Khasia Hills, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet.
Weight, 35 lbs, Wood used for carving into spoons.

lbs.
H 3173. Dungagalli, Hazara, 8,000 feet . é : , - wed
H 919. Hazara, Punjab, 8,000 feet " ‘ : , . ‘ 36
H 172. Murree, Punjab (1866), 7,000 feet. ; ‘ : d ove
H 778. Kalatop Forest, Punjab, 7,000 feet . , ; ‘ - 34
2 ete Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . ; . ‘ ; - 44

3. E. pendulus, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 612; Brandis 79. Vern,
Chopra, pincha, garir, kinku, NW. P.

Euonymus. | CELASTRINER, 85

A moderate-sized evergreen tree with grey, rather corky bark,
1 inch thick. Wood white, moderately hard, compact, with a light red
tinge, very close and even-grained. Annual rings marked by an almost
continuous line of pores. Pores very small, very numerous. Medullary
rays extremely fine, very numerous.

Himalaya, from the Jhelum to Nepal, between 2,500 and 7,500 feet.
Weight, 35 to 41 lbs. per cubic foot.

H 86. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet ; ; . - : 3 35
a + ama ARR - ae ; , : ; ; 41

4. E. tingens, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 610; Brandis 79. Vern.
Kungku, N.-W. P.; Newar, kastiri, Nepal ; Chopra, mer mahaul, Simla.

A small evergreen tree with dark, rather corky outside and yellow
inner bark. The structure and appearance of the wood are the same as in
Luonymus lacerus, except that the wood of this species has a slightly
reddish tinge.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Nepal, between 6,500 and 10,000 feet.
Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. This is easily recognised from the other 3 species
by its large flowers with pretty brown markings on the petals.

lbs,
Wes The Cle FOO fake ee ed

H 2844. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet e ; ‘ a : : 46
H 2881. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet : :

5, E. theefolius, Wall.; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 612; Gamble 18.
A shrub with wood of structure similar to the rest, but the medullary
rays are somewhat broader and the annual rings more distinct.

E 3308. Rangbiul, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet.

2. LOPHOPETALUM, Wight.

A genus containing 7 species of Indian trees, of which 6 are Burmese, 1 from
Northern and Eastern Bengal, and 1 from South India. L. fimbriatum, Wight, is a
tall cylindrical-stemmed tree of the valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya, Sylhet and Tenas-
serim ; and L. floribundum, Wight, is a tree of Tenasserim.

Wood light, soft to moderately hard, even-grained, somewhat shin-
ing. Pores small to moderate-sized. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, traversed by concentric bands of softer texture.

1. L. littorale, Kurz i. 255. Kokoona Uittoralis, Lawson ; Hook.
Fl. Ind.i. 617. Vern. Moondein, Burm.

A tree. Wood grey, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small
and moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays very fine,
uniform and equidistant, very numerous ; the distance between the rays
much less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Medullary rays
traversed by numerous parallel, concentric, wavy lines, which have the
appearance of interrupting the rays, thus forming a succession of wavy,
concentric bands,

Pegu and Tenasserim.
Weight, on an average, 35 lbs. per cubic foot.

ive, Domb teee es BIA ge
B 2513. ip) Se ri mae ee
B 2300. Andaman Islands (1866) . : ; : 41

86 CELASTRINER, _ [ Lophopetalum.

2. L. Wightianum, Arn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 615, ; Beddome t. 145.
Vern. Bolpalé, Kan. |

A large evergreen tree. Wood reddish grey, moderately hard, close-
grained, structure similar to that of ZL. /ittorale. Pores somewhat
larger, and less numerous. Medullary rays prominent on a radial
section.

Western coast from the Konkan to Cape Comorin,

Weight, 28 to 29 lbs. per cubic foot. ‘The wood is much esteemed in South Kanara
where it is used for house-building. |

Ibs.
W 723. South Kanara . ‘ , : p ; - : 3 29
W 853. Ma PY ‘ ; : 7 , ‘ : ; : 28

3. L. Wallichii, Kurz i. 255; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 615. Vern. Mong-
taing, moondein, Burm. °

To this species we refer B 1947 (31 ]bs.) sent from Tavoy under the
name Kanazo-ta-loo, Burm., and B 2248 sent in 1866 from the Andamans
under the name of Voung-hmayo. The structure is similar to that of
L. littorale, but the pores are more scanty, moderate-sized and arranged
in short radial lines. Medullary rays less numerous, slightly broader,
and not of uniform width.

The wood is moderately hard ; it is recommended by Kurz for furniture. It is said

by Major Ford to be used in the Andamans for writing-boards, and the bark, root and
fruit as a febrifuge.

3. CELASTRUS, Linn.

This genus includes 2 of the genera of the Flora Indica, Celastrus and Gtymno-
sporia ; of the former 4, of the latter 15, species are described. The 4 species of the
section Celastrus contain, besides C. paniculatus, common to most parts of India, 3
scandent shrubs of Sikkim, Assam and Eastern Bengal. The species of the section
Gymnosporia are chiefly erect shrubs, often thorny, chiefly of the Eastern Himalaya
and the Western Ghats. The only species of interest are those here described.

Wood close-and even-grained. Pores small or very small. Medul-
lary rays very fine and very numerous. Most species have concentric.
bands of soft tissue. This does not include C. panicu/atus, which has
the structure of a climber.

1, C. paniculatus, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 617; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i,
621; Brandis 82; Gamble 18. Vern. Mal kakni, Oudh, Kamaun ;
Kahundan, rangul, wahrangur, C.P.; Kanguni, Bombay ; Ruglim, Lepecha.

A scandent shrub, with yellow, corky bark. Wood pinkish yellow,
soft. Annual rings distinctly marked by very large pores in the spring
wood, which diminish in size, and are small in the autumn wood. Medul-
lary rays very broad.

Outer Himalaya from the Jhelum to Assam ascending to 4,000 feet, Eastern
Bengal, Behar, South India and Burma.

The seeds give an oil, which is used medicinally, as are also the leaves.

lbs,
E 2884, Tukdah, Darjecling,6000fect. =. .. . en

2. C. spinosus, Royle; Brandis 80. Gymnosporia Royleana, Wall. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 620. Vern. Dzaral, Trans-Indus; Kandu, handiéri,
pataki, lei, phipari, badlo, kadewar, Pb.; Kura, bagriwala darim, gwala
darim, N.-W., P. ;

Celastrus. | CELASTRINED. eR

A thorny shrub, with thin, grey, corky bark, Wood lemon-coloured,
hard and close-grained, with numerous white, concentric bands. Pores
very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. It cuts like
boxwood, for which it may become a substitute.

Outer North-West Himalaya.
Weight, 49 lbs. The wood deserves attention as possibly suitable for carving and
engraving.

Ibs.
P 913. Salt Range, Punjab . , ; ; ‘ ‘ ; : 49
P 2932. Suni, Simla, 3,000 feet : : - . s : F 49

3. C. senegalensis, Lam. ; Beddome Ixvi.; Brandis 81; Kurz i. 252.
C. montana, Roxb. Fi, Ind. i. 620. Gymnosporia montana, Lawson ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 621. Vern. Sherawane, Trans-Indus; TZalkar, dajkar,
mareila, kingaro, kharadi, Pb.; Baikal, gajachinni, C. P.; Mal kangoni,
Bombay; Danta, babur, Gondi; Dhatti, Bhil; Bharatti, yekal, Mav. ;
Danti, dantéusi, pedda chinté, Tel.

A tall spinescent shrub. Bark 4 inch thick, grey, with longitudinal
cracks, exfoliating in small scales. Wood pinkish white, soft but close-
grained; no heartwood; no annual rings. Pores small, numerous,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.
Faint concentric bands.

Northern dry and intermediate zones. North-West India, ascending to 4,000 feet,
Central India and the drier parts of the Peninsula.

Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, but not used. The leaves are used
for fodder, and the branches as dunnage for the roofs of houses.

C.1162, Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ‘ : - ‘ =:
C 2752. Moharli _,, # i. ; : } : ; 46

lbs,

4, ELHODENDRON, Jacq. fil.

1. E. Roxburghii, W. and A.; Beddome t. 148; Brandis 82;
Gamble 19. . glaucum, Pers. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 623; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
638. Neerija dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1.646. Vern. Mirandu, padriiin,
bakra, ganwa, Pb.; Bakra, shauria, chauli, daberi, mamri, N.-W.P.;
Chauri, metkir, Oudh; Chikyeng, Lepcha; Jamrdsi, kala mukha, rohz,
C.P.; Dhakka, msur, Gondi; Niru, Kurku; Aran, tamruj, Mar.; Bata
karas, Bhil; Karkava, irkuli, selupa, sirr, Tam. ; Nirija, neradi, botanskam,
kanemas, bootigz, Tel. ; Bhutrakshi, Hyderabad ; Nerre/u, Cingh,

A tree. Bark % inch thick, grey, often blackish, exfoliating in 4-

sided very small scales. Wood moderately hard, even- and close-grained,

works and polishes well, light brown, often with a red tinge; the outer
wood white, but no distinct sapwood ; no annual rings. Numerous, wavy,
concentric, lighter-coloured bands. Pores small, numerous. Medullary
rays fine, very numerous, visible on a radial section.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, Central and South India.

Weight, 40 to 50 Ibs. (Brandis); 46 (Skinner and Fowke) ; 53 (R. Thompson) ; 40
(C. P. List); our specimens give an average of 53 lbs. Skinner, No. 65, gives
P ='513; Fowke P = 511.

The wood is often beautifully curled and flaked ; it is used for cabinet work, combs
and picture frames. The root is said to be a specific against snake-bite, and the bark
is used in native medicine, said te be a virulent poison,

88 CELASTRINER. | Higodendron,.

lbs.
O 235. Garhwal (1868) . : ; : ; ; ; ° 4 56
O 2991. a (1874) . : ; . : ; ; : ‘ 48
C 183. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 3 5 . . ; 50
C 1182. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces , . . ; : 55
C 2781: Melghat, Berar . : ; ; ; ; : ‘ ; 49
E 2335. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . ; : . ; : 57
No. 63. Ceylon Collection ; : : : 3 : ; ‘ 56

Orper XXXII. RHAMNEZ.

Contains twelve Indian genera, of which six are climbing or straggling shrubs
and the remainder shrubs or small trees. The Order is subdivided into four Tribes :—

Tribe I.—Ventilaginee . - + Ventilago and Smythea.
3 Il.—Zizyphee . ; : . Lizyphus and Berchemia.
» iIL—Rhamnee . : : . Rhamnus, Hovenia, Scutia, Sa-
geretia, and Colubrina.
» V.—Gouaniee . ‘ ‘ . Apteron, Gouania, and Helinus.

Of the genera not here described, Smythea and Apteron are scandent shrubs
of Tenasserim. Hovenia dulcis, Thunb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 640; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 630;
Brandis 94. Vern. Chamhin, Punjab, is a tree commonly cultivated throughout the
Himalaya, with a light-coloured, coarse and open-grained wood, and an edible fruit
with a flavour like that of the Bergamot Pear. Seutia indica, Brongn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i, 640; Kurz i. 268, is a straggling shrub of Burma and South India. Colubrina
contains three species, of which Colubrina asiatica, Brongn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 642;
Beddome lxix.; Kurz i. 268. (Ceanothus asiaticus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 615.) Vern.
Kway-nway, Burm., is a large shrub of the coast forests of Burma and Malabar.
_ Gowania contains three climbing shrubs, commonest among whichis G. leptostachya,
DC.; Hook. Fi. Ind. i. 643; Kurz i. 269; Gamble 19. Vern. Kalalag, Kumaun;
Batwasi, Nep.; Khauta, Orissa; Tayounyonway, Burm., a large climber of the
Kastern Himalaya, Burma and South India. Helimus lanceolatus, Brandis 574, is a
slender twining shrub of the outer North-West Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 feet.

Wood hard or moderately hard. Pores small or moderate-sized.
Medullary rays fine or very fine, numerous, equidistant.

1, ZIZYPHUS, Juss.

A genus containing 13 Indian species, 7 of which come from Northern
and Central India, about 6 from South India, 4 from Burma, and 6 from the
North-East Himalaya and Assam. Six species are here described. Of the remainder,
the chief is Z. vulgaris, Lamk.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 633; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 609;
Brandis 85. Vern. Sinjli; simli, ban, ber, kandika, kandidri, Hind., a small tree
of the arid and northern dry zones. It is found in the outer Himalaya from the
Indus to the Ravi, ascending to 6,500 feet, cultivated in the Punjab, Beluchistan, and
Bengal, and semi-wild as far as Italy and the south of France—Mathieu Fl. For.
p- 60. Its fruit is eaten.

Wood reddish, moderately hard or hard ; no heartwood. Pores small
to moderate-sized, often subdivided, between numerous fine or very fine
medullary rays, the distance between the rays being less than the
diameter of the pores.

1. Z. Jujuba, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 632; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 608;
Beddome t. 149; Brandis 86; Kurz i. 266; Gamble19. Vern. Bé&,
baer, beri, Hind. ; Kul, bér, Beng.; Zeeben, Burm.; Rengha, regi, Tel. ;
Yellande, Tam. ; Bhor, Mar.; Renga, Bhil; Hlentha, Mal.; Yelchi, Kan,

; . "

———EE——————— ss _

Zizyphus. | RHAMNES, 89

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, almost evergreen. Bark } inch
thick, dark grey, nearly black, with long, deep, irregular cracks. Wood
hard, reddish ; no heartwood ; no annual rings. Pores small or moderate-
sized, scanty, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine and very
numerous, uniform and equidistant ; the distance between two rays much
less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Pores frequently joined
by very fine, wavy, interrupted, concentric lines.

Cultivated throughout India and Burma. Its original habitat doubtful.

Weight, according to Skinner, No, 135, 58 lbs. ; Cunningham, 57 ibs. ; our speci-
mens give from 43 to 52 lbs. Cunningham gives the value of P as 495 ; Skinner 672.

Wood used for saddletrees and agricultural implements, oil-mills, and other
purposes. The fruit is commonly eaten and is much improved by cultivation.

lbs.

O 265. Garhwal (1868)
- C 2815. Melghat, Berar ; F ; ; ; : ° HS:
C 1128. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . : ; : P . 4
D 1071. North Arcot, Madras. é : P . 62

P 885, from Multén, sent under the name of Z. flexuosa, has the same structure
as Z. Jujuba, but the pores are round and moderate-sized. Weight, 48 lbs.

2. Z.nummularia, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 633 ; Beddome Ixix. ;
Brandis 88. Z. microphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 613. Vern. Karkanne,
Afgh. ; Malia, bér, birdr, ghari, kanta, N.-W. P.; Gangr, jangra, Sind;
Parpaili gidda, Kan.

A thorny shrub with grey bark. Wood yellow, hard, compact.
Structure similar to that of 7, Jujuba, except that the pores are larger and
the medullary rays are somewhat further apart; the distance between
the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Drier parts of North-West India and the Dekkan.

Growth : No. P 2931 shews well-marked annual rings and a fast growth of 2 to
3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 43 lbs. per cubic foot on an average. It is used
to make fences round fields and gardens. The leaves are threshed out and used as

fodder for sheep and goats. The fruit is eaten.
lbs,

P 2931. Bhajji, Simla, 3,000 feet : ; : j : j . 41
oe aaa Sabathu, Punjab, 3,000 feet . : " ° ; ‘ . 42
P 442. Ajmere . 5 atest : 46

3. Z. oxyphylla, Edgw. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 634; Brandis 86. Vern.
Kirkun bér, Afgh.; Pitni, Kokan ber, amldi, amnia, beri, shamor, Pb.;
Giggar, N.-W. P. ;

A thorny shrub with thin brown bark. Wood white, moderately hard.
Pores small, somewhat larger and more numerous on the inner edge of
each annual ring. Medullary rays equidistant, very fine; the distance
between the rays equal to the diameter of the pores.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to the Ganges from 2,000 to 6,000 feet.
H 2947. Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet.

4, Z. CEnoplia, Mill.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 634; Beddome Ixix. ;
Brandis 86; Kurz i. 266. Z. Napeca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 612. Vern.
Makai, Hind. ; Shyakil, Beng.; Barokoli, Uriya; Irvin, C. P.; Paranu,
paramie, porki, Tel.; Tauzeenway, Burm.

A straggling or climbing shrub with rough, dark-grey bark. Wood
reddish with the structure of a climber. Concentric bands consisting
M

90 RHAMNER. [ Zizyphus.

of a great mass of moderate-sized to large pores, often subdivided,
between closely packed medullary rays, which bend outwards where they
touch the pores, presenting a reticulate appearance.

Bengal, Burma, Central and Southern India,

Used for hedges. The fruit is eaten.

C 2753. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces.

5. Z. xylopyra, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 634; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
611; Beddome Ixvi.; Brandis 90. Vern. Kat-ber, béri, gotz, gotaha,
kakor, chittania, sitabér, ghént, Hind.; Goti, Tel.; Gotti, bhorgoli, Mar. ;
Challe, Kan.

A large serambling shrub. Bark grey or reddish brown. Wood
yellowish brown, hard. Pores small and moderate-sized, in patches of
soft tissue which are often confluent, formirig oblique bands. Medullary
rays fine, equidistant, very numerous, the distance between the rays
being less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges to Nepal, Central and Southern India.

Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot (Skinner, No. 136) ; our specimen gives 49 lbs. . Skinner
gives P —800. Used for carts and agricultural implements. The bark is used for ©

tanning ; the shoots and leaves for fodder. The fruit is not edible, but is used to give
a black dye to leather. ait
S.

C 2736. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces . 7 ; ‘ - 49
C 2764. Melghat, Berar ° ° . @ . ° @ ° eee

6. Z. rugosa, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 636; Beddome Ixvii. ;
Brandis 89 ; Kurz i. 265; Gamble 19. Z. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. 607.
Vern. Dhaura, dhauri, Oudh; Suran, churna, C. P.; Suran, Mar. ;
Rukh baer, harray baer, Nep.

A large scrambling shrub or small evergreen tree, with rough, dark
bark. Wood reddish, moderately hard, warps. Pores large and
moderate-sized, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, extremely
numerous, uniform and equidistant, the distance between the rays much
less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Pores frequently joined
by very faint, wavy, concentric lines.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, Burma, Central and Southern India.
~ yan 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood only used as fuel; often attacked by msects.
rult eaten.

Ibs,
E 2336. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai ‘ ‘ ° ; . 45

2. BERCHEMIA, Neck.

A genus which besides this species contains several erect or fepeny: | shrubs, of
which the chief is B. lineata, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 638; Brandis 91, of the North-
West Himalaya.

1. B. floribunda, Brongn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 637; Brandis 91;
Kurz i. 264; Gamble 19. Vern. Kala dag, Kumaun; Chiaduk, Nep.;
Rungyeong rik, Lepcha.

A large erect or climbing shrub or small tree. Bark whitish, exfo-
liating and shewing a purple inner layer. Wood yellow, turning grey
on exposure, porous. Pores large, oval, subdivided, between undulating
moderately broad medullary rays, .

Himalaya from the Jhelum to Bhutan, Khasia Hills,

E 2864, Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet,

—

Ventilago. | RHAMNER, ; 91

3. VENTILAGO, Gaertn.

Contains 5 species of scandent shrubs. Besides the one described, 2 species
occur in Northern and Central India, 4 in Burma, 2 in Southern India and 1 in ©

_the Eastern Himalaya and Bengal. V. calyculata. Tul.; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 631;

Brandis 96. (V. madraspatana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 629.) Vern. Papri, C. P. ;
Raktapita, kala lag, Kumaun ; Sakal yel, Mar., is a large climber of the outer Hima-
Jaya from Kumaun eastwards, Southern India and Burma.

1, V. maderaspatana, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 631; Beddome
Ixviii.; Brandis 96; Kurz i. 262. Vern: Raktapita, Beng.; Yerra
chicath, Tel.; Papli, Tam., Kan.; Lokandi, kanwail, Bombay ;
Chorgu, Hyderabad. 7

A large climbing shrub. Bark dark grey with vertical cracks,
exposing the inner surface which has a vermillion colour. Wood
greyish yellow, porous, soft; structure similar to that of Berchemia
Jloribunda.

Central and Southern India and Burma.
The bark is made into cordage, and a red dye is extracted from the root. It is said
also to give a gum. ;

C 2920. Central Provinces.

4. RHAMNUS.

Contains 7 Indian species, indigenous to the Himalaya and the mountains of the
Western coast. Besides those here described, 2. persiews, Boissier; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
638; Brandis 93. Vern. Skherawane, wurak, Afgh.; Kukei, nar, nikki hander,
jalidar, kuchni, Pb., is a small tree of the Suliman and Salt Ranges, and the
Himalaya from the Jhelum to Garhwal; R. nepalensis, Wall.; Hook. FI.
Ind. i. 640, Gamble 19. Vern. Achal, Nep., is a large shrub of the Central and
Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills; while BR. Wightw, W. and A,, is a large
shrub of the higher hills of the Western Ghats.

Wood generally with a brown heartwood, close-grained. Pores very

small, arranged in oblique tails and bands which generally anastomose.

Medullary rays fine, numerous,

1. R. virgatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604; Brandis 92; Gamble 19.
R. dahuricus, Pall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 639. &. hirsutus, W. and A.;
Beddome Ixx. Vern. Phipai, dddir, tadru, seta paja, kénji, mamrdl,
shomfol, reteon, gogsa, sindrol, mutni, nior, chatr, romisk, Pb.; Thalot,
chetain, Simla; Tsdpo, mail, Tibet, Spiti; Chato, chedwala, chadua, Hind.

A shrub or small tree, deciduous. Bark thin, grey, smooth. Sap-
wood whitish ; heartwood brown, very hard and close-grained. Annual
rings distinctly marked, Pores very small, arranged in oblique anasto-
mosing irregular bands of soft texture, forming an irregular net-work.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous, prominent in the meshes of the

-net-work. The structure of the wood is the same as that of Rhamnus

catharticus, Linn.

Throughout the Himalaya and Western Ghats.
Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used, except as firewood. The fruit is
bitter, emetic and purgative, and is given in affections of the spleen.

Ibs,
H 79. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet hgh bs, é. 57
H 2877. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 _,, : F f ; ? 55

H 3168. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 _,, : : ; : F re

92 RHAMNEM. [ Rhamnus.

2. R. purpureus, Edgew.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 639; Brandis 91, Vern.
Bat sinjal, tunani zanant, tadra, tundhi, mimarart, kunji, chaterni, Pb.

A large deciduous shrub, with thin smooth bark. Wood brownish
grey, close-grained. Annual rings marked by an interrupted belt of
pores. Pores very small, in narrow irregular radial belts of softer tissue,
which often anastomose and have a reticulate appearance. Medullary
rays fine, numerous, straight, prominent.

North-west Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 4,500 and 10,000 feet.

Weight, 4llbs. Fruit used as a purgative.

Ibs.
H 70. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet , ; 3 : : . Al

H 2848. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 ,,

3. BR. triquetrus, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind..i. 639; Brandis 92. Vern,
Gudlei, Simla; agora, gardhan, phulla, Pb. ; Gogsa, ghant, N.-W. P.

A shrub or small tree, deciduous, with thin grey bark. "Wood
yellowish white, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings distinctly
marked by an interrupted belt of larger pores. Pores very small to
small, arranged in irregular branching bands of softer tissue, which
form fantastic patterns. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, short.

North-West Himalaya from the Jhelum to Nepal, between 3,000 aie 6,000 feet.

H 75. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet.
H 2903. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 _,,

4, R. procumbens, Edgew.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 640; Brandis 93,

Asmall procumbent shrub. Wood yellowish, with the same struct-
ure as that of A. virgatus.

Western Himalaya from Simla to Kumaun, between 7,000 and 8,000 feet.
H 2952. Naldehra, Simla, 7,000 feet.

5. SAGERETIA, Brongniart.

Besides the two species described, S: oppositifolia, Brongn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 641;
_ Brandis 95. Vern. Kanak, gidurddk, drange, gehen, Pb.; Aglaia, Kumaun, is
a large shrub of the N. .W. Himalaya.

Wood close-grained, hard. Pores small, round, Medullary rays
fine and very fine.

1. S. theezans, Brongn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 641; Brandis 95. Vern.
Dargola, Simla ; Drangu, ankol, kauli, karir, phomphli, kanda, brinkol,
chauush, katrain, thim, kim, Pb,

A large spinescent shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood very hard,
white, with irregular dark-coloured heartwood. Annual rings (?) |
marked by white lines. Pores round, small, in rings of softer texture,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

Salt Range and Suliman Range. Western Himalaya from Kashmir to Simla,
from 3,000 to 8,000 feet. Fruit eaten.

Ibs,
H 2946. Suni, Sutlej Valley; 3,500 feet ‘ °
H 2951. Naldehra, Simla, 7,000 ,, : : : ; , :
H 3129. Koti, Simla, 6,000 ,, “ 7 : ¢ : - 56

2. S. Brandrethiana, Aitch.; Hook. Fl, Ind. i, 642; wena 95,
Vern. Ganger, goher, Pb.; Maimina, Afg.

=

Sageretia. | RHAMNED, . 93

Asmall deciduous shrub, Bark grey, with long wrinkles. Wood
yellow, very hard, close-grained. Annual-rings distinctly marked by
white lines and by an interrupted belt of pores, Pores small, round,
numerous, between the white, fine, short, very numerous medullary
rays; the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of
the pores,

Suliman Range and Salt Range, and North-West Himalaya between the Indus and

the Jhelum.
The fruit is sweet and much eaten by Afghans and in the frontier districts.

P 914, Salt Range, Punjab.

Orper XXXIII. AMPELIDEZ.
The Vines. A large Family containing two genera: Vitis, climbing shrubs, often of

_ large size ; and Leea, large perennial herbs or shrubs, with large pith. The Vines are

found in most parts of India, but especially in the moist zones, some of them climbing
extensively over lofty trees; they have a soft porous wood, with very large vessels
often filled with water, which runs out on their being cut. V. lanata, Roxb.; V.
repanda, W. and A., and V. latifolia, Roxb., are the chief species of the forests
of the plains of Northern India, while V. himalayana, Brandis. Vern. Phlan-
kur, Simla; Zemardachan, zemaro, Sutle}; Chappar tang, Kumaun, is a well-
known large climber of the forests of the Himalaya (H 2913, Simla, 7,000 feet,
33 lbs.). Many have curiously twisted or flattened stems. The Grape Vine, V.
vinifera} Linn., Vern. Dakh, dakki, draksha, angir, Hind.; Lanang, Kanawar, has
been introduced and successfully cultivated in Kashmir and cther parts of India.

The species of Leea are found in the undergrowth of the forests of the Himalaya,
Eastern Bengal, Burma and the West coast. Some species have fluted stems and very
large pith, such are, LZ. macrophylla, Roxb.; L. aspera, Wall.; ZL. robusta, Roxb. ;
L. crispa, Willd.; L. sumatrana, Kurz; and L. sambucina, Willd. L. robusta,
Roxb. Vern. Galeni, Nep. ; Pantém, Lepcha (Nos. E 879 and E 2860, Darjeeling),
has a moderately hard wood, with broad medullary rays, and is used for fencing and
temporary huts: L. hivta, Roxb., is a small tree of valleys in the Eastern Himalaya;
and L. gigantea, Griff. ; Kurz ; i. 280 (No. E 3278 Miraghat, W. Duars), is a -small
tree with moderately hard wood, pores small, radially distributed, and medullary rays
of two kinds, very broad and fine.

Orper XXXIV. SAPINDACEZ.

Contains about 20 genera of Indian trees or shrubs. Most of these come from
Burma or Southern India, but the largest genus Acer, the Maple, is almost exclu-
sively found in the Himalaya.

The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz.—

Tribe I.—Sapindee . . LHemigyrosa, Dittelasma, Erioglossum, Allo-
phyllus, ZAsculus, Scyphopetalum, Cupania,
Lepisanthes, Schleichera, Sapindus, Xero-
spermum, Nephelium, Pometia, Harpullia,
Zollingeria.

IIl.—Aceriner . . Acer and Dobinea.

I11.—Dodonzee . . Dodonea.

IV.—Staphylex . . Staphylea and Turpinia.

Hemigyrosa contains two species : H. canescens, Thwaites Enum. 56, 408 ; Hook,
Fl. Ind. i. 671; Beddome t. 151; Kurz i. 290 (Molinea canescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 243). Vern. Nekota, karadipongan, Tam. ; Korivi, Tel.; Kalu yette, Kan.; Lokaneli,
kurpa, Mar., is a tree of Southern India, especially the Coromandel Coast and Tenas-

serim; and H, defictens, Beddome t, 231; Hook. Fl. Ind, 1. 671, is a tree of the

94 SAPINDACER. [ Adlophylius.

Anamalai Hills. Ditielasma Rarak, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 672 ; Kurz i. 297, is
an evergreen tree of the Pegu Yomas and Tenasserim. vrioglossum edule, Blume ;
Hook. FI. Ind. i. 672 (£. rubiginosum, Bl. ; Brandis 108. Sapindus rubiginosa, Bl. ;
Beddome Ixxiii.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 282. Pancovia rubiginosa, Baill.; Kurz i. 296)
Vern. Ritha, Hind.; Ishi rashi, Tel.; Manipangam, Tam. ; Tseikchay, Burm. (No.
23 Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, marked Sapindus, 66 lbs. ex Kurz’ MSS.), is a
large tree of Sikkim, Assam, South India and Burma, said by Roxburgh to have a
strong durable wood with a chocolate-coloured heartwood. Scyphopetalum rami-
Jlorum, Hiern.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 676, and Zollingeria macrocarpa, Kurz i. 288.
Vern. Wetkyotbeng, Burm., are trees of Burma. Cupania contains 9 species, the chief
of which are C. glabrata, Kurz i. 284; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 676 (Sapindus squamosus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 282) of Burma and C. pentapetala, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
678. (Schleichera pentapetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 275) Vern. Koiki-piira & ; Pirakoi9.
Sylhet, a large tree of Sylhet; the rest are small Burmese trees. Of Lepisanthes
there are two Burmese species; Xerospermum Noronhianum, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
686 ; Kurz i. 295, is a tree of the Khasia Hills, E. Bengal and Burma, while Harpullia
cupantoides, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 692 (H. imbricata, Bl.; Beddome t. 158), is a
large tree of the Western Ghats. Dobinea vulgaris, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 696;
Gamble 23. Vern. Samli, Nep., is a large shrub of the Eastern Himalaya,

Wood generally soft or moderately soft, even grained; no distinct
heartwood except in Schleichera. Pores small, or very small, generally
uniform and uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine or fine
rarely moderately broad, often closely packed. Apart from the annual
rings, no concentric bands except in Adlophyllus and Sapindus,

1. ALLOPHYLLUS, Linn.

A genus containing 2 large shrubs : that here described, which has trifoliolate leaves,
and A. zeylanicus, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 673; Gamble 22, a shrub or small tree
of the Eastern Himalaya and Assam, with unifoliolate leaves.

1. A Cobbe, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 673; Kurz i. 299. Ornitrophe
Cobbe, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11. 268. Schmidelia Cobbe, Beddome Ixxiii.
Vern. Thaukjot, Burm.

A deciduous shrub. Wood grey, soft. Pores small, scanty, medul-
lary rays moderately broad, short, joined by numerous white parallel
and equidistant concentric lines; prominent on a radial section.

Eastern Bengal, South India, Burma and Andaman Islands.

Ibs.
B 1988. Andaman Islands (Kurz 1866) . ; : - ; ‘ 40

2. ASCULUS, Linn.

A genus containing two Indian species. The Horse-chestnut, commonly planted
in Europe, is the 42. Hippocastanum, Linn.

Wood white, soft to moderately hard. Annual rings distinct. Pores
numerous, small or very small, generally abundant in the spring wood.
Medullary rays uniform, equidistant, very fine, very numerous.

1. AS. indica, Colebr.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 675; Brandis 103. The
Indian Horse-chestnut. Vern. Zorjaga, Trans-Indus; Hane, hanidin,
Kashmir; Bankhor, gugu, kanor, pankar, Hind.

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, with long -horizontal cracks,
exfoliating in long flakes. Wood white, with a pinkish tinge, soft,
close-grained, Annual rings marked by a line and sometimes by fewer

—EEE——————_— a ——~ _—_

Asculus. | SAPINDACER. 95

pores in the autumn wood. Pores very small. Medullary rays very
fine, very numerous. ‘

North-West Himalaya between 4,000 and 10,000 feet, from the Indus to Nepal,
Weight, 34 Ibs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building, water troughs, platters,
packing cases and tea boxes. The Tibet drinking cups are sometimes made of it.
The twigs and leaves are lopped for fodder. The fruit is given as food to cattle and
goats, and in times of scarcity is soaked in water and then ground and eaten mixed
with flour, by the hill people. A
8,

H 31. Matiydna, Simla, 7,000 feet ; ; ; : ° 34
H 166. Kangra, Punjab (1866) ; : ‘ é ; the
H 936. Hazara, Punjab . , ; ‘ ; , ; ; ° 35
H 776. Kalatop, Punjab, 7,000 feet. ; ; : ; ‘ ° 34

2. AX. punduana, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 675; Gamble 22,
4. assamica, Griff.; Kurz i, 286. Vern. Cherinangri, Nep.; Kunkir-
hola, ekuhea, As.; Dingrt, Daars ; Bolnawak, Garo.

A moderate-sized, deciduous tree. Wood white, soft, close-grained.
Pores small, in short radial lines between the very fine, closely packed,
medullary rays. Annual rings marked by a faint white line.

Northern Bengal, Khasia Hills, Assam and Burma, ascending to 4,000 feet.
Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 lbs. per cubic foot.
Wood rarely used.

‘ lbs,
E 3139. Buxa Reserve, Western Diiars . - . . . ; 36

8. SCHLEICHERA, Willd.

1, S. trijuga, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 681; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
277; Beddome t. 119; Brandis 105; Kurz i. 289. Vern. Kosum,
gausam, Hind.; Rusam, Uriya; Puski, may, roatanga, Tel.; Pavd, pi,
pulachi, zolim-buriki, Tam.; Sagdi, sagade, chakota, akota, Kan. ;
Chendala, Coorg; Puvatti, Kaders; Kassumar, koham, kocham, Panch
Mehals; Kusumb, peduman, Mar. ; Komur, piskt, Gondi; Baru, Kurku ;
Gyoben, Burm. ; Cong, conghas, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey, exfoliating in
small rounded plates of irregular shape and size. Wood very hard.
Sapwood whitish; heartwood light, reddish brown. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. White, wavy, concentric
lines, which may possibly indicate the annual rings. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous, wavy, uniform and equidistant, closely packed ;
the distance between the rays less than the transverse diameter of the
pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, Central and South India and
Burma.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :—

Weight. Value of P,
Brandis, 1862, No. 22. Burma found . 70 lbs. Je
» 1864, 8 experiments with bars 3’ x1’x1"” ,, . 68 ,, 1160
Baker, 4 experiments, 1829 _,, ee GE Se Shand a 618
Wallich, No. 179 (Scytalia trijuga) se oa een PA
Smythies, 1878, with our 8 specimens oe + CFO pr
A. Mendis, Ceylon Collection, No. 47 ese 800. bes oS

The wood is very strong and durable; it is used for oil, rice and sugar mills, and

~

o
96 SAPINDACER. [ Schleichera.

for agricultural implements and carts. The lac produced on this tree is highly prized.
The fruit is often eaten, and the seeds give an oil used for burning in Malabar,

O 206. Garhwal (1868) . e . . e a . . . 65
O 6536. Dehra Din ‘ ; : ; ; . ; 7 4 65
C 191. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) ; 2 ; : ‘ 66
C1110. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces F ; “ : ; 66
C 2769. Melghat, Berar . ‘ ; : : : ; : , 62
W 732. South Kanara . . é ‘ ‘ ° : ‘ 70
B 319. Burma (1867) . ‘ : . ‘ , ; ; ; 75
B 2515. = (B62) 237 : ; ; j ; ; 4 : 72

No. 47. Ceylon Collection eqn. ‘ : , om 57

4. SAPINDUS, Plum. 2

_ Four species according to the Flora Indica, but the nomenclature of Beddome and
Brandis has been altered by Hiern; it will be convenient to use Brandis’ names
instead of those given in the Flora: Indica. S&. Danura, Voigt; Hook. Fl. Ind.
i. 684; Kurz i. 298 (Scytalia Danura, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 274). Vern. MNancha,
dantira, Beng. is a small tree of Northern India, Northern and Eastern
Bengal, Burma and the Andamans, chiefly in the tidal forests. The wood is said by
Home (Sundarbans List, 1872-73) to be white, and to be used in Lower Bengal
for boat and house building. :

1. S. emarginatus, Vahl.; Beddome t. 154; Brandis 107; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 279. 8. trifoliatus, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 682. The
Soapnut Tree. Vern. Ritha, Hind.; Bara-ritha, Beng.; Mukta maya,
Uriya; Konkidé, Tel.; Pounanga, puvandi, Tam.; Thalay marathu,
antawdla, Kan.; Areeta, Mal.; Puvelia, Cingh.

A large tree. Wood yellow, hard. Pores large, joined by concentric
bands of soft tissue, which contain numerous extremely small pores;
intervening are darker coloured bands of firmer tissue, in which the
very fine, numerous medullary rays are prominent.

Bengal, South India and Ceylon, often cultivated.

Skinner, No. 114, gives the weight of the wood at 64 lbs., and P—682; it is
sometimes used for building and carts, but the chief use of the tree is on account of its

saponaceous berries, which are largely used as a substitute for soap. The root, bark

and fruit are used in native medicine, and a semi-solid oil is extracted from the seed.
D 3209. Cuddapah, Madras.

B 2259 (51lbs.) is a white, modérately hard wood sent by Major Ford from the
Andamans in 1866; it perhaps belongs to this species.

2. S. detergens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 280; Brandis 107. 8. Mukorossi,
Gaertn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 683. The Soapnut of North India. Vern.
Ritha, dodan, kanmar, Hind.

A handsome deciduous tree with grey bark. "Wood light yellow,
rough, moderately hard, compact and close-grained; annual rings dis-
tinctly marked by a band of white tissue, containing large pores; the
pores in the outer portion of each annual ring are very small and unite
by narrow, concentric, often interrupted bands of white tissue. Medul-
lary rays not straight, short, fine, numerous, lighter coloured than the
intervening tissue. Pores and medullary rays distinctly visible on a
vertical section. .

Cultivated throughout North-West India and Bengal.
Growth slow, 13 to 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs, Wood not used,

a

I eee

Sapindus. | SAPINDACER. 97

The fruit is very largely used and exported as a substitute for soap; the leaves are

given as fodder to cattle, and the seeds used in medicine. 4
8.

H 117. Waziri Rupi, Kulu, 4,000 feet ~ : . “ ;. 4A,
H 3050. Kepu, Sutlej Valley, 2,000 ,, ‘ 5 ; ; i -

3. S, attenuatus, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind., i. 684; Gamble 22.
Sapindus ruber, Kurz i. 298. Seytalia rubra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 272.
Vern. Achatta, Nep; Sirhoottingchir, Lepcha; Lal hoi-ptira, Sylhet.

A shrub or small tree with thin grey bark. Wood white, moderately
hand. Annual rings marked by darker lines. Pores moderately large,
scanty, often in short radial or wavy lines. Medullary rays short,
white, very fine, numerous. |

Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal, down to Chittagong.

Flowers red. Fruit eaten in Sylhet.

E 3272. Western Duars.

5. NEPHELIUM, Linn.

Four indigenous and two introduced Indian species. The Rambutan fruit is the
produce of WV. lappaceum, Linn., a tree of the Malay Archipelago. Of indigenous
trees lV. stipulaceum, Beddome t.. 135, is found in the forests of the Western Ghats ;
ag hypoleucum, Kurz i. 293; and WV. rubescens, Hiern; Hook. Fl, Ind. i. 688, in

urma.

Wood red, hard ; prominent wavy concentric bands.

1. N. Longana, Camb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 688; Kurz i. 294.
Euphoria Longana, Lamk.; Beddome t.156. Seytalia Longana, Roxb. FI.
Ind. ii. 270. The Longan. Vern. Ashphal, Beng.; Poovati, Tam. ;
Pund, Courtallum; Wumbd, Bombay; Mal aheoté, Kan.; Kyetmouk,
Burm. MMorre, Cingh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. "Wood red, moderately hard. Pores
small, numerous, uniformly distributed; the transverse diameter equal
to the distance between the fine and very fine medullary rays. Prominent,
wavy bands, broader than the rays, divide the wood into a succession of

- concentric strata which may possibly indicate the annual growth.

< Mysore, Western Ghats and Burma. It is also found in China, where it is called
ongan.

Weight, 441bs., Wallich, No. 179; 62 lbs., A. Mendis; our specimens give 51 lbs.
er cubic foot. The wood is not used, though Kurz says it is good for furniture ; but it
eserves notice. The fruit (the Longan) is eaten.

Ibs.

D 1278. Anamalai Hills, Madras . : ‘ . . ; ; 51
No. 57. Ceylon Collection : ; ‘ ; : : : 62

2. N. Litchi, Camb. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 687; Kurz i. 283. Scytalia
Tntchi, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 269. The Litchi. Vern. Jztchi, Hind.
(originally Chinese) ; Kyetmouk, Burm.

A handsome evergeen tree with thin grey bark, Wood red, hard,
heavy. . Pores small to moderate-sized, the transverse diameter usually
greater than the distance between the rays, Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous. Prominent wavy bands, as in NV. Longana.

Introduced from South China, and now cultivated largely in India for its
delicious fruit. Weight, about 55 lbs. per cubic foot.

O 3260, Saharanpur.

98 SAPINDACER, [ Pometia.

6. POMETIA, Forst.

1. P. tomentosa, Bth. and Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 691; Kurz i.
295. Pometia eximia, Beddome t. 157. Vern. Thabyay, Burm.; Badoh, And.

Under this name was collected by Kurz, in 1866, in the Andaman
Islands, No. B 1973. It has a red heartwood, large, scanty, uniformly
distributed pores, prominent on a vertical section; and closely packed,
very fine medullary rays; the wood is traversed by prominent concentric
lines, which may possibly be annual rings. Weight, 48 lbs. per eubic
foot.

7. ACER, Tournef.

A large genus of European, Asiatic and American trees, which counts about 14
Indian species. The species not here described are A. nivewm, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind.,
i. 693; Kurz i. 289, a very large tree of Assam and Burma; 4. stachyophyllum,
Hiern ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 694, a small tree of Independent Sikkim ; A. isolobum, Kurz ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 694; Kurz i. 289, an evergreen tree of the Martaban Hills from
5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation; and A. pentapomicum, J. L. Stewart; Hook. Fl. Ind. i.
694; Brandis 111. Vern. Teekan, kakkrt, kitla, tian, kilpattai, serdn, Pb., a tree of
hot dry places in, the inner ranges of the North-West Himalaya from Kashmir to
Kumaun.

The species may thus be distinguished by characters taken almost exclusively from
the leaves :— .

Leaves undivided—

Basal nerves 3—

Leaves white beneath—

Cymes pubescent , A. oblongum.
» glabrous A. niveum.
Leaves green beneath . A, levigatum.

Basal nerves 5—
Leaves glabrous beneath—
Branches green, serratures of leaves none or very

indistinct F reece : é A. sikkimense.
Branches red, leaves finely duplicate-serrate . A. Hookeri.
| Leaves pubescent beneath . . .« « « « A. stachyophyllum,
Leaves 3-lobed—
Lobes less than half the length of the leaves . , A. Thomsoni.
Lobes deeper than half the length of the leaves—
Lobes lanceolate, acutely serrulate : . A, isolobum.
Lobes ovate, obtusely serrate . . A. pentapomicum.
Leaves 5-lobed and nerved—
Leaves pale beneath . é , : } 2 ». « A, Cesium.
Leaves green beneath—
Leaves large, serratures distant, simple. ; « A. villosum.
Leaves small, serratures close, sharp A. caudatum.
Leaves 5- to 7-lobed and usually 7-nerved—
Leaves serrulate. ‘ ° . ; . A. Campbellii.
Leaves entire . , F , e . A. pictum.

The wood of Acer is generally shining and mottled by the medullary
rays being prominent on a radial section. It is soft and close-grained,
There is no heartwood, and the annual rings are generally well marked.
The pores are small and very small, uniformly distributed ; the medullary
rays fine and very fine, often of two sizes. Concentric medullary patches
are found in most species. The structure of the wood of the different
species of Maple, European, Indian and American, is so similar that it
is very difficult and perhaps impossible to distinguish the different
species by the structure of their wood,

Acer. | : SAPINDACER. 99

1. A. oblongum, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 693; Brandis 110;
Gamble 22. Vern. Mark, Pb.; Pharengala, patangalia, kirmoli, N.-W. P.;
Mugila, buzimpdla, Nep.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, smooth, with
horizontal wrinkles. Wood light-reddish brown, moderately hard,
close-grained. Annual rings faintly marked. Pores small, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, red, distinctly visible on a radial
section, giving the wood an elegantly mottled appearance.

Himalaya from the Jhelum eastwards to Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet.
Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. eight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot.
Wood used for agricultural implements and drinking cups. | =

H 221. Garhwal (1868) ; . . : . - : ; 45
H 2944. Sutlej Valley, near Suni, 3,000 feet > ; ; : oa

2. A. levigatum, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 693; Brandis 110;
Kurz i. 289; Gamble 22. Vern. Saslendi, cherauni, thali kabashi, Nep. ;
LTungnyok, Lepcha.

A deciduous tree, with thick, smooth, grey bark. Wood white,
shining, hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays
short, not straight, fine and moderately broad, prominent.

Himalaya from the Jumna eastwards to Bhutan, between 5,000 and 9,000 feet,
Khasia Hills, Tenasserim.

Weight, 43 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for planking and tea boxes. My
E 684. Sepoydura, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet “ : A ; jo ee

3. A. sikkimense, Mig.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 694; Gamble 22. Vern.
Palegnyok, Lepcha.

A small tree, with thin grey bark. Wood shining, grey, annual
rings distinct. Pores small, very numerous. Medullary rays fine,
numerous. |

Hills of Sikkim and Bhutan, from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. Mishmi Hills.

Growth slow, 10 to 15 rings per inch of radius. *
8.
E 3102. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet ‘ * - ; - a rae 37

4. A. Hookeri, Miq.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 694; Gamble 22. Vern.
Lal kabashi, Nep.; Palé, Lepcha.

A deciduous tree with brown bark, } inch thick, deeply cracked.
Wood grey. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, red, very numerous.

Sikkim and Bhutan, above 7,000 feet.
Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 37 Ibs. per cubic foot.
Plants with copper-coloured foliage are not uncommon about Darjeeling.

Ibs.
E 2338. Rangbiul, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet : : : j § 37

5. A. Thomsoni, Miq.; Gamble 22. 4. villoswm, Wall. var.; Hook
Fl, Ind. i. 695. Vern. Kabashi, Nep.

A large tree, bark thin, grey. Wood greyish white, soft. Pores
small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, numerous.

Hills of Sikkim and Bhutan above 4,000 feet.
> Growth slow, 16 rings per inch of radius, Weight, 44 Ibs. per cubic foot.

lbs,
E9103. Darjecling, 6000fet 6 5 2. Ceo ag

100 SAPINDACER, [ Acer.

6. A. cesium, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 695; Brandis 111. Vern.
Trekhan, tarkhana, tilpattar, mandar, kaw, kalindra, salima, kanzal, Pb. ;
Kanshin, Tibet; Jerimu, shumanjra, Simla; Kilu, Kumaun,

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, exfoliating in long vertical
strips. Wood white, close-grained, less mottled than that of 4. caudatum,
soft to moderately hard; annual rings distinct. Pores small, numerous,
uniform, between the fine, very numerous medullary rays.

North-West Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 7,000 and 11,000 feet.

Growth slow, 9 to 31 rings per inch of radius, giving an average of 18. Weight,

40 Ibs. per cubic foot. "Wood szarcely used; drinking cups are sometimes made of it

by the Tibetans.
Ibs.

‘H 33. Matiydna, Simla, 7,000 feet . F ; - ‘ : 40
H 915. Hazara, Punjab, 7,000 ,, : ; ; ; mies 41
= et Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 ,, : : ; = ; é ee
H 431. Deoban, Jaunsar, 8,000 ,, é - ; > - : 40

7. A. villosum, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 695; Brandis 111. Vern.
Karendera, Simla. |

A large deciduous tree, with thin grey bark. Wood white, moder-
ately hard, close-grained, beautifully mottled and shining, annual rings
distinct. Pores scanty, small, uniform, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays short, fine and moderately broad.

North-West Himalaya from the Jhelum to Nepal, between 7,000 and 9,000 feet.

Growth slow, 16 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 38lbs. per cubic foot. Wood

not used. Leaves lopped for fodder. a
8.

H .62. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet .. ; ‘ ras: = $3 : 38
H 3006. }

H 9899. 59 33 $3 oT e . . . . ove
H 167. Kangra (1866) ; ; ; . ‘ . ‘ ‘ eve

8, A. caudatum, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 695; Brandis 112;
Gamble 22. Vern. Kanzla, handaru, kanjara, Simla; Khansing, kabashi,
Nep.; Yalishin, Bhutia.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, with dark-grey bark. Wood white,
with a faint pink tinge, shiny, compact, moderately hard, sometimes
with small masses of heartwood near the centre. Annual rings distinct.
Pores small, uniform and uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
moderately broad, short, giving on a radial section a beautifully mottled
appearance.

Himalaya, from the Chenab to Bhutan between 7,000 to 11,000 feet.
Growth slow, 26 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 43 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs,
H 27. Matiy4na, Simla, 7,000 feet . 45
H 41. Mahasu, (02 AB N00: & ; j ? . Ad,
H 74. Kalashi, ot. (OO a ; ; : é , 41
H 3007. Nagkanda, ” 9,000 ” . . . + . ete

9. A. Campbellii, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 696;
Gamble 23. Vern. Kabashi, Nep.; Daom, yatli, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree, with smooth grey bark. Wood greyish
white, moderately hard, shining, close-grained. Annual rings marked
by a thin line. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
numerous, fine and moderately broad,

Acer, | SAPINDACER. | 101

Sikkim Himalaya, above 7,000 feet.

Growth moderate, 8 to 15 rings per inch of radius, but rather faster when young.
Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. The chief Maple of the North-East Himalaya. The
wood is extensively used for planking and for tea boxes. It reproduces freely either by
seed or by coppice, and plays an important part in the regeneration of the hill forests.

E 436. Rangbil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . - : : . 4 37
E 2337. - Fr ff ; ; : : ; ‘ 40
E. 686. Sepoydura, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet . ; ; - Suse

10. A. pictum, Thunb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 696; Brandis 112.
Vern. Kilpattar, trekhan, tarkhana, kakru, kanzal, kanjar, gerimu, laur,
Ph. ; Kancheli, N.-W. P.; Dhadonjra, Simla. |

A moderate-sized tree, with thin grey bark. Wood white, soft to
moderately hard, close-grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays fine
and very fine.

Outer and Middle Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, between 4,000 and 9,000
feet.
Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. The
commonest Maple of the North-West Himalaya. The wood is used for construction,
loughs, bedsteads, and poles to carry loads. Tibetan drinking cups are made of the
Eacity excrescences. The branches are lopped for fodder. Fi
s.

H 931. Hazara, Punjab, 8,000 feet . 2 : ; ; s Al
H 3008. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 ,, . : 4 : : ; 43
H 432. Deoban, Jaunsar, 7,000-,, . ; : " : : 38

8. DODONAA, Linn.

1. D. viscosa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 697; Beddome lxxv. ;
Brandis 113; Kurz i. 287; Gamble 23. D. dioica, Roxb. and D. angus-
tifolia, Linn. f.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 256. Vern. Sanatta, mendru,
ban mendu, Pb.; Banderu, C. P.; Bandurgi, bandrike, Kan.

An evergreen shrub, with thin grey bark exfoliating in long thin -
strips. Sapwood white; heartwood extremely hard and close-grained,
dark brown, with an irregular outline ; annual rings (?) distinctly marked
by fine white lines. Pores very small, in short radial lines. Medullary
rays fine, white, very numerous.

North-West Himalaya from the plains up to 4,500 feet, Punjab, Sindh, South
India ascending to 8,000 feet and attaining here the size of a small tree, Burma,
planted throughout India for hedges.

Growth slow, 11 to 12 rings per inch of radius. The wood is used for engraving,
turning, tool-handles and walking-sticks, and the branches to support the earth of
flat roofs. It is likely to be important in re-clothing denuded tracts like the Siwalik
Hill of Hoshiarpur.

P 894. Salt Range, Punjab.

9. STAPHYLEA, Lixn.

1, S. Emodi, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 698; Brandis 114. Vern,
Marchob (Serpent Stick), Afg.; Nagdaun, chitra, chial, ban-bakhru, bans
shagali, gildar, kéghania, Hind.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark grey, with darker longitudinal,
anastomosing streaks. Wood soft, grey. Pores very small between the

fine, closely packed, medullary rays.

102 SAPINDACER. [ Staphylea,

North-West Himalaya, above 6,000 feet.

Sticks are made of the wood which are sold in the hill bazars. They are supposed
by the Afghans and frontier tribes to have the property of keeping off snakes.
Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
H 2900. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . , ; | Paar « ae
H 3189. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet . faa , ; ase

10. TURPINIA, Vent.

Contains 2 Indian species, which in the Flora Indica are described as one. TZ. pomi-
Sera, DC., Kurz i, 292 ; Gamble 23. Vern. Nagpat, Nep. ; Singnok, Lepcha; Toukshama,
Burm., is a tree of the tropical forests of Bengal and Burma: while 7. nepalensis
comes from the hills,

EBs ol ag Sone Wall. ; Beddome t. 159; Kurz i. 292 ; Gamble 23, |
T. pomifera, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 698. Vern. Thali, Nep.; Murgut,
Lepcha; N/a, Nilgiris. .

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark 4, inch thick, grey, smooth.
Wood grey, soft, even-grained. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays of two classes, the first being moderately
broad, scanty, short, and the second fine, very numerous.

Himalaya from the Nepal Frontier eastwards, between 4,000 and 7,000 feet,
Assam, Cachar, Chittagong and Burma.

Weight, 30lbs per cubic foot. Wood not used, leaves given as fodder to cattle.

Ibs.
E 649. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet . ‘ 2: Sa
E 3108. Darjeeling, 6,000 feet , : ; : ? é :

Orpver XXXV. SABIACEZ.

Contains 2 Indian genera, viz.: Meliosma, which is here described, and com-
prises trees or shrubs; and Sadia, a genus of about 10 climbing or sarmentose shrubs.
Among these latter S. campanulata, Wall.; Hook. Fl, Ind. ii.i; Brandis 116. Vern.
Bakalpata, Kumaun, of the Himalaya from Simla to Sikkim, above 5,000 ft. (H 3030,
Nagkanda, 9,000 ft.; H 3193, Theog. 7,000 ft.) ; 8. paniculata, Edgew.; Hook. FI.
Ind. ii. 3; Brandis 117; Gamble 23 of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to
Sikkim and S. leptandra, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 2; Gamble 23.
Vern. Simali, Nep.; Payongrik, Lepcha, of the Sikkim Hills, are the most noticeable.
They have a soft wood, with large pores and broad medullary rays.

1. MELIOSMA, Blume.

A genus containing 7 species of Indian trees. Two are found in North-West
India, four in the Eastern Himalaya, one in Burma and three in South India. OF
those not here described, MZ. pungens, Wall.; Brandis 116. Vern. Gardar, kharas,
Kumaun, is a tree of the North-West Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, but rare
west of the Sutlej; WZ. Wightii, Planch. (M. pungens, Bedd. Ixxvii). Vern. Zode, Nilgiris,
is a tree of the Western Ghats often called Hill Mango by Europeans, but not used; MZ,
Arnottiana, Wight; Beddome t. 160. Vern. Huli makay, Nilgiris ; Massivéra, Mysore,
is a large tree of the hills of South India, above 4,000 ft. elevation. Beddome says the
heartwood of old trees is striped red and white, but that the timber is worthless. WZ.

innata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 104; Gamble 23. Vern. Bolay, Nep.; Batiwa, Sylhet, is a
aso tree of the outer Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, whose wood is used for
house-building.

‘

Pores small, arranged in groups, or in short radial lines,

ss

Meliosma., | SABIACEX. 108

1. M. dillenisfolia, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 4; Brandis 115; Gamble
23. Vern. Porda, parenga, philli, Simla; Gwep, N.-W. P.

A small deciduous tree, with dark-grey bark. Wood white, soft,
even-grained. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of pores.
Pores small, in rounded groups of from ten to twenty, except along the
annual rings. Medullary rays wavy, moderately broad and fine, dis.
tinctly marked on a radial section.

Throughout the Himalaya, from 4,000 to 11,000 feet, from the Sutlej to Bhutan.

Growth moderate, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius; weight, 35 to 38 lbs. per cubic
foot.

H 60. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . . ; : , ?
H 2892. Hi os vs : . ; : 2 ; .< ee

2. M. simplicifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 103 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 5 ; Bed-
dome Ixxvii.; Brandis 116; Kurzi. 301; Gamble 23. Millingtonia, Roxb.
Vern. Kosré, Nep.; Hingman, Lepcha; Koko, Mechi; Dibra, Ass. ;
Dantrungi, Sylhet; Rong, Chittagong ; Gokpak, Magh.

An evergreen tree. Wood reddish, moderately hard, warps. Pores
small and moderate-sized, single or in short radial lines, numerous,
uniformly distributed. - Medullary rays moderately broad, very numer-
ous.

Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, South India and Ceylon.
Weight, 36 lbs. per cubic foot. e
s.

E 2339. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai : ; 4 ; : s . 36

3. M. Wallichii, Planch.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 6; Gamble 24. Vern.
Dabdabbi, nunewalai, Nep.; Himan, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree. Wood white, very soft, spongy. Pores large,
in seattered groups of five to ten, Medullary rays broad and fine, dis-
tinctly marked on a radial section.

Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, above 5,000 feet.

Growth moderate, 8 to 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 18 lbs. per cubic foot.

Wood used only for firewood and occasionally for boxes.
Ibs.
E 361. Rangbil, Darjeling,7,000f. . . . . . . 18

Orper XXXVI. ANACARDIACEE.

Contains 19 Indian genera of trees, rarely shrubs or climbers. Many of the species

_ are very important forest trees, and they are dispersed over the whole of India, but most

particularly in Madras and Burma. They have often an acrid, milky juice, and
several species give’a varnish. Some species have only a soft wood, while others have

- ahard, often brightly coloured heartwood. The Order is divided into two Tribes, viz.—

Tribe I.—Anacardieer . ; . Rhus, Pistacia, Mangifera, Anacardium,
Bouea, Gluta, Buchanania, Melanor-
rhea, Swintonia, Solenocarpus, Tapiria,
Odina, Parishia, Semecarpus, Dri-
mycarpus, Holigarna and Nothopegia.

» II.—Spondiex ‘ : . Spondias and Dracontomelum.

Twelve of the genera are here described, while of the rest Tapiria contains only
one climbing shrub of the Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong,

_ T. hirsuta, Hook. f£.; Kurz i. 329; Gamble 24. Vern. Mashul-lara, Nep. ; Renchiling-

rik, Lepcha. Swintonia contains three species, two of which are found in Tenasserim ;

104 ANACARDIACER. [ Rhus. 4

while of the third, 8. Schwenckii, Teysm. and Binnend.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 26; Kurz i.
316, herbarium specimens were sent from Chittagong accompanying E 1964, Vern.
Boilam, boilsur, Beng. ; Sambing, sanginphroo, Magh ; Shibika, Chakma; Thayet san,
Burm., which has unfortunately been mislaid. It is a very large tree of the Eastern
Peninsula from Chittagong southward and, especially in Chittagong, is remarkable by
its tall straight, white stem and handsome foliage, which is tinged with red in the cold
season. The wood is sometimes used for boats and is said by Major Lewin to last
better than other woods in salt water. Solenocarpus indica, W. and A.;
Beddome t. 233, is a tree of the Western Ghats. Parishia insignis, Hook. f. is a
large handsome evergreen tree of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. Wothopegia
contains three small trees of the Western Ghats; and Dracontomelum mangiferwm,
Bl. Vern. Gunradah, And., is a large evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands. :

According to the structure of the wood the genera of this family
may be divided into two series. The first series which comprises JJe/a-
norrhea, Gluta, Bouea and Mangifera is characterized by closely packed
medullary rays and somewhat scanty pores, of these the first three genera
have hard and dark-coloured heartwood. The second series comprises
Rhus, Pistacia, Anacardium, Semecarpus, Odina, Buchanama, Spondias,
and Drimycarpus, and is marked by numerous fine, medullary rays, which
are not closely packed, and numerous small or moderate-sized pores. The
wood of the genera of this group is soft, and except that of Pzstacia, Rhus
and Odina, has no heartwood. The heartwood of Pistacia is hard and
that of Odina moderately hard. |

1. RHUS, Linn.

Contains 11 species, chiefly Himalayan. Rhus parviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100;
Brandis 119. Vern. Tringa, rai ting, dungla, timra, ranel, Hind., isa shrub of dry _
slopes of the N.-W. Himalaya and of the hills of Central India, with a yellowish, close-
grained wood. R. khasiana, Hook. f. and R. Griffithii, Hook. f. are small trees of
the Khasia Hills and Chittagong, while R. paniculata, Wall., is found in Bhutan
and in Burma. R. Coriaria, Linn., is the Sumach tree of Europe, whose leaves are
used in tanning in the preparation of Morocco leather.

or brown heartwood. Pores small, often large andin continuous porous”
belts in the spring wood,- Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

1. R. Cotinus, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 9; Brandis 118. Vern.
Padn, bhan, manu, banthra, ting, trtri, Po.; Tinga, tung, chanidt, dmi,
N.-W. P. 7

A shrub or small tree, deciduous, Bark thin, reddish brown, rough.
Wood moderately hard; sapwood small, white; heartwood mottled, of a
rich dark yellow colour. Annual rings marked by a belt of moderate-
sized and large pores, the pores in the autumn wood very small, arranged.
in long, irregular, radial groups. Medullary rays fine, short.

Suliman Range, North-West Himalaya to Kumaun, ascending to 6,000 feet.

Growth slow, 32 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 56lbs. per cubic foot. Used
in South Europe for inlaid and cabinet work. In the Himalaya the twigs are used

Wood grey, soft except in R. mysorensis, often streaked, with a yellow

i
eS ee es

for basket-making, and the bark and leaves for tanning. at am
H 85. Bhajji, Simla, 6,000feet . . . . «as 560m
H 3182., Dungagalli, Hazara ; : , P , P F es

2, R. mysorensis, Heyne ; Hook. Fl, Ind, ii, 9; Beddome Ixxviii,j
Brandis 119,. Vern. Dasarni, Ajmere, aie

i

NE ——

_ Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius.

Rhus. | ANACARDIACE2, 105

A small shrub with thin brown bark. Wood hard, pinkish yellow,
close-grained, heavy. Pores moderate-sized, evenly distributed. Me-
dullary rays fine, very numerous, wavy, bent where they touch the pores.

Suliman Range, Sind, Punjab, Rajputana and the Dekkan. Wood used only for
fuel.

P 3231. Nagpahar Forest, Ajmere.

P 3248. Ajmere.

3. R. semialata, Murray; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 10; Brandis 119;
Gamble 24. 2. buckiamela, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1, 99. 2. javanica, Linn. ;
Kurz i. 319. Vern. Zatri, titri, chechar, arkhar, arkol, kakri, didla,
kakkeran, wéash, hulashing, Pb.; Rashtu, Sutlej; Dakhmila, daswila,
N.-W. P.; Bakhiamela, bhagmili, Nep.; Takhril, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, rough, with
deep vertical furrows. Wood soft, shining, grey with darker streaks.
Annual rings marked by a broad belt of closely packed large pores, the
outer belt of each annual ring being often very narrow, with patches of
very small pores. Medullary rays fine.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, ascending to 7,000 feet; Khasia Hills.

Growth variable: the Simla specimens had a slow growth of 16 rings per inch,
while the Darjeeling specimens had grown very fast, 2-3 rings per inch of radius. ©

Weight, 26 to 27 lbs. per cubic foot. ood not used. Fruit eaten by Nepalese and
Lepchas, who make a wax of it called Omlu, Nep.

lbs,
H 89. Bhajji, Simla, 5,000 feet . . ; : : ; : 26
H 2942. Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet . . : - : ; 27
H 3079. Annandale, Simla, 6,000 feet . ; * ‘ A : ae
E 2340, Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . : ; ; : : 27

4, R. punjabensis, J. L. Stewart ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.-10; Brandis
120. Vern. Trtri, arkhar, pala, choklu, hangar, hakkrein, dor, rashtu,
Punjab.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, with rough dark-grey bark and
scented aromatic leaves. Wood consisting of alternate layers of soft,
porous spring wood and hard autumn wood. Heartwood yellowish
grey, with dark longitudinal streaks, moderately hard. Annual rings
marked by a broad belt of closely packed large pores; the pores in the
rest of the annual rings scattered, small or very small, in groups or
patches of soft tissue.

North-West Himalaya, ascending to 8,500 feet.
Growth slow, 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 34lbs. per cubic foot.

H 19. Matiyana, Simla, 8,000 feet , ‘ é ° ; : 33
H 3051. Kotgarb, Simla, 7,000 feet . . . +. + «~~ 88
H 3170. Dungagalli, Hazara : “

5. R. insignis, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 11; Gamble 24, Vern.
Kagphulai, Nep.; Serh, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized tree, with thin grey bark. Wood grey, soft heart-
wood yellowish brown. Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous. :

Sikkim and the Khasia Hills,‘above 4,000 feet.

E 3104. >
E Siar } Darjecling, 7,000 feet ; ; ° R : : { -

106 ANACARDIACER. [ Rhus.

6. R. Wallichii, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 11. BR. vernicifera, DC. ;
Brandis 120. Vern. Kambal, gadimbal, rikhali, arkhar, arkol, lohasa,
harki, Punjab; Akoria, haunki, bhalitin, N.-W.P.; Bhdlaio, chosi, Nep.

A small or moderate-sized tree, exuding, from between the bark and
the wood, a black acrid varnish, which draws blisters. Sapwood white,
soft ; heartwood reddish brown, yellow when dry (Brandis). Structure
similar to that of R. semialata.

N.-W. Himalaya, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. =
The wood is used in the Sutlej Valley for saw frames and axe handles. The juice
of the leaves is corrosive and blisters the skin. wp

H 3078. Annandale, Simla, 6,600 feet.

7. R. succedanea, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 12; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
98; Brandis 131. 2. acuminata, DC.; Gamble 24. Vern. Zatri, arkol,
titar, lakhar, rikhtl, shash, hurku, Pb.; Ltanwalat, Nep.; Serhnyok,
Lepcha ; Dingkain, Khasia.

A small deciduous tree, with thin bark. Wood white, shining, soft,
with a small darker-coloured heartwood. Structure similar to that of
R. semialata.

Himalaya, from the Jhelum to Assam, Khasia Hills, from 2,000 to 8,000 feet.

The wood is not used. The juice is acrid and causes blisters, the seeds give a good
wax, and the tree is planted in Japan along roads and regularly worked for this wax,
which is of a snow-white colour and is made into candles.

lbs.
H 2907. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet . ; : fates Sy - 32

H 3167. Dungagalli, Hazara

2. PISTACIA, Linn.

Contains only one Indian species. The pistachio nuts (pista), which are imported
into India from Afghanistan, are the produce of Pistacia vera, Linn., a small
tree of Western Asia, cultivated in South Europe. P. Lentiscus, Linn., a shrub of
the Mediterranean region, is the true Mastic of Chios. P. Terebinthus, Linn., the
Terebinth Tree, gives the Chio or Cyprus turpentine, and the galls found on it are
used in tanning.

1. P. integerrima, J. L. Stewart; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 18; Brandis
122. Vern. Kaka, kakkar, takrangche, khakring, hangar, tungu, Pb. ;
Kakar singi, Kumaon ; Shué, sarawan, masua, Afg. ;

A deciduous tree, with rough grey bark. Sapwood white ; heartwood
yellowish brown, beautifully mottled with yellow and dark veins, very
hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of closely packed pores. Pores
of two classes: those in the spring wood moderate-sized, while those in the
greater portion of the wood are very small, forming interrupted, wavy
lines, and grouped in irregular, narrow patches, which are frequently
arranged in zigzag lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. ‘

Suliman and Salt Ranges, outer North-West Himalaya, ascending to 6,500 feet and
extending east as far as Kumaon. -

Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is used for furniture, carvings and all kinds of ornamental work. It is
usually sold in the hill bazars and particularly at Simla, in the form of thick short
planks. The leaves are lopped for fodder for buffaloes and camels, and the galls are
used in native medicine,

7 ee ae

Pistacia. | ANACARDIACEM. 107

lbs.
H 6. Julung, Simla, 4,000 feet . er . “ . ‘ ose
H 11. Kombharsen, Simla, 6,000 feet . : ‘ ; : ; 50
H 160. Hazara, Punjab (1866) . ; ; . “ F é 52
H 926. Hazara, Punjab ; : ; ‘ : ; ; 2 46
H 898. Murree, Punjab, 7,000 feet. ‘ ; P ; . : 56
H 227. Garhwal (1868) : ‘ ; 3 ; ; : ; 60
H 2930. Simla, 6,000 feet . ‘ ‘ : ; 2 > - 63

3. MANGIFERA, Linn.

Besides the 3 species here described: M. longipes, Griff.; Kurz i. 303. Vern.
Thayet-thee-neé, Burm., is an evergreen tree of the swamp forests of Burma; and
M. fetida, Lour. Vern. Lamote, Burm., a large tree cultivated in Southern Tenas-
serim for its fruit.

No heartwood, Wood soft, somewhat spongy. Pores large, promi-
nent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, generally closely packed.
Numerous, fine, wavy, concentric lines,

1. M. indica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 13; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 641;
Beddome t. 162; Brandis 125; Kurz i. 304; Gamble 24. The Mango
Tree. Vern. Am, Hind. ; Ghari am, Ass. ; Jegachu, Garo; Marka, Gondi ;
Ambe, Kurku; Amba, Mar.; Mad, mangas, Tam.; Mamadi, mamid, Tel. ;
Mavena, mavu, Kan.; Mava, Mal.; Thayet, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark thick, dark grey, nearly black, rough
with numerous small fissures and exfoliating scales. Wood grey, coarse-
grained, soft. Pores scanty, moderate-sized and large, distinctly marked
on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, wavy, closely packed.

Wild on the Western Ghats, cultivated all over India.

Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot (our specimens); 37 (Puckle) ; 42 (Skinner, No. 99) ;
44, (Cunningham); 41 (Baker): the average giving about 41 lbs.

Puckle’s three Mysore experiments with bars 2’ x 1” x 1” gave P=587;
Cunningham’s two experiments with similar bars gave P = 650; Skinner’s P = 632;
and Baker’s with bars 6! x2” x2”; P= 471. The wood is used for planking, doors and
window frames, in Calcutta for packing cases, and in Behar for indigo boxes; canoes
and Masta boats are made of it. The tree is, however, chiefly grown for the sake of
its fruit; its bark gives a gum, and its seed contains gallic acid, is used in medicine
and is sometimes eaten. It is generally propagated by layers and grafts ; plants raised
from seed will sometimes produce good fruit, but there is no dependence to be placed
on the quality of the fruit of such trees. The seeds do not retain their vitality long,
but germinate well if sown when quite fresh.

Ibs,
E 637. Goalpara, Assam . ; & ays ; : 4 : . 48
B 2302. Assam . : 7 : ; : ; ; : ; . 38
E 3131. Calcutta ; ; : » : ‘ ; : § - Al
E 1957. Chittagong . : ; ‘ ; ° F ; : . 39
D 2053. Mysore . ¥ : ; ; . ; ‘ : . 39

2. M. caloneura, Kurz i. 305; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 14. Vern. Zuu-
thayet, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood light brown, moderately hard. Pores
large, scanty, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine,
very numerous. Fine, wavy, concentric lines.

om.
eight, 35 lbs. per cubic foot,

B 294. Burma (1867) ; : ; : : P wh ae
B 2519. » (1862) ; he's, ; Sm LGR ¢. . 382

108 ANACARDIACER, [ Mangifera.

3. M. sylvatica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 644; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 15; Kurz
i. 304; Gamble 24. Vern. Bun am, Ass.; Lakshmi am, Sylhet;
Chuchi am, Nep.; Katir, Lepcha; Hseng neng thayet, Burm.

A large evergreen tree with a thick grey bark. Wood grey, moder-
ately hard. Structure the same as that of MW. caloneura, but the
medullary rays are less distinct and less numerous, Numerous wavy,
concentric lines.

Nepal, Eastern Bengal and the Andamans ; rare in Burma.
Weight, 34 to 41 lbs. Wood not used, but worth trial for tea boxes. The fruit is
sometimes eaten fresh or dried. It is also used medicinally. (Rozxb.)

Ibs.
E 594, Kookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai. . : oS cet en
E 952. Golaghat, Assam . 4 eae ut eee : ey . 34

4. ANACARDIUM, Rottb.

1. A. occidentale, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 20; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 8312; Beddome t. 163; Kurz i. 310. The Cashew Nut Tree. Vera.
Kajé, Hind.; Hijul, Beng.; Kola mava, mundiri, Tam.; Jidi mamidi,
Tel.; Jidi, Kempu géru, Kan.; Thee-hoh thayet, Burm.

A small evergreen tree, with rough bark. Wood red, moderately hard,

close-grained. Pores large, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary
rays indistinct.

Originally from South America, now established in the coast forests of Chittagong,
Tenasserim, the Andaman Islands and South India.

Growth moderate, 8 to 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 38 to 39 lbs. per cubic
foot. The wood is used for packing cases in Burma, for boat-building and charcoal.
The nuts are roasted and eaten as dessert, they also give, by expression, a yellow
oil similar to almond oil. The pericarp of the fruit gives a black acrid oil which is
called ‘ cardol’ and gives an acid called ‘anacardic acid.’ The oil is very caustic, raises
blisters and is used for warts, corns, and ulcers; it is also used to prevent the attacks of
white ants to wood-work and of insects to the binding of books, and in the Andamans to
colour and preserve fishing lines; the enlarged pedicels of the fruit are eaten.

Ibs,
B 2227 ; : ; - ; , : : : ; p . 38
B 2229. Andamans (1866) . ; ‘ : ‘ ° . 39

5. BOUEA, Meissner.

1. B. burmanica, Griff.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 21. B. oppositifolia,
- Meissn.; Kurz i. 306. Mangifera oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 640,
Vern. Meriam, mayan, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree with dark-grey bark. Wood grey,
hard, with a dark reddish brown heartwood. Pores scanty, moderate-
sized, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, numerous,

undulating. Wavy concentric lines dividing the wood into a succession —

of concentric bands, which may possibly be annual rings. |
Burma and Andaman Islands.
Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not specially used, but is said by
Roxburgh to be very durable. The tree has an edible fruit, for which it is often

cultivated. a
8.
B 2213. Andamans (1866) : ; ; ; : ; : . 56

sae

Gluta. | ANACARDIACEMs 109

6. GLUTA, Linn.

Contains 3 species: one (that here described) from South India, and two from
Burma, viz.: G. tavoyana, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 22; Kurz i.309. Vern. Thayet-
thitsay, Burm., and G. elegans, Wall. ; Kurzi. 309, small trees of the Tenasserim coast.
Kurz says that the wood when steeped in ferruginous mud turns jet black, looking like
ebony, and that it is used for building, for boxes and for dyeing.

1. G. travancorica, Beddome t. 60; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 22. Vern.
Shencurungi, Tinnevelly.

A very large evergreen tree, bark 4 inch thick, grey, Sapwood light-
reddish grey ; heartwood dark red, very hard and close-grained, beauti-
fully mottled with dark and light streaks. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty, filled with resin. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, promi-
nent, visible on a radial section as narrow bands. Numerous white,
undulating, concentric lines and bands, of lighter colour in the wood.

Ghats of Tinnevelly and Travancore.

Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Beddome,
40 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give 46 and 58lbs. The wood is little used, but

its splendid colour and markings should rapidly bring it to notice as a valuable wood
for furniture. It seems to season very well, and works and polishes admirably.

D 1066. Tinnevelly (some sapwood) . : : : ; : . 46
D 3145. ea (heartwood only) . , ; ; : . 58

7. BUCHANANTA, Roxb.

_A genus of 7 Indian species, most of which are trees from Tenasserim and the —
Andaman Islands. B. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 386; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 23;
Beddome Ixxix, Vern. Sara, chara, pedda morali, Tel., is a small tree of South India.

1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 385; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 28; Bed-
dome t. 165; Brandis 127; Kurzi. 807. Vern. Chirauli, Pb.; Pidl,
paydla, murid, katbhilawa, Garhwal;. Pidr, peirah, Oudh; Achér, char,
chironji, C. P.; Saraka, herka, Gondi; Taro, Kurku; Charu, Uriya;
Kat mad, aima, Tam.; Chara, chinna moral, morli, ‘Tel.; Charwari,
Hyderabad; Nuskul, murkalu, Kan. ; Sir, Bhil; Pyal, charoii, Bombay ;
Lamboben, lonepho, Burm.

A tree, leafless only for a very short time. Bark 4 inch thick, dark
grey, sometimes black, rough, tesselated with deep irregular cracks.
Wood greyish brown, moderately hard, with a small dark-coloured
heartwood. Pores large, round or oval, frequently subdivided, uniform
and equidistant, prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays
very numerous, fine, reddish, uniform and equidistant, bent outwards
where they touch the pores ; marked on a radial section as long, narrow,
dark-coloured plates, the distance between the rays being less than the

_ transverse diameter of the pores.
= {

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 3,000 feet. Through-
out India and Burma.

Weight, 36 lbs. (Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 108) ; the average of our specimens

; ya 33 lbs. The wood seasons well and is fairly durable if kept dry; it is used for

oxes, bedsteads, bullock-yokes, doors, window frames, tables and the like. The bark
is used for tanning. The fruit is eaten by the hill tribes of Central India, its kernels

resemble pistachio nuts; they are largely used in native sweetmeats, and an oil is
extracted from them,

110 ANACARDIACER. . [ Buchanania.

: Ibs.
O 245. Garhwal (1868) . é : : . ; : : . 85
C 1124. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . d : - . -” 29
C 2751. Moharli _,, Re ; : ; ; : OO
C 2763. Melghat, Berar : ; : : : ; : oOtze
C 1249. Gumstr, Madras . : : : : : : : . 32

8. MELANORRH@A, Wall.

Contains 2 species: that here described and I. glabra, Wall.; Hook. Fi. Ind. ii.
25 ; Kurz i. 317. Vern. Thitseeben, Burm., a tree of Tenasserim.

1. M. usitata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 25; Kurz i. 818. The
Varnish Tree of Burma. Vern. Kheu, Manipur; Thitseeben, Burm. ;
Soothan, Taleing ; Kiahong, Karen.

A deciduous tree, with dark-grey bark. Wood dark red with yellow--
ish streaks, turning very dark after long exposure; very hard. Pores
moderate-sized, not numerous, often subdivided. Each pore or group of
pores enclosed in a small patch of light tissue. Medullary rays very
fine, wavy, numerous. Numerous white, undulating, concentric lines
of softer tissue, unequally distributed in the wood. |

Munipur and Burma.
The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse

strength:
Weight, Value of P.

Benson, in Burma, with bars 3’ x 1:4” x 1:4’, . found 61 lbs. 526

Skinner, in 1862, No. 91, . : A ; ; : op Modena 514
Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 44. : : : bs BASE om
Smythies found the average of our two specimens , Poe SNe oes

The wood is used for tool handles, anchor stocks, and has lately been recommended
for building, railway sleepers, gun-stocks and other purposes. It gives a black
varnish, used to cover buckets to make them watertight. This varnish is used by the
Burmese in lacquer work, as size in gilding, for writing in palm-leaf books, and for
many other purposes. It has been used in medicine as an anthelmintic with great success.

B 551. Moulmein, Burma : F : 4 ‘ ; 8
B 2518. Burma (1862) : ; : : : ; : ‘ . 62

9. ODINA, Roxb.

1. O. Wodier, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 293; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 29;—
Beddome t. 123; Brandis 123; Kurz i. 821; Gamble 24. Vern.
Kiamil, kimil, hamldi, kashmala, jhingan, mowen, mohin, moyen,
ginyan, Hind.; Garja, Bijeragogarh; Bara dabdabbi, halloray, Nep.;
Jiyal, lohar bhadi, Beng.; Gob, Ajmere; Wodier, wude, Tam.; Gumpini,
gumpna, dumpini, dumpri, dumper, Tel.; Kaikra, gumpri, gharri, Gondi;
Kekeda, Kurku; Shimti, pinil, gojal, Kan.; Moi, moja, moye, Mar.;
Hneingpyoing, Magh; Nabhay, Burm.

A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree with few branches. Bark 4
inch thick, compact, grey, smooth, exfoliating in small irregular plates.
Sapwood large; heartwood light red when fresh cut, turning reddish
brown on exposure, moderately hard, close-grained, seasons well and does —
not warp, not very durable. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed,
often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous, short, bent where they —
touch the pores. . rea

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet. Forests
of India and Burma,

Odina. | ANACARDIACER, 11]

The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse

strength :— .
Weight. Value of P,
Skinner, No. 101,1862 . 7 . found 650 821
Benson, Burma wood, bars 3’ x 1-4! x i MG ; : os 60 281
Brandis, No. 46, Burma List, 1862 . rk 65
Smythies, 1878, our specimens Comiiene the very old
pieces and sapwood) , 3 50°5

The wood is used for a etiaite scakbicds tie nsbad cattle-yokes, oil-presses
and rice-pounders; it might be good for cabinet work. It has been tried for sleepers
both i in Madras and in the Oudh and Rohilkhand Line, but has not succeeded. The
tree is pollarded for fodder, especially for elephants ; its bark is used for tanning ; it
gives a brown, clear, brittle gum used by the Nepalese as paper-sizing, by weavers in
cloth-printing, and in native medicine. With regard to this gum, Captain Campbell,
writing from Kumaun, says: “It sells at Rs. 2 per maund, and is used in mixing with
lime when white-washing ; it is also used for pasting, and is exported annually | ‘to the
amount of about 100 maunds from Garibolchand forest in the Kumaon Bhabar.”

Ibs.
H 3049. Kumbharsen, Sutlej Laat 2,500 aes is ii ; - - “aS
P 447. Ajmere : : : . 43
P 3225. Nagpahar, Ajmere : . F ° es : » shies
O 226. Garhwal (1868) . ‘ ‘ : ; , > . . 388
O 2992. ah (8045) ~ ; : - : ; ; - a) ae
C 202. Mandla, C. P. (1870) . ; : , ; ; é . 38
C 1103. Ahiri Reserve,C.P. . : ¢ ; : 5 . 48
E 661, Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. : , ; ; . 46
E 2342, ” ” . . . > . . 48
E 1399. Chittagong : ; 7 ; ; : : ; . 44
E 1965. Ae ; : : - : - ; : > OL
B 1414, Tharrawaddy, Burma . ‘ . ; ; : ; . 64
B 2517. Burma (1862) ; : ‘ : ; ‘ : . 35
B 616, Andaman Islands : - ° : ‘ F ; - 60

10, SEMECARPUS, Linn. fil.

Contains about 6 Indian species, mostly Burmese. Amongst them, besides the
species described, the most important are: S. travancorica, Beddome t. 232; Hook.
Fl, Ind. ii. 31. Vern. Natu shengote, Tam. ; and S. awriculata, Bedd., large handsome
trees of the Tinnevelly and Travancore hills.

1. S. Anacardium, Linn. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 30; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 83.; Beddome t. 166; Brandis 124; Kurz i. 312; Gamble 25. The
Marking-nut Tree. Vern. Bhilawa, bheyla, Hind.; Bhalai, Nep. ; Bhela,
bhelatuki, Beng.; Bhaliia, Uriya; Konghki, Liepcha; Baware, Garo;
hohka, biba, Gondi; Shaing, Shayrang, Tam.; Jiri, jidi, nella-jedi, Tel. ;
Gheru, Kari gheru, Kan.; Bibwa, bibi, Mar.; Chyai beng, Burm.

A deciduous tree, bark 4 inch thick, dark brown, rough, exfoliating
in very irregular inner patches; inner bark fibrous. Wood greyish
brown, often with yellow streaks, soft, no annual rings. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized, frequently subdivided, well marked on a vertical sec-
tion. Medullary rays numerous, moderately broad, reddish ; prominent
on a radial section as long, narrow, dark-coloured plates.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 3,500 feet; forests of
India, extending to Chittagong but not to Burma.

Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; 37 lbs. (Wallich, Anacardium latifolium,
No. 4); 27 lbs. (Kyd); the average of our specimens gave 37 lbs. Kyd’s experiments
with bars of Assam wood 2’ x 1” x 1” gave P= 197. The wood conteins an
acrid juice which causes swelling and irritation, and timber-cutters object to felling

112 ANACARDIACER. [ Semecarpus.

it; it is not used. The ripe fruit is much used; the fleshy cup is eaten, but is best
either dry or roasted. The pericarp contains an acrid juice which is universally used —
in. India for marking ink and in medicine. The ink is improved by the addition of
lime water. The green fruit is pounded and made into bird-lime.

lbs,
C 1157. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces. , A f 7 . 44
C 2746. Moharli ,, re ; ; ; ; ’ . 40
E 578. Kookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . ‘ : ; . 39
E 627. Bamunpokri _,, & f 5 ; ; . 30
E 2341. es 45 ae ; 33

The Ahiri specimen, C 1157, has pores joined by irregularly-shaped soft tissue across
the medullary rays, and has a harder and closer-grained wood than the Darjeeling
specimens ; the bark is, however, that of S. Anacardium, and there is no reason to
doubt its identity. The specimens from Darjeeling are marked by the absence of
the lines of softer tissue joining the pores, and it may be suggested for investigation
whether they do not come from a different species of Semecarpus.

11. DRIMYCARPUS, Hook. f.

1. D. racemosus, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 36; Kurz i. 314;
Gamble 26. Holigarna racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. §2. Vern. Kagi,
Nep.; Brong, Lepcha; Telsur, Beng.; Amdali, Ass.; Chengane,
sangaipru, sangryn, Magh ; Amjour, Sylhet.

A large evergreen tree. Wood greyish yellow, hard, close-grained.
Pores large and moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided, each pore in a
narrow white ring. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, uniform
and equidistant, joined by innumerable faint, transverse lines.

Eastern Himalaya from 2,000 to 6,000 feet, Khasia hills and Sylhet to Chitta-

gong, Pegu.

Weight, 61 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used occasionally in Assam for canoes and
planking; in Chittagong for boats, for which it is one of the woods most employed.
Major Lewin says that boats 50 feet long and 9 feet in girth are sometimes cut.

lbs.
E 722. Chittagong . . . cae e SOE ba aS / «-;

12. HOLIGARNA, Ham.

Seven species. HH. Arnottiana, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 36. (ZH. longifolia,
Wt. and Arn.; Beddome t. 167). Vern. Kagira, kutugeri, Kan.; Hilgeri, Bombay,
is alarge tree of the Western Ghats, where also are found H. ferruginea, Marchand.
H. Grahamii, Hook. f. (Semecarpus Grahami, Wight; Beddome Ixxix.) and #.
Beddomei, Hook. f.; H. Helferi, Hook. £.; Kurzi. 315 and HZ. albicans, Hook. f., are
trees of Burma.

1. H. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 80; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 87.
Vern. Barola, Beng.; Khreik, Magh.

Wood grey with yellowish streaks, soft. Pores moderately large, —
sometimes subdivided, uniform, scanty, prominent as dark lines ona
vertical section. Medullary rays fine, white, short, equidistant.

Chittagong and Burma.

Wood not used. It, like all the other oe gives a black acrid exudation which
raises blisters and is much dreaded by the hill people.

E 3287. Rinkheong Forest, Chittagong.

13, SPONDIAS, Linn.

Contains 3 species, including, besides the one described, S. acuminata, Roxb. —
Fl. Ind. ii, 453, of South India; and S. awillaris, Roxb, Fl, Ind. ii. 453, of Nepal.

Spondias. | ANACARDIACER, 113

1. S. mangifera, Pers.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 42; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
il. 451 ; Beddome t. 169; Brandis 128; Kutz i. 322.; Gamble 25. The
Hog Plum. Vern. Amra, amara, ambodha, Hind.; Amara, Nep., Ass. ;
Amna, Beng.; Ronchiling, Lepcha; Tongrong, Garo; Kat méa, Tam.;
Aravi mamadi, amatum, Tel.; Kat ambolam, Mal. ; Amb, Mar.; Amte, Kan. ;
Haméara, Gondi; Ambera, Kurku; Puli ille, Kaders; Gway, Burm.

A deciduous tree, with smooth, grey bark. Wood soft, light grey.
Pores large, numerous, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and
moderately broad, at unequal distances, white, prominent, distinctly
marked on a radial section as long narrow plates.

Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3,000 feet in Sikkim ; dry forests of South India
and Burma; rare in Central India.

Weight, 43 lbs. (Skinner, No. 116) ; our specimens gave an average of 26 lbs.; Skinner
gives P = 614. Wood soft, of no value. It gives a gum somewhat like gum arabic.
208 fruit is eaten, and is pickled and is preserved or made into curries; the leaves are
acid.

C 2800. Melghat, Berar . : : : E ‘ . i Sted es
E 499. Kookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai : ; ‘ ; . 80

E 1296. Cachar (Vern. Ziindir) , ; ‘ 2 : eo ik
E 1497. Sylhet (Vern. Sutrung) . : ; : ; : : . 25
B 560. Burma ; 5 ; ; ; : , ; ; ae

OrperR XXXVII. CORIARIEZ.

An Order containing one Indian genus of a single species.

1, CORIARIA, Linn.

C. myrtifolia, Linn., a shrub of South Europe (Corroyére, French), has leaves
which are used for tanning and dyeing leather; its fruit is poisonous. C. sarmentosa
is a New Zealand shrub the fruit of which is made into wine by the settlers.

1. C. nepalensis, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 44; Brandis 128. Vern.
Mastri, makola, Hind.; Raselwa, archarru, pyerra, Simla; Bhojinsi Nep.

A deciduous shrub or small tree. _ Bark reddish brown, rough,
Wood grey, hard, beautifully mottled; no heartwood. Annual rings
distinct, marked by a belt of numerous moderate-sized pores; the pores
of the outer portion of the annual rings are small and often joined by
interrupted concentric bands of whitish tissue. Medullary rays very
broad, short.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending.to 8,000 feet in the North-
West, and to 11,000 feet in Sikkim.

Growth moderate, 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot

The wood takes a good polish, and is very handsomely marked, so it might be used
for boxes and small articles. At present it is only used for firewood, and is often used
as such about Simla,

lbs,
H 68. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet . : . ; : : . 48
H 2853. Mahasu, Sei, A tie asthe a . F ; P . 68
H 2885. Nagkanda, , 8,000 ,, . : : : : ‘ « 41

114 } MORINGER. [ Moringa.

Orprer XXXVIII. MORINGEZ.
1. MORINGA, Juss.

Wood soft, white. Pores large, scanty, usually in groups of two
or three. Medullary rays short, moderately broad.

1, M. pterygosperma, Gaertn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 45 ; Beddome f.
80; Brandis 129; Kurz i. 68. Hyperanthera Moringa, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii.
368. The Horse Radish Tree. Vern. Soanjna, sanjna, senjna, sejna,
sohajna, sainjan, Hind.; Sujuna, Beng.; Swanjera, Sind.; Munigha,
Uriya; Morunga, Tam.; Saihan, sejan, mtinga, mulaka, Tel.; Nuggee,
Kan. ; Daintha, dan-tha-lone, Burm. |

A tree. Bark one inch thick, grey, ecorky, with longitudinal cracks,
Wood soft, white, spongy, perishable. Wood cells large, prominent.
Pores large, scanty, often in groups or short radial lines of two or three.
Medullary rays short, fine to moderately broad; the distance between
them less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Wild in the) Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab to Oudh; commonly culti-
vated in India and Burma.

The tree is pretty ; itis generally grown on account of its fruit, which is eaten as a
vegetable and is pickled. The root has a strong flavour of horse radish, and is used
in medicine as a vesicant. It yields an oil similar to the Ben oil of watch-makers,
which is not the produce of this but of another species, W/. aptera, Gaertn., of Africa.
It also gives a reddish gum used in native medicine. The leaves and flowers are
eaten as well as the fruit, and the branches are lopped for cattle fodder.

E 3214. Calcutta.

2. M. concanensis, Nimmo; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 45; Brandis 130.
Vern. Saznjna, Rajputana.

A tree, bark thick, soft, corky. Wood white, soft, in structure resem-
bling that of I. pterygosperma, except that the pores are more variable
in size and the medullary rays rather finer.

Rajputana, Sind, Konkan.

Wood apparently not used. The unripe fruit is eaten,

E 3226. Nagpahar, Ajmere.

Orper XXXIX. CONNARACES.

An Order of little importance, containing 4 genera of Indian trees and shrubs,
found in Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. Rowrea contains 5 species, four
being scandent shrubs from Eastern Bengal, Tenasserim, and the Andamans; and one,
R. santaloides, YVah\.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 47; Beddome Ixxxi. from South India.
Connarus contains 6 Burmese and two South Indian species: one, C. paniculatus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 139; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 52, extending to Chittagong, Sylhet and
the Khasia Hills. Cnestis ramiflora, Griff.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 54. (C. platantha,
Griff.; Kurz i. 328.) Vern. Zankyet louk, Burm., is a large climbing shrub of
Burma; and Ellipanthus contains three Burmese shrubs or small trees.

Orver XL. LEGUMINOSSZ. .

The largest Order of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers. It contains about 70 genera
containing species distributed over the whole of India, equally in the arid regions of

ae es

LEGUMINOSZ, 115

the Inner Himalayaand in the tropical forests of Malabar and Tenasserim. Many
of the largest and most important of our forest trees belong to this Order, and with
few exceptions they produce valuable timbers. It is divided into three Sub-Orders,
01z,.—
I. Papilionacez.
II. Cesalpiniex.
III. Mimosez.

With the exception of the following genera, Sesbania, Butea, Ery-
thrina, Pongamia, and a few species of Dalbergia (D. lanceolaria and pani-
eulata), the wood of the Leguminosz is characterised by a distinct, hard,
dark-coloured heartwood. ‘The pores vary in size, but are generally
moderate-sized, large or very large, and enclosed in rings or patches of
soft texture, which frequently are confluent, so as to form concentrie
bands. The medullary rays are generally sharply defined, moderately
broad and equidistant (exceptions are Lrythrina and Albizzia).

As regards the structure of their wood, leguminous trees may be
most conveniently divided into the following groups, which it will be
seen do not correspond with the established division of the Order into
genera :—

‘A. Ovgeetnta Grovp.

Pores enclosed in elongated patches of soft tissue, which are arranged
in more or less concentric lines. Exceedingly prominent and straight
medullary rays. To this group belong Ougeinia dalbergioides, Afzelia
bijuga, Tamarindus indica, Cassia Vistula, maryinata and the new Cassia
from the Andaman Islands. .

B. Prosopis Group.

Pores enclosed in irregularly shaped patches of soft tissue, which
are more or less united in concentric bands. To this group belong Pros-
opis spicigera, and the following species of Acacia, viz.: Farnesiana,
Catechu, leuconhlea, eburnea and pennata. Indigofera, Piptanthus and
Desmodium are nearly allied to this group, but differ by having the patches
of soft tissue more oblique and less concentric.

To this group also belongs Hematorylon campeachianum or “ Log-
wood.” :

c, DALBERGIA GROUP.

Numerous, narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue, sometimes
interrupted. ‘To this belong ali species of Dalbergia, except D. nigres-
cens, the identification of which is doubtful, all species of Pterocarpus,
Derris robusta, Cesalpinia crista or “ Redwood,” and Baphia nitida, the
“ Camwood ” or *‘ Barwood”’ of the West African Coast.

D. Bavurnta Grovpr.

Numerous, regularly distributed, concentric bands of soft tissue, which
are broader than those in the Daldergia group. To this belong Ponga-
mia glabra, all species of Bauhinia, Cynometra, Cassia Siamea and
Millettia pendula,

116 LEGUMINOS2.

E. Harpwicxkta Grovpr.

Pores isolated, not enclosed in patches of soft tissue, though they are
generally surrounded by narrow rings. Coneentric bands of soft tissue
are eitherewanting entirely, or very scanty. The medullary rays are
generally undulating. To this group belong Xylia dolabriformis, Hard
wickia, Adenanthera, Piptadenia, Mimosa, Acacia arabica, modesta
and ferruginea, Casalpinia Sappan and echinata (Brazil or Pernambuco
wood). | ®

F, Atpizzia Groor.

Pores isolated, generally large, not enclosed in patches of soft tissue.
None or very few concentric lines of soft tissue. To this group belong
all species of Albizzia, Acacia dealbata and Melanoxylon, Acrocarpus,
Sesbania, andgPalbergia nigrescens.

G. Erytruria Grovp.

= Pores large. Distinguished by broad medullary rays and broad
bands of soft tissue which do not always enclose the large pores, To —
this group belong all species of Hrythrina, and Butea frondosa.

Sus-orper I. PAPILIONACE.

Contains 35 genera, divided into 8 tribes, viz :—

Tribe T.—Podalyriez é s . . Piptanthus. .
oe II.—Genisteze . . ‘ . Priotropis and Crotalaria. 5
» iIL—Galegee . . . «+ Indigofera, Colutea, Millettia,
' Mundulea, Tephrosia, Sesbania
and Caragana.
“ IV.—Hedysaree . ‘ 3 . . Lespedeza, Alhagi, Aischyno-
mene, Ormocarpum, Ougeinia
- and Desmodium.
*s V.—Viceew =. ; , . . Abrus. :
s VI.—Phaseoles Pon Be ; . Mucuna, Erythrina, Spatholo-
bus, Butea, Dioclea, Pueraria, —
Cajanus, Cylista and Flemingia, -
» WiL—Dalbergiee . ; : . Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Ponga- —
mia and Derris.
» WiII.—Sophores : : ‘ . Datlhousiea, Calpurnia, Sophora,
Euchresta and Ormosia.

Many of these, however, contain only small shrubs; such are Priotropis, Cro- —
talaria, Colutea, Mundulea, Tephrosia, Caragana, Lespedeza, Alhagi, Aischyno-
mene, Ormocarpum, Cajanus, Flemingia, Dalhousiea, and Calpurnia: others only
climbing shrubs; such are Abrus, Mucuna, Spatholobus, Dioclea, Pueraria and
Cylista.
7 Of the genera not here described, Sophora contains about six species of which
S. mollis, Wall.; Brandis 132. Vern. Arghawdn, Afg.; Gojdr, kun, mdlan, tilin,
hathi, brisari, Punjab; Pahar gtngri, Kumaun, is a yellow-flowered handsome shrub
of the Punjab and North-West Himalaya; and Ormosia travancorica, Beddome t. 45,
is a tree of the Tinnevelly and Travancore Hills.

1, PIPTANTHUS, D. Don.

1. P. nepalensis, D. Don; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 62; Brandis 132;
Gamble 25. Vern, Bankaru, Sutlej; Shalgart, Kumaun,

Piptanthus. | LEGUMINOSE, 117

A shrub with greenish-grey bark. Wood white. Pores small, in
wavy, oblique and concentric bands, except at the inner edge of the
annual rings, which are marked by a continuous line of pores, Medul-
lary rays fine, equidistant.

Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan, above 7,000 feet.

Has handsome, large, yellow flowers, and is sometimes planted for ornament in the

hills and in Europe.
Ibs.

H 3024. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet é ' “ ; : . 40

Priotropis cytisoides, W. and A.; Kurz i. 363; Gamble 25, is a yellow-flowered
branching shrub of the Eastern Himalaya and Burma. Crotalaria contains numer-
ous shrubs, of which the most importantis C. jwncea, Linn., the “ Swan Hemp Plant,”
commonly cultivated in India.

2. INDIGOFERA, Linn.

Contains a number of Indian species, about 16 of which are shrubs. Few of
them are of any importance except the Indigo Plant, J. tinctoria, Linn.; Roxb. FI.
Ind. iii. 379; Brandis 135. Vern. Wé7, Hind, which is extensively cultivated in
Bengal, the North-Western Provinces, the Punjab, Sind and South India. I pulchella,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 382 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 101 ; Beddome Ixxxv. ; Brandis 136 ; Kurz i.
361; Gamble 25. Vern. Sakena, sakna hakna, Hind.; Baroli, Mar.; Togri, Bhil;
Balori, Kurku; Hikpi, Lepcha; Tau maiyain, Burm., is a large, handsome, pink-
flowered shrub of the forests of the Sub-Himalayan tract, South India and Burma; its
flowers are sometimes eaten as a vegetable in Central India.

1. I. heterantha, Wall. ; Brandis 135. [. Gerardiana, Wall.; Hook. Fl.
Ind. ii. 100 (car.). Vern, Kati, khenti, mattu, hats, shagati, Pb.; Kathi,

theot, Simla.

A small shrub, Bark 4 inch thick, brown, with longitudinal anas-
tomosing lines. Wood hard, white, with an irregular heartwood of dark
colour. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line and by a con-
tinuous belt of pores. Pores small, enclosed in patches of softer tex-

- ture, which frequently join, forming short, interrupted, concentric bands.

Medullary rays fine, numerous, almost equidistant.

North-West Himalaya and eastern skirts of the Suliman Range, ascending to

8,000 feet.
Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot. The

twigs are used for basket work and often form part of the twig bridges of the
North-West Himalaya.

Ibs.
H 2825. Fagu, Simla, 8,000 feet ; . ; ‘ P : Ze
H 2870. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . ; Shae : ; Soe
H 2935. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet . : . i . 56

2. I. atropurpurea, Ham.; Brandis 136; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 101;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 381. Vern. Bankati, hala sakena, sakna, Hind. ;
Khenti, jand, Kaghan ; Kathi, gortatri, Kashmir.

A shrub of smaller size, but with wood of structure similar to that of
I. heterantha.

Salt Range from 2,500 to 5,000 feet. Outer Himalaya from the Jhelum to Nepal,
ascending to 9,000 feet, but found as low as 1,200 feet on the Siwalik. Hills,
The twigs are used for basket work and twig bridges.

H 2824, Cheog Forest, Simla, 7,000 feet.

118 LEGUMINOSE. [ Indigofera,

Colutea nepalensis, Sims.; Brandis 136. (C. arborescens, Linn.; Hook. FI.
Ind. ii. 103). The Bladder Senna. Vern. Brda, Ladak, is a shrub of the arid valleys
of the Inner Himalaya.

3. MILLETTIA, Wight and Arn.

Contains about 22 species of trees, shrubs or climbers chiefly from Eastern
Bengal and Burma, The genus may be divided into 2 sections; — 1

1. Trees, containing 7 Burmese and 1 Eastern Bengal species.

2. Climbers, containing 8 species from Burma, 7 from Northern and Eastern
Bengal, 3 from Southern India, and 1 from North-West and Central India.

M. pulchra, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 104; Kurz i. 355. Vern. Thitpagan, Burm.,
is an erect tree of the forests of the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal ascending to 4,000
feet. MW. pendula, Bth.; WM. tetraptera, Kurz; M. pubinervis, Kurz; M. ovalifolia,
Kurz; M. Brandisiana, Kurz; and M. atropurpurea, Bth.; Kurz i. 358. Vern.
Kway tanyeng, tanyengnee, Burm., are all trees of Burma. Among the climbers,
M. auriculata, Baker; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 108; Brandis 138; Gamble 26. (Robinia

macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 329, Otosemma macrophylla, Bth.) Vern. Maudh,

Oudh ; Gonjha, ganj, Kumaun ; Gurtr, Gondi; Murari, Kurku ; Gonjo, Nep.; Bririk,
Lepcha. (No. 3479, Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai) is a very common large climber
of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, ascending to 3,500 feet. JZ.
cinerea, Bth. and M. pachycarpa, Bth., with 3 other species, are common in the forests
of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills ; while 1. monticola, Kurz, is only found in the

forests of Sikkim above 6,000 feet and at Nattoung in Martaban, between 6,500 and

7,200 feet.

1. M. pendula, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Iod. ii. 105. WW. leucantha, Kurz i.
856. Vern. Zhinwin, Burm.

A deciduous tree, with small purplish black heartwood, beautifully
streaked, very hard. Pores few, moderate-sized, joined by narrow con-
centric bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equally
distributed.

Savannah forests and dry lower hill forests of Burma, up to 2,000 feet.

Weight, Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 41, gives 60 lbs. ; our specimens 66 lbs.
per cubic foot. The wood is used for cross pieces of harrows, and is worthy of attention
for its beautiful grain and dark colour.

lbs.
B 2520. Myodwin, Burma (1862) : / ; : , » . 66

B 2249 (73 lbs. ) from the Andamans and B 3141 (67 Ibs.) from Myodwin, Burma —
(1862). Vern. Chloani, Burm.; have a dark, reddish brown, very hard heartwood, in
structure resembling that of M. pendula. It is doubtless a species of Millettia. -

Mundulea suberosa, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 110; Beddome Ixxxy. is an orna-
mental small tree of South India, and Tephrosia contains several shrubs, among which
may be noticed 7. candida, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 111; Brandis 138; Gamble 26.
Vern.’ Lehtia, Kumaun; Bodle, Nep., a handsome white-flowered shrub of the Sub-
Himalyan tract, Eastern Bengal and Burma. Its leaves are used to poison fish.

4. SESBANTIA, Pers.

Soft-wooded shrubs or trees. Wood white, soft. Medullary rays
fine and closely packed.

1. S. egpytiaca, Pers.; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 114; Beddome Ixxxvi. ;
Brandis 137; Kurzi. 8362; Gamble 26. dschynomene Sesban, Roxb. FI.
Ind. iii. 332. Vern. Jait, jhijan, janjhan, dhandiadim, Hind. ; Jayanti, Beng.;
Saori, sewri, Berar ; Shewari, Dekkan ; Swiminta, Tel. ; Yaythagyee, Burm.

~*~
,

@.

al -

Sesbania. | LEGUMINOS2. 119

A soft-wooded tree, 10 to 12 feet high. Wood white, extremely soft.
Pores small, in short, linear, radial yroups, between the very fine and very
numerous medullary rays; the distance between rays being less than the
transverse diameter of the pores.

Cultivated in many parts of India and Burma, wild in tropical Africa.

Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot. Notdurable.

Grown in Berar and the Dekkan to furnish poles as a substitute for bamboo; the
bark is made into rope, the wood is used to boil jaggery, and the leaves and branches are
cut for cattle fodder. It is commonly planted in Bengal as a hedge-plant, for which pur-
pose its very quick growth renders it suitable. It is also sometimes grown to support the
plantations of the betel pepper. Roxburgh says the wood is said to make the best gun-
powder charcoal, and Kurz that it is good for children’s toys. |

Ibs,
C 870, Amraoti, Berar ; f - ; : ‘ ; : o SF

2. S. grandiflora, Pers. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 115 ; Beddome Ixxxvi. ;
Brandis 137 ; Kurz i. 362. Aschynomene grandiflora, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii.
530. <Agati grandiflora, Desv.; W. and A. Prodr. 215. Vern. Basna,
Hind. ; Buka, bak, agasta, Beng.; Bagfal, Sundarbans; Hadga, heta,
Berar; Agati, Tam. ; Avesi, Tel. ; dgase, Kan. ; Poukpan, poukpyoo, Burm.

A short-lived, soft-wooded tree, with large handsome flowers, at-
taining 20 to 80 feet in height. Wood white, soft. Pores small and
moderate-sized, often in radial groups of 3 to 5 between the numerous,
fine, white medullary rays. |

Cultivated in Southern India, Burma, and in the Ganges Doab. ,

Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not durable; in Lower Bengal it is
used for posts for native houses and for firewood (Home) ; in Berar and the Dekkan
it is grown as a substitute for bamboo. The tender leaves, pods and flowers are
eaten as a vegetable, and the tree is grown as a support for the betel pepper vine;
it is easily known by its very large, handsome, pink flowers and long narrow pods.

Ibs.
C 871. Amraoti, Berar ‘ ; . : . ‘ ; ‘ ‘ 39

Caragana, Brandis, 133 contains several low spinescent shrubs of the arid region
of the Punjab, Sind and Beluchistan, and the inner valleys of the Punjab Himalaya.
Lespedeza contains a number of undershrubs of Northern India and Burma. Among
these, Z. eriocarpa, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 144, is a shrub of the Himalaya between
3,000 and 9,000 feet, with handsome purple flowers and a hard red wood. Pores mode-
rate-sized, scattered or in short concentric lines. Medullary rays fine. Few concentric
lines of soft tissue. (H. 3192. Nowti Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet). Alhagi Maurorum,
Desv.; Brandis 144. (Hedysarum Alhagi, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 344.) The Camel Thorn.
Vern. Jawdsa, Hind., is a widely-spread shrub of the Ganges Valley and the arid and
northern dry zones, whose leaves are used as fodder for camels. Aischyntgmene aspera,
Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 152; Brandis 147; (Hedysarum lagenatiim, Roxb. FI.

Ind. iii. 365.) Vern. Sola, phil-sola, Hind., Beng.; Nirjiliza, Tel., is the Solah

plant of tanks and marshes in Bengal, from whose stems the well-known white pith
is obtained which is used for making hats, toys, and for other purposes. Ormocarpum

“ee Kurz i. 390, is an evergreen shrub of the plains of Central and South
ndia.

5. OUGEINIA, Bth.

1. 0. dalbergicides, Benth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 161; Beddome t. 36;
Brandis 146. Dalbergia Oojeinensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. -iii. 220. Vern.
Sandan, asainda, tinnas, timsa, Hind.; Shanjan, pdnan, Oudh ; Sandan-
pipli, Nep.; Bandhona, Uriya; Kala palas, tewas, Mar. ; Sér, shermana,
Gondi ; Dargu, tella motku, Tel.; Kart mutal, Kan. ; Tewsa, Bhil; hutok,
Kurku; Zunnia, Banswara; Telus, Khandeish.

-

120 “- EEGUMINOSH. [ Ougeinia. :

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, under certain circumstances gre-
garious. Bark 4 inch thick, light brown, sometimes with bluish patches,
with regular longitudinal‘ and horizontal cracks, Sapwood small;
heartwood mottled, light brown, sometimes reddish brown, hard, close-
grained; annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in
irregularly-shaped, more or less concentric but interrapted patches and
bands of white soft tissue. These patches, which are tapering and point-
ed at the ends, are separated by irregularly-shaped belts of firm and
darker-coloured shining tissue, in which the fine and numerous, white,
uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible. Pores
marked on a longitudinal section.

Chiefly inthe intermediate zone, Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej to the
Tista, ascending to 5,000 feet ; Central India and the Western Coast.

Weight, 57 to 60 lbs. (Brandis); R. Thompson gives 58; our specimens give an
average of 55lbs. The wood is tough and durable, and takes a beautiful polish. It
is used for agricultural implements, carriage poles, wheels and furniture; also for
building. The tree gives an astringent red gum; the bark is pounded and used to
intoxicate fish ; and the branches are lopped for cattle fodder. A crystalline substance, ~
probably magnesia, is sometimes found in the wood (see specimen E 601).

lbs.
P 102. Sutlej Valley, Punjab . : ; , . P ‘ «chee
O 212. Garhwal (1868) ; : : ‘ : ‘ ° ° . 52
C 185. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . : : : : . 58
C 1152. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; ; , ok See
C 2767. Melghat, Berar p ts P ‘ P x P . 55
C 1242. Gumstr, Madras . 3 : - ; 2 2 : . 62
E 601. Lohagarhi, Darjeeling Terai . , . ; : ; . eee
W1226. North Kanara ; : : : : ; : . dd

6. DESMODIUM, Desv.

Contains a number of shrubs found ‘in the forests in almost all parts of India.
D. pulchellum, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 162; Brandis 145; Kurz i. 383; Gamble 26
(Hedysarum pulchellum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 361) Vern, Juta-salpani, Beng.; Set
krishnapani, Cuttack; Toungtamin, Burm,, is a common erect shrub with the i
flowers in the axils of bifoliolate bracts. D. gyroides, DC.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 175;
Kurz i. 388; Gamble 27. Vern. Boli, Nep., is an erect, blue-flowered shrub of the
Himalayas, Eastern Bengal and Burma; and D. gyrans, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 1745 —
Brandis 146; Gamble 27 (Hedysarum gyrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 351) Vern. Gora-
chand, Beng.,is common in India and Burma, and generally known as the “ Telegraph
Plant” from its small, sensitive, rotating, lateral leaflets. .

1. D. tiliefolium, G: Don. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 168; Brandis 145, —
Vern. Sambar, shamru, chamra, chamydr, chamkat, chamkil, martan, motha,
gurshagal, pri, marara, miss, mirt, laber, Hind. a

A large deciduous shrub, with thin, grey bark. Wood yellowish brown,
with adarker centre. Pores small. Annual rings distinctly marked by a
belt of small pores; in the outer part of each annual ring the pores are
very small, and generally arranged in short, linear, wavy, concentric lines,
Medullary rays white, fine to very fine.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet.

Growth slow, 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 53 Ibs. per cubic foot. The
bark is extensively us 4 for rope-making and paper. '

H 3184. Dung.galli, Hazara, 8,000feet . ‘ hale «| hls
H 51. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet . ; ; é ° ‘ °
H 2934. Hm Simla 7,000 feet . ‘ . ; , ; :
H 3019. Kotgarh, Simla, 7,000 feet (var, argentewm, Wall.) :

Desmodium, | LEGUMINOS. 121

2. D. Cephalotes, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 161 ; Beddome Ixxxvii. ;
Kurz i. 386; Gamble 26. Hedysarum Cephalotes and umbellatum, Rox).
Fl. Ind. iii. 860, Vern. Bodle kiri, Nep.; Maniphtyol, Lepcha ; Cheten-
ta, Tel.

A shrub with grey bark and yellowish wood, which in structure
resembles that of D. tiliafolium.

Eastern Himalaya, South India and Burma.
E 3281. Dainah Reserve, Western Duars.

Abrus contains 3 species, of which A. precatorius, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. 11. 175 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 258; Brandis 139. Vern. Gunchi, rakti, Hind.; Muaspati, Nep.,
is a wiry climber, whose seeds (raXtz) are used as weights by jewellers; they weigh 1}
to 2 grains each.

Mucuna contains several large climbers of Bengal and Burma, amdng which the
chief are M. imbricata, DC. Vern. Kasi, Beng., with large plaited pod, covered
with stinging hairs (No E 483 Darjeeling Terai), and soft, very porous wood; M.
macrocarpa, Wall. ; Gamble 28. Vern. Balengra, Nep., an enormous climber of the
hills of Sikkim, Khasia, Sylhet and Burma up to 7,000 feet; and MW. pruriens, DC.
The Cowhage Plant. Vern. Alkusd,.Beng.; Kiwach, goncha, Hind. ; Kouatch, Nep.,
which is an annual climber, well known in the forests from its golden brown, velvety
pod, covered with irritating hairs, which are used as a vermifuge.

7. ERYTHRINA, Linn.

Contains 7 species of Indian soft-wooded, handsome-flowered, deciduous trees.
Fi. ovalifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 254; Hook. Fl. Ind. 11.189 ; Beddome Ixxxviii.; Kurzi.
367. Vern. Hari-kekra, Beng.; Kone kathit, Burm., is a tree of the coast forests
of Chittagong, Arracan and Pegu, extending northwards to Sylhet and Assam. £.
lithosperma, Miq. Vern. Yea-kathit, Burm. and #. holosericea, Kurz i. 367, are
trees of Burma, while 2. resupinata, Roxb. #1. Ind. iii. 257; Brandis 141, is a herb-
aceous plant from a perennial-root-stock found in the grass lands of the Himalayan
Terai.

Wood soft; no heartwood. Pores large, medullary. rays broad.
Numerous concentric bands of soft texture, which, as a rule, have no
connection with the pores.

1. E. suberosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 253; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 189;
Beddome lxxxvil.; Brandis 140 ; Kurzi. 369 ; Gamble 27. Vern. Pangra,
dauldhék, ringra, vowanra, nasit, madéra, Hind.; Gdélnashtar, paridra,
thab, Pb.; Fullidha, Nep.; Mandal, Garo; Katiang, Lepcha; Wuni,
maduga, Tam.; Mulu modugu, Tel.; Phangera, Gondi; Gada phassa,
Kurku.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Outer bark corky, light grey, with
deep, irregular, vertical cracks, varying in thickness up to 1 inch; inner
bark fibrous, 4 inch thick. Wood very soft, spongy, white, fibrous
but tough; that near the centre of darker colour, but no regular heart-
wood. Annual rings visible. Pores very large, scanty, often subdivided.
Medullary rays short, broad; the tissue between the rays consisting of
narrow, hard, wavy and often interrupted, concentric bands of a darker
colour, separated by alternate bands of white, spongy tissue. The tan-
gential section presents the appearance of anastomosing fibres. On
the radial section the meduilary rays appear as long, wavy, shining bands,
giving the wood a handsome mottled appearance. Pores prominent on
a vertical section.

Q:

122 LEGUMINOS&. [ Lrythrina,

Himalaya from the Ravi to Bhutan, ascending to 3,000 feet. Oudh, Central and
South India, Burma.

Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 13 to 20lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is used for scabbards, sieve frames, and occasionally for planking. The tree
is readily grown from cuttings.

O 530. Dehra Din’ . ‘ a i v : 3 - - -
C 1145. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . : : 5 ae
E 668. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai ‘ at atre Be .) =e

* Tbs.
20

E. indica, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 188 ; Beddome lxxxvii. ; Bran-
dis 189; Kurz i. 868; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 249. The Indian Coral Tree. —
Vern. Pangra, panjira, pangara, farad, Hind.; Palita mandar, Beng. ;
Muruké, Tam.; Modugu, Tel.; Pangara, phandra, Mar.; Haliwara,
paliwara, Kan.; Chaldua, Uriya; Madar, Cachar; Katheck, Magh; Peu-
laykathit, Burm.; Dudap, Malay; Errabadu, Cingh. (Mochi wood of
Madras). hs

A deciduous tree. Bark yellowish, smooth and shining, peeling off
in thin papery flakes, young stems and branchlets armed with prickles,
Structure the same as that of LZ. suberosa.

e Cultivated throughout India and Burma; wild in Oudh, Bengal, South India and
urma.

Weight, 17 to 26 lbs. per cubic foot according to our specimens, but 18 lbs. is
nearest the true weight. Wood rather durable, though it is so light and open-grained it
does not. warp or split, and it varnishes well. It is used for light boxes, toys, scabbards,
trays, and is often grown as a support for and to give shade to the betel pepper vine.
a agus readily from cuttings and is used for hedges. It gives a dark-brown gum
of no value. :

Ibs.
C 820. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar ee ee eee ie

B 2343. Myanoung, Burma. rer gan ‘ 2 eis : ast oe ee
B 2223. Andaman Islands (1866) . , , elutes iwi - 26

3. E. arborescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 256; Brandis 140 ; Gamble 27. _
Vern. Rungara, Kumaun; Rodinga, fullidha, Nep.; Gyesa, Lepcha;
Dingsong, Khasia. .

The wood has a similar structure to that of #. swberosa and Indica, but

it is more compact, less spongy, and has more numerous concentric bands
of soft texture. |

Outer Himalaya from the Ganges to Bhutan, up to 7,000 feet ; Khasia Hills.
It is very handsome when covered with its bright scarlet flowers ; it grows easily
from cuttings, and is often planted for ornament, as in the avenues at Darjeeling.

F 3106.. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.

E 2344 (16 lbs. per cubic foot) from Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai, has been
identified as H. stricta, Roxb.; Beddome t. 175 ; Kurz i. 369; Gamble 27. Vern. Mouri-
cou, kichige, Kan.; Lowng kathit, Burm., described from Western India and Burma,
The structure is the same as that of ZH. suberosa. .

Spatholobus Roxburghii, Bth.; Brandis 143; Gamble 27. (Butea parviflora,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 248; Kurz i. 365) Vern. Mala, mula, maula, Hindi. ; Dobrelacas
Nep.; Zerolrik, Lepcha; Powknway, Burm., is a very common gigantic creeper of the —
forests of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal and Burma,
with trifoliolate leaves, white flowers and a soft porous wood in concentric layers
separated by a ring of soft tissue exuding a red gum resembling “kino” (E 480,
Darjeeling ; O 2927, Garhwal, 1874),

———_—”

=_— ——-—S —

Butea, | LEGUMINOSS. 123

8. BUTEA, Roxb,

Besides the species described below, B. superba, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 247 ; Brandis
143 ; Kurz i. 365. Vern. Yd pards, Mar.; Tige motku, Tel. ; Samur, Gondi; Tunang,
Kurku; Pouknway, Burm., is a large scarlet-flowered climber of India and Burma,
giving a gum like.that of B. frondosa; and B. minor, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 195;
Gamble 27, is a shrub or climber of the Eastern Himalaya.

1. B. frondosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 244; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 194; Bed-
dome t. 176; Brandis 142 ; Kurz i. 8364; Gamble 27. Vern. Didék, palds,
kakria, hankreti, Chichra, Hind. ; chaleha, Bandelkhand ; Chitila, puroha,
C. P.; Palds, Beng.; Paldsi, bulyetira, Nep.; Lahoking, Lepcha;
Pordsu, Uriya; Murr, Gondi ; Pharsa, Kurku ; Porasan, Tam. ; Modugu,
mohtu, Tel. ; HMutiuga, thoras, Kan.; Pards, Mar.; Gasskeala, calukeale,
Cingh.; Powk, Burm. ~~

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark 7 inch thick, fibrous, grey,
exfoliating in small irregular pieces; exuding from cuts and fissures a
red juice which hardens into a ruby-coloared gum similar to fino.
Wood dirty white, soft, not durable; no annual rings. Pores large,
scanty. Medullary rays broad and moderately broad, white; the
darker tissue between the rays is broken up into oblong patches by
broad concentric bands of white tissue similar in appearance to the
medullary rays; the latter distinctly visible on a radial section as long,
irregular bands.

Throughout India and Burma, extending in the North-West Himalaya as far as
the Jhelum.

The weight is given by Kyd as 32 lbs. per cubic foot; by Adrian Mendis,
Ceylon Collection, No. 11, 38 lbs. ; the average of our specimens is 36 lbs. Kyd gives
P—335. The wood is not durable, but is said to be better under water, and so is used in
North-West India for well curbs and piles. The bark of the root yields a good fibre
which is used for coarse cordage, for caulking boats and to make slow matches. The
gum is sold as “ Bengal Kino ” and has the same properties as that obtained from the
Pterocarpus Marsupium ; it is said to be used to purify indigo. The seeds are used
as a purgative and vermifuge. In Oudh and Central India lac is collected on its
branches. The leaves are used as plates and as fodder for buffaloes. The tree is well
known from its handsome scarlet flowers, appearing in the hot season before the leaves ;
they give a yellow dye, which treated with alum is used at the Holi festival.

ibs,

O 237. Garhwal (1868) . : : ; “ ; ; obi
C1119. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . , : E ; eas
C 2759. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces : ; ‘ 36
E 674. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai , nat Sere : ‘ 31
E 2345. Sivoke ,, % * . a . ; : 40

' Dioclea reflexa, Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 196, is a climbing shrub of the Andamans.
Pueraria tuberosa, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 197; Brandis 141; Gamble 28. (Hedy.
sarum tuberosum, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 363) Vern. Sidli, baddr, bilet kand, billi, pona,
Hind; Dari, gumodi, Tel., is a large tuberous-rooted, deciduous climber with bright
blue flowers and soft, spongy wood. Cajanus indicus, Spreng., is a shrub cultivated
in most parts of India for its seed (Arhar, Beng.; Pazsigong, Burm.) and for its
leaves which are given as fodder to cattle. Cylista scariosa, Ait., is a climbing
shrub of South India and Burma. Flemingia contains a number of shrubs found in
the forests of India, and Burma, among which one of the most common is #. semialata,
Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 341 ; Kurz i. 374; Gamble 28 (7. congesta, Roxb. var.; Hook. Fl.
Ind. ii, 228.) Vern. Bhalia, Hind.; Batwasi, Nep.; Mipitmuik, Lepcha, a tall
handsome-flowered shrub of Northern India with a white wood having rather broad
medullary rays, scanty pores and concentric lines of white tissue like that of

* Erythrina (K 3279, Dainah Forest, W. Duars).

124 LEGUMINOSH, [ Dalbergia.

9. DALBERGIA, Linn. fil. -

Contains about 28 Indian species, of which one-half are trees and the other half
climbing shrubs. About 8 species are found in North-West and Central India, 13 in
the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal, 8 in South India, and 18 in Burma.
The Genus is divided into sections as follows :—

Pod flattened, winged at the edges—

Staminal bundle split on one side only . Sissoa.
rT) ” » two sides . . Dalbergaria.
Pod thickened, not winged, falcate . , . WSelenolobium (Drepanocarpus
Kurz).

To the section Sissoa belong the trees D. Sissoo, latifolia, rimosa and cultrata and nine
climbing shrubs. To the section Dalbergaria belong the trees D. lanceolaria, pur-
purea, paniculata, glomeriflora and hircina and five climbing shrubs. To the section
Selenolobium belong D. spinosa and reniformis, trees or erect shrubs and two climbers.

D. rimosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 233 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 232; Brandis 148, Vern.
Kaogrwm, Sylhet and D. hircina, Ham.; Brandis 151. Vern. Saras, bandir, tantia,
gogera, Hind., are trees found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards.
D. reniformis Roxb. FI. Ind. iii, 226; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 238. (Drepanocarpus re.
nifurmis, Kurz i. 336). Vern. Kures, Sylhet; Htowkma, Burm.; and D. spinosa, Roxb.
F]. Ind. iii. 233. Vern. Yaychinya, Burm., are small trees of the tidal forests of
Burma, the latter species, according to Kurz i. 337, having: “ Wood soft, beautifully
silvery white, close and straight grained. The roots powdered absorb alcohol, and a
spoonful of the powder in a tumblerful of water is said to be sufficient to destroy in
less than half an hour the effects of aleohol, even in cases bordering on delirium
tremens.” D. glomeriflora, Kurz, is a tree of the upper forests of the Pegu Yomas.

Among the climbers, which have mostly a hard wood, the chief are D. volu-
bilis, Roxb.; Brandis 152. Vern. Bhatia, bankhara, Hind., found in the Sub-
Himalayan tract; and D. tamarindifolia, Roxb.; Gamble 29. Vern. Damar,
Nep.; eti, Sylhet, of the outer Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma and the
Andamans. D. monosperma, Dalz. (Drepanocarpus monospermus, Kurz i. 337), is
a scandent shrub of tidal forests in Upper Tenasserim. D. Cumingii, Bth., is a seandent
shrub said by Kurz to give a dyewood, the Kayu-lakka of commerce. D. congesta,
Grah.; and D. sympathetica, Nimmo, are climbing shrubs of the hills of South India.

D. Sissoo, latifolia and cultrata have a hard, dark-coloured, heavy
heartwood; while D. stipulacea, lanceolaria and paniculata have white wood ~
without heartwood. All Dalbergias, with the exception of nigrescens
(the identification of which is doubtful), have scanty, moderate-sized
pores, joined by narrow bands or lines of soft texture. Medullary rays
fine, uniform and equidistant.

1, Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 228; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 231;
Beddome t. 25; Brandis 149 ; Gamble 28. The Sissoo. Vern. Shisham,
sissu, sissai, Hind.; Shewa, Pushtu; Tali, safedar, shin, nelkar, Pb.;
Sissdéi, Oudh; Yette,Tam. | ,

A large deciduous tree. Bark between 4 and 3 inch thiek, grey, ex-
foliating in narrow longitudinal strips. Sapwood small, white; heart-
wood brown with darker longitudinal veins, close and even grained,
seasons well, very hard. Annual rings not distinctly marked, alternating
dark and light-coloured bands, which run into each other. Pores large
and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, joined by irregular, narrow,
wavy, white, concentric bands. Medullary rays white, very fine, uniform
and equidistant, numerous. Pores well defined on a longitudinal section.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, ascending to 8,000 feet. Van
Someren, in his “ List of Forest Trees of Mysore and Coorg,” gives it as occurring

under the Kanarese name biridi, but it is probably not indigenous in those provinces. .
The amount of data available regarding the rate of growth of Sisst is as yet

?

. a

= =~

Dalbergia. | LEGUMINOSH. 125

very small. In the “ Forest Flora of the North-West and Central India,” Brandis says
that it attains under favourable circumstances, on an average, 24 feet girth in 12, and
43 fect in 30 years. Since then afew data have been selcaieds rincipally from the
specimen saplings sent from the Punjab for the Paris Exhibition of 1878.

The annual rings in the sapwood are, as a rule, fairly distinct; those in the
heartwood are generally ill-defined: in either case a lens is required to make them out.
The following statement exhibits the rings counted on sections from the Changa-
Manga plantation, which were cut in 1877 :—

A ;
Known age. Nampaibler | diameter of | Average diameter of} “Rings per inch,
; section, :
Inches, Inches,
5 years 4 6°75 0°75 1°2
G2)» : 6 3 2 15
6 6 9 3 13
Bir is , 6 12 4°5 1
Bos 9 10°75 3°2 1:7
| ae 6 11 5 11
Average rings per inch of average radius . : ‘ 1:3

The calculation has, however, been based on the number of rings counted; if we
take the known age, the number of rings will be respectively 1°5, 1°5, 1°5, 1:3, 1°7, 1°8,
giving an average of 1°55 year per inch of average radius. But these data refer to
trees up to 10 years of age only, and grown in favourable conditions on irrigated
land, so that no further calculation can be derived from them, the measurements of
older trees being much wanted. But, assuming this rate of increase of 1°55 ring per
inch, we should have at 12 years of age about 4 feet girth, which is a much faster
growth than Brandis’ estimate.

The specimens from the Jhelum Sailaba plantations on non-irrigated land gave

_4 rings per inch of radius average. This would make 30 years to a girth of 4 feet,

which is nearly Brandis’ estimate.
The Punjab plantations also give the following information :—

Changa-Manga plantation (Punjab Forest Report, 1876-77. p. 22).
Average Avera
Age. ‘height, girth
Years, Ft, Inches,

Vhankara Circle Compartments 6, 5, 8, Block I. ‘ as & 35 28
Manjoki 9 is 77, to 87 & 99 to 111, Block . 4 20 9

Dethi Bela plantation (Mr. Minnikin’s Report, 1878).

Chandrawal, Compartment I Btrees . : : . 7425 to380 16

Kudsia, + ‘Si Da : ‘ ; ; 6 20 15
93 7 be) $9 ag 6 * 2 12 6

Jaffar Khan, * . TV. 6 trees. « 6 ee 155

This gives for the Changa-Manga plantation 1:35 to 2'8 rings per inch of radius,
and for Delhi Bela 2 to 3°14, or an. average of 2°5 rings per inch. This gives a girth

of 30 inches at 12 years of age, which is Brandis’ estimate.

A specimen from the Darjeeling Terai, in the Bengal Forest Museum, gives 35

rings on a mean diameter of 11 inches, 27 rings being heartwood.

126 LEGUMINOSH. [ Dalbergia.

The weight and transverse strength have been calculated by the following experi-

ments :— '

=Z
be =]
xperiment Wo ] : Ss -
ee onal sage whence acute eon ze Size of bar used. ap
f=]
Ag
i Ft. In. In.
Cunningham ‘ 1854 | Gwalior . i ‘ 48 hi 2MT 364 697
Campbell . 5 ee Bengal . ‘ ; 56 il @x23¢3 923
: ~ 3X 1): X 13
Skinner, No. 56 .| 1862] ,, Shee Nn BO 1 Sc fe seer
Russell s pe eee “ ‘ 55°5| ... a. we Oe 967
Baker. ; : 1829 | Northern Bengal (Cos- 49 | xs <2 762
sipore, 1819). ;
faerie ‘ ; i Northern Bengal (Cos- 45 6}.6x%2 X23 734
sipore factory).
ie ote ms Northern Bengal ; ak 8} 3x13xl1 709
"nse . . ” ” cP) . tee 18 2xI Xl 606
Brandis . 1864 | Bengal . ‘ ; 49 |15| 6X2 xX2 738
e oi a 4 - , 47 |18| 6X2 x*14| 740
ee . . | 1865-66 ze , : - 46 9| 6X2 xX2 787
me ; F nN a et * : 47 |17!| 3X1 xl 869
eae # % DB ia Cat 44 |11| 2x1 x1 | 854
> ’ . ” 9 . . ° 45 14 2 x 1 x 0% 919°
Smythies . ¥ 1878 | Northern India, vari- 48 8 ates on
ous places. -

The wood is very durable, seasons well and does not warp or split. It is highly
esteemed for all purposes where strength and elasticity are required. Clifford says
that “in strength it is only inferior to sal, while in many other useful qualities it
surpasses it, and has the advantage of being lighter. For felloes and naves of wheels
and carved work of every description, for framings of carriages and similar work, it is
unsurpassed by any other wood, owing to its fine seasoning and standing qualities.”
It is extensively used for boat-building, carts-and carriages, agricultural implements,
in construction and especially for furniture. —

Formerly, it was more extensively used for gun-carriages than it can be at present,
owing to the comparatively small supply. With regard to its durability and strength
as a wood for wheels, Clifford says, “The wheels of our ordnance carriages have
never failed, however arduous or lengthened the service has been on which they have
been employed, of which no more striking example can be furnished than the campaign
in Afghanistan, about the most trying country in the world for wheels. Some of our
batteries served throughout the campaign, went to Baneean and even to the Hindoo
Koosh and came back again to India without a break-down, while Royal Artillery
wheels built of the very best materials Woolwich could produce, specially for Indian
service, almost fell to pieces after few months’ exposure and service on the plains of
India.” :

It has been tried and found to be good for sleepers, and Mr. McMaster in the
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. xxiii. 1863, says it will be
really good for that purpose.

It is much ponies as an avenue tree all over India and in forest plantations in
the Punjab and Bengal.

Ibs.

P 145. Giri Valley, Punjab, 3,000 feet . 5 ; : ae ee
P 884. Multan, ” . . “e . . . . 52
P 1205. Changa-Manga plantation (9 specimens) : ; , ‘
P 1347. Peraghaib and Saila plantations, Jhelum (8 specimens) . . ww
O 205. Garhwal (1868) . F ; : : : ; : - 52
O 537. Dehra Din . : te ~ : - Z ei ig
© 1460. Bahraich,Oudh . : 7 : i ‘ 5 , . 49
© 1486. Kheri, e r . ‘ ; : Z ~ 62

Dalbergia. | LEGUMINOSH. 127

lbs,
E 675. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai ,* - + «© «+ + 4
E 2347. Sukna ,, Me fe ; P ; : . 46
E 634, Eastern Diars, Assam . : : . 42

2. D. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 221; Hook. Fl. Ind. 1. 231;
Beddome t. 24; Brandis 148; Gamble 29. The Blackwood or Rose-
wood of Southern India. Vern. Sitsal, Beng., Nep., Oudh; Shisham,
sisu, kalarukh, bhotbeula, sissti, Mar.; Sissu, Guz.; Sirds, sissé, sirsa,
sissa, Mandla; Sissa, Uriya; Iti, eruvadi, Tam.; Jitegi, yerugudu, jitangt,
Tel. ; Biti, thodagatti, Kan. ; Bhotuk, Bhil; Serés, Gondi; Serisso, Kurku.

A deciduous tree attaining a large size in South India, Bark $ inch
thick, grey, with irregular short cracks, exfoliating in thin fibrous longi-
tudinal flakes. Sapwood yellow, small; heartwood extremely hard, dark
purple, with black longitudinal streaks; no distinct annual rings, but
alternating concentric belts of dark and light colour, which, however, run
irregularly into each other. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed,
generally joined by narrow, white, wavy interrupted, concentric lines.
Medullary rays light-coloured, fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Oudh, Eastern Bengal, Central and South India.

Growth moderate when young, 5 to 9 rings per inch of radius (Brandis); some of
our specimens shew 8 rings.

It coppices well, is easily raised from seed, and reproduces well naturally.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :—

; Number of
rpm | whom | Year, pips Weight, experi- Size of bar. oe
: : ments, q
Ft. In, In
Wallich, No.52 . é sia India “tes ae CEG esnces, PI ecceep ee dO coe
Puckle ., « «| 1859 | Mysore . “ 51 4 Se Des i
46
Maitland z ‘i | 1862 | Anamalais ; Bie te Sica 8x 14 x 13 | to
, d 996
Skinner, No,54 . -| 1862 FY y Ee (Se er Various . 7 912
Baker : ° -| 1829 | Malabar . : 55 3 C7 xX 25°: 3 822
R. Thompson -, «| 1873 | Central -Pro- CE ey! Watorsa ect © Aaensad TP) be Gages
vinces.
Smythies - « +] 1878 | Various ~ pro- 56 Oe 5 EH Matend? Sri: Bee
vinces.

Brandis says the value of P may be taken at 950.
It is a valuable furniture wood, and is exported to Europe from the forests of
Kanara and Malabar. Wood sent to London for sale in 1878 fetched £13 10s. per
ton. Itis also used for cart wheels, agricultural implements and for gun-carriages.
It is good for carving and fancy work, and is used for the handles of knives,
kukris and other arms. It has been used for sleepers. Nine sleepers which had
been down 7 to 8 years on the Mysore State Railway were found to have, when taken
up, 5 good, 3 still serviceable,and1 bad. It has been grown in plantations in Malabar
and Kanara.
464 Ibs,
PS 467. } Ajmere ° Are ; ee eee ;
C 187. Mandla, Central Provinces (1869) : ; : ° : 46
C 2984, Jabalpur (1863) . ; 3 : ; : : : :
C 1146. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : : ; ; : 58
C 2732. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces . : : e ; 52
C 955. Dangs Forests, Guzerat, Bombay , . ; : : 53
C 1236. Gumstir, Madras > ° . os Tr . . * 64,
C 1308. ; = GF . : ' : : oe
E 492. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . : ; :

128 LEGUMINOSH. [ Dalbergia.

. Ibs.
E 672. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. . H ; ; ‘ 50

E 2348. 3 . % : 5 4 5 ; ; 60
W 1227. NorthKanara . ; ; : 5 : : : : 54
W 720. South _,, : ; : ‘ ; J ; . : 55
W855. ‘ ‘a : ; : : ‘ ; ; ; 3 49
D 2044. Mysore. ; ; : : ; F ; ‘ ; 54
D 1072. North Arcot. ; : : ; : ; 3 57
No. 24. Salem Collection : . 62

3. D. cultrata, Grah.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 233; Kurz i. 342. Vern.
Yendike, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark 4 inch thick, smooth, with short transverse
clefts. Wood purplish black, with darker streaks, with harder wood than,
but structure similar to, that of D. latifolia.

Burma.

Weight, according to Benson, 83 lbs.; according to Brandis’ Burma List, 1862,
No. 36, 64 lbs. ; our specimens give 69 and 70 Ibs. Benson gives, from experiments
made with bars 3’ x 14” x 1:4”, P = 1003. It is used for wheels, agricultural —
implements, handles of dahs and spears, and especially for carvings. The sap-wood ~
is very perishable, but the heartwood extremely durable. .

Ibs.
BOsS1. Burma (1969). 2»! bel dhgod bys Sv Je
B 2728. Nawing Forests, Prome (1858) . ; : a ee 69
B 2697. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) ; 4 : a

4. Specimens marked Thitpoke (B2523), collected in Burma in 1862
(Brandis’ Burma List, 862, No. 133), have light yellow wood with
numerous concentric bands, scanty, large and moderate sized pores, and
very fine, very numerons, uniform and equidistant medullary rays.
Thitpoke is identified by Kurz as Dalbergia purpurea, Wall., Hook. FI.
Ind. ii. 235; Kurz i. 344; which has a small heartwood... To this also
belongs B 2230 from the Andaman Islands. . Ea

5. D. lanceolaria, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 235; Brandis 151 ;
Gamble 29.. D. frondosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 226; Beddome Ixxxviii.
Vern. Takoli, bithia, Hind.; Bander siris, Nep.; Barbat, parbati, Bans-
warra ; Gengri, Panch Mehals; Harrdni, Dharwar; Nad valanga, Tam. ;
Pedda sopara, yerra patsaru, pasarganni, Tel. ; Dandous, kaurchi, Mar.

A deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick, compact, grey, smooth, exfoliat-
ing in thin rounded patches. Wood white, moderately hard, not dur-
able, no heartwood. Annual rings (?) marked by thin, concentric lines. _
Pores scanty, large and moderate-sized, larger and somewhat more
numerous in the spring wood ; often oval and subdivided, very prominent
on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numer-
ous, very regularly distributed, joined by very fine, short, white bars.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 2,500 feet, Central
and South India.

Skinner, No. 53, gives for the weight 62 lbs. per cubic foot ; Wallich 46 Ibs. ; our
specimens give only 33 to 44]bs. Skinner also gives P = 1003, but it is probable that
he has not described the right wood, for, although he gives the correct Telugu name,
yet he calls his specimens (No. 53, p. 75) Moukshow, Burm., and “ Moulmein lance-wood ;”
while Kurz, the latest authority, does not give D. lanceolaria as occurring in Burma,
Skinner says that one log was brought from the western coast, and another by Con-

ductor Bowman from Burma, Beddome says the timber is useful for building pur-
poses.

Dalbergia. | LEGUMINOS. 129

lbs,
C 1144. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces.

E 618. Champasari Forest, Darjeeling Terai’. : 3 33
E 2346. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . : : ‘ : - 4A

6. D. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ni. 227; Hook, Fl. Ind, ii.
236; Beddome lIxxxviii.; Brandis 150; Kurz i. 345. Vern. Katsirsa,
Oudh; Dhobein, dhohein, pdssi, satpuria, Hind.; Patchalai, valange,
Tam.; Potrum, porilla, patsuru, toper, Tel.; Sondarra, sheodur, topia,
Mar. ; Hasur guniri, pachari, Kan.; Piangani, Mal.; Tapoukben, Burm. ;
Padri, Gondi, Bhil; Phassi, Kurku.

A large deciduous tree. Bark }$ inch thick, compact, grey, smooth,
with occasional horizontal cracks. Wood yellowish or greyish white,
soft, perishable; no heartwood. Structure most remarkable, entirely
different from that of other species of the genus: broad concentric
masses of wood alternate with narrow, dark coloured belts of a fibrous
substance, resembling the inner bark. Planks cut out of old trees fall to
pieces. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays very fine, numerous.
Wavy, narrow, concentric bands of white tissue alternate with broader
bands of harder and darker substance.

North-West Himalaya from the Jumna to Oudh, Central and South India.
(Quoted by Kurz from Burma, but identification doubtful.)

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 55, and R. Thompson 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; our
specimens give an average of 37 lbs. Skinner gives P= 872. Wood not durable and
very subject to the attacks of insects. Beddome says it is used for building and other

purposes.
Ibs.

C 1115. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces , é ; : : | &
C 2928. Seoni, Central Provinces 7 ; ; ; aetna . 46

7. D. nigrescens, Kurz i. 346. Vern. Thitsanweng, Burm.
A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood light grey, soft. Pores
scanty, large, subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Dry mixed forests of Upper Burma.

lbs,
B 291. Burma (1867) . ; P : : ; ; : - 38
B 2522. 9 (1862) . é . 89

There is some doubt about the identification of this species, owing to the absence of
concentric bands.

: 8. D. stipulacea, Roxb. Fi. Ind. iii. 283; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 237;
Kurz i, 346; Gamble 29. Vern. Zatebiri, Nep.; Garodosal, Mechi;
Tén-nyok, Lepeha.

A large climbing shrub. Wood soft, greenish grey, with a purplish
brown heartwood, porous, Pores numerous, of different sizes, small to
extremely large, in white, undulating, concentric bands running into each
other. Medullary rays white, fine, very numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 feet, Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong and

Burma.
Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Growth, about 9 rings per inch of radius.

Ibs.

RVEYA, : Whookddone Moret Darjeling Terai.» =. «al ienien

E 2349. Sivoke * is ra . 48

9. D. foliacea, Wall.; Hook, Fl. Ind, ii, 232; Kurzi. 347; Gamble
29, Vern, Zatediri, Nep. |

R

_

159 LEGUMINOSH, [ Dalbergia.

A large straggling shrub, with white porous wood with a small dark
heartwood, in structure ressmbling that of D. stipulacea, except that the
medullary rays are broader.

Eastern Himalaya and Burma.
_ E3274. Miraghat Reserve, W. Diars.

10. PTEROCARPUS, Linn.

Contains 4 Indian species. P. macrocarpus, Kurz i. 349; Hook. FI. Ind, ii. 239,
is a deciduous tree of the Eng and upper mixed forests of Martaban and Tenasserim,
rare in Prome. The ‘“ Rosewood” or “Lancewood” of West Africa is produced by
P. erinaceus, Poir.

The wood of the three species examined is very uniform in structure,
though the colours differ. They all have extremely fine, uniform and _
equidistant medullary rays, large and small pores, and fine, wavy, con- -
centric bands.

1. P. indicus, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 238; Beddome t.23; Kurz
i. 349. LP. dalbergioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 236. Andaman Redwood,
Vern. Padouk, Burm. ; Chalanga-dé, And, | i il

A lofty tree, sometimes evergreen, with grey bark. Sapwood small;
heartwood dark red, close-grained, moderately hard to hard, with a —
slight aromatic scent. Pores scanty, small to large, sometimes oval
and subdivided. Very fine, white, wavy, interrupted, concentric lines, —
irregularly distributed. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous,
uniform and equidistant. The transverse diameter of the pores much
larger than the distance between the rays. 7 |

Burma and the Andainan Islands. .

The weights of our specimens from Burma differ considerably from those from the
Andamans, the latter being much lighter, the wood softer and the colour rather lighter.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined from the following experi- —
ments :—

: Wood Number
EXPESIMENT BX WHOM 1 voor, whence Weight. | of experi- Size of bar. Value of P.
ae (nal ‘procured. thents,
Ft. in. in,
Simpson » ; $ Br Tenasserim 62 oun 8xltx 781
me ‘ : ye 81 se 3x1}x 1§ 1,575
Benson ; ‘ ’ : oS . % 71 = 8x 14x 14 | 1,033
Skinner, No, 110 } . | 1862 Burma 56 wea Various 8
aitland . . : ” ” 57 aoe 3 x 1§ x 14 620 to 1,122
Brandis, No. 39 ; a ” 60 vee eee cae nnn ee
Smythies » ; - | 1878 Pe 60 8 | wo ) écan SL eee
+ ; P : Andamans AS ee iy st
Bennett, No. 1 ; . | 1872 7 49°5 vib 5 CP eS ERS 827

Used for furniture, carts, -carriages and other purposes. It is said to be the
most useful wood in the Andamans, where it grows to an enormous size. Major
Protheroe describes a tree felled in 1876 with a clear stem of 65 feet and a girth of 17 feet,
and says that the wood of the root is closer-grained, darker-coloured and more beauti-
fully marked than that of the stem. The plank sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878
measured nearly 4 feet across. In London, a portion of the same log from which the
plank was cut fetched a price of £17-10s. per ton, or nearly Rs. 4 per cubic foot,
while three logs lately sold in Caleutta fetched Rs. 60 per ton, Furniture made from
Padouk wood and exhibited at Paris in 1878 by Messrs. Jackson and Graham was
much admired, They reported on it as follows :—

“This is a straight-grown wood, with rather a coarsé open grain, but without any
strong figure or espn Hall When first cut it is of a reddish brown colour, but it fades

———_—

a ee

Plerocarpus. | : LEGUMINOSE, 131

to much the same colour as teak-—a wood it resembles very much, and it is about as
hard, but much heavier. From the six specimen trees sent us, we imagine that it does
not grow to any great size. The largest sent to us measured 16 feet long x 1 foot
7 inches X 1 foot G6 inches. We consider it suitable forall kinds of furniture. We
manufactured it into a suite of morning-room furniture, which was exhibited at the
Paris Exhibition, and which stood the test of a very hot summer ina most satisfactory
manner.”

It seasons well, works well and takes a very fine polish. It gives a kind of gum
“kino.” Home’s valuation surveys in the Andamans gave an average of 7 mature trees
per acre, which shews what a large quantity of the wood might be made available for
export.

lbs.
B 584. Martaban P : : , : ; .
B 2524. Pegu (1862) ; ; : , fp . rears . 60
B 2708. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . ; : : ; ; : . 6&8
B 2716. ‘soe as aot ; : ‘ : : ; . 59
B 6526. Andaman Islands ‘ : ; ; . ; . . 46
B 2207. os nd (1866). ‘ ; ; ‘ af . 43
B 2494. Pp » (Home, 1874, No.1) . ‘ , ; cae

2. P. santalinus, Linn. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 239; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 234; Beddome t. 22; Brandis 153. The Red Sanders Tree. Vern.
Lal chandan, rakta chandan, sevapu chandanum, Tam., Tel.; Honné,
Kan,

A small tree. Sapwood white; heartwood purplish black, dark-
orange red when fresh cut, extremely hard, the shavings giving a _ blood-
red orange colour. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, scattered.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant, wavy. ‘The pores are joined
by many fine, white, undulating, concentric lines at unequal distances.

South India, chiefly in Cuddapah, North Arcot and the southern portion of the
Karn district.

Growth, Beddome mentions a tree 5 years old having 18 feet 5 inches in height and
9 inches in girth; this would give 3 rings per inch of radius, which is fast, but the tree
was young and the annual growth of old trees is much slower. In Captain Campbell-
Walker’s Report on the Cuddapah forests of March 1875, he mentions a tree having
grown in 14 months to a height of 43 feet and girth of 3 inches.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 112, 70 lbs.; our specimens give 76 to 77 lbs.
Skinner gives P=975. Beddome says it is used for building purposes and for
turning. Itis exported from Madras in billets and root pieces as a dyewood, as it
contains a red colouring principle, “ santalin,” which is soluble in aleohol and ether, but
not in water. Dissolved in alcohol, it dyes cloth a beautiful salmon-pink colour. It
is used in medicine by the natives as an astringent, but does not seem to have much
value.

_ Regarding the method of planting the “ Red Sanders” Tree, the following memo-
randum by Mr. Yarde was published at page 98 of the Report of the Forest Conference
Meeting in 1875 :— |

“The seeds are gathered in May and sown in July, in small beds about eight feet
square, prepared adjacent to where water is to be had. They are thrust into the light
soil perpendicularly, or at an inclination, and about an inch deep (just sufficient te
cover the winged seed). From 700 to 800 may be put into the nursery beds of the
above-mentioned dimensions, and watered every second evening by a watering-can.

Seeds soaked for a night in cold water germinate in 20 to 25 days, while those
unsoaked take from 30 to 35. After germination has taken place, the beds must
be moderately watered by a picotta or other means, with small communicating or
distribution channels made between the beds. During the first six months particular
care in watering is very necessary. T'oomuch water proves equally destructive as none
at all. The condition of the soil where planted must be the best guide, as they seem
only to inhabit the country where the rainfall is small.

“The leading shoot at six montks has a tendency to drop from the top weight of
leaves, and should be supported with a forked stick, which is sufficient to straighten
the stem. The nursery must be kept free from weeds, and when the plants in the

132 LEGUMINOSH, ; | Plerocarpus.

nursery are about six months old, they may be safely transferred to wicker or bamboo
baskets, which must be done during the rains. They must be carefully removed with
pointed instruments, so that their tap-roots are not injured or broken. The wicker
baskets with the plants should be placed in a shady spot and watered every second or
third day, and when it is perceived that the roots have taken’ firm hold, and the plants
quite revived, the baskets should be buried in pits 1’ x 1’ x 2” at about five or six
feet apart, and watered till the rains set in. During the time the plants are in the
nursery, as a protection from the sun, I always found Peruvian cotton, planted near
or around, very beneficial. Of course any shade will suit the purpose required.”

Ibs.
D 2066. Mysore RiP ; : q é : . ae
‘D 2917. Madras (Brandis) ; a : ; ‘ ; <a
D 1075. North Arcot (with sapwood) . 66
D 3151. Cuddapah, Madras ; 77

3. P. Marsupium, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. iii. 234; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 239 ;
Beddome t. 21; Brandis 152. Vern. Bija, bijasér, bijasdl, piasal,
Hind.; Byasa, Uriya; Dhorbeula, dsan, Mar. ; Peddei, Gondi; Peddagi,
yeanga, yeggi, yegisa, pedéga, pedéi, Tel:; Vengai, Tam.; Benga, honné,
Kan.; Biyaira, Bijeragogarh ; Radat bera, Bhil.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey, with long vertical
cracks, exfoliating in small pieces of irregular shape and size. Sap-
wood small; heartwood brown, with darker streaks, very hard, durable,
yielding a red resin. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided,
uniformly distributed. Numerous fine, white, wavy, concentric lines
at regular intervals. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous;
not visible except under a lens, uniform and equidistant, prominent on
a radial section. Pores marked on a vertical section; the transverse

diameter of the pores many times larger than the distance between the

rays.

Central and South India, extending northwards to the Banda District of the North-

Western Provinces.
The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following ex-

periments :—

- No. of
Rspartioent 7 whom | Year, Seer. Weight. ce Size of bar used. |- s— of
ss * ments, :
Ft. in. in
Wallich, No. 224 . 4 nas Travancore . . 47 Fee ee
Puckle ° ° > -| 1859 | Mysore. ..° 56 ‘ie. Magee atone tez
” ” ” 61 eee 2x UX 42 821
Skinner. No. 111 . -| 1862 | SouthIndia . . 56 suf in os 868
French . ° ° - | 1861 | Madras (Erode “ 3 A Sere me te | 611
workshops).
Baker (Nos, 501 to 504) .| 1829 | Baggri Forest, 63 4 Cx Somad 687
Midnapore . .
Smythies . . ° - | 1878 | Different places . 52 10 5h Pe a

The wood is durable, seasons well and takes a fine polish; the heartwood is full of
gum resin and stains yellow when damp. It is much used for doors and window
frames, posts and beams, furniture, agricultural implements, cart and boat building.
' It has also been used for sleepers. Out of 25 sleepers which had been down 7 to 8
years on the Mysore State Railway, there were found, when taken up, 9 good, 11 still
serviceable and 5 bad. It has also been used to a certain extent on the Holkar and
Neemuch and other lines. It yields, from wounds in the bark, a red gum-resin
called “kino,” a valuable astringent, much used in medicine.

.

Plerocarpus. | LEGUMINOSR, 133

lbs.
C 175. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) -. ; : : ; 47
C 1105. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces J - ; ; : 58
C 2741. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces . : ; , } 49
C 2918. Seoni, Central Provinces / : - ; ; ; 56
C 1238. Gumstir, Madras . : 2 F ; ; ; : 56
W 742. South Kanara : F ; - , : ° ; 48
W 752. 4s ‘a 3 ‘ > : , > ‘ : : 45
W850. aI ts : ; ; : , . ’ : : 53
D 1061. South Arcot P ; 3 : ; ; : : pia
D 1086. Madura . A - . ; , ‘ ‘ é ; 59
No. 39. Salem Collection : : : ; : : 5 j 52

11. PONGAMIA, Vent.

1. P. glabra, Vent. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 240; Beddome t. 177;
Brandis 153; Kurz i. 335. Galedupa indica, Lam.; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 239. Vern. Karanj, papar, Hind.; Dalkaramcha, haranja, Beng.;
Koranjt, Uriya; Ponga, Tam.; Kanga, pungu, kaniga, ganuga, Tel. ;
Garanji, Gondi; Charr, Ajmere; Hingay, pong, Kan. ; Thinwin, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree, almost evergreen. Bark soft, 4 inch thick,
greyish brown, covered with small tubercles. Wood moderately hard,
white, turning yellow on exposure. Annual rings indistinct. Pores
moderate-sized, scanty, included in and joined by white, wavy, concen-
tric anastomosing bands of soft tissue, which alternate with bands of
darker colour and firmer texture. In the darker-coloured bands the
fine, white, numerous and uniformly distributed medullary rays are
distinctly visible.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 2,000 feet; Bengal,
Burma, Central and South India.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 107, 40 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give an
average of 42 lbs. Skinner gives P = 686. The wood is not durable, and is readily
eaten by insects, but is improved by seasoning in water. In Lower Bengal it is used
for oil-mills and firewood ; in South India for solid cart-wheels. The seeds are used in
native medicine ; they also give a thick, red-brown oil used for burning, and medicinally
as an application for skin diseases, for which it is said to be very efficacious, The
leaves are used for manure for rice-fields in Mysore. The tree is easily grown from
euttings.

Ibs.

P 457. Ajmere . : : : : : . : ‘ 45
C 1133. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces A : * : : 38
E 411. Sundarbans ; ; i ; A : : . 43

12. DERRIS, Loureiro.

Contains several climbing shrubs or trees, chiefly Burmese. D. scandens, Bth. ;
Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 240; Brandis 154; Kurz i. 339 (Dalbergia scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 232) Vern. Gunj, Pb. ; Noaluta, Beng. ; golari, potra, nalavail, Gondi; Cheratali
badu, nala-tige, Tel.; Tupail, Mar.; Meekyoung-nway, Burm., is a large climbing
shrub, common all over India and Burma; it has a white, hard wood, with regular
structure. D. uliginosa, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 241; Kurz i. 339. Vern. Kelia
lota, Beng., is a large evergreen scandent shrub of the tidal forests of Bengal and
Burma, whose stems are used in the Sundarbans for tying logs to boats. Several other
species, all climbing, occur in Burma, chiefly in tidal forests.

1. D. robusta, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 241; Brandis 154; Kurz i,
338. Dalbergia Krowee, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 229. Vern, Mowhitta, Ass. ;
Bolkakarti, Garo; Krowee, Sylhet; Gumbong, Magh.

134 LEGUMINOSH. | [ Dervis.

A deciduous tree. Wood light brown, hard. Pores large and
moderate-sized. Medullary rays prominent, fine, wavy, equidistant.
Numerous. narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft texture frequently
_ joining the pores.

Outer Himalaya from the Ganges eastwards, Assam, Eastern Bengal, down to

Pegu.
Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Roxburgh says it grows quickly to a large size.

lbs.
E 786. Kamrip, Assam , : ; : , : ; k 53

Dathousiea bracteata, Wall.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 248; Wight Ic. t. 265, is a shrub
of the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal. Calpurnia aurea, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.
251; Beddome Ixxxix., is a handsome shrub of the hills of South India. Huchrista
Horsfieldii, Bennett ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 248, is an erect shrub of the Khasia Hills.

Suz-Orver II. CHSALPINIEZA.

Contains 17 genera, divided into 5 tribes, viz.,.—

Tribe I.—Eucesalpiniee . . . «. « Peltophorum, Mezoneurum,
Cesalpinia, Pterolobium,
Acrocarpus, Wagatea,
Poinciana and Parkin-

sonia.
» 11.—Cassiez ‘ : F . . Cassia.
» 111.—Bauhiniexe é j ; ; . Bauhinia.
» 1V.—Ambherstiee . ‘ , , . Amherstia, Humboldtia, Af-
zelia, Tamarindus and
Saraca.
» V.—Cynometree . ‘ ; ; . Hardwickia and Cynometra,

Mezoneurum and Pterolobium contain only climbing shrubs. The former has three
species: WZ. cucullatum, W. and A.; Brandis 155; Kurz i. 409; Gamble 30. (Cesal-
pinia cucullata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 358) Vern. Biskoprah, Oudh ; Sungray, Nep.;
Runggong, yangkup, Lepcha; Ragi, Bombay; Kyoungehet, Burm.,a large climber
whose stems and branches are armed with strong hooked prickles with a corky base,
with porous wood, and found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sarda east-
wards, Western Ghats and Burma (E. 488, Darjeeling Terai); M. enneaphyllum, W.
and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 258, a climber of Cachar, Chittagong and Burma; and
M. glabrum, Desf., a large climber of Pegu. The latter has one species, Pterolobium
indicum, A.Rich. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 259 (P. macropterum, Kurz i. 410. Cesalpinia
lacerans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 367) Vern. Walekadida, Tel. ; Kyoungyet-nway, Burm.,
a prickly climber of Burma. The remaining genera contain chiefly trees.

Peltophorum ferrugineum, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 257 ; Kurz i. 408, is an ever-
green tree of the coast forests of the Andamans, said by Kurz to have a blackish heart-
wood. Poinciana contains one indigenous tree, P. elata, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 260;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 355; Beddome t. 178; Brandis 157; Vern. Padenarayan,
Tam.; Sunkeswar, Tel.; Nirangi, Kan., found in the forests of South India, but
more. often seen planted. Skinner, No. 106, says it has wood of a yellow colour,
tolerably close and even grained, easily worked, and giving a smooth surface,
warping slightly, but not subject to crack, well suited for cabinet work; and
that its weight is 45 lbs. per cubic foot, and P= 5616. It also contains P.

regia, Bojer, the well-known ornamental tree with crimson and orange flowers

appearing in the hot season. It was introduced from Madagascar, and is now found
planted almost all over India. Kurz says the wood is white, soft, light and looses
grained, and that the tree gives a plentiful gum. Parkinsonia aculeata, Linn.
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 260; Beddome xci.; Brandis 158; Kurz i. 403, is an introduced shrub
or small tree, now almost naturalised in India, especially in the arid zone, where it is
grown as a hedge plant. The wood is whitish, Font and soft, but close-grained and

ees

OO ——————

Casalpinia. | LEGUMINOS&. 133

lishes fairly.. Skinner, No. 102, gives W=40, P=565. Wagatea spicata, Dalz. ;
Hook. Fl. {nd, ii. 261, is a climbing shrub of the Western Ghits. Amherstia nobilis,
Wall. ; Hook. Fl.Ind.ii. 272; Kurzi. 411. Vern. Thawka, soka, Burm., perhaps the
most beautiful flowering tree in the world, was discovered by Mr. Crawford and
Dr. Wallich at Kogun in the Salween Valley; it is now cultivated in gardens round
Calcutta and’ elsewhere, and is usually propagated by layers. wmboldtia contains
three or four small trees of South India: H. unijuga, Beddome t. 183, is-a handsome
tree of the Travancore Ghats, said to yield a hard durable timber; H. Brunonis, Wall.,
is found in the forests of Coorg and South Kanara, and H, Vahliana, Wight, on the
Nilgiris.

Altogether, there is scarcely any class of trees with such a variety of species
with handsome flowers and generally, at the same time, valuable wood as the sub-order
Cesalpiniee. Besides the Indian genera there are numerous others of value such as
the Logwood Hematoxylon Cumpechianum, Linn., (No. 2966,) of Central America and
the West Indies; the Copaiba Balsam Tree, Copaifera officinalis, and the Carob Tree,
Ceratonia siliqua, Linn., now almost naturalised in the Salt Range and other parts of
the Punjab.

13. CASALPINIA, Linn,

Contains 10 shrubs, chiefly climbing and prickly. C. Bonducella, Roxb. FI.
Ind. ii. 357 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 254. Brandis 156; Gamble 30. The Fever Nut.
Vern. Katkaranj, Hind.; Nata, Beng.; Gajykai, Kan., is a common very prickly
climbing shrub of India, often used for hedges. Its seeds are used in medicine, and
contain an oil; they are tonic and antiperiodic. C. sepiaria, Roxb, FI. Ind. ii. 360;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 256 ; Brandis 156; Kurz i. 406. The Mysore Thorn. Vern. Urn,
ari, arlu, relu, kando, aila, Hind. ; Chillar, Mar.; Hotsigé, Kan., is a large prickly
climber used for hedges. C. pulcherrima, Sw. Vern. Krishna-chira, Beng., is ahand-
some shrub cultivated in gardens in most parts of India, C. erista, “ Redwood” or
“ Brésillet,” (No. 2963) comes from the West Indies; C. echinata, “ Brazil Wood” or
“Pernambuco Wood,” (No. 2964) from South America, and C. braziliensis, “ Brazil-
etto,” from the West Indies and Brazil. C. Coriaria, Willd., is the American
Sumach or Divi-divi. Weight, 56lbs.; P= 724 (Skinner No. 382).

1. C. Sappan, Linn. ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 255 ; Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 357 ;
Beddome xe. ; Brandis 156; Kurz i. 405. Vern. Bakam, Hind., Guz.,
Beng. ; Patunga, Tam.; Bakamu, bakapu, Tel.; Bokmo, Uriya; Pattang,
Mar.; Patanga, Kan.; Teng nyet, Burm.

A small thorny tree. Sapwood white, heartwood red. Pores isolated,
enclosed in narrowrings. Medullary rays fine; the distance between the

rays equal to, or somewhat larger than, the transverse diameter of the
pores,

South India, Bengal and Burma.

Weight, according to Skinner No. 33, 60 lbs. per cubic foot ; Wallich gives 61 lbs.
Skinner gives P=1540! The wood takes a fine polish and does not warp or crack ;
it yields a valuable dye, which is largely exported. It has been grown in plantations at
Nilambd&r and in the Central Provinces.

Ibs,

C 3136. Moharli, Central Provinces (cultivated) (sapwood) . : . 52

14, ACROCARPUS, Wight.

A genus placed by Baker in Flora Indica, Vol. ii., under Mimosee ; but by
Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum as here described.

* 1, A. fraxinifolius, Wight ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 292; Beddome t. 44;
Brandis 158; Kurz i, 410; Gamble 80. Vern. JMlandania, Nep.;
Madting, Lepcha ; Mallay kone, Tinnevelly ; Kilingi, Burghers ; Hantige,
belanji, havulige, Kan,

136 LEGUMINOSA. [ Acrocarpus.

A lofty deciduous tree, with thin, light-grey bark. Sapwood white ;
heartwood light red, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to very
large, often oval and divided into two to five compartments, either
isolated or enclosed in narrow interrupted bands of softer tissue promi-
nent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

Hills of the Eastern Himalaya down to Chittagong, ascending to 4,000 feet;
South India, and Burma.

Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used by planters in Darjeeling for
tea-boxes and planking, in the Wynaad for building and furniture, and in Coorg for |
shingles. It is an extremely handsome tree, growing with a fine tall cylindrical
stem, handsome flowers and large bipinnate leaves, which are red when young;
it reproduces easily and is fast growing. Beddome mentions a tree 27 feet in girth
above the buttresses, and Manson states that a windfall tree in the Lower Darjeeling
Hills had a bole 70 feet without a branch and measured 11 feet in girth at the small
end.

Ibs,
E 667. Lama Gumba Forest, Darjeeling . ‘ ; ; , . 39
D 1085. Madura, Madras : ' . ees 39

15. CASSIA, Linn.

A large genus containing 18 species of herbs, shrubs and large trees. It is of con-
siderable importance, as the trees produce fine timber and some of the shrubs and herbs the
“Senna” leaves used in medicine. C. awriculata, Linn.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 263;
Brandis 165, Vern. Zarwar, awal, Hind.; Tarota, Berar; Tangedu, tangar, Tel.;
Avarike, Kan., is a shrub of Central and South India; its bark is used for tanning and
dyeing leather, and its seeds as an application for ophthalmia, as are these of C. Absus,
Linn. C. obovata, Colladon, is a shrub common all over India, and is one of the plants
furnishing the medicinal senna leaves. C. alata, Linn.,is an introduced shrub, now run
wild, whose leaves are an excellent application for ring-worm.

C. glauca, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 265; Beddome xci.; Kurz i. 394, (Senna
arborescens, Roxb. F\. Ind. ii. 345) is a large shrub or small tree of the eastern part
of South India and of Burma. C. nodosa, Ham.; Kurz i. 392. Vern. Gnoothein,
Burm., and C. renigera, Wall. Vern. Gnooshay, Burm., are large trees of Burma,
the former extending to the Eastern Himalaya.

Heartwood hard, heavy, dark-coloured. Pores moderate-sized and
large, in patches of soft texture, which in some species are confluent and
form continuous concentric bands.

1. C. Fistula, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 261; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 333 ;
Beddome xci.; Brandis 194; Kurz i. 391; Gamble 30. Cathartocarpus
Fistula, Pers. The Indian Laburnum. Vern. Amadidés, Hind.; Alash, ali,
harangal, kidr, kaniar, Pb. ; Raj briksh, kitola, Kumaun ; Chimkant, Sind. ;
Gurmala, Guz. ; Sundali, bandarlati, Beng.; Sandari, Uriya; Kitwali,
hitoli, itola, shimarra, sim, North-Western Provinces ; Warga, Oudh ; Jag-
garwah, raila, hirojah, karkacha, C. P.; Jaggra, kambar, rera, Gondi;
Banag, bangru, Kurku; Bahawah, baya, bawa, Mar.; Raj biry7, Nep.;
Sonalu, Giro; Bonurlati, bonurlauri, persar, Palamow ; Sunarw, Assam ;
Bandolat, Cachar; Kone, sirikone,Tam.; Reylu, rela, suvarnam, konay, Tel.;
Kaki, Tam. ; Kakhe, Kan. Ahalla, Cingh.; Gnooshway, gnoogyee, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick, compact,
greenish grey and smooth when young, dark-reddish brown and rough
when old, exfoliating in many-sided patches. Sapwood large, heart-
wood varying in colour from grey or yellowish red to brick-red, very
hard to extremely hard. Sharp, thin, white, concentric lines which may
possibly be annual rings, Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed,

i i i i i a

Cassia. | LEGUMINOSH. 137

enclosed in, and joined by, white, wavy, irregular and often interrupted
concentric bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays very fine, very numer-
ous, uniform and equidistant, slightly bent, prominent in the dark, firm
tissue which separates the wavy bands. ;

Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 feet, and throughout India and Burma

Growth moderate, 9 rings per inch of radius.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :— .

Experiment by whom Wood whence , Number of
‘nado. Weight,

Years. produced, experiments

Size of bar. Value of P,

Ft. In. In.

Kyd ea eer “se Assam . , 56 ove 2x1x* 1 588
Skinner, No.43 . «| 1862 |SouthIndia . 61 ey al ¥. TR 846
R. Thompson « «| 1868 | Central Provin- 52 whe oe Sok! pe nes

Brandis, Nos. 33 and 34] 1862 econ ; : f of

Central Provinces List .| 1973 | Central Provin- dal babe ea I ee

Smythies . . .| 1878 Different Pro- 60 REM Sa

vinces.

The wood is very durable, but rarely of sufficiently large size for timber. It makes
excellent posts, and is good for carts, agricultural implements and rice-pounders. The
pulp of the pods is a strong purgative, the bark is used in dyeing and tanning, and the
gum as an astringent. It is a very handsome tree, having long pendulous racemes of
bright yellow flowers, and a long, straight, cylindrical, indehiscent pod, often one and
two feet long. It is often cultivated for ornament. )

Ibs.
P 101. Sutlej Valley, Punjab, 3,000 feet . ‘ ° oe
P 437. Ajmere . , ‘ e.) Be : - : she
Pp 439. ” . ° ° . > 7 - o . . . 61
O 244. Garhwal (1868) . , : ‘ ‘ : ‘ : awe iu:
O 333. Gorakhpur (1868) . ; 52

© 1154. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : 4 : ? ; 56

E 579. Lohagarhi Forest, Darjeeling Terai 6
E 2352. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai ‘ E : : - 62
E 783. Kamrip, Assam. . : ‘ F ; ; ‘ . 60
W 864. South Kanara : . ; ‘ ° . ; - 62
D 2052. Mysore . ; ‘ ° . : ‘ . ‘ ; . 58
D 1076. North Arcot, Madras Pd 68 wean aleisind rt - 93
B 2525. Burma (1862) ‘ : : ° ‘ ‘ : A . 66

The difference between the wood of this tree and that of Ougeinia
dalbergioides consists in this, that in the former the patches of white soft
tissue are continuous, forming belts ; whereas in Ougeinia they are rhom-
boidal, pointed at the ends, and form interrupted belts.

2. C. marginata, Roxb, Fl. Ind ii. 338; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 262.
C. Roxburghiit, UC.; Beddome t. 180. Vern. Urimidi, uskiamen, Tel. ;
Ngoomee, Burm. ; Ratoo-waa, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree, with deeply cracked, brown bark. Heartwood

Wye: brown, very hard. Pores moderate-sized and large, joined by
narrow, undulating, irregular, white bands of soft tissue. Medullary
rays fine and very numerous, uniform and equidistant, prominent in the

§

138 LEGUMINOSZ@. [ Cassia,

dark firm tissue which separates the bands of white soft tissue. Structure
similar to that of C. Fistula,

Madras, Ceylon and Burma (Thoungyeen forests).

Weight, Skinner, No. 44, gives 63 lbs.; our specimen gives 59 Ibs. per cubic foot.
Skinner gives P=880. The wood is well adapted for turning, naves of wheels and
handles of tools. Pie

Ss.
B 301. Burma (1862) . : ° ; - : : . : 59

3. C. siamea, Lamk. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 264.; Kurzi. 392. C. florida,
Vahl; Beddome t. 179. Senna sumatrana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1.847. Vern.
Beati, manje konne, Tam. ; Sime tangadi, Kan.; Waa, Cingh.; Yaizalee,
Burm.

A moderate-sized tree with smooth bark. Sapwood whitish, rather
large. Heartwood dark brown, nearly black, very hard. Pores large
and moderate-sized, joined by concentric, light-coloured, wavy bands of
soft tissue which alternate with black belts of firm texture, in which
the fine, light-coloured, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are
prominent. Frequently beautifully mottled on a vertical section.

South India, Burma and Ceylon.
Weight, according toSkinner, No. 39, 58 lbs.; our specimens give 54°5. P—=840.
Very durable. Used in Burma for mallets, helves and walking-sticks; in South

India it is little known, but it is considered one of the best’ kinds of fuel for
locomotives in Ceylon (Beddome).

. lbs.
D 1080. North Arcot ; ; : + waar - : : ‘ 58
B 2526. Burma (1862) . : ‘ ; { : : . ; 54
B 2712. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) P ; . $ ; ‘ 52

4, C. timoriensis, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 265; Beddome xeii.;
Kurz i. 893. Vern. Arremene, Cingh.; Toung maizalee, Burm.

A handsome, small, evergreen tree. Wood dark brown, nearly black.
Structure resembling that of C. ssamea.

Burma and Ceylon.

Weight, 57 1bs., P= 594, according to Adrian Mendis. Used in Ceylon for building —

and furniture.

: Ibs.
No. 4. Ceylon Collection : J TY AeP oe) 5 é oo ae

B 2260, 45lbs., and B 2295, 46 lbs., sent by Major Ford from the Andamans in
1866 under the name of Gnoogyee, belong to a species of Cassia. Wood hard, durable,
olive brown, with a structure similar to that of Ougeinia dalbergioides. It is evidently
a common wood in the Andamans.

16. BAUHINIA, Linn.

Contains about 20 to 30 species, almost equally divided into trees and climbers.
Few of the species reach a very large size, but their commonness renders them im-
portant. They are easily recognised by their two leaflets being generally joined
7 for a portion of their length, forming apparently a bilobed, palmately veined
eaf.

Tree section. B. acuminata, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 276; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
324; Brandis 159; Kurz i. 396. Vern. Kanchan, Beng.; Kachnar, Hind. ; Mahah-
layka phyoo, Burm,, is an erect, white-flowered, handsome shrub of South India and
Burma. 2B. tomentosa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 275; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 828;
Beddome xcii.; Brandis 159. Vern. Kachnar, Hind.; Kanchini, Tam., Tel., is a
shrub or small tree of South India with showy, yellow flowers, having a purple eye, and

=

Bauhinia. | LEGUMINOSAE. 139

a tough wood, with nearly black heartwood. B. triandra, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 320, is a
small tree grown in avenues in Bengal. B. monandra, Kurz. Vern. Swaitan, Burm.,
B. polycarpa, Wall., and B. elongata, Korth., are trees of Burma,

The creepers contain some of the most important plants found in our forests. B.
Vahlii, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 279; Beddome xciii.; Brandis 161; Kurz 1. 401;
Gamble 31. (B. racemosa, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 325) Vern. Zawr, Punjab ; Malghan,
maljdn, malu, maurain, jallaur, Hind. ; Sihdér, mahalan, mail, C. P.; Borla, Nep.;
Chehur, Beng. ; Sungung rik, Lepcha ; Shioli, Uriya; Paur, bela, Gondi; Adda, Tam. ;
Chamboli, Dekkan, is perhaps the most gigantic of the numerous large climbers of the
Indian forests. It is found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards,
in Northern and Central India, and in Tenasserim. Its uses are almost more nimerous
than those of any other forest plant except the bamboo. Its large, flat leaves are sewn
together and used as plates, cups, rough table cloths, umbrellas and rain-caps; its pod is
roasted and the seeds eaten; its bark is made intorough ropes, and it gives a copious

, which, however, seems to be of little value, The wood is porous, in broad, irregularly
Rote concentric layers, alternating with red, juicy, bark-like tissue; the pith is cross-
shaped. (P 108, Sutlej; O 544, Dehra Din; E 474, E 2954, Darjeeling Terai). The
foliage is very dense and the stems do great damage to the trees they climb over; it 1s
very prevalent in sal forest, andin many provinces is being systematically cut out. B.
anguina, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 328 ; Hook. Fi. Ind. ii. 284; Beddome xciil. ; Kurz i. 403 ;
Gamble 31. Vern. Nagpiit, Sylhet; Naiwilli, Nep., is the Snake Climber of the moist
forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Martaban and South India ; its bark
is also used in rope-making, and its wood is very soft and porous. The stems are
usually very curiously twisted, generally in alternate bends and often with a straight
thick margin. (E 482, Darjeeling Terai.) :

Wood red or brown, hard; no heartwood ; concentric bands of soft
tissue alternating with bands of finer texture, in which the numerous

- fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible. The

pores are uniform in size, |

1. B. malabarica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 321; Hook. Fl, Ind. ii. 277;
Beddome xcii.; Brandis 159; Kurz i. 899; Gamble 3l. Vern. Am/zi,
amlosa, Hind. ; Karmai, Beng.; Amli taki, Nep.; Kattra, Ass.; Chep-
pura, Basavana pada, Kan.; Amli, Mar.; Kundapula, dhondel, kangali,
Gondi; Ambotha, chapa, Kurku ; Pulla dondur, puli shinta, puthari, Tel. ;
Apta, Berar; Bwaygyin, Burm.
A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick, rough, brown,
exfoliating in linear flakes. Wood light-reddish brown, with irregular
masses of black or purplish wood near the centre; moderately hard.
Pores moderate-sized, generally oval and subdivided. Numerous narrow,
wavy, white, concentric bands of softer tissue alternate with bands of
harder and red-coloured wood of equal width, in which the numerous,

_ fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinetly visible.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges to Assam, Bengal, Burma, South India.

Weight, the average of our specimens gives 48 lbs.; Brandis, 1862, Burma List,
No. 31, 42 lbs. The wood is rarely used. The tree is recognised by its acid leaves
which are eaten.

€ 1137. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ‘ é a ri ee
C 2817. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) . ; ; : : ‘ . 44

lbs.

C 821. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar ; : . tant ‘ ar
E 590. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai. RET Ce A pe
E 2350. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. 4 ; ot Se a ce
B 3203. Burma (1862) : : ; i orig

2. B. racemosa, Lam.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 276; Beddome t. 182;
Brandis 159; Kurz i. 397. B. parviflora, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 323.
Vern. Kostindra, taur, Pb.; Kachndl, givridl, thaur, ashta, makkina,
maula, dhorara, Hind. ; Dhondri, dhundera, astra, bosha, Gondi ; Shinja,

140 LEGUMINOSH. [ Bauhinia.

Ajmere; Ari, avro, Tel.; Ati, archi, areka, Tam.; Apta, seyara, May. ;
Banraj, Beng.; Ambhota, Uriya; Aupta, Kan.; Hpalan, Burm,; Amba
bhésa, Bhil; Bossai, Kurku.

A small deciduous tree, Bark ¢ inch thick, dark brown, very rough,
with numerous, deep, vertical cracks, Wood light brown, hard, with
irregularly-shaped masses of darker-coloured and harder wood near the
centre, Pores moderate-sized, often in radial lines. Narrow, white, irre-
gular bands of softer tissue alternate with darker bands of somewhat
greater width, in which the very numerous, fine, uniform and equidistant
medullary rays are distinctly visible.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 5,000 feet; Oudh,
Bengal, Burma, Ceritral and South India.

Weight, Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 32, gives 44 Ibs.; R. Thompson, 56 lbs. ;
our specimens give 50 lbs. on an average. The wood is good, but not used. The fibres
of the bark are used to make ropes and slow matches,

Ibs,
P 453. Ajmere : ; : : os
P 3216, Nagpahar, Ajmere : : : ; : F Ph
O 247. Garhwal (1868) . ; : é ‘ ; ; 7 . 53
O 335. Gorakhpur (1868) . - : ; : ; : : . 47
C 200. Mandla, Central Provinces (1869) . : i , ‘ . 56

€ 1170. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . P , 3 3 . 44
C 2770. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) . ; , ‘ : ‘ . At

3. B. purpurea, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 284 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 320; .
Beddome xcii.; Brandis 160; Kurz i. 398; Gamble 31. Vern. Koiral,
kardar, karalli, gray, Pb.; Koliadr, kantdr, kandan, khairwal, kwillar, koilari,
sona, Hind.; Khwairalo, Nep.; Kachik, Lepcha; Deva kanehan,
rakta kancha, koiral, Beng. ; Kodwari, Gondi; Koliari, Kurku; Atmatti,
Mar.; Kanchan, Tel.; Pedda aré, mandareh, Tam.; Saril, kanchivdla,
Kan.; Mahalay kani, Burm. |

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark 4 to 4 inch thick, ash-
coloured to dark brown. Wood pinkish white, turning dark brown
on exposure, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, mostly oval, sub-
divided. Wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue alternating with darker-
coloured bands of firmer tissue, in which the white, fine, uniform and
equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastward, Central and South India and
Burma.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 24, 39 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of
49 lbs. Wood used for agricultural implements and in construction. The bark is.
used for tanning, the leaves for cattle fodder, and the flower buds are pickled and
eaten.

Ibs.
P 153. Sainj, Giri Valley, 3,000 feet 3 ‘ ‘ : : . 42
© 229. Garhwal (1868) . ° ‘ ; A A . ; . 56
O 230. 93 bb) . . . v . . . . . 46
C 822. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar ? é . ‘ ; . - 650
C 2792. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) . ; ; . ; . 386
E 585. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . 3 é of NS

4, B. variegata,. Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. 284; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
319; Beddome xcii.; Brandis. 160; Kurz i. 897; Gamble 381. ° Vern.
Kachnar, kolidr, hural, padridn, khwairal, guridl, gwiar, baridl, Hind. ;
Yaki, Nep.; Rha, Lepcha; Rakia kanchan, Beng.; Borara, Uriya;
Segapu-munthari, Tam, ; Kanchivala-do, Kan.; Bwaycheng, Burm,

- *
Bauhinia. | LEGUMINOSAE. 141

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, with vertical cracks.
Wood grey, moderately hard, with irregularmasses of darker and harder
wood in the centre. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in round or elongated
and pointed concentric patches of white soft tissue, which often run into
each other. The intervening tissue is firm and dark coloured, with
very numerous, fine, uniform and equidistant white medullary rays,
Distinct, white, concentric lines, which probably are annual rings.
Medullary rays distinctly visible on a radial section, giving the wood a
handsome mottled appearance,

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, and throughout the forests of
India and Burma. Often planted for ornament. |

Weight, according to R. Thompson, 54 lbs.; our specimen gives 42 lbs. Used for
agricultural implements. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning, and the leaves and
flower buds eaten. The flowers are very handsome, somewhat like those of some of the
Azaleas, but having four white and one crimson petal. a

8.

P 1200. Madhopur, Punjab. - : riya : : Seb gs

C 823. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . ‘ : : ; . 48

E 591. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . ; ° : . 47

E 2351. Bamunpokri ,, 7 a = : : . ae

5. B. retusa, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 279; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 322;
Beddome xciii. ; Brandis 161. Vern. Kurdl, Pb. ; Kandla, kanalia, kuayral,
gwayral, kanlao, semla, Hind.; Nirpa, Gondi, Tel. ; Zewar, Palamow.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark +} inch thick, dark brown,
with a few vertical cracks. Wood reddish white, with irregularly shaped,
darker masses near the centre, hard. Pores moderate-sized and large,
scanty, occasionally grouped. Numerous narrow, white, concentric
bands of softer tissue, alternating with harder and darker bands of equal
width, in which the white, fine, uniform equidistant and very numerous
medullary rays are prominent..

ee North-West Himalaya from the Beas eastwards, ascending to 4,500 feet; Central
ia. '

Weight, 58 Ibs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. It gives a clear gum called
Semla Gum, almost exactly resembling gum arabic; it is largely collected and ex-
ported from the Dehra Dun. Of this gum Capt. Campbell says :—

“The collection of the Semla gum commences in January and is continued through-
out February and March. It sells in Dehra at Re. 1-8, Rs. 2 or Rs. 2-8 per maund,
according to quality, and is utilised as a medicine and in compound with other medi-
cines. Occasionally too it is eaten in its crude state by the very poorest natives down
country. It is also used to waterproof terraced roofs. The annual export from the
Dehra Diin is about 2,500 maunds.”

Ibs.
O 532. DehraDin . ; é 58

C 1160. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces. . ‘ ng oa:

17. AFZELIA, Sm.

Contains 2 trees: A. retusa, Kurz, is a small evergreen tree of the coast forests of
the Andamans. The Marabow wood of Malacca is probably A. palembanica, Baker.

1. A. bijuga, A. Gray ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 274; Kurz i. 412. Vern.
Shoondul, hinga, Beng.; Pynkado, Burm. in the Andamans; Pirijdé,
dsagundd, And.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in
fine, papery scrolls. Sapwood white, moderately hard, large in young
trees, small in old trees; heartwood reddish brown, hard, close-grained.

142 LEGUMINOS®, [ Afzelia.

Pores moderate-sized, frequently oval and subdivided, enclosed in oval
patches of soft tissue, prominent on a longitudinal section. Medulla
rays fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant, wavy, visible on a radial
section as long narrow bands.

Sundarbans of Bengal, Andaman Islands and the Malay Archipelago. It will
probably be found on the coasts of Arracan, Pegu and Tenasserim.

Weight, young wood 36 to 42 lbs. ; old wood 45 to 49 Ibs. Brandis’ Memorandum on

Andaman woods, 1874, Nos. 12, 13, gives 50 lbs. A valuable wood, used in the Anda- ;
mans for bridge and house building.

Ibs.
E 403. Sundarbans . ; : . , ‘ ; ‘ : » 196
E 415. & . , : 3 - . ; ‘ e-5) 2
B 315. Burma (1867) (Kohbeng) " ; : ‘ J -» 3,
B 624. Andaman Islands . ‘ : E : , ‘ ‘ . 45
B 2209. * » (1866). : 3 , d : : . 48

18. TAMARINDUS, Linn.

1. T. indica, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 273; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 215;
Beddome t. 184; Brandis 163 ; Kurz i. 414; Gamble 32. The Tamarind.
Vern. Amii, ambli, imlt, Hind; Tintiri, tintil, tintéil, Beng. ; Titra,
Nep.; Zeteli Ags,'5 Tentili, hoyam, Uriya; Pili, Tam. ; Ohinta, Tel. ;
Sitta, hitta, Gondi; Chicha, Kurku; Karangi, kamal, asam, Mysore;
Hunase, Kan. ; Amii, chitz, Mar. ; Siyembela, Cingh. ; ; Magyee, Burm.

A large evergreen tree. Bark 3 inch thick, dark grey, with longi-
tudinal fissures and horizontal cracks, Wood yellowish white, some-
times with red streaks, hard and close-grained. Heartwood small, near
the centre of old trees only, dark purplish brown, with an irregular out-
line and radiating ramifications, very durable. Annual rings indistinet.
Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, each pore or group of pores
surrounded by rovnd patches of soft tissue, which are often confluent,
forming irregular and oblique bands. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Cultivated throughout India and Burma as far north as the Jhelum.

The weight and transverse strength have been ascertained by the following ex-
periments :—

Experiment by Wood whence ; No. of ex- : Value of
whom conducted, | Y°?- procured. Weight. | periments.| Si2e of bar. P,..
Ft.. In, In
Puckle We ort ber -Mysore . . 83 4 | 2x1xd [702
Skinner, No, 121 . . | 1862 | South India . TO lo \acge, eae 864
Cunningham FY ware Gwalior, , 60 2 2x1x 1 /614,sapwood.
” . . . eeeeee ” . . 79 2 2 x 1 x l 815, heart-
. wood,
Adrian Mendis, No,79,| 1855 | Ceylon... OO by caus 2x1x 1 {780
. Mysore, . 82 So relt& actaks heartwood,
Smythies . ‘ 3) Other Provine
ces ; 62 7 }* > tan sapwood,

Wood highly prized, though sldleealy difficult to wok: Tt is used for wheels,
mallets, planes, furniture, rice-pounders, oil and sugar mills, and i is an excellent wood
for turning. The fruit is used in medicine as a laxative; it is made into preserves
and exported to Europe. The leaves are also used in curries, and the seed, ground to
powder and mixed with gum, gives a strong cement. .

a

ee

-

Tamarindus. | LEGUMINOSZ. 143

It is very largely planted in avenues and topes, and is one of the most beautiful
of Indian trees. mee

C 2811. Melghdt, Berar . -) ye eee |
P 451. Ajmere . {sapwood ; ; ° A . 63
E 2353. Siliguri, Bengal . : : : } : . 63
D 2014. Mysore ; : : F ‘ : ; . 82
No. 79. Ceylon Collection } heartwood j { ‘ ; - ; : . 80

>

19. HARDWICKIA, Roxb.
Contains 2 species, both from Central and South India.

Heartwood dark coloured, hard, heavy. Pores moderate-sized, filled
with resin. Medullary rays fine, very numerous ; the distance between the
rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores,

1. H. binata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 423; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 270; Bed-
dome t. 26; Brandis 162. Vern. Anjan, Hind., Mar.; Acha, alti, Tam. ;
Nar yepi, yapa, Tel.; Kamrd, karachi, Kan.; Chhota dundhera, Gondi;
Bone, Kurku; Parsid, Singrowli.

A deciduous tree. Bark 4} inch thick, dark grey, rough with irre-
gular vertical cracks, exfoliates in narrow flakes. Sapwood small, white ;
heartwood extremely hard, dark red, often with a purplish tinge, cross
and very close grained. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, filled
with resin, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, undu-
lating, and frequently bent where they touch the pores, visible on a radial
section as straight, narrow, white bands. Scanty, fine, concentric lines.

In dry forests of South and Central India, but not everywhere ; generally gre-
garious in isolated belts or patches of greater or less extent. Most commonly found
on sandstone, but also to be met with on trap and granite. Wanting in the western
moist-zone, and not found in Northern India, though it occurs as far north as the
Banda District of the North-Western Provinces.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 78, 85 lbs.; R. Thompson gives 67; and the’
Central Provinces List. of 1873, 65 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 82 lbs. Skinner
gives P = 942. Perhaps the hardest and heaviest wood in India; it is extremely
durable, liable to split, but does not warp. It is used for bridge and house posts and
for ornamental work. It has been recommended for sleepers, but is probably too hard,

_ heavy and difficult to work to be much in favour. Out of 9 sleepers laid down on the

Mysore State Railway and taken up after 7 to 8 years, 6 were found good, 2 still ser-
viceable, and only 1 bad. About 2,000 have been used on the Holkar and Neemuch
line. The bark yields a strong and valuable fibre. The leaves are given as fodder to
cattle. It yields a gum.

© 800. Punassa Reserve, Central Provinces . Se eee «(hone 84
G 1147. Ahiri ; boy rhs, Sgro Et Toca v2 Oe ie
C 2986. Nimar, Central Provinces . : ee , ; 283
C 2929. Palamow, Bengal 5 : ‘ . ; : ; . §2
D 1055. Salem, Madras. ; Cee ; é ; ° 1/88
D 2025. Mysore : 3 367.5: 4 : : : ; Par i |
No. 31. Salem Collection " : avd ‘ =

2. H. pinnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 425; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 270;
Beddome t. 255. Vern. Koldvu, Tinnevelly ; Matdyen sampréni, Travan-
core ; Yenne, Manjarabad (VanSomeren).

A very large tree. Sapwood large; heartwood brown, moderately
hard, exuding a red, sticky substance similar to copaiba balsam, which
consists of different resins dissolved in an essential oil. Pores moderate-

144 LEGUMINOSAE. [ Hardwickia.

sized and large, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, nearly equi-
distant, bending where they touch the pores. Scanty, not very pro-
minent, concentric lines of soft texture.

Western Ghats from South Kanara to Travancore.

Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. "Wood used for building by coffee planters and

others. For analysis of the gum resin see Mr. Broughton’s Keport in Beddome Fl.
Sylv. Madr. t. 255.
lbs.

D. 1064. ‘Tinnevelly . - . : - : : - , . 4

20, CYNOMETRA, Linn.

Contains 4 Indian species. C. cauliflora, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 268; Beddome
t. 315, is an evergreen tree cultivated in: Burma and South India; C. travancorica,
Beddome t. 316; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 267, is a lofty tree of the hills of Travancore and
Tinneyelly, between 2,000 and 4,000 feet. .

Wood red, hard, heavy ; no heartwood. Numerous, narrow, concentric
bands similar to those of Bauhinia. :

1. C. ramiflora, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 267; Beddome t. 315;
Kurz i. 415. OC. dyuga, Spanoghe. Vern. Shingr, Beng. ; Lrapu, Tam. ;
Myeng kabeng, Burm. ; Gat mendora, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores small,
uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided. Numerous wavy bands
of soft, light-coloured tissue, alternating with narrower bands of hard
and firmer tissue, in which the fine and very numerous medullary rays
are distinctly visible.

Sundarbans, South India and Burma in tidal forests. ;

Weight, 56 lbs. ; P = 826, Skinner, No. 52; our specimens give 58 lbs. per cubic
foot ; Nos. 27, 32, of Adrian Mendis’ Ceylon Collection bear the names Gal mendora and
Hal mendora, weight, 56 to 58 lbs.; P==740. Skinner says that it is used for house-

building and carts, and that chips of the wood give in water a purple dye, It is used

in the Sundarbans for posts for native huts and for fuel.
Ibs.
#907. Sundarbans 9. <>». MOS gee

2. C. polyandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 872; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 268.

Vern. Ping, Cachar, Sylhet.

A large evergreen tree. Wood light red, hard, close-grained. Pores
moderate-sized, joined by narrow concentric bands of soft tissue. Medul-
lary rays moderately broad.

Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Cachar.

Weight, 53 lbs. according to Wallich ; our specimens give 60 Ibs. Mann says the
wood is very useful for scantlings and makes good charcoal.

Ibs.
BW 1076, Cachar os ee ee 60

21, SARACA, Linn.

Three Indian species are given in the Flora Indica, S&. Lobbiana, Baker; Hook.
Fl. Ind. ii. 272, is a tree of Martaban ; and S. triandra, Baker; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 272
(Jonesia triandra, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 220) of Tenasserim.

1, S. indica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl, Ind. ii.271; Beddomet. 57; Brandis
166; Kurz ii, 415, Jonesia Asoca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 218. Vern. Asok,

Hind. ; Asoka, Beng.; Aseka, ati, Cuttack; Diyera tembela, Cingh.;

Ashunkar, Kan.; dassundi, Bombay ; Thaw-ka-hpo, Burm,

Saraca. | LEGUMINOS&. 145

Wood light, reddish-brown, soft. Pores moderate-sized in radial
and frequently oblique lines. Medullary rays indistinct, crossed by
numerous, fine, wavy, concentric lines.

Eastern Bengal, South India, Arracan and Tenasserim.
Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Often cultivated for its handsome flowers.

lbs.

No. 23. Ceylon Collection ; . ; . : ; ; . 58

The Carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua, has a hard wood, with a pink heartwood.
Pores moderately small, often in groups or radial lines. Medullary rays narrow,
unequal, irregularly distributed (No. 3266. Saharanpur).

Sub-Order III, MIMOSEZ&.
Contains 13 Genera divided into 5 Tribes, viz.,—

Tribe I.—Parkiee . ; . . Parkia.
» 1l.—Adenantheree . ' 4 Entada, Piptadenia, Adenanthera,
Prosopis and Dichrostachys.
s 11J.—Eumimoseze ; : : Mimosa, Leuwcena and Xylia.
» 1lV.—Acaciee . 3 : ; Acacia.
» V.—Ingez : j : ; Calliandra, Albizzia and Pitheco-
lobium.

Parkia contains 3 species from Eastern Bengal and Burma: P. Roxburghii,
G. Don; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 289 (Mimosa biglobosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 551). Vern.
Sapota, Sylhet, is a tree of Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, with a grey
wood with fine medullary rays and large pores joined by concentric bands of white
tissue (O 3264, Saharanpur). PP. insignis, Kurz; and P.leiophylla, Kurz i. 418, are
large trees, the first of Martaban, the second of Pegu. Kntada scandens, Bth. ; Hook.
Fl. Ind. ii. 287 ; Brandis 167; Kurz i. 416; Gamble 32 (#. Pursetha, DC., Mimosa
scandens, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 554) Vern. Gilla, Beng.; Geredi, Uriya; Pangra,
Nep.; Zaktokhyem, Lepcha; Gardal, Bombay ; Kongnyin-nway, Burm., is a large
climber of the forests of Kastern Bengal, South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands,
with spirally twisted stems, soft, fibrous, spongy wood (E 477, Darjeeling Terai),
and broad, flat pods, often 2 to 4 feet long, and 4 to 5 inches broad, containing
large, flat, ovate seeds, which are eaten after roasting and steeping in water. Children —
play with them, and they may be made into snuff-boxes and other articles. The kernels
are used also by the Nepalese for washing their hair, and in Bengal by washermen for
crimping linen.
Leucena glauca, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 290; Brandis 172, is a small tree found
in the outer valleys of Kumaun and Garhwal. Calliandra Griffithii, Bth., and C.
umbrosa, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 302, are small trees of the Khasia Hills, Eastern
Bengal and Chittagong. Pithecolobium contains about 9 Indian species. P. dulce,
Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 302 ; Beddome t. 188; Brandis 173. (Inga dulcis, Willd. ;
Kurz i. 431; Mimosa duicis, Roxb. Fi. Ind. ii. 556). Vern. Dakhani babil, Hind. ;
Karkapilly, Tam. ; Sime hunase, Kan.; Kwaytanyeng, Burm., is a tree introduced
from Mexico, and commonly cultivated in India and Burma. It has a reddish brown
heartwood, weighing 40 lbs. per cubic foot (Skinner, No. 82; P= 4517); it coppices
well, and is grown as a hedge plant and for fuel. P. bigeminum, Martius; Hook. FI.
Ind. ii. 303; Beddome xcvi.; Brandis 173; Gamble 34. Vern. -Kachlora, Hind., is a
large tree of the forests of the outer Himalaya from the Ganges eastwards, and of South
India, giving a dark-coloured heartwood. P. anamallayanum, Beddome t. 189, is a
large handsome tree of the higher ranges of the Anamalai Hills, above 5,000 feet. P.
angulatum, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 306; Kurz i. 480; Gamble 34, (Mimosa hetero-
hylla, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 545.) Vern. Takpyit, Lepcha; Kawahuruni, Sylhet, is a
ae tree of the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma; while P. Saman
has been introduced and is likely to be largely cultivated in India on account of its
extremely rapid growth. Inga cynometroides, Beddome ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 306. (Cad-

brio cynometroides, Beddome t, 317), is a tree of the Tinnevelly and Travancore
ills,

T

146 LEGUMINOSR. [ Piptadenia,

22, PIPTADENIA, Benth.

1. P. oudhensis, Brandis 168; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 284. Adenanthera
oudhensis, J. Li. Stewart. Vern. Gainti, Oudh, :

A moderate-sized tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey-brown to dusky red,
rough with flattish, exfoliating woody scales; inner bark red, fibrous.
Wood yellowish or reddish, close-grained, no heartwood, hard, durable.
Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided in patches of soft
tissue, which are sometimes confluent. Medullary rays short, numerous,
moderately broad.

Forests at the foot of the Nepal Hills, Gonda division, Oudh, discovered by Mr.
R. Thompson.

O 3084. Gonda, Oudh.

23. ADENANTHERA, Linn.

1, A. pavonina, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 287; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 370 ;
Beddome t. 96; Brandis 168; Kurzi.417. Vern. Rakta-chandan, ranjana,
Beng.; Ani kundamani, Tam,; Bandi gurivenda, Tel.; Manjati, Mal. ;
Thorlaganj, Mar.; Manjddi, Kan. Madateya, Cingh.; Gung, Magh;
Ywaygyee, Burm.; Rechedd, And. |

A deciduous tree, with grey bark. Heartwood red, hard, close-grained.
Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine,
extremely numerous.

Bengal, South India, Burma and Andaman Islands.

Weight, Skinner, No. 12, gives 56 lbs., which is the same as our specimen ; Bennett
’ gives 55 Ibs. Skinner gives P= 863; and Bennett 942. The wood is used in South
India for house-building and cabinet-making purposes, and givesa red dye. The seeds
are worn as ornaments, and are used as weights by goldsmiths and jewellers as they
are said to be very constant in weight, viz., 4 grains ; they give an oil. .

Ibs.
B89. ‘Anddmien Taaniag 8 0 0F eS aee ips elev ode toe

24. PROSOPIS, Linn.

Contains about 18 species, dispersed over the tropical and sub-tropical regions of
Asia, Africa and America. Of the five sections which compose the genus, sections
whose characters are based to some extent upon the shape and structure of the fruit,
three may be noticed, as they contain species which have lately been introduced into

India :—

) Contains the two Indian species ;
h Il-kn
. | ; P. spicigera, the well-known
aie tle gal i me ar Adenopis . . 4 “Jhand” and P. Stephaniana of
ghtly the Northern Punjab plains and
Western Asia. ‘
‘ Contains two of the species
2. With the pod eed aikeaiain ,
f g¢ grown, viz., P.
ia ete at hh ap ac col Algarobia . _. 4 dulosa of the mountains of West-
y Pena 3, 829. § ern Texas; and P. pallida of
AY, SSIOGtA, ’ ‘ : South America.

. } Contains the true “ Mesquit”
8. With the pod spirally {stromboearp . Bean, or P. pubescens of Texas
twisted . ‘ ‘ ’ y and New Mexico.

P. spicigera, Linn., is here described; P. Stephaniana, Kunth; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 288; Brandis 171. Vern. Jembiit, Arab., is a small thorny shrub of no economic use.
P. pallida, Kunth, is a native of South America, and has been successfully

grown in Ceylon. Its pods are considered of high value as a tanning material, con-

=<.

— di a

Prosopis. | LEGUMINOS&. 147

taining, it is said, as much as 90 per éent. of tannie acid. They are known by the
name of ‘‘ Balsamocarpon.”

P. glandulosa, Torr., the “ Mesquit or Algaroba of Texas,” is a native of the
mountain regions of Western Texas, where it grows into a small tree from 20 to 40 feet
high, and with a diameter of 18 inches. It has straight or curved, rather flattened,
almost jointed pods, the interior of which is filled with a sweet pulp. The pods,
it is believed, are useful for fodder, and are not injurious. It yields an excessively
hard and durable timber, with a beautiful grain, and is used for furniture picket poles
and in the manufacture of chareoal. It also affords a large quantity of gum resem-
bling gum arabic, which exudes from the stem and branches, and has been used as

*mucilage in the making of jujubes, and for other purposes.

P. pubescens, Bth., the “Screw Bean” or “Screw Mesquit, ” is a small tree of
Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Remarkable for its screw-shaped pods. These
pods grow in abundant clusters of 8 or 10 upon the same stem, ripen at all times
of the year, and contain much nutritious saccharine matter; but great caution is re-
quired in their use as fodder for horses.

Another species, a native of Jamaica, and possibly not distinct from P. glandu-
losa, is the P. julifiora, DC., of the section Algarobia. Its fruits have poisonous
properties, though, for other purposes, the tree appears to be useful for planting in
some localities, as the plants when once established go on sending up shoot after shoot,
and are difficult to eradicate.

1. P. spicigera, Lion.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 288; Beddome t. 56;
Brandis 169. Adenanthera aculeata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 371. Vern.
Shand, khér, Pb.; Kandi, hundi, Sind.; Chaunkra, Agra; Khejra,
Rajputana; Sangri, Pertabegarh; Semru, hamra, Guz. ; Shemi, saunder,
Mar. ; Shami, Beng., Uriya; Perumbe, vunne, jambu, Tam.; Chani, Tel.

A moderate-sized, deciduous, thorny tree. Bark #? to 1 inch thick,
grey, rough, with deep longitudinal fissures and horizontal cracks,
Sapwood large, perishable; heartwood purplish brown, extremely hard.
Pores very small to moderate-sized, generally imbedded in narrow irre-
gular concentric bands of soft tissue, filled with resin. Medullary rays
short, extremely numerous, fine, wavy.

Arid, northern and southern dry zones. Punjab, Sindh, Rajputana, Guzerat,
Bandelkhand and Dekkan.

Brandis says the growth is probably slow, it having 3 feet girth in 30 years
opr) ; this would give about 5 years per inch of radius, which is moderately
ast

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 108, 72 Ibs., but the identification of his
specimens is doubtful; Dalzell gives 58 lbs.; and J. L. Stewart 5] lbs. ; our specimens
give 58lbs. Skinner gives P = 981. The wood is tough, but not durable, liable to
dry rot, and readily eaten by insects. It is easily raised from seed and coppices well.
It is used for building, carts, well curbs, furniture, and agricultural implements; but
is chiefly valuable for fuel, as its heating poweris very great. Brandis gives the
results of experiment made at Karachi in May 1869, that 1,374 lbs. of its wood were
consumed in evaporating 11°8 cubic feet of water per hour during 7 hours, the pressure
of steam being kept at 27 lbs. per square inch, while of Acacia arabica wood
1,388 lbs., and of Zamariz gallica wood 1,627 lbs., were required for the same test.
It is largely used for fuel for locomotives and steamers in the Punjab and Sind, and
has been planted in the Punjab plantations. The pods are used as fodder for camels,
cattle aad goats; and the mealy sweetish substance is eaten, raw or cooked, in parts of
the Punjab, Guzerat and the Dekkan, and has the flavour of that of the Carob tree.
It has an enormously long tap root: one specimen of which pieces were sent to the
Paris Exhibition of 1878 had a root 86 feet long, penetrating vertically to a depth of
64 feet. It gives a gum somewhat similar to gum arabic, but which is not used.

Ibs,
P 882. Multan. , ; ; : , : ; ; : ee i
P 939. » (rootwood) q . ‘ ; ; ; i i
P 1380. Karokpo Forest, Hyderabad, Sind . ; ; ‘ : . 69

P 459. Ajmere (young tree) « é ‘ Shean ‘ : + 37

148 LEGUMINOSH. [ Dichrostachys.

25. DICHROSTACHYS, DC.

1. D. cinerea, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 288; Beddome t. 185;
Brandis 171. Mimosa cinerea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Vurtuli,
Hind. ; Kunlai, kuurat, kheri, Mhairwarra; Vadatalla, vadatara, Tam.;
Velturu, yeltu, Tel.; Segum kati, Mar., Gondi; Andara, Cingh.

A thorny shrub or small tree. Heartwood red, extremely hard.
Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in rings of soft texture. Medullary rays
short, moderately broad, equidistant, the distance between the rays equal _
to the transverse diameter of the pores.

Dry, stony hills in South and Central India, Rajputana.
Weight, 75 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for walking-sticks.

No. 25. Salem Collection. - art ‘ ° r ‘ 4
No. 3. Ceylon Collection (marked Vachellia farnesiana) ae in ae
P 3239. Ajmere 4 , ‘ , . ‘ ee ; ais ip
P 3229. Nagpahar, Ajmere - ; . ;

26. MIMOSA, Linn.

M. pudica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 291. The Sensitive Plant. Vern. Lajwanti
Kumaun ; Lajuk, Beng., is now naturalised over the greater part of tropical and sub-
tropical India, where it grows to be a small shrub, and is with difficulty eradicated.
M. hamata, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 291, is a prickly shrub of South India.

1, M.-rubicaulis, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 291; Brandis 172;
Gamble 32. MU. mutabilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. n. 564. Vern. Ral, khair,
didridr, Pb.; Hajeru, Sind ; Agla, agl, kingli, kacheyta, Hind.; Aradi, —
Nep.; Stbria, Lepcha ; Chilaiti, Bhil.

A large, straggling, prickly shrub with grey bark. Sapwood yel-
lowish white; heartwood red, hard. Pores small and moderate-sized,
frequently oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine and very numerous.
‘a i sot the greater part of India, ascending to 4,000 feet in Kumaun and

1KKIM.

Weight, 41 to 52lbs. Used for gunpowder charcoal.

Ss,

E 680. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai d ; ; Z : . Al
E 2354. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet . ; : : P « §2.

27. XYLIA, Bth.

1. X. dolabriformis, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 286; Beddome,
t. 186; Brandis 171; Kurzi. 419. Mimosa xylocarpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind,
ii. 543. Inga xylocarpa, DC. The Ironwood Tree of Pegu and Arracan.
Vern. Jambu, Hind.; Jamba, suria, Mar.; Boja, Uriya; [réd, Tam.;
Konda tangedu, tangedu, eruvalu, bojeh, Tel.; Jambé, tirawa, Kan. ;
Shilve, Coorg ; Pynkado, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick, grey or reddish brown,
with short cracks irregularly distributed. Sapwood small ; heartwood
dark brown or reddish brown, extremely hard, beautifully mottled, cross-
grained, the fibres on a longitudinal section being wavy. Annual rings
indistinct, but alternate concentric bands of darker and lighter colour.
Pores small and moderate-sized, often subdivided into numerous com-
partments, and then oval or oblong. Pores or groups of pores in irregu-
lar patches of whitish tissue, which are often arranged in zig-zag lines.
These patches are separated by hard, dark-coloured tissue in which the

Xylia. |

LEGUMINOSE.

149

very fine and very numerous medullary rays are distinctly visible.
Some of the specimens of this wood have an oily touch.

Chanda District, South India, Arracan and Burma. ; ;
The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-

ments :—
, | 33 %
epee 27, Om Year, Wood whence procured, 4 bs Size of bar. 2.
ined? 5
Ft. in, in.
Puckle . 1859 Mysore 58 2x1x1 693
List of woods 1863 . 58
Brandis, No. 37 1862 Burma 60-66 A
Commissariat Department . Moulmein 4 83 1153
Skinner, No. 83 . - 1862 South India . F | 58 836
Benson ° ay Burma 83 ee 3x 14x 1'4 1191
PT Taalett ac 5 > + | 1676 ‘ 735| 6 | 7x2x2 | 955
r 1878 | Chanda 6 | 1
Smythies. oh Bie a Kanara 61 4
a een 65 3

The wood is very durable—a property it doubtless owes in great measure to the

resinous substance contained in

it.

This resin is more abundant in Burmese wood

a than in wood grown in South India. No. B 1451, which was brought by Dr. Wallich

boat-building and carts.
telegraph posts, for which it has answered well.

from Tavoy in 1828, is still so full of resin that itis quite sticky on the outside, and
the resin may be scraped off with a knife.
water, to which it imparts a reddish colour.
The wood is used for boat-building and for agricultural implements in Burma;
also for carts and tool handles. In South India it is used for railway sleepers, posts,
In Burma and Bengal it has been largely used for
The large forests in Arracan,

This substance is partially soluble in hot

of which Dr. Schlich in his report on the ironwood forests of Arracan, dated 1st
that “a third of the forest vegetation consists of

September 1869, says

Pynkado,” produce large numbers of telegraph poles and railway sleepers.

Major

Seaton in his report for 1876-77 said that 10,000 such sleepers from Arracan had
then lately been sold at Calcutta at Rs. 5 each, and Mr. Ribbentrop’s Report states

that Pynkado pieces and sleepers are brought out from the forests in Pegu.

likely, however, to be found too hard, heavy and difficult to cut.

piles and beams of bridges. It exudes a red resin, and the seeds give an oil.

© 1161.

Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces .
W 754. South Kanara : °
W 761. = 7
W 857. Ra *
W 1222. North Kanara
B 805. Tharrawaddi, Burma
B 3066. Burma (1862) : :
B 1451. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) .

28.

ACACIA, Willd.

It is
Tt is useful wood for

Contains about 18 Indian species, of which four are climbing or straggling thorny

shrubs, and the rest trees or erect shrubs.
Beddome xev.; Brandis 180.

ii. 296 ;

A. Latronum, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind.
(Mimosa Latronum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 559)

Vern, Bhes, Hind.; Paki-tima, Tel., is a gregarious, very thorny shrub of the

150 LEGUMINOSH. [ Acacia.

southern dry zone. A. Jacquemonti, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293; Brandis 183.
Vern. Hauza, Afg.; Kikar, babil, bamil, Pb.; Murmutti, Berar ; Ratabauli, Guz., is
a small, bushy, thorny shrub of the arid and northern dry zones, ascending in the Suli-
man Range and Hazara to 3,200 feet; it is used for fodder, and the bark of the root in
the distillation of spirits. A. Senegal, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 295 (A. rupestris,
Stocks; Brandis 184) Vern. Khor, Sind; Kwmta, Rajputana, is a small thorny tree
of the arid and northern dry zones, chiefly found in Sind and Ajmere. Brandis says,
‘Bark smooth, yellowish grey; wood light yellow, heavy and hard, with small
irregular masses of black heartwood in the centre; it takes a beautiful polish,
and is used for weavers’ shuttles.” It gives a gum which is collected and sold in
Sind with that of A. arabica. <A. lenticularis, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 296;
Brandis 186. Vern. -Khin, Kumaun, is a small tree of the Siwaliks, of Kumaun and
the Rajmehal hills in Bengal. A. Suma, Kurz; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 294; Braridis
187; Kurz i. 421 (A. Catechu, Bth.; Beddome t. 49, Mimosa Suma, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 563.) Vern. Satkanta, Beng.; Mugli, Kan.; Kumtia, Pertabgarh; Dhaula
khejra, Banswara ; Son kairi, Dangs, isa tree of Bengal, South India, parts of the
Central Provinces and Guzerat. Itis recognised from A. Catechu by its having
white bark, while that species has a black-coloured bark. It gives cutch, and the
bark is used for tanning. A. planifrons, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293;
Beddome xcv.; Brandis 575. The Umbrella Thorn. Vern. Salé, sal, Tel., is a small
gregarious tree of South India with a strong wood used for agricultural implements
and fuel. A. concinna, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. 11. 296; Beddome xcy.; Brandis 188 ;
Kurz i. 423; Gamble 33. (Mimosa concinna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565). Vern. Aila, —
vassaul, Oudh; Banritha, Beng.; Sikekai, Dekkan; Gogu, chikai, Tel.; Sigé,
Kan.; Soopwotnway, Burm., is an extremely thorny scandent shrub of most parts of
India and Burma, except the arid zone. Its thick fleshy pods are used for washing the
hair, and the acid leaves areeaten. A. pruinescens,\ Kurz i. 424, is a climber of the
forests of Pegu. .

The true gum arabic is the produce of A. vera, Willd., a tree of Egypt, Arabia and
Northern Africa. “Sabicu” is the wood of A. formosa, a tree of the West Indies
(W = 57; P = 994, Laslett).

The character of the Indian species of Acacia is to have sharp, promi-
nent, medullary rays, which are short in 4. Catechu, ferruginea and modesta,
but long in the others; as a rule, they are not well marked on a radial sec-
tion, but A. leucophlea and arabica form an exception. ‘The pores are, as
a rule, uniform in size, but in A. ebwrnea they vary from small to large.
With regard to their distribution, two series may be distinguished. In the
first series the pores are isolated and enclosed in very narrow rings of
softer tissue, and do not form concentric bands; to this section belong
A, aralica, modesta and ferruginea. In the species of the second series,
the pores are enclosed in elongated patches of softer tissue, which are
frequently confluent and form distinct, though often irregular, concen-
trie bands. This section includes A. leucophlwa, eburnea, pennata and
Catechu. The Australian species have a different structure, and are all
marked by short medullary rays.

1. A. Farnesiana, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 298; Beddome t. 52;
Brandis 180; Kurz i.420. Mimosa Farnesiana, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii, 557. Vern. Vilayati kikar, vilayati babil, pissi babul, gi-kikar,
Hind. ; Giya babula, Beng.; Vedda vala, Tam.; Kusturt, piktimi, oda
sale, murki tumma, Tel. ; Jél4, Kan.

A thorny shrub. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-
sized, in oblique and concentric interrupted bands of soft texture.
Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Indigenous to America, now cultivated all over India. The gum is collected in

Sind. It has yellow, extremely fragrant flowers, from which a perfume is made. It
makes a good fence.

Acacia. | LEGUMINOSE, 151

Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot. 4
+ Ds.
P 3076. Sabathu, Punjab . ‘ ’ ; ; ‘ 49

2, A. arabica, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293 ; Beddome t. 47 ;
Brandis 180. Mimosa arabica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 557. Vern. Kzkar,
Pb.; Babbar, Sind; Babiél, babir, Hind.; Kardvelum, Tam.; Tima,
nella téima, Tel. ; Gobli, karryadli, Kan.

A moderate-sized or large tree, seldom leafless, with dark brown
rough bark. Sapwood large, whitish ; heartwood pinkish white, turning
reddish brown on exposure, hard, mottled with dark streaks. Pores
moderate-sized, sometimes large, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays
fine and moderately broad, short, numerous, unequally distributed, con-
spicuous on a radial section. The wood consists of darker and lighter
coloured bands of an equal width.

Cultivated or self-sown throughout the greater part of India, except in the most
humid tracts near the coast. Wild probably in Sind, Rajputana, Guzerat, and the
Northern Dekkan.

Brandis says: “ In the Punjab it attains a girth of 2} feet in about 12 and §
feet in about 30 years. In the forests of Lower and Middle Sind, the average growth
has been ascertained to be :— :

At 35 years 4 feet girth, at 4 feet from the ground.

” 55 39 39 9 ”” 53
At Jacobabad it has reached 50 to 60 feet high with a girth of 6 to 8 feet in less
than 30 years.” These measurements would give from 2 to 5 rings per inch of radius,
which would indicate a quick rate of growth. In Minniken’s Report on the
Delhi Bela plantation in 1878, the following data are recorded regarding kikar :—

Mean girth, Height,
feet.

Age. No. of tree. Sashes.

Compartment 1. Chandrawal . “ee 4, 23°5 25°30
¥ 8. . Kuadsia.. . ; ae 4, 13°5 25
a 4. Jaffar Khan. we 7 17 18 to 25

Chandrawal is probably on better soil than the others, as the rate of growth is
2 rings per inch as against 2°2 and 2’8 in Nos. 3 and 4 respectively.

Weight : Cunningham gives 54 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 3, 541bs.; J. L. Stewart, 48 lbs. ;
our specimens give an average of 541bs. Cunningham’s five Gwalior experiments with
bars 2’ x 1” x 1” gave P = 875; Skinner gives 884. The wood is very durable if
well seasoned. It is used extensively for wheels, well curbs, sugar and oil presses,
rice-pounders, agricultural implements and tool handles. In Sind it is largely used
for boat-building, rafters and for fuel; also occasionally for railway sleepers. The gum,
which is similar to gum arabic, is largely collected and used in native medicine, and
in dyeing and cloth printing. In Sind and Guzerat large quantities of lac are
collected on it. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning, and is a powerful astringent ;
a decoction of it may be used as a substitute for soap. The pods also, when unripe,
are astringent, and are used to make ink, and in Africa for tanning; they are given as
fodder to cattle, sheep and goats.

It is largely cultivated inthe Punjab and Sind, but it suffers much from frost.
It comes up well self-sown, coppices well, and may be grown from cuttings. It sends
down a very long taproot.

Ibs,
-P 1198. Madhoptir, Punjab , ; - : : ; ; . 58
P 890. Multan. . ; : y i tlasy ; . ; . 49
P 1379. Miani Forest, Sind . j : ; - : ‘ . . 56
P 440. Ajmere . Ne : . : ; : ; ; shan
C 843. Amraoti, Berar j ¥ ; i ; ; ‘ é . 56
D 1051. Salem, Madras - F : ; ; : ‘ ; - 56

No. 1. Salem Collection . : ; : i . &#*

_ 3. A. eburnea, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293 ; Beddome xev.; Brandis
183. Mimosa eburnea, Roxb. Fl, Ind, ii. 558. Vern, Marmati, Dekkan,

152 LEGUMINOSH. - [ Acacia.

A short or small deciduous tree, with rough, dark-grey bark. Wood
hard, yellowish white, extremely hard, splitsin drying. Pores moderate-
sized and large, often oval and subdivided into compartments enclosed
in wavy and irregular concentric bands of softer tissue, which are
frequently interrupted. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad,
wavy, prominent in the bands of darker and finer tissue, which alternate
with those of soft texture. :

Sind, Suliman range, Berar, Dekkan and South India.
Weight, 52 Ibs. per cubic foot.
lbs,

C 844. Amraoti Reserve, Berar . ; ‘ . ; : : 52

4, A. leucophlea, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 294; Beddome t. 48;
Brandis 184; Kurz 1.421. Mimosa leucophlea, Roxb. FI. Ind. ui. 558.
Vern. Reri, raunj, kartr, nimbar, ringa, rinj, rohani, jhind, safed kikar,
Hind, ; Arimj, Rajputana ; Raundra, runjra, Banswara; Renwa, Bijera-
gogarh ; Zumma, Gondi; Hewar, Mar.; Velvaylam, vel-vaghe, Tam. ;
Telia-ttima, harwar, Tel. ; Bilis jali, topal, naibela, Kan.; Katu andara,
Cinch. ; Tanoung, Burm.

A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick ; colour
varying with age, grey and smooth when young, dark brown, almost
black, and rough when old, exfoliating irregularly in patches and strips. —
Sapwood large ; heartwood reddish brown with lighter and darker streaks,
extremely hard. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed in patches —
or short irregular concentric belts of white tissue which are prominent
in, and alternate with, the dark-coloured firm tissue which separates
the medullary rays. ‘The latter are white, fine and moderate, and often
slightly bent.

- Plains of the Punjab from Lahore to Delhi, and in all forest tracts of Central and
South India and Burma. kr

Weight, Skinner, No, 5, gives 55 lbs.; R, Thompson, 58 lbs.; and Central Pro-
vinces List of 1873, 45 lbs. ; our specimens give 50 and 59 lbs. Skinner gives P=861.
It seasons well and takes a good polish; is strong and tough, but often eaten by
insects. It gives an excellent fuel. The bark is eaten in times of scarcity; it is
used in preparing spirits from sugar and palm juice, to precipitate by the tannin it
contains the albuminous substances in the juice. It gives a fibre used for nets and
eoeere cordage. The young pods and seeds are eaten, and the gum is used in native
medicine.

P 947. Lahore ; . y : 3 ‘ 7 : : :
C1118. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . : ° : . . 69

5, A. modesta, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 296 ; Brandis 185. Mimosa
dumosa, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 559, and probably M. obovata, Roxb. /.¢. 561.
Vern. Palosa, Afg. ; Phulahi, Pb.

A thorny, moderate-sized, deciduous tree. Bark rough, witha multi-
tude of narrow irregular cracks. Sapwood large, white, perishable ;
heartwood dark brown, with black streaks, extremely hard, harder than
that of A. Catechu. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes joined by narrow
bands of white tissue. Medullary rays fine, white, short.

Suliman and Salt Ranges, Sub-Himalayan tract between the Indus and the Sntlej,
and the northern part of the Punjab plains.

Growth slow. Weight, according to J. L. Stewart, 55lbs,; our specimens vary
from 67 to 72; average 691lbs. A most beautiful wood, strong and durable ; valuable
for cart-wheels, sugarcane crushers, Persian water-wheels and agricultural implements,

EE SS a SO

Acacia. | LEGUMINOSE. 153

It gives a gum, usad in native medicine. The leaves and fallen blossoms are collected

for cattle fodder. i
lbs.
P 164. Hoshiarpur (J. L. Stewart, 1866) . - : ; , ; 73
P 944, Gujerat . : ; : ony it ; ; ; FE . 68
P 945. Multan . : ; " : ‘ . 67

6. A. ferruginea, DC.; Hook. Fi. Ind. ii. 295; Beddome t. 51;
Brandis 185; Kurzi. 423; Gamble 32. Mimosa ferruginea, Roxb. Fl.
‘Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Khour, Nep.; Kaiger, Panch Mehals; Son khair;
Berar ; Kar khair, Gondi ; Phandra khair, May. ; Teéri khair, Bhil ; Banni,
Kan.; Velvelam, Tam.; Ansandra, tella tuma, wini, Tel.

A large deciduous tree. Bark $ inch thick, rough. Sapwood large ;
heartwood olive brown, extremely hard, harder than 4. Catechu. Pores
moderate-sized, generally single, in small rounded patches of softer
tissue, which are often confluent and joined into short interrupted concen-
tric bands. Medullary rays short, white, fine, numerous,

Northern Bengal, Central and South India, Guzerat.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 4, 60 lbs.; our specimens give 70 lbs. Skinner
gives P=798. A fine timber, but little used. Beddome says it is used for building,
earts and agricultural implements. It gives a good gum, similar to gum arabic.

C 872. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . , ‘ ‘ ‘ ; yf
E 2357. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai P ‘ ‘ : ; . 67
‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ ‘ . ; a we

D 1081. North Arcot .

A piece of red wood, B 2529 (57 lbs:), collected in Burma in 1862 and marked Sha,
has large and moderate-sized pores filled with resin; they are often subdivided
and their transverse diameter is greater than the distance between the fine, closely

acked and prominent medullary rays. It evidently belongs to a species of Acacia, and
in structure resembles A. ferruginea, which has not yet been described from Burma.

4, A.Catechu, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 295; Brandis 186; Kurz i.
422 ; Gamble 32. A. Sundra, Beddome t. 50. Mimosa Sundra, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 562. Vern, Khair, Hind.; Khoira, koir, Ass.; Khoiru,
Uriya; Karangalli, bagd, Tam.; Sandra, nalla sandra, Tel.; Kagli,
Kan.; Rat hihiri, Cingh.; Sha, Burm.

A moderate-sized, gregarious, thorny, deciduous tree. Bark dark
grey or greyish brown, rough, exfoliating in long narrow strips. Sap-
wood yellowish white; heartwood either dark or light red, extremely
hard. The woed grown in the Himalayan valleys shews the annual
rings marked by a whitish line and by a larger number of pores in the
spring wood. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided occasion-

- ally in radial groups of 2 or 3, and surrounded by narrow rings of softer

tissue which are often joined and form interrupted concentric bands.
Pores frequently filled with a white substance, uniformly distributed
except that they are more numerous in the innermost part of each
annual ring, distinctly marked on a longitudinal section. Medullar
rays short, moderately broad, numerous, bent where they touch the
pores, which are often larger than the space between two medullary
_rays.

Common in most parts of India and Burma, extending in the Sub-Himalayan
tract westwards to the Indus.

_ The growth of the Himalayan trees, whose rings it is possible to count, is moderate,
being 5 rings per inch of radius. The tree grows quickly when young, and its

U

154 : LEGUMINOSH. [ Acacia.

reproduction on newly formed sandbanks is sometimes very remarkable. A specimen
in the Bengal Forest Museum, from the Mahanadi Forest, shews 24 well-marked rings
on a mean radius of 6} inches, or 3°8 rings per inch, which is fast.

Weight: the confusion between this tree and A. Swma and the fact of this tree
having two varieties has caused some uncertainty in the weight. Skinner describes
two woods, viz.—

Weight. Value of P,
No. 10, P. 32. A. Suma (Tella sandra, Tel.) . ; . 7ilbs. 801
No. 11, P. 33. A. Sundra (Nalla sandra, Tel.) . : . Bi 3 915

The latter is probably our A. Catechu; the former A. Suma. Cunningham’s experi-
ments with bars of wood 2' x 1” x 1” from Gwalior gave weight 70 lbs. P= 779.
Brandis, in his Burma List of 1862, gives two varieties—

No. 29, Var. A. , - Shp er . : : . 56
No. 30, Var. B. . : . : i . 70

both of which are probably A. Catechu, and both here described, the ordinary red-
wooded A. Catechu being Var. B. R. Thompson gives 75lbs., while the Central
Provinces List of 1873 gives 79 lbs. ; ou.rspecimens of Var. B. vary from 48 lbs. to 64 lbs.,
while our specimens of Var. A. give an average of 67 lbs. The wood seasons well, takes a
fine polish and is extremely durable. It is not attacked by white ants or by teredo.
It is used for rice pestles, oil and sugarcane crushers, agricultural implements, bows,
spear and sword handles and wheelwrights’ work. In Burma it is used for house
posts, and very largely used as firewood for the steamers of the Irrawaddy Flotilla.
In Northern India it is used for charcoal, and is one of the best woods for that purpose.
It has been found good for railway sleepers, and it is probably only the smallness of
the tree and the consequent waste in cutting up that has prevented its more general
use. A number of sleepers were cut for the Northern Bengal State Railway in 1876, but
no report has yet been made of their quality. The chief product of the tree is Catechu
(cutch or Katha), which is obtained by boiling down the wood cut into chips. It is
extensively manufactured in Kumaun, Oudh and in Burma, but not in Northern Be

or Assam. Cutch is used by natives in India to chew with the betel-leaf, and is largely
exported to Kurope for dyeing and tanning. Medicinally it is used as an astringent
for fevers and in other maladies. Bik

938. Hazara, Punjab . . . pil) Ta ee aie ae ogg
604. Kangra, ,, é : ‘ ; " s > . 54

1196. Madhopur, Punjab ; ‘ Es , ; : : . 63
98. Sutlej Valley, Punjab . Soe OF Sree Se : : . 63

. Ajmere : : > ° ; s - : ; Ve
255. Garhwal (1868) . : ; . ‘ ; : . 53

2758. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces . . . . . 64
663. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai . ° . : . - 59
2356. Mahanadi Forest, Darjeeling Terai . - Aes F . 48

The variety of A. Catechu with darker coloured wood, which probably corre-
sponds to the variety A. of Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, is found in the Central
Provinces, Darjeeling Terai and Burma. There is some uncertainty regarding its
identification, but apparently it is only a variety of A. Catechu, with darker coloured,
less heavy and less hard heartwood, and a slightly different structure as above. The
wood is not quite so hard as that of the ordinary form, and in structure it differs by
having larger pores, and finer and more pronounced medullary rays. To this form

belong—

HEOOnKWKHE
i
Or

C. 189. Mandla, Central Provinces (1866) . s - - - $9
C 203. ” ” ” . . . . . . 63
E 625. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (locolly, kankar) ¢ ° . 59
F 2355. . ; “ Ps P ; 4 o 3
B 1454. Prome, Burma . > * a : 7 d e Fs
No. 2. Salem Collection .. . ; : : - ‘ - « eo

C. 1308 (75 lbs.) and C. 1810 (76 lbs.), called Hhoiru and Seme, from Gumstir,
differ from A. Catechu by smaller and more numerous pores, and finer and more
numerous medullary rays. They may very probably belong to 4. Suma, Buch.

"

{
|

as ‘ton wal

ee

a

Aeacia, | LEGUMINOSE. 155

8. A. Intsia, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 297; Kurzi. 423. A. casia,
W. and A.; Beddome xev.; Brandis 189; Kurz i. 425; Gamble 33.
Mimosa cesia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565. Vern. Arhai-ka-bél, Sutlej ;
Katrar, Kumaun; Harrari, Nep.; Payir rik, ngraem rik, Lepcha; Ko-
rinta, Tel.; Jarri, chilor, Mar.

A large climbing shrub with reddish grey bark, with usually five
fluted, spirally-twisted grooves ; wood white, soft, porous. Pores small
and large, enclosed in irregular concentric bands which run into each
other, and which separate the narrow belts of firmer and darker-coloured
tissue in which the white, fine, medullary rays are prominent.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, through-

out India and Burma. . s
The bark is used by Lepchas in Sikkim as a substitute for soap in washing the hair.

E 478. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai.
E 2379. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft.

9. A. pennata, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 297; Beddome xev. ;
Brandis 189; Kurz i. 424; Gamble 33. Mimosa pennata, Roxb. Fi.
Ind. ii. 565. Vern. Agla, awal, Kumaun; Biswil, Hind.; Arfu, Nep. ;
Tol rik, Lepcha; Sooyit, Burm. |

A large climbing shrub, Bark reddish brown, } inch thick, with
horizontal cracks, Wood porous, moderately hard. Pores oval or oblong;
occasionally subdivided into 2 or 3 compartments, from small to extremely
large and very numerous, surrounded or enclosed in an irregular net-work
of white tissue, which separates the patches of darker-coloured and
firmer tissue, in which the white, moderately broad medullary rays are
distinetly visible.

Oudh, Kumaun, Nepal, Eastern Bengal, Burma and South India.

Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius.

Ibs.

E 476. Balasun Forest, Darjeeling Terai . > : ‘ ; © te
EK 2358. Sivoke s Ps Ee ; : f : . 50

10. A. dealbata, Link.; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii, 415; Brandis 180.
The Silver Wattle.

A tree spreading rapidly by numerous root-suckers. The wood is.
moderately hard, light brown, but warps considerably. Pores small,
often in short linear groups. Medullary rays short, fine and moderately
broad, well marked on a radial section.

Indigenous in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Introduced on the

Nilgiris, and now naturalised since 1840:
The wood is extensively used in Australia for timber, and the bark for tanning.

It is being tried in plantations in the hills of the Punjab, North-Western Provinces

and Sikkim. Our specimen was cut from a tree 11 years old and 46 feet high, and was
about 12 inches in diameter. Colonel Beddome, in his Report on the Nilgiri plantations
ef April 1878, says that this Wattle grows very readily from the stool, bué comes up
in a dense mass of small twig-like stems, so that it can only be depended on for
very small firewood.

W 1099. Nilgiri Hills.

ll. A. melanoxylon, R. Br.; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 415.; Brandis
180. Australian Blackwood.

A large tree with hard and durable wood; heartwood dark brown
and beautifully mottled, soft, shining, even-grained ; pores mostly oval,

~

156 LEGUMINOSE. | deacia.

moderate-sized and divided into compartments conspicuously marked on
a vertical section. Medullary rays short and fine.

New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Introduced on the
Nilgiris since 1840 and now completely naturalised. Also being grown in the hills of
the Punjab, Kumaun and Sikkim.

With regard to its rate of growth, Colonel Beddome, in his Report of April 1878
onthe Nilgiri png says that in the Bleakhouse plantation, Wellington, the
average girth of the trees in the portion which is 21 to 22 years old, taken from the
measurement of 30 trees as they came, was 35 inches at 6 feet from the ground (about
4 rings per inch of radius), the girth of some of the largest trees being 56, 55, 50,
46 and 44 inches. Our specimen was cut from a tree 20 years old and 90 feet high; it
gave a plank 2 feet broad. The wood seems to be regarded on the Nilgiris as very

inferior to that of Hucalyptus Globulus, either for timber or firewood ; its growth is _

much slower and it is attacked by species of Loranthus, which parasites in time kill
the tree. It does not coppice well, unless cut very young.

Weight, according to Mr. Newbery (Timbers of Victoria, 1877), 41 to 48 Ibs. per
cubic foot; our specimen gives 36 lbs.

It is used in Australia for cabinet work, coach-building, railway carriages and
agricultural implements; on. the Nilgiris chiefly for firewood. Its bark is used for
tanning. i

S.

W 1100. NilgiriHills . . . cy ae

Besides A. melanoxylon and A. dealbata, there are several other species of Wattle,
some of which are cultivated in India. A. decurrens, Willd., the “Common” or “ Black ”
Wattle, is a small or medium-sized tree ; larger in moist localities. According to Mr.
Newbery, the wood weighs 45 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot. It is being grown in several
places in India. A. pyenantha, Bth., the “Golden” or “ Broad-leaf’ Wattle, is the
most valuable species for tanner’s bark and gum. Its wood weighs 51‘5lbs. per
cubic foot. A. homalophylla, A. Cunn., is the Myallwood, a small tree witha hard,
dark wood with the scent of violets.

Wattles grow in almost any soil, but their growth is best in loose, sandy places or
where the surface has been broken for agricultural or other purposes. Itis well, before
sowing the seed, to soak it for a short time in warm water; this moistens the outer
shell and induces more speedy germination. The seeds generally germinate in from —
7 to 10 days, and are apt to damp off if too carelessly watered.

29. ALBIZZIA, Durazzini.

Contains 10 Indian species, most of which are common large trees found over the
greater part of India, and are here described. A. myriophylla, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii,
300 ; Kurz i. 426, (Mimosa microphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.549) Vern. Tetiliya, Sylhet,
is a small evergreen tree of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim.
A. elegans, Kurz i. 427, is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the Pegu
Yomas; while A. lophantha, Bth. Fl. Austr. ii. 421; Brandis 174, is an Australian
tree of rapid growth, which has now been completely naturalised on the Nilgiri Hills,
Baron von Miiller says that it seeds profusely and germinates most easily, and is very
valuable for re-clothing desert tracts, where it is important quickly to create shade,
shelter and copious vegetation. The bark may be used for tanning. A new species has
lately been discovered in the Chanda district, Central Provinces, by Mr. R. Thompson,
called Silari. It is a large tree with short trunk, spreading branches and large fruit.

The structure of Ad/sizzza is characterised by large or moderate-sized
not very numerous pores, which are exceedingly prominent on a verti-
cal section, the pores of successive concentric strata being not parallel, but
running obliquely into each other. The medullary rays are not generally
prominent, and the wood is softer than that of most species of Acacia.

1, A. Lebbek, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 298; Beddome ft. 53;
Brandis 176; Kurz i. 427. Mimosa Sirissa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti. 544, —
The Siris Tree. Vern. Siris, sirén, sirdi, halsis, tantia, garso, Hind. ;
Sirisha, Beng.; Zarrert, Panch Mehals; Vaghe, hat vaghe, Tam. ;

Albizzia. | LEGUMINOSH. 157
Dirasan, darshana, kat vage, pedda duchirram, Tel.; Kal baghi, bengha,
Kan.; Chichola, Mar.; Kokoh, Burm. ; Beymada, gachodd, And.

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey or brownish grey, rough, with
numerous, short, irregular cracks. Sapwood large, white ; heartwood dark
brown, hard, shining, mottled, with deeper coloured, longitudinal streaks.
The annual rings in trees grown in the Punjab are marked by a distinct
line. Pores large, not numerous, often subdivided and enclosed in patches of
softer whitish tissue, which are frequently arranged in short bands, Pores
prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, very numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 5,000 feet; Bengal,
Burma, Central and South India. .

Growth exceedingly rapid during the first year. Brandis says that trees in the
Punjab have 2? feet girth in 12 years 4} feet in 30 years, and that trees at Sakhar
in Sind 17 years old have reached 5 to 6 feet in girth, This would give from 1 to 3
rings per inch of radius, which is very fast.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined from the following
experiments :-—

ee

: g2
ee | Your, | Mood whence | 21 Sa | Stzoptbes,. Velge ot
e [AZ
Ft. In, In

Puckle . , 1859 | Mysore. 57 2| 2x1x1 | 1082
” ‘ : . ; . : ” 9 ° ° . » | 61 4 Ae a 959
” nr hae 0 % 56 4 ” 2 » 1068
Cunningham , 1854 | Gwalior 50 2 ges 486
Baker 1829 | Junagarh 55 4 7x2x 2 526
Skinner, No, 7 1862 | South India. | ee ie eaerere 793
” » 8 ts Burma . 16 855
(List) As Mysore RES eR Pah tame) ANGE
Brandis, No. 40 1862 | Burma. SSN ie GA seer, OO och hoscnses
A. Mendis . 1855 | Ceylon. _? fee ere es Rake RPT Se? et bee boner: ;
Punjab. 48°5 Births, DEE asses : TTT
Smythies F - - 1878 <| South India . ; . | 4 Stitt 8 cere ee ee ase
Burma . ° « | 46°5 Bi he ) wseeai atin MS ennees

It seasons, works and polishes well, and is fairly durable. It is used for sugarcane
crushers, oil-mills, furniture, well curbs and wheel-work ; in South India for boats. In
the Andamans where trees of large size are procurable, it is used for building, but more
usually for house-posts. It is often grown as an avenue tree, but its roots do not pene-
trate very deep. It grows easily from cuttings. It gives a gum which is not soluble in
water, but merely forms a jelly. The leaves and twigs are given as fodder to camels.

Ibs.
P 1193. Madhopur, Punjab. : : ‘ : ‘ . . 47
P 96. Bhajji, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 fect . ; > : ‘ . 43
P 881. Multan : - " : ;: : : - . 49
P 468. Ajmere ; : : : : ; ‘ : : . 55
W 728. South Kanara . ¥ : - : ‘ , . Al
W 748. ig 4 , ; ; : : : : et |
WwW 751, 3° 9 wie . 7 .- a . . . : 44
B 1453. Prome, Burma . ; ’ : is tis ; ; . 48
B 2208. Andaman Islands. : 5 ‘ ; : , - . 43
No. 81. Ceylon Collection (marked Acacia speciosa) . , ; . 42

158 LEGUMINOSH. [ Albizzia,

2, A. odoratissima, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 299; Beddome t.
54; Brandis 175; Kurz 1. 427; Gamble 33. Mimosa odoratissima,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 546. Vern. Lasréw, karambru, polach, Pb.; Sirts,
siran, bhandir, bersa, bas, bassein, bansa, Hind.; Chichwa, chichola,
yerjooketta, Gondi ; Chichora, Kurku ; Kati harreri, Panch Mehals; Zedong,
Lepceha ; Jati-koroi, Ass. ; Moro, Cachar ; Kal-thuringi, kar vaghe, bilwara,
solomanim, sela vanjait, Tam. ; Shinduga, chindu, telsu, yerjuchinta, haru
vage, Tel. ; Pullibaghi, billawar, Kan.; Borhi, chichua, chichanda, May. ;
floore mara, Cingh.; Thitmagyi, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 3 inch thick, grey, with irregular cracks
and patches of darker colour. Sapwood large, white; heartwood dark
brown with darker streaks, very hard. Dark, narrow, concentrie bands
(annual rings ?), alternating with bands of lighter eolour. Pores large,
often double, uniformly distributed, enclosed in very narrow rings of
soft tissue and sometimes arranged in interrupted lines, very prominent
on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, wavy, short, indistinct.
This species is characterised among common Aldizzias by its greater
hardness and short and less prominent medullary rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 3,000 feet; Bengal,
Burma, Central and South India.

Growth rapid, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Wallich gives 45 Ibs.; Kyd,
40 Ibs.; Skinner, No. 6, 46 Ibs.; Brandis, 52 lbs.; our specimens give an average of
54 lbs. Kyd’s experiments with Assam wood with bars 2’ x 1” x 1’ gave P = 547;
Brandis found P = 984; and Skinner 800. The wood seasons, works and polishes
well, and is fairly durable. It is used for wheels, oil-mills and furniture. It gives a
dark-brown gum. ‘The leaves and twigs are lopped for cattle fodder.

3223. Nagpahar Forest, Ajmere . : ; , ; ‘ 0 a
205. Garhwal (1868) . ; ; ; - ; ; , . 43
219. : : Sg:

Ibs.

sg
O
O 5 s j P : E ‘ :
C 184. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) ‘ < : ‘ . ae
C 1122. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; ‘ : : . 60
C 2748. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces - ; ; ere + -
E 2360. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. ; ‘ : . .
W

725. South Kanara : ; ~ : : : ; : . §9
W 1189. “a - ‘ ‘ 4 ; ' 2 4 - . 42
D 1084. North Arcot ; . : , : : : : e 62
B 290. Burma (1867) : : ; ; : ; ‘ - oe

B 3121. 9° (1862) + ‘ ° 7 > . . . + 5%

. $9 . . . . . . . . . 57
B 2231. Andamans (1866) . : , - , : ; é . 56
No. 8. Salem Collection . ; ‘

3. A. procera, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 299; Beddome xevi. ;
Brandis 175; Kurz 1, 428; Gamble 33. Mimosa elata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 546. Vern. Safed siris, gurar, karra, karo, haranji, gurbari, gurkur,
baro, karolu, garso, Hind.; Karallu, kini, kilai, kili, tihiri, Bombay ;
Takmur, Lepcha; Korot, Beng., Ass.; Kili, Garo; Sarapatri, Uriya;
Passerginni, Gondi; Kinni, Bhil; Gurar, Mar.; Konda vaghe, Tam.; Pedda
patseru, tella sopara, tella chindagu, Tel. ; Chikul, Kan.; Choi, Magh;
Sect, Burm.; Birdd, And.

A large, deciduous, fast-growing tree. Bark 4 inch thick, yellowish
or greenish white or grey, smooth, with horizontal lines. Sapwood
large, yellowish white, not durable; heartwood hard, brown, shining,
with alternate belts of darker and lighter colour. Pores moderate-sized
and large, enclosed in narrow rings of softer tissue, uniformly distributed,

7
|

a — Ts * =

Albizzia. | LEGUMINOS2, 159

very prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine. The
difference in structure between A. Ledbek and the woods of 4. procera is
very slight.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Satpura Range in the
Central Provinces, Guzerat, South India and Burma.

Growth very rapid. Brandis says that it attains in 12 years 3 to 4 feet, and in
30 years 4 to 6 feet girth. This would give about 2 rings per inch of radius, which
is very rapid. Our specimens are of somewhat slower growth, 6 rings per inch.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 3, 39 Ibs. ; Brandis, No. 28, 48 lbs. ; our specimens
give an average of 46 lbs. Skinner gives P = 884; Brandis 750. The wood is straight
and even-grained, seasons well, and the heartwood is durable. It is used for sugarcane
crushers, rice-pounders, wheels, agricultural implements, bridges and house posts. It
is used by tea planters for stakes for laying out tea gardens, as it is found to split well,
and occasionally for tea boxes and for charcoal, for which it is found to be very good.
It gives a copious gum.

Ibs,

O 220. Garhwal (1868) . : ‘ : ; : ; : “eer!
O 3004. ae (1873) . ‘ 2 ; ; ‘ ; i . 44
_ © 2740. Jamui Forest, Berar (sapwood ; : : F L , (96
E 2361. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai ; ; : ; 4 OF
E 949. Eastern Diars, Assam . ; : ; ‘ : : » pe
E 1268. Tezptr, Assam. : ; ; ; : : ; . 658
E 2194. Nowgong, Assam . : : . . 42

teehee” |, eulaiant ocd 48

B 329. Burma (1867) é ‘ ; : . ; ; ‘ 2 8S

B 8ii. » , : . ° ; , ‘ : : ‘ - 60

B 2527. . (1862) ie Re denies Se teiyd mo -ate Lae

B 606. Andaman Islands . , : ; ° rt ; . 53

B 5618. 3 Pe ‘ : ; ; ” ; . . 46

B 2247. - re (1866) ° , . , ‘ ° :

4, A. lucida, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 299; Brandis 174;
Kurz i. 429; Gamble 33. Mimosa lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 544,
Vern. Sid korot, Beng. ; Tapria-siris, Nep.; Ngraem, Lepcha ; Mess-guch,
Ass.; Gunhi, Magh; Thanthat, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Heartwood hard, brown, with dark streaks
and alternating dark and light coloured, concentric bands. Pores moder-
ate-sized, numerous, enclosed in round patches of soft tissue. Medullary
rays fine and very numerous.

Eastern Bengal, Burma.

Weight, average of our specimens, 50Ibs. per cubic foot. Wood hard and good,
but not used. Lac is obtained on it in Assam.

E 660. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai : > ; é ; : 55
E 677. 99 3 33 ~ * . . 61

5, A. Julibrissin, Boivin; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 3800; Brandis 177.
Mimosa Katkora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 547 (?), Pink Siris. Vern. Sirzn,
kurmru, surangru, shirsh, shishi, bina, tandadi, mathirshi, brind, Pb.; Lal
siris, baraulia, barau, bhokra, Hind.; Kalkora (?), Beng.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, with long hori-
zontal wrinkles. Sapwood large; heartwood dark brown, almost black

in old trees, beautifully mottled, shining. Annual rings distinctly

marked by a sharp line. Pores large, often double, very prominent on a
longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, short, red, appearing as nar-
row, dark, straight bands on a radial section.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 feet.
Growth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius (Brandis); our specimens give 5 rings,

160 LEGUMINOSH, [ Albizzia.

Weight, 43 to 52 Ibs. per cubic foot. The wood is used to make furniture. The tree is
extremely handsome when in flower, with its innumerable pink tassels of delicate silky
blossoms, from which it derives its name guldb-resham, rose silk.

Ibs,
H 97. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet iH : , F : . 62
H 152. Sainj, Simla, 4,000 feet . - f ‘ ; , : . a

6. A. stipulata, Boivin; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 300; Beddome t. FI. ;
Brandis 178 ; Kurz i. 426; Gamble 34. Mimosa stipulacea, Roxb. 55,
Ind. ii. 549. Vern. 02, 0é, sirin, shirsha, kastr, Pb.; Siran, kanujer a.
pattia, samsundra, Hind.; Kala siris, Nep.; Singriang, Lepeha;
Sow, Ass.; Selcho, Garo; Chakua, amluki, Beng.; Kat turanji, Tam.;
Konda chiragu, chindaga, Tel.; Kal baghi, hote baghi, Kan.; Kadbal,
Cingh. ; Pokoh, Magh; Boomaiza, Burm.

A large, deciduous, fast-growing tree. Bark grey, with numerous
short, vertical wrinkles and a few larger horizontal furrows, with promi-
nent edges, darker when old. Sapwood large, white; heartwood brown,
generally not durable, soft, shining. Annual rings distinctly marked.
Pores large, often oval and subdivided, very prominent on a longitudinal
section. Medullary rays fine, short, reddish, not very distinct.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet; Oudh,
Bengal, Burma, South India.

Growth very rapid. Roxburgh says that a tree he planted in the Botanic Garden
at Calcutta measured 48°5 inches in girth at 4 feet above the ground when 7 years old ;
this would give a rate of growth of slightly less than 1 ring per inch of radius,
Stewart, in “ Punjab Plants, p. 56,” says that a tree in the Saharanpur Gardens was
7 feet in girth at about 17 years of age, which gives rather over 1 ring per inch of
radius, Our specimens give 3 to4 rings per inch of radius. A round in the Bengal
Forest Museum from a young tree, shews 11 rings on a mean radius of 6 inches or 18
rings per inch of radius. The growth may be taken therefore at 1 to 4 rings per inch
of radius, which is very rapid. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 9, 55 lbs.; according
to Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 27, 66 lbs. ; our specimens give only 33 lbs.; and
Kyd (Acacia marginata, Ham.) 28 lbs. Kyd gives P = 222; and Skinner gives
P = 823; but it is doubtful if his experiments were really from wood of A. stipulata.
The wood is said by Beddome, probably quoting Skinner, to be used for building and
for naves of wheels. Kurz says it is good for cabinet work, furniture and similar pur-
poses. Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 27, says it is prized for cart-wheels and for the
bells of cattle. In Bengal it has been tried for tea-boxes, for which purpose it will
probably suit well; also for charcoal. It gives a gum which exudes copiously from
the stem, and is used by Nepalese for sizing their “ Daphne” paper. The branches are
lopped for cattle fodder.

Ibs,
H 603. Kangra, Punjab . : ° ; . ‘ : : > ae
O 217. Garhwal (1868) . Tec : ; : - :
C 2989. Jubbulpore, Central Provinces (1863) . é ; . . 39
E 647. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. ° ‘ ; : ‘co
E 2362. _ ns : Nine, ‘ ‘ . 29
EK 788. Kamrtp, Assam ‘ ‘ . 40

B 809. Burma ‘ ° ‘ ; . 36
B 2528. pies ¢'. ) eee ; : ‘ ‘ p : . 83
B 2221. Andaman Islands (1866) . P ; A : : » 46

7, A, amara, Boivin; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 301; Brandis 178, 4. amara
and 4. Wightii, Grah.; Beddome t. 61, xevi. Mimosa amara and
M. pulchella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 548. Vern. Lalleit, Dekkan; Thuringi,
winja, suranji, shekram, Tam.; Nallarenga, shekrant, sikkai, narlingt,
Tel.; Bel-khambi, Kan. ; Kadsige, Coorg; Oosulay, Mal.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Sapwood large; heartwood pur-

E 1956. Chittagong. . . OS co i rr

Albizzia. | LEGUMINOSH. 161

plish-brown, beautifully mottled, extremely hard, with alternate, con-
centric, light and dark bands. Pores small, in patches of white tissue,
which are frequently joined, forming concentric bands. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous.

South India and Dekkan.

Skinner, No. 1, gives the weight at 70 lbs. ; our specimens weigh 61 to 62lbs. Skinner
also gives P = 1284, and says, “The wood is strong, fibrous and stiff, close-grained,
hard and durable, superior to s4l and teak in transverse strength and direct cohesive
power ;”’ also that it is used for thebeams of native houses and carts, the wood of the
crooked branches for ploughs, and the leaves for washing the hair. Beddome says it is
a good fuel, and is extensively used for the locomotives at Salem and Bangalore.

lbs.
D 1052. Salem, Madras é ; ‘ ; ‘ ‘ ‘ : : 61
No. 6. Salem Collection . ; ; ‘ : : : ; . 62

B 2705 (59 lbs.) from Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) is a dark-red specimen of a heavy
brown wood of Albizzia structure, which cannot be identified,

Orper XII. ROSACEA.

Contains 20 genera of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers, chiefly found in the colder
regions of the Himalaya and other mountain ranges. It is divided into 7 Tribes,
viz.—

Tribe I.—Chrysobalane : é ’ Parinarium and Parastemon.
» iL—Prunee . j ~ : , Prunus, Maddenia, Pygeum
and Prinsepia.
» ilL—Spiree . : ‘ 2 ; Spirea and Neillia.
» 11V.—Rubeer . ; ; : ‘ Rubus.

» V.—Potentillee . F ; ‘ Potentilla.
» VI—Rosee . 5 4 ‘ ‘ Rosa.
» ViIl.—Pomee . ‘ : : ; Cydonia, Docynia, Eriobotrya,

Pyrus, Photinia, Pourthiea,
Stranvesia, Crategus and
Cotoneaster.

Parinarium contains 3 species: P. Griffithianum, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 310,
is a tree of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands; P. indicwm, Beddome t. 191, is a
tree of the forests of the Wynaad, between 2,000 and 3,000 feet ; and P. travancoricum,
Beddome, is a tree of the hills about Courtallum. Parastemon urophyllum, A. DC. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 312, is a shrub or small tree of Tenasserim and the Andamans.
Maddenia contains two species : M., himalaica, Hook. f. and Vh.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.
318, a small tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya from 8,000 to 10,000 feet ; and
M. pedicellata, Hook. f., of the Mishmi Hills. We2llia thyrsifiora, Don; Gamble 35,
is a common shrub of the Sikkim Hills. Potenti//a can scarcely be said to contain
woody species, though P. fruticosa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 347; Gamble 36
(misspelt frwtescens), is a small shrub common on rocks at high elevations from
Kashmir to Bhutan, with a hard wood and annual rings marked by a line of very
small pores; and P. Salessovii, Steph.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 348, occurs as a small shrub
above 11,000 feet in Lahoul and Northern Kashmir.

Cydonia vulgaris, Pers.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 369 (Pyrus Cydonia, Linn.; Brandis
205). The Quince. Vern. Bihki, Hind.; Bamtsint, bamsiitu, Kashmir, is cultivated in
Afghanistan and the North-West Himalayas up to 5,500 feet. Docynia contains 2
eee D. indica, Dene; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 369 (Pyrus indica, Wall.; Roxb. FI.

nd. ii, 511; Kurz i. 441; Gamble 37). Vern. Mehul, passy, Nep.; Liking, Lepcha;
oe Khasia, is a tree of the hills of Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, with a yellow,
edible, though harsh-tasting fruit ; and, according to Aikin’s description of Wallich’s
specimens, a compact, moderately hard, fine-grained wood ; and D. Hookeriana, Dene;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 369, of the Khasia Hills. Photinia contains 5 species as re-arranged
in the Flora Indica; P. Lindleyana, Wight and Arn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 380 ; Beddome

Ww

162 ROSACER. [ Prunus.

x¢Viii., is a small tree of the Nilgiris; P. Notoniana, Wight and Arn.; Beddome t.
192 (Eriobotrya integrifolia, Kurz i. 442) Vern. Kaddi bikki, Burghers, is a small
tree of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma; P. integrifolia, Lindl.; P. Griffithii,
Dene; and P. mollis, Hook. f., are trees of the North-East Himalaya. Pourthiea arguta,
Dene; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 382, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills and Sikkim Terai.

Wood close and even grained; that of most species apt to warp.
Pores small to extremely small. Medullary rays generally fine to ex-
tremely fine. :

1. PRUNUS, Linn.

Contains 18 species including the Almond, Peach, Apricot, Plum and Cherry.
P. prostrata, Labill.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 313; Brandis 193. Vern. Tura, ter, talle,
Pb., is a small shrub of rocky places in Afghanistan and the arid parts of the North-
West Himalaya, generally agen 7,000 feet. P. Mahaleb, Linn.; Brandis 195, is
cultivated at Khelat. P. rufa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 314 (P. sp., Gamble 35)
Vern. Kamki, Bhutia, is a tree of the inner Sikkim Himalaya above 10,000 feet.
P. punctata, Hook. f. and Th., is a small tree of the Khasia Hills ; and P. Jenkinsiz,
Hook. f. and Th., a small tree of Upper Assam, P. tomentosa, Thunb.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. ii. 314, is a shrub of Kashmir ; and P. Jacqguemontii, Hook. f., a shrub of the
inner North-West Himalaya in Kunawar and Garhwal.

P. Amygdalus, Baillon; Brandis 190. (Amygdalus communis, Willd.; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 500.) The Almond. Vern. Baddm, is cultivated in Afghanistan, Persia, Kash-
mir and the Punjab. P. Cerasus, Linn.; Brandis 193. The Cherry. Vern. Alu bali,
Pers.; Kerasya, Arab.; Gildas, olehi, krusbal, Pb., is generally cultivated in the
North-West Himalaya between 5,000 and 8,000 feet. P. Persica, Bth. and Hk. f.;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 313; Brandis 191; Kurz i. 433 ; Gamble 34. (Amygdalus persica,
Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 500). The Peach. Vern. Ghwareshtdi, Afg.; Shift alu,
Pers.; Aru, aor, chinannu, beinni, beimu, rek, Pb.; Aru, Hind.; Takpo, Lepcha, is
commonly cultivated everywhere throughout the Himalaya and in Upper Burma.

The species here described have a distinct heartwood; the pores are
smallor very small. The medullary rays are generally of two classes, fine
and moderately broad. The annual rings are marked either by a con-
tinuous line of pores or by more numerous pores in the spring wood.

1. P. armeniaca, Linn.; Hook, Fl. Ind. ii. 313; Brandis 191;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. u. 501. The Apricot. Vern. Hdri, gardalu, jaldaru,
shiran, cheroli, cher hiish, serkuji, shart, Pb.; Iser, Kashmir; Chuvari,
zardalu, khoobani, Hind.; Mishmish, Pers.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown, rough, with
narrow longitudinal clefts. Sapwood white; heartwood greyish brown,
mottled with dark-brown streaks, moderately hard. Annual rings
marked by a narrow continuous belt of pores, which are larger than
the very small scattered pores in the outer portion of the ring. Medul-
lary rays of two classes, numerous; very fine rays between fewer mode-
rately broad ones.

: he Moneapty in the North-West Himalaya. Growth moderate, 4 to 8 rings per inch
or raqlus. -
Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot; Mathieu, Fl. Por. p. 131, gives 58 lbs. Wood hand-
some, used for various purposes in the Punjab Hills. In Lahoul and Upper Kanawar

it is the chief firewood. The fruit, fresh or dried, is extensively used for food, and an
oil is extracted from the kernels which is used to burn, in cooking and for the hair.

Ibs,
H 781. Bathri, Chamba, 3,000 feet ; ; } : ; . 49
He =20. + Madhan, Simla, 6,000 feet ; . : ; ; . 49

H 2876. Matiydna, Simla, 7,000 feet . ; . on

2. P. communis, Huds,; Hook. Fl, Ind. ii. 315; Brandis 192.
The Plum. Vern, Aldcha, olchi, er, aor, gardalu, Pb.

a

Prunus, | ROSACEA. 163

A moderate-sized tree. Wood reddish brown, hard, very close-
grained, warps and splits. Annual rings marked by a belt of small,
closely packed pores. Pores in the main portion of the annual ring
extremely small, in groups. Medullary rays of two classes, moderately
broad, numerous, with very fine rays between them.

Cultivated (or indigenous, Hook. Fl. Ind.) from Garhwal to Kashmir in the
Western Himalaya, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet.

Growth fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood is smooth to work, and is used in Kashmir for the skeleton of the so-called

papier-maché boxes.
lbs.

H 151. Giri Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet . ; eid 52

3. P. Puddum, Roxb.; Hook, Fl. Ind. ii. 314; Brandis 194; Kurz
i. 484. ; Gamble 34. Vern. Chamidri, amalgich, pdja, pajia, Pb. ; Paddam,
paya, Hind. ; Konghki, Lepeba.

A moderate-sized (in Sikkim, a large) deciduous tree. Bark peeling
off in thin, horizontal, shining layers. Sapwood large, greenish white.
Heartwood reddish, beautifully mottled on a radial section by narrow,
wavy, shining, medullary rays, moderately hard. Annual rings dis-
tinctly marked by an irregular and not continuous belt of numerous
pores. Pores small; those of the spring wood very small, fre-
quently arranged in oblique lines intersecting the medullary rays at an
angle. Medullary rays of two classes; numerous, very fine rays alter-
nating with fewer, short, moderately broad rays, which are broader than
those of P. Padus. Scent pleasant, resembling that of P. Makhaleb.

Wild in the Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam, between 2,500 and 7,000 feet;
Khasia Hills.

Growth variable, from 4 to 22 rings per inch of radius, the average being 12.

Weight, the average of our specimens give 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Gamble says 40
to 45 lbs.

The wood is used in the Punjab Himalaya for walking-sticks; in Darjeeling

“occasionally for furniture. It deserves to be better known, and to be more extensively

used, as, at any rate in Sikkim, it is common and reaches a large size. It gives an

- abundant gum, not used.

Ibs.
H 46. Nagkanda, Simla,7,000 feet . : : x : 4 52
H 234. Garhwal Hills (1868) : : : : ‘ ‘ E 46
E 683. Sepoydura Forest, Darjecling, 6,000 feet . R ; 2 A2
E 2363. Kurseong, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . 3 ! ; ‘ 41
E 2364. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet ; : : : 48
E 1447. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) . . ; ; 37

4. P, Padus, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 315; Brandis 194; Gamble

_ 85. The Bird Cherry. Vern. Paras, halakat, gidar-dék, bart, zim, zam,

cambu, jamu, chile, didla, krén, Pb.; Jamana, Hind. ; Likh-aru, arupatti,
Nep. ; Hlo sa hlot-kiing, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree, with dark, rough bark. Sapwood
large, whitish. Heartwood reddish brown, with an unpleasant smell,
beautifully mottled on a radial section by the shining medullary rays,
moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow belt of
continuous, closely arranged pores. Pores small, in irregularly shaped
groups, which are uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, moder-
ately broad.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 4,000 and 10,000 feet.
Growth, varying from 4 to 30 rings per inch of radius; the average of our speci-

164 ROSACEM. [ Prunus.

mens gave 13 rings. Average weight 41 Ibs. per cubic foot, Mathieu Fl. For. p. 128,
gives an average of 41°5 lbs. The wood has often a very handsome grain and deserves
to be better known ; it is scarcely ever used.

Ibs.
H 916. Hazara, 7,000 feet . : ‘ ‘ ‘ ° - ; 38
H 22. Matiydna, Simla, 7,000 fee ° e t ‘ : - 42
H - 58. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . ; 3 ; ; ? 43
E 696. Rangbil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . ; ‘ Roeuge |
E 2369. ‘5 - 42

The two Darjeeling specimens are perhaps P. nepalensis, Ser.; Hook. Fl. Ind.
316.

5. P. acuminata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 317; Gamble 35
(wrongly Roxb.).

A tree with thin dark bark. Wood reddish brown. Pores small,
sometimes in groups or radial lines; medullary rays of two classes ;
numerous, very fine rays, alternating with fewer, short, broad ones.

Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills from 4,000 to 7,000 ft.
E 3309. Sureil, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.

6. P. martabanica, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 316; Kurz i. 484,
Vern. Thitmanku, Burm.

No. B 1975, collected by Kurz in the Andamans in 1866, bears this
name. Itis a heavy, cross-grained, red wood, with moderate-sized pores,
often subdivided, and fine, closely packed, uniform medullary rays.

2. PYGEUM, Gaertn.

No. 28, Adrian Mendis’ Ceylon Collection, marked Cryptocarya floribunda, and
Galmorre, Cingh., is a close-grained yellow wood with a structure resembling that of
Eriobotrya. It is probably Pygewm zeylanicum, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 321;
Thwaites Enum. Fl. Zeyl. 102. Vern. Galmora, Cingh. (Weight 65 lbs. per cubic
foot.) A large tree of South India and Ceylon, which gives a good firewood for burning
bricks or lime. There are 8 other species of this genus. P. acwminatum, Colebr. ; Hook.
Fl. Ind. ii. 318 ; Kurz i. 435; Gamble 35, is a tree of the North-East Himalaya, Khasia
Hills, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong, in which regions are also found P. glaberrimum,
Hook. f.; and P. montanum, Hook. f. P. Andersoni, Hook. f., has been found on the
summit of Parasnéth in Behar at 4,000 ft.; P. Wightianum, Bl. (P. ceylanicum,
Beddome t. 59) and P. Gardneri, Hook. f., are large trees of South India; while
P. arboreum, Endl., and two other species are found in the forests of Burma, chief
in Tenasserim. '

3. PRINSEPIA, Royle.

1, P. utilis, Royle; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 323; Brandis 196. Vern.
Bhekal, bekkra, karanga, cherara, dhatela, jhatela, Hind.; Gurinda,
Hazara; Zatia, phulwara, Rajaori; Jinti, Chenab; Bekling, Kanawar.

A deciduous, thorny shrub, with thin brown bark, peeling off in small
vertical flakes. Sapwood white; heartwood red, very hard and compact,
close and even grained, but much liable to split.. Annual rings marked
by a narrow continuous belt or line of larger pores; the pores outside
this belt are small, The pores are sometimes filled with a white sub-
stance. Medullary rays very fine and numerous.

Outer Himalaya, from Hazara to Bhutan between 2,000 and 9,000 feet. Khasia

Hills.
Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 69 lbs, per cubic foot. The

Prinsepia. | ROSACER. 165

wood is only used for fuel and occasionally for walking-sticks. An oil is expressed from

the seeds which is used for food and for burning.
‘ lbs.
H 49. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet : ; ‘ ; : - 69
H 2868. $ 9 am ee po 3

4, SPIRABA, Linn.

Contains 11 species found in the Himalaya, chiefly at elevations above 6,000 feet.
They contain both herbs, such as the “‘ Meadow Sweet” found in Kashmir ; and shrubs,

few of which attain any size, The two described are the most important.

1. S. sorbifolia, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 824. 8. Lindleyana, DC.
Vern. Sarbashtai, kikri, batu, Pb.

A shrub, with reddish.grey bark. Wood hard, compact, even-grained.
Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of more numerous pores.
Pores small, scanty in the outer part of each annual ring. Medullary
rays moderately broad.

North-West Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Kumaun, above 7,000 feet.

Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. The largest growing species.
Recognised by its pinnate leaves from the other shrubby species. It is chiefly found
in shady damp woods.
lbs,

H 82. Simla, 7,000 fect 49

H 3014. Hattu Forest, Simla, 8,000 feet :

2. S. canescens, Don. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 825. Vern. Chaku, taku,
Simla.
Structure similar to that of S. sorbifolia.

North-West Himalaya, from Murree to Kumaun.

Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. Found chiefly on open hill-sides as a ~
stiff bush. Very handsome in flower in the spring.

Ibs.
He 169. Simla, 7,000 fot . |. 47
H 2827. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet . ae

5. RUBUS, Linn.

Contains 40 species of erect, trailing or climbing, generally thorny shrubs. Many
species are known on account of their edible fruits, the best of which is perhaps
R. ellipticus. R. fruticosus, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 337; Brandis 197. The
Blackberry or Bramble. Vern. Ankri, alish, kanachi, chench, pakhana, Pb., is found
in Afghanistan, the Salt Range and the Punjab Himalaya as far east as the Ravi.
R. rosefolius, Sm.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 341.; Kurz i. 439 (R. Sikkimensis, O. Kze;
Gamble 36), is a small shrub found in the Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim, in the
Khasia Hills and in the hills of Burma. It has a large, red, edible fruit, which is
sold in the bazar in Darjeeling. PR. paniculatus,8m,; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 329; Brandis
196 ; Gamble 36. Vern. Kala akhi, Kangra; Anchu, pattarola, kala hisalu, Hind. ;
Numing rik, Lepcha, is a simple leaved species with leaves covered beneath with dense
white tomentum, common throughout the Himalaya. R. biflorus, Buch.; Hook. Fl.
Ind. i. 338; Brandis 198. Vern. Chdnch, kantauch, khaniéra, Kashmir; Karer,
akhreri, akhe, Ravi; Dher, Simla, is a white-stemmed shrub of the Himalaya from
Hazara to Bhutan. &. niveus, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 335; Brandis 199; Gamble
35. Vern. Kalga, Sutlej, has the same distribution. FR. moluccanus, Linn.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. ii. 380; Kurz i. 489; Gamble (39. Vern. Bipemkanta, Nep.; Sufok-ji,
Lepcha, is a large shrub, with simple, rugose leaves, and red edible fruit, found in the
North-East Himalaya and down to Burma. R. racemosus, Roxb., and two other

species occur on the Nilgiris. There are many other interesting species, but too small
and too numerous for mention here.

166 ROSACER. [ Rubus.

1, R. ellipticus, Smith ;-Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 336. &. flavus, Ham.,
Brandis 197; Kurz i. 438; Gamble 35. R&, Gowreephul, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 517. Vern. Akhi, ankri, kundchi, guracha, pukana, Pb. ; Esar,
hishalu, hisalu, Kumaun; TYolw aselu, escalu, cesi, Nep.; Kashyem,
Lepcha.

A large thorny shrub with brown bark and moderately hard, light-
brown wood. Pores small; medullary rays short, very broad and
moderately broad. - )

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 1,500 and 8,000 feet; Khasia Hills
and Assam.

The fruit is yellow and with the flavour of the raspberry; it is commonly eaten

and made into preserves in the Himalaya, and is certainly one of the best of the wild
fruits of India. :

E 2367. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet.

2. R. lasiocarpus, Smith; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 339; Brandis 198;
Kurz i. 439; Gamble 36. Vern. Gunacha, pukana, Hazara; Kandiéri,
kharmuch, sirganch, Kashmir; Télanch, Chenab; Nii, kalliachi, Beas;
Klenchu, gaika, Simla; Kalga, Sutlej; Kalawar, hala hisalu, Kumaun ;
Kala aselu, Nep.; Kajutalam, Lepcha.

Bark smooth. Structure similar to that of 2. ellipticus.

Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Burma, South India and Ceylon.
The fruit has a glaucous blue-black colour ; it is small, but of good flavour.

E 2368. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet.

3. R. lineatus, Reinw.; Hook. Fl. Ind.ii, 333 ; Gamble 36. Vern.
Gempé aselu, Nep.

A large thornless shrub with red bark peeling off in papery flakes.
Wood yellowish brown, in structure resembling that of 2. eddipticus.

Sikkim Himalaya, 6,000 to 9,000 feet.
Stems used to make fences. Fruit red, edible.

E 3307. Darjeeling 7,000 feet.

6. ROSA, Linn.

Contains 9 species without including those cultivated in India, full account of
which is given in Brandis’ Forest Flora, and referred to in the Flora Indica ii. 363.
Rosa involucrata, Roxb. F1. Ind. ii. 513, is a sub-scandent shrub of the banks of streams
in the Gangetic plain, westward to Mount Aboo and eastward to Burma. #&. EKglanteria,
Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 366 (2. lutea, Mill.; Brandis 201), is a shrub of the
arid parts of the inner Himalaya, with yellow flowers. 2. Webbiana, Wall; Hook. -
Fl. Ind. ii. 366; Brandis 202. Vern. Kantidn, shingdri, Hazara; Shikand, shawali,
manayor, brazen, Chenab; Chia, Lahoul; Sia, Ladak, Piti; Ringyal, Kanawar,
is a pink-flowered erect shrub of the same region. J. anserinefolia, Boiss.; Hook.
Fl. Ind. ii. 365, is a common, wild and cultivated, white-flowered rose of Afghanistan.
R. longicuspis, Bertol.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 367, is a climber of the Khasia Hills from
2,000 to 5,000 feet; and R. Leschenaultiana, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 368, a
climber of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills.

1, R. moschata, Mill.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 367; Brandis 201. Vern.
Kuji, hajei, harer, kwia, kwiala, Hind.; Phulwara, chal, Kashmir.

A large, thorny, climbing shrub. Bark greyish brown. Wood moder-
ately hard, porous. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of large
pores in the spring wood, the poresin the autumn wood being scanty
and small, Medullary rays broad to very broad,

a
a

Rosa.) — ROSACER, 167

North-West Himalaya, from Afghanistan to Nepal, ascending to 11,000 feet.
A tall climber, very sweet scented, and very ornamental when in flower in May and
June. Flowers white. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius.

H 115. Bhajji, Simla, 5,000 feet.

2. R. sericea, Lindl.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 8367; Brandis 202 ; Gamble 36.

A thorny shrub with greyish brown bark, peeling off in papery
flakes. Wood very hard, darkening on exposure. Annual rings marked
by a continuous line of very small pores in the spring wood, the pores
in the autumn wood being extremely small. Medullary rays short,
moderately broad to broad, prominent.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, from 9,000 to 14,000 feet.

Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius, Flowers white or pink.

E 2366. Suburkum, Darjeeling, 11,000 feet.

8. R. macrophylla, Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 866; Brandis 203.
Vern. Gulab, ban-guldb, Hind.; Tikjik, Chenab ; Akhiari, Ravi; Breri,
bankoi, Simla.

A thorny shrub. Bark blackish brown, peeling off in thin flakes.
Wood hard and compact’; annual rings marked by a belt of numerous
small pores in thespring wood; pores in the rest of the wood extremely
small. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, prominent.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 3,500 and 10,000 feet.

Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers

pink. It makes good hedges.
lbs.

H 50. Nagkanda,Simla,8,000feet . . . . «© sm
H 2872. 33 33 ”° - . . : . - . 55
H 2847. Mahasu, Simla - : : ‘ ; ‘ ; 59

7. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl.
Contains 9 species. EH. japonica, Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 372; Brandis 575

_ (Mespilus japonica, Banks ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 510). The Loquat, is cultivated in most

parts of India (Weight 46 lbs., Wallich). 2. petiolata, Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 370,
isatree of Sikkim and Bhutan at 5,000 to 9,000 feet. . bengalensis, Hook. f. ; Hook.
FI. Ind. ii. 371 (#. dubia, Kurz i. 443. Mespilus bengalensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 510)
is an evergreen tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. The remainder
are shrubs or small trees.

1. E. dubia, Dene; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 8371. Photinia dubia, Lindl.
Gamble 87. Vern. Berkdng, Lepcha.

A small tree. Bark light brown, 4 inch thick. Wood white, soft,
even grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays of two classes,
numerous very fine rays closely packed between fewer moderately broad
rays.

North-East Himalaya, from 5,000 to 6,000 feet.

Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot.

E 2365. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.

2. KE. elliptica, Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 372. Photinia sp.
Gamble 387. Vern. Mihul, mya, Nep.; Yelnyo, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark greyish brown, } inch thick.
Wood reddish brown, compact, hard, apt to warp slightly. Pores small
and very small. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous,
prominent on a radial section.

168 ROSACER. [ Lriobotrya,

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, from 6,500 to 8,000 feet.

Growth moderate. Aikin, describing Wallich’s specimens gives 8'4 rings; our speci-
mens shew 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 57°5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood good,
but not used.

: Ibs.
E 366. RBangbil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . : ; ‘ “ 58
E 3109. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet ‘ - ; . : ; . 57

8. PYRUS, Linn.

Contains 22 species, all found in the Himalaya and Khasia Hills, one only
extending southward to Burma. The genus is divided into 5 sections : Malus, 3 species ;
Pyrus, 4 species; Aria, 2 species; Sorbus, 5 species ; and Micromelus, 8 species.

In the section Malus, besides P. baccata, Linn., P. Malus, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 373 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 511; Brandis 205, The Apple. Vern. Shewa, Afg.; Shu, sun,
chit, khajir, bisir, palu, Pb.; Kishi, Ladak ; Seo, seb, Hind., is apparently wild and
commonly cultivated in the North-West Himalaya. It is also cultivated in gardens in
Berar, Central India, the Punjab and Sind. JP. sikkimensis, Hook. f£.; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 373, is found in the Sikkim Himalaya.

In the section Pyrus, besides P. Pashia, Ham., P. communis, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind,
ii. 374; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 510; Brandis 203. The Pear. Vern. Zang, batang, nak, bo,
sunkeint, charkeint, li, Pb. Hills; Nashpati, nak, Pb. Plains; Amrid, Arab. is
apparently wild in Kashmir and cultivated in the Himalaya. The fruit is generally
hard, but good for baking and preserves. P. Kwmaoni, Dene; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 374;
Brandis 204, and P. Jacquemontiana, Dene; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 374; Brandis 205,
are found in the North-West Himalaya; they much resemble P. Pashia.

In the section Avia, two species only occur; they are here described.

In the section Sorbus, besides P. foliolosa, P. Aucuparia, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl.
Ind. ii. 375, the Mountain Ash, is found in the North-West Himalaya from 11,500 feet
to 13,000 feet from Kashmir to Kumaun; and P. microphylla, Wall., P. Wallichit,
Hook. f., and P. insignis, Hook. f., in the Sikkim Himalaya.

In the section Micromelus, P. Griffithii, Dene.; P. rhamnoides, Dene; and P.
Thomsoni, King, are described from high elevations in the Sikkim Himalaya; P. fer- —
ruginea, Hook. f., from Bhutan ; and 4 species: P. khasiana, Dene, P. granulosa,
Bertol. (Vern. Dingsopha, Khasia), P. polycarpa, Hook. f.,and P. cuspidata, Bertol.,
from the Khasia Hills. .

Wood compact and close-grained, marked by very small pores and
fine medullary rays. The wood of the Pears (sections Pyrws and Malus)
warps and cracks, whereas that of the sections Sordus and Aria seasons
better.

1. P. baccata, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 373; Brandis 205. The
Siberian Crab. Vern. Ban mehal, gwalam, Hind.; Baror, liu, thyo,
liwar, Pb.

A small tree with grey bark. Wood white, with pale-brown heart-
wood, warps considerably. Structure similar to that of P. Pashia, but
medullary rays slightly broader.

2 ee from the Indus to Bhutan, between 6,000 and 11,000 feet; Khasia
118.

Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit
edible.
Ibs.

E 967. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet . , : : . &

2, P. Pashia, Ham. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 374; Kurzi,441. P. vario-
losa, Wall.; Brandis 204, 575; Gamble 386. Vern. Zung, batangi, keint,
shindar, katari, hithu, ku, shegul, Pb.; Mehal, mol, Hind.; Passi, Nep. ;
Li, Lepceha.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown, exfoliating in —

«+

ed

Pyrus. |] ROSACER. 169

small rectangular scales. Heartwood light reddish brown, hard, close and
even-grained, cracks and warps. Annual rings marked by a dark line.
Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous, uniform
and equidistant.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 2,500 and 8,000 feet.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood is used for walking-sticks, combs, tobacco pipes and various other purposes. The
fruit is only eaten when half rotten, like the Medlar, but even then is not sweet.

lbs.
H 3185. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet . ‘ ; . ‘ oA ibe
H 23. Madhan, Simla, 6,000 feet . ‘ 4 ; ; ; ay
H 236. Garhwal Hills (1868) : ‘ ea ade

3. P. lanata, Don ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 875. P. Aria, Ebrh. ; Brandis

— 206. Vern. Gun palos, Afe.; Doda, chola, chilana, maila, paltu, ban
pala, hanghi, thanki, morphal, marpol, Pb.; Galion, mauli, paltu, ban
palti, Kind.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree with dark-brown bark. Wood
white, moderately hard, close and even-grained, seasons well. Annual
rings marked by a narrow belt without pores, on the outside of each ring.
i very small, most numerous in the spring wood, Medullary rays

ne,

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 5,000 and 10,000 feet.

Growth slow, 22 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 40 to 47 lbs. per cubic foot; Mathieu
gives 46 to 58lbs. It might be useful for boxes and other purposes for which a close
and even-grained wood is required. Fruit large, eaten when half rotten, like that of the
Medlar (P. germanica, Ldl.).
“yen

7a H 64, Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . , ; : ; ; oo GF
H 2887. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . ‘ : ’ : ; . 40
H 3186. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet : , Ss Fy

_ 4, P. vestita, Wall.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 875. P. Janata, Don ;
Gamble 37. Vern. Mayhell, guéhor, Nep.; Singha, Bhutia.

| A deciduous tree. Wood reddish with brown streaks, moderately
hard. Annual rings distinct. Pores very small. Medullary rays fine,
humerous, not distinct.

Eastern Himalaya, between 8,000 and 10,000 feet.

Yi slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit
edible.
lbs,

E 380. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet : ‘ my : . 44

The Fee

5. P. foliolosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 876; Brandis 207;
Gamble 37. Vern. Kharsani, Nep.

A shrub or small tree. Wood white, with small, darker coloured heart-
wood. Annual rings distinet, Pores very small, more numerous in the
spring wood. Medullary rays fine, very numerous.

Kastern Himalaya, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet.
Growth slow, 23 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
E 378. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet ole, a a og ee

6. P. ursina, Wall.; Brandis 206. LP. foliolosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl,
‘Ind. ii. 376 (in part). Vern. Sélia, hilia, Pb. ; Wampu litsi, Lahoul,

S - a

170 —- ROSACER. [ Pyrus.

A small tree with smooth, reddish grey bark, peeling off in horizontal a
papery strips. Wood white, with a small, brown heartwood, Structure
similar to that of P. fololosa.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 6,000 and 12,000 feet.
Growth slow, 32 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 541bs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
H 134. Lahoul, 10,000 feet 3 : 4 p . : - oe) kee
H 3020, Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet . H : : : ; . 64

9. STRANV ASIA, Lindl.

1. S. glaucescens, Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 882; Brandis 210.
Vern. Garmehal, sind, Kumaun.

A small evergreen tree, Bark 4 inch thick, rough, dark coloured.
Wood light coloured when fresh cut, turning reddish brown on exposure,
fine and even grained ; annual rings marked by a thin line. Pores very —
small, numerous. Medullary rays numerous, uniform, very fine, equi-
distant.
oe Himalaya, Kumaun and Garhwal from 3,000 to 8,000 feet, Nepal, Khasia,

1US. ; :
Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 48 Ibs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
HI BO70. Neini Tél, 6,000 fast... s.ne-d cake

10. CRATASGUS, Linn.

Contains 3 species. C.Oxyacantha, Linn.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 383; Brandis 207 ;
Gamble 37. The Hawthorn. Vern. Ring, ramnia, pingyat, phinddk, patakhan,
Pb. ; Ban-sanjli, sir sinjli, Jhelam, is a small tree of Afghanistan and the Western
Himalaya, from the Indus to the Ravi; elsewhere cultivated. C. Clarkei, Hook. f.;
Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 383, is a small tree of Kashmir.

1. C. crenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. -ii. 509; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 884,
C. Pyracantha, Persoon; Brandis 208. Vern. Gingaru, gianru, Hind.

A large spinescent shrub. Wood white, hard, very close and even
grained. Annual rings marked by a belt of harder and darker-coloured
wood on the outer edge of each ring. Pores very small, numerous,
Medullary rays very fine, numerous.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, d ing i
Kumaun to 2,500 feet. : eet, descending in,

992067, Neini Th . . «fv CO pL pales

11. COTONEASTER, Linn,

Contains 10 or 11 species, many of which are merely small prostrate shrubs.
They are all Himalayan, one only extending to the Nilgiris and one (doubtfully) to the
Khasia Hills. C. frigida, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 385; Brandis 209, is a small
tree of the Central and Eastern Himalaya. C. buxifolia, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 387; Beddome xevii.; Brandis 210. Vern. Hviinay, Nilgiris, is a rigid shrub
or small tree of the si and Pulney Hills, with a dense elastic wood used by the
Todas to make clubs. The remaining species not here described are all small.

Wood harder and more compact than that of Pyrus; also marked by
extremely small pores, . Sy

Cotoneaster. | ROSACER. 171

p 1. C. bacillaris, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 884; Brandis 208. Vern.
—*Ré, riu, lin, lin, réu, retish, rish, Pb. Hills; Ruinsh, Jaunsar Bawur.

A small deciducus tree with bluish grey, nearly smooth bark. Wood
white, turning light red towards the centre, smooth, very hard, close
and even grained, but splits and warps much. Annual rings marked by
the darker colour of the outer portion of each ring, Pores extremely

- small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous,

Salt Range above 1,500 feet, North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to the Sarda,
between 5,000 and 10,000 feet, Sikkim and Bhutan.
Growth moderate, 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, on an average, 57 lbs. per

; - eubic foot. The wood is used for making walking-sticks: the “ alpenstocks” sold at
Simla are usually made of it.

lbs,

: H 55. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . iyi ws » ° ; . 61
:. H 2890. i. oi a ; . ; ; : : «tiie
5 H 26. Madkan, Simla, 6,000 feet . p ; ; . j . 68
7 H 124. Kulu, about 7,000 feet . ‘ . P , ‘ : . &2
H 925. Hazara Aa s A : 3 : : ‘ : . 56
H 3177. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet wa

2. C. acuminata, Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 385; Brandis 209.
"Vern. Rit, réuns, ritis, ruinsh, Hind.
| A deciduous shrub, Wood hard, structure like that of C. dacillaris,

Himalaya, from the Beas to Sikkim, between 4,500 and 10,000 feet.
Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 54lbs. per cubic foot. Wood
used to make walking-sticks, like that of C. bacillaris.
lbs.

H 120. Jalaori Pass, Kulu, 9,000 feet ; : : : ; . 64

“ 3 {N agkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet

3. C. microphylla, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 887; Brandis 209;
Gamble 37. Vern. Khériz, lini, Kashmir; Garri, Kumaun.

A small procumbent shrub. Wood hard, similar to that of
C. bacillaris, but with slightly larger pores.

_ Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet in the North-West and
above 10,000 feet in Sikkim. Often planted for ornament in England. .
Growth slow, 24 rings per inch of radius.
H 2823. Simla, 7,000 feet.

et Orper XLII. SAXIFRAGES.

_ An Order of about 8 Indian arboraceous genera, chiefly Himalayan. Itis divided
into 3 tribes of woody plants, viz.,—

Tribe I.—Hydranges ; ; . ; ; Hydrangea, Pileostegia,

, . Dichroa, Deutzia and

Philadelphus.
» I1—Escallonies : : . : : Itea and Polyosma.
” III.—Ribesiex . . « . . Ribes.

Five of these genera are here described. Pileostegia viburnoides, Hook. f. and
Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 405, isa shrub of the Khasia Hills. JZ¢ea contains three species
of shrubs or small trees of the Himalaya and Khasia Hills, of which J. nutans,
Royle; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 408; Brandis 213. Vern. ZLelar, Kaghan; Garkath,
Kumaun, is a small tree of the North-Western Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal,

172. | SAXIFRAGER. | Hydrangea.

between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. I. macrophylla, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 408; Gamble —
38. Vern. “Teturldumm, Lepcha is a small tree of the valleys round Darjeeling andin |
the Khasia Hills. J. Chinensis, Hook. and Arn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 408, is a small

tree of the Khasia Hills between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Polyosma integrifolia, BL ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 409. (P. Wallichii, Bennett; Kurz 444) is a small tree of the *
Khasia Hills, found also in the Andaman Islands. 2

Pores small to extremely small. Medullary rays often of two ahuaill “4
moderately broad and very fine. a

¥

1. HYDRANGEA, Linn. : a

Contains 5 Indian species. Besides those described, the chief is H. altissima, —
Wall.; Brandis 211; Gamble 38. !Vern. Sema, Lepcha, a large climbing or erect
shrub of the Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan above 5,000 feet; its bark is used as —
a substitute for paper. HI. aspera, Don, and HZ. stylosa, Hook. f. and Th., are small
trees of the Sikkim Himalaya. The Garden Hydrangea, or Chinese Guelder Rose, so —
commonly cultivated as an ornamental shrub in the Hills, is H. Hortensia, DC,

1. H. vestita, Wall.; Hook, Fl. Ind. ii.405; Brandis 211; Gamble ~
38. Vern. Kulain, Bhutia ; Pokuttia, Nep. 4
A small deciduous tree with light brown, rather corky bark. Wood ee
pinkish white, moderately hard; annual rings indistinct. Pores
extremely small. Medullary rays very fine.

Himalaya, from Kumaun to Sikkim between 5,000 and 11,000 feet.
Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs.

E 373. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet. . As a tees

2, H. robusta, Hook. f, and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 404; Gamble
88. Vern. Bogoti, Nep. 7
A small, handsome, deciduous tree, with thin, brown, papery bark, peel-
ing off in ‘large flakes. "Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. 4
Pores very small. Medullary rays of two sizes, moderately broad, short
and very fine, prominent. ‘ia

Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, from 5,000 to 7,600 feet, generally as undergrowth

in the oak forests.
Weight, 421bs. per cubic foot.

g

E 2370. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . ; ‘ P : - 42

2. DICHROA, Lour.

1. D. febrifuga, Lour.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 406 ; Gamble 38. ddamia —
eyanea, Wall. t. 213, Vern. Basak, banstik, Nep.; Gebokanak, Lepeha ; 3
Singnamtk, Bhutia. ‘

An evergreen shrub, with yellow bark peeling off in flakes.
Wood white, moderately hard, with small pores and moderately broad to —
very fine medullary rays. |

Common in the forests of the Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan and in
the Khasia Hil!s, above 4,000 feet. .

The shoots and bark of the roots are made into a decoction and used as a febri-

fuge by the Nepalese. It is. very handsome shrub, with blue flowers and bright blue
berries, coming up on clearings in the oak forests.

E 2371. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . ‘ . Gin oF . . Po “tt

ee

4

Deutzia, | SAXIPRAGER. ® 173

$8. DEUTZIA, Thunb.

—s- Contains 3 species. D. macrantha, Hook. f, and Th. is ashrub of the Kumaun
Hlills above 5,500 feet.

1. D. corymbosa, Brown ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 406; Brandis 212. Vern. |
Daloutchi, deutsch, bhujru, Sirla.

A shrub. Outer bark yellowish grey, peeling off in long thin papety
rolls, leaving the smooth, thin, greenish brown inner bark exposed.
Wood, white, soft, even-grained. Pores small, very numerous. Medul-

_ lary rays moderately broad, alternating with numerous very fine rays.

. ‘Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet.
- : 8.

H 2850. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet ; : : ; : ; ae
H 2898. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . ;

°

2. D. staminea, Brown; Hook. Fi. Ind. ii. 407 ; Brandis 212. Vern.
Muneti, Kumaun ; Deutsch, Simla. ,

A shrub. Bark grey, soft, peeling off in small strips, but to a less
-degree than in D. corymbosa. Wood white, soft ; structure similar to that
of D. corymbosa.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 8,000 feet.

lbs,
+ H 2836. .
H 2819. } Simla, 6,000 feet. ; - ; F : : ; og

4, PHILADELPHUS, Linn.

1, P. coronarius, Linn. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 407; Brandis 212. Vern.
. Dalunchi, bhoj,Simla. ;
_ A shrub with soft, light grey bark. Wood soft, white, with large
pith. Pores small and very small, more numerous near the inner edge
of each annual ring. Medullary .rays of two classes, very fine and
moderately broad. The structure ‘of the wood of the Indian shrub
- is the same as that of the European shrub, the “ Syringa” of gar-
' dens.
Himalaya, from Kishtwar to Sikkim, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Often planted
for ornament.

~ lbs.
H-3038. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet . ie : 1 ‘ @ . A

i

* 5. RIBES, Linn.

_% Contains about 8 species of Himalayan’shrubs. R. Grossularia, Linn.; Hook. Fi.
Ind. ii, 410; Brandis 213. The Gooseberry. Vern. Pilsa, pilikcha, kdnsi, teila,
amlanth, Upper Chenab and Lahoul, is indigenous to the arid parts of the North-West

Himalaya above 8,000 feet, and is cultivated in the hills. 2. nigrum, Linn. The Black
Currant. Vern. Papar, Kumaun, is found in Kashmir, Kunawar, Garhwal and
Kumaun above 6,000feet. R. rubrum, Linn. The Red Currant. Vern. Niangha,

Lahoul, occurs in the Himalaya between 5,000 and 12,000 feet. R. orientale, Poiret ;

Brandis 214. Vern. Gwaldokh, kaghak, Kaghan; Nangke, nydi, phulanch, Chenab;

Askuta, Ladak; Yange, Piti,isa shrub of the Safedkoh and arid tracts of the

Inner Himalaya. R. desmocarpum, Hook. f. and Th., R. luridum, Hook. f. and Th.,

and Rt. Grifithii, Hook. f.and Th. are all shrubs of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya,

1. R. glaciale, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 410; Brandis 214; Gamble
88. Vern, Rodhay, Bhutia.

174 | SAXIFRAGER. | [ Rides.

A small shrub with shining bark, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood
white, compact, moderately hard. Pores extremely small, in narrow inter-
rupted wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays scanty, short, broad and
very broad.

Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, between 7,000 and 11,000 feet.
Weight, 58 to 63lbs.

H 3021. H 3022. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet - . F ‘ . 63
H 2908. H 2912, Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . e e . * eee
H 3025. Matiy4na, Simla, 9,000 feet : . ; . :. aa
E 973. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet. - ° ; . 68

Orxver XLITT. HAMAMELIDEZ.

Contains 7 genera of Indian trees or shrubs. Distylium indicum, Bth., Sycopsis
Griffithiana, Oliv., and Loropetalum chinense, Oliv., are all shrubs of the Khasia
Hills; while Corylopsis himalayana, Griff.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 427, is found in the
Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. Ligquidambar
orientale, Miller, a tree of Asia Minor, yields the fragrant resin “Storax” used in
medicine. :

Wood close-grained. Pores small and very small, numerous and
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays numerous, fine and very fine.

1. PARROTIA, C. A. Meyer.

Besides the species described, P. persica, C. A. Meyer, is a shrub of the low
forests on the south coast of the Caspian Sea.

1. P. Jacquemontiana, Decaisne ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 426; Brandis
216. Vern. Paser, peshora, po, kilér, kirru, Punjab. 7

A large deciduous shrub or small tree, with thin, grey bark. Wood
light pinkish red, hard, heavy, very close-grained. Pores extremely small.
Medullary rays fine, numerous.

North-West Himalaya from the Indus to the Ravi, between 2,800 and 8,500 feet.

Growth slow 12 to 16 rings per inch (Brandis). Weight, 56lbs. per cubic foot. —
Wood highly esteemed for walking-sticks, tent pegs, charpoys and rice pestles, also
for native bows for throwing pellets. But its chief use is in basket-work an@ in
the making of bridges over the Himalayan rivers. The twigs are very tough
and flexible, and are twisted together into thick ropes, often 300 feet long. t)
bridges consist of one large rope to walk on and two smaller side ropes, one for each
hard, with smaller ropes connecting the hand ropes with the foot rope, (P 1000 was a
fine specimen sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 from the Ravi.)

a

lbs.
H 3178. Dungagalli, Hazara, 6,000 feet . 3 % - . oyu
H 933. Hazara, PPaURR 6,000 feet. ; : P . : 56
H 905. Upper Chenab, Punjab . ° . ; eines : ove

2. BUCKLANDIA, R. Brown.

1. B. populnea, R. Br.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 429; Kurz i. 445;
Gamble 88. Vern. Pipli, Nep.; Singliang, Lepcha; Dingdah, Khasia.

——- =

——————— TT

Bucklandia. | HAMAMELIDEZ. 175

A large evergreen tree with rough, brown bark. Wood greyish
brown, rough, moderately hard, close-graihed, durable. Pores small.
Medullary rays fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and hills of Martaban, from 3,000 to 8,000 feet.

Growth moderately fast, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, on an average,
45 lbs. per cubic foot. Is very much used in Darjeeling for planking and door and
window frames, and is in great demand. It is a very ornamental tree with ‘tough
poplar-like leaves, and thick, fleshy stipules. It is easily grown from seed, but the
young plants are rather delicate.

lbs,
E 6989. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet . ; ; . 41
E 2372. Raugbil e 99 7,000 ,, : aa . 49
E 2373. ” ” ” ” ” . . . . 46

8. ALTINGIA, Noronha.

1, A. excelsa, Noronha; Hook. FI. Ind. ii, 429; Kurz i. 446. Vern.
Jutili, Ass,; Nantayop, Burm.
_ A lofty deciduous tree. Bark smooth, light grey, exfoliating in
large thin flakes. Wood soft, reddish grey with lighter streaks,
Annual rings marked by a narrow belt of firm wood without pores.
Pores small, uniform and uniformly distributed in lines between the
medullary rays. Medullary rays fine, equidistant, prominent on a radial
section.

Assam and Tenasserim.

Growth moderate, 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot.
Wood used in Assam for building and ordinary domestic purposes.

Ibs.
E 1269. Lakhimptir, Assam ; : ; : : c A :
B 2704. Brought from Tavoy by Dr. Wallich in 1828. Résembles this
in structure. : ‘ . : ; . - -

Orper XLIV. RHIZOPHOREZ.

Contains seven Indian genera of trees, chiefly coast plants and known by the general
name of “ Mangroves.’ They form forests, binding together the mud, in the estuaries of
the Indus, Ganges and Irrawaddi, as well as along the coasts of Malabar, Arracan,
Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. The Order is divided into 2 Tribes, viz..—

@ribe I.—Rhizophoree ; ; . + BRhizophora, Ceriops, Kandelia
we ‘ and Bruguiera.
» II.—Legnotider . 4 : : . Carallia, Gynotroches, Weihea

and Blepharistemma.

Blepharistemma corymbosum, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 441; Beddome ci. is a
small tree of the hills of Tellicherry and Coorg ; Gynotroches axillaris, Bl. ; Hook. Fl.
Ind. ii. 440; Kurz. i. 451, is a small tree of Upper Tenasserim ; and| Wethea ceylanica,

Baill. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 441 ; Beddome t. 194, a small tree of Mysore and the Carnatic.
The remaining genera are here described.

Rhizophora, Ceriops and Bruguiera have small pores and equidistant,
fine or moderately broad rays. The rores are sometimes joined by in-
terrupted concentric bands. The structure of Kandelia is different.
Caratlia and Anisophyllea differ by having two classes of med ullary rays:
numerous very fine rays between fewer moderately broad rays.

176 RHIZOPHOREZ. — | [ Rhizophora.

1. RHIZOPHORA, Linn.

The Mangroves. Two species. R. conjugata, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 436 ; Bed:
dome xcix..; Brandis 218; Kurz i, 447 is a small tree usually associated with that
here described.

1. R. mucronata, Lamk.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 435; Beddome xcix. ;
Brandis 217; Kurzi. 447. R. Mangle, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 459. Vern, —
Bhara, Beng.; Kamo, Sind; Upoo-poma, Tel.; Byoo, byooma, Burm. ;—
Bairada, jumuda, And. ; Kadol, Cingh. A

A small evergreen tree. Sapwood light red; heartwood dark red,
extremely hard, splits and warps a little in seasoning. Pores small, —
numerous, uniformly distributed; each pore surrounded by a narrow ring ~
of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, wavy, numerous, uniform, equidis- —
tant; the distance between the rays equal to about twice the transverse —
diameter of the pores.

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, 70°5 per cubic foot. The wood is good, but is rarely used. It is durable, e.g. —
B 2721 has been kept 50 years in Calcutta and is still quite sound. The bark is used
for tanning, and the fruit is said to be edible. Of the quick germination of the
“Mangroves, Roxburgh says, “The great length of the seed gives in a very short
time a young tree; for if the apex from which the root issues is only stuck a
little way into a wet soil or mud, the leaves quickly unfold at the opposite end.”
The seeds often germinate while yet on the tree and drop as young plants into the
mud. The roots also progress and form constantly fresh stems supported by the ©

buttressed roots standing out of the mud. oe
Ibs. |

B. 2721... Tavoy (Wallichy 1828))+. 20° on) wc elt 2 alee ee
B 502. Andaman Islands F , 4 é f » 2 GE
B 2240, es oe AIS6O) cc”. ts ee

B 2273. ‘9 ae Mea tate st AL alee (ind |

No. 9. Ceylon Collection (Rizzophora sp., Caddol) . 4 . A

No. 36. yt a (Rhizophora sp., Hiri Kaddol) os

2. -CERIOPS, Arn.

Contains two species. C. Réxburghiana, Arnott; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 436 ;
Kurz i. 448. Vern. Kapyaing, Burm. is a large shrub of the ‘coast forests from Chitta.
gong to Tenasserim. Weight 46 lbs. (Wallich, No. 173, Rhizophora decandra).

1, C. Candolleana, Arnott ;;Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 436; Beddome xeix. ;
Brandis 218; Kurzi, 448. Vern. Kirrari, chauri, Sind; Goran, Beng. ;
Madd, And. a

A small evergreen tree, with dark red bark; wood red, hard. Pores
very small, Medullary rays fine, slightly wavy, uniform and equidistant.
Pores joined by fine, wavy, interrupted concentric bands, | 1

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India and the Andaman Islands,

Wood used in Sind for the knees of boats and other purposes; in Lower Beng
for house-posts and for firewood. The bark is used for tanning, Weight, 63 bs,

,
H
'

per cubic foot, :
B 1985. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) : ‘ ; L .. Bea

= |
Pd

8. KANDELIA, Wight and Arn. ‘2

‘. 1.K. Bheedii, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 487; Bedd m
Brandis 218 ; Kurz 1,449, Vern, Guria, Beng. piper Pr

i P|
>
4

=

Ss ee

Kandelia, | RHIZOPHORER. | 177

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Wood soft, close-grained. Pores
very small, very numerous. Medullary rays very short, moderately
broad, prominently marked on a radial section ; the distance between the
medullary rays being many times broader than the transverse diameter
of the pores,

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of Bengal, Burma, and the Western Coast.
Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used only for firewood. Bark used in
Tavoy in dyeing red, probably as a mordant.
: . lbs.
E 407. Sundarbans _. : “ , ; ; ; - ‘ 38

4. BRUGUIERA, Lam.

Contains five species. B. eriopetala, W. and A., B. malabarica, Arn.,
B. caryophylloides, and B. parviflora, W.and A., are all trees of the shores of
Malabar, Bengal, Arracan, Tenasserim and the Andamans, the last species being also
found at Masulipatam on the Coromandel Coast, and in the Sundarbans.

. 1B. gymnorhiza, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 437; Brandis 219;
Karz i. 450. B. Rheedii, Bl.; Beddome c. Rhizophora gymnorhiza, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 460. Vern. Kakra, hankra, Beng. ; Byoo-b0, Burm.

-* An evergreen tree, heartwood small, red, extremely hard. Pores

small, oval, and subdivided; medullary rays moderately broad, fine, very
numerous.

Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands,
Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for firewood, house-posts, planks
and articles of native furniture.
Ibs.
E 412, Sundarbans_. ; , ‘ . ; ‘ ‘ : - 54

B 2217 (62 lbs.) and B 2222 (60 lbs.) are specimens which were received in 1866
from the Andamans under the respective names of Garcinia and Mallotus, but they are
probably the wood of another species of Bruguiera. The pores are moderate-sized,
oval and subdivided and the medullary rays are moderately broad and fine, nearly
equidistant and prominent on a radial section. The pores are joined by narrow,
interrupted, concentric lines.

5. CARALLIA, Roxb.

_ Contains two Indian trees. C. lance@folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 481; Hook. FI.
Ind. ii. 439, is an evergreen tree of the forests of Upper Tenasserim.

1. C. integerrima, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 439; Beddome t. 193;
Brandis 219; Gamble 39. C. lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 431; Kurz i.

#451. Vern. Kierpa, Beng.; Palamkat, Nep.; Kujitekra, Ass.; Karalii,

ao

Tel. ; Andipunar, Kan.; Punschi, Bombay ; Dawata, Ciugh,; Bya, Arra-
can ; Maneioga, Burm.

An evergreen tree with thin, dark-grey bark. Sapwood perishable ;
heartwood red, very hard, durable, works and polishes well. Pores moder-
ate-sized to large, often subdivided. Medullary rays long, of two classes,
extremely broad and fine, numerous fine rays between each pair of broad
ones, marked ona radial section as broad, irregular, shining plates. Fine
bars of soft tissue across the rays,

178 RHIZOPHORE®. [ Carallia,

Eastern and Western moist zones, Eastern Himalaya, Bengal, Burma, South —
India and the Andamans. :

Weight, according to Benson and Skinner, No, 37, 44 lbs.; A. Mendis, 42 lbs. ;
Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 106, 60lbs.; our specimens give an average of 47]bs. —
Benson’s experiments with bars 3 feet X 14 inch X% 1°4 inch, gave P = 797 ; Skinner
gives P = 656. tg

Wood used in South Kanara for furniture and cabinet-making and in Burma for
planking, furniture and rice-pounders.

Ibs.
W 743. ‘South Kanara : : : ; . ; ; ; . 42
B 308. Burma (1867) : ; ; : ; : - . 47
B 816. Burma . ; : ; ; * ’ ; ‘ . 51
B 2530. Burma (1862) ‘ ; : : é : : : . AT
B 2210. Andaman Islands (1866) : ; 7 4 ‘ : |
B 1500. Burma an ae : ; - ‘ ; ; ; . | eco
No. 19. Ceylon Collection (marked C. zeylanica) . ; - . 42

2, No. 90. Adrian Mendis, Ceylon Collection, weight 51 lbs. P=464.
Vern. Ukbeiriye, Cingh., is probably C. calycina, Bth.; Thwaites Enum.
121; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 489. The wood is brick-red; in structure it
resembles that of C. integerrima, but the pores are fewer, and the broad
rays are narrower and at regular distances.

6. ANISOPHYLLEA, Br.

1, A. zeylanica, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 442; Thw. Enum. 119;
Beddome t. 195. Tetracrypta cinnamomoides, Gard. and Ch. Vern. —
W ellipiyanne, Cingh.

A tree. Wood greyish brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate-
sized and large, filled with a white substance, prominent on a vertical —
section as white streaks. Medullary rays of two classes, numerous —
but indistinct, fine, between fewer moderately broad rays. Bars of —
soft texture and the same width as the rays crossing these and dividing —

the wood into numerous rectangular unequal figures.
Ibs.
No. 96. Ceylon Collection ; ° ; : ; : - 35

Orper XLV. COMBRETACEZ.

An Order containing 8 Indian Genera of trees, shrubs or climbers, containing some
of the most important of the timber trees of the Indian forests. It is divided into

2 Tribes :—
Tribe I1—Combretee . . . . . Yerminalia, Calycopteris, Ano- —
‘ geissus, Lumnitzera, Com- —
bretum and Quisqualis.
,, 1l.—Gyrocarper . : : ; . Llligera and Gyrocarpus.

Four of these genera are here described, most of the remainder contain climbin
shrubs. Lwmnitzera contains two small evergreen trees. ZL. racemosa, Willd.; Hook. —
Fl. Ind. ii. 452; Beddome ciii.; Brandis 221; Kurz i. 468 (Petaloma alternifolia, —
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 372) Vern. Kripa, Kirpa, Beng. ; Baireya, Cingh.; Yengyé, Burm.,
is atree of the muddy creeks and tidal forests of the Sundarbans, Malabar, Arracan,
Tenasserim and the Andamans, also found by Beddome at Balasore. ‘It has a strong and
durable wood used for house-posts, and in Calcutta for fuel (Roxburgh). TZ. coccinea, —

ee eT

Terminatlia. | COMBRETACE, 179

W. and A. ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 452. (Z. littorea, Voigt ; Kurz i. 469), isa small tree of the
mangrove swamps of Tenasserim. Combretum comprises 16 large shrubs, generally
climbing, found in the moist zones of India and Burma, of which the most common is
C. decandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 232; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 452; Brandis 221; Kurz i.
460; Gamble 40. Vern. Punk, pharsia, dhobela, Hind.; Kalilara, Nep.; Pindik,
Lepcha; Arikota, Tel.; Thama-ka-nway, Burm., an evergreen scandent shrub, with
whitish-yellow floral leaves, climbing to the summits of the highest trees, and found in

the intermediate and moist zones of India and Burma. It has a whitish grey bark, and

soft light-brown wood, having large pores and moderate-sized, evenly distributed
medullary rays (HE 3301, Darjeeling Terai). Quisqualis indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 427,
is the “ Rangoon Creeper,” Vern. Dawaihmine, Burm., a climbing shrub with red
flowers, indigenous in Tenasserim and cultivated in gardens in other parts of India.

Iiligera contains 3 species: I. Coryzadenia, Meissn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 460
(I. appendiculata, Bl.; Kurzi. 469) of Tenasserim and the Andamans; J. Kurzii, C. B.
Clarke, of Burma and the Khasia Hills; and 7. khasiana, C. B. Clarke, of the Khasia
Hills: all scandent shrubs.

Wood moderately hard to very hard, with a distinct dark-coloured
heartwood in some, but not in all species. Pores varying in size.
Medullary rays uniform, equidistant, fine or very fire, very numerous, the
distance between the rays less than the diameter of the* pores. The
wood of Gyrocarpus is anomalous. |

1. TERMINALIA, Linn.

Contains about 12 Indian trees, mostly of very large size, and furnishing valuable
timber as well as other products. 7’. procera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 429; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 444; Kurz i. 454 is a lofty tree of the Andaman Islands. 7. fwtidissima, Griff. ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 445, is a tree of Mergui. TV. pyrtfolia, Kurz i. 457 ; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 448. Vern. Leinben, Burm.,is a Burmese deciduous tree, with wood weighing 39 lbs.
per cubic foot.

._ Wood moderately hard to very hard. A distinct, dark-coloured, very
hard heartwood in 7’. tomentosa, Arjuna, myriocarpa, and paniculata ;
dark-coloured, but not well-defined wood near the centre in 7’. Chebula
and citrina ; no heartwood in the remaining species. Pores moderate.
sized to large, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine,
numerous, uniform and equidistant, the distance between two rays
being less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Concentric bands
of soft texture continuous in 7’ belerica, bi-alata, alata and Catappa ; in-
terrupted and sometimes wanting in the other species.

1. T. belerica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 431; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 445;
Beddome t. 19; Brandis 222; Kurz i. 455; Gamble 39. Vern.
Babela, beleyleh, Pers. ; Bahera, bhaira, dehara, Hind.; Bokera, Bene. ;

5°?

-Baheri, Rajbanshi; Kanom, Lepcha; Chirore, Garo; Hulluch, bauri,

Ass.; Thara, Uriya; Tani, kattu e/upay, Tam.; Tani, tandi, toandi,
thandra, Tel.; Ahera, jhera, Hyderabad; Santi, Kan. ; Bherda, bahera,
Mar.; Balra, dalda, Dekkan ; Behedo, Mandevi; Tahaka, tata, banjir,
Gondi; Yehera, Bhil; Bulv, Cingh.; Sacheng, Magh; Thitsein, Burm.

A large deciduous tree; bark $inch thick, bluish grey, with numer-
ous fine vertical cracks. Wood yellowish grey, hard, no heartwood, not
durable ; readily attacked by insects ; annual rings indistinct. Pores of
two sizes, large and small ; the large ones frequently subdivided, joined by
irregular, wavy, concentric bands of softer tissue, which contain the small
pores. Fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible

180 COMBRETACER. [ Terminalia, —

<

in the harder and darker portions between the bands, and on the radial
section. :

This wood distantly resembles in structure that of Ougeinia dalbergi-
cides, but the bands of soft tissue are more continuous, and the medul-
lary rays are less prominent.

Sub-Himalayan tract from near the Indus eastwards, forests of India and Burma. é

Growth moderate to rapid, 3 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to
Kyd’s Assam experiments, 43 lbs. per cubic foot ; Central Provinces List, 39 lbs. ; Brandis’

Burma List, 1862, No. 47, 40 lbs.; the average of our specimens gives 48 lbs. Kyd gives —
P = 378. The wood is used for planking, packing cases, canoes, and in the North-

Western Provinces for house-building after steeping in water which has the effect of
making it more durable. In the Central Provinces it is used for plough shafts and
carts when bijasdl is not available. In South India itis used for packing-cases, coffee-
boxes, catamarans, and grain measures. The fruit is one of the myrabolans, and is

exported to Europe to be used in dyeing cloth and leather and in tanning. Native ink

is made of it, and it is used in medicine as a purgative and for other purposes. The
kernels of the fruit are eaten, but are said to produce intoxication if eaten in excess
(Hunter’s Statistical Account of Bengal, xvi. p. 51), and an oil is obtamed from them
which is used for the hair. The fruit is eaten by monkeys, deer, goats, sheep, and
cattle. The tree gives a copious gum, which does not seem to be of much use. The
leaves according to the Indore Forest Report of 1876-77 have been used as an antiseptic
to impregnate sleepers of Salei (see under Boswellia thurifera, p. 66), which are said,
after soaking for five months in a tank filled with Bahera leaves and water, to have
been rendered durable. ;

‘Tbs.
P 1190. Madhoptr, Punjab ’ ; : k : : . 35
O 634. Dehra Din — Ris ti , 7 . : ; ; . 58
O 2995. Garhwal(1874) . ‘ ; ' ; f . ; . 59
O 349, Gorakhpur (1868) . ! : ; . : - : . 62
C 176. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . : ; : > Age
C 1125. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . . Y 3 : . 82
C 2737. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces : ‘ : , . 44
C 2773. Melghat, Berar 4 : ’ ; p ; . . mS 4
E 663. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai Z i ; 4 ; . 46°
W 1188. South Kanara ' . ; - ; , , ‘ . 44

B 2532. Burma (1862) 3 . . ; ‘ ‘ ; : Sit
No. 53. Salem Collection (marked Wrightia antidysenterica) . . 52

2. T. Chebula, Retzius; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 446; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
433; Beddome t. 27; Brandis 223; Kurz i. 456; Gamble 39. Vern.
Harra, har, harara, Hind.; Hilikha, Ass.; Haritéhki, Beng.; Silim,
Lepcha; Karedha, Uriya; Haira, harla, Dekkan; Karka, hir, harro,
mahoka, Gondi; Kadakai,Tam.; Karaka, kadukar, Tel. ; Heerda, Kan.,
Mar. ; Alalé, Mysore; Kajo, Magh; Pangah, Burm.; Aalu, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, dark brown, with numerous
generally shallow vertical cracks. Wood very hard, brownish grey, with

a greenish or yellowish tinge, fairly smooth and close-grained, fairly dur- —

able, seasons well. No regular heartwood, but frequently irregular masses

of dark purple wood near the centre. Annual rings indistinct. Pores —
small and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, often subdivided ; each —
pore or group of pores surrounded by a narrow ring of soft tissue.

Medullary rays very fine, uniform, equidistant, very numerous, distinetly —
visible on a radial section, The structure of the wood differs from that —

of 7. tomentosa, chiefly by smaller pores. |

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 5,000 feet; Bengal, —

Assam, Chittagong, Central and South India,

|

yi

wi,

7m

Terminatia, | COMBRETACER. 181

Growth moderate, 6 to 10 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse
strength have been determined by the following experiments :—

Number
ee eirnedt. Year, rere a Size of bar. | Weight. rg
ments,
Ft. In, In,
Benson ; ; RIT. aapare Burma , Ste. savin 3x 14 x 1°4 b8 1033
R. Thompson d 1868 | Satpuras. De ihifaccee et) hy Unt econ GBF Ars ccesek
meee). 6S.) 1906 || India.” 3 | 38x1x1 66 | 1090
» No. 48 " .| 1862 | Burma . iinsasiess AN Mace cionel ae ees
Skinner, No.129 . .| 1862 99 : MIE Yale Various 60 1032
» No,126 . tee (9979.4 BOGE TRGIG= 2.1 ceccex’s Po Wovens 54 825
- Wallich Wighsee Bre i ae 8 ee ee onvas SB HEH. sad
Smythies 4 3 . | 1878 | See list below . yee: i IS ee ee Le
Kyd . . . «| 1881 | ioalpara. 1 | 2x1x1 56 850 |(T. Hilkha.

The wood takes a good polish and is fairly durable; it is used for furniture, carts,
icultural implements and house-building. Beddome says it is cross-grained and
difficult to work. It is being tried for sleepers in Bengal. The bark is used for tan-
ning and dyeing. The fruit gives the black myrabolans, which are of a rather better
quality than those of 7’. belerica. They are largely exported from Bombay to Europe.
So valuable is this trade in the Southern Circle of Bombay that the Forest Department
of that Circle clear annually at least Rs. 50,000 clear profit from it alone. In 1877-78
the net profit was Rs. 77,000, in future years it is expected to average a lakh. The unripe
fruit is used for tanning, dyeing, and in medicine (Balhar zengi, zangihar, kalchar,
Hind; Koki, Nep.). The fruits give with alum a yellow dye, and with iron-clay give
a good sort of ink. Astringent galls form on the young twigs, which are also used for
ink and in dyeing and tanning. The kernel gives a transparent oil.

ee eeemecitlacnwal (2868) hoy, ae) ce Feccep dus ; Sieve: ey
O 528. Dehra Din . ; : hae:
O 336. Gorakhpur (1868) . : ; ; ‘ ; ap
© 181. Mandla, Central Provinces. . ; ‘ ; : "By
C 1159. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (1870) . . é 66
C 842. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar : b ; ; ce
C 1247. Gumstr, Madras. ; Q . . : T
E 671. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai : 4 : ; 67
E 2374. a i ‘aaa : . . aes
D 1074. North Arcot, Madras ; ‘ ; ; :

No. 50. Salem Collection . F ; , A , a

3. T. citrina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 485; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 446; Kurz
i. 456. Vern. Haritahi, Beng.; Hilika, silikka, Ass.; Hortucki, Cachar ;

Kyoo, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark light grey, exfoliating with few large
irregular flakes Wood grey, darker towards the centre, hard. Struct-
ure similar to that of 7. Chebula.

Assam, Eastern Bengal, Burma and Andamans.
Weight, Wallich gives 60; our specimens 49 Ibs. per cubic foot. Used for planks
and general purposes of building in Assam; also as a dye-plant,

E 2198. Nowgong, Assam . ere iy Rahs ts vee

B 1982. Andaman Islands (Kurz 1866)

182 COMBRETACER. [ Terminalia, ©

4, T. Catappa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 444; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
430; Beddome t. 20; Kurz i. 454. TheIndian Almond. Vern. Badam,
Beng. ; Taree, Kan.; Nat vadom, Tam. ; Vedam, Tel. ; Adamarram, Mal. ;
Catappa, Malay. ;

A large deciduous tree, with whorled branches, leaves turning red —
in the cold season. Wood red, with lighter-coloured sapwood, hard. —
Pores moderate-sized, scanty, joined by wavy, short and concentric bands
of soft texture. Medullary rays fine.

Beach forests of the Andaman Islands ; cultivated in most parts of India and Burma. —

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 125, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. P— 470. Wallich
also gives 32, while our specimen gives 41 lbs. Beddome says the wood is used for —
various purposes in Madras. The kernels of the nuts are eaten at dessert; they are —
remarkable for the spiral folds of the cotyledons; the bark and leaves give a black
dye. It is one of the trees on the leaves of which the “ Tasar” or “ Katkura” silkworm
(Antherea Paphia) is fed.

E 3005. Calcutta : 3 ; ; ‘ : : : : team
B 1983. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) : : , . Al

5. T. paniculata, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 448 ; Beddome —
t. 20; Brandis 226. Pentaptera paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 442. —
Vern. Pe-karakai, Tam.; Neemeert, Tel.; Kinjal, kindal, Mar, ; Honal,
huluvd, hulvé, Kan.; Poo mardd, pillai mardé, Anamalais, <a

A large deciduous tree, Wood grey, with dark heartwood, very hard:
Pores large and moderate-sized, oval, numerous. Medullary rays very $
fine, uniform and equidistant, wavy, very numerous; the transverse
diameter of the pores many times larger than the distance between two
medullary rays. Pores surrounded by faintly marked patches of soft
tissue, often arranged in oblique and wavy lines. ’

Ibs,

Western moist zone; forests of the western coast from Bombay southwards.

Weight, 61 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood valuable, though not quite as good as that
of 7. tomentosa. It is improved by being kept under water. It is fairly durable.
It makes good planking and is used for the handles of ploughs in Ratnaghiri.

Ibs.
W 1221. North Kanara. ; Ad iy ‘ ; ; 3 F 57
D 1280. Anamalai Hills . : : 2 ; ; ; ; . 65

_ 6, T. bialata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 449; Kurz i. 456. Pen-
taptera bialata, Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 441. Vern. Leinden, Burm.
A large deciduous tree. Wood grey, beautifully mottled, moderately
hard. Structure the same as that of 7’. delerica.

Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Weight, Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 49, gives 39; our specimens give 48 lbs.
er cubic foot. Skinner No. 124 gives weight 64 lbs., and P = 1042, but there may
Ree been some mistake, .
bs.
B 1417. Tharrawaddi, Burma . 4 : 48

7. T. tomentosa, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 447; Beddome
t. 17; Brandis 225; Kurzi.458; Gamble 39. Pentaptera crenulata,
coriacea and tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 438-440. Vern, Saj, sein,
asan, assain, assaina, asna, sadri, Hind. ; Piasal, usan, Beng. ; Jhau,
Rajbanshi; Amari, Ass.; Zaksor, Lepcha; Sahdju, kala sahéju, Uriya;
Barsaj, Bijeragogarh; Karra marda, kart marithi, anemti, Tam.;
Maddi, haila naddi, nella-madu, Tel. ; Matti, kari matti, banapu, Kan, —

4

4

a i

,

Terminatia. | COMBRETACER. 183

Murada, hali maruthai, Ayeot; Karkaya, sadora, holda, dudi maddi,
Hyderabad ; Ain, madat, yén, Mar. ; Saja, Baigas ; Maru, Gondi; Madge,
Bhfl; Zoukhkyan, Burm. ; Chouchong, Taleing; Admbik, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark one inch thick, grey to black, with
long, broad, deep, longitudinal fissures, and short, shallow, transverse
cracks; inner substance red when fresh. Sapwood reddish white,
heartwood dark brown, hard, beautifully variegated with streaks of
darker colour, shewing on a radial section as dark streaks which are
generally wavy or undulating, durable, seasons well and takes a good
polish, Numerous concentric wavy lines unequally distributed. Pores
moderate-sized and large, uniformly distributed, each pore enclosed in
an irregularly shaped and generally elongated patch of soft tissue ;
these patches are often arranged in concentric lines and frequently
joined by thin, white, wavy, concentric bands. Medullary rays not
distinct, very fine, numerous, uniform, equidistant, often wavy, the
transverse diameter of the pores many times larger than the distance
between the rays. In the sapwood the patches of soft tissue enclosing
the pores are more distinct, and the medullary rays more prominent.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet in places :
Bengal, Central and South India and Burma.

he weight and ,transverse’ strength have been determined by the following experi-

ments :—

ier eantgeamas «ile oar) oececeta hs hasetioere | acetate I atgn [ates of
Ft.. In. In.
Puckle 2 . ‘ , .| 1859 | Mysore . 3 ak ES ae 56 1,010
SERS ee a, or ¥ “a? 57
(List) Paris Exhibition . .| 1862 | Central Pro- ia a 50
: vinces.
R. Thompson . : ; .| 1869 9 aa a is: 55
Skinner, * No. 127 . ; .| 1862 | South India . oe Various 60 860
in TINO. 228: . g .| 1862 9 vow Ui Tie ‘i 55 840
Baker : : ‘ i .| 1829 | Jynaghur : 4 BX BKD 62 677
Freich -. . : : .| 1861 | South India at te 1 I
Erode. 59 882
See Cees) Fett AP vee 3 7x2x 2 66 675
Pert se RY vee Burma ‘ wee 3 x1'4x1'4 71 1,001
* Brandis, No, 50 2 ‘ -| 1862 > : aoe oa 58
» . 3 ; 4 -| 1864 ” 3 3 oe Ee 2 56 903
‘Smythies - , . a -| 1878 | See list below. 16 sue 61
* T. coriacea, Skinner, p. 148. +T, glabra, Skinner, p. 150,

Its durability is uncertain ; in Burma the heartwood decays rapidly, in North India
beams are sometimes found to last well, at other times to perish from dry rotor be
eaten by insects. The wood is largely used for house-building, carts, rice-pounders, ship
and boat building. It has been tried for railway sleepers. Five sleepers laid down on the
Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway in 1870 were reported in 1875 to be in capital preserva-
tion, but having been cut from small trees the sapwood has been eaten and the experi-

-

184 COMBRETACER. | [ Zerminalia,

ment cannot be considered as good as if the sleeper had been from large trees and with-
out sapwood. In 1876, 720 sleepers were cut in the Sukna forests, Darjeeling, and laid
down on the Northern Bengal State Railway, the result of the experiment will be very
useful. The wood splits, however, very much, unless thoroughly seasoned. The wood
is an excellent fuel and makes good charcoal. The bark is used for tanning and for
dyeing black, and the ashes of the bark give a kind of lime which is eaten by the
natives with betel leaf. The “tasar” silkworm (Antherea Paphia) feeds on its leaves,
and lac is occasionally gathered from its branches. It gives a brown gum.

Ibs.
O 207. Garhwal (1868) . ; ; ‘ ; : P ; , 52
© B09 A) ole CUBFA) cicnhaee Ee A aad hs tee
O 874. Kumaun Bhabar . °. : : ; ; : ; . 68
O 389. Oudh . ; Ol Bia ; ; : : , : a
O 391. Oudh . . : ; } ; ; : . : . 64
O 393. Oudh . ‘ i : : ; . : ; . . 56
C 332. Gorakhpur (1868) . chr 5 ela: ; ; ; . 63
C 174. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . ‘ ; ‘ : . 61
C 2924. Seoni, Central Provinces ‘ : : . ; f ae
C 1104. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . : : ‘ A ee
C 2743. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (sapwood) ; ; . 48
C 1241. Gumstr, Madras . : : q ‘ 3 . : . 64
E €62. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai ; : ' ; ; . 49
E 2375. Sukna, Darjeeling Terai ; ; : ; : ; . 56
W 755. South Kanara : A 2 ; p , : . 60
D 1059. South Arcot . : ; : ‘ : ; 3 . oa
D 1077. North Arcot . 4 : ; A 5 ; ? , . 64
PD 1281. Anamalai Hills. . ; : ; ; : ; . 69
B 2531. Burma (1862) : ; ; ee Ae ‘ : ; . 59

Terminalia alata, Roth.,is synonymous with 7. tomentosa, W. and A.; but the

wood sent under this name from the Andamans (B 522, 46 lbs.) is evidently, judging
from its structure, a different species. Wood brown, with dark purple streaks, ver

| eh ts

a a ee lle

hard, smooth. Annual rings doubtful. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medul-_

lary rays short, prominent,.moderately broad and fine, joined by numerous, very fine,
white, transverse lines. Medullary rays distinctly visible on a radial section as long
shining plates. The wood of this specimen differs from that of Z. tomentosa, chiefly
by the transverse bars’and the small pores.

8. T. Arjuna, Beddome t. 28; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 447; Brandis 224. |

T. crenulata, Roth,; Kurz i. 458. Pentaptera Arjuna and glaéra,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 438, 440. Vern. Anjan, arjin, arjtiina, anjant, arjan,
jamla, koha, kowa, kahtia Hind. ;. Arjin, Beng.; Hanjal, Cuttack; Vella
marda, vella matti, vella marithi, Tam.; Arjun, anjan, sadwra, Mar. ;
Maddi, billi matti, Mysore; Yermaddi, érra maddi, tella madu, Tel. ;
Kahu, Baigas; Mangi, hoha, Gondi; Toukkyan, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, smooth, pinkish grey,
the old layers peeling off in thin flakes. Sapwood reddish white;
heartwood brown, variegated with darker coloured streaks, very hard.
Annual rings doubtful. Pores moderate-sized and large, sometimes
very large, uniformly distributed, more numerous and larger than in
T. tomentosa, often subdivided into 2 to 4 compartments, each pore sur-
rounded by aring of soft tissue. Numerous thin, wavy, concentric
lines, which frequently anastomose. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous. Pores prominent on a longitudinal section.

Sub-Himalayan tract (not common), Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central and South
India.

Provinces List 47 Ibs.; while the average of our specimens is 57 lbs. Skinner gives
P = 806 and 820. The wood is apt to split in seasoning and is not easy to work. It

Weight, Skinner’s experiments, Nos. 123, 103, give 48 and 64 lbs.; the Central .

Perminatia. | COMBRETACER. 185,

is used for carts, agricultural implements, boats and for building. It gives a brown
transparent gum. The bark is used as a tonic and_to heal wounds.

C 179. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . p : ; : . 54
C1111. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; ; : ; . 60
C 2760. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces : ;

9. T. myriocarpa, Heurck and Muell. Arg.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 447;
Kurz i. 455. 7. myriopteron, Kurz; Gamble 39. Vern. Panisaj, Nep. ;
Sungloch, Lepcha; Hollock, Ass.

A very large evergreen tree. Bark greyish brown, rough, peeling off
in vertical flakes. Sapwood white, not broad ; heartwood brown, beauti-
fully mottled with dark streaks. Structure that of 7. tomentosa.

Eastern Himalaya and Assam, in Sikkim up to 5,000 feet.
Growth moderate, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 51 to 54 lbs. per cubic
foot. Used for building and tea-boxes, also for charcoal.
lbs.
E 500. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai. > ; . . 54
E 2376. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 9 F ; ‘ y ve

E 2315 cut from a log of wood which had been lying for many years in the bed
of the Chauwa Jhora, near Sivoke, in the Darjeeling Terai, and is now perfectly
black, may be this species.

2. CALICOPTERIS, Lamck.

Contains two climbing shrubs. C. nutans, Kurz i. 468 (Getonia nutans, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 428). Vern. Kywotnay nway, Burm., is a large scandent shrub of Burma.

1. C. floribunda, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 449; Brandis 220.
Getonia floribunda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti. 428. Vern. Kokoranj, C. P.;
Bandi murududu, Tel. ; Marsada boli, Mysore.

A large climbing shrub. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard.
Pores small to large, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, very numer-
ous, uniform and equidistant ; the distance between the rays being less
than the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous broad medullary
patches of soft, pith-like texture.

Central and Southern India.
Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs.

C 2755. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces : : ; § . 45

3. ANOGEISSUS, Wall.

Contains 4 Indian trees. A. phillyreefolia, Heurck and Mull. Arg.; Hook. Fl.
Ind, ii. 451, is a small tree of Burma.

Pores small. Medullary rays fine, uniform, sharply defined, equidis-
tant, the transverse diameter of the pores equal to, or slightly larger than,
the distance between the rays.

1. A. latifolia, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; Beddome t. 15;
Brandis 227. Conocarpus latifolia, Roxb. FI. Ind. 11. 442. Vern. Dhaura,
dhauri, dhau, dhéwa, dhauta, dohu, bakla, bakli, Hind.; Gélra, goldia,
thaukra, dhokri, dau, Rajputana ; Khardhéwa, Banda ; Vellay naga, namme,
veckali, Tam.; Chirimdn, sheriman, yettama, tirman, yella maddz, Tel. ;
Dohu, dhobu, Uriya; Dhéori, dhamora, dhaunda, dandua, dhavada, Max. ;

Z

186 COMBRETACER. [| Anogerssus.

Dinduga, dindlu, bejalu, dindal, Kan.; Arma, yerma, Gondi; Dhawa,
Baigao ; Dhaundak, Bhil; Dhaura, Kurku; Daawoo, Cingh. |

A large tree with smooth, whitish grey bark, 4 inch thick, with
shallow, irregular depressions, caused by exfoliation. Wood grey, hard,
shining, smooth, with a small purplish brown, irregularly shaped,
extremely hard heartwood. Sapwood in young trees and branches yellow.
Annual rings marked by darker lines. Pores small, very numerous,
uniformly distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays very fine,
extremely numerous, uniform, equidistant, distinctly visible on a radial
section, often giving the wood a mottled appearance. The transverse

diameter of the pores equal to the distance between the medullary rays. |

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards ascending to 3,000 feet, Central and
South India.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 65 lbs. (Puckle and
Skinner, No. 51); 61 (R. Thompson); 64 (Central Provinces List); 75 to 80 Ibs.
when green; our specimens give an average of 62 lbs. Skinner gives P = 1220, while
French of the Madras Railway gives 752 and Puckle from 3 experiments with bars
2’ x 1” x 1",870. The wood is highly valued on account of its great strength and
toughness, but it splits in seasoning and unless kept dry is not very durable. It is
used for axe handles, poles for carrying loads, axles in the construction of furniture,
agricultural implements [and in ship-building. It has been recommended for
sleepers. Out of. 18 sleepers which had lain 7 to 8 years on the Mysore State
Railway there were found, when taken up, 4 good, 10 still serviceable and 4 bad.
It gives a good fuel and an excellent charcoal. It gives a gum which is extensively
sold for use in cloth-printing. The leaves are used for tanning.

Ibs.
P 446. Ajmere. ; ° ‘ ‘ ; ‘ : ‘ ot ae
O 233. Garhwal (1868) . ‘ : ; ‘ . : . - 68
O 2997. 9 (1874) . ; f : ; . : : . 64
O 531. Dehra Din ‘ ; . P : , : ; ; 62
O 394. Oudh ‘ : i : : : ‘ ; : 62

C 2776. Melghat, Berar . ; : : ” otut “es ‘ 3
C 190. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . ; : - ’ 58
C 1121. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces B ; : ; , 65

C 2744. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces . : ; 7 q 55
C 1244. Gumstir, Madras . ; 3 : : : ; : 66
D 1282. -Anamalai Hills, Madras : ; : e F 56
No. 21. Salem Collection ; : : : ‘ ; : ‘ 69

2, A, acuminata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 450; Beddome t. 16;
Brandis 228; Kurz i. 466. Conocarpus acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
443. Vern. Chakwa, Beng.; Panchi, pasi, Uriya; Numma, Tam.;
Pichi ménu, panchman, paunchinan, bucha karum, pashi, pansi, Tel. ;
Phas, Mar. ; Saitkamehhia, thekri napay, Magh ; Yung, sehoong, Arracan ;
Yungben, Burm. ; Phassi, Mar.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, dark grey, rough,
granulated when old. Wood grey, sometimes yellowish grey with a
greenish tinge, shining, in structure moderately hard, resembling that of
Anogeissus latifolia, but the pores considerably larger and the trans-
verse diameter of the pores greater than the distance between two rays.

Chanda District, South India, Chittagong and Burma. ‘

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 50, 59lbs., 53 lbs, (Brandis’ Burma List, 1862,
No. 61). Our specimen gave 57 lbs, Skinner gives P = 880. The wood warps and
cracks in seasoning, and is not very durable especially where exposed to water. Used
in Burma and in Madras for building. Roxburgh says it is durable if kept dry, but
soon decays if exposed to wet, The leaves are used for tanning in Gumstr.

Anogeissus. | COMBRETACER, 187

C 1148. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces .-. : - : , 57
B 3204. Burma (1862) . ‘ : : ; - ‘ . ‘
B 3095. Prome, Burma . J .

The Central Provinces and Burma woods correspond exactly in structure.

3. A. pendula, Edgew.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 451; Brandis 229.
Conocarpus myrtifolia, Wall. Vern. Dhau, dhaukra, kala dhaukra, Mey-
war; Kardahi, Hind.

A small gregarious tree with pendulous branches, leaves turning
copper-coloured in the cold season. Wood hard, yellowish white, with a
small, irregular, blackish-purple heartwood. Annual rings indistinct.
Pores very small and extremely small, often in groups between the very
fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant medullary rays.

Arid and northern dry zones, Rajputana, Malwa Plateau as far as the Nerbudda
in Nimar, Mandla District on the Nerbudda (?)

Cunningham's 5 experiments made at Gwalior with bars 2’ x 1” x 1’, give
the weight at 59 lbs. per cubic foot and P = 837, the average of the 5 experiments

_ which ranged from 697 to 1,034. It coppices well, but the wood is not in general use.

. P 454. Ajmere.

4. GYROCARPUS, Jacq.

1. G. Jacquini, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 445; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 461;
Beddome t. 196; Kurz i. 470, Vern, Zactun, Hind.; Tanaku, kumar
pulki, Tel. ; Pinlay thithouk, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood grey, soft. Pores large and moderate-sized,
often subdivided, uniformly distributed, well marked on a longitudinal
section. Medullary rays very short, moderately broad, the distance
between them greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

South India, Tenasserim and Andaman Islands.
Weight, 231bs. per cubic foot. Wood used in South India to make boxes and
toys. It is preferred to all others for catamarans. The seeds are made into rosaries

and necklaces.
lbs.
D 1079. North Arcot, Madras . : ‘ ; : . . 23

Orpen XLVI. MYRTACEZA.

An Order containing 11 Indian Genera, including Eucalyptus, some species of
which are now almost naturalised. The Indian Genera belong to 3 Tribes :—

Tribe I.—Leptospermee . edith . Melaleuca, Eucalyptus and .
Tristania.

» i1l.—Myrtee : . ‘ : . Psidium, Rhodomyrtus, Rho-
damnia, Decaspermum and
Eugenia.

» Ill.—Lecythidee . . ; ; . Barringtonia, Careya and
Planchonia.

Of these genera, 7 are here described. Tristania contains 3 trees of Tenasserim ;
one only, 7’. burmanica, Griff.; Hook. Fl.Ind. ii. 466; Kurz i. 474. Vern. Toungy-
ohpyeezeng, Burm., extending northwards to Martaban and the Eng forests of the
Pegu Yomas.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 469; Beddome evi. Vern.
Thaontay, Burghers, is a large shrub, abundant in the higher ranges of the

188 MYRTACER, [ Melaleuca.

Beets said by Beddome to have a white soft wood, with a pink heartwood and to be
used for turning. Its fruit is edible, and is made into preserves. Rhodamnia
trinervia, Bl., Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 468; Kurz i. 475, isa shrub of Tenasserim; while
Decaspermum paniculatum, Kurz i. 475; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 470, is an evergreen tree
which is said by Kurz to spring up on deserted hill toungyas at 3,000 to 4,000 feet
elevation in Martaban and Tenasserim, The Myrtle (Myrtus communis, Linn.) is
cultivated in India. .

The flower-buds of Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linn., of the Moluccas give the
Cloves of commerce, and Pimenta officinalis, Ldl., of the West Indies, Pimento or
Allspice.

Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays numerous, fine,
rarely broad. Concentric bands of soft tissue not common.

1. MELALEUCA, Linn.

1. M. Leucadendron, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 465; Kurz i. 472.
M Cajuputi, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 394.

An evergreen tree. Bark white, thick, spongy, peeling off in papery
flakes. Wood reddish brown, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty.
Medullary rays very fine, extremely numerous.

Tenasserim.
The leaves give the Cajuput oil of commerce, which is largely exported from the
Malay Archipelago and is used in medicine as a stimulant and diaphoretic.

O 3270. Saharanpur Gardens.

2, EUCALYPTUS, L’Her.

Numerous species of this genus of trees have been introduced into India from
Australia, where they have the general name of “Gum trees ;” but their success has
been very variable. . Globulus, Lab., here described, and 2. obligua, L’Her.,
have been almost completely naturalised on the Nilgiris. The latter species is known by
the name of “Stringy Bark,” and in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania is an im-
mense tree, reaching occasionally to 300 feet in height, with a girth of 100 feet (Brandis,
231). It has also been tried at Changa Manga, but has failed at Lucknow. At
Lucknow, however, the cultivation of H. saligna, Smith, “The White or Grey Gum” of
New South Wales, has succeeded well in the Wingfield Park, and that of 2. rostrata,
Schlect, in the Horticultural Gardens. At Changa Manga Plantation several species
have been found to grow well, and at Abbottabad 4. Globulus, Lab., HE. Stuartiana,
F. Miill., Z. tereticornis, Sm., H. viminalis, Lab., and FE. leucorylon, F. Mill,
have succeeded admirably. The seeds of numerous other species have been sown at
different places in the plains and valleys of the Punjab, as well as at the Botanic
Gardens at Saharanpur, the Horticultural Gardens at Lahore and Lucknow, and many
places in the Central Provinces, Berar and Central India; and there is no doubt that
when it has been ‘determined which species are most suited to the very different
climates and soils of the various parts of India, the cultivation of the species of
Eucalyptus which possess so many valuable properties, such as their quick growth,
useful timber, and the numerous products to be obtained from their leaves and
bark, their cultivation should be encouraged and their growth fostered.

1. BE. Globulus, Labillardigre; Brandis 231. The Blue Gum.
Vern. Kurpoora maram, Madras.

A lofty tree with fibrous deciduous outer bark. In Australia the
wood is brown, hard, tough, durable. The wood of a tree grown on the
Nilgiris, 18 years old and 95 feet high, is grey, with darker streaks
and moderately hard, Pores moderate-sized, round, frequently arranged
in groups or in radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays fine, very
numerous, the intervals between the rays smaller than the diameter of

eS

- re ee

- i

Eucalyptus. | MYRTACER. 189

the pores. Pores marked on a longitudinal section, and medullary rays
visible as narrow bands on a radial section.

Gregarious in Victoria and the south of Tasmania. Introduced on the Nilgiris,
and now completely naturalised. .

Of the catenins Globulus several successful plantations have been established
on the Nilgiri Hills. There are 22 plantations in all, but some of them are exclusively
of “ Wattles” or Australian Acacia ; others contain only asmall proportion of Hucalyp-
tus, while others have not been successful owing to bad locality or other reasons.
The chief good plantations are—

Near Ootacamund—

1. Aramby . ‘ ; ; - . . 88 acres planted 1863-65
2. Governor’s Shola ; ; : ; oo » 1870-72
(part, however, is Acacia Melanoxylon).
3. Norwood . F ; ; : an ae » 1872-73
4. Cally. ; : ; ; 4 : Gen os » 1870
5. Arnikal . 5 -dsene ‘ . : ee ee a: Gee
6. Baikie ; ‘ : ; . a eas » 1874
Near Wellington—
7. Newman . , : : : ees » 1870-71
8. Old Forest . F See ‘ , . 200 ,, » 1872-73

or, including smaller ones, about 500 acres altogether. Colonel Beddome in his Report
of 12th June 1876, from which the above is taken, says that in Aramby the growth
is very unequal, some being 30 to 40 inches in circumference, others only 3 to 4
inches ; that about 504 were then found per acre. Measurements of 15 of the
largest trees, made by Mr. Gass, gave an average girth of 34 inches, height 85 feet,
and average contents 23 cubic feet, but these cannot be taken for an average.

Mr. Gass found in the Newman plantation; then 5 to 6 years old, an amount of
material of 152 tons per acre, and Colonel Beddome is of opinion (Report of 20th July
1878) that the best treatment of Hucalyptus plantations, so as to get the greatest
profit, will be to cut for coppice every 5 or 6 years, obtaining atthe cuttings at
least 100 tons per acre. The growth of Eucalyptus is sometimes very fast. Captain
Campbell Walker in his paper on the “ Plantations and Firewood Reserves in the
Madras Presidency,” read at the Forest Conference of 1875, says that the growth is
often 1 foot per month during the first few years; and Colonel Beddome in his Report
of July 1878 says that a Hucalyptus tree 12 years old, recently felled at Ootacamund,
gave 144 cubic feet, which amounts to 1 foot per month, which is the same as was stated
by Captain Campbell Walker. It would be extremely useful, however, before definitely
basing the working plans of the Nilgiri Eucalyptus plantations on simple coppice
with a 5 or 6 years’ rotation to make further and careful measurements of the
amount of material per acre at different ages.

The Hucalyptus Globulus has been tried at numerous places all over India, chiefly
on account of the reports that it would prevent malaria, and that it was valuable
in reclaiming marshy land. Whatever may be the truth about these questions, the
tree has almost universally failed in the plains, and in the Himalaya it has only
succeeded in a few localities. At Simla, whether from frost or for what reason,
it seems to die down yearly, sending up vigorous shoots to replace the dead stem;
at Darjeeling its growth has been slow, and the trees formed merely thin poles, prob-
ably the effect of too much damp; while its chief success has been at Ranikhet and
Abbottabad. At Shillong, in the Khasia Hills, it had been said to be a failure, but
in his review of the Assam Forest Report for 1876-77, Colonel Keatinge called atten-
tion to the fact that the #. Globulus, though a failure at the Shillong plantation, had
yet grown well in other situations in that station, and that several self-sown seedlings
were thriving under the old trees.

The seeds of Hucalyptus are usually very small, those of HF. Globulus being
perhaps the largest of the species usually tried in India; the seed, if good, germinates
well usually, and the plants at once begin to grow fast, but they are very tender of
transplanting, so that that operation has to be very carefully done, On the subject of

190 MYRTACER. | Lucalyptus.

the transplanting of Eucalyptus, the following memorandum was drawn up by Colonel -
H. R. Morgan, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Madras :—

“The seed, which should be procured in January or February, should be placed in
beds in rows 6 inches apart. When the plants are 6 inches high, they should be taken
up and placed 6 inches apart in beds ; the roots should be shortened to 4 inches.
When 8 feet in height, the plants are taken up with a ball of earth round their roots,
moss is bound tightly round the ball, and the plants are left in beds well earthed up
about the roots, and watered till the young rootlets show through. They may then
be put out. April is the best month for planting, as the plants are then able to make
strong roots before the monsoon. When moss is not available, bamboo pots may be
used, taking care to keep the large end of the joint for the top of the pot; the hole at
the bottom to be plugged with grass. The plants should be placed in the pots when 8
inches in height, and left till they are 2 feet high and the roots show through ; then
thrust the roots through, and the plant comes out with a ball of earth attached to the
roots. Pits should be 18 inches cube.”

Weight, Mr. Newbery’s “ Descriptive Catalogue of the Specimens in the Museum
at Melbourne, illustrating the economic woods of Victoria,” gives 44 lbs. on an average ;°
our specimen gave 43 lbs. The weight and value of P., calculated from the average
of the six experiments given at page 203 of Laslett’s “ Timber and Timber Trees,”
were W = 64 and P = 534. Wood strong and tenacious, durable, extensively used in
Australia for beams, railway sleepers, piers and bridges; also for ship-building. The
wood from the Nilgiri plantations has scarcely been used, except for firewood or
charcoal. The leaves give an essential oil used in medicine, and paper has been
made of the bark.

W 1094. Nilgiri Hills, 7,400 feet age 18 years, height 95 feet . . 43,
W 1095-7. ” ” 6,000 3 2” 2, 3; 4 ” ” 42, 43, and 60 feet eee

Ibs.

8. PSIDIUM, Linn.

1. P. Guava, Raddi; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 468; Brandis 232; Kurz i.
476; Gamble 40. P. pomiferum and P. pyriferum, Willd.; Roxb. FI.
Ind. ii. 480. The Guava Tree. Vern. Amrit, amrid, safri-dm, Hind. ;
Peyara, Beng. ; dmuk, Nep.; Modhuriam, Ass.; Piyara, Beng. ; Segapu,
koaya, Tam.; Jama, coya, Tel.; Pela, Mal.; Sede, Kan.; Malaka beng,
Burm.

A small evergreen tree, with smooth and thin greenish grey bark,
peeling off in thin flakes. Wood whitish, moderately hard, even-
grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays moderately broad,
short, the distance between them many times greater than the transverse

diameter of the pores.

Introduced from America and now cultivated and occasionally semi-wild allover
India.
Weight, Wallich gives 44 lbs.; our specimen 42 lbs.; Skinner 47 lbs. and P = 618,
Cultivated for its fruit. The bark is used in medicine as an astringent, and
(or the leaves) for dyeing in Assam, Skinner says that the wood works well and
smoothly, that it is used for wood-engraving and for spear handles and instruments.

lbs,
S871. onde Ded eibsow dels oo! -sm che ae

4, EUGENTIA, Linn.

One of the largest of the Indian genera of trees. It contains about 77 trees, chiefl
found in the moist zones of North-East and South Indiaand Burma; 33 occur in Sout
India, and 30 to 40 in Burma, 4 in the North-West and Central India, and a large
number in Eastern Bengal. Few of them are, however, of very great importance ; and
besides those here described, it will suffice to mention only one or two of the most

Eugenia. |

MYRTACEX,

191

common. A list taken from Mr. Duthie’s description in Volume II. of the Flora
Indica, pages 471 to 506, is, however, given for the sake of the references :—

PR). RE Sy SO Se

SECTION I,—JAMBOSA,
Ei. formosa, Wall... p : : : ;

E. amplexicaulis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 483; Kurz
i. 493.

E.. malaccensis, Linn. : ’ ‘ P :

E.. polypetala, Wight; Kurz i, 493 (2. angus-
tifolia, Roxb. Fi. Ind. ii. 490).

FE. diospyrifolia, Wall... ;

EH. Munronii, Wight; Beddome cix.

FE. aquea, Burm.; Roxb. Fil. Ind. ii. 492;
Beddome cix ; Kurz i. 494.

FE. Jambos, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 494;
Beddome cix.; Brandis 233; Kurz i. 495;

Gamble 40.

FE. macrocarpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 497; Kurz i.
492,

FE, javanica, Lamk. ; Kurz i. 494 (£. alba,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 493).

EF Wallichit, Wight.

EF. lanceefolia, Roxb. F1. Ind. ii. 494; Gamble 40

E.. grandis, Wight.

E.. lepidocarpa, Wall.;
FE. grandis).

E. Beddomes, Duthie :

E. pachyphylia, Kurz i. 490

E.. tristis, Kurz i. 490 ‘

E. hemispherica, Wight; Beddome t. 203

EF, lanceolaria, Roxb. F1. Ind. ii. 494, .

L, bifaria, Wall. (2. laurifolia, Roxb, FI. Ind.
ii. 489).

FE. Kurzii, Duthie

E. albiflora, Duthie ; Kurzi.491
Ei. leta, Ham. (£. Wightii, Beddome cix:) .
E. ramosissima, Wall. ; Gamble 40 .

E.. Helferi, Duthie .
FE. mangifolia, Wall. .
E. inophylia, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 496

Kurz i. 490 (under

SECTION IL—SYZYGIUM.

FE. Thumra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 495 ; Kurz i. 488 .
E. rubens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 496 ; Kurz i i. 488
EE. cymosa, Lam, ; Kurz i. 486 .
Fi. toddalioides, Wight [Z£.

Wight ; Gamble 41 (Misprint)).
LE. myrtifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 490 ; Kurz i. 486
FE. acuminatissima, Kurz i. 487 .

toddaliafolia,

EF. Arnottiana, Wight; Beddome evil. Vern.
aban
Kurz i.-

FE. claviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 488;
480; Gamble 41.

E. leptantha, Wight; Kurz i. 480

North-East Himalaya
down to Burma,

Chittagong.

(Cultivated),

Khasia Hills, Eastern
Bengal, Chittagong.

Khasia Hills, Sylhet.

Khasia « Hills, Western
Ghats.

Chittagong, Burma, Cey-

on.
(Cultivated).

Eastern Bengal, Burma.
Andaman Islands.

North-East Himalaya
down to Burma.

North and East Bengal.

Eastern Bengal, Burma,

Burma.

Tinnevelly.
Tenasserim,
Ditto.
Western Ghats, Ceylon.
Sylhet.
Ditto.

North-East Himalaya to
Burma.

Burma.

Western Ghats.

North-East Himalaya to
Sylhet.

Mergui.

Assam, Eastern Bengal.

Eastern Bengal, Burma.

Burma.

Chittagong, Burma.
Eastern Bengal, Burma.
Sikkim, Mergui.

Eastern Bengal, Burma.

Mergul. —

Western Ghats.

North-East Himalaya
down to Burma, Anda-
mans.

Sikkim, Burma, Anda-

mans,

192

e

MYRTACER. [ Hugenia.

E. Wightiana, Wight; Beddome (£. lanceolata, Western Ghats, Ceylon.
Wight; Beddome cx). ;

E.. pellucida, Duthie (£. contracta, Kurz i. 481) Burma.

E. zeylanica, Wight; Kurz i. 481 (£. spicata, Eastern Bengal, Burma,
Lam.; Beddome t. 202, EK. glandulifera, Andamans, Western

Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 496). Ghats.

E.. grata, Wall.; Kurzi. 489. p ; . Assam, Khasia Hills,
Burma.

EF. rubricaulis, Miq. : : . Tenasserim.

E.. montana, Wight ; Beddome evii. . . Nilgiris.

E. bracteolata, Wight ; Kurz i. 482 . 5 . Tenasserim.

E. lissophylla, Thwaites ; ; Beddome cviii. . Western Ghats, Ceylon.

FE. venusta, Roxb. Fi. Ind. ii. 491 ; Kurz i. 487 . . Tipperah, Burma.

FE. Gardneri, Thw.; Beddome eviii. . : . Western Ghats, Ceylon.

E. caryophyllea, Wight ; Headgie cvill. . .. __ Ditto, ditto.

E.. frondosa, Wall; .. ; . Nepal.

E.. areolata, DC. ‘ ; ; \ ; . Ditto.

E.. khasiana, Duthie . ; : . Khasia Hills.

E. revoluta, Wight ; Beddome evil. . . Nilgiris.

E. oblata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 493 ; Kurz i, 488 . Assam down to Burma.

E. calophyllifolia, Wight ; Beddome cvii. . . Nilgiris.

E.. rubicunda, Wight ; Beddome eviil. : . ‘Tinnevelly.

FE. cuneata, Wall... ; : . Khasia Hills, Eastern
Bengal. .

E. brachiata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 488 (#. cinerea, Burma.
Kurz i. 483).

EF. polyantha, Wight 5 : : . Ditto.

E.. malabarica, Beddome t. 199 . ; . Wynaad,

E. alternifolia, Wight ; Beddome t. 198. . Assam, Carnatic.

E. tetragona, Wight ; ‘ : ; . Sikkim, Khasia Hills,
Sylhet.

E.. occlusa, Miq. . ‘ 2 ; . Nicobar Islands.

E. (Abdi Roxb. ; : ° ; . Sub-Himalaya, Eastern
Bengal, South India,
Burma.

FE. Paniala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 489. . .« Eastern Bengal, Burma.

FE. obovata, Wall. ‘ ; : . Northern Bengal, Burma.

E.. Stocksii, Duthie . . Concan, Wynaad.

E. balsamea, Wight ; Kurz i. 486 ; Gamble ‘41 ; gi levy Eastern Bengal,

urma.
E. fruticosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 487 ; Kurz i. 485 Sylhet to Burma.
E. Jambolana, Lam. . Throughout India.

Ei. caryophyllefolia, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 486
E., obtusifolia, Roxb. FI. Ind, ii. 485.

FE. Heyneana, Wall. . A a , ; Central India, Western
Ghats.
SECTION III.—EUGENIA,
E. Jossinia, Duthie (2. cuneata, eT . Western Ghats.
E. floccosa, Beddome t.200 «. . Tinnevelly.
E.. codyensis, Munro . : ‘ ; . Nilgiris, Coorg,
FE. macrosepala, Duthie. ; ; . Northern Kanara.
E. calcadensis, Beddome cx. Tinnevelly.

E. bracteata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 490 ; Beddome cx. Eastern Bengal, South
India, Western Ghats.

E.. Rottleriana, W. and A. ; ~riaaaaaae CX. . ’ Southern India.

EF. argentea, Beddome cx. . , ‘ . Wynaad.

E. Mooniana, Wight ; Beddomecx. . . . —— India, Western
Ghats.

E.. microphylla, Beddome ex. . ° . . Travancore.

E.. singampattiana, Beddome t. 273. : . Tinnevelly.

FE. wynadensis, Beddome ex. ‘ - - . Wynaad,

Eugenia. | - - MYRTACER. 193

FE. Jambos, Linn. Vern. Gulab jaman, Hind.; Malle nerale, Coorg; is the “ Rose
Apple” cultivated for ornament and for its fruit... H. Arnottiana, Wight. Vern.
Nawal, Tam., is a large tree on the hills of South India at above 4,000 feet elevation.
E.. alternifolia, Wight; Vern. Manchi moyadi, Tel., is a large tree of the forests of
the hills in the Cuddapah and North Arcot Districts of Madras. £. ee Rumph.,
is an evergreen tree of South India and Burma. J. fruticosa, Roxb. Vern. Moung-
zebri, Magh; T'habyaynee, Burm., is an evergreen tree of the forests of Chittagong
and Burma; while 2. ramosissima, Wall. and EF. lanceefolia, Roxb., are handsome
trees of the Eastern Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract.

Wood rough, hard and moderately hard, seasons well. Some species
have concentric bands of softer tissue and others have not. ‘The pores
are from small to moderate-sized. 7

1. E. formosa, Wall. ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 471; Kurz i. 492; Gamble
40. LH. ternifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 489. Vern, Bara jaman, Nep. ;
Bunkonkri, Mechi; Bolsobak, Garo; Famsikdl, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark greyish white, smooth, thin.
Wood grey, hard. Pores moderate-sized.. Medullary rays fine, and
very fine, numerous, prominent.

Eastern Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract, near streams ; Chittagong and Tenas-
serim.
Weight, 61 lbs. per cubic foot. Has large, very handsome flowers and large fruit.

lbs.
E 2956. Tista Valley, Darjeeling . ‘ . ‘ ‘ : . 61

2. E. malaccensis, Linn.: Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 471; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 483; Kurz i. 493. Vern. Zhabyoo-thabyay, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood reddish grey, rough, soft.
Pores moderate-sized and large. Medullary rays broad or moderately
broad, visible on a radial section. |

Cultivated in Bengal and Burma for its fruit.

Weight, Wallich gives 30, our specimen 38 lbs. per cubic foot.
; Ibs.

B 309. Burma (1867) : ° ‘ ‘ : : , : . 38

3. E. grandis, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 475; Beddome evii. ;
Kurz i. 489. #. cymosa, Roxb. Fil. Ind. ii. 492. Vern. Jam, Beng. ;
Batti jamb, Sylhet ; Zebri, Magh ; Loung thabyay, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood red, rough, hard. Pores small, joined by
fine, wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, wavy, numerous, uni-
form and equidistant.

‘Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Weight, 51 to 52 lbs. :

B 314. Burma (1867) . ; ‘ ; ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ 51
B 2256. Andaman Islands (1866) . ; d : , ‘ 52

_ B 2713, 48lbs., brought from Tavoy by Dr. Wallich in 1828, has a structure simi-
lar to that of Z. grandis.

4, BK. Kurzii, Duthie; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 478; Kurz i. 491,
LE. cerasiflora, Kurz; Gamble 41. Vern. Jémun, Nep. ; Sunom, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark $ inch thick, whitish grey. Wood
reddish grey, moderately hard, rough. Pores moderate-sized, numerous,
often subdivided, Medullary rays fine and moderately broad,

S- 'k

194.

MYRTACER. [ Eugenia,

Hills of Bengal and Burma, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
Weight, 37 to 56 lbs. per cubic foot.

E 701. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet. 5 ; ; . 56
E 2955. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet (young tree) ° a

5. E. tetragona, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 497: Kurz i. 484. 2,
pracoxz, Roxb.; Gamble 41. Vern. Kemma, chamlani, Nep.; Suném,
Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood brownish or olive grey, shining,
hard. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed, oval and
subdivided. Medullary rays fine, visible on a radial section.

Hills of Northern Bengal SP to 6,000 feet, Chittagong. -

Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used occasionally for building and for the
handles of tools and for charcoal.

Ibs,
E 682. Sepoydura Forest, 5,500 feet, Darjeeling — . ' . |. ion
E 1446. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) pee Ee Ue. Sle Ee

6. E. operculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 486; Brandis 234; Kurz i. 482,
ff. nervosa, DC.; Beddome evi.’ Vern. Rat saman, paiman, jamawa,
digdigia, Hind.; Yethabyay, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, leaves turning red in the cold
season. Bark grey or dark brown, rough, with irregular hard seales,
leaving cavities when they exfoliate. Wood reddish grey, hard.
Pores small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, closely
packed, extremely numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Western
Ghats and Ceylon.

Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot.. Used for building and agricultural implements.
The fruit is eaten.
Ibs.
O 334. Gorakhpur (1868) . é : ; : : : ; . 51
B 305. Burma (1867) \ ; : d é ; : : . 43

7. EB. obovata, Wall. ; Gamble 40. J. operculata, Roxb. var. obovata ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 498; Kurz i. 482. Vern, Kiamonz, Nep. ; Jung song,
Lepcha ; Boda-jam, Mechi.

An evergreen tree, leaves turning red in the cold season. Bark
white, smooth. Wood grey, rough, moderately hard. Pores moderate-
sized, very numerous, joined by faint, concentric bands. Medullary rays

fine. ?

Savannah forests of Bengal and Burma.
Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten. - a
8.

E 584. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai. , ‘ .

8. E. Jambolana, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 499 Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
-484; Beddome t. 197; Brandis 233; Kurz i. 485; Gamble 40. Vern.
Jaman, jam, phalinda, jamni, phalani, pharenda, phaunda, paiman, Hind, ;
Jam, Beng. ; Jamo, Uriya; Phoberkiing, Lepcha ; Chambu, Garo ; Kor-jam,
Mechi; Jamu, Ass.; Naval, navvel, nawar, naga, Tam.; Nerale, Mysore ;
Narala, Kan.; Nasedu, nairuri, nareyr, Vel.; Naindi, Gondi; Jambii,
Mar. ; Mahadan, Cingh. ; Zebri, chaku, hau, Magh ; Thabyai-pyoo, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Bark } inch thick, light grey, with large patehes
of darker colour, smooth, with shallow depressions caused by exfoliation.

Bugenia. ] MYRTACER. © | 195

Wood reddish grey, rough, moderately hard, darker near the centre, no
distinct heartwood. Pores moderate-sized: and small, numerous, fre-
quently oval, elongated and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous ;
the interval between the rays less than the diameter of the pores.
Faint, fine, concentric bands of softer tissue. |

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 5,000 feet in Kumaun ;
throughout India and Burma.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 120, 48 lbs. per cubic foot; according to Kyd.
(Saljam ?) 45 lbs.; the average of our 23 specimens gives 49 Ibs. Skinner gives
P = 600 and Kyd 577. Wood fairly durable. Five sleepers of it were laid down in
1870 on the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway, and taken up in 1875, when they were

reported to be fairly sound and not touched by white ants.
7 Used for building, agricultural implements and carts, also for wellework, as it resists
the action of water well. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning, and is astringent
and used in medicine for cases of dysentery. The fruit is eaten. It is one of the trees
on which the “ tasar” silkworm is fed.

P 1192, Madhopur, Pang: white tp F Omi . 40
P 452. Ajmere . ‘ ; - : : : ° . 44
O 209. chanel (1868) ; 3 : ; ; ; “ : a5 sO
O 210. a - : : : ; 4 ; : ; . 47
O 211. 9 93 ; 49
QO 224. * 3 : 4A,
O 239. * » é ; ‘ : : : ; : - 40
O 2993. 9 (1874) . : : . ; ; : . . 47
O 6527. Dehra Din . ; : : ; " : F : . 59
O 535. : : 9 FIRE : . 64
O 875. Mohun Forest, Kumaun Bhabar : : ‘ ‘ ‘ . 58
O 337. Gorakhpur (1868) . 4 qi 1s ; ; ; 2 sade
O 338. - ; ‘ : . 42
C 195. Mandla, Central Provinces (187 0) 52
© 1135. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (with a slightly different
structure) . ‘ . ° 56
C 2761. Moharli Reserve, Central Brovitites ; : : . 43
C 1251. Gumstir, Madras . ; ; : j : : . 57
E 664. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai. ; : % ; . 54
E 2377. Sivoke Forest " yy : 2 ( . ‘ . 44
E 1396. Chittagong . ‘ ; ; : ; : ; ! . 48
E 1958. i ; : ‘ ! ‘ ; ; : ‘ . 48
E 413. Sundarbans . : ; : - ; ~ : - ou Taty
B 3065. Burma (1862) 5 3 ; : P ; . ; - 52
No. 51. Ceylon Collection . ; ; : 36

E 2199 (43 lbs.) received from Assam Siaed the name of EB. sioniiititia: Wall.

ook. Fi. Ind. ii. 480, resembles in structure #. Jambolana.

B 2292 (56 lbs.) received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Eugenia
sp. has a moderately hard, compact, grey wood, with the structure similar to that of
E.. Jambolana, which is not yet known to grow in the Andamans.

No. 1 of Adrian Mendis’ Ceylon Collection (49 lbs.) is FH. sylvestris, Wight ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 493; Beddome evii. (Syzygium sylvestre, Thwaites Enum. 116.
Vern. Alubo, Cingh.) In structure it nanan E. Jambolana.

9. E. Heyneana, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 500, 2. salicifolia,
Wight; Beddome cix.; Brandis 234. Vern. Panjam- bio Mar. ; 5 Hendi,

Gondi; ’ Gambu, Kurku.
A lar ge shrub or small tree with grey bark. Wood similar to that

of 2. Jambolana, but pores smaller.
» Bombay Ghats, Berar and Central Provinces.

Ibs.
C 2786. Melghat, Berar . “ , A : 4 - : : 38

196 MYRTACER, [ Hugenta.

10. E. sp. Vern. Thadyay, Burm.
A tree with hard, close-grained, red wood. Pores small, in irregular
patches of soft tissue, joined by wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays

fine, numerous.
Ibs,

’ B 316. Burma (1867) : : ; ; i : 3 : . 55

5. BARRINGTONIA, Forst.

Contains about 8 Indian species chiefly from Burma. B. speciosa, Forst.; Hook.
F). Ind. ii. 507 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. li. 636; Beddome exii. ; Kurz i. 496. Vern. Kyaigyee,
Burm.; Doddd, Andamans, is an evergreen tree of the sea-shore of the Andamans.
B. pterocarpa, Kurz i. 498; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 509. Vern. Kyaitha, Burm., is an

evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Pegu and Martaban. Four other species are ~

described as found in Tenasserim, viz., B. conoidea, Griff., B. augusta, Kurz, B. Hel-
Seri, C. B. Clarke, and B. macrostachya, Kurz (including B. pendula, Kurz).

Wood soft or moderately hard. Pores small, in short radial lines
between the numerous broad, or moderately broad, medullary rays,
Numerous transverse bars between the rays.

1. B. acutangula, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 508; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 635; Beddome t. 204; Brandis 235; Kurz i. 497. Vern. [jd/, samun-
dar phil, pannidri, ingar, Hind.; Hdl, samundar, Beng.; Kinjolo,
Uriya; Hendol, Ass.; Kanapa, batta, kurpd, kadamie, Tel.; Piwar, Mar. ;
Kyaitha, kyainee, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark 4 inch thick, dark brown,
rough. Wood white, shining, warps in seasoning, moderately hard,
even-grained. Pores small, in radial groups between the broad and very
broad, rarely fine and moderately broad, long medullary rays, which form
the greater part of the wood. The space between the medullary rays,
where not occupied by the pores, consists of narrow bands of firm tissue
with fine transverse bars of lighter colour. The radial section is beau-

tifully mottled with the medullary rays, which appear as irregular plates, —

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Central and South
India, Burma.

Weight, Shinner, No. 20, gives 56 lbs.; while Kyd’s experiments (Stravadium
acutangulum) give only 39°3 lbs. Our specimen weighed 46 lbs. per cubic foot,
Benson's experiments with bars of Burma wood 3 feet x 1 °4 inch X 1*4inch

gave P = 648; Skinner P = 863, while Kyd’s experiments on Assam wood in bars 2

feet X linch X 1 inch gave P = 315. Said to be durable.

The wood is used for boat-building, well-work, carts, rice-pounders and by cabinet-
makers. The bark is used to intoxicate fish, also for tanning ; and, as well as the leaves
and fruit, in native medicine, Beddome says the wood turns black when buried in mud,

lbs,
C 1132. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . A 4 . : a ae
B 814. Burma. ° : ; ; 4 . 46

2. B. racemosa, Blume; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 507; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii,
634; Beddome exii.; Kurz i. 496. Vern. Samudra, cuddapak, Tam.,
Mal, ; Kyai-beng, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood white, very soft, porous.
Pores small and moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed,
Medullary rays moderately broad, long, equidistant.

Western Coast, Andaman Islands and Ceylon. It is mentioned from Assam by

G. Mann in Assam Forest Report, 1874-75. Vern, Kumringah, Ass., but B. acutan-
gula may be meant. ,

_—

Barringtonia. |

Karen; Kahatte, Cingh.

MYRTACER. 197

Skinner, No. 21, gives weight 53 lbs. (?) per cubic foot and P = 819; he also says
it is used for house and cart building, and that it hag been tried for railway sleepers.

Ibs.
B 1993. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) . ‘ > ‘ ; s 27

6. CAREYA, Roxb.

Besides the species described; C. spherica, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 636; Hook. Fl. Ind.
ii. 511; Kurz i. 500, isa large deciduous tree of the Chittagong Hills; and C. herbacea,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 638; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 510; Brandis 237; Gamble 41. Vern.
Bhooi dalim, Beng.; Chuwa, Nep., is a small undershrub of grass lands in Bengal,
Oudh and the Central Provinces, general bringing out its beautiful pink flowers in
April and best after the grass has been burnt by jungle fires.

1. C. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 638; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 511; Bed-
dome t. 205; Brandis 2386; Kurz i. 499; Gamble 41. Vern. Kumi,
Kumbh, khumbi, Hind.; Pilu, Banda; Gumar, Mandla, Balaghat ;
Kumri, Chhindwara; Gummar, Gondi; Boktok, Lepcha; Dambel, Garo;
Ayma, pailae, poota-tammi, Tam.; Buda-durmi, buda darini, dudippi,
Tel. ; Gavuldu, Mysore ; Bambway, Burm.; Kabooay, Taleing; Tagooyi,

A large deciduous tree, leaves turning red in the cold season. Bark
4 inch thick, dark grey, with vertical and diagonal cracks, exfoliating in
narrow flakes; inner substance reddish, fibrous. Sapwood whitish, large ;
heartwood dull red, sometimes claret-coloured, very dark in old trees, even-
grained, beautifully mottled, seasons well, very durable, moderately
hard. Pores oval, small and moderate-sized, subdivided. Medullary
rays numerous, fine, equidistant and uniform; the space between two
consecutive rays equal to the diameter of the pores. The medullary rays

‘are visible on a radial section as narrow bands.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Burma, Central and
South India. Growth fast, a round in the Bengal Fruit Museum gave 4 rings per
inch of radius.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments :—

par omens by whom : Year, | Wood whence procured, ot exper seehiiee. Weight. Ba
Ft. In. In, Ibs.
Wallich . ee ee a arr 43
Adrian Mendis A Ss eee pee ee oe
R. Thompson . 1869 | Central Provinces 2 2} wk} ceaees OFT Sites
Skinner, No.38 . .} 1862 | South India Various, 50 870
a .. | Barma 3x 14x14) 47 929
Brandis, Nos. 62, 53 1862 i eC On Waa SG! toe
” . «s . o.com ” * “9, Ge ee 4 B23 3.3 60 880
= + s x 5 2x x1 61 655
mad... 1831 | Assam 1 |@x1 x1] 61 670
Commt,. Dept. . +» | Moulmein. sak. a aT eo 50 950
Smythies. 1978 | See list below . 48; bore B45 | voseee

198 MYRTACER. [ Careya.

Wood durable; the specimens brought by Dr. Wallich from Tavoy in 1828, and that
brought from the Mishmi Hills by Dr. Griffith ia 1836, were quite sound on being cut
up, though they had been stored for 50 years in Calcutta, The wood is little used
except for agricultural implements. It is being tried for railway sleepers on the
Eastern Bengal and Northern Bengal State Railways, but the result of the experi-
ment is not yet known. Kurz says it is used in Burma for gun-stocks, house-posts,
planking, carts, furniture and cabinet-work. It stands well under water. Fuzes made
from its bark are used to make slow matches. Its bark gives a good fibre for coarse,
strong cordage, and is used in native medicine as an astringent.

Ibs.

O 208. Garhwal (1868) . j ‘ : : ; : : -. 53
O 228. * by , ‘ ; ; , ¢ ; - . 53
O 1479. Kheri, Oudh 4 é : ‘ y ; 4 é . 59
C 1131. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ie ; ‘ . ue
C 2747. Moharli Reserve ,, Ms (sapwood) . ; : s- SF
E 624. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai Bin: fs : . - 48
E 2378. Sivoke ,, a us ; : ‘ : ‘ . 51
_ E 1441. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) : - j ‘ ; . 56
B 2703. Tavoy (Wallich, 1822) . ° : ‘ ° : : . 59
B 2685. +s ro re sid ¢ , ; : 2 ; : . 56
‘B 2710. US 3 ph cathe . : : ‘ : : . 51
B 2228, Andaman Islands (1866) } : é 4 ; ‘ . 5d
B 3147. 5 is (Home, 1874) . ; a ‘ . 56
No. 41. Ceylon Collection . ; ; ‘ ; ; . ‘ . 38

7. PLANCHONIA, BI.

1. P. littoralis, Van Houtte; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 511. P. valida,
Blume; Kurzi. 500. Vern. Bambway nee, Burm.; Baila da, And.

An evergreen tree. Wood reddish brown, with yellow specks, very
hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided,
in rounded and elongated patches, which are sometimes joined by narrow,
undulating bands of softer tissue. Medullary rays very fine, numerous,
bending. The pores are frequently filled by a yellow substance, and are
prominent on a vertical section.

Evergreen coast forests of the Andaman Islands.

Weight, our specimens give 61 to 641bs. per cubic foot ; Bennett gives 56 lbs. and
P = 600. A valuable wood, which should be better known; it seasons well and takes
a fine polish. ;

lbs.
B 514. Andaman Islands . ‘ ‘ : : ; ‘ : . 64
B 2495. * . (Home, 1874, No. 7, Youaygyee) f pe

Orver XLVII. MELASTOMACEZ.,

An Order containing 13 Indian Genera of shrubs or small trees. They are chietly
found in South India or Tenasserim. They belong to 5 Tribes, viz.,—

Tribe I.—Osbeckiee . . «+. + « Osbeckia, Otanthera and Mela-

stoma.

» IL—Oxysporee . ; ° t . Oxyspora, Kendrickia, Allomor-
phia, Blastus, Ochthocharis and
Anerincleistus.

» 111.—Medinillee . ‘ - > . Anplectrum, Medinilla.

» 1V.—Astroniee . e ; ; . Pternandra.

» V—Memecylee. . . Memecylon. wh

Oxyspora paniculata, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 525; Gamble 41 is a large hand-
some shrub of the Hastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, Memecy/on contains about

Osheckia. | MELASTOMACER. 199

20 species of shrubs or small trees. M. umbellatum, Burm.; Beddome t. 206;
Kurz i. 516. Vern. Udatalli, Kan., is a small tree of the hills of South India,

¥ Arracan and the Andamans, whose wood is said by Beddome to be like boxwood and

by VanSomeren to be durable. M. edule, Roxb.; Beddome exiii.; Kurz i. 512. Vern.
-Alli, Tel.; Anjan, kurpd, Bombay, is a small tree of the Eastern Ghats of South
India, Tenasserim and the Andamans, with a strong, hard wood and edible fruit, while
M. amabile, Bedd. and M. gracile, Bedd. are small trees of the Western Ghats.
The remaining genera contain shrubs or climbers of little forest interest.

1, OSBECKIA, Linn.

Contains a number of handsome-flowering herbs and shrubs of little importance.

1. O. crinita, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 517. O. stellata, Don;
Gamble 41. Vern. Number, Lepcha.
A shrub, Bark greyish brown, smooth. Wood light brown, moder-

ately hard. Annual rings marked by a white line and more numerous

pores. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays crooked, fine, the
distance between the rays equal to the diameter of the pores,

Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills from 4,000 to 8,000 feet.
A very pretty shrub, common about Darjeeling.

E 3310. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet.

2. MELASTOMA, Linn.

Four Indian species.

1. M. Malabathricum, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 523 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii, 405; Kurz i. 503; Gamble 41. The Indian Rhododendron. Vern.
Choulisy, Nep.; Tungbram, Lepcha; Shapti, tunka, Mechi; Myetpyai,
Burm.

A large shrub. Back reddish brown, thin, smooth. Wood moder-
ately hard, light brown, with medullary patches. Pores moderate-sized,
often in concentric groups, and surrounded with white tissue. Medul-
lary rays short, fine to moderately broad, numerous, unequally distri-
buted. Concentric bands of soft tissue often joining the pores.

Throughout India up to 6,000 feet, chiefly near watercourses.

This is probably the Zwtki bush on which, according to Mr. Brownlow of Cachar
(Journal of the Agri-Herticultural Society of Calcutta), the silkworm Atlacus Atlas is
often found, and fed on which it gives a very white silk.

E 3275. Borojhar Reserve, W. Duars.

Orpver XLVIII. LYTHRARIEA.

Contains 8 Indian Genera of trees or shrubs all belonging to the tribe Lythrex.
Of these, 6 Genera are here described. Pemphis acidula, Yorst.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.
573; Beddome exvii.; Kurz i. 518, is an evergreen shrub of the sea-coast of Malabar,
Tenasserim and the Andamans, while Crypteronia paniculata, Bl.; Kurz i. 519.
(C. pubescens Bl. and C. glabra, Bl. in Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 574.) Vern. Ananpho,
Burm., is an evergreen tree of the upper tropical and moist forests of Chittagong and
Burma. Brandis in his Burma List, 1862, No. 113, says it has a reddish, close but not
straight-grained wood, used occasionally for cart-wheels, but more usually for burning.

_ Medullary rays fine or very fine and very numerous,

200 LYTHRARIER. [ Woodfordia.

1, WOODFORDIA, Salisbury.

1, W. floribunda, Salisb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 572; Brandis 2383
Gamble 42. W. tomentosa, Beddome exvii. W. fruticosa, Kurz i. 518.
Grislea tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 233. Vern. Dédwi, thawi, sautha,
dhaula, Hind.; Gui daur, Kangra; Dhai, Kumaun; Dhewti, Oudh;

Dihuvi, surtari, C.P.; Pitta, petisurali, surteyli, Gondi; Khinni, dhi,

Kurku ; Dahiri, laldairo, Nep.; Chunghkyek dum, Uepcha; Jatiko, Uriya;
Jargi, Tel.; Phulsatti, Mar. ; Datti, Bhil. ,

A large shrub with smooth bark, marked by longitudinal raised lines
or protuberances, peeling off in thin scales. Wood reddish white, hard,
close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed, sometimes in radial
lines, medullary rays fine and very fine, closely packed.

Common throughout India, ascending to 5,000 feet in the Himalayas.
Cunningham gives weight 58 lbs., P = 730; our specimen weighs 46 lbs. The
flowers give a red dye, which is used to dye silks.

ibs,
C 2794. Melghat, Berar : ; to 6 en 8 Le rn
E 876. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai ‘ ° . wit we

2. LAWSONIA, Linn.

1, L. alba, Lam. ; dook. Fl. Ind. ii. 573; Beddome exviii. ; Brandis
238; Gamble 42. JL. mmermis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. 258; Kurz i.
519. The Henna Plant of Egypt. Vern. Mehndi, Hind.; Dan, Burm. ;
Manghati, Uriya; Marithondi, Tam.; Gorantiu, Kan.

A shrub with thin, greyish-brown bark. Wood grey, hard, close-
grained; alternate bands of tissue, with fewer and more numerous pores,
which may possibly be annual rings. Pores small and joined by faint,
short, interrupted concentric bands. Medullary rays fine, —

Wild in Beluchistan, on the Coromandel coast and perhaps in Central India.

Cultivated throughout India as a hedge plant and for its leaves, which, powdered

and made into a paste, give the “ henna” dye which is used to dye the nails, skin and
beard.

C 2000. Nimar, Central Provinces.

8. LAGERSTROMIA, Linn.

Contains 11 Indian species, dispersed principally over South India and Burma,
while a few extend to North-East India and Assam, and one to North-West and
Central India. Z. indica, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.575; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505; Kurz
i. 521 Vern. Telinga-china, Hind., is a handsome shrub, with pink flowers, cultivated
in gardens in most parts of India. JZ. calyculata, Kurz i. 522. Vern. Pymmahpyoo,
Burm., is an evergreen tree of the Martaban Hills. Z. floribunda, Jack., a small tree
of Tenasserim and Z. villosa, Wall.; Kurz i. 524, Vern. Young kalay, a deciduous
tree of the forests of the Pegu Yoma and Martaban. :

The pores are of different sizes, the small pores being arranged in
narrow, concentric bands, which join the lines of large pores. Medullary

rays uniform, equidistant, fine and numerous.
1, L. parviflora, Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 575; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505;

Beddome t. 31; Brandis 239; Kurz i. 521; Gamble 42. Vern. Bakli, kat
dhaura, dhaura, lendya, seina, sida, asid, Hind.; Sida, Beng., Mechi, —

Ass.; Borderi, bordengri, Nep.; Kanhil, Lepcha; Shida, Garo; She,

all
te

:
4

—— — ae

Lagerstrémia. | LYTHRARIER, 201

Banda; Sei, Bijeragogarh ; Kakria, Guz.; Sahine, Chanda; Chinangi,
Tel. ; Chungi, piligu, Hyderabad ; Nana, bondara, nandi, bellinandi, sina,
lendi, Mar. ; Ventaku, cheninge, Kan.; Lendya, Baigas ; Sina, nelii, leria,
Gondi; Chekerey, Kurku; Tsambelay, Burm.

A large deciduous tree with light brown, thin bark, exfoliating in long,
thin, woody scales. Wood very hard, grey or greyish brown, often with
a reddish tinge, darker coloured near the centre, hard. No annual rings.
Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, uniformly distributed
and frequently joined by narrow, irregular, wavy bands and lines of
softer texture, distinctly visible on a longitudinal section. Medullary
rays fine, numerous.

Sub-Himalayan Tract from the Jumna eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Assam, Central

and South India.

The weight and transverse strength have been given by the following experi-
ments :—

Ft. In. ‘In, Weight, Value of P,
Kyd in 1831 specimens from Assam in bars 2% 1X lfound 52 757
Skinner, No. 86 from South India various ‘ 40 467

Brandis, No. 63 ,, Burma,1862 . : ; P . 40 Jen
Smythies in 1878, average of 9 specimens . ; ; a: 52 Sen

Wood tough, elastic, seasons well, works freely and is fairly durable. It coppices well.
Ten sleepers laid down on the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway in 1870 were reported,
on being examined in 1875, to be quite sound. A number of sleepers are being tried on
the Northern Bengal State Railway, but the result is not yet known. - It -is used for

loughs and other agricultural implements, for construction, for buggy shafts and axe
Fandles, It gives a very good charcoal. It gives a sweet gum from wounds in the
bark. The bark is used for tanning. It is one of the trees on which the “tasar”
silkworm is fed.

lbs,

O 232. Garhwal (1868) . ; : : ? ‘ : ; : 45
O 2999. 99 (1874) . 5 : ‘ : ; ; , 7 51
O 339. Gorakhpur (1868) : : , ; : : ; - 54,
C 196. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . ; ‘ é ~ 49
, ht Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces .. : ‘ . : 50
C 1140. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces t : } ; 60
C 2768. Melghat, Berar — Ou : : : , : : 54
E 666. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . : : ‘ ‘ ‘ 52
E 2379. Sukna Forest *4 Pag i a8 : ‘ , , . 54
- E 785. Kamrtp, Assam. : = : , : : ; re

2. L. lanceolata, Beddome t. 32; Brandis 240. JZ. parviflora, Roxb.
var. majuscula, C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. Ind. 1.575. Vern. Bandéra,
nandi, Kan.; Ndna,sokutia, Mar.; Boda, bondaga, Dekkan.

A large tree, with leaves bluish white beneath. Inner wood red,

‘moderately hard. Pores large and moderate-sized, joined by wavy con-

centric bands of soft texture, which are often interrupted.. Medullary

rays fine, numerous, uniform, equidistant.

Forests of the Western Ghats as far north as Khandeish, Mysore and Court-

allum.

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
C 956. Guzerat, Bombay . Re ot . - : sayy ay
W 1220. North Kanara . . , : ‘ ° é ‘ 57

3. L. microcarpa, Wight; Beddome t. 30; LZ. lanceolata, Wall.;
Hook. Fl, Ind. ii, 576; Brandis 240. Vern. Benteak, venteak, Tam. ;

2B

202 LYTHRARIER. { Lagerstrimia.

Ventaku, Tel.; Bolundir, billi nandi, Kan.; Nandi, Coorg; Nanah,
Mar. 5 od
_ A large tree with smooth white bark, peeling off in thin flakes.
Wood red, moderately hard. Pores large and small, often subdivided and
frequently joined by narrow, irregular, wavy bands and lines of softer
texture. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous. Distinet white
concentric lines, which probably indicate the annual rings. Pores
marked on a longitudinal section and medullary rays visible on a radial
section as numerous narrow plates.

Western forests of the Madras Presidency.

Growth moderately fast, 6 to 8 rings per inch of radius. The weight and trans-
verse strength have been determined as follows :

Bapetuent bs eye Year. ions! aaa “exper Size of bar. Weight. _— of
: Ft. In. In,
itunes No. 85 . 0 1 BBR fe eeeeee « BUSAIE Various. 41 619
Puckle . ft + | 1859 Mysore 5 2x1x1 41 939
pian Sales Ee ER, co byrne 0 $0 Hee. :
Balfour ae ‘ Sd Malabar 3 7x2x2 49 542,
Smythies . . . | 1878 | South Kanara $0 AAS 48 Pp Poa

————

Much used in construction and for ship-building, also for coffee-cases, and for
furniture. |

Ibs.
W 765. South Kanara . ; ‘i: , é f ‘ 2 ‘: 48
WwW 862. ” ” —t ° . . . . e 48

4, L. Regine, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11. 505 ; Beddome t. 29; Brandis 240.
L. Flos-Regina, Retz ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 577; Kurz i. 524. Vern. Jara,
Beng. ; Ajhar, Ass.; Bolashari, Garo; Kadali, Tam.; Challd, Kan. ;
Adamhoe, Mal. ; Taman, mota bondara, Mar.; Kamaung, Magh; Pymma,
Burm. ; Murute, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey to cream-coloured. Wood
shining, light red, hard; annual rings marked by a belt of large pores.
Pores of all sizes from extremely small to large, the latter often sub-
divided, joined by narrow, wavy and often anastomosing concentric bands
of soft tissue, which contain the smaller pores. Medullary rays very or
extremely fine, often indistinct. The wood in Burma is frequently very
porous with an abundance of large pores,

Eastern Bengal, Assam, Burma and Western Coast, extending north to Ratnagiri.

Growth moderate ; our specimens show 7 rings perinch of radius. In 1876 Mr.
Fisher measured 5 trees in the Sidli Forest, Goalpara district, Assam. ‘The results
were, on an average— ;

In, In. In. In, In,
On a length of radius equivalent toa girthof 18 36 64 72 90
No. of.rings .. + eS > ee 15. 26 39 51 66

On an average, therefore, the number of rings per inch of radius is 4°6; and the tree
appears to add a cubit to its girth every 13 years on an average. The weight and
transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments.

’

ne

.

—

Lagerstrimia, }

LYTHRARIEM, 203
Se Year. babe ry Faherty Size of bar. |Weight. | Value of P.
Pt. In. In, lbs.

Wallich . a. | India 46°5 Fa
Adrian Mendis 1855 | Ceylon ot 42 ie
Baker 1829 | Bengal 11 Sc ET x. 2 Pe 850
Skinner, No. 87 1862 | South India 40 637

Kyd 1831 | Assam a ee ae : 37 407 ?
» . ~ as 38 633

Kes ’ i ind 38 383 ?
Benson . Prt Burma 3x 14 x 14 38 849
Forbes Watson ie 33 St. 25) x TS 36 651
Brandis, Nos. 61, 62 1862 i ay vei 40°5* im
” ” ” : 1864 ” 4 7 4 (DBoryX eB 47 680
Commissariat Departmen she Moulmein a ‘ 38 822
Smythies 1878 | As below 10 43 j

* Average of 37 and 44.

The most valuable timber of Sylhet, Cachar and Chittagong, and in Burma the
most valuable after teak. It is used in ship-building and for boats and canoes, all

kinds of construction, timber and carts.

The Ordnance Départment use it for many

parts of their gun-carriages. In South India it is used for building and in Ceylon for

casks. It gives a resin. It is cultivated for ornament all over the hotter parts of
India and even as far north as Lahore. "1
8.
E 620. Eastern Diars, Assam ‘ : : f 48
E 1228. Sibs4gar, Assam : : d ; 40
E 2188. Nowgong, Assam ° , ; : 40
E 1272. Cachar : : ; ‘ ; 38°5
E 410. Sundarbkans : - ; 47
_E 710, Chittagong F . 47
W 726. South Kanara ‘ ; ; 46
B 808. Pegu . ; ‘ ‘ F , 39
B 3067. Burma (1862) . ‘ ‘ : : ‘ ; s ; 40
B 2717. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) ; : : ; ; ; ; 42

5. L. macrocarpa, Wall.; Kurz i. 524. LD. Flos-Regine, Retz;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 577. Vern. Jaraé/, Beng. ; Koonpymmah, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood red, moderately hard, in
structure resembling that of J. Regine, but the bands of white tissue
more prominent and large pores fewer.

Burma in Pegu and Martaban.
Weight, 45 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs
B 296. Burma (1867) . ; ; : ‘ § ‘ ; ‘ 48
B 3068. __,, (1862) ; ; : F : ° é ‘ é 45
6. L. hypoleuca, Kurz i. 523; Hook. Fl, Ind. ii, 577. Vern.

_Pymmahk, Burm, ; Pébdé, And.

A large deciduous tree with thin whitish bark. Wood red, hard.
Pores very small to very large, in fine, wavy, concentric, anastomosing,
but sometimes interrupted lines of softer tissue, alternating with darker
wood of firmer texture, in which the very fine medullary rays are dis-
tinctly visible.

Andaman Islands.
Growth slow, 10-18 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 41 to 50 lbs. according to

204 ° . LYTHRARIEM, { Lagerstrémia.

Major Protheroe; our specimens give an average of 39 to 40 lbs.; Bennett gives
41 lbs. and P =570:. The wood is used largely in the Andamans for building,
shingles and other purposes.

Ibs.

B 510. Andaman Islands : . ; s ; 3 ‘ ; i
B 2202. s ~ gy Aa : ‘ ; ules] .. 45
B 2274. MA < ie hala : p 3 , : 38
- B 2283. - od Re, : ; , ae 34
B 2496. > » (Home, 1874, No. 2) 5 ; ; ‘ 44

7. L. tomentosa, Presl; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 578; Kurz i. 522.
Vern. Laiza, Burm. |

A large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey. Wood grey or
greyish brown, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores from very small
to very large, the latter often subdivided, joined by numerous concentric
lines, alternating with broad bands of firmer tissue, in which the fine
medullary rays are prominent. . |

‘Burma. Frequent in Pegu and Martaban.

Weight, according to Brandis’ Oatalogue, 1862, No. 59 (L. pubescens, Wall.), 53
ths. ; Brandis’ 3 experiments in 1864 with bars 3 ft. x 1 inch x 1 inch gave: Weight

38 lbs. and P = 588. Our specimens give 46 and 53 Ibs. The timber is valued
for bows and spear handles, and is also used for canoes and cart-wheels.

a Ibs.
B 572. Prome ; : . ; ; i : P ; ; 46
B 2533. Burma (1862) . ; eae e ; ‘ ; 3 ; 53

4, DUABANGA, Ham.

1. D. sonneratioides, Buch.; Kurz. i. 525; Gamble 42. Lager-
strimia grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 508. Vern. Bandorhulla, Beng. ;
Lampatia,; Nep.; Diér, Lepcha; Kochan, kokan, Ass.; Jarélzhaina,
Cachar ; Bondorkella, bolchim,Garo; Baichua, Magh; Myoukgnau, Burm.

A lofty deciduous tree, with. light-brown. bark, peeling off in thin
flakes. Wood grey, often streaked with yellow, soft, seasons well, neither
warps nor splits. Pores large and moderate-sized, often oval and sub-

divided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous,

wavy. Pores well marked on a longitudinal section.

Eastern Bengal ascending to 3,000 foot, Assam and Burma,

Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Brandis’ Burma
List of 1862, No. 64, 30 lbs. per cubic foot; our specimens give an average of 32 Ibs.
The wood does not warp or slit, and canoes cut out of it green are at once used, even
when liable alternately to wet and the heat of the sun. Is used in Northern Bengal
and Assam very extensively for tea-boxes, for which purpose it is admirably fitted. It
is also made into canoes and cattle troughs. The seeds are extremely small and the
seedlings very minute at first, but the growth is very fast. Seedlings at the Bamun-
pokri Plantation in Bengal, which had come up on the sites of old charcoal kilns (see
“Indian Forester,” Vol. iv. page 345), attained a height of 10 feet in two years, with
proportionate girth and fine spreading branches.

Ibs.
E 652. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai ; ‘ ; ; : 32
FE 2380. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai , : : ; : 32
E 950. Eastern Diars, Assam : ; : ; A. ‘ 82
E 1230. Sibsdgar, Assam ; eT, ELBE AY GF athe 7
E 1436. Assam , i . : ; , 29
E 1285. Cachar ., ; épi zeke : : 32
E 1499. Sylhet . ; ; : : is
K 713. Chittagong a : af is : 31

B 807. Pegu ‘ ‘ ; ‘ slearga
B 1995. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) (young tree) ; 21

——_——

Se ee ae

tte

Sonneratia. | LYTHRARIER, 205

5. SONNERATIA, Linn. f.

Contains 4 Indian trees found in the coast forests of Sind, Bengal, Malabar,
Arracan, Pegu, Tenasserim and the Andamans. Besides the two described: S, alba,
Sm.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 580; Kurz i. 526, is found in the shore forests of the Anda-
mans and S. Griffithiit, Kurz i. 527. Vern. Tapyoo, in those of Burma,

1. §. acida, Linn. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 579; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 506 ;
Beddome exviil.; Brandis 242; Kurz i. 526. Vern. Orcha, archaké,
Beng. ; Zapoo, tamoo, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, soft, even-grained. Pores
small, oval and subdivided, very numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. |

Tidal eveeks and littoral forests of India, Burma, and the Andamans.

Weight, 31 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is said by Beddome to be used for models,

and in Ceylon to be a good substitute for coal in steamers. The fruit is eaten in the

Sundarbans.
. Ibs.

E 395. Sundarbans ‘ ‘ : - ; 4 ‘ 5 = 31

2. S. apetala, Buch. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. 11. 579; Roxb.Fl. Ind. ii. 506;
Beddome exviii. ; Kurz i. 527. Vern. Keowra, Beng.; Kanpala, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Sapwood grey ; heartwood reddish
brown, moderately hard. Pores small, numerous, oval and subdivided,

‘Medullary rays fine, very numerous.

Tidal creeks and littoral forests of Bengal and Burma.
Weight, 44 bs. per cubic foot, The wood is said by Kurz to be good for house-build-
ing, packing-boxes, ete.
lbs,
E 399. Sundarbans : : : ? ; ; ; : » 44

6. PUNICA, Linn.

1. P. Granatum, Linn. ; Hook. Fl, Ind. ii. 581; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
499; Beddome exix.; Brandis 241; Kurz i. 523; Gamble 42. The
Pomegranate. Vern. <Andr, dérim, damé, Hindi; Ddlim, Kumaun;
Dalimbe, Kan.; Thalé, Burm.

A shrub or small tree. Wood light yellow, with a small, darker
eoloured, irregularly shaped heartwood, compact and close-grained.
Pores very small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very
numerous. Medullary patches common.

Wild in the Suliman Range, between 3,500 and 6,000 feet, Salt Range and North-
West Himalaya. Cultivated in many parts of India and Burma.

Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius (Brandis). Weight, Mathieu Fl. For., p.
169, gives 52 to 63 lbs. ; one specimen weighs 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used,

but might be tried as a substitute for boxwood. The fruit is generally eaten, but the

best kinds come from Afghanistan. The flowers are very handsome, bright scarlet,
and give'a light-red dye; the bark and the rind of the fruit are used for tanning and
for dyeing morocco leather, and the root-bark is an effectual anthelmintic.

lbs,
P 106. Sutlej Valley, Punjab ; . : : . é : 57

Orpen XLIX, SAMYDACEA,

Contains two genera, Casearia and Homalium.

206 SAMYDACER. [ Casearia.

1. CASEARIA, Jacq.

Nine Indian species. -C. Vareca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 418; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 593;
Kurz i. 530; Gamble 43, is an evergreen shrub of the banks of streams in Northern
and Eastern Bengal. C. esculenta, Roxb., C. rubescens, Dalz. ; Beddome t. 41, and
C. wynaadensis, Beddome cxx., are small trees of the forests of the Western Ghats.
C. Kurzii, C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 594, is a tree of Chittagong.

Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, rough. Medullary rays
fine, numerous. Pores small or very small, often in radial groups or
lines.

1. C. tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 421; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 593;
Beddome exix.; Brandis 243. «Vern. Chilla, chilara, bairi, bhari, Hind. ;
Maun, Manbhim; Men, wasa, gamgudu, Tel.; Lainja, massei, karei,
Mar.; Girari, Uriya; Thundri, Gondi; Khesa, Kurku.

A small tree. Bark 4 inch thick, brittle, exfoliating in more or less
square flakes. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, rough, close-
grained. . Pores small and very small, sometimes in radial lines. Medul-
lary rays fine and very fine, wavy, equidistant, very numerous.

_ Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, Oudh, Eastern Bengal, Central
and South India.

Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used to make combs. The bark is bitter; it
is used for adulterating the “ Kamela” powder and the pounded fruit for poisoning.
fish.

Ibs

O 1393. Gonda, Oudh : ‘ ger ae : ; m i . 41
O 3085. » tye . j : wis ; F pe
O 3089. Kheri, Oudh . ; ; 7 ; : ; otoan
C 1183. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . - : ‘ ; » 4
C 2802. Melghat, Berar (young) . 3 : P : : . . 38

2. C. graveolens, Dalzell; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 592; Brandis 243.
Vern. Chilla, néro, hathera, pimpri, Hind. ; Girchi, Gondi; Rewat, Kurku.
' A small deciduous tree. Bark. dark grey, with a few longitudinal
wrinkles. Wood light yellow, moderately hard, rough, even-grained.
Pores small, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, equidistant,
very numerous, visible as shining plates on a radial section.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, Oudh, Central India.
Weight, 40 to 50 lbs. ‘Wood not used; the fruit is used to poison fish.

lbs
O 240. Garhwal (1868) , . : ; : ‘ ; . 42
0 271. of 3 ; F 5 ‘ ; $ F . 40
O 1456. Bahraich, Oudh ¢ 49
O 3090. Kheri, Oudh. .

3. C. glomerata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 419; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 591;
Kurz i. 530; Gamble 42. Vern. Liérjir, Sylhet; Burgonli, Nep.; Sugvat,
Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard,
rough. Pores small, in radial lines. Medullary rays of two sizes;
numerous very fine rays between fewer moderately broad, giving on a
radial section a beautifully mottled appearance.

Eastern Bengal ascending to 6,000 feet, Chittagon

Weight, 45 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building, charcoal and occa-
sionally for tea-boxes.

——

Casearia. | SAMYDACE®. 207
. Ibs.
E 691. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet. ; ‘ . 48
E 2381, : i ; ~ ae

2. HOMALIUM, Jacq.

- Contains eight trees, chiefly Burmese. H. zeylanicum, Bth., Hook. Fi. Ind. ii. 596;
Beddome t. 210, and H. travancoricum, Beddome t. 211, are large trees of the
Western Ghats. H. minutiflorum, Kurz i. 532, H. propinguum, C. B. Clarke ;
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 597, and A. Griffithianum, Kurz i. 531, are small trees of
Burma. A. Schlichii, Kurz i. 532, is an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of
Chittagong ; and H. nepalense, Bth., is found in Nepal.

1. H. tomentosum, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 596; Brandis 243;
Kurz i. 531. Blackwellia tomentosa, Vent,; Brandis’ Burma Catalogue,
1862, No. 58. Vern. Myoukshaw, Burm.

A Jarge deciduous tree with thin, very smooth, white or greyish white
bark. Wood brown, with dark-coloured heartwood, very hard, heavy
and close-grained, splits in seasoning. Pores small, in radial lines
between the closely-packed and fine medullary rays, which are bent out-
wards where they touch the pores. The distance between the rays is less
than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Chittagong and Burma.
Weight, Brandis in Burma List, 1862, No. 58, gives 56 lbs. His experiments made
in 1864 were as follows:

No, Size of bar. Weight. Value of P.
2 ee Ke 53 880
3 Ss 1 SY? 54 868

Our specimens give an average of 58lbs. This may be the wood experimented
on by Skinner, No. 53 (see also under Dalbergia lanceolaria, p. 128) Weight 62 lbs.,
P—1003. He calls it “ Moulmein lancewood” and Moukshow. The wood is durable
and is used for the teeth of harrows and for furniture. ‘

Ibs.
B 331. Burma (1866) ; F s : : : . - . 63
B 2534. »» (1862) j . , j prey, . ‘ . 60
B 2692. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . . : whl ‘ : a GE
B 2699. Ss 3 = . : ° ; , , . 64

B 2702. re ‘ 9 ; . ’ . . . : . 5d

Orver L. PASSIFLOREZ.

Only one species. Carica Papaya, Linn.; Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 824; Brandis
244; Kurz i. 533; Gamble 43. The Papaw Tree. Vern. Papaya, Hind, ; Perinji Kan.;
Thimbawthee, Burm., is a small, soft-wooded, fast-growing tree which was introduced
from South America, and is now cultivated all over India for its fruit. The tree has
the property of rendering meat tender by its being soaked it in its juice or by suspend-
ing the joint under it. The Passion Flowers, Passiflora, herbaceous or perennial
climbers, belong to this family.

Orver LI. DATISCEA.

Two Genera. Datisca cannabina, Linn.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 656. Vern. Akalbir,
bhang jald, Hind., is a tall, erect herb resembling hemp and found in the Punjab
Himalaya. It gives a red or yellow dye. —

208 DATISCER. [ Tetrameles,

-

1. TETRAMELES, R. Br.

1, T. nudiflora, R. Br.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 657; Beddome t. 212;
Brandis 245; Kurz i. 585; Gamble 43. Vern. Mainakat, Nep.; 4

Payomko, Lepcha ; Bolong, Garo; Sandugaza, Beng, ; Tseikpoban, Magh ;
Thitpouk, Burm.; Bolur, Kan. ~

A very large deciduous tree, with cylindrical, often much-buttressed
stem. Bark grey-brown, brinkled. Wood white, very light, soft. Annual
rings marked by a belt of closer pores. Wood cells large. Pores large,
often in short, zigzag, transverse lines, Medullary rays fine to moderately
broad, clearly marked, the distance between the rays equal to the diame-
ter of the pores,

Sikkim, G4ro Hills, Chittagorig, Western Ghéts, Burma and the Andamans.
Growth very fast. The wood may be found useful for tea-boxes.

E 3288. Rinkheong Reserve, Chittagong.

Orxper LII. CACTEA.,

Contains only the Prickly Pear, Opuntia Dillentit, Haw.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 657;
Brandis 245 (Cactus indicus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 475.) Vern. Nagphana, ndgphansi,
Hind.; Papash kalli, Kan.; Chaffal send, Dekkan. An erect, fleshy, thorny shrub
common all over the arid and dry zones of India and often planted as a hedge. The
eae been used in time of scarcity as fodder. It was originally brought from

merica.

Orprr LITT. ARALIACEA.

Contains 16 Genera of usually small, soft-wooded trees or shrubs, erect or climbing.
They are divided into four Tribes, viz.,—

Tribe I—Araliee . ; : ; . Aralia and Pentapanaz.
» ilL—Panacee . : ¢ ; . Acanthopanax, Helwingia, Poly-
scias, Heptapleurum, Trevesia,
Brassaia and Dendropanaz.

» A1ll.—Hederez : . ; . Arthrophyllum, Heteropanaz,
Brassaiopsis, Macropanax,
Hedera and Gamblea,
» 1V.—Plerandres ‘ ; . . Lupidanthus.

Aralia contains 6 shrubs or small trees, the chief of which are A. foliolosa, Seem.,
and A. armata, Seem. Vern. Somri, Nep.; Kajyang, Lepcha, small trees of the
hills of the N.E. Himalaya with large 2-3 pinnate leaves, prickly stems and the

eneral aspect of tree ferns. A. cachemirica, Dene.; Brandis 248, is a shrub of the
figher elevations of the Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim. Pentapanazx contains
4 species of usually climbing epiphytic shrubs: P. Leschenaultii, Seem., P. sub-
cordatum, Seem., and P. racemoswm, Seem., are large climbers of the Sikkim Hills.
Acanthopanax aculeatum, Seem., is a shrub of the Khasia Hills. Polyscias
acuminata, Wight; Beddome t. 213, is a tree of the hills of South India above
4,000 feet elevation. Zrevesia palmata, Vis.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 732; Kurz. i. 539;
Gamble 44. (Gastonia palmata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 407.) Vern. Kajpati, Nep.;
Suntong, Lepcha; Baw, Burm., is an evergreen palm-like tree with large palmate
leaves and big fruit, found in the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and Burma,
Brassaia capitata, C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 732, is a tree of the Nilgiri Hills.
Arthrophyllum diversifolium, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 733. (A. javanicum, Bl;
Kurz i. 540), is an evergreen palm-like tree of the Andamans. Heteropanax fragrans,

EE ——————— oe

ee:

Helwingia. | ARALIACER. 209

Seem.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 734; Brandis 249; Kurz 541; Gamble 44. Vern. Lal
totilla, Nep.; Siriokhtem, Lepcha; Kesseru, Assam; Hona, Cachar ; ‘Tachansa,
Burm., is a small tree of the sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun to Assam, Eastern
Bengal, Chittagong and Burma. It is important as being a tree upon whose
leaves, as well as on those of the Castor Oil plant, the “Eri” silkworm of Assam
(Attacus Ricini) is fed. Tupidanthus calyptratus, H.f. and Th., is an evergreen
scandent tree of the eastern slopes of the Arracan Yoma.
The Chinese rice-paper is the pith of Aralia papyrifera, Hk., a tree of Formosa.

Wood white, generally soft. Pores small, often arranged in concentric
bands. Medullary rays distant, broad or moderately broad, generally
several lines of pores between two rays.

1. HELWINGIA, Willd.

1. H. himalaica, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 726 ; Gamble
44, Vern. Ludbor, Lepcha.
A large shrub. Wood white, moderately hard, pith large. Pores

very small, arranged in groups or short concentric lines. Medullary

rays short, fine to moderately broad.

Eastern Himalaya, above 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills.
A curious shrub with simple leaves and flowers in umbels from the centre of the
leaves, like those of Ruscus.

E 3342. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.

2, HEPTAPLEURUM, Gaertn.

Contains about 10 trees or climbers, among which 6 species occur in South India,
2 in Burma and 4 in the Sikkim Himalaya. H. impressum, C. B. Clarke; Hook. FI.
Ind. ii. 728. (H. tomentosum, Ham.; Gamble 44). Vern. Baloo chinia, Nep.;
Suntong, Lepcha, is a handsome tree of the North-East Himalaya, from Kumaun to
Bhutan, common in the forests from 6,000 to 10,000 feet, and recognised by its woolly
leaves. It has a ‘vhite, soft wood. H. glaucum,C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.
728; Gamble 44. Vern. Chinia, Nep.; Hloprongzam, Lepcha, is a tree of North-
East Himalaya and the Khasia Hills, in which latter locality, as well as in Burma, is
also found H. hypoleucum, Kurz i. 539, a small branched tree, and H. Khasianum,
C. B. Clarke. H. racemoswm, Beddome t. 214, is a large tree of the Western Ghats
and Ceylon. H. rvostratum, Beddome ecxxil., and H. Wallichianum, C. B. Clarke,
are trees of the Western Ghats. H. venulosum, Seem.; Brandis 249; Kurz i. 538;
Gamble 44 (Avalia digitata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 107) Vern. Dain, Hind.; Singhata,
Nep., is a climbing shrub or small tree of most parts of India. ;

1. H. elatum, C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 728; Gamble 44.
Vern. Chinia, Nep.; Prongzam, Lepcha.

A tree. Bark } in thick, greyish brown. Wood white, soft. Struct-
ure similar to that of Macropanar undulatum. .

Himalaya, from Kumaun to Bhutan, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet.

E 3326. Rangirtim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.

3. BRASSAIOPSIS, Dene. and Planch.

Contains several small palm-like trees of the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal
and Burma. B. palmata, Kurz i. 537, is found in the forests of Chittagong and the
Andamans, and B. Hainla, Seem.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 735; Gamble 44. Vern
Tithetter, Nep.; Suntong, Lepcha, is a common small tree in the forests of the outer
Sikkim Himalaya.

26

7

210 ARALIACES, [ Brassaiopsis..

1. B. mitis, C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 736. 2B. sp.; Gamble —
44, Vern. Mogchini, Nep.; Suntong, Lepcha. :
A small tree with thin grey bark, and soft, white, spongy wood.
Pores small, in groups and undulating lines. Medullary rays short,
broad and very fine, marked on a radial section as shining plates.
Sikkim Himalaya, above 5,000 feet, common at Darjeeling.
., Growth moderately fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 24 lbs. per cubic feet, —

’ lbs, *
E 2382. Rangbtil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet : ; . : oa

4. MACROPANAX, Mig.

Besides the species described, MZ. oreophilum, Miq.; Kurz i. 541, is an evergreen —
tree of the forests of the Martaban Hills above 5,000 feet.

1, M. undulatum, Seem.; Gamble 45. Vern. Chinia, Nep.;_
Prongzam, Lepcha. ;

A moderate-sized evergreen tree; wood soft, yellowish white, even-~
grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays broad, often with a
few fine rays intervening, prominent on a radial section as shining
plates giving the wood an elegant reticulate appearance. The distance
between the rays is many times larger than the diameter of the pores, —
there being many lines of pores between each pair of rays.

Eastern Himalaya, up to 5,000 feet.
Weight, 30 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs,

- BE 688. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet .. : : - 30

‘

5. HEDERA, Linn.

1. H. Helix, Linn.; Brandis 248; Gamble 45. The Ivy. Vern. —
Halbambar, arbambal, Jhelum; Karmora, mandia, Kashmir; Kurol, Che-
nab; Kuri, karir, Ravi; Brimbrim, dakari, Beas; Karbaru, kanitri,
hadeoli, Sutle}; Banda, Kumaun; Dudela, Nep.

A large woody climber. Wood white, soft, porous. Annual rings
marked by a broad belt of pores and by less numerous pores in the
autumn wood. Pores small, very numerous. Medullary rays short,
moderately broad.

Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet; Khasia Hills.

Growth slow, 22 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimen gives 34 lbs. ;
Mathieu Fl. For. p. 174, gives 27 to 44 lbs. :

‘ Ibs.
HH 69. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet . p 4 A ; A is
H 3010. Kotgarh, Simla, 7,500 feet ; , ; > ees : 34

Orver LIV. CORNACEZ.

Contains 7 Genera of Indian trees or shrubs. They are generally dispersed over
India, but.are chiefly found in the Himalayas. They may be dividedinto two sections—

Section I.—With hermaphrodite flowers . Alangium, Marlea, Cornus and
_ Mastixia.
1J.—With diewcious flowers. . Aucuba, Nyssa and Torricellia.

”

i
%
<q

Alangium. | CORNACER. 2)1

Mastixia arborea, Wight; Beddome t. 216, is a tree of the forests of the Western
Ghats, between 2,000 and 7,000 feet. Tborricellia tiliefolia, DC.; Gamble 45, is
asmall tree of the Eastern Himalaya between 6,000 and 10,000 feet. Nyssa
sessiliflora, Hook. f. and Th., is found in the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills.

Wood close-grained, apt to warp. Pores generally small or very
small. Medullary rays fine and numerous.

1, ALANGIUM, Lam.

Contains two species, one of which is here described. A. Sundanum, Mig.
Vern, Agnara, And., is an evergreen climbing shrub of the tropical forests of the
Andamans.

1. A. Lamarckii, Thwaites; Beddome t. 215; Brandis 250,
A. hexapetalum, Roxb. FI), Ind. ii. 502. A. decapetalum, Lam. ; Kurz 1.
543. Vern. dhola, thaila, Hind.; Akar-kanta, bagh ankurd, Beng. ;
Alangi, Tam.; Urgu, udagu, Tel.; Ankola, Kan.; Uru, Gondi. .

A deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark 3 inch thick, grey. Sapwood
light yellow; heartwood brown, hard, close and even-grained. Pores
small, scanty, in radial lines between the fine, closely packed medullary
rays, which often bend outwards; the transverse diameter of the pores
being slightly larger than the distance between the rays.

: Eg oo areas bag tract from the Ganges eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Central and South
ndia,

Growth moderately slow, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner,
No. 13, 49 lbs. per cubic foot; our specimens give 49-56lbs. Skinner gives P = 875.
The wood is used for pestles, for oil-mills, wooden cattle-bells, and other purposes,
and is valuable for fuel. It coppices well. The fruit is eaten, and the bark used in
native medicine.

lbs,
C 3116. Chanda, Central Provinces . ; ‘ : A ; . 66
D 1082. North Arcot, Madras. : ‘ ° : scr any, soa ae

2. MARLEA, Roxb.

Besides the species here described, M. tomentosa, Endl.; Kurz i. 545. Vern.
Gorapongse, Burm., is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban, said
by Kurz to have a pale brown, close-grained wood with a silvery lustre.

1. M. begoniefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 261; Brandis 251; Kurzi.
544; Gamble 45. Vern. Garkum, budhal, tiémbri, North-Western
Provinces; Bodara, Beas; Sidlu, Chenab; Prot, Kashmir; TZvdpatira,
chitpattra, kurkut, Shelura ; Tumri, Kumaun ; Timil, Nep. ; Palet, Lepcha ;
Yapuya, Burm. ; Marlea, marliza, Sylhet.

A small tree, with smooth, thin, grey bark. Wood white, soft, even-
grained. Annual rings marked by a belt of numerous pores. Pores
moderate-sized and large, small in the outer portion of each ring.
Medullary rays short, wavy, fine and moderately broad, prominent on
a radial section. |

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending in the North-West to

oe come and in Sikkim to 9,000 feet ; Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and
artaban.

Growth moderately fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 lbs, per cubic foot.

ww

912 CORNACER, [ Marlea.

The wood is used for native houses in Sylhet. The leaves are sometimes given as
fodder to cattle.
lbs.

H 2831. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet : * . - ; ‘ 42

3. CORNUS, Lian.

Besides the three species here described, C. sanguinea, Linn.; Brandis 253, the
Dogwood, was found by Dr. Stewart in the Punjab Himalaya at 7,000 feet.

Numerous small pores and numerous fine medullary rays, often of
different width. :

1. C. macrophylla, Wall. ; Brandis 252; Gamble 45. Vern. Kasér,
hachtr, haleo, allian, haddii, harru, nang, kandara, haksh, kachir, hochan, —
hdgsha, richia, Hind. ; Patmoro, Nep. |

A small tree, with rough, brown bark, splitting into small squares.
Wood pinkish white, hard, close-grained, warps badly and has an
unpleasant scent. Annual rings marked by a narrow line without pores,
on the outer edge of each ring. Pores small, numerous. Medullary
rays short, moderately broad, with fewer fine rays, giving the wood on a
radial section a beautifully mottled appearance.

Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 8,000 feet.
Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius (Brandis); our specimens had 15
rings. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood gives good gunpowder charcoal. The
fruit is eaten and the leaves given as fodder to goats.
Ibs.
Ht 84, ‘The Glen, Bina, 6,000 test 102! 24 ert o sole vote
H 924. Hazara, 6,000 feet ‘ : : é 7 - : : 43

2. C. oblonga, Wall. ; Brandis 253; Kurz i. 545. Vern. Kagshi,
Sutlej ; Dad, Kunawar; Kasmol, bakdr, ban-bakir, halé, Hind.

A small tree, with reddish brown, rough bark. Wood pinkish white,
hard, even-grained, warps and has an unpleasant scent. Annual rings
marked by a belt without pores at the outer edge of each ring. Pores
small, numerous. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, with a few
slightly broader ones. |

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 6,000 feet ;

Martaban Hills in Burma, between 4,000 and 7,000 feet (Kurz).
Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
AT (450. Bain}, Girt Valley,"4,000 foot kis U...1ney eb alee
H 3094. Tarwa Forest, Julung, Simla, 4,000 feet . . , : 50

8. C. capitata, Wall.; Brandis 253; Gamble 45. Benthamia
Jragifera, Lindley. Vern. Thammal, tharbal, tharwar, thesi, bamaur,
bamora, Hind. ; Twmbik, Lepcha.

A small deciduous tree, with thin, greyish brown bark. Wood whitish,
with reddish brown heartwood, warps in seasoning, very hard, close-
grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays numerous, moderate-sized
and fine.

Himalaya from the Beas to Bhutan, between 3,500 and 8,000 feet; Khasia Hills.

Growth slow, 16 rings per inch of radius, Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood is used only for firewood. This is probably the Cornus, sp., of whose wood 6

,
SE SS

Cornus. | : CORNACER. 213

maunds were sent to the Ishapore Gunpowder Agency in 1865 (Bengal Forest Report,
1865-66, page 2), of the result of which experiment we have no record. The fruit
is red, strawberry-like, and is eaten and made into preserves. The tree is very hand-
some when in flower with its large cream-coloured involucre.

H 78. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet . . 5 ; . F od
H 94. Simla, 6,000 feet . 3 , 4 ‘ ‘ 4 r > 45

4. AUCUBA, Thunb.

Gijutaine one large shrub or small tree of the Eastern Himalaya. A. japonica,
Thunb. is a well-known shrub of English gardens, recognised by its shining leaves,
blotched with yellow,

1. A. himalaica, Hook. f. and Th. ; Brandis 254; Gamble 45. Vern.
Phui amphi, Nep.; Singna, tapathyer, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree, with thin, smooth, dark-grey bark. Wood
black when fresh cut, becoming lighter-coloured on exposure, hard and
close-grained. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays of two classes,
numerous fine rays between fewer broad or very broad ones, visible on
a radial section as irregular plates and bands.

Sikkim Himalaya between 5,000 and 9,000 feet.
Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius {Gamble); one specimen, E 3327, shews
10 rings. Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs,

Ibs.
E 2383. Rangbil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet ; : : ‘ 55
E 3327. Rangirin _e,, “ 6,000 ,, : ; ; - ae
Orper LV. CAPRIFOLIACEZ.
Contains 6 genera belonging to the two following tribes :-—
Tribe I.—Sambucee . ; ‘ =... = Sambucus and Viburnum.
» il—Loniceree . ~ ; : P - Abelia, Lonicera, Leycesteria

and Pentapyxis.

Wood close-grained. Pores very small or extremely small, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays fine to extremely fine, numerous.

1. SAMBUCUS, Linn.
Contains 3 Indian species. S. Hbulus, Linn.; Brandis 260. The Dwarf Elder.

Vern. Richh has, mushkiara, ganhila,Jhelum; Gandal, gwandish, siske tésar, Chenab,
~ is a herbaceous plant from a perennial root stock. found in the valleys of the Jhelum

and Upper Chenab. S. adnata, Wall.; Brandis 576; Gamble 46. Vern. Chiriya-
baug, Nep., is an undershrub of Nepal and Sikkim found from 6,000 to 10,000 feet.
Kurz gives S. Thunbergiana, Bl., as an undershrub of Ava and the Kakhyen Hills.

1, S. javanica, Reinw. ; Gamble 46, Vern. Galeni, Nep.
A small tree. Bark light brown, rather corky. Wood white, soft.
Pores small, in groups. Medullary rays distant, fine to broad. Pith

large, about 4 inch in diameter.

Eastern Himalaya from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills. Chiefly found in
second-growth forest.

E 3133, Mangwa Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet.

214 CAPRIFOLIACE®. [ Viburnum,

2. VIBURNUM, Linn.

Contains about 15 species, mostly Himalayan. Three species occur in the
Nilgiris, seven in the North-West Himalaya, and about twelve in the Eastern
Himalaya and Khasia Hills.

V. corylifolium, Hook. f. and Th.; Gamble 46, is a small tree of Sikkim and the
Khasia Hills, V. nervosum, Don; Brandis 259. Vern. Ambre, amrola, ari, Ravi;
Ris, dab, Beas ; Thilkain, thalein, Sutlej, is a shrub of the Himalaya above 7,000 feet,
from Kumaun to Sikkim. V. cordifoliwm, Wall. and V. punctatum, Ham. ; Beddome
t. 217; Brandis 260; Gamble 46, are shrubs of the Outer Himalaya from Kumaun to
Bhutan, the latter occurring also in the Western Ghats. V. involucratum, Wall. ; Gamble
46, Vern. Gorakurt, Nep., is a shrub of the Himalaya, chiefly eastern. V. fetidum,
Wall., V. odoratissimum, Ker, and V. Simonsii, Hook. f. and Th., are all from the
Khasia Hills. V. hebanthum, W. and A.; Beddome cxxiv., is a small tree of the
Western Ghats and Ceylon.

The Guelder Rose, cultivated in gardens in Europe, is V. Opulus, Linn., and the
Laurustinus is V. Zinws, Linn., indigenous in the Mediterranean region.

Bark thin. Wood hard and close-grained, characterised by very
numerous, very fine medullary rays and very small pores. Annual rings
indistinctly marked, generally by a narrow line of firmer wood. The wood
of V. lutescens is softer, the pores larger,and the annual rings not visible.

All species here described, with the exception of V. erubescens and
V. lutescens,ave marked by distinct and numerous medullary patches, visible
on the horizontal and vertical sections, The European species, both
those with deciduous leaves, V. Opudus and V. Lantana, and the evergreen
V. Tinus have no medullary patches.

1. V. cotinifolium, Don; Brandis 258. Vern. War ghwalawa, Trans-
Indus ; Rich thklu, bankinch, Jhelum; Richabi, hilmich, guich, Kashmir ;
Bathor, pépat halam, khimor, réjal, tumma, Chenab; Kdtonda, Ravi;
Jawa, khatip, tustés, sisst, Sutlej; Gwia, guya, Kumaun.

A large deciduous shrub, with greyish brown bark, } inch thick.
Wood white, hard to very hard, close-grained. Pores very small, uni-
formly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, extremely
numerous. On a horizontal section are seen linear, concentric, but short
and interrupted patches of soft tissue, which shew on a vertical section
as undulating lines of darker colour and of varying length. —

Suliman Range, North-West Himalaya, between 4,000 and 11,000 feet.
The ripe fruit is eaten.

“4 soos {N agkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet.

-H 76. Mashobra, Pawar At: Wee

2. V. Mullaha, Ham.; Brandis 258,576. V. sted/ulatum, Wall. Vern.
Jal bagu, Shelum ; Amliacha, phulsel, Kashmir ; Lad titmaliya, Kumaun ;
Eri, wa, Sivala.

A shrub, Bark dark grey, reticulate. Wood white, moderately
hard ; structure the same as that of V. cotinifolium.

North-West Himalaya from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Fruit eaten,

H 2834. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet.
H 2866. Nagkanda, ,, 8,000 ,,

3. V. coriaceum, Bl.; Brandis 259; Gamble 46, Vern. Kala tit-
maliya, Kumaun ; Bara gorakuri, Nep.

Viburnum. | CAPRIFOLIACER. ; 215

A large shrub or small tree. Bark grey brown, rather corky. Wood
similar to that of V. cotinifolium; but the pores larger and the medullary
‘rays slightly broader.

Himalaya from the Sutle} to Bhutan at 4,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Nil-
giris and Ceylon. .

Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The Nepalese are said to extract from the seeds
an oil which they use for food and for burning.

lbs,
H 2835. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet . ; : : - ; 50

4. V. erubescens, Wall.; Beddome exxiv.; Brandis 258; Gamble
46. Vern. Ganné, Nep.; Kancha, Lepcha; Damshing, Bhutia.

A small tree, with thin grey bark. Wood very hard, reddish, close
and even-grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays undulating, fine
and very fine, very numerous. No medullary patches. -

Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan, between 5,000 and 11,000 feet; Nilgiris
and Ceylon. |

Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood might do as a substitute for boxwood and
for carving. Used for house-posts in Sikkim. It grows well and quickly from

cuttings.

é Ibs.
aes Ravebal; Darjeeling, 73000 feeb ST a

5, V. lutescens, Bl.; Kurz ii. 2; Gamble 46.

A large shrub. Bark greyish brown, thin. Wood reddish, soft.
Pores moderate-sized, very numerous, Medullary rays fine, very numer-
‘ous. Annual rings not visible.

Terai and Lower Hills of Sikkim, Assam, Khasia Hills, in damp evergreen
forests.

E 3273. Muraghat Reserve, W. Duars.

6. V. foetens, Decaisne; Brandis 259, Vern. Guch, éklu, hinch,
Jhelum; Kilmich, gich, kwitlim, kuldra, gamdra, Kashmir; Tilhanj,
puimu, tildts, téin, Chenab; Talhang, tandei, tuindhe, tundni zendni,
Ravi; Talhang, thelain, tselain, thitkain, Sutlej; Géya, Kumaun.

A large shrub with grey bark. Wood white, hard to very hard,
close-grained. Wood similar in appearance and structure to that of
V. cotinifolium.

North-West Himalaya, from 5,000 to 11,000 feet.
Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten.

“]

H 53. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet P ; $ . : R 5S
H 2886. 5 me < f : P : .
H 3015, Matiydna

E 975. Chunbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 fect

3. ABELIA, Brown.

Y. 1. A. triflora, R. Brown ; Brandis 257. Vern. Adei, pak/awar, Trans-
Indus; Cheta dua, Jhelum ; Ban bakharu, salanker, Chenab; Daling,
_ kit sdi, Ravi; Zhang, matzbang, pent, Sutle] ; Munri, gogatti, kumki,
Kumaun,

216 CAPRIFOLIACER. [ Adelia.

A large shrub. Bark grey, with longitudinal fissures. Wood grey-
ish or bluish white, hard, close and even-grained. Pores extremely small,

except those at the edge of each annual ring, which are small and con-

tinuous. Medullary rays very numerous, moderately broad and very
fine, the former short.

Safedkoh and Suliman Range, North-West Himalaya, between 4,000 and 10,000
feet.
Has very pretty flowers, but the wood is not used. Weight, 65 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
H 2937, ---Naldchra, ‘Sina, 4,600 Means ety. << aesadeo cae ae

4. LONICERA, Linn.

Contains 26 species, 21 of which are erect and 5 climbing. They are mostly small
shrubs of the Himalaya, 2 only being found in the Nilgiris and Western Ghats.
The Himalayan species are mostly from high altitudes, some occurring only in Tibet.
L. spinosa, Jacqaemont ; Brandis 255, is a small rigid shrub of the inner arid Hima-
laya. LZ. hypoleuca, Decaisne, Brandis 256. Vern. Kharmo, kodi, Chenab; Zhiko,
rapesno, Sutlej, is a small shrub of the Inner Himalaya. ZL. Myrtillus, Hook. f. and
Th., is a shrub of the Inner Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, from 9,000 to 12,000
feet. L. ligustrina, Wall. ; Beddome exxiv., is a shrub, common onthe Nilgiris, where it is
used as a hedge-plant: it'is also found in the Himalaya. Of the climbing species,
L. japonica, Thunb.; Gamble 46. Vern. Duari lara, Nep.; and L. glabrata, Wall.;

Gamble 45. Vern. Betlara, Nep. (No. E 2863, Tukdah, Darjeeling, with a soft brown -

wood, large pores and the structure of a climber) come from the Eastern Himalaya ;
while D. Leschenaultii, Wall., grows in the Malabar hills from 5,000 to 7,000 feet.
The European Honeysuckle is L. Periclymenum, Linn.

1. L. quinquelocularis, Hardwicke; Roxb. F). Ind. i. 587; Brandis
255. Vern. Jarlangez, ader, Trans-Indus; Phiut, Jhelam; Téa bateri,
pikhur, Kashmir; Bathru, Chenab; Khim, sdi, Ravi; Dendra, Beas;
Kliunti, krauntt, takla,zbang, racbam, bhajra, bhijaul, bijgaz, Sutlej; Bet
kukri, bhat kukra, cheraya, kurmali, Kumaun.

A large deciduous shrub. Bark thin, grey, with longitudinal fissures,
peeling off in long shreds. Wood white, with a brown centre, very hard
and close-grained. Annual rings marked by a narrow continuous belt
of pores; in the remainder of the annual ring the pores are extremely
small. Medallary rays short, fine, numerous.

Suliman Range, North-West Himalaya, between 2,500 and 9,000 feet.
Used only for firewood. Cattle are fed on the leaves. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic
foot.

H 381. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet
H 2874. Nagkanda, ,, 8,000 feet
H 3180. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet

Ibs.

2, L. orientalis, Lamarck; Brandis 256. _

A shrub. Bark peeling off in thin flakes. Wood white, with a
darker centre, moderately hard. Structure the same as that of LJ. guin-
quelocularis.

North-West Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaun, 8,000 to 10,000 feet,

H 2909. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet.
H 3017. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet.

.
‘
q

Lonicera, | CAPRIFOLIACER. 217

3. L. angustifolia, Wall.; Brandis 255. Vern. Geang, Jaunsar ;
Piru, philku, Sutiej. ”

A small shrub, with smooth, grey bark, exfoliating in broad flakes,
Wood white, very close-grained. Structure similar to that of ZL. quin-

quelocularis, but pores much smaller.

Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Fruits eaten.
Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot.
lbs,

H 2843. Mahasu, Simla, 8,500 feet =. ; 3 i : : 7 @
H 2875. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet - . ; sie ae

4. L. alpigena, Linn. ; Brandis 256. |
A shrub. Bark grey brown, peeling off in irregular papery flakes,
Wood moderately hard, structure similar to that of L. quinguelocularis.

North-West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaun, 8,000 to 10,000 feet.

H 2912. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet.
H 3016. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet.

5. LEYCESTERIA, Wall.

1. L. formosa, Wall.; Brandis 256; Gamble 46. Vern. Madkarr,
saunjla, nalhkaru, karnaliya, Kumaun ; Tunguk, Lepcha.

An erect shrub with hollow, generally herbaceous, stems. Bark
grey, shining. Wood resembling in structure that of Lonicera, but with
slightly broader medullary rays.

Throughout the Himalaya from the Sutlej] to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 10,000 feet.
H 2849. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 fees.

6. PENTAPYXIS, Hook. f.

Contains 2 species. P. glaucophylla, Hook. f., is a shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya,
from 5,000 to 9,000 feet.

1. P. stipulata, Hook. f; Gamble 45. Lonicera stipulata, Hook. f.
and Th. in Journ. Linn, Soc. ii. 165. Vern. Bertkuru, Nep.

A large shrub, with greyish brown bark. Wood white, soft. Pores
extremely small. Medullary rays fine and very fine. No annual rings.

Sikkim Himalaya, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet, very common on hill-sides cleared of
forest, around Darjeeling.

E 2866. Rangbil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet.

Orper LVI. RUBIACEX.

A large and very important forest Order containing many trees which are valuable
for their timber, besides plants which have valuable properties, chiefly as medicines
and dyes. It contains 44 Genera, divided into 13 Tribes, v2z.,—

Tribe I.—Naucleeer . : ; ; ; Sarcocephalus, Anthocephalus,
Cephalanthus, Adina, Ste-
phegyne, Nauclea and

Uncaria.

2D

218 RUBIACE®.

Tribe IL—Cinchonee . . « 4 | Cinchona, Hymenopogon, Hy- |

menodictyon and Luculia.
» i111.—Rondeletiee . - ; , Wendlandia.
» 1V.—Hedyotider . : : Hedyotis,
y V.—Mussendee . ; ‘ } Mussenda, Adenosacme, Myrio-
neuron and Urophyllum.
6 ViI—Gardeniex - : : Byrsophyllum, Webera, Ran-

dia, Gardenia, Hypobath-
yum, Petunga, Morin-
dopsis, Hyptianthera and

Diplospora.
» WIl.—Retiniphyllee . ; ; ; Scyphiphora.
» VIIl.—Guettardez : ‘ ; ' Guettarda and Timonius.
os 1X.—Vangueriex . ; : , Plectronia and Vangueria.
4 X.—Ixoree . : ‘ ; ; Ixora, Pavetta and Coffea,
» X%&L—Morindee é : : . Morinda and Gynoeht .

» XII.—Psychotriee . ‘ : ; Psychotria, Chasalia, Lasi-
anthus, Saprosma and
. : Tydnophytum.
» XAlIl.—Pederiee . : : : ; Pederia, Hamiltonia and
Leptodermis.

Sarcocephalus cordatus, Miq.; Beddome t. 318; Kurz ii. 63 (Nauelea corduta,
Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 508). Vern. Maoolet-tan-shay, Burm.; Bakmi, Cingh., is a deciduous
trée of Burma and Ceylon, with a light, soft, perishable wood, weighing 23 to 34 Ibs.
per cubic foot. Beddome says it is used for sandals, common furniture, doors andother |
purposes. Cephalanthus naucleoides, DC.; Kurz ii. 68, isa small tree of Upper
Burma. Uncaria contains several scandent shrubs, U. pilosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 520;
Kurz. ii. 70; Gamble 47. Vern. Baisi kara, Nep.; Kahukrik, Lepcha, isa straggling
shrub of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Burma, with large hooked sterile peduncles of the
shape of a buffalo’s horn, and handsome globular flower heads. U. sessilifructus, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 520; Kurz ii, 71; Gamble 47. Vern. Pinri, Lepcha, is a climber of
Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma. Kurz gives also U. ferruginea, DC.,
U. sessilifolia, Roxb., and U. levigata, Wall., as climbing shrubs of Burma; while
U. Gambier, Hunter; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 517; Beddome cxxix., is a scandent shrub of
Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago, whose leaves produce the astringent extract called
“ Gambier,” or “Terra japonica,’ which is used for chewing with pan leaves and
areca nut in the same way as cutch in India, and of which large quantities are
prepared and used throughout the Malay Archipelago.

Hymenopogon parasiticus, Wall.; Kurz ii. 73; Gamble 47. Vern. Kursimla, Nep.,
is an epiphytic shruh of the North-East Himalaya and Burma. Zuculia gratissima,
Sweet. Kurz ii. 71; Gamble 47. Vern. Dowari, Nep. ; Simbrangrip, Lepeha,is a
shrub with handsome long-tubed pink flowers, found in the hills of Sikkim and in
Upper Burma. Its leaves are used in dyeing. Weight 23 lbs. (Wallich, No. 43),

Hedyotis contains only small climbing shrubs. ‘They are very numerous, and
many of the species are used in dyeing.

ussenda contains about 7 large shrubs remarkable for having one of the lobes of
the calyx enlarged into a membranous, usually white leaf. MM. frondosa, Linn. ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 557 ; Beddome exxi.; Gamble 48. Vern. Asari, Nep.; Tumberh, Lepcha ;
Maasenda, Cingh., is a handsome shrub of the North-East Himalaya, Bengal, South
India and Burma, with yellow flowers and large white calycine leaf, often cultivated in
gardens. M. macrophylla, Wall.; Kurz ii. 57; Gamble 48, is a small tree of
second growth forest in the Sikkim Himalaya; also found in the Andamans. Kurz
mentions 5 other species as oceurring in Burma. Adenosaeme longifolia, Wall. ; Kurz
ii. 54; Gamble 48. Vern. Pitamari, Nep., is a shrub of the North-East Himalaya and
Burma, remarkable for its pretty snow-white berries. Myrioneuron nutans, R. Br. ;
Kurz ii. 56, is a shrub of Chittagong. Urophyllum contains 8 shrubs or small trees of
Martaban and Tenasserim and 2 small trees of Ceylon. ag

Byrsophyllum tetrandrum, Beddome t. 326, is a small tree of the hills of Travan-
core. Hypobathrum racemosum, Kurz ii. 51 (Randia racemosa, Roxb. Fi. Ind. i.
525) Vern. Peetunga, Beng., is a shrub of Eastern Bengal and of the swamp forests of
Pegu and Arracan. Petunga Roxburghii, DC. Vern. Jhijir, Beng., is asmall tree of

Anihocephalus. | RUBIACEA, 219

the Sundarbans with hard white wood; and Morindopsis capillaris, Kurz, a tree of
Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim. Hyptianthera gtricta, W. and A.; Brandis 274
(Hypobathrum strictum, Kurz ii. 50, Randia stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 526), is an
evergreen shrub of Oudh, Northern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma. Diplospora
singularis, Korth.; Kurz ii. 50 (? No. B 1998, Andamans. Vern, Thittoo, with white
wood, rough, with numerous prominent medullary rays; weight 36 lbs.), is a tree of
Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Gaertn. ; Beddome exxxiv. 3; Kurz ii. 4, is a small
sjmple-stemmed shrub of the coast forests of the Andamans and Ceylon.

Timonius flavescens (Polyphragmon flavescens), Kurz ii. 38 (? No. B. 1987, Anda-
mans. Vern. Tinlwonbeng, Burm., with a hard, light-brown wood ; weight, 48 lbs.), is
a small tree of the tropical forests of the Andamans.

Vangueria contains 3 species. V. edulis, Vahl.; Kurz ii. 33. Vern. Voa vanga,
is a thorny shrub of Madagascar, cultivated in Bengal for its edible fruit. Kyd calls it
Moyen, and gives weight 43 lbs., P= 480. V. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 526; Kurz
ii. 34; Gamble 49. Vern. Hsay-ma-kyee, Burm., is a thorny small tree of Bengal and
Burma; and V. pubescens, Kurz ii. 34, a tree of the Eng and dry forests of Burma.

Gynochthodes macrophylla, Kurz, is a scandent shrub of the coasts of South
Andaman.

Psychotria and Lasianthus contain a large number of small evergreen shrubs of
Bengal, Burma and South India. Chasalia curviflora, Thw.; Kurz ii. 14; Gamble
49. Vern. Antabi, Lepcha, isasmall shrub of the hills of Northern Bengal, Burma and
Ceylon. Saprosma contains 4 shrubs of South India and 2 of Burma. Hydnophy-
tum formicarum, Jack; Kurz ii. 8, is a small epiphytic shrub with an enlarged tuber-
like trunk found on trees in the swamp forests of the Andamans.

Pederia contains several shrubs or climbers. P. lanuginosa, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 76, is
a large climber of the forests of Burma; and P. fetida, Wild.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 683.;
Gamble 49. Vern. Gundha badhuli, Beng.; Gundali, Hind.; Padebiri, Nep.;
Takpedrik, Lepcha, is a thin climber of Bengal and Burma, with handsome flowers,
and fruit which is said to be used in Sikkim by Nepalese and Lepchas to blacken
the teeth, and prevent toothache. Hamiltonia suaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 554;
Beddome exxxiv. 12; Brandis 278; Gamble 49. Vern. Muskei, kantalu, fisaunt,
Chenab; Wiggi, tulenni phil, gohinla, Ravi; Kanera, puddri, Beas ; Phillu, Sutlej ;
Padera, Kumaun; Bainchampa, Nep., is a shrub of the North-West Himalaya,
Sikkim (rare), Behar, Central and South India, with handsome lilac flowers ; the wood
is said by Brandis to be used in Chamba to make gunpowder charcoal.

Besides the genera described from India, which include such important ones as
Cinchona, Coffea and Morinda, many genera contain plants of economic use. Cephaélis
Ipecacuanha, Rich., is the Ipecacuanha plant which has been largely propagated in
India, but which has proved very difficult to naturalise or grow in such a way as to
make its cultivation pay. ‘“ Madcder” is given by Rubia cordifolia, Linn., the Manjit
plant, common all over the Himalayas and largely exported ; while many other genera
are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their flowers, and among the commonest
of these are Serissa, Catesbea and Hamelia, besides the numerous Zxoras and
Gardenias, some species of which are described herein.

Wood white, yellow, or rarely red, close-grained, generally soft or
moderately hard; no heartwood. Pores small or very small; in Antho-
cephalus Cadamba and a few other species, moderate-sized. Medullary
iM uniform, equidistant, fine or very fine, very numerous, often closely
packed. |

The species which were formerly united under the old genus Nauclea,
genera Nos. 1 to 4, have an exceedingly uniform structure. The wood
_ seasons well, is soft, but close and even-grained. Pores numerous,
_ small to moderate-sized, ‘Medullary rays fine, very numerous,

1, ANTHOCEPHALUS, A. Richard,

1. A. Cadamba, Bth. and Hook f.; Brandis 261; Gamble 46.
Nauclea Vadamba, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 512; Beddome t. 35. Sarcocephalus

220 RUBIACER. [ Authocephalus.

Cadamba, Kurz ii. 63. Vern. Kaddam, karam, Hind., Beng.; Bol-kadam,
Chittagong ; Pandir, Lepcha; Kodum, Mechi; Roghu, Ass.; Kadambo,
Uriya; Vella cadamba, Tam.; Kadambe, rudrak-shamba, Tel.; Heltega,
arsanatega, Mysore; Kadam, Mar.; Kadda vailu, kadaga, hadwal,
Kan. ; Halamba, Cingh.; Maco, sanyepang, Magh; Maoo, maookadoon,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, with numerous regular, longitu-
dinal fissures. Wood white, with a yellowish tinge (an old specimen
from Burma, yellowish grey), soft, even-grained. Pores large, oval,
elongated, subdivided, sometimes in short radial lines. Medullary rays
fine, numerous, close together, bent outwards where they touch the pores.

Wild in Northern and Eastern Bengal, Pegu and the Western Coast; cultivated in
Northern India.

Growth variable, 5 to 15 rings per inch of radius, average moderate, 9 rings per

inch. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :—

: Number
Experiment by whom Veer Wood whence Wei : s ‘ Value of
‘ ght. | of experi- | Size of scantling.
made, procured, wWaente. ay
Ibs. Ft. ‘In: “in.
Puckle, No.19 . . | 1859 | Mysore 43 2 2x 1x1 616
Kyd . 7 A - | 1831 | Assam 36 aed r ie Ga OS | 560
Cunningham ., . | 1854 | Gwalior 47 5 ax 322 618
Brandis, No. 67 . - | 1862 | Burma 37 cee Te tee ae ee
Wallich 7 : ; aed Travancore 38 + saxty ( ee
Smythies . ; . | 1878 | Bengal 40 y rye
»” . « ‘ ” Assam 32 1 | ossnes “) 5 & . Pee
)

Wood used for building; in Assam, Cachar and occasionally in Darjeeling for tea-
boxes. Cunningham (1854) says that it is used for beams and rafters on account of
its cheapness and lightness, and that it is good for joiner’s work, but that it is a brittle
wood. The flowers are offered at Hindu shrines and the fruit eaten. It is often
cultivated for ornament, and is very much used as an avenue tree in Bengal. Kurz,
evidently quoting Brandis’ 1862 List, No. 67, says “ wood, a deep yellow ;” this is not,
however, the case with our specimens, and it may be suggested for investigation whether
the Burma wood has not a more yellow colour than the Indian.

Ibs.
E 650. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai. ; : ; ; . 40
E 3153. Pankabari, Darjeeling (damp) =p ie : : . 60
E 3144. Julpigori, Bengal : ; ; : ; : 40
E 1435. Assam ; ye ie A ; 5 : é * . 32
B 2535. Burma (1862) ; ; ; ; : : . 32

2. ADINA, Salisbury.

Contains 3 Indian species. A. polycephala, Hook. f. and Bth. (Mauclea poly-
cephala, Wall.; Kurz ii. 65), is a small evergreen tree of Chittagong and Tenasserim.

1, A. cordifolia, Hook. f, and Bth.; Brandis 263; Gamble 46.
Nauclea cordifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 514; Beddome t. 33; Kurz ii. 66.
Vern, Haldu, hardu, karam, Hind. ; Bangka, keli-kadam, petpuria, da-tém,
-Beng.; Karam, Nep.; Tikkoe, Bahraich and Gonda; Hardu, paspu,
kurmi, Gondi; Holonda, Uriya; Shangdong, Garo; Roghu, Ass. ; Manja-
kadambe, Tam.; Bandaru, didagi, paspu kadambe, Tel. ; Hedde, yettéga,
pettega, arsanatéga, yeltada, ahnau, Kan. ; Hedu, Mar. ; Kulong, Cingh. ;
Thaing, Magh ; Hnanbeng, Burm,

A large deciduous tree. Bark soft, 4 inch thick, grey, rough. Wood —

yellow, moderately hard, even-grained, No heartwood, no annual rings.

— ee Se

a a

Adina. | he RUBIACE. 221

Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed, more numerous and
more closely packed than in Stephegyne parvifolia. Medullary rays very
fine, of uniform width, not prominent, numerous, distinctly visible on a
radial section, finer and more uniform in width than those of 8. parvifolia.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 feet, through-
out the moister regions of India, Burma.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments :—

Number
Experiment by whom Wood whence : of : Value of
Pp ad Year. sipbared. Weight. experi. | Size of bar. P.
ments.
Ibs Ft. In. In
Puckle, No. 26 . ; . | 1859 | Mysore. 3 . 36 4 Die DES 464
Skinner, No. 99 . . » . | 1862 | SouthIndia. ‘ 42 re Pay EME RY 664
Cunningham ss. : . | 1854 | Gwalior . : : 49 2 2x 1x1 586
Brandis 2 : ‘ .| 1864 | Burma . ‘ - 43 7 ee Fes 760
Brandis, No. 65 . 5 «| 1862 He ie é 42 any tg eT
R. Thompson . . «| 1868 | Central Provinces . 47 CE ts) eer
OP. List. r = .| 1873 He a. - 42 cE) cae ee
Smythies . : - «| 1878 | Different Provinces . 45 IPT O asiaun

The wood seasons well, takes a good polish, and is durable, but somewhat liable to
warp and crack. It is good for turning, and is extensively employed in construction,
for Forateare, agricultural implements, opium boxes, writing tablets, gun-stocks, combs
and occasionally for dug-out canoes.

; - Ibs.
O 215. Garhwal (1868) . ; : : . : ; : . 43
O 2994. 9 (1874) . . ; : : : ; : . 46
O 1491. Kheri, Oudh ; : : ; ; : . . 48
O 340. Gorakhpur. : ; : : : : : . Al
C 825. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar. : ee ; : . 48
C 2988. Jubbulpore (1863) . : : ; ; , : : . 43
C 1136. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; ; : . . 44
C 1245. Gumstir, Madras . : : 7 3 . : ; . 49
E 2387. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai : 3 4 F ‘ oe
B 2538. Burma (1862) 2 ; , ; ; : é . 43
No. 35. Salem Collection . ; 3 : ; : : : . 40

2. A. sessilifolia, Hook. f. and Bth.; Brandis 264. Nauelea sessili-
Jolia, Roxb. FI. Ind.i1.515; Kurz ii.65. Nauclea sericea, Wall. Vern.
Ktim, Beng.; Kumkoi, Chakma; Thaing, Magh; Teingala, thitpayoung,
Burm.

Wood yellowish brown, hard. Pores very numerous, moderate-sized,
oval and subdivided, transverse diameter greater than the interval
between the closely packed, fine, and uniform medullary rays.

Chittagong and Burma.

Weight, according to Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 70, 43 to 56 lbs,; our
specimens give 55 lbs. as an average of three. The wood is used in Chittagong for
building purposes and firewood. In Chittagong it is perhaps the only gregarious tree,
being commonly found on flat places on the banks of rivers.

Ibs.
BE 1391. Chittagong . : : ; , 3 ; ; . . 53
B 2537. Burma (1862) - » é ; : : ; ‘ . 56

aa > ee Ca Gey

22 - RUBIACER. [ Stephegyne.

3. STEPHEGYNE, Korth.

Contains about 4 species of Indian trees. 8. diversifolia, Hook. f. and Bth. ©
(Nauclea diversifolia, Wall., placed by Kurz under WN. parvifolia). Vern. Bingah,
Burm., is a tree of Burma (weight, 45 lbs., Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 66), and
S. tubulosa, Hook. f. and Bth. ; Beddome exxviii., is a tree of Ceylon.

1, S. parvifolia, Hook. f. and Bth.; Brandis 262. Nauclea parvi-
folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 513; Beddome t. 34; Kurz ii 66. Vern,
Kaddam, kallam, heim, kangei, Hind.; Phaldu, Kumaun; Mundi, Gondi,
Baigas ; Kutebi, Kurku ; Buta-kadambe, Tam.; Nir-hadambe, karmi, bata-
ganapu, Tel.; Congt, hedu, yetega, kadwar, kadani, Kan. ; Kadamb, karamb,
kalam, Mar.; Tamék, Bhil; Helembé, Cingh.; Kumra, Banswara;
Hieinthay, Burm. |

A large deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, light grey, smooth, with
shallow depressions left by exfoliating scales. Wood light pinkish
brown, moderately hard, generally harder than that of Adina cordifolia.
No heartwood. Annual rings visible. Pores small, numerous, uniformly
distributed. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, not quite uniform
in width.

Throughout India and Burma.

Growth moderate, 5 to 15, averaging 9 rings es inch of radius. The weight and
transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments :—

— < ————— i ——_

Peper :
Experiment by whom Wood whence . re) ‘ Value of
z coi Year. procured. Weight. | oxperi- Size of bar. P,
ments.
Ibs Ft. In. In

Cunningham .. : . | 1854 | Gwalior . : , 35 2 2% Bx 586
Skinner, No. 100 ; . | 1862 | South India. : 39 TAY a Sues Ore? 683
Brandis, No. 69 ; 3 1862 Burma. : : 43 AF Baise fA
R. Thompson. : . | 1868 | Central Provinces . 47 as Farts
Smythies . ; é . | 1878 -| As below . : ; 42:7 11 pee |
A. Mendis, No. 35. ; 1855 Ceylon. - P 42 Gee ee Saas

The wood is easily worked and polishes well; it is durable, if not exposed to wet.
It is used for building, furniture, agricultural implements, combs, cups, spoons and
platters, and for turned and carved articles.

P 458. Ajmere y

O 269. Garhwal (1868)

O 529. Dehra Din

O 344. Gorakhpur . ,

© 1481. Kheri, Oudh : : : ;
C 178. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870)
C 186. ” ” ” ”

C 1120. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces .
© 2783. Melghat, Berar : , :
B 561. Prome . : . ; ; ; : : ; ; i
B 2539. Burma (1862) ; : , ; : jas ‘ ‘
No. 36. Salem Collection ; ; ; ‘ ; : ; ;
No. 35. Ceylon Collection .

SESSEESEREAE: F

Stephegyne. | RUBIACER. 223

W 1226 (42 lbs.; growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius), received from
North Kanara under the name of Anthocephalus Cadamba, is in structure similar to
S. parvifolia, but has red heartwood, with darker streaks. It is probably Nauclea
elliptica, Dalzell, Bomb. Fl. 118; Beddome exxix. Vern. Ahnau, Kan.

2. S. Sp. Gamble 46. Vern. Kalé, halikat, Nep.

A large tree. Bark brownish white. Heartwood orange yellow,
sapwood reddish. Wood moderately hard. Pores large and moderate-
sized, very numerous, filled with a gummy substance. Medullary rays
fine, very numerous, undulating.

Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for building.
Ibs.
E 2385. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling . : : : ; ‘ 44

4. NAUCLEA, Linn.

Contains 3 or 4 Indian trees. LV. elliptica, Dalz., a large tree of the Western
Coast, has been referred to above. LV. purpurea, Roxb.; Beddome exxix., is a tree of
the Eastern Ghats of South India. Kurz gives WN. eacelsa, Bl, asa large evergreen
tree of Pegu.

1. N. rotundifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 516; Kurz ii. 67. Vern. Bingah,
Burm.

Wood yellowish brown, moderately hard, close and even-grained.
Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, uniform, very
closely packed, the transverse diameter of the pores being greate? than
the interval between two successive rays.

Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Weight, 47 Ibs. per cubic foot. Wood not used, but likely to be of value.

Ibs,
a Circasa Flagg 8 oo) hog OR TO) Py. bl ean aS

B 2288. Andamans (1866) - : ¢ , : 3 : ; 44,

B 2233 (47 lbs.), sent from the Andamans in 1866 under the name Hitainbyoo
resembles in structure WV. rotundifolia, except that it has slightly larger pores.

5, CINCHONA, Linn.

A genus of about 36 species of trees or shrubs found in a narrow belt along the
Andes of South America, between 2,300 and 8,000 feet elevation. Several species give
the Peruvian bark or Cinchona of commerce, the value of which depends upon the
presence of certain alkaloids which are known as “quinine,” “ cinchonine,” “ cinchoni-
dine,” &c., and which are so valuable as febrifuges.

The Cinchona trees were first brought to India in 1860, chiefly through the labours
of Mr. C. R. Markham, C.B., who was sent by the Secretary of State in 1859 to Peru
to collect plants and seeds of the different kinds. The plants he brought did not live,
but the seeds were sown and the trees planted in the Nilgiri Hills. In 1862
Dr. T. Anderson instituted the plantations at Rangbi in Sikkim with plants and seeds
brought by him from Java. There are 4 principal species cultivated in the Indian
plantations : viz., C. succirubra, Calisaya, officinalis and micrantha.

1. C. succirubra, Pavon ; Brandis 265; Gamble 47. Red Bark.
Wood yellow, moderately hard. Pores small, in radial lines,
Medullary rays closely packed, fine and very fine.

224 RUBIACER. - {| Cinchona.

Cultivated on the Nilgiris and. other hills of South India, at the plantations of
Rangbi and Poomong in Sikkim, on the hills east of Toungoo in Burma and in parts
of the Satpura Range in Central India. This species thrives at a lower elevation
than the others, but is comparatively poor in rege: though rich in cinchonine and
cinchonidine. From this species is chiefly derived the “Cinchona Alkaloid,” which is
now largely manufactured at the Government Plantation of Rangbi.

i 3ib7 } Ranghi, Darjeeling, 3,700 feet.

2. C. Calisaya, Weddell ; Brandis 266 ; Gamhle 47. Yellow Bark.
Wood reddish-grey, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small,
in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, closely packed.

Cultivated in Sikkim at moderate elevations.
It yields perhaps the most valuable of the Cinchona barks, rich in alkaloids, among

which quinine forms 3 to #ths.

ara. } Rangbi, Darjeeling, 3,700 feet.

—

3. C. officinalis, Linn.; Brandis 266; Gamble 47. Loxa or Crown

Bark.
Wood yellowish grey, similar in structure to that of C. Calisaya.

Cultivated at high elevations on the Nilgiris, in Ceylon and in Sikkim, but not

extensively.
Its bark is rich in alkaloids, of which more than one-half is quinine.

E oo: } Rangbi, Darjeeling, 3,700 feet.

6. HYMENODICTYON, Wall.

~ Contains about 4 species. H. flaccidum, Wall.; Brandis 268; Gamble 47,is a tree
of the hills of Eastern Bengal and the outer Himalaya as far west as the Jumna.
H. obovatum, Wall.; Beddome t. 219; Brandis 268. Vern. Yella malla kai,
Tam.; Mallay tanék, Madura; Karwai, Bombay, is a large tree of the Western

Ghats.

1. H. excelsum, Wall.; Beddome exxx.; Brandis 267. Cinchona
excelsa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 529. Vern. Bartu, barthoa, Pb.; Bhaulan,
bhalena, bhamina, dhauli, kikirkat, bhirkin, phaldu, bhohér, potir,
Hind. ; Dondru, dandelo, Panch Mehals ; Bhoursdl, Mar. ; Sagapu, Tam. ;
Dudiyetia, dudippa, chetippa, burja, bandara, Tel.; Bodoka, Uriya;
Manabina, Karnil.

A large deciduous tree. Bark soft, $ to ? inch thick, grey, exfoliating
in irregularly shaped, softish scales. Wood brownish grey, soft. Annual
rings indistinctly marked. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed,
often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, visible
on a radial section. Numerous faint, white, transverse bars joining the
medullary rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Punjab to Oudh, ascending to 5,500 feet ; Central
and South India.

Growth moderate, 6 to 7 rings perinch of radius. Average weight of our specimens
31'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for agricultural implements, scabbards, grain
measures, palanquins, toys and similar articles, The mnuer bark is bitter and

ad
y a

nore

i

Hymenodictyon. | RUBIACER. 225

astringent, and is used as a febrifuge, and for tanning; the leaves are used as cattle
fodder.

r lbs.
O 216. Garhwal (1868) . : : , ‘ ‘ ; , , 28
O 350. Gorakhpur (1868) : : : ; : , ; ie
O 1462. Bharaich, Oudh . ; é ; : P : ‘ : 32
O 1482. Kheri, Oudh ‘ . : ‘ : ; ; - ? 34
C 1127. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ‘ : “ : : 32

2. H. thyrsiflorum, Wall.; Kurz ii. 72; Gamble 47. Cinchona
thyrsiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 530. Vern. Purgur, Hind.; Khoozan,
Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark 1 inch thick, grey, with corky flakes. Wood
white or grey, soft. Annual rings indistinctly marked. Structure the
same as that of H. ewcelsum.

Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma.

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Brandis’
Burma List of 1862, No. 104, 28 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 33 lbs. Used
for black-boards and packing-cases.

lbs.
E 1231. Sibsagar, Assam : : ; : 7 : : ; 26
E 1286. Cachar : : : ° ; é ; : : u 34
B 279. Burma (1867) . ‘ é , ‘ ; : : ‘ 31
B 3070. 01s) £1883). 14 ‘ : , : ; ; . . 38
B 559. Prome, Burma . ‘ - ‘ ; 4 ‘ : : 33

B 2287. Andaman Islands : : . p : : ; : 34

7. WENDLANDIA, Bartling.

Contains about 12 Indian species. W. tinctoria, DC.; Beddome cxxx.; Brandis
269; Kurz ii. 74 (Rondeletia tinctoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 522; Wendlandia sp.
Gamble 48.) Vern. Tvila-lodh, Bengal.; Kangi, Nep.; Singnok, Lepcha; Telli,
Uriya ; Tamayoke, Burm.,is a small tree of the forests of Kumaun, Oudh, Behar,
Bengal and Burma, whose bark is used in Bengal as a mordant in dyeing. Several
other species are found in the North-East Himalaya and several in Burma, chiefly
Tenasserim, but they are unimportant. One or two are climbers.

1. W. exserta, DC.; Beddome exxx.; Brandis 268; Gamble 48.
W. cinerea, DC.; Gamble 47. Rondeletia exserta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
523. Vern. Chaulai, chila, chilkiya, tila, birsa, tilki, tilai, Hind.;
Kangi, tilki, mimri, Nep.; Kirsi, Seoni; Marria, Gondi; Tilliah, Baigas
in Mandla. .

A small deciduous tree with brown bark. Wood reddish brown,
hard, close-grained. Pores small, medullary rays moderately broad and
fine, the former short. Aunual rings marked by firmer wood on the
outer and more porous wood on the inner edge of each ring.

yen tract from the Chenab eastwards, Oudh, Bengal Central and South-
ern indla.

Growth fast, 4-5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. Wood used for build-
ing and agricultural implements and used for house-posts in the Sikkim Terai.

lbs.

QO 1370. Gonda, Oudh . : 47

E 589. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai .

2. W. Notoniana, Wall.; Beddome t. 224; Thwaites Enum, 159.
Vern. Rameneidelle, Cingh.

SEZ

226 RUBIACER. [ Wendlandia.

A small tree of South India and Ceylon, with a red wood, having a
similar structure to that of W. exserta.

_ Ibs.
No. 74. Ceylon Collection (marked W. bicuspidata) : : ; 48

8. WEBERA, Schreb,

Contains about 10 species of small trees, shrubs or climbers from Eastern Bengal,
South India and Burma.

W. oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 698; Kurz ii. 47 is a small tree of Chittagong
and Burma, said by Kurz to have a yellowish white, heavy, close-grained wood.
W. glomeriflora, Kurz ii. 47, is a small tree of the Pegu Yomas. W. myrtifolia,
Kurz ii. 49, is a small tree of the swamp forests of Burma and W. monosperma, W. and
A.; Beddome exxxiv., is a shrub of the Nilgiri Hillsand Wynaad. Kurz also describes
4 scandent shrubs from Chittagong and Burma. Roxburgh gives W. scandens,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 698. Vern. Gajer kota, Beng., as a climber; and W. odorata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 699, Vern. Patagrija, Beng., as a small tree, of the forests
of Sylhet. .

1. W. asiatica, Linn.; Beddome exxxiii. W. corymbosa, Willd. ;
Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 697. Stylocoryne Webera, A. Rich.; Thwaites Enum. ~
158. Vern. Kankra, Beng.; Kachuria chall, Cuttack; Komi, Tel. ; Tar-
ana, Cingh.

A large shrub or small tree. Wood yellowish white, hard, close-
grained. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays short, fine and extremely fine. 7

Bengal, South India and Ceylon.

Weight, 57 Ibs. per cubic foot. ‘The wood is said by A. Mendis to be used in Ceylon

for fishing-boats.
Ibs.

No. 84. Ceylon Collection , é . , ; J PFs 57

9. RANDIA, Linn.

Contains 10 to 12 species of shrubs or small trees, generally armed with strong
axillary thorns. RB. rigida, DC.; Brandis 273; Gamble 48, is a shrub found in the
forests of the Eastern Himalaya, Nepal and probably Kumaun. J. fragrans,
Beddome cxxxii. (Posogueria fragrans, Kon.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 717). Vern.
Pedalli, Tel., is a shrub of South India, used to make hedges. R. Gardneri, Thw.;
Beddome exxxii., is a small tree of the South Tinnevelly hills and Ceylon; R. dekka-
nensis, Beddome cxxxiil., is a small tree of the Anamalais; and R. speciosa, Beddome
exxxil., a climbing shrub of the Western Ghats, with sweet-scented flowers. R. nutans,
’ DC. ; Kurz ii., 45 is a shrub of the forests of Pegu.

ee ee

Wood smooth, close-grained, hard. Pores small or very small.
Medullary rays fine and very fine.

1. R. uliginosa, DC. ; Beddome exxxii,; Brandis 273; Kurz ii. 44;
Gamble 48. Posoqueria uliginosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 712. Vern.
Pinddlu, pindar, pandr, paniah, bharani, katél, Hind.; Piralo, Beng. ;
Maidal, Nep.; Kaurio, Panch Mehals; Pendra, Uriya; Katil, pender,
Gondi; Gangru, gangéru, Kurku; WNallaika, nalla kakisha, Tel.;
Wagatta, Tam.; Karé, pendri, Kan.; Teiphetru, panelra, phetra, pindra,
Mar.; Zapkél, Bhil; Mhaniben, mhanpyoo, Burm. :

A small deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, reddish brown, exfoliat-
ing in thin flakes. Wood whitish grey, close-grained, hard, no heart-
wood, Annual rings marked by a narrow belt without pores, Pores

Randia. | RUBIACER. 227

small and very small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
fine and very fine, very numerous, distinctly visible on a radial section.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central
and South India. :
Growth moderate, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, the average of our
specimens gives 48 lbs. per cubic foot; Brandis says 41 lbs. The fruit is eaten.
Ibs.

O 542. Dehra Din : : ; : ‘ : , } ; 48
O 1458. Bahraich, Oudh : : ; : ; ‘ f 47
O 1487. Kheri,Oudh j : : ‘ : ; 51
C 2782. Melghat, Berar : ; : . . ‘ bub
C 1186. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : ; . : ras
C 2756. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces. ; ibaeee : 48
W 992. North Kanara . | . . ; j . . y 46

2. R. dumetorum, Lam.; Beddome exxxii.; Brandis 273; Gamble
48. Posoqueria dumetorum, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 718. Vern.
Mindla, mandkolia, arara, Pb,; Mainphal, manyil, karhar, main,
mainhiri, manneul, arar, Hind.; Maidal, amuki, Nep.; Gundrow, Mechi;
Gurdl, Rajbanshi; Panji, Lepcha ; Pativa, Uriya; Madu karray, Tama. ;
Manda, Tel.; Gera, galay, Mar.; Kuway, katvi, Gondi; Bhita, Kurku;
Karé, Kan.

_ A deciduous thorny shrub or small tree, with grey bark. Wood
white or light brown, compact, hard. Structure the same as that of
KR. uliginosa, |

a Throughout India, extending in the North-West Outer Himalaya as far as the
as.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius, according to our specimens; Brandis
says slow: that “a section of a tree known to be 65 years old, 4-inch radius, hollow
inside, shewed 54 annual rings on 2 inches of the radius near the circumference.”
Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for agricultural implements, fences and
fuel. The bark of the root and stem and the fruit are used in native medicine, the
latter as an emetic. The fruit is also used to poison fish, and when ripe is roasted

and eaten.

‘ Ibs.
O 262. Garhwal (1868) . ; : : ; . ‘ : 54
O 1366. Gonda, Oudh . ; . ; : ‘ ‘ ; : 50
O 1461. Bahraich, Oudh . : ‘ 4 ; ‘ , ; “ 62
O 1488. Kheri, Oudh . : é 5 f ; ; 5 : 54
C 2750. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (young) ; ; ; 45
C. 2799. Melghat, Berar (young) ; ; ; . 48
2 a } Khookloong forest, Darjeeling Terai . : ; : - ae

E 2386. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. .

3. R. tetrasperma, Bth. and Hook. f.; Brandis 272. Gardenia
tetrasperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 709. Vern. Bara garri, batya gingaru,
Kumaun. ,

A small procumbent shrub with grey bark. Wood white, very hard.
Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Medullary
patches numerous and prominent, of a slightly bluish colour,

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 6,000 feet.

Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot.

Meena, Simla, 6,000 fect. 6, eng
A000 GEM cs yy cn" covtiondt Hitch, sande

228 RUBIACEM. [ Gardenia.

10. GARDENIA, Linn.

Contains 12 to 15 Indian species of shrubs or trees. G. gummifera, Linn.; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 708; Beddome cxxxiv. 1; Brandis 270. Vern. Dekdmdli, kamarri, Hind. ;
Chitta mattu, chitnityal, gaggaru, Tel.; Chitta, bikke, kambi, Kan., is a large shrub
of Central and South India, with a white hard wood, and giving a yellow gum resin.
G. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 709. Vern. Teliga, tella kakisha, Tel., is a small
tree of South India. G. coronaria, Ham. ; Kurz ii. 43, is a tree of Chittagong and
Burma, with a heavy, close-grained wood. G. sessiliflora, Wall.; Kurz ii. 40. Vern.
Majeebouk, Burm., is a tree of the hills of Burma. Kurz describes several other
Chittagong and Burma species of less importance. G. florida, Linn., of Indian gardens,
is an introduction from China.

Wood smooth, close-grained, hard. Pores small to extremely small,
numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine to moder-
ately broad.

1. G. turgida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 711; Beddome exxxiv. 1.; Brandis
270; Kurzii. 41. Vern. ZThanella, khirrir, khuriari, ghirga, mhaner,
Hind.; Karhér, Banda; Panjra, pendra, Gondi; Phurpaia, Kurku; Khur-
phendra, pendri, phanda, phetra, Mar. ; Phetrak, Bhil; Bamemia, Uniya ;
Manjinda, telél, Tel. ; Bongeri, Kan.; Thamengsanee, Burm.

A small deciduous tree. Bark smooth, bluish grey, } inch thick,
compact. Wood close-grained, hard, white with a purplish tinge, no
heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small. Medullary
rays fine and very fine, very numerous. |

"
Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal to the Jumna, ascending to 4,000 feet ; Rajputana,
Burma, Central and South India.
Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to R. Thompson
56°5 lbs. per cubic foot; our specimens give 541bs. Wood good, but splits and cracks
in seasoning.

Ibs.
O 541. Dehra Din ; ; : “ ; . c ; re
O 1377. Gonda,Oudh . . : as : E ; . , 60
O 1463. Bahraich, Oudh . 4 : ; § ; ‘ ‘ : ie
O 1489. Kheri, Oudh ; ; . é ; ¢ : : : 50
C 826. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . : . ; i ; : 54
C 2779. Melghat, Berar . ; : ; : 4 ; ; ‘ 58
C 1142. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : ; : ; ‘ 54
W 993. North Kanara . ‘ ‘ 48

Nos. C 1248 and C 1309 (61 and 63 lbs.) sent from Gumstr under the name
Gorahadu, have the same structure as, and probably are, this species.

2. G. lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 707; Beddome exxxiv.; Brandis 271.
G. resinifera, Roth.; Kurz ii. 42. Vern. Dikamali, Hind., Guz.;
Konda manga, kokkita, tetta manga, C.P.; Papar, Bijeragogarh ; Karinga,
karaingi, tella-manga, Tel. ; Kumbi, Tam.

A small deciduous tree. Bark 3 inch thick, greenish grey, exfoliat-
ing in irregular flakes. Wood yellowish white, close-grained, hard, no
heartwood, no annual rings. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays
very fine.

Central and South India, Chittagong.

Weight, 391bs. per cubic foot. Wood useful for turning; it is made into combs.
It gives a gum resin from wounds in the bark. This gum is hard, opaque, yellow,

greenish or brown, with a strong smell, and is used in the treatment of cutaneous
diseases and to keep off flies and worms.

Ths.
© 1185. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : ; : é , 39

—— EOE =

— Gardenia. | RUBIACER. 229

3. G. latifolia, Aiton; Roxb, Fi. Ind. i, 706 (? cf Brandis 272) ;
Beddome exxxiv. 1.; Brandis 271. Vern: Papra, pdphar, pepero, ban
pinddlu, Hind. ; Pannia bhil, gingat, bhandara, geggar, Gondi; Phip-
har, mali, Baigas ; Kumbay, Tam. ; Pedda haringa, pureea, bikki, gaiger,
Tel.; Kota-ranga, Uriya; Ghogar, gogarli, Mar.; Gogar, Bhil.

_A small deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick, greenish grey, exfoliating
and leaving smooth, conchoidal, rounded depressions. Wood light-
yellowish brown, close and even-grained, hard, handsomely mottled,
neither warps nor splits. No heartwood. Marked concentric annual
rings. Pores extremely small, numerous. Medullary rays fine, short.

: Lo egies tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Central and South
. ndla.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 50 to 53 Ibs. per cubic foot.

The wood is easy to work, durable, and is recommended to be tried as a substitute for

boxwood ; itis likely to be very good for engraving and turning. Combs are made

of it.
Ibs,
- B 1173. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; d : ; ; 53
B 2733. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces ‘ é : ; . 60

4, G. obtusifolia, Roxb. ; Kurz ii. 42. Vern, Yengkhat, Burm.
A small deciduous tree with thin, grey bark. Wood white, moderately

t hard, even-grained. Poressmall. Medullary rays moderately broad, and
3 a large number of very fine rays, which are not very distinct.

| Burma.

4 Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. It yields a yellow pellucid resin.

4 Ibs.

B 817. Rangoon Division, Burma. . P ‘ ; ; . 55

5. G. costata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 704. G@. coronaria, Ham.; Kurz ii.
43. Vern. Yenghkhat, tsaythambyah.

A small deciduous tree, with smooth, grey bark; wood light brown,
hard, close-grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small. Medullary
rays fine, scanty, distinctly visible on a radial section as long horizontal
plates.

Chittagong and Burma.

Growth slow, 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot (Kurz
identifies G. lucida, No. 72 of Brandis’ Burma List of 1862 with this. Weight, 49 Ibs.)
Used for making combs and for turning, but liable to crack,

Rate Seiea Cty feet ry eae, Me en 3 > UE
eee or Wipes Pee are: eer ee ONE | | Tiel abl gg

ive fy
a,

11. GUETTARDA, Linn.

1, G. speciosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 686; Beddome exxxiv. 4;
Kurz ii. 37. Vern. Domdomah, And.; Nil piteha, Cingh.
___ A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with thin grey bark. Wood yellow,
with a tinge of red. Pores small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays,
moderately broad and very fine.

Tidal forests along the shores of the Andaman Islands and Ceylon.
B 1971. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) ; , ’ ‘ ; ‘ 49

4 2 ae = ee
‘

230 RUBIACER, [ Plectronia, —

12. PLECTRONIA, Linn.

Contains 10 to 12 shrubs, part of which are found in South India and Ceylon, aud
art in Burma and the Andamans. P. parviflora, Roxb.; Beddome exxxiv. 5;
Canthium parviflorum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 534) Vern. Balsu, Tel., is a thorny shrub of

South India, whose wood is hard and used for turning, and whose leaves are eaten in
curries,

1, P. didyma, Bth. and Hook. f.; Kurz ii. 35. Canthium didymum,
Gaertn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1.535; Beddome t. 221; Brandis 276. Vern.
Tolan, Uriya; Neckanie, nalla balsu, Tam., Tel.; Adalu, Kan.; Arsid,
Bombay ; Poruwa, Cingh.
A large shrub, Wood grey, hard. Pores very small, numerous
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

South India, Ceylon and Tenasserim.
Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for agricultural purposes.

Ibs.
No. 16. Salem Collection : ; : et

13. IXORA, Linn.

A large genus containing some 30 or more Indian and Burmese shrubs or small
trees. Beddome describes 7 species from South India, and Kurz 24 (excluding
Pavetta) from Burma, while many species come from Eastern Bengal and Assam.
I. coccinea, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1.375; Beddome exxxiv. 7 ; Kurz ii. 26 (1. Bandhuca,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 376). Vern. Rangun, rajana, Beng.; Bandhuka, Sans., is a well-
known scarlet-flowered shrub called the “Flame of the Woods,” indigenous in South
India, Chittagong and Burma and cultivated in gardens all over India. J. stricta,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 379; Kurz ii. 26, is another scarlet-flowered species from Tenasserim.
I. acuminata,. Roxb. Fl.. Ind. i. 383; Gamble 48. Vern. Churipat, Nep., is a hand-
some shrub of Sikkim, Assam and Kastern Bengal with large, crowded corymbs of
scented white flowers. J. undulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 385; Gamble 48. Vern. Paluka-
jui, Beng.; Pari, Nep. ; Takechirnyok, Lepcha, is a small tree of Bengal, and J. villosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 383. Vern. Chunari, Beng., of Sylhet. J. barbata, Roxb., and_
I. polyantha, Wight ; Beddome exxxiv. 7, are small trees of the Western Ghats. -

1. I. parviflora, Vahl.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 388; Beddome t. 222;
Brandis 275 ; Kurz ii. 21. The Torch Tree. Vern. Kota gandhal, Hind. ;
Rangan, Beng. ; Disti, Gondi; Kérat, lokandi, Mar.; Shulundu hora,
Tam. ; Karipal, kachipadél, tadda pallu, Tel.; Kori, Gondi; Korgi, Kan.;
Tellu kurwan, Uriya; Maha ratambala, Cingh. ;

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark 4 inch thick, dark brown,
exfoliating in irregular rounded scales, Wood light brown, smooth, very
hard, close-grained. No heartwood. Annual rings indistinet. Pores
very small. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous.

Bengal, Burma, Central and South India.

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight according to Skinner, No. 84
66 lbs.; our specimen gives 57 lbs. Skinner gives P —717. The wood is well suited

for turning and might do for engraving. Beddome says it is used for furniture an
building purposes. The green branches are used for torches.

lbs.
C 1156. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : - ; - - 57

14. PAVETTA, Linn. fan

Contains 6 to 8 species of Indian shrubs or small trees. P. indica, Linn.; Bed-
dome exxxiv. 7; Brandis.275 (Zvora PavettayRoxb. FI. Ind, i, 385; Kurz ii. 18.) Vern.

Pavetta., | RUBIACE®. 231

Kikira chira, Beng. ; Pavetti, Tam. ; Niini-papita, tapra, Tel.; Pawetta, Cingh.,
Meenaban, Burm., is a common shrub of Bengal, South and parts of Central India
and the Andaman Islands. P, breviflora, DC; Beddome exxxiv. 7, is a shrub of the
higher ranges of the Nilgiris. Kurz, under Izora, describes 4 other species, viz.: J.
compactifiora, and I.’naucleiflora, from Upper Tenasserim ; 1. weber@folia, from the
Andamans ; and I. recurva (Pederia recurva, Roxb. FI. Ind, i. 684), from Chittagong.

1. P. tomentosa, Smith; Beddome exxxiv. 7.; Brandis 275, Ivora
tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 386; Kurz ii. 19; Gamble 48. Vern. Padera,
Kumaun ; Ja, Beng. ; Sundék, Lepcha; Papiri, papatta, nam-papita, Tel.

A large shrub with thin, smooth, brownish grey bark, Wood light
brown, hard, close-grained. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays
short, numerous, fine and very fine. .

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Bengal,
South India and Burma.
Ibs.
O 3086, Gonda, Oudh SE ep aie ree 2 Seapets 5

15. COFFEA, Linn.

C. bengalensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 540 ; Beddome exxxiv. 8; Brandis 277 ; Kurz ii. 28;
Gamble 49. Vern. Kath-jahi, Hind. ; Kundrudi, Mechi, isasmall shrub found in most
parts of the moister regions of India. The berries are used as coffee by Mechis and
Rajbanshis in Northern Bengal, but the coffee is of inferior quality.

1.¢. arabica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 539; Beddome cxxxiv. 8;
Brandis 276 ; Kurz ii. 27 ; Gamble 49. Vern. Bun (the berry), Kahwa
(the same roasted and ground).

A shrub with thin grey bark. Wood white, moderately hard, close-

grained. Pores very fine and extremely fine. Medullary rays very fine,
numerous.

Indigenous in Abyssinia and Soudan, cultivated since the fifteenth century in
Arabia and introduced thence to India. It has been cultivated in many pasts of India,
but on a large scale only in Mysore, Coorg, the Western Ghats and Ceylon. It is
occasionally found running wild in the forests. Growth moderate.

P3150. Coorg (20-25 years old).

Prismatomeris tetrandra, Hook. f. and Bth. Genera Pl. ii. 119 (Coffea tetrandra,
Roxb. ; Kurz ii. 28) is an evergreen tree of the forests of Chittagong, the Martaban
Hills and Andaman Islands up to 3,000 feet elevation.

16. MORINDA, Linn.

A genus of Indian and Burmese trees and shrubs, mostly giving a red or yellow dye
from the root bark. Roxburgh Fl. Ind. i. 541 to 548, describes 7 species ; and Brandis
p. 278, says that 5 out of these species “ cannot well be specifically distinguished “ and
that “it will be more convenient to consider them as one under the name M. citrifolia,
Roxb.” The names of Roxburgh’s 5 species are (1.) W. citrifolia, Roxb., from Pegu ;
(2.) M. tinctoria, Roxb., cultivated ; (3.) M. bracteata, Roxb., from Ganjam ; (4.) MZ.
exserta, Roxb., of Bengal; and (5.) M. multiflora, Roxb., from N agpore and Berar. We
will, however, retain the name M. exserta for our specimens at present.

M. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 547 ; Brandis 278 ; Kurz ii. 61. Vern. Asugach,
Ass.; Kcehai tun, Phekial ; Chenung, chengrung, Garo ; Yaiyo, Burm., is an evergreen
tree of Bengal and Burma, whose bark and wood give a yellow dye. M. uwmbellata,
Linn.; Beddome cxxxiv. 9; Kurz ii. 62. WM. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 548, is an
evergreen scandent shrub of the Western Ghats, Tenasserim and Ceylon. Kurz de-
scribes 5 other species from Burma, ; NA Ee

232 RUBIACER. [ Morinda.

1. M. exserta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 545; Beddome exxxiv.; Brandis
277; Kurz ii.59. Vern. Al, ach, Hind.; Adleri, allédi, Panch Mehals ;
Hardi, Nep.; Noona,Tam.; Toghur, togara mogali, mogali, manja pavatti,
Tel.; Achu, Uriya ; Nyau, Burm. ; Ali, Gondi.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark corky, brittle, brown or
grey, with numerous deep, longitudinal cracks. Wood red, often yellow,
with red streaks, or brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual
rings faintly marked. Pores small, scanty, generally in radial lines
between the numerous, fine and moderately broad medullary rays.

Bengal, Burma, Guzerat, South India.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner, No, 97
(M. citrifolia) 30 lbs. per cubic foot; Wallich 29 lbs. ; our specimens give 41 lbs.
Skinner gives P = 410. The wood is durable: Wallich’s specimen (No. B 2690), cut
in Burma in 1828, was quite sound when cut up after 50 years in Calcutta. It is used
for plates and dishes. The bark of the root is largely used for dyeing red and yellow.

lbs.
C 1130. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; 7 ‘ j . os
C 1307. Gumstr, Madras : ; : : ; é ‘ . 42 :
C 1246. = _ i ; ; ; ; , : . Sea
B 2690. Tavoy (Wallich 1828) . ; : ; : . . 41
No. 34. Salem Collection , ye 3 ; : : ; . 40

17. LEPTODERMIS, Wall.

1. L. lanceolata, Wall. ; Brandis 279. Vern. Jogia padera, Kumaun.

A small shrub of the North-Western Himalaya, generally on rocks
between 5,000 and 10,000°feet. Bark thin, grey. Wood hard, white.
Pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

Ibs.
H 2922. Simls, 6,000 fect ts es

Orver LVII. COMPOSITZ,
The largest Order of plants not only in India, but in the world. With very few

exceptions, all the species are herbaceous. There are, however, genera containing shrubs

or small trees. They belong to the following Tribes :—

Tribe I.—Vernoniex ; ; . ; Vernonia.
» LI.—Asteroidez ‘ ; ; Microglossa.
, L11.—Inuloides : . ; : Blumea, Pluchea and Inula.
» iLV.—Anthemides ; : ‘ : Artemisia.
» V.—Mutisiacese : ; ; ; Leucomeris.

Microglossa volubilis, DC.; Kurz ii. 82, is a large climber of the hills of Martaban
and Tenasserim, found in second-growth forests. Blumea balsamifera, DC. ; Kurz ii.
82 (Conyza balsamifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 427; Gamble 50) Vern. Poungma-theing,
Burm., is a shrub which comes up freely on old cultivated lands in Northern and East-
ern Bengal and Burma. Pluchea indica, Less.; Kurz ii. 83. Vern. Kayu, Burm., is
a large evergreen shrub of tidal forests on the coasts of Chittagong, Burma and the

Andamans. Jnula eupatorioides, DC., and Inula Cappa, DC., are small shrubs of

the Himalaya. JLeucomeris contains two species: ZL, spectabilis, Don. Vern.
Panwa, Kumaun ; Bhoea, phusrae, Nep., a small tree of Nepal; also found in Garh-
wal; and Z, decora, Kurz ii. 78, a deciduous tree of the Eng forests of Prome.

a

Vernonia. | COMPOSITAE. 233

1, VERNONIA, Schreb.

About 7 species of small trees or climbers. V. Wightiana, Blth. and Hook. f.
(Monosis Wightiana, Beddome t. 226), is a tree of the Nilgiri Hills. V. Kurzii,
C. B. Clarke; Kurz ii. 80, is a small tree of the toungyas in the Martaban Hills; and
“A eae Ham., is found in Tenasserim. The other three species are Burmese
climbers.

1. V. volkameriefolia, DC.; Beddome t. 225; Gamble 50. 7. acu-
minata, DC.; Kurz u. 79.

A small tree. Bark brown. Wood whitish, turning pale-brown,
moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, often in short radial lines.
Medullary rays numerous, fine and moderately broad. Pith large.

Eastern Himalaya, South India and Burma.

Weight, 31°5lbs. This is probably Kyd’s Vernonia (major)—Weight 31°65 lbs.
P = 383.

E. 3312. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3,000 feet.

2, ARTEMISIA, Linn.

Contains the “ Wormwoods,” only one of which reaches the size of a small shrub.
The leaves of many species are used as a febrifuge and in the preparation of
“absinthe.”

1. A. vulgaris, Linn. ; Roxb. Fi. Ind. iii, 420; Gamble 50. Vern.
Naga, naga dona, dona, Hind., Beng.; Titapat, Nep.

Bark thin, with longitudinal fissures. Wood grey, hard. Pores
very small ; in short radial lines between the distant, fine and moderately
broad medullary rays.

A gregarious shrub, coming up on old cultivations between 3,000 and 6,000 feet in
the Sikkim Hills, and often covering large tracts of land until killed down by the
tree growth which succeeds it. This is probably the Nagdana of Cachar, said by
Mr. Brownlow to be one of the plants on which the Attacus Atlas silkworm is fed.

Its ashes when burnt are considered to give a good manure for cultivation.

E 2857. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet.

Orver LVIII. GOODENOVIEA.

Scavola Rénigit, Vahl. ; Kurz ii. 84 (8S. Taccada, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 527.) Vern. —
Penglai htan, Burm., placed by Kurz under Campanulacee, but in this Order by
Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum II. 538, is an evergreen large shrub,
common in the tidal forests of Tenasserim and the Andamans. It has a soft, spongy
pith, and coarse, milky, fibrous wood.

Orpver LIX. VACCINIACEZ.

An Order of small trees or shrubs, erect or epiphytic, of the mountains of Eastern
and Southern India. It contains 4 genera: Agapetes, Pentapterygium, Vaccinium
and Oorallobotrys. _Agapetes contains about 16 species, mostly epiphytical. <A.
variegata, G. Don (Thibandia variegata, Wall.; Royle t. 79, Ceratostema variegata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 413, Vaccinium variegatum, Kurz ii. 88) Vern. Jalamit, Garo,

2F

234 VACCINIACER. [ Vaccinium.

is a shrub, often epiphytic, of the Khasia and Garo Hills, Sylhet, Chittagong and
Tenasserim. A. obovata, Don (Vaccinium obovatum, Wight; Gamble 50) Vern.
Ratay, Nep., isa common shrub of the hill forests of Sikkim and Bhutan. A.
saligna, Bth. and Hook. f.; Gamble 50, isa large epiphytic shrub of the Sikkim
Hills from 1,000 to 5,000 feet, whose leaves are said by Hooker to be used as a sub-
stitute for tea. A. Wallichiana, Wight, and A. hirsuta, Wight, are shrubs of
Sylhet ; A. verticillata, Wight, and A. odontocera, Wight, of the Khasia Hills and
Burma; and A. awriculata, Griff., is an epiphytic shrub of Burma.

Pentapterygium contains 3 species, among Which P. serpens, Bth.; Gamble 50.
Vern. Kali hurchu, Nep.; Keumbuten, Lepcha, is a handsome epiphytic shrub common
on trees and banks about Darjeeling.

Corallobotrys acuminata, Hook. f. and Bth. (Vaccinium acuminatum, Kurz ii.
90), is an evergreen shrub of Eastern Bengal and Burma.

1. VACCINIUM, Linn.

About 12 species, of which 4 occur on the Nilgiris and the rest in Eastern Bengal
and Burma. V. Leschenaultii, Wight; Beddome t. 227. Vern. Andivan, Nilgiris,
is a pretty tree with an edible fruit, said by Beddome to have a fine-grained rose-
coloured wood. V. rotundifolium, Wight, and V. neilgherrense, Wight; Beddome
exxxvi., are also small trees of the hills of South India. V. Donianum, Wight; Kurz
ii. 91, is a large shrub of Burma and the Khasia Hills. V. Dunalianum, Wight, is
an epiphytic shrub of Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills.

1. V. serratum, Wight; Gamble 50. Vern. Charu, Nep.

A shrub, often epiphytic. Bark brown with white lenticels. Wood
white. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays broad, wavy.

Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet.

E 3296. Babookhola, Darjeeling, 4,000 feet.

Orper LX. ERICACEZ.

‘ Contains about 6 Genera of usually handsome-flowered Indian trees or shrubs ; some
of these, however, especially the genera Cassiope and Diplarche, contain merely small
prostrate heath-like plants, found in the Inner Himalaya. The Genera belong to
2 Tribes, viz. :—

Tribe I,—Andromedese o het aes ; Gaultheria, Caesiope, Pieris
and Enkianthus.
, 11.—Rhodoree . A ; : ; Diplarche and Rhododendron,

Gaultheria contains about 5 species. G. fragrantissima, Wall. ; Beddome exxxvi.
Vern. Kappiru, Cingh., is a common shrub of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills and
Ceylon. G. punctata, Bl.; Kurz ii. 92 (in this he includes G. fragrantissima) is
an evergreen shrub of the hill forests of Martaban at 6,000 to 7,000 feet; and G.
Griffithiana, Wight ; Gamble 51, is a small shrub of the hills of Sikkim and Bhutan
from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. Cassiope fastigiata, Don, Vern. Chhota lewar, Beas;
Seeru, Chor; Kamba, Kumaun, is the “ Himalayan Heather” of travellers in the
North-West Himalaya ; it often covers large areas like the European heather. It was
also found by Hooker in Sikkim at Mon Lepcha. The common “ Heather” or “ Ling”
of Europe is Calluna vulgaris, Linn.

Bark generally thin. Wood compact, even-grained. Pores uniform

and uniformly distributed, small or very small, numerous. Annual rings

generally marked by belt of porous wood. Medullary rays short,
generally fine or very fine.

Pieris. | ERICACER, 235

1, PIERIS, Don.

_ P. lanceolata, Don, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills, and P. Sormosa, Don
(Andromeda formosa, Wall.; Brandis 280. Vern. Sheaboge, Nep.), an evergreen tree
of the Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan.

1. P. ovalifolia, Don. Andromeda ovalifolia, Wall.; Brandis 280 ;
Kurz 11. 92; Gamble 50. Vern. Ayatta, eilan, ellal, arur, arwan, aira,
rattankat, erana, yarta, Pb.; Ayar, Hind.; Amir, angiar, aigiri, jag-
guchal, Nep.; Piazay, Bhutia ; Kangshior, Lepcha.

A small deciduous tree. Bark brown, peeling off in long narrow
strips, deeply cleft, the clefts often extending spirally round the stem.
Wood light reddish brown, moderately hard. Annual rings marked
by numerous larger pores in the spring wood. Pores small in the spring
wood, very small in the autumn wood. Medullary rays fine, short, marked
on a radial section as long narrow bands.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, usually between 4,000 and 8,000 feet,
Khasia Hills, and hills of Martaban from 5,000 to 7,000 feet.

Growth slow. Brandis says 34 rings per inch; our specimens gave 18 rings per
inch for the Simla and 6 rings for the Darjeeling specimen. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic
foot. Wood not durable, warps and shrinks very badly in seasoning, is only used for
fuel and charcoal. The young leaves and buds are poisonous to goats; they are
used to kill insects, and an infusion of them is applied in cutaneous diseases. The
bark of the Darjeeling tree is not so characteristically thick ast hat of the North-
‘West tree. E.

8.

H 17. Simla, 7,000 feet ; : : : ;: ‘ - 41
E 3328. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet . at Be : bw) es BOVE eet

2. ENKIANTHUS, Lour.

1. E. himalaicus, Hook.f. and Th.; Gamble 50. Vern. Chothu,
Nep. ;
A small tree with thin/grey bark. Wood white, moderately hard,
even-grained, Annual rings marked by a belt of more numerous pores.
Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays moderately
broad and fine. Numerous, wavy, fine, concentric bands of soft tissue.

Sikkim Himalaya, 10,000 to 12,000 feet.
Growth slow, 40 rings per inch of radius.

E 976. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet.

°

3. RHODODENDRON, Linn.

Contains about 50 species, found: chiefly and in great abundance and of great
beauty in the inner Sikkim Himalaya. Four species extend to the North-West
Himalaya, three to the hills ot Burma, and one to the Nilgiris. Some species: are
epiphytic, and among these are found two which are perhaps the finest and largest
flowering, viz. : R. Dalhousie, Hook. f.; Gamble 52. Vern. Guras, Nep. and R. Edge-
worthii, Hook. f.; Gamble 52, both of Sikkim, the first with very large cream coloured
scented flowers, the second with woolly leaves and pure white flowers, having the odour
of cinnamon. Some species are only small heath-like bushes found on the rocks at
high elevations; among these are R. Anthopogon, Don; Brandis 282. Vern. Nichni
rattankat, nera, Jhelum ; Tazak-tsum, Kashmir; Kdizabdn, morta, talisa, Ravi;
Talisri, Beas; Talsir, Sutlej ; Talisfar; Kumaun ; Palu, Bhutia, found in the Hima-
laya from Kashmir to Sikkim above 11,000 feet, and on the Chor and Kedarkanta,

236 ERICACER. [ Rhododendron,

with white or pale yellow flowers; RB. setosum, Don. Vern. Tsalu, Bhutia, a red-
flowered shrub of Sikkim which, with the last, gives a very strong and somewhat
unpleasant aromatic scent; and R. lepidotum, Wall.; Brandis 282; Gamble 52: Vern.
Tsaluma, tsuma, Bhutia, with -reddish flowers, RB. formosum, Wall.; Kurz ii. 94,
is a small shrub of the Khasia and Nattoung Hills, above 7,000 feet. R. moul-
meinense, Hook.; Kurz ii. 94, an evergreen tree of the hills of Martaban and
Tenasserim above 4,000 feet. 2. Hodgsoni, Hook. f.; Gamble 5, is a small tree of

Sikkim from the wood of which the Tibetan yak saddles are frequently made, and ~

whose leaves are used for plates and lining baskets. BR. nivale, Hook. f£., found at
17,500 to 18,000 feet altitude in the Sikkim Himalaya, is a small shrub which probably
attains the highest elevation of any known woody plant.

The Indian rhododendrons are all characterised by even-grained
wood, soft or moderately hard ; by very fine and extremely fine pores,
more numerous in thespring wood ; and by fine, generally short medullary
rays. The wood is apt to warp, with the exception of that of A, argens
teum and R. Falconers, :

1. R. arboreum, Sm. ; Beddome t. 228; Brandis 281; Kurz ii. 93;
Gamble 51. R&. puniceum,* Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti. 409. Vern. Chhan,
Hazara; Arddwal, Jhelum; Mandal, Chenab; Chiu, aru, Ravi; Bras,
broa, burans, birénsh, Beas to the Sarda River; Brus, Kumaun ; Bhordns,
gurds, ghonds, taggt, lal gurds, Nep.; Htok, Bhutia, Lepcha; Bilh,
poomaram, Nilgiris; Ma-ratmal, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree. Bark 1 inch thick, reddish brown, peeling
off in small flakes. Wood soft, reddish white or reddish brown, close

and even-grained, apt to warp and shrink. Annual rings marked by a

belt of slightly larger pores in the spring wood. Pores very small and
extremely small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and
moderately broad, short, visible on a radial section.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan between 3,000 and 11,000 feet, hills of
Southern India and Ceylon, Karennee Hills in Burma.

Growth slow : aecording to Brandis 14 rings per inch of radius ; our specimens give
12 rings for the North-West specimens, and 22 to 36 rings for those from Sikkim.

Weight, 41:4 lbs. per cubic foot on an average of 5 specimens, the Sikkim ones
weighing 39, while the Simla specimens give 451bs. The wood seasons. very badly, and
is chiefly used for fuel and charcoal, but is also sometimes employed for building and
for making dishes, in Sikkim for “kukri” handles, boxes and other smal] articles,
and on the Nilgiris for gun-stocks and posts. The flowers are eaten and are made
into preserves ; they are commonly offered in temples.

lbs.
H 3171. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet a
H 14. Simla, 7,000 feet . , : : ; : - 4
H 73. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet . . s ‘ A : . 4
E 371. Senchul.forest, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet . : ; ° . 39
7 Aaa \ Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet . ears ‘ ; . 39

The two last are the species R. Campbellie, Hook. f.; Gamble 51, distinguished
from R. arboreum, Sm., by the ferruginous tomentum and cordate base of the leaf,
but probably only a variety.

2. R. argenteum, Hook. f.; Gamble 51. Vern. Kadi gurds,
putlinga, Nep. ; Htiok-amat, Lepcha. |

An evergreen tree. Bark reddish brown, peeling off in small scales,
Wood yellowish, with darker heartwood, shining, soft, close and even-
grained. Pores very small, somewhat more numerous in the spring wood.

_

Rhododendron. | ERICACES. 237

Medullary rays of two sizes; very fine and very numerous between fewer
short and moderately broad rays. :

Hills of Sikkim, common on the outer ranges round Darjeeling and Dumsong, from
6,000 to 10,000 feet.

Growth slow, 27 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood warps less than that of #. arborewm. Flowers pure white, with a purple throat.

Ibs.
E 372. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet . : ; , ; . 39

3. R. Falconeri, Hook. f.; Gamble 51. Vern. Kurlinga, Nep. ;
Kégu, Bhutia. .

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark reddish brown, peeling off
in flakes; inner bark purple red. Wood reddish white, shining with a
beautiful satiny lustre, takes a beautiful polish, hard. Annual rings
marked by more numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores very small
and extremely small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, short.

Hills of Sikkim, especially the summit of Tonglo, at 10,000 feet.
Growth slow, 17 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Does
not warp. Flowers cream-coloured.

Ibs.
E 369. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet ; , ; ; ; » 39

4, R. barbatum, Wall.; Gamble 51. Vern Gurds, chimal, Nep.;
Kému, Bhutia.

A small evergreen tree. Wood light pinkish red, shining. Annual
rings marked by a belt of more numerous and larger pores. Pores
very small and extremely small. Medullary rays fine and very fine,
numerous.

Eastern Himalaya, from 8,000 to 11,000 feet.
Growth slow, 35 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers
deep crimson.

Ibs.
E 375. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet ; ; A > ; ; 39

5. R. campanulatum, Don; Brandis 281; Gamble 52. Vern.

Gaggar, yurmi, Kashmir; Sarngar, shinwala, Ravi; Shargar, Beas;

Simrung, Sutlej ; Chimul, Kumaun; Cheriala, teotosa, Nep.

An evergreen shrub with thin grey bark. Wood light pinkish red,
moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by more numerous
pores in the spring wood. Pores very small and extremely small.
Medullary rays fine, very short. :

~ Inner Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 9,500 and 14,000 feet. Outer
ranges on Chor and Kedarkanta. Sikkim at 11,000 feet (C. B. Clarke).

Growth moderate to slow. Our specimens shew 28 rings per inch of radius ; while
Aikin with Wallich’s specimens found 8:4 rings per inch, very distinctly marked.
Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers light pink, lilac or mauve.

Ibs,
H 121. Jalari Pass, Seoraj, Kulu, 10,000 feet . - ; : . 39
H 128. Rotang Pass, Kulu, 13,000 feet - - - i = ta

6. R. fulgens, Hook. f.; Gamble 51. Vern. Chimal, Nep.
A small tree or large shrub. Wood grey, darker in the centre,
moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by more porous

238 ERICACER. - | Rhododendron.

wood at the inner edge. Pores very small. “Medullary rays short, fine,
very numerous, om

Sikkim Himalaya, from 12,000 to 14,000 feet.

Growth slow, 25 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36lbs. per cubic foot.
Flowers deep crimson. aa

E 2957. Sandtikpho, Darjeeling, 12,000fectt . . . . «. 36

7. R. cinnabarinum, Hook. f.; Gamble 51. Vern. Béii, Nep.;
Kema kechoong, Lepcha. |

A large shrub with thin grey bark. Wood grey, moderately hard,
even-grained, warps. Annual rings not visible. Pores very small.
Medullary rays short, fine.

Sikkim Himalaya above 12,000 feet. .
Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are poisonous and the smoke of the
wood causes inflammation of the face and eyes, according to Hooker.. Flowers scarlet.
; Ibs.
E 2958. Sandtkpho, Darjeeling, 12,000 feet , ‘ . 42

Orver LXI. EPACRIDEA.

An Australian Order, of which one species only extends north to Tenasserim, viz..
Leucopogon malayanus, Jack ; Kurz ii. 95, an evergreen, small, rigid shrub.

Orprr LXII. PLUMBAGINEA.

An Order containing only one Indian species. Agialitis annulata, R. Br. ;
Karz ii. 96 (4. rotundifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 111), isa small evergreen treelet with
a conically tuickened trunk, found in the tidal forests of the Sundarbans, Chittagong, —
Arracan, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Orpver LXIII. MYRSINEA.

Contains 6 Genera of Indian trees, shrubs, or climbers, belonging to the following .
Tribes :—

Tribe I.—Meseex . ; ; ; A - Mesa.
» IiL—Eumyrsinee . - - : é Myrsine, Samara, Ardisia-
and Adgiceras.
» i11.—Theophrastee . : / : : Reptonia.

Wood compact, close-grained. Pores very small or extremely small,
often in groups and radial or oblique lines, Medullary rays distant,
broad, |

l. MASA, Forskal.

Contains 10 to 12 species of shrubs or trees. MM. indica A. DC.; Beddome
exxxvii.; Brandis 283 ; Kurz ii. 99; Gamble 52 (Beobotrys indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind, i.
557) Vern. Kalsis, Kumaun; Athi, Bombay; Bilaunt, Nep.; Phadupjoh, Mechi;
Ramjani, Beng.; Tamomban, Magh, is a shrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract from
the Ganges to Assam, Bengal, South India and Burma. MM. argentea, Wall. ; Brandis

Masa. | MYRSINER. 239

283. Vern. Phusera, gogsa, Hind., is a large shrub of the outer Himalaya, in
Kumaun and Nepal. J. macrophylla, Wall. ; Gamble 52. Vern. Phusera, Kumaun ;
Bogoti, Nep.; Zugom, Lepcha, is a common small tree of the North-East Himalaya,
especially in second-growth forest. MM. ramentacea, Wall.; Kurz ii. 99. Vern. Mal-
miriya, Sy\het, is a small tree of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and the Anda-
mans, also of second-growth forest, and said by Kurz to have a brown, heavy, close-
grained, brittle wood.

1. M. montana, A. DC.; under MW. indica, A. DC. in Brandis 288 ;
Gamble 52. Vern. Bilauni, Nep.; Purmo, Lepcha.

An evergreen, gregarious shrub or small tree. Bark thin, reddish
brown. Wood soft. Pores small, scanty, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays moderately broad, numerous. |

North-East Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, Eastern Bengal and Burma (var.
B. elongata = M. paniculata, A. DC.; Kurz ii. 99) often forming coppice-like dense
second-growth forests at elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet on the Sikkim and Bhutan
Hills.

Growth rather fast, 6 rings per inch of radius; used only for fuel and rough
house-posts.

E 2389. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.

2. MYRSINE, Linn.

Contains 3 to 5 species. MM. capitellata, Wall.; Beddome t. 234; Brandis 286
(M. avenis, DC.; Kurz ii. 105), is a small tree of Eastern Bengal, South India, Ceylon
and a said by Beddome to have a hard and durable timber. Weight, 22 lbs.
(Wallich).

1. M. semiserrata, Wall.; Brandis 285; Kurz ii. 105; Gamble 52.
Vern. Parwana, hinghkiing, gogsa, bamora, gaunta, Wind.; Chupra,
Kumaun ; Bilsi, deresi, kalikatha, bilauni, Nep.; Tungcheong, Lepcha.

A shrub, small or middling sized tree. Bark ash-coloured, dark,
nearly black, with prominent dots. Wood red, hard. Pores extremely
small, in small patches between the distant, broad medullary rays.

- Outer Himalaya from the Beas to Bhutan, from 3,000 to 9,000 feet, Nattoung
Hills of Martaban.

’ Wallich says the wood is chocolate-coloured, heavy, hard, handsome and used in

ora for seratece work. It splits rather and is usually too small for anything
ut firewood.

H 2830. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet é P ; : . ; BL
E 3322. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet , : : - : 4 ; a

2, M. africana, Linn.; Brandis 286. Vern. Bebrang, hakhum,
hokhiri, karuk, gugul, jutru, chachri, pratshu, branchu, khishin, papri,
banddru, binsin, atuljan, Pb.; Guvaini, pahari cha, chipra, North-
Western Provinces.

A small, evergreen shrub. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores
extremely small, often in short radial lines, between the distant, fine
medullary rays.

Afghanistan, Salt Range and Outer Himalaya as far as Nepal.
Fruit used as an anthelminthic, sold under the name of Bebrang, and often used
as a substitute for that of Samara Ribes. The shrub might be useful for hedges.

H 2829. Simla, 6,000 feet . gy . ; : 5 49

24.() MYRSINEM. [ Samara.

3. SAMARA, Linn.

‘Contains about 10 species of shrubs or climbers, of which most are found in Eastern
Bengal, South India and Burma. 8S. Ribes, Benth. and Hook. f. (Embelia Ribes,
Burm.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 586; Beddome ‘xxxviii.; Brandis 284; Kurz ii. 101;
Gamble 53). Vern. Bebrang, Sylhet; Himaleheri, Nep.; Kdrkannie, Bombay,
is a large climber of Eastern and Northern Bengal, South India, Ceylon and Burma. ~
The berries are used as an anthelminthic, and are used to adulterate black pepper.
S. floribunda, Bth. and Hook. f. (Hmbelia floribunda, Wall.; Kurz ii. 102 ; Gamble
53). Vern. Himalcheri, Nep.; Payong, Lepcha, is a large climber of the hills of Sikkim
and of Nattoung in Burma. It has a pinkish-white wood with very broad medul-
lary rays and large regular pores, sometimes subdivided and often in concentric lines.
(E 3294, Sepoydura, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.) 8. frondosa, King; Gamble 52. Vern.
Amili, Nep.; Monkyourtk, Lepcha, is a common climber of the Darjeeling forests.

1. S. robusta, Benth. and Hook. f. Hmbelia robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
587; Beddome exxxviil.; Brandis 284; Kurz ii. 102; Gamble 538. Vern,
Amti, ambat, barbatti, byebering, Bombay; Bebrang, Oudh; Kopadalii,
Gondi; Bharangeli, Kurku; Kalay bogoti, Nep.; Aipmwaynway, Burm.

-A large shrub or small tree. Bark ¢ inch thick, brown, with hori-
zontal cracks. Wood reddish. Pores small, often in groups or short
radial lines, the transverse diameter many times smaller than the distance
between the extremely broad medullary rays. Yellow spots shewing in
the middle of the rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Behar, Western India
and Burma.

Ibs,
O 2478. Gonda,Oudh . ‘ eK, . ; ; : ae 37.

2. S. undulata, Benth. and Hook. f. - Choripetalum undulatum, A,
DC.; Gamble 53. Vern. Amilpati, Nep.

A climbing shrub. Bark brown, with prominent lenticels. Wood
yellowish white, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, more numer-
ous in the inner part of each annual ring. Medullary rays moderately
broad to broad, short, well defined.

North-East Himalaya, 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
E 3302. Tulkdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet.

4. ARDISIA, Sw.

Shrubs or small trees. Brandis describes 2 from the North-Western Himalaya ;
Beddome 9 species from South India and Ceylon; and Kurz 20 from Burma and the
Andamans ; while a large number occur in the North-Eastern Himalaya and Eastern
Bengal. A. humilis, Vahl.; Beddome cxxxix.; Brandis 287; Kurz ii. 110; Gamble 58
(A. solanancea, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 580), Vern. Ban-jam, Heng. ; Kadna, Cuttack;
Conda-mayir, Tel.; Kantena, maya rawa, C. Prov.; Bodina thre: Mysore;
Gyengmaope, Burm., is a large shrub of the moister zones of India and Burma, extend-
. ing as far to the north-west as the Jumna. A. floribunda, Wall.; Brandis 287 ;
Gamble 53, is a small tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Assam. A.
paucifiora, Heyne, A. paniculata, Roxb., A. rhomboidea, Wight, and A. elliptica,
Thunb. ; Beddome exxxviii., are common small trees of South India and Ceylon.

1. A. crispa, DC.; Kurz ii. 113. A. crenulata, Vent.; Gamble 538,

Vern. Chamlani, Nep.; Denyok, Lepcha. |
A small erect shrub. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores extremely

small, Medullary rays short, broad.

Ardisia. | MYRSINE. 241

Eastern Himalaya, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet. Martaban at similar elevations.
Has pretty wax-like flowers and bright red berries, which ripen in winter. Very
commom undergrowth in the hill forests.

E 3315. Pugraingbong, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.

5. AIGICERAS, Gaertn.

1. &. corniculata, Blanco; Kurz ii. 114. 4. majus, Gaertn. ;
Beddome exxxix.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11.180. Vern. Halsi, khalshi, Beng. ;
Bootayet, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark grey,4inch thick. Wood hard, close-
grained. No annual rings. Poressmall, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays short, scanty, between moderately broad and broad.

Coast forests and tidal creeks of the Western Coast, Bengal, Burma and the

Andaman [slands.
Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for firewood and for native huts

-in Jessore.

/ . lbs,
E 406. Sundarbans : : : A " é ; : ‘ 40

. 5. REPTONIA, A. DC.
1. R. buxifolia, A. DC.; Brandis 287. Vern. Garar, Afz. ;

Girgira, Punjab. ?

A large evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark thin, dark grey,
tesselated by deep longitudinal and transverse cracks. Wood light brown,
with irregular purplish-brown heartwood, very hard, heavy, close and even-
grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small, arranged in wavy,
radial, branching and anastomosing narrow white belts, of varying

width, joimed by fine, wavy, concentric lines which divide the firmer

and darker tissue into irregularly-shaped figures, in which the white,
fine, numerous and regularly distributed medullary rays are distinctly
visible.

Salt Range and hills Trans-Indus.

Weight, 71 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood worthy of attention. The fruit is eaten,

and the seeds are strung in rosaries.
Ibs,
P 169. Kohat . Pe a 5 . : ‘ ; ; : ° ; 7 1
P 912. Salt Range . . : . : ; , . ; : sae

Orper LXIV. SAPOTACEA,

Contains 9 genera of trees, sometimes of very large size, and chiefly found in the
moist zones. ‘These genera are Chrysophyllum, Sarcosperma, Sideroxylon, Achras,
LIsonandra, Dichopsis, Bassia, Payena and Mimusops.

Sideroxylon contains 4 species, the chief of which are 8. tomentosum, Roxb., Fl.
Ind. i. 602 ; Kurz ii. 116 (Achras tomentosa, Beddome cxlii.). Vern. Hoodigolla, Kan. ;
Thitcho, Burm., an evergreen tree of Western Mysore and the Prome district in Burma ;
and S. elengioides, Bth. and Hook.f. (Achras elengioides, DC.; Beddome t. 235)
Vern. Pald, Tam. ; Holay, Burghers, a common tree of the Western Ghats, whose
wood is said by Beddome to be dull red, straight-grained, dense, and to be used for

‘house beams and carpenters’ planes ; and whose fruit is made into pickles and curries,

Achras Sapota, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 181; Beddome exlii.; Brandis 288,
Kurz.ii. 118. The Sapota, Sapodilla, Bully Tree or Neesberry. Vern. Simi, elupai,
Tam. ; Sima, ippa, Tel. ; Twottapat, Burm.., is a tree of American origin, which is grown

2G

942 SAPOTACER. [ Chrysophyllum.
in gardens in India as far north as Saharanpur for its fine, good-flavoured fruit.
Isonandra a as DC. ; Beddome exli., is a common tree of the Western Ghats
and Ceylon. JL. obovata, Griff. ; Kurz ii. 120 (probably Dichopsis), is an evergreen
tree of Tenasserim yielding a sort of gutta-percha (B 2687, Tavoy, from Wallich, —
1828, is perhaps this).

The Argan tree of Morocco which is found growing gregariously in forests in the
Atlas Mountains is Argania Sideroxylon, R. S. Its leaves and fruit are used for
fodder and an oil resembling olive oil is extracted from the seeds.

Wood hard, smooth, dura ble. Heartwood dark-coloured, generally
red. Pores small and moderate-sized, in short, wavy, radial lines, which
are frequently oblique. Medullary rays numerous, fine, equidistant,
joined by fine, transverse bars or concentric lines of softer texture. :

1, CHRYSOPHYLLUM, Linn.

1. C. Roxburghii, G. Don; Beddome t. 286; Thwaites Enum. 174;
Kurz ii. 118. C. acuminatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1.599. The Star Apple,
Vern. Petakara, Beng.; Pithogarkh, Ass.; Halt, Kan.; Tarst, Mar.; —
Lawtli, Cingh.; Thankya, Burm. i eae

An evergreen tree. Wood white, close-grained, moderately hard.
Pores small, in short .radial lines between the numerous, very fine
medullary rays.

Bengal, Burma, Western Ghats and Ceylon.

Weight, according to A. Mendis, 39 lbs. per cubic foot ; Kyd gives weight 40°6 lbs.
and P = 710. Wood used for building. Fruit edible.
Ibs. |

No. 48, Ceylon Collection (called Siderorylon sp.) +«- + » . 39

2. SARCOSPERMA, Hook, f.

Two trees of the Eastern Himalaya: S. Griffithii, Hook. f., and &. arborea
Hook. f. (Sideroxylon arboreum, Ham.; Kurz in Trans. As. Soc. Beng. xlvi, ii.
229; Gamble 53). Vern. Pahar lampati, Nep.; Kulyatzo, Lepcha, a large tree of
the Eastern Himalaya which is used in Sikkim to make canoes.

No. E 3316 from Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai, is probably this. Bark light-
reddish brown, thin; wood pink, moderately bard, rather light (30°5 lbs. per eubie
foot). Pores moderate-sized, in long wavy, radial lines. Medullary rays very numer-
ous, fine, equidistant, the distance between two rays much less than the diameter of the
pores. Concentric lines very indistinct.

3, DICHOPSIS, Thw.

About 3 species: D. elliptica, Benth. and Hook. f. (Bassia elliptica, Dalz. ;
Beddome t. 43). Vern. Panchoti pala, Tam.; Panchonta, Kan., isa very large tree of
the Western Ghats, affording a good timber and an inferior description of gutta-percha.
D. calonewra, Bth. and Hook. f. (Isonandra caloneura, Kuvz ii. 119), is a tree of the
Andaman Islands. D. Gutta, Bth. and Hook. f. (Jsonandra Gutta, Hook.), is the tree
which yields the “ Gutta-Percha” of commerce, of which large quantities are exported to
Europe from Singapore and the Malay Archipelago, where the tree is indigenous.

1. D, polyantha, Benth. and Hook. f. in Gen. Plant. ii. 658.
Bassia polyantha, Wall. Isonandra polyantha, Kurz ii. 119. Vern. Zaki,
Beng. ; Sidd-kurta, Cachar ; Thainban, Magh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, Wood red, hard. Pores moderate-
sized, in wavy radial lines, sometimes slightly oblique. Medullary rays
very fine, not prominent, Fine, wavy, parallel and equidistant con-
centric lines,

————- eee eee

Dichopsis. | SAPOTACHR. - 243

€achar, Chittagong and Arracan. .

Weight, 53 Ibs. per cubic foot. Much valued in Cachar and Chittagong. Mann
says it does not float, but he must refer to green wood. Kurz says it yields a good
oy of gutta-percha in large quantity. Major Lewin says it is used in Chittagong

or making beds, tools, &c., and is sawn into boards for the Calcutta market.

lbs.
E 1274. Cachar : : . - ° ; ; " . 58
E 1494, Sylhet ; } : ; 4 ; ‘ : : aw te
E 1952. Chittagong : 2 : . : » 53
E 3285. Rinkheong Reserve, Chittagong . ° #4) one

4. BASSIA, Kon.

Contains 3 species of Indian trees with milky juice, useful for their timber as well
as for many other products.

Wood moderately hard, heartwood red. Pores moderats-sized, in
short radial lines. Medullary rays equidistant, the distance between the
rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores.

1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 526; Beddome t. 41; Brandis 289.
Vern. Mahwa, mowa, mahia, Hind.; Mahwa, mahila, maul, Beng. ; Moha,
Uriya ; Ldlupi, elupa, kat tllipi, Tam.; [ppi, yeppa, Tel.; Maku, Baigas ;
Trip, rip, hu, Gondi; Mohu, Kurku; Moho, Mar.; Honge, Kan. ;
Poonam, Mal.; Quindah (the oil).

A large deciduous tree.. Bark 4 inch thick, grey, with vertical cracks,
exfoliating in thin seales. Sapwood large; heartwood reddish brown,
from hard to very hard. Annualrings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized,
not numerous, in short, sometimes oblique, radial, wavy lines between the
numerous, fine, medullary rays, which are joined by numerous parallel, fine,
transverse bars.

Indigenous in the forests of Central India, Cultivated and self-sown throughout

India.
The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-

ments :— .

2 gk ee by Year. | Wood whence procured. | Weight. Bala te Size of bar.| Value of P.
Ft. In, In
Cunningham .| 1854 | Gwalior * . : 68° 1 Sixc2b xi 715
Skinner, No. 22 .| 1862 | South India. s - 66 ae ee ee Ac hee 760
Fowke : Sg ROOST ff ote le aaa eA, 63 We Cla] OF ovate 585
R. Thompson .| 1868 | Central Provinces ‘ 53 eae | Cee ae
List ' -| 1873 P- és 66 Sere 1.4). Avnses
Smythies .. .} 1878 | As below. r 5 64 Or held sizer

The wood is not much used, as the tree is so prized for its flowers that it is rarely
felled ; it has been tried for railway sleepers in the Central Provinces, and Beddome says
it is used for the naves of wheels, for door and window frames and panels, for furniture
and ‘country vessels. ‘The flowers are an important article of food in many parts of
India; they are eaten raw or cooked, or made into sweetmeats. They are also distilled
into a coarse spirit. Mr. V. Ball, quoted in Dr. Hunter’s Statistical Account of

Bengal, Vol. X VI., page 48, has described the collection and use of the Mahua flowers
in Chota Nagpore. He says that first class trees often yield about 30 maunds. The
right of collection is usually sold both in the Government forests and_by private
owners, at a rate per tree varying from 4 annas to 2 or 3 rupees. The mahua.

244 _ SAPOTACER. | [ Bassia.

flowers are usually eaten mixed with sd/ seeds or leaves of other plants. Full
description of the collection in Palamow is given by Mr. L. R. Forbes quoted at
page 243 of the same Volume. In that description he says that in the Palamow
Sub-division there are nearly 114,000 mahwa bearing trees. He says the average
yield of a tree is about 25 maunds, and that the flowers sell at about 12 annas
permaund. The fruit, ripe or unripe, is eaten; it has two envelopes, the
outer two of which are eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable, and the inner one is
dried and ground into meal. From the kernel a greenish yellow oil is obtained,
which is eaten by the Gonds and other Central Indian tribes, and isused to adulterate
ghee and in soap-making. It solidifies at a low temperature, but melts at a temperature
of 110°; and though it keeps well in a cold climate, in a hot one it soon becomes
rancid and separates into two parts, aclear fluid oil above, and a thick brown substance
below. One seer of oil is obtained from 4 seers of kernels.

lbs.
O 266. Garhwal (1868) ; : ¢ 3 . = 60
O 1493. Kheri, Oudh - i ; ; - : 65
H 2969. Kumaun, 5,000 feet p : 66
C 827. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar : e 69
C 2771. Melghat, Berar ; . ; ; < . aes
C 1116. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces. é 3 : ‘ 60
C 2731. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (young \ ‘ , 52
C 1243. Gumstir, Madras . ‘ . 63

2. B. longifolia, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 523; Beddome t. 42;
Brandis 290. Vern. Kat tliupi, elupa, Tam. ; Ippi, yeppa, pinna, Tel. ;
Hippe, Kan.; Hilupi, Mal.; Mee, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Heartwood red, moderately hard, close-
grained. Pores moderate-sized, prominent on a vertical section, in short
radial lines between the uniform, equidistant, numerous, fine medullary
rays which are joined by fine transverse bars.

South India and Ceylon.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 23, 60 Ibs.; Adrian Mendis 61 Ibs. Skinner,
gives P = 730, Mendis 724. Beddome says it is very flexible and durable; that it
is valued for ship’s keels, for trenails and for planking below the water line; and that
itis used for carts, furniture and bridge construction. The flowers are eaten in the
same way as those of B. latifolia, and an oil is expressed from the ripe fruit, which is
yellow, semi-solid and used for burning, for soap, and to adulterate ghee. It is also
used medicinally, as well as the leaves, bark and the juice of the bark and young fruit.

Ibs.
No. 53. Ceylon Collection . 3 : P 61

3. B. butyracea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 527 ; Brandis 290 ; Gamble 538.
Vern. Chitra, chavira, phulel, Kumaun; Cheuli, Oudh; Phalwara,
Hind. ; Chiri, Nep.; Yel, yel pote, Lepcha.

A deciduous tree. Bark 3 inch thick, dark grey, wood light brown,
hard. Annual rings marked by a dark line. Pores moderate-sized,
somewhat smaller than those of B. latifolia, in radial lines of different

length between the numerous equidistant, fine medullary rays, which
are joined by fine transverse bars.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun to Bhutan, between 1,500 and 4,500 feet.

Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The
pulp of the fruit is eaten, and from the seeds a vegetable butter is extracted, of the
consistence of fine lard and of a white colour. It does not melt under 120° and keeps
along time without deteriorating. It makes good soap, and is useful for candles
as it is said to burn without smoke or unpleasant smell. When perfumed, it is used
as an ointment andasan external application for rheumatism. The flowers are not
eaten. The bark is used in Sikkim to poison fish. .
Ibs,

E 622. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling ; ‘ F Sok ‘ 52

Lai

Payena. | SAPOTACER. 24

5. PAYENA, A. DC.

Two species. P. parallelonewra, Kurz ii. 121, is an evergreen tree of the tropi-
cal forests of Martaban and Tenasserim. )

1. P. lucida, DC.; Kurz. ii. 121. Ceratophorus Wightii, Hassk.
Tsonandra polyandra, Wight Icon. t. 1589. Vern. Dolu-kurta, Cachar.

An evergreen tree. Wood red, hard. Pores moderate-sized, in short
radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform,
equidistant. Numerous parallel, wavy, concentric lines, not very pro-
minent.

Cachar, Tenasserim (?).
Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for planking.

lbs.
E 1275. Cachar. : ‘ a BS: : : . : 45

6. MIMUSOPS, Linn.

Contains 4 Indian species. M. Roxburghiana, Wight; Beddome exlii. ; Brandis
293 Vern. Kanu pala, Tam.; Renga, Kan., is a common tree of the forests of the
Western Ghats. Beddome, evidently quoting Skinner’s No. 96, WM. indica, Vern.
Palava, Tam., gives weight = 48 lbs. and P = 845; and says that the wood is reddish
brown, rather coarse-grained, but strong, fibrous, durable and easily worked; Brandis,
however, doubts whether this is a species of Mimusops. It is used for house-
building and for gun-stocks.

Evergreen trees. Heartwood red, very hard. Pores small, in
oblique lines. The distance between the rays equal to, or larger than,
the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous wavy, concentric
lines. :

1. M. Elengi, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 236; Beddome t. 40;
Brandis 293 ; Kurz ii. 123. Vern. Bukal, bohi, Beng., Mar.; Mudséri,
maulser, Hind. ; Magadam, Tam.; Pogada, Tel.; Bokal, bokiu, mugali,
Kan. ; Barsoli, Meywar; Vavoli, ovalli, Mar.; Llengi, Mal.; Khaya,
Burm. ; Moonemal, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, rough, deeply cracked with
vertical and transverse fissures. Sapwood large, whitish, very hard.
_ Heartwood red. Pores small,in short lines, which are generally radial, but

often irregular. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and
equidistant. Many parallel, wavy, concentric bands,

Wild on the Western Ghats as far north as Khandalla, Northern Circars, Burma,
Andaman Islands and Ceylon. Cultivated throughout India.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 94, 61 lbs.; Wallich 46 lbs.; Adrian Mendis,
61 lbs.; our specimens give 60 lbs., leaving out the Salem specimen, which is extra-
ordinarily heavy. Skinner gives P = 632. Beddome says the wood is used for house
building, carts and cabinet work. Its fragrant star-shaped flowers are used for
garlands and are distilled to make a perfume. The fruit is eaten, and the seeds give
an oil, The bark is astringent and is used as a febrifuge and tonic.

Ibs,
W 1223. North Kanara . ‘ : . : . : ‘ 62
D 1073. » Arcot .. , ; : ‘ ‘ ‘ ° f ——
B. 2224. Andaman Islands . 4 ‘ : ‘ . : : 60
B 2241. if p : ; : . : ; - 58
No. 56. Ceylon Collection . ‘ s . 61

No. 13. Salem Collection (marked ‘Bassia longifolia)

246 SAPOTACER. [ Mimusops.

2. M. indica, A. DC.; Brandis 291. M. hewandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 238.; Beddome exli. Vern. Khér, khirni, Hind.; Rain, Meywar ;
Palia, kannu palle,Tam.; Palle panlo, palla pandu, Tel.; Khirni, Mar. ;
Raini, Gondi; Pal#, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Heartwood red, very hard. Pores small,
in wavy, radial and oblique lines. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidis-
tant, very numerous. Concentric wavy lines irregularly distributed and
less prominent than in 4/. Hlengi.

Mountains of South India extending in Central India to the sandstone hills of
Pachmarhi, north of the Godavari. It is only found on sandstone, and frequently
associated with Buchanania angustifolia and Hardwickia binata.

Weight, Skinner, No. 95, gives 70 lbs.; A. Mendis 68 lbs.; our specimen gives
only 60 lbs. per cubic foot. Skinner gives P = 944, Mendis 1,052. The wood is
tough, even-grained and durable; it is used for sugar-mill beams, oil-presses, house-
posts and for turning. The fruit is eaten.

Ibs.
D 196), Auavede WIS ee a.
No. 65. Ceylon Collection . ; - ‘ : : ‘ : . 68

3. M. littoralis, Kurz ii. 123. MM. indica, Kurz, And. Report ;
Brandis 292. Andaman Bullet Wood. Vern. Kappali, Burm. ; Dogola,
And.

A large evergreen tree with thin, smooth, dark-brown bark. Wood
red, smooth, very hard and close-grained. Pores extremely. small,
elongated, subdivided, often in radial lines. Medullary rays very fine,
very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Numerous parallel, equidistant,
fine, wavy, concentric lines. ;

Coast forests of the Andaman Islands and Tenasserim, in the Andamans, forming
nearly pure forests on the level lands behind the beach and the mangrove swamps.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined fe the following
experiments :— 7

Experiment b : Number of | Size of bar
whorn vonductea, | Year. | Wood whence procured. | Weight. Dey nt elf Bacio’ Value of P.
Ft. In. In,
Brandis ‘ .| 1864 | Andamans . Herel 67 7 6x 2x 2 748
| a rhe Lee < pa on he We 66 7 6x 2x : 963
” . . . ” ” 68 11 2x 1x 1,091
” . ” te . ° ® 71 5 a 2 se , 779
me a 4g, | 9885-06 P vee. Tee 65 3 6x2x 2 981
itive A i ” » < A ‘ G4 1 6x 2x 4 1,090 »
” . . . ” ” . . . 68 8 2 x 1 x 1,266
Bennett P .| 1872 99 . ° eS 66 eATEL,. dey Bacnaan 1,128 .
Smythies . -| 1878 ” : . ° 72 SNe Sake ee

The wood is handsome, it is close-grained and durable, but apt to split. It is used
in the Andamans for bridges and house-posts, and Major Ford (1866) said it had
been sent to Calcutta to be tried for sleepers. He also says the bark is used to give

a red dye.

B 613. Andaman Islands ; - : é :
B 2212. at * (1866) . . ; ; : e
B 2497. fe ie (Home, 1874, No. 6) . ; : ot! Gan

-
’

Diospyros. | EBENACER, 247

Orver LXV. EBENACE.

Containing 2 Indian Genera of trees or shrubs, Maha and Diospyros. A full
description of all the species of this Order is found in Mr. W. P. Hiern’s “ Monograph
of the Ebenaces,” Cambridge Phil. Soc. Trans. xii, 1873.

Maba contains 5 species. M. nigrescens, Dalz. and Gibs. Bombay Flora,

. 142. Vern. Raktrira, Kan., is a small tree of the Western Ghats. I. buzifolia,

ers.; Beddome exlviii.; Kurz ii. 139 (Ferriola buwxifolia, Willd.; Roxb, Fl. Ind.
iii. 790.) Vern. Iramballi, eruvalli, humbilli, Tam.; Nella maddi, alli, pishinna,
Tel.; Kalu-habaraleya, Cingh. ; Mépyoung, Buwn., is a small evergreen tree of South
India and Tenasserim; it is said to have a dark-coloured, hard and durable wood,
weighing according to Skinner, No. 89, 58 lbs.; P = 875. M. micrantha, Hiern.
(Holochilus micranthus, Dalz.; Beddome exlvii.), is a tree of the Sahyddri hills of
the Bombay Ghats. MW. merguiensis, Hiern; Kurz ii. 139, is a small tree of the
Mergui Archipelago. M. andamanica, Kurz ii. 140,is an evergreen shrub of the
Andaman Islands (see page 253).

1. DIOSPYROS, Linn.

Contains 41 or 42 species. From the list given below, which has been taken from
Mr. Hiern’s Monograph, it will be seen that 4 species are found in Northern India,
15 each in Burma and South India, 9 in Eastern Bengal and 6 in the Andamans ;
most of the Ceylon species have been omitted :— .

Section I. Mrtonra—

1. D. insignis, Thw. : ‘ : . §. India, Ceylon.
2. D. Tupru, Buch. ‘ ; N . N. India. m
3. D. Melanozxylon, Roxb. . ; . S. India.

4. D. sylvatica, Roxb. . ; ‘ . §. India, Ceylon.
5. D. Kurzii,Hiern. . ; ; . Andamans.

6. D. ehretioides, Wall. . ; ; . Burma.

4. D. hirsuta; Linnyf. 6 es . SS, India, Ceylon.
8. D. burmanica, Kurz . : , - Burma.

8, .D

. densiflora, Wall. . ; : . Burma.
Section II. Epznus— |

10. D. oocarpa,Thw. . ‘ ; . §. India, Ceylon.
ll. D. quesita,Thw. . ; ; . Ceylon.
Section III. Nottra—
12. D. Brandisiana, Kurz , ; » Burma.
13. D. pruriens, Dalz. . . ‘ . 8. India, Ceylon.

Section IV. GunNIsANTHUS—
14. D. foliolosa, Wall. . A - « &. India.
15. D. pilosula, Wall. . . ‘ . E. Bengal, Burma, Andamans.
16. D. paniculata, Dalz. > P . &. India.

Section V. Guracana—
17. D. Horsfieldii, Hiern readies - Burma.

Section VII. Ermetrinus—

18. D. stricta, Roxb. : ; ; . E. Bengal.

’ 19. D. variegata, Kurz . ; . ~« Burma.

é/ 20. D.dasyphylla, Kurz. : » Burma.

21. D. oletfolia, Wall. . : ; . Burma.
22. D. flavicans, Hiern ., F P . Burma, Andamans,
23. D. sapotoides, Kurz . : ’ . Burma.
24. D. nigricans, Wall. . ; - . E. Bengal.
25. D

. Kbenum, Kon... ; ° » §S. India, Ceylon,

248 EBENACE. [ Diospyros.

Section VIII. Patonra—

26. D. lanceefolia, Roxb. - «+ « KE, Bengal.
27. D. undulata, Wall. . . . - Burma, Andamans.

Section IX. Levcoxyton—

28. D. buxifolia, Hiern ; . . SS. India.
Section X. DanzLERIA—

99 D. montana, Roxb. r ; . N. India, S. India, and &,
; {D. cordifolia, Roxb. Bengal.

30. D. Lotus, Linn. ; ; . . N. India.

31. D. Kaki, Linn. . , , ‘ - E. Bengal.

32. D. chartacea, Wall. . ‘ ; . Burma.

33. D. vaccinioides, Ldl. . x : . Andamans.

34. D

. Chloroxylon, Roxb. : : . S. India.

Section XI. ParatEa—

35. D. ramiflora, Roxb. . ; “ . E. Bengal.
36. D. ovalifolia, Wight . ‘ : . §. India, Ceylon.

Section XIV. CAVANILLEA—

N. India, E. Bengal, S. India,
37. D. EHmbryopteris, Pers. : ‘ § Barish: wel Gey ad

Section XV. AmUxIs—
38. D. Toposia, Ham. ; : : . E. Bengal, Ceylon.

Unclassified—
39. D. grata, Wall. d ; : . Nepal.
40. D. orixensis, Wight . ; ; . SS. India.
‘41. D. pyrrhocarpa, Miq. . , F . Andamans.

D. insignis, Thw.; Beddome cxlv., is a large tree of the Anamalai Hills and Ceylon.
D. sylvatica, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 5387; Beddome exliii. Vern. Tella gada, Tel.
Kaka suroli, Kan., is a common tree of the Western Ghats, with a white, strong wood.
D. burmanica, Kurz ii. 133. Vern. Tai-beng, Burm., is a large tree of Burma,
chiefly found in the Eng forests. D. pruriens, Dalz.; Beddome cexliy., is a small
tree of the Western Ghats of Bombay, Mysore, Malabar and Ceylon, whose fruit
is covered with stinging hairs. D. pilosula, Wall. (Gunisanthus pilosulus, DC.;
Kurz ii. 125), isa tree of the hills of Sylhet, the Pegu Yoma and the Andaman
Islands. .D. stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 539, is a tall tree of Eastern Bengal and
Chittagong. D. nigricans, Wall., is a tree of the Khasia Hills and Sylhet.
D. lanceafolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 537; Brandis 297; Kurz ii. 136. Vern. Ardinia,
Kumaun; Gulal, Beng.; Sotlo, Khasia or Cachar, is an evergreen tree of Eastern
Bengal and Tenasserim, extending westwards to Kumaun, and said by Roxburgh to
have a hard, durable timber. D. buaifolia, Hiern (D. microphylia, Beddome exlv.),
is a large tree of the Anamalai Hills, Wynaad andS. Kanara. D. Kaki, Linn. ;
Roxb. FL Ind. ii. 527, is a fruit tree of China and Japan found by Hooker in
the Khasia Hills, and said by Roxburgh togrow in Nepal. It is cultivated in India
and called “ Wilayati gab.” D. Chlororylon, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 538; Beddome elxiii. ;
Brandis 297. Vern. Ninai, Bombay ; Jllinda, aulanche, nella ulemira, Tel.; Andili
Gondi, is a tree orlarge shrub of Southern India from Guzerat and Orissa south-
wards, having a hard and durable yellow wood. D. ramiflora, Roxb. Fil. Ind.
ii. 535. Vern. Gulal, wri gab, Reng., is a large tree of Eastern Bengal with a stro
hard wood. D. Yoposia, Ham.; Kurz ii. 128. (D. racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
536.) Vern. Zoposi, gulal, Beng.; Kahakaala, Vingh., is a tree of the mountains
of E. Bengal and of Ceylon, with an edible fruit.

The structure of the wood of the different species of Diospyros is
very uniform, and is distinguished by small pores, often in radial lines,
and fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant medullary rays, often

Diospyros. | EBENACER, 249

closely packed. In most species there are numerous wavy, concentric
lines across the rays. In several respects-the structure of the ebonies
resembles the structure of Sapotacee.

1. D. Melanoxylon, Roxb, FI. Ind. ii. 530; Brandis 294. D. Wight-
jana, Beddome t. 67. (Including D. Tupru, Buch., D. exsculpta,
Ham. ; Beddome t. 66, and D. tomentosa, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 532.) Vern.
Tendu, kendu, temru, abnis Hind.; Kend, kyou, Beng.; Zumri, tummer,
tumki, Gondi; Tend%, Baigas; T'umri, temru, timburni, Mar.; Tumbi,
tumbali, karunthumbi, Tam.; Tumi, tumki, tumida, timmurri, damdadi,
Tel.; Kendhu, Uriya; Balai, Kan.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark $ inch thick, greyish black; the inner
substance black and charcoal-like, with numerous transverse and longi-
tudinal cracks exfoliating in regular oblong scales. Wood hard, of a
light pink colour, with irregular-shaped masses of black ebony in the
centre. No annual rings. Pores small, scanty, generally in radial
lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous,’ equidistant and
uniform, visible on a radial section. Numerous fine, wavy, concentric
lines visible in the sapwood. The ebony is jet black with purple streaks,
extremely hard, pores and medullary rays difficult to distinguish.

Throughout India, but not in Burma.
The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following
experiments :—

Puckle, in 1859, in Mysore, with bars 2' x 1” x 1” . found W=7%5 ... bes
Skinner, in 1862, No.62 . ; ‘ : ¢ : 3 EWoe'se; P= F180
Cunningham, in 1854, in Gwalior, with bars 2! x 1” x 1” ,, W=77; P= 862
The Central Provinces List of 1873. ‘ 7 . givesW=85 ..

_ Kyd found W=49°5, P= 547; R. Thompson 49°6: this was probably the outer
wood ; Wallich gives 61; Smythies’ measurements of our specimens give: outer wood
54 Ibs., ebony 72 lbs., but the good specimens with only ebony weigh 77, which is the
best weight to take, and which accords with Brandis’ statement that the weight per
cubic foot varies from 75 to 80 lbs. Besides Skinner’s and Cunningham’s values
for P, Fowke gives P= 756. The wood is used for building, shoulder-poles and
earriage shafts, and the ebony for all purposes of fancy work and carving. The
fruit is edible. |

lbs.

P 170. Hoshiarpur, Punjab (Stewart, 1866), the specimen referred to
at p. 137 of the “ Punjab Plants” . ; - ‘ . 69
P 469. Ajmere. . ; : : ‘ ; ; : ; . 59
O 1492. Kheri, Oudh : : f ; ; ¢ : . - 66
O 2981. Bahraich, Oudh . : ; , : : : ? in 49
C 828. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . ; : : F . 53
C 1113. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ‘ 7.
C 2754. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces ‘ ; : pid iad
C 1237. Gumstr, Madras . ; ks ; : ; ; . 65
C 1301. 3 nt ; : ; , : : ; ; OY 9:
* © 1302. fe Fe : : ; 4 ; , : : . 68
D 2008. Mysore. 3 ; : ' : ; , i ; ey i
D 2045. - ; 4 : ‘ : ; ; ‘ ‘ } = =a
No. 26. Salem Collection . : 2 ; / F ; . 82

2. D. Kurzii, Hiern; Kurz ii. 181. Andamanese Marble Wood.
Vern. Teakah, thitkya, Burm.; Pecha-da, And.

An evergreen tree, with very thin, smooth, grey bark. Wood hand-
some, streaked with black and grey ; the grey wood hard ; the black wood
very hard, with alternate streaks of black ebony and grey wood. The

. 2H

250 EBENACER. [ Diospyros.

mass of ebony occupying the centre of the tree is large and very
irregular in outline, and frequently encloses interrupted concentric belts
of light-coloured wood. Pores small and very small, often oval and
subdivided, between the very fine and extremely numerous, uniform
and equidistant, wavy, medullary rays. Numerous, very fine transverse
bars across the rays.

Andaman Islands.

Weight of the ebony 80 lbs. per cubic foot; the specimens partly ebony, partly
grey wood, give 57 to 62 lbs. Brandis in his Memo. of August 25th, 1874, gives
70 lbs. The wood.-is used for cabinet work and should be better known, as a substitute
for the Ceylon Calamander wood, which it resembles in appearance. It is said byMajor
Ford to be used in the Andamans for handles and sheaths of blades, and for furniture,
Home’s surveys gave 224 trees or 1 tree per acre; so it is pretty common.

+

- Ibs.
B 2203. Andaman Islands (1866) ; 5 ; 3 ; f Aad >
B 2498. is » (Home, 1874, No. 15) . ? A . 80
B 621. os m : : é ; , A ; . Oz

3. D. ehretioides, Wall.; Kurz ii.129. Vern. Ouk-chingza, Burm.

A large tree with dark-grey bark. Wood dark grey, with darker
streaks, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty,
often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Numerous
fine, wavy, concentric lines across the rays.

Burma. ;
Weight, according to Brandis’ List of 1862, No. 73, 41 lbs.; our specimens give
53 lbs. The wood is used for house-posts.

Ibs.
B 1422. Tharrawaddi, Burma . : ; ; : . f e ‘BA
B 2542. Burma (1862) ; ? , é ‘ ; 3 . . §2

4, D. oocarpa, Thw. Enum. 180. Vern. Kadoembaireya, Cingh.

Wood purplish brown, with black streaks, moderately hard. Pores
moderate-sized. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Numerous
fine, wavy, concentric lines.

Concan, Mysore and Ceylon.
A handsome wood. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
No. 40. Ceylon Collection (marked Diospyros sp.) ; P ‘ j an

5. D, quesita, Thwaites Enum. 179; Beddome cxlv.; Brandis 296.
Calamander Wood. Vern. Kaloomidereya, Cingh. !

A large tree. Wood hard, consisting of irregular alternate layers of
black ebony and greyish brown wood. Pores scanty, moderate-sized,
in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant,
traversed by innumerable wavy concentric lines.

Ceylon.

Weight, according to Adrian Mendis’ List, 57 lbs. per cubic foot; Skinner, No. 62,
60 lbs.; our specimen gives 53 lbs. Skinner gives P = 751.

The most valuable ornamental wood in Ceylon; it is now scarce, but is much in”
demand.
: Ibs,
D 2923. 8. India or Ceylon Sih d-» ‘ ; 6
No. 12. Ceylon Collection (D. hirsuta : ; <'| ee Rh

Diospyros. | EBENACER. 251

6. D. Ebenum, Konig; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 529; Beddome t. 65;
Brandis 296; Thwaites Enum. 179. Ebony. Vern. Zbans, abnis,
tendu, Hind.; Kendhu, Uriya; Acha, tumbi, shengitan, haka-tati, tai,
Tam. ; Zuki, Tel.; Karemara, Kan.; Tai, tendu, abnis, Mar.; Mallah,
Manjarabad ; Kaliwara, Cing.

A large tree. Wood grey, with irregularly-shaped masses of jet-
black ebony near the centre, frequently with lighter-coloured streaks.
Structure of the wood similar to that of D. Melanoxyton, but pores
slightly larger, oval and subdivided, not in radial lines. The structure
of the ebony is exceedingly indistinct.

South India and Ceylon. ! .

Weight, according to Beddome 81 lbs.; Adrian Mendis, 71 lbs.; our specimens
give 61 to 70lbs.; A. Mendis gives P=720. The wood is used for inlaying and
ornamental turnery, but the demand for it is not very great.

Ibs.

W 731. South Kanara ; ; ; : ; : : . 61
W 750. Siew ny ete Ay be Le Wwitar Mey use
No. 13. Ceylon Collection (marked Diospyros sp.) ’ : ; ane 2 |

7%. D. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 538; Beddome exlii.; Brandis
296. Vern. Hirek, keindu, temru, pasendu, Pb.; Tendu, dasdéundu,
lohari, bisténd, Hind.; Makar-tendi, Banda; Pusznd, Bhurtpur; Temru,
Meywar; Améia, Banswara; Hdadru, Panch Mehals; Kanchan, kadal,
pattewar, patwan, C.P,; Muchi tanki, yerragoda, micha-tummurra, Vel. ;
Timru, timbirni, Mar.; Goindi, kala gotndu, balkuniki, jagalagante,
Kan.

A moderate-sized tree, with thin, pinkish grey, smooth bark, when old
exfoliating in thick irregular flakes. Wood yellowish grey, soft, no
heartwood, no annual rings. Pores numerous, small, in radial lines
between the closely-packed medullary rays,which are very fine, and on
a radial section distinctly visible as horizontal plates. White streaks
parallel to the medullary rays.

Most parts of India except Sindh, the Northern Punjab and Burma.
Weight, 45°5 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is durable and would be good for

furniture.

C 192. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . : ‘ ; ° . 47
C 1167. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; ; ; : . 44

8. D. cordifolia, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 538; Beddome exliii. ;
Kurz ii. 130. D. montana, Roxb. (part) ; Brandis 296. Vern. Ban-
g4b, Beng.; Vackana, kaka ulimera, Tel. ; Gyitbeng, Burm.

Wood reddish, moderately hard. VPores small, often oval and sub-
divided. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous, with fine, wavy,
transverse lines across.

Bengal, South India and Burma.

Weight, 47 lbs. per cubie foot; Kurz (evidently quoting Brandis’ List of 1862,

_ No. 74) gives 49 lbs.; Skinner, No. 60, gives 70 lbs. P=1017, but this may bea
mistake for some other species. ;

_ Wood useful for cabinet-work.
Ibs,

EB 7165. Chittagong (Moishkanda, Beng.; Chapraka,Magh) . . 45
B.2541. 5 Burma (1862). ; Mom ° e : : ° . 48

252 EBENACER. [ Diospyros.

9. D. Lotus, Linn.; Brandis 297. Vern. Amlik, malik, Pb.

A middle-sized tree with dark-brown or black tesselated bark.
Wood grey, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, in radial
groups. Medullary rays very fine, closely packed. No concentric lines.

Punjab Himalaya, in Hazara and Kashmir, from 2,500 to 6,000 feet; Afghanistan,
Beluchistan, extending to Southern Europe (Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 205),

Growth slow, 10 rings per inch of radius (Brandis). The fruit is sweetish and is

eaten fresh or dried, by the Afghans; Mathieu says that in Southern France it is
eaten when half-rotten like the Medlar. es

H 3183. Dungagalli, Hazara, 5,000 feet.

10. D. Embryopteris, Pers. ; Beddome t. 69 ; Brandis 298 ; Kurz ii.
128. D. glutinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 533. Eméryopteris glutinifera,
Roxb. Vern. Gab, makur-kendi, Beng., Hind.; Kisi, Banda; Kendu,
Ass.; Gusvakendhu, Uriya; Tumbika, pani-chika, Tam.; Tumil, tumika,
Tel. ; “olle-tupra, Coorg ; Kusharta, Kan. ; Timberee,; Cingh.

__ An evergreen shrub or small tree, with dark-green foliage and long
shining leaves. Bark smooth, dark grey, almost black, with a greenish
tinge. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty,

in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform
and equidistant.

Throughout India and Burma, except the arid and dry zones in the Punjab and
Sindh. ;

Growth moderate, 7-8 rings per inch of radius (Brandis). Weight, our specimen

gives 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used in building, in Ceylon for masts and
yards. ’ ;

The fruit is large, reddish; it contains a viscid pulp, which is used as gum in
bookbinding, and in place of tar for paying the seams of fishing-boats. Its use for
“gabing” boats is general throughout the rivers of Lower Bengal and Assam, An
infusion is used to render fishing-nets durable. It is full of tannin and is used in
medicine as an astringent. The oil extracted from the seeds is used in native medicine.

lbs.
O 3161. Dehra Din . . : : : A : oS)

11. D. pyrrhocarpa, Migq.; Kurz ii. 186. Vern. Tay, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood reddish brown, moderately hard to hard.
Pores small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, closely
packed, with fine transverse lines across them. .

Andaman Islands.

Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Major Ford says the fruit is eaten by the Burmese
and is used as a red dye for linen; that Chinese umbrellas are dyed with the juice,
which also has the property of rendering them waterproof.

B 1991. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866). i : ; :
B 2244. ‘ ie (1866) : ‘ ; : 4 “J . 54

12. D. sp. from the Andamans (B 2282, 61 lbs.) Vern. Moong,
Burm., has very small scanty pores, often in short radial lines between
the closely-packed, very fine, uniform, medullary rays. No concentric
lines; white streaks parallel to the medullary rays.

Major Ford says that “ the wood is hard, compact and close-grained, dark-purplish
grey with narrow streaks of jet black ebony. The bark and fruit of this tree produce
a beautiful black dye. The Burmese use the wood for flutes and other wind instru-
ments, for earrings, carved images, tool handles, picture frames, &e. The black heart-

Ee

ia

Diospyros. | EBENACER, 253

wood of large trees has a diameter of about 4 or 5*inches.” It may possibly be D.
pilosula, Wall. s .

13. B 1997 collected on the Andamans by Kurz in 1866 and marked JD.
undulata (Hingado) is a large tree with small black wood in the centre of large
trees. Wood purplish grey. Pores, small, sometimes in short radial lines between the
closely-packed, very fine, undulating, medullary rays. _ Weight, 49 lbs. Numerous
wavy concentric lines.

B 2472 from Andamans (Kwrz, 1866) marked Maba andamanica, with bluish-grey
wood, is similar in structure to the preceding number. Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot.

Orpvrr LXVI. STYRACEZ.

Contains two Genera of Indian trees or shrubs, Symplocos and Styrax. Styrax
contains about 3 or 4 Indian species. S. serrulatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 415; Kurz
ii. 142; Gamble 54. Vern. Kuim-jameva, Beng.; Chamo, Lepcha, is a small evergreen
tree of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. WS. virgatum, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 142 is
a small evergreen tree of Kastern Bengal. Both these species yield a kind of gum
benjamin or benzoin of inferior quality. S. rugosum, Kurz ii. 141, is an evergreen
tree of the Martaban Hills. S. Benzoin of the Malay Archipelago yields the true
*Gum Benzoin,’ which is used in medicine, in perfumery, and to make incense.
S. officinale of the Levant yields the gum known as “ Storax,” used in medicine and
perfumery.

E 3320, Darjeeling, 6,500 feet, probably S. virgatum, Wall., has a thin bark ;
white, close-grained moderately hard wood with faint white, regular, concentric bands.
The pores are scanty, usually. subdivided; and the medullary rays short, fine, very
numerous.

1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn.

Contains 25 to 30 species of Indian trees, generally small. S. spicata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 541; Beddome cxlix.; Brandis 300; Kurz ii. 146; Gamble 54. Vern.
Lodh, Hind.; Lodh bholia, biri, Beng. ; Palyok, Lepcha; Boothgani, Burghers, is a
tree of the North-East Himalaya, Western Ghats and Tenasserim, whose leaves are used
in dyeing and whose seeds are strung as beads and hung round children’s necks to prevent
evil. SS. racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 589; Brandis 300; Kurz ii. 144; Gamble 53.
Vern. Lodh, Beng.; Chamlani, Nep.; Palyok, Lepcha; Kaiday, Mechi; Singyan,
Bhutia, is a common small tree of the plains and lower hills of Bengal and Burma,
chiefly in dry forests. The leaves and bark are used in dyeing. 8S. Gardneriana,
Wight; Beddome t. 237, is a handsome tree of the Western Ghats. Mr. Mann says
that S. grandiflora, Vern. Bumroti, Ass.; Moat soom, Phekial, is used to feed silk-
worms (the Muga worm, Antherea Assama) and as a dye in Assam.

Wood white, close-grained, apt to warp and split. Pores very small.
Medullary rays very fine.

1. S. crategoides, Hamilton; Brandis 298; Kurz ii. 147. Vern.
Lit, lindar, loj, tosh, Pb.; Lodh, Kumaun ; Loja, Sutlej.

A large shrub or small tree, Bark light grey, corky, with long
vertical cracks. Wood white, hard, close-grained, splits and twists in
seasoning. Pores small and very small, uniformly distributed, Medul-

_ lary ways numerous, fine and very fine. Annual rings visible.

Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, between 3,000 and 8,000 feet ; Khasia Hills :
Hills of Martaban.

254 STYRACEA. | [ Symplocos,

Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 to 54|bs. per cubic foot.
Wood durable, has been recommended for turning and would do for carvings, if
properly seasoned. ‘The leaves and bark give a yellow dye. This may be the Lood
tree on which, according to Mr. Brownlow of Cachar, the silkworms Attacus Atlas
and A. Canningi are fed.

lbs,
H 54. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet . 4 . : : ; . BS
H 2880. ” ” ” ” . . . ° ° . . aes
H 3018. Kotgarh, _,, Meer , ; ; : : cass
H 429. -Kuruwa Forest, Jaunsar, 6,000 feet ; 2 : 45

2. S. lucida, Wall.; Kurz i. 143; Gamble 54. Vern. Kharani,
Nep.; Chashing, Bhutia. ee

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, brown. Wood white, soft.
Annual rings distinctly marked by a continuous line of pores. Pores very
small, numerous. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous.

Sikkim Himalaya and hills of Martaban.

Growth moderate, 6 to 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 lbs. per cubic
foot. Used for fuel and rough house-posts.

4 Ibs.
E 2390. Rangbil Forest, Darjeeling . i , : ; th) ee

3. S. ramosissima, Wall.; Brandis 299; Gamble 54. Vern. Lodh,
Hind.; Kala kharani, silingi, Nep ; Tungchong, Lepcha. ,
A small evergreen tree with dark red bark. Wood white, soft, even-
grained. Pores numerous, very small. Medullary rays fine and very
fine, unequally distributed. Annual rings visible.
Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan ascending to 7,500 feet, Khasia Hills.

Growth moderate, 6 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 37 lbs. per cubic foot.
Brandis says that in Sikkim the yellow silkworm is fed on its leaves.

Ibs,
E 867. Rangbil, Darjecling,¥,000 fot] Sos. 5s: vl wt Se
E 3336. Rangirim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . ; ; : . ae

4. §. sp.; Gamble 54. Vern. Lal chandan, Nep.

Wood white, soft, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a white
jine. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays fine, numerous, Wood
with vertical streaks of bright red colour ; the red wood, which is most
abundant in the root, is pounded and used for caste marks by Nepalese,

E 3870. Kalapokri, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet . . i+. (ely ee 45

E 2391. Thosum La, Dumsong, 8,000 feet : ‘ . 4 ee

(It is possible that this may prove to be Daphniphyllum himalayense, Miill. Arg.)

Orver LXVII. OLEACEA.

Contains 10 Indian Genera, belonging to 4 Tribes, viz. ;—

Tribe L—Jasminee . . + + « Jasminum and Nyctanthes, —
» IL—Syringee . ; . : . Schrebera and Syringa.
,» iiI.—Fraxinee . ‘ ; . . Fraxinus.
» LV.—Oleinex . ; ‘ ; . Osmanthus, Linociera, Olea,

Ligustrum and Myxopyrum.

Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 86; Beddome t. 240; Brandis
314; Kurz ii, 155. Vern. Har, sihdru, harsinghar, saherwa, seoli, nibari, Hind. ;
Harsinghar, sephdlikd, Beng.; Pakira, ladiri, kiri, Pb.; Shali, Meywar;

a Pee

we

: pee

—

ee
1 3

Jasminum, | OLEACER. 255

Kirsahér, Baigas; Khersdri, Gondi; Gongo seoli, Uriya; Khirasli, Mar.; Karassi,
Bhil; Manja-pu, paghala, Tam.; Poghada, karchid, Tel.; Hursing, Kan.; Tsay-
beeloo, Burm., is a large shrub. of the Sub-Himalayan forests from the Chenab
to the Sarda, Oudh, Bengal, Central India and Burma, with a brown, close-
grained wood, used only for fuel. The leaves are used for polishing wood, and
the flowers give an orange dye. It is often cultivated for ornament. Myaopyrum
smilacifolium, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 160, is a climbing shrub of the Darjeeling Terai, Eastern
Bengal, Chittagong and Martaban.

Wood with few exceptions light-coloured, moderately hard or hard,
most species without heartwood. In the genera Praxinus, Jasminum,
Syringa and Ligustrum, the annual rings are marked by continuous lines
or belts of pores. In the other genera the pores are small and uniformly
distributed, except in Osmanthus, where they are in reticulate tails.
Medullary rays sharply defined.

1. JASMINUM, Linn.

Contains a large number of Indian shrubs, erect or climbing, of little importance.
J. Sambac, Aiton; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 88; Brandis 311. Vern. Chamba, migra, béi,
Hind.; Mallikaphal, Beng.; Sapai, mali, Burm., is a fragrant climbing shrub culti-
vated throughout India. J. hirsutum, Willd.; Brandis 312; Kurz ii. 154.
(J. pubescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 91; Gamble 55). Vern. Kunda, Hind.; Parirajhar,
Nep., is a common shrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards,
Bengal and the Central Provinces.

1. J. revolutum, Sims; Brandis 313. Vern. Chamba, juari, tsonu,
tsuman, summun, kuja, Po.; Sonajéhi, Kumaun. |

A small shrub with soft, thin, grey bark. Wood white, moderately
hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a narrow continuous belt
of pores, which are small, while the pores in the outer part of the ring
are extremely small. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous.

Afghanistan, Salt Range, Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, Nilgiris and Ceylon.

Growth slow, 25 to 40 rings per inch of radius.

lbs.
H 2891, H 3027. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet . Ba in 7:

2.3. J. grandifiorum, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 100; Brandis 313; Kurz ii. J50.
Vern. Chambel, jati, Hind. ; Myablay, Burm. found in the Himalaya and often culti-
vated (No. H 3026, Nagkanda, 8,000 feet) and J. officinale, Linn.; Brandis 313.
Vern. Chamba, chirichog, kiri, Kashmir; Bans, kwer, dumni, Chenab; Dassi,
samsem, Ravi; Suni, somun, Sutlej; Chambeli, Kumaun, a climber of the Salt Range
and Himalaya from the Indus to the Sarda (No. H 2879, Nagkanda, 8,000 feet) have
white woods with a structure resembling that of J. revolutum.

2. SCHREBERA, Roxb.

1. S. swietenioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 109 ; Beddome t. 248 ; Brandis
305; Kurz 1.156. Vern. Moka, géhi, ghant, gantha, Hind.; Pataki,
ghanta patali, Bandelkhand ; Jantia, Uriya; Makkam, mokob, Tel. ; Moga-
linga, Tam.; Ghatlar, Baigas; Karindi, mokha, dhakka, Gondi; Jhén,

_Kurku; Mokkak, Bhil; Kalgante, Coorg; Thitswaylway, Burm.

A deciduous tree with grey bark, 4 inch thick, exfoliating in thin
irregular scales. Wood brownish grey, hard, close-grained, polishes
well. No heartwood, but irregular masses of purple or claret-coloured
wood in the eentre, and scattered throughout the tree. Annual rings
indistinct. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in radial groups,

256 OLEACER. [ Schrebera.

Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and at equal distances, con- t
spicuous on a radial section as narrow plates. a:

Kumaun, Burma, Central and South India. oe,
Weight, 56 Ibs. per cubic foot; Brandis says 501bs. The wood is durable, works —
freely and does not warp or split. It is used for combs, weavers’ beams and turning.

ibs,"
C 829. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . «5 » » . . > 69. Se
C 2772. Melghat, Berar. : : ; ; : ; ; eer te
C 193. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . . Pp b . BE
C 1108. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ¢ ‘ ‘ ; art
C 1410. Moharli ,, 3 ; ‘ : P os Ng
B 1413. Burma . . : : » 4 ; ‘ ‘ . . 59
B 3149. » (1862) ‘ : : : : ‘ ; ; . 54

3. SYRINGA, Linn.

Contains 2 species. S. persica, Linn. ; Brandis 306. Vern. Hidsmin, Kashmir, is
a glabrous shrub found wild by Dr. Stewart at 8,000 feet on the Suliman Range and
cultivated in the Punjab and Kashmir. 8. vulgaris, Linn., is the *‘ Lilac” so much prized —
in European gardens and occasionally cultivated in the Himalaya.

1, S. Emodi, Wall.; Brandis 306. Vern. Ban phint, ban dakhir, —
banchtr, razli, juari, rangkrin, hehimu, lolti, leila, shafri, shapri, dude,
chilanghati, Pb.; Ghia, Kumaun. ; a

A large shrub with grey bark, 4, inch thick. Wood smooth, hard,

_ with a small, dark-coloured heartwood. Annual rings well marked by —
a narrow porous belt. Pores small in the spring wood, extremely small —
_and arranged in irregular groups in the autumn wood. Medullary rays q

fine, numerous. is

Safed-koh, North-West dimalaya from the Indus to the Sarda, ascending
11,000 feet. .
Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot.

H 2911. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . ‘ 2 ; é be oe
H 3023. 5 5) Met IO eee ; ‘ : ‘ ; . 59

lbs.

4. FRAXINUS, Tournef.

Contains 3 Indian species found in the North-West Himalaya. FF. excelsior, —
Linn. ; Brandis 302. Vern. Stim, kim, Pb. The Ash, is found in the valleys of the
Jhelum, Chenab and Ravi between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. #. Moorcroftiana, Wall.; —
Brandis 304. Vern. Shang, Afg.; Hantiz, nich, shilli, chi, siju, chim, thim, sandal,
shangal, butru, Pb.; Auga, gaha, North-Western Provinces, is a large shrub or small
tree of Afghanistan, the Trans-Indus and the North-West Himalaya from the Jhelum
to Kumaun. Itis often gregarious, has a slow growth (20 rings per inch of radius)

-and a light-brown, heavy, hard, close-grained wood which is used for tool handles and —
makes good fuel. ;

Wood moderately hard, white in some species; with a brown heart- _
wood. . Pores large and numerous in the spring wood; small, seanty and —
often arranged in groups in the autumn wood. Medullary rays fine,
uniform, equidistant. In F. floribunda, excelsior, and other species the ~
wood consists of alternate layers of soft porous spring wood, and hard, —
compact, autumn wood. a

1, F, floribunda, Wall.; Brandis 802. Vern. Bandrish, Afg.; Sim, —
sinnu, shin, him, hamu, tinnt, Pb.; Angan, angu, dakkuri, North- —
Western Provinces ; Kangu, tahasi, Nep. '

a

Lraxinus.| OLEACER. 257

A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, corky, with longitudinal fur-
rows. Wood white, with a light red tinge, no heartwood, soft to moder-
ately hard. Annual rings marked by an almost continuous line of large
pores, the layers cutting differently under the knife. Pores in the outer
part of the annual ring smaller. The large pores of the annual rings are
well defined on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
giving the wood a mottled appearance on a radial section.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 5,000 and 8,500 feet.

Growth slow to moderately fast, averaging 13 rings per inch of radius for our speci-

mens; Wallich says 8 rings (Brandis). Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is
tough and hard, and is used for oars, jampan poles, ploughs and other purposes.

Ibs,
H 612. Parbatti Valley, Kulu, 7,000 feet . ; : : / - 47
H 904, Upper Chenab, 8,000 feet : . : j ; Mart
H 2971. Naini Tél . : 49

H 3190. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7 000 Bae 20) Limes vit gs

The structure is exceedingly similar to that of F. excelsior, the European Ash
(No. 2974), but that species has a distinct brown heartwood.

5. OSMANTHUS, Lour.

Contains 2 or 3 species. O. fragrans, Lour.; Gamble 54. (Olea fragrans,
Thunb.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105; Brandis 309.) Vern. Shilling, silang, Kumaun;
Tungrung, Lepcha, is a small tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan, some-
times gregarious, but more often planted for the sake of its very sweet-scented flowers.
The wood is whitish, mottled with brown; the flowers are used to keep insects away
from clothes in Kumaun, and in China to flavour tea.

1, 0. nov. sp. Vern. Sidingi, Nep.; Chashing, Bhutia.

A small tree, with grey bark, white twigs, and opposite coriaceous
leaves. Wood white, hard, close-grained, seasons well, mottled on ver-
tical sections. Pores very small and extremely small, arranged in wavy,
irregular, anastomosing oblique bands, which form a most elegant net-
work on a horizontal section. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant,
numerous, traversed by parallel concentric lines of soft texture.

Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet.

The structure of the flowers shews it to beaspecies of Osmanthus. The leaves are
opposite, small, about 1 inch long, serrated ; the flowers white, the berries purple,
resembling small plums, and the bark of the twigs yellowish white, with raised specks.

Ibs,
E 379. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet : 1 ; ; , F 53

6. OLEA, Linn.

Contains 6 to 8 species of Indian trees. O. dioica, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 106; Beddome
cliii; Kurz ii. 157; Gamble 54. Vern. Atta-jam, Beng. ; Kala kiamoni, Nep.; Timber
nyok, Lepcha; Koli, Tam.; Parjamb, burra-nuge, mudla, Kan.; Karambu, Mar.,
is a tree of the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and South Kanara;
giving, according to Beddome, a valuable strong timber. O. dentata, Wall; Kurz ii.
157, is an evergreen tree of the Burma forests. O. europea, Linn., the Olive, has been
introduced on the Himalaya and the Nilgiris.

Wood hard, with a distinct heartwood in a few species. Pores small,
numerous, subdivided or in short radial groups. Medullary rays uniform,
equidistant, fine or very fine.

2 1

' 258 OLEACER. _ (Olea.

1. 0. ferruginea, Royle; Brandis 576. O. cuspidata, Wall. ; Brandis
307. Vern. Khwan, shwan, Trans.-Indus; Zaitéin, Afe.; Ko, hohi, kao,
kau, Pb.; Kau, Hind. ; Khaw, Sind.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, thin, smooth when
oung, when old exfoliating in large narrow strips. Sapwood whitish;
eartwood large, regularly shaped, from light brown or olive brown to

nearly black, smooth, extremely hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by .
a belt of closely-packed pores, Pores in the rest of the annual ring ex-
tremely small, in irregular patches of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine,
uniform, very numerous, equidistant.

4

Sind, Suliman Range, Salt Range, North-West Himalaya, extending as far as
the Jumna eastwards, and ascending to 6,000 feet.

Weight, 65 to 82 lbs. per cubic foot, averaging 73lbs. Brandis says that Sind —
wood weighs 65 lbs., but his specimen from the Sind hills reaches 82 lbs. The wood
polishes well and is highly prized for turning, for combs, agricultural implements and
fuel. The fruit is eaten, but is rarely found on the trees owing to the fondness of —
crows for it. Oil has been extracted from it, but only in small quantity though of good
quality. The wood is worth trying asa substitute for boxwood or for the wood of the
European olive and for inlaying work, as it is often prettily marbled.

Ibs,
H 162. Shahpur (Stewart, 1866) ; ; ‘ : : : . 65
H 118. Vaziri-Rupi, 4,000 feet . ; ‘ : y ae :
H 779. Chamba, 3,500 feet ; : . : y ‘ ; les: i |

H 425. Koti Forest, Jaunsar, 6,000 feet . , : : Oe ae
P 2729. Hills of Sind . ; ; . : ;

2. 0. glandulifera, Wall.: Beddome t, 238; Brandis 309. O. pani-
culata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105, not paniculata, R. Brown (an Australian
species). Vern. Giélili,raban, stra, phalsh, Pb.; Gair, galdu, garér, Kumaun.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey, uneven, exfoliating in
brittle scales. Wood reddish grey, hard, Annual rings marked by a
distinct line. Pores moderate-sized, oval, subdivided, uniformly distri-
buted. Medullary rays fine, numerous, prominent on a radial section,

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 2,500 and 6,000 feet. Nilgiris
and Anamalai Hills in South India.

A section of a tree 43 years old, in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, shewed 43 rings
on a radius of 10 inches (Brandis); this would give 43 rings per inch or fast growth:
our specimens give 12 to 33 rings per inch of radius. Weight, on an average, 54°5 lbs.
per cubic foot, The wood is durable, takes a good polish and is not liable to be eaten
by insects.

lbs.
H 928. Hazara, 3,000 feet . . - . ‘ ) : . &9
H 2940. Suni, Simla, 3,000 feet . ; : ‘ A ‘ > . 65
H 222. Garhwal Hills (1868) . ; ‘ : : ; ‘ oo

7. LIGUSTRUM, Linn.

Contains about 6 species of shrubs or small trees. DL, robustum, Hook. f. and

Th.; Beddome cliii.; Brandis 310; Gamble 54 (Phillyrea robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i,

101. Olea robusta, Kurz ii. 158) Vern. Keri, banpatara, Hind.; Jamu, Nep., isa
small tree of the outer Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, Bengal, Southern India and
Burma, with a hard durable wood. JZ. nepalense, Wall.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.149 ; Brandis
310. Vern. Gumgacha, Nep.; and L. bracteolatum, Don; Brandis 310, are small trees —
of Kumaun and Nepal. L. microphyllum, Beddome cliv., is a shrub of Coorg. The —
European Privet is LZ, vulgare, Linn. a

EE ee ee eee ne

Ligustrum.) OLBACER. 259

1. L. compactum, Hook. f. and Th.; Brandis 310.

A largeshrub. Bark grey, ;4, inch thick. Wood white, moderately
hard. Annual rings marked by a narrow porous belt. Pores small in
the spring wood, extremely small in the autumn wood. Medullary rays
fine and very fine, numerous.

North-West Himalaya from the Beas to the Sarda, at 3,500 to 6,000 feet.
Growth slow, 17 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 641bs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
H 3059. Koti, Simla, 6,000 feet . : ; ‘ , ; ; . 64

8. LINOCIERA, Swartz.

Contains about 6 species. L. intermedia, Wight. (Chionanthus intermedia,

Beddome t. 239) and ZL. malabarica, Wall. (C. malabarica, Beddome cliv.) are large

trees of the Western Ghats, while Kurz under Chionanthus describes 4 species from
Burma and the Andamans.

No. 3211 is LZ. macrophylla (Chionanthus macrophyllus, Kurz ii. 159) from a
cultivated tree in the Saharanpur Gardens; it has a brown bark, $ inch thick; pinkish
white wood; pores small, arranged in radial lines or groups ; and medullary rays fine,
bent where they touch the pores.

Orper LXVIII. SALVADORACES.

Contains 2 genera, Salvadora and Azima. Azima tetracantha, Lamk.; Kurz
ii. 161, is a straggling, dicecious, thorny shrub of South India and.Burma. It is very
common, and the leaves and bark are used in native medicine as an expectorant.
(Wight Ill. t. 152, p. 156.)

1. SALVADORA, Linn.

1. S. persica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 389; Brandis 315. 8. Wighti.
ana, Beddome t. 247. The Tooth-brush Tree. Vern. Arak, irak, Arab. ;
Kablar, kharidjar, pilu, Sind; Jhdl, Rajputana; Kaure van, kaurizal,
jhar, jhit, Pb.; Opa, ughai, Tam.; Waragu-wenki, ghunia, Tel.; Pélu,
Mar.

A small evergreen tree, with thin grey bark. Wood white, soft.
Pores small, in short radial lines, but enclosed in oval patches of soft tissue.
Numerous fine concentric bands of soft tissue, separating broader bands
of firm texture, in which the fine and numerous medullary rays are dis-
tinctly visible.

Wild in Sind, Rajputana, Guzerat, Konkan and the Circars.

The tree is generally small, but in favourable circumstances attains 30 to 40
feet, with ashort trunk, often crooked and fluted, 8-10 feet long and 4-5 feet in girth.
Specimens have been seen as much as 14 feet 9 inches in girth. Weight, 40°5 lbs.
(Dalzell); 46 Ibs. (Fenner); our specimen gives 38 lbs. It is very little used and
is not even a good fuel. The twigs are used as tooth-cleaners; the root bark is very
acrid and acts on the skin like a blister; the shoots and leaves are pungent, but
are considered as an antidote to poison, they are eaten as salad and given as fodder
to camels; the fruit also is pungent, bitter and aromatic, and is used medicinally.

bs,
P 138]. Sind . P 4 , ; : - ; . 2

260 SALVADORACER. [Salvadora,

2. S. oleoides, Linn. ; Brandis 316. Vern. Kabbar, jhdr, didr, mithi-
didr, Sind ; Jal, van, vani, mithi van, Pb.; Jhal, Hind. ; Ughai, koku, Tam. ;
Pilu, Mar.”

A large evergreen shrub or tree. Bark } inch thick, whitish
grey, tesselated. Wood light red, moderately hard, with small, irregular,
purple heartwood. Pores large and small, oval, often subdivided inte
uregular patches of soft tissue, which are joined by wavy, irregular

zigzag bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous, distinct, at unequal dis«
tances.

Arid zone. Sind and Punjab, often forming the greater part of the vegetation of
ie desert ; ascends to 3,000 feet in the Trans-Indus hills and to 2,400 feet in the Salt

nge.

Weight, 491bs. (Brandis) ; oar specimens give 541bs. (Punjab) and 38 Ibs. (Sind).
Wood sometimes used for building and agricultural implements, Persian wheels and
the knee timbers of boats. Is abad fuel and leaves a great deal of ash. The
fruit is sweet and is eaten.

Ibs.
P 942. Multan (with heartwood) ; é . : ‘ . 64
P 1382. Sind (no heartwood) . ‘ ¢ . F ‘ . . 38

Orper LXIX. APOCYNEA.

A large Order containing 33 genera, only a few of which are of any importance.
They belong to 3 Tribes, viz. —

Tribe I.—Carisseze . Allamanda, Willoughbeia, Chilocar-
pus, Melodinus, Winchia and

Carissa.
» i1—Plumeriee . : . Rauwolfia, Alyxia, Hunteria, The-

vetia, Cerbera, Ochrosia, Kopsia,

Rhazya, Vinca, Plumeria, Eller-

tonia, Alstonia, Tabernemountana

and Holarrhena.

» lIL—Echitidee . ‘ A . Vallaris, Parsonsia, Pottsia, Wrigh-
tia, Nerium, Strophanthus, Para-
meria, Urceola, Ichnocarpus,
Epigynum, Anodendron, Chone-
morpha and Beawmontia.

Among these genera, however, four contain only introduced plants. Allamanda cathar-
tica, Linn. ; Kurz ii. 164, is a large yellow-flowered shrub from America, much culti- —
vated in India and run wild in tidal backwaters of the Western Coast (Beddome).
Thevetia neriifolia, Juss.; Kurz ii. 168. Vern. Zard kundl, Hind. ; Finageunam
Burm., is a handsome yellow-flowered small tree, much cultivated in Beng and Burma.
It has long narrow leaves and a hemispherical drupe, from the seeds of which a bright
yellow oil can be obtained. Vinca rosea, Linn. the Madagascar Periwinkle, is a small
pink-flowered shrub commonly planted in India and Burma, Plumeria acutyfolia,
Poiret; Brandis 323; Kurz ii. 179; Gamble 55. Vern. Gul achin, golainchi,
chameli, Hind.; Khair champa, Bombay ; Champa pungdér, Gondi; Kanagala, Kan.;
Tayopsagah, Burm., is a gouty-branched tree with large, yellowish white, fragrant
flowers, commonly found in gardens in India and Burma, Van Someren calls it the —
“ Pagoda tree.” :
"Gicontistn other genera contain Sg egret: shrubs. Willoughbeia contains 2
species. W. edulis, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 57 ; Kurz ii. 165. Vern. Luti-am, Beng., isa large
climber of Chittagong with edible fruit. It yields a kind of caoutchouc, as does also
W. martabanica, Wall.; Kurz ii. 165. Vern. Zhit kyouknway, Burm., of Tenasserim.

—

~

Carissa. | APOCYNER. 261

Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall.; Kurz ii. 179 ; Gamble 56. (Echites grandiflora, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 14). Vern. Barbari, Nep., is a large climber of Northern and Eastern Bengal,
with a large trumpet-shaped flower. Chonemorpha macrophylla, G. Don; Brandis 328 ;
Kurz ii. 187; Gamble 56 (2chites macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 13). Vern. Gar
badero, Hind.; Yokchounrik, Lepcha ; Hark. Sylhet, isalarge milky climbing shrub
of Northern and Eastern Bengal and the Andaman, Islands, with broad leaves, beauti-
ful large white flowers, and long fruit, yielding a kind of caoutchouc. Vallaris dicho-
toma, Wall.; Brandis 327 ; Kurz ii. 181 (Hehites dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind.19). Vern.
Dudhi, Kumaun ; Happur-mali, Beng., is alarge twining shrub of the Sub-Himalayan
tract from the Ganges eastwards, Central and South India and Burma (C 2921 Central
Provinces). Urceola esculenta, Bth. ; Kurz. ii. 184 (Chavannesia esculenta, DC.), is a
climber of Tenasserim, said by Mr. G. W. Strettell to be common all over Pegu and to
yield a superior kind of caoutchouc (to this genus also belongs U. elastica, Roxb.,
giving the Borneo rubber). The remaining genera of climbers, Chilocarpus, Melodinus,
Winchia, Alyxia, Ellertonia (South India), Parsonsia, Pottsia, Strophanthus,
Parameria, Ichnocarpus (Northern and Eastern India), Lpigynuwm, and Anodendron,
are chiefly Burmese, but contain few species of any forest importance.

Rauwolfia serpentina, Bth.; Kurz 11.171 (Ophioxylon serpentinum, Willd. ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 694; Beddome clvi. ; Gamble 55.) Vern. Chandra, Beng.; Patalgani, Tel.
isa small undershrub of Bengal, Burma and South India; and #&. densiflora, Bth. ;
Beddome clvi., an erect shrub of the WesternGhatsand Ceylon. Hunteria Roxburghiana,
Wight ; Beddome clviii., is a shrub of the Tinnevelly Ghats. Ochrosia contains 2 small
trees: O. salubris, Bl.; Kurz ii. 172, of the tidal forests of the Andamans, and O. Bor.
bonica, Gmel.; Beddome elviii., of similar localities in Ceylon and probably Travancore.
Kopsia fruticosa, DC. (Calpicarpum Roxburghii, G. Don ; Kurz ii. 178.) Vern. Salap
Burm., is an evergreen large shrub of Burma, often planted. Rhazya stricta, De-
caisne; Brandis 322. Vern. Vena, Salt Range; Gandera, Trans-Indus; Sewar, sihar,
ishwarg, Sind, is a shrub of the arid zone of the Punjab, Sind and Afghanistan; its
wood is used for fuel, and the fruit and leaves in native medicine.

Wood white, soft (hard in Carissa), without heartwood. Pores small
or very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. A/stonia is
anomalous in having moderate-sized pores, distant rays and concentric
lines of soft texture.

1. CARISSA, Linn.

Contains 4 species. C. Carandas, Linn. ; Beddome clvi. ; Brandis 320; Kurzii. 169;
Roxb Fl. Ind. i. 687. Vern. Karaunda, karinda, garinga, karrond, timukhia, gotho,
Hind. ; Kurumia, bainchi, Beng. ; Karekai, heggarjige, Kan., isa small tree cultivated,
for its fruit in many parts of India, and wild in Oudh, Bengal and South India. C.
Daizellii, Beddome clvii., is a small tree of Coorg, 8. Kanara and the Bombay Ghats.

1. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fil. Ind. i. 689; Beddome elvii. ; Brandis 321 ;
Kurz u. 169. Vern. Karawnda, Hind. ; Gdn, garna, garinda, Pb.; San
karunda, Uriya; Wakoilu, Tel.

A small, thorny, evergreen shrub, with light grey bark. Wood hard,
smooth, close-grained, said when very old (in Kangra) to be black and
fragrant (Brandis). Annual rings marked by an interrupted line of

pores. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays very
fine, very numerous.

Wild in most parts of India, especially in the drier zones as in the plains of the
Punjab, the Sub-Himalayan tract up to 4,000 feet, and in Trans-Indus territory ;
also on the coast of South Andaman (Kurz).

It is generally gregarious, often forming undergrowth in forests of Pinus
longifolia, bamboo, and occasionally teak. It spreads rapidly in clearings, coppices
freely, and gives an excellent fuel. It is used for turning and combs, and to make dry
fences. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius.

P 112. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet.

262 APOCYNER. ry [ Cerbera.

2. CERBERA, Linn.

1. C. Odollam, Gaertn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 692; Beddome elvii. ;
Brandis 322; Kurz ii. 171. Vern. Dabir, diakur, Beng. ; Kada mé, hat-
arali, Tam. ; Gon-kadura, Cingh. ; Ka-lwah, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood grey, very soft, spongy.
Annual rings marked by a sharp line. Pores small, in short radial lines.
Medullary rays indistinct,

Coast forests of India and Burma.

Growth fast, 5 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 21 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is only occasionally used for firewood. The seeds give an oil which is used
for burning.

Ibs,

E 400. Sundarbans . ; . - sgt a r ‘ ‘ + ae

3. ALSTONIA, R. Brown.

Contains about 3 species. A. venenata, R. Br.; Beddome clx.; Gamble 55. Vern.
Chatwa, Nep.; Parbo, Lepcha, is a shrub of Sikkim and the Nilgiris. 4. spectabilis,
R. Br. ; Kurz ii. 183, is a large evergreen tree of the Andamans.

1. A. scholaris, R. Brown; Beddome t. 242; Brandis 325 ; Kurz ii.
188; Gamble 55. Vern. Chatwan, chatinn, Beng.; Satitin, chatiin,
satwin, satnt, Hind.; Chatiwan, Nep.; Purbo, Lepcha; Satiana, Ass.;
Satwin, Mar.; Satini, Cachar; Pala, wodrase,Tam.; Hda-kula, pala
garuda, Tel.; Mukampala, Mal. ; Janthalla, Kan; Rookatiana, Cingh. ;
Chaile, chalain, Magh ; Let-top, toungmayobeng, Burm.

A tall evergreen tree with dark grey bark and whorled branches,
Wood white, soft, even-grained, seasons badly, and soon gets mouldy and
discoloured. Pores moderate-sized, oval, subdivided. Medullary rays
fine, wavy, irregularly distributed, with numerous intermediate extremely
fine rays. Numerous, fine, wavy concentric lines at unequal distances,

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ascending to 3,000 feet, Bengal,
Burma, South India.

Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot, according to our specimens; Brandis gives 40 lbs.,
and Kyd (Echites scholaris) 40°5 lbs. and P = 710. It is not durable, but is easily
worked. The wood is used for boxes, furniture, scabbards, coffins and other pur-
poses, and is made into blackboards in Burma. It is used occasionally in Darjeeling,
Assam and Cachar for tea-boxes. The wood and bark are bitter; the latter is used as
a tonjc, anthelmintic and antiperiodic. The tree is readily recognised by its branches
and leaves in whorls, the leaves are smooth, shining, parallel veined, milky.

E 677. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . . . . . 28°
E 718. Chittagong . ; ‘ : : , 3 : ; . 28
E 1270. Lakhimpur, Assam ; ; : r é R : Sty
W 863. South Kanara , , ; 5 , ‘ a(t to
No. 75... Ceylon Conection ee

4, TABERNAIMONTANA, Plum.

Contains about 12 species of shrubs or rarely small trees found in Eastern
Bengal, South India and Burma. Several species are cultivated for ornament. 7.
recurva, Roxb. ; Kurz ii. 174. Vern. Tau-sa-lap, Burm., is a shrub of Chittagong and
Burma, with handsome white flowers. Z' dichotoma, Roxb., TZ. erispa, Roxb., and
T’. verticellata, Beddome clix., ave shrubs of the Western Ghats and Ceylon.

=
a Tabernemontana. | APOCYNER. 263

1. T. coronaria, Willd.; Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 23; Beddome clix. ;
Brandis 822 ; Gamble 55. Vern. Chandni, taggat, taggar, Hind.; Asuru,
Nep. ; Krim, Lepcha.

An evergreen shrub with silvery grey bark. Wood white, moderate-
ly hard, close-grained. Pores very small, Medullary rays fine, numer-
ous.

Kumaun, Eastern Bengal, Konkan. Cultivated throughout India.

Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius, Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. The
fruit has a red pulp, which may give a dye. #

E 2392. Sivoke Forest, Darjeeling Terai . : : ; : > &

5. HOLARRHENA, R. Brown,

1. H. antidysenterica, Wall.; Beddome clx.; Brandis 326 ; Kurz ii.
182; Gamble 55. Vern. Karra, haura, hora, kira, kiiar, kari, karchi,
dhidi, Hind. ; Kogar, kiam, Pb.; Kachri, Oudh ; Samoka, girchi, Gondi;
Kurakat, Kurku; Avkhria, Bhil; Dhowda, Guz. ; Kirra, karingi, Nep. ;
Dudhali, dudhkuri, Mechi; Dudcory, Ass.; Madmandi, Garo; Patru- |
kurwan, Uriya; Vepali,Tam.; Pala, kodaga, Tel.; Kurra, Mar.; Let-

_ toukgyee, Burm.

A small deciduous tree. Bark }inch thick, brown,rough, exfoliating
in small irregular flakes. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Annual
rings marked by a faint line. Pores very small, very numerous, often
in radial lines. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards ascending to 3,500 feet, Oudh,
Bengal, Burma, Central and South India.

Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse
strength have been determined by the following experiments :—

a Kyd (1831) in Assam with bars

Weight, P=

(H. antidysenterica) 47 417
f 2 feet x lin. X lin. found . .| (4. pubescens) 34 523
ty Skinner (1862) in South India, No. 134, found . ‘ .7, 38 562
4 Smythies in 1878 with oursix specimens ,, - f . 38 a8

The wood is largely used for carvings, especially at Saharanpur and Dehra Dtin;
in Assam for furniture; in South India for turning. The bark, leaves, fruit and seeds
are used medicinally, the bark as a tonic and febrifage and in dysentery. Hamilton in
Aikin’s List of Wallich’s specimens says beads are made of the wood in Assam to be
worn round the neck as a medicine.

RT hl CLBBS Sh a 10'ee 3! 24 masks et xe POG eS
O 263. 99 99 : . : : 34
O 3083. Gonda, Oudh BR
C 2801. Melghat, Berar , : 36
© 1158. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; : , : ye
C 2734. Moharli ,, a + , , d . , . 44
C 957. Guzerat = : ; ; ; : : ; ; . 41
No. 52. Salem Collection (marked Wrightia tinctoria) . ‘ . 39

2. H. mitis, R. Br.; Beddome clxi.; Thwaites Enum. 194. Vern,
Kiriwalla, Cingh.
Atree. Wood white, close-grained, soft, in structure resembling that
of H. antidysenterica.

Ceylon.

“ Ibs,
No. 46, Ceylon Collection (Hehites lanceolata) . ; : : 35

264 APOCYNER. | [ Wrightia.

6. WRIGHTIA, R. Brown.

Contains 4 to 6 species. W. Wallichii, DC.; Beddome clx., is a small tree of the
Western Ghats. W. coccinea, Sims; 5 Kurz ii. 193. (Neriwm coccineum, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 2.) Vern. Pallam, Beng., is a small tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal —

and Chittagong.

1. W. tomentosa, Rom. and Sch.; Beddome clix; Brandis 328;
Gamble 55. W. motiissima, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 19%. Nerium tomentosum,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 6. Vern. Keor, kildwa, Ph.; Dudhi, dharauli, daira,
Hind. ; Karingi, kirra, Nep.; Selemnyok, “Lepcha ; Pal kurwdn, Uriya;
Har ido, Cuttack ; Tella pal, koila-mukri, Tel.; Kala inderjan, Mar. ;
Atkuyi, Ass. ; Lettouk thein, Burm.

A small deciduous tree. Bark + inch thick, grey, corky. Wood
yellowish white, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked
by an interrupted line of pores. Pores very small, in short radial lines,
Medullary rays very fine and sci crepe fine, very numerous, closely
packed.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Beas eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central and
South India.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Kyd 34 Ibs.
per cubic foot; our specimens give 44°5 lbs. Kyd gives P = 523. The wood is
used for turning and carved work. The bark of the stem and roots are given as an
antidote to snake-bite. Mr. Manson says the milky juice is used to stop bleeding

by the Nepalese.
Ibs.

C 830. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . : o : ) é . Al
W 998. Poona . ; { ; : ; d . 48.
W 994, Sahyadri Ghats, Ahmednagar ; rte. ‘ . 49
E 623. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai : . : ; ‘ . 40

2. W. tinctoria, R. Br.; Beddome ¢. 241; Brandis 324; Kurz
31.198. Nerium tinctoriwm, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 4. Vern. Dudhi, Banda ;
Khirni, Meywar ; Pala, veypalé, Tam. ; Tedlapdl, Tel.; Kala kidu, Mar.

A small deciduous tree. Wood moderately hard, close-grained. Pores
scanty, very small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays extremely
fine and numerous.

Rajputana, Central and South India.

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Wallich gives 40, our
specimen 49 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for carving and turning. The leaves

are used for dyeing. ‘
8.

P 456. mere . : : : : ; : ‘ . 49
P 3222. ~, gpahar, Ajmere ; ; ‘ : ! : : Pat

7. NERIUM, Linn.

N. Oleander, Linn.; Brandis 329, is the Oleander Tree of the Mediterranean, often
cultivated in India.

1. N. odorum, Solander; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 2; Brandis 328. Vern.

Ranira, haner, ganhtra, Pb.; Kanyér, Kumaun.
A large shrub. Wood greyish white, soft. Pores very small, in radial

lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. |
South-West and Central India, Sind, Afghanistan, Outer Himalaya to 5,500 feet.
Often cultivated.

—— Nerium.) APOCYNER®. 265

The bark and root are poisonous, and the leaves used in native medicine,
H 3057. Murree Hills, 5,000 feet y sr a ; . ; ~ eae

Orper LXX. ASCLEPIADEZ.

A large Order of shrubs or undershrubs, generally scandent. It contains about
11 genera with woody stems, divided into 5 tribes, viz.,—

Tribe I,—Periplocee . F : ; . Cryptolepis, _— Finlaysonia,
, Streptocaulon and Peri-
ploca.
» I1—Secamoneer . y b é . TLoxocarpus.
» » L[1.—Cynanchee ‘ : : . Calotropis and Raphistemma.
» 1V.—Marsdeniee . ; ; ; . Gymnema, Marsdenia and
. Pergularia.

» V.—Ceropegiez ‘ : Leptadenia

F Cryptolepis Buchanani, Roem. and Sch.; Brandis 330; Kurz ii. 199 (Nerium
veticulatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 8). Vern. Karanta, Hind., is a twining shrub of most
parts of India, rare in Burma. Finlaysonia obovata, Wall.; Kurz ii. 197, is a
climber of the tidal forests of Burma. Streptocaulon tomentosum, Wight, and
S. extensum, Wight; Kurz ii. 198, are climbers: the first of the Eng forests, the
second of the lower mixed forests of Burma. Periploca contains 2 species.
P. aphylla, Decaisne; Brandis 330. Vern. Barrarra, bane, Trans-Indus; Bata,
Jhelum and Chenab, is a shrub of the arid and northern dry zones in the Punjab and
Sind; and P. calophylla, Fale.; Brandis 330; Gamble 56. Vern. Maslara, Nep. ;
Pargin, Lepcha, a small shrub of the Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan
ascending to 6,000 feet, and of the Khasia Hills.

Toxvcarpus laurifolius, Wight, Kurz ii.199, is a large climber of the forests
of the Pegu Yomah.

Calotropis contains 2 species. C. gigantea, R. Br.; Brandis 331; Kurz ii. 200;
Gamble 56. (Asclepias gigantea, Roxb. F1. Ind. ii. 30) Vern. Madar, safed-ak, Hind. ;
Uk, Sind; Akand, swetakand, Bang.; Auk, Nep.;. Yercum, Tam; Yekka, Kan.;
Kadriti, Gondi; Mayo-beng, Burm., is a large shrub found almost all over India
chiefly in waste land. Its inner bark gives a valuable fibre of fine silky texture,
which is very strong, and is used for bow strings, fishing nets and lines, and is
found to be durable in water. The seeds are surrounded by silky hair, which is said to
be made into thread in Borneo. It is difficult to spin, but mixed with one-fifth of
cotton it gave, in experiments made by Mr. Monckton in Madras, a good wearing cloth,
capable of being washed and dyed. It is well suited for stuffing pillows. The fibre
of the stems was found to bear 552 lbs., against 407 borne by Sunn hemp, (Crotalaria
juncea) and 224 lbs. borne by “coir” (Royle, Fibrous Plants of India, pp. 306 to 310)
The wood is made into gunpowder charcoal in Kattiawar and the Dekhan, and the
powdered root is used in medicine as an alterative, tonic and emetic. The acrid
milky juice is also used for various medicinal purposes.C. procera, R. Br. ; Brandis 331 ;
Kurz ii. 200. Vern. Spalwakka, Afg.; Ak, mudar, Hind. is a shrub smaller than
the preceding, but found in drier parts of India than it. It is chiefly found in
_ the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to the Jhelum, Oudh, Central India and the
a Dekkan. The fibre, wood, silk from the seeds, and root, are used in the same way as
those of C. gigantea. Raphistemma pulchellum, Wall.; Gamble 56. Vern. Chovfi-
brik, Lepcha, is a handsome climber of the North-East Himalaya. :

Gymnema tingens, W. and A.; Gamble 56, occurs in Sikkim Hills; and G. acu-

minatum, Wall.; Kurz ii. 202,in Chittagong and Tenasserim. Marsdenta contains 4
species, most of which give a strong fibre. VW. tinctoria, R. Br.; Brandis 332; Kurz
ii. 201; Gamble 56 (Asclepias tinctoria, Roxb., Fl. Ind. ii. 43) Vern. Ka/é lara,
Nep.; Ryém, Lepcha, of the North-East Himalaya and Burma, is a climbing shrub
from whose leaves a black or blue dye resembling indigo is obtained. _M. tena-
cissima, W. and A.; Brandis 333; Kurz ii. 201 (Asclepias tenacissima, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 51), a climber of Kumaun, Oudh and Behar extending to Chittagong and

Ava, gives a beautiful, strong, silky fibre called “ Rajmahal fibre” used for bow-
strings. Roxburgh states that a line of it broke with a weight of 248 lbs. when

2 k

Oe oa ee ce

266 ASCLEPIADER. — [Marsdenia.

dry and 343 lbs. when wet, while common hemp only withstood 158 and 190 Ibs.
Royle says that a rope (1$ inch) broke with 903 ihe. strong European rope
breaking with 1,203 lbs. M. Roylei, Wight; Brandis 333. Vern. Pathor, Chenab;
Tar, veri, Salt Range; Kurang, Simla (H 3194. Naldehra, Simla, 6,000 feet, with
a white porous wood and annual rings marked by large pores), and WW. lucida,
Edgew. ; Brandis 333. Vern. Dudhi, Kumaun, are small climbers of the North-West
Himalaya. Pergularia contains 2 species: P. pallida, W. and A.; Brandis 334; Kurz
ii. 202. Vern. Surkila, Kumaun, of Northern India; and P. odoratissima, Linn. ;
Brandis 334; Kurz ii. 203; Gamble 56. Vern. Kanjalita, kunjalt, Beng.; Sim-
pletbuk, Lepcha, of Bengal, Burma and the North-West Himalaya as far as the Jumna,
often cultivated.

Leptadenia viminea; Bth. and Hook. f. (Orthanthera viminea, Wight;
Brandis 335) Vern. Mowa, lanetdr, Trans-Indus; Matti, Beas; Khip, Delhi;
Kip, Sind; Chapkia, Kumaun; Mahir, Hind., is a glabrous shrub of the arid and
northern dry region from Sind to Oudh. The flower-buds are eaten as a vegetable,
and a rope is made of the fibre. Hemidesmus indicus, R. Br. (Asclepias Pseudo-sarsa,
Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 39,) Vern. Anantamu/, Beng., is a climber whose roots are used as
a substitute for sarsaparilla. There are also numerous small climbers of other genera
found in the Indian forests, but none sufficiently large to be worth mention.

Orper LXXI. LOGANIACEZ.

Contains 4 Indian genera, Buddleia, Fagrea, Strychnos and Gardneria.
Gaertnera, Beddome clxiv, contains only Ceylon plants. Gardneria ovata, Wall. ;
Kurz ii. 227 ; Gamble 57. Vern. Banjahi, Kumaun; Takpadik, Lepcha, is a climber of
the North-East Himalaya and Eastern Bengal. Kurz has divided this Order among
several neighbouring ones, placing Strychnos in Apocynee; Fagrea in Gentianes ;
Buddleia in Pedalinee; and Gardneria in Solanee; we have, however, considered
it better to follow Bentham and Hooker, and retain the Order, although the diverse
structure of the wood of the different genera would seem to aecord with Kurz’s views.

The structure of Stryehnos and Fagrea is similar in baving seattered,
large, ramified pores (intercellular ducts?) and small pores in eoncentrie
bands or irregular patches; and very sharply marked medullary rays in
the firmer tissue intervening between the irregular patches. The struct-

ure of Buddleia is altogether different.

1. BUDDLEIA, Linn.

Contains 4 or 5 species. 2B. macrostachya, Bth., is a shrub of the Himalaya from
Simla eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet.

Wood soft or moderately hard, no heartwood. Annual rings distinctly
marked by a belt of numerous pores, the pores in the outer wood being
smaller and often arranged in groups or eoncentrie lines,

1. B. asiatica, Lour.; Beddome clxiii; Brandis 818 ; Kurz ii. 250;
Gamble 56. B. Neemda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 896. Vern. Bhati, dhaula,
shitmtra, Kumaun; Bana, Simla; Newarpati, Nep.; Pondém, Lepcha;
Nimda, budhbola, Chittagong ; Kyoungmee koo, Burm.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood grey, moderately
hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of closely-packed pores
in the spring wood, Pores small, not all of equal size, scanty except
along the annual rings. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft., Bengal,

Burma, South India; chiefly found in second growth forests, deserted village sites and
savannahs,

= = ..
a a =

au

Buddleia.| LOGANIACER. 267

Growth fast, 44 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. It has
white, long, tomentose leaves and long spikes of-fragrant white flowers. It is very

ornamental and is often grown in gardens. J
‘ iS.
H 110. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet . : : ; ; . 44,

2. B. paniculata, Wall. ; Brandis 318; Kurz ii. 251; Gamble 56.
B. crispa, Bth. Vern. Spera wuna, Afg.; Dholtu, ghittia, sodhera,
sudhari, North-Western Himalaya ; Sinna, Nep.

A large evergreen shrub. Bark thin, light grey, peeling off in long
strips. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked
by a belt of small pores. Pores in the autumn wood very small, in groups
and in oblique lines. Medullary rays fine. :

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7,000 ft.
Growth moderate, 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs,
H 158. Simla, 7,000 ft. . ; A 41
H 2882. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet . at

3. B. Colvillei, Hook. f. and Th.; Gamble 56. Vern. Puri singbatti,
Nep. ; Pya-shing, Bhutia. |

A small tree. Wood reddish brown, soft. Pores of two sizes: large
near the annual rings, smaller in the autumn wood, these latter grouped,
the groups being enclosed in patches of soft tissue, which are arranged
in interrupted concentric bands. Medullary rays fine.

Eastern Himalaya, 9,000 to 12,000 feet.

Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 35 lbs. per cubic foot. An
extremely handsome tree with masses of dark crimson flowers, which appear in August
and make the tree very conspicuous in its habitat on the summit of Mount Tonglo.

lbs,
E 2393. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet... ; , 3 : 35

2, FAGRASA, Thunb.

Contains about 6 species. ¥. coromandelina, Wight; Beddome t. 244. Vern.
Ginnuna, Kan., is a small handsome. flowered tree of the Eastern Ghats of South
India. Ff. awricularia, Jack. and F. carnosa, Jack ; Kurz ii. 204, are large shrubs of
Tenasserim.

a 1. F. fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 461; Kurz ii. 205. Vern. duan,
urm,

An evergreen tree. Wood hard, brown, close-grained, beautifully
mottled. Pores of two classes, large ones scanty, often subdivided,
small ones in narrow, wavy, concentric bands, which alternate with broader
bands of firm and dark-coloured tissue in which the numerous fine medul-
lary rays are distinctly visible. The large pores (vessels or intercellular
ducts) are prominent on a vertical section.

Burma.

Weight, according to Baker, 70 lbs.; Wallich, 52°5 lbs.; Simpson, 57 Ibs. ; Major
Seaton 60 lbs.; our speciments vary from 53 to 65 lbs. Baker's four experiments
with Tavoy wood, with bars 7' x 2” x 2” gave P = 553; Simpson’s gave 387, but
the wood was a bad specimen. The wood is very durable, and is not liable to the
attacks of “Teredo.”’ It is one of the most important of the reserved trees of Burma,

268 LOGANIACER. [ Fagraa.

especially in Tavoy; and is used for house-building, bridge and wharf piles, boat-
anchors and other purposes.

Ibs.
B 289. Burma (1867) . * , 3 : : ; - ; 53
B 550. Martaban hie : ; ‘ : ; F ; 65
B 3073. Burma (1862) . ‘ : ; ; ; : : °

2. F. racemosa, Jack ; Kurz ii. 205. Vern. Thit-hpaloo, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard, greasy to
the touch and with a scent like that of India-rubber. Pores of two sizes :
moderate-sized pores scattered, often oval and subdivided, and extremely
small pores in narrow, wavy, concentric bands, alternating with broader
bands of firmer tissue, in which the fine, numerous medullary rays are
distinetly visible.

Andaman Islands.
Weight, 50 Ibs. per cubic foot. Major Ford says it is strong and durable, that the
wood is used for house-posts, and the root bark as a cure for fever.

lbs,
B 1990. Andamans (Kurz,1866) . =. «© «© «© « © 6&8
B 2294. ce (Ford, 1866) . . : ; : , .. ag

3. E 1450. (56 lbs) brought by Dr. Griffith from the Mishmi Hills in 1836, has
the structure of Fagrea. It is probably F. obovata, Wall.; Beddome elxiy ; Kurz ii.
205; Gamble 56. Vern. Sunakhari, Nep.; Longsoma, Magh; Nuvoungkyap, Burman
evergreen tree, often scandent or stem clasping, found in the forests of Northern
and Hastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma. :

3. STRYCHNOS, Linn.

Contains 6 to 8 species of Indian trees or climbing shrubs. S&. Wallichiana,
Steud: ; Kurz ii. 167, is an evergreen tree of the forests of the Pegu Yomah. S. cinna-
momifolia, Thw. and S. colubrina, Linn. ; Beddome elxiii are gigantic climbers of the
Western Ghats, while S. Jaurina, Wall. and S. aeuminata, Wall.; Kurz ii. 166, are
large evergreen climbers of Tenasserim, the latter also occurring on the coasts of South
Andaman. ,

1. S. potatorum, Linn. fil. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 576 ; Beddome elsxiii;
Brandis 317; Kurz ii. 167. The Clearing Nut Tree. Vern. Virmadli, nel
mal, Hind.; Kotaku, Uriya; Ustumri, Gondi ; Tettancottai, tettian, Tam. ;
Chilla, indupa, induga, katakamu, judapa, Tel.; Nirmali, chilbinj, Mar.;
Ustumri, Gondi; Tettam-parel, Mal. ; Chiltu, Kan.; Jngini, Cingh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark ~;th inch thick, greyish Lrown
and sometimes almost black, with numerous small angular, exfoliating
scales. "Wood white when fresh cut, turning yellowish grey on exposure,
hard, close-grained, seasons well. No heartwood, no annual rings,
Pores of two classes: large pores scanty, very small pores numerous,
arranged in irregularly ramified patches, which are extremely variable in
shape, giving the wood a remarkably fantastic pattern on a cross section.
These patches are joined by white concentrie lines which may possibly be
annualrings. Medullary rays white, fine and moderately broad, numerous,
sharply defined in the darker tissue. The large pores, which are promi-
nent on a radial section, are filled with a white shining substance and are
often ramified. They are probably not vessels, but large intercellular
ducts.

a i nd ~~

. Strychnos. | LOGANIACER. 269

Bengal, Central and South India. :

Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, used for building, carts and
agricultural implements. The pulp of the fruit is eaten, and the ripe seeds are used
to clear muddy water by merely rubbing the inside of the jar with the seed.

lbs.
C 1101. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ; : : ‘ 3 55
C 2979. Bijeragogarh, Central Provinces . , . ‘ ; P a
D 1060. South Arcot ; ‘ : : . , : ; ; 61
No. 44. Salem Collection. ; . ' i ' P ‘ 56

2. S. Nux-vomica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 575; Beddome t. 243;
Brandis 3.17 ; Kurz ii. 166. The Snake Wood, Nux-vomica or Strychnine
Tree. Vero. Kuchla, kajra, Hind.; Kuchila, Beng.; Kerra, korra, Uriya
Yetti, Tam. ; Mushti, musadi, Tel.; Kasaraka, kujarra, khasca, kasara-
gadde, Kan.; Kara, jhar katchura, Mar.; Kanjaram, Travancore; Goda
kadévu, Cingh.; Khaboung, Burm. .

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with dark grey bark. Wood brown-
ish grey, hard, close-grained, splits and warps. Pores of two classes:
very large pores (intercellular ducts) scanty, filled with a white substance,
very prominent on a vertical section, where they are often branching ; and
small pores in irregularly shaped, ramified patches, which are joined by
concentric and oblique white lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately
broad, prominent in the firm, shining, hard tissue intervening between
the patches above described.

Bengal, Burma and South India.

Weight, according to Skinner, No. 119, 56 lbs. (P = 1160) ; Brandis’ experiments
(3) made in 1864 with Burma wood in bars 3 ft. X linch X 1 inch gave weight 49 lbs. ;
P = 623; his list of Burma woods of 1862, No. 75, gave 52 lbs.; our specimens give
an average of 57 lbs. The wood is used in Burma for carts, agricultural implements,
and fancy cabinet-work. ‘The seeds contain 0°28 to 0°53 per cent. of strychnia mixed
with brucia, poisonous alkaloids, The pulp of the fruit is eaten by birds.

W 1224. North Kanara . . : : , . ; ‘ 65
W 727. South ,, P A ; PS : / ; 59
B 3072, Burma (i862) . : / : : . ; ; 49

oe

Orpver LXXII. BORAGINEZ.

Contains 4 genera belonging to 3 tribes, viz.,—
Tribe I.—Cordiex . : : ; : . Cordia:

» Il.—Ehretiee . ; s . : . Khretia and Rhabdia,
», II1.—Heliotropiez Tournefortia.

Rhabdia viminea, Dalzell; Brandis 341, 577; Kurz ii. 211, is a small shrub of
sandy and shingly river beds in Kumaun, Bengal, South India and Burma.

Lournefortia viridifiora, Wall.; Gamble 57. Vern. Ampati, Nep.; Tungrong,
Lepeha, is a climbing shrub of the North-East Himalaya, with soft brown wood having
the anual rings marked by darker lines, and large pores (E 3299, Chunbati, Darjeeling,
3,000 feet). The Heliotrope, Heliotropium peruvianum, Linn., in some places in the
aah and especially on the Nilgiris, reaches to the size of a shrub, and may be used for

edges.

Pores small or moderate-sized, the transverse diameter generally less
than the distance between the rays, which are uniform and equidistant,
generally short, either fine or moderately broad. Corda has concentric
bands of soft texture which are wanting in Lretia.

270 BORAGINER. [ Cordia.

1. CORDIA, Linn.

Contains 13 Indian species. C. Wallichii, G. Don; Beddome t. 245. Vern.

Chandle, Kan., is a tree of the Western Ghats, Mysore and Bombay, with woolly leaves.
C. grandis, Roxb. ; Kurz ii. 208 ; Gamble 57 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 593. Vern. Asari, Nep. ;
Thanat, Burm. ; is an evergreen tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Chittagong.
C. octandra, DC. ; Beddome clxvi. (C. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.591.) Vern. Gadgondors,
Hind., is a small tree of Travancore. C.monoica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 592; Beddome
elxvi. Vern. Pida, Hind.; Panugeri, Tel., is a small poor-looking tree of the barren
parts of the Circar forests. C. polygama, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 594; Beddome clxvi. ;
Kurz ii. 207. Vern. Bottukuru, patcha, Tel., is a small tree of the mountains on the
Coromandel Coast and the Eng forests of Martaban. C. Perottetii, DC.; and C.
fulvosa, Wight, are small trees of the Western Ghats. The above are. white-flowered
species. C. swbcordata, Lamk.; Kurz ii. 209 (C. campanulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
5938) is a handsome large shrub of the Andamans and Tenasserim, with red flowers,
often cultivated. C. speciosa, Willd., and C. tectonifolia, Wall., are small trees with
handsome scarlet flowers, cultivated in gardens, but introduced from the West Indies,

Numerous concentric lines of soft tissue, which sometimes are inter-
rupted, but generally with the medullary rays divide the wood into
oblongs or squares. Medullary rays prominent on a radial section.

1. C. Myxa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 590; Beddome clxv.; Brandis
836; Kurz 1i. 208; Gamble 57. Vern. Lasora, bhokar, gondi, Hind. ;
Laswara, Pb.; Lestri, gidirt, Sind; Borla, baurala, Kumaun; Bokhari,
buhal, Beng.; Boeri, Nep.; Nimat, Lepcha; Dobakari, Mechi; Gondi,
Uriya; Vidi, verasu, Tam,; Pedda boku, virgi, nakkera, irki, iriki, Tel. ;
Semar, goden, gondan, Mar.; Chotte, Kaa.; Selte, Gondi; Sidu, Kurku;
Lasséri, Baigas; Loli, Cingh.; Chaine, Magh; Thanat, toung thanat,
Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark $ to ¢ inch thick, grey or
brown, rough with shallow longitudinal wrinkles and furrows. Wood
grey, moderately hard. Pores of two sizes, a few moderate-sized or large,
uniformly scattered and frequently double, the rest very small in narrow
continuous concentric belts of soft tissue. Medullary rays alternately
fine and broad, the rays with the white concentric lines dividing the
wood into marked squares or oblong compartments. Medullary rays
prominent on a radial section as rough horizontal plates, having a

mottled appearance.

Salt Range, Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab to Assam ascending to
5,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India.

Growth moderately fast, 3 to 9 rings per inch of radius (Brandis); our specimens
do not shew the rings well, with the exception of two, which give 1 to 2 rings per inch,
which must be called ey fast. The weight is very variable. Brandisin Burma List
of 1862, No. 82, gives 33 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens vary from 23 to 42 lbs., but
the average is 33lbs. Brandis in For. FL, p. 337, says 33 to 49 lbs. The wood, in spite
of its softness, is fairly strong, and seasons well, but is readily attacked by insects. It
is used for boat-building, well-curbs, gun-stocks and agricultural implements, in Ben
for canoes. It might be tried for tea-boxes. It is an excellent fuel. The bark is
made into ropes and the fibre is used for caulking boats. The leaves are used as plates
and in Pegu to cover Burmese cheroots. _The fruit (Sebestan) is eaten, it is very
mucilaginous and is used in native medicine. The viscid pulp is used as birdlime.
The kernel is eaten and is used for marking linen, but the mark is fugacious..

Ibs.
O 250. Garhwal (1868) * o . 4 “ , 3 : 42
O 1376. Gonda, Oudh . . . . Py e z, = . 38
© 1149. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces. : : : . . 37

E 642. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai. i 5 3 . . 28

Cordia.| BORAGINEM. 271
ibs,
E 2394. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . ; ; ; : . 28
E 714, Chittagong . oF T reg Suey, ; ge AIOQ . 23
B 2543. Burma (1862) ‘ 36

No. 42. Salem Collection (marked Spondias mangifera) | 32

2. C. Macleodii, Hook. f. and Th.; Brandis 337. Vern. Dhengan,
dhéman, dhdian, dewan, dahi, dahipalas, dihgan, Hind.; Dhaiwan,
Sattara; Daiwas, dhaim, bhoti, Mar.; Bot, Gondi; Lauri hassamar,
Kurku; Gadru, Ajmere.

;

‘

h A middling-sized deciduous tree, with thick, grey, soft, corky bark.
Heartwood light brown, beautifully mottled with darker veins, even-

grained, very hard, strong, tough and elastic, seasons well and works
easily. Pores small, in irregular concentric belts of white tissue, often
joined by white lines without pores. Medullary rays white, fine and

moderately broad, prominent.

| Central and South India, Dekkan.

: Weight, 40 to 50 lbs. (Brandis); our specimens give 49 to 53, average 51 lbs.

The wood is used for furniture, picture frames and other ornamental work; also for
fishing-rods, which are said to be excellent. It deserves to be better known and more

in use. ' ”
; S.
t P 3219. Nagpahar, Ajmere : 3 ‘ “Ae
C 180. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . 58

C 2985. Jubbulpore (1863) : : 3 . 50

C 831. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar. : . 49

3. C. vestita, Hook. f. and Th.; Brandis 338. Gynaion vestitum,
A. DC. Vern. Kimbi, harth, Pb.; Kim paimdn, pin, indak, chinta,
ajduta, bairula, berula, Hind.
. A small deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, dark grey, exfoliating
when old in large woody scales. The wood has the same structure and
appearance as that of C. Macleodii, except that the concentric lines are
occasionally interrupted.
Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jhelum to the Sarda River, Oudh.

Weight, 52 to 53 lbs: per cubic foot. Wood strong, used for wheel and well work.
The fruit is eaten, it is preferred to that of C. Myzxa.

ae a S

Ibs,
PE ehiacint Toney. ers RE RES abe rate Vie
Ramee Metso yet) MARCO pe LO one

O 3232. Dehra Din . :

4, C. fragrantissima, Kurz ii. 207. Vern. Toungkalamet, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood moderately hard, reddish brown with
darker streaks, beautifully mottled, has a fragrant scent. Pores small, in
roundish patches, which are joined by fine, concentric lines. Medullary
rays short, moderately broad, distinctly marked on a vertical section. _

Burma, chiefly in the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim.

Weight, 48 to 51lbs. per cubic foot. It is a beautiful wood and should be better
known, It has a handsome grain, and its fresh, fragrant odour makes it very pleasant
to use. Pieces sent to London for sale in 1878 realized £4-10 per ton.

Ibs.
B 285. Burma (1867) ; : : : ‘ : ; , . 48
B 1428. Tharrawaddy, Burma . ‘ . 51

‘ 5. C. Rothii, Rom. and Schultes; Brandis 338. C. angustifolia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 595. Vern, Gondi, gondni, gundi, Hind.; Liar, lidi,
Sind ; Narvil/z, Tam.

272 BORAGINER. [ Cordia,

A small tree. Bark grey or brownish grey, with deep longitudinal
furrows. Wood grey, compact, hard. Pores small, often subdivided.
Medullary rays fine and moderate-sized. Numerous fine bands of softer
tissue which on a transverse section divide the wood between the
medullary rays into small squares.

Dry zones of North-West and South India.

Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 to 52 lbs. per cubic
foot (Brandis) ; our specimen gives 46lbs. Used for fuel, in Sind for building, and in
Cutch for agricultural implements. The bark when wounded gives a gum, and the

liber is made into ropes. The pulp of the fruit is eaten.
lbs,
P 449. Ajmere . : ; ; , ‘ . ; ; , . 46

2. EHRETIA, Linn.

Species about 8. #. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 596; Brandis 339; Kurz ii. 210;
Gamble 57. Vern. Pursan, kalthaun, Pb.; Pumyan, pimjlawdi, panden, koda,
kirkiina, arjum, Hind.; Narra, Garhwal; Shaurst, Kumaun; Rend, Kurku; Ridi,
Baigas; Nalshuna, chillay, Nep.; Bual, Ass.; Kala-aja, Beng., is a tree of the Sub-
Himalayan tract from the Indus to Bhutan ascending to 5,000 feet, Eastern Bengal,
and Chittagong. Brandis says “the wood is light brown, with white specks, fairly
even and compact, soft, not heavy, easily worked, made into scabbards, sword-hilts,
gun-stocks, and employed for building and agricultural implements.” Aikin in Wallich’s
List of 1831 gives 3°3 rings per inch of radius for the rate of growth. Kyd gives for
the weight, 37 lbs. per cubic foot, and P = 530. The fruit is eaten. #. aspera, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 598; Beddome clxvi. Vern. Tella juivi, Tel., is a small bushy tree of dry
barren places in South India ;! as is also #. duaxifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 598; Beddome
elxvi. Vern. Bapana-biri, Tel. FE. ovalifolia, Wight; Beddome elxvi., is a small
tree of Coimbatore, Madura and Tinnevelly up to 2,000 feet, and #. Wightiana,
Wall. ; Beddome clxvi., a small tree of the Tinnevelly Ghats.

1. E, levis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 597; Beddome t. 246 ; Brandis 340 ;
Kurz ii. 210. Vern. Chamrtir, kéda, darar, datranga, Hind.; Taméoli,
Banda; Mosonea, Uriya; Lotti, diste, gilcht, Gondi; Datranga, Mar. ;
Paldatam, redda pul-mera, seregad, Tel.; Kappura, Kan. |

A moderate-sized tree. Bark 4 inch thick} grey. Wood greyish
white, hard. Annual rings indistinctly marked. Pores small, grouped
in small clusters or radial lines. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous,
distinctly visible on a radial section.

Suliman Range, Punjab, Sub-Himalayan tract, Oudh, Bengal, Burma and the
Andaman Islands, Central and South India.

Growth moderate, 5 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 to 38 lbs. per cubie

foot. Wood tough, durable, used for agricultural implements and building. The
fruit is eaten, as is also the inner bark in times of famine.

Ibs,
O 257. Garhwal (1868) . ; ; - ; ; : ; a
© 1155. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; : . * . 88

2. E. obtusifolia, Hochstetter; Brandis 340.

A small shrub. Bark grey, thin. Wood resembling in structure
that of E, levis.

Salt Range in the Punjab, Sind and Rajputana.

P 3245. Ajmere.

3. E. Wallichiana, Hook. f. and Th.; Gamble 57. Vern. Boeri,

duwari, Nep. ; Kadet, Lepeha.

A large tree, sometimes gregarious. Wood grey, moderately hard,
Annual rings marked by light-coloured belts. Pores small and moderate-

et a i

<< *-. Ve

F Ehretia.| BORAGINER. 973

sized, in scattered groups and short radial lines. Medullary rays short,
fine, uniform, distinctly marked on a radial section.

Darjeeling Forests, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet.
Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 lbs. per cubic foot.

The wood is used for building, for charcoal, and occasionally for making tea-boxes.
lbs.

E 690. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet : ‘ , . 33

Orver LXXIII. CONVOLVULACEZ,

Contains 7 genera of Indian shrubs or climbers, viz., Erycibe, Rivea, Argy-
veia, Lettsomia, Ipomea, Porana and Neuropeltis.

With few exceptions such as the erect-growing Hrycibe glomerata, Wall.; Kurz ii.
213, of Tenasserim, they are all large climbers, often with showy flowers, but of very
little forest interest. Argyreia speciosa, Sweet.; Brandis 343, is the well-known
* Elephant Creeper.”

Orper LXXIV. SOLANEZ.

An Order of no special forest interest, though of considerable economic importance
producing the potato, capsicum, tomato, tobacco, datura and Cape gooseberry. It
contains 2 genera of Indian shrubs or small trees, Lyciwm and Solanum. Lycium
europeum, Linn.; Brandis 345. Vern. Ganger, kangu, chirchitta, niral, Pb., isa
thorny shrub of the Punjab, Sind and Guzerat, whose fruit is eaten. It is used as
fuel, and the branches are made into wattled frames for the walls of huts. Solanum
contains several shrubs, many of them occurring in waste places. ‘The largest is
perhaps, 8. verbascifolium, Linn.; Kurz ii. 225; Gamble 58. Vern. Dursul, Nep.;
Sivor, Lepcha, a small tree or large shrub of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma.
It has a grey bark and light yellow soft wood with scanty, moderate-sized, often
subdivided pores and numerous short, medullary rays. The annual rings are marked
by a line of larger pores. (E 3344. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4,000 feet.)

Onver LXXV. SCROPHULARINEA,

Contains only very few genera of woody plants, such as Brandisia and Wightia.
Brandisia contains two species, one from Bhutan, the other, B. discolor, Hook. f. and
Th.; Kurz ii. 250, from the hill forests of Martaban at 2,000 to 3,000 feet elevation.

The Paulownia, P. imperialis, Bth., a handsome-flowered tree often cultivated
for ornament, belongs to this Order.

1. WIGHTIA, Wall.

1. W. gigantea, Wall.; Gamble 581. Vern. Lakori, Nep.; Bop,
Lepeha. |
Bark grey, smooth, of unequal thickness, on the outside } inch thick,
~ much thinner where it touches the stem of the supporting tree. Wood
white, moderately soft, porous. Pores large, often subdivided, equally
distributed. | Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform, not equidistant.
Hill forests of Sikkim and Bhutan, from 3,000 to 7,000 feet.
) A huge epiphytic tree which climbs by sending out horizontal, stem-elasping,
aérial roots round the stem of the tree on which it grows, often shewing its masses of
: pink flowers above the summit of the latter. :
The wood is used to make Buddhist idols; it is light and very soft, but does not
warp. The stem is often 3 to 4 feet in girth.
E 3323. Rangirtim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.
| 2 1

274 GESNERACEM. | [ Leptobwa.

Orpen LXXVI. GESNERACEZ.

An Order scarcely worth mentioning, as it contains but one shrubby plant, the
rest being mostly handsome-flowered, herbaceous plants of the damp zones.

1. LEPTOBGA, Bth. |

1, L. multiflora, Bth.; Gamble 58. Championia multifiora,C. BI
Clarke. Vern, Zungrangmovk, Lepcha.

A small shrub. Bark grey, peeling off in papery lakes. Wood
yellowish white, hard, close and even-grained. Pores very small but
distinct, in short radial lines. Annual rings marked by closer pores.
Medullary rays extremely fine.

Hills of N. E. Himalaya up to 3,000 feet.

E 3314. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet.

Orpen LXXVII. BIGNONIACES.

Contains 8 genera of Indian trees, belonging to 2 tribes, viz.,—
Tribe I.—Bignoniee . . . - « Millingtonia and Ororylum.
» IlL—Tecomex ; : a ‘ . Tecoma, Dolichandrone, He-

terophragma, Stereospermum,
and Pajanelia.

Mayodendron igneum, Kurz Prel. Report of Pegu, Appendix D; Burma For. Fl.
ii. 233, is a handsome tree with scarlet flowers found in the Martaban Hills up to
2,000 feet.

To this family belong Amphicome arguta, Royle, a herb with large perennial root-
stock, found on rocks in the North-West Himalaya; the Catalpa, C. bignonioides, an
American tree with a greyish, handsomely-marked, very durable wood, often planted in
Europe and now largel} cultivated in America, and said to be good for sleepers; and
numerous other large American trees with fine timber.

With few exceptions, this Order is characterised by irregular concen-
tric bands of soft texture. The pores are moderate-sized and frequently

filled with resin, and the medullary rays fine, the distance between the
rays being generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

.

1. MILLINGTONIA, Linn. fil.

1. M. hortensis, Linn. ; Beddome t. 249 ; Brandis 347 ; Kurz ii. 238,
Bignonia suberosa, Koxb., Fl. Ind. iii, 111. The Indian Cork Tree. Vern.
Nimi chambeli, akas-nim, Hind. ; Aykayet, Burm.; Kat maldi, Tam.

A large tree. Wood soft, yellowish white. Pores small, numerous,
Medullary rays fine, the distance between the rays somewhat larger than
the transverse diameter of the pores. The specimen from the Saharanpur
gardens shews distinct annual rings marked by more numerous and
larger pores in the spring wood,

Cultivated in avenues and gardens in most parts of India, believed to be indigenous

in Burma and the Malay Archipelago, Kurz gays it is rather rare in the tropical forests
from Martaban down to Tenasserim.

Millingtonia.]| BIGNONIACEM. 275

Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Skinner, No, 27); P= 610. Our specimen gives
40 lbs. Growth fast, 4 to 5 rings per inch of radius, as far as we can judge from our

young specimen. ul
O 3160. Saharanpur Gardens > att At veartete , + hier Lea

2, OROXYLUM, Vent.

1, 0. indicum, Bth.; Kurz ii, 237. Calosanthes indica, Bl.; Brandis
347; Gamble 59. Bignonia indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 110; Beddome
elxviii. Vern. Mulin, mirianga, sori, tdétpalang, tétmorang, Pb.; Udlu,
arlu, kharkath, pharkath, sauna, assar sauna, shyona, Hind.; Tattunia,
C.P.; Totilla, karamkanda, Nep.; Kering, Garo; Cherpong, Mechi;
Sozong, Rajbanshi; Pomponia, Uriya; Pana, vanga, ach, Tam.;
Pamania, pampana, dundillam, dondlup, Tel.; Dhatte, Gondi; Tetu,
Mar.; Yotid/a, Cingh.; Kyoungyabeng, Burm. ; Baladah, And.

A small tree. Bark } inch thick, light-brownish grey, soft, yields a
green juice when cut. Wood yellowish white, soft ;no heartwood. Pores
moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Annual rings marked by more
numerous pores. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, prominent
on a radial section. —

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ascending to 3,500 feet, Bengal
Burma, Central and South India, Andamans.

Growth fast, 25 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight 30 lbs. per cubic foot. The
bark and fruit are used in tanning and dyeing; the seeds are used to line hats and,
_ between two layers of wickerwork, to make umbrellas; they may be seen in Buddhist

temples in Sikkim, hung up in strings or made into ornaments to suspend from the
roof. The tree is remarkable for its long, flat, sword-like capsule and large dull-

”?

coloured flowers. Mr. Manson says that the ground-up bark mixed with “hardi” is
used to cure sore backs in horses,

Ibs,
P 111. Sutlej Valley . : : ; : ; Vs ‘ doa
© 1179. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces é i 5 ; ‘ 27
E 582. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . , i ; > 32
E 2396. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Forest Tr ae hinges ESE

38. TECOMA, Juss.

1. T. undulata, G. Don; Brandis 352. Bignonia undulata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 101. Vern. Reoddna, rebdan, Trans-Indus; Lahira, liar,
roir, rahtra, Pb.; Lohiri, lohéro, Sind; Lowa, Mhairwarra; Rakht reora,
Mar.

An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark } inch thick, corky, reddish
brown. Heartwood greyish or yellowish brown, close-grained, mottled
with lighter streaks, takes a fine polish.. Pores small and moderate-
sized, often subdivided, enclosed in small rounded patches, which are
frequently arranged in concentric lines. Medullary rays short, fine and
moderately broad, very prominent on a radial section as long, smooth
plates.

Suliman and Salt Ranges, Punjab plains, Rajputana, Guzerat.

Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; our specimen gives 641bs. The wood is
tough, strong and durable, works and polishes well. It is highly prized for furniture,

carving work and agricultural implements. ‘The flowers are bright orange and very
handsome,

Ibs,
P 943. Salt Range, Punjab . & wilbis ; ‘ eh ill 64,

276 BIGNONIACER. [ Dolichandyone.

4. DOLICHANDRONE, Fenzl.

Contains 5 Indian trees. D. arcuata, Hook.f. and Bth. Gen. Plant. ii. 1046 (Spat-
hodea arcuata, Wight; Beddome clxix.) Vern. Ran-palai, Tam. ; Mersinghi, Mar., is a
tree of the Palghat and Coimbatore forests. D. crispa, Seem. (Spathodea crispa, Wall. ;
Beddome elxviii.; Brandis 350. Bignonia crispa, Buch. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 103) Vern.

Pumbadri, Tam., is a handsome, white-flowered tree of South India, especially Cud- —

dapah and North Arcot, and’ probably the Central Provinces.

D. falcata and D. Rheedit have white, soft wood, without heartwood.
Medullary rays very fine. Concentric bands of soft tissue very numerous.

D. stipulata has hard, orange-coloured heartwood, and no concentric
bands.

1. D. stipulata, Seem.; Bth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 1046.
Spathodea stipulata, Wall.; Kurz ii. 234. Bignonia stipulata, Roxb. Fl,
Ind. ii. 108. Vern. Petthan, malwa, Burm. >

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Heartwood orange-red, beautifully
mottled, hard, close-grained. Pores numerous, small, enclosed in round
patches of soft tissue which are often arranged in wavy, concentric lines.
Medullary rays prominent, very fine, very numerous, generally filled
with a yellow substance.

Burma and Andaman Islands,

Weight, Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 77, gives 48 lbs.; Skinner, No. 26, gives -

weight 64lbs., P = 1386; our specimens give 56 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for
bows, spear handles, oars and paddles. Major Ford says it is a durable wood for
house-posts and makes good furniture. Flowers orange-yellow.

Ibs,
B 2544. Burma (1862). . : ‘ ; F A bas" : ; 58
B 2261. Andaman Islands (1866) 54

2. D. falcata, Seem.; Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant. ii. 1046.
Spathodea falcata, Wall.; Beddome t. 71; Brandis 350. Bignonia
spathacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iu. 103. Vern. Hdwar, Oudh; Kanséri,
Meywar ; Mendal, manehingi, Banswara; Mersingz, Mar.; Udda, wodi,
Tel.; Mersingh, Bail; Karanjelo, Kurku; Nir pongilam, Mal.

A small deciduous tree. Bark $ inch thick, bluish grey, exfoliating in
irregular woody scales. Wood whitish, hard, close and even-grained,
seasons well, shining and glossy ; no heartwood. Annual rings indistinet.
Pores small, oval and subdivided, arranged in wavy, narrow, concentric
bands. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous.

Oudh, Rajputana, Central.and South India.

Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 to 43 lbs. per cubic
foot. Wood used for building and agricultural purposes. Flowers white, leaves small.

lb
C 1189. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . - : : ; 42

W 995. Sahyddri Ghats, Ahmednagar . . «© . eo Agel egy

3. D. Rheedii, Seem.; Bth. and Hook. f. Gen, Pl. ii. 1046,
Spathodea Rheedii, Wall. ; Beddome clxviii.; Kurz ii. 234. Vern, Deya-
danga, Cingh. ; Thakootma, Burm.

Wood white, soft. Structure similar to that of D. falcata, but
medullary rays very prominent on a vertical section,

Burma, Malabar, Ceylon and the Andamans. : |
Growth moderate, 7 to 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 23 lbs. (Adrian Mendis) ;
our specimens give 82 to 39lbs.; Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 79, gives 35 Ibs,

Flowers white.

ES ————— lel

eh Ne SSN

Flowers rose-coloured.

s

_ Dolichandrone.| BIGNONIACER, 277

B 2545. Burma (1862) . ‘ : - , ‘ ‘ . F 32
B 2252. Andaman Islands (1866) . or ; ‘ , ; 39
No. 18. Ceylon Collection ; Pins: ee y ieee 3 ey

5. HETEROPHRAGMA, DC.

Wood soft, no heartwood. Pores moderate-sized. Medullary rays
fine, the distance between the rays being equal to the transverse dia-
meter of the pores. No distinct concentric bands,

1. H. Roxburghii, DC.; Beddome elxix. Spathodea Roxburghii,
Sprengel; Brandis 350. Bignonia quadrilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
107. Vern. Baro-kala-goru, Tam.; Bondgu, Tel.; Pullung, warras,
Mar.

A large tree. Bark $ inch thick, dark brown, exfoliating in small
angular scales. Wood grey, rough, moderately hard. No heartwood,
no annual rings. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays fine, visible on a radial section as long narrow plates.

Chanda District, Godavari Forests and Western Coast.
Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
C. 1106. <Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces , : : 40

2. H. adenophylla, Seem.; Bth. and Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. 1047;
Kurz ii. 286. Vern. Petthan, Burm,

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood yellowish white, moderately
hard. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine, ntimerous,

Burma and Andaman Islands.

Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers. large, dull brown, tt
= ; J : ; 8.
B 1421. Tharrawaddy, Burma : ‘ > = 42

3. H. sulfurea, Kurz ii. 235. Vern. Thitlinda, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood dark grey, soft, even-grained, in structure
resembling that of H. Rowxburghii.

Burma, chiefly in Prome District.

Brandis’ Burma List, 1862, No. 78, gives weight, 63 lbs.; the specimen now

weighs 42 lbs. Flowers yellow.
; Ibs,
MMOs | DUTIOAALROR) F 5 ey or dere ee oy ae

6. STEREOSPERMUM, Chamisso.

Contains 5 to 6 species. 8. amenum, Benth. and Hook. f. (Spathodea amena,
‘A. DC; Brandis 349. Radermachera amena, Seem. ; Kurz ii. 232) is a tree introduced
from the Mauritius, but wild in Ava; it is cultivated in gardens. S. newranthum,
Kurz ii. 230. Vern. Thanday, with pale lilac flowers, is found in the forests of the
hh he the wood weighs 33 to 36lbs. and is reddish brown, close-grained, but

ittle used.

Wood rough. Heartwood small, brown, sometimes wanting. Pores
moderate-sized, often joined by concentric bands or lines of soft texture,
which are sometimes interrupted. Medullary rays fine; the distance
between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores.

278 BIGNONIACES. [ Stereospermum.

1, S. chelonoides, DC.; Beddome t. 72; Brandis 352; Kurz ii.
230; Gamble 58. Bignonia chelonoides, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 106.
Vern. Pader, padri, parral, Hind.; Parari, Nep.; Singyen, Lepcha;
Sirpang, Mechi; Bolzel, Garo; Parolli, Ass.; Pareya-auwal, Cachar ;
Dharmara, atcapali, Beng. ; Tsaingtsa, Magh ; Padri, pon-padira, pathiri,
vela-padri, Tam.; Tagada, thagu, kala gorté, moka-yapa, pisil, Tel. ;
Taitu, Berar ; Pamphunia, Uriya; Kirsel, tuatuhka, padul, Mar. ; Padurni,
Bhil ; Nai-udi, mallali, Coorg; Kall-udi, Kan. ; Linié-madala, Cingh. ;
Thakooppo, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark brown, varying in thickness up to $
inch, outer bark corky. Wood hard, grey, no heartwood. Pores moder-
ate-sized and large, joined by narrow, irregular, wavy, interrupted belts
and lines of soft tissue. Pores frequently filled with a white substance of
a resinous nature, which is prominent on a vertical section. Medullary
rays short, wavy, moderately broad, numerous, prominent on a radial
section as long, narrow, horizontal bands.

Bengal, Burma, Central and South India.

Growth moderate, about 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45lbs. (Kyd); 42°5
Ibs. (Wallich) ; 48 lbs. (Skinner, No. 25); our specimens give 47 lbs. Kyd gives
P = 710; Skinner 642. The wood is moderately durable, elastic, easy to work; it is

used for building and is good for furniture. It is used for canoes and building in
Assam, and for tea-boxes in Cachar. The roots, leaves and flowers are used medicinally.

' aah
C 1164. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ! : , : 40
C 1172. 33 3 33 33 . © . . . 38
C 1411. Moharli ,, - Re 3 7 ’ : 2 46

C 833. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . ‘ : é SURG : aks
E 659. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . ; : ; ; 51
E 673. Bamunpokri Forest is <3 aire ‘ ; ; 2 48
E 632. Eastern Duiars, Assam , ; - : ; : ; 40
E 1398. Chittagong ‘ : : ; ‘ ‘ , é / ee
D 1070. North Arcot . - d 2 $ ° ‘ A ; 50
B 2546. Burma (1862) . ; ‘ : : ‘ ; : ‘ 52

2, S. suaveolens, DC. ; Beddome clxix.; Brandis 351 ; Kurz ii. 231;
Gamble 59. Bignonia suaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 104. Vern. Paral
padal, padidla, padaria, parur, Hind.; Pandri, C.P.; Phalgataitu,
Melghét; Parari, Nep.; Singyen, Lepcha; Pardé, Beng.; Patili,
Uriya; Padri, Tam.; Kala-goru, kuberakashi, padari, patali, Tel.;
Hooday, villa, Kan.; Unt hatar, padar, Gondi; Padar, Kurku; Pandan,
Bhil; Parl, kalagori, Mar. ‘

A large deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick, grey, exfoliating in
large, irregularly shaped, flat scales. Sapwood large, grey, hard. Heart-
wood small, yellowish brown, beautifully mottled with darker streaks,
very hard, seasons and polishes well. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in
long, wavy, concentric, interrupted bands of softer tissue. The pores are
frequently filled with a white shining substance, which becomes yellow
in the heartwood. Medullary rays fine, sharply defined, numerous, wavy,
equidistant, prominent on a radial section.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Bengal,
Burma, Central and South India.

Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; our specimens give 46 lbs. The wood is
fairly durable, and easy to work; it is much valued for building and makes excellent
charcoal. The root and bark are used in native medicine.

eee oe

Stereospermum.| BIGNONIACE. 279

lbs,

O 243. Garhwal (1868) “ ; : ° 2 : : é 41

O 341. Gorakhpur (1868) . ; : ; : ‘ - ; 49

C 197. Mandla, Central Provinces (1869) : f ‘ ( ; 40

C 1114. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces , 2 . ; R 46

C 2745. Moharli ,, * rv ¢ ; : : , 50

C 832. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . ; . ‘ ; Met ie >

E 1959. Chittagong ; ; ; ‘ : ‘ ‘ ‘ , 51

_B 307. Burma (1867) . ‘ ; ; ) ; ‘ ; ; 44

3. S. xylocarpum, Bth. and Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. 1047. Spathodea
xylocarpa, lV. And.; Brandis 349. Bignonia aylocarpa, Roxb. Fl, Ind.
iii. 108; Beddome t. 70. Vern. Kharsing, bersinge, Mar. ; Jai-mangal,
sondar-padal, Mandla; Dhéta mara, dhotte, Gondi; TZeto, Kurku;
Vadencarni, Tam. ; Ghansing, Kan. : .

A deciduous tree. Bark 4 inch thick, light grey. Sapwood large,
grey; heartwood very hard, brown. Annual rings marked by an
irregular belt of numerous pores. Pores small and moderate-sized, often
subdivided, each pore or group of pores in a small patch of soft tissue ;
these patches are frequently grouped in zig-zag and more or less concen-
tric lines. In the heartwood the pores are generally filled with a yellow
substance. Medullary rays short, fine,

Satpura Range, Khandeish and South India.

Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot.
Wood tough and elastic, close-grained ; used for cabinet work.

C 2810. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) . : ; ; ° te 36
C 9658. Guzerat. ; ‘ ° ° , ‘ ‘ ° ; 47
W 996. Sahyddri Ghats, Ahmednagar . . Bt Ble os

4, S. fimbriatum, DC.; Kurz ii. 231. Vern. Thanthat, Burm.
A deciduous tree. Heartwood small, dark brown. Sapwood hight
brown. Wood very hard in structure similar to that of S. suaveolens.

Martaban and Tenasserim in Burma.
Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs,

B 2696. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) ‘ : ‘ : : , ; 54

Nos. E 719 (52 lbs.) from Chittagong; D. 1284 (54 1bs.) from the Anamalai Hills :
B. 2355 (52 Ibs.) and B. 2234 (56 lbs.), from the Andamans, probably belong to this
genus.

Wood rough, yellowish grey, moderately hard, with a small heart-
wood; in structure resembling S. suaveolens.

J 7. PAJANELIA, DC.

1, P. multijuga, DC.; Kurz ii. 237. Vern. Kyoungdouk, hingalun,
Burm. ; Kauskonda, And.

_ A large evergreen tree. Bark { inch thick, dark grey, rough.
Wood orange-brown, very hard, close-grained. Pores large, occasionally
filled with yellow resin ; each pore surrounded by a narrow ring of soft
tissue, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous,

280 BIGNONIACER. [Pajanelia, - ;

uniform and nearly equidistant, prominent. Wood very similar to that
of Planchonia valida, but differs by more prominent medullary rays, and
larger pores, which are not arranged in bands, but isolated.

Burma and Andaman Islands.

Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for canoes by the Andamanese. A fine

wood. ad
B 503. Andaman Islands ; ; ; : J Cy annis 2 52

Onver LXXVIII. PEDALINES, :

Contains no woody plants ; the genera placed by Kurz under this Order have already
been described under Loganiacee and Scrophulariacee Sesamum indicum, Linn. |
Vern. Zul, is the plant which yields the Sesamum or Gingelly oil, and is commonly |
cultivated in India.

Orver LXXIX. ACANTHACER.

Contains alarge number of Indian genera, most of which are herbaceous. About
10, however, produce shrubs or climbers, and these are divided into four tribes, viz.,—

Tribe I.—Thunbergiew . . . + «. Zhunbergia.

» iL—Ruelliex . ; . a ee - Dedalacanthus, Strobilanthes
and Avchmanthera.
» ilI.—Acanthes : 7 } ‘ . Acanthus.

» LV.—dusticiex P cates : . Barleria, <Asystasia, Phlo-
gacanthus, Justicia and
Adhatoda.

Thunbergia contains several large climbers. Z. grandiflora, Roxb. iii. 34.; Kurz
ii. 240; Gamble 59. Vern. Muliita, Hind., Beng., isa large handsome climber of
the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong, with pale blue flowers.
T.. coccinea, Wall.; Gamble 59, is a Jarge climber of the North-East Himalaya,
with long clusters of pendulous scarlet flowers. 7. lJaurifolia, Ldl.; Kurz ii, 240,
Vern. Nwaycho, Burm., is a lofty climber of Burma and the Andamans. Deda- |
lacanthus contains about 14 species, the commonest of which are D. splendens,
T. And. ; Gamble 59. Vern. Shechin, Nep., a handsome shrub, with long spikes of
pink flowers, common in the undergrowth of the sal forests of the North-East Hineioge
and Terai; and D. nervosus, IT, And.; Gamble 59. Vern. Shechin, Nep.; Topatnyok,
Lepcha, a beautiful shrub with brilliant blue flowers, found in the damp forests of the sub-
Himalayan tract from Dehra Din to Assam. Strobilanthes contains. over 100
Indian species of handsome-flowered herbs or shrubs. Kurz says that 8. jlaceidifolius,
Nees, is cultivated by the Karens for its blue dye; Anderson* says that it is also
cultivated in Assam and the Mishmi Hills, and is called * Room” and Fortune that it
is similarly cultivated in China, Mann,in the Assam Forest Administration Report for
1876-77, paragraph 135, gives S. flaccidus (probably this species). Vern. Rampat,
Ass, ; Hom, Phekial, as a dye-producing plant. S. flava, Kurz. Vern. Mya naban,
Burm.; S. Simonsii, T. And.; 8. lamioides, T. And.; S. fimbriata, Nees; and
S. Neesii, Kurz, are all large shrubs described by Kurz ii. 243-245 from Burma.
Zichmanthera Wallichii, Nees; Gamble 60. Vern. Patrang, Ban marua, Pb., is a
small shrub of the Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan. Acanthus contains 5 species.
A, ilicifolius, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 32; Kurz ii. 241. Vern. Kenthi, Beng. ;
Khaya, Burm., is a common shrub of the Sundarbans and the coast forests of
Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans; A. ebracteatud, Vahl ; Kurz ii. 242,is a shrub.
of those of the Andamans and Tenasserim; while A, volubdilis, Wall., is a climbing

Py,

*An Enumeration of the Indian species of Acanthacew, Journal Linn, ; Soc, Vol. IX, No, 40, 1867, by
Dr. T, Andergon, Supdt, Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, ms

Phlogacanthus.| ACANTHACER. 231

shrub in similar places and A. carduaceus, Griff., a climber of Bhutan. Barleria
, and Asystasia both contain handsome-flowered shrubs. Justicia Gendarussa, Linn. ;
Kurz ii. 247; Gamble 60; Roxb. Fl, Ind. i. 128. Vern. Jagat-madan, Beng. ;
__ Jatrasigi, Mechi; Bawanek, Burm., is a shrub of the beds of streams in Bengal
: i and Burma.
. 1. PHLOGACANTHUS, Nees.

Contains 11 species. P. insignis, Kurz ii. 246, is an evergreen shrub of the
Pegu Yomas. P. pubinervis, T, And.; Gamble 60, is a shrub of the Sikkim Hills.
The remaining species are found, 5 in the North-East Himalaya and Khasia Hills,
2 in Burma and 1 in Coorg.

: 1. P, thyrsiflorus, Nees; Kurz ii. 246; Gamble 60. Vern. Sua,
shechin, Nep. ; Sumcher, Lepcha; Bashhah, Mechi.
A large evergreen shrub. Bark grey. Wood white, moderately hard,
close-grained. Pores small, scanty, often in short radial lines. Medullary
é rays numerous, moderately broad and fine.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun to Assam, Khasia Hills and Burma,
_ Weight, 371bs. per cubic foot. Often cultivated, as it is a very handsome shrub
with long spikes of flame-coloured flowers.
Ibs.
E 2410. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . ew : ° : 37

2. ADHATODA, Nees.

4 1. A. Vasica, Nees; Gamble 60. Justicia Adhatoda, Linn. ; Roxb.

: Fl. Ind. i. 126; Kurz ii. 248. Vern. Bakas, vasika, Beng.; Bhekkar,
Jhelum ; Basiti, Beas; Bekkar, Salt Range; Zora buyjja, Trans-Indus ;
Bashang arés, Kumaun; Kath, alesi, Nep.

a A small shrub with white, moderately hard wood. Pores very

small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numer-
ous.

Common in the Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal westwards, up to 4,000 feet,
elsewhere cultivated ; sometimes gregarious.
The wood is used for gunpowder charcoal and for brick-burning. The leaves are
| used as a cattle medicine, and the flowers for ophthalmia. The shrub is not eaten
down, even by goats.

H 2943. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 3,000 feet.

. Orper LXXX. VERBENACES.

A large and important Order containing 15 genera belonging to 5 Tribes: viz.,

Tribe I.—Verbenex containing . . . Lantana.
=a II.—Viticese a ‘ ; . Callicarpa, Tectona, Prem-
. na, Gmelina, Vitex,
Clerodendronand Holms-

" kioldia.
» I1I1.—Caryopterides - ‘ ‘ . Caryopteris, Glossocarya
: . and Hymenopyramis,
: 3 ILV.—Symphoremee 6 ; ; . Symphorema, Sphenodesma
and Congea.
» V.—Avicenniex # ‘ F . Avicennia.

2
=

=

282 | VERBENACEX. [Callicarpa,

Lantana alba, Miller; Brandis 369; Kurz ii. 253 (Z. dubia, Roxb. Fi. Ind. ii
89) is a shrub of the Punjab, Sind, the North-West Sub-Himalayan tract up to
3,000 feet, the Dekkan and South India.

Holmskioldia sanguinea, Retz; Brandis 370; Kurz ii. 256; Gamble62. (Hastingia
coccinea, Konig; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 65.) Vern. Kub-tolia, Kumaun ; Sarputtia, Nep.;
Sivettachim, Lepcha, is a large straggling shrub with showy scarlet flowers ina scarlet
membranous calyx, common in the outer Himalaya from the Sutlej to Assam up to
3,000 feet, and in the Prome district of Burma. -

Glossocarya mollis, Wall.; Kurz ii. 257, is a shrub of Tenasserim. Hyme-
coesrens brachiate, Wall.; Kurz ii. 258, is an evergreen climber-of the Prome
orests.

Symphorema contains 2 climbers of South India: S. polyandrum, Wight, from
near Madras, and 8S. involucratum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 262; Kurz ii. 254. Vern.
Stirtidd, Tel.; Nwaysat, Burm., of the forests of the Coromandel Coast and
Burma. Sphenodesma contains 5 species, among which S. Wallichiana, Schauer
(Symphorema pentandrum, Kurz ii. 255) is a climber of Eastern Bengal and Tenas-
serim; and S. unguiculata, Schauer (Symphorema unguiculatum, Kurz ii. 255.)
Vern. Ka-nway, Burm., is a climber of Burma and the Andaman -Islands. Congea
tomentosa, Roxb.; Kurz ii. 256. Vern. Tha-ma-ka-nway, Burm., is a large climbing
shrub of South India, Chittagong and Burma, with beautiful pink, lilac or white
bracted flowers.

With the exception of teak, the trees of this Order have no dark-
coloured heartwood. The annual rings are generally well marked.
The pores are small or moderate-sized, rarely large. Medullary rays
generally fine and equidistant. The wood of Avicennia is anomalous.

1,. CALLICARPA, Linn.

Contains about 7 species. C. macrophylla, Vahl.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 393 (also
C. incana, Roxb.) Brandis 368; Kurz ii. 274. Vern. Pattharman, ba-patira, baunu,
Jhelum ; Stimdli, Chenab ; Denthar, driss, Ravi; Daya, shiwali, Kumaun ; Mathara,
mattranja, Beng., is a tall shrub of Northern India, found as far north as Hazara,
and up to 6,000 feet. C. anata, Linn.; Beddome clxxiii; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 391,
is a tree of the hills of Western and South India. C. rubella, Ldl.; Kurz ii. 274;
Gamble 60. Vern. Sugroomook, Lepcha, is a small tree of the North-East Himalaya
and the hills of Martaban. C. longifolia, Lamk.; Kurz ii. 275, is a shrub of Eastern
Bengal and Burma.

1. C. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 890; Brandis 368; Kurz ii. 274;
Gamble 60. Vern. Ghiwala, dera, shiwali, Kumaun; Bormala, Beng. ;
Goehlo, Nep.; Kodo, hkozo, Mechi; Siting-a, Lepcha; Doika, Rajban-
shi; Khoja, Ass.; Makanchi, Garv; Turmong, Magh; Doung-sap-pya,
Burm.

A moderate-sized tree with brownish, rough grey bark. Wood grey,
moderately hard, even-grained, Annual rings visible. Pores small to
large, oval and often elongated, subdivided into numerous compartments,
often in radial lines. Medullary rays broad, short, with numerous fine
rays between them, well marked on a radial section; the distance
between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Kumaun, Oudh, Eastern Bengal and Burma; chiefly in second-growth forest.

Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens give 32 to 365 lbs.
per cubic foot; Kyd gives only 22 to 25, but there was probably some mistake.
‘he wood is not used except for charcoal.

E 597. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai pata F ;

E 2397. ¥ Bamunpokti, Darjeding Terai ~ . 0. oe

e gf

Ly

~

Callicarpa.] . VERBENACER. 283-

2. C. cana, Linn.; Gamble 60.
A shrub. Bark thin, grey-brown. Wood white, soft. Annual

_ rings marked by a line of closer pores. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes -

subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance between
them greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Bengal.
etetercs in forests and along roadsides in the Terai and Diars, extending probably
southwards to the Ganges. It has pretty pink flowers.

E 3276. Dainah Reserve, W. Duars.

2. TECTONA, Linn. fil.

1. T. grandis, Linn. fil.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 600; Beddome t. 250;
Brandis 354; Kurz ti. 259; Gamble 60. The Teak Tree. Vern. Sé,
Arab.; Sdj, sai, Pers.; Sdgun, Hind.; Singuru, Uriya; Sdg, sdgwan,
Mar.; Teka, Gondi; Sdég, Bhil; Tekku, tek, Tam.; Tehku, Tel. ; Jadi,
sagwani, téga, Kan. ; Tekka, Cingh.; Kyiéin, Burm.; Jati, Malay.

A large deciduous tree. Bark $ inch thick, grey, fibrous, with
shallow longitudinal wrinkles, peeling off in long thin flakes. The sap-
wood is white and small ; the heartwood when cut green has a pleasant and
strong aromatic fragrance and a beautiful dark golden yellow colour,
which on seasoning soon darkens into brown mottled with darker
streaks. The timber retains its fragrance to a great age, the characteris-
tic odour being apparent whenever a fresh cut is made. It is moderately
hard, exceedingly durable and strong, does not split, crack, warp, shrink,
or alter its shape when once seasoned, works easily and takes a good polish.
The annual rings are distinctly marked by larger and more numerous
pores in the spring wood. The pores are mostly single, but sometimes
subdivided, those of the inner layer of each annual ring are large, while
those of the outer portion are moderate-sized and small. The medullary
rays are short, moderately broad, equidistant; the distance between
the rays about equal to the transverse diameter of the larger pores.
The pores are well marked on a longitudinal section, and the medullary
rays give the wood a beautifully mottled appearance. The pores are
sometimes filled with a white substance. The pith is large and quad-

yangular.

The Teak tree is found in Central and South India and Burma. Its northern
limit may be defined by a line passing from the mouth of the Nerbudda up that river,
and across to and down the Mahanadi; but in some places it extends farther north,
and it is found as far as Jhansi and Banda. It is cultivated in Assam, Bengal, and
the Sub-Himalaya as far north as Saharanpur. It seems to require an annual
ea of 30 inches, but to thrive best with from 50 inches to 120 inches mean annual.
rainfall.

Annual rings.—It is now established beyond doubt that the concentric rings which
are so marked in the wood of Teak correspond each to one year’s growth. The
following statement exhibits the rings counted on sections of trees grown in the

—- Nilambur plantations. These sections were cut in 1877, and were taken from the

base of the stem; and, with a few exceptions, the number of rings agrees with the
age of the tree. The average diameter is the mean of three diameters. The statement
shews the gradual increase of the heartwood as the tree grows older, and it also
exhibits the number of rings on one inch of average radius in the wood of trees of
different ages. But it snot te borne in mind that these sections do not represent the
average of each year’s plantation, but were sclected from among the dominant trees.

284, VERBENACEX. [ Zectona, 3

amy therefore exhibit a more rapid rate of growth than average specimens would
0.

, Average Average
Year of plantation. ine conde seston (wood diameter # Rie. ee eae
Inches, Inches.
1844 . * ° ‘ . 33 20°8 193 3°17
1845 . eh ne P ‘ 31 21°1 18°7 2°95
1846 . F 4 ° ‘ 31 20° 17-7 3°10
1847 . ; : : . 30 23°8 21°5 2°52
BOOB 1 scratiotie: + OF 28 167 15°4 3°34
1849 , ¢ é . . 28 181 16:2 3°09
1850 . é . ; : 27 14 12°5 3°85
1851 . . ‘ ; , 25 15°2 13°4 3°28
1852. é J J ° 32* 15°2 13°5 Omitted.
ST | aa eee 24 151 12° 3°17
1854 . ks . ° z 24 17°3 15:2 . 277
1855 . = “ ; F 23 12°4 10°5 3°71
ers OIL a 21 15:2 12'6 2°76 :

1857 . ; : . . 20 * 12°2 10°6 3°27
1858 . - ‘ J ; 19 14° 113 2°71
1859 . 4 - . ° 18 14 10°6 2°57
1860 . $ a. ° . 17 12°9 10°4 2°63
GER igh Shieh tte tp ahi a 16 13°1 10°5 2°44
1862 . : P : é 15 11:7 9° 2°56
1863 . ; ar ; 14 13°6 10°4 206
1864 . _ r% "4 . 13 12°5 9°4 2:08
1865 . * ; 5 , 12 9°4, 69 2°55
SES cael eail bates | 11 10°4 73 211
1867 . ‘ é ‘ . 10 11°8 83 169
MEP sete ad's | asi 9 10°5 76 171
1869... 8 7d, 48 2:16
1870 . 7 7°4 4°5 1:89
ERS iar ghee a " "9 4:3 181
SR Petia hy idhengt “A 5 65 26 153

Average 2°62 rings
per inch

average radius,

* There is evidently a mistake here, The tree which yielded this section must have
standing in the plantation of 1852, 7 been an older tree

The sections ranged in age from 5 to 33 years. Dividing them into three groups,

two of 10 years each, and the third of 9 years, we obtain the following as the mean
diameter in inches of these three groups:—

Inches,

Mean diameter of trees 5—14 years old ; ° P - 9°72
15—24, ” . . . . . 13°79

256—33 ” . . . 18°71

ad

4 Tectona.| VERBENACER. 285

The following statement shews the measurements made by Mr. Popert in some of
the plantations of the Tharrawaddy Division in Burma; the results have been obtained
by taking the average of some 5 to 10 trees in each :—

Rings
Average Girth at
Year of| No. of | diameter Frphei Height | breast | PC)
Name of plantation.| Age. | planta-| rings | of section! (+ yoart. | of tree | height of Remarks,
tion, |counted.| (wood | ° wod in feet. in average
only). 4 inches. | padius
Years. Inches, | Inches,
Thongzai. “. .| 15 1863 15 64 4°5 61 20 4°7 ‘| Burnt yearly.
Myodwin. - at 36 1863 15 62 4'8 65 17°5 4°8 Protected.
Kangyee. . -| 18 1865 14 48 3°0 44 14 5°8 | Burnt yearly.
Choungwah . | 12 1866 12 5'8 4°0 46 16°5 4°1 | Protected.
Ditto ‘s vr ae 1868 10 50 2°1 42 14 '4°0 Do.
Ditto : . 8 “| 1870 8 4°8 2°4 38 13°71 3°3 Do.
Quaymakeing. .| 11 | 1867 11 5'9 3°5 53 18°75| 3°7 Do.
Ditto : 9 1869 9 4°4 2°6 49 13°6 4°1 Do.
Ditto (private); 10 1869 10 7°56 52 53 23 2°6 | Burnt yearly.

A section sent from the Thinganneenoung plantation in Burma, cut from a tree
21 years old, planted in 1856, gave 21 rings on a mean diameter of 16:3”, the heart-
wood of which occupied 14°5”. This section shewed 2°57 rings per inch of average radius.

From other plantations, also, sections of Teak trees of known age were sent for the
Paris Exhibition, but apparently they were not in all cases cut from the base of the
stem ; they are, however, instructive as shewing the rate of growth and the number
of rings on one inch of mean radius.

AVERAGE DIAMETER OF SECTION IN
: Number of rings ry i Rings per inch of
Year of plantation. Soulsted. average radius.
Wood. Heartwood,
South KanaRA (PARAPPA PLANTATION).
Notknown. . | 10 | 9: 4:9 2:22
Ditto ‘ 5 55 2°5 181
NortH Kanara (KALANADI VALLEY).
18 8 6" 4°5
Sulageri, 18 years old 17 88 75 39
17 ae 7 3°7
. 8 : 2°1
Murdi, 12 years old } 11 6° ES aad not | 3-7
ll 57 istinct. 3:8
8 65 2°5
Kadra, 10 years old 8 75 5 2°1
7 7 ay 2°
BENGAL (BAMUNPOKRI).
1868 . ; ‘ ° 8 6°5 2°5 2°5 measured 1877.
7 ‘ ‘ . 6 6 1 2° we ad
1872 . ° . . 4 5° 1 ie era A
ANDAMANS (PorT Buiarr). ;
; On eee ot 108 | 6 [12 y »
RPS BurMa (TENASSERIM).
Shoaygoon, 1856 . 22 : 5'3 3°5 83 » 1878.
Koloon <a Park 22 4°6 3° 96 » os
Thinganneenoung ions 21 76 45 6... gy» 18877.

* The tree was probably older,

286 VERBENACES.

[Tectona,

It will be noticed that as far as the data go, which are furnished by the sections
received, South Kanara, North Kanara and Bamunpokri exhibit an increase of diameter.
similar to that of Nilambur; while in the samples from Burma the annual rings are
seal DAR and the specimen from Port Blair shewed an extremely rapid rate of

owth.
H Girth and height at different ages.—The following measurements illustrate the
rate of growth of Teak in plantations in different provinces as nearly as possible from
5 to 5 years. The Nilambur plantation again furnishes the largest amount of

information :—

Age.

Mean girth at breast high. Total height of tree,
Nilambur plantation.—Alluvial soil.

3—7 years 12 inches . 29 feet

8—12 ,, bk: SE 63s,
13—17_ 23. » 68 ,,
18—22_ ,, 25-55 Tl +
23--27 _,, ST yy F7i%
29 is 34. 87
30 » 35 ys 85,
31 ” 32 ” 75 2
32 of B47 gure @ : 92: se
33 of Be da 4yu8 ; 95 »

Nilambur plantation.— Gneiss and laterite.

7 years 13 inches . 30 feet.
16 » 14 » 50 5
20 eB 21 ” 50 ”
24—26° ,, ° > ae Oa ; &3- -;,
30 ” 24 ” ° . 50 ”

These figures are taken from that portion of Colonel Beddome’s report (paragraphs
11—44) which contains his notes on each year’s plantation, and the data recorded are
stated to be average figures.

In another part of his report (paragraph 81), however, he gives data which would
seem to shew that the average size of the trees in the older plantations (all on alluvial
soil) is considerably greater. He there states the dimensions of the largest, smallest
and medium sized trees in four plantations, the results being as follows :—

Mzayn arerit (PROBABLY BREAST Luxden OF S6ER:
AGE.

Largest. | Medium. | Smallest. | Largest. | Medium. | Smallest,

Inches. Inches. Inches. Feet. Feet. Feet.
SO yonrty A ac ed ooh. OF 47 29 79 65 50
BLi os ‘ p ° e ° 69 49 30 80 65 50
> oe P ° : : 63 46 80 83 67 50
BB) “e e ° ‘ ° ° 68 56 43 86 68 50.

ae

The first three lines shew the average of 6 trees in each case, and the last line —
the average of 8 trees each. It is distinctly stated that'the length is that of the bole,

and not of the entire tree.
The plantations made on “aaron and laterite shew a much slower rate of growth
e

than those on alluvial soil; the difference being considerable in height, and much less
in girth.

‘s Tectona.] VERBENACER. 287

In 1878 Col. Beddome measured 10 trees in the plantation of 1844, the first five
outside, the remainder inside, trees of the plantation, in order to obtain information
_ regarding the ratio of decrease in passing from breast height to half height. The
results were that the outside trees shewed a decrease of 24 per cent., while the inside
trees shewed 18°5 per cent. only, a difference such as might have been expected. The
measurements of the trees cut for the Paris exhibition shew an average decrease of 20
per cent., which may be approximately taken.

Up to 10 years of age, the growth in length of teak on alluvial soil at Nilambur
is at the rate of about 6 feet a year, and later on it is at the rate of only about 1 foot
a year. On page 358 of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, it is
stated that “it is probable that, as a rule, teak attains half its length with a girth of
2—3 feet.” This assumption is borne out by the present figures. The trees grown
upon alluvial soil in girth between 25 and 34 inches are from 77 to 87 feet high; and
from all that is known regarding the growth of Teak in similar localities, it is
probable that, unless damaged by storms, disease, insects, or other causes, they will
attain a height of 150 feet in soil of this description, and in the climate of Nilambur.

From Burma, we have the following data. The figures from Pegu represent aver-
ages of plantations in the Rangoon, Toungoo and Tharrawaddi districts, brought
together on page 358 of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India.

_ Age, Mean girth, | Total height
sys, | Drea hgh, | ot te
;

2 4 5—9 15—27
‘. Pegu i 10 15 40—45
r 15 23 ee

_ -Thinganeenoung ‘ F re a ee 21 27 50—60
iJ Garden—Moulmein . : ; ‘ : ‘| f 22 40 pis

>

>
The fourth line is the average of 150 trees in the Thinganneenoung plantation in
: the Attaran district of Tenasserim, given in paragraph 146 of the report for 1876-77
of the Tenasserim forests. Major Seaton ke the average height at 30—40 feet,
but this probably means the height to the first branch. The maximum girth was 55}
inches. Whe average rate of growth of the present plantations in Burma is somewhat
less rapid than that of the alluvial portion of Nilambur. The last line gives the
average of 15 trees measured in 1856 in a private garden at Moulmein. An instance
4 of extremely rapid growth was the tree already mentioned, a section of which was sent
from Port Blair for the Paris Exhibition, probably 6 years old (said to have been planted
in 1873, but 6 rings were counted), with a girth of 36 inches and a height of 44 feet.
For the Lakvalli plantation in Mysore, the following data are given in Captain
; VanSomeren’s report for 1875-76. Age 13—15 years, mean girth 14 inches, height
- $2 feet. This is a remarkably slow rate of growth, considering that the soil is good,
and the climate moist, though of course not so forcing as the climate of Nilambur.
4 The plantations in the Central Provinces and Berar have given the following :—

. Pd) ‘ Age Moa sist Motel helges
antation. ; : igh, ’
| inyenre. | Proust hgh, | of trop
i » Machna, Central Provinces . ; ; : ; : 6 7 15— 22
= Pili, Berar co . . e . > . s o 6 4 10
. Sakata, Central Provinces . - : , 7 11 20—25
. Pili, Berar . é : e : ‘ . e 8 8 20
= .*Sonawani, Central Provinces . . . «. = .- 9 12 30—40
> Machna, Central Provinces . r ‘ A ° -| 8—10 9 17—30
:
;
é

Compared with Malabar and Burma, the rate of growth is slow, as may be expected in
k a dry climate and near the northern limit of the tree. |

288

VERBENACER.

Outside the range of the natural growth of teak, the followi

rate of growth, are available :—

[ Zectona.

ng data, regarding its

: Mean girth, | Total height
Plantation, Age, b t high, f t
in years. in insbes. in feet.
Bamunpokri (Sikkim) . ; 5 55 12—15
Hoolingamara (Chittagong) . : ‘ : { : : bee
Rampahar (Chittagong) 3 specimens . ‘ q 17 20—30
Kulsi (Assam) . . : : . : 5 11 29
Makim ,, é . : : ° : 4 9 18
” ” . . . - . . 5 1l 27
3° 3) . e © . » 7 16 31

The growth at that early age is fairly good; but it does not follow from these figures
that teak in Bengal and Assam will attain a great age, and produce good timber.
The following instances of older trees of known age in Assam and Bengal are on

record :—

Number of Mean girth,
Locality. t Age, in
Tet measured, | it years inches
Gauhati, banks of the Brahmaputra 15 37 85
Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. 19 6 16
Ditto ditto 8 70 79
Garden at Mobesh, Serampore 27 50 52

The trees at Ganhati were on an average 30—50 feet high.

The trees in the Botanical Garden, Calcutta, were measured

in January 1856.

The older trees have since been blown down by the cyclones of 1864 and 1867.
On the banks of the Hooghly at Mohesh, below Serampore, stands a grove of teak
trees planted in 1828. Their mean girth, breast high, taken by measuring 27 average-

sized trees, was 52 inches.

The trees were measured in January 1878, and were there-
fore 50 years old. They are from 40—50 feet high.

In paragraphs 177 and 183 of Dr. Schlich’s report for 1872-73, the dimensions of a
large numberof Teak trees at different stations of Lower Bengal are given; but
unfortunately no trustworthy information regarding their age is available.

Cubic contents of trees at different ages.—In paragraph 4 of Colonel Beddome’s

report a statement is given exhibiting the dimensions of the trees, sections of which
were sent to the Paris Exhibition. As already stated, these trees were selected as
samples of the dominant trees, viz., of those which will eventually be selected to remain
on the ground as the ultimate crop; but, with few exceptions, they were not selected
from among the largest individuals which had much outrun their neighbours.
Arranging them in groups from 10 to 10 years, the following results are obtained :—

Height of Girth at Length of | Mean cubic
Age. tree, base, in bole, contents, in
in feet. inches, in feet cubic
6-18 Suet. 510 ee 48—75 | 21—60 | 32—56 10°6
14—23 , . : ° ‘ ° 65—110 | 51—69 40—70 23°8
24—33 ,, ° . ° ’ . 70—110 | 60—]05 | 41—72 513

a Tectona.] | VERBENACEA. 989

_ his gives us the cubic contents at different ages as follows :—

=

; i tents, Periodical annual increment,
Mean age. amas toa ~ in sable feet.
ae ° : . : , , : 10°6 1'1 to 9 years.
|) : 2 . ‘ ‘ 23°8 13 from 9 to 19 years.
Meee ; ° ‘ . ‘ 513 2°8 from 19 to 29- years.

The annual increment increases steadily to the age of 30 years, and probably continues
increasing for a considerable time beyond it. , <a

Number of trees and cubic contents of growing stock per acre.—Regarding the
number of trees and the growing stock per acre at different ages, we depend almost
entirely upon Nilambur for our data. Sample areas of half an acre each were selected
in each of seven plantations; each tree was measured, the cubic contents determined,
and the following is the result. It is not expressly stated, but it is probable, that
these sample areas were all selected on alluvial soil* :—

Cunicat con- Asmstense®>
Mean | TENTS IN CUBIC | Vox, IN GUBIG
Age of Hamher ne e n erige’ FEET, FRET
; . anta- jof trees,| len girth o 3
ame and year of plantation, don, in} per of bole,| trees,
years. | acre. | in feet, in
F inches.| Per Per Per Per
tree. acre. | tree. acre.

Iravelly Kava 4 . 1844 33 | 120 59 41 |4,879 | 1 148
Elanjerry . . . 1845 32 | 158 61 30 | 4,742 148

ut . - . 1846 31 | 156 60 27 | 4,204 136
Moolathamanoo

* . 1848 29 | 156 60
Hlanjerry ; ; . 1858 19 | 270 45
Wallashary . ‘= 3» £868 9} 750 40

9°7 2
7°9 9
74 ‘9
- 1847 30 | 140 62 75 27 | 3,713 ‘9 | 124
68 7
50 A
3°4 4

Colonel Beddome estimates that on alluvial soil, the Teak at Nilambur will reach
maturity at from 60 to 80 years; that fellings will be spread in each plantation over
50 years; and that at the time of cutting (say at 85 years of age) the mean quarter
girth will be 2 feet, the length of bole will be 70 feet, and the mean cubic contents
of each tree 280 cubic feet. He also estimates that at that age, there will only be 60
trees to the acre, making the cubic contents per acre 16,800 cubic feet.

No safe speculations can be formed regarding the future of a pure Teak forest
like that of Nilambur. In its natural state Teak does not grow alone, but is associated
with bamboos and a variety of other trees; and it is impossible to foresee the risk
of damage by storms, insects, disease, or other causes to which pure Teak forests may
be exposed. It may be doubted whether, even on the best alluvial soil, the average
mean girth of trees 85 years of age will be as much as 8 feet. On the other hand,
it is not impossible that the bole will be longer than 70 feet, and it is probable that
it will be advantageous to allow more than 60 trees per acre. On page 155 of the

_Attaran Report of 1860, a plot in the Tsintsway forests (Yoonzaleen) is described
measuring 3,833 square feet, and stocked with 8 Teak trees with clear stems to the

ye ?-‘The oc er of stem tothe top of sale measurement, where the head begins, of every tree in the
plantations of 1844 to 1848, both inclusive, was measured by sending up a climber with a tape. In the
zierepons of 1858 and 1868 a large number of felled saplings were available, of which the average
was taken.

The mean quarter girth was determined in the following manner. Ten saplings were measured
breast high, and in the middle of the stem at half its length, and this gave 3 as the reducing factor.

tS aad trees 30 inches in girth breast high were found+o have a girth of 25 inches in the middle of the
e.

2-5

290 VERBEN ACER, [ Tectone.

first branch of 50 feet, the girth. between 4’ 6’ and 6' 5”; this would give 91 trees
to the acre. Full stocked forests of Oak and Beech in Europe 130—180 years old
ander favourable conditions contain 120—140 trees per acre, with a cubic contents
(including tops and branches) of about 11,000 cubic feet, A forest of silver fir in
the Jura, 180 years old, was found to contain 94 trees per acre, with a cubic contents
of 16,000 feet.

The total area now stocked at Nilambur is 3,436 acres, of which 1,787 are stocked
with a full crop on alluvial soil, the rest not being expected to yield a full crop. In
his estimate of the future value of the plantations, Colonel Beddome only assumes
6,000 cubic feet as the full crop expected on alluvial soil. tome ‘a

Mr. Carter reports from Burma that at Magayee and Kyekpyoogan in each pa
tation the trees upon } acre were measured. A breadth of 24 feet anda length of
454 feet was given to this area, so as by extending over a greater portion of the plan-
tation, to avoid the experiment being confined to a small spot on which the growth
was particularly good. But this strip was not taken ina part of the plantation which
contained many blanks, but rather in a part which was well stocked without choosing
the very finest parts of the plantation. These measurements then do not profess
to shew the exact state of the plantations, but to give data which are nearly normal.
In the 1873 and 1872 plantations—after the deduction of the mean girth, 3 sample
trees in each were felled and the contents calculated by sections, the length of which
were taken at 2 feet. In the 1875, 1874, 1869 and 1870 plantations only one sample
tree in each was cut; and in those of 1876 and 1871 no trees were cut, enough data
being to hand as to the reducing factor to enable the contents of an average tree to be
calculated without its being felled. In the 1871 Ve only were the heights and
girths so divergent as to render the separation of the trees into two classes with a
sample tree for each necessary. The plantation of 1868 at Kyekpyoogan is so poorly-
stocked and so badly grown that no measurements were- taken as they would have
been valueless for comparison. :

The results, as might be expected from plantations with only an interval of one
year, diverge very widely.

The plantations of 3 and 4 years shew an abnormally high annual increment;
those of a 8, 9 and 10 years an abnormally low one, attributable to their increase for
the last 3 years being almost nil, due most probably to fire and in part also to cater-
pillars consuming the first growth of leaves. ,

Name and year of plantation. Age, | Number of trees | average height, Nat breast ™
Years. Feet, PEAS 2
Magayee, 1876 . 3 1,059 10 6 (3—9)
1875 . 4 1,048 22 8 (3—12)
1874 . 5 952 10 6 (2—10)
1873 . ; ° 6 1,084 18 8 (4-—14)
1872 . 7 1,100 26°6 | 10 (4—17)
K yekpyoogan, 1871 . 8 876 20 | 8} (2—16)
1910 6, 5 9 800 30 93 (6—17)
1960.2. banteeaeaO 848 30 =| 10 (6—18)

In natural forests, where Teak is associated with bamboos and other trees, the
number of first and second class Teak trees (above 4’ 6” in girth) rarely attains 10

VERBENACER. 291

trees per acre over large areas. The following are instances of forests exceptionally
well stocked with Teak :— E

"4 NUMBER PER
ACRE,
‘ CLASS,
__ Date of survey. Forest. Area, Total.
. Girth Girth
above 6 to 6
feet, ect,
1876 +. .| Bimaram (Central Provinces)| 50 acres... 4 43 83
1870-71 . | Pegu (Prome District). .|17squaremiles| 3°6 3:0 66

’ The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments :— .

bee]
=
tH
_ Experiment by Wood a . Value
whom conducted. a whence obtained. Weight. es Bize of bar. of P.
Aw
oOo
Ft. in. in.
Wath , , .j.... | Ceylon. 47 ys ie Na eS, AS
” ° . . eee Travancore . 42 i MD Oe TO ee
” . ° aes Malabar 37 «se) Ils © Om We hens ava
4 ‘ . +f Moulmein 31°5 a} Po sah ti
A, Mendis, No. 85 .| 1855 | Ceylon AS) 55 me 810
} t Nose . bs Cochin ; 44, tz Hi 5d 3 af 672
og) INOe Oe. 6 os Moulmein 42 ge 640
ennett, No. 12 oh. lees mec i . 2 ; 42 8)}8 xlsx 1h 747
neh ( «| 1861 | South India . 3 3 P oft $ bok. dtl 467
mningham . .| 1854 | Vindhyan hills 4 44'5 oo i ie pt ae 953
eckle . ss «} £06D. | Mysore. ~ -, ; re 43 - SV Sk 2 ea 730
_ Couch (Plymouth) . WY: Gigi (2 NV Ry 38'S | ee ee ace
» Hopes pda a is i
i... girdle 5 i 8
ee Oe (ae Young timber
Tes ee i Thomnersen _gintled -| #2 a HOLind ite 660
” a Be cd arge timber x x
SR pant BD races girdled .| 38 8 591
J Dead timber
not girdled 39°5 5 631
Skinner, No. 122 .| 1862 | Malabar BP Ne ae. a 45 oh 814
” Di : a Moulmein : a : 43 es Sonate’ f 808
. . ® ” P egu. . . . . 37 ewe 736
Fowke . »« «| 3860 |"Nagpore 7 ; r : 41 Sr OS 472
Kyd . . 4 .| 1831 | Burma . s é 38 1 Riki +4 663
' Campbell. . .| 1831 ys (unseasoned) 47 4 634,
” ° e e bE] 3? 3” . . 42 2 604
iw ; ms Java. - ‘ j 43 1 Site «3 693
99 " , 5 Bombay 5 iin 41 2 537
* - a > Malabar Dee 48 1 468
Maitland: =: : 1862 |Burma . - 6 ss] A “ |°3 x 1h x 14] 589 to 839
er “ . ° goon ,~ 5 6 x x 2 658
» a ae . 5 Bombay . ered sg 43 Mot aa. eigs PP 652
” “aL? » | Pe Fe Ge pg ro 46 3 602
a exuite ‘ Malabar aa a sett ; 45 3 782
< f o Burma spb becqghitaae btn 43 3 756
a Sew). |e -pialeben gic ABT) gos 3 | +2 x2 689
° . . . > Malabar Received at Cos- 46°5 2 683
sipore,. April
” . . . 3° Bengal 1827. 12 3 x 14 x 1 693
3” . . >” Bengal . . . * 14 2 x 1 x 1 666
” . ° : * “yy «Very old, taken from
a Dutch house at Cossi-
pore . : : 2 ae : 7X2 %.3 631
” s ; e ° > ? ” \ 39 3) ” 731
ee ee ne 41 a get ae Mee a | 835

VERBENACER.

292 [ Tectona.
oH
E i tb Wood : Val t
xperiment by 00 ras . ne 0}
whom conducted, Year. whence obtained. Weight. EB S Size of bar. g:
As
Ft. in. in.
Brandis 1862 | Burma (No. 86) . 40 to 51 .- | 4 X1 x1 = 1570t0867
= 1864 re Pp ec 40°5 12 6 «2 6e 563
a * any) ch Lee « : 40 6|6 x2 x if 577
"S ie. ¢ 45 10 |6 x2 x2 534
ae 5 2 } Half seasoned 43 9/6x2 xi 584
+ ae fe 46 20 6 x2 x2 598
3 1865-66 ” 38 4 ” ” ” 617
99 99 » 38 9/6 x2 xt 670
6 FS 40°5 5|3 xi xl 812
He ri m 38 | li | 3 x7 a8 649
Pe Ay: Ne Se 37 7 3X2 ee og
Laslett, p. 125 . 1875 | Moulmein, No.1. 48°5 6
Ag PEO pigs ys 0.2, 50 6 \t7 x2 x24) 7
ot. Bee 3 ee coy 48'5 ee ee BF
Dundas = -| 1877 | Moulmein 34 12 |10 x4 x6 467
a - a . 34 12 2. * A Ka 791
Warth 1878 | Central India 43°5 OU.» a eee are
ui Ee 3 5 f 2 Malabar 42 et CR ee ik
ES ‘ é ; 5 Burma . 40 4

The weight may, therefore, for practical purposes, be taken approximately at
40 lbs. per cubic foot, and the value of P. at 600, onan average. Molesworth, however,
in ‘Graphic Diagrams for strength of teak beams’ gives: Weight 45 lbs., P= 800,
E = 5,000. Captain J. C. Dundas, V.C., R. E., in his report on experiments (see
above) made at Lucknow in 1877 and 1878 (Roorkee Professional Papers April 1879,
Vol. VIII, No. 32), in which he gives the weight at 34 lbs., P = 470 and E. = 2,200

“as an average, says that logs as received at Lucknow shew a weight of nearly 50 Ibs.
per cubic foot, but that after being well dried and sawn into scantlings, the weight
falls to 34 or 35 lbs.
made with beams of the large size of 10 feet x 4 in. X 6 in.

Teak wood does not split, crack, warp or alter its shape when once seasoned, it
does not suffer in contact with iron, and is rarely, if ever, attacked by white ants,
Its durability is probably due to the aromatic oil contained in the wood.

It is the shiek timber of India and Burma; it is exported largely for ship-building
and the construction of railway carriages. In India it is used for all purposes of
house and ship-building, for bridges, sleepers, furniture, and most other purposes.

The leaves give a red dye; they are very large and are used as plates, for packing
and for thatching. The oil is extracted from the wood in Burma and is used medi-
cinally, as a substitute for linseed oil and as a varnish.

His value for P. is a reliable one, for it is based on experiments

- Ibs.
C 1408. Jagmandal Reserve, Central Provinces . ° > ane
C 1409. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . P \ ; . 88
C 2933. Sonawani, Satpura Reserve, Central Provinces - 4 .
aie we dena in artes mk down in 1876, 10-inch girth.) Ps

983. ite Teak, Dudhia Sagun)

C 2982. (Black ,, Telia Saban oe oil teak) ares ‘en { 48
C 2987. (Stone ,, Pattharee Sagun.) ya : 44

(Black Teak is rather darker coloured, but otherwise there is no difference in
structure, and very little in appearance between these three specimens.)

Ibs,

C 834. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar. ; ° : : . 46

C 2809. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) . : . ‘ : . 38

E 1202. Bamunpokri Plantation, Darjeeling Terai, Bengal . 2 ase

Specimens from compartment 7 ; planted 1868 . ; .
” ” ” . ”

1871-4"
Oy Ge
1. 3b,, 1872

Jeetona.| VERBENACE®. 293

E 3290-291. Hoolingamara Block, Sitapahar Plantations, Chittagong, 1873 and

1875. .
E 3386-88. Rampahar Block, Sitapahar Plantation, Chittagong, 1873.
W 1216. North Kanara Plantation, Bombay.

Sulageri, 18 years old.
Specimer from 4 Murdi 12 ,, S
Kadra 10 ” ”

lbs,
W = 1217. North Kanara, Bombay A , / ‘ , : . 39
WwW 730. South Kanara, Madras . ; F ; : “ ; ~. a
W 753. Ps - _ : - : - : ‘ ; . 42
W 1206. Parappa Teak Plantation, South Kanara, Madras. Saplings
of 5 and 10 years’ growth ebitthe ; é ; :
W 2959. Nilambur Plantation, Malabar. Specimens cut by Mr.
Brandis in 1864, Nos. 1, 2 and 4 aged 5, 10 and 20 years,
and measuring 16, 19 and 25 inches in girth respectively .
W 1203. Nilambur Plantation, Malabar. Series, Nos. 1 to 33, aged 33
years to 1 year respectively : : : ; datas
B 2551. Burma (1862) , - . ‘ ‘ : ; : - 44
B 801. Pegu . ; : , ‘ P : ; : : . 40
B 1385. Thinganneenoung Plantation, Martaban_. ; . - 34
_ Tree 54 feet high, 30 feet to first branch, planted in 1856.
B 2709. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . : : : , Si ees . 42
B 13846. Andaman Islands ‘ ’ : : , i : e
Tree planted at Dhunee Valley, Leaf Creek, Port Blair, in
1873. Height 44 feet: girth at 5 feet, 36 inches; at 214
feet, 17 inches; at 283 feet, 10 inches.
Ibs.
No. 85. Ceylon Collection (Ceylon wood) . ; ‘ ont tah
» 86. és * (Cochin wood) . : P ‘ , . 40
ws 0% e ie (Moulmein wood) . . . . . 44
» 47. Salem Collection . é i 3 A : 3 40

2. T. Hamiltoniana, Wall.; Kurz ii. 259. Vern. Zanap, Burm.

A deciduous tree. Wood light brown, hard, close-grained. Pores
small. Medullary rays fine, the distance between them equal to the
transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a continuous
line of somewhat larger pores.

Prome district and Upper Burma.
Growth moderate, 9 to 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 64 Ibs. per cubic foot.
A good wood, and likely to be useful.

‘Ibs.
B 3126. Prome, Burma ; x ‘ ‘ : , i 2 . 64

3. PREMNA, Linn.

Contains about 20 to 25 species of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers. Besides those
here described, most of the species are small shrubs, climbers, or at most small trees,
chiefly of South India and Burma. P. barbata, Wall.; Brandis 367; Gamble 61,
Vern. Ganhila, Pb.; Lammar, Hind.; Michapnok, Lepcha, is a small tree of the
North-East Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract. P. viburnoides is a small deci-
duous tree of the forests of Prome; and P. sambucina, Wall, an evergreen small tree

Pvt Arracan and Tenasserim. P. scandens, Roxb. ¥1. Ind. iii. 82; Brandis 367; Kurz
ii. 263; Gamble 61. Vern. Sindri, Nep.; Monkakrik, Lepcha, is a climbing shrub of
Eastern Bengal and Burma; and P. interrupta, Wall.; Gamble 61, a common
climber of the forests of the Sikkim Hills. The latter has a soft, white wood with
the structure of a climber; large pores and uniform moderately broad medullary rays,
the distance between which is usually equal to the diameter of the pores (E 3395,
Darjeeling, 7,000 feet).

294 VEKBENACER. [ Premna.

The structure of the wood is similar to that of Vitex (p. 296), but
rather lighter and softer. !

1. P. tomentosa, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 76; Beddome t. 251;
Brandis 367; Kurz 260. Vern. Nagal, naoru, naura, Tel. ; Chambara,
Mar.; Jje, Kan. ; Boosairu, Cingh.; Kyunnalin, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree with grey bark similar to that of
teak. Wood smooth, light brown, the colour of teak but lighter (hence
the Burmese name), moderately hard, smooth, close and even grained,
seasons well. Pores moderatessiged, wometinies small, sometimes sub-
divided, very numerous, uniformly distributed, except that they are a
little more numerous near the inner edge of the annual rings, which are
fairly well marked. Medullary rays numerous, short, moderately broad,
very prominent on a radial section.

South India and Burma.

Growth rather fast, 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight: Brandis’ Burma List,
1862, No. 85, gives 52 lbs. ; our specimens vary from 40 to 54 lbs. per cubic foot. Brandis’
four experiments in 1864 gave, with bars 3’x1’ x1", Weight = 43 lbs., P. = 670.
The wood polishes well, and is used for weaving shuttles in Burma. It would do
for turning and fancy work.

; ’ lbs.
B. 317. Burma (1867) - ar tone tg ; . ; 3 » 54
B 2718. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) ; 5 ‘ ‘ ; é ‘ . 53
B 2548. Burma (1862) : “ ‘ : ‘ ; . ‘ » 51
B 1424, Burma . 40

(Wood rough, grey, and lighter than the other : specimens of P. tomentosa.)

2. P. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 79. P. tomentosa, Willd. ; Gamble
61. Vern. Gwyheh, Nep.; Sungna, Lepcha ; Dhaoti, Mechi ; Gohora, Ass.

An evergreen tree with thin white bark and indented stem. ‘Wood
greyish brown, hard, close-grained. Annual rings well marked by a belt
of darker ‘and firmer wood on the outer edge of each ring. Pores small,
often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, wavy.

Eastern Sub-Himalayan tract of Bengal and Assam.
Growth fast, 3 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 to 50 Ibs. per cubic foot.
Wood used for house-posts i in Assam.

Ibs.
E 2400. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai , ‘ : Py er A . 47
E 1267. Lakhimpur, Assam. : . ; . 60

3. P. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 76; Beddome elxxii. ; Brandis
366; Gamble 61. Vern. Gineri, Ness Michapgong, Lepcha; Dauiz,
Rajbanshi; Pedda-nella-kura, Tel. ; Gondhona, Uriya; Middi, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree with greyish white bark. Wood grey with
yellow, green, and purple streaks. Annual rings marked by a faint line.
Pores between small and moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. —
Medullary rays numerous, uniform, equidistant, moderately broad, marked
on a radial section. Distinguished from P. tomentosa by softer wood,
by the medullary rays being closer together, and by smaller pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun eastwards, South India.
Growth moderate, 4 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight 38 to 43 lbs. cubic
foot. Used to obtain fire by the hill tribes of Sikkim. The leaves are said by Beddome
-to be eaten in curries: they are sometimes given as fodder to cattle.
Ibs.
E 621. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai. q , ‘ /° 86
E 2399. Bamunpokri, a > : ; : - . . 48

Premna:) VERBENACER. 295

4, P, -integrifolia, Linn.; Brandis 366; Gamble 60. P. serrati.
folia, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 77; Beddome elxxii.; Kurz 11. 262.
‘Vern. Bakarcha, Garhwal; Ganniari, Oudh; Bhut-dhiravi, Beng. ;
Gineri, Nep.; Munnay, Tam.; Ghebu-nelli, pinna-nelli, Tel.; Chamari,
Mar.; Appel, Mal.

A small deciduous tree, the stem and branches often armed with stout
_ woody spines. Wood white with purple streaks, moderately hard, close-
grained; structure similar to that of P. latifolia, from ‘which it is
probably not specifically distinct.

Oudh, Northern Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Tenasserim, and the Andaman Islands.
Weight 35 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for firewood, the leaves for feed-
ing cattle. The fresh felled wood exudes a green coloured sap. .
- lbs.
O 3082, Gonda,Oudhy . ‘ ‘ : ’ , ; , . 35
O 3092. Kheri, , . : :

5, P. mucronata, Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 80; Brandis 366 ; Gamble 61,
Vern. Bankhar, gidn, Pb.; Bakar, bakarcha, baséta, agniin, tumari,
jhatela, Hind.; Agnit, Kumaun.
A small tree with grey bark. Wood moderately hard, light purple,
structure the same as that of P. integrifolia,

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards. Wood a good fuel, used to
obtain fire by friction.

O 3091. Kheri, Oudh.
4. GMELINA, Linn.

Contains 3 species. G. asiatica, Linn.; Roxb. FJ. Ind. iii. 87; Beddome clxxii. ;
Brandis 365; Kurz ii. 265. Vern. Gwmudu, Tel., is a large branching shrub or
small tree of swamp forests in South India, Burma and Ceylon. G. Hystrix, Schult ;
_ Kurz ii. 268, is a large scandent shrub of Tenasserim. ;

1. G. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 84; Beddome t. 253; Brandis 364 ;
Kurz ii, 264; Gamble 61. Vern. Gumhdr, khammara, hambhar, kiméar,
gambar, sewan, shewan, Hind.; Gtmdr, gimbar, Beng.; Gambari,
Nep., Uriya; Gomari, Ass.; Numbor, Lepcha; Gumai, Cachar; Bolko-

bak, Garo; Gumadi, cummi, Tam.; Gimar-tek, peddagomru, tagumida,
— gumudu, Tel. ; Shewney, kuli, Kan.; Shewan, Mar. ; Chimman, sag, Bhil ;
| Kumbulu, Mal.; Kurse, Gondi; Kassamar, Kurku ; At-demmata, Cingh. ;
ftamani, Magh; Yamaney, Burm.

A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick,
smooth, white or whitish grey. Wood yellowish,. greyish or reddish
white, with a glossy lustre, close and even-grained, soft, light and strong,
durable, does not warp or crack. Annual rings marked either by a
white line or by more numerous pores in the spring wood, Pores large
and moderate-sized, often subdivided, rather prominent on a vertical
section. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, prominent, visible on
a radial section as irregular horizontal bands, giving the wood a mottled
appearance.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards and throughout India, Burma
and the Andaman Islands.

Growth fast, our specimens shew about 4 rings per inch of radius; a small round
in the Bengal Forest Museum shews 10 rings for a mean diameter of 10} inches or
‘rather less than 2 rings per inch of radius; another shewed 27 rings with a diameter

296 VERBENACER. [ Gmelina.

of 14 inches or nearly 4 rings per inch. The weight and transverse strength have been —

determined by the following experiments :—

Number of

Experiment by whom Weer Wood whence Weich : : Value
é ght. experi- Size of bar.
made. procured, Pata of P.
Ft. In, —In.
Wallich . : > 4 “s India i . 82 vhs As Bae
Mya.) Jo. a 108E Asem”: . 38 fF 2x1 x1 675
Baker . ile EC -| 1829 | Bengal . e+) 3 7x2 x2 375
= 4 ; . ° is ” . F 28 4 6x2 x 2 398 ~
- : . ° : a Junagarh. ‘ 50? wet 4 7: £3" 008 324
Brandis, No.87 . .| 1862 | Burma . : 35 Ss rp! 583
Warth . : - | 1878 | as below 36 18

The wood is easily worked and readily takes paint or varnish; it is very durable
under water. It is highly esteemed for planking, furniture, door panels, carriages
and palanquins, well-work, boats, toys, packing cases and all ornamental work; it
is used in Burma for carving images, clogs and canoes. It would probably be a
valuable wood for tea-boxes. It is the chief furniture wood of Chittagong and is
in some demand in Calcutta. Writing in May 1829, in ‘Gleanings in Science, Captain
Baker, the Superintendent of Suspension Chain Bridges, spoke of Gwmbhar wood as
“ well calculated for light planking, panelling, blinds and venetians, and of much esti-
mation for picture frames, organ pipes, sounding boards and other such work where
shrinkage is to be avoided,” so that it has evidently been long known in the Calentta
market. The fruit is eaten by Gonds, and, as well as the bark and root, is used in
native medicine. It is now being planted at Sitapahar and Jamguri in Bengal, and,
if not eaten down by deer who are very fond of it, it grows very fast. ings in
the omen Nursery, Buxa Reserve, in 1879 reached a height of nearly 4 feet in 6
months.

Ibs.
O 825. Garhwal (1868) . , ; ‘ . ; : : 83
O 343. Gorakhpur (1868) . ; ‘ , 2 ; ; ‘ - 88

O 1372. Gonda, Oudh > ' ; ‘ ; ‘ . ; . 40
O 1457. Bahraich, Oudh . ; : ; : ; ; . 38
O 1483. Kheri, Oudh. ‘ ‘ ; i : i i . > 8
C 182. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . ; ‘ ; : . 3b
C 1129. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ; ; ; , Aan
C 835. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . : ; ; s ‘ . 4d
© 2775. Melghat, Berar . ; : ; : é ; : . 38
C 959. Guzerat, Bombay . : A : ¢ 34
E 676. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai : ; - : at
E 2396. Sivoke Forest, ,, s ; ; : ; : »\ 36
E 948. Eastern Diiars, Assam . ; : : : : ‘ ee
E 2193. Nowgong, Assam . ; ‘ ; ; ‘ ‘ ; . 39
E 2303. Kamrtp, piri, . ’ , : : : : i SF
E 1435. Assam . ; ; : , . : ( ; ‘ . 3il
E 1390. Chittagong . , > ‘ ; ; ; ¢ ; . 33
B 295. Burma (1867) . ; s ; : : ; ; . 28
B 1425. Tharrawaddy, Burma . : : : . 85

5. VITEX, Linn.

Contains 10 to 12 species of Indian trees. V. trifolia, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
69; Beddome clxxii.; Brandis 370; Gamble 61 (V. Agnus-castus, Linn. ; Kurz ii.
269) Vern. Nishinda, Hind.; Pajpati, Nep.; Nir-nochi, Tam.; Vavili, Tel.; Kara-
nuchi, Kan., is a small tree or shrub of Bengal, South India and Burma. V. hetero-
phylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 75 ; Kurz ii. 270; Gamble 61. Vern. Wert, Nep.; Murkut,
Lepcha, is a large tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. V. canescens,
and V. limonifolia, Kurz ii. 270, 271, are deciduous trees of the forests of Prome.
V. Wimberleyi, Kurz ii, 271, is a small evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands.

_— —s

= — EE

Ce —

a Vitew.) VERBENACER. 297

| Wood between 40 and 55 lbs. in weight, hard, close-grained.
Annual rings distinct. Pores small or moderate-sized. Medullary rays
fine, uniform, numerous, equidistant.

1, V. Negundo, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 70; Beddome clxxi.
_ Brandis 369. Vern. Marwan, mordun, méura, mora,wana, banna, torban,
| biuna, Pb.; Shiwari, shawali, nengar, mewri, nisinda, Hind. ; Beygina,
Uriya; Nirgunda, nirgir, Mar.; Nirgiri, Gondi; Nirgudi, Kurku;
_ Vella-nuchi, Tam.; Veyala, Tel.; Lakki, Kan. ; Sidi nika, Cingh.

| A deciduous shrub, with thin grey bark. Wood greyish white, hard.
Annual rings marked by a narrow belt of more numerous and larger
_ pores at the inner edge. Pores small and moderate-sized.. Medullary
_ Yays numerous fine, uniform, equidistant.

Common in the drier parts of India, and ascending to 5,000 feet in the North-West
_ Himalaya. ;

Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight 41 to 42 lbs. per cubic
_ foot. The branches are used for wattle-work; the root is employed as a febrifuge
- and the leaves to cure headache,

Ibs,
H 3044. Kumharsen, Sutlej Valley . : : ° sas ety dared
_ C 2789. Melghat, Berar. - A : - - : . Al

J 2. V. altissima, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 71; Beddome t, 252,
_ Brandis 870; Gamble 61. Vern. Akay, Ass.; Maiia, Tam.; Myrole,
balgay nauladi, sampaga-pala, Kan.; Banalgay, Mar.; Miliila, -
ingh.

A large tree. Bark +4 inch thick, grey, fibrous. Wood grey with a
_ tinge of olive brown, hard, close-grained, polishes well. Annual rings
distinctly marked by a belt of firmer wood on the outer edge. Pores
small, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous, wavy.

Bengal, South India and Ceylon.

Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight 50 to 53Ibs. per cubic
foot (South Kanara specimens) ; 49 and 56 lbs. (Adrian Mendis’ Ceylon specimens) ;
Skinner, No. 145, gives 63 lbs. for Kanara specimens. A. Mendis gives P = 788,
Skinner P = 557. Molesworth in ‘Graphic diagrams for strength of teak. beams’
_ gives: Weight 56 lbs. P = 722, H = 4700. The wood is used for building and for
carts, and deserves attention.

: : Ibs,
W 724. South Kanara ‘ ‘ : ; - - ; a: ore eee
ey aa hie é 5 Mts : ; ; . ; . 60
Nos. 54 (56 lbs.) and 78 (49 Ibs.), Ceylon Collection ° ‘ ’ ote

3. V. pubescens, Vahl. ; Beddome clxxi.; Kurz ii. 271. V7. arborea,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 78. Vern. Nowli eragu, bisi, Tel.; Myladi, Tam. ;
_ Kyet-yoh, Burm.

A large tree. Wood smooth, grey with an olive-brown tinge, very
hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a more or less sharp line
_ and by a broad belt of firmer wood on the outer edge. Pores small,
_ uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous,
equidistant; the distauce between the rays equal to the transverse dia-
_ meter of the pores.

South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands.
| _ Growth moderate, 8 to 10 rings per cubic foot. Weight, according to Brandis’ Burma
e List of 1862, No. 83, 45 lbs., but his specimen now weighs dllbs.; A. Mendis gives

20

298 VERBENACER. [ Vitex.

56 lbs.; our specimens give 55lbs. Mendis gives P= 770. The wood is durable and
is used for various purposes in South India.

Tbs.
D 1058. South Arcot, Madras . ; ; y ; j 4 +n
D 1063. Cuddapah toe A 4 “ > ; ; : . 59

B 1429. Tharrawaddi, Burma . Sou 3 A ; . 66
B 2550. Burma (1862) : ; - < ‘ ; 1 P Be
No. 10. Ceylon Collection [marked V. altissima (Caha milille)} . 56

4, V. alata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 72; Kurz ii. 272. V. peduncularis, —

Wall. in DC. Prod. xi. 687. Vern. Osai, Ass.; Boruna, goda, Beng. ;

Krawru, Magh; Hila auwal, Cachar ; Shelangri, Garo; Kyetyo, Burm.
A tree. Bark thick. Wood purplish or reddish grey, heavy, hard,

close-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores

small, moderate-sized, sometimes filled with a yellowish substance.

Medullary rays fine, very numerous.

Assam, Chittagong and Burma.
Growth moderate, 6 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot.
Used in Cachar for posts and beams, in the Garo Hills for sugarcane crushers.

lbs.
E 784, Kamrtip, Assam . PMS oad : ; « ote eae
E 1393. Chittagong . ; ; ‘ : : ‘ . - 60

B 1423. Tharrawaddi, Burma 3 ; : °.

5. V. leucoxylon, Linn. f.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 74; Beddome clxxi. ;

Brandis 370; Kurz i. 273. V. saligna, Roxb. 1. ec. 75. Vern. Goda,
horina, ashwal, Beng.; Luki, neva-ledi, Tel.; Sengeni, karril, Kan.;
Tokra, Magh; Longarbi thiras, Mar.; Htouksha, Burm. |

A very large deciduous tree. Wood grey with a satiny lustre, hard,
close-grained, durable. Annual rings marked by a prominent line.
Pores small, often oval and subdivided, numerous. Medullary rays short,
moderately broad and broad, marked as long shining bands on a radial
section.

Chittagong, Burma, Andaman Islands and South India.

Growth moderate to fast, 3 to 12 rings per inch of radius, averaging 6 rings. The

following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength :—

Weight, P.

1831, Kyd, with Assam wood, bars 2’ x 1” x 1’ F . 40 337

1864, Brandis, ,, Burma =, ,» 38x x? : . 39 763
” rt gel ree 9 ” 9 2' x 1" x x ° . 39 508. *

1878, Warth, with Chittagong and Burma wood (below). . Al

1862, Brandis, with Burma wood, No. 84 : : : . 42 Pris

The wood is used for cart-wheels, and deserves attention for furniture and other
purposes. The fruitis eaten by Burmese in the Andamans, and the bark and root used
as an astringent (Major Ford).

lbs.
E 1392. Chittagong . ‘ , , ° , : . ; ». 45
B 330. Burma (1867) : eae te ‘ : : . A . 40
B 2549. » (1862) : - ; ‘ sfc MEN ‘ : . 40
B 2711. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . : : : ‘ ; ; . 36

B 2218. Andaman Islands (1866) ‘ ; d ° ? : . 44

6. CLERODENDRON, Linn. |

Contains about 12 to 18 species of Indian shrubs or small trees. C. phlomoides,
Linn.; Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 57; Beddome clxxxiv.; Brandis 363. Vern. Urn, Hind. ;
Trun, avni, Guz.; Telaki, Tel., is a tall white-flowered shrub of the arid and northern

eee

a
est

Olerodendron.) VERBENACE. 299

and southern dry zones. C. infortunatwm, Linn.; Beddome clxxiii.; Brandis 363 ;

Bhént, bhat, Hind. ; Chitu, Nep.; Kadung, Lepcha; Lukunah, Mechi; Khaoung-gyee,
Burm., is a pinkish-white-flowered shrub common in undergrowth of forests, especially

of s&l, and in waste places in the greater part of India and Burma. C. inerme,

Gaertn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 58; Beddome elxxiv.; Brandis 363; Kurz ii. 266. Vern.
Ban-jamat, batraj, Beng., is an evergreen shrub with white flowers, common in tidal
forests in Bengal, Burma and the Andamans. C. serratum, Spreng.; Brandis 364;
Kurz ii. 267 ; Gamble 61 (Volkameria serrata, Roxb. F1. Ind. iii. 62) Vern. Barangi,
Hind.; Chia, Nep.; Yi, Lepcha; Bebya, baikyo, Burm., is a blue-flowered shrub
common in the Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards,
the Khasia Hills, South India and Burma. C. Siphonanthus, R. Br.; Brandis 364;
Gamble 62 (Siphonanthus indica, Linn. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 67) Vern. Barangi, Hind. ;
Bamauhatti, Beng., is a large shrub with red calyx, white flowers and blue berries,
found in Kumaun, Bengal and South India. Home says the wood is tied round the neck
by Bengalis and used as a charm against various ailments, in the Sundarbans.
C. nutans, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 268.; Gamble 62. Vern. Baichua, Nep.; Tongsor, Lepcha,
is a white-flowered shrub of evergreen forests in Northern and Eastern Bengal.
C. bracteatum, Wall.; Gamble 62. Vern. Chitu, Nep.; Kadung, Lepcha, is a small
tree of the Sikkim Hills. C.villoswm, Bl.; Kurz ii. 268, is an evergreen shrub of the
Martaban Hills, chiefly found in deserted toungyas.

1. C. Colebrookianum, Walp.; Gamble 62. Vern. Kadungii,
Lepcha. |

A small evergreen tree with silvery grey bark. Wood grey, soft.
Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided, the large pores arranged
in interrupted concentric lines, and all pores, especially the ‘smaller
ones, joined by irregular concentric bands of softer tissue. Medullary
rays moderately broad and fine, irregularly distributed.

Sikkim and Khasia Hills, 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
Weight, 29 lbs. per cubicfoot. The whole ‘plant has a strong disagreeable smell ;

3 Kurz ii. 267; Gamble 62 (Volkameria infortunata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 59) Vern.
é
a
t

_ the young leaves are eaten by Lepchas.

lbs.
E 2401. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . . . 4 . 29

7. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge.

1. C. Wallichiana, Schauer; Brandis 870; Gamble 62. Vern.
Moni, mohéni, Kumaun ; Shechin, Nep.; Malet, Lepcha.

A large shrub with thin grey papery bark, peeling off in vertical
strips. Wood dark grey, moderately hard, with the scent of cherry
wood. Pores very small, often in groups, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance between them much
greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.
~ Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 3,000 feet.

Growth rapid, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Has

handsome lilac flowers.
lbs.

E 2402. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet . ; ; ; : . 44

8. AVICENNIA, Linn.

: ; 1. A. officinalis, Linn. ; Beddome clxxiv. ; Brandis 371; Kurz ii. 275.

Vern. Bani, Beng.; Mada, nalla mada, Tel.; Thamé, Burm.
A shrub or small tree.. Wood grey, with a darker heartwood, hard,
heavy, consisting of numerous, narrow, well-marked, concentric layers ;
the inner portion of each layer is firm, with moderate-sized pores which

300 VERBENACER. [ dvicennia.

are often in short radial or oblique lines; the outer irregular narrower
portion of each layer consists of soft tissue, with a few larger pores.
Medullary rays fine, numerous, prominent in the inner layer of each
ring. :
Salt marshes, coast and tidal forests of India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands. _
Weight, 58Ibs. per cubic foot. Wood very brittle, used only for firewood. “——

Ford says it is used for mills for husking paddy, rice-pounders, and oil-mills in
Andamans.

Ibs,
E 398. Sundarbans . : , : ‘ : ; d .. 2 oe
B 2284. Andaman Islands . ‘ . g : . é . 58

Orver LXXXI. LABIATZA.

Contains a large number of herbaceous gerera, a few only reaching the size of small —
shrubs or trees. There are about 7 Indian genera with woody species belonging te
5 tribes :— |

Tribe I.—Ocimoidese ‘ : ‘ ! . Plectranthus.
» il.—Satureinee . ‘ : : “ . Colebrookia and Elsholtzia.
,» 11].—Monardex . ‘ . : 2 . Meriandra.
» LV.—Stachydee . . . . .«. « Colgquhouniaand Roylea.

» V.—Ajugoidee . Teucrium.

Colquhounia elegans, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 278, is a scandent shrub of the hill forests of
Martaban at 4,060 to 5,000 feet. C. coccinea, Wall., and C. vestita, Wall., are scandent
_ shrubs of Nepal and the Eastern Himalaya.

Wood light-coloured, hard. Pores small or very small, generally in
groups. Medullary rays moderately broad, distant.

1. PLECTRANTHUS, L’Hér.

1. P. rugosus, Wall. Vern. Khwangere, Trans-Indus; J¢sit, Salt
Range; Bai, Jhelam; Solei, Kashmir; Pitmar, chigi, Chenab; Kot,
siringri, Ravi; Pek, rosbang, chichri, Sutlej. |

A small shrub with brown bark. Wood grey, hard, Pores small and
very small. Medullary rays moderately broad. Annual rings marked by
a narrow belt of more numerous pores.

Common on dry hill-sides and rocks in the North-West Himalaya and Salt Range
above 3,000 feet.

H 2840. Simla, 7,000 feet.

2, COLEBROOKIA, Sm.
C. ternifolia, Roxb., is a shrub of the hills of the Carnatic.

1. C. oppositifolia, Sm.; Kurzii. 277 ; Gamble 63. Vern. Shakardana,
Trans-Indus ; Phis bekhar, Salt Range ; Diss, sampni, Jhelam; Sudli,
Chenab; Déuss, Ravi; Briali, basuti, Beas; Barmera, Sutlej; Dulshat,
Kumaun ; Dosiél, Nep. |

A shrub with grey bark. Wood greyish white, moderately hard,
close-grained. Pores very small, in groups. Medullary rays moderately
broad; the distance between the rays several times larger than the
transverse diameter of the pores.

Colebrookia. | LABIATR. 301

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 4,000 feet.
Weight, 46 Ibs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for gunpowder charcoal, and the
leaves applied to wounds and sores (Stewart).

Ibs.
H 3046. Below Komharsen, Sutlej Valley, 2,500 feet ; “ H 46

38. ELSCHOLTZIA, Willd.

1. E. polystachya, Benth. Vern. Rangchari, mehndi, Shelam ;
Garidar, tappaddar, Chenab; Diss, Ravi; Pothi, Sutlej}; Bhaugria,
Kumaun.

A shrub with grey, fibrous bark, peeling off in thin, longitudinal strips.
Wood grey, moderately hard, splits and cracks, and in seasoning separates
into concentric masses. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of
numerous and larger pores in the spring wood. Pores small and very
small, often subdivided, those in the outer belt of the annual ring
arranged in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad; the distance
between the rays larger than the transverse diameter of the pores.

North-Western Himalaya, from the Jhelam eastwards, and the Khasia Hills, from

6,000 to 10,000 feet.
Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 Ibs. per cubic foot.
Common in forest undergrowth, growing often to 10 or 12 feet high.
_ lbs.

: Pa }Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet . 7 ‘ Daas - 42

4, MERIANDRA, Benth.
M. bengalensis, Bth., is often cultivated in Indian gardens as a substitute for sage.

1, M. strobilifera, Benth.

A small shrub with grey bark. Wood white, hard. Pores small and
very small. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Annual rings marked by
an interrupted line of larger pores on the inner edge, and a narrow belt
of firmer wood on the outer edge of each ring.

North-West Himalaya, about 6,000 feet.

The leaves are very aromatic, having the scent of sage; they are distinguished
from those of Elsholizia polystachya by being sagittate. The shrubis chiefly found
ov dry rocks, especially limestone.

H 2839. Simla, 6,500 feet.

5. ROYLEA, Wall.

1, R. elegans, Wall. Vern. Kaur, kauri, Pb.; Titpddc, Kumaun ;
Patkarru, Hind.

A shrub with grey bark. Wood white, hard. Pores small and very
small, in groups and short tails. Medullary rays moderately broad,
unequally distributed.

North-West Himalaya, from the Ravi to Nepal, up to 3,000 feet.

A handsome shrub. Weight, 52 lbs. per cabs foot.

ia Ibs.
H 3045. Komharsen, Sutlej Valley, 4,000 feet. . . «. « 62

302 LABIATH. [Teucrium,

6. TEUCRIUM, Linn.

1. T. macrostachyum, Wall. ; Gamble 62. Vern. Matsola, gurupis,
Nep.; Chting, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, corky. Wood yellowish white,
moderately hard, close and even-grained. Pores small, in groups.
Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous. Annual rings indistinctly
marked. =

oni ey Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, Khasia Hills and Sylhet, from 5,000 to
. 8,000 feet.

Growth rapid, 3 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 38 to 41 lbs. per cubic
foot. A common tree in second growth forests in the Sikkim Hills, and easily recog-
nised by its greyish foliage and long erect spikes of dirty white flowers with long-
ose stamens. Its wood is a fair fuel. It coppices well and strikes easily from
cuttings.

lbs:
E 2411. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000feet . , ‘ ; ; + ae
E 3376. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet. 2 : : ‘ ‘ 2 aie 38

Orprer LXXXIII. NYCTAGINEZ.

Contains one genus of Indian trees—Pisonia aculeata, Tuinn.; Beddome clxxv.;
Kurz ii. 279, is a large straggling climber of Southern India and of the coast forests
of Burma and the Andaman Islands. P. alba, Span, and P. wmbellifera, Seem. ;
Kurz ii, 279, 280, are evergreen trees of the coast forests of the Andamans. ‘To this
family belong the beautiful Bougainvilleas, common in gardens, and the Marvel of
Peru, Mirabilis Jalapa, cultivated or run wild over the greater part of India.

Orver LXXXIV. AMARANTACEA.

A large genus of herbaceous plants containing only 2 or 3 genera of Indian shrubs.
Deeringia baccata, Moq.; Gamble 63 (D. celosioides, R. Br.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
682) Vern. Gola mohani, Beng. ; Kala loéri, Kumaun ; Latman, Hind., is a common
climber of Northern India, climbing over bushes and covering them in the cold
season with its long branches covered with bright crimson berries.

1, RO DETIA, Moquin-Tandon.

1. R. amherstiana, Mog. Deeringia Amherstiana, Wall. Vern.
Bilga, Koti.
A large straggling shrub, with thin, brown, rough bark. Wood grey,
soft, divided by concentric and anastomosing bands of cellular tissue
into irregular, narrow, concentric belts, which are subdivided into oblong ~
porous areas by short medullary rays varying in breadth, which often
gradually widen where they join the concentric bands of cellular tissue.
Pores moderate-sized, numerous. |

North-west Himalaya and Burma.

Weight, our specimen gives 41 lbs. per cubic foot. It seems to be often grown as
a hedge; the young shoots are eaten fried in ghee, and a black dye is obtained from

the leaves. The berries, which are bright crimson, resembling those of Deeringia, are

also eaten.
Tbs.

H 3097, Koti, near Simla, 6,000 feet’ . , ‘ , ; ‘ 41

ee ee 7. ee

Calligonum. | POLYGONEZ. 305

Orprr LXXXV. POLYGONEZ.

A large Order of herbaceous plants, containing only 3 genera which have woody
plants indigenous in India, viz., Calligonum, Polygonum and Rumez.

1. CALLIGONUM, Linn.

1. C. polygonoides, Linn.; Brandis 372. Vern. Balanja, berwaja,
tatéike, Trans-Indus ; PAdh, phog, Pb.

A slow-growing shrub. Bark reddish grey, rough, peeling off in
long thin flakes; inner substance red. Most old stems are hollow.
Heartwood reddish brown, very hard. Annual rings distinctly marked
by a continuous belt of moderate-sized "and large pores; in the outer
portion of each annual ring the pores are small, in groups, scanty, often
joined by wavy lines of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numercus.

Avid zone of Sind, the Punjab and Rajputana, Afghanistan and Western Asia.

It is chiefly used for fuel, but twigs and branches are sometimes employed for the
walls and roofs of huts. The abortive flowers are swept up and eaten, either made
into bread or cooked with ghee.

P 889. Multan.
2, POLYGONUM, Linn.

Contains several shrubs of the Himalaya, some with very handsome flowers, but
none of any importance, except the one described. Besides the shrubs there are a
large number of herbaceous plants belonging to this genus, many of them very common.

1. P. molle, Don ; Gamble 63. Vern. Zotnye, tuknu, patu-swa, Nep.

A large trailing shrub, with thin, dark grey bark and hollow stems.
Wood reddish white. Annual rings marked by a belt of moderate-sized
pores ; in the outer portion of each ring the pores are small, scanty,
often in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad, often in pairs,
irregularly distributed.

Hills of Sikkim and Bhutan, from 5,000 to 8,000 feet.

An extremely common, often almost gregarious, and scandent or straggling shrub.
The young shoots are pleasantly acid and are eaten like rhubarb. There is some
doubt about the name of this very common plant, but it is probably Coccoloba Totnea,
Ham., in Don. Prodr. Fl. Nep. 74. It has the enlarged succulent calyx of Coccoloba
round the fruit.

E 2412. Rangbi, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet.

8. RUMEX, Linn.

1. R. hastatus, Don. Vern. Katambal, khattimal, Shelam; Ami,
Chenab, Ravi; Malorigha, amla, Beas; Amlora, Sutlej; Admora, Kumaun.

Generally an undershrub, sometimes a shrub. Woodlight red, moder-
ately hard. Pores small, more numerous at the inner edge of the
annual rings. Medullary rays broad and very broad.

North-West Himalaya from 2,500 to 9,000 feet, chiefly on rocks and dry hill-sides.
The leaves are acid and are eaten as sorrel.

H 3048. Kot, Sutlej Valley, 2,500 feet.

Atraphaxis spinosa, Linn. ; Brandis 373, is a thorny shrub of the hills of Afghan-
istan and Beluchistan belonging tu this family.

804 LAURACER.

Orper LXXXV. LAURACEZ.

A large Order containing 17 genera of Indian trees, many of which are important.
These genera belong to 4 tribes, viz.— ss

Tribe I.—Perseacew . ; - « Cinnamomum, Alseodaphne, Phebe,
Machilus, Haasia, Beilschmiedia
and Apollonias.

» i1.—Cryptocaryee . ; . Cryptocarya.

4 111-=-Litesasees, ; - ‘ é Ternathera. Cylicodaphne, Dode-
cadenia, Actinodaphne, Litsea,
Daphnidium, Aperula and Lindera,

» LV.—Hernandies ‘ > .. Hernandia.

Nectandra and Sassafras belong to the Sub-Order Oreodaphnee, Persea to
Perseacee and Laurus to Litseeacee. The identification of many of the species of
‘ the Order is very difficult, and few Orders more require further and careful investigation. —

Haasia Wightii, Nees; Beddome t. 298, is a tree of the Anamalai Hills and the
Ghats of Tinnevelly and Travancore. <Apollonias Arnottii, Nees; Beddome t. 291;
Brandis 377, is a tree of the Tinneveily and Travancore Ghats and Malabar.

Cryptocarya contains about 6 species. C. Wightiana, Thw.; Beddome t. 299, is a
large tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. C. Stocksii, Meissn., is a tree of Kanara;
and C. Neilgherrensis, Meissn., of the Nilgiri Hills. C. floribunda, Nees, and C. amyg-
dalina, Nees; Gamble 64. Vern. Patmaro, Nep.; Kaledzo, Lepcha, are trees of the
outer Sikkim Himalaya and Eastern Bengal. C. ferrea, Bl.; and C. Griffithiana,
Wight; Kurz ii. 295, are trees of Tenasserim.

Cylicodaphne contains about 8 species placed by Beddome and Kurz under Zetran-
thera, but separated by Meissner in DC. Prodromus, Vol. XV. C. nitida, Meissn.
(Tetranthera nitida, Roxb.; Kurz ii. 302. Vern. Kotoloah Ass.) is a large tree of
Eastern Bengal and Burma upon whose leaves the “Muga” silkworm (Antherea
Assama) is sometimes fed. C. Wightiana, Nees, is a tree of Assam, South India
and Ceylon. Dodecadenia grandiflora, Nees; Brandis 381; Kurz ii. 304, is an.
evergreen tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards. Actinodaphne contains
about 9 species. A. angustifolia, Nees; Beddome clxxxvi.; Brandis 381 (Litswa
angustifolia) ; Kurz ii. 305. Vern. Samkoh, Ass., Boltanaro, Giro; Tabongdeing,
Magh, is a large evergreen tree of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma.
A, saiicina, DC.; Beddome t. 295, Kurz ii. 305, is a tree of the Western Ghatsand
Ceylon. A. Hookeri, Meissn.; Beddome t. 296; Brandis 381, is a small tree of
Sikkim and the Eastern and Western Ghats of South India. A. obovata, Hook. f.
and Th.; Gamble 65. Vern. Muslindi, Nep.; Pohor, Lepcha; Laiphanzeh, Mechi;.
Cherritinga, Ass., is a large evergreen tree of the outer Sikkim Himalaya, Assam,
Khasia Hills and Sylhet, with large 3-nerved leaves, generally in whorls. Aperula
contains 2 trees: A. assamica, Meissn. (Zindera assamica, Kurz ii. 308), of Sikkim,
Assam and the Martaban Hills; and A. Neesiana, Bl.; Brandis 383. (Lindera
Neesiana, Kurz ii. 309) Vern. Karaway, Burm., of Nepal, Sikkim and Burma, yield-
ing, according to Kurz, excellent satatie Lindera contains about 5 species, chiefl
of Sikkim and Bhutan, the chief among which is L. heterophylla, Meissn., of the hills
of Sikkim at 8,900 to 9,000 feet. Hernandia peltata, Meissn.; Beddome t. 300;
Kurz ii. 309. Vern. Uparanthi Mysore; Palati, Cingh., is an evergreen tree with
peltate leaves found in the coast forests of the Andamans and Ceylon. Beddome says
that the wood is very light and takes fire readily, that the juice is » powerful
depilatory, removing the hair without pain, and that the seed and young leaves
are cathartic. Persea gratissima is the fruit tree, the Avocado Pear, cultivated in
India. The bay laurel is Lawrus nobilis.

The wood of the Indian laurels is generally light-coloured, soft or
moderately hard, without heartwood, even-grained, seasoning well
without splitting. They have, with few exceptions, an exceedingly
uniform structure. Pores small or moderate-sized, uniformly distributed,
Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings distinetly

— Cinnamomum.| LAURACER. 305

marked in most species either by a sharp line, or by a firmer belt of wood

in the outer portion of the ring. ’

1, CINNAMOMUM, Burman.

According to Meissner this genus contains 16 Indian species, 5 of which from
South India Beddome considers should only be varieties of one species. It contains 2
sections: Malabathrwm with 3 to 5-nerved leaves, and Camphora usually with penni-
veined leaves. The first section contains 10 species. C. Wightii, Meissn.; Beddome t.
262, is a tree of the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon. C. sulphuratum, Nees; Kurz ii. 288, isa
species with yellow pubescent leaves, from the Western Ghats and Tenasserim, C. iners,

wdt.; Brandis 375; Kurz ii. 287. Vern. Looleng-kyau, Burm., is a tree of Eastern
Bengal, South India and Burma. C. Perrottetii, Meissn., is a Nilgiri tree. C. im-
essinervium, Meissn.; Gamble 64, is a large tree of Sikkim. C. caudatum, Nees;
urz ii. 289; Gamble 63. Vern. Kharsoni, Nep.; Sanging, Lepcha, is a round-leaved
large tree of Nepal, Sikkim and Upper Burma. C. Zeylanicum, Breyn.; Beddome
elxxxiv.; Brandis 375; Kurz ii, 287. Vern. Dalchini, Hind.; Karruwa, Tam.;
Sanalinga, Tel.; Rassu kirdindu, Cingh. ; Loolengkyau, Burm., is the true Cinnamon.
The cinnamon is the bark of the tree, the leaves also are aromatic, giving oil of clove.
The root yields camphor and the liber oil of cinnamon. The tree is indigenous in the
Ceylon forests up to 8,000 feet, and is largely grown in that island in coppice woods.
To the second section belong C. inunctum, Meissn., and C. Parthenorylon,
Meissn. ; Kurz ii. 289, of South Tenasserim, the latter being said by Kurz to be the
Martaban Camphor Wood. C. pseudo-Sassafras, Meissn.,is a tree of Mergui. C. Ceci-
dodaphne, Meissn. Vern. Buddai Soom, Ass., is atree of Sylhet. C. Camphora,

_ Nees and Eberm.; Brandis 376, is the Japan Camphor Tree, from whose wood

camphor is obtained.

Wood soft, seasons well, and does not warp or crack. Pores well
marked on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays uniform and equi-
distant. The leaves and bark, as well as the wood of many species, are
aromatic.

1. C. obtusifolium, Nees; Brandis 875; Kurz ii, 287; Gamble 63.
Laurus obtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11. 302. Vern. Zezpat, ramtezpat,
hinton, Beng.; Bara singoli, Nep.; Nupsor, Lepcha; Patichanda, Ass. ;
Dupatti, Mechi; Krowai, Magh ; Loolengkyau, Burm.

An evergreen tree, with grey aromatic bark } inch thick. Wood
reddish grey, moderately hard, shining, mottled on a vertical section by
the medullary rays, the pores containing a gummy substance which ex-’

-udes copiously on the wood being wetted. Annual rings very indis-

tinctly marked. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly
distributed in frequently grouped oblique lines. Medullary rays moder-
ately broad, slightly undulating, prominent on a radial section as long
narrow plates. The wood has a kind of lustre, and the bark of the roots

_is highly aromatic.

2 ee North-East Himalaya to 7,000 feet, Eastern Bengal, Burma, and Andaman
slands.

Growth moderate, our specimens shew 10 to 12 rings per inch of radius; a tree
examined by Mr. McDonell near Darjeeling gave 155 rings per inch of radius.
Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are aromatic, and the fo: especially that
of the roots, resembles cinnamon. The “Muga” silkworm (Azxtherea Assama)
sometimes feeds on its leaves.

Ibs,
E 498. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai . 44,

E 693. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 5 Sella aaa oma E 38

2. C. pauciflorum, Nees. Vern. Dinglatterdop, Khasia.
2P

306 LAURACER. [ Cinnamomum,

Wood light red, very aromatic, beautifully mottled on a radial —
section by the medullary rays, rough, hard. Pores moderate-sized, ‘
often in radial lines. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous, i

Assam Valley, Khasia Hills and Sylhet.
Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot.

)
Se

E 798. Khasia Hills,5,000 fects . . «© © «© « «© 39

8. C. Tamala, Nees; Brandis 874; Gamble 63, C. albiflorum,
Nees; Wight Ic. t. 140. C. Cassia, Bl.; Kurzii. 288. Laurus Cassia, —
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 297. Cassia Cinnamon. Vern. Dédlchini, kirkiria;
hikra, sinkami, silkanti, Hind.; Chota sinkoli, Nep. ; Nupsor, Lepcha;
Dopatti, Ass.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, compact, brown, wrin-
kled, with an aromatic taste. Wood reddish grey, splits and warps,
moderately hard, close-grained, slightly scented. Annual rings distinetly
marked by a narrow belt of firmer wood on the outer edge with fewer
pores. Pores small to moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, numerous,
equidistant.

Himalaya, sparingly from the Indus to the Sutlej, common thence eastwards
between 3,000 and 7,800 feet, Eastern Bengal, Khasia Hills and Burma. ~ _

Growth moderate, the Darjeeling specimen shewing 6 rings, that from Jaunsar
7, and the Hazara one 10 rings perinch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot.

The wood is not ‘used. The bark is largely collected and sold under the name of Taj. ~
The leaves are also much sold under the names Tezpat, tajpat. .

H 937. Hazara, 4,000 feet . : $ é “A F : ;

H 3162. Dungagalli, Hazara, 4,000 feet . 2 y ; 3 é ae

H 427. Bagiyar Forest, Jaunsar, 4,000 feet . . ; ‘ - oo

E 575. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai. . as : . 42

4. ©, glanduliferum, Meissn.; Brandis 376; Gamble 64. The
Nepal Camphor Wood. Vern. Malligiri, marisgiri, Nep.; Roku, Lepcha;
Gunserai, Mechi, Ass.; Gundroi, Cachar. |

A large tree. Bark 1 to 2 inches thick, dark grey, uneven, outside
corky, highly scented. Wood rough, pale brown, highly scented with a
strong smell of camphor when fresh cut, has a certain lustre. The
wood distantly resembles that of an <A/bizzia on a vertical section, but
is rougher; it is soft to moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings
marked by a distinct line. Pores between moderate-sized and large,
uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided and filled with a
glittering resinous substance. Medullary. rays short, numerous, uni-
formly distributed, fine or moderately broad, the distance between —
the rays generally less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Pores —
distinctly marked on a vertical section.

South Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylhet.

Growth fast, 2 to 3 pings per inch of radius. Weight, 38°5 lbs. per cubic foot.
Wood durable, easily worked, is not touched by insects. It is used in Assam for

canoes and boat-building; in Sikkim for boxes, almirahs and other articles, also for
planking. It is being tried for sleepers.

Ibs..
40

= es Sl OC

Ibs. .
E 670, Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai . ‘ ; ; ; . 38 |
E 2413. Tista Valley, Darjeeling . 0 ee heh ° Ja
E 628. Eastern Duars, Assam ’ ; ‘ ; A . - 89 |
E 639. Kaémrtp, Assam r ‘ 3 4 ° . ae
E 2304, ” ” . . ‘ . . . . . 40
E 2187, Nowgong, ,, ‘ : ; tel gt ; : . 44

| Cinnamomum. | - -LAURACER. 307
5, C. sp. (perhaps C. Parthenoxylon, Meissn.; Kurz ii. 289, or
Anerula Neesiana, Bl.; see Brandis 383). Vern. Karaway, Burm.
Wood orange-brown, scented, moderately hard, oily to the touch.
_ Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, filled with resin, the
__ transverse diameter often equal to, or slightly larger than, the distance
between the fine, prominent, medullary rays. It resembles the wood of
C, glanduliferum in structure.
: South Tenasserim.

Weight, 43 to 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, used for house-building and

shingles. a

: 8B 1945. Tavoy ‘ oA BG : ; oy sie ~ MB
b B 2483. x 4 E 4 ; . ‘ ; . eee 46
t 6. C. sp. Vern. Hmanthin, Burm. ,
Wood white with a pink tinge, shining, moderately hard, highly
- geented. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, frequently filled with
resin, their transverse diameter generally equal to the distance between

the short, fine, prominent medullary rays. In structure the wood most

resembles that of C. obtusifolium.

South Tenasserim.

Weight, 36 to 43 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is plentiful at Tavoy and Mergui,
where it is used for building.

B 1946. Tavoy . ; : 3 ; ; ‘ . ; es

B 2482. 9 gee ao rg9™\ Ty ae AS ISS SHAMS ony ty > SE

7. C.sp. Vern. Sinkozi, Burm.

Wood red, soft, strongly scented. Pores moderate-sized, often sub-
divided, their transverse diameter generally equal to, or less than, the
_ distance between the short and fine medullary rays. Somewhat resembles
in structure the wood of C. parviflorum.

airy

;-* South Tenassserim.
{ Weight, 41lbs. Found by the late Mr. Lee in Mergui, but rather scarce. ss
l

em earnest, lsh iP fy OOS Ad ye igs ve Oe sae ag

Nos. B 298, Burma (1867), 24lbs.; B 2691 (40 lbs.); B 2695 (39 lbs.); B 2719
(36 lbs.), Tavoy (Wallich, 1828), are all evidently Lauracez and probably Cinnamomum.
They have a light, soft, aromatic wood. Pores moderate-sized, generally subdivided.
Medullary rays fine, equidistant, numerous.

2, ALSEODAPHNE, Nees.

A. semecarpifolia, Nees ; Beddome t..297. Vern. Wiwarana, Cingh., is a large tree
of the Western Ghats and Ceylon, where it is known as a valuable timber of a yellow
colour, which resists the attacks of “teredo” and is used for building and boats. A.
grandis, Nees ; Kurz ii. 293, is an evergreen tree of Burma with a yellowish wood.

1. A.sp. Vern. Dowki poma, Assam.
Wood soft, red, even-grained. Pores small, in radial lines. Medul-
lary rays fine, red, equidistant, visible on a radial section.
Assam.
Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for boats, furniture and building.
Ibs.

E 633. Eastern Diiars, Assam : ; : : ; ; ‘ 32

308 LAURACER. , [Phebe.

3. PHBE, Nees.

Contains about 7 species. P. pallida, Nees; Brandis 377. Vern. Kanwdl,
Kumaun, is a small tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards and Burma.
P. paniculata, Nees; Brandis 377 [P. villosa, Wight, and P. pubescens, Nees,
Kurz ii. 290. P. Wightit, Meissn.; Beddome t. 292 (probably). Zaurus villosa
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 310 (probably)] Vern. Kumara, Burghers; Kapua kanwél
Kumaun ; Boltigachu, Garo ; Chekio, Magh, is a tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern
Bengal, Burma and South India, with, according to Beddome, a good wood of a light
red colour. P. angustifolia, Nees, is a tree of the Khasia Hills. P. glaweescens,
Nees; seible 64. Vern. Surtl, Nep., is a tree of the Eastern Himalaya and Eastern
Bengal.

1. P. lanceolata, Nees; Brandis 877; Kurz ii. 290; Gamble 64,
Laurus lanceolaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.. 309. Vern. Chan, chandra,
badror, shalanghi, Pb.; Haulia, dandoria, khéwal, sim hawal, bilphari,
Hind.; Dupatti, Mechi; Nuni ajhar, Géro; Sun kanwal, Kumaun.

A small evergreen tree. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Annual
rings marked by a distinct line. Pores moderate-sized, often oval and
subdivided, or in short radial lines, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays fine, equidistant. The wood turns brown on exposure, and varies in
colour in different localities.

Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan, ascending to 6,000 feet, Khasia Hills,
Sylhet, Burma and the mountains of South India.
Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 46 to 55 Ibs. per cubic foot,

; ; F ' : Ibs.
H 869). Bhajji,, Simla, 4,000 fect .. = ., 2, 8s ‘ - 46
E 2415. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,500 feet ‘ . A ‘ ‘ 55

2. P. attenuata, Nees; Gamble 64. Vern. Dudri, Nep.; Lepcha-
phal, Darjeeling ; Phani, Lepcha. cath
A large evergreen tree. Wood grey, turning darker on exposure,
hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a distinct line. Pores
large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, frequently oval and sub-
divided. Medullary rays fine, equidistant, |

Sikkim and Bhutan, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, hills of Eastern Bengal.

Growth moderate, 5 to 9 rings per inch of radius, Weight, 39 to 44 lbs, per cubic
foot. Much used at Darjeeling for building, for tea-boxes and other purposes. ‘The
fruit is large, when ripe the size of a green walnut; itis eaten by Lepchas. (The identity
of this species requires further investigation; it is a very handsome tree with long,
narrow leaves.)

lbs.
E 363. Rangbil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . ; : . . . 44
E 2416. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet P : : 39

4, MACHILUS, Rumphius.

Contains about 9 species. MM. macrantha, Nees; Beddome t. 264. Vern. Kromd,
Burghers ; Iruli, Kaders ; Kurma, Kan:; Ullalu, Cingh., is a large tree of the Western
Ghats and Ceylon, with a soft, light, even-grained wood, used for building. MM. rimosa,
BL, M. fruticosa, Kurz, and M. tavoyana, Meissn.; Kurz ii. 292, are trees of Tenas-
serim. MM. khasyana, Meissn., is a tree of the Khasia Hills.

1. M. odoratissima, Nees; Brandis 378; Gamble 64. JZ. indica,
Lour. ; Kurz ii. 29]. Vern. Dalchini, mith-patia, prora, badror, leddil,
Pb.; Kawala, Hind.; Kawatla, lali, jagrikat, Nep.; Phamlet, Lepcha ;
Soom, Ass. ; Dingpingwait, Khasia.

ate

«7.

Machilus. | LAURACER. 309

A large tree. Wood grey, darkening and turning red on exposure,
soft to moderately hard, even-graiaed. Pores moderate-sized, often oval
and subdivided, their transverse diameter equal to the distance between the
uniformly distributed fine medullary rays. Annual rings very indistinct.

Outer Himalaya ascending to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Burma.
Growth moderate to fast, 2 to 11, averaging 7 rings per inch of radius; a tree

examined by Mr. McDonell in the Park, Darjeeling, shewed 6 rings per inch. Weight
40 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in Darjeeling, where it is very common, for building,

chiefly for native houses. In Assam it grows gregariously in large forests, which are

used for feeding the silkworms (Anther@a Assama) which give the “Muga” or
“Moonga” silk. This silk, which is chiefly produced on the Soom tree, is also pro-
duced on Cinnamomum obtusifolium, Tetranthera polyantha, glauca and monopetala,

Cylicodaphne nitida and Symplocos grandifiora. For an account of its pro-

duction see “Indian Forester,” Vol. V, p. 35, an article entitled “The Muga Silk
Industry in the Sibsagar District, Assam,” by Dr. Brandis.

Ibs.
H 92. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet . ‘ é ; 37
H 929. Hazara, Punjab ; ¢ ‘ ‘ : . ‘ 39
E 435. Rangbil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . : 43
EK 2414. o fe a 3 ‘ ‘ ey
E 592. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai , 43
E 1271. Lakhimptr, Assam . . ; . é -, 48

5. BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees.

Contains about 4 species. B. fagifolia, Nees; Beddome t. 263; Brandis 379, is a
large tree of the Western Ghats with a good timber used for building. B. macro-
phylla, Meissn., is a tree of Mergui. B. assamica, Meissn., is a tree of Assam, and
B. globularia, Kurz, a tree of the hill forests of Martaban.

1, B. Roxburghiana, Nees; Brandis 378; Kurz ii. 293; Gamble 64.
Laurus bilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 311. Vern. Konhdiah, Oudh;
Tarsing, Nep.; Kanyu, Lepcha ; Tapchi, Garo ; Serai-guti, Ass.; Shatoo-
beng, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained ;

heartwood with red and green streaks. Annual rings marked by shar

lines. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, oval and subdivided. Medullary
rays fine and very fine, numerous.
. ae Himalaya up to 8,0CO feet, Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman
slands.

Growth moderate, 5 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36°5lbs. per cubic
foot. Wood used in Assam for boats ; in Darjeeling for building, tea-boxes and other
purposes. ;

Ibs.
E 1258. Tezpur, Assam . bins : , . 4 / ; 36
E 1264. # te : . - ; 2. ; 39
E 700. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . ¢ 35
E 2419. Rangbil fs me a ~ A 36

These two last have less numerous pores.

6. TETRANTHERA, Jacq.

About 26 species are described in the “ Prodromus ” as occurring in India and Bur-
ma. T. amara, Nees; Kurz ii. 299; Gamble 65. Vern. Likh paieli, Nep.; Safed-
nyok, Lepcha, is an evergreen tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Burma and the Andamans,

“witha pale brown wood. JZ. polyantha, Wall.; Kurz ii, 301; Gamble 45. Vern.

Siltimber, Nep. ; Terhilsok, Lepcha; Adakuri, edenkuri, mezenkuri, Ass., is a small
tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and the Khasia Hills, generally of old cultivated

310 LAURACER. [Tetranthera,

silk (Antherea Assama). T. grandis, Wall.; Kurzii, 299, is an evergreen tree of the
forests of Burma, having, according to Kurz, a handsome yellow wood with a fine —
lustre. TZ. Wightiana, Wall.; Beddome t. 293. Vern. Keyngee, Burghers'; Ham- E
madi, Kan. is a tree of the forests of the Western Ghats from 2,000 to 8,000 feet, —
having a handsome yellow wood, which is used for building. Z. glauca, Wall.; —
Kurz ii. 300; Gamble 65. Vern. Sempat, Nep.; Diglilati, Mechi; Diglotti Ass., is
an evergreen tree of the outer Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal on the leaves of

which in Assam the Muga silkworms are sometimes fed.

| .
1, 'T, laurifolia, Jacq.; Brandis 879; Kurz ii, 297; Gamble 65) aa

apetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 819. Vern. Maida, meda, gwd, ridn, chandra,
Pb.; Garbijaur, singrauf, medh, ménda, Hind.; Suppatnyok, Lepcha;

land. In Assam the leaves are used to feed the silkworms which produce the “ muga” ;
|

Kukir chita, Beng.; Narra alagi, Tel.; Ungdung, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark 1 inch thick. Wood greyish
brown or olive grey, moderately hard, shining, close and even-grained, ~
seasons well, durable, is not attacked by insects. Annual rings indis-—
tinctly marked by a white line. Pores small and moderate-sized, often —
subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and moderately ~
broad.

1
1

Kumaun, Garhwal, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India.

Growth moderate, 6-7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot
A fine wood worth notice. The bark is used medicinally for external application —
bruised and mixed with goat’s milk, for sprains and bruises.

Ibs.
O 253. Garhwal (1868) . F : : 3 . 48
O 1378. Gonda, Oudh 5 . e ° © * . 45 7
O 1484. Kheri 33 . . . e ° e . . 48.
D 1087. Madura, Madras . : P 2 P ‘ - 46 ‘
B 2286. Andaman Islands (1866) ; oa ee : : - 47

2. T. monopetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 821; Brandis 380; Kurz ii.
299; Gamble 65. Vern. Meda, gwa, singraf, sangran, marda, kat
marra, kaktri, kerauli, patoia, katmoria, papria, katmedh, kari, rand~—
kari, Hind.; Mendah, kari, kyjera, toska, leja, Gondi; Lewmja, Kurku;
Ratmanti, kadmero, Nep.; Suphut, Lepcha; But, mogasong, Mechi; Sualu,
Ass. ; Huara, Cachar ; Boldek, Géro; Ranamba, Mar. ; Ungdung, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, smooth, when ~
old exfoliating in corky scales. Wood olive grey, soft, not durable,
is readily attacked by insects. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate- —
sized, uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays —
short, fine, The wood is very similar to that of 7. laurifolia, but is
softer, not durable, and the annual rings are not well marked.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, Kumaun, Garhwal, Bengal, Burma, —
Central and South India.

Growth moderate to fast, 2 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 38]bs. per cubic
foot. The wood is used for agricultural implements. The leaves are used in Assam
to feed the “ muga” silkworms Anther@a Assama; they have acinnamon-like smell
when bruised. :

Ibs,
O 246. Garhwail (1868) + . . . . . . . - 38
O 1367. Gonda, Oudh . . . ~ . . . . 38-

3. T. tomentosa, Roxb., Kurz ii. 297; Gamble 65. Vern. Phusri,
Nep.; Phane, Lepcha. | .
A tree. Bark light brown, thin. Wood soft greyish-yellow with

a

ih

-‘Tetranthera.) LAURACER. 311

Ban unpleasant odour when fresh cut. Pores small, uniformly distributed.

Medullary rays fine, numerous. Annual rings marked by a faint line.

Himalaya, from Sirmur (Wallich) eastwards, common in the Sikhim Hills from
6,000 to 8,000 feet, South India and Burma.

E 3374. Darjeeling, 6,000 ft.

4, T, angustifolia, Wall. TT. saligna, Nees. Vern. LRisapaing,
Beng.; Shealbuk, Magh.

A large shrub. Bark brown, thin. Wood soft, light brown or
nearly white. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed.

Medullary rays short, fine to moderately broad.

River banks in Chittagong, where it forms the most characteristic vegetation.
It has long, narrow, willow-like leaves. In Dr. Schlich’s list of 1874 it is marked
Homonoya, and indeed in leaves and in habit it resembles HZ. riparia.

E 3283. Rinkheong Valley, Chittagong Hill Tracts.

E 717 (341bs.) from Chittagong, a light olive-coloured wood sent under the name
of “ Hooria,” is not an Hxcecaria (see Roxb., Fl. Ind. iii. 692), but rather resembles
Tetranthera. Wood soft. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays short, broad.

7, LITSABA, Juss.

Contains, according to Meissner, about 8 species, but most of these have been
latterly joined under one species, viz., L. zeylanica.

Wood soft or moderately hard. Pores small, often in groups.
Medullary rays fine, equidistant.

1, L, zeylanica, Nees ; Beddome t. 294; Brandis 382. LZ. foliosa,
Nees. L. umbrosa, Nees. L. scrobiculata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xv. Vern.
Chimdi, shalanglu, rauli, chilotu, charkha, kaderu, narki, thirmal, zopru,
Pb.; Kanwal, titbora, sara, ghatela, chirara, chirchira, Hind.; Belori,
Burghers; Dawatl kirindi, Cingh.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood reddish white, with darker

heartwood, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a stra-

tum of firmer wood on the outside of each ring, where the pores are

often arranged in oblique lines. Pores small, uniformly distributed.

Medullary rays fine, numerous.
North-West Himalaya, between 2,000 and 8,000 feet, Eastern Bengal, Burma and

South India.

Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 to 38lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is used for house-building in South India. An oil is extracted from the fruit
which is used for burning.

H 63. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet ‘ , F : : - 86
H 3055. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000feet . é A j . ‘ . 88

No. 20 of Adrian Mendis’ Ceylon Collection (51 lbs.) marked Z. zeylanica, of Cey-
lon, has a shining wood with the same structure, but more close-grained than that

_ of the tree of the North-West Himalaya.

2. L. consimilis, Nees; Gamble 65. L. zeylanica, Nees; Brandis
382 (part). Vern. Chirira, chir chira, Kumaun ; Pooteli, Nep.

312 LAURACE®. [ Lils@a,

A small evergreen tree with thin grey bark. Wood yellow, moder-
ately hard, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays short, fine and moderately broad, the distance between the rays
greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. ,

Himalaya from Simla eastwards.

Weight, 43 lbs. per cubic foot. A good wood. An oil is extracted from the fruit,
and used for burning.

Ibs,
E 2420. Hoom Linding, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . ee

of .: L. lanuginosa, Nees; Brandis 382. Vern. Kélban, Pb.; Kokra,
ind.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark brown. Wood yellow, when fresh cut.
Pores small, arranged in radial groups and oblique lines. Medullary
rays short, fine, numerous. |

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus eastwards up to 6,000 feet.
H 2948. Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet.

8. DAPHNIDIUM, Nees.

Contains about 6 species. D. difarium, Nees; Brandis 383, is an evergreen shrub or
tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards. D. venoswm, Meissn., is from Bhutan.
D. argenteum, Kurz ii. 307, is a deciduous tree of the low and Eng forests of Pegu
and Martaban, said by Kurz to have a yellowish close-grained wood. These three, with
D. elongatum, form the section with penniveined leaves. The section, with tri-nerved
leaves contains, besides D. pulcherrimum, D. melastomaceum, Nees, of Assam, the —
Khasia Hills and Sylhet, and D. cawdatum, Nees, Kurz ii. 307, an evergreen tree of
the eng Hills, Eastern Bengal and the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim above
4,000 feet.

1. D. elongatum, Nees ;Gamble 65. Vern. Pateli, pooalay, phusri,
Nep. ; Phamlet, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood yellow, turning olive grey on ex-
posure, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, occasionally in
groups, uniformly distributed. Annual rings marked by firmer wood on
the outside of each ring. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant ;
the distance between them slightly greater than the transverse diameter
of the pores.

Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills.

(irowth moderate to slow, 10 to 22 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 34 to 41 lbs.
per cubic foot. A very pretty wood, worthy of attention. Wood used for building,
chiefly planking.

lbs,
E 362. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 fect . - : o> 5 ted fhiens ee
E 2418. ” 59 . © : e ° °° Al

2. D. pulcherrimum, Nees; Brandis 383; Kurz ii. 306; Gamble 65,
Vern. Dadia, Hind.; Sist, Nep.; Nupsor, Lepcha ; Dingpingwai, Khasia,

A large evergreen tree with thin bark. Wood reddish white, moder-
ately hard, even-grained. Structure similar to that of D. edongatum.,

. Kumaun, Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya between 4,000 and 9,000 feet, Khasia Hills,
urma.

| Daphnidium.| LAURACEA. 313

Growth moderate, 4 to 12 rings per inch of radius. A round in the Bengal Forest
Museum shews 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 to 40 lbs. per cubic foot.
‘Wood used for building, cattle yokes and occasionally tea-boxes. The leaves are aromatic.

Ibs.
E 368. Rangbiul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . ; . * - . 88
E 9417. 33 33 39 39 . > am — ? _ 40

3. D. nov. sp. Vern. Siltimber, Nep.

A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual
_ rings marked by firmer tissue on the outside of each ring. Pores small,
_ uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, uniform.

Higher Darjeeling Hills, above 9,000 feet.

Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 lbs.
Ibs.

E 384. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet ; ; 4 A ; . 42

Sassafras officinale, Nees, No. 2962, from North America, is the “Sassafras”
wood, which is there largely used in medicine and as a dye. The wood is soft, porous,
highly scented, preserving its odour a long time. Pores large to small. Medullary
_ rays moderately broad, undulating; the transverse diameter of the pores being greater

than the distance between the rays.

Nectandra Rodizi, Rob. Schomb., No. 2961, from Demerara, weighing, our speci-
_ men, 68 lbs., according to Laslett 72 lbs. (specific gravity = 1°15) per cubic foot, is the
_ “Greenheart, ” largely used in shipbuilding. The wood is dark brown, very hard and
_ heavy, with the centre almost black. Pores moderate-sized, often filled with yellow
resin. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant, the distance between the rays being
equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. According to Laslett P = 1,000,

Persea Nan-muh, Oliv., No. 3259, received from Japan by the kindness of Mr.
G. Takeda, is the “ Nan-muh” tree of which the expensive coffins used in China b
persons of wealth and quality are made. The wood is soft to moderately hard, wit
‘a pleasant aromatic scent when fresh cut, even-grained, of a dark olive-brown
colour, shining with a beautiful lustre. Pores small to moderate-sized, uniformly
distributed, often subdivided, distinctly visible on a longitudinal section. Medullary
rays fine, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings marked by a band of darker coloured
autumn wood.

Weight, 34 to 35 lbs. per cubic foot.

Nos. E 1290. Vern. Dumbail, 31lbs., and E 1292. Vern. Rawn dolu, 32 lbs., from

- Cachar, have the structure of Zawraceea. The pores are larger than in Beilschmiedia,
_ which they otherwise most resemble.

Onver LXXXVIL MYRISTICACER.
1. MYRISTICA, Linn.

Contains about 12 to 14 species of Indian trees. Five species are found in
Northern and Eastern Bengal, four in Burma, six in Bombay and South India, and four

2Q

314 MYRISTICACER. } [Myristica,

in the Andamans. M. moschata, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 843. Vern. Jaiphal

(nutmeg), jati, jauntavi (mace), is the tree whose fruit gives the spices known as
“nutmeg ” and ‘* mace,” the former is the hard albumen and the latterthe aril of the
seed. The tree is cultivated in many parts of India, in Ceylon and in the Malay
Archipelago. M. elliptica, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 282, is an evergreen tree of the Andamans,
M. laurifolia, Hook £. and Th., is a common large tree of the Western Ghats and
Ceylon. M. Farquhariana, Wall.; Beddome t. 270. Vern. Pindi, Kan., is a common
tree of the evergreen forests of Kanara. MM. glabra, Bl.,isa tree of Sylhet. 2. amyg-
dalina, Wall.; Kurz ii. 283. Vern. Toungsaga, Burm., is an evergreen tree of Burma
and the Andaman Islands. M. longifolia, Wall.; Kurz ii, 283; Gamble 67. (MM. lini-—
folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.847) Vern. Gurmungban, Magh; Zadeip-hpo, Burm., is an ever=
green tree of Northern and Kastern Bengal and Burma. ©. erratica, Hook. f. and
Th.,and M. gibbosa, Hook. f. and Th., are trees of the Khasia Hills. WU. attenuata.
Wall. ; Beddome clxxvi., is a tall tree of the Concan Ghats of Bombay. WM. corticosa
Hook. f. and Th.; Beddome t. 271; Kurz ii. 284; Gamble 68 (MZ. angustifolia, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 847), is an evergreen tree of the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal,
Burma, South India and the Andaman Islands. M. magnifica, Beddome t. 268,
Vern. Ramanadike, Kan., is a very large tree of Travancore.

1. M. malabarica, Lamk.; Beddome t. 269. Vern. Kdnagi, Kan.,
Pindi-kai (seeds). :
A small evergreen tree. Wood reddish grey, moderately hard.
Annual rings (?) marked by concentric lines. Pores moderate-sized,
oval, not numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, not
prominent. a
South Kanara and Malabar.

Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building. The seeds give an oil
which is used for burning and as an ointment for sores. e
8.

W 736. South Kanara ‘ . ; R . 38

2. M. Irya, Gaertn. ; Beddome clxxvi. ; Kurz ii. 282. Vern. Maloh,
Burm, ; Mutwindd, chooglum, And.
A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood dark olive grey, hard, close-
grained. Annual rings marked by distinct lines. Pores moderate-
sized and large, oval and subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays numerous, very fine, wavy, bent outwards where they touch the
pores, prominent on aradial section ; the distance between the rays smaller
than the transverse diameter of the pores.
Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon.
Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. A handsome wood and worthy of attention; it
seasons welland takes a good polish.

Ibs,
B 609. Andaman Islands . : : R . : ; . . 62

Orper LXXXVII.. THYMELACEA.

Contains 6 Indian genera belonging to 2 tribes, viz..—

Tribe I.—Thymelee : : : : . Daphne, Edgeworthia, Wik-
strémia, Laviosipha and
Linostoma.

» AL—Aquilarineze ; . Aquilaria,

Edgeworthia Gardneri, Meissn.; Brandis 386 ; Gamble 67. Vern. Kaghuti,
aryili, Nep., is a large shrub of Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, from 4,000 to 7,000 feet,
with a white, thick, fibrous bark. Wood grey, light, soft with little lustre. It
is the chief species used in the manufacture of the Nepal paper, and it gives the whitest

Daphne.) THYMELACER. 315

kind. The paper is very tough, and large quantities are made in Nepal and Sik kim
_ Wikstrimia virgata, Meissn. ; Beddome elxxviii ; Brandis 386. Vern. Bhatniggi,
thilak, Pb.; Chamlia, Kumaun, is a small shrub of the Himalaya from the Indus
eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Ceylon, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. An inferior sort
of paper and rope is made of its barkin Kumaun. Lasiosiphon eriocephalus, Dene;
Beddome elxxix. Vern. Naha, Cingh., is a large shrub of Bengal aad South India.
A fibre is obtained from its bark, which is, besides, used for poisoning fish in Ceylon.
Linostoma contains 4 species: ZL. pauciflorum, Griff.; Kurz ii. 334, 1s an evergreen
shrub of the Martaban Hills at 3,000 to 4,000 feet; Z. decandrum, Wall., Kurz ii. 334,
ashrub of Chittagong; Z. scandens, Kurz ii. 334, a shrub of Tenasserim; and
LL. siamense, Kurz ii. 335, a shrub of the Eng forests of Prome. Gyrinops Walla,
Gaertn.; Beddome t. 303. Vern. Walla, Cingh., is a handsome small tree found in
Ceylon. Lagetta lintearia, Lamk. is the Lacebark tree of Jamaica, whose liber is
made into cloth, paper, lace, ropes, whips and other articles. | .

1, DAPHNE, Linn.

Contains about 7 species. D. cachemiriana, Meissn., from the Pirpanjal, and
D. oleoides, Schreber, are described by Brandis, p. 385, under D. mucronata. D. pen-
— dula, Sm. ; Kurz ii. 333, is an evergreen shrub of the Martaban Hills at 5,000 to
6,000 feet elevation. D. Wallichiit, Meissn. Vern. Chhota aryili, Nep., and D.
longifolia, Meissn. Vern. Shedbarwa, Nep., are shrubs of the Eastern Himalaya,
—__ Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal, whose bark is used in the manufacture of paper,
the latter species yielding the commoner coarse kind. D. Mezereum, Linn., the
_ “Mezereum” with deciduous leaves, and D. Laureola, Linn., the “Spurge Laurel,”

with evergreen leaves, are well-known European shrubs,

Pores very small, arranged in oblique tails or irregular patches
_ (D. Mezereum). Medullary rays fine or very fine, |

_ 1. D. mucronata, Royle; Brandis 884. Vern. Laghiune, Afe.;
Pech, Sind ; Kiutilal, kanthan, gandalin, shalangri, zosho, shing, mashir,

_swina, jikri, dona, channi niggi, kdgsari, sind, kansian, sondi, Pb.

__ Asmall evergreen shrub. Wood white, soft. Pores very small and
- extremely small, arranged in oblique tails. Medullary rays numerous,
very fine. Numerous faint concentric lines across the rays,

Suliman Range from 3,000 to 7,000 feet, Himalaya from 2,300 to 9,000 feet.

The wood is used in Chamba to make gunpowder charcoal. The bark and leaves
are used in native medicine. The berries are eaten, but are said to cause nausea and
- yomiting ; on the Sutlej a spirit is distilled from them (Brandis).

___-B 2826. Cheog Forest, Simla, 7,000 feet.
; H 2828. Simla, 7,000 feet.

2. D. papyracea, Wall.; Brandis 386; Gamble 67. Vern. Niggi,
Pb.; Set bardwa, satpira, Hind.; Balwa, Kumaun; Gande, haghuti,
Nep.; Dayshing, Bhutia.

- <Alarge shrub. Bark grey, smooth, liber well developed and yielding
a very strong fibre which is used for the manufacture of ropes and paper.
Wood white, moderately hard. Pores extremely small in long narrow
oblique and bending tails of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous.

ee melaye from near the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet, Khasia
ills.
Growth moderate, 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 34 lbs per cubic foot.
Flowers very sweet scented, Bark used to make Nepal and Bhutia paper, the com-
: _moner thin kind; also to make ropes for various purposes suclr as carrying loads.

rs

: Tbs.
H2408. Darjecling, 7,000 fect. . . 3. voce cs «84

5

316 _ ‘THYMELACES, { dquilaria.

2. AQUILARIA, Lam.

Two species only of this genus are known from India, viz., A. Agallocha, here
described, and A. malaccensis, Lamk.; Kurz ii. 336, from Tenasserim, which, accord-
ing to Meissner, is the “ Garo de Malacca” or Malacca Eaglewood. There is still some
doubt about the identification of the species of Aguilaria which yields the Eagle-
wood of commerce. Roxburgh says the A. Agallocha is an immense tree, a native of
the mountains east and south-east of Sylhet between 24° and 25° north latitude.
** There can be little doubt that this is the tree which furnishes the real Calambac or
Agallochum of the ancients, and there seems more reason to think that it was carried |
to China from our eastern frontier than to suppose it was carried from Cochin China
or any other country in the vicinity of China, where it has always been in great
demand. Small quantities are sometimes imported into Calcutta by sea from the
eastward; but such is always deemed inferior to that of Sylhet.” Kurz seems to con-
sider the Sylhet and the Tenasserim tree as the same species, and as the structure of
the wood of both is identical, there is a strong probability of his view being correct.
Further investigation, however, is necessary to ascertain if the species described by
Roxburgh as growing in Assam and Sylhet (A. Agallocha) is identical with the tree
furnishing the Akyau wood of Burma. As far as our account is concerned, we shall
only speak of one species.

1, A. Agallocha, Roxb. Fi. Ind. 422; Brandis 387; Kurz ii. 335.
Lign Aloes or Eaglewood. Vern. Ugér, Hind., Beng.; Sasi, Ass.;
Akyau, Burm.; Kayu garu, Malay; Nwahmi, Siam; Nyaw-chah,
Chinese ; Kihay, sinnah, Cingh.

A large evergreen tree. Wood white, soft, even-grained, scented
when fresh cut. In the interior of old trees are found irregular masses
of harder and darker coloured wood, which constitute the famous EHagle-
wood of commerce, called Kaya garu by the Malays, and Akyau by the
Burmese. Pores small and moderate-sized, in short radial lines. Me-
dullary rays fine, numerous ; the distance between two consecutive rays
less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous short transverse
bands of pores and intercellular ducts filled with a brownish substance.

Eastern Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Kyd gives 20lbs.; our
specimen 25 lbs. per cubic foot; Kyd gives P = 203. A description of Eagle-
wood and its method of collection is given in extracts from Mr. Lee’s reports given
at p. 80 of the Burma Forest Report for 1875-76, and at p. 19 of the Burma Forest
Report for 1876-77, From these it appears that the Akyau is the most important
forest produce of the forests of South Tenasserim and the Mergui Archipelago. It is
found in fragments of various shapes and sizes in the centre of the tree, and usually, if
not always, where some former injury has been received. ‘To collect it the trees are
felled and allowed to rot for about three years in the forest, when they are again visited,

the tree cut into fragments, and the odoriferous wood cut out. Mr. Lee says that —
most usually the Akyau is found in the sapwood.

—

Ibs,
E 951. Golaghat, Assam . ; ; : ; - ; A . 24
B 1948. Tavoy . 4 ‘ ‘ } , , ; j ; . 23
B 2485. * ; : ; ; ’ : " , : . 29

Orper LXXXVIII. ELZAGNEA.,
Contains 2 genera only, Hle@agnus and Hippophaé.

Pores small and moderate-sized. Annual rings distinctly marked by —

a belt of larger pores. Hippophaé has numerous uniform and fine f
medullary rays, while “/eagnus has short rays of different width, whieh }
¥

i
P
.
}

in some species are broad.

‘
‘a

Hippophaé. | ELEAGNED. 317

1. HIPPOPHAS; Linn.

_ Contains 2 species, distinguished by the scales or hairs on the under surface of the
leaf. H. salicifolia, Don; Brandis 387. Vern. Ashik, Nep.; Dur chuk, Kumaun ;
Strch, Bassahir, is a large shrub, the under surface of the leaves having a dense
tomentum of rust-coloured hairs. It is found in the Upper Sutlej Valley and from
thence eastwards to Bhutan.

1. H. rhamnoides, Linn. ; Brandis 388. Vern. Zsarap, tsarma, sirma,
tsik, tarru, niechak, tserkar, tsermang, Ladak, Piti and Lahoul.

A large thorny shrub, sometimes a small tree. Bark grey, rough,
with vertical furrows. Heartwood yellowish brown, mottled, moderately
hard, close-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by the inner or
spring wood being porous and mainly composed of numerous moderate-
sized pores, the outer or autumn wood being more compact, with fewer
and smaller pores. Medullary rays numerous, very fine, equidistant.

The wood of the shrub from Lahoul has the same structure as the
European one.

Inner tract of the North-West Himalaya, chiefly in moist, gravelly stream beds,

from 5,000 to 10,000 feet.

Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot, according
to Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 245, 38 lbs. to 541bs. It is used for fuel and charcoal, and the
dry branches for hedges. It is very valuable in the dry, almost treeless tracts of the
Inner Himalaya. The fruit is eaten, but is very acid ; it is made into a preserve. The
leaves are covered with silvery scales.

Ibs.
a haeet SGN fund ti: 6h oy Re dc 8 ek, so

H 3063. Kunawar, 8,000, . 7 ; ‘ - :

2. ELAAGNUS, Linn.

Contains about 4 species of Indian trees or shrubs.

E.. hortensis, M. Bieb.; Brandis 389 (4. Moorcroftii, Wall., E. ri kane
Linn.) Vern. Sanjit, Afg.; Sirshing, Tibet; Shidtlik, N.-W. P., is a middling-sized
tree of Ladak and Baltistan, Afghanistan and westwards to the Mediterranean region.
Brandis says: ‘The tree is deciduous, but the withered leaves remain attached to the
tree instead of falling off at the end of autumn. Attains 25 feet with an erect,
straight trunk, 5 to 6 feet girth, and a rounded, close, handsome crown. Bark thick,
fibrous, smooth, light grey, between deep, longitudinal, rugged, dark brown furrows.
Sapwood narrow; heartwood dark brown, porous and soft. Medullary rays numerous.
Wood used for fuel.” It gives a transparent gum. The fruit is eaten, and in
Yarkand a spirit is distilled from it. It weighs, according to Mathieu . FI.
For., p. 245, 36 lbs. to 41 lbs. per cubic foot. It is often planted. #. arborea, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 441; Brandis 390; Kurz ii. 331. Vern. Skeashong, Garo; Mingu, Burm.,
is an evergreen tree of Nepal, the Eastern Himalaya, Garo Hills and Burma.

1. EK. latifolia, Linn. ; Beddome clxxx.; Brandis 390; Gamble 67.
#. conferta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 440; Kurz ii. 831. Vern. Ghiwdin,
mijhaula, Kumaun ; Jarila, Nep.; Guara, Beng.; Kamhoong, Magh.

A straggling evergreen shrub or small tree. Wood white, soft,
Pores moderate-sized and small, in irregular, concentric belts, which, how-
ever, do not appear to be annual rings ; between the belts the pores are
smaller and scanty. Medullary rays fine and broad.

Bemoalays, from Kumaun to Bhutan, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and South
ia.

Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten; it is acid and somewhat astringent,

; _ Beddome says it makes good tarts.

Ibs.
E 2407, Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . . 7 ‘ ; 45

a
318 _ BLmAGNER. —— [Bleagaus.

2. E. umbellata, Thunberg; Brandis 390. Vern. Ghiwdin, ghain,
kankoli, bammewa, Pb.

A thorny, deciduous shrub, with silvery grey leaves. Bark grey.
Wood white, hard, even-grained, warps in seasoning. Annual rings dis-
tinctly marked by a narrow continuous belt of moderate-sized pores;
in the rest of the wood the pores are very small and uniformly distri-
buted, but occasionally intermediate bands of larger pores are found.
Medullary rays short, fine and broad. :

Himalaya, from near the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 10,000 feet.
Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubie foot.
The fruit is eaten. . a
8.

Hf 71. Mashobra, Simla, 7000 feet. gS ee |

Orprr LXXXIX. PROTEACEZ,

A large Order of plants, chiefly Australian and South African, containing only one
Indian genus, Helicia. Many of the species are cultivated on account of the beauty
of their flowers or foliage; such are the species of Hakea, Banksia and Grevillea,
the best known of whichis Grevillea robusta, the ‘ Silk Oak,’ a large tree of New South
Wales, which has become quite established in gardens in Bengal and South India. It
grows well in Calcutta, where a fine avenue of it-may be seen at the Botanic Gardens.

Pores in ‘concentric bands: Medullary rays very broad and pro-
minent,. ' ; /

1. HELICIA, Lour,

Contains about 7 Indian species. H. Cochin-Chinensis, Lour.; Kurz ii. 311; —
Gamble 66, is an evergreen tree of the hills of Sikkim, Assam, and Martaban in Burma.
Hi. excelsa, Bl.; Kurz ii, 312 (Rhopala excelsa; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 362), is a large
tree of Chittagong and Tenasserim. HZ. nilagirica, Beddome clxxyiii., is a shrub of
the western slopes of the Nilgiris at an elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. H. pyrro-
botrya, Kurz ii. 312, is a tree of the Martaban Hills. H. salicifolia, Presl.; Kurz ii.
$12, is a tree of Tenasserim; and H. attenuata, Bl. (Rhopala moluccana, Roxb. Fl.
Ind, i. 364), a tree of the Khasia Hills.

1. H. robusta, Wall.; Beddome t. 301; Kurz ii. 311; Gamble 66.
Vern. Joweea, Sylhet ; Tegala mugu, Kan.; Doukya beng, Burm.

A small evergreen tree. Bark grey, 4 inch thick. Wood pinkish
grey, moderately hard. Pores small, in numerous, narrow concentric
bands of softer tissue, interrupted by the broad and very broad medullary
rays, which are prominent on a radial section.

Hills of Bengal, Burma, and Southern India.

Weight, 441bs. per cubic foot. Has very pretty flowers.
lbs.

E 2409. Sumbong, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet ~ Parser 4 44

_ \

Grevillea robusta has a rough bark, 3-16ths inch thick. Wood. hard, light reddish
brown, sapwood greyish white. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, in concentric patches of
white tissue. These concentric patches are interrupted by the medullary rays and
bend outward where they meet the rays, so that the concentric bands have a wavy
outline. Medullary rays Pas and very broad, very prominent on a radial section,
shewing a beautiful silver grain. The heartwood seems durable, but the sapwood decays
quickly, It would be a handsome furniture wood. (O 3263, Saharanpur.)

Loranthus.) LORANTHACER. 319

-

Orprr XC. LORANTHACES.

Contains 4 Indian genera of evergreen parasitic shrubs, living on the stems,
branches or roots of other shrubs or trees. These genera are Viscwm, Arteuthobium,
Loranthus and Ginalloa.

Viscum contains about 6 species, which may be divided into 2 sections, those
with and those without leaves. To the first section belongs the Mistletue, V. album,
Linn.; Brandis 392; Kurz ii. 323; Gamble 66. Vern. TZirapdni, Afg.; Bhangra,
banda, bambal, kahbang, ahalu, wahal, rini, reori, reng, jerra, Pb.; Ban, banda,
Hind. ; Hurchu, Nep., a parasitic shrub found in the Suliman Range, Himalaya and
hills of Martaban above 3,500 feet, chiefly on Rosaces, the Walnut, Elm, Willow,
Alder, Maple, Poplar, Olive and Mulberry. In Lahoul it is used medicinally, and in
Europe it is used for birdlime. V. monoicum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 763; Brandis
393; Kurz ii. 324, is a shrub, parasitic on H/@odendron and other trees in
the Sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal and Burma. V. ovalifoliwm, Wall.; Kurz
ji. 325, is a shrub of Tenasserim; and V. orientale, Willd.; Brandis 393;
Kurz ii. 324 (V. verticillatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 764), a shrub of Bengal and South
India.

To the second section belong V. articulatum, Brown; Brandis 393; Kurz ii. 325
(also V. moniliforme, W- and A.; Kurz ii. 325) Vern. Pand, Hind., a parasitic shrub
of the Himalaya, Khasia Hills, South India and Burma, found chiefly on Oaks,
Rhododendron and Apricot. V. attenuatuwm, DC.; Brandis 394; Gamble 66. Vern.
Piudu, pand, Pb.; Patha, Banda; Banda, C. P.; Hurchu, Nep., isa parasitic shrub
_ of the Outer Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, ascending
to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills, South India and Ceylon. In Sikkim itis found on Maple
and Chestnut especially, in Simla on Oaks, and Cornus (No. H 3081 on C. capitata).

Arceuthobium Oxycedri, M. Bieb. ; Brandis 394, Vern. Shik, sdi, Lahoul, is a small

arasite found on Juniperus excelsa in Lahoul at elevations from 9,000 to 11,000

eet. It grows by spreading its roots between the bark and the wood of the Juniper,
often killing the branch on which it grows. It occurs also westward to the south of
France. Ginalloa contains two parasitic shrubs: G. Helferi, Kurz ii. 326, of
Tenasserim, and G. andamanica, Kurz ii. 326, found on “ Artocarpus Chaplasha” in
the Andamans. 3

1. LORANTHUS, Linn.

Contains 20 to 30 or more species of parasitical shrubs, some of them with very
handsome flowers. Z. ligustrinus, Wall.; Brandis 396, is found in the outer
Himalaya from the Jumna to Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 feet, chiefly on Albizzia,
Olea and Litsea. L. pulverulentus, Wall.; Brandis 396; Kurz ii. 318. Vern.
Parand, Kumaun; Banda, C. P., is a woody parasite found in the Sub-Himalayan
tract from Kumaun eastwards, Central and Western India, often on Butea. LL. cordi«

folius, Wall. and ZL. wmbellifer, Schultes, are Himalayan parasitic shrubs, the first
_ often found on Platanus, the second on Rhododendron, Andromeda and Saliz.
dL. farinosus, Desr., L. viridiflorus, Wall., and ZL. globosus, Roxb.; Gamble 66, are
common on Sal in Northern Bengal. Kurz describes 17 species from Burma. Numer-
ous species also occur in South India; and on the Nilgiris they are reported to have
done such damage to the plantations of Australian Acacia as to have necessitated
those plantations being given up. In his “Report on Neilgherry Loranthaceous
Parasitical Plants,” Madras, 1874, Dr. G. Bidie describes 8 species as attacking peaches,
pears, Australian acacias and other trees about Ootacamund. The species described
are LZ. obtusatus, Wall., LZ. WNeilgherrensis, W. and A., L. loniceroides, Linn.,
LL. amplexifolius, DC., L. tomentosus, Heyn., L. cuneatus, Heyn., DL. Candol-
leanus, W. and A., and LD. capitellatus, W. and A. Of the trees attacked, Acacia
_Melanoxylon has most suffered, owing to its rough bark, while the smooth-barked
A. dealbata has been but little injured. Eucalyptus Globulus does.not appear to

im have been attacked.

Most species are called Pand in Hindi, Ajerw in Nepalese and Xhyee-poung in
~ Burmese.

320 LORANTHACER. [ Loranthus,

1. L. vestitus, Wall.; Brandis 396. Vern. Pand, Hind.

A parasitic shrub. Wood reddish white, compact, close-grained,
moderately hard. Pores very small, arranged in rounded groups or
patches, which are uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, fine to
broad; the distance between the rays several times larger than the trans-
verse diameter of the pores.

North-West Himalaya from the Ravi to Sikkim up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills.

Growth slow, about 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 51 bs. per cubic foot. It
grows often to a large size, and is extremely common in some parts of the Himalaya,
especially on the Oaks, Q. imcana and Q. dilatata. Itis also found on Odina,
Schleichera, Randia, Machilus and other trees.

Ibs.
H 3033. Theog, Simla, 7,000 feet (on Q. dilatata) . ‘; ; : aoe
H 2938. Below Naldehra, Simla, 5,000 feet(on Q.incana) . . 51

2. L. longiflorus, Desr. ; Brandis 8397; Kurz ii. 821; Gamble 66.
DL. bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 548. Vern. Pand, amit, Pb.; Banda, C. P.;
Patha, Banda; Bara manda, Beng.; Proosti, Lepcha; Ajeru, Nep.;
Yelinga wadimka, Yel. ; Kaurak, Bhil.

A parasitical shrub. Wood reddish, moderately hard. Pores very
small, very numerous. Medullary rays short, fine to very broad.

Outer Himalaya from the Jhelam eastwards, ascending to 7,500 feet, Bengal,
Central and South India, Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

The commonest species. It has large, handsome, scarlet flowers. It grows on most
trees; in North India on Melia, Bauhinia, Albizzia, Malilotus, the Mango, Peach

and Pear; in Oudh on Bassia, Buchanania, Diospyros; in Sikkim on Sal and
Albizzia ; in the North-West Himalaya on Oak.

H 3061. Koti, Simla, 6,000 feet (on Q. dilatata).

Orper XCI. SANTALACEZ.

Contains 4 genera of Indian trees or shrubs: viz.— Pyrularia, Henslowia, Osyris
and Santalwm.

Henslowia heterantha, Hook. f.; Kurz ii. 328; Gamble 67. Vern. Ajeru, Nep.,
is a large mistletoe-like shrub, sometimes parasitic, sometimes terrestrial, of the North-
East Himalaya and the hillsof Martaban. Osyris arborea, Wall.; Beddome cixxxi. ;
Brandis 399 (O. Wightiana, Wall.) Vern. Bakardharra, bakarja, Kumaun; Popli,
Belgaum ; Jhuri, Nep., is a shrub of the Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan ascending to
7,000 feet, Western Ghats and Ceylon, said by Aikin in Wallich’s List to have a red-
brown, hard, compact and fine-grained wood.

1, PYRULARIA, Mich.

Contains 2 species. P. Wallichiana, Meissn.; Beddome t. 304. Vern. B a,
Kan., is a small tree of Coorg, the Wynaad and Ceylon, with a light-coloured, curiously-
grained wood.

1. P. edulis, A. DC.; Gamble 66. Vern. Amphi, Nep.; Safhyi,
Lepcha.

A small or moderate-sized thorny tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood —
white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small and very small, in —
oblique bands of softer tissue. Medullary rays fine and broad, numerous,
prominently reticulated on a radial section,

Pyrularia.| SANTALACER, $21

Nepal, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, from 4,000to 5,000 feet.
Growth moderate, about 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 to 50 lbs. per cubic
foot. Wood used by Bhutias for butter-making implements, Fruit eaten.

Ibs,
E 2406. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . ; ‘ ; ; - AT
‘E 698. Rangbil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . 4 ; ‘ ; . 60

2. SANTALUM, Linn.

1, S.album, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 442; Beddome t. 256;
Brandis 398; Kurz ii, 829. Sandalwood. Vern. Chandan, chandal,
sandal, Hind.; Gandha, Kan.; San-ta-ku, Burm.

A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 4 feet in girth and 30 feet
in height. Bark dark grey, nearly black, rough, with short vertical
eracks, inner substance dark red. Sapwood white, scentless ; heartwood
_ yellowish brown, strongly scented, very hard, very close-grained and
oily. Annual rings distinctly marked by more numerous and slightly
larger pores in the spring wood. Pores small, circular, numerous.
Medullary rays short, fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant.

_. Dry region of South India, It grows naturally in the drier parts of Mysore,
Coimbatore and Salem districts, extending south to Madura and north to Kolhaptr,
generally at an elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, in poor soils and seeking the
protection of hedgerows and scrub jungles.
Regarding the rate of growth, not much information is available. The specimens
in our collection shew a growth of 5 to7 rings per inch of radius. A tree in the
Saharanpur Botanic Gardens, said to be 36 years old, measured 3 feet 4 inches in girth,
giving 5°6 rings per inch of radius,

In Colonel Beddome’s report on the forests of Northern Coimbatore, July 1876,

the following data are given :—

Age. Height. Girth,
4 Trees in unfavourable 14 5 to 6 feet 3 to 4 inches,
_ alle Mally Plantation) locality.
commenced 1863-64, ) Trees in favourable 14 30 15 <«
locality.

Bylur Plantation ie Planted 1870 . ~ © » 10to ld, 8toll ,,
-menced 1870. Ge nar s ane 7to 8,, 5to 9 ,,

: ag first of these gives 25, the rest 6, 4 and 3°5 rings per inch of radius respec-
ively.

In his report of the 3rd March 1877 on the Salem forests, Colonel Beddome states
that the largest of 3 sandal trees which were growing under shade in favourable condi-
_ tions in the Denkincottah plantation on the Mailgherry hills had a height of 16 feet and
-agirth of 8 inches. As the trees were planted in 1874 and were consequently only 3
years old at the time of measurement, their growth has been very fast.

Again, in his report on plantations and fuel reserves of 28th May 1878, Colonel
- Beddome gives the following average measurements of trees in different plantations—

: Age. Height. Girth,
1. North Coimbatore, Talle Mally l4years 30 feet 15 in, oe oe
Plantation, 3,000 feet altitude. { wre peo ;
2. North Coimbatore, Bylur Planta- 7 ,, 8 to15.,,.. 8 toll .;
tion, 3,200 feet altitude. $4 ,, Sta..S » 5.6%
3. Nilgiris, Segur Plantation, 3,000 6 ,, 12 to 15

feet altitude.
or 6, 4°5 and 4°5 rings per inch of radius respectively.
_ In this plantation Colonel Beddome expects a yield per acre, when the plantation
_ 1s mature, in 25 years, of at least 150 maunds of heartwood. There are 23 acres with
a about 21,000 trees. The growth in the Coimbatore plantations varies from 2 to 6
_ rings per inch, averaging 43 rjngs; but the locality in each case was favourable.

= ———— ——— ee . : 7 ms
“ ¥
‘

2R

—

322 _ SANTALACEZ. [Santolum,

In an article in the “Indian Forester” for April 1878, Vol. iii., No. 4,
entitled “ Notes on Sandal,” 8 trees or groups of trees in Mysore are mentioned, of
whose approximate age there is some evidence. In some cases the girth was taken at
the base ; in others the mean girth is given.

The following are the measurements given in that paper :—

ag Pince, AES APrO-} Girtn, | of rings |HegRt of] Total
Years, Inches. Feet. Feet.
1 | Mudagerri “hats : 55 20 17 9 ta Mean girth.
1 ” : ° ‘ At 27 10 12 50 Girth at base.
1 4 ae 85 . %, 7 Ditto.
1 *9 . ° ° 64 48 9 “36 30 Ditto.
1 | Tjapér ~ - 45 40 7 eas 30 Mean girth,
1 9 . : ; 30 40 5 5 soi Ditto.
1 | Bobagalli . . .| 96 27 n 20 .. | Girth at base,
7 a qa"ia ‘ 75 33 7 Si 273 Girth at 6 feet.

These measurements give an average of 9:2 rings per inch of radius. It will be
seen that no approximately correet generalisation as to the usual rate of growth can
be obtained. In good conditions it seems probable that 5 to 6 rings per inch is about
the average rate, while in unfavourable places the average growth cannot be taken at
much less than 10 rings per inch. ;

The weight of sandalwood is given by Fowke at 551bs.; by Skinner, No. 113, at
58lbs.; our specimens average 61'5lbs. per cubic foot. Fowke gives P= 878;
Skinner 874. The heartwood is used for carving, for incense and perfume. It is an
important article of trade in India, and is largely exported to China and Arabia. It

has been found to be well suited for engraving. Sandalwood oil is distilled from the

wood.
It is chiefly spread through the agency of birds, and comes up in hedges and under
the shade of shrubs. It is very impatient of mutilation, is difficult to transplant, and
suffers greatly from wounds in the Fark. Plantations of sandal have been established
in Mysore and Madras. : dl

E 2489. Botanic Gardens, Calcutta (from a tree which was blown

down in the Cyclone of 1864) : : : “: i gn
D 1209. Mysore . tae E : : . ; . Van | ee
D 2307. . 5 : : ; . : ©, ice kl a
D 3140. ” . . . . . ’ . ° Fs . 60
D 1360. Salem, Madras : : ; . : 7 . : 61
No. 41. Salem Collection ; ‘ ; ‘ ° ‘ ‘ ‘ 61

B 1950, 62 lbs., was sent from Tavoy under the name of Kalamet. The specimen is
evidently very old, of a brown colour, like that of the heartwood of sandal, and in struc-
ture it differs only in having more prominent medullary rays, which are broader than in
sandal, uniform and equidistant. The wood is scented, resembling that of sandal-
wood, and it may conaibiy be another species of Santalum.

Orver XCII. URTICACEA.

A large Order remarkable for many useful paced chiefly fibres, given by species
belonging to it. The chief fibrous plants are the nettles, the ‘ Rhea,’ the ‘ Puya,’ the
Paper Mulberry, Antiaris and Sponia. Fruits are given by the mulberries, fg

ne

savd

URTICACER. 323

species of Artocarpus. India-rubber is produced by several species of Ficus, especially
> Pr elastica ; while valuable timber is obtained from the Elms, Mulberries, Avtocarpus,
and other genera. The Order is divided into 4 Sub-Orders, and these into 12 tribes
containing 25 genera—

Sus-Orpmr 1. URTICACEAI—

Tribe I.—Urerex Ee: : : . Laportea and Girardinia.

" II.—Bohmeriee . ; i ‘ . Bébhmeria, Pouzolzia, Sarco-
chlamys, Villebrunea, Debre-
geasia and Maoutia.

Sus-Orprr 2. MORACEA—

Tribe I11—Streblee . i ; : . Phyllochlamys, Streblus and
Pseudostreblus.
94 IV.—Broussonetieer . é ; . Malaisia, Broussonetia and
3 Plecospermum.
% V.— Moree 4 . P - . Morus.
‘ V1.—Dorsteniez : . t . Dorstenia.
Svus-Orprr 3. ARTOCARPEA—
Tribe VII.—Conocephalee . : ; . Conocephalus.
» VIII.—Artocarpex F : ; - Artocarpus and Cudrania.
S IX.—Ocmedieer . : 3 « . Antiaris.
a X.—Ficese é ; R . . Ficus.

Scus-Orprr 4. ULMEA—

Tribe XI.—Ulmex ; ‘ ‘ ; . Ulmus.
» <XAII.—Celtidee . ; ; : . Celtis, Sponia and Gironniera.

Laportea crenulata, Gaudich. ; Beddome t. 306 ; Brandis 404; Kurz ii. 421 ; Gamble
77. (Urtica crenulata, Roxb. Fi. Ind. iii. 591). Vern. Chorpatta, surat, Beng. ;
~ Moringi, Nep.; Mealwm-ma, sunkrong, Lepcha; Phetya-kyee, Burm. ; Matsa, Cingh.,
is a small tree of Sikkim, Assam, Eastern Bengal, the Western Coast, Ceylon and Burma,
with glossy, broad leaves and minute, stinging hairs, the effects of which are extremely
painful and often very lasting. The fibre is good and can be made into ropes and
coarse cloth, but the preparation has a poisonous effect. Girardinia heterophylla,
Dene.; Brandis 404 ( Urtica heterophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 586; Gamble 77) Vern.
Keri, kingt, ein, sanoli, au, jan, tal, karla, bhabar, Pb.; Awa, alla, chichru, bichua,
Hind.; Ullo, Nep.; Kazu, Lepcha; Horu surat, Ass.; Serpa, herpa, Bhutia, is an
extremely common, large, annual forest weed, with long stinging bristles. It affords
_a fine silky fibre, which is used in Sikkim for ropes, twine, aid coarse cloth like gunny.
It is common throughout most of the hilly districts of India and Burma, but especially
in the Himalaya.

Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, Gaudich.; Brandis 405; Kurz ii. 426 (Urtica
pulcherrima, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 588). Vern. Tsatya, sapsha, Burm., is a large hand-
some shrub with tri-nerved leaves, grey beneath, common in Eastern Bengal and

Burma, especially in deserted cultivation. The liber gives a good fibre for ropes.
Maoutia Puya, Wedd. ; Brandis 406 ; Kurz ii. 429; Gamble 77. Vern, Pdi, pia, Hind. ;
Puya, Nep.; Kyinki, Lepcha; Yenki, Limbu (Urtica frutescens, Thunb. ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 588), is a shrub with leaves very white beneath, found in the Himalaya from
Garhwal eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Burma, chiefly in old cultivations and up to
4,000 feet. The fibre is very good and strong, and is used to make fishing nets, net
bags, twine and cloth.

; Phyllochlamys spinosa, Bureau ; Brandis 411 (Trophis spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii,

_ 762. Taxotrophis Roxburghii, Beddome cexxi.) Vern. Sukali, Tel.; Sheora, Beng.;
Sahadra, Uriya; Kurrera, Mar., is a small tree of the hills of the Coromandel Coast,
am and Ceylon. Pseudostreblus indica, Bureau, is a small tree of the Khasia

ills. J
Malaisia tortuosa, Blanco; Kurz ii. 466, is a large deciduous scandent shrub
of Burma. Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent. ; Brandis 410; Kurz ii. 467, is the “ Paper
Mulberry,” a small tree wild in the Martaban Hills. The inner bark gives the Zupa
cloth of the South Sea Islands. In Japan it is made into paper; and in Siam and
Burma into the thick blackened cardboards called “ palabeiks,” which are used like
slates in Europe for writing on.

324 ; URTICACER. [ Bohmeria.

Dorstenia Griffithiana, Kurz ii. 462, is an evergreen low shrub of Tenasserim.

Conocephalus suaveolens, Bl.; Kurz ii. 430; Gamble 77, is a large climber of
Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma.

Cudrania javanensis, Trecul; Brandis 425; Gamble 73 (Cudranus Rumphii,
Thw.; Beddome cexx., C. amboinensis, Rumph. ; Kurz ii. 434) Vern. Manda, mandei,
kangu, Hind., is a straggling shrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract, Eastern Bengal and
Ceylon. The bark is yellowish brown, smooth, and the wood used for fuel.
C. fruticosa, Wight, and C. frutescens, Trecul; Kurz ii. 434, 435, are scandent
Burmese shrubs.

Gironniera contains 4 to 5 trees. G. reticulata, Thw.; Beddome t. 313 (G. cus-
pidata, Planch.; Kurz ii. 470), is a large tree of the Western Ghats and Burma, said
to have a valuable timber. G. nervosa, Planch.; Kurz ii. 469, is a large tree of
Chittagong and Burma. G. lucida, Kurz ii. 470, is a tree of the Andaman Islands; and
G. Thomsoni, King ; Gamble 73, a large tree of the Sikkim hills.

As regards structure, the following three types may be distinguished :—

1st.—Artocarpus type. Distinct dark-coloured heartwood (excepting
Antiaris, Sponia, Debregeasia and Pouzolzia). Pores isolated,
sometimes in groups, but not in concentric or oblique lines ;
sometimes enclosed ina ring. The species of a temperate
climate have annual rings, which are generally marked by a
belt of larger pores. To this belong the arborescent Urticez,
Béhmeria, Pouzolzia, and Debregeasia; of Moree, Morus and
Broussonetia ; of Artocarpex, Antiaris and Artocarpus ; and of
Ulmee, Sponia. 1. ete

2nd.—Ulmus type. Pores united by concentric narrow bands of
softer texture; in the temperate species the annual rings
are marked by a porous belt of large pores. To this belong:
of Ulmacee, Celtzs and Ulmus.

3rd.—Ficus type. Wood soft, no heartwood, consisting of alternate
bands of soft and firm texture, the small or moderate-sized
pores being generally included in the former, ‘To this be-
long : of Moree, Stredlus; and of Artocarpexe, Fieus.

The only character which the species of the Order Urticace@ may be
said to have in common is that the medullary rays are promineut, fine,
rarely moderately broad.

1. BOHMERIA, Jacq.

Contains about 10 to 12 species. B. macrophylla, Don; Brandis 403 ; Kurz ii.
424; Gamble 76. Vern. Saochdla, golka, Kumaun; Kamli, Nep., is a handsome
long-leaved shrub of the outer Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards up to 4,000 feet,
and the Khasia Hills. It gives a good fibre, used to make ropes and fishing lines.
B. travancorica, Beddome cexxv., is a small tree of the Wynaad, South Kanara Ghats
and Travancore hills up to 4,500 feet. B. malabarica, Wedd.; Kurz ii. 422;
Gamble 76. Vern. Zakbret, Lepcha; and B. Hamiltoniana, Wedd.; Kurz ii. 424;
Gamble 76. Vern. Zaksur, Lepcha; Kanaitseik, Magh; Sapsha, Burm., are common
undershrubs which give a strong fibre. The first is found in the moister zones of India
and Burma, the second in Northern and Eastern Bengaland Burma. JB. nivea, Hook.
and Arn.; Brandis 402 (Urtica tenacissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 590), is the “ China
Grass” or “ Rhea” plant, cultivated in Assam, Bengal and parts of North-West India
for its fibre, which is one of the finest, produced in the world. It is a finer fibre than
jute, and the plant would be still more Jargely grown and exported were it not for its
requiring a richer soil, and being more difficult of preparation.

1. B. rugulosa, Wedd.; Brandis 403; Gamble 76, Vern. Geti,
gainti, Hind.; Dar, Nep. ; Sedeng, Lepcha.

| : ~ Bohmeria.) URTICACER. 325

A small tree. Wood red, moderately hard, even-grained, seasons
well. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays
fine to broad, short, the distance between the rays as large as or larger
than the transverse diameter of the pores. The medullary rays shew on
a radial section, giving the wood a mottled appearance.

Garhwal, Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan.
Growth fast, 2 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. It is
a nice wood, easy to cut and work, and is used in Kumaun and Nepal for making

bowls ; in Sikkim for milk pails, churns and other dairy utensils. The Lepchas make
cups, bowls and tobacco-boxes of it.

lbs.
O 324, Garhwal (1868) . ; : . A ; 5 nate » 85
O 300v. asl Lc. SMAI dhe Sea aS Ser
E 600. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai_. , ‘ , . 46
EK 2443. Mangwa, Tista Valley, Darjeeling, 3,000 feet é d . 389

2. B. platyphylla, Don; Brandis 403; Gamble 76. Vern. Gargeda,
Hind. ; Kamli, Nep. ‘This is var. rotundifolia, Wedd.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark thin, greyish brown, longitudin-
ally striated. Wood moderately hard, reddish-brown with occasional
concentric bands of darker and lighter colour. Pores moderate-sized,
scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance between them
greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Outer Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills, E. Bengal, 8. India and Ceylon,
E 3377. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet.

2. POUZOLZIA, Gaudichaud.
Includes several Indian herbs or undershrubs.

1. P. viminea, Wedd.; Brandis 405; Kurz ii, 425; Gamble 77,
Vern. Chhota hiail, Nep. ; Kyingbi, Lepcha.

A shrub or small tree with thin, grey bark. Wood light reddish
brown, hard, apt to warp. Pores small and moderate-sized, often sub-
divided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad,
numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Chittagong, ascending to
5,000 feet.

Weight, 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Growth very fast. The leaves are eaten by
Lepchas. The bark is used to make ropes. at
E 2447. Latpanchor, Darjeeling, 4,500 feet ease , oficreps “OF

38. VILLEBRUNEA, Gaudichaud.

Three species. V. appendiculata, Wedd.; Gamble 77 (Oreocnide acuminata,
a ii. 427. Urtica acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 592) Vern. Lipic, lipiah, Nep.;
aphitki, Lepcha; Bun rhea, Ass.,is a small tree of the North-East Himalaya,
Khasia Hills and Chittagong, whose fibre, which is brown in colour, strong and flexible,
is made, in Sikkim and Assam, into ropes, nets and coarse cloth. The tree is of quick
growth and coppices easily, and the fibre is likely to prove valuable. V. sylvatica, Bl.
( Oreocnide sylvatica, Mig.; Beddome cexxv.; Kurz ii. 427), is a small tree of the
Western Ghats, Ceylon and the Martaban Hills, chiefly in deserted clearings.

1. V. frutescens, Bl. ; Brandis 406 ; Gamble 77. Urtica frutescens,
Thumb. ; Roxb. #l. Ind. in. 589. Vern. Gar tashidra, poidhaula, kagshi,
‘Kumaun ; Kirma, Nep.; Takéret, Lepcha,

826 URTICACER. [ Villebrunea,

A shrub or small tree with a rough, dark grey bark. Wood brown
moderately hard. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and broad, equi-
distant, the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of
the pores.

Himalaya: from Simla eastwards, Bikkim, Bhutan and Assam, ascending to 5,000

feet.
The fibre is used for ropes.

H 3130. Simla, 5,000 feet.

4, DEBREGEASIA, Gaudichaud.

1. D. bicolor, Wedd.; Brandis 405. —Urtica bicolor, Roxb. Fi, Ind.,
iii. 589. Vern. Kharwala, shakai, Afg.; Chainchar, chainjli, amrer,
sandart, Shelum ; Sansaru, stiss, Chenab; Staru, talsiart, Ravi; Pincho,
prin, Sutlej ; Zushidrt, Kumaun.

A large shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft, grey. Pores small and
moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately
broad, uniform and equidistant.

Salt Range, North-West Himalaya, ascending to 5,000 feet.

Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot. The

fibre is made into twine and ropes.
Ibs,

H 88. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet . ‘ A . ; +, Name

2. D. longifolia, Wedd.; Brandis 405; Gamble 77. Morocarpus
longifolius, Bl.; Beddome coxxvi. ; ; Kurz ii. 428, Vern. Tashiari, Nep. ;
Kamhyem, Lepeha; Capsee, Kan. ; Pwot-chau-beng, Burm.

A small tree. Bark thin, ’ preyish- brown, rough. Heartwood ~

reddish brown, hard; sapwood white. Pores moderate-sized, scanty ;
annual rings marked by a line of closer pores. Medullary rays moder-
ately broad, uniform, the distance between them equal to, or greater
than, the transverse diameter of the pores.

North-East Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills, South India and Burma.
Common on old cultivations.

Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. The fibre of the bark is occasionally
used for ropes and to make fishing nets,

E 3328. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet.

3. D. leucophylla, Wedd. Morocarpus Wailichianus, Miq.; Kurz
ii, 428. Vern. Purdéni, Nep. ; Senén, Lepcha.

A small tree, erect or epiphytic. Bark brown fibrous, peeling off
in small vertical papery flakes. Annual rings distinctly marked by a
white line. Pores large, seanty, medullary rays fine to moderately broad,
often bent where they touch the pores.

North-East Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills and down to the upper
forests of the Pegu Yoma.

Growth moderate, 5 rings per inch of radius. A very pretty plant with round
leaves of the purest white beneath. Fibre used sometimes for cordage.

E 3329. Darjeeling, 6,000 feet.
5. STREBLUS, Loureiro, |

1. S. asper, Lour.; Beddome cexxi.; Brandis 410; Kurz 464;
Gamble 73, Zrophis aspera, Retz; Roxb, Fl, Ind. iii, 761, Vern.

—<——— ~~

. a ee

-

Streblus. | URTICACEM. 327

Jindi, Pb.; Siora, karchanua, risa, Hind.; Sheora, Beng.; Sahada,
Uriya; Baranki, barinka, pakki, Tel.; Karera, kharaoli, Mar.; Karasni,
Gondi; Mit, Kan.; Ungnai, Magh; Opnai, Burm.; Gattao nittil,
Cingh.

‘A small evergreen tree. Bark 4 inch thick, soft, light grey, irregu-
larly ribbed. Wood white, moderately hard, no heartwood, no annual
rings. Pores small, in irregular concentric belts of soft tissue which

contain the greater number of the pores and alternate with broader belts
of firm tissue, in which a few pores are scattered. Medullary rays fine,
- numerous, equidistant.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Beas eastwards, Bengal, Central and South India,
Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, Skinner, No. 66 (Kpicarpurus orientalis), 45 lbs. ; Kyd 42 to 75 lbs. ; our
specimens give 39 to 40 lbs. Kyd gives P=6570; Skinner P=604. The wood is tough
and elastic. In South India it is sometimes used for cart-wheels. It is good for hedges,
coppices well, and has been recommended for fuel. The twigs are used as tooth-brushes,
and the rough leaves to polish wood and ivory. The milky juice is used medicinally.

Ibs.
O 1478. Gonda, Oudh j 40

C 1165. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : ; ; 39

6. PLECOSPERMUM, Trecul.

1. P. spinosum, Trecul ; Beddome cexx.; Brandis 401. Batis spinosa,

Roxb. Fi. Ind. itt. 762. Vern. Mainatat-lara, mazdal-lara, Nep.;
Gumbengfong, Mechi (?) ; Koritz, Tel.
— Alarge thorny shrub. Bark thin, orange-coloured, peeling off in
thin brittle flakes. Wood greyish white, with a small bright orange-
tks heartwood, which is very hard. Pores from small to large, joined
y wavy, more or less concentric, bands or lines of soft and often inter-
rupted tissue, which alternate with shining bands of firmer texture of
about the same width. In the heartwood the pores are filled with a
yellow resinous substance. Medullary rays fine and very fine, wavy.

, Salt Range (rare on mountains at 3,000 feet), Rohilkhand, Nepal, Sikkim, South

India and Ceylon.
Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 50 Ibs. per cubic foot. The

wood is used in the Darjeeling Terai to give a yellow dye.

TS Se aes ee a
E 487. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai , . 45

| E 2308. Darjeeling Terai. ‘ ; ; 3 ; ‘ i - 52

_ * §K 2448. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . : ; : . 47

7. MORUS, Linn.

ie coe 6 species which are all referred to one, M. alba, by Bureau in DC, Prodr.,
ol. xvii.

M. alba, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 594; Brandis 407. Vern. Tut, til, téilkilu,
chinni, chitin, Hind., is the Mulberry, cultivated in Afghanistan and the plains and hills
of the Punjab. The wood is good and is used for building, boats, furniture and
agricultural implements. It weighs 38 to 56lbs. Its chief use is, however, for feed-
ing the silkworm, especially in Kashmir, with its leaves ; and for its fruit for which it
is largely grown and which is eaten either fresh or dried. M. levigata, Wall.;
Brandis 409. Kurz ii. 467. Vern: Tut, Hind.; Malaing, Burm., is a tree, wild and
cultivated in the Himalaya from the Indus to Assam up to 4,000 feet, in Bengal and

328 URTICACER. [ Morus.

Burma. Its fruit is long, cylindrical, sweet, but insipid. MM. atropurpurea, Roxb.

Fl. Ind. iii. 595, is a kind which was introduced from China and is now cultivated in ~

many parts of India,

Wood hard, even-grained, seasons well, with yellow or brown heart-
wood. Annnal rings distinctly marked generally by a belt of larger
pores. Medullary rays fine, uniform. |

1, M., indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 596; Brandis 408; Kurz ii.
468; Gamble 77. Vern. 7ii/, Pb. ; Tutri, Hind. ; Shahté¢, Kumaun ; Tt,
Beng.; Chhota kimbu, Nep.; Mekrap, Lepcha; Nuni, Ass. ; Posa, Burm,

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood yellow with darker streaks
of various colours, hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of
closely packed, moderate-sized and large pores which are generally sub-
divided. The pores in the outer portion of the annual ring are very small,
in small, irregular patches, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
moderately broad, short. The structure of this wood is very similar to
that of Morus alba of Europe and Japan, but the medullary rays are
broader and further apart.

Sub-Himalayan tract ascending to 5,000 feet, Sikkim valleys up to 4,000 feet.
Cultivated throughout North India.

Growth, the specimen received from Multan had very little more than one ring per
inch of radius ; that from Madhopur shewed 5 rings ; its growth must therefore be con-
sidered very fast.

Weight, our specimens gave, the Multan one, 42; the Madhopur one 47 lbs. per
eubic foot. It is largely cultivated for its leaves, which are used to feed silkworms.

In Assam, the silk of the ‘Pat’ worm (Bombyx Textor and B. Cresi) is produced
on this mulberry.

lbs,
P 891. Multan . ; : > : ‘ . A ‘. ‘ . 42

P 1195. Madhopur . ; ; 47

2. M. serrata, Roxb.-Fl. Ind. iii. 596; Brandis 409. Vern. Karun,
tut, kaura, télukil, sod, dn, shta, chimu, kimu, Pb.: Kimu, himu, Hind.

A large deciduous tree. Bark greyish brown. Sapwood small, white ;
heartwood yellow or brown, with a slight lustre, moderately hard.
Annual rings distinctly marked by a line or irregular belt of moderate-

sized and large pores. Pores frequently subdivided, filled with gum. -

In the outer portion of each annual ring the pores are small and
moderate-sized, scanty, often arranged in groups. Medullary rays
moderately broad.

North-West Himalaya between 4,000 and 9,000 feet.

Growth moderate, our specimens averaging 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 35
to 361bs. per cubic foot. Itis often of very large size. Dr. Stewart noted several trees of
20 feet girth, and one at the Hindu temple at Barmaor, Chamba 7,000 feet, of 28 feet
girth. It works well, does not warp, and takes a beautiful polish, shewing a golden
lustre. It is used for troughs, agricultural implements and for cabinet-work. It is
much esteemed by the Simla wood-carvers.

Ibs.
H 3174. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet J 88a : ee =e
H 10. Julung, Simla, 4,000 feet . F : F ; ‘ . B86
H 28. Madhan, Simla, 5,000 ,, ; : . . . . .. 85
H 95. Simla, 6,000 feet . ; 36

3. M. cuspidata, Wall. WM. serrata, Roxb.; Gamble 77. Vern.
Kimbu, Nep.; Nambyong, Lepeha ; Singtok, Bhutia; Bola, Ass.

A tall tree. Wood yellow, with yellowish brown heartwood, hard,
close-grained, with a beautiful lustre. Annual rings marked by a white’

— a
————————————

i
,

-

Morus.) URTICACER.

Valleys of the Outer Eastern Himalaya, from Sikkim to Assam.

M. serrata, and would be good for planking, furniture and cabinet-work.

E 706. Great Rangit Valley, Darjeeling, 3,500 feet .
E 3376, ” % ”
E 656. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling
E 2306. Eastern Diiars, Assam .
E 2196. Nowgong, Assam .
EK 2305. Kamrip, , .

39 3 33

329

line and sometimes by a continuous string of pores. Pores uniformly
distributed, moderate-sized to large, often oval and subdivided, each pore
_ ina narrow ring of soft tissue, prominent on a vertical section.
lary rays fine and moderately broad; the distance between the rays
generally equal to, or larger than, the transverse diameter of the pores.
Medullary rays prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a markedly
_. mottled appearance.

Medul-

Growth moderate, averaging 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens
average 45°6 lbs. per cubic foot. It often reaches a very large size; trees of over
100 feet in height are not uncommon in the valleys of the Teesta and Great Rangit. The
wood is used in Assam for boat oars and furniture; it does not seem to have been
much used for tea-boxes, but would be extremely suitable. It resembles that of

No. 2965 is the “ Fustic” Maclura tinctoria, D. Don, from the West Indies,
Central and South America, whose wood is used for dyeing different shades of yellow,

brown and green. The wood is orange-yellow, hard. Pores moderate-sized

to large,

often subdivided and filled with resin. The medullary rays are fine, prominent,

uniform, wavy, the distance between the rays being less than the transverse

diameter

of the pores. Weight of our specimen, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. MZ. awrantiaca, Nuttall,

is the ** Osage Orange ” of North America.

8. ARTOCARPUS, Linn.

About 8 Indian species. A. calophylla, Kurz, A. rufescens, Miq., A. Gomez-
tana, Wall., and A. rigida, Bl. (A. echinata, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 527), are all trees
described in Kurz ii. 431 to 433 from Tenasserim. The last species has a light white
wood and gives a kind of Caoutchouc. A. incisa, Linn. ; Beddome cexx. ; Brandis 426, is
the “ Bread Fruit” Tree of the South Sea Islands; it is cultivated in Southern India,
Ceylon and Burma, and there bears fruit; but does not stand the cold season in

Bengal.

The wood of the species of Artocarpus here described is very uniform

in character. Heartwood moderately hard to hard, sometimes

yellow,

seasons well, weighs between 30 and 50lbs. Pores moderate-sized to
large, often in circular light-coloured rings of softer tissue, prominent on
a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, very

_ distinct, the distance between the rays generally about equal
transverse diameter of the pores.

to the

1, A. integrifolia, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii, 522; Beddome cexix. ;

Brandis 425 ; Kurz ii. 432; Gamble 73. ‘Ihe Jack Tree. Ver

n. Kan-

thal, kathal, Hind., Beng.; Panasa, Uriya, Tel.; Phands, Mar.; Piila,
Tam.; Halsu, heb-helsu, halsina, Kan.; Teprong, Garo; Peingnai,

Burm. ; Cos, Cingh.

A large tree. Bark thick, blackish, deeply cracked. Heartwood
yellow or rich yellowish brown, darkening on exposure, compact, even-

gramed, moderately hard, seasons well and takes a fine

polish,

Pores often oval and subdivided, moderate-sized to large, in irregular

patches of soft tissue, which are often arranged in short oblique

lines or
25s

330 URTICACER. [Arlocarpus.

groups, sometimes filled with a white substance which is visible on a
vertical section. Pores prominent on a vertical section. Medullary
rays numerous, fine and moderately broad.

Cultivated throughout India, except in the northernmost part. Wild in the
mountain forests of the Western Ghats, ascending to 4,000 feet (Beddome).

The growth appears to be very fast, but the rings are indistinct and difficult to
count, The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and .
transverse strength :—

Weight. P=
Puckle in 1859 in Mysore (4 experiments), with bars 2' % 1” x 1” found ri) lbs. 562 4
Skinner, No. 17, in 1862 in South India . ; ‘ , Fi » 44 ,, 788
Adrian Mendis, No. 16, in 1845, in Ceylon, with bars
oe ee ‘saieat ota, ig mies VOR » 42 ,, 712°
Wallich ; 4 : : : ‘ gi Oe > Ss $ i, ee
» in 1862 in Travancore ; : ope 4 ‘ jp SB
Warth in 1878 with specimens below given * 99 dats

The wood is largely used for carpentry, boxes and furniture, and is exported to
Europe for cabinet work, turning and brush-backs. The wood yields a yellow dye
used in Burma to dye the yellow clothes worn by “ phoongies.” The tenacious milly
‘hog is used as birdlime. The fruit is very largely used all over India for food,

ut, except the seeds, rarely by Europeans. It has an unpleasant smell when ripe.
The fruit in young trees is borne on the branches, in older trees on the trunk, and in
very old trees near the root. .

; lbs,
K 598. Darjeeling Terai (young tree) ; . ‘ . ; . 38
E 2444. Siliguri, Bengal . : : 41

W 756. South Kanara ; > ; é . : ; 43

B 806. Tharrawaddi, Burma . ‘ F ; , ie : oe
No. . 9. Salem Collection 3 x . ‘ . ‘ ; . 42
No. 16. Ceylon Pr ; 44

2, A. Lakoocha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 524; Beddome eexix.; Brandis
426; Kurz il. 433; Gamble 78. Vern. Titn, dheu, daheo, Pb.; Dahu,
dhau, barhal, lakich, Hind.; Dhéo, Kumaun; Dephil, dehua, Beng. ;
Dowa, chama, chamba, Ass.; Dawa, Cachar; Kamma regu, laku-chamma,
nakka-renu, Tel,; Myouklouk, Burm. ; Cauna-gona, Cingh. ’

A large tree. Bark 4 inch thick, dark grey, rough. Sapwood large, —
white, soft, perishable. Heartwood yellow, hard. Pores large, enclosed in
rings of light coloured, soft tissue, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
fine and moderately broad, very distinct, prominent on a radial section.

Outer Hills of Kumaun, Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Burma, evergreen forests of
Western Ghats and Ceylon.

Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens give on an
average, 39°5 lbs. per cubic foot ; Brandis in his Burma List of 1862, No. 92, gave
40 lbs. The wood seasons well, takes a good polish and is used for furniture and canoes.

Mann says the bark is chewed in Assam. The male flower-heads are pickled and the
fruit is eaten.

: Ibs,
E 2445. Siliguri, Bengal . : ‘ : 0 GRITS i) ee
E 794. Kamrip, Assam . P ‘ : . : - : . 36
E 1402. Chittagong . R P ‘ ; ; ee : . 4
W 740. South Kanara. F ety ; Ales Rae
B- 810. Rangoon Division, Burma . : : : ; 3 . 30
B 2553. Burma (1862) . ‘ 39

No. 67. Ceylon Collection (marked Artocarpus sp. Vern. Patta-del) 34

3. A. Chaplasha, Roxb. Fi. Ind. iii. 525 ; Brandis 426 ; Kurz ii. 432 ;
Gamble 73. Vern. Chaplash, chaplis, Beng. ; Lut-ter, Nep.; Chram,
Giro ; Sam, Ass.; Cham, Cachar; Pan’, toponi, Magh; Toungpeingnai,
Burm.; Kaila-dd, And.

i r Artocarpus.] URTICACE®. 331

A lofty deciduous tree. Bark of young trees smooth, light grey
with dark blotches; of old trees dark brown, tuberculate, $ inch thick.
Wood yellow to brown, moderately hard, even-grained, rough, durable,
seasons well. Pores large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays short, fine and moderately broad. Pores frequently filled
with a white-substance. :

Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands,
Growth rather fast, 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36°8 for the average
of our 14 specimens; Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 91 gives 39lbs.; No, 92
gives 30lbs. No. 15, Skinner (1862) (Artocarpus echinatus, Vern. Toungpeingnat),
ives: Weight —63 lbs., P= 672. Bennett (1872) gives: Weight = 32 lbs. ; P = 459
or Andaman wood. The wood seems to get harder and heavier as it gets older ; two
of our specimens from the Andaman Islands cut in 1866 and stored since then in
Caleutta give respectively 46 and 52 \lbs., and Skinner gives 63 lbs., but this is
probably a mistake. It is much used for canoes; in Sikkim and Assam for planking,
tea-boxes and furniture. Kurz says it gives a tenacious milky caoutchouc. The leaves
of young plants are pinnatifid, resembling a gigantic hairy leaf of Quercus Robur ;
those of old trees are oblong, entire.

lbs,

E 587. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (young) : : . 30
EH 629. Eastern Diiars, Assam . F - ; : : ‘ ie
E 2301. Kamrtp, Assam . cyte % ‘ ; ; : ; . 33
FE 2186. Nowgong, ,, : : i : : : - : . 35
E 721. Chittagong .. eo Hehe T ; Pinay A
B 2554. Burma (1862) : : : : : ; 5 . . 39
B 2693. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . Piles ‘ ; , P eine,
B 2683. ae Se re ae : : : ; F . 32
B 2204. Andaman Islands, (1866) : : ‘ : ; - . §2
B 2211. ¥9 » 7 neF yal) sql to etaaiol vergews ee
B 2289. mh oy . : : : ; ‘ é - 46
B 612. 3 as 5. ; F at dusts é : . 84
B 2499. A » (Home, 1874, Nos. 4 and 5) ‘ > 4 oe

4, A. hirsuta, Lamk.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 521; Beddome t. 308;
Brandis 426. Vern. Ayni, anjalli, aiyanepela, Tam.; Aint, ansjeni,
Mal. ; Hebalsu, heb halasu, hesswa, hessain, Kan.; Hebalsu, pat-phanas,
ran-phanas, Mar.

A lofty evergreen tree. Heartwood hard to very hard, yellowish
brown, durable, seasons well. Pores moderate-sized to large, enclosed
in narrow rings of soft tissue, often filled with a white substance. Medul-
lary rays fine to moderately broad, wavy, very distinct.

Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, ascending to 4,000 feet.

Growth appears fast, but the rings are too indistinct for proper counting.
Weight, Skinner, No. 16, gives 401bs.; Wallich, 37 lbs. ; our three specimens average

34 lbs. Skinner gives P = 744. The wood is much used on the western coast_for
house and ship building, furniture and other purposes.

; lb
ee, ial’ Matas AP NRT pied ool iied 2 gt
W 1219. North Kanara . : > " ; . : re
W 744. South ,, , ; ; : . : , : . 39

} . 3 ee tte a ets oe Se
(This last specimen differs by having very short, moderately broad, medullary
rays and pores in irregular patches of soft texture ; it may possibly be 4. Lakoocha.)
5. A. nobilis, Thw. Enum. 262; Beddome t, 309. Vern. Del,
aludel, Cingh.
A large tree. Heartwood shining, moderately hard. Pores large,
filled with a white substance, prominent on a vertical section, and

332 -- URTICACEH. [ Artocarpus,

thereby giving the wood an elegant mottled appearance. Medullary
rays short, moderately broad ; the distance between the rays being equal
to the transverse diameter of the pores. |

Ceylon.
Weight, Adrian Mendis’ two experiments made in 1855 with bars 2 feet X 1 inch
X linch gave: No. 2, weight 51 lbs. P= 712; No. 21, weight 40 lbs., P = 528.

The specimens, now again weighed, give 40 and 49 lbs. respectively. Wood used for
canoes and furniture. The seeds are roasted and eaten by the Coghlan:
bs.
No. 2. Ceylon Collection marked A. pubescens ; ; : . 51
No. 21. - z4 Pr 5 ; - ; . 40

9. ANTIARIS, Lesch.

1. A. toxicaria, Lesch.; Kurz ii. 462. 4. innoria, Bl.; Beddome t.
807; Brandis 427. <A. saccidora, Dalz. The Upas Tree. Vern. Alii,
netavil, Tam. ; Jazdgri, karwat, jagtri, Kan. ; Jasind, Bombay ; Araya-
angely, Mal.; Rit, Cingh.; Myah-seik, Burm.

A gigantic evergreen tree attaining a height of 250 feet, with thick
grey bark. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Annual rings faintly
marked. Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary
rays moderately broad, undulating, uniform and equidistant ; the distance
between two rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores,
which are prominent on a vertical section.

Evergreen forests of Burma, the Western Ghats and Ceylon.

Growth fast, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 25 lbs. per eubie foot.
Beddome says it is the largest tree in the forests of the western coast, and that it reaches
250 feet in height, with an enormous girth. It exudes a white poisonous resin used
for poisoning arrows. The inner bark gives a good fibre which makes strong cordage ;
it is also stripped off whole from a branch or young tree to form sacks which are used
to carry rice.

Ibs.
B 813. Rangoon Division, Burma ; s a ' - ‘ P 25

Nos. E 408 from the Sundarbans, E 1294 from Cachar, and W 729 from South

‘Kanara resemble this in structure.

: 10. FICUS, Linn.

A large genus containing more than 80 Indian species. They are trees or shrubs
often climbing, but more often epiphytic, and some species are of enormous size. FF.
‘tomentosa, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind, ini. 550; Beddome cexxiii.; Brandis 414. Vern.
Petta-mari, Tel., is a large tree of Banda, Behar, Centraland Southern India.
Wightiana, Wall. ; Beddome cexxii. ; Brandis 414, isa large tree of Southern India. /
mysorensis, Roth.; Brandis 414; Kurz ii. 440 ; Gamble 73, Vern. Sunkong, Lepeha;
Goni, Kan. is a large epiphytic tree of Sikkim, Martaban, Mysore and the Western
Ghats. F. laccifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 545; Beddome cexxiii. ; Kurz ii. 441; Gamble
74. Vern. Yokding, Lepcha; Prab, phegran, Garo; Bur, Ass. ; Nyoungben, Burma, is
a large epiphytic tree of the North-East Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma, South India
and the Andamans, giving India-rubber, but more sparingly and of not such good yer
as that of F. elastica. F. obtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 546 ; Kurz ii, 443 ; Gamble 7
Vern. Krapchi, Mechi; Nyoung-kyap, Burm. ; Date, Magh, isa small-leaved e iphytic
tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma, also yielding a moderately g variety
of caoutchouc. F. triloba, Ham.; Brandis 423 (7. hirsuta, i hirta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
528-531. F. Rowburghii, Miq.; Gamble 75) Vern. Dungra, khura dumir, Beng. ;
Kasreto, Nep.; Gyasay, Lepcha; Mhow, man, Ass., isa handsome small tree of

-

g Ficus. ] ; URTICACER. 333

Northern and Eastern Bengal with hairy, large leaves and large golden pubescent edible
fruit. F. Chittagonga, Miq, ; Kurz ii. 458 ; Gamble 76. Vern. Yogona, Beng.; Saphai,

Magh; Tha-hpan-ben, Burm., is a tree of the savannah forests of Pegu and Chitta-

ong.
: ¥ Carica, Linn.; Brandis 418. The Fig. Vern. Anjir, Hind.; Kimri, fagu,
fagiri, fagéri, Pb., is cultivated in the plains of North-West India and hills up to
5,000 feet, but the produce is generally poor. Mathieu Fl. For., page 251, zives the
weight of the wood at 34 to 45 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is soft, white with a
yellowish tinge, and full of milky juice.

Those here given are only a few of the most important among the very numerous
species. ‘There are many more which are common enough, but few of any very great

orest interest.

The structure of all species of Ficws is exceedingly uniform, "Wood

generally soft, marked by alternate bands of soft and firm tissue; no

heartwood. Pores small to large, scanty, except in the wood of the
scandent species, which is porous as usual in the case of climbers. Medul-
lary rays generally of two classes, fine and moderately broad. As far as
the materials at our disposal permit us to venture upon a classification,
we should be inclined to say that there are two types which differ more
in the general appearance of the wood than in structure. /icus religiosa,
elastica, retusa, Cunia, nemoralis and virgata have wood of plain, smooth
appearance, which, though the medullary rays are apparent on a radial
section, is not mottled and streaked as in the other species. The species
with rough, mottled and streaked wood are Ficus bengalensis, infectoria,
cordifolia, comosa, regia, glomerata and Rowxburghit. Ficus virgata differs
from all the rest by having white, more compact wood. JL. parasitica
has the large pores of a climber.

1. F. bengalensis, Linn.; Beddome cexxii.; Brandis 412 ; Kurz ii.

440; Gamble 73. F. indica, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 539. The Banyan.

Vern. Bor, bar, ber, bargat, Hind.; Bur, but, Beng.; Boru, Uniya;
Borhar, Nep.; Kangji, Lepcha; Ranket, Géro; Bot, Ass.; Barelii,
Gondi; Wora, Kurku; Ala, Tam. ; Mari, peddi-mari, Vel.; Ahlada, ala-
damara, ala, Kan. ; Peralu, Mal.; War, vada, Mar.; Maha-niga, Cingh. ;
Pyee-nyoung, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, throwing down numerous aérial roots from the
branches. Bark 4 inch thick, greyish white, smooth, exfoliating in small
irregular plates. Wood grey, moderately hard; no heartwood. Pores
scanty, moderate-sized, joined by narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft
tissue alternating with broader bands of firmer tissue and darker colour.
Medullary rays fine, equidistant, prominent. On a radial section pores
and medullary rays distinctly marked, giving the wood a mottled
appearance.

Planted by Hindoos throughout India up to 4,000 feet ; wild in the Sub-Himalayan
tract, Bengal and Central India.

The rate of growth is not distinguishable by means of the annual rings, bug
it is known that it is very fast. The tree sends down aérial roots from the branches
these root in the ground and grow into separate trunks which serve as supports for
the branches and as feedeers for the tree, which thus largely increases in spread of
foliage. Roxburgh states that he saw some trees with fully 500 yards circumference
round the spread of branches and about 100 feet high. Brandis says that many
specimens may be seen in Bengal with the crown 200 to 300 feet in diameter, In
Bengal the aérial roots and long branches are usually more developed than in Northern
India, but the trunk in the latter drier region attains a larger girth, often 25 to 30 feet.
In the forest it does not seem to spread so widely as in the open or as the India-rubber
Fig (Ff. elastica) does. Roxburgh says the largest trees are to be found about the

334 URTICACEA, [ Ficus,

$

villages situated in fertile valleys among the mountains. Balfour says that Marsden
mentions a tree near Patna having a diameter of 363 to 375 feet of spread, circumference
of shadow 1,116 feet, with 50 to 60 principal stems. The well-known tree in the
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, which was ascertained by Falconer to have grown in 1782
from a seed deposited in the crown of a date palm, and which is consequently now
98 years old, measured when examined by Falconer in 1834, Hooker in 1847, and
Balfour in 1863, 300 feet in diameter of spread and 80 feet in height. It has since
suffered severely in the cyclones of 1864 and 1867. Brandis met with a tree at Chicholi
in Hoshungabad district, Central Provinces, 85 feet high with a diameter of 275 feet,
and occupying an area of 14 acres. Its aérial reots were not, as usual in cultivaiion, assist-
ed by bamboos, but small mounds of earth were heaped up to meet and receive them. —

Weight, Skinner (No. 70) gives 36 lbs.; our specimens weigh 38 and 39 lbs. per
cubic foot. Skinner gives P = 600.

The wood is of little value, but is durable under water, and therefore used for well
curbs. It is sometimes used for boxes and door panels. The wood of the drops is
stronger and is used for tent poles, cart yokes and banghy poles. The bark and small
root drops give a coarse fibre for rope-making. Five specimens were sent to the 1878
Paris Exhibition from Berar (No. C 981). The milky juice is made into birdlime, the
leaves are used as plates, and the fibre is used for slow matches by the Sikhs. Lae is
sometimes collected on it, the leaves are used to cure bruises, the bark in native medicine,
and the fruit is sometimes eaten. It is a common avenue tree, and being evergreen,
fast-growing and easily propagated by large cuttings is very useful for planting on
_road-sides. Cuttings, 8 to 10 feet long, planted in July, succeed well. The Gora or
Deomuga silkworm (Bombya religiosa) feeds on its leaves in Assam. It is one of the
epiphytic species of Ficus, which do so much harm to valuable timber trees in the
forests, and which often has to be cut.

lbs.
C 1150. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . : : : : . 38
C 836. Bairagarh Reserve, Bera ; ; ; P P ; ., 39
C 2813. Melghat, Berar . ; j : ’ : : ‘ ec PRS

2. F. infectoria, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 551; Beddome cexxii. ,
Brandis 414; Kurz 11. 446 ; Gamble 75. /. venosa, Ham. Vern. War,
batbar, gangli pipli, palakh, trimbal, Pb.; Piikhan, kahimmal, ramanjir,
pakhar, pakri, keol, kaim, khabar, Hind.; Pdkar, Beng,; Safed kadbra,
Nep.; Kangjt, Lepcha; Prab, Garo; Serilli, Gondi; Pepere, Kurku ;
Jovi, kall-alun, Tam.; Jewi, yuri, Tel.; Tsjakela, Mal.; Bassari, Tel. ;
Kari basri, bassari, Kan.; Nyoungehin, Burm. :

A large tree. Bark 4 inch thick, greenish grey, smooth, exfoliating
irregularly in flakes and patches. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores
scanty, large, often subdivided, joined by narrow concentric bands of
soft tissue, which alternate with broader bands of firmer texture. Medul-
lary rays uniform, moderately broad, equidistant, prominent on a radial
section.

Suliman and Salt Ranges, Outer Himalaya ascending to 5,000 feet, Bengal, Burma,
Central India, Western Coast and Ceylon.

Growth rapid. Weight: according to Brandis 30 lbs, ; our specimens give an average
of 34lbs. It is often found as an epiphyte on other. trees, but does not send down
numerous roots like the Banyan, though it often has. one or two aérial roots. It is
often planted in avenues. It is common in the forests; but the wood is not durable,
It is used in Assam and Cachar to make charcoal. The young shoots are eaten in

curries, and the leaves make good elephant fodder. The bark gives a fibre good for rope.
(No. C 982 from Berar was a fine specimen.)

P 911. Salt Range . F ‘ : . , A ‘ > :
C 1166. Ahivi Reserve, Central Provinces . Pe rah ‘ A we!
C 838. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . ; ‘ ; ‘ - yaa hae
C 2808. Melghat, Berar . ; ; , ‘ “hash p me

3. F, religiosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Hl. Ind, iii, 547 ; Beddome t. 814;

Ibs,
31

-

| Ficus.| URTICACEA. 335

Brandis 415; Kurzii. 448; Gamble 75. The Peepul. Vern, Pipal,
Hind.; dAswat, asid, Beng,; Pipli, Nep:; Bor-bur, Cachar; Arasa,
Tam. ; Rdi, raiga, rag, ravi, Tel.; A, Gondi; Pipri, Kurku; Rangi,
basri, Kan.; Bo, Cingh.; Nyoungbandi, Burm.
A large tree. Bark grey, nearly inch thick, exfoliating in rounded
irregular flakes of varying size, often leaving rounded depressions. Wood
_ greyish white, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, often
subdivided, joined by narrow bands of soft tissue, which alternate with
broader bands of firmer substance. Medullary rays uniform and equidis-
tant, moderately broad, visible on a radial section, but not giving the
wood a markedly mottled appearance.

Wild in the Sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal and Central India.

Growth very fast. It is often planted as an avenue tree, for which it is very suit-

able ; it grows well and quickly, either from cuttings or seedlings. The weight and
transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments :—

Weight, P,
Cunningham at Gwalior in 1854 in two experiments :
with bars 2’« 1x1" . ‘ ; ; ; found 44 458
Skinner in Madras in 1862 (No. 72) ‘ ; . “a 34 584
Warth with our six specimensin 1878. , ‘ by ORE: ots

The tree being sacred is rarely felled; the wood is used for fuel, for packing cases
and in Cachar for charcoal. The leaves and branches are good elephant fodder; the
young leaf buds are eaten in Central India in famine time; the leaves, bark and fruit
are used in native medicine, and the bark gives a tenacious milky juice which
hardens into a substance resembling gutta-percha. It is usually epiphytic and is most
destructive to buildings, walls, and other trees. The Gori or Deomuga silkworm feeds
on its leaves in Assam.

Ibs,

P 893. Multan : 4 : : F . } ‘ , . 45
O 6533. DehraDin . ; F , j : ; : : x 31
O 538. ed wy 3s A ; ' , “4 ; : 2 ike
O 5643. Ear ite os R . ‘ plewian . ; : ; ns eae
© 1168. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . ‘ ‘ ; ; . 44
C 837. Bairagarh Reserve, Central Provinces . ‘ P F . 84

C 2814. Melghat, Berar . ‘ . ’ ot 136 ‘ : as ont

4. F. cordifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11. 548; Brandis 416; Gamble 75,
F. Rumphii, Kurz ii. 448. Vern. Rimbal, palékh, badha, pilkhan, Pb. ;
Kabar, gajiin, gajna, pipal, gagjaira, pakar, khabar, Hind. ; Kadai pipal,
Kumaun; Gai aswdt, Beng.; Pakar, Nep.; Pakri, Ass.; Sat-bur, Cachar ;
Prab, Gévo; Pards pipal, Ajmere ; Pair, Mar.; Nyoungpyoo, Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth, $ inch thick. Wood very
soft, spongy. Pores oval, arranged in wavy, concentric bands, alternat-
ing with bands of firmer texture and of the same width. Medullary
_ rays fine, uniform, equidistant, very marked on a radial section, giving
the wood a beautifully mottled appearance.

Outer Himalaya, from the Chenab eastwards ascending to 5,000 feet, Bengal,
Central India and Burma.

Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used in Cachar for charcoal for tea manufac-
ture. Itis generally epiphytic and is then very destructive to timber trees. In
Assam the lac insect is reared on it (Mann). The fruit is eaten and the leaves and
branches used for cattle fodder.

lbs.
H_ 605. Chitul Forest, Kangra . ° : ; : : ; ? 27
P 3224. Nagpahar, Ajmere . j ‘ ‘ , ‘ . : ee

E 586, 20 Ibs., sent from the Darjeeling Terai under the name of “ Niwaro” and,
E 716 (27 lbs.) sent from Chittagong under those of Hijalya, Beng, ; Choupaha, Magh,
resemble this species in structure. f

336 URTICACER, [Fieus. q

5. F. retusa, Linn.; Beddome cexxiii. ; Brandis 417; Kurz ii. 44a ;
Gamble 75. F. mitida, Thunb.;,Wight Ic. t. 642. F. Benjamina,
Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.in.550. Vern. Kamrup, zir, Beng. ; Jamu, Nep.; _
Stinyok, Lepcha; Yerra juvi, Vel.; Pilala, Kan. ; Nyoungop, nyoungthabyeh,
Burm. ee

A large evergreen tree. Wood light reddish grey, close-grained,
moderately hard, beautifully mottled. Pores moderate-sized, often sub-
divided, scanty. Medullary rays short, moderately broad. Numerous
narrow, wavy, red, concentric bands of soft tissue alternating with broader
bands of firmer texture.

Kumaun, Bengal, South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for fuel, but as it is very prettily
grained it might be found valuable for tables, door panels and other purposes. It is

often planted as an avenue tree, and for this, from its dense shade, it is very suitable.
It is often epiphytic.

Ibs.
E 404. Sundarbans ; ‘ ; ? . J 7 : , 40 a
B 2278. Andaman Islands . ; . 40

No. 45. Ceylon Collection (Ficus sp., Kiripelle,Cingh.) . > . 42

6. F. elastica, Bl. ; Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 541; Brandis 417 ; Kurz ii.
444; Gamble 74. The India-rubber Fig or Caoutchoue Tree. Bor,
attah bar, Beng., Ass, ; Kagiri, kasmir, Khasia; Lesu, Nep.; Yok, Lepcha;
Rauket, Garo.

A large evergreen tree, throwing down numerous aérial roots from the
branches. Bark grey or reddish brown, smooth. Wood white or light
brown. Pores moderate-sized, scanty ; narrow belts of soft tissue alter-
nating with broad belts of firmer texture and darker colour. Medullary
rays fine and very fine, numerous, unequally distributed.

Outer North-East Himalaya from the Mechi river eastwards, Assam, Cachar,
mountains east of Bengal and Arracan. It is found in the vicinity of the Irrawaddy
river as far south as 25° north latitude, but it will probably be found further south on
hills east of Arracan.,

Weight, 43 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not used.

The tree is usually epiphytic, the seeds generally germinating at the summit of
tall forest trees, where the seedlings can get light. It is often of very great height,
trees 100 to 120 feet high being not unusual. It sends down innumerable aérial roots
which have a reddish-brown bark, peeling off in small thin narrow strips or flakes ;
and these roots often extend considerable distances, giving a great spread to the tree.
In Brandis’ Forest Flora the measurements of a tree described by Griffith (1838) are
given ; these are:

Height, 100 feet.
Circumference of main trunk, 74 feet.
3 of supports, 120 feet.
* of area covered by the branches, 610 feet.

Mann in his report of 1875 gives the following measurements for a tree at Tezpur

aged 32 years, and haviag over 100 aerial roots :
Height 110 feet.
Diameter of crown 140 feet.
Circumference of stem with central supports 70 feet. :

The tree is he ap by means of slanting notches made in the stem, aérial roots and
roots about 12 inches apart. The milk is allowed to collect and coagulate in these
notches for two or three days, after which time the hard India-rubber in each noteh is
easily collected by being pulled out ina strip. The tree will not bear yearly tap-
ping, once in three years is as much as it will stand ; if tapped yearly, it is liable to
die off, as did many of the trees in Darjeeling after heavy tapping in 1871, 1872 and
1873. Those which then survived have not yet (1880) recovered sufficiently to be fit
for tapping again.

It is easily propagated from seed in small beds thatched over and fenced round

Ficus.) URTICACER. 337

to keep out the sun, and provided with small trenches filled with water. By these
means a constant hot moist atmosphere is secured and seedlings do well, but the
soil should be good and contain plenty of “ humus.”
1 The following extracts from Mr. Mann’s and Dr. Schlich’s reports will explain in
more detail the systems used in Assam and Bengal. Mr. Mann says:

“To give the raising of rubber plants from seed a fair trial, about 30 seers of seed,
or rather fruit, were collected and sown in three different ways both at the Kulsi plan-
tation in the Gauhati subdivision and the Charduar plantation in the Tezpur sub-
division. The different modes used were the following :~—

“ First.—On beds covered with broken bricks, half of which was sown with entire
fruit of figs, and the other half with the fruit broken up or rubbed into powder
between the hands.

“ Secondly.—Sown like the above, but on broken charcoal.

“ Thirdly. —Sown like the above, but on earth only.

“The seed was sown in the middle of January, and germinated in the middle of
April. Germination took place best on the broken bricks, next best on the charcoal
- and leaston the earth. The seedlings on the charcoal stood the heavy rains best, those
on the broken bricks next, whilst those on the soil nearly all perished. They require
no shading, and grow all the stronger by exposure to the light and sun; but as a
matter of course they will require a great deal more care and attention than cuttings,
and for several years, whilst cuttings can be transplanted before they are a year old.

__ “The artificial shading over these seeds-beds caused drip and excessive moisture,
_ which proved fatal to many of the seedlings before the cause of the mischief was
recognised.

“The number saved amounted, however, to about 1,200, which were on an average
_ of the undermentioned sizes as they grew :—

On the 27th June 1874, ,%ths of an inch.
» 12th August 1874, 1,2,ths inch.
» LOth September 1874, 5;4ths inches.
» 21st April 1875, 2 feet 10 inches. :

**T¢ should here be mentioned that the last of these was a seedling which has been

ieft undisturbed in the seed-bed, and was exceptionally vigorous in growth.”
: And Dr. Schlich says : “ At Bamunpokri nine nursery beds were prepared, three with
- common garden soil, three with broken bricks, and three with charcoal, and all inter-
sected by irrigation trenches, thus keeping the soil thoroughly moist by percolation,
The seed was collected in September 1874, and sown in that month and in October
_ partly in whole figs, and partly crumbled up by the hand. The beds were then
_ shaded by thatch, raised 2 feet above the ground on the south, and 3 feet on the
- north, and the sides were closed in with mats which could be removed at will.

“ From four to six weeks after sowing the seeds germinated profusely, best of all
in the garden soil, next best on the broken bricks, and last, though still pretty well,
on the charcoal; they have thriven well, and are now up to 5 inches high, with

leaves up to 2 inches long.” *
__ The propagation by cuttings is still easier, but the cuttings must be from young
fleshy shoots, such as are obtained by pollarding several branches of an old tree and
allowing them to send out shoots. In Sikkim and Assam plants grown from seedlings
or cuttings have succeeded either planted directly in the ground or in baskets of
mould tied to the upper branches of trees. In Assam plantations are formed by cut-
’ ting lines at some distance apart through the forest, and planting the rooted cuttings
or seedlings at intervals. The following extracts from Mr. Mann’s memorandum of
1875 will best explain the method of plantation :—

“The method of planting adopted in the Kulsi caoutchouc plantation is the following :—

** Lines 20 feet in width and 50 feet apart are opened out in mixed plain and savannah
forest, and the trees are planted out on these lines at distances of 25 feet.

“The plants were examined by me on the 26th of April, and the countings shewed
2 per cent. of failures, which were filled up the same day. Nothing could surpass the
healthiness and vigour of the young trees, whose only enemies are the deer, which has
made fencing necessary ; but the plants will soon have grown beyond the reach of them.

** The method of planting adopted in the Charduar plantation was the following :— _

“ Lines of 20 feet in width and 100 feet apart were opened out through lower hill

; * Many of these trees are now (1880) 15 to 20 feet high, have many‘aérial roots, and a considerable
_ girth of main stem. The plantation made of them is so dense as to be almost impenetrable and to exclude
all other vegetation,

27

4g

338 URTICACER. [ Ficus. 7

forest, and trees were planted out on these lines at distances of 50 feet. The width of
lines proved insufficient as soon as the rains set in, and the excessive shade and drip
from the trees on either side of the line proved injurious and in many cases fatal to the
plants. The planting on split stumps of trees and in earthenware rings, placed with

the widest opening on stumps was suggested by the Chief Commissioner. and proved —

very successful in low situations, counteracting the excessive wet on the ground; but
vigorous growth was not insured until more light was admitted. All the lines of last
year's plantation were therefore opened to 40 feet in width, and the effect on the young
trees has already been most beneficial, so that, although it is only the commencement
of the growing season, nothing could surpass the vigour and healthy appearance of the
trees, and so far as the planting on lines opened out through the forest goes it cer-
tainly is a perfect success. The ground on these lines was not cleared except just
around the plants, but the opening out of bridle-paths has become necessary to save
time in going over the plants, since frequent inspection is the only way to prevent any
vacancies remaining in the plantation.”

lbs.
E 2449, Chawa Jhora, Sivoke, Darjeeling . : ; ; . . 43

7. F. comosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 552 ; Beddome cexxiii. ; Gamble 74
fF, Benjamina, Linn. var. comosa, Kurz ii. 446. Vern. Kabra, Nep.;

Kunhip, Lepcha ; Juri pakri, Ass.; Putra-juvi, Tel.

A moderate-sized, evergreen, often epiphytic tree with thin grey

bark. Wood grey, beautifully mottled, moderately hard. Pores large,
often subdivided, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Numerous
concentric bands of soft tissue alternating with broader bands of firmer
texture.

Bengal, Burma, mountains of the eastern side of the peninsula, Tinnevelly.
A very pretty small-leaved fig. Weight, 341bs, per cubic foot. Lac is produced
on it in Assam (Mann). ”
iS,
E 588. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling . <i etatod ties : i a

8. F. virgata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 530; Brandis 419. F. caricvides,

Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11.529. Vern. <Amjir, inzar, Afo.; Kagu, fagdra, dudhi,

dhura, phedu, kak, daholia (Hills), fagwara, thapur (Plains), Pb.; Gélar,

khabdra, anjirt, beru, bedu, Hind.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, close and ~

even-grained, moderately hard. Pores small and moderate-sized, often
oval and subdivided. Numerous wavy concentric bands of soft tissue,
alternating with bands of equal width of firmer tissue. Medullary rays
fine and moderately broad, unequally distributed. The distance between
the rays is generally less than the transverse diameter of the pores.
ee Suliman and Salt Ranges, Outer Himalaya eastward to Nepal, ascending to 6,000
feet.

Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. It often grows to a tolerably large size, reaching to

10 feet in girth. The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder, and the fruit is eaten in the
Punjab hills.

Ibs,
P 910. Salt Range ; : ; ; ; : ; , ‘ . 41
H 607. Chitul Forest, Kangr 3 ; ; é : 5 d . 88
H 156. Bhajji, Simla, 3,000 feet . A ; ‘ ; : ; . 39

9. F. nemoralis, Wall. ; Brandis 424. .

A moderate-sized tree with smooth grey bark. ‘Wood white, moder-
ately hard, close-grained. Pores small and moderate-sized, in groups
and short radial lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

Narrow white wavy bands of soft texture alternating with belts of —

firmer wood,

e

2

Ficus.) URTICACER. 339

Outer Himalaya from the Jhelum to Sikkim, ascending to 7,000 feet.

Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder.
lbs.
H 3080. Gowai, Simla, 6,000 feet ; t ; ‘ : 38

10. F. foveolata, Wall.; Brandis 423; Gamble 75. Vern. Grelu,
Simla ; Makreru, Kunawar ; Dudéla, Nep. ; “Taksot, Lepcha. (It is pro-
bably /. reticulata, Miq., of Stewart’s Punjab Plants.)

An evergreen scandent shrub. Wood light brown, soft, very porous.
Pores small to very large, very numerous. Medullary rays fine, bending,
the distance between the rays being less than the transverse diameter-
of the pores. Numerous concentric bands of soft texture between the
pores.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, Khasia Hills.
Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs,

H 2833. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet . : ‘ ‘ ; : . 38

11. F. Cunia, Buch.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 561; Beddome cexxiv. ;
Brandis 421; Kurz ii. 461; Gamble 76. Vern. Khewnau, khurhur
kasse, ghwi, Hind.; Kunia, Kumaun; Kanhya, Nep.; Kanai, palkai,
taikrau, Mechi; Sangji, Lepcha; Dumbur, jagya-domur, Beng. ; Jonua,
sodoi, Magh; Ye-kha-ong, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood rough, moderately hard, greyish brown.
- Pores small and moderate-sized, joined by narrow concentric bands which
alternate with broader bands of firmer texture, over which a portion of
the pores are scattered. Medullary rays fine, equidistant.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Bengal,
Burma, mountains on the east side of the peninsula.

Weight 31 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. The bark is used to tie the rafters
of natives houses; the fruit is eaten, and is good, though somewhat insipid; the leaves

are rough, and are said to be used for polishing wood. This species is easily recognised
by the long rough leaves, which are very unequal sided.

O 1365. Gonda, Oudh ‘ ‘ eee - , : ao
E 583. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai : SOE as : ’ . 36
E 1953. Chittagong . ° 22

12, F. glomerata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.558 ; Beddome cexxiv. ; Brandis

422; Kurz 1. 458; Gamble 76. Vern. Kathyblar, krumbal, kakaamal,
dadhiri, £00; Gilar, paroa, telka, umar, wmrdi, tue, H ind. : Dumri,
Nep. ; Tehongtay, Lepcha ; Jagya dumar, Beng. ; ‘Dimeri, Uriya; Thoja,
Gondi; Alawa, Kurku; Atti, Tam. ; Moydi, atti, bodda, paidi, mart, Tel. ;
Kulla- hith, Kan. ; Atteeka, Cingh. ; Ye-tha-pan, Burm.
a A large tree. Bark ‘k inch thick, smooth, reddish brown, with
a few large cracks. Wood grey, soft. Pores large, joimed by nar-
row concentric bands of soft tissue, which alternate with bands of firmer
tissue and darker colour. Medullary rays moderately broad, equidistant,
Wood mottled on a longitudinal section.

Salt Range, Sub-Himalayan Tract, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma.

Weight, Cunningham gives 36 lbs.; our specimens 25 lbs. Cunningham’s two ex-
periments with bars of Gwalior wood 2’ x 1 x 1” gave P= 458. This may be the
_#. racemosa of Skinner No. 71, the weight of which is given at 40 lbs. and P = 45838.
The wood is not durable, though it lasts well under water, and is consequently used
for well-frames. Birdlime is made of the milky juice; the leaves are used for cattle
and elephant fodder. The leaves, bark, and fruit are used in native medicine, and
the ripe fruit is eaten and is good either raw or stewed.

340 URTICACER, [ Ficus.

C 1138. Ahivri Reserve, Central Provinces . ; ; ; my sii
C 839. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar. ; ; : : ; . 25
C 2796. Melghat, Berar . . ‘ . . . 0" ade
E 643. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 25

13, F. Roxburghii, Wall. ; Brandis 422; Kurz ii. 460. F. macro-

phylia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 556; Gamble 75. Vern. Urdbdél; urmil, bar-—
baru, tési, trimbal, tirmal, trimal, tirmi, tiamle, Pb.; Trimmal, timal, —
timla, Hind.; Kasrekan, Nep. ; Kundoung, Lepcha; Demér, Beng. ; Sapai, —

Mach ; Sen-tha-hpan, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree with grey warty bark. Wood reddish grey,
moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided,

joined by broad bands of soft tissue, alternating with darker bands of
firmer texture, and of the same width, in which -a few pores are found

scattered. Medullary rays fine to broad, short, very prominent on a ~

radial section, giving the wood a handsome mottled appearance.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus eastward, ascending to 6,000 feet, Sylhet, Chitta-—

gong, and Burma. :
Weight, 341bs. The fruit is eaten and is good. The leaves are used for fodder.

Ibs.
H 606. Chital Forest, Kangra . A : > : : ; . 34 ‘

P 149 from Sainj, near Simla, 4,000 feet, Vern. Dudela (Ficus glomerata), resem-
bles this species most. Weight, 34 lbs.

14, F. regia, Migq.; Kurz ii. 459; Gamble 76. Vern. Jeverra,
Nep. |
An evergreen tree with grey bark. Wood soft, spongy. Pores scanty,
moderate-sized. Narrow bands of soft tissue alternating with broader
bands of firm texture. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, very
prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a mottled appearance.

North-East Himalaya and Burma. a
E 689. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet . : ; : . 29

15. F. hispida, Linn. f.; Beddome cexxiv. ; Brandis 423; Kurz ii.
460; Gamble 76. /. oppositifolia, Roxb, FI. Ind. iu. 561. F. demona;
Konig ; Roxb. le. 562. Vern. Dadtiri, degar, rambal, Ph. ; Kagsha, gobla,
totmila, kat gularia, konea dumbar, Hind.; Dhedu mera, Panch Mehals ;
Kharwa, Nep.; Zaksot, Lepcha; Dumar, kako-dumar, Beng. ; Poksha,
Mechi; Khoskadumar, Ass.; Shakab, Garo; Boda-mamadi, bummarri,
bamdri, Tel.; Katumer, bomair, Gondi ; Koreh, Kurku ; Maiu-lok, Magh;
Kadot, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark + inch thick, grey, peeling off in
irregular flakes, with slight horizontal ribs encircling the tree. Wood
soft, dirty grey, no heartwood, no annual rings. | Pores scanty,
moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. ‘The pores are mostly con-
tained in regular concentric bands of soft tissue, which alternate with
firmer bands of equal width and darker colour. Medullary rays moder-
ately broad and fine, prominent as long narrow bands on a radial section.

Outer Himalaya from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 3,500 feet, Bengal, Cen-
tral and South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands,

i, ——s |

en

‘ oosmaall | ‘URTICACER. 341

Growth fast, a round in the Bengal Forest Museum shews 3 rings per inch of
radius. Weight, Kyd’s Assam experiments give 25lbs.; our specimen weighs 356 lbs.
Kyd gives P = 360. The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder. This species is easily
recognised by its opposite leaves.

lbs.
C 1180. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . . : : - “fe
C 2803. Melghat, Berar : : : P ; a tge:}
E 2450. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai ; - ; d - . 35

11. ULMUS, Linn.

About six Indian species. U. parvifolia, Jacq.; Brandis 434. (U. virgata, Roxb. FI.
Ind. ii. 67), is a small tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan between 4,000 and
5,000 feet. U. Hookeriana, Planch., is found in Sikkim at 4,500 feet. The European
Elms are U. campestris, Sm.; the Common Elm; U. montana, Sm.; the Wy ych
Elm (No. 2075 from Germany) ; and U. effusa, Willd., which are all dueedbats in
Brandis, pp. 431 to 433.

Heartwood grey. Annual rings consisting of an inner porous belt
with numerous large pores, and an outer belt of firm texture with small
pores arranged in wavy concentric or oblique lines. Medullary rays mo-
derately broad. Pores marked on a longitudinal section. The wood of
Uz laneifolia and U. integrifolia differs from that of the European and

North-West Indian elms.

1. U. Wallichiana, Planch. ; Brandis 432. Vern. Kdin, bren, brera,
brankul, amrdt, mardri, marréin, marazh, makshéri, manderung, maldung,
shko, kummar, hembra, Pb.; Mored, pabiina, chambar maya, Hind.

A large deciduous tree. Bark gyey, rough, with diagonal cracks,
exfoliating in diamond-shaped scales. Heartwood greyish brown, mo-
derately hard. Annual rings marked by a soft porous belt in the spring
wood,. the outer part of the annual ring consisting of firm and very hard
tissue. Pores in spring wood moderate-sized and large, closely packed,
in the autumn wood small and very small, arranged in oblique, undulating,
concentric lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, marked on
a radial section as long narrow bands.

North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, between 3,500 and 10,000 feet.

Growth slow; countings on our three specimens gave: H 59, 15 rings; H 122, 103
rings; and H 917, 253 rings per inch of radius; the average of the three is therefore
about 17 rings per inch of radius. The tree often reaches a large size, 80 to 90 feet
in height, with a girth of 16 to 24 feet. Theaverage weight of our three specimens is
36 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used locally in places where deodar is not ayailable
and Pinus excelsa not very abundant, such as in Hazara, where it finds a ready sale
at from Ks. 3 to Rs. 5 per tree. It certainly seems worthy of more attention. The
bark contains a strong fibre which is made into cordage, sandals and slow matches.
The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder.

H 59. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . ; . ‘ : : 40
H 122. Manali, Kulu, 7,000 feet . ‘ : ‘ ; : ; 35
H 917. Hazara, 7,000 feet . ‘ : : ; ‘ . 32
H 3178. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet . “oh %

2. U.sp.; Brandis 433 (note under U, Ss Vern. Vimbok,
Ladak ; Bran, brahmi, kdi, morin, mardl, matru, mannu, ei mamyjt,
marn, meru, merinu, bhamji, bhamnt, chipdl, Pb.

(On specimens of this tree sent to Kew lately, Prof. Oliver reported: “This
Elm is the U. pedunculata, Fouq., of the Herbarium Hooker fil. and Thomson, I
think it is not the U. pedunculata, Fouq. , of Central Europe and Asia, but probably a
distinct species near to U. campestris.”

342 URTICACER. [ Ulinus.

A shrub or small tree. Bark brown, surface whitish, between deep,
dark-coloured, longitudinal, regular furrows, running diagonally into each
other. Wood grey with darker streaks, hard, otherwise the structure is
the same as that of U. Wallichiana.

Kulu and Hazara.

Growth, our specimens shewed a slightly faster rate than those of U. Wallichiana.
No. H 123 gave 16 and H 918, 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 34 to 37 lbs. per

- cubic foot. Wood not used, but considered better than that of U. Wallichiana; our
specimens, however, do not ‘shew this superiority.

lbs.
H 123. Manali, Kulu, 7,000 feet . : ; ; . - , 37
H 918. Hazara, 7,000 feet : - : ; i ony, |, oe
H 3164. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 fect... : dy

3. U. lancifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 66; Kurz ii. 473; Gamble 72.
Vern. Lapi, Nep.; Thalar, Burm.

A large tree. Bark brown, thick. Wood light red, hard. Pores
small, usually surrounded by white tissue and joined by white concentric
lines which are sometimes broken. Medullary rays fine to moderately
broad, the distance between them about equal to the transverse diameter
of the pores.

North-East Himalaya from Sikkim to Assam, Chittagong and Burma.

E 3343. Singtam, Darjeeling, 1,500 feet.

4. U. integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 68; Beddome t. $810;
Brandis 431; Kurz wu. 473. Holoptelea integrifolia, Planech.; DC.
Prodr. xvi. 164; Wight Ic, t. 1968. Vern. Papri, khulen, arjan,
yajdin, kacham, Pb.; Papar, kanju, Kumaun; Papri, dhamna, king,
karanji, chilbil, chilmil, kiimba, kinja nali, kandru, begana, Hind. ; Chilla
Banda; Karinjz, Gondi; Karanjel, Kurku; Aya, Tam.; Namii, navili,
nali, pedda-nowli-eragu, Vel.; Wawali, Mar.; Ras bya, Kan. ; Thapsi,
Mysore, Coorg; Kalddri, Hassan; Dadahirilla, Cingh.; Myoukseit,
Burm.

A large deciduous tree. Bark 3 inch thick, whitish grey, exfoliat-
ing in long, irregular flakes, soft, with an offensive smell when fresh,
like the leaves and branchlets. Wood light yellowish grey, moderately
hard, no heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small, uniformly
distributed, joined by very fine and often faint lines of soft texture,
frequently filled with a snow-white substance, marked on a vertical section.
Medullary rays fine, undulating, uniform, equidistant, visible on a radial
section; the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of
the pores.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Bene eastwards, Central and South India, Burma.

Growth moderately fast, averaging 6 rings perinch of radius, some Specimens
shewing as little as 2 rings. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for
building, carts, and carving. The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder. An oil is ex-
tracted from the seed in the Melghat.

Ibs.
P 445. Ajmere ‘ 3 . ; ; ; é . ‘ 42
O 264. Garkeal (1868) . ; ; : ; : a ; F 46 .
O 3002. 9 (1874) . : A . , y ; b : 41°
O 392. Oudh. ; ; ‘ ; ; 34
C 1148. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces. ; we! ; ; 37
© 1181. P ; é j ; : 37
B 14)6. Tharrawaddi, Burma . , 2 : ‘ : i ; 42

B 1419. ” ” ‘ : : : : : ; : 41

—— Celtis. | URTICACER. 343

12. CELTIS, Tournefort.

¥ Contains about 8 species, which are. very difficult to distinguish, cf. Brandis,
_ p. 429. <A rough key to the general characters of the leaves is, however, given; it may
' 4 useful in ascertaining the species.

Leaves evergreen, entire . - . 5 , ; ; C. Wightii.
Leaves semi-deciduous, serrate. : ‘ ; é . C. cinnamomea,
Leaves deciduous, serrate—
Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminuate : ; ‘ ; C. eriocarpa.
Leaves oblong, lanceolate, cuspidate . : 7 : C. Hamiltonii,
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong—
Leaves penniveined—
Leaves of perigonium obtuse . . C. australis.
Leaves of perigonium acute . : C. tetrandra.
Leaves with 3 nerves—
Leaves sub-cordate at base - ; C. Roxburghii.
Leaves rhomboid . ; ; : C. caucasica.

C. cinnamomea, Ldl.; Kurz ii. 472 is a tree of Northern and Eastern. Bengal,
Chittagong and Burma, the leaves semi-deciduous at the time of flowering. C. eriocar-
pa, Dene.; Brandis 429. Vern. Tagha, Afg.; Batkar, bat-taman, Pb.; Akata, katdia,
Hind., is a tree of the Punjab Hills, Kuma:un, Oudh and Nepal. C. Hamiltonii, Planch. ;
Kurz ii. 472, is a tree of the Khasia Hills and Tenasserim. C. Roxrburghii, Beddome
ecxviii. t. 312 ; Brandis 429 (C. trinervia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 65; Gamble 72). Vern.
Kharak, batkar, brimaj, brindu, Pb.; Cheri chara, kathuniar, C.P.; Sedongtagla,
Lepcha, is a tree of Eastern Bengal, Central and South India.

Wood light-coloured, moderately hard, no heartwood, seasons well.
Annual rings in the species of Kurope, Northern India and Bengal, distinct-
ly marked by belts of large pores. The pores in the outer portion of the
annual ring small, and generally arranged in groups or oblique tails.

1. C. Wightii, Planchon; Beddome cexviii; Wight Ic. t. 1969.
Solenostigma Wightii, Bl.; Kurz u. 471. Vern. Vella-thorasay, Tam. ;
Tella-hikad-mushti, Tel.

A small evergreen tree. Wood greyish white, very hard, close-
grained. Annual rings indistinctly marked by a narrow belt without
pores. Pores small, enclosed in narrow, undulating, concentric, interrupted
lines of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and equidis-
tant.

Mountains of South India, Andaman Islands.
Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot.
lbs,

D 1089. Madura, Madras 5 : : ; : ; S 7 53

2, C. australis, Linn.; Brandis 428. Vern. Kharak, Simla,
Kumaun ; Zagho, takhim, Afg.; .

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark bluish grey. Wood grey or
yellowish grey, with irregular streaks of darker colour. Annual rings
marked by an irregular belt of moderate-sized and large pores. Pores
moderaté-sized and large, gradually getting smaller towards the outer
limit of each annual ring, where they are very small and arranged in
wavy, interrupted, concentric lines. Medullary rays moderately broad
and fine.

Suliman and Salt Ranges, Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan ascending to
8,500 feet, Khasia Hills.

Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 Ibs. per cubic foot ;
Mathieu FI. For., p. 257, gives 37 to 50 lbs. The wood is tough and strong, and is

34.4 URTICACER. [ Celtis.

used for oars, whip handles and for other purposes requiring toughness and elasticity.
The tree is largely planted about villages in the North-West Himalaya for shade and
fodder.

Ibs,
H 36. Julung, Simla, 5,000 feet . ; ; : pati % : 47

3. C. tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 63; Brandis 429; Kurz ii. 472 ;
Gamble 72. C. serotina, Planch.; Beddome cexviii. Vern. Kémstm,
sungsim, Lepcha; Haktapatia, Ass.

A tall tree.. Wood greyish white, moderately hard. Pores numer-
ous, frequently subdivided, those of the inner edge of each annual ring
large, forming a narrow, porous belt; those of the outer portion moderate-
sized and arranged in oblique wavy lines. Medullary rays moderately
broad and fine, prominent on a radial section as long, narrow plates,

Outer Himalaya, from Kumaun eastwards, Western Ghats.

Growth moderate, 5 to 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 to 37 lbs. per
cubic foot. Used in Assam for planking and canoes.

lbs,
E 669. Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling Terai . > . : ‘ 36
E 707. Great Rangift Valley, Darjeeling . : < ; ; A 37

4. C. caucasica, Willd.; Brandis 429. Vern. Batker, Pb.

A moderate-sized tree, with grey bark ¢ inch thick. Wood light
yellow, hard to very hard. Structure resembling that of C. austratis,
but the pores on the inner edge of each annual ring are very large, and
consequently very prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays
broader and further apart than in C. australis.

Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Salt Range, Hazara, Kashmir.
Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
H 932, Hazara. ‘ ‘ ; ; : : . A PAN 44
H 3169. Dungagalli, Hazara . ‘ ; : : - .

18. SPONIA, Comm.

Wood light-coloured, no heartwood, soft or moderately hard. Pores
small or moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

1. S. orientalis, Planchon; Beddome ccxix.; Brandis 430; Gamble
72. Celtis orientalis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 65. Zrema orientalis,
Bl.; Kurz i. 468. 8. Wightii, Planch.; Beddome t. 311, and 8, améoi-
nensis, Dene (S. velutina, Planch.), are probably not specifically distinct.
Indian Nettle Tree. Vern. Badu manu, C.P.; Kooail, Nep.; Tugla,
Lepcba; Param, Mechi; Jupong, phakram, jigini, sapong, sempak, amphak,
opang (see Agri-Horticultural Society of India Proceedings for Novem-
ber 1877), Ass.; Mint, Tam.; Gada-nedli, Tel.; Gorklu, Kan.; God,
Mar. ; Rukni, Baigas.

A small fast-growing and short-lived tree. Bark thin, greyish brown,
with numerous lenticels. Wood light reddish grey, soft. Pores moder.
ate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine,
numerous, uniform, very prominent on a radial section, the distance be-
tween the rays generally equal to or greater than the transverse dia-
meter of the pores.

Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, Bengal, Burma, Central and Southern India.

7 Sponia.] URTICACER. 845

Growth extremely fast. The tree from which our specimen was cut, and which was
wing in front of the Sivoke Forest House, had-Attained in five years a height of 25
eet nl about 40 inches in girth, equivalent to less than one ring per inch of radius.
Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for charcoal, which is good for gun-
owder manufacture. The bark gives a fibre which is used to tie the rafters of native
es and for carrying loads; and in Assam for making the coarse Amphak cloth.
VanSomeren says it is often allowed to grow for shade in the Mysore and Coorg coffee
plantations, and is there called the ‘Charcoal Tree.’ Brandis says the same has been
done in Wynaad. It comes up self-sown in forest clearings and waste places, often
in great profusion, and may be much utilized in plantations to help tv keep down the

| _ grass jungle.

lbs,
E 2446. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai . ES oer ; ; ae et 28

2. S. politoria, Planch. ; Brandis 430; Gamble 72. Vern. Bantam-
man, kanglu, khirt, Pb.; Jddn, khasaroa, marni, bétu, banharria,
Hind. ; Khdoi, khaksi, kooail, Nep,; Tuksat, Lepcha.

A small evergreen tree. Bark smooth, or with longitudinal wrinkles,
inner bark red. Wood white, moderately hard, splits and cracks in
seasoning. Annual rings marked by a belt of firmer tissue on the outer
edge of each ring. Pores small, often subdivided, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays fine and moderately broad.

Salt Range, Outer Himalaya, Oudh, Sikkim.

Growth very fast, 2 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 lbs. per cubic foot.

Wood and bark used in a similar way to those of 8S. orientalis. The leaves are used

to polish wood and horn. a
s.
0 1369. Gonda, Oudh . ‘ ‘ 4 , ; ‘ : . 36

Orver XCIII. PLATANEZ.
1. PLATANUS, Tourn.

P. occidentalis, Linn., is the American Plane, which differs according to Mathieu
and Brandis by less deeply lobed leaves, which are pubescent when full grown and by
pa tad smaller fruit-heads. Mathieu Fl. For., p. 377, gives its weight at 41 lbs. per
cubic foot. ,

1. P. orientalis, Linn.; Brandis 434. Vern. Chindr, Pers., Afgh.;
Bin, bina, boin, Kashmir. |
A large deciduoustree. Bark 3} inch thick, smooth, ight or dark
grey, peeling off in large thin scales. Wood white, hard, with a faint
tinge of yellow or red. Annual rings marked by a band of firm tex-
ture with few pores on the outer edge of each ring. Pores very small,
uniform, and uniformly distributed except in the outer band of the
autumn wood, Medullary rays broad, equidistant, shewing on a radial
section as glossy, irregular, wavy, shining plates. ;

Cultivated in the North-West Himalaya east to the Sutlej, ascending to 8,300 feet
in Ladak. Indigenous in Greece, Macedonia, Armenia and Northern Persia.

Growth rather fast, our specimen shewed 6 rings per inch of radius. Mathieu,
Fl. For., p. 374, gives measurement of a tree in the garden of the Forest School at
_ Nancy, which had 88} feet in height with a girth of 12°3 feet at the age of 1:30 years;
this would be equivalent to 5} rings per inch of radius. Measurements of several large
trees in Persia, Kashmir and Chamba are given by Brandis, p. 435.

Weight, our specimen gives 41 lbs. per cubic foot; experiments made in 1879 at
Kandahar by Captain Call, R.E, (Indian Forester, vol. v., p. 478), with bars 1 ft. x
lin. X lin. gave an average weight of 388 lbs., P = 587. Mathieu gives 41 to

2u

346 ” PLATANE. [ Platanus,

49lbs. It is used in Kashmir for boxes, trays, pen-cases and other articles, which are
lacquered and painted. It has a pretty grainand may be recommended for cabinet-work.

Ibs,
H 922. Hazara . : ; : ‘ - " ; ‘ . Al

Orpver XCIV. CASUARINACEZ.

One genus, containing chiefly Australian trees, one species only extending north-
wards to India. Several other species, however, have been introduced and grown in
India.

1. CASUARINA, Linn, .

1. C. equisetifolia, Forster; Beddome ecxxvi. ; Brandis 435 ; Kurzii.
494. C. muricata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 519. The Beefwood of Australia.
Vern. Chouk, Tam. ; Serva, Tel.; Kdsrike, Mysore; Tinyu, Burm.; Aru,
Malay.

A large evergreen tree, with leafless drooping branches, and branch-
lets which are deciduous and perform the functions of leaves. Wood
white, brown near the centre, very hard, cracks and splits. Pores
moderate-sized, in radial and oblique lines. Medullary rays very fine,
uniform, equidistant. Numerous wavy, eoncentric lines, eomposed of
soft tissue and minute pores.

Coasts of Chittagong, Burma, the Malay Archipelago, North Australia and Queens-
tand. Cultivated all over India, except in the North-Western portion of the Punjab.

The growth is fast, our specimen shews 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. From
Colonel Beddome’s Report on the plantations in the North Arcot District, dated
December 30th, 1876, the measurements of trees in two plantations were—

Age. Height. Girth,
Veeringapuram plantation . -. 4 years 32 feet 24, inches at 3 feet.
Trivellam ie - . 6 , 70-80 , 36-48 ,,

which would shew an average growth of 1 ring per inch of radius, or a girth of 6 feet
at 22 years of age.

The wood is hard and heavy, and difficult to cut, and according to Skinner, No. 42
weighs 55 lbs. per cubic foot; our specimen gives 62 lbs. M. Sebert in ‘ Notice sur
les Bois de la Nouvelle Caledonie’ gives 63 lbs. Skinner gives P = 920. It has been
largely planted in North Arcot, South Arcot, Madras and other districts of the

Madras Scsasboey for fuel, for which it is excellent, but it requires to be near the sea-
coast and to have water at the roots, at least 10 feet from the surface of the ground.
Trees planted in sandy soil often suffer much from drought the first two or three years,
the taproot then finds its way down to about 10 feet and reaching water the tree begins
to thrive. It is of course best near the sea, but fine trees may be seen in places in
Northern India, especially at Saharanpur and Umballa. Casuarina seems to coppice
well, and undoubtedly is, in suitable localities, and considering its extremely quick

rowth and the qualities of its wood, one of the most important trees we have for
Fuel and other plantations. .

”

lbs.

E 2465. Calcutta : A . “ : : ; ‘ . 62

Onver XCV, EUPHORBIACES.

We shall here follow the nomenclature used in Miiller’s and Boissier’s Monographs
of this large Order in the Prodromus of DeCandolle, but adding as Sub-Orders the two
separate Orders described in Vol. XVI, viz., Daphniphyllacee and Buxacee.

The Order then contains 57 genera belonging to 9 tribes. It contains many
important ‘species, though with the exception of Bischoffia and Briedelia and, of

il

—— ————a Oe

a

eS ee LSS eh

EUPHORBIACEA. 347

course, Boxwood, few are specially remarkable for- their timber. Oils are given by
Ricinus, Croton and Aleurites. Mallotus philippinensis gives a red dye. Phyl-
lanthus Emblica gives a fruit which is one of the myrabolams used in tanning, while
several species in other parts of the world furnish India-rubber. '

Sun-orprr IL HUPHORBIACESR.

Tribe I-—Phyllanthee . . . Actephila, Andrachne, Sauropus, Anti-
desma, Phyllanthus, Melanthesopsis,
Breynia, Putranjiva, Securinega,
Baceaurea, Aporosa, Hymenocardia,
Bischoffia, Cyclostemon, Hemicyclia.
a II.— Brideliex : : . Briedelia, Cleistanthus, Lebedieropsis.
» IIl.—Crotoneze . : . Croton.
» LV.—Acalyphee . : . Aleurites, Agrostistachys, Sarcoclinium,
Sumbavia, Celodiscus, Caelodepas,
Cephalocroton, Symphyllia, Claory-
lon, Acalypha, Alchornea, Cnesmone,
Tragia, Trewia, Mallotus, Cleidion,
Macearanga, Ricinus, Homonoya.
V.—Hippomanex ; . Bennettia, Microdesmis, Manihot, Jatro-
; pha, Trigonostemon, Givotia, Ostodes,
Codieum, Chetocarpus, Mischodon,
Baliospermum, Gelonium, Excecaria.
; VI.—Dalechampies : . Dalechampia.
» VII.—Euphorbiee . - . Pedilanthus, Euphorbia

Sus-orprr II. DAPHNIPHYLLACEAR.,

Tribe VIII.—Daphniphyllee . . Daphniphyllum.
Sus-orpER Ill. BUXACEZE.
Tribe IX.—Buxez : ; . Buzxus, Sarcococca.

Actephila contains 4 or 5 large shrubs or small trees. A. excelsa, Dalz. ;
Beddome clxxxix., is a small tree of the Western Ghats. A. Thomsont, Mill. Arg.;
Beddome cxe., is a shrub of Mysore and the Carnatic. A. Javanica, Miq.,
and A puberula, Kurz ii. 340-1, are shrubs of the Andaman Islands. Sawropus contains
6 species, the most important of which is S. albicans, Bl.; Kurz ii. 349; Gamble 69.
Vern. Yoma hinyo, Burm. ; Sentungrung, Lepcha, a common undershrub of forests in ”
Bengaland Burma. Melanthesopsis patens, Mill. Arg.; Beddome cxevi. ; Brandis 455 ;
Kurz ii. 348; Gamble 68 (Phyllanthus patens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iil. 667) Vern. Ikti,
Lepcha, is a shrub of Bengal, South India and Burma; and MW. fruticosa, Mill. Arg. ;
Kurz ii. 349 (Phyllanthus reclinatus, Roxb. F. Ind. iti. 669), is a small shrub of the
Martaban Hills. Breynia rhamnoides, Mill. Arg.; Beddome excvi.; Brandis 456;
Kurz ii. 350 (Phyllanthus vitis-idea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 665) Vern. Zikhar, Hind. ;
Kamkata Juli, Beng. ; Yerra pirigidt, Tel. ; Gong-nyin-ya, Burm., is a small tree
of Oudh, Bengal, South India, Arracan and the Andamans, with a white, hard,
durable wood. Hymenocardia Wallichii, Tul.; Kurz ii. 394. Vern. Ye-kin, Burm.;
and H. plicata, Kurz ii. 395. Vern. Ye-chin, Burm., are trees of the swamp forests
in Burma. Cyclostemon contains 5 species: C. indicus, Mill. Arg.; Beddome excix.,
is a tree of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills and South India; C. macrophyllus, Bl. ; Beddome
t. 278; Kurz ii. 364, a tree of the Western Ghats and the Andaman Islands ; C. eglan-
dulosus, Kurz ii. 364, is an evergreen tree of Arracan; C. malabaricus, Bedd., of the
-Tinnevelly Ghats, and C. subsessilis, Kurz ii. 364; Gamble 69. Vern. Ban bokul,
Beng.; Bway champ, asura, Nep., a small tree of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and
Burma, with a brown close-grained wood. Hemicyclia contains 5 species: H. elata,
Beddome, t. 279, is a large, and H. venusta, Wight, a small, tree of the Western
Ghats; H. sumatrana, Mill. Arg.; Kurz ii. 365, is a tree of Burma, and H. anda-
manica, Kurz, of the Andaman Islands; while H. sepiaria, W. and A., is a tree of
Southern India and Ceylon. ;

Aleurites moluccana, Willd. ; Beddome t. 276; Kurz ii. 377 (A. triloba, Forst.;
Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 629) Vern. Axrot, is a handsome tree introduced from the Malay
Archipelago and now found in cultivation or run wild in many parts of South India.

348 EUPHORBIACER,

It is called the ‘ Belgaum Walnut,’ and is so called from the nuts resembling the walnut
in flavour. These nuts contain about 50 per cent of oil, which is extracted and used for
food and for burning. In M. Sebert’s ‘ Notice sur les bois de la Nouvelle Calédonie,’
the wood is said to be white, soft, light and of bad quality, and to have a mean weight
of 38 lbs. per cubic foot. A. cordata, Mill. Arg., is found in Nepal. Agrostistachys

indica, Dalz. ; Beddome cev. ( A. longifolia, Kurz ii. 377) is a small evergreen tree
of the Western Ghats, Ceylon, Burma and the Andamans. Sarcocliniwm longi-

olium, Wight; Beddome cev., is a small tree of the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon, from

4,00U to 6,000 feet. Sumbavia macrophylla, Mill. Arg, Kurz ii. 376, is an ever-

green tree of the tropical forests of Burma. Of Celodiscus, Kurz describes 5

new species from Burma, all shrubs. Celodepas calycinum, Beddome cevii. t. 320.
‘Vern. Katpira, is a small hard-wooded tree of the Tinnevelly Hills. Cephalocroton

contains 2 species: C. leucocephalus, Baill.; Beddome cevi., of the Nilgiris; and

C. indicus, Beddome t. 261,-.a moderate-sized tree of the Western Ghats, said to give
a good building timber. Of Symphyllia 2 species are found: S. mallotiformis, .
Mill. Arg.; Beddome cevii., in the Nilgiris ; and S. sid/hetana, Baill. ; Kurz ii. 378, in the
Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim. Claorylon contains 3 and

Acalypha 1 (A. fruticosa, Forsk.) shrub of the forests of Burma. Tragia contains
2 and Cnesmone 1 (C. javanica, Bl.) climbing shrubs of Burma. Alchornea
contains 3 shrubs: A. mollis, Mill. Arg., of Nepal; A. rugosa, Mill. Arg., of

Tenasserim and the Andamans, and A. tiliefolia, Mill. Arg.; Kurzii.386; Gamble
71, of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Tenasserim and the Andamans. Cleidion
Javanicum, Bl.; Beddome t. 272 ; Kurz ii, 390; Gamble 70, is a tree of Northern and
Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma.

Bennettia Wallichii, R. Br. (Galearia Wallichii, Kurz ii. 407) and Microdesmis
caseariafolia, Planch.; Kurz ii. 408, are small trees of the forests of Tenasserim.
Manihot utilissima, Pohl.; Kurz ii. 408. Vern. Pulu pinan myouk, Burm., is a shrub
of tropical America, introduced and cultivatedin Burma. It yields ‘ the manioc’, or ‘ cas-
sava’meal and ‘tapioca.’ Z'rigonostemon contains about 6 species, the chief of which is
T. Lawianus, Nimmo; Beddome t. 273, a small tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon.
Codieum contains 4 species: C. wmbellatum, Mill. Arg.; Beddome cexiii. of the

Western Ghats, one species in Burma and two in the Andaman Islands. This genus |

gives the ornamental variegated-leaved plants called ‘Crotons,’ now so much cultivated in
Indian gardens. Mischodon zeylanicus, Thw.; Beddome t. 290. Vern. Tamana,
Cinch., is a handsome large tree of Ceylon, with good timber; it has been found by
Beddome in Tinnevelly. Baliospermum contains 3 undershrubs of Northern and
Eastern Bengal, the commonest of which, B. montanum, Mill. Arg. (Croton poly-
andrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 682; Gamble 70). Vern. Hakun, Hind.; Konda-amadum,
’ Tel ; Poguntig, Lepcha, extends to South India and Burma.

Dalechampia scandens, Linn.; Kurz ii. 400, is a climbing shrub of Burma,
Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Poir.; Kurz ii. 418, is a short rather fleshy shrub often
cultivated in Burma. Daphniphyllum glaucescens, Bl.; Beddome cexvii. t. 288.
Vern. Nir-chappay, Burghers, is a handsome tree of the Western Ghats; and
D. himalayense, Mill. Arg. Vern. Rakichandan, rakt anglia, Kumaun, is a tree of
the est from Kumaun eastwards and the Khasia Hills found above 5,000 feet
altitude.

Several exotic trees belonging to this family have been introduced, and an attempt
made at their cultivation in India Hevea braziliensis, Mill. Arg.; and other species
of Hevea give the Brazilian caoutchouc. That named is the Para rubber, and is now
being grown for distribution in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, from plants received
in 1877. The ‘Ceara’ caoutchoue, a species of Manihot, probably M. Glaziovii, is
also being grown. The very interesting account of their collection by Mr. Cross may
be found at vol. iv, No. 1, p. 5 of the ‘ Indian Forester’ for 1878, and an account of
their state on arrival in India in Dr, King’s annual report of the Botanic Gardens at
Calcutta for the year 1877-78.

The great majority of the woody Euphorbiacex the wood of which
is here described, belonging to the following genera—Antidesma, Bac-
caurea, Bischoffia, Cleistanthus, Exeecaria, Homonoya, Jatropha, Lebi-
dieropsis, Macaranga, Mallotus, Ostodes, Putranjiva, Trewia—may, as
regards the structure of their wood, be said to belong to one type, whieh
is characterised as follows ; |

7
'

<< a rer ie a, « ae

Andrachne.| EUPHORBIACER. 349

Very fine, or extremely fine, and closely packed medullary rays.
Pores small or very small, often in radial lines.

The genera Phyllanthusand Briedelia differ by having their medullary
rays broader and further apart.

The genera Securinega, Andrachne, Buxus and Sarcococca have very
small or extremely small pores, and fine to extremely fine medullary rays.

Croton and Chetocarpus have extremely fine and closely packed
medullary rays, but the wood is marked by wavy concentric lines, which
are wanting in other genera of Euphorbiacee,

Givotia has scanty pores and short distant medullary rays,

Of these genera only Ledsidieropsis and Bischoffia have a distinet
heartwood, some of the others have darker coloured wood near the centre.

1. ANDRACHNE, Linn.

Two shrubs. A. telephioides, Linn.; Brandis 457, is a small undershrub of the
Punjab Salt Range.

1. A. cordifolia, Mull. Arg.; Brandis 456. Vern. Kirkni, girgili,
Jhelam; Bersu, Chenab; Barotri, maddre, Ravi; Mithkar, chéirmitti,
pin, Beas; Tsatin, Sutlej.

A small shrub. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores
very small and extremely small, larger and more numerous in the inner
belt of the annual rings. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous.

North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 8,000 feet.
Weight, 45 lbs.

H 2945. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3,500 feet » ‘ , ; ‘ 45

2. ANTIDESMA, Burm.

About 14 species. A. refractum, Mill. Arg., is a small tree of Sikkim, at about
2,000 feet. A. nigricans, Tul.. and A. simile, Mill Arg., are small trees of Sylhet and
A. oblongatum, Mill. Arg., of the Khasia Hills. A. martabanicum, Presl., and
A. molle, Mill. Arg. (A. velutinoswm, Bl. ; Kurz ii, 359) are small trees of Tenasserim.
A. velutinum, Tul. ; Kurz ii. 359. Vern. Kin-pa-lin, Burm., is a small evergreen tree
of river banks in Burma; and A. fruticulosum, Kuvrz ii. 359, of tidal forests in Pegu.
A. lanceolatum, Tul. ; Beddome cci., is a small tree of the Nilgiri Hills.

Wood hard, smooth, apt to split and warp. Pores small, numerous.
Medullary rays of two classes, very fine, and moderately broad.

1, A. Ghesembilla, Gaertn.; Beddome ce.; Brandis 446; Kurz ii.
358. <A. pubescens, Willd., and A, paniculatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
769, 770. Vern. Khidi jamb, limtod, Beng.; Umtod, Hazaribagh ;
Pulsur, polari, jana-pa-laseru, pollai, Tel.; Jondri, Mar.; Byaitsin,
Burm. ; Boo-ambilia, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree, with grey or pale brown bark, 4 inch thick,
with a few deciduous scales. Wood red, with darker coloured heartwood,
smooth, hard, close and even grained. Annual rings indistinctly marked
by concentric lines. Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly distri-
buted. Medullary rays of two sizes, few moderately broad rays with
numerous fine rays between them, prominent on a radial section.

Nepal, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Chanda district and South India.
Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are eaten in Bengal.

350 EUPHORBIACER. [Antidesma.

C 1161. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces L P r bits
B 2246. Andaman Islands (1866) . > ; 9 ' 52

2. E 2430 (46 lbs.) from the Chenga Forest, Darjeeling, has a similar structure. It is
marked A. Bunias, Spr.; beddome ce. ; Kurz. ii. 358 ; Gamble 69. Vern. Himalcheri, -
Nep.; Kantjer, Lepcha. A small tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, South India
and Tenasserim.

3. A. Menasu, Mill. Arg.; Kurz ii. 360; Gamble 69. Vern.
Kumbying, tungcher, Lepcha; Kin-pa-lin, Burm.

A small tree. Bark thin. Wood red, structure similar to that of
A. Ghesembilia, but the pores smaller and the medullary rays finer.

Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten.

Ibs.
E 2431. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling . ; : ao:
4, A. diandrum, Tulasne; Beddome cci.; Brandis 447; Kurz ii.

360; Gamble 69. Stilago diandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 759. Vern.
Amli, amdri, sarshoti, gir mussureya, ban mussureya, dhakki, Hind. ;
Mutta, Beng.; Patimil, Nep. ; Kantjer, Lepcha; Nunidri, Uriya; Pedlla-
gumudu, Tel.; Mastiir bauri, Gondi; Kin-pa-lin, Burm.

A small tree with smooth grey bark; inner bark pale red, fibrous.
Wood pinkish grey, hard, close-grained. Pores small and very small,
uniformly distributed. Medullary rays of two sizes, moderately broad
and very fine, wavy. Annual rings marked by a fine line.

Garhwal, Kumaun, Oudh, Bengal, South India and Burma.

Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot.. The leaves are acid and are eaten; they resemble
sorrel and are made into chutni. The fruit is eaten.

ibs.
O 1368. Gonda,Oudh . ., ri : : “ : 42
O 1464. Bahraich, Oudh. 40

38. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.

A large genus formed by the grouping together of several genera or sections, such
as Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Emblica, etc. It contains 43 Indian species of trees or
shrubs, which are thus arranged by Miller :—

Section I. EvuGLocHipion.

P. multilocularis, Mill. Arg. . : ; d - Bengal, Burma.
(P. calocarpus, Kurz) . ; ; ; . Andamans.
P. coccineus, Mill. Arg. . : : ‘ ; . Bengal, Burma.
P. zeylanicus, Mill. Arg. ; ‘ ; . - South India, And amans.
(P. andamanicus, Kurz) ; ; ‘ p . Andamans.
P. nitidus, Mill. Arg. . ar : ‘ - South India.
P. lanceolarius, Mill. Arg. . «+ North India, Bengal,
. Burma.
P. tomentosus, Mill. Arg. South India.
P. canararxus, Mill. Arg. ; : Ditto.
P. Helferi, Mill. Arg. ‘ : . Burma, Andamans,
P, subscandens, Mill. Arg. . ; Burma,
Sxotion II], HEmMicLocHipi0n.
P. Hohenackeri, Mill. Arg. . ; ; ; . South India.
P. fagifolius, Mill, Arg. . ; Bengal, Burma, South
ndia.
North India, Bengal.

P. nepalensis, Mull. Arg. ; .

Oita a ie

fe) ee a —s CCU

~

Phyllanthus. | EUPHORBIACE®, 351

P. Thomsoni, Mill. Arg. ? 5 eye, oe . Bengal.
P. spherogynus, Mill. Arg. - .. Burma. _
P. asperus,Miull. Arg. .. ; ; 3 . South India.
P. sylheticus, Mill. Arg. ; : : é . Bengal.
P. assamicus, Mill. Arg. F ‘ ; ; . Ditto.
P. glaucifolius, Mill. Arg. ; ; ‘ - Burma. |
P. neilgherrensis, Mill. Arg. . ° ‘ : . South India.
P. arboreus, Mill. Arg. ; } j ; .” “Ditto.
P. stellatus, Retz. ‘ ; ; : ; . Bengal.

- BP. malabaricus, Mill. Arg. . ‘ ’ ; » South India.
P. Perrottetianus, Mill. Arg. : ; ; » Ditto.
P. velutinus, Mill. Arg. : ; F ; . Bengal, South India.
P. Daltoni, Mill. Arg. . : ~ - : : iam ‘Burma, South

ndia.

P. Heyneanus, Mill. Arg. . . » « « South India,
P. bicolor, Mill. Arg. . ‘ : ° ; - Bengal.
P. khasicus, Mill. Arg ‘ ; > ‘ - . Uitto.
(P. dasystylus, Kurz). ; ; ° ° - Burma,
(P. leiostylus, Kurz) ; : 4 - . . Ditto.

Section III. Kireanentra.
P. reticulatus, Mill. Arg. . . . ~~ ~~ All India and Burma,

Section IV. EmpBtica.

P. Emblica, Linn. . { 3 é ; : . All India and Burma,
P. polyphullus, Willd. . ; : : ; . South India,

P. beobotryoides, Mill. Arg. . : se ad . Bengal, Burma,

P. columnaris, Mill. Arg. , : : : . Burma.

Section V. PaRAPHYLLANTHUS.
P. juniperinoides, Mill. Arg. ; . ; . South India.

Section VI. Crcca.

P. distichus, Mill. Arg. ‘ , ; . . India, Burma, Andamans,
P. cyanospermus, Mill. Arg. . . . . . South India.

P. indicus, Mill. Arg. . ‘ Oey . . Ditto.

(P. albizzioides, Kurz) . ; ’ . , - Burma.

(P. macrocarpus, Kurz) . . : : . Ditto.

Thus it will be seen that 4 species are found in North-West India, 16 in Northern
and Eastern Bengal, 21 in South India, 18 in. Burma, and 5 in the Andaman Islands.
Few of them are of much importance. P. lanceolurius, Mill. Arg.; Brandis 453;
Gamble 68 (Glochidion lanceolarium, Dalz.; Beddome excii.; Kurz 343. Bradleia
lanceolaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 697) Vern..Anguti, bhauri, Beng.; Bangikat, Nep.;
Fagiri, Lepcha; Tsekoban, Magh; Bhoma, Bombay, is a small tree of the Sub-Hima-
layan tract, from Kumaun eastwards, Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma, with a
hard, durable wood. P. nepalensis, Mill. Arg.; Brandis 452; Gamble 68 (G. nepa-
lense, Kurz ii. 344). Vern. Gol kamela, sama, chamar kas, amblu, kodmil, Pb.;
Mowa, bakalwa, kari, koria, Hind.; Katmowa, Garhwal; Gubermowa, bair mao

~ Kumaun; Latikat, Nep., is a small tree of the Outer Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract

from the Indus eastwards. It has a brownish-white wood, and the bark is used for tan-
ning. P. olyphy (lus, Willd. ; Beddome exc., is a small tree of South India, distinguished
from P. Hmblica by having a dry instead of a fleshy fruit. P.distichus, Mill. Arg. ;
Beddome cxci. (P. longifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. tii. 672. Cieca disticha, Linn. ; Kurz
ii. 353) Vern. Loda, nori, Beng.; Harfaruri, chalmeri, Hind.; Russa-usareki, Tel.
Arunelli, Tam.; Kirnelli, Mysore ; Thin-bo-zi-pyoo, Burm., is a small tree, cultivated
in South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands for the sake of its fruit.

Wood red, splits and warps. No heartwood. Pores moderate-sized,
subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, distant, prominent on a
vertical section, giving the wood a mottled appearance,

1. P. Emblica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 671; Beddome t, 258;

352 EUPHORBIACER.. [ Phyllanthus.

Brandis 454; Gamble 68. Cicca Hmbluca, Kurz ii. 352. Vern. Ambal,
ambli, Pb.; Daula, amla, amlika, awra, aola, auura, Hind.; Aunla,
Nep.; Suom, Lepcha; Am/a, ambolati, amulati, Beng.; Ambari, Garo;
Amluki, Ass.; Ald thanda, Cuttack; Nill, milli, nalli, awnri, usir,
dalla, Gondi; Aunre, Kurku; Nelli, nellekai, Tam.; Osirka, usri, asereki,
Tel. ; Nelli, nilika, Kan. ; Ohalu, gondhona, Uriya; Aonli, Mar, ; Nelli,
Cingh.; Shabju, tasha, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark somewhat less than 4 inch
thick, grey, exfoliating in small irregular patches, inner substance red.
Wood red, hard, close-grained, warps and splits in seasoning. No heart-
wood, annual rings not distinct. Pores small and moderate-sized, uni-
formly distributed, often subdivided or in short radial lines. . Medullary
rays moderately broad and broad, the distance between two rays generally
greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Medullary rays
very prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a handsome mottled
appearance.

Dry forests of India and Burma.

The annual rings are not sufficiently distinct in our specimens for counting. Aikin
in Wallich’s list gives 2°7 rings per inch of radius.

The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi-
ments :— .

: No. of
Experiment by whom Wood whence : “a Value of
me Pe Year, . procured, Weight. erpett Size of bar used, P.
Ft. in in
Puckle . % eee: *) MIBOND Stele 67. 2 2x 1x 1 975 (?)
mya ss ‘ = é o} "R6B1 ,| Assam: . . «' 46 Pore iB EL aay 617
Skinner, No. 105. ° . 1862 | South India . ae, Deere MS Ura 8 = 562
Cunningham . 5 - | 1854 |Gwalior ... 46 2 > Li Sarma GS we 559
R,. Thompson . ; . | 1868 | Central Provinces 45 ase, 1) A ae
A. Mendis - = . 1855 | Ceylon, ... 49 wos (elena ceeeran
Brandis (No. 98) : Pe eee > Pe Be ee eS 35 he Mowe et
Warth > ee ; -| 1878 | Different Provs. 51 SL hy 2t paaeee

The wood is durable under water, and is used for well-work ; also for agricultural
implements, building and furniture.

The bark is used for tanning and in medicine; chips of the wood are said to clear
muddy water. The fruit is the Emblic Myrobolam, and is used as a medicine, for
dyeing, tanning, and for food and preserves. It gives a gum, which is not used.

‘ Ibs,
P 104. Bhajji, Simla, 3,000 fee ‘ - P P ‘ ; en
P 438. Ajmere : ; ; > ‘ . ; ‘ , oT acs
O 252. Garhwal (1868) d . 49
O 6539. Dehra Din : ; 5 Pe era ; : , . 48
E 580. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . , ; ‘ , ee
E 2432, Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. . ; . i . 48
© 1126. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . 3 : : . ee
© 2738. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces. ; : q . 66
C 841. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . ; ‘ : : . . an
C 2774. Melghat, Berar : ‘ ‘ - . H ‘ whet
No. 61. Ceylon Collection , : 3 : ; entlattusbee . 66

2. P. Thomsoni, Miill. Arg.; Gamble 68. Vern. Latihat, Nep,
A small tree. Wood red, structure the same as that of P, Lmdblica.

~
=.

_

A

~ ry -

Phyllanthus.] EUPHORBIACER, 353

Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. eyes
Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot.

lbs.
E 2434, Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . ° ‘ ° te ae

3. P. bicolor, Mill. Arg.; Brandis 453; Gamble 68, .Vern, Lati-
kat, lakrikat, Nep.; Kuir, tetrikair, Lepeha,

An evergreen tree, with thin, grey bark. Wood red or reddish grey,
hard. Poressmall and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medul-
lary rays fine and moderately broad, numerous, very prominent on a
radial section, giving the wood a mottled appearance,

Nepal, Sikkim, and Khasia Hills, ascending to 7,000 feet,
Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius,
Weight, 37 to 47 lbs. per cubic foot.

E685. Seramay forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet : ; .. 37
E 2433. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet , ’ : . AT

4, P., reticulatus, Poiret; Beddome cxe.; Brandis 453; Gamble 68,
P. multiflorus, Roxb, Fl, Ind. ii, 664. Cicca reticulata, Kurz ii. 354,
Vern. Panjile, mékhi, Hind. ; Nella pirididdé, phulsar, Tel.; Welkyla,
Cingh.

A straggling shrub. Bark brown, thin. Wood white or greyish
white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty, more numerous in the
spring wood, marking thus the annual rings. Medullary rays fine,
numerous, wavy.

Common in most parts of India and Burma, especially along river banks,
E 3362. Dhupguri, W. Diars.

4. PUTRANJIVA, Wall.

1. P. Roxburghii, Wall.; Beddome t. 275; Brandis 451; Kurz ii.
866. Nageta Putranjiva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 766. Vern. Pu/djan, Pb. ;
Jia puta, joti, juti, pitra-jiva, patji, jivputrak, patigia, Hind.; Karupale,
Tam. ; Kadrajuvi, Tel.; Pongalam, Mal.; Jewan-putr, Mar.; Toukyap,
Burm.

A moderate-sized eyergreen tree with pendent branches. Bark dark
grey. Wood grey, shining, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual
rings marked by prominent concentric lines. Pores small to moderate-
sized, in radial lines, between closely packed, uniform, fine, medullary
rays. Very numerous, very fine transverse bars.

; Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Burma and South
ndia.

Growth fast, 43 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36°6 lbs. according to Wallich;
our specimens give 48 to 49 lbs. The wood is sometimes used for tools and turning.
pice seeds are strung in rosaries and children’s necklaces. ‘The leaves are lopped for

odder,

lbs,
O 1459. Bahraich, Oudh . : ; { * ; ; , » 48
O 1477. Gonda, Oudh s : : ; : : : : | ee
E 5469. Calcutta . : : P ‘ , , ; 5 a

2 w

354 _ BUPHORBIACER. [Seeurinega.

5. SECURINEGA, Juss.
Three species. SS. grisea, Miill. Arg., is a shrub of the Khasia Hills.

1. S. obovata, Miill. Arg. ; Beddome exevii.; Brandis 455; Gamble
68. Phyllanthus retusus and virosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 657, 659. Cicca
obovata, Kurz ii. 354, Vern. Dalme, dhani, bakarcha, ghari, gwaia,
darim, Hind.; Tktidi, Lepcha; Ukieng, thaka, Mechi; Kodarsi, Mar.;
Korehi, Gondi; Yae-chinya, Burm.

A small tree. Bark rusty or reddish brown. Wood reddish yellow,
close-grained. Annual rings marked by a white line. Pores small, numer-
ous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, the distance between
the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Suliman Range, Sub-Himalayan tract and Outer Himalaya ascending to 5,000
feet, Eastern Bengal, Central and South India and Burma.

Growth slow, 14 to 16 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot.
bib: durable, used for agricultural implements.. Bark astringent; used to intoxicate

sn.
Ibs.

H 2941. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet . 3, F ‘ 3 &
P. 3247. Ajmere ‘ ; : : ; ; - ‘ ‘ of eae

2. S. Leucopyrus, Mill. Arg.; Beddome ecxevil.; Brandis 456;
Gamble 68. Phyllanthus Leucopyrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. in. 658. Cieca
Leucopyrus, Kurz ii. 353. Vern. Pera pastawane, Afg.; Kaktn, rithei,
girthan, gargas, bhathi, bata, vanithi, girk, Pb.; Hartho, aintha, North-
Western Provinces; Kiran, Sind; Challa mauta, sale manta, Central
Provinces ; dchal, Nep.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark smooth, reddish brown, with few
vertical cracks. Wood pink, hard, close-grained. Pores small, often
subdivided or in short radial lines, numerous, uniformly distributed.
Medullary rays very fine and fine, numerous, bent where they touch the
pores.

Outer Himalaya, ascending to 5,000 feet, throughout India and Burma.
Wood only used as fuel. |

E 3319. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet.
E 3282, Sitapahar Reserve, Chittagong.

6. BACCAUREA, Lour.

Miiller describes 6 species: B. affinis, Mill. Arg. and B. parviflora, Mill. Arg. ;
Kurz ii. 357, from South Tenasserim; B. propingua, Mill. Arg., from Sylhet;
B. courtallensis, Mill. Arg., and B. flaccida, Mill. Arg., from South India,

1, B. sapida, Miill. Arg. ; Beddome t. 280 ; Kurz ii. 356 ; Gamble 69.
Pierardia sapida, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii, 254. Vern. Luteo, Hind.; Kala
bogoti, Nep.; Sumbling, Lepcha; Latecku, Ass.; Koli kuki, Kan. ;
Kanaizu, Magh; Kanazo, Burm. '

A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with thin grey corky bark. Wood
greyish brown, soft, liable to split badly. Pores small, in short radial lines.
Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, the distance between the rays
being from one to three times the transverse diameter of the pores. Wood
cells very large, arranged in transverse lines which have the appearance
of innumerable short fine bars across the rays.

*

ee ae

Baccaurea. | EUPHORBIACEA. 355

Bengal, Assam, Burma, and Andaman Islands. .

Weight, according to Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 97, 61 ]bs.; Wallich,
No. 154, 38 lbs.; our specimens average 42 lbs. Tbe wood is not used. The fruit is
much eaten, it is acid and pleasant, and is.called ‘ Zutgua.’ The leaves are used in
Northern Bengal and Assam for dyeing.

, lbs.
E 1265. Tezpur, Assam P , ‘ 2 : : ; : 42
B 2552. Burma (1862) F ; ; ‘ ; ; ; ; 44,
B 3145.4 Magayee, Burma ; ; 3 : ; : ; ; 42
B 3146. 2 re " , ' : ‘ : - : , 43
B 2686. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) ; ‘ ; ; ‘ ; : 41
B 2720. 3 9 : ‘ ‘ ‘ ; ; , ‘ 41

7. APOROSA, BI.

Contains eight species. A. villosa, Baill.; Kurz ii. 361. Vern. Ye-mein, Burm., is
a tree of Burma whose bark is used for dyeing red, and which gives a red resin. A.
macrophylla, Mill. Arg.; Kurzii. 361. Vern. In-jin, Burm., A. villosula, Kurz ii. 362.
Vern. Thitsap, Burm., and A. microstachya, Mill. Arg.; Kurz ii. 363, are evergreen
trees of Burma. <A. oblonga, Miill. Arg. and A. lanceolata, Thw. ; Beddome excix. ;
Kurz ii. 363, are trees of Tenasserim. A. Lindleyana, Wight; Beddome t. 286 ;
Gamble 69. Vern. Sulla, surroli, Kan.; Kagbhalai, Nep., is a tree of Sikkim and
the Western Ghats with a good timber. A. dioica, Mill. Arg.; Gamble 69 (A. Roz-
burghii, Baill. ; Kurz ii. 362. Alnus dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 580. Lepidostachys
Rowxburghii, Wall.) Vern. Kokra, Beng.; Sanpalu, Garo; Tauprengjan, Magh, is a
tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma.

This last has been identified with the tree producing the ‘Coco-wood’ of com-
merce, generally supposed to come from the West Indies.

No. 2925 is the Coco-wood. It has a dark-brown, very hard, close-grained wood,
with white sapwood, and resembles that of Homonoya (see page 364) in structure. It
weighs 79 lbs. per cubic foot.

The wood of Aporosa dioica should be carefully examined to prove that the
Indian tree gives a timber similar to Coco-wood,

8. BISCHOFFIA, Bi.

1. B. javanica, Bl.; Beddome t. 259; Brandis 446; Kurz ii. 855;
Gamble 69. Andrachne trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 728. Vern,
Kein, korsa, wum, Uind,; Kainjal, Nep.; Sinong, Lepcha; Taisof,
urtim, Mechi; Uriam, Ass.; Bolzuru, Gdro ; Joki, Cachar; Boke, Bom-
bay ; Thondi, Tam.; Gorarneliu, Hassan; Modagerri vembu, Tinnevelly.

‘A deciduous tree. Bark rough, dark grey with a brown tinge, ex-
foliating in angular scales. Wood red, rough, moderately hard, with a
small darker-coloured heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, in short radial
lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and very fine, the distance
between the broad rays being from one to three times the transverse
diameter of the pores. 7

Kumaun, Garhwal, Oudh, Gorakhpur, Bengal, South India and Burma.

Growth fast, some of our specimens shewed 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight,
the average of our specimens gave, heartwood 47°5 lbs., sapwood 36 lbs. per cubic foot,
Kyd gives: Weight 43 lbs. P—617. Kurz evidently identifies with this, No. 99 of
Brandis’ list of 1862. Vern. Yagine, Burm. Weight 35 lbs. In Assam it is esteemed
one of the best timbers and used for bridges and other works of construction. Beddome
a it is used by planters in the Nilgiris for building, and is sometimes called ‘ Red

edar.’

356 ‘EUPHORBIACEM. [ Bischoffia.
lbs,
O 1374. Gonda, Onudh ‘ < : 5 . d ‘ ; 44,
E 654. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . e ‘ ; ‘ ° 53
E 1257. ‘Tezpur, Assam : . > ‘ ; 3 ‘ ‘ 47
E 2191. Nowgong, Assam ; . ‘ ‘ . . if 9 46
E 2467. Calcutta (sapwood) . 3 : ‘ : ~ : ; 36

9. BRIEDELIA, Willd.

About 7 species. B. ovata, Dene; Kurz ii. 368, is a small tree of Tenasserim and
the Andamans. B. Hamiltoniana, Mill. Arg., is a small tree with two varieties, one
found in Behar, the other on the Bombay Ghats. B. stipularis, Bl.; Beddome cci.;
Brandis 449 ; Kurz ii. 369 ; Gamble 69 (B. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 736) Vern.
Madlatéh, undergipa, Oudh; Lilima, Nep.; Dinkibira, Tel.; Kihur, kohi,
Ass. ; Harinhara, Beng ; Sin-ma-no-pyin, Burm., is a large climbing shrub of most
parts of India and Burma, with a dark heartwood; it is used for fuel in the Sundar-
bans. B. dasycalyx, Kurz ii. 369, is a climber of the forests of Burma.

Heartwood grey or olive brown, seasons well. Pores small to
moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine or moderately broad.

1. B. retusa, Sprengel; Beddome t. 260; Brandis 449; Kurz ii.
368; Gamble 69. B&B. crenulata, Roxb., and B. spinosa, Wiild.; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 734, 735. Vern. Pathor, mark, Pb., Khaja, hassi, gauli,
Hind.; Lamkana, Ajmere; dngnera, Banswara; Asana, Mar.; Geio, Nep. ;
Pengji, Lepcha; Nanda, Rajbanshi; Katakuchi, Mechi; Kashi, Garo;
Kamkui, Chittagong ; Kost, Uriya; Mulu-vengay, kamanji, Tam. ; Kora-
mau, dudi méddi, koramadi, duriamadi, Tel.; Kasset, Gondi; Karka,
Kurku; Génjan, kati ain, Mar., Bhil; Asuna, gojé, Kan. ; Adamarathu,
Tinnevelly; Tse:chyee, Burm., Katta kaala, Cingh.

A large deciduous tree, with thorns on the bark of young stems.
Bark } inch thick, grey or brown, rough with longitudinal cracks and
exfoliating in long irregular plates. Sapwood small; heartwood
grey to olive brown, close-grained, seasons well, moderately hard, the
annual rings marked by concentric lines. Pores uniformly distributed,
moderate-sized, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays numerous,
uniform and equidistant, moderately broad, visible on a radial section as
rough, narrow plates ; the distance between two rays equal to, or less than,
the transverse diameter of the pores. This wood has a mottled grain
and takes a beautiful polish.

Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 3,600 feet, Oudh,
Bengal, Central and South India, Burma,

Growth fast, our specimens shewed an average of 5-6 rings per inch of radius.
Weight, Skinner, No. 291, gives 60lbs.; R. Thompson, 54]bs.; Brandis, No. 23,
Burma List, 1862, 66 lbs.; the average of our specimens is 50]bs. according to Dr.
Wartli’s weighings of specimens. Skinner gives P= 892. This is, probably, Kyd’s
B. stipularis, Vern. Kohi, Ass., weight 64 lbs., P—=525. Wood durable, used for
cattle-yokes, agricultural implements, carts and building. It stands well under water.
The bark is used for tanning, the fruit eaten, and the leaves cut to feed cattle.

Ibs.
P 461. Ajmere : 4 . ‘ : ' . ‘ ‘ 48
© 259. Garhwal (1868) . i ; ; . : Khe duly . 45
O 3001. - (1874) » ’ : d ‘ : ; ‘ : 43
© 1480. Kheri, Oudh . ° ‘ : ‘ ‘ ; ‘ . 61

© 347. Gorakhpur (1868) . ; : . . " : . 47
© 1174. Abiri Reserve, Central Provinces ; . ; , . 55

’

ve

—————S ee rlc itl rT 2

Briedelia.| EUPHORBIACE®. 357

Ibs,
C 840. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar ; ; : , ; ; 63
C 2765. Melghat, Berar , ‘ F é p ; , : 45
E 645. Sepoydura, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet ; ; ; : : 53
E 619. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . é ; : ° ; 56
E 2428. ” . z ‘ : ‘ P ; ; 46
B 3074. Burma (1862) . ; pF : ‘ : . , ‘ 46
B 1431. Tharrawaddy Division, Burma . ‘ , ‘ : ‘ 56
No. 43. Ceylon Collection . P ; : : . ; ; 44,
No. 68. 9 - : ; ; ; ° 38

2. B, montana, Willd.; Roxb, Fl. Ind, iii. 735; Beddome ccii. ;
Brandis 450; Gamble 70. Vern. Kargnalia, khaja, geia, kusi, Hind.;
Geio, Nep. ; Kaisho, Ass.; Patenga, Tel.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood grey, beautifully mottled ;
annual rings distinctly marked by darker and firmer wood on the
outside of each ring. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in radial
lines; the transverse diameter of the pores being generally Jess than the
distance between the fine and uniformly distributed medullary rays,
which are prominent on a radial section.

A tere tract from the Jhelam eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Oudh,
engali.

Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 46 to 59 lbs. per cubic foot,
but the heavier specimen was perhaps not sufficiently seasoned. Wood very similar
to that of B. retusa and might be used for the same purposes. The leaves are lopped
for cattle fodder. ae

O 1375. Gonda,Oudh . ; ‘ : . : : : ; 59
C 199. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) ; ; - : : 46

3. B. tomentosa, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 367; Gamble 70. B. lanceafolia,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 737. Vern. Sidri, Nep.; Mantet, Lepcha; Szrai,
mindri, Beng.

A small evergreen tree. Wood light olive brown, hard, close-grained.
Pores small, often subdivided, enclosed in rounded patches of soft tissue,
which are generally arranged in oblique, undulating lines; the transverse
diameter is greater than the distance between the very fine, very numerous,
uniform and equidistant medullary rays.

North-East Himalaya, ascending to 2,009 feet, Eastern Bengal and Burma.
Weight, 64 1bs. per cubic foot. ©
lbs.

E 1397. Chittagong EN . ' ° , . . 64

10. CLEISTANTHUS, Hook. f.

About 7 species. C. patulus, Mill. Arg., C. malabaricus, Mill. Arg., and
C. stipularis, Mill. Arg., are small trees of South India. C. oblongifolius, Miill. Arg.,
and C. chartaceus, Mull. Arg., trees of Eastern Bengal, the first extending northwards
to Sikkim. C. stenophyllus, Kurz, and C. myrianthus, Kurz, are trees of Burma and
the Andaman Islands.

1. C. myrianthus, Kurz ii. 370. Vern. Mo-man-tha, Burm.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard, reddish
grey. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine,
very numerous, closely packed.

Tropical forests of Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Ibs.

B 2474. Andamans (Kurz, 1866). ‘ : . eeches fl

358 RUPHORBIACER. [ Lebedieropsis.

11. LEBEDIEROPSIS, Mill. Arg.

1. L. orbicularis, Mill. Arg. ; Beddome cciii. ; Brandis 450. Cluytia
collina, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 732. Vern. Garrar, gardri, Wind.; Karada,
Uriya; Korst, wodesha, kadishen, korshe, Tel.; Wodayu, waddan,
Tam.; Garari, Mar.; Madara, Cingh.

A small deciduous tree. Bark } inch thick, dark brown, almost black,
often with a reddish tinge, rough with numerous cracks, exfoliating in
rectangular woody scales. Wood red, tough, moderately hard to hard,
close and even-grained, warps in seasoning. Heartwood dark red, small ;
sapwood lighter coloured. Pores small, arranged in radial lines between
the very fine and very numerous equidistant medullary rays.

Bandelkhand, Satpura Range and forests southwards to the Godavari mountains
of South India.

Weight, 54 to 55lbs. per cubic foot. Reddome says the wood is much used in India.
It coppices readily and in great abundance; it may, therefore, be specially recom-
mended where fuel has to be produced in tropical parts of India, but it is also recom-
mended as a useful wood for turning. The outer crust of the capsule is said to be

poisonous.
Ibs.

C 1175. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces : ‘ : ; £ 54
C 1252. Gumstr, Madras f : a 3 J F < : 55
C 1306. m re : 4 é " . . 54

This wood resembles that of Kugenia operculata in outward appearance and in
structure, but differs by the absence of concentric lines. It is almost identical with
that of Flacourtia Ramontchi, and if it were not for the great difference in the bark
which in Zebedieropsis is darkcoloured, almost black and deeply fissured, and in
Flacourtia light coloured, smooth, with short narrow horizontal cracks, one might
be inclined to suspect a mistake in the specimens. The only difference that can be
seen under the glass is that the medullary rays in Flacourtia are slightly wavy,
while those of Lebedieropsis are straight.

12, CROTON, Linn.

A large genus of trees and shrubs, erect or straggling, with about 19 Indian species.
The following list has been extracted from Miiller’s Monograph in DeCandolle’s
Prodromus, Vol. xv. 2, those newly added by Beddome and Kurz being given in
brackets :— :

Section I. ELvurerta.
C. Joufra, Roxb. ‘ : : : ; . Eastern Bengal, Burma.

Section II. Evcroron.

C. argyratus, Bl. : ‘ : : : . Burma, Andamans.

C. oblongifolius, Roxb. . R ° ° , . North and South India,
Bengal, Burma.

C. reticulatus, Mill. Arg. ‘ ° ’ ‘ - South India.

C. lacciferus, Linn. : : ; : : , Ditto.

C. aromaticus, Linn. a . : ; ‘ ; Ditto.

C. chlorocalyx, Mill. Arg. _.. ; : ; . Eastern Bengal.

C. rhodostachyus, Mull. Arg. . ; ‘ ‘ . Burma.

C. caudatus, Miill. Arg. ; ‘ ‘ ; . Eastern Bengal, Burma,
South India.

C. Tiglium, Linn. ; . , : ; . Bengal, Burma, South
India.

C. birmanicus, Mill. Arg. F . ; ; . Burma.

C. levifolius, Bi. eet . « «+ + KHastern Bengal.

C. Wallichii, Mill. Arg.. ° meee 6 . Burma.

Croton.] EUPHORBIACER. 359
(C. scadiosus, Beddome) . ‘ ; a - South India.
(C. malabaricus, Beddome) . . : j ; Ditto.
(C. robwetus, Kurz) j ‘ ; i P . Burma.
(C. sublyratus, Kurz). ; : , . . Andamans.
(C. floceulcsus, Kurz). : : ; . ~. Burma.
(C. calococcus. Kurz) ‘ ; é ‘ F - Ditto.

C. Joufra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 685 ; Kurz ii. 373. Vern. Joufra, Beng., is a tree
of Eastern Bengal and Burma. C. oblongifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 688; Beddome
eciv.; Brandis 4389; Kurz ii. 373; Gamble 70. Vern. Arjunna, Ondh; Ach, Nep.;
Burma, parokupi, Ass.; Bhutankusam, Tel.; Thityin, Burm., is a small tree found
in the Sub-Himalayan tract from Oudh eastwards, South India, Burma, and Ceylon.
Bark 1 inch thick, grey or brownish, inner bark red. Wood white, close-grained,
moderately hard, cracks in seasoning; the seeds give an oil. C. TYiglium, Linn. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 682; Brandis 440; Kurz ii. 374. The Purging Croton. Vern.
Jaipdal, jamal-gota, Hind.; Kanakho, Burm., is a small tree, cultivated in many parts
of India and Burma, the seeds are a powerful purgative, and the yellow oil is a valu-
able medicine.

C. scabiosus, Beddome t. 283, and C. malabaricus, Beddome cciv., are trees of the
Western Ghats with silvery leaves.

1, C. argyratus, B].; Kurz ii. 372. Vern. Chonoo, Burm.; Zalid-
da, And, -

A moderate-sized or small evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood
hard, yellow, close and even-grained, seasons well. Pores large and very
large, scanty, circular, very prominent on a vertical section. Medullary
rays extremely fine, very numerous. Numerous wavy concentric lines
(of darker colour ?).

-Martaban, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands.
Weight, 46 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood worthy of nctice.

lbs.
Re Sata EOE AWM SES
B 515. 2 pummmpmmmmrnete SRSRE SAE 312 22) 8° RR

2. C. caudatus, Mill. Arg.; Kurz ii. 375; Gamble 70. C. drupa-
ceum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 683. Vern. Nan bhantir, Beng.; Zakchabrik,
Lepcha.

A large straggling shrub, Bark thin, grey. Wood white or yellow-
ish white, hard, close-grained. Pores large, scanty, sometimes subdi-
vided, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays very fine to
extremely fine, very numerous. Numerous wavy concentric lines of
white tissue often interrupting the rays.

Bengal, Assam, Burma and South India, chiefly on the banks of streams.
Home says the wood is used for fuel and the leaves applied as poultices to sprains.

E 3298. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai.

B 3201. Burma (1862) Thityinkat, supposed to be Croton oblongifolius, has a
white wood similar in structure to C. argyratus, except that the fine, wavy concentric
bands are more prominent and the pores are smaller,

13, TREWIA, Linn.

1. T. nudiflora, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 837; Beddome t. 281;
Brandis 443; Kura ii. 379; Gamble 70. Vern. Zvmri, khamara, bhil-
laura, Hind, ; Pita, Beng. ; Garum, gamari, Nep.; Tungflam, Lepcha;

~ 360 EUPHORBIACER. [ Trewia.

Pitari, Mar. ; Kat kumbla, Kan. ; Hruprukban, Magh ; Thilmycke, ye-myot,
Burm.

A deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey. Wood white, scft, not dur-
able. Pores moderate-sized, subdivided and often elongated, the trans-
verse diameter several times greater than the distance between — closely
packed uniform, fine medullar y rays.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 3,000 feet, Bengal,
Burma, South India.

Weight, 28 to 29 lbs. Used for native drums and agricultural implements. Reeog-
nised by its opposite leaves, which resemble those of Gmelina arborea.

lbs.
E 2468. Calcutta ‘ ; j s ; ; ; 5 : . 29
B 311. Burma (1867) ‘ $ ; ae i ; j . 28

14. MALLOTUS, Loureiro.

A genus of trees or shrubs with large, often peltate, leaves. Most of them are of
no importance, and only a few are common. The following list is taken from the ©
Prodromus, from Dr. Miiller’s Monograph, wherein 22 Indian. species are described :—

Section I. BLuMEODENDRON.
M. Tokbrai, Mil. Arg. (B. Tokbrai, Kurz ii. 391) . Andamans.
Section II. Rorrnerorsis.

M. lappaceus, Mill. Arg. ; ; ; 5 . Burma.

Section III. Mertanosertis.

M. barbatus, Mill. Arg. . Western Ghats, Burma.
M. moluccanus, Mill. Arg. Beddome ceviii. (Ricinus
dicoccus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 690). ; . North Arcot.

SECTION LV. EuMALtLortvus.

M. Roxburghianus, Mill. Arg. : ; : . Sikkim, Eastern Bengal,
Purma.

M. ricinoides, Mill. Arg. i pe ; ; . Tenasserim.

M. oreophilus, Mill. Arg. ; : ; : Sikkim, Khasia.

M. nepalensis, Mill. Arg. ‘ : ; ‘ - Nepal.

M. albus, Mill. Arg. ; r . ‘ 5 A Sildcim, Eastern Bengal,
South India.

M, paniculatus, Mill. Arg. . : ; . - Burma.

M. acuminatus, Mill. Arg. . : ; . Andamans.

M. Helferi, Mill. ALB ox oxit aol ote : ‘ . Sikkim, Burma, Anda.
mans

M. muricatus, Mill. Arg. . : , ; . Western. Ghats, Anda-

mans.
M. stenanthus, Mill. Arg. ; ; ; , . Bombay Ghats,
M. aureo-punctatus, Mill. Arg. , d : x Western Ghats.
M. Lawit, Mull. Arg. ; é ‘ ; . West Coast.
M. distans, Mill. Arg. . ; ‘ é : . Tinnevelly.
M. decipiens, Mill. Arg. . : ° , ; . Tenasserim.
M. atrovirens, Mill. Arg. : , ; ° . Tinnevelly,
M. rhamnifolius, Mill. Arg. . ; ; ; . South India.

M. philippinensis, Mill. Arg. . All India.
M. repandus, Mill Arg. a out dicocea, 1 Roxb, Fi.
Ind. iii. 829) . ; . Eastern Bengal, South

India, Burma,

|
:

Matllotus. | EUPHORBIACER. 361

Fine, uniform, closely packed medullary-tays; pores small, in radial
lines, in some species numerous faint transverse bars.

1. M. philippinensis, Miill. Arg,; Beddome t. 289; Brandis 444;

Kurz ii. 881; Gamble 70. Rottlera tinectoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 827.

Vern. Kamela, kamal, hambal, kimila, Pb.; Rien, ridna, roli, Kumaun ;
Rohni, Oudh; Reoni, Banda; Rauni, rori, C. P.; Punuag, ting, kishur,
Beng.; Sinduria, Nep.; Puroa, tukla, Lepcha; Baraiburt, sindurpong,
Mechi; Chinderpang, machugan, Gdro; Gangai, puddum, Ass.; Kumala,
sundragundi, Uriya; Kapli, kavila, Tam.; Kimkuma, vassuntagunda,
chendra, sinduri, Te}.; Koku, Gondi; Kurku, corunga-manje, saruakasari,
hulichellu, Kan.; Shendri, Mar.; Ponnagam, Mal.; Hamparandella,
Cingh.; Zau-theedin, Burm.

A small tree. Bark 4 inch thick, grey, inner substance red, marked
by irregular cracks. Wood smooth, grey to light red, hard, close- grained,
no heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small, uniformly distri-
buted, scanty, often subdivided. Meduliary rays uniform, very fine,
very numerous, equidistant, the distance between them less than the
diameter of the pores. Faint indications of transverse bars.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4,500 feet, Bengal,
Central and South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood warps and shrinks, used only for fuel. The
bark is used for tanning. The crimson powder which covers the ripe fruit is used for
dyeing silk, and as a purgative and anthelmintic. Dr. Bidie states in his Paris Exhi-
bition List of 1878 that he described the structure of the grains of Kamela in the
Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science. He says that they consist of a red
substance enclosed in a membranous sac, which is not acted on by water, though solu-
ble in alcohol or an alkaline solution.

Ibs.
P 109. Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet E ; ; : t : . 60
C 1178. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . , : ; 5 « 43
EK 599. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. : : ‘ te
E 2421. is “ & - : j ’ : . 49

2. M. albus, Mill. Are. ; Beddome ceviii. ; Brandis 444 ; Gamble 70;

M. tetracoccus, Kurz ii. 382. Rottlera alba and tetracocca, Roxb. FI. Ind.

ill. 829, 826. Vern. Marleya, Sylhet; Jogz mallata, Nep.; Numéong,
Lepcha.

_ A-small evergreen tree with thin brownish grey bark. Wood soft,

white. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided. Medullary

rays as in D1. philippinensis.

Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Western Ghats, Mysore and Ceylon.
Weight, 31 lbs. per cubic foot. Leaves covered beneath with dense white tomen-
tum. :

Ibs.
E 2422. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai - : . . ‘ ; . 3l

3. M. Roxburghianus, Mill. Arg.; Kurz ii. 383; Gamble 70.
Rottlera peltata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 828. Vern. Kamli mallata, phusri
mallata, Nep.; Nim pooteli, Beng.; Sétrgéllum, Sylhet.

A small evergreen tree. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained.
Pores small, often in radial lines, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays uniform, fine, very numerous, equidistant. Faint transverse bars.

2x

362 EUPHORBIACER. [Mallotus.

Sikkim, Assam, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma.
Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot.

Ibs.
E 2423. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai . ; ; > ; . 46

4, M. muricatus, Mill. Arg. ; Beddome ceviii.; Kurz ii. 384. Vern.
Ouk-mouk, Burm.

A large evergreen shrub. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores very
small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, very. numerous,
equidistant. Numerous very fine transverse bars.

Western Ghats and Andaman Islands.
Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot.

ibs.
B 2476. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1874) . ; , x : ; 57

5. M. oreophilus, Mill. Arg.; Gamble 70. Vern. Numboongkor,
Lepcha; Safed maliata, Nep.

A small tree. Bark 4th inch thick, light brown, with corky lenti-
cels. Wood white, soft. Pores moderate-sized and large, rather scanty,
often subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, very
numerous, equidistant, the distance between them less than the trans-
verse diameter of the pores. .

Sikkim 5,000 to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills.
Growth moderately fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. A common tree about Dar-
jeeling, chiefly in second-growth forest.

E 3397. The Park, Darjeeling, 6,500 feet.

15. MACARANGA, Pet. Thouars.

A genus of about 12 species of Indian trees or shrubs. They: have large often
peltate leaves, are fast growing, and chiefly found in old clearings, where they often
come up gregariously. The following list gives Dr. Miiller’s species, those since
described by Kurz being given in brackets :—

Section I. Mappa.

M. Tanarius, Mill. Arg. 2 5 : ; . Andamans.

M. gummiflua, Mill. Arg. - «+ «+ . « Sikkim, Eastern Bengal.
M. denticulata, Mill. Arg. ; , ‘ ; . Sikkim, Burma.

M. Helferi, Mull. Arg. . 2 : : , - Burma, Andamans,

M. populifolia, Mill. Arg. —.. . . Andamans.

Section IJ. EuMacaranGa.

M. indica, R. Wight . : : : . Sikkim, Khasia Hills,
Western Ghats, Anda-
mans.

M. flecuosa, R. Wight . ‘ 4 : . . Tinnevelly.

M. tomentosa, R. Wight . : ; ; , . Western Ghats.

M., peltata, Mill. Arg. . : ; ‘ : . Kastern Ghats.

M. minutiflora, Mill. Arg. - d ; ‘ . Tenasserim.

(M. andamanica, Kurz) . ; : ; . Andamans, ,

(M, membranacea, Kurz) . ‘ , . 4 . Martaban Hills, 4,000 to

6,000 feet,

Macaranga.| EUPHORBIACES, 363

M. tomentosa, R. Wight; Beddome t. 287. Vern. Vutte kanni, Tam. ; Upligi,
upalkat, kanchupranthi, Kan.; Chenthakanni, Mysore; Chanda, Bombay ; Kanda,
Cingh., isa rapid growing small tree of the Western Ghats, usually of old clearings ;
it gives a gum which is used medicinally and for taking impressions.

Wood soft, spongy. Pores moderate-sized to large. Medullary rays
uniform, very fine, closely packed. -

1, M. indica, Wight; Beddome cexi.; Kurz ii. 887; Gamble 71-
Vern. Dagdakti, Mechi; Lal maliata, Nep.; Laikezau, Mechi; Bouras
Beng. ; Modala, Ass. (M. pudica of Mr. Mann’s list is probably this.)

A small evergreen tree. Bark grey, thin, smooth. Wood greyish
red, ‘moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, oval, elongated
and subdivided. Medullary rays faint, uniform, very fine, very numer-
ous, equidistant.

Sikkim up to 3,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Western Ghats and Andaman Islands.
Growth very fast. Weight, 33 lbs. per cubic foot. It gives a red resin.

Ib
E 2424. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet . : A P ‘ : 33

B 2475. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1874). ‘ ‘ , ‘

2. M. denticulata, Mill. Arg. ; Kurz ii. 887; Gamble 71. Vern.

Maltlata, Nep.; Numro, Lepcha ; Toung-hpek-wan, Burm.
_ A small tree, often gregarious. Bark grey, smooth. Wood soft,

greyish red, structure similar to that of MW. indica.

Sikkim Hills, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, chiefly on old clearings, Burma

Growth fast, our specimen shewed 2 rings per inch of radius; Gamble says it
reaches in 10 years a height of 40 feet with a girth of 3 feet. Weight, 29 lbs. per
cubic foot. It is much used for fencing and temporary huts. It gives a gum, but
scanty. ‘The botanical determination of this and the next species is not quite certain.

lbs.
E 2425. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . : . ; ‘ 29

8. M. gummifiua, Mill. Arg.; Gamble 70. Vern. Jogi mallata,
Nep. ; Chakro, Garo; Burua, Chittagong ; Pawaing, Magh.

A small tree, often gregarious. Bark grey, smooth. Wood greyish
red, soft, in structure similar to that of JZ. indica.

Sikkim, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, Eastern Bengal.
Growth fast, our specimen shewed 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 22 lbs. per
cubic foot. Wood used for similar purposes to that of M. denticulata.
Ibs,
E 2426. Pugraingbong, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet —. et a ; . 22

16. RICINUS, Linn.

1, R. communis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 689; Brandis 445;
Kurz 11.400; Gamble 71. The Castor Oil Plant.or Palma Christi. Vern,
Rand, arand, arendi, tnd, Hind, ; Aneru, Chenab ; Harnauli, Salt Range ;
Ind-rendi, Kumaun; Orer, Nep.; Aaklop, Lepcha; Sittamunuk, Tam. ;
Amadum, amdi, sittamindi, Tel. ; Nerinda,Gondi; Haralu, Kan.; Kyeksu,
Burm.

A large shrub or small tree. Bark thin, light greyish brown. Wood
white, soft, light, with large central pith, Pores moderate-sized, scanty,
uniformly distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays numerous, fine
to moderately broad. :

364 EUPHORBIACER. 7 [ Ricinus.

Indigenous in Arabia and North Africa, cultivated throughout India and often
found run wild,

Usually cultivated for the oil which is expressed from its seeds, and which is so
largely used for burning, for lubricating machinery and in medicine,

It is also grown for its leaves, which are used for feeding silkworms. The ‘ Eri’
silk of Assam produced by Attacus Ricini fed on the leaves of the castor oil plant,
gives a beautiful fine silk, used to make wearing apparel by the Assamese and Mechis.

E 3277. Naltanpara, Western Diaars.

17. HOMONOYA, Loureiro.

Three species. H. retusa, Mill. Arg.; Beddome cexii.; Brandis 445, is a small
shrub of river banks in South India. .

1, H. symphylliefolia, Kurz; Gamble 71. Vern. Bajadanti, Nep. ;
Ching, Lepcha.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark very thin, white or light
grey, peels off in thin flakes. Wood yellowish white, hard, smooth,
close-grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small, numerous,
uniformly distributed, sometimes in radial lines. Medullary rays very
fine, very numerous. Few concentric lines (?).

Damp forests of the lower Darjeeling Hillis.

Weight,-54 to 59 lbs. per cubic foot. The section of the stem is very irregular,
presenting deep sinuosities. The wood is hard and tough, and is used for punting
poles by the Tista boatmen. It is recommended for trial as a substitute for boxwood.

Ibs.
E 496. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling . A ble : : 7 54
E 2429. Tista Valley, near Sivoke, Darjeeling . . . . . 8&9

2. H. riparia, Lour. ; Beddome ccxii.; Brandis 445; Kurz ii. 401;
Gamble 71. Adelia neriifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 849. Vern. Kan-
dégar, Kumaun; Khola ruis, Nep.; Mongthel, Lepcha; Taniki, Tel. ;
Sundeh, Gondi; Jeljambu, Kurku; Kat-alluri, Mal.; Momakha, yay-ta-
gyeeben, Burm. |

A small shrub. Bark brown. Wood grey or greyish brown, moder-
ately hard, close-grained. Pores scanty, moderately large, often sub-
divided. Medullary rays of two classes: few moderately broad and short,
and numerous long, fine rays, which, as a thin section, appear as a suc-
cession of small black cells,

Rocky and stony river beds throughout India.
Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot.

E 3303. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai

18. JATROPHA, Linn.

About 4 species: J. Wightiana, Mill. Arg., is a small shrub of South India.

J. nana, Dalz., is an undershrub of stony places in the Dekkan. J. glandulifera,

oxb. Fi. Ind. iii. 688; Kurz ii. 403 (Addalay, Tam.; Nela-amida, Tel) is a shrub

eommon near villages in Bengal and Burma. ‘The seeds give an oil which is used in

medicine. J. multifida, Linn., the Coral Plant,is much grown in gardens for its hand-
some scarlet flowers and deeply-cut leaves,

a _— SO ———— AT all
Pr j

CT ————

~ Jatropha.) EUPHORBIACEA. 365

1. J. Curcas, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii.-686 ; Brandis 442 ; Kurz ii.
403; Gamble 71. The Physic Nut. Vern. Bagberenda, safed ind, Hind.,
Beng.; Kadam, Nep.; Kaat-amunak, Tam.; Nepalam, Tel.; Mara-
narulle, marwharalu, Kan.; Kaak-avenako, Mal.; Thinbau-kyeksu, Burm,

A soft, wooded evergreen shrub. Bark greenish white, smooth, peel-
ing off in thin flakes. Wood white, very soft. Pores small, scanty;
often subdivided. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous.

Indigenous in America, cultivated in most parts of India.

Weight, 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Often used for hedges and planted near villages.
The juice of the leaves forms a lather like soap. The seeds give an oil which is used
for burning, in medicine as a purgative and emetic, and as an application in cu-
taneous diseases.

Ibs,
E 2427. Manjha, Darjeeling Terai . : : : : » . 26

19. GIVOTIA, Griff,

1. G. rottleriformis, Griff.; Beddome t. 285; Brandis 442. Vern.
Vendale, butalli, bulali, Tam.; Tella pinki, Tel.

A middle-sized tree. Wood white, exceedingly light, very soft but
even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, very prominent on a vertical
section, often in concentric lines; annual rings marked by a line of larger,
more numerous pores. Medullary rays uniform, fine, short, the distance
between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Dekkan, Mysore, Eastern Ghats and Ceylon.

Growth very fast, our specimen shews 13 rings per inch, but the annual rings are
somewhat doubtful. Weight, 14lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used to carve
figures, for toys, imitation fruit and other fancy articles, which are lacquered and
painted; also tor catamarans. The seed give an oil which is valuable for lubricat-
ing fine machinery. Bs

8.

_D 3152, Cuddapah, Madras Ty ae ae , : . : Be

20. OSTODES, Bl.

Three species. O. Zeylanicus, Mill. Arg.; Beddome t. 274. Vern. Sotege, Has-
san; Walkakoona, Cingh., is a very large tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. O. —
Helferi, Mull. Arg. Kurz ii. 404, is a tree of Upper Tenasserim, in the plains round
Moulmein.

1. 0. paniculata, Bl.; Kurzii. 404; Gamble 72. Vern. Bepari,
Nep.; Palok, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark light grey. Wood white, soft. Pores
scanty, small to large, subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, uniform,
elosely packed.

Forests of Sikkim from 2,000 to 6,000 feet, Khasia Hills and the Hills of
Martaban.

Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 26 lbs. per cubic foot.
Té gives a gum which is used as size in the manufacture of paper.

: lbs.
E 3110. Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . ; d : : ; : . 26

366 EKUPHORBIACKA. ~ [ Chetocarpus,

21. CHATOCARPUS, Thw. -

1, C. castanesxcarpus, Thw. Enum. 275 ; Beddome t. 284; Kurz ii.
409. Vern. Bilkokra, Beng. ; Haddoka, Cingh.

A moderate-sized tree. Wood light red, moderately hard, close-
grained, Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, very nu-
merous, traversed by narrow wavy concentric bands. .

Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon.

Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used in Ceylon for building.

; lbs,
No. 34. Ceylon Collection (C. pwngens) : 4 ; : : 58

22. EXCACARIA, Linn.

The following list of species is taken from the ‘ Prodromus’ of DeCandolle:—

Section I, TRiapica.

EF, sebifera, Mull. Arg. . 4 ews ; . ‘Cultivated, Northern
India.

E.. baccata, Mill. Arg... 4 : : g . Sikkim, Eastern Bengal,
Burma.

Section II. FALconerta.

FE. insignis, Mull. Arg. . , ‘ ; . North India, South India,
Burma.

Srotion III. ScuERocRoToN.

E.. cochinchinensis, Lour. : ; ; , - South India.
E. virgata, Miq. : : , ‘ : . Martaban.
E.. indica, Mill. Arg... : > é . Sundarbans, Tenasserim.

Section IV. Euvrxcmcarts.
E. oppositifolia, Jack. . i ; ; : . Malabar, Mysore, Tenas-

: serim.
E. Agailocha, Willd. ; ; s - ; . Bengal, South India,
Burma, Andamans.
E. acerifolia, F. Didrichs i tase Rive . « Kumaun, Nepal, Khasia
p Hills.
(E. holophylla, Kurz). eb cerca | * 7 ; . Martaban and Tenasserim.

FE. acerifolia, F. Didrichs; Brandis 441. Vern. Pzutkid, Kumaun, is a large
milky shrub, whose root is used as a cathartic.

Wood soft, spongy. Pores moderate-sized to large. Medullary rays
very fine, uniform, closely packed. Faint concentric lines.

1. E. sebifera, Mill. Arg. ; Brandis, 441; Gamble ii. Carwmbium
sehiferum, Kurz i. 412. Supium sebiferum, Roxb. FI, Ind. iii. 693.
The Chinese Tallow-tree. Vern. Mom-china, Beng.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey, with shallow, vertical cracks.
Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small to large, often subdivided,
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, the distance between the rays
less than the transverse diameter of the pores; the rays are traversed by
numerous fine, wavy, concentric lines,

———E SS Se

eS ae eee

Excacaria. | EUPHORBIACER. 367

Indigenous and cultivated in China and Japan, Introduced and cultivated
throughout Northern India. ;

Growth rather fast, 6 rings per inch of radius (our specimen). Weight, 32 lbs.
per cubic foot. The white pulp round the seeds gives the Chinese tallow, which is
separated by boiling in water. It is used in China and Japan for candles. Roxburgh
says it is bad for burning, that it only remains firm at a cool temperature, and that it
easily becomes rancid. It melts at 104°. The seeds give an oil, and the leaves a black
dye. It is a handsome tree, somewhat like Sissi in foliage, and often planted for
ornament.

Ibs.
ee Tit Oe as ee ee ee tee

2. KE. baccata, Mill. Arg.; Brandis 441; Gamble 72. Carumbium
baccatum, Kurz il. 412. Sapium baccatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 694.
Vern, Pudlikat, lal kainjal, Nep.; Adamsali, Ass,; Billa, Sylhet ;
Linhlin, Burm.

To this species probably belongs E 1962 from Chittagong, a soft
grey wood, in structure resembling that of ZF. zadica ; as well as E 3340
from Assam, called there Zarsing, Nep.; Selling, Chota Nagpur coolies ;
Larrna, Assamese.

A large evergreen tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma.
Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark is chewed by natives in Assam.

3. E. insignis, Mill. Arg.; Beddome cexiv. ; Brandis 442. C rum-
bium insigne, Kurz i. 412. Falconeria insignis, Royle. Vern. Didia,
bilodar, biloja, kardlla, ledra, Pb. ; Khinna, khina lienda, lendwa, Hind. ;
Garpa shola, Anamalais,

A small deciduous tree. Bark grey, smooth, shining, with large,
broad, longitudinal wrinkles. Wood grey, very soft, spongy. Annual
rings faintly marked. Pores moderate-sized and large, subdivided, and

often in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, indistinct.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Beas eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Chittagong,
Burma, and Western Ghats as far north as Nasik.

Growth rather fast, 4-7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 23 to 29 lbs. per cubic
foot. Wood used for the cylinders of native drums. The whole tree is full of an
acrid milk said to be poisonous.

Ibs.
eat hitin AGM Geek Ce. Pos wks ce) 8 BD
Ca 000 tk foc Fst a Adah teria we « wicresul 88

4, E. indica, Mill. Arg.; Beddome cexv.; Brandis 441; Kurz ii.
413. Sapium indicum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ui. 692. Vern. Wiirud, batil,
Beng.; Kirri makalu, Cingh.

A small evergreen tree, with smooth, grey bark. Wood soft, white,
with small brown heartwood. Pores moderate-sized and large, oval,
often subdivided. Medullary rays equally distributed, very fine, closely
packed. The transverse diameter of the pores is greater than the distance
between the rays.

Sundarbans and tidal forests of Tenasserim and Ceylon.
Weight, 29 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in the Sundarbans for fuel.
The juice of the tree is very poisonous and the seeds are used to poison fish.

, lbs,
ap Nagae swe ne Na te ee a i BE

368. EUPHORBIACEZ. ; [ Hececaria.

5. E. Agallocha, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 686; Beddome cexyv. ;
Brandis 442; Kurz 11.414. Vern. Gangwa, geor, uguru, geria, Beng. ;
Tayan, kayan, Burm.; Yekin, Burm. in the Andamans.

A small evergreen tree which exudes poisonous milk. Wood very
soft, spongy. Pores small, scanty, sometimes in radial lines. Medullary
rays very numerous, extremely fine.

Coast and tidal forests of India, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

Weight, 261bs. per cubic foot. Home in his Sundarbans List of 1874 says: “‘ Grows
occasionally to 5 feet in girth and 40 feet in height, though generally cut for posts
when of small girth, It is a useful wood for general carpentering purposes, such as
toys, bedsteads, tables, &c., a white timber’; the juice which exudes from the bark when
green is very poisonous.” Roxburgh says it is only used for charcoal and firewood.

E 396. Sundarbans . : ; j - ; é ‘ : >
B 2477. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) . : ; ‘ A . 28

23. EUPHORBIA, Linn.

About 11 species of Indian small trees or shrubs usually with thick, fleshy,
angular branches and short gouty stems. . sessiliflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
471; Kurz ii. 415, is a fleshy undershrub of Pegu. . neriifolia, Linn.; Beddome
ccxvi.; Brandis 439; Kurz ii. 416; Gamble 72 (#. ligularia, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 465). Vern. Mausa sij, Beng.; Gangichti, Pb.; .Thor, Bombay ; Shasoung,
Burm.,is a small tree with cylindric stem and 5-angled, spirally twisted stem,
cultivated near villages in most parts of India. It is considered a sacred tree by
the Mechis of the Sikkim Terai and Bhutan Duars, and is consequently often
found on deserted village sites. The milk is used in native medicine and the root to
cure snake-bite. H. Nivulia, Ham. ; Beddome cexvi.; Brandis 439 ; Kurz ii. 417 (2.
neriifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 467) Vern. Sz, Beng.; Newrang, Mar.; Sha-soung,
Burm., is a shrub of dry and rocky sites in Garhwal, Sind, the Dekkan and Burma,
with round branches. FE. antiquorwm, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 468; Beddome cexvi. ;
Brandis 438 ; Kurz ii. 416. Vern. Vara sij, tekata sij, Beng. ; Tidhara, Hind. ; Shidu,
Mechi; Shasoung-pya-thal, Burm. ; Dalik, Cingh., is a shrub with 3-angled branches, .
common on dry hills in Bengal and the ‘Peninsula. . trigona, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 468 ;
Beddome cexvi; Brandis 438, is a small tree with 3-angled stems found on arid hills in
Coimbatore. . tortilis, Rottler; Beddome cexvi.; Brandis 439, is a small tree of dry —
hills in South India, with 3-angled, spirally twisted branches. 2. Cattimandoo, Elliot,
Beddome cexvi.; Brandis 438. Vern. atti mandu, Tel., is a small tree with 5-angled
branches common in Vizagapatam district, and yielding a copious milk, which is abel as
acement. FE. Tirucalli, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 470; Beddome cexvii.; Brandis 439 ;
Kurz ii. 417. Vern. Lanka sij, Beng.; Sehnd, Hind.; Tirw kalli, Mal.; Sha-soung-
leknyo, Burm., is a small tree with round stems and smooth green branches, cultivated
throughout India and used as hedges. The wood is strong and used for veneering
and toys; the milk is very acrid. Skinner, No. 69, gives the weight 36 lbs., P= 618.
He says that twigs thrown into a tank when the water is low intoxicate and kill
the fish. ZL. epiphylloides, Kurz ii. 416, is a small tree of the Andamans. The well-
known EZ. pulcherrima, Willd. or Poinsettia pulcherrima is a garden shrub with
large crimson floral leaves, introduced from Mexico, and cultivated in gardens in most
parts of India.

1. E. Royleana, Boissier ; Brandis 438. 2H. pentagona, Royle. Vern.
Thor, Punjab ; Sali, Jhelam; Chula, Chenab; Chin, Ravi; Chi, chinga,
srs, Beas; Siro, tsui, Sutlej; Sohdnd, Kumaun.

‘A large, milky shrub. Wood spongy. Pores small, subdivided,
scanty. Medullary rays extremely fine.

North-Western Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 feet.

It reaches 15-16 feet in height, the stems having 2-3, and often even 5-6 feet in
girth,

:

Buxus.] he EUPHORBIACER. 369

It is often planted as a hedge and grows readily from cuttings, even on the driest
soil. ;

P 3075. Sabathu, Punjab.

24. BUXUS, Tournefort.

1. B. sempervirens, Linn.; Brandis 447, B. Wallichiana, Baillon.
Vern. Shanda laghine, Afg.; Chikri, Kashmir; Papri, papar, paprang,

shamshéd, shumaj, Pb. |
An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark grey, soft, corky, cut into

small plates by deep irregular cracks, Wood yellowish white, hard,
smooth, very close and even-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by
a narrow line without pores. Pores extremely small, very numerous,
uniform and uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine to extremely

°
fine, very numerous.

* Suliman and Salt Ranges, North-West Himalaya between 4,000 and 8,000 feet,
Bhutan about 6,000 to 7,000 feet; but scattered in different parts of the Himalaya,
chiefly on a calcareous soil and often in remote localities. From recent reports’ on the
localities of boxwood in the North-West Himalaya, the following appear to be the

chief :—

In the Punjab.—
' Rawul Pindi Division . . Occasional in ravines of the Margulla Synd-
ak Range, but of small size, the largest
eing 6 inches and the average 4 inches
in girth.
Fuel Reserve, North . Scattered trees in the Talagang and Khusha
forests.

Beas Division ata. . 1, On the Gran-Nala, a tributary of the Par-
‘batti; about 500 poles, 20 feet high and
4 to 12 inches in diameter below the Gran
village and a few trees higher up, the largest
of which is 15 inches in diameter. (Kulu
Report, 1877; paragraph 24.)
2. On the Brahmganga River.
3. On two tributaries of the Sainj River.
4. A locality in Seoraj, Kulu,
5. A locality in Balhan Koti.

Sutlej Division . . « Trees and groups of trees between Wangtu
and Kilba.
A small forest to the north of the Shali Range.

In the North-West Provinces.—About 3,400 trees were counted in the forests
of the Garhwal State. The finest trees
were in the Kelso Valley near the village of
Alyora, where trees 6 feet in girth were seen
with fine straight stems.

It is estimated that the cost per cubic foot of boxwood delivered at Saharanpur
from the Kelso forest would be Re. 1-8; its further cost by rail from Saharanpur to
Bombay would be at least Re. 1-8 or total Rs. 3 per cubic foot. Considering 1 cubic
foot as weighing 60 lbs., we have the cost per ton as Rs. 112, which could only be just
covered by receipts if the very best description of wood were sent down. There is
consequently little likelihood of much trade in boxwood from the Himalayan forests.
Growth very slow: Brandis says, 15 to 20 rings per inch of radius. In Holtzappfel’s
“ Descriptive Catalogue of Woods” English boxwood is said only to attain a diameter of

2Y

370 BUPHORBIACER. — [Buaus.

14 to 2 inches in 20 to 25 years. An examination of the specimens received by us
shewed that the growth is extremely variable. We found— .

H 990. 75 rings per inch of radius
H 424, 41

IRN sk at |

H 614. 30 ,, . - Average of 8 specimens 33°5 rings per inch
H 2914. 27 ,, me i of radius.

H 165. 25 ,, i Be r
H 38. 16 ” ” »”

H 77. 14 ” oP 2°

Weight, Brandis says, 60 to 651bs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 268, gives 56 to
72 lbs. ; our specimens average 57 lbs.

The uses of boxwood are well known. In Europe it is used for engraving, turning,
carving and mathematical instruments. In the Himalaya small boxes to contain
butter, honey, tinder, snuff, &c., are made of it, and it is carved into combs. The
leaves are poisonous to cattle, only goats eat them sparingly with impunity; they are ~
used in the south of France as manure for vineyards. ‘he boxwood to be used for
engraving requires very careful and lengthened seasoning ; on this subject and on the
other requisite characters of boxwood for commercial purposes, the following extract
‘from a letter of Messrs. J. Gardner and Sons, of Liverpool, to the Inspector-General of
Forests, dated April 3rd, 1877, will give information :—

“The value of boxwood at Bombay of suitable texture for the English market, of
which latter we can judge from a few sample pieces, will depend principally upon the ~

uality.
aie: Wood from 2 to 4 inches diameter is required tobe free from splits or cracks, other-
wise, however free from knots and straight and round it may be, the value would not
exceed £1 to £2 per ton, whilst if free from splits, RY and straight and with—
not exceeding one knot per foot in length £10 per ton,
exceeding 1 knot and not exceeding 2 knots tthe value would probably i £7-108. ;,

ut 2 knots ,, Bi. £5 ro
all knots or holes, counted as such, however small.

“Wood 4 inches and upwards in diameter is preferred with one split rather than
sound or with more than one split, any splits after the first reducing the value on ac-

count of the additional waste in working the same. :
Averaging per foot in length.
1 knot. 2 knots. 3 knots,
£ £ £
The value of round and) 4 to 5 inches diameter ; 6 4-10s. 3
straight (1 split) wer} 5 to 6 * ; ns | aint aad, 3
aging. 6 inches and upwards diameter . 12 9 4-108,

“Tf the splits are twisted more than 1 inch to the foot if small, 2 inches if medium
size, and 3 inches to the foot length if large, the value is reduced one-half.

“The above values will, of course, vary in accordance with the supply and demand
for the various sizes and qualities.

“The most suitable texture of wood will be found growing upon the sides of moun-
tains. If grown in the plains, the growth is usually too quick, and consequently’ the
grain is too coarse; the wood of best texture being of slow growth and very fine in
the grain. . .

@ It should be cut down in the winter, and, if possible, stored at once in airy wooden
sheds, well protected from sun and rain, and not to have too much air through the
sides of the shed, more especially for the wood under 4 inches diameter.

“The boxwood also must not be piled upon the ground, but be well skidded under, so
as to be kept quite free from the effects of any damp from the soil.

“ After the trees are cut down, the longer they are left exposed the more danger is
there afterwards of the wood splitting more than is absolutely necessary during the
necessary seasoning before shipment to this country. . -.

“If shipped green there is great danger of the wood sweating and becoming mil-~
dewed during transit, which causes the wood afterwards to dry light and of a defec-
tive colour, and in fact rendering it of little value for commercial purposes.

“There is no occasion to strip the bark off, or to put cowdung or anything else upon
the ends of the pieces to prevent their splitting. ”

_ Sarcococea.] ; EUPHORBIACER. 371

“Boxwood is the nearest approach to ivory of any wood known, and will therefore
probably gradually increase in value, as it, as well as ivory, become scarcer. It is now
used very considerably in manufacturing ¢oncerns, but on account of its gradual ad-
vance in price during the past few years, cheaper woods are in some instances being
substituted.

_ “Small wood under 4 inches is used principally by flax-spinners for rollers and by
turners for various purposes, rollers for rink skates, &c., &c., and if free from splits 1s
of equal value with the larger wood. It is imported here as small as 1} inches in
diameter, but the most useful sizes are from 23 to 3} inches, and would, therefore, we
suppose, be from 15 to 30 or 40 years in growing, whilst larger wood would require 50
years and upwards at least, agi we ought to say 100 years and upwards. It is
used principally for shuttles for weaving silk, linen and cotton, and also for rule-
making and wood engraving. Punch, The Illustrated London News, The Graphic,
and all the first class pictorial papers use large quantities of boxwood.”

Messrs. Churchill and Sim, reporting on some boxwood sent to them for sale in
1880, and which fetched 21 shillings per cwt., equivalent at 60 lbs. per cubic foot to
1ls. 1d. or about Rs. 6 per cubic foot say :—

“The. pieces of boxwood were remarkably fine specimens, equal in quality to the
best Abasia, and fetched a very high price, equivalent to £21 per ton. These logs
were depreciated in value for ordinary purposes, owing to their having been squared,
which was a mistake, as in that operation much valuable wood had been wasted, and
when the bark is removed, a good protection to the log is destroyed. In the present
state of the boxwood trade, and considering the fact that the supplies which have been
coming forward for some time past are deteriorating in quality, from the action of the
Turkish Govennment in closing the forests and from other causes, the probability of a
supply of this wood from India is a matter of considerable importance. The usual
run of this wood would not, however, fetch the high price of this picked sample. The
price realized cannot, however, be taken as any criterion, for whether supplies can be
sent to this market, and sold at prices which will cover transit and freight, and then
leave a profit, is very doubtful, Could this wood be regularly placed on the market
at a moderate figure, there is no reason why a trade should not be developed in it.”

Ibs.

' H 930. Hazara, 7,000 feet ; ; PR repo ee | ire . 59

H 165. Kangra (Stewart, 1866) . , F ’ ‘ P : . 58

H 168. Shahpur ,, = ‘ , i ; 7 : ; Shee

q -H 614. Kulu, 7,000 feet . 3 . ; - ; , : . 56
_ H 984. Kunawar . / : ; : 2 3 : ; on tpi
q H 990. 2 , ; . ‘ : : : ; ‘ . 64
H_ 38. Kandru, Simla, 8,000 feet . { ; ; : ‘ . 60
( H 77. Shali, Simla, 7,000 feet . j J 3 ‘ ‘ , . &7
Hi 20l4:. 3: ie Gee cee rs ; J ‘ ‘ , : a) ie

H 424. Darua block, Deoban, North-Western Provinces, 6,800 feet . 55

25. SARCOCOCCA, Lindl,

Sl oe
.

Two species, S. saligna, Mill. Arg., with tri-nerved and 8. Hookeriana, Baill., with
penniveined leaves. Thelatteris a shrub of the hills of Sikkim.

1. S, saligna, Mill. Arg.; Beddome cexvii.; Brandis 448 ; Gamble’
72. Vern. Sukat sing, Kumaun; Chilikat, Nep. .

A small evergreen shrub. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores
very small and extremely small. Medullary rays fine and moderately
broad.

Afghanistan, Himalaya at 4,000 to 7,000 feet, ascending in Sikkim to 9,000 feet,

Khasia Hills, Nilgiris and Western Coast.
Wood sometimes used for walking-sticks.

H 2832. Simla, 7,000 feet.

372 BETULACES. [ Betula.

Orper XCVI. BETULACES,

Two genera, Betula and Alnus. Himalayan trees, with similar qualities to the
Birches and Alders of Europe.

Wood soft, tough to cut. Pores. small, uniformly distributed. No
distinct heartwood.

1, BETULA, Tournefort.

Three Indian species. The common European Birch is B. alba, Linn., and the
American Paper Birch, of which the light, portable canoes are made in Canada, is B.
papyracea, Willd. |

Wood tough, close-grained, moderately hard. ‘Pores small, not-numer-
ous.. Medullary rays fine. Medullary patches scanty.

1. B. Bhojpattra, Wall.; Brandis 457; Gamble 79. B. Jacque.
montii, Spach. Vern. Burj, burzal, bhiy, phurz, Pb. ; Shak, pad, phatak,
takpa, Ladak, Lahoul, Piti, Kanawar; Takpa, Bhutia; Bhiyjpattra, Hind.;
Phuspat, Nep. a

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark smooth, shining, with white
oblong lenticels, the outer bark consisting of numerous distinct, thin, papery
layers, peeling off in broad horizontal rolls. Wood white with a pinkish
tinge, tough, even-grained, moderately hard. Pores small, not numer-
ous, uniform and uniformly distributed except that sometimes they are
arranged in interrupted lines along the edges of the annual rings. Medul-
lary rays fine and very fine, numerous, prominent on a radial section.

Higher ranges of the Himalaya, forming the upper edge of arborescent vegetation
and ascending to 14,000 feet.

Growth slow, the countings taken from our specimens were very uniform, 5 speci-
mens varying only from 13 to 18 rings, giving an average of 16 rings per inch of
radius. Aikin, in Wallich’s List, gives 3'4 rings per inch. In weight, also, the ex-
periments of Dr. Warth on six specimens gave only a variation from 42 to 46 lbs.
with an average of 441bs.; Wallich gave 35°5 lbs. per cubic foot.

The wood is extensively used in the inner arid Himalaya for building ; it is elastic,
seasons well and does not warp. The bark is very valuable; it is used as paper for
writing and packing, for umbrellas, hooka tubes, and for roofing houses. The
branches are made into twig bridges, and the leaves are lopped for cattlesfodder.

Ibs.
H 909. Upper Chenab, 10,000 feet : . 45
H 610. Lahoul, 10,000 feet : ; A ° Ss - 44
H 126. Rotang’ Pass, Kulu, 9,000 feet ‘ : ; - 42
H 127. Monali, Kulu, 8,000 feet ; ; ; : - 46
E 381. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet : : : . 44
E 2404. a si * ; j ; ; . an

2. B. acuminata, Wall.; Brandis 458; Kurz ii. 476; Gamble 79,
Vern. Piya udish, hambar mdya, makshéri, sheori, shag, Pb.; Bhiy-
pattra, haur, shaul, Hind.; Haoul, Kumaun; Shakshin, Tibet ; Saver,
sauer, payong, Uitis, Nep.; Hlosungh, Lepcha; Dingleen, Khasia.

A large tree. Bark grey, peeling off in horizontal rolls. Wood
white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small and very small,
often subdivided; numerous in the inner part of each annual ring,
scanty and smaller in the outer half. Medullary rays fine,

Himalaya, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia hills, and hills of Martaban.

Alnus. BETULACEM. 373

Growth moderate, our specimens shew 10 rings per inch of radius; a round in
the Bengal Forest Museum shews 6°5 rings per inch. Weight 41 lbs. per cubic foot.
The wood is very little used, but Wallich says it is hard and esteemed in Nepal for all
purposes where strength and durability are required.

H 611. Parbatti Valley, Kulu, 8,000 feet . é ; : . Al
H 2914. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet : : ; é p . Al
E 2405. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet . ety EP Sai? ade cn eth ee

3. B. cylindrostachys, Wall.; Gamble 80. Under B. acuminata,
Wall. in Brandis For. Flora 458 ; Kurz ii. 476. Vern. Shaoul, Kumaun ;
Sauer, Nep.; Sungli, Lepcha. . |

A tall deciduous tree. Bark pink, peeling off in large vertical flakes,
giving the stem a shaggy appearance. Wood red, hard, heavy. Annual
rings indistinct. Pores scanty, small, often subdivided, uniformly dis-
tributed. Meduliary rays fine, numerous, the distance between the rays
larger than the transverse diameter of the pores.

Kumaun, Nepal, Darjeeling Hills from the Terai up to 6,000 feet. _

Growth fast, 5} rings per inch of radius. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood
is strong and seasons well, but is not used except for firewood and charcoal, for which
purposes it is very good. It is an extremely handsome tree with drooping branches,

Ibs.
E 678. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai oD es Or

2. ALNUS, Tournefort.

Two species. The chief European Alders are A, glutinosa, Linn., with glutinous
leaves, and A. incana, Willd., with pubescent leaves.

Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in radial lines. Medullary
rays of two classes, the broad rays composed of numerous fine rays,
Medullary patches scanty (common in some of the European species).

1. A. nitida, Endl. ; Brandis 460. Vern. Géra, Afg.; Shrol, saroli,
sawali, rikunra, chamb, chapu, pidk, kinsa, kiindash, nit, kosh, rajén, Pb. ;
Paya udesh, Kumaun. ‘

A large tree. Bark brown, rough with deep furrows. Wood reddish
white, soft, close-and even-grained, tough to cut ; annual rings distinctly
marked by harder wood near the inner edge of each ring. Pores small,
numerous, uniformly distributed, arranged in radial lines. Medullary
rays of two classes, a few broad rays at considerable intervals with
numerous fine rays between them; the broad rays, which consits of a
Jarge number of small, closely-packed rays, are marked as irregular
shining’ plates on a radial section. Medullary patches scanty.

Punjab, Himalaya, ascending to 9,000 feet.

- Growth fast, our specimens shew 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 28 to 31 lbs. per
cubic foot. The wood is used for bedsteads ‘and for the hooked sticks of rope bridges.
Twigs are used for tying loads and for rope bridges. The bark is used for dyeing and
tanning.

lb
H 119. Vaziri Rupi, 6,000 feet Lh ere fue 74) Mh ea eam
H 147. Sainj, Simla, 4,000 feet “ . ; ; : ‘ <i

2. A.nepalensis, D. Don; Brandis 460; Kurz ii. 476 ; Gamble 80.
Vern. Kohi, Pb. ; Udesh, Kumaun ; Udis, utis, Nep.; Kowal, Lepcha.
A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, outside silvery grey, resembling

374 BETULACER. | dleue:

that of the birch. Wood similar to that of A. uctida, but the pores are
fewer and somewhat larger, and the broad medullary rays are very broad
and very numerous. No medullary patches.

Himalaya, from the Ravi eastwards, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet, Khasia Hills.

Growth fast, our specimens shew 3°6 rings per inch of radius; a round in
the Bengal Forest Museum shews 2°4 rings. Aikin, in Wallich’s List, men.
tions 2 specimens, one giving 11'8 rings, the other 27 rings per inch. Weight,
27 to 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not used, but as the tree is common and grows
to a large size in the East Himalaya it might be used for tea-boxes. The bark is used
for dyeing and tanning.

H_ 83. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet > 7 - ; ; -

= “prt Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet at (UPL oth
406. 99 33 9 3” a al “J ° ° eee

Orper XOCVII. SALICINER.

Two genera, Saliz and Populus. With one or two exceptions, all Himalayan
trees.

Wood soft, even-grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays

fine,
1. SALIX, Tournef.

About 33 species, with very few exceptions confined to the Himalaya. They are
mostly small, often prostrate shrubs, but in the arid regions of the inner Himalaya are
of great use for firewood, bridges, basket-work and other purposes, and are often
planted, as their quick growth and ready reproduction, either by cuttings or in coppice,
_ensures a constant supply of wood. The following list of the Indian species has been
ried from N. J. Anderson’s Monograph in vol. xvi., p. 2, of DeCandolle’s Pro-

romus. |

The European species of willow, which are very numerous, belong to two sections,
the “Sallows,” the type of which is 8. Caprea, and the “Osiers,”’ the type of which is
S. alba. They are largely cultivated, and are in great use for all purposes, and
especially for the protection of river banks and for basket-work.

Srction J. PLEeraANDRz.

(Stamens 3 or more, free.)

S. tetrasperma, Roxb. . ; - 2 : . All India.

UPON VORLs oy, oh ene yh eS acre ee

S. calostachya, And. ; . : : d . Hazara.

S. wrophylla, Lindl. ; . : : j . Oudh.

S. populifolia, And. ‘ , , , . . India (?)

S. aemophylla, Boiss. (Brandis 463. Vern. Bed, Afghanistan, Sind, Pun-
Afg.; Bada, bisu, Pb.) jab.

S. fragilis, Linn. , ; Lahoul, Ladak.

S. alba, Linn. . : ; Ladak, Kashmir.

S. babylonica, Linn. g : Suliman Range, elsewhere

cultivated,

Szotron II. Dranpre2.

(Stamens 2, free.)
S. Caprea, Linn. (Brandis 467. Vern. Bedmushk, ;
Pb. The leaves are used for sherbet) . . NorthernTndia, cultivated,
S. Wallichiana, And. : ; : : : . Himalaya.
S. sclerophylla, Aud. - ‘ ; : ; . lLadak, Dras,

'

Salix. | SALICINER. | 375

S. elegans, Wall. ; Stee. . North-Western Himalaya.
_&. hastata, Linn. (Brandis 467) cs ont ehae,easbmir: to .Kunawar,
9,000 to 15,000 feet.
S. daphnoides, Vill. North-Western Himalaya.
S. insignis, And. (Brandis 470. Vern. Bitsu, Pb.; Kashmir, Piti, 5,000 to
Gir, Kashmir.) 12,000 feet.
S. viminalis, Linn. . , 3 p ; 2 . Inner Himalaya.
S. obscura, And. : : : : : , . Sikkim, 9,000 to 14,000
feet,
S. Sikkimensis, And. ; ; : ; : ‘ ~
* §. Daltoniana, And. . . ? : fs tit ame -
S. eriophylla, And. . , : ; : : . Khasia Hills, 4,000 to-
5,000 feet.
S. eriostachya, Wall. ; ‘ 2 ; : . Nepal.
S. longiflora, Wall . Sle sales . . Sikkim, 9,000 feet.
S. serphyllum; And. : ; ; : ; . Sikkim, 10,000 to 14,000
feet.
S. flabellaris, And. (Brandis 471. A small procumbent Dras, Lahoul, Kunawar,
shrub.) 11,000 to 15,000 feet.
S. Lindleyana, Wall. (Brandis 471. Asmallprocum- Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim,
bent shrub. ) 11,000 to 16,000 feet.
S. calyculata, Hook.f. . ‘ F ; : . Sikkim, 14,000 to 15,000
feet.
S. oreophila, Hook.f. . ; ’ ; : . Sikkim, 15,000 to 16,000.
S. Thomsoniana, And. . ; ? , F . Sikkim, 10,000 feet.
Section III. Synanprez.
(Filaments connate.)
S. pycnostachya, And. (Brandis 470. Cultivated in Zanskar, Ladak, 13,000
Ladak. Vern. Changma, Thibet.) feet.
S. oxycarpa, And. (Brandis 471) . ; , . Kashmir, Kistwar, 6,000
- to 11,000 feet.
S. divergens, And. . id tus . , - . Kistwar, Zanskar, 12,000
. feet.
S. angustifolia, Wild. (Brandis 47) . . . Afghanistan, Kashmir,
Zanskar, 7,000 to
12,000 feet.

S.-Caprea, Linn., is grown in Northern India, usually from cuttings, as in the
gardens at Lahore. Brandis gives 27 to 39 lbs. per cubic foot as the weight according
to Nordlinger; Mathieu, Fl, For. p. 405, gives 27 to 45 lbs., while the experiments
made by Captain Call, R.E., at Kandahar, give, if the determination of the species is
correct, with bars 1 ft. x lin. X 1 in., Weight 32:2 lbs., P = 641 (Indian Forester,
Vol. v. p. 480).

S. alba is also cultivated in the Western Himalaya. Brandis says the wood is soft,
white near the circumference, yellow or brown towards the centre; the medullary rays
are fine and numerous ; the pores very numerous, fine and uniformly distributed, the
annual rings distinctly marked by a dark line. He gives the weight as 26 to 33 Tbs. ; :
Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 393, gives 24 to 38 lbs., while Captain Call's experiments, if the
species is correctly determined, give 27°7 lbs., P = 602.

Wood soft, even-grained, white or light red. Pores small, numerous,
rarely subdivided, uniform and uniformly distributed, except that in most
species they are more numerous in the inner belt of the annual ring.
Medullary rays numerous, fine, uniform. Medullary patches frequent.
The species can hardly be distinguished by the structure of their wood.

1. S. tetrasperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 753; Beddome t. 302;
Brandis 462; Kurz ii. 498; Gamble 81. Vern. Bed, bent, baishi, Hind. ;

Laila, bains, North- Western India; . Bis, deis, bitsa, bin, bidu, bakshet,

376 | | SALICINEA. : [Salix.

magsher, safedar, badha, Pb.; Yir, Kashmir; Bilsa, Oudh; Pani jama,
Beng. ; Bhesh, Garo; Bhi, Ass.; Wallunj, bacha, Bombay ; Niranji,
Kan. ; Momakha, Burm.

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark rough, with deep vertical,
rough, shining fissures. Heartwood red, soft, porous, even-grained.
Annual rings indistinctly marked by concentric lines. Pores small,
very numerous, uniformly distributed, sometimes subdivided. Medul-
lary rays fine, numerous, not distinct,

Throughout India, on river banks and in moist places, and in the Himalayan valleys

- ascending to 6,000 feet.
Growth fast. In Minniken’s report on the Delhi Bela Plantation the following

measurements are given :— :

‘Trees, Mean girth. Height. Age.
Compt. 3. Kudsia. . 3 . .- «. (in. 25 ft. — 6 years
4. Jaffar Khan . 3 ; : . 15 in. Ti ee

or 2 to 2} rings per inch of radius; our specimens shew 2 to 6 rings per inch of
radius. Weight, Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 89, gave 37 lbs.; our specimens give
31 to 35lbs. The wood is rarely used ; it has been used for gunpowder charcoal; Mann
says that in Assam it is used for posts and planks. .The twigs are made into baskets
and the leaves lopped for cattle fodder. The bark is said by’ Kurz to be used for
tanning, and by Dalzell to be used as a febrifuge. ;

lb
H. 156. Saint Gin Valley 8
H 99. Bhajji, Sutlej Valley . ‘ : ‘ : ie . os
O 1485. Kheri, Oudh 5 ; 3 : ; : ‘ ;. .- B2
O 1465. Gonda, Oudh ; ‘ ‘ : : ; M ‘ . 35
C 2818. Melghat, Berar . . ; : ‘ iy ARS gE
E 1256. Tezpur, Assam ; ‘ y , ‘ . 35

2. S. fragilis, Linn.; Brandis 466. Vern. Tilehang, Lahoul,

A tree with grey, deeply fissured bark. Wood with reddish heart-
wood. Annual rings marked by concentric lines.

H 141, from Lahoul, is probably this species. It is cultivated in Lahoul and
Ladak. Growth moderate, 11 rings per inch of radius, but the growth is fast while
young, and gradually gets slower as the tree ages. Our specimen was 50 years old,
and had a girth of 30 inches. Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot.

3. 8. babylonica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ‘iii. 754; Brandis 465;
Gamble 81. The Weeping Willow. Vern. Bisa, bada, bed, kattra,
majnin, Pb.; Guir, Kashmir; Zissi, bhost, Nep.

A tree with pendent branches. Bark grey, $ to } inch thick. Wood
white, annual rings marked by a belt of more numerous pores in the
spring wood.

Commonly cultivated in North India. Said by Stewart to be indigenous in the

Suliman Range.
Growth fast, our small specimen shews 5 rings per inch of radius ; Stewart records

4, to 5 rings per inch of radius, and a girth of 4 feet as the average of 6 trees, 10 years
planted out. The branches are made into baskets, and are used for weirs and the
protection of canal banks. It is very commonly grown for ornament, and is readily
reproduced by cuttings.

H 3060. Koti, Simla, 7,000 feet.

4, §. Wallichiana, And.; Brandis 468. Vern. Bwir, Pb.; Bhains,
bhangli, katgili, North-Western Provinces.

A large shrub with greenish grey bark. Wood white or pinkish
white, structure that of the genus.

branches are made into baskets.

Salix.) | | ' SALICINER. . 877

Afghanistan, Kashmir, Himalaya eastwards to Bhutan, ascending to 9,000 feet.
Growth fast, 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. The

lbs,
H 2910. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,006 feet . ° ; ? ‘ ; . 8
H 3035 a or) 9 . ~ . . . . . ee

5. S. elegans, Wall. ; Brandis 466. Vern. Bail, blail, bhains, Simla.
A small shrub with pinkish wood. Annual rings marked by a porous
spring wood and by an autumn wood of firmer texture. )

North-West Himalaya, from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, as far east as Nepal, Lahoul,
Kunawar, as high as 11,500 feet.

Growth slow, 15 rings per iach of radius. Weight, 33 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for
fodder for cattle and goats. The leaves of this and S. daphnoides are often attacked
- by a brilliant orange-coloured fungus, which is Lecythea salicina, Lev.

Ibs.
H 2842. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet . ; : : t ; oyaeen
H 2906. Nagkand1, Simla, 9,000 feet A ‘ ; ‘ . Pow ye

6. S. daphnoides, Vill. ; Brandis 469. Vern. Bed, biddi, betsa, beli,
bushan, bashal, bhail, bhéul, mudanu, shin, théil, Pb.; Ytir, Kashmir ;
Changma, chimma, malchang, kalchang, West Tibet ; Richang, roangching,

changkar, Lahoul.
A shrub or tree with smooth bark. Heartwood red, shining. Annual

rings marked by more numerous pores in the spring wood.

North-West Himalaya, both on the outer ranges and in the inner arid tract. It
* extends to the Alps and the mountains of Central Europe.

Growth variable: the Lahoul specimen shewed a rate of 4 rings per inch ; the rest
gave from 10 to 15 rings. Weight, our specimens average 33°5 lbs. per cubic foot ;
Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 397, gives 32°7 lbs. The wood is used in the arid inner valleys
for building, pails, tubs and tools. ‘The twigs are used for baskets, twig bridges in
Piti, Zanskar and Ladak, and for building (willow wattle and daub) in Ladak. It is
much grown in Lahoul, from cuttings 9 to,12 feet long; the trees are pollarded every
third or fourth year, and the branches and leaves used for cattle-fodder and litter.

: Ibs.
H 2854. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet . RRs ; : ; Prorat
H 47. Kalashi, Simla, 7,000 ,, A J 3 y - ; « a
H 66. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet . ‘ : ° ‘ : are
H 2905. ' _,, a ODO. 3 oe OP Ce aig Bs
H 3034: ‘3 GOP 2 Talal ined ea AR a ac LA RA
H 3036. Mt a a 7 ‘ és é 3 » 83
H 142. Lahoul, about 9,000 feet : A : : ; ; . 34

| 7. S. viminalis, Linn.; Brandis 470. Vern. Bétsu, Pb. ; Kumanta,
Lahoul.
A shrub with shining, grey, slightly-cracked bark, and white wood,
with the structure of the genus.
Inner arid Himalaya from the Jhelam to Sikkim (8. Smithiana, Willd.), from 5,CO0

to 9,000 feet, cultivated in Lahoul, Dras and Kunawar. Common throughout Europe
in osier beds.

H 143. Lahoul, about 9,000 feet.

8. S.sp, (It may be near viminalis.)

A deciduous shrub with smooth dark-coloured bark and lanceolate
leaves, covered beneath with white tomentum. Wood soft, close-grained,
heartwood red. Annual rings distinctly marked by an irregular belt of

22

378 _ SALICINER. [Saliw.

numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores small and numerous in the
spring wood, very small and scanty in the autumn wood. Medullary rays
very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant.

Growth moderately slow, 13 rings per inch of radius.
Weight; 31 lbs. per cubic foot.
Ibs.
E 966, Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 8,000 feet . : : ; >. ae

2. POPULUS, Tournef.

Five species. P. nigra, Linn.; Brandis 472.. The Black or Lombardy Poplar.
Vern. Suféda, Pb.; Frast, Kashmir; Prost, farsh, makkal, Chenab; Kramali,
bitins, do, Sutlej; Yarpa, yilatt, kabil, Ladak, is a large tree commonly planted in
Afghanistan, Kashmir, the plains and hills of the Punjab, up to 12,500 feet in Ladak. —
Both varieties are fast growers, the Black Poplar attaining 80 feet in height with a
diameter of 2 feet in 50 years. Both grow well from cuttings, and the leaves are
lopped for‘cattle fodder. Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 428, gives the weight as 25 to 36 lbs.
per cubic foot. P. alba, Linn.; Brandis 473. The Abele or White Poplar.
Vern. Sperdor, spelda, Afg.; Chitta bagnu, safedar, janali frast, fras, prist,
rikkan, sannin, chanin, mal, Pb., is a large tree, wild and cultivated in the North-West
Himalaya up to 10,000 feet, and extending to Afghanistan, Beluchistan and on into
Europe. It is generally raised from cuttings, and the growth is very fast, reaching a
diameter of 2to 3 feet in 50 years. The wood of this and of P. nigra is used for the
Afghan grape-boxes. Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 422, gives the weight as 28 to 44 lbs. per
cubic foot. P. tremula, Linn.; Brandis 474, is the Aspen Poplar of Europe.

_ + Wood soft, even-grained. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided, |
uniformly distributed, except that they are scanty and generally some-
what smaller in the autumn wood. Medullary rays very fine, uniform.
Medullary patches scanty. ,

1. P. euphratica, Olivier; Brandis 474. “Vern. Bahan, Sind, Pb.;
Pathi, Brahui; Hodung, Ladak. . :

- A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, with irregular, vertical furrows.
Sapwood white, heartwood red, often nearly black near the centre,
moderately hard, compact, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a very
narrow belt with fewer pores. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly
distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, equidis-.
tant, the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of
the pores.

Banks of the Indus in Sind, the Upper Valley of the Indus, and its tributaries in
Tibet.

Growth rapid: Brandis says 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius ; our specimens are evi- ~
dently fast grown, but the rings very difficult to distinguish, they seem to shew about
4 to 6 per inch. Weight, our specimens shew 32 to 37 Ibs. per cubic foot,
some experiments made at Kandahar by Captain Call, R.E., with bars 1 ft. x
lin. X 1 in. gave the weight 27°2 lbs. and 427 for the value of P (Indian Fo-
rester, Vol. v. p. 480.) The wood is largely used in Sind for building,
turnery, lacquered boxes, but not for fuel for the river steamers, as its heatin

owers are not great. On the Euphrates and Tigris it is used for planking an
foat-building, and in the Punjab for the lining of walls. The inner bark is made into
un-match in Sind, and the bark given as a vermifuge. The leaves are used for fodder

For goats and cattle. In Ladak it is much prized for fuel. It coppices well and

bears pollarding long ; coppice shoots are often used as rafters in Sind. “4
Ibs.
P 88%. Multan... ‘ ‘ : : : eee . 32
P 1384. Indus bank, Central Sind . «=. ' ; ‘ ee

. Populus.) ~ SALICINEA. : 879

2. P. ciliata, Wall.; Brandis 475; Gamble 81. Vern. Safeda, bagnu,
phalja, phlassu, falis, paliich, phalsh, ban phrastu, dud phras, asin, suali,
rikkan, saki, nabe, chanin, krammal, krambal, pahari pipal, Pb.; Chelaun,
chelin, Simla; Garpipal, Kumaun; Bangikat, Nep.; Sungribong, Lepcha.

A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth when young, with deep, verti-
eal fissures when old. Wood grey or brownish grey, shining, soft.
Annual rings marked by a belt of firm wood with scanty pores near the
outer edge of each ring. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided, and
arranged in short, radial lines. Medullary rays uniform, very fine, very
numerous.

Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 4,000 and 10,000 feet.

Growth variable, the measurements of our specimens gave, H 34, 12 rings; H 770,
7 rings; E 970 8 rings; average 9 rings per inch of radius, which is moderate. Weight,
on an average, 29°5 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for water troughs, and the
leaves as fodder for goats. The leaves are often attacked in autumn by a fungus which
turns them white, and gives toa group of trees a curious appearance. This fungus
is Krysiphe Martii, Lev.

' Ibs.
Hs 3138. Dungagalli, Hazara ° ‘ ‘ ; : ; : o ses
Ho 34. Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 feet . ‘ ; 3 : : "35
H 2884. Nagkanda, ,, 8,000 ,, , } , , ; ; o~« B0
H 770. Kalatop, Dalhousie, 7,000 feet . : we : . 26
E 970. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 8,000 feet . : 27

3. P. balsamifera, Linn.; Brandis 476. Vern. Phalsh, makkal,
pakhshu, pakh, bit, kramal, Ph. ; Berfu, changma, yarpa, magkal, méhal,
W. Tibet. : .

A large tree. Bark grey, thick, rough, with longitudinal fissures.
Wood light grey, soft to moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly
marked. Pores very small and numerous in the spring’ wood, extremely

small, scanty, and in short radial and oblique lines in the firmer autumn

wood. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, numerous.

Inner arid Himalaya and Tibet, 8,000 to 14,000 feet. Extends to Afghanistan,
Northern Asia and North America.

Growth, our specimen shews only a slow rate, 30 rings per inch of radius. It gives
a weight of 32 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is grown for fuel in the inner arid
Himalaya, the branches are lopped for cattle fodder. The leaves and branches are
full of balsamic juice, which also exudes on a fresh cut between the bark and the

wood.
lbs.

H 136. Lahoul, about’9,000 feet y , - ‘ ; : ~ oe

H 138, received from Lahoul, is a tree with smooth, greenish grey bark, similar to

~ that of P. tremula, the Aspen. Wood light grey, soft, in structure resembling that of

P. balsamifera. Our specimen had a girth of 32 inches, and was 22 years old, shew-
ing thus 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius, which is very fast. The wood weighed 30 lbs,
per cubic foot.

7

Orper XCVIII. CUPULIFERZ.

Four Indian genera: Quereus, Castanopsis, Carpinus and Corylus. Four other

_ genera are found in the world, three of which, Castanea, Fagus and Ostrya, contain

European species, and one, Distegocarpus, Japanese trees allied to Carpinus. Castanea
vulgaris, Lam.; Brandis 491 (C. Vesca, Gaertn.), is the ‘Sweet Chestnut’ or ‘Spanish
Chestnut’ of the south of Europe, largely cultivated either as coppice for hop poles and
vine stakes or in high forest for its fruit. It has been introduced m the Himalaya and
grown in various localities, and especially in a large number of places in the Punjab

380. _ CUPULIPERE. [Quereus.

and the hills of the North-West Provinces, in Darjeeling and in the Khasia Hills.
The experiment is as yet quite recent, and results are not sufficiently certain yet; but
considering the large number of plants now growing and many favourable reports, it
is probable that the experiments will be successful in some localities. Fagus sylvatica,
Linn., is the ‘ Beech’ Tree of Europe ; and Ostrya carpinifolia, Scop., the ‘ Hop Horn-
beam’ of the Mediterranean region.
Pores generally arranged if radial lines or tails (not in Fagus sylvatica,
Castanea Vulgaris and Corylus Colurna) ; medullary rays generally of two
classes, broad and fine (not in Castanea Vesca, Castanopsis and four species of
Indian Oaks). Most species have a distinct heartwood, exceptions are
Corylus and Carpinus, | ]

1. QUERCUS, Linn.

A large genus, one of the most important, not only in India and Europe, but also
largely represented in America, Japau, and other parts of the world. “It contains nearly
300 known species, of which 30 to 40 are probably Indian. The following list is
taken from Alphonse De Candolle’s Monograph in the Prodromus, Vol. xvi., those lately
described by Kurz being given in brackets :— ,

Section I, LeprpoBaLANnvs. os
Q. Grifithii, Hook. f.andTh. . .. . . Khasia Hills, 6,000 to

6,000 feet.
Q. semecarpifolia,8m. . . chet or : - North-West Himala
? Nenal ya,
ae epal.
Q. Ilex, Linn. ; ; ; ; : ; - North-West Himalaya,
| Afghanistan. ‘ <4
Q. dilatata, Lindl. - + « « §% +. North-West Himalaya,
Afghanistan. ;
Q. serrata, Thunb.. ete) oe el te 4 Nepal, haa ee
Q. lanuginosa, Don. ; , , ; ‘ . Kumaun, Nepal. eC
GF, tROGNh,; BOE: Tale. 8 tit aehd we ee pee North-West Hima-
aya.

Section II. Pasanra.

Q. Amherstiana, Wall.; Kurz ii. 484. Wood used
for boat building. Weight 58 lbs. (Wallich) . Upper Tenasserim.
[Q. Falconeri, Kurz, in Journ. As,-Soc. Bengal xliv.
_p. 197; Burma For. Fl. ii. 485]. ‘ . Assam, Tenasserim,
Q. mizxta,Alph. DC. j ; ; : . Upper Tenasserim.
Q. fenestrata, Roxb. ; : ‘ 3 : . Sikkim, Khasia Hills,
Eastern Bengal, Tenas-
serim. |

Q. dealbata, Hook. f. and Th. Vern. Dingir, Khasia. Nepal, Khasia, Hills,
Kastern Bengal.
Q. spicata, Sm. ; : 4 ; ; . . North-East Himalaya,
Eastern Bengal, Burma,
[Q. pachyphylla, Kurz]. . +s . . . Sikkim.
Q. lappacea, Roxb. + «© «+ + « + Assam, Eastern Bengal,
Burma.
Q. acuminata, Roxb. : ; ‘ ‘ ; . Sikkim, Eastern Bengal,
Burma.
Srotion III. CycLoparanvs.
Q. Thomsoniana, Alph. DC. . : : ? ; er 5,000 to 8,000
eet.

.Q. oayodon, Miq. . ' : : f: Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet.
Q veladia, Lindl.; Kurz ii. 487 . ,

A . Chittagong, Burma.
Q. semiserrata, Roxb.; Brandis 488; Kurz ii. 488,
Vern. Lhitkya, Burm, Weight, 48 lbs. - Sylhet, Burma,

:

:

‘

——
7

T=

- a SS E_ _-— ~~ =
el

Quercus. | CUPULIFERE. — 381
Q. annulata,Sm. . ‘ ; ‘ : i . Himalaya, Khasia Hills.
Q. lamellosa, Sm. . x : ; d : . Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan,
6,000 to 9,000 feet.
Q. mespilifolia, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 488 ‘ } . Ava, Prome, Arracan
Hills, 4,000 to 5,000
’ feet.
[Q. Brandisiana, Kurz ii. 488] s : ‘ . Martaban, to 4,000 feet.

Section LV. CHLAMYDOBALANTS.

Q. laneeefolia, Roxb. . 4 ; ‘ p . Sikkim, Assam, Eastern
Bengal.

[Q. «ylocarpa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliv.
196 j <i Sie a Aew

5 , . : Arracan.
‘(Q. ewmorpha, Kurz ii. 487]. ‘ ; : . Martaban Hills, 6,000 to
7,000 feet.
— [Q. bancana, Scheff. ; Kurz ii. 485] ‘ ; - Martaban Hills, 3,000 to
5,000 feet.
[Q. Olla, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliv. 197] . Assam.
Q. nov. sp. Vern. Dingwa ; : : . Khasia Hills,

. The most important of the non-Indian Oaks are described in Brandis For. FI.

pp. 483 to 487, and in other works such as Mathieu's Flore Forestiére; we need, there-

fore, merely say that the British Oaks are Q. pedunculata, Ehrh., and Q. sessiliflora,
Sm., usually united by botanists under the name Q. Robur, Linn. The Cork Oak is
Q. Suber, Linn., found throughout the Mediterranean region; and cork is also pro-
duced by Q. occidentalis, Gay, of Spain, Portugal and Western France. The
Vallonea Oak of Syria and Asia Minor, whose acorns are so largely used for tanning
and dyeing, is Q. Afgilops, Linn.

Wood brown, very hard to extremely hard, heavy, generally with a
distinct, darker coloured heartwood. Pores small to large, arranged in
irregular radial lines, or elongated patches. Annual rings very indis-
tinct, and not marked as in the case of Kuropean oaks by a belt of larger
pores in the spring wood (Q. Grifithi and Q. serrata are an excep-
tion to this). As regards the medullary rays, two types may be dis-
tinguished. In the first type (Q. pachyphylla, fenestrata and lappacea),
there is only one class of medullary rays, all being very fine, very
numerous, uniform and equidistant. All other species have two classes,
namely, besides the very fine rays already described, a small number
of broad, or very broad, rays.

First growp.—Al\l medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform
and equidistant. Wood seasons well, does not warp or crack. |

Second group.—Medullary rays of two classes, very fine and broad, the
latter very prominent on a vertical section, giving rise to that ap-
pearance which is generally known as “ silver grain.” The wood of most
Indian species warps and splits in seasoning.

1. Q. Griffithii, Hook. f. and Th. Vern. Dingim, Khasia.

A large deciduous tree. Bark black, with deep vertical fissures.
Wood brown, very hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of large pores |
in the spring wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, large in the spring
wood, gradually decreasing outwards, enclosed in patches or radial wavy
groups of soft tissue, Medullary rays of two classes: numerous, fine,
uniform and equidistant rays and few broad to very broad rays. Very

382 CUPULIFERA, [ Quercus.

“numerous, fine, parallel, wavy, transverse lines. The wood of this
oak more resembles that of the English oak than any other we.have
examined. .

Khasia Hills at 5,000 to 6,000 feet.

Growth fast, judging from our small specimen, and from the size attained by planted
trees at Mongpu, Darjeeling. The timber is much used in the Khasia Hills for building.
and other purposes.

E 3337. Shillong, Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet.

2. Q. semecarpifolia, Smith; Brandis 479. Vern. Barchar, jangal
ha partingi, Jhelam; Kreu, khareu, kréii, Chenab, Ravi; Karshu, karsii,
karzu, sauj, Sutlej to Sarda; Ghesi, hasru, Nep. :

A large evergreen tree with dark grey bark, often with protuberances
arranged in horizontal lines. Heartwood grey, often with a reddish tinge,
very hard. Annual rings marked by few somewhat larger pores in the
spring wood. Pores small and very small, in long, narrow, wavy, radial
bands. Medullary rays of two classes : very numerous, very fine, uniform, ©
and equidistant rays; and very few, broad ones, not very prominent on
a longitudinal section. Numerous faint, wavy, concentric bands. —

Afghanistan, North-west Himalaya between 8,000 and 10,000 feet, Nepal, Bhutan.

Growth difficult to distinguish, but from our specimens it appears to be moderate.
Brandis says, 10 to 15 rings per inch of radius, and Aikin, describing Wallich’s
specimens, gives 14°5 rings per inch. The rate of growth in the Deoban Forest was
ascertained by counting the annual rings on 15 stumps of-large trees. The result
may be expressed as follows :— . .

: sas : ; ore
Girth at pe ty from the ech se c-ps ate (of No. of rings. No. % oes inch
ft. -in, inches.
1. © 2°9 40 . 13°8
3). 0 ay ae 86 151
4 6 86 138 16
5 ' 115 192 16°7

This shews an increase of nearly 3 inches of radius every 50 years after the first 40,
and an average growth of 154 rings per inch of radius. :
The examination of coppice poles at an elevation of 9,000 feet in the same forest

gave:
Poles, Average diameter, No. of rings,

Inches,
Jadi Block . , ; i ae 4°7 32'8
Mohna . : ‘ : >, ,k0R 4'8 34°4

or a general average for 130 poles of 4°8 inches average diameter to 34 rings or 10°4
rings per inch of radius.

Weight, our specimens give 53 to 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The tree often grows to
large size, and has a fine, straight stem, but the wood, though probably better than
that of the other North-West Himalayan oaks, is not exported, and only but little
locally used. It is used for building, door-frames, bedsteads, carrying poles, helves
and ploughs, is a good firewood, and yields good charcoal. The leaves are stored as
winter fodder for cattle. It coppices well and reproduces well from seed, and is often
gregarious, forming considerable extents of almost pure forest.

lbs,
H 39. Mahasnu, Simla, 9,000 feet . “ . A , : . 64.
H 72. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . - : meats ‘ » 68
H 2893. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . ‘ 5 ; ‘ i oDseed

ine —

EV ———

Quercus. | | CUPULIFERE. — 385

No. E 2464, sent by Dr. Schlich from the Valley of Chumbi, Tibet, between

Sikkim and Bhutan, is a tree, the leaves of which resemble those of Q. semecarpifolia,

\

but are smaller and less tomentose beneath. The wvod is light coloured, the pores
small, surrounded by soft tissue, in long, radial anastomosing bands. The wood
resembles that of Q. Idea, which or near which species it probably is.

3. Q. Ilex, Linn.; Brandis 480. Q. Baloot, Griff. Q. Ballota, Desf.
The Holm Oak. Vern. Charrei, serei, batit, Afg.; Spercherei, pargdi,
kharanja, Trans-Indus ; Chir, keharsu, kharen irri, yiru, heru, ban, bré,
brekche, Pb.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark } inch thick, dark grey, tes-
selated, and cut into quadrangular plates. Heartwood red or reddish
brown, very hard, durable. Pores small, uniform, in irregular anasto-
mosing, radial bands. Medullary rays of two classes, numerous, very fine,
uniform and equidistant rays, and fewer broad and very broad rays, the
latter consisting of an agglomeration of finer rays ; numerous fine, wavy,
concentric rings of softer texture.

Afghanistan, Suliman Range, arid tracts of the Inner Himalaya, generally between
3,000 and 8,500 feet. Westwards to Southern Europe.

Growth slow, rings uncertain; if the concentric lines in No. H 1406: are annual

rings the growth of that specimen was 70 rings in 4 inches of radius. In 1880
in a small forest in the Spingawai Pass in the Kuram Valley, Mr. Bagshawe counted

_ the rings of 8 trees. These trees averaged 85 inches in girth with an average number

of 270 rings, or nearly 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, that of the European
tree varies between 60 and 69 lbs. per cubic foot; our three specimens give an
average of 61 lbs., but the third was old wood, having been cut in 1867. Mathieu,
Fl: For. p. 325, gives the weight as varying from 55 to 74 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood warps and twists, but when well seasoned it works admirably and takes a fine
polish. It is largely used for tool handles, and pieces are brought from the Suliman
Range for that purpose. It is used for agricultural implements, and yields good fuel

_ and charcoal. The branches with prickly leaves are used for fencing, and those

without prickles are stored for winter cattle-fodder. The acorns are eaten in France,

and the bark is considered of good quality for tanning.

; lbs.

H 903. Upper Sutlej Valley, 8,000 feet . : : . ? . 62
H 953. Upper Sutlej Valley, 8,000 feet . * ; . . 1, Oe
H 1406. Suliman Range (Stewart, 1867) . : ; 7 , . 54
2978. Dalmatia . Re é : : ‘ Jo

4, Q. dilatata, Lindl.; Brandis 482.; Vern. Zéihk, Kafiristan ;
Bén, banji, banchar, barachar, bardin, banni, pariingi, chora, kali ring,
maru, maur, moru, marghang, karsh, Pb.; Moru, tilangsa, kilonj, tilonj,
timsha, N-W. P.

A large tree, changing its leaves yearly in spring at the time of
flowering, but not quite deciduous. Bark dark grey, almost black, often
with horizontal cracks, peeling off in longitudinal scales. Heartwood
reddish grey, with darker streaks, very hard, seasons well and does not
warp much, faintly. but elegantly marked on longitudinal sections by
the medullary rays. Pores small and very small, in groups, patches and
irregular radial lines. Medullary rays of two classes, the broad rays
more frequent, but narrower than those of Q. iucana; the others are
very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Fine, wavy, concentric
bands irregularly distributed.

Afghanistan, Suliman Range, North-West Himalaya, between 7,000 and 9,000 feet.

Growth moderate at first, probably slow afterwards; the annual rings are not
sufficiently marked for counting. Weight, 61 lbs. per cubic foot. Major Lang gives

‘ ‘ ‘

384. - CUPULIFERZ. — [Quereus.

* P.=670, The wood is durable, and is used for building, for agricultural implements
and jampan poles. The leaves are much lopped for fodder for sheep and goats, and
unlopped forests are rare. Near Simla, the chief localities where forests, pure or
almost pure, of this tree are seen, are at Mahasu and on the east side of the ridge
between Theog and Matiyana. The latter forest contains fine trees, and is very in-
teresting.

The tree coppices well, and reproduces abundantly naturally, but the seedlings, when
once established, require light to be let in, or they die off.

lbs.
H 935. Hazara, 8,000 feet A 5 4 ; é ; ‘ . 61
H 4. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet . heey ~ : ; . 56
H 40. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet . ; ‘ i og . . 69
H 2845. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet . : : : ; ; . 68
H 2873. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . : * ; «See

5. Q. serrata, Thunb.; Brandis 486. Q. polyantha, Ldl. Vern.
Dingrittiang, Khasia. | :

A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, rough when old,
light silver grey and shining when young, deeply cleft with vertical
fissures. Wood brown, very hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of
large, sometimes very large, pores in the spring wood. Pores small
moderate-sized, increasing gradually to large and very large to the edge
of the spring wood, enclosed in patches or radial wavy groups of soft tissue,
‘Medullary rays of two classes: numerous fine, uniform and equidistant
rays and fewer broad, very short rays. Very numerous fine, parallel, wavy,
transverse lines. This‘much resembles Q. Griffithiz in structure and also
comes near that of the English oak. A Japanese specimen has the same
structure, but the annual rings much more distinctly markéd.

North-East Himalaya and Khasia Hills, from 3,000 to 5,000 feet.

Growth, our specimen shews 9 rings per inch of radius. Wood used in Assam for
building. In Japan the “* Yamamai” silkworm is raised on its leaves. —

E 3339. Shillong, Assam, 5,000 feet.

6. Q. lanuginosa, Don; Brandis 481. @Q. anata, Wall. Vern. Ranj,
rianj, rat bang, Kumaun; Banga, Nep.
A large, evergreen tree. Bark } inch thick. "Wood greyish brown,

very hard, warps,and splits. Pores moderate-sized, in radial bands, —

Medullary rays of two classes, the broad rays prominent on a vertical
section, giving the wood a handsome, mottled appearance. Numerous
wavy, concentric lines.

Naini T4l and a few other places in Kumaun, between 6,000 and 7,500 feet. Gre-
garious, or associated with Q. ancana.

Growth, annual rings not sufficiently recognizable for certainty, but if the lines on
our specimen are annual rings, the growth was moderate, 7 rings per ineh of radius.
Weight, our specimen gives 55 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for firewood, the leaves

for cattle fodder. a
H 2968, “Naini Tél, 7,000 feet 0. ck ote tw a

7, Q. incana, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 642; Brandis 482. Vern. Vari,
Salt Range; Adin, Hazara; Rinj, rin, Jhelam; Bédn, danj, Pb.; Ban,
Kumaun. ;

A large evergreen tree. Bark dark coloured, rough, with cracks and
fissures. Heartwood very hard, reddish brown, warps and splits. An-
nual rings indistinct. Pores small and moderate-sized, surrounded by

a)

|
A
‘:

Quercus. | CUPULIFERZ. | 385

soft tissue and arranged in irregular patches and groups, and radial belts.
Medullary rays of two classes: numerous, very fine, uniform, and equidis-
tant rays, and fewer very broad rays, visible on a radial section as high,
narrow, tapering, shining plates. Numerous faint, interrupted, wavy,
thin, concentric lines.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 3,000 and 8,000 feet ; it can be
grown in the Panjab plains. It is gregarious, or often associated with Rhododendron
and Pieris, and a few other species, such as Cornus capitata and deodar. Growth
not recognisable from the specimens. Weight, 64]bs. per cubic foot, average of our
4 specimens ; Major Lang gives P. = 491. The wood is very difficult to season, it is
used for building, for ploughs, is a good fuel and makes good charcoal. The acorns
are greedily eaten by bears and monkeys, which may to some extent account for
its bad natural reproduction in spite of profuse seeding.

Ibs,
H 899. Murree, 7,000 feet : , , ; " , : . 62
He171. Kangra, 6,000 ,, (Stewart, 1867} 5 ; dll ‘sia
H 41. Simla, 7,000 feet . : 7 , 5 oe P - ba
H 24. A os righ be - ; 2 : : A ; . 66
H 2867 oa 3 oer > ; : . . t é hoes
H 2. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet . ; i : , P . 60

- 8, Q. fenestrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 633; Brandis 489; Kurz ii.
483; Gamble 78. Vern. Kala chakma, Beng.; Patlé hkatis, Nep.,
Kashiendiing, Lepcha; Dingjing, Khasia; Thitkya, Burm. :

A moderate-sized tree. Bark $ inch thick, rough, greyish brown,
deeply fissured into small rectangular plates. Heartwood red, very hard.
Pores large, arranged in groups, and short or oblique belts. Medullary
rays very numerous, very fine, uniform and equidistant. Numerous
wavy, concentric bands. .

Eastern Himalaya, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and
hills of Martaban and Upper Tenasserim.
Growth, the annual rings are doubtful, but our Burma specimen seems to shew
7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Major Seaton says 48 lbs. per cubic foot (probably
mistaken for Q. semiserrata, 48 lbs. in Brandis’ Burma List of 1862, No. 88, also called
Thitkya), Wallich gives 47, and our specimen 56 lbs. Used for building and farm pur-
poses in the Khasia Hills.
Ibs.
E 3338. Shillong, Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet . : ae?
B 552. Martaban Hills. : ‘ i oe

9, Q. spicata, Smith ; Brandis 489 ; Kurz ii. 486; Gamble 78.

Q. sguamata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 638. Vern. Danwa singali, phaco

singali, arkaula, Nep.; Bara chakma, Beng.; Kacheeng, Lepcha; Sahu
hingori, Ass.; Dingjing, Khasia; Thitcha, Burm.

A large, evergreen tree. Wood red, very hard. Bark grey, smooth.
Pores moderate-sized and large, enclosed in soft tissue in groups, patches
and radial belts. Medullary rays of two classes: numerous very fine,
uniform and equidistant rays, and fewer broad and very broad ones;
the silver grain being very prominent on a radial section. Very numer-

ous fine, parallel, wavy, transverse lines.

Nepal, Sikkim up to 5,000 feet, Eastern Bengal, Burma and Indian Archipelago.

Growth, annual rings not recognisable. Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot, The wood
is used for building in Assam and for charcoal in Darjeeling. It coppices very freely
and is often almost gregarious or mixed with chestnut, Hugelhardtia and. Schima.
It is very durable and does not warp.

OA

386 | CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus.

Ibs.
E 595. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . . . : . 56
E 1444. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) ; ; : ¢ : . 59
E 1446. (is a 3 eRPS EIS i
B 645. Martaban Hills 63

Q. turbinata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 636 (Q. Thowsbak Mia. ; is ii. 486) from
Chittagong (Vern. Banstia batana) is probably only a narrow-leaved variety of this.

10. Q. pachyphylla, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv. 197,
1875; Gamble 78. Vern, Bara katiés, Nep. ; Hlosiri, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Wood grey, very hard, seasons well, does
not warp or split, is more durable under exposure to damp than that of
Q. lameliosa and annulata, Annual rings faintly marked by concentric
lines. Pores moderate-sized, isolated or in short, irregular, radial, oblique
and branching belts. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, uniform and
equidistant. Numerous, wavy, interrupted, concentric bands of soft tissue. ©
Medullary rays very prominent on a radial section as numerous, long,
narrow bands, the groups of pores also prominent, giving the wood a.
beautifully mottled appearance.

Higher ranges of the Sikkim Himalaya, above 7,000 feet, the common oak of the
forests between 8,000 and 10,000 feet.
Growth apparently moderate, but the annual rings are not clearly distinguishable.
Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. "The wood is largely used in Darjeeling for planking,
palings, shingles and other purposes. The leaves are smooth, longacuminate, eS

green, and the acorns large, deeply-bedded in scaly cups, generally i in compact masses,
containing each 3 nuts. |

E 364. Rangbil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet . : : © iy
E 2454, ” ” 9 9 . . . . . 48
E 2455. Rangirtim ,, 2 . 61

11. Q. lappacea, Roxb. Fl. ind, iii. 637 ; Panis 489 ; Pere ii. 484.
Vern. Oolu chakma, Beng. ; Thitcha, Burm.

An evergreen tree. Sapwood light brown or yellow. Heartwood
very hard, reddish. Pores large, uniform, isolated, sometimes arranged
in radial groups. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform,
equidistant, with innumerable, fine, transverse bars across the rays,

Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim.

Weight, Wallich gives 51, our specimens 56 lbs. per cubic foot. The acorns have a
cup composed of imbricate, soft tomentose scales.

Ibs.
B 553. Upper Tenasserim . 56

B 2715. Brought by Wallich from Tavoy in 1828, has a structure most
resembling this species

12, Q. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. "636; Kinex ii. 484; ‘Game
78. Vern. Sanu arkaula, Nep.; Kanta gola batana, Chittagong.

An evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey to greyish black, smooth. Wood
light red, very hard. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, arranged in short
irregular branching lines, which rarely go beyond the spring wood.
Annual rings marked by the larger pores in the spring wood. Medul-
lary rays of two classes: numerous, uniform and equidistant very fine
rays and very few broad ones.

Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and down to Chittagong, ascending to 6,000 feet.

Growth fast, 34 rings per inch of radius. Weight of our specimen, 43 to 56 Ibs. per
cubic foot, but thisis probably low. The tree coppices well andis very good for SN

E 2456. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet . .. . + -« 43
E 3333. Birch Hill Park, Darjeeling, 6,500 feet . 4 : : . 56

j

Quercus. | CUPULIFER A, 387

13. Q. annulata, Smith; Brandis 487; Gamble 78. Q. Phullata,
Don. Vern. Bran, brén, bartn, banni, imbri, indri, Pb.; Pharonj,
phandt, phaliant, inai, N.-W. P. ; Phalat, Nep.; Siri, Lepcha.

A large evergreen tree. Bark } inch thick, grey, smooth when
young, rough with short deep transverse fissures when old. Wood grey
or greyish brown, very hard, warps and cracks; a handsome, markedly
mottled wood, polishes well. Pores moderate-sized and small, surrounded
by soft tissue and arranged in groups, patches, and irregular radial lines.
Medullary rays of two classes: numerous, very fine, uniform, equidistant
rays, and fewer broad and extremely broad ones. Numerous, fine, wavy,
concentric bands across the rays. The medullary rays appear as broad
irregular plates, sometimes one inch high, and shew a silver grain on a
radial section.

Valleys of the outer Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 feet, Garhwal, Kumaun, Nepal,
Sikkim (6,000 to 9,000 feet), Bhutan, Khasia Hills.

Growth : of all our specimens, only one, No. H 90, shews any sign of annual rings,
and these appear to be 8 per inch of radius. Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot, the aver-

‘age of 7 specimens. The wood is not much esteemed in the North-West Himalaya ;

in Darjeeling it is used for the same purposes as Q. lamellosa, but is not considered

so good as that species. The acorns have small cups with 4 to 8 narrow, velvety

belts. ,
Ibs.

H 927. Hazara, 6,000 feet : : ; m : : : . 65
H 90. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet : : ? : : ; 72
H 423. Raulagrad, Chakrata, 6,500 feet . ; ’ : ; aoe sf
E 433. Rangbil, Darjeeling, 7,000 ,,_ . ‘ ; : . 60
E 2451. 33 9 9 ” . . . ‘ s . 69
E 1439. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) - . , 2 . ae, Oe
E 1443, + re ‘ a . ; ; : : . 68

14. Q. lamellosa, Smith ; Brandis 488; Gamble 78. Q. paucilamel-
losa, Alph. DC. Q. lameliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 641 (from Penang).
Q. imbricata; Don. Vern. Shalshi, pharat-singhali, budgrat, Nep.; Bik,
Lepcha.

A very large tree. Bark greyish brown, $ to} inch thick. Heart-
wood greyish brown, shewing a beautiful silver grain on a radial section ;
does not warp to the same extent as Q incana and Q. annulata. Pores
small to large, surrounded by soft tissue, in loose radial strings. Medul-
lary rays of two classes : numerous, very fine, uniform, equidistant rays;
and fewer broad to extremely broad ones, shewing on a radial section as

high, irregularly-shaped, shining plates. Numerous, wavy, concentric

lines.

Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, between 5,000 and 9,000 feet.

Growth, probably moderate, but the annual rings are too difficult to distinguish to
be readily counted. Attempts to count rings have been frequently made in Darjeel-
ing, but with very little success, Its growth is, however, slow. Weight, 59 Ibs. per
cubic foot, the avrnes of 5 specimens. The wood is-durable if not much exposed to
wet; it is used for beams and posts in the construction of houses and bridges, and
for door-posts, window-frames, rafters and other house-building purposes. In Darjeeling
the bark is used for tanning. It often attains 100 to 120 feet in height, with a girth
of 20 to 30 feet, but old trees are very frequently hollow. The acorns are very
large, the cups often 2 to 3 inches in diameter, and composed of broad, annular rings.
The leaves are large, parallel-veined, sharply sergated, grey underneath; they are
renewed every 2 or 3 years. It is grown easily from seed, if the seed is good, but it
is very liable to be found eaten by grubs. It often takes a long time to germinate,

a

388 CUPULIFERZ. [ Quereus.

and instances of more than one year being taken are common. It is being largely
grown by planting in the Darjeeling Forests, where it is the principal and most im-
portant tree.

Ibs.
E 434, Rangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet . ; : . 63
E 2452. 33 ” bP] 33 33 a ° : * . 59
E 2453. 39 39 ” 9 39 ag ° ° ° . 57
E 1438. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) : : : P F . 57
E 1448. ss 6 e ne ; ; : é : . 69

15. Q. lancesfolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 634; Brandis 489; Gamble
79. Castanea lanceafolia, Kurz ii. 482. Vern. Patlé hatis, Nep.;
Siri, Lepcha; Shingra, chauko, Garo; Bucklai, Ass.; Hingori, Cachar ;
Dingsning, Khasia.

A small evergreen tree. _Wood greyish white, hard. Pores large,

enclosed in soft tissue and arranged in wavy, radial and oblique lines.

Medullary rays of two classes: numerous, very fine, uniform and equi-
distant rays, and few broad rays. Numerous, fine, wavy, concentric
lines.

Sub-Himalayan tract, in Bengal and Chittagong, ascending to 4,000 feet.

Weight, 42 lbs. per cubie foot (Wallich and our specimens). Wood used for build-
ing in Assam. The acorns have thin, broad, ringed cups, which are set sideways on the
branch ; they have ruminate albumen.

Ibs.
E 1262. Tezpur, Assam . ‘ : : ‘ <Not tt on

2. CASTANOPSIS, Spach.

About 9 to 11 species. C. javanica, Alph. DC. (Castanea javanica, Bl.; Kurz ii.
479) is an evergreen tree of Burma. ‘C. Hystrix, Alph. DC. Vern. Dingsning,
Khasia, is a tree of the Khasia hills. C. argentea, Aiph. DC.; Gamble 79 (Castanea
argentea, Bl.; Kurz ii. 479.) Vern. Hingori, Ass., is an evergreen tree of Sikkim,
Assam and Burma. C. echidnocarpa, Alph., DC., is a tree of the Khasia hills from
3,000 to 5,000 feet. Castanea diversifolia, Kurz ii. 479. Vern. Kyanya, Burm.,
is a tree of the Martaban hills, from 3,500 to 5,000 feet, and C. Roxburghii, Ldl.;
Kurz ii. 480, is a large evergreen tree of Chittagong. Castanea rhamnifolia, Kurz
and C inermis, Lindl.; Kurz ii. 481, are Burmese trees nearly allied to Quercus
lanceafolia.

The species of Castanopsis have a uniform structure which resembles
that of the oaks with one class of medullary rays. Wood grey, moder-
ately hard to hard, does not split or warp, seasons well, durable. Pores
large, in wavy, radial bands, and lines very prominent on a_ vertical sec-
tion. Medullary rays of one class, very fine, uniform and equidistant,
Numerous, wavy, concentric lines.

1. C. indica, Alph. DC. ; Brandis 490; Gamble 79. Castanea indica,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 643; Kurz ii. 478. Quercus serrata, Roxb. 1. ¢. 641
(probably) Vern. Banj katéis, Nep.; Kashiorén, Lepcha; Serang, Ass. ;
Charang, Géro; Tailo, Cachar; Nikari, gol-shingra, Sylhet.

A moderate-sized, evergreen tree. Bark silvery grey, } inch thick,
with regular equidistant longitudinal fissures. Wood grey, hard. Pores
small to very large, arranged in wavy, interrupted, radial lines ; the
largest pores being often in the middle of each line. Medullary rays
extremely fine, uniform, equidistant, very numerous, Numerous, fine,
concentric lines of soft tissue.

— ————,

Castanopsis.] | CUPULIFERZ. 389

Nepal, Eastern Bengal, Assam and Chittagong, ascending to 5,000 feet.

Growth apparently fast, about 4 te 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Wallich
gives 39, our specimens 44]bs. per cubic foot. Skinner, No. 40, gives W = 35 l|bs.,
P= 404, but as he gives Theethkaya for the Burmese name and this species is not de-
scribed from Burma, he may refer to some other species. The wood splits well, and is
very largely used for shinglesin Darjeeling. It coppices freely, and is often pollarded
and the branches burnt for manure. The fruit is eaten; it much resembles the
filbert, both in shape and in flavour, but has a thinner shell. It is enclosed in a very
prickly cup.

Ibs.
E 494. Dalka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai . xt sie . 43
E 681. Khookloong Forest, Ms oe : ‘ Z - 45
K 1254. Tezpur, Assam . : : : ; : ; ; . 44

2, C. tribuloides, Alph. DC.; Brandis 490; Gamble 79. Custanea
tribuloides, Karz ii. 480. Quercus ferov and Q. armata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii. 639, 640. Vern. Zuéimari, katonj, Kumaun; Musré khatis, totur,
chisi, maku, shingali, Nep.; Bar hingort, khanta singar, Ass. ; Dingsaot,
Khasia ; Siaghara, Tipperah; Kanta lal batana, Chittagong; Kyansa,
Barm.. °

An evergreen tree. Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual rings
marked by darker lines. Pores moderate-sized and large, in long wavy
radial lines and bands. Medullary rays numerous, very fine, uniform
and equidistant, Numerous fine, wavy, concentric lines.

South-East Kumaun, Nepal, Eastern Bengal, ascending from the plains to 6,000
feet. Chittagong and hills in Burma, above 3,000 feet.

Growth, apparently very fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius, but the rings are —
doubtful. Weight, Kyd gives weight 43 lbs., P = 483, our specimens give 32 to 39 lbs.
per cubic foot. Wallich gives 62, which is much too great unless quite fresh, damp
wood were weighed. The wood is used for planking, and is good and durable; also for
shingles. The fruit is eaten; it is similar to that of C. indica, but is enclosed in a cup
armed with strong, distant, branching prickles. The tree coppices admirably, and
with C.indica, Quercus spicata and Engelhardtia should be grown wherever firewood

and charcoal forests are required, as they often are by planters.

: Ibs.
E 626. Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai ; ‘ : : 39
E 495. Khookloong Forest, - fe . , . ee! aie

3. C. rufescens, Hook. f. and Th.; Gamble 79. Vern. Dalné katis,
Nep. ; Sirtkishu, Lepcha ; Hingori, Ass,

A very large evergreen tree. Wood grey, hard. Annual rings
marked by narrow belts of firmer texture. Pores moderate-sized and
large, enclosed in soft tissue, arranged in irregular, radial bands and lines.
Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant, with
numerous short, fine, transverse bars.

Sikkim Himalaya, from 6,000 to 9,000 feet.

Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. The
wood is used in Darjeeling for house-building and other purposes, exactly as that of
Quercus pachyphylla, which it very closely resembles. It gives excellent shingles, and
ds more valuable as planking and posts wherever exposed to wet than other species of
this genus. The fruit is small, but edible and of good flavour; it is enclosed in a large
cup with long needle-like prickles, longer than those of C. indica,

Ib
E 354. Rangbil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet .. . . . ) , 47

E 2457. » 9 ” »” ° ° ¢ . . 45

390 . CUPULIFERZ. [ Carpinus.

»

3. CARPINUS, Tournef.

Two Indian species. C. faginea, Lindl.; Brandis 492. Vern. Shirdsh, imar,
bijauwi, Pb.; Gish, North-Western Provinces, is a moderate-sized tree of the Hima-
laya, from the Beas eastward, from 4,000 to 7,000 feet. The Hornbeam of Europe is
C. Betulus, Linn., generally found in forests of Oak and Beech throughout the
greater part of Europe and eastward to Asterabad, south of the Caspian Sea.

Slow-growing trees, with white wood, without heartwood. Pores
small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays fine and broad, the latter
consisting of a number of fine rays closely packed.

1. C. viminea, Wall. ; Brandis 492 ; Kurz ii.477. Vern. Charkhri,
kai, Pb. ; Pumne, goria, chamkharak, North-Western Provinces ; Chwkissi,
konikath, Nep. ;
| A moderate-sized tree, with grey, compact bark, 4 inch thick. Wood

white, shining, no heartwood, warps in seasoning. Pores small, some-
times in short radial lines. Medullary rays of two apparent classes:
very numerous, very fine rays; and broad rays, composed of numerous
closely packed, very fine rays.

Himalaya, from the Ravi eastwards, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, often near water.
Martaban Hills at 5,000 to 6,000 feet.

Growth moderately slow, Brandis says 10 rings per inch, our specimen shews the
same. Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The stem is irregular in section like that of
the European Hornbeam, which it much resembles both in bark and wood, and in

general appearance.
PP Ibs.

H 3098. Sipi, Simla, 6,500 feet . ; ; ‘ L : z . 60

4. CORYLUS, Tournef.

Two Indian species. The European Hazel is C. Avellana, Linn., found in Eng-
land, France and eastwards to the Caucasus and Asia Minor.

Wood soft, even-grained, light-coloured. Pores very small. Medul-
lary rays of two classes, the broad rays being composed of numerous fine
rays.

1. C. ferox, Wall.; Brandis 494; Gamble 79. Vern. Curri, Nep.;

Langura, Bhutia.
A small tree. Wood pinkish white, moderately hard, even-grained.
Pores very small, generally in short, radial lines, not very numerous.
Medullary rays of two classes : fine and very broad, the broad ones numer-
ous and, as in C. Colurna, composed of an agglomeration of fine rays.

Nepal, Sikkim, 8,000 to 10,000 feet.
Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius, Weight, 38lbs. per cubic foot. The
fruit is covered with a very prickly cup, the kernel is edible.
Ibs.
E 376, Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet Aa oo ° oe - 38

9. C. Colurna, Linn. ; Brandis 494. C. dacera, Wall. Vern, Urni,
Jhelam; Wénri, wiri, warawi, wiriya, thangi, thankoli, Kashmir and
Chamba; Jangi, Chenab ; Shurli, sharoli, ban pdlu, geh, ban dilia, Sutle) ;
Kapasi, bhotia baddm, Kumaun. meh

A moderate-sized tree, with thin, dark-grey bark. Wood pinkish
white, moderately hard, Annual rings distinctly marked by narrow
belt of firm wood, with few pores inside the outer edge of each ring

Cory lus. 3 CUPULIFERE. 391

>.

Pores very small, numerous, uniformly distributed, sometimes in short
radial lines. | Medullary rays fine, numerous, with few broader rays,
which consist of an agglomeration of fine rays.

North-West Himalaya, between 5,500 and 10,000 feet.
Growth moderate, our specimens shew about 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight,
_ 33 to 37 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is only used locally, but it is well grained and
does not warp, and deserves to be better known, especially as many specimens shew a
fine shining grain resembling Birds’-eye Maple. The fruit is as good as that of the
English Hazel, and is largely eaten.

Bee > Nackanda, Simla, 90,000 fact °°. «hh Othe Ma ne
H 908. Upper Chenab. C1 45) . alge pee ei aan ee
H 3179. Dungagalli, Hazara ee th se wi ie tea Cr

Orver XCIX. MYRICACEA.
1. MYRICA, Linn.

In DeCandolle’s Prodromus, Vol. xvi, two species are given from India: viz., M.
sapida, Wall., and M. integrifolia, Roxb. For the differences between these and
M. Nagi, Thunb. of Japan, see Brandis, p. 496, where the conclusion is arrived at that
they will eventually be all placed under one species M. Nagi, Thunb., with the wide

‘range from the Punjab to China and Japan, and to the sea-coast of Singapore and
Borneo. MM. integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 765.. Vern. Sophi, Beng., is described as
a large shrub of the Khasia Hills and Sylhet. MM. Gale, Linn., is the Sweet Gale or
Bog Myrtle of Europe. Vegetable wax is given by MW. cerifera, Linn., the Bayberry
of North America, which is also a valuable sand-binding plant; by M. cordifolia
Linn., M. quercifolia, Linn., and WM. serrata, Lamk., of South Africa, and by uu.

-arguta, Kunth, of South America.

| 1. M. sapida, Wall.; Brandis 495. MM, Nagi, Thunb. ; Kurz ii. 475.
Vern. Kaphat, kaiphal, North-Western Himalaya; Kodusz, Nep. ; Ding-
solir, Khasia.

A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark grey or brownish grey, rough,

with deep vertical wrinkles. Wood purplish grey, hard, close-grained,
~ apt to warp. Annual rings marked by a belt of firmer texture without
pores inthe autumn wood. Pores very small, uniformly distributed, but
somewhat less numerous near the outer edge of each annual ring.
Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. ‘i

Outer Himalaya, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, Khasia Hills, hills of
4,000 and 6,000 feet. s, hills of Burma between
Weight, 48 oie = st foot. aoe bark is exported to the plains; it is used as
an aromatic stimulant and externally as a plaster against rheumatism. In the Khasi
Hills it is used to poison fish. ‘The fruit is edible.” vn te co

Ohi Si Ratios Walle MOBO Gedy ilies ove, vices w Lin, 46
H 426. Ghite Forest, Jaunsar, 5,500 feet . ‘ , : : 45
E 799. Khasia Hills, about 5,000 feet j : : i : . 52

Orpen C, JUGLANDEZ.

Two Indian genera. The Hickories of America are species of C,
these, the chief are: C. alba, Nuttall, the Shellbark; C, Ps Murray, ‘the Hoot

392 SUGLANDER, . [Juglans.

and C. oliviformis, Nuttall, the Pear nut. The wood of all is very strong and
elastic, and is used for building, but is not durable (von Mueller). ; |

Wood moderately hard, shining. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly
distributed, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine or
very fine.

1. JUGLANS, Linn.
The Black Walnut wood of America is given by d. nigra, Linn.; and the Butter-

nut tree of Canada is J. cinerea, Linn.

1. J. regia, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631; Brandis 497; Kurz ii.
490; Gamble 80. The Walnut. Vern. Charmaghz, Pers.; Ughz, waghz,
Afg.; <Akhor, krot, din, Kashmir; Kabotang, thanka, Pb.; Starga,
Ladak ; Ka, Kunawar; Akhor, kharot, Kumaun; Akhrot, Hind. ; Akrit,
Beng.; Kowal, Lepcha; Tagashing, Bhutia.

A large tree with grey bark, characteristically marked by deep
vertical parallel fissures, } inch to 2 inches thick. Heartwood greyish
brown with darker streaks, often beautifully mottled, moderately hard,
-even-grained, seasons and polishes well. Annual rings marked by
a sharp line. Pores moderate-sized, not very numerous, sometimes oval
and subdivided, uniformly distributed, but somewhat more numerous in
the spring wood. Medullary rays short, very fine. Numerous regular,
fine, wavy, concentric lines. Pores visible on a longitudinal section.

Wild in the North-West and Sikkim Himalaya. Cultivated largely throughout
the hills, especially in Afghanistan and Kashmir.
Growth variable; our specimens gave the following per inch of radius:— .

H 9. l4rings;. H 15. 14 rings; H 126. 19 rings;

H 29. 3 rings; (young tree).

E 357. Qyrings; E 244]-a, 3 rings; b, 7 rings; E 2440, 4 rings.
So that the wood from the North-West Himalaya, omitting the specimen cut from a
young tree, shews an average of 15 rings, and that from Sikkim an average of 6 rings
per inch of radius.

Weight: European Walnut weighs 40 to 48 Ibs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give,

North-West Himalaya 41 lbs., Sikkim 33 lbs. on an average. The tree reaches a very
large size. Brandis describes trees up to 28 feet in girth and 100 feet high from the
North-West Himalaya ; in Sikkim it often reaches 100 to 120 feet in height with a
girth of 12 feet or more. It is being grown in plantation at Rangbil and other places
near Darjeeling. The wood is extensively used for furniture throughout the Hima-
laya, and its principal use is for gun-stocks. In Darjeeling it is occasionally used
for shingles by the Bhutias, but is not so good as chestnut. Before it became scarce
in the forests it was largely used for house-fittings, and many of the older houses in ~
Darjeeling have their doors and windows and other fittings almost entirely of
Walnut. The bark is used as a dye and in medicine; and is exported to the plains
for cleaning the teeth. The twigs and leaves are used for fodder. It is commonly
cultivated for its fruit throughout the Himalaya; the wild tree has a thick shell and
small kernel, and is rarely eaten; the cultivated trees are of numerous kinds, one
of the best being the thin-shelled or Kaghazi variety. A clear, good description
of oil is made from the fruit, and the rind is used for tanning and dyeing.

Ibs.
H 3163. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet 2h tell a
H 9. Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 feet . ee , : : ~~
H 29. 9 ” ” %? q “ ° . s§ 5 : 43
H 15. Jubal, 4,000 feet . ‘ ; : . ‘ ; ae
H 41. Madhan, 6,000 feet ‘ : , d ; ; w=: rake
H 780. Chamba, 4,000 feet . ? ‘ : , - , . 46

H 125. Ralla, Kulu, 6,000 feet . ; P ‘ - ; : . 42

Juglans. | | JUGLANDER. 393

>

lbs.
H 428. Durani block, Deoban, Jaunsar, 6,000 feet . ‘ ; «| 43
E 357. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . inal. \p ‘ . 28
E 2440. Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . X : é A
E 2441. Rangirim Forest, Darjeeling, 5, Giese oo ees

2. ENGELHARDTIA, Lesch.

Three species, though Brandis, p. 500, thinks that the two described are probably
varieties only of one and the same, viz., FE. spicata. LE. villosa, Kuyrz ii. 491, is a tree
_ of the Hng forests of Martaban and Tenasserim.,

1. E. Colebrookiana, Lindl.; Brandis 499. Vern. Témar rakh, Pb. ;
Mowa, gobar mowa, bodal mowa, mao, Kumaun; Khusam, Banda.

A small deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood grey with a reddish
tinge, moderately hard, even-grained, seasons and polishes well, but is
not durable. Annual rings faintly marked. Pores moderate- sized and
large, mostly oval and subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary
rays fine, uniform, equidistant, numerous. Pores marked on a longitudinal
section.

Outer North-West Himalaya ascending to 6,500 feet, often gregarious.
, Growth, our specimen shews 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 lbs. per cubic
oot.
Ibs.

H 241. Garhwal Hills (1868) . : , , ‘ : ; » 33

2. E. spicata, Bl.; Brandis 500; Gamble 81. #. Roxburghiana,
Padi, Jug/ans plerococca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631. Vern. Silapoma,
_Hind.; Mowa, mahua, Nep.; Suviak, Lepcha; Bolas, Beng.; Rumgach,
Ass.; Bor-patta-jam, Cachar ; Dinglaba, Khasia; Vakra, Garo.

A large, handsome, deciduous tree. Character and structure of the
wood similar to that of #. Colebrookiana, shewing a beautiful grain on a
radial section. Faint concentric limes joining the pores.

’ Terai and outer hills of Hastern Himalaya up to 6,000 feet, Chittagong and Burma.
Growth fast, 3 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Wallich gives 40, our speci-
mens 33 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in Sikkim for tea-boxes and building ; in
the Khasia Hills and Cachar for planking and spoons. It does not warp. The tree
coppices very freely, and coppice woods almost pure or mixed with oak and chestnut,
are not uncommon near Darjeeling.

Ibs.
E 653. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai. ; ‘ ; . 80
E 687. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet ‘ ; : . 33.
H 2442. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet. é ; . 36

Orver Cl. GNETACEZ.

Two genera, Gnetum and Ephedra; the first containing 5 species, chiefly of the
moist zones ; the latter 2, of the arid zone and inner arid Fsmalaye.

Gnetum ‘scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 518; Brandis 502. (G. edule, Bl.; Kurz
ii, 495) Vern. Kimball, wmbli, Bombay ; Nanu-witi, Sylhet ; Gyootnway, Burm.,
is a large climbing shrub of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Western Ghats,
Barma and the Andamans, whese fruit is eaten. G. funiculare, BL: Kurz ii. 496.
Vern. Gyootnway, Burm., is a large scandent shrub of Chittagong and Burma,
G. neglectum, Bl., is a climber of Arracan and South Tenasserim ; and @, Gnemon,

3B

394 _- GNETACER. [ Guetum,

Linn. ; Kurz ii. 497 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 518, is an evergreen tree of the forests of
south a whose bark is made into strong cords, and whose leaves are eaten as
spinach. '

The wood consists of a large number of distinct wedge-shaped ligneous masses
which are arranged in concentric circles and separated by cellular tissue. It resembles
the wood of Menispermaceze. (Brandis.)

Ephedra vulgaris, Rich. ; Brandis 501. Vern. Asménia, bidshir, chewa, Pb.;
Khanda, khanna, Kunawar; Tse, tsapatt, trano, Ladak, is a small rigid shrub
of the inner arid, North-West Himalaya, with a fibrous tough wood and red fruit,
which is sometimes eaten. EH. Alte, C. A. Meyer; Brandis 501. Vern. Alte, Arab. ;
Kuchan, nikki kirkan, bratta, tandala, lastik, mangarwal, Pb., is a gregarious
shrub of the arid zone, in stony places in the Punjab and Sind.

Orver CII. CONIFERZ.

An Order containing many very important forest trees. It is found throughout
the world, but chiefly in temperate and cold regions; and in India, with few excep-
tions, the species are confined to the Himalaya. The’ following list which is taken
from Parlatore’s Monograph in DeCandolle’s Prodromus, gives the five tribes and the
most important genera, those found in India being given in italics; the others are
added in consequence of their being universally planted for ornament or for timber :—

Tribe © I.—Araucariee . : : : ‘ . Araucaria, Dammara.
is Ii.—Abietinee . ; : : é . Pinus, Cedrus, Abies,
Lariz. . .

» ill—Taxodiee . ; - ; - . Cunninghamia, Sequoia,
. Cryptomeria, Taxodium,
TV.—Cupressineze : : . «+, « Callitris, Thuya, Biota,

v Cupressus, Juniperus. -
» Ve—Taxines ~ 2 «4 «4 . « Daerydium, Taxus, Gink-
go, Podocarpus.

Araucaria contains about seven species, most of which have been introduced and cul-
tivated in gardens in India. A.émbricata, Pavon (Brandis 503) from the mountains of
Chili, is well known in Europe; it is much grown in England and is hardy, though
sometimes liable to be injured by frost. A. excelsa, R. Br., from Norfolk Island, is
much planted in Calcutta, where also may be seen A. Cunninghamii, Ait., of Queens-
land, A. Cookii, R. Br., of New Caledonia, and A. Bidwilli, Hook., the Bunya-Bunya
Pine of North-East Australia. Dammara australis, Lamb, is the Kauri Pine of
New Zealand, which, though much cut, still forms forest occasionally and gives a
valuable timber. .D. alba, Rumph, of the Moluccas, yields the resin called Dammar.

Cunninghamia smensis, R. Br. is a large tree of Southern China. Sequoia
contains two Californian species: S. gigantea, Torrey, the Wellingtonia or Mammoth
Tree, which reaches over 300 feet in height, with a girth of 80 to 100 feet; and
S. sempervirens, Endl., the Redwood, which reaches to 300 feet in height, with a

girth of 55 feet (see Brandis 504). Taxodiwm distichwm, Rich., isthe Cypress of —

the swamps of the Southern States of North America.

Callitris quadrivalvis, Vent.; Brandis 535; Mathieu Fl. For. 453, is a large tree
of the forests of Algeria. Of Zhuya or Arbor Vite trees, three species oceur in
North America, giving a light, soft but durable, building timber. Biota orientalis,
Endl. (Brandis 534) is the Arbor-Vite of China and Japan, occasionally cultivated in
India.

Dacrydium contains several fine trees of Australia and New Zealand, and Kurz
ives D. elatum, Wall., from Tenasserim, while Ginkgo biloba, Linn., with leaves
ike those of the Maiden Hair Fern, and thence commonly known by the name of
Salisburia adiantifolia, is a deciduous tree of China and Japan, now much planted

for ornament in Europe.

The wood of Coniferous trees is without vessels, hence, on a horizon-
tal section, without pores, It consists of medullary rays and long wood

eee

CONIFERS. 395

cells tapering at the ends; in the case of most species these wood cells
are large and visible under the lens. The annual rings are, as a rule,
distinctly marked by a belt of thick-walled wood-cells in the outer
(autumn) wood and a belt of larger and thin-walled wood cells in the
inner (spring) wood. .

In the case of the Juniper, Cypress, Yew and Podocarpus, the
Srmer belt of autumn wood is narrow, and the whole structure of the
wood, therefore, is homogeneous. On the other hand, in the case of
the Pines, Firs, Cedar and Larch the wood consists of alternate layers of
soft spring wood and firm autumn wood.

The turpentine (resin) is secreted in large, branching, intercellular
ducts, lined by thin-walled cells. These cavities are called ‘ resinous
ducts,’ and they are of two classes ; vertical, running with the wood-cells
parallel to the axis of the stem, and horizontal ducts, running with the
medullary rays. ‘The horizontal ducts can, as a rule, only be seen under
the microscope; they will, therefore, not be generally noted in the follow-
ing descriptions. The vertical ducts appear on across section as scattered

“pores varying in size. Resin is also found in parenchymatic cells with

straight ends, which are found mixed with ordinary wood cells: this is
the case in Cypress.

The timber is homogeneous in the case of Cupressinew and Taxinesx,
but, as explained, in the case of Abietinez it consists of alternate layers
of soft spring wood and hard autumn wood. The value of the timber of
Abietinex for building purposes depends in a great measure upon the
greater or less proportion of the firmer belt of autumn wood and also
upon the more or less spongy nature of the spring wood. Under certain
circumstances, for instance, the timber of Deodar has an extremely soft
and spongy spring wood, and a comparatively narrow belt of autumn
wood. Such timber is probably less durable and not as strong as timber
grown under other circumstances, which has a less spongy spring wood
and a larger proportion of firm autumn wood. Similar variations in the
structure may be noticed in the case of Pinus longifolia and other conifer-
ous trees, andit is a subject worth careful enquiry how far durability
and strength are effected by these characters, and to determine the
conditions of growth under which the wood of coniferous trees exhibits

- the varieties of structure here adverted to. it is generally supposed that

slow-grown timber of coniferous trees is heavier and more durable than

_ timber of the same species which had grown more rapidly. This, how-

ever, is not always the case. The following are instances of a light

weight in the case of slow-grown timbers :—
. Ibs.

Pinus excelsa DO aa ‘ H 140. (22 rings) 26
Cedrus Deodara .. ‘ ; H 902. (34 ,, 32
Logs which contain much resin are heavier than those which contain
little resin.
With few exceptions the wood of coniferous trees seasons well. The
woods are light, the weight per cubic foot ranging» between 20 and
40 lbs., with few exceptions, such as Taxus, which weighs over 40 lbs.

1. PINUS, Linn. '

Five Indian species; the whole genus according to Parlatore in DeCandolle’s

396 . CONIFER. If Pinus,

Prodromus (Subgenus I. Pinus) containing 66 species, and according to Gordon's
* Pinetum’ 92 species. The European species are, many of them, very important :—

P. sylvestris, Linn. is the Scotch Fir, which gives the timber known as Red Memel,
Dantzic Fir and Red Deal of the Baltic. P. Pinaster, Soland. (P. maritima,
Lamk.) is the Maritime or Cluster Pine so largely used in reclothing sandy wastes on
the sea-shore, like the ‘Landes’ of Gascony, and for the production of resin.
P. halepensis, Mill., is the Aleppo Pine found throughout the Mediterranean region,
chiefly on Hmastone. P. Laricio, Poiret, gives two varieties, called respectively the
Corsican Pine and Austrian Pine, which are also used for the production of resin and
for replanting barren soils. P. Pinea, Linn. is the Stone Pine of Italy, with edible
fruits, and P. Cembra, Linn., the ‘ Arolle’ of the mountains of Central Kurope.

Ot the American Pines the most important is the P. Strobus, Linn., the White Bip
or Weymouth Pine, whose wood is extensively used in America and is exported to
Europe from the forests of Canada.

The species indigenous in India may thus be recognized ‘a the characters of their
leayes and cones :—

Leaves in pairs 7 : : : 5 : : . BP. Merkusii.
» in threes
Scales of cone beaked.
Leaves long nf Bast Ne tt ioe . « FP. longifolia.
os BROEE . : ‘ ; ; . P. Gerardiana.
Scales of cone obtuse }.0 2. PS aye:
Leaves in fives , ; . ; : ; ‘ . WP. excelsa.

Wood generally very resinous, not homogeneous, consisting of alter-
nate layers of soft and often spongy spring wood, and of hard and darker
coloured autumn wood. Yertical resinous ducts large and numerous,
in most species visible on horizontal and vertical sections. The Bc |
species have a distinct heartwood. -

1. P. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 651; Brandis 506 ; Gamble 81
Vern. Nakhtar, Afe.; Chil, chtr, drab chir, Pb.; Gila, Lanse: Kangra ;
Anander, Thelagi; Saral, Jaunsar; Chir, salla, sapin, kolon, kolan,
kolain, Garhwal ene Kumann ; Dhip, Oudh; Dhiip, sala dhip, sula,
Nep.; Gniet, Lepecha; Teadong, Bhutia.

A large tree. Bark 1 to 2 inches thick, reddish brown, inner substance
dark red, cut by deep fissures into large plates of irregular shape.
The bark of the Sikkim tree is thinner and the plates smaller.
Heartwood small, soft, reddish. Annual rings well marked, consisting
of an inner belt of soft and spongy tissue, and an outer hard, compact
and darker coloured belt, the inner soft belt generally occupying half to
two-thirds or more of the ring. Medullary rays fine and extremely
fine, numerous, prominent as narrow lines on a radial section. Vertical
resinous ducts large aud numerous, irregularly distributed, prominent on
a vertical section.

Afghanistan, Outer North-West Himalaya ascending to 7,500 feet, Sikkim and
Bhutan ascending to 4,000 feet, though scarce above 3,000 feet.

P. longifolia generally shows a moderate or slow rate of growth as far as our
experience goes. Its growth, other circumstances being equal, is most rapid in the
North-West. Himalaya. at elevations between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, less rapid at lower
and higher elevations. On this subject, however, as well as on the rate of growth of
P. long gifolia generally, systematic observations are much wanted.

The rates of growth shown by our small specimens are, per inch of radius—

rings, rings,
ye ; ‘ ; , 4 EK, 704 (targe round, 2 ft, diameter) 117
H. $3 : . 56 | E2435... 23
Hl. G02 : . 55 | E, 2436 (planted tree about 9 45

VU. 3003 i j ere tt | 20 years old.)

se eee eee
: Be

Pinus.) : CONIFERZ. 397

*

which would seem to indicate that the growth in Sikkim is slower than in the North-
West Himalaya. From a paper by Mr. Smythies in the Indian Forester, Vol. VI,

. 13, a list of countings of 153 trees made by a Forest Guard under his supervision
is given, the result being an average rate of growth of 12 rings per inch of radius.
This would give 138 years as the average age at which’6 feet girth is reached, though

- Mr. Smythies gives 104 years, or, excluding suppressed trees, 86 years. Brandis gives

four to five rings as the rate, and probably five rings per inch is the properrate for well-
grown trees at a tolerably high elevation such as that where H 93 and H 602
were cut. The growth in height is undoubtedly fast at first, as the leading shoot
often reaches 18 to 24 inches yearly, and the growth in diameter appears to be
equally great in well-grown trees. .

Regarding the weight and transverse strength of Chir the following experiments .
have been made :—

Captain Jones at Almora in 1844—

Weight. P=

15 experiments, unseasoned wood, 4 ft. X 2 in, X 2 in., gave 39lbs., 626

5 FS seasoned is P 7 BF; 40 BS
Experiments at Roorkee in 1858 on Garhwal wood by Colonel Maclagan, R. E.
; Weight. P=

3 experiments, with bars 22 ft. X lin. X 1 in., gave 27 lbs. 906

4, 39 ” > 34, 39 x 1 3”) x 1 39 39 27 9 961

4 99 59 39 34 3) x 2 33 x 1 33 39 27 39 916

Dr. Warth’s weighings of our specimens shewed that the weight varied from 37
te 45 lbs., averaging 41 lbs., the Sikkim wood being rather heavier, as well as darker
coloured, and more, filled with resin. The wood is not durable; it is attacked by
insects and decays rapidly when exposed to wet; it is, however, easy to work and is
extensively used in some localities in the hills for building, shingles, tea boxes and the
bottoms of boats. It gives large quantities of resin, more than any of the other
Himalayan Pines, but the process is exhaustive. Brandis says, “The yield of an
ordinary tree is 10 to 20 lbs. of resin the first, and about one-third of the quantity the
second year, after which the tree either dies or is blown down.” Tar is also
extracted from it, and turpentine is distilled from the tar. The bark is used for
tanning and as fuel for iron-smelting. The wood ig often made into charcoal, and the
charcoal of the leaves mixed with rice-water is used as ink.

Chir requires much light and seedlings do not spring up under shade; but the
natural reproduction is good and should present no difficulty if fire and cattle are
excluded from the cuttings.

lbs.
ee eh BOT 37 ;

H 13. Simla, 6,000 feet . t x ° 4 ; A : - 39
BRERA Sass Neh aniite hs igg ; : nite wads ; . 39
O 3003. Garhwal (1874) . , P ‘ é . ‘ . 45
E 704. Badamtam Forest, Darjeeling, 2,500 feet ‘ : 3 . 45

‘E 2435. Great Rangit Valley a 2,000 teet ; F : . &
E 2436. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet (planted).

2. P. Kasya, Royle; Brandis 508; Kurz ii. 499. Vern. Dingsa,
Khasia ; Zinyu-ben, Burm. |

Bark thick, with deep cracks and fissures. Wood very resinous,
heartwood red. Inner layer of annual ring soft and spongy, outer layer
moderately hard. Resinous ducts moderate-sized, numerous in the
outer and middle belt of each annual ring, very prominent on a vertical
section.

Khasia Hills above 2,000 feet, higher bills of Chittagong and mountains between
the Sittang and the Salween rivers in Burma above 3,000 feet.

Growth, our specimen shuws a moderately fast growth, 6 rings per inch of radius;
the weight is 38 lbs. per cubic foot. In an account of the firs of the Khasia Hills b
Captain Jones of the Quarter Master General's Department in “ Gleanings of Science,”
vol. i., p. 202, 1829, the weight determined by Captain Baker, but with small

398 CONIFERH. [ Pinus.

bars 15” x 0°8” xX 0:9” is given as 37 lbs. and the value of P. 522. The wood is
extensively used in the Khasia Hills for building and other purposes. It is very

rich in resin.
Ibs.
E 797. Khasia Hills * ° . ry . . e e ° ry 38

3. P. Merkusii, Jungh.; Kurz ii. 499. Vern. Tinyu-ben, Burm.

A large tree with thick, rough bark. Heartwood yellowish brown
with dark streaks, moderately hard, exceedingly resinous. Structure
similar to that of P. Kasya.

Tropical forests of Burma on the Thoungyeen river, associated with Dipterocarpus
tuberculatus.

Our specimen shews a moderate growth, 11 rings per inch of radius; its weight
is 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Major Seaton gives 541bs. The wood is sometimes brought
to Moulmein for mast pieces, but the difficulties of land and water transport are very
great, almost preventing its extraction at a profit. Splinters are extensively used for
torches.

Ibs:

B 547. Thoungyeen, Burma SU siping Bt Aen “oS

4, P. Gerardiana, Wall.; Brandis 508. Vern. Chilghoza, jalghoza,
Afe. ; Chiri, prita, mirri, galboja, galgoja, Chenab ; Kashti, Ravi; Ri, rhi,
Kunawar ; Kannuchi, koniinchi, kaninchi, shangti, W. Tibet; the seeds,
neoza.

A moderate-sized tree, with very thin, smooth, grey bark, exfoliating
in large thin scales, leaving shallow, rounded depressions; cracked only in
very old trees. Heartwood yellowish-brown, hard, durable, very resinous.
Resinous ducts scattered, similar in size to those of P. excelsa, prominent
on a vertical section.

Inner dry and arid North-West Himalaya, found in isolated areas of no great
Sabet: ERnenpy y between 6,000 and 10,000 feet, mountains of North Afghanistan and

afiristan.

Growth, specimen H 991 gives 24 rings, but appears to have been cut from a
branch; H 1405, of old heartwood, gives 13 rings. Weight, 44 to 47 lbs. per cubic
foot. The wood is rarely used, as the tree is valued for its edible seeds ; it is, however,
sometimes hollowed out for watercourses, and is used for the hook which attaches the
seat to the rope in a single-rope swing-bridge.

The seeds are a staple article of food in Kunawar, and other parts of the
Himalaya; they are largely brought into India from Afghanistan. They are oily,
with a slight turpentine flavour, and are generally roasted and eaten at dessert.

H 991. Kunawar, Punjab, 9,000 feet ; ye : oy ile 44,

H 1405. Chenab, . » (Stewart, 1867.) : * . 4

5. P. excelsa, Wall.; Brandis510; Gamble 82. Vern. Piwni, Afe.;
Bidar, Uazara; Chil, chir, chiltu, chttu, chit, Kashmir to Jaunsar ;
Chila, Garbwal; Kail, Beas, Sutlej; Lém, Chamba, Kunawar; Yara,
yur, yiro, Kashmir ; Shomshing, limshing, Lahoul; Aatsalla, lamshing,
byans, Kumaun; Tongscht, Bhutan.

A large tree with greyish brown bark, cut into small, rather regular
plates by shallow fissures } inch thick. Heartwood distinct, red,
moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow outer
belt or line of compact wood, inner belt not spongy. Medullary rays

very fine and very numerous, prominent on a radial section. Vertical _

resinous ducts scattered, smaller than those of P. longifolia, very
numerous and prominent on a vertical section.

Himalaya, between 6,000 and 10,000 feet, occasionally found as low as 5,000 feet

OOOO —<_—-— i— ee a

:
i

Pinus.} CONIFERR. 399

and as high as 12,500 feet from the Indus to Bhutan, extending into the inner arid
tract. Mountains of Afghanistan and South Macedonia. ~

The wood is more durable than that of P. longifolia, but less sothan Deodar. As
far as our knowledge goes at present the tree grows most rapidly up to a certain age at
low elevations. In the outer Himalaya it has a moderate, and in the inner arid Himalaya

‘a slow, rate of growth. When young the tree is supposed to grow more rapidly than

Deodar. The following are the rates shewn by our specimens :—

; Rings
H 901 P P - . } . ‘ ‘ 6°7
H 14038a_—i«ty. ‘ ‘ F ‘ . ° ‘ 78
H- (27 p : : F ; : 2 , 8
H 923 ; : ‘ ; , . ; ” 95
H 1407 ‘ ‘ : : é ' : a + BR
H 609 : ; ° : F , ; + ae
H 1404 ; ; : ‘ ; ; 2 - 145
H 140 ; . ‘ } , ; ; . 22
H 14036 . , ; ‘ , : ae
E 2463 : : : : - ; é "eo

leaving out the three last, viz., those giving 22, 27 and 65 rings respectively, we have

_ an average of 10 rings per inch of radius; but more information is much required.

In paragraph 41 of the Kulu Report of 1877 the following measurements of Kail
trees in Jangarkal4on and Deoban Reserves are given :—

: Mean radius, Age. Rings per inch*
No. 1 : et 1G ee OS » 49 years . |. 47
ole : ; : , ia eo - ey ae ; . 58
age: ‘ P , , bie oy) ae <- OR. Se ; . 60

or an average growth of 5°5 rings per inch of radius.

Dr. Warth’s weighings of our specimens shewed a variation of only from 26 to
33 lbs., and an average of 30 lbs., per cubic foot.

In durability Kail wood ranks next to Deodar, and is preferred to that of Chil or
the Firs. It is used for house-building, shingles, water channels, wooden spades and
other implements. It gives an excellent charcoal for iron-smelting. The wood is
very resinous and gives turpentine, but it is not usually extracted, as is that of
P. longifolia. Very resinous wood is used for torches, the bark is used to roof huts
in the forest, and the leaves are largely lopped for litter.

The seedlings like light, and natural reproduction is very good even on hill sides
bare of trees, if grazing and fires are prevented. It seems to prefer to grow on sandy
or clayey soils, and not to be partial to limestone.

Ibs,
freee, areata: 17000 feet) oe bas at Slee ee) ow eo
ae; € eee Sones 2) i924 ey vif SO
H 140. Lahoul (about 10,000 feet) . : ; : ? ,
H_ 609. - % rs 5s ; . ‘ ; , Pe
H = 37. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet . : ‘ F ‘ 3 .- 33
H 2871. Nagkanda, ,, ,8,000 , . ; : : : : oN te
H 1408a ‘ , : : ; P « $3
H 14038 Punjab Hills, F : : . : , . 2
H 1404. Dr. Stewart (1867 é ; F d ‘ : . 33

H 1407. ; A : F a >
E 2463. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet F { : . 8d

2. CEDRUS, Link.

The Lebanon and Atlas Cedars are C. Libani, Barr. and C. atlantica, Manetti; they
are joined into one species by Parlatore in DeCandolle’s Prodromus, but kept separate
from C. Deodara. It is not, however, possible to separate the three by any constant
specific characters. On this subject see Brandis, page 324, A fourth variety has
jately been discovered in Cyprus.

400 CONIFER. Bk A (Cedrus.

Wood resinous, with a distinct heartwood, somewhat more homoge-
neous than that of Pius and Adies, but consisting of alternate layers of
softer spring wood, and harder autumn wood. The resin is found in
parenchymatic wood cells with horizontal ends.

1. C. Deodara, Loudon; Brandis 516. Pinus Deodara, Roxb. Fi.
Ind. ui. 651. Deodar, Himalayan Cedar. Vern. Nakhtar, lmanza,
Afg. ; Didar, deodaér, dedwar, dadér, Hazara, Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaun ;
Palidar, Hazara; Kelu, keoli, kilar, kilet, Chenab to Jumna; Kelmang,
Kunawar ; Giam, Tibet.

A very large and tall tree. Bark greyish brown, with numerous
shallow, vertical fissnres, which run into each other and present a reticu-
late appearance. Heartwood light yellowish brown, scented, moderately
hard. In each annual ring the outer belt of firmer and darker coloured
tissue is generally narrow, and the inner belt is not very soft, but in
exceptional cases and under certain conditions, which have not yet been
studied, the inner belt is soft and spongy (e.g. H 617). This peculiarity
has nothing to do with the rate of growth or with the altitude, as fast-
grown trees possess hard tissue in the spring wood. Medullary rays fine
and very fine, unequalin width. No vertical resinous ducts, as in Pinus,
but the resin exudes from cells which are not visible to the naked eye,
On the edge of certain annual rings are frequently found concentric
strings of dark-coloured pores or intercellular ducts, which are prominent

on a vertical section as dark lines, and in the vicinity of which the wood

is sometimes more resinous.

North-West Himalaya, between 4,000 and 10,000 feet, extending east to the Dauli
river, a tributary of the Alaknanda below the Niti Pass. Mountains of Afghanistan
and North Beluchistan.

In common with most species of the Order, the Deodar has well marked annual
rings which, there is little, if any, reason to doubt, each represent the growth of a year.
More information has, perhaps, been collected on the subject of the rate of growth of
Deodar than of any other species of Indian tree, though we have as yet no such com-
plete series of trees of known age to deal with as were available at Nilambur for the
question of the rate of growth of Teak. The geographical range of Deodar, especially
in altitude, is very wide, and this circumstance, considering that some specimens may
be obtained from-sheltered places in comparatively warm valleys, while others come
from exposed and high situations, makes it doubtful whether much value can be
attached to general deductions from data collected from many quarters, and whether
it should not usually be the practice to take only for use in any forests, the experiments
made on trees in that or neighbouring localities. But the experience we have hitherto
gained is very valuable, and it will be best to put together the items of information
available. In Brandis’ Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, pp. 520 to
524, a large amount of information is collected, to which reference can be made. It is
there stated that the Deodar forests may be classified in three great divisions, viz.:—

1st,—Those in a dry climate in the vicinity of the arid zone of the inner
Himalaya, having usually the age of trees 6 feet in girth above
140 years. }

2nxd.—Those in the intermediate para and valleys, having 6 feet in girth
for an age of between 110 and 140 years.

3rd.—Those in the outer ranges under the full influence of the monsoon and
having the age of trees 6 feet in girth usually below 110 years,

This is exemplified by an important table given at page 9 of the “ Report on the
Deodar Forests. of Bussahir, 1865,” which is here reproduced, and which gives the
information collected by Messrs. Brandis, Stewart and Wood in their travels of that
year in the Sutlej Valley.

Cedrus, |

CONIFER.

+

401

Statement showing the average age of 1st and 2nd class Deodars examined in the
different Forests of Kunawur, and some of the adjoining Forests.

No. of | Age of ageot
ForE&st. trees ex-|Ist class Papa Diff.| ReMaRKs.
amined.| trees. ieead.
Years. | Years.
Pa - {iva by ae perp x 4 229 143 86
. hagara’ . 2
Saxtsbell |. : .| 18 169 148 | 48 —— pi
2. oe River . , 13 214 158 56 of saan ear
3. Skyamdangdang, Sutlej é 3 189 142 47 jigs
4. Y: Yalinge (upper part of pereed). i aT 133 44 re a
5. Barunalang, S.. . 7 160 119 | 41 pe Tate
6. Swat River. 10 156 | 112 | 44 |) Ore 140.
7. Phinla, Kiuden, § 8. 7 154 110 | 44 chal
8. Manda (Jangi), 8 2 153 | 115 | 38 || Pore og
9. Chini, S. i VERY be re 6 152 91 61 nad’ <e
10. Nachar, 8. . 30 149 | 112 | 87 |] Shove 100
11. Poari, Purbani, dina: measured at *
ae SS) 9 145 106 39 yee
12. Kilba, S. 5 138 100 38
13. Sleepers from “Chenab at Tabard Rail-
way Station. 50 134 97 37
14. Ravi timber, slow growth . 4 134 93 41 Forests with
15. Serinche, (steep slope), S ' ’ 4 132 98 34 an average
16. Drift timber, en at Rupar, eae 4 130 96 34 rate of
17. Tinala (Teedong), S. . 7 130 91 39 growth.
18. Rakcham, 8. 3 125 80 45
19. Chenab, measured at Wazirabad | 39 124 88 36 Age of Ist
20. Rogi, S. he 15 119 86 33 class trees
21. Dippi, 8. : 3 ; ‘ 2 117 88 29 between 110
22. Yak Bursari,S. . : 3 116 87 29 and 140
23. Topan and eee, S. 5 113 85 28 years.
24. Mebar, 8S. ‘ ‘ ‘ 7 113 83 30
25. Chaog 5 110 87 23
26. Simla, (north side, young trees) 23 99 73 26 |\
27. Jhelam 4 97 71 26
28. Kadelli (between Matiyana and "Nag- Forests with
, kanda). 1 94 85 9 a rapid rate
29. Simla (south side) . 9 91 67 24 of growth
30. Kumkumee, Shoang, 8. . 10 91 66 25
81. Ravi timber, good gr owth 4 91 62 29 Age of Ist
32. Kilba, Dippi, Kusthal (Rupar), S 8 90 66 24 class trees
33. Janee, 8. 3 80 56 24 below 110
34. Yolinge (lower part of forests), S 2 76 57 19 years.
35. Jaunsar Bawur . 17 71 53 18 Age of 2nd
36. Simla, (north side, large trees) 7 71 52 19 class trees
37. Taranda 4 67 49 18 below 80
38. Chasoo Limsantang, Bein 6 65 47 18 years.
39. Serinche (level ground), 8. . 10 62 44, 18
40. Nagadar swt - 50 34 | 16 |/
TOTAL . | 380

Nors.—The Sutlej Forests are marked 8,

In ‘Notes on Deodar Localities near Simla, 1867,’ by Dr. Brandis, the following
measurements are recorded :—

Dewra teeta Forest, eer igs 7,000 } 1
Seer

feet; :

No.

Rings.

86
128

Radius. Rin r
.

11 in. 7°82
12in. 10°66
3.C

>

402 . CONIFERA, [ Cedrus.

No. Rings, Radius, R
‘a

the first giving 90, the second 122 years to a girth of 6 feet.

Gund Forest (Giri Valley) a deota forest, : EME: 2 | Oe 2 | 11°54
Mowe le she on

averaging 12°5 rings, or an age of 140 years at 6 feet; the great age being accounted
for by their having evidently grown up in a close thicket when young.

Cheog forest, 7,000 feet, 9 trees averaging 106°... 183 ae
or by calculation 90 years for a girth of 6 feet. /

For the “ Valuation of the Water-catchment Area at Mahasu near Simla, 1877 ”

(Indian Forester, vol. v., p. 139), the following measurements of Deodar stumps and
poles were made :—

; H
| $5 | Ss | = |ASg
Locality. No. Soil, elevation, etc. of Si Be ae

Stumps. ca
inches
Block I, Compt. 6. 1 soil deep, slope 15° . : 54 9 6:00 |
44 sg = : ’ a ey) 35° uk : | eae
” : y , s \ A
Block IV, a k. . ssc ground flat and 2 : pf:
stony x
# eee > 6 | soilrich,rocky . . .| 104] 9 | 1155
i “a es 7 3, good,onridge . Re ie (I 9 3 11°22
Pick 12. pay ee
si ray ne Hi, \ 10 t ground rocky, easy slope . ; 77 9 E 8°55
oc gi moan :
9. aM : i f slope 25°-30°, good soil. Kd ; ie
pie Vill, af os P a \ rocky, good soil . i & : eae
ed 11:
Reig Ix, re . r _ t very stony, slope 20°-25° . ue : ince |
ti Average 9°64
0 és. —————
Block I, Compt. b. 4 soil deep, slope a a 3 i a ow
' yes = ’ .
Blok 1, » @ 6 35 rockey, 4 4o° 22° | 271) 25 | 8:18
F é. good, arg 2°86 i é
Block Il, ,, h. 3 ” rocky, 20°, 28 | 207 | 23/1533
j. oor, ; a 2°23 : ;
Blok IV, 5 J 10 | 3, deep, 5, 25°-35° 84 | 477] 48 | 7-12
” ” 10 ” 22 9 #99 30° . 82 3°10 30 10°31
” rr) 5 9 stony, ” 35° e Bs 31 2°71 29 }11°45
OC ; » > eep > r Od |
Block VII, 4, 8 4 dbs vom ee 28'5| 3:50 | 30°5| 8:13
Block VIIT, Be 5 59 00d, 4, 20° 28 2°71 | 27 518
Block IX, wie 6 » stony 383 | 408/| 50 | 8:29
ss "a 5 », very stony 35 | 271) 29 |1293 —
Average 8°08

The stumps, it will be seen, gave an average of 9°67 rings per inch of radius, the
countings being made in a radius of 9 inches, This gave 87 years as the age of a

tree 44 feet in girth at base, or, allowing for bark, about 44 feet girth breast high.
On the same calculation 6 feet girth trees would be 111 yearsold. This is aslower rate
than in the neighbouring forests of Simla and Cheog, but the difference is explained —

by the Mahasu trees being at least 500 feet higher in altitude than those localities.
The 82 poles gave an average of 8'8 rings per inch of radius for an average age of

Cedrus. | | CONIFERA. 403

29 years. At this rate of growth they would reach 43 feet in girth in 76 years, and
6 feet in 99 years.

In “Suggestions regarding the Demarcation and Management of the Forests in
Kulu, 1876” a large number of observations are recorded. The Danabidl plantation

_ was commenced in 1864, and trees planted in that year and 1866 were examined with

the following result :—

No. Age. Girth (average), Height. Rings per inch, .
Years. Inches, Feet.
Planted in 1864 2 12 25°5 25 to 30 3
” ry) 1866 56 10 13°4 16 to 25 ‘AT

—a fast rate of growth.

In the Kulu forests the following measurements were made :—

No,e Mean radius. No. of Rings per
Inches, rings. inch of radius.
1 5 60 12
ee 2 Z 70 10
Aliobial Forest 3 10% 137 13
an 85 14
Average 12}
1 6 35 5°8
Deoban Forest : : e oa
4, 22°5 88 3°9
Average a OR
| 8 65 81
Stim Forest (poor soil) . - as 3 ae
4, 10°75 83 Vy |
Average 8°4
; 1 14°75 94, 6°4,
Betarjir (good soil) . 2 17°5 103 59
3 23°75 99 4°2
Average . 5
ty 150 17°25 8°69
2 100 14/00 7°14,
3 196 17°25 11°36
Sandhar Forest, 6,500 feet 4, ~ 175 20 . 8°75
elevation, soil good, a 5 175 14 12:50
succession of terraces, <4 6 120 13°50 8°88
with steep slopes be- 7 195 17 11°46
tween. 8 175 25 7
9 400 37°50 10°60
10 175 18 9°72
11 190 23°50 8°08

Average . - 9°47

404

CONIFERZ. (Cedrus.
1 135 24 5°62
2 196 21°5 911
3 215 21, 10°24
4, 172 20°75 8°29
5 249 26 9°58
6 276 19 14°53
7 200 20°75 9°64:
8 236 18°75 12°58
9 230 23°75 9°68
Phulga Forest, 7,000 feet, | 10 236. 23°75 9°93
forest very fine, soil }) 11 269 21°75 12°36
good, a succession of \ 12 293 13 22°38
terraces. Rock granite. | 13 190 25 7°60
. 14 90 7 12°85
15 166 18 9°22
16 154 24 6:42
17 190 50 3°80
18 199 14 11518
19 196 20 9°80
20 260 29 5°96
21 259 25 10°36
22 298 16 18°62
Average . 10°53

The average result of the measurements of these 48 trees is 9’5rings per inch of
radius, shewing that in the forests of Kulu it may be expected that Deodar reaches
4; feet in girth at an age of 82, and 6 feet in girth at an age of 109 years, which is
good growth for forests which must be looked on as in the second category.

In the just published ‘Memorandum on the Forests of the Kuram Assigned
Districts’ by Mr. C. Bagshawe (Indian Forester, vol. vi., p. 28) a few measurements
on sample areas of 2 acres each are recorded as follows :—

No. of trees. Mean radius, Mean No,of No. per ine

rings. of radius,
Peiwar Forest—
(1) S.-E. aspect, 8,600 feet . . ‘ 6 7°5 inches 191 25°5
(2) E. to N.-E. aspect, 8,500 feet . 20 94 4 191 — - 203
(3) N.-W. aspect, 8,700 feet . ‘ 7 i See 223 | 223
(4) S. aspect, 8,660 feet . . . 5 1935 148 #° 145

The average of these measurements gives nearly 21 rings per inch of radius,
equivalent to an age of 241 years corresponding to 6 feet ingirth. This is entirely in
accordance with Dr. Brandis’ division of the Deodar forests, for such forests as those
of Afghanistan will naturally come into the first category. We may, therefore, say
that there is nothing to be obtained from measurements made since the publication
of the ‘ Forest Flora of N.-W. and Central India’ to alter materially the statement
therein made that the average ages of 6-ft. girth trees are—

Pe ns ea ie Sea a IE above 140 years.

2nd Division . ‘ : : : - from 110to140 ,,
3rd Division ; : : under 110° %

Girth and height at different ages——The proportion between the height and
girth naturally depends, toa very great extent,on the condition of the forest in
which the trees are found; isolated trees will naturally increase in girth more than
in height, while trees grown in dense forest will run up fast in height at the same
time that the increase in girth is slow. The pole forests examined at Mahasu, whose
measurements are given on page 402, shewed trees which varied in age from 15 to 35
years, in radius from 13 to 30 inches, and in height from 23 to 60 feet. When
young Deodar grows slowly, Brandis says it attains 12 to 20 inches only during the.
first 3 to 4 years. But further information regarding the increase in height of
Deodar at different ages is much wanted.

Crop of timber per acre.—Little information on this point has been collected
since the publication of the ‘ Forest Flora of N.-W. and Central India,’ where the

subject is discussed at pp. 521-522.

.

Cedrus. | | CONIFERZ. 405

-

The results of surveys given in the Bussahir Report are there quoted and
here reproduced ; they give—

No. Locality. Area Age Trees Crop

surveyed. of forest. peracre. per acre.

Acres. Yrs. C. ft.
1 .(Mayshak Forest . ; ; 0°69 70 SA 2,464
2 i Khattowa ,, F ‘ P 0°46 84 69 3,604
Sith | CORE 83 20: 4,323
4 .. ( Kiuden ” ato 4 1°60 180 56 5,512
5 4 a7 Pr 4i) Se . 0°33 180 90 8,972
6 \4 | Nachar a , ; P 2°30 250 62 12,300

In para. 21 of the Mahasu Report it is stated that the probable expectation in
that locality would be, at 80 years of age, 20 trees of 4% ft. girth and upwards.
The valuations made in the Kuram Forests by Mr. Bagshawe give as follows :—

No, Acres. Under 4/6" 4' 6" to 6." above 6.’ Total,

Per acre,
1 2 a 30 | 26 122 61
2 2 48 58 62 168 84
3 2 41 37 20 98 49
4, 2 23 17 1. OF 77 39°5
Average - 445 35°5 36°25 116°25 58'1
Per acre . 22°25 17°75 181 581 im

_ Thus, the Jaunsar and Kunawar data would give, as far as the information we
have goes, about the following :—

No. of trees of Cubic

2 higher contents,

classes.
Doreetee yoarsam fete 64, 3,464
ea 3! See D . . ° : 73 7,242

” 250 +) bb) ¢ a . . 62 12,300

_ while the Kuram countings give, for forests which lie between 180 and 250 years,
in all probability, 36 trees of the two higher classes per acre.

With regard to the weight of Deodar and its transverse strength, the following
experiments are available :—.

No. of
Experiment by Wood whence A :
Shore wade. Year. procured. ses te Size of bar . Weight.| Value of P,
Ft. In. In
- Col. Maclagan, R.E, .| 1858 | Punjab . 1 ee Mia a 554
” ” . ” ” . ‘ : x. : x 23°05 580
” ” ” 1 - “ : x 602
» 23 ” Garh x1 (630
33 99 ¢ ” ” 3 3 x 1 x 1 24°65 637
ye a P 3 +4 4 SX 2 ix g 650
jor Robertson and
Captain Henderson, 1856 | Punjab wv hee 10 various 538
Major Cunningham Pao) | ho ao a 2 ef bai s ES 1 seo 656
2? ”? ® |e oS
Captain W. Jones. .| 1844 |Kumaun . { a Tate = ser See
3

406 - CONIFERZ. - _ [Abies.

> No. of
Experiment by Wood whence " : :
whom made, Year. procured, prs Size of bar, |Weight.| Value of P.
: Ft. In, In.
Rai KanhyaLal* . ./| 1876 Ravi 4 12x6 x4 38 331
a oY ae ss Ujh 4 * 35 304
” a . ” ‘ utile) ; 1
= el ge | ae 8 | 8x5’ x8 34 367
» 9 Ujh 8 9 38
. Chenab 8 ae 34 341
* . aw 99 Sutlej 8 et 33 315
GangaRam ... A 9 Chamba 2 12x 3.x 8 82 351
€. De, ja’ haan Pins = yee 1 |12x 29x 29 34 330
99 eee Wah 3 9”, ahs 1 12 x 2°8 x 2°8 35 302
Dr. Warth : : re Punjab, different It \ Sea ed 86°5 ey
localities.

Nors.—The Roorkee experiments gave a mean of 6587 as the value of P. for Punjab timber, and 592 for.
Garhwal timber. It has since been proved that these values were too high, and the experiments of Rai
Kanhya Lal, who operated on larger pieces give a mean of 334, The working value of P. as taken by the |
Department Public Works in the Punjab is now 300. :

Deodar wood is extremely durable, being by far the most durable of the woods of
the Himalayan Conifers. It is the chief timber of North-West India and is used for
all purposes of construction, for railway sleepers, bridges, and even for furniture and
shingles. An oil is obtained from the wood by destructive distillation; it is dark-
coloured, thick, and resembles crude turpentine. It is used for anointing the inflated
skins which are used for crossing yivers; and as a remedy for ulcers and eruptions
for mange in horses and sore feet in cattle.

Rings per inch \
of radius. Ibs.
sks bes H 940. Chenab Forests ‘ , : ; . . 34
34 rings. H 902. Sil Valley, Chumba ; : . ; <hoae
23 “ H 900. Ravi Forests . ‘ ' ‘ i : . 36
11 » H 616. Beas Forests (Kulu) . ol 2 teh hh ptt Apes Oe ez
TO° G H 617. Sutlej Forests (Bussahir) .~ . . ; . ae
18 “, H 16. Cheog Forest, Simla, 7,000 feet : : . alee
7 * H 42. Mahasu Forest, Simla, 8,000 feet . : « BF
H 3058. a e . by ; : A ae
10 # H 3096. by, * = s ‘ 7

3. ABIES, Tournef. |

Three Indian species.. The Spruce Fir of Europe is A. excelsa, DC.; Brandis 526,
and is nearly allied to, and much resembles, the Himalayan A. Smithiana. The Silver
Fir of Europe is A. pectinata, DC.; Brandis 528, which is similarly related to
A. Webbiana of the Himalaya; while the Himalayan 4. duwmosa finds its counterpart
in the Hemlock Spruce of Canada, A. canadensis, Michaux (Brandis 527). Nearly
related to this last is the Douglas Spruce, A. Dowglasii, Lindl, a tree which forms
extensive forests in North-West America, attaining a height of 300 feet and more, and
‘furnishing a valuable strong timber. It is extremely fast grown and has succeeded
admirably in Great Britain. Many other species of Abies are in cultivation in
Europe.

Wood generally not resinous (the resin being usually found in the
bark), light-coloured, almost white, no heartwood, not homogeneous,
consisting of alternate layers of soft spring wood and hard autumn wood.
Vertical resinous ducts scanty.

Cones at the ends of branches, drooping or horizontal,

scales persistent.
Cones 4-6 inches long, leaves green . . «. A. Smithiana.
Cones 1 inch s » White beneath . A, dumosa.
Cones lateral erect, scales deciduous de, ele A, Webbiana.

* Experiments made at Lahore between May 10 and August 6, 1876 and published in Circular No, 44
of November 30, 1877 of the Government of the Punjab, Public Works Department,

Alies. | . CONIFERZ. 407

1. A. Smithiana, Forbes; Brandis 525; Gamble 82. 4. Khutrow,
Loudon. The Himalayan Spruce. Vern. Wesha, bajir, Afg.; Kachal,
hachan, Hazara, Kashmir; Rewari, ban lidar, sangal, salia, sarei, kauli,
rot, rag, ra0, bang re, krok, Pb. Himalaya; Zos, Ravi; Rau, raiang, re,
Sutlej; Mai, Jaunsar; Kandre, re, rhdi, réo, khutrau, ridlla, ragha,
morinda, hail, kilu, Garhwal, Kumaun ; Sehshing, Bhutia. |

A lofty tree, with rough greyish-brown bark, cut into small quadran-
gular plates by shallow furrows. Wood white, with a reddish or brown
tinge, alittle harder than that of A. Webdiana. The inner belé of annual
rings soft and spongy. Vertical resinous-ducts scanty, visible on a
vertical section. Medullary rays fine and extremely fine, very numer-
ous, prominent on a radial section. ,

North-West Himalaya between 7,000 and 11,000 feet, Sikkim and Bhutan in the
inner valleys between 7,800 and 10,000 feet, mountains of Afghanistan, Kafiristan,
and Gilgit,

Regarding the rate of growth of Spruce, very little information has yet been
collected. In Mr. Ribbentrop’s “Working Plan of the Kalatép Forest, 1873,” the
measurement of 10 trees are given thus :—

No. Locality. Girth at base. Height. Age. No. of ee
er inch,
1. Bindrabin . + 68inches —— 108 feet 125 "116
eat <n ae OO, 104 ,, 112 10°2
3. Kalatép . : yes, aes 90 ,, 70 6°7
a Ss en wal AA 98 ,, 74, 72
5. Jagrota. ‘ 2 aS "4,! oo... 80 5°6
6. Near house : of CBR CES” 114 ,, 70 63
, Si a ; a. sip t — , 237 16°5
8. Dainktnd . ‘ vw) 102B 34; 142 ,, 310 19°1
I Fra iigen wh TOL. Sea 125 ,, 202 14:6
10, a “ é a vale A ge 125 _,, 183 12°8

giving an average growth of 11 rings per inch of radius, and 125 years of age toa
girth of 6 feet. In Appendix II to the “ Preliminary Report on the Deoban Working
Circle, 1875” the measurements of 67 trees, 17 in the Kanjatra and 50 in the Thona
Block, gave an average radius of 9°9 inches and average age of;105°6 years ; this would
shew a mean rate of growth of 10°67 rings per inch of radius. Up to 6 inches, which
is as far as the averages can be taken for all the trees counted, we have as follows :—

Radius. 0—2 inches. 2—4inches. 4—6 inches,
Average number of rings . . . . 163 19°4, 22°5
or, per inch . ; ; wh. wa ; ~ 815 97 11°25

shewing that the growth in Deoban Forest seems to get slower as the tree gets older.
The figures further shew that the following are the average ages for different
girths :-— ;
Girth. Radius. Age.

18 inches 2°9 inches 20
SO sys y aieyt 39
54s, i: ee 63
eae a iG pa 91

Our small specimens shew an average rate of growth of 12 rings per inch of radius.

The weight given by our specimens varies from 26 to 32, giving an average of
30 lbs. per cubic foot, which is slightly heavier than the wood of A. Webbiana. The
wood is extensively used locally, e. g., in Simla, for packing-cases, rough furniture and
planking, and sometimes for shingles. It crackles and sends out sparks in burning,
besides burning away very quickly, but it is much used for charcoal. The bark is
used for roofing shepherd’s huts, and to make water-troughs ; and the leaves and twigs
are used for litter and manure, —

It comes up well naturally in tolerably moist localities, where it has not too much

408 _ CONIFERH. [ Abies.

shade, and it generally makes very quick growth the first year, yearly shoots 18 to
24 inches being not uncommon,

H 3165. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet . : t . : :
H 775. Kalatép Forest, Dalhousie, 7,000 feet . , eS : |
H 3. Mahasu Forest, Simla, 8,000 feet . ‘ . ; : ae
H 12. ry) ” ” ” me ‘d . ‘ : 2 an

H 2898. -Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . i 6 4 A > ey
H 3032, Hattu Forest, Simla, 9,000 feet (young tree) . x : . 39
H 420. Mohna Block, Deoban Forest, 8,000 feet ; : - ; Sa
E 965 sent by Dr. Schlich from the Chumbi Valley, Tibet, between Sikkim and
Bhutan, from about 9,000 to 10,000 feet, is a species of Adies closely allied to A. Smithi-
ana, but with shorter needles and smaller cones. It is probably undescribed. The
structure of the wood is identical with that of 4A. Smithiana.

2. A. dumosa, Loudon; Brandis 527; Gamble 83. Pinus Brunoni-
ana, Wall. The Indian Hemlock Spruce. Vern. Changathasi dhip, thin-
gia, thingdni sila, Nep.; Tangshing, Bhutia; Semadung, chemdang, Lepcha.

A large tree, with thick, rough bark. Wood white, soft, with a slight
pinkish tinge. . Resinous ducts scanty.

North-East Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim between 8,060 and 10,500 feet.
Growth, our specimens shew the following :— E 377, 17°5 rings; E 968, 11°5 rings,
average 14°5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 27 to 29 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood
is used in Sikkim for shingles. The bark is also used for roofing.

E 377. Phallaloong ridge, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet ; , ‘ - 27
E 968. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet . : . - 29

8, A. Webbiana, Lindl.; Brandis 528; Gamble 82. A. Pindrow,
Royle. The Himalayan Silver Fir. Vern. Palidar, rewari, Shelam;
Bédar, bidar, téng, Kashmir; Dhinu, rdg, rail, pe, re, salle, sara,
Chamba; Zos, Kulu; Spun, pun, krok, kalret, Kunawar; Bharda;
thanera, Shali; Burla, pindrau, pindrai, Hattu; Kdédrom, Matiyana;
Burl, birra, béildu, Bhaji; Kalrat, satrai, chir, Kotkai; Raho, row,
chilrow, kilaunta, Chor; Morinda, Jaunsar; Ragha, rao ragha, ransia,
raisalla, Kumaun; Wiman, Byans; Gobria sulah, Nep.; Dumshing,
Bhutia. ?

A lofty evergreen tree. Bark smooth, silvery on young stems, on
old stems brown, cut into long, narrow scales by anastomosing spiral
clefts, rough, } inch thick. Wood white, soft. The inner zone of each
annual ring is soft and spongy. Medullary rays very fine and exceeding-
ly fine, very numerous, not prominent on a vertical section. Vertical
resinous ducts very rare.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan ; in the North-West Himalaya between 7,000
and 13,000 feet ; in the inner ranges of Sikkim and Bhutan, between 9,000 and 13,000
feet ; in the outer ranges it does not descend below 10,000 feet.

Not much more information is available regarding the rate of growth of Silver Fir
than there is that of Spruce. The Kalatép Working Plan and Deoban Report again
afford most of the information. The measurements of 10 trees in Kalatép are given

thus :—

No. Locality. Girth at base. Height. Age. No, . rings
per ine
1. Bindrabin - . 78 inches 110 feet 170 13°7
2. - ; <.,;, ao ode 106 ,, 170 - 19'1
3. Kalatop . : , Oe 2 See 85 79
63% 00. Rei ee 93, 72 6-7

- Abies. | CONIFERE. 4.09

No. Locality. Girth at base. Height. Age. No. of rings
; per inch,
5. Jagrota. : . 72 inches 90 inches 73 64
6. b? ; ¢ Oe a | re 73 83
7. Dainktnd . , a 120 ,, 248 19:0
8. $3 : , ps 103 ,, 192 157
9. 2} : : a DO fee 120 ,, 195 170
10. i : ‘ te 108 ,, 223 17°5

giving an average growth of 13 rings per inch of radius, or nearly 150 years of age
to a girth of 6 feet. Appendix III of the ‘Preliminary Report on the Deoban Work-
ing Circle, 1875’ gives the measurements of 8 trees in the Kanjatra Block. These
give an average radius of 10°1 inches and an average age of 97°8 years; this would shew
a mean rate of growth of 9°7 rings per inch of radius. Up to 6 inches radius we have
as follows :—

Radius. 0—2inches, 2—@inches. 4—86 inches.
Average number ofrings . . . . 167 19°2 17°3
or, per inch . : : ; : ; - 835 9°6 8°6

or a tolerably uniform rate of growth. The Kanjatra figures further shew that the

following are the average ages for different girths :—

Girth. Radius. Age.
18 inches 2°9 inches 25
86. 67" ,, 50 .
Se gee - wo... 81
Te i. s a gage 113

Our small specimens appear to have all come from slow-grown trees, as they shew an
average of 16°8 rings per inch.

With regard to the weight and transverse strength the following is all the informa-
tion available. Captain Jones’ ten experiments in 1844 gave: Weight 31 lbs., P= 440;
Wallich gave the weight at 21 lbs., while our specimens, weighed by Dr. Warth, gave
an average of 29|lbs.

The wood is not durable when exposed to the weather, but seems to last well as
shingles in Sikkim, whence it is sometimes exported to Tibet for roofing. At Murree
shingles are said to last eight to ten years, and in Kulu three to six. In Kunawar and
Lahoul it is much used for construction. In the North-West Himalaya the bark is
used for roofing shepherds’ huts ; in Sikkim it is used for troughs for the salt which is
given to sheep grazing on the higher hills. On the Jhelam the twigs and leaves are
eut and stored for winter use as fodder and litter for cattle.

lbs.
H 934. Hazara, 7,000 feet ‘ ‘ { , : ‘ : 29
H 774. Kalatdép Forest, Dalhousie, 7,500 feet . am ae
HB 2805.) 7 oth: 'Simila, 9,000 fect
H 3081, ¢ attu, Simla, 9, ee : 7 ies? . Ri -
H 65. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . é 29

-H ‘421. Thona Block, Deoban Forest, 8,000 feet . ’ - ‘ . 2
E 359. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 11,500 feet : . A : + ae
E 2437. eer a :. ‘ : ; Lt aes
E 964. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 feet . é : i ~ . 29

4. LARIX, Tournef.

One Indian species. The European Larch is LZ. ewropea, DC.; Brandis 531, found
in the Alps of France, Switzerland, Austria and Bavaria, and in the Carpathians. The
Siberian Larch, Z. stbirica, Led., forms large forests in Russia, Siberia and the Ural
and Altai mountains. ;

Wood resinous, with a distinct red heartwood, not homogeneous,

consisting of alternate layers of soft spring wood, and hard autumn

wood. Large vertical resinous ducts.
3p

.

410 CONIFER. (Larix.

1. L. Griffithii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Brandis 531 ; Gamble 88. Vern.
Boargasella, Nep.; Sah, saar, Sikkim.

A deciduous tree, with reddish brown bark, 4 inch thick. Heartwood
red. Inner zone of each annual ring soft and spongy, outer zone nar-
rower, firm and shining. Resinous ducts scanty, large. Medullary rays
fine and extremely fine, numerous, prominent on a radial section.

Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, between 8,000 and 12,000 feet.

Growth, our specimen shews 21 rings per inch of radius; its weight is 32 lbs. per
cubic foot. The wood is considered durable, and is exported from Sikkim into Tibet.
Hooker in Himalayan Journals, ii, p. 44, says that he never saw the wood to be red

but always white and soft. Our specimen, however, is red and closely resembles the
wood of the European Larch. I.

E 969. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 fect. . . . « 82

5. CUPRESSUS, Linn.

One indigenous Indian species, three others generally cultivated. . C. glauca, Lam.
Brandis 534, is cultivated in gardens in Western India above Ghat.

Wood homogeneous, fragrant, the firm belt of autumn wood very
narrow. Resin is found in parenchymatic cells with horizontal ends,

1. C. torulosa, Don; Brandis 583. The Himalayan Cypress. Vern.
Devi-didr, Ravi; Deodar, Kulu, Bhajji; Gulla, gulrai, kallain, Simla ;
Leauri, Jaunsar ; Raisalla, saraz, Kumaun ; Sarri, sérah-vyu, Tibet.

A large tree. Bark 4 inch thick, brown, the outer layer peeling off
in numerous long, narrow, thin strips, inner substance reddish brown.
Heartwood light brown with darker streaks, very fragrant, moderately
hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow, firm and dark
coloured belt on the inner edge. Numerous intermediate, deceptive but
not continuous, rings. Medullary rays very fine and extremely fine,
very numerous. No vertical resinous ducts similar to those in pines ;
the resin is here contained in parenchymatic wood cells similar to those
which form the tissue of the wood.

Outer ranges of North-West Himalaya, from Chamba to Nepal, scattered and in ©
numerous isolated localities of greater or less extent, chiefly on limestone, between
5,500 and 9,000 feet.

Growth slow. Stewart records twelve to eighteen rings per inch of radius; our
specimens shew: H 613 nine rings, H 61 thirteen rings and H 771 fowrteen rings
per inch of radius. The average weight of our specimens is 39 lbs. per cubie foot.
The wood has been much used at Naini T’al for building, and is sometimes used for beams
on the Ravi and Sutlej. In Kulu it is made into images, and is used for the poles
which carry the sacred ark. It is often burnt as incense in temples. —

lbs.
H 3. Tika, Simla, 8,000 feet . ; ; ‘ 5 ' 3 . 84.
H 61. Kandru, Simla, 8,000 feet Sik: a ; . : ; . 42

H 771. Belj, near Bassi, Chamba, 7,000 fee : } : . . 86
H 613. Kulu, 7,000 feet . ; ; : 44

2. C. funebris, Endl. ; Brandis 534; Gamble 83. Vern. Chandang,
tchenden, Bhutia. |

A handsome tree with pendulous branches, and a fibrous brown bark,
often planted in Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan near temples and monas-
teries, and in China. Structure similar to that of C. ¢orudosa.

ibn,

KE 972, Darjeeling Hills, about 5,500 feet . ; : : . . Bt

Cupressus, | | CONIFER. ; 41}

3. O. sempervirens, Linn. ; Brandis 533.. Vern. Sara, sards, North-
West India.

| A tall tree. Bark thin, light brown, fibrous, peeling off in thin
strips. Wood light brown, moderately hard to hard. Annual rings
distinctly marked by the dark,: narrow, firm belt of autumn wood.
Medullary rays fine, brown, very numerous. Resin-cells as in C. torulosa.

Cultivated in gardens in Afghanistan and North-West India, sometimes reaching
6 to 9 feet in girth, with 70 to 100 feet in height. a
S.

O 3267. Saharanpur Gardens _ . ; : : , wee . 37

E 697 from Rungbee, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet (21 lbs. per cubic foot), is the wood of
Cryptomeria japonica, Don ; Gamble 83. This is a large tree of China and Japan, the
seeds of which were originally brought to India by Mr. Fortune. It is now very largely
cultivated throughout the district of Darjeeling and occasionally in other hill districts.
Its growth is extremely rapid: ourspecimen shews an average of 1:2 ring per inch of
radius, and many of the rings are over one inch wide. It grows best at an elevation -
of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, but very fine specimens planted in 1847 or 1848, are to be
seen in Darjeeling at 7,000 feet. It is, however, brittle, and the tops and branches are
easily broken by high winds. It seeds abundantly, and the seedlings are very easily
raised in boxes or sheltered beds.

Bark brown, fibrous, peeling off in narrow strips. Wood soft, very
uniform, with narrow bands of darker and firmer tissue at the edge of °
each annual ring. Meduilary rays short, fine and very fine, extremely
numerous.

6. JUNIPERUS, Linn.

Four Indian species. Among exotic junipers the most important are J. virginiana,
luinn., of the Atlantic coast of North America, and J. bermudiana, Linn., of the
Bermudas, West Indies and Florida, which species mainly yields the wood of which
pencils are made. J. drupacea, Labill.; Brandis 539, is a diccious shrub with edible
fruit, found in the mountains of Asia Minor and Syria, and cultivated in England.

Wood homogeneous, fragrant, generally of slow growth, the ring of
firmer wood at the outside of each annual ring very narrow.

1. J. communis, Linn.; Brandis 535. The Juniper. Vern. Mich,
pama, pethra, bentha, betar, Kashmir, Chamba and Kulu; Lang shir,
thelu, lewar, Kunawar; Chini, shipa, Piti; Shama, Lahoul; Chichia,
Kumaun.

A large shrub, with thin, reddish brown, fibrous bark. Wood white,
moderately hard, fragrant, with a small mass of darker wood near the
centre. Wood cells large, visible under the lens. Medullary rays very
fine, somewhat unequal in width.

North-West Himalaya ascending to 14,000 feet, eatending eastward to Kumaun.
Mountains of Western Asia and Europe.

In the Himalaya it rarely attains more than 6 to 7 feet in height, often with a
disproportionately thick stem, 18 to 24 inches in girth. Growth extremely slow, our
specimens shew: one 35, the other 50 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to
Mathieu, FI. For., p. 448, 341bs.; our specimen gives 33lbs. per cubic foot. The wood
is used for fuel, and, as well as the leaves and twigs, is burnt as incense (dhtp). he
fruit is sweet, aromatic and resinous; it is sold in the bazars of North India as a °
medicine (abhil, hiber) and is administered in decoctions as a stimulant and: diuretic.
In Europe the berries are used to flavour gin.

Ibs,
HE 137. Lahoul, about 10,000 feet ‘ ‘ ; ; - ; = “se

H 907. Upper Chenab

3:

a

412 CONIFERE; | Juniperus.

2. J. excelsa, M. Bieb.; Brandis 538. The Himalayan Pencil Cedar.
Vern. Apirs, Beluchistan ; Chalai, Jhelam ; Shikpa, shir, shirgu, lewar,

-Chenab and Sutlej; Luir, Ravi; Shirbita, shirgd, shikpa, Tibet; Dhup,

padim, padmak, sirgi, N-W. P.; Dhipi, dhipri chandan, shikpa, Nepal.

A moderate-sized tree, with thin, reddish brown, fibrous bark, peeling
off in thin, longitudinal flakes. Sapwood white, heartwood red, very
fragrant, often with a purplish tinge. Annual rings marked by a narrow
belt of darker coloured and firm wood on the outer edge. Medullary
rays of two classes, extremely fine and fine, the latter very short.

Arid tract of the North-West Himalaya and Western Tibet, extending eastward to
Nepal, mountains of Afghanistan and North Beluchistan.

Growth slow, Stewart records sections shewing 24, 40 and 44 rings per inch
respectively. Our specimens vary exceedingly: of the two from Lahoul, H 608 shews
only 10, while H 139 shews as many as 59 rings; of the remainder, H 163 from
Hazara shews 20, H 772, 15 and H 906 43 rings; the last, however, was evidently cut
from a small, much stunted, tree. Weight, Brandis gives 25 to 37 lbs. per cubie foot,
Wallich 34°5, our specimens average 32 lbs. The wood is used in Quetta and Khelat
for house-building, also mixed with stone for the walls of houses in Lahoul. Some

of the temples in Kunawar are built of it, and it is there made into drinking cups and —

walking sticks. At Leh itis largely used as fuel, and is sometimes made into charcoal.
It is burnt for incense in Kunawar, and is sometimes exported for that purpose.

lbs.
H 163. Hazara, 7,000 feet. . . Bil oy: WS " afte 2 . 32
H 772. Barmir, Ravi, 7,000 feet ; SOs 8 E iy. hae?

H 906. Upper Chenab Valley, 8,000 feet : : . tee
H 139. lLahoul, about 8,000 feet. ’ 2 : ; 5 .9) ae
H_ 608. ps 9» 24 ; 29

‘3. J. recurva, Ham.; Brandis 5386; Gamble 83: The Weeping “4

Blue Juniper. Vern. Wetyar, bettar, ehich, thelu, phulu, Pb.; Bettir,

bhedara, bidelganj, thelu, phulu, jhora, giggal, bil, irt, agdni, N.-W. P.;.

Tupi, Nep.; Péma, Tibet; Deschi, chakbu, Sikkim.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark thin, peeling off in long’ fibrous —

strips. Sapwood white, heartwood light red, very fragrant. Structure
similar to that of J. excelsa, except that the short broader medullary
rays are wanting.

Sikkim and Ehutan, 9,000 to 12,000 feet.

Growth slow. No. E 2438 was cut froma log which shewed 167 rings with a mean
diameter of 183 inches, or 18 rings per inch of radius; No. E 374 shews 27 rings.
Weight, 38 to 42 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used fox fael at high elevations,
and the twigs and leaves are largely exported from Sikkim to be used as incense to
burn in temples. .

yh Ibs.
E 374. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 12,000 feet . . ; ;. ann
E 2438. 7% ‘9 9 6 Ne ce

H 144, Lahoul, is what is generally called J. veeurva in the North-West
Himalaya ; a low procumbent shrub, covering large slopes in the inner arid Himalaya.
Heartwood small, reddish, structure similar to that of the Blue Juniper of Sikkim.
Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot.

4, J. Wallichiana, Hook f. and Th.; Brandis 537. The Black
Juniper. Vern. Tehokpo, Sikkim. |

In the North-West a large shrub, in Sikkim a tree, Bark brown
smooth, exfoliating in large flakes. Wood resembling that of J. eacedsa,

Himalaya from 9,000 to 15,000 feet from the Indus to Sikkim.
H 127. Rotang Pass, Lahoul, 12,000 feet.

Taxus.) CONIFER KE. 413

7. TAXUS, Tournef.

Heartwood distinct. Wood hard, nearly homogeneous, with a
narrow band of firm autumn wood and softer spring wood.

1. T. baccata, Linn.; Brandis 539; Gamble 83. 7’. nucifera, Wall.
7. Wallichiana, Zuce. The Yew. Vern. Sardp, badar, Afg.; Birmai,
barma, barini, ting, thinu, sungal, piistiil, chogu, chaténg, Kashmir,
Chamba ; Rakhal, Beas; Barmi, Shali; Thina, Hattu; Yamdal, rikaliug,
Kunawar ; Zitiner, geli, gallu, list, N.-W. P.;. Nhare, Tibet; Pung-cha,
sungcha, Ladak ; Tcheiray sulah, Nep.; Tingschi, tsashing, Bhutia ;
Cheongbu, Lepcha; Dingsableh, Khasia.

A large evergreen tree. Bark purplish-grey, thin, fibrous, peeling off
in longitudinal flakes. Sapwood white, heartwood red or orange-red,
hard, close-gfained, smooth, works and polishes well. Annual rings
wavy, marked by a narrow belt of firm and dark-coloured wood. Medul-
lary rays fine and extremely fine, very numerous. No vertical resinous
ducts. .

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, generally between 6,009 and 10,000 feet,

and in the Khasia Hills. Europe, North Atrica, Western Asia, Japan, and North
America.

The tree sometimes reaches a very large size. Madden records a tree at Gangutri
100 feet high and 15 feet in girth ; 5 to 6 feet in girth is, however, the usual size in
the North-West Himalaya, though trees 8 to 9 feet have been found in Hazara.
The writer measured two trees on Tonglo in Sikkim, which gave—

No.1. Height 30 feet . . to first branch 10 feet . . girth 20 feet.
No. 2. ey Lea eel I ; ers | , ty ys

and there are many in the same locality of similar dimensions. The growth is slow,
our specimens shewing the following :— pt,

H 56 ; : : 12 rings. {| H 161 : : . 18 rings.
Hie). : ‘ 1p ar | H~ 18 ; he yeh a de
ee eae ek + ah edie oh 2. stp ee

i ee!) Silanes : ; is Se tee: ee . PAA © ts ©
E796. , . ‘ : 14 ,, ' KE 382 : : celieel

Brandis says. 20 to 32 rings per inch of radius.

Weight, according to Brandis, 46 to 59 lbs. per cubic foot; Mathieu FL. For.,
p- 445, gives 42 to 55lbs., the average of our specimens gives 44]bs. The wood is
used for bows, carrying poles and native furniture, and-deserves to be better known
and more extensively used, as it is very strong and elastic, and works and polishes
beautifully. In some parts of the Himalaya and the Khasia Hills it is held in great
veneration and called Deoddr (God’s tree) ; the wood is burnt as incense, the branches
are carried in religious processions in Kumaun, and in Nepal the twigs are used to
decorate houses at religious festivals. The bark is used in Kunawar as a substitute
for, or mixed with, tea; the berries are eaten and the leaves are exported to the
plains and used as a medicine. In Europe they are considered poisonous, but are
not always so, as goats, rabbits and sheep eat them with impunity.

The young plant requires shelter and thrives in deep shade; it consequently will
not reproduce where the forest has been cleared. It flowers in spring; the young
leaves appear almost immediately after, and the fruit ripens in autumn.

Ibs.
H 161. Hazara, 8,000 feet ; : : : , : ; . 41
H 921. “f a ‘ ; . ; : , ; . 43
H 895. Murree, os Rag : : ’ : ; ; . 40
H 116. Jagatru, Kulu, 8,000 feet . } : P : : . 4i
H 773. Chanota, Ravi, 7,500 ,, . : ; . ; t . 4
H 8. Matiyana, Simla, 9,000 feet . ; ‘ ‘ ; : . 46
H 456. Hattu, Simla, 9,500 feet . . ; cfc . 50
H 2865. = ‘ = : é : : t - . 47
H 422. Mohna Block, Deoban, 8,000 feet . : é . 43

E 382. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 fect . . . . . . 46

4.14 — CONIFERR. [ Tarus.

This specimen shews cracks in the wood, which ‘ave filled with a white substance,
probably carbonate of lime or magnesia. It turns an orange colour with dilute, sul-
phuric acid.

E 796. Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet ; 4 E ’

This last has been identified by specimens to be undoubtedly Taxus baccata. The
structure is identical with that of our other specimens, but the colour of the heartwood
_is not red like the rest of the specimens, but brownish white.

Ibs,

8. PODOCARPUS, L’Her.

Three species. P. neriifolia, Don; Brandis 541; Gamble 83. Vern. Ginsi, Nep.;
Dingsableh, Khasia, referred by Kurz to P. bracteata, Bl., but kept separate. by
Parlatore,is an evergreen tree of Nepal, Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, up to 3,000 feet.
The wood is considered to be superior and is held sacred in the Khasia Hills.

Wood homogeneous. Wood cells large, easily visible under the lens.
Annual rings generally indistinet. No vertical resinous ducts. Wood
very durable, not resinous.

1. P. bracteata, Bl. Nageia bracteata, Kurz ii. 500. Vern. Jinari,
Cachar; Thitmin (Prince of Woods), Burm. ; We/imadd, And. hig

A large evergreen tree. Bark grey-brown, thin, fibrous, peeling off
in narrow flakes. Wood grey, moderately hard, of very uniform grain
and texture throughout. The annual rings are faintly marked by darker
lines, but the texture of the different belts of one ring is uniform. Medul.
lary rays extremely fine, closely packed. No vertical resinous duets.

Khasia Hills, Burma, and the Andaman Islands.

Growth slow, our specimens average 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, accord-
ing to Brandis (P. nertifolia, Thitmin, No. 94 of Burma List of 1862), 50lbs. per
cubic foot, according to Bennett 34lbs., our specimens give an average of 39 bs.
Bennett gives P = 588. The wood is used for oars, masts of boats, and for planking
It is greatly esteemed by the Burmese. Dr. Mason says, “It is used by carpenters for
various purposes, and the Burmese have a superstition that the beams of balances
should be made of it.” Major Berdmore says it is used to avert evil by driving a peg
of it into a house-post or boat. '

Ibs,
E 1277. Cachar . ; sic ; ; : , é : . 38
B 6508. Andaman Islands . ; ’ : : ‘ : ; eae
B 2265. 3 » (Major Ford, 1866) . ; é ‘ . 89
B 2556. ms » (Home, 1874, No. 10). x ¥ j a \ |

2. P. latifolia, Wall. ; Beddome t. 257. Nageia latifolia, Kurz ii,
500. Vern. Soplong, Khasia; Nirambali, Tinnevelly ; Thitmin, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, with grey aromatic wood, and structure
similar to that of P. bracteata. |

Tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim Hills; Hills of Tinnevelly, at 3,090
to 5,009 feet (Beddome) ; Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal (Parlatore).

Weight, our specimen gives 33lbs. The wood is used for similar purposes to
that of P. bracteata.

Ibs.
B 569. Tonghoo, Burma . : ° > : , ° ‘ 33

E 3414 from a planted tree at Darjeeling is Biota orientalis, Endl. Bark thin,
brown, peeling off in papery flakes, and with numerous resin-cells. Wood moderately
hard, close-grained ; ideal dark reddish-brown, the annual rings marked by
darker colour. Medullary rays numerous, fine, very short,

Cycas. | CYCADACER. | 415

Oxper CII, CYCADACE. >

One genus, Cycas, including four Indian species. C. Rumphii, Miq. ; Beddome
eexxvii; Kurzii. 502. (C. circinalis, Willd. ; Roxb Fl. Ind. iii. 744), Vern. Mongtain,
Burm., is an evergreen palm-like tree, with a thick, cylindrical, simple or branched
trunk, found in the coast forests of South Tenasserim and the Andamans and often
cultivated in South India. The wood yields a quantity of sago or starch, and the

‘stem exudes a resin which is used to cure ulcers. C. circinalis, Linn:; Beddome
eexxvii. (C. spherica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 747). Vern. Orasmaro, Cuttack, is found in
South India and Ceylon. The seeds are ground into flour and used for food in time
of scarcity. C. siamensis, Mid.; Kurz ii, 503, is a low stemless, palm-like tree,
common in the Hg and dry forests of Prome, and yielding a whitish gum.

1. C. pectinata, Griff.; Kurz ii. 503; Gamble 84. Vern. Thakal,
Nep.

re evergreen, simple-stemmed, palm-like tree. Bark in horizontal
folds, with diagonal clefts, making diamond-shaped bosses. Wood
yellowish white, in narrow wedge-shaped plates, arranged in nearly
concentric rings and separated by white tissue, which, like the central
pith, is full of starchy granules. |

y .

4 Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Burma, often in sAl or eng or pine forests.

: It yields a coarse sago, which, with the fruits, is eaten by the hill people in Sikkim.

4 There is some doubt about the identification of this species, which may prove to be
new.

} Ibs,

; E 2439. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling, 1,000 feet 5 : ; ‘ 5A.

E 877. Balasun Forest, Darjeeling Terai. : ; : oe

Il. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Orper CIV. ZINGIBERACEZ.

An Order scarcely containing any woody plants with the exception of Ravenala
madagascariensis, Sonn.; Kurz ii. 504, an evergreen tree, allied to the plantains,
with a thick woody stem and distichous plantain-like leaves—cultivated in gardens
} in Bengal and Burma. 0 this Order belong the Plantains. of which there are many
wild forest species; the Ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe) and the Cardamoms plant
(Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton.)

Orper CV. PALMA.

A large and very important Order of trees, shrubs or climbers, found almost all
over India from the most moist to the most arid zones and containing many of the
most important economic plants.

They belong to 7 Tribes, viz.—

Tribe I.—Borassinez j : . . Borassus.

. Il.—Coryphinew } 1 . Corypha, Chamerops, Livistona,
Licuala.

» Il].—Phenicinee . ‘ ; . Phenix. ;

» 1V.—Arecinee . aie Pee : . Wallichia, Caryota, Areca, Ben-
tinckia, Arenga.

c V.—Cocoiner . ler ; . Cocos.

» V1.—Lepidocaryinee . ; : . Calamus, Plectocomia, Kortha

sia, Zalucca.
» VIE.—Nipinee . 3. .. ith) core AVE,

416 PALME. : [ Borassus.

Besides these, several species from other countries are to be seen, cultivated, in
. India. The magnificent’ Oreodora regia from Brazil may be seen in Calcutta, where
avenues of it have been planted in the Botanic Gardens, and isolated plants in the
gardens of many houses.

The wood and bark are not distinct, but the stem generally consists of
an inner softer, and an outer harder portion. The stem consists of a large
number of scattered fibro-vascular bundles, embedded in soft cellular
tissue. On a horizontal section the vascular bundles appear most,
numerous near the circumference of the stem; here they are small,
very hard, and often nearly confluent, so as to forma hard rind. In
the centre of the stem, the bundles are less numerous and generally
not so hard as near the circumference. Consequently, the central portion

of the stem is chiefly composed of cellular tissue which often decays, —

so that the centre of old palms is frequently hollow.
On a vertical section the fibro-vascular bundles appear like iong

wavy lines, which do not run parallel to each other. On a radial section -

the vasenlar bundles eross each other, and they can be traced from the
base of the leaf, where they terminate, bending inwards to the centre
of the stem and then outwards again towards the circumference.

The structure of each bundle is different in its upper and lower
parts. In its upper part it contains firstly, vessels varying in size, which
on a horizontal section appear as pores; secondly, elongated or polygou-
ous cells, generally forming a mass of softer tissue immediately surround~
ing the vessels ; ¢hirdly, a mass of long, thick-walled fibres, of which
the hard horny portion of the bundle is composed. In the lower part,
the bundle is composed almost entirely of fibres without any vessels
or cells.

A horizontal section shews the bundles near the cireumference- in
their lower part; these therefore only consist of fibre, while towards
the centre the upper part of the bundles is eut through and shews
fibres, vessels and cells. It must not be forgotten that on a cross section
the upper portion of the bundles is cut through near the cireumference
where they enter the leaf stalk, but these are cut through obliquely,
are easily recognised, and there are few of them.

1. BORASSUS, Linn.

1. B. flabelliformis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 790; Brandis 544;
Kurz ii. 529. The Palmyra Tree. Vern. Tal, téla, tar, Hind.; 7a/,
Beng.; Potu tddi 9, pents tddi, 9 Tel.; Panam, pannie, Tam.; Pana
Mal,; Jali, talé, Kan.; Tad, Guz.; Tal, Cingh.; Htan, Burm.

A large tree with tall cylindric stem, surmounted by a terminal
crown of fan-shaped leaves. The young stems are covered with dry leaves
or the lower part of petioles, while the old stems are marked with the hard,
black, long and narrow scars of the fallen petioles.

Centre soft, but not often’ hollow. Fibro-vaseular bundles black,
crowded in the outer’ portion of the stem ; if cut through at right
angles, they are oblong, generally with one large pore and a mass of
cells at one end. Outer wood hard, heavy, and durable,

Cultivated throughout tropical India and beyond the tropics in Bengal, and the
southern part of the North-Western Provinces.

| Borassus.] | PALMA. 417

*

The following experiments have been made on the weight and transverse strength
of the timber :—

Weight. Value of P.
A. Mendis, Ceylon, No. 83, bars 2’°X1’x1" . . found 65 lbs. 814
Skinner, Madras, No. 30, 1862 - , 4 7 ry ee 944,
Warth in 1878, No. W. 2922. , ? F nent tt Gi." 9 se
‘ RA Salem, No. 15 ‘ 5 . P ey: ie ;

The weights of all our pieces are given below, but Nos. W. 2922 and Salem 15 were
the only ones consisting entirely of the outer, harder wood. The average of all our
specimens gives 49 to 50 lbs., which may be taken as the average weight of pieces con-
taining partly outside, partly inside wood. The hollowed out stems are used as water
pipes ; and, split in half, for gutters and open water channels. The hard, outer wood
is used for posts, rafters and other purposes. The leaves are used for thatch, mats
and basket work, and for writing on. The pulp of the fruit is eaten, and in Ceylon
is made into a preserve. Seemann says that the Dutch, when they had posses-
sion of Ceylon, considered the preserved pulp or Punatoo such a dainty that large
quantities of it, preserved in sugar, were exported to Holland and Java. The chief
product, however, of the Palmyra Tree “is the sweet sap which runs from the
peduncles cut before flowering and collected in bamboo tubes or earthen pots tied to
the cut peduncle,” Brandis. Seemann says that in Ceylon the spathes are tied up from
end to end with thongs, and then beaten and crushed between wooden battens for three
successive mornings, that on each of the following four a thin slice is cut from the
points of the spathes, while on the eighth day the sweet, clear sap begins to exude,
and is caught in earthen pots or bamboos. The sap is fermented into toddy, is
distilled, or is made into sugar, known as ‘jaggery.’ The tree generally reaches
40 to 60, and occasionally 100, feet high, and often measures 18 to 24 inches in
diameter above the usually thick base.

Ibs.
C 960. Guzerat, Bombay ee Pre ss | ee i . 42
E 418. Jessore, Bengal . . . : : olgiee ; . 46
W 767. South Kanara .. eS a tale gg Ting +. Seale
W869. “ » . . : : . . . : Seba
CMR NIN, Ts Be eg ag se we ue ey

D 1475. Salem, Madras . REE 3 Se. te ne an ee
B $563. Prome, Burina . " - : ; : ; : . 49

B 2458. Myanoung, Burma. Say ye BA ike Ges ee ee
No. 15. Salem Collection ‘ > ‘ . ; a + ss eee
No. 83. Ceylon Collection ‘ 3 , ; a ae - - 65

2. CORYPHA, Linn.

Five species: C. Taliera, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 174; Brandis 549. Vern. Tara, talier,
tarit, Beng., is found in Bengal, as is also C. elata, Roxb. Fl Ind. ii. 176; Brandis
649. Vern. Bajur, bajir-batil, Beng., a handsome palm, whose stem is marked with
spiral furrows. C. Gebanga, Bl.; Kurz ii. 525, the Gebang palm of Java, is occa-
sionally found in Burma, e. g., round Tonghoo. C. macropoda, Kurz ii. 525. Vern.
Dondah, And. is a large stemless palm found in the bamboo jungles of the western
side of South Andaman. The Corypha palms flower but once, and then die.

1. C. umbraculifera, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. u. 177; Brandis 549;
Kurz ii. 524. The Talipat Palm. Vern. Conda-pani, Tam.; Biné,
Kan.; Jala, Cingh.; Pe-deng, Burm.

A tall tree, with terminal flowers, which dies after seeding. Wood
soft, with a hard rind composed of black vascular bundles. The vascu-
lar bundles in the centre of the stem are soft.

Ceylon and the Malabar Coast. Cultivated in Bengal and Burma.

The tree often grows to a great size before flowering ; one whose measurements were
given in the Indian Agriculturist for November 1878 as flowering at Peradeniya,

3B

418 | PALME. [Corypha.

Ceylon, measured: height of stem 84 feet, of flower panicle 21 feet, total 105 feet;
girth at 3 feet from the ground round the persistent bases of the leaves 13 feet
9 inches, at 21 feet from the ground 8 feet 3 inches; age about 40 years. The
leaves are very large, often 10 feet in diameter; they are made into fans, mats and
umbrellas, and are used for writing on, as also are those of C. Zaliera. A kind
of ‘sago is yielded by the pith.
W 857. South Kanara.
Kurz joins C. Taliera with this and C. elata with C. Gebanga.

3. CHAMAROPS, Linn.

Of Chamerops, two or three species occur in India. C. Martiana, Wall-
Brandis 546. Vern. Jhaugra, jhaggar, tal, Kumaun; Taggu, Nep., is a talll
handsome palm, found on the Thakil mountain in East Kumaun, at from 6,500 to 7,800
feet elevation, in damp, shady glens, with a north-west aspect. It is also found in
one or two minor localities in Kumaun and in Nepal, and is, besides, considered to
be probably the same as, C. khasyana, Griff.; Kurz i. 527. Vern. Pakha, found in
the Khasia Hills and on the hills of Martaban ‘at 4,000 to 6,500 feet. The
writer has once found small plants of what is probably this palm on Rissoom, near
Dumsong, beyond Darjeeling, at 6,500 feet elevation. C. Ritchieana, Griff. ; Brandis
547. Vern. Mazri, nozardi, Trans-Indus; Kilu, kalivin, Salt Range; Pfis, pesh,

ease, pharra, Sind, Beluch., is a generally stemless, gregarious shrub, peculiar to
he arid zone of Sind, Trans-Indus, the Punjab, Afghanistan and Beluchistan. Its
leaves are used to make matting, fans, sandals, baskets, hats and other articles; its -
leaves and leafstalks give a fibre which is made into ropes, and its seeds are pierced
and made into rosaries, and for sale for that purpose are exported from the Beluchi port of
Gwadur to Mecca. (A beautiful collection of the products of this palm [P 1779] was
sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 from the Punjab, chiefly from the Salt Range.)

4. LIVISTONA., R. Br.

Livistona Jenkinsiana, Griff.; Gamble 86. Vern. Talainyom, tulac-myom, pur-
bong, Lepcha; Toko pat, Ass., is an extremely handsome fan-leaved palm found in
the forests of the Sivoke Hills in Sikkim and eastwards to Assam, where it is com-

eee fe

5. LICUALA, Rumph. :

Licuala contains three Indian species. DL. paludosa, Griff.; Kurz ii. 528, is an
evergreen, gregarious palm of the tidal swamps of the Andamans. JL. peléata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind, ii. 179; Kurz ii, 527. Vern. Patti, chattah-pat, Ass.; Kurud, kurkuti,
Beng.; Sa-lu, Burm., Képadah, And. is a peltate-leaved palm of the forests of Assam,
Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans, said to extend westward as
far as Sikkim. It is used in Assam for umbrellas, and in the Andamans for thatching
(B 1046, Andamans). In Chittagong it forms a great part of the undergowth in some of
the forests, notably the Kasalong Reserve, and its leaves, under the name of Kuruchhpat
are universally used in the inner Hill Tracts for thatching and when grass is scarce
are largely exported to the plains. The stems are about 9 to 12 inches in girth, and 5
to 15 feet high ; the wood is rather soft, and the vascular bundles evenly distributed, and
dark jelemted (i 3366 Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong). J. longipes, Griff.; Kurz ii.
528, is found in Mergui, The well-known walking sticks called ‘ Penang Lawyers’ are
the young trunks of Z. acutifida, Mart., a yery small palm of the Malay Peninsula.

a ee EE

Phenix.) | PALMA. 419

*

6. PHC2NIX, Linn.

Six to seven Indian species. P. dactylifera, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 786;
Brandis 552. Yern. Khajwr, khaji, is the Date Palm, cultivated and self-sown in Sind
and the Southern Punjab, and producing the well-known fruit. P. acaulis, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 783; Brandis 555; Kurz ii. 5385; Gamble 86. Vern. Khajuri, pind
khajir, jangli khajir, Hind.; Schap, Lepcha; Boichind, Mar.; Chindi, hindi,
jhari sindi, Gondi; Juno, Kurku; /hinboung, Burm., is a low palm with a thick,
short, bulbous-looking stem, found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna east-

wards, and up to 2,500 feet, also in Central India, Behar, and Burma. It chiefly grows

in forests of 84] or Chil pine in India and Eng in Burma. The fruit is eaten by
Lepchas, and a kind of sago is obtained from the centre of the tree in Chota Nagpur.
Brandis refers to this species two species described by Griffith, viz., P. Ouseleyana
from Chota Nagpur and Assam, and P. pedunculata from the Nilgiris. P. fari-
nifera, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ili. 785; Brandis 556. ‘Vern. Chilta-eita, Tel.; Ichal,
Kan., is asmall, almost stemless palm of sandy lands near the sea at Coringa, whose
leaves are used for making mats, and whose trunk gives a quantity of farinaceous sub-
stance, used for food, especially in times of scarcity. P. paludesa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
789; Brandis 556; Kurz ii. 536. Vern. Hixtal, hital, golpatta, Beng.; Thinboung,
Burm., is a soboliferous, often gregarious, palm of the Sundarbans, Burma and Andaman
Islands ; its leaves are used in the Sundarbans to make rough ropes for tying boats and
logs, and for thatching. P. rwpicola, T. And. in Journal Linn. Soc. xi. 49, p. 13, 1869 ;
Gamble 86. Vern. Schiap, Lepcha, is a beautiful palm of the lower hills of Darjeeling
and Bkutan, generally growing on rocks, often to a height of 20 feet. The interior of
the stem is often eaten by Lepchas.

1. P. sylvestris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 787; Brandis 554; Kurz ii.
585. The Wild Date Palm. Vern. Khajtr, khaji, salma, thalma, thakil,
Hind.; Pedda eita, Tel., Peria-eetcham, Tam.; Ichal, kullu, Kan. ;

- Seindi, Berar; Boichand, Mar.; Sindi, Gondi.

A tree with ashy grey foliage, 30 to 40 feet high. Stem rough, with
the prominent scars of fallen petioles. Wood light brown, the outer
portion hard and durable. Vascular bundles less numerous than in
Borasssus, brown, horny, on a horiZontal section circular or slightly oval,
the fibrous portion uniform, enclosing the cells and vessels.

Wild and cultivated throughout India.
The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength of the wood :—
Weight. P=
Skinner in Madras, No.104, found . . 5. «. « 89 Ibs. 5612
Warth in 1878 found our specimen give. . . . . 45 4,

The wood is sometimes used ‘for building, water tubes and other purposes; the

~ Jeaves are made into mats, ropes and baskets; but the chief produce of the tree is the

sweet sap which is collected in the cold season by cutting a notch in the tree at the
base of the lower leaves; the sap then flows for some time, and a thin slice is daily
cut off the surface of the wound. A tree is usually fit to tap at 10 years old and
remains yielding for about 20 years. The juice is either fermented or boiled down

into sugar. ‘4
Ss.

E 416. Sundarbans . , esiit< 3 : - i ; . 4

P 887. Multan. “ ‘ : ¢ 3 4 2 j . grk‘ sae

7. WALLICHIA, Roxb.

Contains 4 or 5 Indian species. W. densiflora, Martius; Brandis 549; Karr,
ii. 532; Gamble 84 (Harina oblongifolia, Griff.) Vern. Kala aunsa, gor aunsa

420 Pee ae aes | [ Wallichia,

Kumaun; Ooh, Lepcha; Takosu, Nep.; Zanoung, Burm., is a small stemless palm,
common in the outer Himalaya, from Kumaun eastwards, up to 4,000 feet, and in
Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. In Kumaun the leaves are used for thatch and in
Darjeeling for fodder for ponies. W. caryotoides, Roxb.; Brandis 550; Kurz ii. 532
( Wrightea caryotoides, Roxb. F1. Ind. ii. 621) Vern. Chilpatta, belpatia, Chittagong ;
Mochooma, Magh ; Zanoung, Burm., is a small palm of Chittagong and Burma.
(Kurz refers to W. caryotoides, the W. densiflora of Brandis: this genus then
requires further investigation). W. nana, Griff., is described as a small palm found
near Gauhati in Assam. W. disticha, T. And. in Linn. Soc. Journal xi. 49, p. 6;
Gamble 84. Vern. Katong, Lepcha, is a handsome palm of the outer hills of Sikkim,
found by Brandis as far west as Kumaun in 1874. It grows to a height of 20 feet,
and has distichous leaves joined at the base by a network of dark fibres. The
Lepchas fell it to eat the pith of the stem near the summit of the tree. Anderson
says the berries, and perhaps the leaves, irritate the skin. The wood is soft, the
stem almost hollow in the centre, and the fibrovascular bundles dark brown coloured
(E 878, E 2460, Darjeeling). W. Yome, Kurz ii. 533. Vern. Zanoung, Burm., is an
arborescent species of the Pegu Yoma, with longer pinne and the ieaves spirally
arranged.

8. CARYOTA, Linn.

Two, or perhaps three, species. C. sobolifera, Wall.; Kurz ii. 530, Vern,
Baratahdah, And., said by Mr. Homfray to be called the ‘Sago Palm’ (No. B 1045,
Andamans), is a soboliferous palm of the tropical forests of Arracan, Martaban and
the Andaman Islands. Griffith describes a C. obtusa from the Mishmi Hills resem-
bling C. wrens, but having more obtuse pinnules.

1. C. urens, Linn.; Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 625; Brandis 550; Kurz
ii. 530; Gamble 84. Vern. Rungbong, simong, Lepcha; Bara flawar,
Ass.; Salopa, Uriya; Mhar, mardi, mari, sirdigt, Tel.; Conda-panna,
erim-panna, wutali-panna, 'Tam.; Bhyni, beina, bagni, Kan.; Beri,
Mar.; Shunda pana, Mal.; Kittil, nepora, Cingh.; Hlyamban, Magh;
Minto, Burm. | |

A beautiful tree, with smooth annulate stem, large bipinnate leaves

and wedge-shaped leaflets. The outer part of the stem is hard and durable
and the vascular bundles crowded, black, very large,

Evergreen forests of western and eastern moist zone of India. On the Western
Ghats it extends to near Mahableshwar. It is common in Burma, Bengal, and
Orissa, ascending in Sikkim up to 5,000 feet.

A. Mendis gives the weight at 71 Ibs. per cubic foot, our specimen weighs 45 Ibs.
only, but perhaps contains more of the softer inner wood. The wood is strong and
durable; it 1s used for agricultural purposes, water conduits and buckets. The leaves
give the ‘ Kittul’ fibre, which is very strong, and is made into ropes, brushes, brooms,
baskets and other articles; the fibre from the sheathing petioles and the peduncle
is made into ropes and fishing lines, which are very strong. The interior of the
stem is filled with a sago-like starch which is made into bread or boiled into gruel.
Seemann says itis good and very nutritious. From the cut spadix large quantities
of toddy are obtained, which is either fermented or boiled down into sugar. With
regard to the length of life of the tree, Seemann says (Popular History of Palms,
p. 135) :—

“The Caryotas flower only once during their course of existence. The first spadix
appears at the top of the tree; as soon as that has done flowering, others (latent buds)
issuing from the axils, or former axils, of the leaves, make their appearance; this
process, being of a downward tendency, is repeated until the last spadix, which may
be looked upon as the death-knell of the plant, shews itself at the foot of the trunk,
proclaiming that the hour of departure from life is at hand.” —

Ibs,
E 2459. Chawa Jhora, Sivoke, Darjeeling. . : of nied ye
No. 44. Ceylon Collection elt ate . ; . ot he) Sage

ae

Areca.| 3 PALMA. 421

>

9. ARECA, Linn.

Four to eight Indian species. A. triandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 617; Kurz ii.
537. Vern. Bangia, ramgua, runi supart, Beng.; Tau-kwam-thee, Burm.; Abara-
dah, And., is a stoloniferous or simple-stemmed palm, found in Chittagong, Burma
and the Andamans. A. gracilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 619; Gamble 84 (Pinanga
gracilis, Kurz ii. 538). Vern. Gua supari, ramgua, Beng.; Khur, Lepcha; Ranga,
Ass., is a small slender-stemmed, often gregarious, palm of the undergrowth in damp
forests in Sikkim, Assam, Eastern Bengal and Burma; it is used for native huts and
roofing in Assam. The outer portion is hard, with closely-packed fibro-vascular bun-
dles, the inner part is so soft that the cane shrinks in drying (E 3425 Dalingkote, Br.
Bhutan.) A. hexasticha, Kurz in Journal, As. Soc. Beng. xliii. ii, p. 201,
For. Flora, British Burma, ii. 539, is a small palm of Burma, and A. costata, Bl.; Kurz
li. 538, a palm of the Andamans. Griffith describes several other species, such as A.
lara, Buch., from the Andamans (placed by Kurz under A. triandra, see above); A.
nagensis, Griff. Vern. Tal pat, Naga; Tougtaw, Singpho, of the Naga Hills; A.
Dicksoni, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 617, of Malabar; and A. disticha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 620,
from the Khasia Hills.

1. A. Catechu, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 615; Brandis 551; Kurz
ii. 586; Gamble 84. The Areca Nut or Betel Palm. Vern. Supari, Hind. ;
Gua, Beng.; Poka, oka, vaka, Tel. ; Camugu, paku, Tam.; Adike, Kan. ;
Adaka, cavugu, Mal.; Puwak, Cingh.; Kwam-thee-beng, Burm.; Ah-bid-
dah, ah-pur-rud-dah, And.

A tall tree, attaining 100 feet in height, with a slender, cylindrical,
annulate stem, the inner part of which is generally hollow. Vascular
bundles brown, forming a hard rind on the outside of the stem.

Cultivated throughout Tropical India,

A. Mendis gives the weight per cubic foot at 57lbs. The wood is used for fur-
niture pins, bows, spear handles, and for scaffolding poles in Ceylon. The sheaths
of the leaves are used to wrap up articles and as paper to write upon; the seeds are
used in turning for necklaces, the knobs of walking sticks, and other small articles,
on account of the reticulated appearance formed by the ruminate lines in the albumen
of the nut. These nuts are the well-known betel nut, so universally chewed by natives
of India, especially Bengal and Burma. For the production of the nut large groves
of betel palms are formed, and these groves form often an extremely handsome object

in tropical scenery. Most villages in Bengal, Burma and South India have their few
betel trees.

lbs.
E 419. Sundarbans y ;
W 769. South Kanara ; . : : 3 , ; ; 5 Mead
No. 73. Ceylon Collection . ‘ ee ; : ; ‘ie

10. ENTINCKIA CODDA PANNA, Berry; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 621. Vern. Cod-
da panna, Tel., is a siender palm, about 2U feet high, found in the Travancore Hills.

:

11. ARENGA, Lab.

A. saccharifera, Labill.; Brandis 550; Kurz i. 533 (Saguerus Rumphii,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 626). Vern. Zowng-ong, Burm., isa common Malayan palm, very
commonly cultivated in India, and said by Kurz to be wild in the forests of Burma.
The heart of the stem contains large quantities of sago, and the cut flower stalks
yield a sugary sap, made into sugar and palm wine. The horse-hair-like fibre found
at the base of the petioles is similar in its uses to cocoanut fibre and is valuable
for cordage. The palm dies after ripening its whole crop of fruit, and the stems are
then useful for troughs and water-channels, lasting well underground. Roxburgh
was so impressed with its general utility that he recommended its being largely culti-
vated in India. Griffith mentions another species, 4. Wightii, from the hills about
Coimbatore. :

422 PALMA, | [ Cocos.

12. COCOS, Linn,

1. C nucifera, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 614; Brandis 556; Kurz
i. 540 ; Gamble 86. The Cocoanut Tree. Vern. Narel, nariyal, Hind. ;
Narikel, Beng.; Tenna, tenga, Tam.; Nari hadam, tenkaia, kobbari,
Tel. ; Zhenpinna, kinghena, tengina, Kan. ; Tenga, Mal. ; Pol, Cingh. ; Ong,
Burm. ; Jadhirdah, And. |

A pinnate-leaved palm, with annulate, often curved stem. Outer
wood close-grained, hard and heavy. Vascular bundles black or dark
purple, closely packed in the outer part of thestem on horizontal section,
circular or uniform, en:losing vessels and cells, ;

Cultivated throughout Tropical India, particularly near the sea-coast.
The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse
strength.
Weight, Value of P.

lbs.
Skinner in 1862, No. 49, with Madras wood, found . ; 2078 608
Puckle, 4 experiments in Mysore, bars2 feet X linch K lin.. 47 562

A. Mendis, Ceylon, No. 72, found > 70
Warth, in 1878, the average of our 3 specimens, found . 49 ins
The wood is commercially known as ‘ Porcupine wood;’ it is used for rafters and ae
poles, house posts and other building purposes; for spear handles, walking sticks
and fancy work. The leaves are used for thatching, and the net of fibres at the base
of the petioles is made into bags and paper, and is used in Ceylon for toddy straining.
The cut flower stalks yield toddy which is fermented or made into sugar; the kernels
of the nuts are eaten, and the sweet fluid of the young nut isa pleasant drink; the
thick fibrous rind of the fruit is the ‘Coir’ fibre, used for ropes, mais, and other
articles ; the shell of the nut is made into spoons and cups and other utensils; while
the oil obtained from the fruit is an important article of trade and is used for
burning, for cuoking and in the manufacture of candles and soap. In fact, the uses —
of the cocoanut tree are innumerable, and much has been written about them. .

, Ibs,
E 417. Sundarbans . ‘ \ ‘ 4 ; : $ - 40
W 768. South Kanara ‘ . 5 ‘ : 1 . ‘ . 55
W 868. is i ‘ { ‘ $ r ; : . i _ 8
B 562. Burma ye, * ; , < : - “ ; . 52
Wo. 72. .Ceylon Colléstion « —.76 6 e* oe os

13, 14,15. CALAMUS, PLECTOCOMIA, KORTHALSIA.

Perhaps no genera of Indian forest plants are so little known as these, even those
comparatively accessible, like the canes of Dehra Dun and Darjeeling,being of very uncer-
tain nomenclature. When the collection of specimens for the Paris Exhibition of 1878
was going on, large numbers of canes were received from Burma, Assam and elsewhere,
accompanied by merely native names; and being, of course, stripped of their leaves,
sheaths and flowers, and tied up in the bundles in which they are sold, they had te be
rejected, as the principle was not to exhibit anything whose scientific name was not
known.

As far as regards the canes of Burma and the Andamans, Kurz’s Forest Flora and
his ‘ Enumeration’ of Burmese Palms in Vol. xliii. of the Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, 1874, are of great help; the canes of Sikkim are tolerably well
known from Dr. T. Anderson’s ‘Enumeration of the Palms of Sikkim’ in the Linnean
Society’s Journal, Vol. xi., 1869; those of Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong are

iven in Griffith’s ‘Palms of British East India’ and the ‘ Flora Indica’ of Roxburgh ;
but the whole nomenclature is confused, and the difficulties in the determination of
species are very great. The following list has been drawn up giving the Indian species
described in those books which have Sa accessible, but it should understood that

4 ee

Calamus. |

PALMA.

-

13. CALAMUS.
Section I.—CoLzosPATHEs.
A.—Erect.

1. C. collinus, Griff. No. 2

423

the list is merely compiled, and that no opinion whatever is given as to the value of the
. specific names :—

Khasia

Assams

Hills, Upper

2. C. macrocarpus, Griff. No. 3 (under C. erectus, Bhutan Diars.

Roxb.; Kurz ii. 516, Enum. 82).

art, schizospathus, Griff. No. 4; T. And.1; Gamble Sikkim, Khasia Hills.

E. 3377 from the Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, is this species.

85. Vern. Rong, Lepcha.

It has a stem of about

2 inches in diameter, with hard wood and closely packed fibro-vascular bundles,

very close, as usual, towards the edge.

4. C. arborescens, Griff. No. 5; Kurz ii. 516, Enum. Pegu.

id

©. @

10.

11.

12,
13.

14.

15.

16.
17.
18.

31. Vern. Danoung, "kyenbankyen, Burm.
(B 1026 Toungoo, Burma).
C. erectus, Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 774; Kurz ii. 516.
cna 32. Vern Sungotta, Sylhet ; Theing,
urm.

C. humilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 773.

B.—Scandent.

C. flagellum, Griff. No. 8; T. And. 2; Gamble 85.
Vern. Rabi bet, Nep.; Reem, Lepcha;
Nagagola bet, Assam.

. C. acanthospathus, Griff. No. 9

~C. Royleanus, Griff. No. 11 (under C. Rotang,
‘Linn.; Brandis 559 ; Gamble 85).

C. Rotang, Roxb. Fi. Ind. iii, 777; Brandis 559
(C. Roxburghii, Griff. No. 12). The com-
mon Rattan. Vern. Bet, chachi bet, Beng.,
Hind.; Pepa, prabba, Central Provinces
(O 1038, Dehra Din).

‘C. tenuis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 780; Griff. No. 13 ;

Kurz ii. 520, Enum. 37 ; Brandis 559. Vern.
Bandhari bet, Chittagong; Kring, Magh;
Jalla bet, Ass.

C. polygamus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 780. Vern.
Hidim, Chittagong.

C. leptospadia, Griff. No. 14; T. And. 3 ; Gamble
85. Vern. Dangri bet, Nep.; Lat, Lepeha.

C. fasciculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 779; Griff.
No. 15; Kurz ii. 517, Enum. 33; Brandis
559. Vern. Bara bet, Beng. ; Kyeing- kha,
Burm.

C. gracilis, Roxb. FI, Ind. iii. 781 ; Griff. No. 16;
Kurz ii. 520, Enum. 38. Vern. Mapuri bet,
Beng. ; Kraipang, Magh; Hundi bet, Ass.

C. mishmiensis, Griff. No. 17 * .

C. floribundus, Griff. No. 18 :

C. latifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 776; ‘Griff,
No. 19; Kurz ii. 518, Enum. 34; ‘Brandis
560. Vern. Korak bet, Chittagong ; Sain,
Magh; Yamatha, Burm. (B 1001, 1003,
1027, Burma, E 1004, Chittagong).

19. C. palustris, Griff. No. 22 (under C. latifolius,

Kurz ii. 518, Enum. 34).

Sylhet, Chittagong, Pegu.

Chittagong.

Sikkim, Assam.

Khasia Hills.

Dehra Din,
Bengal.

Northern India from the
Jumna eastwards, Cen-
tral, Western and South
India, and Ceylon.

Northern

Assam, Sylhet, Chittagong
and Pegu.

Chittagong.

Sikkim, Khasia Hills.

Bengal,

gong,
mans.

Orissa, Chitta-
Burma, Anda-

Assam, Chittagong.

Mishmi Hills.
Upper Assam.
Chittagong,

Burma,
Andamans.

Mergui.

424 ‘PALM.

20. C. extensus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 777. Vern. Den-
gullar, Sylhet.

21. C. quinguenervius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 777. Vern.

urnur-gullar, Sylhet.

22. C. montanus, Il’. And. 4; Gamble 85. Vern. Gouri
bet, Nep.; Rue, Lepcha.

23. ‘C. macracanthus, T. And. 5; Gamble 85. Vern.
Phekori bet, Nep. ; Ruebee, greem, Lepcha
(E 1017, Darjeeling).

24. C. mermis, T. And. 6; Gamble. Vern. Dangri
bet, ‘Nep. ; Brool, Lepcha (E 1016, Dar-
jecling).

25. C. andamanicus, Kurz ii. 519, Enum, 35. Vern.
-Chowdah, And.

26. C. tigrinus, Kurz ii. 519, Enum. 36. Vern. Lémé,
Burm.; Amdah, And. (B 1042, agence?

27. C. Helferianus, Kurz ii. 521, Enum. 39 .

28. C. paradozxus, Kurz ii. 521, Enum. 40

29. C. Guruba, Mart. ; Kurz ii. 522, Enum. 41. Vern.
Kyeingnee, Burm. (B 1031, Toungoo).
(Four other species are given by Martius as occur-
ring in Tenasserim, called C. platyspathus ;
C. concinnus; C. nitidus, and C. melan-
acanthus).
30. C. Mastersianus, Griff. No. 29, under C. Guruba,
Kurz ii. 522, Enum. 41). Vern. Sundi-bet,
quabi-bet, Ass.

Srotion II.—CympospaTHEs.

31. C. nutantiflorus, Griff. No. 31.

32. C. Jenkinsianus, Griff. No. 32; T. And 7. (Cym-
bospathes Jenkinsianus Gamble 85. ) Vern.
Gola bet, Ass. (EK 1018, Darjeeling).

33. C. grandis, Griff. No. 33 ; Kurz 523. (Demono-
rops grandis, Kurz Enum. 30).

34. C. hypoleucus, Kurz ii. 523 (Demonorops hypo-
leucus, Kurz Enum. 29).

[ Calamus.

Sylhet.

Sikkim, Bhutan.

” ”

Andamans.
Burma, Andamans.
Tenasserim or Andamans.

Martaban.
Chittagong and Burma.

Assam.

Assam.

Sikkim Terai, Diars and
Assam.

Andamans.

Tenasserim.

Of these canes, C. Rotang is largely ‘ied in North-West India for chairs,

blind and basket work. C. Jlatifoliws is much used in Burma for tying timber
in rafts, and making the cables which stretch across the river at the Salween
rope station. C. montanus is the best cane for suspension bridges and dragging logs in
Sikkim, and C. inermis furnishes the finest ‘alpenstocks.’ No. E1007 from the Sun-
darbans. Vern. Gola bet, has been pronounced by Dr. King to be a species new to
India, which he has identified with C. longipes, Griff. No. 26, hiherto only known
frum Malacca.

14. PLECTOCOMIA.

1. P. khasyana, Griff.106 . . - « Khasia.
2. P. assamica, Griff. 107 : Upper Assam.
T. Anderson joins these two in one species. |
3. P. himalayana, Griff.108; T. And. p.11;Gamble Hills of Sikkim, 4,000 to
86. Vern. Zakri bet, Nep.; Runool, "Lepcha. 7,000 feet. .

4. P. macrostachya, Kurz ii. 514, Enum. 2G . Tenasserim Hills.

15. KORTHALSIA.

1. K. scaphigera, Mart.; Kurz ii. 513, Enum. 25. Andamans.
Calamosaqus scaphi oa Griff. 29). Vern.
Bordah, paridah, An (B 1041, Andamans), ,
2, K. laciniosa, Mart.; Kurzii. 518, Enum. 26, Tenasserim.

(Calamosagus laciniosus, Griff. 27).

Korthalsia.| % ; PALMA. 425

It may be useful to give the vernacular names of the canes sent from different local-
ities for the Paris Exhibition, which it was impossible to name, as those who have
opportunities of doing so may be able to identify them. From Chittagong
were received Kerak, jayat and golak; the first is probably C. latifolius ; from Assam
Riphin, ringer, risan, raidang, bent, sowka bent, rangi, pakhort, howka, charain-
art, lijai ; from Cachar, Jali, soondi, and gallah; from Burma, Theinkyeng, dyau-
thaukyeng, engkyeng, toungkyeng, kyengbot, zanoung, khaboung ; from South Kanara
Betha and nagabetha, and from the Andamans Boledah, jobetahdah, jobetah, and a
palm called chardah.

16. ZALACCA WALLICHIANA, Mart.; Kurz ii. 511. Vern. Yingan, Burm., is
an almost stemless palm of the tropical forests of Burma.

17. NIPA FRUTICANS, Wurmb.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 650; Kurz ii. 541. Vern.
Gilga, gabna, Beng. ; Da-ne, Burm. ; Poothadah, And. (Golphal [fruits] Beng.), is a
large soboliferous palm of the river estuaries and tidal forests of the Sundarbans,
Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans. The leaves are used for thatching, and toddy
is obtained from the spathe. The inside of the large fruit is, when young, edible;
when old it is hard like ivory, but transparent (E. 1530 Sundarbans).

Orpver CVI. PANDANEZ.

‘Two genera, Pandanus and Freycinxetia. Of Pandanus, the Screw Pines, there are
about seven Indian species, all Burmese or Andaman plants, a few of which extend te
Northern and Eastern Bengal and to South India. P. fetidus, Rexb. Fl. Ind. iii.
742; Kurz ii. 506; Gamble 86. Vern. Keurkanta, Hind. ; Kea kanta, Beng, ; Thaky-
et, Burm., is a common stemless shrub of the undergrowth in swamp forests in Bengal
and Burma. P. furcatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 744; Beddome cexxviii.; Kurz ii.
5C7: Gamble 86. Vern. Jarika, Nep.; Bor, Lepcha; O-kaiyeya, Cingh., is a palm-
like tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Western Coast. Stems grey,
with a distinct bark, wood resembling that of the palms, outer wood moderately hard,
containing satiny-white vascular bundles; inner wood soft, spongy (E 473, E 2462,
Darjeeling Hills, 30 lbs. per cubic foot). P. odoratissimus, Willd.; Roxb. FL. Ind. iii.
738; Beddome ccxxviii; Kurzii. 508. Vern. Kewra, Hind.; Kea, ketuki, keort, Beng. ;
Mugalik, Tel.; Thalay, talum, Tam. ; Kaida, thala, Mal.; Mudu-kaiyeya, Cingh.;
Tsat-tha-pu, Burm., is a common much branched shrub frequently planted on ac-
count of the powerful fragrance of the flowers, but wild on the coasts of South
India, Burma and the Andamans. P. Leram, Jones, and P. Andamanensium, Kurz,
are trees of the Andaman Islands. P. graminifolius, Kurz, and P. levis, Rumph.,
are screw pines of Burma, the latter only cultivated. Freycinetia insignis, Bl. ; Kurz ii,
509, is a scandent shrub of the tropical forests of the Andamans and Ceylon.

Orper CVII. LILIACER.

Two genera of shrubs or small trees, viz., Dracena and Cordyline. Kurz describes
seven species of Dracena, four of which are from the Andamans and the ether three from
the forests of Burma; they are almost all small undershrubs, with rather large, linear
or elliptical leaves, but D. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 155; Kurz ii. 543. Vern.
Kwam-lin-nek, Burm., of the Andamans, and D. spicata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 157; Kurz
ii. 545, also from the Andamans, but found in Chittagong as well, reach the size of
small trees. D. terniflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 159. Vern. Bunamtol, Beng., and
D. atropurpurea, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 160, are shrubs of the forests of Sythet.

Cordyline terminalis, Kth.; Kurz ii. 546 (Dracena terminalis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii,
156), is a large shrub from the Moluccas, now extensively grown in gardens in Bengal
and Burma.

To this Order also belong Sanseviera zeylunica, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 161. The
Bowstring Hemp. Vern. Murba, murahara, murgali, Beng.; Mallai mayi, Salem;

3 PR

426 - LILIACER. [Sanseviera,

Ishamacoda nar, Tel., a small perennial plant with a strong, silky fibre; and the Aloe
Agave americana, Linn. (A. cantula, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 167.) Vern. Cantala, bans-
keora, Hind.; Pachakathalai, Salem, commonly run wild or planted in all the drier
zones in India and yielding a strong and useful fibre; the New Zealand Flax
(Phormium tenazx) and other fibre-producing plants.

Orper CVIIIL GRAMINEA.

The grasses constitute one of the largest and most important families of the
vegetable kingdom, containing plants of every size from the tiny herbs of the
meadows to the giant bamboos of the forests of Burma. In most forest regions of
India, tall grasses cover the greater part of such land as is not too densely shaded
with trees to prevent their growth; these tall grasses are found, like the species of
Arundo and Saccharum, near the banks of streams; or, like the Anthistiria and
Androscepia, in drier localities, covering sometimes large extents of land and render-
ing it liable to the evil effects of jungle fires. Such grasses have, however, many uses,
and chief among them that of providing material for thatching, for in some countries
in India not only the roofs but even the walls of all village houses are made of grass.
The chief species used for thatch are Saccharum cylindricum, Linn. and 8S. sponta-
newm, Linn.

The tribe with which we have chiefly to deal, however, is that of the Bambusee
or bamboos, which are tree-grasses, sometimes attaining enormous dimensions, sometimes
scarcely more than an inch in diameter. The Bambuse@ have been described by
Colonel Munro in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Vol. xxvi,
1870, and many details are given of them by Brandis, Beddome, Kurz and other
writers on Indian forests and their flora. For us it will be sufficient to give merely
a list of genera taken from Munro and of such species as are described therein, as well
as in other books. According to Munro, then, bamboos are divided as follows :—

Section I. Triglossez ‘ : 4 ; . Arundinaria, Thamnoca-

lamus, Phyllostachys.

b II. Bambusese . : ‘ ; . Bambusa, Gigantochloa,
Oxytenanthera.

# Ill. Bacciferee : ; 5 Libel . Melocanna, +‘ ephalo-

stuchyum, Pseudostachy-
um, Beesha, Dendroca-
lamus, Dinochloa.

The names given in Kurz’s Forest Flora differ often from those given by Munro.
Munro’s names, have, therefore, been given, Kurz’s names being added as synonyms
and his new species quoted in the genera in which he had placed them.

Genus I[—ARUNDINARIA.

1. A. racemosa, Munro. 17. . Vern. Pummoon, Lep- Sikkim and Nepal, above
cha; Pat-hioo, maling, Nep.; Myooma, Bhutia, 6,000 feet. (E 1354,
2 to 4 feet high, with bluish, rough internodes, Darjeeling). .
probably the common ‘ Mating’ bamboo of Dar-
jeeling. It is very common all over the Sik-
kim Hills above 7,000 feet, sometimes growing
to a large size (13 to 2 inch diameter), and is
extensively used for making mats for roofing,

_ for fodder and other purposes.

2. A. Wightiana, Nees; Munro 19; Beddome Nilgiris.
cexxx.; Brandis 563, 6 to 12 feet high.

3. A. Griffithiana, Munro 20, 4 to 6 feet high, Khasia Hills.
internodes woolly, sometimes prickly.

4. A. faleata, Nees; Munro 26; Brandis 562; Himalaya, from the Ravi
Gamble 86. (A. wtilis, Cleghorn.) Vern. to Bhutan, above 4,500
Nirgal, nigdl, ringal, nagre, narri, garri, feet in the western, but
gero, Hind.; Spidg, gurwa, spikso, pitso, descending nearly to the

8 eee ——————————— ee?
~

SS SF FS

Arundinaria.]

GRAMINEX.

-

Kunawar; Kwei, Tibet; Prong, N.-W. P.;
Titi nigala, Nep.; Prongnok, Lepcha. Stems
6 to 10 feet high, strong, annual; leaves narrow,
without transverse veins. Used for roofing and
baskets.

A. khasiana, Munro 28. Vern. Namlang,
Khasia, stem 8 to 12 feet.

A. erica Munro 28. Stem about 6 to 8

eet.

A. Hookeriana, Munro29. Vern. Praong, prong,
Lepcha ; Singhani, Nep.; stems 12 to 15 feet.
This bamboo is common about Dumsong, and
has handsome glaucous green stems, the nodes
marked by a bluish ring. The seeds are edible.
The leaves have conspicuous transverse veins.

A, elegans, Kurz ii. 549. Stems 12 to 20 feet

Genus [I—THAMNOCALAMUS.

T. Falconeri, Hook. f.; Munro 34; Brandis 563.

T. spathiflorus, Munro 34; Brandis 563, Gamble
87. Vern. Ringall, Jaunsar; Purmiok,
Lepcha; Myoosay, Bhutia. The common
small bamboo of Hattu and Deoban. The
hard yellow-stemmed red-branched bamboo
from Tonglo and the Singalila Range of
Sikkim is probably this species. Transverse
veins prominent.

Genus III—PHYLLostTacHys.

P. bambusoides, Sieb. and Zucc.; Munro 36

Grnus 1V—Bampousa.

. Tulda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 193; Munro 91;
Brandis 566; Kurz ii. 552. Vern. Peka,
Hind.; Tulda, jowa, mitenga, matela, Beng. ;
Wahghi, Garo; Madaewah, Magh; Theiwa,
thoukwa, Burm. The common Bamboo of
Bengal. The wood is strong and the halms
are used for roofing, and scaffolding, mats, and
other purposes.

B. nutans, Wall.; Munro 92; Brandis 567;
Gamble 87. Vern. Mahlbans, Nep.; Mahlu,
Lepcha; Jiushing, Bhutia; Bidhuli, mukial,
Ass. ; Pichle, Sylhet. A most beautiful species
largely planted near villages in Sikkim and
Bhutan.

B. affinis, Munro 93; Kurz 551. Vern.
Theeshe, thaikwa, Burm. Said by Munro to
be scandent, by Kurz to be small and tufted,

_and 165 to 20 feet high.

B. teres, Ham. ; Munro 95 ; ‘ - é

B. Falconeri, Munro 95; Brandis 568. Vern.
Chye, kag.

B. pallida, Munro 97. Vern. Burwal, bakhal,
Cachar; Usken, Khasia. Stem 50 feet.

B. Khasiana, Munro 97. Vern. Tumar, Khasia

B. polymorpha, Munro 97 ; Kurz ii. 553. Vern.
Kya-thoungwa, Burm.

427

plains in the Eastern
Himalaya, Khasia Hills
(H 132, Kulu; E 1339,
E 3427, Darjeeling).

Khasia Hills.
Sikkim, 7,000 to 8,000

feet.
Sikkim, at 4,000 to 6,800
feet.

Martaban Hills.

Kumaun and Nepal, at
8,000 feet.

Himalaya, from the Sutlej
to Bhutan, above 8,000
feet. (H 131, Kulu
E 3426, Tonglo, Dar-
jeeling 10,000 ft.).

Mishmi Hills.

Bengal and Burma
(E. 1333, Sundarbans ;
E. 1329, Chittagong ;
B. 1321, Toungoo.)

Nepal, Sikkim and Khasia
Hills. (O 1338: Dehra’
Din ?).

Martaban.

Bengal and Assam.
North-West Hithalaya.

Eastern Bengal and
Assam.
Khasia Hills.

Burma (B. 1316, Toun-
goo). ¢

428 - GRAMINER. { Bambusa.

9. B. Balcooa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 196; Munro Bengal and Assam.
100; Brandis 567. Vern. Balku, Beng.; (E 3332, Sundarbans).
Betwa, Cachar; Bara baluka, Ass. Stems
50 to 70 feet. The best Bengal species for
building and scaffolding. It differs from
B. Tulda by its larger leaves, not pubescent
beneath, and having distinct transverse veins,
which are not found in B. Tulda.

10. B. arundinacea, Retz; Munro 103; Beddome, Central and South India,

ecxxxi, t. 321 ; Roxb FI. Ind. ii. 191; Brandis Burma. (O 1337,
564; Kurz ii. 554. Vern. Magar, nal, Pb.; Dehra Din; B_ 1319,
Bans, kattang, Hind.; Wahkanteh, Garo; Toungoo; W 1330,
Baridla, Chittagong; Mandgay, Bombay; South Kanara.)
Kati wadir, Gondi; Mangil, Tam.; Vedru,
Tel.; Bidungulu, Kan.; Wa-nah, Magh;
Kya-kat-wa, Burm. Stems 70 to 90 feet,
spinescent. Leaves small. This bamboo is of
good does and strong, and is used for all
purposes. The stems contain much tabasheer,
which is used in native medicine. As a rule
all the clumps in one district flower simul-
taneously, but isolated flowering clumps are
occasionally found. Flowering years in 1804,
1836 and 1868 are. recorded on the western
coast, but a flowering took place also in
Kanara in 1864. (On this subject see Brandis,
pages 565 and 566.)

11. B. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 198; Munroe 104; Bengal, Assam, Burma.

Beddome cexxxi; Brandis 566, Vern. Behor,

Beng.; Koto, Ass.; Kinkott, Cachar; Yaka-

twa, Burm. (not given by Kurz, or rather,

united with B. arundinacea, probably; a ae
view in which Brandis concurs).

12. B. orientalis, Nees; Munro 105; Beddome South India.
ccxxxi.

13. B. vulgaris, Wendl.; Munro 106; Beddome Cultivated in India.

' eexxxii; Brandis 568. Vern. Kulluk, Bom-
bay; Una, Cingh. Stems 20 to 60 feet,
yellow or striped yellow and green. The leaves
have well marked transverse veins.

14. B. Brandisii, Munro 109. (Dendrocalamus Chittagong and Burma,
Brandisii, Kurz ii. 560.) Vern. Ora, Beng. ; up to 4,000 feet. (E
Turgu-wah, Magh; Kyellowa, wabo, Burm. A 3428 Chittagong Hill
gigantic species, up to 120 feet high, stems Tracts; B 1313, 1314,
often 30 inches in circumference. Flowered in §Toungoo.) .
Chittagong in 1879.

Genus V—GIGANTOCHLOA.

1, G. andamaniea, Kurz ii. 556. Vern. Poddk, Andamans (B 1331),
And. Stems 20 to 30 feet, thin, tufted ; leaves

used for thatching.
2. G. auriculata, Kurz ii. 557. Vern. Za-la-ku- Chittagong, Arracan,
wa, Burm. Stems 30 to 40 feet. - — Pegu,

3. G. macrostachya, Kurz ii, 557. Vern. Madi, Chittagong and Burma,
Magh; Wa-net, Burm. Stems 30 to 50 feet. (B 1314, Toungoo).

Genus VI- OxyTENANTHERA.

1. 0. nigro-ciliata, Munro 128. Beddome cexxxiii. Western Ghats, Chitta-
(Bambusa gracilis, Wall.) Stems 30 to 40 gong, Burma, Anda-
feet, mans.

es ee ee

Oxytenanthera. |

2.

re

GRAMINEA,

*

O. albo-ciliata, Munro 129. (Gigantochloa albo-
ciliata, Kurz ii.555.) Vern. Wa-pyoo-galay,
Burm. Stems 20 to 30 feet.

O. Thwaitesiit, Munro 129; Beddome cexxxii,

t. 322. Vern. Watte, Anamalais. Stem 10 to
12 feet, 1 inch diam.
O. Stocksii, Munro 130; Beddome cexxxiii
O. monostigma, Beddome cexxxiii_—-

Genus VII—MEtLocanna.

M. bambusoides, Trin.; Munro 132; Kurz ii.
569, (Bambusa baccifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
197.) Vern. Muli, metunga, bish, Beng. ;
Kayoung-wa,Magh. Stems 50to70 feet long,
12to 13inches girth. Fruit large, pear-shaped,
3 to 5 inches long, edible. The common, gre-
garious, not cwspitose, bamboo «f the Chitta-
gong Hills. It is of good quality, durable,
straight and with straight knots, and is very
largely cut and exported for house-building,
mats and other purposes.

M. Kurzii, Munro 134 (Cephalostachyum
schizostachyoides, Kurz ii. 565.) Stems 20 to
30 feet.

M. humilis, Kurz ii. 569. Stems 8 to 15 feet

429

Burma.
Western Ghats.

Concan.
Anamalais.

Eastern Bengal, Chitta-

gong, Arracan and
Tenasserim. (E 1326,
Chittagong).
Andamans.

Arracan, Pegu.

Genus VIII—CEPrHALOsSTACHYUM.

C. capitatum, Munro 1389; Gamble 87. Vern.
Gobia, gopi, Nep.; Payong, Lepcha; Silli,
sullea, Khasia, Stems 12 to 30 feet, thin, yel-
low, semi-scandent, strong, with long inter-
nodes of about 24 feet, used for bows and
arrows by Lepchas. The leaves are good
fodder. It is often gregarious. ‘This bamboo
flowered and died down in Sikkim in 1874.

C. pallidum, Munro 139; Kurz ii. 563. Vern.
Beti, Stems shrubby.

C. latifolium, Munro 140. Leaves large . :

C. pergracile, Munro 141; Kurz ii. 564. Vern.
Tinwa, kengwa, Burm. Stems 30 to 50 feet.

_ Common in upper mixed forests; often
gregarious.

Sikkim and Khasia Hills,
(E 1363, E 3429, Dam-
song, Darjeeling).

Mishmi Hills, Ava.

Bhutan.
Burma (B1317, Toun-
g00.)

Genus [X—PsEUDOSTACHYUM. |

P. polymorphum, Munro 142. Vern. Pur-
phiok, paphok, Lepcha; Filing, Nep.
Stems green, soft, used for baskets, mats,
and for tying houses.

P. compactiflorum, Kurz ii. 567. Stems 15 to
25 feet.

P. Helferi, Kurz ii. 568. Vern. Watha bo-wa,
Burm. Stems 20 to 25 feet, gregarious.

Genus X-—-BEESHA.

B. Rheediit, Kunth; Munro 144; Beddome
cexxxiv. Stems 16 feet high.

B. stridula, Munro 145; Beddome cexxxiv.
Vern. Batta, Cingh. Stems 6 to 18 feet.

Sikkim at 4,000 to 6,000
feet, Assam (E 1340,
Darjeeling Terai).

Martaban Hills, 4,000 to
6,000 feet.

Hills of Burma, up to
3,000 feet. (B 1318
Toungoo.)

Malabar, Cochin.

Bombay, Ceylon.

430 GRAMINER. [ Beesha. :

3. B. Travancorica, Beddome cexxxiv, t. 324. Hills of Ti
Vern. Jrvil, Travancore. Stems 6 to 8 feet. Gravesite a
Stems densely gregarious. 5,500 feet. a

Genus XI—DENpDROCALAMTs.

1. D. strictus, Nees; Munro 147; Beddome India and Burma.
eexxxv, t. 325; Brandis 569; Kurz ii. 558.
(Bambusa stricta, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 193.)
Male Bamboo. Vern. Bans, bans kaban,
bans khird, kopar (stem), Hind.; Karail-
(stem), Beng.; Bas, udha, Bombay ; Halpa,
veddar, vadir, Gondi; Indo, Kurku; Bhiru,
Baigas; Kark, Pandratola; Kawka, Tel.;
Myinwa, Burm. Leaves often deciduous.
The stems are strong, elastic, nearly solid, 20
to 40 and up to even 100 feet high, used for
spear handles, and all purposes of building and
basket work.

This species occasionally flowers gregariously, but generally single stems only
or single clumps are found in flower.

Mr. Greig, Conservator of Forests, North-Western Provinces, writing in J anuary |
1879, reports the following interesting points regarding the flower of this bamboo in
the outer valleys of the Garhwal Hiils :—

“ We have a wonderful crop of bamboos this year, I have been observing our bamboos
a good deal lately, and I have observed numbers with one or two stems of a clump in
flower, in some places as many as 5 per cent. of the clumps have flowering stems, and
in others I have only found ten clumps with flowering stems out of several thousands
examined. Between Kohdwara and Haldu Khata whole clumps over large areas have
seeded and died, and the ground is now a dense thicket of young clumps of from 10 to.
30 feet high. The seeding commenced here in 1869 or 1870, and has been going on ever
since. Many of the few remaining old clumps are now seeding, not one or two stems,
but every stem of the clump, and not one single instance did I see in that forest of
only one or two stems in seed. These remarks apply te the forests below Gorigh&t
and along the base of the hills between the Ganges and Ramganga rivers. I hope to
see the bamboos of the Palim, Kansore, &c., this year, whole areas in those valleys seeded
and died in 1877-78.”

2. D. sericeus, Munro 148. Flowered in 1858 =. Parasndth in Chota Nag.

pore.

3. D. Parishii, Munro 149; Brandis 570 ; * Panjab. (P. 114, Sutlej.)

4. D. membranaceus, Munro 149; Kurz ii. 560. Martaban (B 1315, Toun-

5

Vern. Wa-yai, Burm. Stems 40 to 50 feet. g00.)
D. giganteus, Munro 150. (Bambusa gigantea, Tenasserim (B_ 1829,
Wall.) Vern. Waklé, waya, Burm. Stems very Moulmein.)
tall, often 26 inches in girth.
6. D. Hookeri, Munro 151; Brandis 570. Vern. Assam.
Ussey, assey denga, ukotang, Ass. Stems 50

eet.

7. D. Hamiltonii, Nees and Arnott; Munro 151; Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam
Brandis 570; Gamble 87. Vern. Tama, (E 1341, Bamunpokri.}
Nep.; Pao, Lepcha; Pa-shing, Bhutia Kokwa,

Beng.; Wah, Mechi Wahnok, Garo. The
common bamboo of the Eastern Himalaya.
The halms are large, 3 to 6 inches diameter,
rather hollow and not always straight, but
they are used for every variety of purpose.
This bamboo, grows gregariously, on_hill-
sides, up to 3,000 feet, and the stems are
40 to 60 feet high. They often grow low
and tangled, instead of straight, and the
bamboo may often be recognised by this

Dendrocalamus.| GRAMINER, 431

character and by the very thick shoots which
grow out at the nodes. The young shoots are
eaten. .
8. D. criticus, Kurz ii. 559. Stems 15 to 30 feet. Pegu, Yoma, at 3,000 feet.
9. D. longispathus, Kurz ii. 561. Vern. Waya, Burma (B 1324, Toungoo).
Burm. Stems 40 to 60 feet.

Genus XII—DrnocutLoa.

1. D. andamanica, Kurz ii. 576, Stems scandent, Andamans.
up to 100 feet high.

2. D. Maclellandii, Kurz ii. 571. (Bambusa Chittagong, Burma. (B
Maclellandii, Munro 114.) Vern. Wa-nway. 1320, Toungoo.)
Stems 60 to 100 feet, scandent.

The identification of the different species of Indian and Burmese bamboos is still
very obscure and requires considerable research to settle accurately. The large-leaved
bamboo of Dehra Din, the one known as Dendrocalamus Parishii from the Punjab,
Bambusa spinosa, Roxb. and other species are mentioned by Brandis as still doubtful.
Munro gives long lists of doubtful species, many of which are Indian, while numbers
of species are known only by vernacular names. The following, of which Lepcha
names are given, have been collected in Sikkim by Mr. E. Fuchs: Pugriang, a mag-
nificent species with large thick leaves and stems having a diameter of 5 inches and
internodes 18 inches long ; Pogs/o, a species with light hollow stem, 25 to 3 inches in
diameter and from 3 to 4 feet between the nodes; Podiam, pshi, pugqjiok, pobong,
pati, posong, and bongshing. Lewin, in his account of the Hill tracts of Chittagong,
gives the following Bengali names for bamboos, the species of which has not yet been
definitely settled. Pata, dolu, kullai, boodoom, lota, kata, burria, turras, while

Assam, Cachar, the Khasia, Jaintie and Garo Hills produce many more whose identifi-
cation is uncertain.

Section III. CRYPTOGAMIA.
Orper CIX. FILICES.

Tree Ferns are found in the whole of the Eastern and Western moist zones and
principally in the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Burma and on
the Western Coast. One species extends to Central India. “The Burmese species are
described by Kurz; those from Ceylon are given in Thwaites’ ‘ Enumeratio,’ while the
species from Northern India are to be found in the newly published ‘ Revision of the
Ferns of Northern India’ by C. B. Clarkein the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society
1880, p. 425.’ Of true tree ferns there are 4 genera: viz., Cyathea, Hemitelia,
Alsophila and Brainea.

Cyathea contains only one species from the Indian Peninsula, viz.: C. spinulosa,
Wall.; Kurz ii. 572, Clarke p 429, a small tree of Nepal, the Kkasia Hills, Tenas-
serim and South India, attaining 30 feet in height. In Ceylon, however, two or three
other species occur, of no great size, the most remarkable of which is the beautiful
C. sinuata, Hook. and Grev., with undivided fronds.

Hemitelia contains, according to Clarke, two species. H. decipiens, J. Scott,
Clarke 430, Gamble 83, is a common species in the Khasia Hills, and the Hills of
Sikkim, up to 6,000 feet. Numbers of fine specimens may be seen about Kurseong,
and some reach a height of 30 feet, with a rather thin, prickly stem. (E. 3423, Balasun
Valley, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet ; E 3424, Dumsong, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet). H. Brunont-
ana, C. B. Clarke 480 (Alsophila Brunoniana, Wall,, A. latebrosa, Hook. (part) Vern.
Unyo, pakpa, Nep.; Pashien, Lepcha, is a tall, thick-stemmed, handsome tree fern of
Sikkim (4,000 to 7,500 feet) and the Khasia Hills (3,000 to 5,000 feet). It is the
common species at Darjeeling, and often reaches 40 feet in height.

In Alsophila, there are, as far as is yet known, seven Indian species, most of which
are found in the Eastern Himalaya. A. latebrusa, Hook. (part); Kurz ii. 573;
Clarke 431, is found in Burma, while a variety of it (A. Schmidiana. Kze.) occurs in

432 . PILICES. [ Alsophila.

the Hills of Sikkim. A glauca, J.Sm.; Clarke 432 (4. contaminans, Wall.; Kurz
ii. 573; Gamble 88) Vern. Pakjik, paludim, Lepcha, is a splendid tree fern of the —
lower hills of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Burma. It is probably the largest Indian
species, reaching a height of 50 feet, with a stem of considerable girth at the base,
smaller above but widening again beneath the fronds. These fronds are very large,
often reaching 10 to 12 feet in length, and the fern is easily recognized by its smooth
rachis and leaves glaucous beneath. 4. ornata, J. Scott, Clarke 432, and A.
Andersoni, J. Scott, Clarke 433, are Sikkim species, which are very rare and but little
known. They were collected first by the late Mr. Scott, in the Cinchona plantation
at Rangbi, at an elevation of 2,500 feet. A. Oldhami, Bedd.; Clarke 433 (A.
Scottiana, Baker; Gamble 88) is a very pretty tree fern, not uncommon about
Darjeeling, and usually gregarious and branching. A. glabra, Hook. ; Clarke 433 ;
Kurz ii. 573 ; Gamble 88, is the common species of the plains. It is found in damp
forests in the Sub-Himalayan tract and Eastern Bengal, from Nepal down to Chittagong
and Tenasserim, Central and Southern India, and Ceylon (A. gigantea, Hook.; Thw.
Enum. 396). Itis, however, rather a small species, rarely reaching to more than 15
feet, though Clarke says it occasionally attains 50 feet. A. crinita, Hook., is a tree
fern of South India and Ceylon reaching 20 feet in height and remarkable for its
being densely covered with shaggy scales. None of these species are used in India,-
except that the inner part of the stems of Sikkim species is sometimes eaten by Lepchas.

Brainea insignis, Hook.; Kurz ii. 574; Clarke 571, is a tree fern of the pine forests
of S Martaban Hills, at 4,00C to 6,000 feet elevation. It has a stem only 3 to
feet high. é

Meine other species of ferns, which, though not exactly arborescent, are yet re-
markable and of interest in the Indian forests, may be mentioned Angiopteris evecta,
Hoffm., a thick fleshy fern of most of the moister regions of India, with a huge fleshy
root-stock and leaves which often reach 6 feet in length. Acrostichum aureum, Linn,
Vern. Dhekwa, Beng. is a handsome fern, used occasionally for thatching in the
Sundarbans. On the hillsides and in the forests of most of the mountainous regions
of India is found the Bracken, Pteris equilina, Linn. Asplenium polypodioides, Mett.
is acommon large-leaved fern of the Himalaya, which has often a distinct stem of a
few feet in height, and may almost be ranked as a tree fern.

The structure of the stems of tree ferns presents a great difference from
that of either Dicotyledonous or Monocotyledonous trees. ‘The appear-
ance of the stem is usually that of a dark brown cylinder, marked above
by regular scars, the bases of fallen leaves, and below by an entangled
mass of fibres formed by the interlacement of roots. The inner structure
is shewn by a horizontal section to consist mainly of three portions:
First, the outer layer formed by the bases of fallen leaves and interlacing
rootlets; secondly, the cellular tissue which occupies the greater part of ©
the interior ; and, ¢Airdly, the vascular bundles which form an irregular
and eylindrically arranged ring inside the cortical layer, These vascular
bundles present the appearance of a closed mass of curved, usually cres-
cent-shaped, outline, having on the outside a hard black layer of woody
fibres, and inside two light-coloured layers of soft tissue, chiefly contain-
ing scalariform vessels. When dry, the cellular tissue which fills the
interior contracts, leaving usually a hollow space, the ring of vascular
bundles then showing a wavy pattern of alternately light and dark
layers,

433

INDEX TO EUROPEAN NAMES.

Pages.

A. ey
Abele . * ‘ . 378
Absinthe ‘ . 273
Agallochum , : . 316
Akyau.. . : . 316
— Alder ‘ . 373
Alexandrian laurel - 25
Algaroba . 147
Allspice ‘ ° . 188
Almond B - 162
Aloe . . 426
Anacardic acid. . 108
Apple . ; é . 162
Apricot : ‘ - 168
‘ Arbor-vite . é - 894
Areca Nut . . - 421
Arnotto ° ‘ « 16
Arolle . : é . 396
Ash 256, 257
» » mountain - 168
Aspen . 378, 379
Avocado’ pear , . 304

B.

Bael . . F - 63
Bamboo * - . 426
» » male : . 430
Banyan ° . 333
Baobab. oe. - 42
‘Bark, crown. ; - 224
3 OKAY . » 224
oi xeas 4 , « 223
» » yellow - . 224
Barberry . « 18
Barwood ° ‘ . 116
Bayberry. . . . 391
Bay laurel . . - 804
Bdellium . = 6 GF
Bead tree. . é Res
Beech ‘ F . 380
Beefwood , ‘ - 346
ee On... wie %. Re
Benzoin eer . 253
Betel Palm .. , . 421
Birch, American paper . 372
» » Huropean . - 372
» » Himalayan . 372
Blackberry . F . 165

Pages.
Blackwood . ‘ ~ 127
- , Australian . 155
Bougainvillea ° . 802
Box tree . 369, xxix
Boxwood . 4 . 869
Bracken ; é - 432
Bramble ‘ ‘ - 165
Braziletto . 135
Brazil wood . - 116, 135
Bread fruit . . 329
Brézillet J - - 185
Bulletwood . P . 246
- , Andaman . 246
Bullock’s heart . etd
Bully tree. ° . 241
Bunya-bunya . 894
Cc.
Calambac . 3 - 316
Calamander wood . - 250
Camphor r . 805
Camphor tree, Japan . 305
Camphor wood, Marta-
ban 305
os ” » Nepal . 306
Camwood P - 115
Canes . Stee! + 424
Caoutchouce . 260, 261
= , Ceara . - 348
> . tree. . . 336
Caper . , , - 15
Capsicum : . 273
Cardamoms . * - 415
Cardol . . - 108
Carob tree . - 185
Cashew nut . . - 108
Cassava ‘ . 348
Cassia cinnamon . . 806
Castor oil . R 863
Catalpa ‘ ; 274
Catechu °. . ; - 154
Cedar, Atlas . é - 899
by) ep Paatard . 9 70
» » Himalayan . 400
vee Ss pencil . 412
» , Lebanon . . 399

» » Moulmein , ;

78

Cedar, red
Cherry . .
» , bird.

Chestnut, Spanish .

a9 » sweet
China grass .

Chittagong wood .

Cinchona .
Cinnamon

o , cassia .

Civet-cat fruit
Clearing nut.

Cloves . P
Coca F
Cocculus indicus
Cocoa . ‘
Cocoanut ,
Coco-wcod .
Coffee . A
Coir . :
Copaiba :

Copal, Indian
Coral plant .

. 231, xxiii

» tree, Indian.
Cork tree, Indian .

Corroyére
Cotton plant.
9 » tree .
Cowhage
Crab, Siberian
Crotons
Croton, purging
Currant, black
5 » red
Custard apple
Cutch , :
Cypress, Funereal

» » Himalayan

” » Swamp

D.
Dammar .
Date ;
Datura. Fe
Deal, red
Deodar . 5
Divi-divi .

865

4.22
135
41

. 122
. 274
. 113

41
Ak

. 121
. 168
. 348

*

359
173

. 173

9
154

« XXX

410

. 394

. 894
. 419
. 273
- 396
. 400
. 130

Pages.

Dogwood . ° . 212

Durian ° ° 42
E.

Eaglewood . . 316

a , Malacca. 316

Ebony . - 249, 251

Elm, common . 341

pis wyeh .. . . 341

Emblic myrabolam . 352

Eng. ° . . 32
Eri ° , ; . 209
F.

Fern, Tree . : . 431
Fever nut . ; 135
a ° ‘ . 58

» » New Zealand - 426
Fig ° ‘ : 333
» » India rubber , 336
Fir, Dantzic . . 396
» » Himalayan Silver . 408
s ; Scotch . ° . 396
9 » Silver . , . 406
» » Spruce . . 406
Fustic . . A . 329
G.

Gale, sweet ° . 391
Gambier d ° . 218
Gamboge : é - 24
Garo de Malacca . 316
Gingelly . : - 280
Ginger . ‘ : . 415
Greenheart . : . 813
Gooseberry . ‘ - 1738
ca »Cape . . 273
Grape vine . ° - 98
Guava . ° ° 190
Gugal . bil 8 . 67
Gum Arabic > . 150
» benjamin. . 253
» » blue $ - 188
» » Brey 188

» tree > ¥ 188

» » White . . - 188
Gurjun oil . , .- 8l
Gutta-percha , ; - 242

H.

Hawthorn . ° - 170
Hazel . ° ‘ 390
Heather . ° » 234
» » Himalayan . 234
Heliotrope . 269
Hemp, bowstring . - 425
Hemp, sunn . “ -117
Henna . ‘ ‘ - 200
Hickory . . + 392
Hognut. ‘ . 892
Hog plum , : 113
Holly . ° ; - 82

INDEX TO
Pages.
Honeysuckle . ° . 216
Hornbeam - 890
HS » hop . 380
Horse chestuut - 94
= , Indian . 94
Horse radish tree . 114
Hydrangea . 172
5
India rubber . ' . 336
Indigo . ; ° . 117
Ipecacuanha . . . 219
Ironwood ‘ . 148
Ivy ; . ° . 210
J.
Jack . ‘ ; . 329
Jessamine . - . 255
Jujube . : : . 88
Juniper . . s . 411
» » black - 412
» » Weeping blue . 412
Jute . ° ‘ ~ 52
a
Kamela. : ‘ . 361
Kauri . ‘ : . 394
Kino, Bengal < . 123
L.
Laburnum, Indian. . 1386
Lacebark « > - 315
Lance wood . m - 130
< » Moulmein . 207
Larch, European . . 409
» » Siberian . . 409
Laurel, Alexandrian - 26
Laurustinus . : . 214
Lemon . ° : . 459
Lign aloes . . . 316
Lilac. ° ° . 256
» » Persian +. éi GO
Lime . é ° 59, x
Lime tree , ° - 52
Linden . - « - 52
Ling . ° . 234
Litchi . ° ; » 97
Logwood ; - 115,135
Longan . > - +s 9
Loquat . : . . 167
Lutqua . . ° - 855
M.
Mace . ; ° « 814
Madder. P - 219
Magnolia, red ° nthe
Mahogany . . .
Mammoth tree - - 894
Mango . ; ° - 107
pits bill... . - 102
Mangosteen . : . 22

Pages.

Mangrove . 175, 176
Manioc . . . - 348
Maple . . 93, 98, xv
i > Norway . .. =e

» » Sugar. . oe
Marble wood . F - 249

os » Andamanese 249

Margosa tree. ° - 6

Marking nut. ° - 111

Marvel of Peru , 302

Mastic . J F - 106

Meadowsweet ‘ . 165 —

Medlar . . : . 169

Mesquit. +) - 146

» » Screw . .- 147

Mezereum , j . 815

Mistletoe ‘ . 319

Moonga. . ° . 309

Muga . - 304-5, 309-10

Mulberry . . , 827

” » paper, - 322

Myallwood . .. . 157

Myrabolams . . - 181

Myrabolam, emblic - 352

Myrrh . ° ‘ - 67

Myrtle . . ‘ - 188
” 9 bog . . . 891

Mysore thorn - « 135

N.

Nanmuh ‘ P . 313

Naseberry . : . 241

Neem . i ; - 69

Nettle tree . ; - 344

Nutmeg . ° - 314

Nux-vomica . : + 269

oO.

Oak, British . PS - 381
» » cork . . 381
9 holm . . . 383
+) ae silk . . . 318
» » Vallonea ‘ - 381

Oleander ‘ ‘ . 264

Olive , 3 . . 257

Orange ° é 59, x

» » Osage > - 329

Osiers . ‘< r . 374

P:

Palma Christi ; . 863

Palmyra . ° - 416

Papaw . ‘ ‘ - 207

Para rubber . . 848

Passion flower : . 207

Paulownia . - . 273

Peach . ‘ ‘ - 162

Pear’, « - ° - 168

” nut . . 392
» » prickly... » « 208

Peepul . . : - 335

Penang lawyer. . 418

Periwinkle . - . 260

Pages.
Periwinkle, Madagascar. 260
Pernambuco wood. 116, 135
* 365

Physic nut. .
. 188

Pimento é

Pine, Aleppo. : . 396
» » Bunya-bunya . 394
» » cluster s . 896
» » Corsican . . 396
ao AUT. - 394
» » Khasia . ‘ . 396
» :;Waritime . . 396
5» ;8tone . ‘ . 396
>» » Weymouth . . 396
» , White . . 396

Piney varnish m6 wth

Pistachio . ° . 106

Plane . ° . . 345

Plantain ° . « 415

Plum . : 162

Poinsettia . . 368

Pomegranate . : . 205

Poon spar. . - 26

Poplar . ‘ . - 378

S| gene ©, . 378
9 =» Diack. F 378
» » Lombardy. 378
» » white - 378

Porcupine wood . - 422

Portia tree . . . 43

Potato . ‘ ° . 273

Privet . ‘ : 258

Pumelo. . . 59

Puya . s 322

Q.

Quassia . : - » "6B

Grtace % “ - 161

Quinine. a 2 . 223

R. ~~
Ss

Radix Pareire . Ib

Rajmehal fibre. . 265

Rambutan . : « 97

Rangoon creeper « 179

Raspberry . : . 166

Red memel . ° - 396

Red sanders . : IRL
Redwood - 115, 185, 394

EUROPEAN NAMES.

Pages.
Redwood, Andaman - 180
Rhea . ‘ 4 « 322
Rhododendron ‘ - 236
os Indian , 199
Rose ; ‘ . 166
Rose apple, ° . 193
» Gaelder . 172, 214
Rosewood , : . 127
8.
Sabicu . . - - 150
Sago palm . ° - 420
Sal ° F ° - 84
Sallow . . . . 374
Sandalwood . és . 32
Sapodilla ° ° . 241
Sapota . ° F 241
Sassafras ° : . 313
Satin wood . ‘ ss 9F
Screw bean , ‘ 147
» spine . - 425
Sebestan r é 270
Sensitive plant . 148
Serpent stick ; - 101
Sesamum . é 280
Shaddock . ; s Oe
Shell bark . - - 392
Siris ; : . 156
oh pak : . 159
Sissoo . ° ‘ 124
Snake climber - 139
Snake wood . . . 269
Soapnut . : 96
Solah . ; « 119
Soursop * . ae
Spadic . . : - 58
Spruce fir. : - 406
i » Douglas * . 406
i » Hemlock . 406
Pe » Himalayan . 406
o , Indian hemlock408
Spurge laurel . 315
Storax . 2 . 174, 253
Stringy bark. ‘ - 188
Strychnine . - 469
Sumach. - 104
» » American . 185
Sycamore. ° . xv
Syringa i eA pe Bee

i
Talipat palm . ‘
Tallow tree ‘
Tamarind ‘ 2
Tamarisk Fe

Trincomali wood
Tulip tree .

Tapioca. .

Tasar . Pe

Tea a - ‘
Teak . 7 ?
Telegraph plant ,
Terebinth . ;
Terra japonica,
Tobacco s .
Tomato. ‘ -
Toon ., ;
Tooth-brush tree .
Torch tree F
Travellers’ Joy .

U.

Umbrella thorn .
Upas tree, °

Vv.
Varnish. = -

Ww.

Walnut. ‘ .
» », Belgaum.
Wattle, black °
» » broad leaf
» »common .
» »golden .
» » Silver
Willow . “ °
» » Weeping .
Wood apple .
Wormwood . .

+

Yew é “ r

=.
Zebra wood . r

- 110

Aalu.
Abalu

Abaradah
Abhil

Abnis .
Ach ‘
Acha .
Achal .
Achar .
Achatta
Achi .
Achu .
Aching
Adai

Adaka .
Adakuri

Adamarathu .
Adamarram .

Adamboe
Adamsali
Adda .
Addalay
Adei
Adike

Adivi gerenta

Adonda.
Agabathu
Agal .
Agani .
Agas .
Agase .
Agasta .
Agati
Aggai ,
Agl
Agla
Aglaia .
Aglay .
Agnara .
Agnitin .
Agniai .
Agnu .
Ahalla .
Ahalu
Ahay

Ah-béddéh

Ahera
Ahlada .
Ahnau .

Ah-pur-rud-dah

Aigiri .
Aila e
Aima .
Ain F
Aini...«

91, 354, xiv

INDEX

Pages.

ja: 380
. 280

. 421
erik
. 249, 251
in| G8
. 148, 251

he Aes 6. \F Te \e'e
.

"148,

w fhe fe
le 2]
. >

. . . .
re)
Je)
a

437

Pages.
Aini-pillao - 42
Aintha . - 854
Ainthia dhamin ewig
Aipmwaynway . 240
Aira ‘ « 285
Alita. é 49
Aiteni . ; ‘ vii
Aiyanepela . ‘ . 331
Ajanta . Per . 271
Ajensak . : . 19
Ajeru ‘ - 319, 320
Ajhar 5 ‘ . 202
Ak P é A . 265
Akachi . . : » 28
Akalbir. , 2 - 207
Akand . i ; . 265
Akar-kanta . : - 211
Akas-nim $ . 274
Akata . ; , - 843
Akhaterwa , ‘ - 69
Akhe . . ‘: . 165
Akhi ; ‘ . 166
Akhiari . ‘ : . 167
Akhor . é P . 892
Akhreri ; P . 165
Akhrot . 4 s . 892
Akbwan ‘ é . XXVi
Akola s - . 211
Akoria . . , . 106
Akota P ; « 95
Akrot . ‘ ‘ . 847
Akrit «. : , . 392
Akshi ; F wise
Akyau . ° . . 316
Al . £ . 232
Ala : é P - 333
Ala-damara . q . 833
Alalé ‘ é . i180
Alangi . x ‘ . 211
Alash . . F . 136
Alé thanda . ° - 352
Alawa . 8 : . 339
Ali é 136, 232, 335
Alish : 5 . 165
Alkusé . 4 é . 121
, | ae r . - 828
Allédi . F - . 232
Alleri 2 ° . 2382
Alli . . 247, 199, 332
Allian . ‘ “ - 212
Allpeyar . “ . 54
Almora. “ ° . 303
Alte. . i . - 394
Witis- . ‘ : . 148
Ald bali ‘ < - 162
Alubo . 2 ° - 195

Alicha.
Aludel .
Am ‘
Ama
Amadum
Amalgich
Amaltas
Amara .
Amari .
Amatum
Amb .
Amba .

Ambabhésa

Ambal .
Ambari.
Ambat .
Ambe .
Ambera
Ambhota
Ambia .
Ambli
Amblu .
Ambodha
Ambolati
Ambotha
Ambre .
Amdah.
Amdali
Amdi .
Ami
Amili
Amilpati
Amjour
Amla
Amlai .
Amlanch
Amli
Amliacha
Amlika
Amli taki
Amlora,.
Amlosa.
Amlik ,
Amluki
Amna .
Amnia .

Amora amari

Ampati.
Amphak
Amphi .
Amra .
Amrai .
Amrer .
Amrola.
Amrid.
Amrit .

” 139,

303, 352
- 89
- 173
142, 350
. 214
+ 352
. 139
. 303
. 139
. 252
160, 352
. 113
- 89
- 73
- 269
. 344
- 320
- 113
. 341

438
Pages.
Amte . A ° . 113
Amti . ; ; 240
Amidanda . ‘ 13
Amuk . ; ‘ 190
Amuki. §. : 227
Amulati ; ; 852
Amir ; Fi FS
Amit . ; 4 820
n > . ; . 328
Anan ‘ j . 267
Anander : . 396
Ananpho. : - 199
Anantamul . d 266
Anér . ; - . 205
Anchu . ; ‘ . 165
Andara . ; j . 148
Andipunar .. ae if
Anduga . . - 66
Anduku ‘ ; + (66
Andili . " , - 248
Andivan ; > . 236
Anemi@i 4 . - 182
Aneru . ° . 363
Angan . ‘ . . 256
Angiar . . . . 235
Angnera ° : . 356
Angu ° : . - 256
Angtr . . 93
Anguti. '351, XXVii
Ani iGndemant : . 146
Ani-nar ; F 46
Anjalli , : ; . 331
Anjan . - 148, 184, 199
Anjani . . . 184
Anjir. , 338, 235, 333
Anjiri . ‘ j - 338
Anka koli . . 6 'ZXV
Ankhria ; ; - 268
Ankol . ; - 92, xxii
Ankola 5 ; . 211
Ankri . “ . 165, 166
Ankula. 4 ° . Xxii
Ansandra . 2 . 1538
Ansjeni . ; - 831
Antabi . ° > .- 219
Antawéla . ‘ - 96
Antéri . ° . 49
Anvalla : - 58
Aonli . . 5 . 852
Aor s ° A - 162
Appel . . ; . 295
Apta ; . 189, 140
Apars . . ° - 412
Aradal . ° ° - 24
Aradi . ‘ ‘ 148
Arai : . XVili
Arak . 259
Aran , ‘ ; 87
Arand . . . 3863
Arang . : . 50
Arar . - 227, xix
Arara . . i » 227
Arasa F . 335
Aravi mamédl . 113
Arawi nim . ; - 62
Araya-angely ; . 882

INDEX TO

Pages,
Arbambal . ° . 210
Archaka ; . . 205
Archarru ' - 118
Archi . . + . 140
Ardawal ‘ - 236
Ardinia ° 3 248
Areeta . * ; » 86
Areka . - : 140
Arendi . ‘ . 368
Arengi banu . . XXi, XXvi
Arfu ° « . . 155
Argan Le ° ° ° 242
Arghawan. ‘ . 116
Arhai-ka-bél . e « 155
Arhar . ; 228
Ari ¢ ; . 140, 214
Arikota ; . 179
Arinj . : . - 152
Arjan . . 184, 342
Arjan . ° 184, 272
Arjana. : . - 184
Arjunna ‘ . . 859
Arkaula ; - 3885
Arkhar . - 105, 106
Arkol ‘ - 105, 106
Arlu. " . 185, 275
Arma . . ‘ . 186
Arma-suri . ; «M8
Arni ‘ - 46, 298
Arremene . ° . 138
Arro 5 > . 140
Arrodah : ; me 3)
Arsanatega ° ° . 220
Arstil . rn . . 280
Arthil . ‘ > . xiii
Aru. - 162, 236, 346
Aria . : : - 64
Arunelli . : . 851
Arupatti . ° - 163
Arur . : ; . 235
Arwan. . . 235
Aryili . . ‘ . 814
Asainda o A . 119
Asam ,. . ° - 142
Asan . js ser 182, 379
Asana . . . 3856
Asari . . 218, " 940, Xxili
Aseka . ; ; . 144
Asereki ‘ ; » 852
Asha . F ‘ jue ih
Ashphal ° ; ej
Ashta : ; 139
Ashik . ; ‘ . 817
Ashuukar . : . 144
Ashwal ° - 298
Asid . " . - 200
Askata . : 173
Asmania 4 : 894
Asna . 4 182
Asok , ; 8, 144
Asoka , : - 8, 144
Asothi . ants
Asrelei, é 20
Assain , ; ‘ . 182
Assaina ° ; 182
Assar sauna . ; » 275

Assey denga .

Assothi ..
Astra .
Astid .
Asugach
Asuna ,
Asunda

Asura .
Asuru ,
Aswar ,
Aswat .
Ata :
Atanday
Atcapali

At-demmata

Ati

Atki
Atkuri .
Atmatti
Atokdaing
Atta :
Attah bar
Atta-jam
Attak .
Atteeka
Atti .
Atuljan
Atundi.

Auk 4
Aulanche
Aunra ,
Aunre .
Aunri .
Aupta .
Aura
Auretpang
Auza .
Avarike
Avesi
Awa
Awal
Aya
Ayar ..
Ayatta .
Aykayet
Ayma
Ayni .

Axedsdarakht

Babbar .
Babela .
Babul .
Babir .
Bacha .
Bada .
Badim .
Badar .
Badha .
Badlo .
Badoh .
Badror .

Badu manu ,

Badiri .

. 150,

. 823

. 186, 155

. 342
i, 235
. 235
. 274
. 197
. 331
- 69

- 151
- 179
151
87,

Pages
Baelo 3 - 50
Baer A 88
Baga . 153
Baga-dhap - 64
Bagh ankur4 211
Bagberenda . 365
Bagfal . ° ° 119
Bagh-runga . fNT®
Bagnai . ‘ ii
Bagnal . ‘ ; XV
Bagni . 4.20
Bagnu . ‘ . 379
Bagriwdla-darim . . 86
Bagul ; « 32
Bahan . ; f 378
Bahawah . . 136
Bahera . . . 179
Baheri . 3 . 179
Bahiil . ; ‘ 54,
Bai ; ‘ : 67, x XXViii
Baibya . . bya 3 |
Baichua , . 204, 299
Baikal . : F le
Baikyo . 7 = . 299
Bail . F ° - 877
Baila da : ‘ - 198
Bainchampa . ’ « 219
Baincha ‘ ° oak
Bainchi = é . 261
Bainch koli . P Semi )
Bains . ° : - 375
Bairada ‘ F - 176
Baireya ak - 178
Bairi . ; ; . 206
Bairmao » ; - 351
Bairula nz ; rife a
Baishi . ‘ : . 375
Bajadanti . p . 364
Bajar . - 407, 417
Bajar-batil. . = = . 417
Bak . ‘ : . 119
Bakain ‘ ‘ < 480
Bakainté ; ; a id,
Bakalpata . . - 102
Bakalwa é F . ddl
Bakam . ‘ : - 135
Bakamu ‘ 2 - 135
Bakapu P ‘ . 135
Bakar . . . 212, 295
Bakarcha , - 295, 354
Bakardharra , : . 820
Bakarja ; - 820, 70
Bakas . A é - 281
Makeyan” ..' 4 - 70
Bakhal P ‘ » 427
Bakhru ’ P . 216
Bakkiamela . ‘ - 105
Bakla . - P . 185
Bakli . . : . 185
Bakra . = . ee,
Bakshel ~ ‘ . 375
Baladah* . ‘ . 275
Balai . e é . 249
Balanja . » «803
Balashoe . . xvi
Balay timur . 60, viii

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Puges.
Balda . - A 3279
Baleekoma F - 80
Balengra. . . 121
Balgay . ‘ o<* Reee
Balhar zengi. ‘ - 181
Bali baincho. . itil
Bali bhains . : . xiv
Balku . § ‘ . 428
Balkuniki . ‘ . 261
Ballagi . ° . <7
Baloochinia . - . 209
Balori . ‘ i REZ
Balra . - . . 179
Balsu . : ° . 230
Balit . ‘ . 383 |
Balwa . P : . 815
Bamari ; ‘ . 840
Bamau. F ‘ 8, 11
Bamauhatti . P . 299
Bambal. . % . alg
Bambway nee _..: 197, 198
Bamemia é . 228
Bammewa . P . 318
Bamora R - 212, 239
Bamaur é e . 212
Bamsati ; ‘ . 161
Bamtstiint é . 161
Bamil . ‘ y . 150
Bén . 88, 319, 383, 384
Bana . ‘ . . 266
Banabana . XXVli
Banafsh e . XXV
Banag . . : . 136
Banalgay . - 297
Banapu : . 182
Banarish P . 256
Ban-bakharu. 101, 212, 215
Ban bokul . ‘ . 347
Banchampa . . sere
Banchar ‘ ‘ . 383
Banchir ‘ - 84, 256
Banchor ‘ ‘ . 84
Banda . Z - 819, 320
Ban dakhir . , . 256
Bandara - - 201, 224
Bandarlati . pf . 186
Bandari ‘ . 220, 239
Banderhola . ‘ a
Bander siris . - . 128
Banderu : . 101
Bandhari bet . . 423
Bandhona’ . - . 119
Ban dhuka ‘ - 230
Bandi gurivenda . . 146
Ban dilla ‘ . 390
Bandi murududu . - 185
Bandir . ‘ ; . 124
Bandolat ‘ . 186
Bandorhulla. a - 204
Bandrike : ‘ . 101
Bandriphal . : 73
Bandu . e * ae
Bandurgi . : . 101
Bane . ‘i . 265
Banga . ‘ : ~ 884
Bangab ‘ . . 251

Pages.
Bangikat . . 851, 379
Bang re . 407
Bangru : 136
Bangtia - - 421
Ban gulab . 167
Banharria . 845
Bani . F : . 299
Banj . : 56, 384
Banjahi ‘ - 266
Banjam . : . 240
Ban-jamat . 299
Banji . 4 3883
Banjir . . 179
Banj katis ; - 388
Bangka . 220
Bankalla : AQ
Bavkaru . . 116
Bankati * Ae Xi
Bankhar re 295
Bankhara ., . 124
Bankhor - - - 94
Bankoi 167
Bank tinch A 214.
Ban lidar , , 407
Ban marua , - . 280
Ban mehal , ‘ . 168
Ban mendu , * . 101
Ban mussureya . . 350
Banna . : ‘ 297
Banni . 153, 383, 387
Ban-nimbu , - 59
Banpéla - . . 169
Banpalti ° . 169
Ban palu . 390
Banpatara . . 258
Ban-phrastu . . 379
Banphiént . . 256
Ban pindalu . 229
Banraj . ‘ : 140
Banritha : - 150
Bans . F ‘ 428
Bansa . ; . - 158
Ban-sanjli . . 170
Ban-shagali . 101
Bans kaban ,. - 430
Bans keora . - 426
Bans khard . 430
Bansa . ; i - 255
Bansta batana 386
Bansik ‘ Pe by fe
Bantam-man F - 345
Banthra . 104
Bapana-biri . é - 272
Ba-pattra : - 282
Bar : : ‘ - 333
Bara baluka . ‘ - 428
Bara bet ‘ ‘ . 423
Bara chakma,. ; - 385
Bara chali ‘ é.
Bara champ . . 6
Barachar . 383
Bara dabdabbi : - 110
Bara flawar . ; 420
Bara garri 227
Bara gorakuri - 214
Baraiburi 361

439

4.40

Barain .

Bara jaman .
Bara jhingni.

Bara katis

Bara laiphanzeh

Bara manda .

Barangi
Baranki
Barari .
Bara-ritha

Bara singoli .
Baratahdah .

Barau .
Baraulia
Barbari
Barbaru
Barbat .
Barbatti
Barchar
Barelli .
Bargat .
Rarhal .
Bar hingori
Barial .
Baridla
Barin .
Barivga
Barinka
Barj .
Barma .
Barmera
Barmi .
Baro

Baro-kala-goru

Barokoli
Barola .
Baroli .
Baror

Barotri

Barranga
Barrarra
Barru .
Barsaj .
Barsanga
Barsoli .
Bart .
Barthoa
Bartu .
Baru .
Baran .
Bas -
Basak

Basavana pada

Bashal .

Bashing ards

Bashkah
Basna .
Bas6éta .
Basri .
Bassar .
Bassari

Bass ein

Basung

BasGti .
Baswesa
Bata .

e ° ° ° .

XXVili

87, 265

INDEX TO

Pages.
‘Bataganapu . . . 222
Batala . s ° - 54
Batang : ‘ - 168
Batangi . ‘ - 168
Batbar . ; 7 . 334
Bather e ° 55
Bathor . . . 214
Batindu . z way
Batiwa “ 5 - 102
Batkar . ‘ 4 - 843
Batker . > ‘ - 344
Batrachi 4 ; oe
Batraj . ° ° - 299
Bat sinjal_ . : - 92
Batta . > -» 196, 429
Bat-taman . ‘ - 343
Battijamb . A - 193
Bata . ‘ . 165, 345
Batil . : i - 867
Batilpati .. pepe
Batwasi $ - 88,'123
Batya gingaru.. . 227
Baunra ® 8 28
Batinu . ‘ - 282
Baurala : i » 270
Bauri . . 14, 179
Bauriphal_ . ° « 72
Baw ‘ ‘ - 208
Bawa . ; . 136
Bawanek : fs - 281
Bawaree ‘ : ae & Ss
Baya . ‘ ° - 136
Bayi wire ae
Beati " 5 - 138
Bebrang . 239, 240
OO” ae 374, 376, 377
Bedmushk . i . 374
Bedu . ° - 338
Beeya . . + Xvii
Begana : - 342
Behara . 179
Behedo ‘ : hbo
Behetta-champagam . 27
Behor . ; 2 . 428
Behra . 4 ° my t
Behru . : ‘ eS
Beimu . ; - 162
Beina . p ‘ - 420
Beinni . 3 ‘ . 162
Beis . . : . 875
Bejalu . : : . 186
Bekkar . ; . 281
Bekkra . . 164
Bekling . . - 164
Bél ° > - 68, 255
Bela . ‘ . . 68
Belandi . e . 78
Belanji . * . 1385
Belaunan . ’ XXvi
Beleyleh oak le - 179
Beli ° . ° . 377
Beligobel . . ~ 42
Bel-khambi . ‘ - 160
Bellinandi . e - 201
Bellipatta . ° . 42
Belori . . Bll

Pages.

Belpatta R . 420
Bende-naru . vi
Bendi . p 43
Benduga, . . 320
Benga . " . 132
Bengha , . 157
Benkar . 58
Bent . . 875, 425
Benteak P . 201
Bentha . 411
Bepari . ; 57, 365
Tier . 14, 88, 89, 333
Berda . ¥ ; wetee
Beresi . é . 239
Berfa . . 379
Béri . 88, 89, 90, xxi
Berikurn 4 ~ 217
Berking . .« . \« A@@
Berli . ‘ - 420
Bersa - 4 . 158
Bersinge - 279
Bersu . ‘ - 349
Beru. ; . 338
Berula . ‘ . 271
Berwaja ‘ . 803
Betain . a - 69, 70
Betar : - 411
Betha . - - 425
Beti e . . 429
Betkukri . 216
Betlara 3 . 217
Betsa . " . 870
Betta bévu . ee
Betta kanagala . ole
Bhang jal a
Bettar . a ‘ . 412
Betta tovare. . « ae
Bettir . ; . 412
Betwa e ° ° . 428
Bevina . 7 . . 69
Bévu . : - 69, 70
Beyguna . . > seen
Beymad& . .« iisikOn
Bhabar ‘ 3 . 323
Bhadras . . . 57
Bhagmili . . . 105
Bhai-koi ‘ « aa
Bhail : . 377
Bhains . ! 376, 377
Bhaira . f $ . 179
Bhajra . . - +. 216
Bhalai . P ms o ik
BhAlaio. “ ‘ . 106
Bhalena . ‘ « 224
Bhalia . é 3 . 138
Bhaliin < oo 2 LOG
Bhallia ‘ ‘ aes |
Bhamina “ 4 » 274
Bhamji : 6 . 841
Bhamni * “ . 841
Bhan “ “ - 104
Bhanber P . at ae
Bhandara . P . 229
Bhandir P ‘ . 158
Bhangli . ° - 376
; . . 319

Bhangra

a

VERNACULAR NAMES. 44]

Pages. Pages. Pages.

Bhangria . . 801 | Bhut-bhiravi . 295 | Bish - 429
Bhént . ‘ 299 | Bhutrakshi . ‘ 87 | Bisir 168
Bhara .. 176; Bhyni. 420 | Bisjang 68
Bharangeli 240 | Bidar ‘ 398 Biskoprah » 184
Bharani ; . 226| Biba. ‘ 111 | Bistend 251
Bharatti . . . 87 | Biba 111/Bisu . - 374
Bhari . 2 B 206 | Bibwa . 111 | Biswil . é ¢ 155
Bharhil . xii | Bichua . £ 323 | Bitha gonyer ° - vi
Bharwar . xxvi | Bidai . P 377 | Bithda . : “ - 128
Bhat. 3 5 . 299 | Bidelganj . r 412 | Biti . - 127
Bhati . 5 3 . 266 | Bidhiuli : 427 | Bitsa 4 - 875
Bhatia . 124,| Bidungulu . 428 | Bitsu . ° . 375, 377
Bhat kukra . 216 Bieul . ; ; . 64) Bil. ‘ : . 64
Bhatniggi . 315 | Bihi : - . 161 | Biuna ; ° . 297
Bhaulan rs 224| Bihri. ° : . 77) Bidng . ° , . 54
Bhauri 351 | Bija. ° 132 | Bitins F . 378
Bhedara ; ; . 412 | Bijaira . 132 | Bjooben . ‘ gr Ae
Bhekal . ; . 18, 164 | Bijatiwi : . 890 | Blail ; ‘ . 377
Bhekkar ; ~ . 281 | Bijasal . . 132, 180} Bo . ° . 168, 335
Bhela . : ; . 111 | Bijasar . ‘ ; . 132 | Boargasella . ° . 410
Bhelatuki ee! a 216 | Bobbi 4 ie CNS
Bhendu 5 § . 49 | Bijo ; xvii | Bobich : ° . 78
Bhengal . . 54| Bikke . F ° . 228 | Bocho ‘ ° . xv
Bhenta 4 ; pace T Baek . : . 57) Boda . . 201
Bherda . Bike? Bey BM yah) 412 | Boda-jam _ 194
Peewee) a eee Bias Sf | OC. 98 | Bodal mowg,. 393
Bhes . .149| Bilangra . . . 17] Boda-mamadi 340
Bhetil . 377 | Bilapatri . ¢ . 63) Bodara . - ‘ . 211
Bheyla . 11k | Bilési.s., .. : $236) Bodda se - 64 4 339
tj ae 376 | Bilati . ‘ : - 18| Bodle . ° ° 118
Bhijaul 216 | Bilauni ; 238, 239 | Bodle kira . , 121
Bhillaura . 859 | Bileikand . 2 . 123 | Bodobodoria F xiii
Bhillawa . 111 | Bilga ‘ ‘ 302 | Bodoka “ 224,
Bhilwa . xv} Bilgu a 77 | Bodula ; ; 47
Bhimal . 54| Biliana. : ; 15 | Boeri - 270, 272
Bhimbu ; . 58 | Bili jali : ‘ 152 | Boga poma 5 . 46
Bhimil ; . 54] Bilimbi. ‘ ° 58 | Bogay timur . - 60, viii
Bhira . : . xii | Bilin ‘ ‘ - 62] Bogod ; xxvii
Bhiru . ; . 480 | Billa . ‘ . 278, 367 | Bogoti . . 172, 239
Bhirwa , . xii | Billawar , . 158 | Bogri . xiv
Bhita ‘ . 227) Billi. ‘ 123, 236 | Bohari . . 270
Bhoea . . . 232 | Billi matti . . . 184 | Bohera . . 179
Bhohar . : . 224 | Billi nandi . : 202 | Bohl . 245
Bhoj ‘ . 173 | Billu dra 77 | Boichand . 419
Bhojinsi . 113 | Bilodar . ‘ 367 | Boichind . 419
Bhokar . . 270 | Biloja F 367 | Boilam . : . 104
Bhokra . 159 | Bilphari , 308 | Boilshura , . 83
Bhoma . 351 | Bilsa ‘ 376 | Boilsur . , . 104
Bhonder . 50| Bilsi ‘ 239 | Boin 3 . 845
Bhooi dalim . . 197} Billawar - « 158] Boja . ; . 148
Bhor . ; . 88} Bilwara P é 158 | Bojeh L . 148
Bhordns p . 236} Bimla . : ‘ 55 | Bokal . : . 245
Bhorgoti. 90; Bin. ; ; 375 | Boke . . 358
Bhorkund . vii | Bincha . ‘ : - 18 Bokenet f es
Bhosi . ° . 876 | Bindi 5 . xxix | Boklu 7 . 245
Bhotbeula . .127)| Biné. > . 417 | Bokmo . ‘ . 135
Bho ss”. 43, 271 | Bingah . . 222, 223 | Boktok ‘ . 197
Bhotia badém . 890 | Binsin . : . 239| Bola. 42, 328
Bhotuk ° . 127| Bintangor . 25| Bolas . t . 893
Bhoursal . 224) Bipemkanta . : 165 | Bolashari j . 202
Bhij . 372 | Birdr : ‘ 89 | Bolashin : . 72
Bhujpattra 872 | Biridi . . r 124 Bolay . : 102
Bhiajru 173 | Birmi . ‘ ‘ 413 | Bolazong , . 47
Bhurktir 224) Birsa . , . 225 | Bolbek . : . 810
Bhutankas 18 | Bis : 20, 375 | Bolchim 204
Bhutan kusam 359 | Bisa . 376 | Bolcht . ree

442

Pages.
Boldak . . 29
Boldobak 43
Boledah 425
Bol-kadam 220
Bolkakarti 133
Bolkobak 295
Bolmengo vii
Bolnawak 95
Bolong . ; 208
Bolpalé : - 86
Bolsal . ; 34
Bolsobak 193
Boltanaro 304
Boltigacha ‘ 308
ST : 120
Bolundir ; . 202
Bolur . : . 208
Bolzel . A , 278
Bolzuru i ‘ . 855
Bomair . ‘ . 340
Bomudu ; , . XXvi
Bondaga ; 201
Bondara " ; 201
Bondgi A f 277
Bondorkella . ‘ . 204
Bone . : i 143
Bonga sarjum . xiv
Bongeri é - 228
Bongshing ; 431
Bonicha : 18
Bonkapash ’ . 43
Bonurlati 3 . 136
Bonurlauri . 4 136
Boodoom ; ‘ 431
Boomaiza . : 160
Boosairu ; " 294,
Bootayet . ‘ 211
Boothgani . . . 253
Bootigi ; . 87
Bop. é ; . 273
Bor . 833, 336, 425, xiv
Borara . > ; - 140
Bor-bur " : » 335
Bordah ; . 424
Bordengri . : . 200
Borderi > : . 200
Borhar ; - 333
Borhi . 3 - 158
Borjonali : . 60
Borla . : . 189, 270
Bormala : » 282
Borogotodhara . ». FE
Boromali ,. ; . Vili
Boropatri ° XXVii
Bor-patta-jam - 893
Bor-salei , - 66
Borthekra : . 22
Boru. . . 833
Boruna . ° . 298
Bosha , - 43, 139
Bossai . ; . 140
Bosuniya poma , - 72
Bot ‘ . 271, 333
Botanskam , - . 87
Bottukuru F . 270
Boura , : 363

INDEX TO

Rouro .
Bowala

Bréa
Brahmani
Brahmi °
Bran
Branchu
Brankul ;
Brarna

Brés . ‘
Bratta .
Brazen .

Bré 5
Brekche
Bren

Brera .
Breri .
Briali .
Brind .
Brindall
Brinkol
Brisari
Broa. ;
Brojonali .
Brong .
Brool .
Braimaj
Brimbrim .
Brandu
Bririk
Bruru ._
Brus ,
Bual .
Bibi-kowa
Bucha karum
Bucklai
Buda darini .
Budaé-durmi .
Bidar .
Budareni
Buddai Soom
Budgrat
Budhal
Bidhbola
Bidshtr "
Bugari . .
Buhal . ,
Bui :
Biin .
Bik .
Buka .
Bikal .
Bukhar
Bulali .
Bildu . ;.
Bilkokra
Bila .
Bulyettra
Bummarri .
Bumroti
Bun,
Bina
Bun am
Bunamtol
Bundibon
Bundun

—
We)
—

XV

. Vil, xxvii

Bunkonkri
Bun rhea
Bur .. ‘
Buraga :
Birans
Bardaé .
Birga .
Burgonli
Birgt .
Buri.
Buria .
Burkunda
Burla .
Burma
Birra .
Burramtiéri .
Burra-nuge .
Bursu . ‘
Burua .
Buruga. :
Burui . ‘
Buruju .
Buru mat
Buril .
Burumb ;
Birinsh
Bururi . ‘
Burts . .
Burute
Burwal
Burzal <
Bushan
Bisi . 4
Bat. ~. ;
Bita-kadambe
Butalli

Bati.. . 5
Butisa . ;
Butru .
Buzimpdla
Bway champ
Bwaycheng .

| Bwaygyin

Bwir . :
Bya.
Byaitsin
Byans . :
Byasa .
Byebering

B

Caddol ‘
Calukeale
Camugu
Cangt
Cantala
Capsee
Carllow
Catappa
Cauna-gona .

Pages,
. 193
. 325

* 382, 333

= ij

Pages.
Cavalum F ; . 45
Cavugu : 421
Cési. *. A ; 166
Cha 5 js , . 380
Chachi bet : 423
Chachri . 239
Chadua ; ; 91
Chaffal send . . 208
Chaile 4 J 262
Chainchar . d 3826
Chaine , a 270
Chainjli : ‘ 326
Chaitra : 244
Chakbu ‘ 412
Chakota : é . 95
Chakro : . . 863
Chaku : 165, 194
Chakua . 160
Chakwa - 186
Chakyai ‘ 33
(hal... J 166
Chalai . ; - 412
Chalain : 262
Chalanga-da : 130
Chalcha R 123
Chaldua ; é 122
Challa : 202
Challa mauta ‘ 354
Challe ‘ ~ - 90
Chalmeri . ; » 851
Chalta ; ey
Cham ; . 330
Chama : . 330
Chamaggai . oid
Chamari ‘ 295
Chamar kas . © 351
Chémb 373
Chamba ‘ . 255
Chambara “ 294
Chambar maya. 341
Chambel " 5 255
Chambeli . ‘ 255
Chamboli ; . 189
Chambu “ . 194
Chameli ‘ .xxvi, 260
Chamhin . 88
Chamiari - 163
Chamkat > - 120
Chamkharak . 390
Chamkil . , . 120
Chamlani . 194, 240, 253
Chamlia 4 . 815
Chamma ‘ r - 377
Chamo 3 253
Champ ; . 5, 6
Champa rj ; ° 6
Champa : ‘ 6
Champakam . 6
Champakamu ‘ 6
Champa pungir 260
Chamra 120
Chamrir . . 272
Chamyar . 120
Chan . ‘ : . 808
Chauch ‘ . 165
Chanangi. 61, ix

:
VERNACULAR NAMES,

Pages.
Chanda . 863
Chandal ‘ . 821
Chandan . 5 . 821
Chandang . : 410
Chandle : . + Re
Chandni ‘ ; . 263
Chandra . 261, 308, 310
Changathasi dhiip . 408
Changkar . : . 377
Changma_. 375, 377, 379
Chani 4 s . 147
Chaniat ‘ : . 104
Channi niggi : . 315
Chanitin é . 378, 379
Chapa . P «/ “OCRSF
Chapkia 266
Chaplash 330
Chaplis ‘ ‘ 330
Chappar tang . - 93
Chipu. . . . 373
Chapun xix
Shar ? ; - 109
Chara . . . . 109
Charachi ‘ F - 54
Charainari . ‘ - 425
Charang 388
Charangi . « ees
Chardah é P . 425
Charkeint : 168
Charkha . 311
Charkhri 390
Charmaghz . 392
Charoli. . 109
Charr : 3 133
Charrei ; : . 383
Charu . 3 109, 234
Charwari i ‘ 109
Chasbing 30, 254, 257
Chaterni % : - 92
Chatin : ‘ XXVi
Chatinn . é 262
Chatitin ‘ ‘ . 262
Chatiwan . ‘ - 262
Chato . : - 91
Chatr . P ; 91
Chatri . a 13
Chattah-pat . 418
Chatung ‘ ‘ . 413
Chatwa F ‘ . 262
Chatwan 262
Chauko 388
Chaulai 225
Chavli . 87
Chaulmigri . : . 18
Chéumkra . ‘ . 147
Chaunsh ; 3 . 92
Chauralesi . ‘ >
Chauri 87, 176
Chechar . 105
Chedwala 91
Chegarasi. . (eae
Chehur § . 189
Chein . 70
Chekerey . . 201

Gitkio .. - — :. BRi808
Chelaun ee :

Chelan
Chelwa
Chemdang
Chem-maram
Chench
Chendala .
Chendbera
Chendra
Chengane
Chengrung .
Cheninge .
Chenthakanni
Chenung
Cheongbu ,
Cheppura .
Cherara .
Cheratali badu
Cherauni ;
Cheraya
Cheriala
Cheri chara ,
Cherinangri .
Cherkf@sh .
Cheroli
Cherpong ,
Cherritinga .
Cheru pinnay
Cheta bita
Chetain
Chetenta
Chetippa
Chetokwa
Cheuli .
Cheur . j
Chewa .
Chhan ,
Chhatiana

Chhota dundhera ;

Chhota kimbu

i | Chhota kiiail

Chhota lewar
Chhuriana
Chiaduk
Chicha
Chichanda
Chichia
Chichola
Chichora
Chichra
Chichri
Chichru
Chichua
Chichwa -
Chihunt
Chikado
Chikai
Chikan

Chik bevéi
Chikrassi
Chikri . ‘
Chikti . 4
Chikul . "
Chikyeng .
Chil. .
Chila .
Chilana

444

Pages,
Chilanghati . . 256
Chilara ; . 206
Chilatti ; . 148
Chilauni > «* 20,081
Chilbil . . 842
Chilbing : : . 268
Chilghoza . . . 398
Chilikat : , . 871
Chilkadidi . , » hd
Chilkadidiga . snes
Chilka didigi . 9
Chilkiya ; . 225
Chilla . - 206, 268, 342
Chillar . : . . 135
Chillay ‘ . 272
Chilmil ; 342
Chilor . , 155
Chilotié ‘ . 811
Chilpatta . . 420
Chilrow . . 408
Chilta . ; snr
Chilta-eita . . 419
Chiltu ° . 268, 398
Chimal ; . 237
Chima-pinji. . . 17
Chimdi ‘ ‘ . Sil
Chimkani . ‘ 136
Chimman 5 295
Chimu ; 328
Chimul - . 237
Chinangi : 201
Chinannu . . 162
Chinar p 345
Chindaga : 160
Chinderpang : 361
Chindi ‘ 419
Chindu ‘ 158
Ching . : , 364
Chinia . ‘ . 209, 210
Chinnakalinga . poe
Chinna moral ; . 109
Chinni ; 327
Chinta ; . 142, 271
Chinyok ‘ ‘ 67
Chipél ° 341
Chir . , . 896, 398
Chiria ° : . 8ll
Chirdra ; . 811
Chirauli ; . 109
Chirchiré . ‘ . 811
Chirchitta : . 273
Chiri . ; ° . 398
Chirichog . ° . 255
Chiriman Me . 185
Chiringi jhar , . Xvi
Chiriyabaug . : . 213
Chiriyanangri ; «42
Chirmititti ‘ . 849
Chirndi ; 18
Chironji , . . 109
Chiror , ‘ 13
Chirorce : ‘ 179
Chirdnda . 18
Chisi . ‘ : 389
Chita . ° é xviii
Chitaka-mraku . - 23

INDEX TO

Pages,
Chitnityal . 228
Chitompa . 67
Chitpattra . 211
Chitra . 12, 13, 101
Chitta . ; . 228
Chitta bagnu. 378
Chitta matta - 228
Chittania . ‘ 90
Chittu . : : 66
Chitu . 299, 398
Chitz . ; ‘ . 142
Chia. : . 398
Chitila . 123
Chiura . (244
Chloani 118

Chobe cs

Chochar Litho
Chogu ,. . 413
Choi . 158
Chokla. . 105
Chola . . 169
Chonfibrik . 265
Chonoo . 859
Chooglum ‘ . 314
Chopar : < . 58
Chopra 18, 85
Chora . ; . 883
Chorgu é ) (OE
Chorpatta . 323
Chosi . . 5 106
Chota aryili . ‘ 315
Chota sinkoli > 306
Chothu ‘ ‘ 235
Chotra : 13
Chotte . 270
Chouchong 183
Chouk . 846
Chouldua Vili
Choulisy . 199
Chowdah ; 4.24
Chowra . 52
Chram ar a 830
Cha. : : 368
Chia . . . 166, 299
Chiial i 84, 101
Chuari . 162
Chiich . ‘ 412
Chichiam . 108
Chigt . i 800
Chij . i 256
Chukissi ¢ : 890
Chucklein’ . ; xvii
Chiila y : 368
Chile . " 163
Chim . : 256
Chimlani . 61
Chin . : 327, 368
Chunari , ‘ 230
Chang 302
Changa 368

Changi . :

Chungkyek dim . 200
Chini . , . 411
Chint . 168

Chupra . ; ; ;
Chir , ‘ . 883, 408

Pages.
Chiri . , ; . 244
Ch ripat ; . 230
Churna , 90
Chutra ; i
Chuwa . : 2 . 197
Chyai beng . ‘ -AlL
Chye . : ‘ . 427
Cocatiye ° . 24
Codda panna. : 421
Conda-may ir ‘ 240
Conda-pani 417
Conda-panna 420
Cong . : : 95
Conghas hie - -96
Congo ° . : 3a
Congoe ; . 39
Congt ‘ . 39, 222
Corunga-manje . . 361
Cos ; . . . 329
Coya . . ; 190
Cowa . : 24
Cuddapah 196
Cummi ; 295
Curri . : ; 390

D.

Daanga ; » Xxvi
Daawoo > : . 186
Dab. . 212, 214
Dabdabbi - 67, 103
Daberi ; «SF
Dabitr . ; . . 262
Dadahirrilla . ; . 842
Dadar . 3 . 400
Dadhbitri ; . 339
Dadia P 312
Dadki , ; . Xxi
Dadtir . “ é « PL
Dadari . ; 340
Dagdakti ; . 363
Dahan 61
Daheo . 330
Dahi . 271
Dahipalds ; . 271
Déhiri ‘ 200,
Daholia ‘ 338
Dahu : 330
Dain . ‘ . 209
Daintha ° . 114
Daira : . 264
Daiwas . , ‘ . 271
Dajkar. . . Eee
Dakar talada . 25
Dakari ‘ P . 210
Dékh . ‘ : 93
Dakhani babil . . 145
Dakhmila ° - 105
Dakh nirbisi . > + cl
Dakki . ‘ . 8
Dakkiri . ‘. . 256
Dak om ; 220
Dil, 79
Dalchini

Dalim .

: 305, 306, 308
: aloe

eee ee

——s

— oe ee 2

i le id, i Ee

a oe

Pages.

Dalimbe ; . 205
Dalkaramch& . 183
Dalli . A 3 a
Dalmara ; , eG
Dalme . 4 . B54
Dalné katiis . . 889
Daloutchi . 178
Dalik . . 868
Dalunchi ~ 273
Daling . 215
Dalaip . 29, iv
Damadi d - . 249
Daman ‘ ° . 54
Damar - 124
Dambel . 197
Daminne : - . 54
Damnak A - - 54
Dampel. : . 23
Damshiug . 215
Damt . “ . 205
Dan. : . 2030
Danda deta . XViii
Dandla . 3 « “WH

Dandal . 3 j . +38

Dandelo . 224
Dandorla . . 308
Dandous . * . 128
Dandua . 185
Da-ne . ‘ . 425
Dangri bet . 423, 424
Dangshukop . . Xvii
Dangsipha . 29, iv
Danoung . 423
‘Dansagla sy. ; - 54
Danta . ‘ ; 1° \ 87
Dantaglar .. . 42
Dantaisi. ; . 87

Dan-tha-lone

Danti . ‘ ou sp eas
Dantrungi . : - 103
Danira : ‘ - 96
Danwa Singali 385
DEO... : ; Xxvil
Daom , ; . ~ » 100
Dar e : - - 324
Darar . 3 . 272
Dargola r 92
Dargu . ° 119
Dari . ‘ : . 123
Darim : . 205, 354,
Dasarni . 104
Dasatindu . ; 251
Dassi . . ‘ - 255
Daswala . ‘ ie
Daswila ‘ 3 105
Date . : _ 332
Datranga .~ 272
Datti . ‘ 200
Dau. ‘ e - 185
Daula . i 352
Dauldhak + 221
Dauli . . ‘ 294
Daurango . . XXviili
Dauri . ; : 79
Dawa . ‘| 330
Dawaihmine. é . 179

VERNACULAR.

Dawal kirindté
Dawata
Dawi .
Daya
Dayban
Dayshing .
Debdari é
Debrelara .
Dedwar -
Degar
Dehua
Deikna
Dekémali
Del ;

Dél ‘
Demir
Dendra
Dengullar
Denthar
Denyok
Deodar
Deodari
Deorkuda
Dephil
Dera . :
Derhi . -
Deschti
Deura
Deutsch
Devadaru
Devadaérum .
Deva kanchan
Deyidiar .

NAMES.

Dewan . F 271
Deya-danga . . 276
Deya-na 27
Dhadonjra 101
Dhai . 200
Dhaian 271
Dhaim P . 271
Dhaiwan . 271
Dhak 7 . 123
Dhakka ‘ 87, 255
Dhakki ; . 350
Dhakur : . 262
Dhéman / BT1
Dhamin - 64
Dhamman 54, 55
Dhamna . 842
Dhamni 54, 55
Dhamono . 54
Dhamora 185
Dhamitin 55
Dhandidin 118
Dhani 354
Dhao . 330
Dhaoli ; - . 294
Dhéori ‘ * - 185
Dharauli $ . 264
Dharmara 278
Dhatela : - 164
Dhatte 275
Dhatti ‘. x i SF
Dhau . . 185, 187, 330
Dhaula - ». 200, 266
Dhaulakhejra . . 150

Pages,
Dhauli _ ? . 224
Dhaukra 185, 187
Dhaunda 185
Dhaundak . : . 186
Dhaura 90, 185, 186, 200
Dhauri : . 90, 185
Dhauta ‘ 185
Dhavada : . 185
Dhawa . 185, 186
Dhedu mera . . 340
Dhekwa =. - 432
Dhengan ‘ ‘ 271
Dheniani . ‘ 81
Dher . 165
Dheu 330
Dheugr 3
Dhewti 200
Dhi - 200
Dhobein i . 129
Dhobela ‘ F . 179
Dhobu 4 185
Dhohan : . | a8
Dhokri 185
Dholtu 267
Dhondel 139
Dhondri 139
Dhorara : - 139
Dhorbeula . d 132
Dhota mara . % . 279
Dhotte , : . 279
Dhowda : . 263
Dhudi . . 261, 263
Dhina P . a €
Dhundera , 2 . 139
Dhundul 74
Dhinu ; ‘ . 408
Dhup 64, 396, 411, 412
Dhupa . ‘ : o eh
Dhipi . 412
Dhtip maram 41
Dhupri chandan 412
Dhura . ‘i ‘ 338
Dhuvi . js . 260
Diar . . 260, 400
Dibrii . 103
Didridr 148
Dier 11
Diglilati : s . 310
Diglotti - “ . 310
Dihgan 271
Dikamali : 4 228
Dimeri - a . 339
Dindal . 186
Dindlu . d P 186
Dinduga , ; . 186
Dingan : : . 29
Dingdah ‘ . 174
Dingim . 4 . 881
Dingir P . . 380
Dingjing . : . 385
Dingkain A . 106
Dingkurlong. + te
Dinglaba ° . 393
Dinglatterdop . . 305
Dingleen . : - 372
Dingori ow Jan),

44.6

Dingpingwai
Dingpingwait
Dingri . :
Dingrittiang .
Dingsa. .
Dingsableh .
Dingsaot
Dingsning .
Dingsolir. .
Dingsong
Dingsopha
Dingwa :
Dirasan
Disti .
Ditisa
Diyapara
Diyera tembela
Do . .
Dobakari
Doda .
Dodan . .
Dodda, . ;
Dodda jepalu
Dodru . .
Dogola
Dohu . °
Doika . .
Dolanku.
Doleli . :
Dolu . .

* Dolu-kurta .

Domba é
Domdomah .
Domhyem .
Dom-sal ‘
Dona . .
Dondah F
Dondlup
Dondru
Doon . ‘
Dopatti

Dor °
Dostl .
Dotti
Doukya beng
Doung-sap-pya
Dowa . -
Dowari :
Dowka
Dowka gia
Dowki poma
Drab chir .
Draksha
Drange ‘
Drangu
DVrawi .
Drek
Dréndu
Drinda 3
Driss .
Dsagundaé
Diiari lara
Didagi .
Dudap
Dudcory
Dudela .

ee ee.
te
_e
ee

. 417
. 275
- 224
. Al
- 306
. 105
. 300
. 272
. 318
. 282
. 830

, 218, 272

rae 4

- 263
; 210, 340

INDEX TO

Pages.
Duden . . 256
Dudhali b . 263
Dudhapar . ee
Dudhi ; 264, 338
Dudh-Koraiya . XXVi
Dudhkuri , . 2638
Dudila ‘ ; . 339
Dudi maddi. . 183, 356
Dudippa . . 224
Dudippi ; - 197
Dudiyetta. . ; . 224
Diidla . 105, 163, 367
Dudphras : . 379
Dudri . 308
Duduri XXxiii
Digdigia. . - 194
Duli champa Tie,
Dulshat . 300
Dumar . . 340
Dumbail . 313
Dumbur . 339
Dumer . XXViil
Dumni . . 255
Damper - 110
Dumpini. . 110
Dimpri . 110
Diamri ° . 339
Damsal . 66
Dumshing - 408
Din ., - 892
Dundillam . 275
Dungla . 104
Dungra ‘ ‘ . 332
Dinkibira . x . 356
Dunrdas . F XVili
Dupada ‘ . Al
Dupa maram ‘ . Al
Dupatti . . 305, 308
Dir . ‘ : . 204
Durang » xvi
Dur chuk + S17
Duriamadi. . . 356
Durian < ; - 42
Dirmitr ‘ ; - 60
Durshana : . 157
Dursul “ . 273
Diss . 800, 301
Duyin ~ 42
Dwa bote 43
Dwanee P . 51
rer . 425
Dzaral 86

E.

Ebans . A . 251
Eda-kula . 262
Edenkuri ; 809
Khuri ; XXVii
Kilan » 235
Kin ‘ : ° 323
Lisdr ; P - 70
Ekdéhea 4 ; » 96
Plaka « 62
Elengi . , . 245

Elentha
Eleutharay.
Ellagokatu
Ellal. . ‘
Ellupi .
Elupa . .
Elupai .
Embrum

Erim-panna .
Errabadu
Erra maddi .
Eruvadi
Ervvalli
Eruvalu
Esar .
Esealu

Etok. . ‘
Etok-amat ,

Fagéri. .
Fagiri . :
Fagéra. ;
Fagu .
Fagiri .
Fagwara ss.
Falis . u
Famsiké6l .
Fara . ;
Farad .
Farés .
Farhud.
Farri .
Farsh .
Farwa . ‘
Filing . é
Fisauni
Hlotungehong
Fras.
Frast .
Fullidha

Gab .
Gabdi .
Gabna . ‘
Gachodé :
Gada-nelli
Gada phassa
Gadgondori .
Gadru .
Gaggar :
Gaggaru ;
Gagijaira
G

ar

Gai aswét. .
Gaiger . »
Gaik .
Gainti .
Gair .
Gaira
Gajachinni
Gajer kota .
Gajian :
Gajkai .
Gajna .
Galay .
Galboja
Galdu .
Galeni .
Galgal .
Galgoja
Galion . :
Galka . .
Gallah >
Gallu .

Gal mendora .
Galmora
Galwail ‘
Gamari ‘
Gambari
Gambu.
Gamgudu
Gamhar
Gin \.
Gandal .
Gandalin
Gande . ‘
Gandera :
Gandha
Gandi
Gandla -
Ganeri .
Ganga .
Gangai.
Gangal.
Gangam
Gangaraya
Gangéru
Gangau ;
Ganger ‘
Gangerun .
Gangiché
Gango .
Gangr . ‘
Gangru ‘
Gangwa ‘
Ganhila °
Ganhira ‘
Ganhila ~

Ganniari
Gant

Gantha 5
Ganti malle .
Ganuga ‘
Gara hatana .
Gara hesel

VERNACULAR. NAMES.

Gara kuda
Gara lobadaru
Garanji
Garar .
Garari .
Gara saikre .
Garbadero
Garbijaur
Gardal .
Gardalu
Gardar .
Gardhan ‘
Gardandi ,
Garga .
Gargas .
Gari.
Garinda
Garja .
Garkath
Garkum
Garmehal
Garna . ‘
Garodosal .
Garpa shola .
Garpipal ,
Garrah
Garrar .
Garri .
Garshina
Gar-silung
Garso

Gar tashidra .
Garidar
Garuga
Garum . ‘
Garér . .
Gasskeala .
Gattao nittél
Gauli . :
Gaunta ;
Gausam
Gavuldu
Gaya ‘
Gaz ‘ ;
Geang . ;
Gebang
Gebokanak

Gempé aselu .
Gendeli poma
Gendelli poma
Gengri .
Geor .
Gera .
Geredi .
Geria
Gero .
Geti .
Ghain .
Ghansingh
Ghant . F
Ghauta patali

Puges.
= “xX
. Xxix
. 183
. 241
. 858
. =x

bo
—
~T

*

Ne
bos]
© w

Ghantidli. .
Ghanto.
Ghari am
Gharri .
Ghattdr
Ghato .
Ghatonli
Ghattol.
Ghazlei
Ghebu-nelli .
Gheru ...
Ghesi .
Ghia .
Ghiw4in
Ghiwala
Ghogar ‘
Ghonas ;
Ghont .
Ghorkaram
Ghotia .
Ghund .
Ghunia
Ghunja ;
Ghurga. ;
Ghittia :
Ghwareshtai
Ghwi

Gia ‘ ‘
Giam , ;
Gidn . ‘
Gijanru .
Gidar-dak
Gidur-dak
Gidtri ,
Giggar .
Gilas . ;
Gilchi . é
Gilla . é
Gilo é
Gineri .
Gingaru
Ginnuna
Ginyan

Gira. .
Girari .
Girchi . .
Girgitti .
Giringa ‘
Girk *
Girthan é
Girya . :
Gish ° .
Gitoran é
Giir . :
Gniet
Gnoogyee .
Gnooshay .
Gnoothein .
Gob ‘
Gobar mowa.
Gobia . >
Gobli

Gobla .
Gobria P
Gobria Sulah
Goda

447

Pages.

I

» XKV

107

110, 354, x

e . . 7 - > * . .

o/- uy wes 0? KOE. wet is . .

. 136,

. - ’

255 .

. XXV

xviii

. xiv

448

Goda kadtiru
Godapara
Goden .
Goechassi
Goehlo .
Goganda.
Gogar .
Gogarli
Gogatti
Gogay champ
Gogdi . :
Gogen
Gogera
Gogina
Gogra . ;
Gogsa . °
Gogu . .
Gogul-dhip .
Goher .
Gohinla
Gohora
Goindt
Goira .
Gojal

Gojar .
Gojé. ,
Gok. . :
Gokatt .
Goki . ‘
Gokpak .
Gokul . ;
Gol $ ;
Gola bet
Golainchi
Golak .
Gola mohani
Golancha
Golari .
Goldia .
Golka .
Gol kamela .
Golpatta .
Golphal
Golra . 3
Gol-shingra .
Gomari ;
Goncha
Gondan
Gondi .
Gondhona
Gondni.
Gong-nyin-ya
Gongo Seoli .
Goni . "
Gonjha
Gonjo . °
Gon-kadura .
Gonta .

91,

92, 239
. 150

270, 271

- 294, 352

Googgilapu- Karra

Gophla . °
Gopi.
Giza Chand .
Gorak imli
Gorakurri .
Goran . .
Gorantlu

. 271
. 847
. 255
. 882

INDEX TO

Pages.
Gor aunsa ¢ . 419
Goria . a A 390
Gorkatri 117
Gorklu ? - 344
Gormi-Kawat , 64
Got ; : ; . xiv
Gota gamba . . 24
Gotaha 4 90
Gotho . x 261
Goti. . j : 90
Gotoboro ‘ ‘ . xiv
Gouri bet - 424
Gour kassi . . Xxix
Govarnellu 855
oe 71
Gray . 140
Greem . Ss 424,
Grelu ‘ . 839
Grui. ; *, 84
Gua. 4 ‘421, XXVii
Guakoli ‘ 3 XXV
Guara . ‘ 317
Gua supari . . 421
Gubadarra : . 49
Gubermowa . ; . 351
Gich . H . 214, 215
Gudlei . A »* SB
Gudimbal m . 106
Guga . . ‘ . 82
Gigal . - «+ 84, 67
Gigala. . ; BT
Gugera ; 29, v
Gtiggal * 412
Giggar 66
Gugu 94
Gugul . : ; . 239
Gigulu > . 66
Gihor . 4 . 169
Gui > ‘ + XXiii
Gi-kikar 2 150
Gila . A 396
Gulab . : 167
Gulab jaman 5 . 193
Gul achin . 260
Gulal ; . 248
Gilar . . 338, 339
Gul-bodla é - 46
Gildar : ‘ - 101
Gul datir . 200
Gule : ’ - 84
Gilga . ; : - 425
Guli ; 5 15
Gulili . R : . 258
Gul-kandar . ‘ 46
Gulla , f 410
Gulnari ; 79
Gulnashtar . ‘ - 121
Gulrai . ° ‘ 410
Gulsima . 82
Gila . - é 46
Gumadi a - 295
Gumai . - 295
Gumar. / . 197, 295
Gumar.tek ik . 295
Gumbar é - 295
Gumbengfong . 827

Gumbong
Gimgacha .
Gimi . " é
Gummar Q "
Gumodi ; :
Gumpini . :
Gumpna_..
Gumpri “ :
Gumudu , ;
Gunacha ‘
Gunchi ,
Gundali yr
Gundha badhuli
Gundi .

Gandroi ; ;
Gundrow . t
Gung . . °
Gingat ‘
Gunglay ;
Gingti : ’
Gunhi
Gunj . ; .
Gin palos . .
Gunradah . ;
Gunserai F
Guipni

Guracha ‘.
Gurapu-badam
Gurar . ;
Guras . . 235,
Gurbari e .
Gurcha ‘ :
Gurgoti ‘

Gurgili ‘ °
Girgira .

Gurhul °
Guri. : ‘
Guria .
Gurial .
Guri karam . >
Gurinda ‘ ;
Gurja . : .
Gurjo . .
Gurjun .
Gurkur
Gurl pata
Gurmala
Gurmungban
Gir mussureya .
Gurél . °
Gwep . : .
Gwyootnway :
Gyasay ° ‘
Gyengmaope °
Gyesa . : .
Gyoben ° °
Gyobo . “ :
Gyopho . °
Gyitbeng . °
H.
Haddoka ‘
Hadda ° F
Hadga :
Hadra . . ‘

Hadru . :
Hais..
Hajam.
Hajeru
Hake himt
Haktapatia
Hakin
Hal é
Hala’.
Haldidwail
Halamba
Halbambar
Halda .
Haldu .
Haleo

Hali . :
Haliwara
Halla naddi .
Halloray

Hal mendora.
Halmillila
Halpa .
Halra .
Halsi . :
Halsina
Halsu .
Hamara
Hambar maya
Hammadi
Hamparandella
Hamra
Hamu .
Hanchu
Hane
Hangkyow
Hanjal .
Hantige
Hanéidéin
Haniz . 5
Haoul .
Happur mali.
Har. .
Haralu.
Harara.
Hara saijung
Hara sejum .
Hardi .
Hardu .
-Harduli
Harfaruri
Hargesa
Hari.
Harido . .
Hari-kekra .
Harinhara
Harinharra .
Harinkhana .
Haritaéki
Harjeuri
Harkt .
Harla .
Harnauli
Harra . \
Harréni
Harrari :
Harray baer .

. . — o * ~ °

‘ XxVil

65,

. . 155

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Pages.
Harre . 7 : yay
Harreri . 156
Harri . ; ’ ix
Harro . ; > . 180
Harru . i . 212
Hasin ghar . . 254
Hartho . B54
Harwar . 152
Harwari +: ee
Hasur guniri . 129
Hatana . XViii
Hatchanda 46
Hatian . 42
Hati-ankusa XXVil
Hattipaila . 40
Haulia . 308
H4ur ‘ . 872
Hauza . , 7 .- 150
Havulige . . 135
Hawar ; , . 276
He balsu , P . 881
Heb-bevu - . 69
Hebhalsu . 881
Hebhelsu . 829
Hedde. - ‘ . 220
Hedu . 220, 222
Heela . ; Leal
Heerda . 180
Heggarjige . . 261
Hél ‘ 3 ; . xvi
Hesar . 3 P XXVili
Hesel . xXx
Hessare ‘ i
Hifsmin ; . 256
pio) a ; . . XVii
Hier ‘ mre &
Hijal 2 . 196
Hijuli . '. . 108
Hikpi . bat © 4"
Hila auwal . . 298
Hilika . . 181
Hilikha . . 180
Himalcheri . . 240, 350
Himan. . 1038
Himu , 328
Hindi . 419
Hinga . ° 141
Hingan. 65
Hingman ., 103
Hingol . : . 65
Hingori . 388, 389
Hingota ‘ ‘ . 65
Hingu . 65
Hingua . 380
Hinjura ‘ , ‘cea
Hintal ‘ ; . 419
Hippé . . 244
Hir 2 . 180
Hirek . 4 . 251
Hiri kaddol . . 176
Hirojah P , . 136
His. ; : 15, ii
Hisalu . ’ . 166
Hishalu 166
Hital 419
Hiti 372

Hitta .
Hitterlu
Hitttim

Hitun

Hitin garna .
Hloprongzam
Hlosahlot-kang

Hlosipha 29
Hlosiri . é 386
Hlosungli . ‘ 372
Hlyamban 420
Hlyanpyoo 45
Hman . 2
Hmanthin . 807
Hnaubeng . 220, xxiii
Hneingpyoing . 110
Hodung . 378
Holay . 241
Holda . « . 183
Hollé-tupra . . 252
Hollock . 185
Hollong . Bt
Holonda . 220
Hom . 280
Hona . . 209
Honal . . 182
Hondapara 5 ada
Honge . . 243
Honné . ; . 131, 132
Hooday ° . 278
Hoodigolla . - 241
Hoolooni 28
Hoom . ; 9, 10
Hoore mara . . 158
Hooria . 311
Hora 33
Horina. 298
Horralu 82
Hortucki 181
Horu surat 323
Hote baghi 160
Hotsigé 135
Howka 425
Hpalan 140
Hruprukban 360
Hgay-ma-kyee 219
Hseng neng thayet 108
Htainbyoo 219
Htan . ; : 476
Hteinthay 222
Htoukma 124
Htouksha 298
Huara . 310
Hidam ‘ 423
Hulashing . 105
Hilia . 169
Hulichellu 361
Halgeri ‘ 112
Huli makay . 102
Hulluch 179
Huluva 182
Hulvé . 182
Him . ; 256
Humba . ‘ . - 10
Humbilli . 247
Humbu 20

450

Humwah
Hunase
Hundibet .
Hingay
Hupu . .
Huragalu
Hurchu ‘
Hurku
Hurnur gullar
Hursing ;
Hiria ,
Hirtnay

Icha

Ichal . 2
jal B ‘
Ijar_ .

Tje :
Tkti .
Iktibi .
Ilavam 4
Illar . ;
Illavam ;
Illinda .
Tilupi .
Imar .
Imbri .
Imbil .
Inli

Inai
Ind > 5
Indak . d
Indo
Ind-rendi
Indri
Induga ‘
Indupa . °
Ingar . ;
Ingini .
Ingua . :
Injin . :
Inzar . ;
Inzarra
Ippa

Ippi .

Ira
Trak .
Iramballi
Irapi

Irhi lg
Iriki

Irki

Irkuli

Irrip .
Irubogam
Traél

Truli

Irum .
Irin

Irfp

Iser :
Ishamacoda nar
Ishi rashi

243,

INDEX TO

Pages.
Ishwarg . 261
jtah .. 3 » - lela
Iti : : : . 127
Itola . 136
Itsit 4 300
Iwara memadi . - 23

J.

Jabba hingori . . 56
Jadhirdah . 422
Jadi ; . . 283
Jafra . $ i 1 kS
Jagalagante . 251
Jagarua XViii
Jagat-madan 281
Jaggarwah . 136
Jaggra 136
Jagguchal 235
Jagrikat ‘ 308
Jaguri . 332
Jagya-domur 339
Jagya dumar 339
Jai mangal 279
Jaiphal ; 314
Jait ; 5 5 . 118
Jal : : ; . 260
Jalamtit ‘ . 233
Jalaranda . ; - 84
Jalari . A ; . 84
Jal bagh ; 214
Jaldaru . 3 162
Jalghoza . . . 398
Jali . 150, 425, xxx
Jalidar é - B38, 59t
Jalla bet ‘ ‘ 423
Jallaur ‘ 139
Jalpai . ‘ . 57
Jam . 29, 1938, 194
Jama . : ‘: . 190
Jaman. . 4 194
Jamana » 5 - 163
Jamara ; . 215
Jamawa ; ~ . 194
Jamba i . 148
Jambé . 148
Jambu 147, 148
Jambil ; . 194
Jambun : : 5am
Jamla . : 184
Jamne-munda ‘ rs
Jamni . J 194
Jamo . ‘ 194,
Jamrasi ; : - 87
Jamti . ‘ : ae
Jamu . 163, 194, 258, 336
Jamuda ; : . 176
Jamun ; ‘ 193
Jan : : ‘ 823
Jana-pa-laseru 549
Jand . : : 117
Jangal-ka pardngi 382
Jangi . : . . 390
Jangli . ° . 384, 419
Jangli-badam . . 45

Jangli-bendi
Jangli frast .
Jangra 4
Janjhan :
Jantia . P
Janumjan .
Janwa .
Jara. :
Jarat .
Jargi
Jari
Jarika .
Jarila .
Jarjo .
Jarlangei
Jarri . .
Jarfl .
Jarul-jhalna .
Jassundi .
Jastind 4
Jatt -.
Jatiko . ‘
Jati-koroi .
Jatrasigi

Jau - ;
Jatin . ‘
Jauntari
Jauri .
Jauthalla
Jawa ,
Jawdsa.
Jayanti
Jayat .
Jazigri .
Jegachu ‘
Jeljambu
Jembit 2

Jerimu

Jerra
Jewan-putr .
Jewi .. é
Jhaggar ’
Jhal
J han e
Jhand °

Jhar . é
Jharchampa .
Jhsri . .
Jhar katchura
Jhatéla }
Jhau . -
Jhaugra °
Jhaujhauka .
Jhenok

Jhera

Jhijan .
Jhijir i
Jhind . .
Jhingan :
Jhingni. :
Jhinja .

Jhit . .
Jhora . .
Jhunok ‘
Jhuri . .
Jial é

164,

100, 101

Se. se

:
i
.

NN a

Jia puta ;
Jibang .

Jidi . ?
Jidi mamidi .
Jidkar .
Jigini .
Jikri .
Jinari .
Jindi .
Jinti

Jir

So
Jirigt .
Jitangi.
Jitegi .
Jiushing
Jivputrak
Jiyal .
Jobetah
Jobetahdah .
Jogia padera
Jogi mallata
Jojo. ;
Joki . *
Jondri .
Jonkaphal
Jonua .
Jor
Joti.
Joufra .

° - . > . . . —

Jovi

Jowa
Joweea
Juari
Judapa .

Jti 3
Jam .
Jung song
Juno .
Jupong

Juri pakri
Juta-salpani
Jiati “
Jutili . R
Jutru .
Juwa . :

K.

Ka . ;
Kaak-avenak
Kaat amtinak
Kabai pipal .
Kabal ‘
Kabashi
Kabawa A
Kabbar ‘
Kabooay .
Kabotang
Kabra .
Kabil . “
Kachal . "
Kachém
Kachan ;
Kacheeng

. * . _
aS
ho
~T

61. 353

VERNACULAR

Kachein ‘
Kacheyta .
Kachia-udal .
Kachik ‘
Kachipadél
Kachfr
Kachlei
Kachlora
Kachna4l ;
Kachnar
Kachri
Kachar

Kachuria chéll.

Kadaga
Kadakai
Kadal

Kadali
Kadam
Kada m&
Kadami ‘
Kadambe
Kadambo
Kadamic
Kadani
Kadapgnam .
Kad bevu
Kaddam s
Kadda vailu .
Kaddi bikki .
Kadeoli
Kadera
Kaderu
Kadet P
Kadewar ‘
Kadishen
Kad kanagala
Kadmero
Kadna
Kadoe.abaireya
Kadol ;
Kadot ;
Kadrajivi .
Kadrati
Kadsige
Kadsura
Kadu
Kadukar
Kadung
Kadungbi
Kadwal
Kadwar

Kag ‘
Kagbhalai .
Kaghak :
Kaghania .
Kaghuti °
Kagi ‘
Kagira
Kagiri

Kagli
Kagphulai
Kagsari
Kagsha
Kagshi ‘
Kahakaala .
Kahatte ‘

NAMES.

Pages.

| 220, 229

» 814, 315

Kahbang .
Kahimmal
Kahu

Kahtia .
Kahukrik
Kabundan .
Kahwa.

Kai

Kaida
Kaiday . °
Kaiger . |
Kaikar .
Kaikra .
Kaikun

Kail

Kaim ,
Kaimu ,
Kain
Kaincho
Kaing-go_ ,
Kainjal >
Kaiphal .
Kair A
Kait .
Kaita-da ,
Kadizaban .
Kaj
Kaji

Kajei

Kajo

Kajpati
Kajra , ‘
Kaja_. é
Kajutalam
Kajyang
Kak ~.
Kaka
Kakammal
Kakar singi.
Kaka suroli .
Kaka-tati
Kaka ulimera
Kakei .
Kaker .
Kakhum
Kaki
Kakxar
Kakke .

|| Kakkeran :

Kakki .
Kakkrein
Kakkri
Kakmari
Kakoa .
Kako-dumar
Kakor . P
Kakra . :
Kakrangehe :
Kakri ,
Kakria.
Kakring
Kakru ,
Kaksh ,
Kaktay
Kakin .
Kakuri

XXviil
XXViil
. 166
. 180
. 208
. 269
. 108
. 166
. 208
. 838

106, XXViii

. 339
. 106
. 248
- 251
. 251
«8
aks
. 239
. 136
. 106
. 136
. 105
. 54
. 105

- 105, 14

123, 201
- 106
. 101
. 212
- 56
. 354
. 310

452

ear .
Kala-aja
Kala akhi .

Kala aselu .
Kala aunsa .
Kala bogoti .
Kala chakma

Kala champ . 7

Kaladri

Kala dhaukra
Kala goindu.
Kala gori
Kala hisalu .
Kala inderjan
Kalakat

Kala kharani
Kala kiamoni
Kala kadai .
Kalalag
Kalaloari .
Kalam
Kalamet ‘
Kalamukha .
Kala palas .
Kalarukh .
Kala sahaju .
Kala sakena .
Kala siris
Kala titmaliya
Kalauri ‘
Kalawar
Kalay °
Kalay bogoti
Kal baghi
Kalban
Kalbow
Kalchang .
Kalchua 5
Kalé

Kaledzo
Kalet ‘
Kalga
Kalgante
Kali gurds
Kali harreri .
Kali hurchu .
Kalikat
Kalikatha
Kalikaura
Kalilara
Kali maruthai
Kaliudra ‘
Kalipat
Kaliring
Kalitaka
Kalitin
Kaljendru
Kal kilingi .
Kalkora
Kallai
Kallain
Kall-alun
Kallam
Kal-lau-tso .
Kallei
Kalliacha

_ 157,

- 312
- 40
377

181, xxviii

_ 163,

- 223
- 304
. 272
166
. 255
. 236
. 158
. 234
. 223
. 239
- 69

265

INDEX TO

Pages.
Kall-udi . : . 278
Kalma . ; e . XXiv
Kaloomidereya . 250
Kalp briksh - 42
Kalpoon . . 26
Kalrai r ; . 408
Kalrei ‘. 7 . 408
Kalru ‘ : . 46
Kalsis . 156, 238
Kaltega : a
Kalthaun . ; . 272
Kal tharingi . 158
Kalicho ‘ ; -. 82
Kalu habaraleya . 24:7
Kaluwara 251
Kamal 142, 361
Kamanji. ; . 356
Kamaranga . . - 58
Kamarri ~ 228
Kamaung 202
Kamba 234
Kambal 106, 361
Kambalu 64
Kambar : . 136
Kambhar 295
Kambi . 228
Kamboong . 317
Kamela 361
Kamhyem . . 326
Kamini J i 61
Kamkata juli 347
Kamki . 162
Kamkti é . 356
Kamlai - - 110
Kamli . ; . 824, 325
Kamli-mallata , . 861
Kammaregu . - 330
Kamo . . 176
Kamti . - 58
Kamra. . 143
Kamrang 58
Kamrong . . 59
Kamrup : . 336
Kamwepila . 61, ix
Kanachi . 165
Kanagala 260
Kanagalu 3
Kanagi . 314
Kana-goraka 24
Kanai . 839
Kunait seik . . 824
Kanaizu 354
Kanak. 92
Kanak-champa 49
Kanalla 141
Kanapa ; 196
Kanazo ’ 854
Kanazo-taloo 86
Kancha . : . 215
Kanchan . 138, 140, 251
Kanchanamu F i. ll
Kancheli . 101
Kanchini . 138
Kanchivaéla . : . 140
Kanchivala-do ,. . 140
Kanchupranthi 363

Kanda .
Kandagang .
Kandagar .
Kandahara ,
Kandalanga .
Kandan a
Kandara
Kandaru é
Kandeb
Kandei.
Kander.
Kandhara
Kandi . 7
Kandiéri
Kandika ‘
Kandi kattar
Kandla. “
Kandlar "
Kando .
Kandol. :
Kandre. .
Kandru .
Kandu . *
Kandu-gogu .
Kanemis
Kaner .
Kanera. °
Kanga . .
Kangali .
Kangar
Kangei. ‘
Kanghi °
Kangi . ;
Kangji . ,
Kanglu °
Kangshior
Kangu .
Kanguni
Kanhbil .
Kanhlyem
Kanhya
Kaniar .
Kaniga.
Kaninchi
Kanira .
Kanitri
Kanj .
Kanjalita
Kanjar.
Kanjara
Kanjaram
Kanji .
Kanji .
Kank .
Kanki .
Kankoli
Kankra
Kankrei
Kanla . °
Kanlao.
Kanmar
Kannuchi ,
Kannu palle ,
Kanom .
Kanor . °

Kanpala

1%,

256,

. 235
273, 324

- 210
- 266

i ia i ni
. ~

Pages.

RM sro. ey
Kanséri ‘ ‘ . 276
Kanshim . 100
Kansi . , : . 173
Kansian 315
Kanta . sm 89
Kanta bohul. F XXiV
Kanta gola-batana 386
Kanta lal batana . 389
Kantalu ‘ . 219
Kantanch . ° 165
Kanta pager 889
Kantena : . 240
Kanthal ° F . 829
Kanthan. ° 315
Kantidn ° ‘ . 166
Kantjer . ‘ . 350
Kanu . $ : 60
Kanujera pattia . 160
Kanukpa . : . 60
Kanupala - . 245
Kanuwan . ; » XXV
Kanwail ; or O21
Kanwél . . 307, 311
Ka-nway . ‘ . 282
Kanyin. . . 82, 33
Kanyin-kok. . . 82
Kanyin-nee . 31, 32
Kanyin-pyoo. . . 33
Kanyin-wettoung . . 3i
Kanyoung . . - 31
Kanyu . ° ° . 309
Kanytr . . . 264
Kanzal , r - 100, 101
Kanzla. . ° . 100
Mido . : . 258
Kapadah - 418
Kapasi . e - 49, 390
Kaphal : . . 391
Kaphitki . F - 325
Kapila . : ‘ . 361
Kapli 7 . 361
Kappali : . 246
Kappura. : . 272
Kapptrt : . 234
Kapua kanwél - 308
Kapyaing eure
ara. . . . 269
Karada. , ‘ . 358
Karadipongan 93
Sarai. ; . - 46
Karail . : ‘ 430
- Karaka . . 47, 180
Karalla . 367
Karalli. > . 177, 140
Karallu . ‘ . 158
Karam . . : . 220
Karamb ° ° 222
Karambru F 158
Karambu . . 257
Karanga : ° - 164
Karangal . d . 136
Karangalli . « (avE8
Karangi . 142, 228
Karanj. ‘ : . 1833
Karanja ss. : . 183

VERNACULAR NAMES.

>

Pages.
Karanjel . . . 342
Karanjelo : . 276
Karanji : . 342, 158
Karanta . 265
Karanuchi 296
Karapu kongiliam 68
Karaput ‘ . 82
Karar I 140
Karasni ‘ . $27
Karassi . 255
Karatoveray . 49
Karaunda . ‘ . 261
Karaunji of) wel
Karaway 306, 307
Karbaru P 210
Karchanua . ; . 827
Karchi . 143, 263
Karchiaé 2 255
Kardahi fe 187
Karé . 226, 227
Karedha 180
Karei 206
Karekai 261
Karemara 251
Karendera 100
Karepak , +61
Karer . . 165, 166
Karera . 327
Kargnalia ; . 357
Karhdar ; . 227, 228
Kari .810, 263, 9, 351, 15
Kari basri . 334
Kari-bévu. 4 Sd
Karigheru. . . ili
Karika . : : XXVlli
Karil . Meh
Karima RYERSS
Kari matti . 182
Karimutal “ES
Karindi . 255
Karinga . 228
Karingi 263, 264
Karipal . 230
Karir . 152
Kari-vepa_. 61, ix
Kark . ‘. ‘ . 430
Karka ,. , . 180, 356
Karkacha . . 186
Karkanna 89
Karkannie 240
Karkapilly 145
Karkava 87
Karkaya : 183
Karkhair ‘ ‘ 153
Karki ; 261
Karkotta . 3
Karla 323
Karmai 139
Karmora 210
Karmuj ‘ . xvii
Karualiya 217
Karo 158
Karolu . j . 158
Karra . . 158, 263
Karrai . i . 46
Karralura 15

Karra marda.

Karram jowa

Karrevembu ,.

Karri .
Karrijali
Karril .
Karrond
Karruwa
Karsepak
Karsh .
Karshu.
Karstii .
Karak .

Kara maxéthit

Karin .
Karunda

Karunthumbi

Karupale
Kartir .
Karuvage
Kartvelum
Karvaghe
Karvila
Karwai
Karwan
Karwanth
Karwat
Karzu .
Kasamar
Kasaragaddi
Kasaraka
Kashi

Kashiendéng

Kashiorén
Kashmal
Kashmala
Kashti .
Kashyem
Kasi .
Kasir .
Kaskisri
Kasmal
Kasmir.
Kasmol
Kasonli
Kasrekan
Kasreto
Kasrike
Kasru .
Kassamar
Kassel .
Kassi
Kasse .
Kassumar
Kastl
Kasdr .
Kasiri .
Kasyapdla
Kataburria
Katai
Katdia .
Katail .
Kataila.
Katakamu
Katakuchi
Kat-alluri

2 ee ee]

7m

454

Katambal

Kat ambolam

Katan .
Katanga
Katangai
Katarali
Katari .
Katat .
Kat-bél

Kat-ber

Kat bhewal .

Katbhilawa
Kat dhaura
Katerni
Kateru .
Katgularia
Katguli
Kath
Kathai .
Kathal .

Katha-paharia

Kath-bel
Katheik
Kathera
Kathgilar
Kathi.
Kathitka
Kath-jahi
Kathuniar
Mets. .
Katiain
Katiang
Katien .
Katil .
Katila .
Katillipi
Kat illupi
Katior .
Katira .
Katiri .
Katiwadur
Kat kumla
Katkaranj
Kat maa
Kat malti
Katman
Kat marra
Katmauli
Katmedh
Katmoria
Katmowa
Katnim
Katonda
Katong |
Katongzu
Katonj.
Katori .
Katpira
Katrain
Katrar .
Kats
Katseori
Katsirsa

Katta Kaala y

K attang
Kuttawa

te

INDEX TO

Katti . .
Kattimandu .
Kattra .
Kattu-bodde .
Kattu elupay
Kat turanji .
Katu andara.
Katu-imbil .
Katil .
Kattla .
Katumer ;
Katu puveras
Katir .
Katis .

Kat vage .
Kat vaghe
Katyalu
Kan... a
Kauka . :
Kaukonda .,
Kaula . .
Kauli .
Kaunki
Kaur .
Kaura . 6
Kaurak . °
Kaurchi
Kauregu
Katiri
Kauri-jal
Kaurio .
Kauri van
Kavanchi
Kavit .
Kawahuruni .
Kawal .
Kawala.
Kawat .
Kawili .
Kayan .
Kaymone
Kayoung-wa .
Kayu .
Kayugaru
Kayu-lakka .
Kazu

Kcehai tun
Kea ;

Kea kanta
Keeta ° «
Kégu
Keharsu
Kehimu r
Keim . ;
Kein ,
Keindu . ;
Keint . .
Kekeda
Kekkeda
Kekra . -
Kékur . .
Kelialota 2
Keli-Kadam .
Kelmang .
Kelu . .
Kema kechoong

Kemma

Kempa gandagheri

Kempugéru .
Kému .

Kend . \
Kenda keri .
Kendhu ;
Kendu ‘
Kengwa ;

Kentki . "
Keol .
Keoli . .
Keonge

Keor . :
Keori . é
Keowra ‘
Kerak . ‘
Kerasya .
Kerauli ‘
Kerendo kuli
Kergaili
Keri

Kering .
Kerra .
Kesseru
Keti- .
Kettekale
Ketuki.
Keura .
Keurkanta
Kewan .
Keyngee
Kyetyo.
Knabar .
Khabara j
Khaboung
Khair .
Khairchampa
Khairwal .
Khaja . °
Khaji . .
Khajir . .
Khajur. :
Khajuri .
Khaksi .
Khalsi .
Khamara
Khammara ,.
Khanda
Khanidra
Khanna r
Khansing
Khaoi . *
Khaoung gyee
Khar . ‘
Kharai ,
Kharak
Kharaka .
Kharani
Kharanja_ .
Kharaoli .
Kharas. >
Khardhawa ,

Kharenirri
Khareu
KKharhar

Xxvili
. 254
. 883
. 827
. 102
. 185
. 883
. 882
xxiii

Kharidjar
Khariz .
Kharkath
Kharlei
Kharmo
Kharmuch
Kharot.
Kharpat
Kharrei
Kharsani
Kharsing
Kharsoni
Kharwala
Khasaroa
Khasea .
Khatip
Khattimal
Khau
Khauta
Khawari
Khaya .
Khejra .
Khenti .
Kheri .
Khersfri
Khesa .
Khesla .
Kheu
Khewnau
Khimor
Khin . F
Khina lienda.
Khinam
Khinna
Khinni.
Khip .
Khir _
Khirni .
Khishing
Khoira .
Khoiru . ‘
Khoja .
Khola ruis
Khoobani
Khoozan
Khor . x
Khoskadumar
Khoungyan .
Khour . .
Khowsey
Khreik .
Khudid jamb
Khulen.
Khim .
Khumb
Khumbi
Khur -
Khura dumitr
Khirasli
Khurhur
Khuri .
Khuriari
Khurphendra
Khurrir é
Khusam -
Khishin

/

945,

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Khutrau
Khwairal
Khwairalo
Khwan.
Khwangere .
Khyee-poung
Kiahong
Kiam
Kiamil .
Kiamoni
Kiar . .
Kichige
Kierpa
Kihay .
Kihur .
Kikar .
Kikra .
Kikri

Kilai

Kilar
Kilaunta
Kilawa.
Kilei
Kilevay

Kili

Kilingi :
Kilok . ‘
Kilonj .
oe ae
Kilmich
Kilnira
Kilmora
Kilpattai
Kilpattar
Kimbu.
Kimri .
Kimu .
Kimal .
Kindal .
Kingalun
Kingaro ‘
Kinghena .
Kingi .
Kingli .
Kini
Kinjal .
Kinjolo
Kinkoit
Kinni
Kin-pa-lin
Kinton
Kiniérlur
Kioch .
Kip. . °
Kiral . .
Kiralboghi .
Kiran .
Kiranelli :
Kirballi ;
Kiri. :
Kirindur
Kiriwalla
Kirkiria
Kirm
Kirma ,
Kirmira

Pages,
. 407
. 140
. 140
. 258
. 800
. 819
«2 REO
. 263
. 110
. 194
. 186
. 122
Ree vr
. 316

"160, 151

- 174, 400

. 849,

" 100, 407, 418

214, 215
. 67

Kirmoli
Kirna .
Kirnelli
Kironli
Kirpa .
Kirra
Kirrari
Kirri makalu
Kirru . 4
Kirsahaér 3
ouel <)0.
Kishu".
Kisi

Kisri . -

Kissi .
Kitchli.
Kithu .
Kitla . F
Kitola . ‘
Kitoli .
Kittali .
Kittal .
Kitwali
Kiwach
Kjera .
Klandru
Klenchu
Kliunti

Koaya .
Kobbari
Kobusi .
Kocham A
Kochan >
Koda
Kodaga
Kodarsi
Kodi.
Kodo
Kodum ‘
Kodwari ‘
Kogar .
Koha
Koham.
Koh beng .
Kohi . .
Kohka .
Koha .
Kohumba
Koiki-pira .
Koila-mukri.
Koilari .
Koir

Koiral . ;
Kokan . s
Kokan ber .
Kokatie
Kokhuri
Koki .
Kokkita
Koko
Koko-aru
Kokoh .

456

Pages,
Kokoranj - + . 185
Kokra , ; . $12, 355
Koku . » . 260, 261
Kokum. : . ey?
Kokirsida . : . Vil
Kokwa. : - 480
Kolain . ee: . 896
Kolamava. . ; . 108
Kolan . > . 896
Kolavu. 3 . 148
Koli : . 257
Koliar . t S . 140
Koliari . i ‘ . 140
Koli kuki . ; . 854
Ko lon. : . . 896
Ko long . ° . 220
Kémba ‘ ‘ .XXiil
Komi . . "| . 226
Komur : . . 95
Konay . 136

Konda-amadum : . 848
Konda chiragu . 160
Kondakashinda . 6G1

Konda mamidi_ . - 66
Konda manga ; . 228
Konda mavu ° . 66
Kondapatti . ° . 43
Konda tangedu . . 148

Konda vaghe :
Kondricam . : . 41

Kone . 5 ; . 186
Konea-dumbar . . 840
Kone kathit . “ » 121
Kong . :. 17, 40
Kongiliam . ee is
Kongki . . 111, 163
Kongnyin-nway - 145
Kongora. ys Ee
Konhaiah . ° . 809
Koniari ; Q oi TRE
Konikath . 390
Konitnchi . 898
Konkidi. ; - 96
Konso . 4 . Xxiil

Konto palds . , et i

Konya . ; . Xxix
Kooail . ° . 344, 345
Koonpymmah ; . 203
Kopadalli . . 240
Kopar . : . 430
Kopasia ; > . 43
Kora . ° . . 263

Korakbet . , . 423
Koramadi . ; . 856
Koramau. . B56
Koranja . ; . 133
Korchi. > : . 854
Koreh . ‘ ; . 840
Korgi . - : . 230
Kori. - ; . 230
Koria . 851

Kori-buta . ‘ - 49
Korinta : ° . 155
Koriti . A . . 827
Korivi . A . . 98
Kor-jam ss : » 194

INDEX TO

Korkoria
Korkot
Korkotta
Koroh .
Koroi

Korra . °
Korsa . °
Korshe .
Korsi
Kosh
Kosi
Kosra .« ‘
Kosum . :

Kostindra
Kot $
Kota gandhal
Kota ku
Kotang .
Kota-ranga .
Koto .
Kotoloah
Kotur . ;
Kouatch y
Koungmhoo.
Kowa .
Kowal . n
Kowti .
Koyam.
Kozo . °
Kraipang

'Kramal

Krambal
Krammal
Krapchi
Kraunti
Krawru
Kreu.
Krim . ;
Kring .
Kripa . :
Krishna-chiéra
Krok’- 4
Kroma . ;
Krot. :
Krowai. ‘
Krowee
Krii . 4

Kiar . .
Kuay . °
Kuayral °
Kuberakashi .
Kubinde

Kub-tolia .
Kuchan

Kuchila -
Kuchla. ;
Kuchni 4
Kuda . ;
Kidar . >
Kudia . “
Kudrom :

7 - 84
3 - 158
. 269
. 355
. 858
; . 858
, . 373
. . 356
; . 103
: » 6
. 189
j . 800
. 230
. 229
XXVili
. 229
‘ . 428
: . 804
r . 889
. 121
. 84
. 184

. 873, 392

‘ : 256.

- 142
: - 282
- 423
. 879
. 379
. 879
. 332
. 216
. 298
382

; . 263
; . 423
; Wes <3
. 1385

; . 407
e . 308
é « 892
5 - 305
133
. 882

- 389

5 . 163
- - 162
‘ . 168
. . xix
. 263

- 227

. 141

‘ . 278
42, 43, 50
; . 282
. . 894
- 269, xxvi
- . 269
91

; aise <
> . 46
XXiv

eae

Pages,
Kuja ° . * 255
Kujarra : ; - 269
Kuji_. “ > 166
Kujitekra . é 177
Kujari . . xiii
Kujya . xii
Kukai . : ; ~ iA

Kukar . ° . - Fi
Kukei . ‘ : —

Kiktira chira , . 231
Kukur chita , 310
Kiiktr kat . % 224,
) 7 ; i tts}
Kulain. . 172
Kula marsal . : XXVii
Kulara . ‘ ; - 215
Kulejera ; ; . XXIX
Kuli. ‘ . 295, xxix
Kullai . . 431
Kulla-kith . 839

Kull-ponne . . {ja
Kullu . ‘ :
Kulluk. é F
Kila . . ‘ . 46

Kulyatzo . ‘ . 46
Kim 92, 221, 256, xxi
Kumala . : . 361
Kumanta . ° - O77
Kimar . 295
Kumara . ° . 807
Kumarpulki . ‘ 187
Kamba , - 842
Kiimbal ‘ . 393
Kiimbay . - 229 .
Kumbh

—
17, 271, 197, 228

Kumbhi

Kémbak > ° -. wee
Kumbitil a o» ae
Kumbulu . . 295
Kambuten , 234
Kumbying . . 350
Kumila d . B61
Kum-jameva . 253
Kumki. . ‘ . 215
Kiimkoi 4 - 221
Kamkim . XXili
Kiémkiima . : 861
Kimla ° ° . 15
Kumla nebu . . - 59
Kummar . . 341
Kiam paiman 271
Kumra. P 222
Kumri . . ; 197
Kumringah . , 196
Kiaimstim . é . 844
Kumta . ° A . 150
Kumtia ‘ . . 150
Kin » : . 116
Kiinachi “ . 166
Kinch , i " - 215
Kunda. ‘ . . 255
Kundapula . . . 139
Kundaru " ‘ . xix
Kiindash ‘ ‘ . 878
Kiindrikam . : . 66
Kundrudi . : . 281

OO ————— ———————<—

Pages.
Kundi . F . 147
Kundol . Xviii, xx
Kundoung . . 340
Kandir 66
Kiandtra 66
Kunggong 134
Kungku ‘ . 85
Kungli. ° - 66
King king . © . 239
Kunhip : : . 338
Kunia . a . 339
Kunj . ; : . 842
Kunjalt : : . 266
Kunjanali ’ . 342
Kunji . ¢ ) P2¢. xi
Kunkir kola . ; « 95
Kunku . ‘ ‘ 84
Kunlai. F 148
Kunrat. : 148
Kunsa . 373
Kunsting . ° . 55
Kuppa-manhala . . 16
Kira 86, 263
Kuragimangjal . sf (28
Kurakat ; . 263
Kural . 140, 141
Kurang . 266
Karat . 230
Kurchi. XXv1
Kures . ‘ . 124
Kuri . P « 210, 254
Kuria . XXVi
Kurkni . 849
Kurku 7 . 361
Kurkui ‘ . 211
Kirkina . : . 272
Kurkun bér . B . 89
Kurkuti ‘ ; . 418
Korlnga . «©...» 287
Kurma . - . 808
Kurmali F - 216
Kurmang, , Xviii
Kurmi . - . 220
Kurmru 5 e . 159
Kurong é Xxix
Kurpa . : 93, 196, 199
Kurpodur 8]
Kurol . ; ¢ ; 210
Kurpoora maram . . 188
Kurra . ; « 263
Kurrera 3 . 823
Kurse . J . 295
po . ~ 225
Kursimla Ps ‘ . 218
Kurti : ; XXix
Kuruchpat . : . 418
Kurud . é ‘ - 418
Ktirik e ° 67, 78
Kdrumba ‘ xxiii
Kurumia ; . - 261
Kurzati > * . 83
ash. . é . - 162
Kusharta . _ » 252
Kiisha . ; ; . 168
Kusi 252, 357
Kusturi - 260

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Kusumb
Kutebi.
Kuti.
Kutilal
Kuki .
Kutsai .
Kutugeri
Kuve Z
Kwam-lin-nek

Kwame-thee-beng

Kwaydouk .
Kway-nway .
Kway ee
Kwei

Kwer

Kwia .
Kwiala. ..
Kwiliar :
Kwillim ‘
Kyadoo :
Kya-eng °
Kyai-beng
Kyaigyee
Kyainee
Kyaitha
Kya-kat-wa .
Kyandoo
Kyansa
Kyanya ,
Kya-thoungwa
Kyeingnee
Kyeksu ;
Kyellowa
Kyenbankyen
Kyenbot
Kyengtha
Kyetmouk
Kyet-yoh .
Kyingbi
Kyinki.
Kyonti

Kyoo . .
Kyou .
Kyoungehet .
Kyoungdouk
Kyoungmee koo
Kyoungyabeng

" 118, 145

Kyoungyet-nway .

Kyun . .
Kyunnalin
Kywotnay nway

L.
Laba A
Labanu
Laber ‘
Labshi. _.
Ladiri . E
Laghine
Lahan .
Lahokting
Lahara .
Lai ‘
Laider .
Laidonto

71, 196

Laigongron .
Laikezau
Laila

Lailoo .
Lainja . ‘
Laiphanzeh .
Laiza. :
Lajuk .
Lajwanti
Lakhar. ;
Laker-konta .
Lakki .
Lakori .
Lakrikat
Lakshmi am .
Lakuch

Laku chamma
Lal champ
Lal chandan
Lal chuni

Lal dairo

Lal dhiina
Lal guras
Lalt* ,

Lal jhau

Lal kabashi .
Lal kainjal .
Lal koi-ptra
Lalla

Lallei :
Lal mallata .
Lal siris

Lal titmaliya
Lal totilla
Lamboben
Lambrun 5
Lamkana
Lamma
Lammar
Lamote.
Lampatia
Lamshing
Lanang
Landar.
Lanebar
Langshir
Langura
Lankasij
Lao ‘
Laokri .
Lapaing
Lapi
Lapshi iS
Lasmani
Lasora .
Lasrin .
Lasséri .
Lastuk .
Lasuni .
Laswara
Lat is
Latecku
Latikat
Lati mahwa .
Latkan.
Latman

131,

~~
i)

ae
270

. 354

"351, 352, 353

. 69

458

Latmi
Laur.
Lauri kassamur
Lawiila
Leauri . ;
Leddil . ;
Ledra ‘
Lehtia

Lei ‘ :
Leila .
Leinben
Leinga . .
Leinja . x
Leja

Lelar . ‘
Lelka . .
Lémé . 7
Lendi . :
Lendwa :
Lendya :
Lepchaphal .
Lersima :
Lesi :
Lesuri . ‘
Letkop.
Letpan. .
Let-top. ;
Let-touk
Lettoukgyee . ;
Lettouk thein
Lewar . ;
Lhijo . .
Li _ .
Liai

Liar

Lihing
Lijai . :
Likh-aru .
Likh paieli .
Liking. .
Lilima .
Lim .
Limb .
Limbara
Limbarra .
Limb» . ;
Limbyin .
Limshing
Limtoa, ‘
Lin - ;
Lingyau °
Linhlin -
Lipiah . ,
Lipie :
Litchi ° .
ot a ‘
Liur

Liwar .
Lmanza 5
Léa * .
Loajam .
Loda . -
Lodh . .
Lodh bholia .
Lohagasi .

Lohar bhadi.

- 200,

. 411,

* > ”
ed
or)
—

78,

XXViil
59

. 851
258, 264, XXV
. 258

ees
; - 110

INDEX TO

Pages.
Lohari . . > . 251
Lohdsa . 5 106
Lohéro . 3 . 275
Lohidri . ‘ A 275
Loj : P a - 253
Loja. . . 253
Lokandi - 91, 230
Lokaneli 4 ‘ - 98
Lolagu. : - 50
Lolti . 9 - 256
Loli ‘ . 270
Lonepho ‘ ; 109
Longarbi thiras - 298
Longsoma , 268
Loodooma 12
nt aaa 305
Losh ° e 253
Lota : - 431
Lota amari . , ie
Lowa . P ‘ - 83
Lu ; : ; . 253
Liar . > a . 275
Luban . : 66
Lubbor ; 209
Lid ‘ J 78
Ludum. g . XXV
Luki . 298
Lukunah 4 . 299
Limi . ; 171
Lin . 4 ; me Ug |
Lina . : 9
Lunu- ankenda ‘ . 60
Linii-madala . 278
Luping . , ex
Larjar . ; é - 206
List z . 413
Luteo . : ‘ - 354
Luti-am . ‘ - 260
Lutki . . 199
Lutter . 330

M.

Maa. Q 3 107
Machalla : - 61
Machil . Jone
Machugan . 861
Mada . P 176, 299
Madaewah . . 427
Madagari vembu . 76
Madagiri venbu . xii
Madanay . - 659
Madar " . 122, 265
Madara - 121, 358
Madare ‘ 3 . 849
Madat . § . 183
Madateya * . 146
Madai . 2 - 182, 184
Madge . . : . 183
Madi r - 428
Madlatah . ° . 856
Madling , - 135
Madmalti ‘ - 58
Madmandi ; 263
Madabilita 5 iv GS

Pages.
Maduga . . . 121
Madu karray : . 227
Magadam . ‘ . 245
Magar . ° - 428
Magkal : . 879
Magsher . - iBTG
Magyee - 142
Mahadan , - 194
Mahahlayka phyoo - 138
Mahaka ‘ fe 63
Mahal . ‘ - 379
Mahalan ‘ < - 1389
Mahalay kani ° - 140
Maha limbo . e Ae
Mahalimbu . ‘ lw
Mahanim . ; 78, x
Maha-niga . ‘ . 333
Maha ratambala . . 280
Maharukh , ‘ - 64
Maharut , — 67
Mahkoa X1V, XXViii
Mahlbans . é . 427
Mahlu . ‘ 3 . 427
Mahlun : : 48
Mahoka 3 . 180
Mahow ‘ ee |
Mabu . > - 243
Mahia . - 3938, 243
Mahila: ; - 243
Mahir. i J . 266
Mahwa. ‘ é . 243
Mai ; 4 « 30
Maida . ; 310
Maidal . * . 226, 227
Maidal-lara . * . 827
Maika . 3 ° er
Mail . % : . 91
Maila . - 169, 297
Maimina ‘ - 92
Main . 5 . 6, 227
Mainakat ; . 208
Mainakat-lara ; . 327
Mainhiri . é . 227
Mainphal - « 227
Maiu-lok . ; - 340
Maizalee . . 188
Majee bouk . . 228
Majnun . 3
Makai . ‘ " 89, v
Makanchi . : . 282
Makanim . i - 70
Makar-tendi . . . 251
Makay . : : - 61
Makhi . 2 : . 351
Makhur ° ‘ - 62
Makkal p . 878, 379
Makkam - ; . 255
Makki . : “ . 24
Makkina . 4 . 189
Makola ‘ ° . 118
Makreru - . 839
Makriah chilauni . . 29
Makshéri. . . 841
Makshéri . : . 872
Maku . ‘. . . 889
Makala : 2 « 86

Makur-kendi
Makusal :
Mal .
Mala .
Malahcota
Malakabeng .
Malampongu
Malai-konji .
Malaing .
alan .
Mal burute .
Malchang .

Maldit .
Maldung .
Malégeru .
Malet °
Malghan
Mali .
Maling .
Maljan. A
Malkakni
Malkangoni .
Malkarr :
Malla .
Mallaimavji .
Mallali.
Mallata
Malla-nim .
Mallay .
Mallaykone .
Mallaytanak .
Mallay vembu
Malle nerale.
Maliligiri
Mallikaphal .
Malmitriya

Malorigha .
Malu e
Malik . ‘
Malwa .
Mamadi
Mamekh
Mamid. ‘
Mamji .
Mamral
Mamri . ,
Man
Manabina .
Manayar
Manchi moyadi
Manda. :
Mandadhip .
Mandadipa .
Mandal
Mandania
Mandar ‘
Mandarch .
Mandgay .
Mandkolla
Mandei.
Manderung
Mandia
Mandu.
Mandukum .
Manehingi
Maneioga .

"8,

. 227, 324

. 139
228, 255
. 426

332, viii
. 224
- 166
. 1938

68

* . x
. 121, 236

. 185
100, xv
. 140
. 248
- 227
. 324
. 841
. 210
. 841
.XXiv
. 276
et yf

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Mangarwal .
Mangas
Manghati
Mangi . :
Mangil . :
Manipangam
Maniphtyol .
Manjadi ;
Manja-kadambe
Manja pavatti
Manja-pu
Manjati
Manje konne
Manji . :
Manjit . .
Manjinda .
Manneul
Mannu. :
Mantet.
Manthulli
Manu
Manyil

Mao . ‘
Maoh . ‘
Maobla. .
Maoo
Maookadoon .

Maoolet-tan-shay .

Mapuri bet
Mara -
Maradsing .
Maraharalu .
Maral .
Maralingam .
Mara-narulle
Marangmata .
Marara.
Mar§ari .
Marat . .
Maratmal .
Maratatti .
Maravetti
Marazh ;
Marchob ‘
Marchula .
Marda .
Mardi .
Maredu

Mareila :
Marghang
Mar ghwalawa
Mari .
Maringi
Marisgiri ‘
Marithondi .
Mark . °
Marka .
Marlea .
Marleya
Marliza
Marmati
Marn .
Marni .
Maror-phal
Marpol .
Marria . .

. 833,

+

Pages,

. 394
. 107
. 200
. 184
. 428
- 94
- 121
. 146
, 220
. 232
. 255
. 146
. 188
341
219
228
227
. 341
. 357
. ili
. 104
¢ 227
. 893

v
. 23
. 220
. 220
. 218
- 423

(oe

XXViii
. 120
. 341
. 68
. 236

459

Pages.
Marrin . ; é . 341
Marsadaboli . . 185
Martan . ‘ - 120
Maéru . 183, 383
Marvilinga . , ae
Marwan p ‘ . 297
Masenda ; . 218
Mashul-lara . . 108
Mashitr . e . 315
Masjot . é . 52
Maslara an ‘ . 265
Maspati e ‘ - 121
Massei . i . 206
Massivara . 102
Massu . ‘ F - 46
Masua . r ‘ . 106
Masitr bauri . 850
Masti . p J » 138
Mata suré. . XXVlii
Mataw . : é - 23
Matéyen samprani . 143
Mate-kissi . 2
Matela . é 427
Mathan ; eR s :
Mathara - . . 282
Mathirshi 4 - 159
Matsola é j . 302
Matti . 182, 266
Matti pal : . 64
Mattranja : - 282
Mattu J . S57
Matzbang . . . 215
Maudh . 3 J . 118
Matl . F . 189, 243
Maula . - 139, 122
Maulan . XVili
Mauli . . 169
Maulser . 245
Maun . ‘ . 206
Maur . 383
Maura . , ‘ . 297
Maurain J . 139
Matru . ‘ ‘ . 341
Mausa . é . 823
Mausa sij 368
Mava 107
Mavena 107
Mavu 107
Mawtda . 47
May. ‘ 95
Mayan . . 108
Mayanbo . . - 53
Mayaning . . 60, ix
Maya rawa . . . 240
Mayhell : . 169
Mayo-beng : . 265
Mazri . a Cate . 418
Mealum-ma . F 323
Meda . ‘ ‘ 310
Meda tumri . J 18
Medh . ; j - 810
Mee : ‘ 244

Meekyoung-nway .
Meenaban
Mehai . :
Mehndi . ‘

460

Mehul .
Meinkara
Mekrap

Men ;
Ménda .
Mendah.
Mendal .
Mendora
Mendru.
Mengkop
Mep young
Meral
Meriam. :
Merinu .
Merlo

Mer mahaul .
Mersingh
Mersinghi
Meru.
Mess guch
Metkir .
Metunga
Mewri
Mezenkuri
Mbaner ‘
Mhani ben
Mhanpyoo
Mhar .
Mhow
Michamma
Michapgong .
Michapnok

Micha-tummurra

Michepnor
Middi
Mihul .
Mijhaula

SPs

Milkaranai
Milkisse
Milli .
Mimarari
Mimri
Minbo .
Mindla .
Mindri *.
Mingu .
Mini .
Mipak .
Mipitmik
Mirandu
Mirchi .
Miri
Mirianga
Mirri
Mishmish
Mithididr
Mithivan
Mitenga
Mith-patta
Mitli
Moakurra
Moal
Moat soom .
Mochi . ‘
Mochooma

. 247
XXVili
- 108
. 841

lil

85

- 827

INDEX TO

Pages.
Modagerri vembu . . 855
Modala ; . 863
Modhuriam , . . 190
Modugu - 122, 123
Mogali F . 232
Mogalinga . 255
Mogasong 310
Mogul . vii
Moha 243
Mohani . 299
Mohi 67
Mohin . 110
Mohna . XXxili
Moho . 243
Mohtu . 123
Mohal . XXiv
Moi 110, xv
Moja . 110
Moka 255
Moka-yapa 278
Mokha. 255
Mokkak - 255
Mokol > . 255
Mol ; . 168
Momakha 364, 376
Moman-tha . . B67
Mom-china 366
Monda . Xxix
Mongtain 415
Mong-taing . 86
Mong thel 364
Moni . 299
Monkakrik . 293
Monkyourik . 2, 240
Moola . . AT
Moondein 85, 86
Moonemal . . 245
Moong . 252
Mogchini 210
Mora 297
Morada - 66
Mora 297
Morada 66
Mord4un . 297
Mored . . 841
Morhal . . 83
Mori ; - 83
Morinda 3 . 407
Mor kurangi. ~ 69
Morli . 109
Moroi - 158
Morvhal : - 169
Morre . i GT
Moru . - . 383, xvi
Moria . 5 - 235
Mortin . . 841
Morunga 114
Morungi - 823
Moshungon . ° . ivi
Mosonea ; e 272
Mossé , : ‘ . 61
Mota bondara . 202
Mota karmal rd) |
Motha . ‘ ; . 120
Moukshow . 207, 128
Moung-zebri . . 198

Pages.
Mouricou. : - 122
Mowa . 266, 248, 851, 393
Mowen eee
Mowhitta . ae
Moydi . .- 339
Moye - 110
Moyen - 110, 219
Mroung-shisha_ . - oe
Muchi tanki. 7 251
Mudah ‘ »
Mudanu 7 - 877
Mudar . 265
Mudla . ‘ . 257
Mididad | Bn: /
Mudu kaiyeya - 425
Mugali . 245
Mugalik + 425
Mugila : . 99
Mugli . : ; . 150
Migra . : . 255
Muhli . ; . 7
Mukampala . D . 262
Mukial i : . 427
Mukta maya. ‘ 96
Mula . : é - 122
Mulaka 114
Mulgia . : . - Xvi
Mili : P . 429
Miulfi . 3 ler
Mulin . ; 275
Mullita : . 280
Mulséri . 245
Mulu modugu F - 121
Mulu-vengay ; 356
Munasi ; : 82
Munda dhup. ; - Al
Mundi , - z . 222
Mundiri ‘ 108
Muneti ‘ « aS.
Minga : . 114
Muni ‘ « RSE
Munigha : i14
Munnay . : . 295
Munri . ‘ : - 215
Murada ‘ - 183
Murahara . ~ . 425
Murari J . 118
Mirba . ‘ 425
Murgali ; : » 425
Murgut é . 102
Muriaé R 109, xxvii
Muri-muri . é . Vil
Morkalu : . 109
Murkitumma p - 150
Murki malle. ;. « ite
Murkut - . 296
Murmutti ; . 150
Murr . : : . 123
Miarrd . 4 é . xvi
Mirt. . : ‘ - 120
Murtenga. .. . | « 67
Muruka ; ‘ - 122
Murut . : . xvii
Murute Z - 202
Mis. ‘ - 49, Vii
Musadi. ‘ . 269

EE ———————

j
:
:
3

Mushkiara .
Mushto :
Muskei
Muslindi.
Muslini
Musré katis .
Miss

Mutkar
Mitni . .
Mutta .
Muttuga .
Mutwinda .
Mya .
Myablay
Myah-seik
Myanaban .
Myat-ya :
Myeng kabeng
Myetpyai
Myinwa
Myladi
Myooma .
Myoosay
Myouk gnau.
Myouklouk .
Myoukopshit
Myoukseit
Myoukshaw .
Myrole :

Na :
Nabhay
Nachal .
Naga . :
Nagabetha .
Naga dona
Naga golabet
Naga golunga
Naga-kesara .
Nagal .
Nagasampigi
Nag-champa.
Nagdana
Nagdaun .
Nagesar
Nageshvoro .
Nagetta
Nagpat
Nagphana
Nagphansi .
Nagpit - .
Nagre .
Naguwai
Nagyee .
Naha ‘
Nahor . :
Nahsher a
Naibela ;
Naindi . °
Nairuri

Nai ték.
Nai-udi

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Naiwilli ‘
Né&k . ‘
Nakhtar ,

Nakka-naregu
Nakka-renu .
Nakkera
Nakouli
Nakulsi

Nal. ;
Nala-tige
Nalavail
Nalbila
Bali.
Nalkaru
Nalla balsu -
Nalla didiga
Nallaika
Nalla kakisha
Nalla mada .
Nallarenga .
Nalla sandra.
Nalli

Nal shuna
Nal valanga .
Nambyong
Namlang ‘
Namli . r
Nammé
Nam-paptita .
Nana e °
Nanah . ;
Nanbhantir .
Nancha F
Nanda . .
Nandi . -
Nandiki
Nang .
Nangal.
Nangke
Nanjunda
Nantayop
Nanu-witi .
Naoru . z

Narangi
Narasij
Nar-botku
Narel

Nareyr
Narguni

Nari kadam .
Narikel
Naringi
Nariyal °
Narki . .
Narlei .
Narlingi
Néro .
Narockpa
Narole

Narra .
Narra alagi .
Narri

Narvilli

Naryepi ‘

. 896, 400

&

Pages.
. 139
*. 168

18
. 330
. 270
xxiii
ure
. 428
. 183
. 138
. 69
. 342
. 217
. 230
are
‘ 226
« 226
. 299
- 160
. 153
. 852
. 272
. 128
. 328
. 427
- 842
. 185
. 281
- 201
. 202
- 359

Nas bél P
Ndsedu ;
Nashpati
Naski .
Nastit .
Nata
Natkana .
Natkanta
Natmi .
Natushengote
Nat vadom
Nauladi
Naura ,
Naval

Navili .
Navvel :
Nawal
Nawar. F
Web. °. ;
Nebede ;
Neckanie ,
Nee. *
Neemeeri
Nehar .
Nekota.
Nelkar . ‘
Nella-jedi
Nellamaddi .
Nella-madu .

Nella pirtididti

Nella tima .
Nella ulemira
Nellekai §
Nelli . a
Nelmal .
Nengar
Nepalam ;
Nepora. :
Ner i °
Nera . :
Neradi .
Nerale .

Neri

Nerinda
Nerrelu
Netavil
Neva-ledi .
Neverra e
Newar
Newarpati
Newrang
Ngaphyoo
Ngoomee
Ngraem
Ngraem rik .
Nhare . =
Nia jowa
Niangha :
Nibari . J

Nichni rattankat

Niechak .
Nigél . :
Niggi .
Nikari .
Nikki-bekkar
Nikki kander

219,

462

Nikki karkan
Nil é .
Nila. :
Nilay . :
Nilbhadi :
Nilika . "
Nilli
Nilpiteha
Niluve .
Nim

Nimat .
Nimbar
Nimbarra .
Nimbay
Nimda . :
Nimi chambeli
Nim pooteli .
Nimuri
Ninai

Nior . ;
Niral . ;
Nirambali .
Nirangi
Niranji :
Nirdsa .
Ta dated
Nirgal .
Nirgiri. .
Nirgudi
Nirgunda .
Nirgur
Nirija . .
Nirjiluza
Nirkadambe .
Nir-mali .
Nir-nochi. .,
Nirpa .

Nir pongilam
Niru.. A
Nirujani
Nirvala.
Nishinda Ps
Nisinda
Nisur iz
Nit ; .
Noaluta
Noge . .
Nomorchi
Noona . :
Nori

Nowli eragn .
Nozaréi
Nach
Nuggee
Number
Numbong
Numboongkor
Numbor
Numingrik
Numma
Numro 2
Nunewalai ,
Nuni .
Nouniajhar
Nuniéri
Nani-papéta

. 166,

INDEX TO

Pages,
Nupsor 305, 306, 312
Nuskul. : . - 109
Nwahmi ‘ ‘ . 316
Nwaleinbyeng . - 50
Nwaycho . . - 280
Nwaysat . . 282
Nyéi . ° > . 173
Nyau . . . . 232
Nyaw-chah . > . 316
Nyoungbandi ° - 335
Nyoungben . “ . 332
Nyoungchin ; . 334
Nyoung-kyap . 268, 332
Nyounzgop . . - 336
Nyoungpyoo. ° . 835
Nyoungthabyeh . . 336

O.
Oao.. . : i
Odasale ° . . 150
Odela . ° " 46
Odla . " ; . 46
06 5 . ; . 160
Ohalu ° ° . 352
Oi . : - 160
Oit- bulung . y ma
Oka. . ° > 421
Okaiyeya . ‘ . 425
Okhioungza . : . 73
Okhyang . ..... '9/4g0098
Okshit . ; . . 63
Olchi . - 162
Omak . . . 46
Ombu . ° - 20
Omé ; ee,
PBIB 2 a2 sale 47
Ong . . - 422
Ooh . : ° . 420
Ooluchakma . : - 386
Oosulay ‘ » 166
Opa. . . > 259
Opang . ; : 344
Opnai . > ‘ - 327
Ora. ° ‘ 428
Orasmaro . : - 415
Orcha . ‘ 205
Orer . . . . 863
Oru ° 42
Osai ; . . 298
Oserwa. . . ae
Osirka . ; 352
Otengah ° ose
Ouk-chingza . . 250
Ouk-mouk . . - 362
Oulia champ : ot a
Ouli gogen . - 29, iv
Ovalli . ° . 245
P.

Pain . : . . 104
Pabba ° , . 76
Pabda “ . 203

Pages.
Pébe . . é . 379
Pabina ‘ ° - 841
Pachakathalai : . 426.
Pach4ri : 3 . 129
Pachimanu . . 186
Pachunda . ° - 15
Pad 5 . - 372
Padé . ; i «' 78
Padém " - 412
Padar ‘. . 278
Padari 3 . 278
Padaria ; . . 278
Paddam - 163, x
Padebiri : : . 219
Padenarayan . - 134
Pader . ‘ ; . 278
Padera ‘ - 219, 231
Paédiala ‘ — £78
Padmak . ; - 412
Padouk ;. P 130
Padri . ; - 129, 278
Padrian q . - 140
Padrién : :
Padul . . . . 278
Padurni P . 278
Paghala . . . 255
Pagjiok : . - 431
Pagun . ° : - 44
Pahar . é . - 18
Pahar gingri , 116
Paharicha . - . 239
Paharipipal . . ~. 8379
Pahar lampati . - 242
Paia . ‘ y . 431
Paidi . 5 ; - 339
Paieli . q : . 312
Pailae . . 197
Paiman. ° ° - 194
Paini. . 4 ; - ut
Painimara . ‘ - Al
Pair . ‘ : . 8835
Paisigong . 123
Paja ; . 163
Pajerra . . - 113
-Pajia . ‘ 163

Paj pati . . .

Pakar ‘ . 334, 335
Pakh A . 379
Pakha " . 418
Pakhana : c - 165
Pakhar P ‘ . 3384
Pakhori e . - 425
Pakhshu . A . 379
Paékhur i 3 . 216
Pakki-taéma . j . 149
Pakjik . ; Re . 482
Pakki . gs ‘ . 327
Pakpa . ° . . 431
Pakri . ; . 334, 335
Paktawar. . ; . 215
Paku :. : 4 . 421

Pakéra ‘ ‘
Pélé 169, 241, 262, 263, 264

Palagaruda . ° - 262
Palai . . . . 105
. 335

Palik . ; =

Palakh

Palamkat
Palds .
Paldsi .
Palashu
Palati

Palava

Falawa

Paldatém. .
Paldua . :
Palé .. :
Palegnyok .
Palet ‘
Palita mandar
Paliwara p

Palkai "
Palkurwan .
Palla

Pallam

Pajla pandu .
Palle panlo .

Palok . ;
Palosa
Paltu. x
Palu . ‘
Palich :
Palidar :
Paludém
Palukajui
Palyok .
Pama . ‘
Pamania .
Pambiri .
Pampana .
Pamphunia .
Pana .
Panam . -_
Panan . :
Panar .
Panasa.
Panben-nway
Panchi r
Panchidung .
Panchman

Panchonta ,
Panchoti pala
Panchu ‘
Pand
Pandan =
Panden RB
Pandiki
Pandrai
Pandri .
Pandar
Panelra
Pangah
Pangara .
Pangra :
Pani*..
Pania .
Paniah
Paniala
Pani-chika
Panijama
Panisaj
Panizali

a2 - He's (@. 2) ©. "RS (3.

Pages. |
. 334
oe Vy f
- 123
- 128
. Xvil
304, xxvi
. 245

- 169

e Xix

Pays Fhe ty

121,

. 220

- 226

. 180

. 122
122, 145
. 330

VERNACULAR NAMES.

“Pages

Panjam-bil . . . 195
Panji . . 227
Panjira : 122
Panjra 228
Panjile 353
Pankakro . : eis
Pankar ° : - 94
Panma . . 80
Panniabhil . “ . 229
Pannidri ° . 196
Pannie . 416
Pan-noo ee |
Panpui. ee
Pansaura . 55
Pansi 186, xx
Pantagah . 23
Pantaka 25
Panthitya . 33
Pant6om 93
Panugeri P 270
Panwa . 232
Pao 430
Paowlay 59
Papadar xxiii
Papar 84, 133, 228, Ant
3842

Paparapulia . ‘ - 42
P&pash kalli . é . 208
Papat kalam , . 214
Papatta ° 231
Papaya - 207
Paphar . . . 229
Paphok - 429
Papiri . ° . « 231
Papli . 91
Papra . : 229, xxiii
Paprang » - 369
Papri 91, 299, 342, 369
Papria . . 310
Paralpadal . 278
Param . . . . 344
Paramie F <” 88
Parand ‘ . 319
Parangi é* 68
Paranu . . 89
Parari ; . 278
Pards . . 128, 163, xvii
Parash . . 43
Pardspipal . B35
Parasu. ‘ . XXix
Parbati . 262
Parbik : yr ht
Parbo . ° ° . 262
Parenga ° . 103
Pareya-atiwal ‘ . 278
Pargai ; . 383
Pargin ‘ . 265
Part. - 11, 230
Paridra . 121
Paridah . . 424
Parirajhar “ . 255
Parjam ° . 257
Paroa : . 339
Parokupi . . 359
Parolli . 278

Parpalli gidda : °

89

Parral é
Parsid ;
Parsipu .
Paral F
Paringa
Parur .
Parwana ‘
Pas : R
Pasarganni .
Pasend
Pasendu ‘
ee
Pash . ‘i
Pashi 7
Pashien
Pa-shing
Pashkouli
Pasi

Parsi

Paspu
Paspikadambe
Passerginni .
Passi . A
Passy
Pastuwanne .
Pat 7
Pata .
Patagari
Patagraja
Patakhan .
Pataki .
Patalgani .
Patali .
Patanga ‘
Patangalia .
Patcha :
Patchalai .
Patha . ‘
Pat-hioo ‘
Pathiri .
Pathor

Pati. . ;
Patichanda .
Patigia °
Patimil -
Patir .
Pativa .
Patji .
Pat-karru
Patki ‘
Patlé katas .
Pat moro
Pat mossu
Patoia
Pat-phanas .
Patrang
Patru-kurwan
Patsuru
Pattali
Pattang
Patta tiza
Pattarola
Pattewar
Patt harman
Patali A
Patunga ‘

464

Patu-swa ‘.
Patutadi

Patwan

Pauma ap
Paunchinan .
Paur bela
Pave... > f
Pavella

Pavetti. ‘
Pawaing , .
Pawetta

Piya . ‘
Payala . :
Payani .
Paya udesh
Payir rik
Payomka . :
Payong . 240,
Payongrik . :

Pedalli .

Pedda .

Pedda aré :
Peddaboku . ;
Peddachilka didig
Pedda chintti
-Pedda duchirram .
Pedda eita
Peddagi :
Pedda gomru ‘
Pedda-kalinga .
Pedda-kanru
Pedda-karinga
Pedda kunji.
Pedda morali
Pedda-nella-kura .
Pedda-nowli eragu
Pedda patseru
Peddapotri .
Peddasopara "
Pedda taraki A
Peddi-mari . -
Pedéga

Pedéi

Pedu

Peduman

Pee

Peea .

Pee tunga
Pehimbia
Peingnai

Peirah .

Pek

Peka :
Pe-karakai . .
Pela. $ -
Pella-gumudu
Pendder -
Pender a °
Pendra n ‘
Pendre .

Pendri :

Pages.

.

372,

303
416
251

INDEX
Pengji ;
Penglai htan
Penglai-kanazo
Poms" ‘
Penlaykathit
Penti tadi
Pepa,
Pepere ;.
Pepéro

Pepe siman .
Peralu
Perambai
Pera pastawane
Peria-eetcham
Perinji
Perinkard
Persar r
Pershuajelah .
Peru :
Perumbe |
Pesh ., -
Peshora
Petakara :
Petarkura
pété . 4
Pethra ;
Petisurali
Petta-mari
Pettega
Petthan
Petpuria
Petwoon

SS i
Peyara .

Pfis .
Phaco singali
Phadupjoh
Phakram r
Phal4ani..
Phalat .
Phaldu .
Phaliant
Phalinda
Phalgataitu .
Phalja .
Phalsa .
Phalsh .
Phalwa
Phalwara
Phamlet
Phamsikol .
Phands r
Phanat
Phanda
Phandra
Phandra khair
Phane .
Phangera
Phani .
Pharad . .
Pharat singhali
Pharenda
Pharengala .
Pharkatto
Pharonj
Pharra

TO

. e 833

.
cae, ee ae

. 222,

308,

Pharsa
Pharsia
Pharwa
Phas. .
Phasgs1
Phatak
Phaunda 3
Phedu . f
Phegran ;
Phekori bet .
Phetra
Phetrak
Phetya-kyee .
Philku
Philli . :
Phillu . ‘
Phindak
Phipai
Phiphar
Phirphiri
Phis bekkar .
Phlankur
Phlassu "
Phober kang
Phég . .
Phok ,
Phomphli
Phugong
Phulahi
Phulamphi
Phulanch .
Phulel ...~
Phul gogra .
Phul hingori
Phulla
Phul-sappa .
Phulsar :
Phulsatti .
Phil-sola .
Phulu 5

Pages,

54, 123, xvi
53, 55, 179
: - 54

. . 838

wT

. - 353
- 200
. 119
. 412

Phulwara . 164, 166
Phungnyet . 23
Phunphuna . . XXVi
Phipari . 86
Phurpata . 228
Phurz . 372
Phusera : . 239
Phuspat : . 372
Phusrae : . 232
Phusri . 310, 312
Phusri mallata . . 361
Phut es
Pidk . . ; . 373
Pidl “. 105,55
Piangani . 129
Pidr ; . on
Piasal . . 182, 182, xvii
Piazay ; o's 2+ «ee
Pichle . . 427
Pida_ . ° . 270
Piktumi : . 150
Pilachampa . ee.
Pildla : . 336
Pilchi < ; .
Pilikeha : . - 173
Pilkhan . , . 834, 335

Ee el

Pilla. ’ .
Pillai-marda . 3
Pirn <<
Pilru potala .
Pilsa .
Pilu
Pilaigu .
Pimpri. P
Pin . ‘ ‘
Pinéri; —- :
Pincha. F r
Pincho . ¥
Find’ . .
Pindalu ‘ .
Pindar . P
Pindi . F j
er .
Pindi-kai . .
Pindra .

Pindrai

Pindrau

Pinekai ‘
Piney maram
Ping . ‘
Pingyat .
Biyig- - ;
Pinlayoung . .
Pinlay-thit-kouk
Pinlaytsee
Pinna .
Pinnai .
Pinna-nelli
Pinnay .
Pinoh .
Pinri e ° .
Pintayan
Pipal . -
Pipli . . 174,
Piptt . i
Piralo .

Piri

Pirij-da

Pironja

Pishinna

Pissi babul

Pistl . -
Pita korwa .
Pitali

Pitamari A >
Pitari A
Pithogarkh . °
Pitni 4 j
Pitraj . ‘ :
Pitso .

* . . . . °
a
©
eI
.

Pitta °
Piimar ‘ ‘
Piuni . °
Piwar . ‘
Piyara . ‘
Po : .
Pobong. ® ‘
Podah , ° é
Podiam . .
Pogada . ° :
Poghada ‘
Pogslo

VERNACULAR NAMES,

Pages.
Poguntig . . 348
Pohor . . 804
P6i ; ‘ . 323
Poi-dhaula . . 325
Pojo . ° ‘ XXVil
Poka . é . 421
Pokoh . ‘ ; 160
Poksha . i - 340
Pokuttia . y 172
Pol 4 z 3 422
Po-la . F F 43
Polach 158
Po-lari . 849
Pollai . F 349
Poma . 2 étge
Pomponia . 275
Pona . . 123
Pondém : 266
Pong . ° - 133
Pongé . . ‘ . 133
Pongalam- , 853
Pongnyet~ . ° 25
Pongoo. ‘ 26
Pon-padira . 278
Ponnagam ., 361
Ponra . é vii
Pooalay : 312
Poo-mardé4 . F 182
Poomarum 236
Poon 26
Poonang ; wise
Poone . ‘ - (21, 26
Poota-tammi. 197
Pooteli . “ 811
Poothadah 425
Poovati. ‘ ‘ way ae
Popli_ . : . . 320
Popra xxiii
Porapa . 71
Porasan 123
Pordsu , 123
Porda . 103
Poresh . ahs . 43
Porilla . 129
Poris . ‘ 43
Porki . , : 89
Porés . : P XXxvii
Poro dumer . XXVili
Porponda . Xxvi
Portia . - = 43
Portoho XXlii
Poruwa . 230
Posa . F ‘ - 828
Posangni. ‘ 56
Poshiir . . é 74
Poshwa - 46
Posong. - 431
Potali . r é - 59
Potari . . 48
Pothi : . 801
Poto dhamun - oS
Potra . ‘ ‘ « 138
Potri . 48
Potrum . 129
Potur, . a : ° 224.
Pouk . . 123

Pages
Pouknway . 122; 123
Poukpan - 119
Poukpyoo . . . 119
Pounanga - - 96
Poungma-theing . . 232
Prab . . 332, 334, 335
Prabba . F ; . 423
Praong. . 427
Pratshu F . 239
Pri é , . . 120
So a , . 326
Prist ‘ . 378
Prita . F . 398
Pronchadik . ee
Prong . : : - 427
Prongnok . 4 - 427
Prongzam . 19, 209, 210
Proosti ‘ «- 820
Prora . . ° . 208
Prost . ° ° . 378
PYOb- F . 211
Pshi . 431
Pa é . » (95
Paap - ; 323
Pudangalli . : 21
Pudari . : 219
Puddum : i 361
Pudiikat d : . 367
Pidi , 319
Pugriang 431
Pukana. 166
Pula 43, 44
Pulachi 95
Pulhari 139
Palin” 142
Puli-ille 113
Pili-patha 43
Puli-shinta . ‘ 139
Pulla dondur . 139
Pulli baghi 158
Pullung 297
Pélmu . 215
Pulsur . “ 349
Pulupinan-myouk . 348
Pumbadri 276
Pummoon . 426
Pumne. . 390
rar. . 408
Pina 25, 97
Piinag . 361
Punar puli 24
Pinds . 25
Pinil 110
Pung-cha 413
Pungu . 183
Piinjlawai 275
Punk . 179
Punschi : - 177
Punyan 272
Pur - 42
Pirakoi + 94
Purasa. .. ‘ - 43
Purbo . ° . - 262
Purbong ‘ . 1d, 418
Pureea . - 229
Purgur. « 225

466
Pages,
Puri singbatti . 267
Purmiok . 427
Purmo. . 2389
Puroa . « 361
Puroha. ¥ - 123
Purphiok . 429
Purpuray timur . ix
Pursa . mr. Sag 43
Pursan . . ‘ 272
Pursung : ° 43
Purudona . ‘ 69
Purtini . ‘ c 326
Purish. ; z 77
*Paiski . . é 95
Pussooah . * Py «|
Pussur . é ‘ Re |
Pustil . 413
Putdjan ° 353
Putenga g 357
Puter . > J XXix
Putila . . , XXix
Puitkia . “ $ 366
Putlinga ¢ . 236
Putra-jiva . . 3&3
Putra-juvi . . 338
Putri . ; XXix
Puvandi 2 96
Puvarasam . 43
Puvatti . 95
Puvella 96
Puwak. ‘ 421
Puya . . 323
Puya udish ‘ 372
Pwot-chau-beng 326
Pyal a 109
Pya-shing . 267
Pyee-nyoung 333
Pymma : 202
- Pymmah 203
Pymmahpyoo . . 200
Pynkado 27, 141, 148

Q.

Quabi-bet , . 424
Quindah 6 * . 243
R.

Raban . ‘ 252
Rabi bet : 423
Radat bera . . 132
Raella . . XViil
Rag 407, 408
a 184, 835
Ragota. “ . Jb
Rahira . nt 275
Raho 408
Rai . 2, 3, 385, 407
Raiang . : ‘ . 407
Raibanj ' ; . B84
Raidana . 425
Raiga . 835
Raijaman . 194

INDEX TO

Pages,
Rail : . 408
Raila. . 136
Rain . . 246
Raini ; ; . 246
Raisalla . 398, 408, 410
Rai ting f . 194
Rajal . 214
Rajain . . 342
Rajan . 373
Rajana . s 230
Rajbirij mx 136
Rajbriksh 136
Raket-berar . é 61
Rakhal . ‘ 413
Rakht reora . . 275
Raklop . . , . 363
Rakta chandan 181, 140, 146
Rakta kanchan 140
Rakt anglia . 348
Raktapita 91
Raktchandan 348
Rakti 121
Raéktrira 247
Ral . 148
Rama . ° xxii
Raménddike . 314
Ramani . 295
Ramanjir , 334
Rambutan 97
Rameneidelle 225
Ramgta 421
Ramjani 238
Ramnia - 170
Rampat : 280
Ramphal i
Ramtezpat . 305
Randi . 84:
Ranamba 310
Rand . . 363
Randkari 310
Ranel . ; 104
Ranga . .. 241
Rangamali_ . ye
Rangan. 230
Rangchari . 301
Rangchil . : . 84
Rangi . ° . 835, 425
Rangi-rata ae i
Rangkrin 256
Rangoe 11
Rangul . 86
Rangun . 230
Raniwalai 106
Ranj . . 384
Ranjana ‘ . 146
Ranket. ° ‘ . 333
Ran-palai : . 276
Ran-phanas . . 331
Ransla . . . 408
Rio . 407, 408
Rapesho , . 216
Rarunga. XXViii
Rasbija ° . 342
Raselwa , . 118
Rasbtu . ‘ . 105
Rassaul . 160

Rassu-ktirtindu
Ratabanli .
Rata gogen .
Ratay .
Raterr . ;
Rat-kihiri .
Ratmanti .
Ratoo-wad
Rattanjote
Rattankat .
Rattu kina .
Rag ° . :
Rauket. :
Rauli . :
Raundolu .
Raundra
Rauni .

Recheda :
Reddapul-mera
Reem . :
Regguti -
Regi 3
Rek

Reké

Rela ~ .
Relu. ;
Renchilingrik
Rend . A
Reng .
Renga ,
Rengha
Rengua
Renta .
Renuja.
Reodana
Reoni
Reori .
Rera .
Reri« .
Rerti
Reteon .
Retinja
Retish .
Revachinni .
Rewari. ;
Rewat .
Reylu .
Rha . :
Rhai . ‘
Rhetsa . r
Rhi F <

Richang :

SS eee =

Richh-kas
Richuklu
Bun... A
Rikaling ©.

~ Rikhali.,

Rikhil . é
Rikkan P
Rikunra :
Rimdé . ‘
Rimmel
Rin.
Ring

Ringa .
Ringal ,
Ringall P
Ringer . A
Ringri . ;
Kingyal ‘
Rini. ‘
Rinj .
Rinja .
Rinjal .
Riphin .
Ris R
Risan .
Risapaing
Rish .
Ritha .
Rithei .
Rithu .
Riti é
ME. z
Ritina . .
Ritis
Roangehing .
Roatanga

100 £ ah. "Ss 2 28"

Robhay . -

Rodinga .
Roghu .
Rohan . ‘
Rohani .
Rohi . £
Rohina. -
Rohituka .
Rohni . A
Rohu .
Roi
Roir .
Roira . fa
Rola . é
Roli- ..
Romitsk ,
Rong .
Ronchiling
Rookattana .
Room .
Roré .
Rori. P
Rosbang ‘
Bow . . e
Rowanra :
Royta . :
Riichia . ‘
Rudrak. >
Rudrak-sha .

Rudrak-shamba

. 152,

152, xiv
. 426

- 427

. 425

» 65

. 166

. 319
384
XViii
. 384
. 425

. 332

171, xxviii

. 361

VERNACULAR NAMES.

“Pages.
Rue . « 424
Ruebee. P - 424
Ruén . 861
Ruglim : é . 86
Ruinsh . . : «: Seb
Rikh . » 1 2
Rukh baer . ‘ «
Rukni . ; ‘ . 344
Rimbal : . 335, 340
Rumgach . 893
Rang . xviii
Rungara - 122
Rungbong . - 420
Runggong . . 134
Riingra - 121
Rungyeong-rik . 90
Runisupari . . 421
Runjra - 152
{unool , ; . 424
Risa . S . 827
Rusam . P - 95
Russa-usareki P . 351
Ruta . ‘ ‘a . xvi
Ruté ; ‘ . Xvii
Rutok . P . .- 119
Ruzerap ° : . Xvii

Ss.

Saar. ; 4 . 410
Sacheng : 179
Sadachu 7 54
Sadora . 183
Sadr . 182
Sadura . » 184
Safed-ak ; ‘ . 265
Safedar . 124, 376, 378
Safed champ. . roe,
Safedind . . 365
Safed kabra . ‘ . 334
Safed kikar . 152
Safed mallata ; 362
Safed nyok 309
Safed simal . F . 42
Safed siris . . 158
Safhyi . : 320
Safri-4m . 190
Sag d : . 283, 295
Sagade 95
Sagapu . 224
Sagarabatna . a em
Sagdi . « 95
Sagun . 283
Sagwan - 283
Sagwani . 283
Sah “ 410
Sahada. B27
Sahadra 323
Sahaju “ . 182
Saherwa : e 254
Sahine . . 201
Sahu mingort . . 385
Sai P 216, 319
Saihan . - : . 114

Saikamehhia .
Saikanta
Saikre . ;
Saimuladdi .
Sain .
Sainjan .
Sainjna
Saiphra :
Saitu. ‘
Saj

Saja
Sakalang ~.
Sakalyel .
Sakena
Sakher =
Sékhu .
Seki °. ,
Sakna .
Sakna hakna.
Sakomsing
Sakun ,
Sakwa .

Sél 7
Sala . F
Sala dhip
Salai P
Salanker
Salap
Sale.
Salei

Sdle manta .
Salgi . ;
Salhe . “i
Sali

Salima .
Salla .
Salle . 4
Salma . J
Salu . ‘
Salua . ;
Salwa

Sam

Sama
Samadara .
Samalu
Samarri ‘
Sambar :
Sambaw ‘
Sambeing
Sambiing
Samkoh
Samli . ;
Samoka
Sampaga-pala
Sampenga
Sampighi ,
Sampni ;
Samsem .
Samsihar :
Sam sundra ,
Samudra F

Samundar phil

Sanakadan ,

Sanalinga .
Sanatosi ‘
Sanatta °

"84, v

34, 39, 150
34

. 896

. 66

. 215
. 261

. 150
66, 180
. 854

. 66

. 66

. 368, xxiii

66,

. 100
396, 407
. 408
- 419
. 418
. 46
. 34
- 330
. B51

468

Pages,

Sandal ° . 256, 321
Sandan ‘ » 119
Sandanpipli . ~ 49
Sandanivembu . . 778
Sandapsing . ; . XXV
Sandari F . 136, 326
Sandiknya . XXvi
Sandi omé TO |

Sandra . 153

Sandugza -. ; . 208

Sané. , : . aia

Sangaipru.. 4 - 112

Sangal . 407

Sanginphroo . . . 104

Sangji ° : . 839

Sangong a 5 . 805

Sangraban . ‘ oft

Sangran ; ° . 310

Sangri . 147

Sangryn : ae Yb

San hessare . : Saami |

Sanj . : : . 382

Sanjit 7 : » 317

Sanjna ° : . 114

Sankarunda . > - 261

Sanko . 4 . . Xxili

Sana solti iii

Sannin : : . 378
Sanoli . 823

Sanpalu ° ° . 355

Sanpatti r ° . Xxvi

Sansaru . : . 326

San-ta-ku F . 321

Santi : » 179

Sanu arkaula 386

Sanu jhingni - 28

Sanyepang . a“ 220

Saochala ‘ . 324

Saori . . . 118

Sapai . 255, 340

Saparung . ‘ s 'XEV

Saphai . . 333

Saphijirik - 61

Sapin . . : . 396

Sapong : A - 344

Sappa . . : 0,7

Saprung . . eS |

Sapsha . . 823, 324

Sara 109, 410, 311, 408

Sarai ° ° . 410

Saraka ° ° . 109

Saral . : » . 396

Sarfp . A . 413

Sarapatri : . 158

Saras 55, 124, 411

Sarawan : . 106
Sarbashtai - 165
Sare gogen . 29
Sarei . . 34, 407
Sargi . . : es
Saring : . . XXX
Sarjuni : 4p
Sarngar ; ° » 237
Saroli . 873
Sarota , : - 67
Sarputtia . ; . 282

INDEX TO Pa

Pages.
Sarri . : “ . 410
Saruakasari . . 361
Saril . ; : . 140
Sarshoti ; - 850
Sasi. i » . 316
Saslendi ; ; - 99
Sat-bur : . . 335
Satiana : : - 262
Satiain . 262
Satni ; 4 . 262
Satptira “ ‘ - 315
Satpuria : . . 129
Satrai A ‘ - 408
Sattori : : . 262
Satwin ; 3 . 262
Saul kuri . 57
Sauna . . 275
Saunder ° . 147
Saunjla . 217
Sautha 5 > . 200
Saver . A . $72,378
Sawéli . 5 A . 873
Sbama . . 411
Schap . > . 419
Schiap . : ; . 419
Sealposra. ° - 55
Seb i 4 2 . 168
Sebe . ‘. - .- 190
Sechin . ‘ A . 281
Sedangtaglar ‘ . 43
Sedeng : . - 324
Sedongtagla . . 843
Seeru . ° : . 234
Seet . ; A . 158
Segapu . . . 190
Segapu-munthari . 140
Segum kati . . 148
Sehoong 4 . 186
Sehshing . . 407
Sehnd . . 868
Sein. . 182
Seina . . . 200
Seindi . . . 419
Sejan . 114
‘Seji . . 201
Sejna . : . 114
Séju. ; : . Xxix
Sekwa . ‘ Aa tin f
Sela vanjai . . 158
Selcho . 160
Selemnyok , . 264
Selti . > . 270
Selupa . 87
Sema . ‘ . 172
Sema dung . . 408
Semar . . 270
Seme . ° . 154
Semla . . 141
Sempak . 344
Sempangam . <1
Sempat . . 310
Semru . - 4 . 147
Semul . ° : - 44
Semur . F . 44
Senén . : ° . 326
Sengel sali . xii

Sengeni .
Senibal °
Senjna .

Sentung rung
Seo ° .
Seoli . °
Sephaliké .
Sér ,
Serai-guti
Serali .
Serdu .
Serang .
Serdya .
Seregad
Serei .
Serh
Serhnyok
Serilli
Seris . :
Serisso °
Serkuji .
Serpa . .

Serva

Sessal .

Seta pajja

Set bariwa .
Set krishnapani
Sewan . :
Sewar . 3
Sewri . ‘

Seyapu chandanum

Seydra :
Sey barasi .
Sha A A
Shabju. .
Shafri . f
Shag . :
Shagali :
Shahtiat Z
Shaing :
Shak .
Shakab R
Shakai ‘
Shakardana .
Shakshin
Shal ,
Shalakat
Shalanghi
Shalanglu
Shalangri.
Shalgari :
Shali . s
Shalshi
Shami .
Shamieula
Shamor :
Shamru 5
Shamshad .
Shandalaghtine
Shang . .
Shangal
Shangala
Shangti
Shanjan
Shaoul
Shapri

.
F

se

Shapti .
Sharawani
Shargar
Shari
Sharifa
Sharoli.
Shash .
Shasoung

Shasoung leknyo °
Sha soung-pya thal
Shatoobeng .

Shaul .
Shauria
Shaursi
Shawali
Shayrang
Sheaboge
Shealbuk
Sheashong
Shechin
Shedbarwa
Shegul .

Shekram
Shekrani
Shelangri
Shelda .
Shem .
Shembal

Shembugha .

Shemi .
Shempati

Shencurungi

Shendri
Shengiitan
Sheodur
Sheora .
Sheori .
Shepkyew
Sherawane
Sheriman
Shermana
Shewa .
Shewan
Shewari
Shewney
Shibika
Shida .
Shidu .
Shikand
Shilli
Shilling
Shilve .
Shimarra
Shimbu
Shimti .
Shin .
Shindar
Shinduga
Shing .
Shingali
Shingdri
Shingr .
Shingra
Shinwala
Shioli .

_ 280,

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Shiran .
Shirash
Shirlan
Shirsh .
Shirsha s
Shisham F
Shishi , F
Shitzem é
Shidlik :
Shitintra
Shiwali .
Shiwari ‘
Shko , ;
Sho é =
Shomfol J
Shomshing
Shoondul
Shrol

Shta

Shu
Shué .
Shif tala
Shik
Shukni
Shikpa
Shulundu kora
Shumaj
Shumanjra
Shumbul 3
Shun ,
Shundapana .
Shipa .
Shar ,
Shirbita
Shirgu
Shurli . .
Shurfizbed ,
Shwan .
Shwet simiil .
Shyokiél
Shyona

Sia

Siadli .
Sidlu

Sidru

Sibri ,. ‘
Sibriad .
Sida .
Sidemnyok
Sidha ,
Sidhera . 5
Siffoo a
Sigé . 3
Sigugrip 3
Sigumgrip ,
Sihar J

Sikkai.. Z
Sikriba P
Sikru .

, 124,

" 956,

. 139,

Pages.
. 162
. 390
. 44
. 159
. 160
127
. 159
a GE
2 Uae
. 266
. 282
. 297
. 341
42
91
398
. 141
. 873
. 326
. 168
. 106
. 162
. alg
Roar
. 412
. 230
. 369
. 100
Xx
377
. 420
. 411
. 412
. 412
. 412
. 390
oan
. 258

42
. 89
. 275
- 166
. 123
. 211
. 826
- 857
. 148
. 200

59
Pape tt
. 84
ge:
. 150

6

5
261
. 254
. 868
. 256
XXVlii

Silang .
Silapoma .
Silari . é
Silikka . .
Silim . .
Silingi . ‘
Silkanti J
Sil koroi
Sillangti

Silli
Sill-kurta
Siltimber .
Silu ‘
Sim . ,
Sima . .
Simal

Simali .
Simbal .
Simbrangrip .
Sime hunase .
Sime tangadi
Simi. ‘
Simli .
Simong
Simpletbuk
Simrung
Simul aloo
Simul turé] ,
Simyanga
Sina
Sinakadang
Sind .
Sindi .
Sindri .
Sindrol. Z
Sinduri. :
Sinduria -
Sindurpong ,
Sindwar
Singbrang
Singhani
Singhara
Singhata
Singi
Singka .
Singliang
Singna .
Singnamtik
Singnok
Singraf .
Singrauf
Singriang
Singtok
Singuru
Singya .
Singyan
Singyen

Sinjli ‘
Sinkanj 3
Sinkozi .
Sin-ma-no-pyin
Sinna , A
Sinnah . :
Sinong . :
Sin-thahpan .
Siora , -

XXViil

XXVil
. 201
- 69

. 315, 378

- 419
. 293
. Bt
- 361
. 361
. 3861
XXVil
Piet! :
. 427
. 389
4, 209

172

102, 225, ii

. 310

470 INDEX TO

Pages. Pages.
Sipha , Fi . 29|Sonai . - - 815|Sumcher . ¢
Sir 4 s P - 109 | Sonajahi . . » 255| Sumi . F ;
Sira . ; . - 258 | Sonalu. é , 136 | Samld . °
Sirdi . ; . 156, 357 | Sondarra : 129 | Summun :
Siran : » 158, 160 | Sonepatta . ° xxvi| Sun . . ,
Sirds . ‘ . . 127 | Sonkairi ° 150 | Sunakhari :
Sirgillam . 861 | Sonkhair . ‘ - 153 | Sunari . >
Sirhoottingchir . 97 | Sooahn Ae arene . 382 Sunaru 54 ieee
ae ‘ge 87, 387|Soom .. . . 808|Sand . ; ;
Sirikishu : . 389 | Soondi , 3 . 425| Sundali ss. i
Sirikone . : 136 | Soopwotnway . 150 | Sundeh ‘ .
Sirin . . 156, 159, 160 | Soothan ° 110 | Sunder. . “
Siringri ° . - 300 | Sooyit . ‘ : - 155 | Sundi-bet . :
Siriokhtem . ‘ - 209 | Sophi . , . 391 | Sunddk 5
Siri poone . 26 | Sopho . : : - 161 | Sundragundi .
Siris : . 156, 158 | Soplong , > 414 | Sundri, : 4
Sirisha . : ‘ . 156 | Sopuind ; - 368 } Sing-a é
Sirma . ‘ ; . 317} Sori. ; 275 | Sungal . . -
Sirpang ° . . 278 | Soringhi : 34/Sungeha . :
Sirsa . . ° - 127 | Soso ° xv} Sungden . .
Sirshing . . .817}Sosokera . . X&Xvili| Sungli. :
Sisi . . 812, vii | Sotege . ; - 365 | Sungloch . ,
Sisir . . vii | Soudar-padal . 279 | Sungli . ; x
Siske tasar . . 218 | Soundalay Gnnu . . 48) Sunglyer :
Sissa . 127 | Soungyah "4 58 | Sungna : ‘i
Sissai . . 5 . 124|Sow . ; : - 160 | Sungoo . °
Sissi . 4 . 388,124] Sowkabent . ‘ 425 | Sungotta . °
Sissti . ; . 127 | Sozong . ; : - 275 | Sungray 2°
Sisu . : . 127 | Spalwakka . ‘ 265 | Sungribong . :
i ; . 9] Spera wana. : 267 | Sungra ;
Sitabér . . - 90 | Spercherei ‘ . 383 | Sungsim ‘
Sita pelu ; vii | Sperdor . 378 | Sungung rik . =
Sitaphal ; 9| Spidg . ‘ . 426 | Suni. F *
Sitapundu ‘ 9 | Spikso . : . 426 | Sunkanwal . ‘
Sitarjat ‘ ° . 56|Spun . ‘ . 408 | Sankawal ;
Sitarsaaz . . . 56] Starga. , . 892 | Sunkeint . ‘
Sitnyok . ‘ 336|Sua . ‘ . 281.| Sunkeswar . .
Sitsal : . - 127 | Suali . - 300, 379 | Sunkong :
Sitta ‘ 4 . 142 | Sual kuri ‘ . 57 | Sunkrong A
Sittamindi . A 363 | Sualu . : . 810 | Sunlu . ‘ R
Sittamunuk . : 363 | Suam . ° . xii} Sunn . ;
Sitto udal : 47 | Sudhari ‘ - 267 | Sannu . > ‘
Sivettachim . 282 | Sadénika . 297 | Sundédm . : °
Sivor : . 273 | Suféda Hs 378, 379 | Suntala %
Siyembela . . 142|Sufok-ji . . .165|Suntong . 208, 210, 209
Skioch . ‘ : . 84] Suglim : 83 | Suntri . . ii
Soi. : . . 328 | Sugroomuk . , 282 | Suom . .
Soanjna . ; . 114 | Sugvat. . : 206 | Supari . °
Sodhera ; - 267|Suha-rok . . - 3 | Suphut .
Sodoi A . 339 | Suiminta : 118 | Suppatnyok . .
Sohiga : . 73 | Sujuna. > 114 | Suragada ‘
Sohajna . . 114} Sukali . : 323 | Suran . : :
Sohan . . . 76) Sukat sing . . . 871 | Surangru=. °
Soilo . : ° . 248 | Sukri-ruin . : . xxii | Suranji .
Soimi . ‘ : . 76} Sula . .» 896|Sura-ponna . .
Soka . ‘ : 1385| Sali. ; : . 78! Surat . p .
Sokutia ; 4 201 | Sdlia . . ‘ . 169| Sairah-vyu . .
Sola ‘ 119} Sulla . . ° . 855 | Sarch . °
Solei ; 300 | Sullea . ; ; 429 | Sureya. . ,
Solomanim . 158 | Sulopa . : 420|Suarganch . ‘
Somi . ; -xviii | Sultana champa . 25 | Surgi . : -
Somr ; - 44/Sam , , : . 256|Suria .. .
Somri . ; : - 208| Suma . , ; . 154 | Suringi . s
Somso . ° ° . xii | Siméli. F ° . 282 | Surjmukha . :
Somun , ; P . 255|Sumbling . 7 . 854 | Surkila °
Sona . . .140,xxvij|Sumbrong . . . 29|Saro . .

Strroli.
Stirs. ;
Str sinjli .
Surtiri.
Surteli .
Surteyli
Sérada. ;
Suril

Sass .
Siasst
Sfivanda
Suvarnam
Suviak .
Swaitan
Swana .
Swanjera
Swetakand
Syalita .

T.

Tabong deing
Tabsi .
Tabsu .
Tachansa
Tad ; k
Tadda pallu .
Taddo .
Tadra .
Tadru ,
Tagada :
Tagashing
Tagha . :
Tagho . :
Tagooyi
Tagumida .
Tagegai.
Taggar
Taggu . a
Tahaka
Tahasi .

Tai - ‘
Tai-beng .
Taik rau ;
Tailadu
Tailo .
Taisoh . ‘
Taitu . :
‘Taka’. .
Tak bret
Pakchabrik . ;
Takchirnyok
Taker . A
Takhril -
Takham :
Taki -.
Takla .
Takli .
Takmur
Takoli .
Takosu.
Takpa .
Tak padik
‘Takpo
Takpoodrik

236,

. 824,

VERNACULAR NAMES.
Pages,

Takpyit . 145

Takribet . 424

Taksielrik . . PreK

Taksor i 56, 182
Taksot . . . 339
Taksur ‘ . 324
Taktokhyem . 145
Taku 4 . 165
(/ | oo ‘ . 416, 418
Tala . 417
Talainyom . . 418
Ta-la-ku wa. - 428
Taléri . . 384
Talé . 416
Talhang ; ; . 215
Tan's . 124, 242, 416
Talib-da ° . 859
Talier . 417
Talisa . ; : - 235
Talisapatri 17
Talisfar 235
Talispatri 17
Talisri 235
Talkar 87
Talle . 162
Talpat . 421
Talsiari ° 326
Talsir 235
Talum 425
Talura 34
Tama - 430
Tamak 222
Ta-ma-kha 70
Tamalamu 23
Taman 202
Tamana 348
Tamayoke . 225
Tambagum . 39
Tamboli 272
Tambugai_ . 39
Tamomban . 238
Tamoo $ 205
Tamruj 2 : « 87
Tanaku ; «) PPS
Tanap ; . 293
Tandai 159
Tandala 394
Tandei . . 215
Tandi . « 279
Tang . 168
Tangar . . 136
Tangarik . : 73, xi
Tangedu 136, 148
Tangshing . 408
Tani 179
Taniki A 864
Tankyet louk ° - 114
Tanoung ‘ - 152
Tantia , . 124, 156
Tanuku . 46
Tanyenghpo - 59
Tanyengnee . 118
Tapathyer . 213
Tapchi . . 309
Tapkél . : . 226
Tapoo = . 205

Tapooben
Tapoukben
Tappaddar
Tapra ‘
Tapria-siris .
Tapuya
Tapyoo

Tar

Tara .
Tarada
Taréh .
Taraka vepa
Tarana ,
Taraphee
Taree
Taringi
Tarit 5
Tarkhana .
Taro

Tarota
Tarru

Tarsi
Tarsing 4
Taruka
Terum
Tarwar
Tasha
Tashiari
Tatebiri
Tatmorang
Tatpalang
Tatri . z
Tatti
Tattuntia
Tattia . :
Tatike ;
Tau-htam
Tau-kwam-thee
Tau magyee .
Tau maiyain .

Taur
Tau-sa-lap .
Taushouk .

Tau-ta-ma-kha
Tau-thayet .
Tau-theedin .
Tauzeenway .
Fay’:
Tayan .
Tayopsagah .
Tayounyonway
Tazak-tsum .
Tcheiray sulah
Tchenden
Tchokpo
Tchongtay
Teadong .
Teakah :
Tedlapét .
Tedong

Tega .
Teekan :
Tegala vai
Teila
Teingala
Teingnyet .

3,

105,

472 INDEX TO

Tek . ; , .. 283 | Thabiitgyee .
Teka . ; . + 283 Thabwot-nway
Tekatasij . . . 868} Thabyai-pyoo
Tekka . ‘ E . 283 | Thabyay ?
Tekku , 3 : . 283 | Thabyaynee
Tekreng : P - 68) Thabyoo é
Teku . ; ; . 283 | Thabyoo-thabyay . . 193.| Theedin
eh: |< Mea - . 298 | Thadee-ben . ‘ . 67) Theehaya-za
yo - 228 | Thadsal : : . 54] Thee hoh thayet
Teley. . te so wih) Ehaga eae . 278| Theeshe .
Teliga . é ' . 228| Tha-hpan-ben . 333 | Theing ‘

- 9| Thaw-ka-hpo °
Telinga-china . 200] Thaikwa . ; . 427 | Theinkyeng . ‘ - 425

8 | Thayet °

194 | Thayet san

Thayet-thee-nee
193 | Thayet-thitsay

« 2] Thayoh ;

eo: -e- ‘Be #79 e
©
\e2)
ww ° .
—
io)
ior)

Tellachindagu . .158| Thail . . 377 | Theiwa :
Tellagada ; é . 248 | Thaila . . 211 | Thekrinapay
Tella jivi. . 272 | Thain ban . : :
Tella-kaka mushti . 343 | Thaing . 220, 221 | Thelli . .
Tella kakisha . . 228 | Thainpuche . . 45|/Thelu . >
Tella madu . : . 184} Thaka ‘ . 854] Thengben .,
Tella-manga ‘ . 228 | Thakal : : . 415 | Thenpinna
Tella motka ‘ . 119 | Thakil ; . 439} Theot .

Thelain

* . s e e *
bo
nN
bo

Tella-pal . . 264 | Thakoopho , « e278) Thesi, . °
Tella ptinki . ; . 365 | Thakootna . ‘ . 276 | Thikado 6
Tella sopara . ‘ - 158 | Thakyet 5 ; . 425 | Thilak ;
Tella-tima . . 152, 153] Thala . : . . 425 | Thilkain

Tellavoolemara . . 15| Thalai . a0 south , 342 | Thimban . °
Telli . ; ; . 225 | Thalay . ; ‘ . 425 | Thimbau-ta-ma-kha . 69
Telphetru . . . 226) Thalay marathu . . 96| Thimbawthee- . . 207 ~~
Telsn . 3. =. ~|« « 158| Thalé . =. =—S. =~, «.. £05,| Thinbau-kyekeu . 365000
‘OSE Se . 112 | Thalein seins . 214 | Thinboung .. » <a
Tellu kurwan : B04 Mets air, ‘ . 102 | Thin -bozi.pyoo

Telus F - «119 | Thali kabashi : 99| Thingado . ao
Temru . ‘ . 249, 251 | Thalma : . 419 | Thingan . : . Aas
Tendu . . 249, 251 | Thalot . x - 91 } Thingdni sila . - 408
Tenga . 4) okt hp RA) Ela. A . 418 | Thingan-nee - >
Tengina $ 4 . 422 | Tha-ma-ka-nway . 179, 282 | Thingia ‘ \ - 408:
Tenkaia , ; . 422 | Thambaé ' : . 389] Thinwin ‘ . 133, TiS
Tenna : , . 422 | Thame. . ’ . 299.|} Thirmal ; ; dae
Tentile : . . 142| Thamengsanee . . 228 | Thitcha ; ‘ - 885 —
Teéri khair . : . 153! Thammal . ; . 212) Thitcho . > . 241
Teotosa : ‘ . 237| Thamther . ; . 53] Thit-hpaloo . \ - 268
Tepor % : . 23 | Thanat ‘ ; . 270 | Thitka ; ' - 52)
Teprong - ‘ . 329 | Thanat-tau . ‘ . 22) Thitkado . E ee.

; . 277 | Thitkatong . > bs ae,
. 179) Thitkya . . 249, 380, 385
; . 228 | Thit kyouknway . . 260.

Ter : ; - 162 | Thanday
Terhilnyok © pie ap 59] Thandra
Terhilsok . .. ,«+ 809 | Thanella

Terolrik : ‘ . 122 | Thanera : . 408 | Thitlinda Pie pea :
Tessal . : : . viii | Thangi : - , »« 890| Thitmagyi . « . 158
Teteli . ; ; . 142 | Thanka ‘ 4 . 892 | Thitmanku . : - 164
Teto . : : . 279 | Thanki : : . 169 | Thitmyoke . . - 360
Tetrikair . . . 853} Thankoli . 4 . 390 | Thitnee ‘ . re
Tetta manga ; . 228; Thankya . ‘ . 242 | Thitnun : - 414
Tettam-parel y . 268; Thanloong . ° . 10} Thitpasaing . ° - 72
Tettancottai - » 268| Thansa - « . 896 | Thitpayoung es
Tettian ‘ . 268| Thanthat . . 159, 279 | Thitpoke . 4 - 128 _
Tetu ; ‘ . 275 | Thaortay ‘ ‘ - 187 | Thitpouk . . 208 ’
Tetiliya . ° . 156 | Thapru : . » 2|Thitpyoo . . 11 oe
Teturl .. , , . 84} Thapsi : ° . 842 | Thitsanweng : - 129
Teturldumm . ; . 172 | Thapur ‘ : . 838 | Thitsap ‘ ° . 855
Tewar. . ~.141, xviii] Thara.;: . . .» 279) Thiteecben . ~ 5.) emu
Tewas . 3 ‘ . 119 | Tharbal ‘ . . 212 | Thitsein F » om
Tewsa , > ° . 119 | Tharré bv ve . 54) Thitsway lway . - 255
Teyrar : ‘ . 59 | Tharwar . : . 212 | Thityooben . . « 64
Tezmal - ,« 60, vili| Thaukjot .. .. 94/Thitto. . . 472, 219
Tezpat ° - - 805 | Thaur . , : 139, xviii | Thitya. . . 80, 89
Thab . : ‘ - 121 | Thawi . ; . . 200.| Thityin . r . 359
Thabola ‘ - 56| Thawka : + 186 | Thmari ° ° « 295

Thodagatti .
Thoja . :
Thondi .
Thoognaycha.
Thor ~ sf
Thoras
Thorlaganj
Thoska
Thoukwa
Thula .
Thim .
Thina .
Thundri
Thiner
Thinu
Thuringi
Tiamle
Tian
Tidhara

. Tiga mushadi
Tige motku .«
Tigroht :
Tihiri °
Tikhar :
Tikil . .
Tikjik
Tikkoe
Tikphal
Tikri
Tikta-raj
Tikto-shak

Tilai
Tilangsa
Tiléts .
Til chang
Tilhang
Til hetter
Tilia koru
Tiliya gurjun
Tuki*
Tilliah ,
Tilonji
Tilpara
Tilpattar
Tilpattra
Tilan .
Timal .
Timar rékh .
Timberee ,
Timbernyok .
Timbir 4
Timburni
Timburryok
Timil . Pr
Timla . °
Timmurri
Timru .
Timsa .
Timsha
Timukhia
Timur .
Tingsehi
Tinia .

Tua +s ;

2.8. SE Qin Jb & .@. 6

e 4° & © & Qe “~

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Pages,
Tin lwong beng . . 219
Tinnas . ‘ ° . 119
Tinsai . . ° . xvi
Tintil . ° ° . 142
Tintiri . ° ° . 142
Tintal , ‘ 6 . 142
Tinyu . : . 346
Tinyu-ben , . 397, 398
Tinwa . P - » 429
Tippa tiga . «. .» Il
Tirawa . . . 148
a ° : . Xxiv
Tirmal ° ° - 340
Tirman ° . - 185
Tirmi , . ° - 340
Tirpu . . . - 40
Tirsam ° - 82
Tirukalli . ° - 368
Tissi . - ° . 376
Tita bateri . , . 216
Tita pat : . . 233
Titar. , - ° . 106
Titasappa . ° a 28
Tithora . . 81l
Tithu ° ° - 65
Titi negalla . . - 427
Titpagan. . . 118
Titpati . . . . 801
Titri . . 104, 105, 142
Tittin . ‘ . - 330
Toandi . : ° . 179
Toaratti . . « 16
Tode . ° ‘ - 102
Togara mogali .-. . 232
Toghur : ° . 232
Togri . . , rip Phy
Tokopat ° ° 418
Tokra . ° ° 298
Toksot . . » 340
Tolan . ° . 230
Tol rik ° ‘ . 155
Tolu aselu.. ; - 166
Tomitomi. « , 0 . 6 GR?
Tongrong . : . 113
Tongschi . : . 398
Tongsor : : . 299
Tén-nyok . . «. 129
Topa . : ° Xx
Topal . ° ° . 152
To-pat nyok . . . 280
Toper . . . . 129
Topia . . é 129
Toponi . ° . . 330
Toposi . ° . . 248
Tora bujja . ° - 281
Tor ban ‘ ‘ . 297
Tor-elaga . . 59
Torjaga ‘ : - 94
a ° 407, 408
Toska : : . 310
Totilla : 275
Totka bendi . . XXix
Totmila . . 340
Tot nye ° 303
Tougtaw i ° . 421
Toukkyan . . 183, 184

Touk Shama

Toukyap ,
Toung da-ma
Toung-hmayo

Toung-hpek-wan .

Toung kalamet

Toung ka thit
Toung kyeng
Toungletpet

Toung maizalee
Toung mayobeng

Toung-ong ..

Toung peingnai

Toungpetwoon
Toung pung
Toungsaga .

Toungsookapan

Toungtamin
Toungthabyay
Toungthalay
Toung thanat

Toungyohpyeezen

Toupreng jan
Towa . :
Trano . °
Trekhan °
Trimal .
Trimbal
Trimmal .
Triphasia .
Tsaga . r
Tsaingtsa .
Tsjakela
Tsalu .
Tsaluma .
Tsambelay .
Tsapatt
Tsépo . °
Tsashing
Tsarap
Tsaratpang .
Tsarma
Tsatin
Tsat-tha-pu
Tsatya
Tsui

Tstik .
Tsuma
Tsuman
‘T'say beeloo

Tsay tham byah

Tse ‘ -
Tseetkado .
Tseikchay ,
Tseik poban .
Tsekoban .

Tselain .

Tsema , Fe
Tserkar

Tsermang .
Tshirka ;
Tsonu . .
Tsoukmayba
Tuatuka =
Tee: -s ;
Tugla . .

a @, Ty 6e O10)” geen & Oe “ete «ear ou Seem (8 > O40 eo te. e aere

Tula .
Tuiac-myom
Tula-lodh
Talanch
Tulda .
Tulenniphil
Talkin .
Talikil
Tima .
Tumar
Timari
Tumbali
Tumberh
Tumbi
Tumbika
Tumbomri
Tiambri
Tumbring
Tumbik
Tumi
Tumida
Tumika
Tumil .
Tumki .
Tumma
Tummer
Tamra .
Tumri .
, i
Tunang

Cg Le oe Se WO Blow

Tunani zanani
Tundni zenani

Tiindhe
Tundhi
Tundi .
Tundupara
Tung
Tinga .
Tungbran
Tungcheong
Tungcher

| 104, 413,

Tungehong .

Tungfiam
Tunggor
Tungnyok

« o

211,

Tungrangmook .

Tungrong
Tungrung
Tungu .
Tunguk
Tani
Tunka .
Tunnia .
Tanna .
Tupail
Tupi .
Térapani

9 AS Ore." & . * .

Turgu-wah .

Turka-vepa

249,

INDEX TO

Pages.
Turmong . ° » 282
Turras . ° ° . 413
Tusbi . > . «3
Take. ° _ . 340
Tistis . . ‘ . 214
Tat . . 318, 327
Tottcaly . . 2. «6 8
Tuthai . : ‘i - 64
Tutri * ° . 328
Twika vepa . . . 81
Twottapat . ° « 241

U.

Ubbolu ob, ae
Uchay , A 5 . XVii
Uchki , ; . pe §
Udagu , b ° . 211
Udal , > ‘ . 46
Udar. . ° ‘ . 46
Udare . ; ‘ - 46
Udatalle . >. . 899
Udda . AQ . . 276
Udha . A . . 430
Udis . ° . . 373
Udish . : . . 373
Ughai . ° ° 259, 260
Ughz ,. ° . . 392
Ugur , + . 316
Ugirassa . ° . 18
Uguru . . . . 368
Uk ; ° . . 265
Ukbeiriye . , . 178
Ukhan . . ‘ - 20
Ukieng. : ; . 854
Uklu . . ° . 215
Ukotang ; re .- 430
Uli 3 . ee
Ulimidi : ‘ . 1d
Ullalu . - ° . 808
Ullat kumal . . - 45
ji. Segara ° . 323
Ullu. A A . 275
Ulta-kanta . : - 14
Ulu ° ° . XVii
Umar . ‘ ° - 339
Umbli . ° : . 893
Umrai . : . . 839
Umtoa . ; . . 349
Una. . ; . 428
Undergtipa . ‘ . 856
Undi . ° ° . 26
Ungdung. : . 310
Ungnai ; : - 827
Untkatar . . . 278
Unyo . . : . 431
Upalkai ° . . 363
Uparanthi . : . 804
Upligi . ‘ ; . 863
Upoo-poma . ° . 176
Upphing .. % 198
Uranechra , “ - 80
Urbial - P . 840
Urehirri . ° - 81
Urgu ‘ ° 211

Usan ,
Usaqueng
Usiki .
Usir ,
Usken .
Uskia
Uskiamen
Usri ,
Ussey .
Ustumri
Utali-panna
Uterr. ,
Utis .
Uva .

Vackana .
Vada .
Vadatalla
Vadatara
Vadencarni
Vadir .
Vaghe .
Vaka .
Vake nar
Vakru .
Valange
Vallanga .
Vallay kungiliam
Vallir .
Van 44
Vanboga
Vanga .
Vani
Vantithi
Vari.
Vassuntagunda
Vastika 4
Vattikanni .
Vavili . :
Vavoli . °
Veckali .
Vedam . .
Veddar .
Vedda vala .

Vedru..
Veli.
Velaga .
Vela-padri
Velenge

Vella cadamba

. . = . ° . a . ° e e . . ° oO e + e ° . ° e . e . e e

= ea

Vella kondrikam .

Vellam
Vella marda .

Vella marithti

Vella matti .
Vellanuchi

Vella-thorasay

Vellay naga.
Vellay putali
Velturu ;
Velvaghe
Velvaylam
Velvelam
Vempa
Vena .
Vendale
Vengai .
Ventaku
Venteak
Vepali .
Verasu .
Weel...
Veyala .
Veypale .
Veypam .
Vm . ‘
Vilayati babdl
Vilayati kikar
Vilva ,
Virgi .
Voavanga
Vunne .

Vartuli

Waa . ;
Wabo . 2
Waddan 3
Wadrase -
Wagatta :
Waghz. °
Wah . F
Wahal . P
Wahghi :
Wahkanteh .
Wahnok P
Wahrangur .
Wakle .

Walbiling .
Walekadtda.
Walena P
Walivara é
Walkakoona.
Walkém ‘
Walla . ‘
Wallaiki P
Wallunj :
Wallursi :
Walsapu :
Walsura ‘
Wampu litsi.
Wana . P
Wa-nah .
Wa-net

. ° . . . a 7 . . . . . . . . +

2

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co

. ” * .
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w
i

VERNACULAR NAMES.

Wansh r
Wa-nway .
Wa-pyoo-galay
War. :
Waragu-wenki
Warawi .
Warga . .
Warras
Warung .
Wasa . ‘
Watal . -
Watha bo-wa
Watte . ‘
Wewali P
Waya . :
Wa-yai . :
Welimad& .
Welkyla
Wellipiyanne
Wetkyotbeng
Wet shaw
Wetyar
Winri .
Wiralu
Wiri
Wiwarana
Wodayu
Wodesha
Wodi
Wodier.
Wond .
Wora ,
Wude ,
Wiuima. ‘
Wiiman
Wumb. 5
Windi. z
Wini . :
Wiunja . .

St. 2 B® se’ Oo

Wurak ,
Wuriya
Wusel .
Wusta .

Yae-chinya
Yagine .
Yaiyo .
Yaka-twa
Yakushi
Yalishin
Yamaney
Yamatha
Yamdal

2. Jas ar iO? a .&. @

Yatli
Yaychinyi

Yay-ta-gyeeben

Yaythagyee .
Yea-kathit

Pages.
. 105
. 431

429

. 276

. 336

Yeanga
Ye-chin
Yeggi
Yegisa .
Yehera.
Yekaddi
Yekal .
Ye-kha-ong
Ye kin
Yekka ,
Yel r
Yelchi .

Yelinga wadinika :

Yella maddi .
Yella malla kai

Yellande °
Yellanga
Yellantha ,
Yelnyo.
Yélparés

Yelta
Yeltu.

Ye mein é
Ye-myot °
7 aa
Yendike
Yengkhat
Yengma :
Yengyé ‘
Yenki

Yenne , i
Yepa .
Yeppa . .
Yercum .
Yerjoohetta .
Yerjuchinta .
Yerma . ,
Yermaddi
Yerra chicatli
Yerragoda .
Yerra juvi
Yerra patsaru

Yelpote ;

Yerra pirigtidi .

Yerugudu
Yetega .
Yethabyay
Ye-tha-pan
Yettada
Yettama
Yette
Yettéga
Yetti
Yetwoon
Yi °

al
(o)
a
o
i=]
r=
- . . .

Yokchounrik
Yokdting .
Yomahinyo .
Young kalay

Yulatt .
Yiimbok
Yung ,
Yungben
Yurmi .
eo oe
Yuri.
Yaru .
Ywaygyee

ad

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. =

J ¢

s°

Yaih .
Zaitun .

.

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Pages.

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477

INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS.

No. Name. Page No Name. Page.

1 | Quercus incana d -| 385 H 49 | Prinsepia utilis . : -| 165
H 2 “6 a , i .| 885 H 50 | Rosa macrophylla 4 .| 167
H 3 | Abies Smithiana . ‘ -| 408 H 51 | Desmodium tiliefolium .| 120
H 4 | Quercus dilatata . ‘ - | 384 H 52 | Viburnum cotinifolium .| 214
H_ 5 | Cedrela Toona é -| 79 H 53 “a foetens ; .| 215
H 6 | Pistacia integerrima . -| 107 H 54 | Symplocos crategoides . | 254
H 7 | Juglans regia. -| xxx|| H 55 | Cotoneaster bacillaris . -| 171
H 8|Cedrela Toona . ‘ -| 79 H 56 | Taxus baccata . ; .| 413
H 9 | Juglans regia . . «| 392 H 57 | Corylus Colurna . ° -| 391
H 10 | Morus serrata . ‘ -| 328 H 58 | Prunus Padus. ‘ -| 164
H 11 | Pistacia integerrima . -| 107 H 59 | Ulmus Wallichiana -| 341
H 12 | Abies Smithiana . -| 408 H 60 | Meliosma dillenizfolia . -| 103
H 13 | Pinus longifolia . . -| 397 H 61 | Cupressus torulosa . . | 410
H 14 | Rhododendron arboreum | 236 H 62 | Acer villosum , s .| 100
H 15 | Juglans regia. ° «| 392 H 63 | Litsea zeylanica . . .| 311
H 16 | Cedrus Deodara . : -| 406 H 64 | Pyrus lanata ° ¢} 169
H17 | Pieris ovalifolia . . -| 235 H 65 | Abies Webbiana . é .| 409
H 18 | Taxus baccata . . »| 413.| H 66 | Salix daphnoides . @ -| 377
H 19 | Rhus punjabensis ‘ «| 105 H 67 | Euonymus lacerus . -| 84
H 20 | Prunus armeniaca F -| 162 H 68 | Coriaria nepalensis ° -}| 113
H 21 /|TIlexdipyrena . . -| 81 H 69 | Hedera Helix . . «| 210
H 22 | Prunus Padus. ° -| 164 H 70 | Rhamnus purpureus . «| 92
H 23 | Pyrus Pashia . ‘ «| 169 H 71 | Eleagnus umbellata -| 318
H 24 | Quercus incana . : «| 385 H 72 | Quercus semecarpifolia . | 382
H 25 | Cedrela serrata . : -| 79 H 73 | Rhododendron arboreum .| 230
H 26 | Cotoneaster bacillaris . «| 171 H 74 | Acer caudatum . a -| 100
H 27 | Acer caudatum . . -| 100 H 75 | Rhamnus triquetrus . -| 92
H 28 | Morus serrata . . -| 328 H 76 | Viburnum cotinifolium .| 214
H 29 | Juglans regia. ‘: -| 392 H 77 | Buxus sempervirens . -| 371
H 30 | Cupressus torulosa ° -| 410 H 78 | Cornus capitata’ . : -| 213
H 31 | Asculus indica F -| 95 H 79 | Rhamnus virgatus of OL
H 32 | Euonymus tingens , -| 85 H 80 | Berberis aristata . -| 13
H 33 | Acer cesium P ‘ -| 100 H 81 | Lonicera quinquelocularis .| 216
H 34 | Populus ciliata . : -| 379 H 82 | Spirea sorbifolia , ‘ .| 165
H 35 | Juglans regia, : -| xxx|| H 83 | Alnus nepalensis . « OS S76
H 36 | Celtis australis : -| 344|| H 84 | Cornus macrophylla . .| 212
H 37 | Pinus excelsa ° : «| 399 H 85 | Rhus Cotinus . -| 104
H 38 | Buxus sempervirens . -| 371 H 86 | Euonymus pendulus , -| 85
H 39 | Quercus semecarpifolia -} 382 H 87 | Myricasapida . E -| 391
H 40 Pa dilatata . p -| 884 H 88 | Debregeasia bicolor . -| 326
H 41 | Acer caudatum , . -| 100 H 89 | Rhus semialata . e -| 105
H 42 | Cedrus Deodara . . -| 406 H 90 | Quercus annulata. x -| 387
H 43 | Abies Smithiana . . -| 408 ||. H 91 | Phoebe lanceolata . ° -| 308
H 44 | Vitis himalayana. “ -| 44 H 92 | Machilus odoratissima . -| 309
H 45 | Berberis Lycium . A -| 14 H 93 | Pinus longifolia . : -| 397
H 46 | Prunus Puddum . ° -| 163 H 94 | Cornus capitata - | 213
H 47 | Salix daphnoides . é 377 H 95 | Morus serrata . ‘ . | 328
H 48 | Berberis coriacea . . -| 14 P 96 | Albizzia Lebbek . : - | 157

478 INDEX TO

No. Name. Pas No. | Name. Page.
H 97 | Albizzia Julibrissin . 160 || H 186 | Ficus virgata : .| 338
P 98 | Acacia Catechu . : -| 154|| H 157 | Randiatetrasperma . .| 227
H 99 | Salix tetrasperma. ‘ -| 876|| H 158 | Buddleia paniculata . . | 267
H 100 | Grewia oppositifolia . -| 54/|| EH 159 | Spireea canescens . i -| 165
P 101 | Cassia Fistula ° .| 1387|| H 160 | Pistaciaintegerrima . .| 107
P 102 | Ougeinia dalbergioides 120 || H 161 | Taxus baccata ,. ‘ .| 413
H 103 | Excecaria insignis . «| 367|| H 162 | Olea ferruginea . : . | 258
P 104 |} Phyllanthus Emblica . 352 || H 163 | Juniperus excelsa ‘ | 412
H 105 | Bauhinia variegata . xviii|| P 164 | Acacia modesta . ‘ .| 153
P 106 | Punica Granatum ° 205 || H 165 | Buxus sempervirens . .| 371
H 107 | Zanthoxylum alatum 61)| H 166 | Asculus indica . ,. ~f 95
P 108 | Bauhinia Vahlii . ‘ .| 189)) H 167 | Acer villosum . ‘ -| 100
P 109 | Mallotus philippinensis 361 || H 168 | Buxus sempervirens . .| 371
H 110 | Buddleia asiatica ; 267 || P 169 | Reptonia buxifolia 2) Ree
P 111 | Oroxylum indicum ‘ «| 275|| P170 Diospyros Melanoxylon, .| 249
P 112 | Carissa diffusa . - -| 261/| H 171 | Quercus incana - | 385
P 113 | Bambusa ‘ H 172 | Euonymus Hamiltonianus -| 84
P 114 | Dendrocalamus Parishii . | 4830/| ©173 | Shorea robusta . . .| 38
H 115 | Rosa moschata . « .| 167|| C174 | Terminalia tomentosa .| 184
H 116 | Taxus baceata .« : .| 413 || C175 | Pterocarpus Marsupium .| 133
H 117 | Sapindus detergens . «| 97|| ©176 | Terminalia belerica . -| 180
H 118 | Oleaferruginea . . -| 258|| C177 | Cedrela Toona . ‘ : hove
H 119 | Alnus nitida ‘ ‘ . | 873 || © 178 | Stephegyne parvifolia . . | 222
H 120 | Cotoneaster acuminata -| 171|| C179 | Terminalia Arjuna. -| 185
H 121 | Rhododendron campanula- C 180 | Cordia Macleodii , -| 271
tum - .| 237 || C181 | Terminalia Chebula . -| 181

H 122 | Ulmus Wallichiana R 341 || C182 | Gmelina arborea . ‘ - | 296
H 123 | Ulmus. : .| 342]/ C183 | Eleodendron Roxburghii .| 8&8
H 124 | Cotoneaster pacillaris 4 171 || C184 | Albizzia odoratissima . -| 158
H 125 | Juglans regia. ° 392 || C185 | Ougeinia dalbergioides -| 120
H 126 | Betula Bhojpattra a 372 || C186 | Stephegyne parvifolia . | 222
Ce 4 a re 3 ‘ F .| 372 187 | Dalbergia latifolia : s| 124
H 128 | Rhododendron fompenss C 188 | Grewia tiliefolia . ‘ «| 54
tum . .| 237|| ©189 | Acacia Catechu . . | 154

H 129 | Juniperus Wallishbavan é xxx || C190 | Anogeissus latifolia . .| 186
H 1380 | Betula Bhojpattra - xxix |} C191 | Schleichera trijuga . “| 96
H 131 | Thamnocalamus spathiflorus 427 || C192 | Diospyros montana «| 251
H 132 | Arundinaria faleata . 427 || C193 | Schrebera swietenioides -| 256
H 133 | Myricaria germanica . -| 20|| C194 | Soymida febrifuga . .| 76
H 134 | Pyrus ursina. -| 170|| C195 | Eugenia Jambolana . .| 195
H 135 | Hippophaé rhamnoides 817 || C196 | Lagerstrémia parviflora -| 201
H 136 | Populus balsamifera . 379 || C197 | Stereospermum suaveolens .| 279
H 137 | Juniperus communis , 411 || C199 | Briedelia montana é «| 357
H 138 | Populus 2 . : 379 || C200 | Bauhinia racemosa, -| 140
H 139 | Juniperus excelsa. ‘ 412 || C201 | Bombax malabaricum . -| 44
H 140 } Pinus excelsa ‘ ° «| 899|| .C 202 | Odina Wodier , é -| Lik
H 141 | Salix fragilis wi 4 .| 376], C203 | Acacia Catechu . . .| 154
H 142 | Salix daphnoides . P .| 877|| O 204 | Shorea robusta , ‘ -| 88
H 148 | Salix viminalis . c 377 || O 205 | Dalbergia Sissoo .« ‘ .| 126
H 144 | Juniperus reeurva ‘ .| 412|| O 206 | Schleichera trijuga . -| 96
P 145 | Dalbergia Sissoo . ‘ .| 126|| O 207 | Terminalia tomentosa . -| 184
P 146 | Melia Azedarach « F -{ 70|| O 208 | Careya arborea . ‘ - | 198
H 147 | Alnus nitida ‘ é .| 873|| O209 | Eugenia Jambolana . «| 195
H 148 | Ficus virgata ; ‘ .| 338]; O 210 » eo 8 ° «| 195
P 149 | Ficus . ‘ ° .| 340|/ O211 ye devils ‘ -| 195
H 150 | Cornus oblonga - ; .| 212]|} O 212 | Ougeinia dalbergioides -| 120
H 151 | Prunus communis : 163|| O 213 | Terminalia Chebula . -| 181
H 152 | Albizzia Julibrissin 5 160 |} O 214 | Cedrela Toona’ . é ot 17D
H 153 | Bauhinia purpurea ° .| 140]| O 215 | Adina cordifolia . © wt 221
H 154 | Grewia oppositifolia . -| 54|| O 216 | Hymenodictyon excelsum .| 225
H 155 | Salix tetrasperma. ¢ .| 876|| O 217 | Albizzia stipulata d -| 160

ee eee

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 479
_— ---- Sed

No, Name, Page No, Name, Page.
O 219 | Albizzia odoratissima . 158 || B 291 | Dalbergia nigrescens . -| 129
O 220 | Albizzia procera . 159|| B 292 | Dipterocarpus levis . 32
O 221 | Acer oblongum . . 99|| B 293 | Dipterocarpus turbinatus 32
H 222 | Olea glandulifera ‘ 258|| B 294 | Mangifera caloneura . .| 107
O 224 | Eugenia Jambolana . 195 || E 295 | Gmelina arborea . -| 296
O 225 | Garuga pinnata 67 || B 296 | Lagerstrémia macrocarpa .| 203
O 226 | Odina Wodier 4 111|| B298|Cinnamomum , : .| 307
H 227 | Pistaciaintegerrima . -| 107|| B 299 | Schima Noronhe . R -| 30
O 228 | Careya arborea . . -| 198|| B 301 | Cassia marginata. . .| 138
O 229 | Bauhinia purpurea. 140|| B 302 | Dillenia pentagyna : 3
O 230 59 Pr .| 140|) B 303 ; P 3
O 231 | Cordia vestita . ‘ .| 271)|| B 305 Eugenia opereulata .| 194
O 232 | Lagerstrdmia parviflora 201 || B 306°) Dipterocarpus tubereulatus .| 33
O 233 | Anogeissus latifolia . 186 || B 307 | Stereospermum suaveolens .| 279
H 234 | Prunus Puddum . 163 || B 308 | Caralliaintegerrima . .| 178
O 235 | Eleodendron Roxburghii 88 || B 309 | Eugenia malaccensis .— 193
H 236 | Pyrus Pashia . .| 169)| B 311 | ‘lrewia nudiflora . . | 360
O 237 | Butea frondosa . ‘ .| 123|| B 312 | Cratoxylon neriifolium of 21
O 239 | Eugenia Jambolana 195 || B 313 | Bursera serrata . : -| 68
O 240 | Casearia graveolens . .| 206|| B 314 | Eugenia graadis . . .| 193
H 241 | Engelhardtia Colebrookiana, | 393|/ B 315 | Afzelia bijuga . : .| 142
O 243 | Stereospermum suaveolens 279|| B 316 | Eugenia ‘ .| 196
© 244 | Cassia Fistula . . «| 137|| B317|Premnatomentosa . «| 294
O 245 | Buchanania latifolia . .| 110|) B319 | Schleicheratrijuga . .| 96
O 246 | Tetranthera monopetala 310|| O 324 | Béhmeria rugulosa .| 325
O 247 | Bauhinia racemosa 140|| © 325 | Gmelina arborea .| 296
O 248 | Aegle Marmelos . .| 68|| B 326 | Eriolena Candollei . -| 51
O 250 | Cordia Myxe . ‘ .| 270|| B 327 | Berrya Ammonilla . .) 53
O 252 | Phyllanthus Emblica . 352 || B29 | Albizzia procera , J .| 159
O 253 | Tetranthera laurifolia . -| 310|| B 330 | Vitex leucoxylon . P . | 298
O 255 | Acacia Catechu . .| 154|| B 331 | Homalium tomentosum -| 207
H 256 | Ilex odorata. ’ d .| 83/]| O 832 | Terminalia tomentosa . .| 184
O 257 | Ehretia levis .| 272|| O 833 | Cassia Fistula . d o4 BOZ
O 258 | Holarrhena antidysenterica .| 263 || O 334 | Eugenia operculata . -| 194
O 259 | Briedelia retusa . ; 356 || O 335 | Bauhinia racemosa ¥ .| 140
O 260 | Flacourtia Ramontchi . 18|| O 336 | Terminalia Chebula . .| 181
O 262 | Randia dumetorum .| 227|| O 337 | Zugenia Jambolana , .| 195
O 263 | Holarrhena antidysenterica .| 263), O 338 é -| 195
O 264 | Ulmus integrifolia j ,| 842|| O 339 Lager strdmia “parviflora .| 201
O 265 | Zizyphus Jujuba . .| 89|| O 340 | Adina cordifolia . . .| 221
O 266 | Bassia latifolia . 244 || O 341 | Stereospermum suaveolens .| 279
O 268 { Aegle Marmelos . x 63 || O 842 | Saccopetalum tomentosum .| 10
O 269 | Stephegyne parvifolia . 222 || O 343 | Gmelina arborea . ; -| 296
O 270 | Cratzva religiosa 16|| O 344 | Stephegyne parvifolia . .| 222
O 271 | Casearia graveolens . 206 || O 346 | Garuga pinnata ,. ° oil VOC
B 272 | Cedrela Toona . : .| 79\|| O 847 | Briedelia retusa . 4 .| 356
B 273 | (Anonacez) . ‘ ‘ .| 11]| O 848 | Dillenia pentagyna . : 3
B 274 | Hopea odorata . 40 || O 349 | Terminaliabelerica . .| 180
B 276 | (Anonacez) . 2 ii || O 350 | Hymenodictyon excelsum .| 225
B 278 | Lophopetalum thomas .) 8d E 354 | Castanopsis rufescens . .| 389
B 279 | Hymenodictyon nate gb 225 || E 355 | Ilex insignis P ‘ .| 83
B 281 | Pentace burmanica . 52|| E 356 | Alnus nepalensis ‘ q .| 374
B 282 | Hopea odorata . . .| 40|| E357 | Juglans regia . .| 393
B 283 | Shorea obtusa . . .| 89]| E358 | Elxocarpus lancemfolins »| 57
B 284 | Gardenia costata. . 229 || E359 | Abies Webbiana . i «| 409
B 285 | Cordia fragrantissima . .| 271|| E 360 | Cedrela Toona x sf 79
B 286 | Eriolena Candollei .-| 51]} E361 | Meliosma Wallichii . .| 103
B 287 | Lophopetalum littorale .| 85|| E3862 | Daphnidium elongatum .| 312
B 288 | Berrya Ammonilla . .| 538|| E363 | Phebe attenuata . ‘ . | 308
B 289 | Fagrea fragrans . ‘ .| 268 || E 364 | Quercus pachyphylla . . | 386
B 290 | Albizzia odoratissima . 158 || E 365 | Magnolia Campbellii 4 5

480 INDEX TO

No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page.
E 366 | Eriobotrya elliptica . -| 168|| H 427 | Cimnamomum Tamala. .| 306
E 367 | Symplocos ramosissima .| 254|| H428 | Juglansregia . - | 893
E 368 | Daphnidium pulcherrimum .} 313); H 429 | Symplocos crateegoides . : - | 254
¥ 369 | Rhododendron Falconeri .| 237|| H 430 | Cedrela serrata . « || Aaa
E 370 |Symplocos . . -| 254)|| H 431 | Acer cesium . ° -| 100
E 371 | Rhododendron arboreum -| 236|| H 432 » pictum < . -| 101
E 372 argenteum .| 236|| E433 | Quercus annulata A 587
E 373 Hydrangea vestita ‘ .| 17211 E434 » lamellosa , .| 388
E 374 | Juniperus recurva ‘ -| 412|| E435 | Machilus odoratissima. 309
E 875 | Rhododendron barbatum —_.| 237)! E436 | Acer Campbellii . . -| 101
E 376 | Corylus ferox . . «| 890]} P 487 | Cassia Fistula . ‘ -| 137
E 377 | Abies dumosa . -| 408|) P 438 | Phyllanthus Emblica . . | 352
E 378 | Pyrus foliolosa . . -| 169|| P439 | Cassia Fistula . 4 » 1048F '
E 879 | Osmanthus . 5 2 -| 257|| P440 | Acacia arabica . 4 .| 151
E 880 | Pyrus vestita . ° -| 169|| P 441 | Aegle Marmelos . ° -| 63
E 381 | Betula Bhojpattra - «| 872)|| P 442 | Zizyphus nummularia. .| 89
E 382 | Taxus baccata 4 -| 413|| P 444 | Capparis aphylla . : oo ae
E 383 | Rhododendron arboreum .| 236 P 445 | Ulmus integrifolia . 342

E 384 | Dapknidium
E 385 | Eurya symplocina

-| 313|| P 446 | Anogeissus latifolia ,
28 || P 447 | Odina Wodier . 111

O 386 | Shorea robusta . 38 || P 448 | Balsamodendron Mukul 1. 7
O 387 RS m . 38 || P449 | Cordia Rothii . > a
O 388 is aS . 38 || P 450 | Balanites Roxburghii . -| 65
0 389 | Terminalia tomentosa 184} P 451 | Tamarindus indica : .| 143

38 || P 452 | Eugenia Jambolana . é
O 391 | Terminalia tomentosa 184 || P453 | Bauhinia racemosa . -| 140
O 392 | Ulmus integrifolia 5

O 893 | Terminalia tomentosa A

O 394 | Anogeissus latifolia
E 395 | Sonneratia acida, .
FE 396 | Excecaria Agallocha
E 397 | Cynometra ramiflora
E 398 | Avicennia officinalis
E 399 | Sonneratia apetala

E 400 | Cerbera Odollam .

E 401 | Heritiera littoralis

. . ° > e > ° .

342|/ P 454 | Anogeissus pendula
.| 184|| P 455 | Acacia Catechu . :
-| 186|| P 456 | Wrightia tinctoria . .| 264
-| 205|| P 457 | Pongamia glabra : .| 133
368 || P 458 | Stephegyne parvifolia . . | 222
144|| P 459 | Prosopis spicigera . >a
300 || P 460 | Flacourtia Ramontchi . -} 18
205 || P 461 | Briedelia retusa. 3 .| 356
262 || P 463 | Melia indica : -| 70
48 || P 464 | Dalbergia latifolia - wo) ae
E 402 | Carapa moluccensis 74 || P 466 | Bombax malabaricum . -| 44
E 403 | Afzelia bijuga . 142 || P 467 | Dalbergia latifolia . .| 127
E 404 | Ficus retusa $ ; .| 336]! P 468 | Albizzia Lebbek . ;
E 405 | Hibiscus tiliaceus .| 43)| P 469 | Diospyros Melanoxylon
E 406 | Hgiceras corniculata 241 || P 470 | Grewia asiatica .
E 407 | Kandelia Rheedii. *| 177|| P 471 | Sterculia urens .
E 408 | Antiaris 4 . . | 332|| E473 | Pandanus furcatus
E 409 | Excecaria indica. .| 867|| E474 | Bauhinia Vablii .
E 410 | Lagerstrémia Regine 203 || E476 | Acacia pennata .
E 411 | Pongamia glabra . 133 || E477 | Entada scandens .
k 412 | Bruguiera gymnorhiza 177|| E 478 | Acacia Intsia =.
E 413 | Eugenia Jambolana 195 || E479 | Millettia auriculata
E 414 | Amoora cucullata 73 || E480 | Spatholobus Roxburghii
E 415 | Afzelia bijuga . 142 || E481 | Randia dumetorum
E 416 | Phoenix sylvestris 419 || E482 | Bauhinia anguina
E417 | Cocos nucifera . 422 || E483 | Mucuna imbricata
E 418 | Borassus flabelliformis 417 || E484 | Vitis lanata . °
E 419 | Areca Catechu . 421|| E485| ,, repanda .
H 420 | Abies Smithiana . 408 || E486 | ,, elongata .
H 421 .. Webbiana . 409 || E487 | Plecospermum spinosum 327

O 390 | Shorea robusta . f

. * * . . ~ - oO ee ~ . . . * ° s .
—
Or
nr

a ee

H 422 | Taxus baccata . ° .| 413 || E488 | Mezoneurum cucullatum ./| 134
H 423 | Quercus annulata | -| 387|| E491 | Schima Wallichii ‘ | 80
H 424 | Buxus sempervirens . .| 371|| E492 | Dalbergia latifolia «| a ee
H 425 | Oleaferruginea . . .| 258|| E493 | Randiadumetorum . .| 227
H 426 | Myricasapida . - «| 198)| E494 | Castanopsis indica : -| 389

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 481
No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page.
E 495 | Castanopsis tribuloides .| 389|| B557 | Dillenia pentagyna . ; 3
E 496 | Homonoya symphyllizfolia .| 364|| B 559 | Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum | 225
E 497 | Shorea robusta 38 || 8B 560 | Spondias mangifera . -| 113
E 498 | Cinnamomum obtusifolium .| 305|| B 561 | Stephegyne parvifolia . . | 222
E 499 | Spondias mangifera . 113 || B 562 | Cocos nucifera - | 422
E 500 | Terminalia myriocarpa - | 185|| B 563 | Borassus flabelliformis .| 417
B 501 | Croton argyratus . ° -| 359|| 3B 564 | Aegle Marmelos . -| 63
B 502 | Rhizophora mucronata . 176|| 3B 565 | Crateva religiosa -| 16
B 503 | Pajanelia multijuga . . | 280|| B 569 | Podocarpus latifolia 414
B 504 | Garcinia speciosa 23 || B 572 | Lagerstrémia tomentosa 204
B 505 | (Meliacez) . ‘ ~ «| 79|| E573 | Sterculia coccinea 47
B 506 | Albizzia procera . 159|| E574 | Dalbergia stipulata -| 129
B 507 | Melia ‘ : 71|| E575 | Cinnamomum Tamala . 306
B 508 | Podocarpus bracteata . 414 || E576 | Michelia Champaca . : 6
B 509 | Myristica Irya -| 314)|| E577 | Alstonia scholaris -| 262
B 510 | Lagerstrémia hypoleuca 204|| E578 | SemecarpusAnacardium .| 112
B 511 | Hopea odorata . : 40|| E579 | Cassia Fistula. .| 137
B 512 | Artocarpus Chaplasha . 331 || E580 | Phyllanthus Emblica -| 352
B 513 | Mimusops littoralis - | 246|| E581 | Eleocarpus robustus -| 57
B 514 | Planchonia littoralis . -| 198); £ 582 | Oroxylum indicum «| 275
B 515 | Croton argyratus " 359 || E 583 | Ficus Cunia. ! .| 839
B 516 | Odina Wodier . ° -| 111|| E 584 | Eugenia obovata . 194
B 517 | Heritiera littoralis -| 48|| EK 585 | Bauhinia purpurea ; -| 141
B 518 | Albizzia procera 159|| E586 | Ficus . ‘ - | 335
B 519 | Murraya exotica . 62 || E 587 | Artocarpus Chaplasha ‘ 331
B 520 | Mesua ferrea ‘ . 27 || E 588 | Ficus comosa : ; 338
B 521 | Diospyros Kurzii . . -| 250|| E589 | Wendlandia exserta . 225
B 522 | Terminalia alata . -| 184|| E 590 | Bauhinia malabarica 139
B 523 | Adenanthera pavonina . -| 146]| E591 » variegata 141
B 524 | Afzelia bijuga .. .| 142|| E592 | Machilus odoratissima . 309
B 525 | Calophyllum spectabile 25 || E593 | Pterospermum acerifolium .| 49
O 526 | Pterocarpus indicus 130 || E 594 | Mangifera sylvatica . -| 108
O 527 | Eugenia Jambolana . «| 195|| E595 | Quercus spicata : -| 386
O 528 | Terminalia Chebula -| 181|| E596 | Dillenia indica . ° . 3
O 529 | Stephegyne parvifolia . -| 222|| E 597 | Callicarpa arborea . -| 282
O 530 | Erythrinasuberosa . .| 122|| EK 598 | Artocarpus integrifolia -| 330
O 531 | Anogeissus latifolia 186 || E599 | Mallotus philippinensis -| 361
O 532 | Bauhinia retusa . ‘ -| 141]|| E600 | Béhmeria rugulosa - | 825
O 533 | Ficus religiosa . . . | 835|| EK 601 | Ougeinia dalbergioides .| 120
O 534 | Terminalia belerica -| 180]| H 602 | Pinus longifolia . ‘ .| 397
O 535 | Eugenia Jambolana 195 || H 603 | Albizzia stipulata : -| 160
O 536 | Schleichera trijuga . 96 || P 604 | Acacia Catechu . . -| 153
O 587 | Dalbergia Sissoo . - 126|| H 605 | Ficus cordifolia ‘ . | 335
O 538 | Ficus religiosa . A 335 || H 606 » Roxburghii . -| 340
O 539 | Phyllanthus Emblica . | 352); H 607 » virgata «sac Vee
O 541 | Gardenia turgida 228 || H 608 | Juniperus excelsa ; -| 412
O 542 | Randia uliginosa . ° 227 || H 609 | Pinus excelsa ‘ ‘ . | 38$9
O 543 | Ficus religiosa 335 || H 610 | Betula Bhojpattra yb
O 544 | Bauhinia Vahlii . -| 189|| H 611 » acuminata oh S78
B 545 | Quercus spicata . ° 386 || H 612 | Fraxinus floribunda , .| 257
B 546 | Hopea odorata . -| 40/)| H 613 | Cupressus torulosa . -| 410
B 547 | Pinus Merkusii_ . ° -| 398|| H 614 | Buxus sempervirens , -| 371
B 548 | Pterocarpus indicus .| xvii|| H 615 | Excecaria insignis . -| 367
B 549 | GarciniaCowa . 24 || H 616 | Cedrus Deodara . é - | 406
B 550 | Fagreea fragrans . ‘ .| 268|| H 617 3 ”» : é -| 406
B 551 | Melanorrhea usitata -| 110|| E618 | Dalbergia lanceolaria . -| 129
B 552 | Quercus fenestrata ; .| 3885|| E619 | Briedelia retusa . ~ - | 357
B 553 » lappacea . 886 || E 620 | Sterculia villosa . -| 46
B 554 | Mesua ferrea - «| 27|| E621 | Premna latifolia, . .| 294
B 555 | Shorea obtusa, = 39 || E 622 | Bassia butyracea . : .| 244
B 556 a 5 ; ; 39 || E 623 | Wrightia tomentosa . .| 264

482 INDEX TO

No. Name. Page No. Name. Page.
E 624 | Careya arborea , . -| 198); E686 | Acer Campbellii ° .| 101
E 625 | Acacia Catechu ; 154|| E687 | Engelhardtia spicata . .| 393
E 626 | Castanopsis tribuloides . 389 || E688 | Macropanax undulatum .| 210
E 627 | Semecarpus Anacardium .| 112|| E689 | Ficus regia . ‘ .| 340
E 628 | Cinnamomum glanduliferum | 306|| E 690 | Ehretia Wallichiana .| 273
E 629 | Artocarpus Chaplasha . 331 || E 691 | Casearia glomerata ~| 207
E 630 | Lagerstrémia Regine . xxij} E 692 | lex thezfolia -| 82
E 631 | Dysoxylum procerum .| 72|| £693 | Cinnamomum obtusifolium .| 805
E 632 | Stereospermum chelonoides .| 278|| E694 | Echinocarpus dasycarpus .| 56
E 633 | Alseodaphne ° . .| 807|| E695 | Daphniphyllopsis capitata .| 81
E 634 | Dalbergia Sissoo . ‘ .| 127|| E696'|.Prunus Padus . ° .| 164
E 635 | Shorea robusta. ¢ 38 || E 697 | Cryptomeria japonica . .| 411
E 636 | Schima Wallichii . . -| 380/| E 698 | Pyrularia edulis .| 321
E 637 | Mangifera indica . . - | 107|| E699 | Bucklandia populnea .| 175
E 638 | Aegle Marmelos . ‘ 63 || E700 | Beilschmiedia rai ti 3 309
E 639 | Cinnamomum glanduliferum 306 ||, E 701 | Eugenia Kurzii . : 194
E 640 | Cedrela Toona . ; .| 79|| E 702 | Shorea robusta . -| 38
E 642 | Cordia Myxa é . .| 27 E 703 | Canarium bengalense . .| 68
E 643 | Ficus glomerata . 340 || E 704 | Pinus longifolia .| 397
E 644 | Dysoxylum binectariferum 71|| E705 | Melia dubia ‘ : of U72
E 645 | Briedelia retusa . 357 || E 706 | Morus cuspidata . : .| 328
E 646 | Schima Wallichii ° 30|| E707 | Celtis tetrandra . ‘ .| 344
E 647 | Albizzia stipulata ‘ 160|| E708 | Gynocardia odorata .| 18
E 648 | Garuga pinnata . > 67 || E 709 | Dipterocarpus turbinatus .| 32
E 649 | Turpinia nepalensis . 102 || E 710 | Lagerstrémia Regine . . | 203
E 650 | Anthocephalus Cadamba =. | 220/| E711 | Amoora Rohituka ‘ AS ef
E 651 | Grewia vestita . . -| 55|| E712 | Cedrela Toona . : -} ae
E 652 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| 204|| E 713 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| 204
E 653 | Engelhardtia spicata . .| 393|| E714 | Cordia Myxa = Spe
E 654 | Bischoffia javanica .| 356|| E 715 | Diospyros cordifolia «| 251
E 655 | Cedrela Toona . ; 79|| E 716 | Ficus f .| 335
E 656 | Morus cuspidata . . 328 || E 717 | Tetranthera . .| 311
E 657 | Michelia excelsa . . 7|| E718 | Alstonia scholaris : .| 262
E 658 | Dillenia pentagyna. ‘ 3\| E719 | Stereospermum .| 279
E 659 | Stereospermum chelonoides .| 278|| E720 | Dipterocarpus . : -| 33
E 660 | Albizzia lucida . 159 || E 721 | Artocarpus Chaplasha . .| 331
E 661 | Odina Wodier ; 111 || E 722 | Drimycarpus racemosus -}| 112
E 662 | Terminalia tomentosa . 184 || W 723 | Lophopetalum Wightianum.| 86
E 663 i belerica 180 || W 724 | Vitex altissima . ‘ .| 297
E 664 | Eugenia Jambolana. 195 || W 725 | Albizzia odoratissima . .| 158
E 665 | Acacia Catechu . : xix || W 726 | Lagerstrémia Regine . .| 203
E 666 | Lagerstrémia parviflora 201 || W 727 | Strychnos Nux-vomica . ~| 269
E 667 | Acrocarpus fraxinifolius 136 || W 723 | Albizzia Lebbek . ¢ .| 157
E 668 | Erythrina suberosa 122 || W 729 | Dalbergia latifolia . .| xvii
E 669 | Celtis tetrandra . | 344|| W 730 | Tectona grandis . . . | 293
E 670 | Cinnamomum elanduliferum. 306 || W 731 | Diospyros Ebenum ~ | 251
E 671 | Terminalia Chebula 181 || W 732 | Schleichera trijuga . .| 96
E 672 | Dalbergia latifolia .| 128|| W 733 | Calophyllum inophyllum .| 25
E 673 | Stereospermum chelonoides .| 278|| W 736 | Myristica malabarica . .| 314
E 674 | Butea frondosa . 123 || W 740 | Artocarpus Lakoocha . . | 330
E 675 | Dalbergia Sissoo 127 || W 741 | Mesua ferrea ot SF
E 676 | Gmelina arborea . .| 296 || W 742 | Pterocarpus Marsupium .| 183
E 677 | Albizzia lucida .| 159|| W 743 | Carallia integerrima . -| 178
E 678 | Betula cylindrostachys. .| 373 || W 744 | Artocarpus hirsuta : .| 3381
E 679 | Bombax malabaricum . -| 44|| W745 | Hopea parviflora . : -| 41
E 680 | Mimosa rubicaulis . 145 || W 746 | Ailanthus malabarica . -| 64
E 681 | Castanopsis indica 389 || W 747 | Vateriaindica . . .| 41
E 682 | Eugenia tetragona ° «| 194|| W 748 | Albizzia Lebbek . ; .| 157
E 683 | Prunus Puddum ; . | 163 || W 750 | Diospyros Ebenum .| 251
FE 684 | Acer leavigatum . .| 99)|| W 751 | Albizzia Lebbek . .| 157
E 685 | Phyllanthus bicolor. .| 853 || W 752 | Pterocarpus Marsupium . | 133

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS.

ra

No. Name, Page. No. Name. Page
W 753 | Tectona grandis . . .| 293|| C 823 | Bauhinia variegata . 141
W 754 | Xylia dolabriformis . .| 149|| C824 | Stephegyne parvifolia . xxiii
W 755 | Terminalia tomentosa . .| 184] C825 | Adina cordifolia . 221
W 756 | Artocarpus Lakoocha . .| 330) C 826 | Gardenia turgida . 228
W 757 | Vitex altissima .| 297|| C 827 | Bassia latifolia . : 244
W 758 | Artocarpus hirsuta . \xxvii || C828 | Diospyros Melanoxylon 249
W 759 | Hopea parviflora . .| 41]! C829 | Schrebera swietenioides 256
W 761 | Xylia dolabriformis .| 149|| C 830 | Wrightia tomentosa 264
W 762 | Calophyllum tomentosum .| 26)|| C 831 | Cordia Macleodii . 271
W 763 | Cedrela Toona . ; 79 || C 832 | Stereospermum suaveolens 279
W 764 | Chickrassia tabularis 76 || C 833 | Stereospermum chelonoides .| 278
W 765 | Lagerstrémia microcarpa 202 || C834 | Tectona grandis . -| 292
W 767 | Borassus flabelliformis .| 417|| C835 | Gmelina arborea . ‘ -| 296
W 768 | Cocos nucifera. : 422|| C 886 | Ficus bengalensis ° .| 334
W 769 | Areca Catechu . ‘ .| 421]| C837 » religiosa Pm
H 770 | Populus ciliata y .| 879|| C838 » infectoria . j .| 834
H 771 | Cupressus torulosa . .| 410]; C839 » glomerata . : .| 340
H 772 | Juniperus excelsa L .| 412]; C 840 | Briedelia retusa . ‘ .| 357
H 773 | Taxus baccata . . .| 413 || C841 | Phyllanthus Emblica . .| 352
H 774 | Abies Webbiana . . .| 409 || C 842 | Terminalia Chebula -| 181
H 775 » Smithiana a .| 408 || C843 | Acacia arabica . ‘ .| 151
H 776 | Asculus indica . “ -| 95]| C844 » eburnea , ‘ -| 152
H 777 | Quercus dilatata . é . (xxix || W 845 | Garcinia Cambogia «| 24
H 778 | Euonymus Hamiltonianus .{ 84|| W 847 | Sterculia villosa . ‘ -| 46
H 779 | Olea ferruginea . - «| 258|| W 850 | Pterocarpus Marsupium -| 183
H 780 | Juglans regia . . «| 892|| W853 | Lophopetalum Wightianum .| 86
H 781 | Prunus armeniaca .| 162 || W 855 | Dalbergia latifolia .| 128
H 782 | Cedrela serrata . . «| 79|| W 857 | Xylia dolabriformis .| 149
E 783 | Cassia Fistula. . .| 137 || W 861 | Calophyllum Wightianum .| 26
E 784 | Vitex alata . ° .| 297 || W 862 | Jagerstrémia microcarpa . | 202
E 785 | Lagerstrimia parviflora .| 201 || W 868 | Alstonia scholaris -| 262
E 786 | Derris robusta . : .| 134 || W 864 | Cassia Fistula ‘ .| 187
E 788 | Albizzia stipulata ~- «| 160} W 867 | Corypha umbraculifera .| 418
E 793 | Mesua ferrea : .| 27|| W 868 | Cocos nucifera .| 422
E 794 | Artocarpus Lakoocha . _| 830) W 869 | Borassus flabelliformis . 417
E 796 | Taxus baccata . | 413 || C870 | Sesbania egyptiaca . -| 118
E 797 | Pinus Kasya 398 || E 871 » grandiflora -| 119
E 798 | Cinnamomum pauciflorum 306 || E 872 Kensie ferruginea ‘ -| 153
E 799 | Myricasapida . 891 || O 873 | Shorearobusta . ‘ «1788
C 800 | Hardwickia binata 143 || O 874 | Terminalia tomentosa . -| 184
B 801 | Tectona grandis . 283 || O 875 | Eugenia Jambolana .| 195
B 802 | Pentace burmanica . 52|| E876 | Woodfordia floribunda .| 200
B 803 | Cedrela Toona ? 79|| E 877 | Cycas pectinata ¢ «| 415
B 804 | Sandoricum indicum . 2|| E878 | Wallichia disticha P . | 420
B 805 | Xylia dolabriformis . 149 || E879 | Leea robusta . -| 93
B 806 | Artocarpus integrifolia . | 880|| E880 | Leea sambucina . ? ot SEY
B 807 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| 204|| P 881 | Albizzia Lebbek . -| 157
B 808 | Lagerstrémia Regine . .| 203|| P 882 | Prosopis spicigera $ -| 147
B 809 | Albizzia stipulata . | 160|} P 883 | Populus euphratica -| 378
B 810 | Artocarpus Lakoocha . . | 330|| P 884 | Dalbergia Sissoo . . .| 126
B 811 | Albizzia procera . -| 159|} P 885 | Zizyphus flexuosa -| 89
B 812 | Garuga pinnata ': .-| 67|| P 886 | Tamarix articulata . 7t ao
B 813 | Antiaris toxicaria ° .| 332 || P 887 | Phoenix sylvestris. .| 419
B 814 | Barringtonia acutangula .| 196|| P 888 | Tamarix dioica . -| 20
B 815 | Pentace burmanica .| 52]/ P 889 | Calligonum polygonoides - | 303
B 816 | Carallia integerrima . .| 178|| P 890 | Acacia arabica -| 151
B 817 | Gardenia obtusifolia . .| 229|| P 891 | Morus indica ‘ . .| 828
B 818 | Dipterocarpus alatus -| 383]! P 892 | Capparis aphylla . . ~| 15
C 820 | Erythrinaindica. . «| 122)| P 893 | Ficus religiosa Serie
C 821 | Bauhinia malabarica . .| 189|| P 894 | Dodonwa viscosa . -| 101
C 822 » purpurea. -| 140|| H 895 | Taxus baceata 4 . | 413

434, INDEX TO

No. Name, Page, No. Name. Page.

H 897 | Cedrela serrata . . 79 || C958 | Stereospermum xylocarpum .| 279

H 898 | Pistacia integerrima . -| 107)|| C959 | Gmelina arborea . ; . | 296
H 899 | Quercus incana , é - | 385|| C 960 | Borassus flabelliformis . -| 417
H 900 | Cedrus Deodara . -| 406|| E 964 | Abies Webbiana . : - | 409
H 901 | Pinus excelsa. -| 399); E965 | Abies . ° . . 408
H 902 | Cedrus Deodara . . .| 406|| EK 966 | Salix . ° : .| 378
H 903 | Quercus Ilex ‘ ‘ .| 383 || E 967 | Pyrus baccata ° -| 168
H 904 | Fraxinus floribunda -| 257|| E968 | Abiesdumosa . ; - | 408
H 905 | Parrotia Jacquemontiana .| 174|| E969 | Larix Griffithii . . -| 410
H 906 | Juniperus excelsa ° -| 412|| E970 | Populus ciliata . . -| 379
H 907 " communis . .| 411 || E972 | Cupressus funebris . - | 410
H 908 | Corylus Colurna . . «| 891|| E973 | Ribesglaciale .- . 174
H 909 | Betula Bhojpattra . -| 372 || E974 | Myricaria germanica . 20
P 910 | Ficus virgata. ° .| 338|| E975 | Viburnum feetens | 215

P 911 » infectoria . ‘ . | 334|| E976 | Enkianthus himalaicus
P 912 | Reptonia buxifolia . .| 241 || C977 | Bauhinia Vahlii .

P 913 | Celastrus spinosus . -| 87|| C978 | Bombax malabaricum .
P 914 | Sageretia Brandrethiana .| 93/| C979 | Butea frondosa . .
H 915 | Acer caesium ° . -| 100|| C980 | Careya arborea *
H 916 | Prunus Padus. . 164|| C981 | Ficus bengalensis. ;
H 917 | Ulmus Wallichiana 341 || C982 » infectoria . 4
H 918 | Ulmus. orien . Grewia tilizfolia . :
H 919 | Euonymus Hawmiltonianus 84 |) C984 | Sterculia wrens .

H 920 | Cedrela serrata . ° 79|; C985 ‘a colorata

H 921 | Taxus baccata . ‘ -| 4138) C986; _.,, villosa . .
H 922 | Platanus orientalis : 346 || C987 | Helicteres Isora .

H 923 | Pinus excelsa ; 399 || C 988 | Triumfetta angulata F
H 924 | Cornus macrophylla 212 || C989 | Eriolena Hookeriana . |)
H 925 | Cotoneaster bacillaris . 171|| H 990 | Buxus sempervirens . -| 371
H 926 | Pistacia integerrima Pinys Gerardiana - se} 398
H 927 | Quercus annulata. ° 387 || W 992 | Randia uliginosa . ; .| 287
H 928 | Olea glandulifera . ° 258 || W 993 | Gardenia turgida . -| 228 ©
H 929 | Machilus odoratissima . 309 || W 994 | Wrightia tomentosa . «| 264
H 930 | Buxus sempervirens . 371|| W 995 | Dolichandrone falcata . -| 276
H 931 | Acer pictum : : - | 101 || *V 996 | Stereospermum xylocarpum . | 279

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H 932 | Celtis caucasica . ; 344 || W 997 | Polyalthia cerasoides . 9
H 933 | Parrotia Jacquemontiana 174 || W 998 | Wrightia tomentosa . .| 264
H 934 | Abies Webbiana . 409 || P 1000 | Parrotia Jacquemontiana .| 174
H 935 | Quercus dilatata . 384 || B 1001 | Calamus latifolius ‘ . | 423
H 936 | Asculus indica . 95 || B 1003 rs és 4 .| 423
H 937 | Cinnamomum Tanala 305 || E 1004 ™ gi ; . | 423
H 938 | Acacia Catechu . 154 || E 1016 = inermis . 3 A424

P 939 | Prosopis spicigera
H 940 | Cedrus Deodara .
P 941 | Capparis aphylla .
P 942 | Salvadora oleoides
P 943 | Tectona undulata

P 944 | Acacia modesta .

.| 147/| E1017 » . Macracanthus
-| 406|| E 1018 ig Jenkinsianus .
-| 15)]| B 1026 » arborescens

-| 260) B 1027 pS latifolius ‘
-| 275\| B 1031 * Guruba . °
-| 153 || O 1038 ps Rotang . "

ne i . -| 153 || B 1041 | Korthalsia secaphigera .
P 946 | Melia Azedarach . >

P 947 | Acacia leucophlea .

E 948 | Gmelina arborea . >

E 949 | Albizzia procera . .

E 950 | Duabanga sonneratioides .

E 951 | Aquilaria Agallocha . ;

E 952 | Mangifera sylvatica . :

H 953 | Quercus Ilex é “ >

H 954 | Buxus sempervirens ., ;

C 955 | Dalbergia latifolia >

C 956 | Lagerstrémia lanceolata .

C 957 | Holarrhena antidysenterica ,

70|| B 1042 | Calamus tigriuus
152 || B 1045 | Caryota sobolifera

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296 || B 1046 | Licuala peltata
159 || E 1049 | Michelia Champaca
204 || C 1050 | Thespesia populnea

316 || D 1051 | Acacia arabica . °
108 || D 1052 | Albizziaamara . '
883 || D 1053 | Melia indica °
871 || D 1054 | Cedrela Toona. . »
127 || D 1055 | Hardwickia binata Ps
201)|| D 1056 | Shorea Talura , ;
263 || D 1058 | Vitex pubeseens . .

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cS

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS.

=

No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page.

D 1059 | Terminalia tomentosa . -| 184 || C 1122 | Albizzia odoratissima . .| 158
D 1060 | Strychnos potatorum . . | 269 || C 1123 | Soymida febrifuga ° .| 76
D 1061 | Pterocarpus Marsupium 133 || C 1124 | Buchanania latifolia -| 110
D 1062 | Shorea Tumbuggaia 39 || C 1125 | Terminalia belerica .| 180
D 1063 | Vitex pubescens 298 || C 1126 | Phyllanthus Emblica . | 532
D 1064 | Hardwickia pinnata . 144 || C 1127 | Hymenodictyon excelsum .| 225
D 1065 | Gluta travancorica 109 || C1128 | Zizyphus Jujuba . 7} 88
D 1066 | Heritiera Papilio . 48 || C 1129 | Gmelina arborea . ° . | 296
D 1069 | Chloroxylon Swietenia . -| 77\|| C1130 | Morinda exserta . . .| 232
D 1070 | Stereospermum chelonoides .| 278|| C1131 | Careya arborea . ‘ .| 198
D 1071 | Zizyphus Jujuba . 89 || C 1132 | Barringtonia acutangula .| 196
D 1072 | Dalbergia latifolia 128 || C 1133 | Pongamia glabra. é .| 133
D 1073 | Mimusops Elengi 2 245 || C 1134 | Capparis grandis . -| 16
D 1074 | Terminalia Chebula 181 || C 1135 | Eugenia Jambolana . . | 195
D 1075 | Pterocarpus santalinus -| 182|| C1136 | Adina cordifolia . «., Joy aaE
D 1076 | Cassia Fistula . | 137|| C 1137 | Bauhinia malabarica . -| 139
D 1077 | Terminalia tomentosa . -| 184|/ C 1138 | Ficus glomerata . é . | 340
D 1078 | Shorea Tumbuggaia . -| 389/|| C 1139 | Dolichandrone falcata . .| 276
D 1079 | Gyrocarpus Jacquini . .| 187 || C 1140 | Lagerstrémia parviflora «| 201
D 1080 | Cassia siamea . .| 138 || C 1141 | Cochlospermum Gossypium .| 17
D 1081 | Acacia ferruginea » «| 158]| C1142 | Gardenia turgida. . .| 228
D 1082 | Alangium Lamarckii . 211 || C 1143 | Anogeissus acuminata . .| 187
D 1083 | Erythroxylon monogynum .| 58|| C 1144 | Dalbergia lanceolaria . .| 129
D 1084 | Albizzia odoratissima . -| 158|| C 1145 | Erythrina suberosa . | 122
D 1085 | Acrocarpus fraxinifolius 136 || C 1146 | Dalbergia latifolia .| 127
D 1086 | Pterocarpus Marsupium .| 133|| C 1147 | Hardwickia binata . -| 143
D 1087 | Tetranthera laurifolia . 310 || C 1148 | Ulmus integrifolia ° .| 342
D 1088 | Sterculia urens . : -| 46|| C1149 | Cordia Myxa -| 270
D 1089 | Celtis Wightii . A . | 343 || C 1150 | Ficus bengalensis .| 334
D 1090 | Artocarpus hirsuta. .| 331 || C 1151 | Xylia dolabriformis . -| 149
D 1091 | Erythroxylon monogynum .| 58/|| C1152 | Ougeinia dalbergioides .| 120
D 1092 | Shorea Talura é .| 84|| C1153 | Chloroxylon Swietenia. .| 477
D 1093 | Melia dubia é -| 71|| C 1154 | Cassia Fistula . : .| 137
W 1094 | Eucalyptus Globulus -| 190|} © 1155 | Ehretialevis . . .| 272
W 1095 i is : - | 190 || C 1156 | Ixora parviflora . é - | 230
W 1096 * PA ‘ «| 190|| C1157 | Semecarpus Anacardium ,| 112
W 1097 i . | 190|| C 1158 | Holarrhena antidysenterica . | 263
W 1098 : . | 190|} C 1159 | Terminalia Chebula . .| 181
W 1099 | Acacia dealbata é . | 155 || C 1160 | Bauhinia retusa . é -| 141
W 1100 ~ melanoxylon 7 . | 156|| C1161 | Antidesma Ghesembilla .| 350
C 1101 | Strychnos potatorum . . | 269 || C 1162 | Celastrus senegalensis . my ef
C 1102 | Sterculiaurens . ‘ .| 46|| C1163 | Kydia calycina ; Ad
C1103 | Odina Wodier . A .| 111)]| C 1164 | Stereospermum chelonoides . 278
C 1104 | Terminalia tomentosa . .| 184|| C 1165 | Streblus asper . 3 . | 326
C 1105 | Pterocarpus Marsupium . | 133 || C 1166 | Ficus infectoria . -| 334
C 1106 | Heterophragma Roxburghii. | 277 || C 1167 | Diospyros montana. -| 251
C 1107 | Garuga pinnata . .| 67|| C1168 | Ficus religiosa . . .| 885
C 1108 | Schrebera swietenioides “ ,| 255 || C 1169 | Grewia tiliefolia . ° -| 54
C1109 | Saccopetalum tomentosum .| 10|| C1170 | Bauhinia racemosa -| 140
C1110 | Schleichera trijuga 96 || C 1171 | Balanites Roxburghii . -| 65
C 1111 | Terminalia Arjuna 185 || C 1172 | Stereospermum chelonoides .} 278
C 1112 | Boswellia thurifera 66 || C1173 | Gardenia latifoli : -| 229
€ 1113 | Diospyros Melanoxylon .| 249 || C1174 | Briedelia retusa . . . | 357
C 1114 | Stereospermum suaveolens . | 279|| C 1175 | Lebedieropsis orbicularis . | 358
C 1115 | Dalbergia paniculata . .| 129|| C1176 | Aegle Marmelos . -| 63
C 1116 | Bassia latifolia . 244 || C1177 | Kydia calyeina . ~| 44
C 1117 | Bombax malabaricum . 44 || C 1178 | Mallotus philippinensis -| 361
C1118 | Acacia leucophloa .| 152|| C 1179 | Oroxylumindicum =, .| 278
C 1119 | Butea frondosa . , -| 123)|| C 1180 | Ficus hispida . ‘ .| 341
C 1120 | Stephegyne parvifolia . 222 || C1181 | Ulmus integrifolia .| 342
C 1121 | Anogeissus latifolia . 186 || C 1182 | Eleodendron Roxburghii .} 88

486 _ INDEX TO

No. Name,

No. | Name. Page.

C 1183 | Casearia tomentosa . . | 206 || C 1250 | Pterospermum suberifolium.| 50

C 1184 | Olax scandens . -| 81|| C 1251 | Eugenia Jambolana . -| 195
C 1185 | Gardenia lucida . ‘ . | 228 || C 1252 | Lebedieropsis orbicularis .| 358
C 1186 | Randia uliginosa . ‘ . | 227|| C 1253 | Grewia tilizefolia . : -| 54
W 1187 | Vateria indica . ‘ -| 41/| E1254 | Castanopsis indica : .| 389
W 1188 | Terminalia belerica . .| 188|| E 1255 | Amoora spectabilis . -| 7
W 1189 | Albizzia odoratissima . -| 158 || E 1256 | Salix tetrasperma 376
P 1190 | Terminalia belerica . -| 180] E 1257 | Dipterocarpus . : 33

P1191 | Cedrela Toona . ; .| 79|| E1258 | Beilschmiedia Roxburghiana 309
P1192 | Eugenia Jambolana. .| 195|| EK 1259 | Dysoxylum Hamiltonii ties
P 11938 | Albizzia Lebbek . ; . | 157|| E 1260 | Chickrassia tabularis . é
P1195 | Morusindica . . «| 328|| E1261 | Amoora Rohituka . .| 4%

P 1196 | Acacia Catechu . ; .| 154] EH 1262 | Quercus lancesfolia . 388
P 1198 » arabica . . .| 151]; E1268 | Albizzia procera , ‘ 159
P 1200 | Bauhinia variegata . .| 141 || E 1264 | Beilschmiedia Roxburghiana 309
P 1201 | Melia Azedarach . ; .| 70|| E1265 | Baccaurea sapida PF . | 355

.| 292|| E1266 | Cedrela Toona . J ra RY |,

E 1202 | Tectona grandis . .
W 1203 ‘i » ‘ ° . | 293 || E1267 | Premna longifolia . . | 294
C 1204, 53 * R e .| 293 || E 1268 | Michelia oblonga a 7
P 1205 | Dalbergia Sissoo . : .| 126|| E1269 | Altingiaexcelsa . . «| 175
W 1206 | Tectona grandis . . | 292|| E 1270 | Alstonia scholaris ; . | 262
W 1207 | Diospyros Ebenum .| 251|| E 1271 | Machilus odoratissima . .| 809
W 1208 | Artocarpus hirsuta . .| 831]| E 1272 | Lagerstrémia Regine . -| 203
D 1209 | Santalum album . s . | 822|| E1273 | Mesua ferrea ° ; «| 27
O 1210 | Shorea robusta . ; .| 88]| E1274 | Dichopsis polyantha . .| 248

O 1211 odes ‘ 4 38 || E 1275 | Payena lucida . ‘ .| 245
O 1213 » % . . .| 88|| E 276 | Cynometra polyandra . .| 144
O 1214 > _ 3 . .| 388|| E1277 | Podocarpus bracteata . .| 414
O 1215 m pd dk tena ‘ .| 88]|| D 1278 | Nephelium Longana ek
W 1216 | Tectona grandis . - | 293|| D 1279 | Calophyllum tomentosum .| 26
W 1217 Ks ‘ ‘ ; . | 293 || D 1280 | Terminalia paniculata . .| 182
W 1218 | Chickrassia tabularis . -| 76|| D1281 as tomentosa . . | 184
W 1219 | Artocarpus hirsuta . . | 331 || D 1282 | Anogeissus latifolia . .| 186
W 1220 | Lagerstrémia lanceolata © .| 201 || D 1283 | Mimusops indica . . | 246
W 1221 | Terminalia paniculata . . | 182 || D 1284 | Stereospermum -| 279
W 1222 | Xylia dolabriformis . .| 149|| E1285 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| 204

W 1223 | Mimusops Elengi. : .| 245 || E1286 | Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum | 225
W 1224 | Strychnos Nux-vomica . | 269)| E 1289 | Echinocarpus tiliaceus

W 1225 | Nauclea elliptica . ‘ . | 223 }| E1290 | (Lauracez) . » .| 313
W 1226 | Ougeinia dalbergioides .| 120] E 1292 . . é .| 313 4
W 1227 | Dalbergia latifolia ‘ .| 128]| E 1294 Antiaris : . | 832
KE 1228 | Lagerstrémia Regine . . | 203 || E 1296 | Spondias mangifera ‘ .| 113
E 1229 | Cedrela Toona . .| 79|| E1298 | Calamus tenuis ‘ .| 423
E 1230 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| 204|/ E 1299 - Mastersianus . .| 424
K 1231 | Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum | 225 |) E 1300 Pa Jenkinsianus . - | 424

E 1232 | Bombax malabaricum . .| 44) C1301 | Diospyros Melanoxylon .| 249
C 1235 | Shorea robusta . . -| 388)) C 1302

39 ”? L
C 1236 | Daibergia latifolia . | 127|| C 1303 | Dalbergia latifolia . »| 127
C 1237 | Diospyros Melanoxylon .| 246 |) C 1304 | Chloroxylon Swietenia . «| 77
C 1238 | Pterocarpus Marsupium . | 183 || C 1305 | Ochna squarrosa . ° -| 65
C 1239 | Chloroxylon Swietenia . .| 77|| C1306 | Lebedieropsis orbicularis .| 358

C 1240 | Soymida febrifuga . .| 74|| C 1307 | Morinda exserta . ; . | 232
C 1241 | Terminalia tomentosa . . | 184]| C 1308 | Acacia Suma “ : -| 164
C 1242 | Ougeinia dalbergioides . | 120]; C 1309 | Gardenia turgida : .| 228
C 1243 | Bassia latifolia , .| 244|) C 1310 | Acacia Suma ‘ 154
C 1244 | Anogeissus latifolia . .| 186} C1311 | Pterospermum suberifolium 50
C 1245 | Adina cordifolia . : .| 221|| B 1312 | Bambusa Brandisii . .| 428

C 1246 | Morinda exserta . .| 282] B.1813 - aye ‘ .| 428
C 1247 | Terminalia Chebula .| 181 || B 1314 | Gigantochloa macrostachya . | 428
C 1248 | Gardenia turgida. . - | 228]; B 1316 | Dendrocalamus membranaceus| 430

© 1249 | Buchanania latifolia . .| 110}; B 1316 | Bambusa polymorpha . . | 427

-

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS.

437

No. | Name Page No. Name. Page.
B 1817 | Cephalostachyum pergracile.| 429 || E1394 | Sterculia colorata ‘ 47
B 1318 | Pseudostachyum Helferi 429 || EF 1395 | Dillenia indica . ° 3
B 1319 | Bambusa arundinacea . . | 428 || E 1396 | Eugenia Jambolana 195
B 1320 | Dinochloa Maclellandii. .| 431'|| E 1397 | Briedelia tomentosa -| 357
B 1321 | Bambusa Tulda . : .| 427 || E1398 | Stereospermum chelonoides . | 278
B 1322 | Dendrocalamus strictus 430 || E 1399 | Odina Wodier . 111
B 1324 % longispathus | 431 || E 1400 | Calophyllum poly antham 26
E 1325 | Melocanna bambusoides .| 429|| E 1401 | Chickrassia tabularis . a) ae
E 1327 | Bambusa Brandisii . .| 428 || E 1402 | Artocarpus Lakoocha . 330
E 1328 = Tulda .| 427 || H 1403 | Pinus excelsa - ‘ -| 399
B 1329 | Dendrocalamus giganteus .| 430||/H1404| , ,, =): ae
W 1330 | Bambusa arundinacea . 428 || H 1405 » Gerardiana ; 398
B 1381 | Gigantochloa andamanica 428 || H 1406 | Quercus Liex ; : 383
E 1832 | Bambusa Balcooa 428 || H 1407 | Pinus excelsa ; 399
E 1333 $s Tulda . ‘ 427 || C 1408 | Tectona grandis . 292
O 1337 = arundinacea . 428 || C 1409 Pe 9 ; ° . | 292
O 1338 4 nutans : 427 || C 1410 | Schrebera swietenioides . | 255
E 1339 | Arundinaria falcata . . | 427|| C 1411 | Stereospermum chelonoides. | 278
E 1340 | Pseudostachyum gee C 1412 | Chloroxylon Swietenia , 77

phum ; 429 || B 1413 | Schrebera swietonioides | .| 255
E 1341 | Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii .| 480|| B 1414 | Odina Wodier ., r a} Lk
B 1346 | Tectona grandis 393 || B 1416 | Ulmus integrifolia : 342
P 1347 | Dalbergia Sissoo . ‘ 126 || B 1417 | Terminalia bialata -| 182
E 1351 | Arundinaria racemosa . 426|| B 1418 | Pterospermum . . -| BO
P 1352 | Dendrocalamus strictus . | 430 || B 1419 | Ulmus integrifolia : .| 342
E 1353 | Cephalostachyum ecapitatum | 429|| B 1420 | Berrya Ammonilla 53
FE 1354 | Arundinaria racemosa . 426 || B 1421 | Heterophragma adenophylla 277
‘E 1356 | Cinchona officinalis. 224|| B 1422 | Diospyros ehretioides . -| 250
E 1357 9 succirubra . 224|| B 1423 | Vitex alata . ; . -| 298
E 1358 % Calisaya 224 || B 1424 | Premna tomentosa -| 294
D 1360 | Santalum album . .| 322), B 1425 | Gmelina arborea . “ -| 296
E 1361 | Swietenia Mahagoni . .| 75|| B 1427 | Albizzia odoratissima . i
O 1362 | Amoora Rohituka ‘ .| 73|| B 1428 | Cordia fragrantissima . -| 271
O 1363 | Casearia tomentosa 206 || B 1429 | Vitex pubescens . ° -| 298
O 1365 | Ficus Cunia . ‘ 339 || B 1431 | Briedelia retusa . 4 -| 357
O 1366 | Randia dumetorum .| 227|| E 1432 | Bombax malabaricum . ~| 4
O 1367 | Tetranthera monopetala .| 810}| E1433 | Anthocephalus Cadamba_ . | 219
O 1368 | Antidesma diandrum . .| 350|| E 1434 | Dysoxylum procerum . 72
O 1369 | Sponia politoria . . | 345 || E 1435 | Gmelina arborea . ‘ -| 296
O 1370 | Wendlandia exserta . . | 225|| E 1436 | Duabanga sonneratioides 204
O 1371 | Psidium Guava . 4 -| 190|| E 1437 | Michelia Champaca 6
O 1372 | Gmelina arborea . : 296 || E 1438 | Quercus lamellosa -| 888
O 1373 | Tetranthera laurifolia . 810|| E 1439 » annulata - -| 387
O 1374 | Bischoffia javanica ’ 356 || E 1440 | Shorea robusta . ; ol ee
O 1875 | Briedelia montana 357 || E1441 | Careya arborea . . .| 198
O 1376 | Cordia Myxa ‘ 270 || E 1442 | Michelia excelsa . ; 7
O 1377 | Gardenia turgida . : . | 228)| E 1443 | Quercus annulata .| 387
P1379 | Acacia arabica . ; -| 151]| E1444 ™ Spicata . . -| 386
P 1380 | Prosopis spicigera : -| 147 || E 1445 ee x ° ; .| 386
P 13881 | Salvadora persica é .| 259 || E 1446 | Hugenia tetragona : -| 194
P 1382 a oleoides ‘ .| 260 |) E 1447 | Prunus Puddum . 7 | 168
P 1384 | Populus euphratica . -| 878|| E 1448 | Quercus lamellosa 4 -| 388
B 1385 | Tectona grandis . . -| 293 || E1449 | Schima Wallichii ; -| 380
B 1386 | Pentace burmanica , -| 52/|| E1450 | Fagrea obovata . F -| 268
B 1387 | Cinnamomum ' E .| 397 || B 1451 | Xyliadolabriformis . .| 149
P 1388 | Tamarix dioica . : .| 20)! B 1452 | Berrya Ammonilla : i}. oe
E 1889 | Garuga pinnata . - -| 67|| B 1453 | Albizzia Lebbek . = 157
E 1390 | Gmelina arborea . 2 -| 296|| B 1454 | Acacia Catechu 4 .| 154
E 1391 | Adina sessilifolia . é -| 221|| B 1458 | Eriolena Candollei' . at 9
E 1392 | Vitex leucoxylon . . .| 298|| 0 1456 | Casearia graveolens . -| 206
E 1393 » alata. . - 298 || O 1457 | Gmelina arborea . . .| 296

488 INDEX TO
No. Name, Page. No. Name, Page.
O 1458 | Randia uliginosa .| 227|| B1978 | Ochna andamanica -| 65
O 1459 | Putranjiva Roxburghii .| 353 |) B 1979 | Evodia triphylla . ; -| 60
O 1460 | Dalbergia Sissoo . : . | 126 || B 1982 | Terminalia citrina ; o4 ae
O 1461 | Randia dumetorum 227 || B 1983 os Catappa . .| 182
O 1462 | Hymenodictyon excelsum ,.| 225/|| B 1985 | Ceriops Candolleana . .| 176
O 1463 | Gardenia turgida > 228 || B 1986 | Walsura robusta . “ .| 133
O 1464 | Antidesma diandrum . 350 || B 1987 | Timonius flavescens . .| 219
O 1465 | Salix tetrasperma : . | 376 || B 1988 | Allophyllus Cobbe ° -| 94
E 1466 | Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii . | xxx |} B 1990 | Fagraa racemosa . -| 268
D 1475 | Borassus flabelliformis .| 417 || B. 1991 | Diospyros pyrrhocarpa - | 252
D 1476 | Dalbergia latifolia . | xvii |/ B 1992 | Calophyllum spectabile .| 25
O 1477 | Putranjiva Roxburghii .| 353 || B 1993 | Barringtonia racemosa .| 197
O 1478 | Streblus asper . | 327 || B 1995 | Duabanga senneratioides .| 204
O 1479 | Careya arborea . .| 198 || B 1997 | Diospyros undulata «| 253°
O 1480 | Briedelia retusa . . «| 356|/ B 1998 | Diplosporasingularis . .| 219
O 1481 | Stephegyne parvifolia . .| 222|| C2000 | Lawsonia alba . . «| 200
O 1482 | Hymenodictyon excelsum .| 225 // D 2008 | Diospyros Melanoxylon - | 249
O 1483 | Gmelina arborea . .| 296 || D 2014 | Tamarindus indica PF .| 143
O 1484 | Tetranthera laurifolia. .| 310/) D 2025 | Hardwickia binata . .| 148
O 1485 | Salix tetrasperma .| 376 || D 2027 | Erythroxylon monogynnm .| 58
O 1486 | Dalbergia Sissoo. =. ~—.. | 126 || D 2044 | Dalbergia latifolia . .| 127
O 1487 | Kandia uliginosa .| 227 || D 2045 | Diospyros Melanoxylon .| 249
O 1488 i dumetorum . . | 227 || D 2052 | Cassia Fistula . | 136
O 1489 | Gardenia turgida . | 228/) D 2053 | Mangifera indica \. je
O 1491 | Adina cordifolia . é . | 220/| 1D 2066 | Pterocarpus santalinus -| 32
O 1492 | Diospyros Melanoxylon .| 249 |) D 2113 | Soymida febrifuga 76
O 1493 | Bassia latifolia . ; .| 244)! E 2186 | Artocarpus Chaplasha .| 331,
E 1494 | Dichopsis polyantha .| 243 || & 2187 | Cinnamomum glanduliferum | 306
E 1497 | Spondias mangifera .| 113|| E2188 | Lagerstrémia Regine . . | 208
E 1499 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| 204|| E 2189 | Dysoxylum Hamiltonii + oe
B 1500 | Carallia integerrima . .| 178|| E2190 | Mesua ferrea ‘ : oh i aan
E 1530 | Nipafruticans . . «| 425|| E2191 | Bischoffia javanica . | 356
E 1728 | Livistona Jenkinsiana . .| 418 |) E 2192 | Amoora spectabilis A -| 7
E 1729 “ ‘ .| 418 |) E 2193 | Gmelina arborea . .| 296
E 1730 ms é é .| 418 || E 2194 | Albizzia procera . ; . |. 189
E 1731 o ie : .| 418 || E 2195 | Michelia Champaca . ‘ 6
P 1779 | Chamerops Ritchieana .| 418 || E 2196 | Morus cuspidata . o) |) See
B 1944 | Shorea stellata .| 84\| E2197 | Terminalia citrina : .| 181
B1945 |Cinnamomum . ._ .| 807|| E2199 | Eugenia mangifolia . .| 195
B 1946 rm ‘ ‘ . | 307 || B 2201 | Hopea odorata .| 40
B 1947 | Lophopetalum Wallichii .| 86)/ B 2202 | Lagerstrémia hypoleuca .| 204
B 1948 | Aquilaria Agallocha . . | 316]) B 2203 | Diospyros Kurzii. . .| 250
B 1949 | (Anonacez) . ° -| 10|| B 2204 | Artocarpus seen a ; .| 331
B1950 | Santalum . win ee .| 822 /| B 2206 | Garcinia . .| 23
E 1951 | Brownlowia. : -| 51)| B 2207 | Pterocarpus indicns ‘ . | 130
E 1952 | Dichopsis polyantha .| 2483 || B 2208 | Albizzia Lebbek . «.. «| 157
E 1953 | Ficus Cunia . . . | 839 || B 2209 | Afzelia bijuga .| 142
E 1955 | Albizzia procera . .| 159|| B 2210 | Carallia integerrima . .| 178
E 1956 » stipulata ‘ .| 160|| B 2211 | Artocarpus Chaplasha . . | 331
E 1957 | Mangifera indica ‘ .| 107 || B 2212 | Mimusops littoralis . . | 245
E1958 | Eugenia Jambolana , .| 195 || B 2213 | Bouea burmanica : .| 108
E 1959 | Stereospermum suaveolens .| 279 || B 2215 | Bombax insignis ; .| 46
E 1960 | Dipterocarpus . . .| 338)| B 2216 | Dipterocarpus turbinatus .| 32
E 1961 | Bombax malabaricum . .| 44|/ B 2217 | Bruguiera . : : oh 22E
E 1962 | Excecaria baccata : . | 867 || B 2218 | Vitex leucoxylon : - |, 298
E 1964 | Swintonia Schwenckii . .| 104) B 2221 | Albizzia stipuluta . -| 160
E 1965 | Odina Wodier 111 || B 2222 | Bruguiera <.0g t
B 1969 | Scolopia rhinanthera 17 || B 2223 | Erythrina indica : -| 122
B 1971 | Guettarda speciosa 229 || B 2224 | Mimusops Elengi : .| 245
B 1975 | Prunus martabanica 164|| B 2225 | Bursera serrata , -| 68
B 1977 | Picrasma javanica 64 || B 2226 | Heritiera littoralis i) oe

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS.

489.

No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page.
B 2227 | Anacardium occidentale .| 108|| E 2311 | Dillenia pentagyna . 3
B 2228 | Careya arborea 198 || E 2312 | Michelia excelsa . ‘ 7
B 2229 | Anacardium occidentale 108 || KE 2313 » Champaca . 6
B 2230 | Dalbergia purpurea 128 || E 2314 9» Catheartii. . 6
B 2231 | Albizzia odoratissima .| 158 || E 2315 | Terminalia myriocarpa 185
B 2232 Dioepes : : .| 252 || E 2316 | Miliusa Roxburghiana af ($2
B 2233 | Nauclea rotundifolia 223 || B 2317 | Anona squamosa . , ‘ 9
B 2234 | Stereospermum P . | 279|| E 2818 | Berberis nepalensis . st a8
B 2235 - : : .| 279|| E 2319 | Eurya symplocina 28
B 2236 | (Anonacez) . - ‘ .| 11]| E 2820 » acuminata % 29
B 2238 | Mesua ferrea ° .| 27/|| E 2321 | Saurauja napaulensis . 29
B 2239 | Carapa moluccensis . .| 74|| E 2322 | Shorea robusta > 38
B 2240 | Rhizophora mucronata .| 176|| E 23823 | Bombax malabaricum . 44,
B 3241 | Mimusops Elengi : .| 245 || E 2324 | Sterculia villosa . 46,
B 2243 | Dipterocarpus alatus . .| 88] E 2325 | Grewia vestita . ‘ -| 56
B 2244 | Diospyros pyrrhocarpa . | 252|| E 2326 | Eriolena Wallichii . = .| 50
B 2245 | Dillenia pilosa . é 4,|| E 2327 | Grewia multiflora .| 56
B 2246 | Antidesma Ghosembilla 850 (| 61
B 2247 | Albizzia procera .| 159 E 2829 | Zanthoxylum alatum . Q| viii
B 2248 | Lophopetalum Wallichii .| 86|| E 2330 | Skimmia Laureola 61
B 2249 | Millettia . . § .| 118 || E 2331 | Amoora Rohituka ‘ 73
B 2250 | Dysoxylum . rd 72|| E 2332 | Cedrela Toona . 79
B 2251 | (Anonacee) . .| 11]| E 2333 = a 4 79
B 2252 | Dolichandrone Rlicodis’ . | 277 || E 2334 | Celastrus paniculatus 86
B 2253 | Dillenia aurea . é 4.|| E 2335 | Eleodendron Roxburghii 88
B 2255 | Dysoxylum . : : .| 72\| E 2336 | Zizyphus rugosa . : -| 90
B 2256 | Eugenia grandis .| 193 || E 2337 | Acer Campbellii % -| 101
B 2257 | Calophyllum inophyllum 25 || E 2338 | ,, Hookeri . -| 99
B 2258 a 52 || E 2339 | Meliosma simplicifolia . 103
B 2259 Sapindus ‘ g é 96 || E 2340 | Rhus semialata . 1U5
B 2260 | Cassia - 138 || E 2341 | Semecarpus Anacardium 112
B 2261 | Dolichandrone stipulata 276 || E 2342 | Odina Wodier . 110
B 2263 | Calophyllum inophyllum 25 || E 2343 | Erythrina indica . .| 122
B 2265 | Podocarpus bracteata . 414|| E 2844 “ stricta . r -| 122
B 2273 | Rhizophora mucronata .| 176|| E 2345 | Butea frondosa . 123
B 2274 | Lagerstrémia hypoleuca .| 204|| E 2346 | Dalbergia lanceolaria . 129
B 2275 | Dillenia pilosa . q 4|| E 2347 ie Sissoo . 127
B 2278 | Ficus retusa g ‘ 336 || E 23848 29 latifolia 127
B 2281 | Polyalthia Jenkinsii , 10 || E 2349 ba stipulata 129
B 2282 | Vatica lancesfolia 34|| E 2350 | Bauhinia malabarica . 139
B 2283 | Lagerstrémia hypoleuca 204 || E 2851 ° a variegata ; .| 141
B 2284 | Avicennia officinalis. . 300 || E 2352 | Cassia Fistula . 136
B 2285 | Heritiera littoralis . .| 48|| E 2853 | Tamarindus indica 143
B 2286 | Tetranthera laurifolia 310 || E 2854 | Mimosa rubicaulis 4 .| 148
B 2287 | Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum | 2254) E 2355 | Acacia Catechu . : .| 154
B 2288 | Nauclea rotundifolia .| 223|| E 2356 99 ”» . .| 154
B 2289 | Artocarpus a pe ‘ 331 || E 2357 ” ferruginea. .| 158
B 2292 | Eugenia . f . | 195 || E 2358 » pinnata . - .| 155

2294 | Fagreea racemosa ; -| 268 : 155
B 2295 | Cassia 138 E 2859 »: Jas 1 xix
B 2300 Lophopetalum littorale 85 || E 2360 | Albizzia odoratissima . .| 158
B 2301 | Artocarpus Chaplasha 831 || E 2361 » procera . . -| 159
B 2302 | Mangifera indica , 107 || E 2362 es stipulata .-| 160
E 2303 | Gmelina arborea 296 || E 2363 | Prunus Puddum . .| 163
E 2304 | Cinnamomum glanduliferum 306 || E 2364 9 9 : - «| 168
E 2305 | Morus cuspidata 828 || E 2365 | Eriobotrya dubia . : -| 167
EK 2306 ” ” . 328 E 2366 Rosa sericea e e e 167
D 2307 | Santalum album 322 || E 2367 | Rubus ellipticus . 166
E 2308 | Plecospermum spinosum 327 || E 2368 »» lasiocarpus 166
E 2309 | Mesua ferrea 3 7} 27 || EB 2369 | Prunus Padus é .| 164
E 2310 | Dilleniaindica . . 3 || E 2370 | Hydrangea robusta . .| 172

490

INDEX TO
No. Name. Page. No. Name.
E 2371 | Dichroa febrifuga : 4 172 || E 2428 | Briedelia retusa . ;
E 2372 | Bucklandia populnea . .| 175 || E 2429 | Homonoya symphyllicefolia ‘
E 2373 ‘ i ‘ -| 175 || E 2430 | Antidesma Bunias $ ;
E 2374 | Terminalia Chebula . -| 181 || E 2431 | Antidesma Menasu .
E 2375 My tomentosa . . | 184 || E 2432 | Phyllanthus Emblica .
KE 2376 Ss myriocarpa. 185 || E 2433 ry bicolor , :
E 2377 | Eugenia Jambolana . «| 195|| E2434 Thomsoni, .
E 2378 | Careya arborea . - «| 198 || E 2435 | Pinus longifolia rie hae
E 2379 | Lagerstrémia parviflora .| 201 || E 2436 ‘ :
E 2380 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| 204)|| E 2437 Abies Webbiana ¢ é F
E 2381 | Casearia glomerata . .| 207 || E 2438 | Juniperus recurva A .
E 2382 | Brassaiopsis mitis ° .| 210 || E 2439 | Cycas pectinata . .
K 2883 | Aucuba himalaica ° .| 213 || E 2440 | Juglans regia. ‘ ;
E 2384 | Viburnum erubescens . .| 215 || E2441 - y ‘ : j
E 2385 | Stephegyne . 5 : .| 223 || E 2442 | Engelhardtia spicata , °
E 2386 | Randia dumetorum . .| 227 || E 2443 | Bohmeriarugulosa , -| 325
Ki 2387 | Adina cordifolia . ; .| 221 || E 2444 | Artocarpus integrifolia - | 330
£ 2388 | Rhododendron arboreum 236 || E 2445 Pe Lakoocha . -| 330
E 2389 | Mesa montana . : . | 239|| E 2446 | Sponia orientalis . 4 .| 345
K 2390 | Symplocos lucida : + | 254 || E 2447 | Pouzolzia viminea ” -| 325
E 2391 s ; : .| 254|| E 2448 | Plecospermum spinosum .| 327
E 2392 | Tabernemontana coronaria .| 263|| E 2449 | Ficus elastica . . «| 388 —
E 2393 | Buddleia Colvillei " .| 267\|| E 2450 » hispida ; : - | 340
E 2394 | Cordia Myxa J ; ‘ - 1|| E 2451 | Quercus annulata B -| 387
ig? 275 || E 2452 >» Jamellosa A -| 388
E 2395 | Oroxylum indicum . { xxvi| E 2453 is . "| 388
E 2396 | Gmelina arborea - «| 296]| EB 2454 » pachyphylla . .| 386
E 2397 | Callicarpa arborea é . | 292 || E 2455 ae “ : -| 386
E 2398 af 4 : 294 || K 2456 » acuminata . -| 386
ii 2399 | Premna latifolia . 294.|| E 2457 | Castanopsis rufescens . «| 889
E 2400 » longifolia , 294 || E 2458 | Borassus flabelliformis. .| 417
E 2401 | Clerodendron Colebrooxianum| 299 || B 2459 Caryota urens - «| 420
Hi 2402 | Caryopteris Wallichiana 299 || E 2460 | Wallichia disticha . .| 420
. 372 || E 2461 | Livistona Jenkinsiana . -| 418
E 2403 | Betula Bhojpattra . { xxix || E 2462 | Pandanus furcatus ’ e| 425
P 373 || E 2463 | Pinus excelsa . ° -| 399
B.2e04 » acuminata Z { xxix || E 2464 | Quercus a ; . -| 383
' t 374 || E 2465 | Casuarina equisitifolia . -| 346
E 2405 | Alnus nepalensis . ° xxix || E 2466 | Cocculus laurifolins of 2
E 2406 | Pyrularia edulis . A - | 321 || E 2467 | Bischoffia javanica ; -| 356
E 2407 | Eleagnus latifolia - | 817|| E 2468 | Trewia nudiflora . -| 360
E 2408 | Daphne papyracea : - | 315 || E 2469 | Putranjiva Roxburghii «| 353
E 2402 | Helicia robusta . -| 318 || B 2470 | Thespesia populnea -| 43
E 2410 | Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus .| 281 || B 2472 | Maba andamanica . -| 253
E 2411 | Teucrium macrostachyum 302|| B 2474 | Cleistanthus myrianthus .| 357
KE 2412 | Polygonum molle ‘ 303 || B 2475 | Macaranga indica . .| 363
E 2413 | Cinnamomum glanduliferum | 306 || B 2476 | Mallotus muricatus . .| 362
E 2414 | Machilus odoratissima . . | 808 || B 2477 | Excecaria Agallocha 368
E 2415 | Phebe lanceolata 308 || O 2478 | Samara robusta . . -| 240
EK 2416 » attenuata ; .| 808 || E 2479 | Polyalthia longifolia . . 9
E 2417 | Daphnidium pulcherrimum .| 312 || B 2480 | Dipterocarpus tuberculatus .| $3
EK 2418 * elongatum 312 || B 2481 | Shorea stellata . . -| B4
E 2419 | Beilschmiedia Roxburghiana 309 || B 2482 |Cinnamomum . .~ «| 807
E 2420 | Litscea consimilis . -| 811|| B 2483 of * . -| 307
E 2421 | Mallotus philippinensis 361 || B 2484 | Dysoxylum . ‘ > e| 72
EK 2422 ms albus. ° . | 861 || B 2485 | Aquilaria Agallocha . - | 316
K 2423 ss Roxburghianus —.| 362 || E 2486 | Aegle Marmelos . . -| 68
KE 2424 | Macaranga indica 368 || E 2487 | Feronia Elephantum . -| 63
) 24.25 si denticulata . | 363 || E 2488 | Thespesia populnea -| 43
E 2426 | Macaranga gummifiua . . | 863 || FE 2489 | Santalum album . : - | 322
Ki 2427 | Jatropha Cureas , ‘ . | 365 || E 2490 | Calophyllum polyanthum 26

es ee

' NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS.

No.

Name, Page. No. Name. Page.
B 2491 | Mesua ferrea ; ¥ 27 || B 2552 | Baccaurea sapida . ; . | 355
B 2492 | Garcinia speciosa. é 23 || B 2553 | Artocarpus Lakoocha . . | 330
B 2493 “ ‘ P ; 23 |, B 2554 m Chaplasha . -| ddl
B 2494 | Pterocarpus indicus . 130 || B 2555 | Dipterocarpus turbinatus .| 32
B 2495 | Planchonia littoralis . . | 198|| B 2556 | Podocarpus bracteata . .| 414
B 2496 | Lagerstrémia hypoleuca | 204'|| B 2683 | Artocarpus nee , .| 331
B 2497 | Mimusops littoralis . . | 246 || B 2685 | Careya arborea .| 198
B 2498 | Diospyros Kurzii é . | 250/|| B 2686 | Baccaurea sapida . .| 355
B 2499 | Artocarpus Chaplasha . . | 831|| B 2687 | Isonandra obovata ‘ . | 242
B 2500 | Garcinia emily 23 || B 2690 | Movinda exserta . . «| 232
B 2501 | Dillenia indica . ° 3|| B 2691 | Cinnamomum ., 307
B 2502 » «aurea 4|| B 2692 | Homalium tomentosum 207
B 2504 | Mesua ferrea .| 27)\| B 2693 | Artocarpus Chaplasha . 331
B 2505 | Dipterocarpus tuberculatus . 33 || B 2695 | Cinnamomum . | 807
B 2506 Pe levis 32 || B 2696 | Stereospermum xylocarpum .| 279
B 2507 | Shorea siamensis . ‘ .| 89|| B’2697 | Dalbergia cultrata 128
B 2508 | Vatica lancezefolia 34.|| B 2698 | Hopea odorata . m 40
B 2509 | Hopea odorata ‘ .| 40|| B 2699 | Homalium tomentosum .| 207
B 2510 | Pterospermum acerifolium .| 49|| B 2700 | Mesua ferrea 27
B 2511 ¥ semi-sagitta- B 2702 | Homalium tomentosum. 207
tum . ‘ -| 50|| B 2703 | Careya arborea 198
B 2512 | Eriolena Gandolict 51|| B 2704 | Altingia excelsa 175
B 2513 | Lophopetalum littorale 85 || B 2705 | Albizzia - ‘ . .| 161
B 2514 | Carapa moluccensis . .| 74|| B 2706 | Pterospermum _ semi-sagit-
B 2515 | Schleichera trijuga ss. -| 96 tatum 3 .| 50
B 2516 | Chickrassia tabularis . .| 76|| B 2708 | Pterocarpus indicus . | 180
B 2517 | Odina Wodier ¥ .| 111]! B 2709 | Tectona grandis . n .| 293
B 2518 | Melanorrheea usitata . 110 || B 2710 | Careya arborea ol | UGE
B 2519 | Mangifera calonenra . 107 || B 2711 | Vitex leucoxylon . . | 298
B 2520 | Millettia pendula ; 118 || B 2712 | Cassia siamea Rr
B 2521 | Dalbergia cultrata a .| 128 || B 2718 | Eugenia grandis . r .| 193
B 2522 - nigrescens . .| 129|| B 2714 | Hopea odorata .| 40
B 2523 PS purpurea. 128 || B 2715 | Quercus lappacea. .| 86
B 2524 | Pterocarpus indicus 130 || B 2716 | Hopea odorata . . .| 340
B 2525 | Cassia Fistula. . 136 || B 2717 | Lagerstrémia Regine . 203
B 2526 » siamea ° : 138 || B 2718 | Premna tomentosa 2 294
B 2527 | Albizzia procera . 159 || R.2719 | Cinnamomum ; 307
B 2528 » stipulata, 160 || B 2720 | Baccaurea sapida F 355
B 2529 | Acacia 153 || B 2721 | Rhizophora mucronata 176
B 2530 | Carallia integerrima .| 178 || B 2722 | Berrya Ammonilla -| 53
B 2531 | Terminalia tomentosa . -| 184|| B 2728 | Dalbergia cultrata .| 128
B 2532 es belerica 180 || P 2729 | Olea ferruginea . .| 258
B 2533 | Lagerstrémia tomentosa 204 || C 2731 | Bassia latifolia . . | 244
B 2534 | Homalium tomentosum 207 || C 2732 | Dalbergia latifolia .| 127
B 2525 | Anthocephalus Cadamba 220 || C 2733 | Gardenia latifolia . | 229
B 2536 | Nauclea rotundifolia . | 223 || C 2734 | Holarrhena antidysenterica . | 263
B 2537 | Adina sessilifolia ° .| 221 || C 2735 | Lagerstromia parviflora .| 201
B 2538) ,, . cordifolia . ° 221 || C 2736 | Zizyphus xylopyra 90
B 2539 | Stephegyne parvifolia . 222 || C 2787 | Terminalia belerica 180
B 2540 | Gardenia costata . ‘ .| 229|| C 2738 | Phyllanthus Emblica 352
B 2541 | Diospyros cordifolia . . | 251 || C 2739 | Flacourtia Ramontchi . 18
B 2542 ea ehretioides . . | 250|| C 2740 | Albizzia procera . 159
B 2543 | Cordia Myxa . .| 271|| C 2741 | Pterocarpus Marsupium 133
B 2544 | Dolichandrone stipulate .| 279 || C 2742 | Chloroxylon Swietenia . 77
B 2545 % Rheedii 277 \| C 2743 | Terminalia tomentosa . 184
B 2546 | Stereospermum chelonoides . | 278|| C 2744 | Anogeissus latifolia 186
B 2547 | Heterophragma sulfurea . | 277 || C 2745 | Stereospermum suaveolens 279
B 2548 | Premna tomentosa - | 294|| C 2746 | Semecarpus Anacardium 112
B 2549 | Vitex leucoxylon. . .| 298]| C 2747 | Careya arborea 198
B 2550 | Vitex pubescens . . | 298 || C 2748 | Albizzia odoratissima . 158
B 2551 | Tectona grandis . : .| 293 || C 2749 | Lagerstrémia parviflora 201

492 INDEX TO

No. Name, Page. No. Name, Page,
C 2750 | Randiadumetorum . .| 227|| H 2825 | Indigofera heterantha . .| 117
C 2751 | Buchanania latifolia . | 110 || H 2826 | Daphne mucronata . .| 315
C 2752 | Celastrus senegalensis .| 87|| H 2827 | Spireea canescens ° .| 165
C 2753 | Zizyphus Hnoplia .| 90/| H 2828 | Daphne mucronata .| 615
C 2754 | Diospyros Melanoxylon. . | 249 || H 2829 | Myrsine africana . . | 239
€ 2755 | Calicopteris floribunda . .| 185 |) H 2830 +s semiserrata . .| 239
C 2756 | Randia uliginosa . .| 227 || H 2831 | Marlea begoniefolia . .| 212
C 2757 | Grewia tiliefolia. .| 55)| H 2832 | Sarcococca saligna . .| 37]
€ 2758 | Acacia Catechu . ° . | 154 || H 2833 | Ficus foveolata . . .| 339
C 2759 | Butea frondosa . . .| 123 |) H 2834 | Viburnum Mullaha . .| 214
C 2760 | Terminalia Arjuna " | 186 }-H 2835 | - ,, coriaceum . .| 215
C 2761 | Eugenia Jambolana -| 195 || H 2836 | Deutzia staminea . , .| 178
C 2762 | Olax scandens . . .| 81]! H 2837 | Euonymus pendulus . .| 85
C 2763 | Buchanania latifolia . 110 || H 2838 | Clematis Buchananiana é 1
C 2764 | Zizyphus xylopyra ‘ 90 || H 2839 | Meriandra strobilifera . .| 301
C 2765 | Briedelia retusa . : . | 357 || H 2840 | Plectranthus rugosus . . | 3800
C 2766 | Grewia tiliefolia.. .| 55|| B 2841 | Elscholtzia polystachya .| 301
( 2767 | Ougeinia dalbergioides. .| 120// H 2842 | Salix elegans o Ae
C 2768 | Lagerstrémia parviflora .| 201 || H 2843 | Lonicera angustifolia . . | 217
C 2769 | Schleicheratrijuga . .| 96)| H 2844 | Euonymus tingens -| 8d
C 2770 | Bauhinia racemosa j . | 140|| H 2845 | Quercus dilatata . * - | 884
C 2771 | Bassia latifolia . , .| 244) H 2816 | Skimmia Laureola ‘ -| 61
C 2772 | Schrebera swietenioides .| 256/| H 2847 | Rosa macrophylla . | 167
C 2773 | Terminalia belerica .| 180 || H 2848 | Rhamnus purpureus . «| 8
C 2774 | Phyllanthus Emblica .| 352 || H 2849 | Leycesteria formosa . .| 217
€ 2775 | Gmelina arborea . 286 || H 2850 | Deutzia corymbosa .| 173
C 2776 | Anogeissus latifolia. 186 || H 2851 | Clematis montana . ‘ 1
C 2779 | Gardenia turgida . 228 || H 2852 “d barbellata . i 1
C 2780 | Boswellia thurifera 66 || H 2853 | Coriaria nepalensis ‘ .| 113
C 2781 | Eleodendron Roxburghii .| 88||/ H 2854 | Salix elegans - + «| 877,
C 2782 | Randia uliginosa : ee E 2855 | Toddalia aculeata. . .| 61
C 2783 | Stephegyne parvifolia . .| 22 2 iLGh 217
C 2784 Ailanthes malabarica . .| 64 E 2856 | Pentapyxis stipulata . 1 xxiii
C 2785 | Aegle Marmelos. . .| 63)| E 2857 | Artemisia vulgaris . .| 233
C 2786 | Eugenia Heyneana .| 195 || & 2858 | Actinidia strigosa : -| 28
C 2789 | Vitex Negundo . | 297 || & 2859 | Hollbdllia latifolia. a
© 2792 | Bauhinia purpurea . .| 140|| — 2860 /Leearobusta . . «| 98
C 2794 | Woodfordia floribunda . . | 200 || & 2861 | Hypericum Hookerianum .} 21
C 2796 | Ficus glomerata . . .| 340]| & 2862 | Berberis angulosa : .-| 14
C 2799 | Randia dumetorum . | 227 || & 2863 | Lonicera glabrata . ones
C 2800 | Spondias mangifera . .| 113 || E 2864 | Berchemia floribunda . .| 90
C 2801 | Holarrhena antidysenterica . | 263|) H 2865 | Taxus baceata . . .| 413.
© 2802 | Casearia tomentosa . 206 || H 2866 | Viburnum Mullaha e .| 214
C 2803 | Ficus hispida . . 341 || H 2867 | Quercus incana . 3 . 3 .| 385
C 2804 | Helicteres Isora . 49 || H 2168 | Prinsepia utilis . . .| 165
C 2808 | Ficus infectoria . : . | 334|| H 2869 | Viburnum cotinifolium 214
C 2809 | Tectona grandis . . .| 292|| H 2870 | Indigofera heterantha. .| 117
C 2810 | Stereospermum xylocarpum .| 279|| H 2871,| Pinusexcelsa . . .| 399
C 2811 | Tamarindus indica . .|143)|| H 2872 | Rosa macrophylla . .| 167
C 2813 | Ficus bengalensis. , . | 334)! H 2873 | Quercus dilatata . ‘ . | 384
C 2814 » Yeligiosa . ‘ . | 335 || H 2874 | Lonicera quinquelocularis 216
C 2815 | Zizyphus Jujuba . ‘ .| 89) A 2875 a angustifolia . of M7
© 2816 ¥ 5 te é .| 88|| H 2876 | Prunus armeniaca .| 162
C 2817 | Bauhinia malabarica .| 189|| H 2877 | Rhamnus virgatus ‘ «| 91
C 2818 | Salix tetrasperma. . | 376 || H 2879 | Jasminum officinale, . | 255
H 2819 | Deutzia staminea. . . | 173 || H 2880 | Symplocos crategoides . | 254
H 2820 | Clematis grata . ; ° 1|| H 2881 | Euonymus tingens ; -| 85
H 2821 | Xandiatetrasperma . . | 227 || H 2882 | Buddleia paniculata -| 267
H 2822 | Leptodermis lanceolata 282 || H 2883 | Euonymus lacerus . -| 84
H 2823 | Cotoneaster microphylla 171 || H 2884 | Populus ciliata . A .| 379
H 2824 | Indigofera atropurpurea 117 || H 2885 | Coriaria nepalensis . .| 113

7
—

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS,

>

493

No. | Name. Page. No. | Name. Page.
H 2886 | Viburnum feetens 215 || H 2946 | Sageretia theezans 4 -| 92
H 2887 | Pyrus lanata ‘ ‘ 169 || H 2947 | Zizyphus oxyphylla . 89
H 2888 | Berberis aristata . é 13 || H 2948 | Litswa lanuginosa .| 312
H 2889 | Cotoneaster acuminata 171 || H 2949 | Xylosma longifolium . ee
H 2890 i bacillaris . 171 || H 2950 | Celastrus spinosus > .| xiii
H 2891 | Jasminum revolutum 255 || H 2951 | Sageretia theezans 92
H 2892 | Meliosma dillenizfolia 103 || H 2952 | Rhamnus procumbens . -| 92
H 2893 | Quercus semecarpifolia 382 || E 2953 | Calophyllum polyanthum ,| 26
H 2894 | Berberis coriacea . 14 || E 2954 | Bauhinia Vablii . : .| 139
H 2895 | Abies Webbiana . ae 2 2955 | Eugenia Kurzii . é . | 194

teitis 40 2956 formosa . . 193

Hf 2896 » Smithiana . xxx || E 2957 Rhododendron fulgens . 238
H 2897 | Euonymus Hamiltonianus 84. || E 2958 » cinnabarinum | 238
H 2898 | Deutzia corymbosa 173 || W 2959 | Tectona grandis . . | 293
H 2899 | Acer villosum 100 2961 | Nectandra Rodiwi ., 6 (8B
H 2900 | Staphylea Emodi 102 2962 | Sassafras officinale 313
H 2901 | Acer ccesium 2 7 100 2963 | Cesalpinia crista. , 135
H 2903 | Rbamnus triquetrus . 92 2964. 5 echinata 135
P 373 2965 | Maclura tinctoria 328

H 2904 | Betula acuminata Xxix 2966 | Hematoxylon Campechianum 135
H 2905 | Salix daphnoides. 377 || H 2967 | Crategus crenulata . .{| 170
H 2906 » elegans "i ‘ 377 || H 2968 | Quercus lanuginosa . | 384
H 2907 | Rhus succedanea : 106 || H 2969 | Bassia latifolia. . : «| 24d
H 2908 | Ribes glaciale . : 174 || H 2970 | Stranvesia glaucescens .| 170
H 2909 | Lonicera orientalis . 216 || H 2971 | Fraxinus floribunda . | 257
Hi 2910 | Salix Wallichiana ; 377 || B 2972 | Shorea siamensis . ; .| 39
H 2911 | Syringa Emodi . : 256 || B 2973 » Obtusa . -| 39
‘H 2912 | Lonicera alpigena j 217 2974 | Fraxinus excelsior «| 257
H 2913 | Vitis himalayana . 93 341
H 2914 | Buxus ier evel » 371 2975 | Ulmus montana’ .. : { xxviii
B 2915 | Pentace burmanica Vii 2978 | Quercus Ilex 7 . . | 383

E 2916 | Heritiera littoralis 48 || C 2979 | Strychnos potatorum . . | 269
D 2917 | Pterocarpus Marsupium ‘182 || O 2980 | Shorea robusia , ; ate 88
C 2918 = ‘ 133 || O 2981 | Diospyros Melanoxylon . | 249

P 2919 | Balsamodendron Mukul 67 || C 2982 | Tectona grandis . .| 292

C 2920 | Ventilago maderaspatana 91 || C 2983 = i , : . | 292

C 2921 | Vallaris dichotoma 261 || C 2984 | Dalbergia latifolia P -| 127

W 2922 | Borassus flabelliformis . 417 || C 2985 | Cordia Macleodii . P .| 271
D 2923 | Diospyros quesita ‘ 250 || C 2986 | Hardwickia binata . .| 143

C 2924 | Terminalia tomentosa . 184|| C 2987 | Tectona grandis . - . | 293

2925 | Aporosa dioica , 355 || C 2988 | Adina cordifolia . ‘ «| 221
D 2926 | Chloroxylon Swietenia . xii|| C 2989 | Albizzia stipulata ‘ .| 1
O 2827 | Spatholobus Roxburghii 122 || C 2990 | Shorea robusta . .| 38
C 2928 | Dalbergia paniculata 129 || O 2991 | Eleodendron Roxburghii .| 88
C 2929 | Hardwickia binata 143 || O 2992 | Odina Wodier . : .| 1
H 2930 | Pistacia integerrima . 107 || O 2993 | Eugenia Jambolana_ . . | 195
P 2931 | Zizyphus nummularia . 89 || O 2994 | Adina cordifolia . 2 .| 221
P 2932 | Celastrus spinosus j 87 || O 2995 | Terminalia belerica , | 180
C 2933 | Tectona grandis . 8 292 || O 2996 tomentosa . . | 184
H 2934 | Desmodium tilizfolium 120 || O 2997 Anogeissus latifolia , . 186
H 2935 | Indigofera heterantha 117 || O 2998 | Cordia vestita . ‘ | 271
H 2936 | Elscholtzia we 301 || 0 2999 | Lagerstrémia parviflora «| 201
H 2937 | Abelia triflora 216 || O 3000 | Béhmeria negulosa . .| 325
H 2938 | Loranthus vestitus . 320 || O 3001 | Briedelia retusa . ‘ . | 356
H 2939 | Cocculus laurifolius 12 || O 3002 | Ulmus integrifolia - (4,342
H 2940 | Olea glandulifera 258 || O 3003 | Pinus longifolia . 4 .| 396
H 2941 | Securineva obovata 354 || O 3004 | Albizzia procera . > .| 159
H 2942 | Rhus semialata . ; 105 || E 3005 | Terminalia Catappa . .| 182
H 2943 | Adhatoda Vasica . 281 || H 8006 | Acer villosum .) (ogo
H 2944 | Acer oblongum ‘ 99 || H 3007 | Acer caudatum . © (sae
H 2945 | Andrachne cordifolia . 349 || H 3008 | _,, pictum ° : -| 101

494 - INDEX TO
¢
No. Name. Page. No. Name, Page.
H 3009 | Acer cesium F | 100 || B 3073 | Fagreea fragrans . : .| 268
H 3010 | Hedera Helix -| 210/| B 3074 | Briedelia retusa . . .| 356
H 3011 | Euonymus lacerus - «| 84|} P3075 | Euphorbia Royleana . .| 368
H 3012 is Hamiltonianus .| 84/|| P 3076 | Acacia Farnesiana ‘J ~ | 251
H 3013 | Cotoneaster acuminata -| 171|| 3077 | Zizyphus nummularia. = .| 89
H 3014 | Spireea sorbifolia . -| 165 || H 3078 | Rhus Wallichii . . «| 106
H 3015 | Viburnum. fcetens -| 215|| H 3079 » semialata . ‘ -| 105
H 3016 | Lonicera alpigena . | 217 || H 3080 | Ficus nemoralis : .| 338
H 3017 Bs orientalis .| 216); H 3081 | Viscum attenuatum . .| 319
H 3018 | Symplocos crategoides - | 254 || O 8082 | Premna integrifolia 294
H 3019 | Desmodium tilizfolium -| 120|) O 3083 | Holarrhena antidysenteriva .| 263
H 3020 | Pyrus ursina ° ¢ -| 170 || O 3084 | Piptadenia oudhensis” . .| 146
H 3021 | Ribes glaciale -| 174 || O 3085 | Casearia tomentosa . . | 206
H 3022 99 ” » . | 174|| O 3086 | Pavetta tomentosa 3 .| 231
H 30623 | Syringa Emodi 256 || O 3089 | Casearia tomentosa. .| 206
H 3024 | Piptanthus nepalensis . 117 || O 3090 » graveolens . . | 206
H 3025 | Ribes glaciale . -| 174|| O 3091 | Premna mucronata . .| 295
H 3026 | Jasminum grandiflorum .| 255 || O 3092 » integrifolia . . | 295
H 3027 ‘i revolutum . . | 255|) P 3093 | Zizyphus nummularia. .| 89
; ; 173 || H 3094 | Cornus oblonga . . .| 212
H 3028 | Philadelphus coronarius - { xx || B 3095 | Anogeissus acuminata . .| 187
H 3029 | Schizandra grandiflora . . 4 || H 3096 | Cedrus Deodara . . | 406
H 3030 | Sabia campanulata .| 102 || H 3097 | Rodetia Amherstiana . . | 302
H 3031 | Abies Webbiana . : . | 409 || H 3098 | Carpinus viminea : .| 390
H 3032 » Smithiana . .| 408 || E3099 | Michelialanuginosa . .| 7
H 3033 | Loranthus vestitus . | 820/ E3100 | Talauma Hodgsoni . * 5
H 3034 | Salix daphnoides . .| 377 || E 3101 | Evodia fraxinifolia . .| 60
H 3085 | ,, Wallichiana .| 377 || E3102 | Acer sikkimense . ‘ .| 99
H 3036 | ,, daphnoides . .| 377|| E 3108 ,, Thomsoni . - .| 99
H 3037 | Berberis vulgaris . .| 13] E3104 | Rhus insignis . . aa
H 3038 »* cotiacea.:. ©.) 1461) 8105 | 4,0, atic a
. H 3039 aE ae er Te -| 14|) E3106 | Erythrina arborescens . .| 122
H 3040 » « Walgaria cs 13 || E 3108 | Turpinia nepalensis . .| 102
H 3041 » coriacea . - -| 14/| E3109 | Eriobotrya elliptica . .| 168
H 3042 “3 » « « «| 14|| E8110 | Ostodes paniculata . .| 360
H 3043 3 aes ; -| 14]| E8111 | Camellia drupifera . .| 380
H 3044 | Vitex Negundo . «| 297|| O 3112 | Crateva religiosa z..a
H 3045 | Roylea elegans . | 801} O 8118 | Miliusa velutina. . «| 10
H 3046 | Colebrookia oppositifolia . | 301 ]} 03114 | Excecaria sebifera . «| 367
H 3048 | Rumex hastatus . “ . | 303 || C 3115 | Crateva religiosa 3 “|” 36
H 3049 | Odina Wodier , .| 111]} C 3116 | Alangium Lamarckii . .| 211
H 3050 | Sapindus detergens . .| 97|| B 3117 | Bombax malabaricum .° .| 44
H 3051 | Rhus punjabensis . | 105|| B 3118 | Berrya Ammonilla . .| 53
KH 3053 | Berberis aristata . ‘ .| 18\|| B 8119 | Pentace burmanica . wie |S
E 8054 » Lycium. . .| 14] B 3120 | Grewia vestita ;. Stoo
H 3055 | Litswa zeylanica. . «| 311|| B 3121 | Albizzia odoratissima . «| 158
P 3056 | Capparis aphylla . .| 15|| B 38122 | Miliusa velutina. . «| 10
H 3057 | Neriumodorum'. . «| 265|| B 3123 | Heritiera littoralis .| 48
H 3058 | Cedrus Deodara . | 404 || B 3125 | Flacourtia Ramontchi. .| 18
H £059 | Ligustrum compactum. . | 259]| B 3126 | Tectona Hamiltoniana . .| 293
H 3060 | Salix babylonica . .| 876|| B 3127 | Shorea siamensis . .| 39
Hf 3061 | Loranthus longiflorus . . | 820] B 3128 | Dipterocarpus obtusifolius .| 32
B 3062 | Miliusa velutina . -| 10|| H 8129 | Sageretia theezans . -| 92
H 3063 | Hipphophaé rhamnoides .| 317|| H 3130 | Villebrunea frutescens . | 326
B 3085 | Eugenia Jambolana . .| 195/| E3131 | Mangiferaindica. . «| 107
B 3066 | Xylia dolabriformis .| 149] B 3132 | Ochna Wallichii . : .| 66
B 3067 | Lagerstrémia Regine . —. | 208 || E3133 | Sambucus javanica. 213
B 3068 macrocarpa .| 203|| O 3134 | Plecospermum spinosum —, | 327
B 3069 | Adina sessilifolia . 221 || EB 3135 | Pterospermum acerifolium .| 49
B 3070 | Hymenodictyon thrysiflorum 225 || C 3136 | Cesalpinia Sappan . —- | 185
B 3072 | Strychnos Nux-vomica. 269 || E $137 | Shorea robusta . . «| 38

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 495
No. Name, Page. No. | Name. Page
E 3138 | Shorea robusta . ° -| 38)|| E3211 | Linociera macrophylla . | 259
E 3139 | Adsculus punduana =. -| 95|| E 3214 | Moringa pterygosperma .| 114
D 3140 | Santalum album , . - | 322|| P 3215 | Boswellia thurifera . -| 66
B 3141 | Millettia . : : .| 118|| P 3216 | Bauhinia racemosa . 140
© 3143 | Camellia Thea. ; .| 80\| P 3217 | Cratceva religiosa : -| 16
KE 3144 | Anthocephalus Cadamba .| 220|| P 3218 | Grewia asiatica . é -| 55
B 3145 | Baccaurea sapida § . . | 855 || P8219 | Cordia Macleodii. . «| 271
B 3146 = a * cae -| 355|| P 8220 | Sterculia urens . . .| 46
B 3147 | Careya arborea -| 198|| P 3221 | Flacourtia Ramontchi . -| 18
B 3148 | Garcinia Cowa . ° .| 24/| P 3222 | Wrightia tinctoria - .| 264
B 3149 | Schrebera swietenioides .| 256|| P 3223 | Albizzia odoratissima . -| 158
W 3150 | Coffea arabica . ° .| 231|| P3224 | Ficus cordifolia . . .| 335
D 3151 | Pterocarpus santalinus. .| 132 \| P3225 | Odina Wodier . : -| 111
D 3152 | Givotia rottleriformis . . | 365 || P 3226 | Moringa concanensis -| 114
KE 3153 | Anthocephalus Cadamba 220 || P 3227 | Grewia salvifolia ° -| 55
O 3154 | Kydia calycina .| 44]) P 3228 ~ populifolia | 54
3155 | Gluta travanorica . -| 109|| P 3229 | Dichrostachys cinerea . -| 148
3156 | Clematis barbellata ‘ 1|| P 3230 | Grewia pilosa. -| 56
E 3157 | Cinchona succirubra ~. .| 224|| P 3231 | Rhus mysorensis . . - | 105
E 3158 » Calisaya . | 224|| O 3232 | Cordia vestita . .) Sas
E 3159 » Officinalis . . | 224|| P8235 | Grewia asiatica : -| 5d
O 3160 | Millingtonia hortensis . . | 2761) P 8287 >» salvifolia 4 -| 65
O 3161 | Diospyros Embryopteris .| 252/|| P 3238 | Balsamodendron Mukul .| 67
H 3162 | Cinnamomum Tamala . . | 806 || P 3239 | Dichrostachys cinerea -| 148
H 3163 | Juglans regia. . .| 392 || P 3242 | Capparis sepiaria ° -| iil
H 3164 | Ulmus. , ‘ . -| 342|| P 3244 » horrida $ : ii
-H 3165 | Abies Smithiana . .| 409 || P 3245 | Ehretia obtusifolia -. .| 272
H 3167 | Rhus succedanea ° 106 || P 3247 | Securinega obovata . -| 354
H 3168 | Rhamnus virgatus -| 91)| P 8248 | Rhus mysorensis ° -| 105
H 3169 | Celtis caucasica . . | 344 || P 3256 | Grewia pilosa . -| 56
H 3170 | Rhus punjabensis - «| 105|} P3259 | Persea Nanmuh . . | 813
H 3171 | Rhododendron arboreum 236 || O 3260 | Nephelium Litchi F 97
H 3173 | Euonymus Hamiltonianus .| 84|| O 3263 | Grevillea robusta : -| 318
H 3174 | Morus serrata. P -| 328|| O 3264 | Parkia Roxburghii . .| 145
H 3175 | Ulmus Wallichiana . .| 341 || O 3265 | Murraya Konigii ° of RE
H 3177 | Cotoneaster bacillaris . 171|| O 3266 | Ceratonia siliqua | Sh ae
H 3178 | Parrotia Jacquemontiana .| 174 || O 3267 | Cupressus sempervirens -| 411
H 3179 | Corylus Colurna .| 391|| O 3270 | Melaleuca leucadendron «| 188
H 3180 | Lonicera quinquelocularis .| 216|| E3271 | Saurauja Roxburghii . . v
H 3181 | Cedrela serrata . » .| 79\|| E3272 | Sapindus attenuatus . -| 97
H 3182-| Rhus Cotinus. -| 104|| E 3273 | Viburnum lutescens . -| 215
H 3183 | Diospyros Lotus .| 252 || E 3274 | Dalbergia foliacea - ef} 130
H 3184 | Desmodium tilizfolium .| 120|| E 3275 | Melastoma malabathricum . | 199
H 3185 | Pyrus Pashia . - «| 169|| E 3276 | Callicarpa cana . -| 283
H 3186 » lanata . ° .| 169 || E 3277 | Ricinus communis d -| 364
H 3187 | Euonymus lacerus ‘ -| 84 . 3278 | Leea gigantea ; -| 93
bs. ¢| 379 3279 | Flemingia semialata . «| 433
H 8188 | Populus ciliata . * | xxix || E 3281 Detncdiet Cephalotes -| 121
H 3189 | Staphylea Emodi .| 102 || E 3282 | Securinega Leucopyrus -| 354
H 3190 | Fraxinus floribunda . -| 257 - 3283 | Tetranthera angustifolia .| 311
, : 51 3284 | Glyscosmis pentaphylla x
iy S191-| Briolions Mookeriana . 1 vii B 285 | Dichopsis pelyanths .| 243
H 3192 | Lespedeza eriocarpa . | 119/|| E 3286 | Hyptianthera stricta » | Xxiii
H 3194 | Marsdenia Roylei . | 266 || E 3287 | Holigarna longifolia . -| 112
B 3195 | Murraya exotica . .| 62)| E 3288 | Tetranthera nudiflora .| 208
Bb 3197 roe shies spectabile .| 25|| E8289 | Hibiscus macrophyllus ot «ka
B 3198 | Alsodeia . . . -| 16)| E 3290 | Tectona grandis . -| 293
B 3201 | Croton oblongifolius . . | 359 || E 3291 . a ,: -| 293
B 3203 | Bauhinia malabarica . .| 139)) E 3293 | Skimmia Laureola ? o} ax
B 3204 | Anogeissus acuminata .| 187 || E 3294 | Samara floribunda «| 240
D 3209 | Sapindus emarginatus -| 96)| E3295 | Paramignya monophylla . x

*

496 INDEX TO \
No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page.
E 3296 | Vaccinium serratum . .| 234 || E 3361 | Rubus paniculatus : ~ | xix
E 3297 | Capparis olacifolia ° ; ii || E 3362 | Phyllanthus reticulatus -| 53
E 3298 | Croton caudatus . . .| 859|| E3363 | Randiarigida . , . | xxiii
E 3299 | Tournefortia viridiflora —_. | 269|| E3364 | Rhamnus nepalensis . «| Xiv
E 3300 | Goniothalamus sesquipedalis. ii || E 3365 | Garcinia . : . ott am
E 3301 | Combretum decandrum .| 179|| E 3366 | Licuala peltata . . «| 418
E 3302 | Samara undulata . .| 240|| E 3367 | Ardisia paniculata . .| xxiv
E 3303 | Homonoya riparia ‘ .| 364/| E 3368 | Unona longiflora . ‘ ‘ ik
E 3307 | Rubus lineatus -| 166 || E 3369 | Shorea assamica . ° ot eae
E 3308 | Euonymus thewefolius. .| 85|| E 3370 | Delima sarmentosa . . i
E 3309 | Prunus acuminata ° 164 || E 3371 | Citrus Aurantium : 3 x
E 3310 | Osbeckia crinita . ° 199 || EH 3372 | Styrax : ‘ .| XXV
E 3311 | Priotropis cytisoides . .| xvi|| E 3373 | Sapindus Denura | ae
E 3312 | Vernonia volkameriefolia .| 233 || E 3374 | Tetranthera tomentosa .| 31k
E 3314 | Leptobeea multiflora . .| 274|| E 3375 | Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum .| ix
E 3315 | Ardisia crispa . | 241 || E 3376 | Teucrium macrostachyum . | 302
E 3316 | Sarcosperma arborea . | 242 || E 3377 | Calamus schizospathus .| 423
‘ : 325 || B 3378 | Cedrela multijuga : .| xiii

MSOt7 | BOhuteria ParypEy ae > { xxvii || B 3379 | Sonneratia salder . : .| Xxi
E 3318 | Grewia polygama - «| vii/| B 8380 | Mitrephora vandeeflora 1 ie
E 3319 | Securinega Leucopyrus - | 354|| E 3383 | Rubus lineatus . ° o| xix
E 3320 | Styrax virgatum . . | 253 || E 3384 | Quercus acuminata . ~— , | Xxix
E 3321 | Michelia Cathcartii ° i|| E 3385 | Shorea robusta . ° ee
E 3322 | Myrsine semiserrata .| 239 || E 3386 | Tectona grandis . . .| 293
E 3323 | Wightia gigantea -| 273 || E 3387 ts vs A .| 293
E 3324 | Zanthoxylon Budrunga .| ix|| E 3388 r ae” . . | 293
Wars pia 235 || E 3390 | Shorea robusta ; vi

E 3325 | Pieris ovalifolia . { xxiv || E 3391 | Celastrus acuminatus . .| Xiii
E 3326 | Heptapleurum elatum . | 208|| E 3392 | Amoora decandra . J eee
E 3327 | Aucuba himalaica ; . | 213 || E 3393 | Polygala arillata . ‘ oi ae
E 3328 | Debregeasia longifolia . | 326|| E 3394 | Gaultheria Griffithiana . | XXIV
E 3329 e leucophylla ./| 826] E3395 | Premna interrupta . 293
E 3330 | Erythrina arborescens -| ‘xvi ; 329
E 3331 Michelia lanuginosa . : i ¥ 3896 | Morus cugpidata « , { XXvii
E 3333 | Quercus acuminata . - | 886|| E 3397 | Mallotus oreophilus . | 362
E 3334 | Ficus Fieldingii . e — « |xxvyiii|| E 3400 | Photinia integrifolia . «| =
E 3335 | Eriobotrya elliptica . -| xix || E 3401 | Bixa Orellana. : Pe”
E 3336 | Symplocos ramosissims, . | 254|| E 3402 | Gamblea ciliata . . | Xxil
E 3337 | Quercus Griffithii .| 382 || E 3408 | Pyrus rhamnoides ; «| mix
E 3838 » fenestrata . - | 885 || E 3404 » foliolosa . ; .| xix
E 3339 » serrata . ‘ . | 884 || E 8405 | Piptanthus nepalensis. « .| Xvi
E 3340 | Excecaria baccata . | 367 || E 3406 | Euonymus rigidus : .| xiii
E 3341 | Melia . ‘ : .| xiii || E 3407 | Ilex insignis tn .| xiii
E 3342 | Helwingia himalaica . 209 || E 3409 | Brassaiopsis speciosa . . | XXii
E 3343 | Ulmus lancifolia ° - | 342 || E 3410 | Docynia indica of 2x
E 3344 | Solanum verbascifolium .| 273); E3411 | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis . | XXV
E 8345 | Microtropis discolor .| xiv || E 3414 | Biota orientalis 414
E 3346 | Rhamnus nepalensis -| xiv || E 3415 | Zanthoxylum acanthopodium viii
F 3347 | Symplocos glomerata . .| xxv || E 3416 ie Hamiltonianum| ix
E 3348 | Citrus medica . ° . x || E 3419 | Oxyspora paniculata . - |) xxi
E 8349 | Capparis multiflora of} 29 3420 | Acacia Catechu . . xix
E 3350 | Ardisia involucrata . .|xxiv || E 3422 | Prunus acuminata . .| xix
E 3352 | Garcinia stipulata 4 ‘ iv || E 3423 | Hemitelia a tate : .| 431
E 8353 | Zanthoxylum ovalifolium .| ix|| E3424 : .| 481
E 3354 | Clausena excavata ‘ x || E 3425 Areca gracilis ‘ . | 421
E 3355 | Micromelum pubescens ° x || FZ 3426 | Thamnocalamus spathiflorus 427
E 8356 | Ormosia glauca . ; .| xvii || E 8427 | Arundinaria faleata . . | 427
E 3357 | Melia dubia .| xi|| EK 8428 | Bambusa Brandisii . 428
E 3358 | Camellia drupifera .| v|| £3429 | Cephalostachyum capitatum | 429
E 3359 | Indigofera stachoydes . .| xvi|| E 3430 | Gouania leptostachya . .| xiv
E 8360 | Melia dubia : . : xi || C 3481 | Hamiltonia suaveolens . | Xxiv

———

NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 497

No, Name. Page. No. Name. Page.
C 3432 | Desmodium pulchellum xvi || C 3496 | Thevetia neriifolia “ . | Xxvi
C 3433 | Zizyphus xylopyra : xiv || C 3497 | Erycibe paniculata - | Xxvi
C 3434 | Shorea robusta ; é vi || C 8498 | Briedelia tomentosa . ° Ixxviii
C 3435 | Gardenia turgida . . | xxiii || C 3499 | Cipadessa fruticosa . 4 apie
C 3436 | Sterculia urens . : vii || C 3500 | Strychnos potatorum . + | xxvi
C 3437 | Eriolena Hookeriana . vii || C 3501 | Phyllanthus lanceolarins «| xxviii
C 3438 | Embelia robusta . xxiv || C 3502 | Maba buxifolia . . «| xxv
C 3439 | Eugenia Heyneana xx || C 3503 | Briedelia stipularis . - | Xxix
C 3440 | Shorea robusta .| vil] C8504 | Sideroxylon tomentosum __ . | xxiv
C 3441 x a F : «| vil) C 3506 | Acacia leucophlea ; . | XViil
C 3442 | Heptapleurum venulosum xxii || ( 3507 | Pisonia aculeata . - [xxvii
C 3443 | Chloroxylon Swietenia xii || C 3508 | Zizyphus xylopyra : -| xiv
C 3444 | Shorea robusta . ‘ :| vil] C 8509 | Euphorbia Tirucalli . - | Xxix
C 3445 | Callicarpa arborea . [xxvii || C 3511 | Carissa Carandas . - «| XXV
C 3446 | Calotropis gigantea . .| xxvi|| C 3512 | Calotropis gigantea . + | XXvi
C 3447 | Indigofera pulchella xvi || C 3513 | Ochrocarpus longifolius ee
C 3448 | Celastrus paniculata xiii || C 3514 | Xylia dolabriformis - | xviii
C 3449 | Ailanthus excelsa ; . x || C 3515 | Atalantia monophylla . x
C 3450 | Dalbergia volubilis . .| xvii|| C 3516 | Shorea robusta Pes Se
C 3451 | Breynia rhamnoides - xxviii || C 3517 | Gyrocarpus Jacquinii . 71 =x
C 3452 | Lebedieropsis orbicularis . | xxix || C 3518 | Carissa diffusa . d . | Xxv
C 3453 | Flacourtia Ramontchi . .| iii|| C 3519 | Flacourtia sepiaria iii
C 3454 | Schrebera swietenioides xxv || C 3520 | Weberaaciatica . xxiii
C 3455 | Cordia Macleodii . : . | xxvi|| C 3521 | Celastrus emarginatus . Xiv
C 3456 | Dalbergia latifolia : xvii || C 3522 | Dalbergia latifolia - | xvii
C 3457 | Grewia salvifolia vii || C 3523 | Pterospermum suberifolium.| vii
C 3458 | Croton oblongifolius xxix || C 3524 | Ochrocarpus longifolius .| iv
3459 | Heynea trijuga . xi|| C 3526 | Acacia Catechu . «~~. | xviii
C 3460 | Cesalpinia sepiaria . .| xvii || C 3527 | Casearia tomentosa, -| Xxi
C 3461 | Terminalia Arjuna . .| xx|| C 3528 | Embeliarobusta. . .~|xxiv
C 3462 | Anogeissus acuminata . .| xx|| ©3529 |Odina Wodier .. Xv
C 3463 | Ardisia solanacea . : . | xxiv || C 3530 | Limonia acidissima : x
C 3464 | Ixora parviflora . . .|xxiii|]/ C3531 | Terminalia Chebula . «| xx
C 3465 | Gardenia gummifera . — . | xxiii|| C 3532 | Buchanania latifolia Xv
C 3466 | Alangium Lamarckii . «| xxii|} (3533 | Schleicheratrijuga . «| xiv
C 3467 | Olax scandens. . .| xiii|} C 3534 | Pterospermum suberifolium .| vii
C 3468 | Acacia Intsia eve xix || C 3535 | Morinda tinctoria . | xxiv
C 3470 | Barringtonia acutangula xxi || C 3536 | Saccopetalum tomentosum . ii
C 3471 | Saccopetalum tomentosum ii|| C 3537 | Strychnos Nux-vomica. . | XXvi
C 3472 |Shorearobusta . . ,| vil] 0 3538 99 » + | XXvi
C 3473 ~ - : - vi || C 3539 | Phyllanthus Emblica + Ixxviii
C 3474 | Diospyros Embryopteris .| xxv || C 3541 | Ochna squarrosa . : : x
C 3475 | Rhabdia viminea. . ./|xxvi|| C 3542 | Pterocarpus Marsupium-— .| xvii
C 3476 | Cedrela Toona . . .| xii|| C 8543 | Adina cordifolia . ’ - | Xxiii
C 3477 | Ougeinia dalbergioides. .| xvi|| C 3544 | Cassia Fistula . . «| xviii
C 3478 | Shorea robusta . . .| vil| C8545 |CedrelaToona . , «| Xii
C 3479 ” 9» - : .| vill @ 3546 | Xylia dolabriformis . xviii
C 3480 9% 9» P ; .| vill C8547 | Lagerstrémia parviflora .| xxi
C 3481 | Plectronia didyma . | xxiii || C 3548 | Gelonium lanceolatum XXxix
C 3482 | Carallia integerrima , .| xx|| C3549 | Gmelina arborea . : XXVi
C 3483 | Polyalthia suberosa , 4 i|| C 8550 | Vitex pubescens . : . |XXVii
C 3484 | Ventilago calyculata . .| xiv |} C 3551 | Mimusops indica - . | Xx1¥
C 3485 | Phyllanthus lanceolarius —, |xxyiij || C 8553 | Phyllanthus lanceolarius —. |xxyiii
C 3486 | Linociera dichotoma . .| xxv || © 3556 | Shorea robusta . - A vi
C 3488 | Flacourtia Ramontchi . .| iii|| © 3558 | Holarrhena antidysenterica . | xxvi
C 3490 | Shorea robusta , . .| vil] C 3559 | Zizyphus xylopyra ‘ .| Xiv
C 3491 | Symplocos racemosa . .| xxv || © 3560 | Albizzia Lebbek : .| xix
C 3492 | Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis .| xxv || C 3561 | Memecylon umbellatum =. |_ xxi
C 3493 | Diospyros Melanoxylon . | xxiv || C 3562 | Anogeissus latifolia . of ee
C 3494 | Olax scandens. : xiii || C 3564 | Alangium Lamarckii . XXxii
C 3495 | Murrayaexotica, . x || C 3565 | Hymenodictyon excelsum —. | xxiii

@ °*

498

INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS.

No. Name. res | No, Name. Page.
C 3566 | Soymida febrifuga . xii|| E 3605 | Gmelina arborea . . . |XXvii
C 3567 | Albizzia Lebbek 7 xix || E 3606 | Bombax malabaricum . «| Vil
C 3569 | Carissa Carandas . : xxv || E 3607 | Quercus pachyphylla .| XXX
C 3570 | Limonia acidissima . < x || E 3608 | Daphniphyllopsis capitata .| xiii
€ 3571 | Dillenia pentagyna * ij} E 3609 | Quercus annulata ‘ . | XXX
C 3572 | Chloroxylon Swietenia . -| xii|} E 3610 | Echinocarpus dasycarpus .| Xxx
E 3576 | Pentapanax racemosum »| xxii|| E 3611 | LagerstrOmia parviflora .| xxx
C 3577 | Streblus asper i - |xxvii|| E 3612 | Ficus clavata F + [xxviii
C 3578 | Premna latifolia . . . |xxvil|| E 3615 | Cryptomeria japonica . «| Xxx
C 3579 | Webera asiatica . : . | xxili|| E3616 | Shorea robusta . v| vi
C 3580 | Capparis sepiaria ‘ «| iii|| E 3617 ™ "=" ‘ 4 os} WR
C 3581 | Actinodaphne angustifolia . |xxvii|| Ef3618 9 % ; ‘ ct WE
C 3582 | Eugenia zeylanica ‘ -| xx|| E3619 | Cedrela microcarpa . «| xii
FE 3586 | Micheliaexcelsa . . . i|| E 3620 | Gmelina arborea » |XXvii
K 3587 | Juglans regia : . | xxx || E 3622 | Duabanga sonneratioides .| xxi
Ki 3588 | Dalbergia Sissoo. . «| xvii|| E3623 | Cedrelamicrocarpa . «| Xii
E 3589 | Shorea robusta . ‘ -| vil] E3624 | Shorea robusta . ° oh VE
E 3590 | Terminalia tomentosa. .| xx || E3625 5 Dil 3.) Sao, Se
E 3592 | Canarium bengalense . e| xij} E 3626 os 3 ‘ ‘ ots ee
E 3593 | Beilschmiedia see areas xxvii|| E 3627 BS a F : «| va
E 3595 | Dysoxylum procerum . xi|| E 3628 ~ pe ‘ é «| Vi
E 3596 | Pterospermum acerifolium .| viil| E 3629 vi 3 ‘ . «| wi
E 3597 | Ehretia Wallichiana . -| xxx|} E 3630 “3 Pe 2 4 «| VE
E 3598 | Eugenia Jambolana . -| xx|| E3681 | Michelia excelsa , ‘ ; i
E 3599 | Cedrela microcarpa’. xii|| E 3632 | Juglans regia. : .| XXX
E 3600 | Terminalia belerica .« xxx || E 3633 | Pyrus rhamnoides ‘ Pt *
E 3602 | Schima Wallichii ‘ v|| E 3634 | Machilus odoratissima . . |XXvii
E 3603 | Stereospermum chelonoides . | xxx|/ E 3635 | Heptapleurum impressum .| xxii
E 3604 | Garuga pinnata . : xi|| E 3636 | Tephrosia candida ‘ «| eee

—

te te

499

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Pages,

ABELIA . : . 213, e
triflora, R. Br. .

ABIES . ; . 304, 406
canadensis, Michaux . 406
Douglasii, Ldl. . . 406
dumosa, Loudon . 406, 408
excelsa, DC. - 406
Khutrow, Loudon - 407
se DC. . 406

indrow, Royle . 408

Smithiana, Forbes 406, 407
406

Webbiana, Ldl. . 408

; xxx

Abietiness ‘ 394
Abroma . ° . 45
augusta, Linn. . 45
Abrus. 116, 121
precatorius, Linn. 4». dol
AcACIA . 145, 149
ser “Willd. : » 151
cesia, W. and A.. 155
Catechu, Bth. 4 . 150
Catechu, Willd. . » 158
concinna, DC. . . 150
‘dealbata, Link. . . 155
decurrens, Willd. 156
eburnea, Willd. . 151
Farnesiana, Willd. 150
ferruginea, DC. . 153
formosa . 150

homalophylla, A. Cunn. 156
Intsia, Willd. . 155, xix

Jacquemonti, Bth. _ 150
Latronum, Willd. . 149
lenticularis, Ham. . 150
leucophlea, Willd. 152
melanoxylon, R. oS ei ee
modesta, Wall.

obovata, Roxb. ipa
pennata, Willd. . ae
planifrons, W. and A. . 150
pruinescens, Kurz 150
pycnantha, Bth. . 156
rupestris, Stocks . . 150
Senegal, Willd. 150
speciosa : P 157
Suma, Kurz . 150
Sundra, Beddome 153

vera, Willd. . _ am

Acacies . . 145
Acalypha . Rat 318
fruticosa, Forsk. . 348
280

ACANTHACHA . *.
Acanthez i

Pages.

Acanthus g . . 280
carduaceus, Griff. - 281
ebracteatus, Vahl. . 280
ilicifolius, Linn. . . 280
volubilis, Wall. . 280
Acanthopanax 208
aculeatum, Seem. 208
Acerines . : 93
ACER : 3, 98
cesium, ‘Wall. 98, 100

Campbellii, Hook. f. and

4. ai . 98,100, xv
campestre, Linn. . Xv
caudatum, Wall. 98, 100, XV
Hookeri, Miq. . 98, 99
isolobum, Kurz .
levigatum, hide 99
niveum, Bl. . 98
oblongum, Wall. a 99
pentapomicum, J.

Stewa 98
pictum, Thunb. 98, 101, xv

platanoides, Linn. xv
ie. Socom Linn. xv
saccharinum, Linn. . xv
sikkimense, Miq. 98, 99

stachyophyllum, Hiern 98
Thomsoni, Mig. . 98, 99
villosum, Wall. 98,99, 100

Achras . . 241
elengioides, DO. . 241
Sapota, Linn. ° . 241
tomentosa, Beddome . 241

ACROCARPUS . , 135
fraxinifolius, Wight 135

Acronychia 59
laurifolia, BI. : 59
pedunculata, DC. 59

Acrostichum aureum,

inn. ‘ - . 432

Actephila. ‘ : . 347
excelsa, Dalz. . 347
javanica, Miq. . 347
puberula, Kurz . 347
Thomsoni, Mill. Arg. . 347

Actias Silene . r . xvi

Actinidia . ° A a; 28
callosa, Ldl. . : 28
strigosa, Hk. £. & Th. . 28

Actinodaphne . . 804
angustifolia, Nees 304, XXxvVii
Hookeri, Meissn. . . 304
obovata, Hk. f. & Th. . 304
salicina, DC. . 304

Adamia cyanea, Wall. . 172

Adansonia ‘ 42
digitata, Linn. . 42

Adelia neriifolia, Roxb. . . 864

ADENANTHERA
aculeata, Roxb. .
oudhensis, J. L. Stewart 146

pavonina, Linn. . . 146
Adenantheres > . 145
Adenosacme . . 218

longifolia, Wall. . 218
ADHATODA , . . 280, 281

Vasica, Nees 281, xxvii
ADINA . 17, 220

EON, Hook. f. and

Bth. . 220, xxiii

polyeephala, "Hook. f.

and Bth. . 220

sessilifolia, Hk. f. &Bth. 221
Adinandra 7 * 28

villosa, Choisy 28
Aichmanthera . ; 280

Wallichii, Nees . 280

Agialitis annulata, R. Br. 238

rotundifolia, Roxb. . 238
JEGICERAS. F 238, 241
corniculata, Blanco . 244
majus, Gaertn. . . 241
AGLE . : 59, 63
Marmelos, Correa. 63, x
Zschynomene . . . 116
aspera, Linn. s . 119
grandiflora, Roxb. . 119
Sesban, Roxb. . 118
AiscuLuUsS 93, 94, 95
assamica, Griff. . - 9
Hippocastanum, Linn. 94
indica, Colebr. . 94
punduana, Wall. . . 95
AFZELIA . . 134, 141
bijuga, A. Gray . . 141
palembanica, Baker . 141
retusa, Kurz - . 141
Agapetes . 233
auriculata, Griff . 234
hirsuta, Wight . 234
obovata, Don A - 234
odontocera, Wight . 234

saligna, Bth. and Hk. f. 234

variegata, G. Don . 234
verticillata, Wight . 234
Wallichiana, Wight . 234

Agati grandiflora, Desv. 119
Agave americana, Linn. . 426

Cantula, Roxb. . . 426
Aglaia . - 60, 69
Chittagonga, Si cx ae
edulis, A. 69
Roxhurgitens We &A. 69
Agrostistachys : . 347
indica, Dalz. < . 348
longifolia, Kurz . 438

+

500

Pages
AILANTHUS 63, 64
excelsa, DC. we

glandulosa, Desf. . 64

malabarica, DC. 64, x
Ajugoidex ‘ . 800
ALANGIUM . 210, 211

decapetalum, Lam. 211

hewapetalum, Roxb. . 211

Lamarckii, Thw. . 211, xxii
Sundanum, Miq. . . 211
ALBIZZIA . 145, 156

amara, Boivin . 160, xix
elegans, Kurz . 156
Julibrissin, Boivin . 169
Lebbek, Benth. . 156, xix
lophantha, Behe sa ee
lucida, at gk P aes
myriophylla,
a 2p tse Benth. . 158
procera, Benth. . 158, xix

stipulata, Boivin . 160, xix

Wightii, Grah. . 160
Alchornea 6 . 347
mollis, Mull. Arg. . 348
rugosa, Mull. Arg. . 448
tilizefolia, Mull. Arg. . 348

Aleurites . 847

cordata, Miill. Arg. . 348
moluccana, Willd. . 347
triloba, Forst. . . 347
Alhagi . ; ; . 116
Maurorum, Desv. . Ag
Allamanda . 260
cathartica, Linn. . 260
Allomorphia . ° . 198
ALLOPHYLLUS 93, 94
Cobbe, Bl. . ; - 94
Zeylanicus, Linn. . 94
ALNUS ; 372, 373
dioica, Roxb. . 359
glutinosa, Linn. 373
incana, Willd. 373
nepalensis, D. Don. 373
nitida, Endl. 373
Alphonsea 7
lutea, Hook. f. and
Th.
madraspatana, Boda. . Pa
ventricosa, Hook. f.
and Th.
zeylanica, Hook. f. and -
Th. .
ALsKoDAPHNE 304, 307
grandis, Nees . 307
semecarpifolia, Nees . 307

Alsodeia . . » a6
bengalensis, Wall. 16
longiracemosa, Kurz . 16
racemosa, Hk. f. & Th. 16

Roxburghii, Wall. 16
Alsophila . , . 431
Andersoni, J. Scott 432
Brunoniana, Wall. 431
contaminans, Wall. . 432
crinita, Hook. . 432
glabra, Hook. . - 432
glauca, J. Sm. - 432
igantea, Hook. « 432
fslotrons, Hook. - 431
Oldhami, Bedd. 432
ornata, J. Scott 432
Schmidiana, Kze. 431
Scottiana, Baker . 432

INDEX TO
Pages.
ALSTONIA 260, 262
scholaris, R. Br. . 262, xxvi
spectabilis, R. Br. . 262
venenata, R. Br. . 262
ALTINGIA : 175
aie Noronha. 175
‘ 0, 261
AMAKANTACEAS | . 302
Amherstia ; 134
nobilis, Wall. 5 135
Amherstiee . . 134

AMOORA. 68,
canarana, Bth. & Hk. f, 72
Chittagonga, Hiern 72
cucullata, Roxb. . Tee
decandra, Hiern . 172, xi
Lawii, Bth. and Hook.f. 72

Rohituka, W.andA. 4 7
spectabilis, Miq. . 73
AMPELIDEX 93

Amphicome arguta, Royle, 274

Amygdalus CoRR
Wall. - 162
persica, “Willd. > 162
ANACARDIACER, 103
Anaeardies . 2 - 103
ANACARDIUM . . 103, 108
latifolium « 11]
occidentale, Linn. 108
Anacolosa - “1 De
densiflora, Beddome 80
Grifftthii, Mast. . . 80
ilicoides, Mast. . 80
puberula, Kurz 80

Anamirta . 4
Cocculus, Ww. and A.
Anaxagorea . : ie O90

Ancistrocladus . 31
Griffithii, Planch. 31
Wallichii, Planch. 31

Andersonia HED

Roxb. . 3
Rohituka, Roxb. . 3

ANDRACHNE . 7, 349
cordifolia, Mill. Arg. 349
telephioides, Liam 349
trifoliata, Roxb. 355

Andromedeze . 234

Andromeda Formosa, Wall. 235
ovalifolia, Wall. . 235

Androscepia . 426

Anerincleistus. . 198

Angiopteris evecta, Hoff. 432

Anisophyllea . 75
zeylanica, Bth. .

Anisoptera . z ee!

glabra, Kurz ° 31
odorata, Kurz 33
Anneslea . ‘ 27, 28
fragrans, Wall. . 28
monticola, Kurz . . 2
Anodendron 260, 261
ANOGEISSUS . 178, 185
acuminata, Wall.. 186, xx
latifolia, Wall. 185, xx
pendula, Edgw. . . 187
phillyrezefolia, Ht AL
M, Arg. .

ANONA . . . , 7 9
muricata, L. A sn Sa
reticulata, Linn. . oe
squamosa, Linn. . 9

Pages.
ANONACE. ; ~
Anplectrum : - 197
Anthemidese . . 232
Anthistiria é . 426
ANTHOCEPHALUS . 217, 219
219
Cadamba, Bth. . xxiii
ANTIARIS : 323, 332
innoxia, Bl. . : . 302
saccidora, Dalz. . . 332
toxicaria, Lesch. . . B32
ANTIDESMA 7, 349
Bunias, Spr. . 350
diandrum, Tul. . 350
fruticulosum, Kurz . 349 ~
Ghesembilla,
Gaertn.

lanceolatum, Tul.
martabanicum, Presl. .
Menasu, Miill. Arg.
molle, Mull. Arg. :
nigricans, Tul.
oblongatum, Mill. Arg.
paniculatum, Roxb.
pubescens, Willd. .
refractum, Mill. Arg. .
simile, Mull. Arg.
velutinosum, Bl. .
velutinum, Tul. .

Antitaxis . : ° ee |:
Aperula : . 304
assamica, Meissn . . 304
Neesiana, Bl. . 304, 307
APOCYNE# . 260
Apodytes. . 80
andamanica, Kurz . 80
Benthamiana, Wiens . 80

Apollonias
Arnottii, Nees
APOROSA . 347,
dioica, Miill. “Arg.
lanceolata, Thw. .
Lindleyana, Wight
macrophylla, Mill.
Arg. . ‘ . :
microstachya, Mill.
rg. . A :
oblonga, Mill. Arg.
Roxburghii, Baill.
villosa, Baill. : ‘
villosula, Kurz . ‘
Apteron . x A
Aquilarinese
AQUILARIA .
Agallocha, Roxb. ‘
malaccensis,
ARALIACEA)
Aralies . °

armata, Seem. .
_ cachemirica, Dene.
’ digitata, Roxb. .
foliolosa, Seem. .
papyrifera, Hook.
Araucaries . A
Araucaria > ‘
Bidwilli, Hook. . F
Cookii, R. Br.
Cunninghamii, Ait.

ee ee ee ee at Sell We ee

excelsa, R. Br. . . B94
imbricata, Pavon. . 394
Arceuthobium . . 319

Oxycedri, M. Bieb. .

Pages.
ARDISIA . , 240
elliptica, Thunb. . 240
erispa, DC. . . 240
floribunda, Wall.. . 240
humilis, Vahl. . 240
involucrata, Kurz . Xxiv
paniculata, Roxb. . 240
pauciflora, Heyne . 240
rhomboidea, Wight 240
solanacea, Roxb 4 24)
? a XX1V
Arecinesr . . 415
ARECA 415, 421
Catechu, Linn. . 421
costata, Bl. . é 421
Dicksoni, Roxb. . 421
disticha, Roxb. 421
gracilis, Roxb. 421
hexasticha, Kurz . 421
laxa, Buch. . 421
nagensis, Griff. . 421
triandra, Roxb. . 421
ARENGA . . 415, 421
saccharifera, “Labill. . 421
Wightii, Griff. 421
Argania ac ai
R.S8.. . 242
Argyreia . ‘ . 273
speciosa, Sweet. . . 273
Artabotrys ie
Ay tase Ay R. ‘Br. ae
ARTEMISIA . 232, 233
vulgaris, Linn. . 233
Arthrophyllum . 208
- diversifolium, Bl. . 208
javanicum, Bl. . 208
Artocarpes 323, 324
ARTOCARPUS . 323, 329
calophylla, Kurz . . 329
Chaplasha, Roxb.. 330
echinata, Roxb. 329
Gomeziana, Wall. 329
hirsuta, Lamk. 331
incisa, Linn. =
integrifolia, Linn. i avi
330
Lakoocha, Roxb. . / 331
XX Vii
nobilis, Thw. 331
pubescens . 332
rigida, Bl. . 329
rufescens, Miq. . 329
Arundinaria . 426
elegans, Kurz . 427
falcata, Nees - 426
Griffithiana, Munro 426
Hookeriana, Munro 427
intermedia, Munro 427
khasiana, Munro 427
racemosa, Munro 426
utilis, Cleghorn . 426
Wightiana, Nees. - 426
Arundo . ‘ '. 426
ASCLEPIADEA 265
Asclepias gigantea, Roxb. 265
tinctoria, Roxb. . . 265
tenacissima, Roxb. 265
pseudo-sarsa, Roxb. . 266
Aspidocarya 11
Aspidopterys . 58

Asplenium polypodioi- a

des, Mett. .

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

Pages.

Asteroidese . 282
Astroniez " . 198
Asystasia 280, 281
ATALANTIA 59, 62
caudata, Hook. % 62
macrophylla, Kurz 62
missionis, Oliv. . 62
monophylla, Correa 62, x
racemosa, W.and A. . 62
Atraphaxis 303
spinosa, Linn. . 303
Attacus Atlas . ‘ |
AUCUBA . 210, 213

cr “a Hook. f. &

at : 213
japonica, Thunb. 213
Auranties . . 59
Averrhoa 2 58
Bilimbi, Linn. 58
Carambola, Linn. 58
Avicennies . . 281
AVICENNIA . , 281, 299
officinalis, Linn. . 299
Azxima tetracantha, Lamk. 259
B.
BaccAUREA . . 847, 354
affinis, Miill. Arg. . 354
Courtallensis, eri,
Arg... ; : . 354
flaccida, Miill. Arg. 354
parviflora, Mill. Arg. . 354
propinqua, Mill, Arg. . 354

sapida, Mill. Arg. 354
Bacciferse . 426
Beobotrys indica, Roxb. 238
BALANITES . 65

aegyptiaca, Delille 65

Roxburghii, Planch. 65

Baliospermum . 347
montanum, Mill. Arg.. 348
BALSAMODENDRON 66, 67
Berryi, Arnott 4 67
Mukul, Hook. f. . 67

Myrrha, Ehrenb. 67
pubescens, Stocks 67
Roxburghii, Arn. ee: |
Bambusa. - - 426, 427
affinis, Munro. . 427
arundinacea, Retz . 428
baccifera, Roxb. . . 429
Balecooa, Roxb. . 428

Brandisii, Munro
Falconeri, Munro

gigantea, Wall. . . 430
WP tbek Wall. . 428

hasiana, Munro . 427
Maclellandii, Munro . 431

nutans, Wall. J . 427

orientalis, Nees . . 428
pallida, Munro . 427
polymorpha, Munro _. 427
spinosa, Roxb. . 428, 431
stricta, Roxb. . 430
teres, Hans. ‘ . 427
Tulda, Roxb. ‘ - 427
vulgaris, Wendl. . 428
Bambusev . ‘ - 426
Banksia . : . 318
Baphia nitida . 115

Barleria . . . 280, 281

501

Pages.

BARRINGTONIA _.._ 187, 196
acutangula, Gaertn. 1 ote
augusta, Kurz 196
conoidea, Griff. . . 196
Helferi, C. B. Clarke . 196
macrostachya, Kurz . 196
pendula, Kurz . . 196
pterocarpa, Kurz 196
racemosa, Blume. . 196
speciosa, Forst. 71, 196
BASsIA . . 241, 243
butyracea, Roxb. . . 244
elliptica, Dalz. 242,

latifolia, Willd. + 248, xxiv

longifolia . . 244
polyantha, Wall. . . 242
Batis spinosa, Roxb. . 327
BAUHINIA 134, 138
acuminata, Linn. . 188
anguina, Roxb. . . 139
elongata, Korth . . 139
malabarica, Roxb. 139, xviii
monandra, Kurz . 139
parviflora, Vahl. . 139
polycarpa, Wall. . 159
purpurea, Linn. . 140, xviii
racemosa, Lam. . 139, xviii
racemosa, Vahl. . . 139
retusa, Ham. 141, xviii
tomentosa, Linn. . . 138
triandra, Roxb. . . 189
Vahlii, W. and A. . 139
variegata, Linn. . 140, xviii
Bauhinieze ; : . 184

Beaumontia . 260
grandiflora, Willd. 261

Beddomea . 68, 69
indica, Hook.f. . . &
simplicifolia, Bedd. . 69

Beesha . . 426, 429
Rheedii, Kunth ; ‘
stridula, Munro . . 429
travancorica, Bedd. . 430

BELLSCHMIEDIA 304, 309, 313
3

assamica, Meissn. 09
fagifolia, Nees 309
globularia, Kurz 309
macrophylla, Meissn. . ee
: 3
Roxburghiana, Nees pe
Bennettia ; ‘ . 347
Wallichii, R. Br. . 348

Benthamia fragifera, Ldl. 212
Bentinckia . 415, 421
Codda panna, Berry . 421

Berberese ‘ « aa
BERBERIDE® < Pi
BERBERIS F i 12
angulosa, Wall. . 14
angustifolia, Roxb. . 18
aristata, DC. 12, 138

asiatica, Koxb. . cee

concinna, Hook. f. fae
coriacea, Brandis 12, 14
insignis, Hook. f. «the

Lycium, Royle 12, 13
macrosepala, Hook. f.. 12

nepalensis, Spreng. 12, te

umbellata, 2
pinnata, Roxb. . +, ee
vulgaris, Linn. 12, 13
Wallichiana, DG. 836, 12

502

Pages.
BERCHEMIA . ; . 90
lineata, DC. 88, 90
floribunda, Brongn. 90, 91
Bergera Kénigii, Linn. 62, ix
BERRYA . 51, 52
Ammonilla, Roxb. 52, vii
BETULACE ‘ ‘ oe
BEeruna .

acuminata, Wall. 872, 303
alba, Linn. ete 372
Bhojpattra, Wall. . 372
cylindrostachys, Wall. 373
Jacquemontii, Spach . 372

pyracea, Willd. . 372
BIGNONIACEAI ‘ . 274
Bignonia chelonoides,

Linn.. . . . 278

crispa, Buch. x . 276
indica, Roxb. . 275
quadrilocularis, Roxb. 277
spathacea, Roxb. . 276
stipulata, Roxb. 276
suaveolens, Roxb. 278

suberosa, Roxb. . . 274
undulata, Roxb. . . 275

wylocarpa, Koxb. . 279
BIGNONIEZX . F . 274
Biota : . 394

orientalis, Endl. * 394, 414
BIscHOFFIA . . 347, 355

javanica, Bl. . . 300
Bixa 5 < ; Sr ’S

Orellana, Linn. { a
Bixee . : : one
BIXINEA . ; ~ 16
Blackwellia tomentosx,

Vent. ° g
Blastus . . 198
Blepharistemma pee

bosum, Wall. . 175
Blumea . . 232

balsamifera, Da. . 232
Blumeodendron ed

Kurz 2
Bocagea . 7
BOHMERIA : , 323, 324

Hamiltoniana, Wedd. 324
macrophylla, Don . B24
malabarica, Wedd. . 324
nivea, Hook. and Arn. 324

platyphylla, Don . 325
rugulosa, Wedd. . . 324
travancorica, Beddome B24
Bohmeriex . 323
Bombaceze P 4 42
BomMBAXx . ‘ 42, 4h
Gossypium, Roxb. Aa
insigne, Wall. 44

malabaricum, DO. 38, 44, vi
pentandrum, Roxb. . 42
pentaphyllum, Cuv. . 44

Bombyx Croesi . 328

“ textor é . 328

Bonninghausenia . . 59

BORAGINEAD ° . 269

Borassiner °. : . 415

Borassvus “ . 415, 416
flabelliformis, Linn. . 416

. 66

Bosweuuia . :
glabra, Roxb. . . 66
serrata, Roxb. . . 66
thurifera, Colebr. - 66

INDEX TO
Pages.
BovrEA . 103, ity 108
burmanica, Griff. 108

oppositifolia, Meissn. . . 108
Bougainvillea . 802
Bradleialanceolaria,Rox. 351

Brainea R . 431, 432
insignis, Hook. . 432, xxx
Brandisia . 273

aa Hook. f. & Th. 273
Brassai 208
Retitiate, C. B. Clarke . 208

BRASSAIOPSIS . 208, 209
floribunda, Seem. . Xxii
Hainla, Seem. . . 209

mitis, C. B. Clarke . 210
palmata, Kurz. . 209
rag Dene & Plch. ae

Bre
rhatanuiflen: Mill. 347
Arg. . . Urxviii
BRIEDELIA . 347, 356
crenulata, Roxb. . . 356
dasycalyx, Kurz . 356
hamiltoniana, Mill. Arg. 356
lanceefolia, a . 307
montana, Willd. . 357
ovata, Dene. : . 856

retusa, Sprengel 356, xxviii
scandens, Roxb. . . do
spinosa, Willd. . . 356

stipularis, Bl. . 356, “xxix
tomentosa, Bl. 857, Xxviii
Broussonetia . . 323, 324
papyrifera, Vent. . 323
Broussoneties ° . 323
Brownlowia . 51, 52
elata, Roxb. : Ay]
lanceolata, Bth. . . 52
peltata, Bth. ‘ . 52
Brownlowiex . “ = BE
Brucea . ‘ . 68
mollis, Wall. é . 6
sumatrana, Roxb. 63
BRUGUIERA . 175, 177
caryophylloides, W.&A.177
eriopetala, W. and A.. 176
gymnorhiza, Lam. 207
malabarica, Arn. . L77

parviflora, W. and A. . 177
Rheedii, Bl. : . 177
BUCHANANIA . . 103, 110
angustifolia, Roxb. . 109

latifolia, Roxb. . 109, xv
BUCKLANDIA . . 174
populnea, R. Br. . 174
BuDDLEIA e : . 266
asiatica, Lour. . 266
Colvillei, Hook. f. &Th. 267
crispa, Bth. 267
macrostachya, Bth. . | 266
Neemda, Roxb. . . 266
paniculata, Wall. . 267
Buettneria . 45
Buettneries . : » 45
BURSERACEAE . . 66
BURSERA * - 66, 67
serrata, Colebr. . ;
Burseres . ;
BureA 116, 123

frondosa, Roxb. . 123, xvii
minor, Ham.

parviflora, Roxb.
superba, Roxb. . . 123

Pages.
Buxew . 347

Walhohines Ballon . 369

Byrsophyllum 2 . 218
tetandrum, Bedd. . 218
Cc.
Cactus aaron iain . 208
CACT . 208
eae : c 26
heterotricha, Stocks . 14
indica, lie ‘a

Cesalpinies . , . 134
CSALPINIA ;
Bonducella, Roxb. . 135

braziliensis . . . 135
coriaria, Willd. . 185
crista . 135
cucullata, Roxb. . 135
echinata - . 185

lacerans, Roxb. . . 134
pulcherrima, Sw.
Sappan, Linn. . . 135
sepiaria, Roxb. ii
Cajanus . : 2
indicus, Spreng. . . 123
CALAMUS ; . 415, 423
acanthospathus, Griff. 423
andamanicus, Kurz . 424
arborescens, ‘Griff.
collinus, Griff. .
concinnus . :
erectus, Roxb.
extensus, Roxb. .
fasciculatus, Roxb.
flagellum, Griff.
floribundus, Griff.
gracilis, Roxb. .
grandis, Griff. .
Guruba, Mait. .
Helferianus, Kurz
humilis, Roxb. .
hypoleucus, Kurz
inermis, T. And. .

Jenkinsianus, Griff.

latifolius, Roxb. .
leptospadix, Griff.
longipes, Griff. .
macracanthus, T. And.
macorcarpus, Griff.

Mastersianus, Griff.

melanacanthus
mishmiensis, Griff.
montanus, T. And.
nitidus
nutantiflorus, Griff.
palustris, Griff. . °
paradoxus, Kurz. “
platyspathus ‘
polygamus, Roxb.
quinquenervius, Roxb.
Rotang, Roxb. .
Rowburghii, Griff .

_ Royleanus, Griff.
poten aia
tenuis, :
tigrinus, Kurz. °

gi 22 ek? 2 0-8) 6 9,39

} , be |
3 BEBREEERRERREE? eREeeEd peERERERERERRRERE

Pages.
Calamosagus Porm,
Griff. i
scaphiger, Griff. . 424
CALICOPTERIS . 178, 185
floribunda . . . 185
nutans, Kurz F « 185
Calliandra . 145
cynometroides, Bedd. . 145
Griffithii, Bth. . 145
umbrosa, Bth. . . 145
CALLICARPA . | 281, 282
arborea, Roxb. 282, Xxvii
cana, Linn. . r . 283
incana, Roxb. 282
lanata, Linn. . 282
longifolia, amk. . « 282
macrophylla, Vahl 282
rubella, Ldl. 3 282
CALLIGONUM . . 303
polygonoides, Linn. . 806
Callitris . 3 . B94
quadrivalvis, Vent. . 394
Calluna vulgaris, Linn. . 239
Calophyllese . 2i
CALOPHYLLUM « 21,24
amenum, Wall. . 24, 25
decipiens, Wight. . 26
elatum, Bedd. . - 26
inophyllum, Linn. 25, iv
longifolium . ° |
Moowii, Wight . 25
polyanthum, Wall. 25
retusum, Wall. . 24
spectabile, Willa. 25
spurium ‘ 26
tetrapetalum, Roxb. . 25
tomentosum, Wight 25, iv
Wightianum, Wall. . 26
Calosanthes pe Bl. . 275
Calotropis : . 265
265
gigantea, R. Br. . vi
procera, R. Br. . . 265
Calpicaryum “sgn biti
- Don . 261
Calpurnea 116
aurea, Lam. . 134
Cambogia Gutta
CAMELLIA
caudata, Wall. .
drupifera, Lour. .

Kissi, Wall. A
lutescens, Dyer .
Thea, Link
theifera, Griff.
Campanulacese
Camphora . P
Cananga .
odorata, Hk. f. & Th. .
CANARIUM .
bengalense, Roxb.
ee eee
Kurz
euphyllum, Kurs .
strictum, Roxb. .
Cansjera . ‘
Rheedii, Gmelin 3
scandens, Roxb.
Canthium didymum,
Gaertn.

B

parviflorum, Roxb.
Cappareze

CAPPARIDER

Serr an ak a oe SB: - :
eo BS memes vy SnumeSeeeesen

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

CAPPARIS : ‘

aphylla, Roth. . 2 15
bisperma, Roxb. . . 1b
divaricata, Lamk. . 15
randis, Linn. - 15
eteroclita, Roxb. 14

horrida, Linn. . 15, ii

multiflora, Hk. f. & Th. ii
olacifolia, Hk. f. & Th. 15, ii
sepiaria, Linn.
spinosa, Linn. é
stylosa, DC. 3 ¢ 15

trifoliata, Roxb. . aad
zeylanica, Roxb. 15, ii
CAPRIFOLIACEA « 213
Caragana 116, 119
CARALLIA ‘ 175, 177
Calycina, Bth. . 178
integerrima, DC. 177, xx
— lancesfolia, Roxb. . 177
lucida, Roxb. . 177
zeylanica . 178
CARAPA . - 68, 74
moluccensis, Lam. 74, xi
obovata, Bl. . ;
CAREYA 187, 197
arborea, Roxb. 197, xxi
herbacea, Roxh. . . 197
spheerica, Roxb. . 197
Carica Papaya, Linn. . 207
CARISSA . , 261
Carandas, Linn. . Bo
Dalzellii, Beddome _,_ 261
diffusa, Roxb. . . 261
Carissex . ‘ . 260, xxv
CARPINUS ; : . 390
Betulus, Linn. . . 890
faginea, Lol. 3 . 390

viminea, Wall. . 390

Carumbium baceatum,

Kurz. . 367
imsigne, Kurz . 367
sebiferum, Kurz . 366
de é 391
alba, Nuttall 391
glabra, Torrey 391
oliviformis, Nuttall 392

Caryophyllus es.

Linne o . 188

Caryopterides . 281
CARYOPTERIS , 281, 299
Wallichiana, Schauer . 299
CARYOTA : . 415, 420
obtusa, Griff. J . 420
sobolifera, Wall. . . 420
urens, Linn , . 420
CASEARIA . 205, 206
esculenta, Roxb. . 206
glomerata, Roxb. . 206

eye Dalzell 206, xxi

urzii, C. B. Clarke . 206
rubescens, Dalz. . 206
tomentosa, Roxb. 206, xxi
Vareca, Roxb. . . 206

ensis, Bedd. . 206

CASsIA . : . 134, 136
Absus, Linn. . 136
alata, Linn. . 136
auriculata, Linn . 136
Fistula, Linn. 136, xviii
florida, Wahl. . . 138
glauca, Lam. 136

503

Pages.

marginata,Roxb.. . 137

nodosa, Ham. . 136
obovata, Collodon. . 136
renigera, Wall. . . 186
Rowburghii, DC. . 137
siamea, Lamk. . . 138
timoriensis, DC. . . 138
Cassie é ¥ . 134
Cassiope . 234
fastigiata, Don F . 234
Castanea : . 379
argentéea, Bl. . 388
diversifolia, Kurz . 388
indica, Roxb. . 388
inermis, Lindl. . 888
javanica, bl. , . 388
lanceefolia, Kurz. . 388
rhamnifolia, Kurz . 388
Roxburghii, Ldl. . 388
tribuloides, Kurz . . 389
Vesca, Gaertn. . 379
vulgaris, Lam. . 379
CASTANOPSIS . 388
argentea, Alph. DC. . 388
echidnocarpa, Alph. DO, 388
Hystrix, Alph. DC. . 888
indica, Alph. DC. . 388
javanica, Alph. DC. . 388
rufescens, Hk. f. & Th. 889
tribuloides, Alph. DC. . 389
CASUARINACEA . 346
Casuarina . 346
equisetifolia, Forst. | . 346
muricata, Roxb. . 346
Catalpa bignonioides . 274
Catesboea ; . 219
Cathartocarpus Fistula,
Pers. . . 136
Ceanothus. asiaticus, Rox. 88

CEDRELA
glabra, C. DG.

é xii
microcarpa,C. DC. . xii
multijuga, Kurz . 77, xiii
serrata, Royle . $
Toona, ito. oH 79, xii

Cedreleze . 68

CEDRUS 4, 399
atlantica, Manetti . 399
Deodara, Loudon. . 400
Libani, Barr. ‘ . 399

Celastres ; . 83

CELASTRINEA® . 83

CELASTRUS 83, 86
acuminatus, Wall. . xiii
emarginatus, Willd. . xiv
montana, Roxb. 87
paniculatus, Willd. 86, xiii
senegalensis, Lam. 87
spinosus, Royle . 86, xiii
verticillata, Roxb. - 19

Celtides . ‘ F Z

Gatate . 323,

australis, Linn. .
caucasica, Willd. 43,
cinnamomea, Ldl.
eriocarpa, Dene. .
Hamiltonii, Planch.
orientalis, Linn. .
Roxburghii, Beddome .
serotina, ——

mane

tetrandra, Royle 343,
trinervia, Ro Hasta
Wightii, Planch.

504

P ages,

—— camiats, aa
Cephalanthus | ; 217, 218
naucleoides, De. ; . 218
Cephalocroton . 847
indicus, Bedd. . - 348
leucocephalus, Baill. . 348
CEPHALOSTACHYUM re
capitatum, Munro . 429
latifolium, Munro 429
pallidum, Munro 429
pergracile, Munro . 429

Srulacskachuctden, Kze. 429
Ceratonia siliqua, Linn.

135, 145
Ceratophorus Wighti,
Hassk.
Ceratostema variegata,
Roxb. ‘
CERBERA 4 . 260, 262
Odollam, Gaertn. . . 262
CERIOPs . 175, 176

Candolleana, Arnott . 176
Roxburghiana, Arnott. 4
Ceropegies 265

CHZETOCARPUS . 347, 366
castanezcarpus, Thw. 366
pungens . 366
OHATLLETIACEAI 80
Chailletia ; 80
gelonioides, Hook. f. 80
Helferiana, Kurz . 80
longipetala, Turcz 80
macropetala, Turcz . 30
Chamerops . 415, 418
khasyana, Griff. . 418
Martiana, Wall. . 418
Ritchieana, Griff . . 418
Chamebuaus

arillata,

Hassk. : ‘
Karensium, Kurz

Championia multiflora,

19

C. B. Clarke ,
Chasalia : « 218, 219
curviflora, Thw. . 219
Chaulmoogra odorata,
Roxb.
Chavannesia esculenta,
DC. ; . 261
CHICKRASSIA . - 76
tabularis, Adr. Juss. ae
velutina, Roemer. 76
Chilocarpus 60, 261
Chionanthus dichotoma,
Roxb. ‘ . XXV
intermedia, Beddome . 259
macrophyllus, Kurz 259 |.
malabarica, Bedd. 259
Chisocheton . 69
dysoxylifolius, Kurz 69
grandiflorus, Kurz 69
paniculatus, Hiern 69
CHLOROXYLON ‘ ot
Swietenia, DC. 77, xii
Chonemorpha 260, 261
macrophylla, G. Don. . 261
Choripetal um undulatum,
H. DOU j . 240
Chrysobalanes 161

CHRYSOPHYLLUM . 2Al, 242
acuminatum, Roxb. . 242
Roxburghii, G. Don . 242

INDEX TO

Pages.

Cicca disticha, Linn. . 351
Emblica, Kurz . - 352
Leucopyrus, Kurz . 354
obovata, Kurz . . 354
reticulata, Kurz . . 353
CINCHONA . 218, 220
Calisaya, Weddell . 224
excelsa, Roxb. . . 224
micrantha, , . 223
officinalis, Linn. . 224
succirubra, Pavon - 223
thyrsiflora, Roxb. . 225
Cinchonez . . 218
CINNAMOMUM . 304, 305
albiflorwm, Nees . 306

Camphora, Nees and

Eberm . 805
caudatum, Nees . . 305
assia, Bl. . 806

Cecidodaphne, Meissn. 305
glanduliferum, Meissn.

306, 307
impressinervium, Meissn.
iners, Rwat. . B05

inunctum, Meissn. . 805
obtusifolium, Nees 305, 307
pauciflorum, Nees 05
Parthenoxylon, Meissn.

5, 307
Perrottetii, Meissn. . 305
pseudo- Sassafras,

Meissn.

sulphuratum, N ees . 305
Tamala, Nees - 306
Wightii, Meissn. . 805
Zeylanicum, es tas . 805
Cipadessa =. 68
fruticosa, Bl. : 69, xi
Cissampelidex 11
Cissampelos , ‘ mate
convolwulacea, Roxb. . 11
Pareira, Linn. mee
Citrus . . 59
Aurantium, Lion. 59, x
decumana, Willd. « 59
medica, Linn. 59, x
Claoxylon . . 347,
Clausena 4 é
excavata, Burm. . x
pentaphylla, DO.. 59

iUldenovii, W. and A. 59
Cleidion - . 847
javanicum, Bl. . . 348
CLEISTANTHUS . 847, 357
chartaceus, Miill. “Arg. 357
malabaricus, Mill, Arg. 357
myrianthus, Kurz 357
oblongifolius, Mill. Arg. 357
patulus, Mill. Arg. . 357
stenophyllus, Miill.
Arg . 357

vidrolaris, Mill. Arg. . 357
Clematis barbellata, Edgw. 1
Buchananiana, ae .
gouriana, Roxb.
grata, Wall. °
grewiiflora, DQ, ‘
montana, Ham. .
nutana, Royle .
orientalis, Linn. .
smilacifolia, Wall.
Vitalba, Linn. .

Sen ns

Pages.

CLERODENDRON . 281, 298
bracteatum, Wall. . 299
Colebrookianum, Walp. 299
infortunatum, Linn. . 299
inerme, Gaertn. 299
nutans, Wall. - 299
phlomoides, Linn. - 298
serratum, Spreng. « 299
Siphonanthus, R. Br. . 299
villosum, Bl. : . 299

Cleyera ; é 27, 28
=" "aac — and

. 28
ochnacea, DOiess > &
Cluytia collina, Roxb. . 358
Cnesmone - . 347, 348
javanica, Bl. . 348
Cnestis ramiflora, Griff : 114
Coccoloba a z 303
Totnea,Ham. . . 303
Cocculese 5 ‘. ll
CoccuLus . , Dye
indicus ‘ ll
laurifolius, DO. : 12
Lexba, DC. - ll
villosus, Dc. ll
CocHLOSPERMUM . - 16
Gossypium, DC. . 16, iii
Cocoinee $ ‘ . 415
Cocos . 415, 422
nucifera, Linn. 422
Codizum ‘ . 347
wt scape Mull.
; . 348
Oudisdenes ‘ . 347
calycinum, Bedd. . 348
Ceelodiscus . . 847, 348
COFFEA . 218, 231
arabica, Linn. . 231
bengalensis, Hoxb. . 231
tetrandra, Koxb. 231
COLEBROOKIA - . 300
oppositifolia, Sw.. . 800
ternifolia, Roxb. . . 300
Coleospathes é . 423
Colquhounia : . 800
coccinea, Wall. . . 300
elegans, Wall. . - 300
vestita, Wall. . . 300
Colubrina . 88
asiatica, Brongn. . 88
Columbia - Ol
Colutea ". 3 . 116
arborescens, Linn. 118
nepalensis, Sims . 118
COMBRETACE . 178
Combretesz ‘ . 178
Combretum . . 178, 179
decandrum, Roxb. . 179
COMPOSIT4. ‘ . 232
Congea . . 281
tomentosa, Roxb. . 282
CONIFERA . ‘ . B94
Coryphinew ‘ . 415
CORYPHA . . 415, 417
elata, Roxb. ‘ . 417
Gebanga, Bl. 417
macropoda, Kurz. . 417
Taliera, Roxb. . . 417
umbraculifera, Linn. . 417
CONNARACEAS 1l4
Connarus - 114
paniculatus, Roxb. . 1M4:

Pages.

Conoenrpus ise
Rorb.. . 186
latifolia, Roxb. 185
myrtifolia, Wall. 187
Conocephelez . 323
Conocephalus 323
suaveolens, Bl. . . B24
CONVOLVULACEA .. 273
Conyza balsamifera, Rox. 232
Copaifera officinalis . 185
Corallobotrys . . 233

acuminata, Hook. f. &
Bth. ° ; . 234
Corchorus. f 51, 52
capsularis, ie - 52
Cordier. . . . 269
Cordia . : . 269, 270
angustifolia, Roxb. . 271
campanulata, Roxb. . 270
fragrantissima, Kurz . 271
fulvosa, Wight 270
andis, Roxb. . . 270

ae ere Hook. f. and
P 271, xxvi
oe. Roxb. 270
270
Myxa, Linn. ; Pat
octandra, DC. . . 270
Perottetii, ite P ‘ ae

ol a, Rox

Rothii, Rom. and Sch. 271
serrrata, Roxb. . . 270
speciosa, Willd. . 270
subcordata, Lamk,. 270

tectonifolia, Wall. :
ee Hook. is ane
T

Wallichii, G. “Don. P . 270
Cordyline . 425
terminalis, Kth. 425
CorRIARIA - 3 113
myrtifolia, Linn. . 113
se Wall. 113
entosa . 113
CO IARIEZ. ,. « 118
CORNACEZ . R . 210
CoRNUS . - 210, 212
capitata, Wall. 212
oblonga, Wall. . 212
macrophylla, Wall, 212
“ a hina . 212
orylopsis hima arent,
Griff. . 174
CoRryYLuUs : lev
Avellana, Linn. . 390
Colurna, Linn. . 390
ferox, Wall. . 390
lacera, Wall. : . 390
CoTONEASTER . 161, 170
acuminata, Lindl. 171
bacillaris, Wail. . . 171
buxifolia, Wall. . 170
frigida, Wall. . 170
microphylla, Wall. Pe yg |
CRATm@us . . 161, 170
Clarkei, Hook. f. . 17
crenulata, Roxb. . 170
Oxyacantha, Linn. 170
Pyracantha, iain . 170
OCRATEVA ‘ 62, 15
Nurvala, Ham. . ein dD
religiosa, Forst. . 15, iii
Roxburghii, Ham. mee |

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Pages.

CRATOXYLON . Pa |
arborescens, Bl. ‘ 21
formosum, Bth. & Hk. f. 21
neriifolinm, Kurz 21
polyanthum, Korth 21
pruniflorum, Kurz 21
Cricula oe xv
Crotalaria ‘ . 116
juncea, Linn. . 117, 265
CROTON , 358

argyratus, Bl. . 358, 359
aromaticus, Linn. .
burmanicus, Miill, Arg. 358
calococcus, Kurz. . 859

358

caudatus, Mull. Arg. 359
xxix

chlorocalyx, Mill. Arg. 358

drupaceum, Roxb. . 359
flocculosus, Kurz « 859
Joufra, Roxb. . 358, 359

lacciferus, Mill. Arg. . 358
levifolius, B 358

malabaricus, Bedd. 2 oo

oblongifolius, Roxb. 359

xxix

reticulatus, Miill. Arg. 358
rhodostachyus, Mill.

Arg. . ‘ > . 358

robustus, Kurz 359

scabiosus, Bedd. . . 359
sublyratus, Kurz. . 859
Tighum, Linn. . 358, 359
Wallichii, Mill. Arg. . 359
Crypteronia glabra, bl. . 199
paniculata, Bl. . 199
pubescens, Bl. 199
Cryptocarya 304
amygdalina, Nees 304
ferrea, Bl. . 804
floribunda, Nees . 164, 304
Griffithiana, Wight . 304
Neilgherrensis, Meissn. 304
Stocksii, Meissn. . 304
Wightiana, Thw. . 304
Cryptocaryes . 304
Cryptolepis . 265
Buchanani, Roem, and
Sch. . ‘ . 265
CRYPTOMERIA , . 394
japonica, Don .. 411, xxx
Cudrania . . 323
amboinensis, Rumph . 324
fruticosa, Wight $24
frutescens, Trecul 324
javanensis, Trecul . 824
Cudranus Rumphii, Thw. 324
Cullenia . - 42
excelsa, Wight 42
Cunninghamia . 394
sinensis, R. Br. . 394
Cupania 93, 94
glabrata, Kurz 94

pentapetala, W. and A. 94

CUPRESSUS . 394, 410
funebris, Endl. . . 410
glauca, Lam. . 410
Lawsoniana, Murray . xxx
sempervirens, Linn. . 411
torulosa, Don . 410

Cupressineer . . 394

CUPULIFERA . 379

505

Pages.
Cyathea . . 431
sinuata, Hk. ‘and Grev. 431

spinulosa, Wall. 431
Cyathocalyx . 7
martabanicus,Hk. f. &Th. 8
Cyathostemma : 7
CYCADACEA . 415
Cycas : . 415
"circinalis, Linn. 415
circinalis, Willd. 415
ectinata, Griff. 415
tumphii, Miq. 415
siamensis, Miq. 415
spherica, Roxb. . 415
Cyclea . ; é + Ee
Cyclostemon . 347
eglandulosus, Kz. . 347
indicus, Mill. Arg. 347
macrophyllus, Bl. . 347
malabaricus, Bedd. . 347
subsessilis, Kurz . 347
Cydonia . é - 161
vulgaris, Pers. . 161
Cylicodaphne : . B04
nitida, Meissn. . 304, 309
crime Nees. . 304
lista . 116
scariosa, Ait. - 133
Cymbospathes. . 424
Jenkinsianus s « 424
Cynancheze > . 265
CyNOMETRA ', 134, 144
bijuga, Spanoghe . 144
cauliflora, Linn. 144
polyandra, Roxb. 141
ramiflora, Linn. . . 144
travancorica, Bedd. . 144
Cynometres . e . 134
Dacrydium . 394
elatum, Wall. . 394
Deedalacanthus . 280
nervosus, T’. And. . 280
splendens, T. And. . 280
Demonorops eat ei 424
Dalbergaria . 124
DALBERGIA d 116, 124
congesta, Grah. . . 124
Cumingii, Bth. . . 124
cultrata, Grah. 124, 128
foliacea, Wall . 129
frondosa, Linn. . 1238
glomerifiora, Kurz 124
hircina, Ham. 124
Krowee, Roxb. 133
124
lanceolaria, Linn. 128
Xvii
latifolia, Roxb. 124, 127, xvii
monosperma, Dalz. . 124
nigrescens, Kurz 124, 129
oojeinensis, Roxb. - 129
124
paniculata, Roxb. / 129
Xvii
purpurea, Wall. . 124, 128
reniformis, Roxb. . 124
rimosa, Roxb 124
scandens, Roxb. . 133
Sissoo, Roxb. . 124, xvii
spinosa, Roxb. . . 124
stipulacea, Roxb. . 124, 129

3Q

«a

506

Pages.
sympathetica, Nimmo . 124
tamarindifolia, Roxb. . 5
=—— 9A
volubilis, Roxb. 1 pes
Dalbergieze . 116
Dalechampia . B47
scandens, Linn. . 348
Dalhousiea . . 116
bracteata, Wall. 134
Dammara : 394.
alba, Rumph ‘ . 394
australis, Lamb . 394
DAPHNE : 314, 315
cachemiriana, Meissn. . 315
Laureola, Linn. . . 815
longifolia, Meissn. . 815
Mezereum, Linn. . $15
mucronata, Sm. . . 315
Royle . 315
oleoides, Schreber 315
papyracea, Wall. . 315
pendula, Sm. : 315
Wallichii, Meissn. . 815
DAPHNIDIUM . - 304, 312
argenteum, Kurz 312
bifarium, Nees 312
caudatum, Nees . 312
elongatum, Nees 312
melastomaceum, Nees. 312
pulcherrimum, Nees . 312
venosum, Meissn. 312
Daphniphyllaces . 347
Daphniphyllez ; zr
DAPHNIPHYLLOPSIS “| 81
xili
capitata, Kurz . 4 3
Daphniphyllum . 347
glaucescens, Bl. . 348
himalayense, Miill. Arg.
254, 348
Datisca cannabina, Linn. 207
DATISCEA . ; . 207

Decaisnea 12
insignis, Hook.f. and Th. 12
Decaschistia . 42
Decaspermum . 187, 188
paniculatum, Kurz. 188
DEBREGEASIA . 828, 326

bicolor, Wedd. . - 326
leucophylla, Wedd. 326
longifolia, Wedd. 326
Deeringia 302
Amherstiana, Wall. . 302
baccata, Miq. - 302
celosioides, kh. Br. 302
Delima ule
sarmentosa, Linn. Ram.
Delimesx . “ te
Dendrocalamus 426, 430
Brandisii, Kurz . . 428
criticus, Kurz . . 431

giganteus, Munro :
Hamiltonii, Nees & Arn. 430
Hookeri, Munro : . 430
longispathus, Kurz . 431
membranaceus, Munro. 430
Parishii, Munro . 430, 431

sericeus, Munro . . 430
Dendropanax . . 208
Derris

. 116, 138
robusta, Bth. . - 183

INDEX TO

Pages.

scandens, Bth. . . 133
uliginosa, Bth. , . 133
DzEsMODIUM - 116, 120
Cephalotes, Wall. o 181
gyrans, DC. . 120
gyroides, DC. . 120

pulchellum, Roxb. 120, xvi

tiliefolium, G. Don 120
DEUTZIA . ; 171, 173
corymbosa, Brown « 173

macrantha, Hk. f. & Th. 173

staminea, Brown . . 17
Dicellostyles . . 42
jujubifolia, Benth. 42
Dicera 57
DicHOPsIsS 241, ‘242

caloneura, Bth. & Hk. f. 242
elliptica, Bth. & Hk. f. 242
Gutta, Bth. & Hk. f. . 242
polyantha, Bth. & o f, 242

DicHRoa. 171, 172
febrifuga, Lour. - 172
DicHROSTACHYS 145, 148
cinerea, W. and . 148
DILLENIACE 2
DILLENIA 2
augusta, Roxb. ee |
aurea, Smith é . 3, 4
bracteata, Wight . 2
indica, Linn. : ay
ornata, Wall. ‘ 3
parvifiora, Griff. . 2
pentagyna, Roxb. 3, 4,1
pilosa, Roxb : we
pulcherrima, Kurz . 2
repanda, Roxb. ae
retusa, Thunb. rs
scabrella, Roxb. ere
speciosa, Thunb. Ra
Dilleniez . on Se
Dinochloa 426, 431
andamanica, Kz. . . 481
Maclellandii, Kz. . 431
Dioclea . 116
reflexa, Hook. . 123
DiospyrRos . : . 247
Brandisiana, Kurz . 247
burmanica, Kurz 247, 248
buxifolia, Hiern . . 248
chartacea, Wall. . . 248
Chloroxylon, Roxb. 248
cordifolia, Roxb. . 248
cordifolia, Willd. . . 251
dasyphylla, nies 247
densiflora, Wall. . 247
247

Ebenum, Kon. 251
Xxiv

ehretioides, Wall. 247, aaa

Embryopteris, Pers. 7 252

exsculpta, Ham. . . 249
flavicans, Hiern . . 247
foliolosa, Wall. . 247
glutinosa, Roxb. . . 252
grata, Wall. . . 248

irsuta, Linn. . . 247
Horsfieldii, Hiern. 247

insignis, Thw. . 247, 248
Kaki, Linn. . : 248
Kurzii, Hiern .
lancewfolia, Roxb.

Pages.
Lotus, Linn. . 248, 252

247

Melanoxylon, Roxb.
XXiv
microphylla, Bedd. 248, 252
montana, Roxb. . 248, 251
nigricans, Wall. . 247, 248

oleifolia, Wall. . 247
oocarpa, Thw. . 247, 250
orixensis, Wight . . 248
ovalifolia, Wight . 248
paniculata, Dalz. . 247

pilosula, Wall. 247, 248, 253
pruriens, Dalz. 247, 248
pyrrhocarpa, Miq.. 248, a
quesita, Thw. . 247, 250

racemosa, Roxb. . 248
ramiflora, Roxb. . a . 248
sapotoides, Kurz. . 247
stricta, Roxb. . 247, 248
sylvatica, Roxb. . 247, 248
tomentosa, Roxb. . 249
Toposia, Ham. . - br
Tupru, Buch. 247, 249

undulata, Wall. 79, 248, 253
vaccinioides, Ldl. . 248

variegata, Kurz - . 247

Wightiana, rie . 249
Diplarche . 234
Diplospora ; 218, 219

singularis, Korth. . 219
DIPTEROCARPEA .._ 31
DIPTEROCARPUS rh!

alatus, Roxb. 31, 32

costatus, Gaertn. . <) pak

grandiflorus, Roxb. 32

Grifithii, Mig. . . 81

Hasseltii, Bl. : - 3l
incanus, Roxb. . . 3l
indicus, Bedd. . 32
levis, Ham. . 31, 32

obtusifolius, Teysm. 31, 32
pilosus, Roxb. . 31
scaber, Ham 81
tuberculatus, Roxb. 31, 32
turbinatus,Gaertn. f. 31, 32
vestitus, Wall. . a S&
zeylanicus, Thwaites . 33
Distegocarpus . : . 379
Distylium indicum, ter 174

Dittelasma . 3, 94
Rarak, Hook. f. ‘
Dobinea . ‘ - 938,94
vulgaris, Ham. . 94
Docynia . . 161
Hookeriana, Dene. 161
indica, Dene. » Xix
Dodecadenia . . 301
grandiflora, Nees 301

Doponma . - 98,
angustifolia, Linn. :

dioica, Roxb. . 101
viscosa, Linn. - 101
Dodonzeess 93
DoLICHANDRONE . 274, 276

arcuata, Hook. f. & ie 276
crispa, Seem.
falcata, Seem.

Rheedii Seem. . . 276
stipulata, Seem. . . 276
Dombeyes . . . 45
Doona . 31, 41
zeylanica, Thwaites 41

Pages.
Dorstenies . . 825
Dorstenia ‘ . 323
Griffithiana, Kurz ~ 324
Draczna . 425
angustifolia, Roxb. . 425
atropurpurea, Roxb. .«. 425
spicata, Roxb. . . 425
terminalis, wag . 425
terniflora, Roxb. . 425
Dracontomelum . 108, 104
mangiferum, Bl . 104
Drepanocarpus monospermus
reniformis . . 124
DarIMyYCARPUS - 103, 112
racemosus, Hook. f. . 112
Dryobalanops Camphora 31
DUABANGA . -
somneratioides, Buch. = ext
Duri 42
Zibethinus, DO. 42
DysoxyLUM . ay ak
Beddomei, Hiern « 71

binectariferum, Hk. f.
grande, Hiern . eg |
Hamiltonii, Hiern

macrocarpum, Bl.

malabaricum, Bedd.
pallens, Hiern . ayy
procerum, Hiern. 71, xi

E.
EBENACE. 4 . 247
EcHINOCARPUS 51, 56

assamicus, Bth. . 06

dasycarpus, agg me Xxx
Murex, Bth 56

Sigun, Bl. . 4 - 56
sterculiaceus, oa 56

eus . Yee
tomentosus, Bth. 56

Echites dichotoma, "Roxb. 261

grandiflora, Ro xb. . 261
macrophylla, meee 261
lanceolata 263
scholaris ., ° - 262
Echitidez . ; . 261
Edgeworthia 314
Gardneri, Meissn. 314
Ehretia . i . 269, 272
aspera, Roxb. - 272
buxifolia, Roxb. . 272
leevis, Roxb. ° 272
obtusifolia, Hoch. ~ 272
ovalifolia, Wight . . 272
serrata, Roxb. . . 272
Wallichiana, Hook. f.
and Th. . . 272, xxx
Wightiana, Wall. . 272
Ehretiese ‘ * 269
Ekebergia indica, Roxb. 69
ELZAGNEA 317
ELZAGNUS. ‘ 316
angustifolia, Linn. 317
arborea, Roxb. . 317
conferta, Roxb. . 317
hortensis, M. Bieb. 317
latifolia, Linn. . 317
Moorcroftii, Wall. 317
umbellata, Thunberg . 318

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

eg pha = : oe

errugineus, Wig -
floribundus, Bl. . ;
Ganitrus, Roxb. . P

lancewfolius, Roxb. . 57
oblongus, Gaertn. 57
robustus, Bl. 57
rugosus, Roxb. 57
serratus, Linn. . . oF
tuberculatus, Roxb. 57
Varunua, Ham. . 57
Eleodendress . e . 83
ELRODENDRON 83, 87
glaucum, Pers. > a
Roxburghii, W. & A. es Pres

Elettaria Cardamomum,
; . 415
. 260, ~

and T r
ELSCHOLTZIA . 300, 301
polystachya, Benth. . B01
Embelia floribunda, Wall. Bye
40

Ribes, Burm. Spr
robusta, Roxb. . aie
Embryopteris glutinifera,
Roxb. 4 P . 252
ENGELHARDTIA . . 393
Colebrookiana, Lid. . 393
Roaburghiana, ie: . 393
spicata, Bl. . 393
villosa, Kurz ; . 393
ENKIANTHUS . 234, 235
himalaicus, Hook. f.
and 5 . 235
Entada - 145
Pursetha, DO. . 145
scandens, Bth. . 145
EPACRIDEX . 238
Ephedra . : . 393
Alte, C. A Meyer . 394
vulgaris, Rich. . . 394
Epigynum . 260, 261
ERICACEA . 234
Erinocarpus det on
Nimmoanus, Grah.
ERIOBOTRYA . 161, 167
bengalensis, Hook. . 167
dubia, Dene. . 167
dubia, Kurz 167
elliptica, Lindl. 167
integrifolia, Kurz 162
japonica, Lindl. . 167
petiolata, Hook.* 167
Eriodendron 42
anfractuosum, DC. . 42
orientale, Steud. . . 42
Erioglossum 93, 94
edule, Bl . 94
rubiginosum, BI. . . 94
ERIOLZNA . - 45, 46
Candollei, Wall. . Ry
Hookeriana, W. & A. ta
quinquelocularis,
ig :
spectabilis, Planch. 50

Stocksii, Hk. f. & Th.. 50
Wallichii, Dec. 50
Eriolenez 45

Pages,

Erycibe . - 273
glomerata, Wall. . 273
paniculata, Roxb. xxvi
Erysiphe Martii, Lev. . 379
ErxyTHRINA 16, 121
arborescengs, Roxb. . 122
holosericea, Kurz . 121
indica, Lam. 122, xvi
lithosperma, Miq. . 121
ovalifolia, Roxb. . 121
resupinata, Roxb. 121
stricta, Roxb. ; - 122
suberosa, Roxb. . 121, xvi
Erythropalum . ; . 80
populifolium, Mast. . 80
scandens, Bl, A . 80
vagum, Mast. . 80
ERYTHROXYLON 57, 58
burmanicum, Griff. . 58
Coca 58
indicum, Bedd. . 58
Kunthianum, Wall. 58

monogynum, ‘Roxb. 58, vii

Eseallomies . a ee
Enceesalpiniese a2 ane
EUCALYPTUS . “ 187, 188

Globulus, Lab. . . 188

lencoxylon, F. Mill. . 188
obliqua, L’Her. . Pe
rostrata, Schiect.

saligna, ‘Smith . 188
Stuartiana, F. Mill. . 188
teretioorstis, Sm. . 188
viminalis, Lab. . 188
Euchresta f . 116
Horsfieldii, Bennett . 1384
EvGENIA . . 187, 190

acuminatissima, Kurz . 191
alba, Roxb. 2 191
albiflora, Duthie . . 191
alternifolia, Wight 192, 193

amplexicaulis, Roxb. . 191
angustifolia, Roxb. . 191
aquea, Burm. . 191

Rumph. . 193
areolata, De. - 192

argentea, Bedd. .
Arnottiana, Wight 191, 193

balsamea, Wight . . 192
Beddomei, Duthie 192
bifaria, Wall. 192
brachiata, Roxb. . 192
bracteata, Roxb. . 192
bracteolata, Wight 192
caleadensis, Bedd. 192

calophyllifolia, Wight . 192
caryophyllefolia, Roxb. 191

caryophyllea, Wight 192
cerasijlora, Kurz . . 193
cinerea, Kurz A . 192
claviflora, Roxb. . 191
codyensis, Munro 192
contracta, Kurz . 192
cuneata, Beddome 192
cuneata, Wall. 192
cymosa, Lam. . . 191
cymosa, Roxb. . 193
diospyrifolia, Wall. 191
floccosa, Bedd. . - 192

191
formosa, Wall. . 193

xx
frondosa, Wall, . . 192

508

Pages,
fruticosa, Roxb. . 192, 193
dneri, Thw. . - 192

glandulifera, Roxb. . 192
grandis, Wight . 191, 193

grata, Wall. . ; . 192
Helferi, Duthie . - 191
hemisphzrica, Wight . 191
( 192

Heyneana, Wall. . 193
xx

inophylla, Roxb. . . 121
192,

Jambolana, Lam. .< 194,
xx

Jambos, Linn. . 191, 193
javanica, Lamk. . - 191

Jossinia, Duthie . . 192
khasiana, Duthie . 192
“atvlg 2 ane . 191, 193
leta, H . . 191

lariecesfolin, Roxb. 191, 193
lanceolaria, Roxb. . 191
lanceolata, Wight - 192
laurifolia, Roxb. - 192
lepidocarpa, Wall. - 191
leptantha Wight . . 191
lissophylla, Thw. - 192
macrocarpa, Roxb. . 191
macrosepala, Duthie -. 192
malaccensis, Linn. 191, 193
malabarica, Bedd. . 192
mangifolia, Wall. 191, 195
microphylla, Bedd. . 192

montana, Wight . . 192
Mooniana, Wight . 192
Munronii, Wight . 191
myrtifolia, Roxb. . . 191

nervosa, DC, P . 194
oblata, Roxb. ; . 192
obovata, Wall. ; 192, 194,
obtusifolia, Roxb. . 192
occlusa, Miq. 192
operculata, Rox. 192, 194, xx
pachyphylla, Kurz . 191

Paniala, Roxb. . - 192
pellucida, Duthie . 192
polyantha, Wight . 192

polypetala, Wight . 191
precox, Roxb. 194,
ramosissima, Wall. 191, 193

revoluta, Wight . 192
Rottleriana, W. and A. 192
rubens, Roxb. . . 191
rubicunda, Wight . 192
rubricaulis, Miq. . 192
salicifolia, Wight - 195
singampattiana, Bedd. 192
spicata, Linn. . . 192
Stocksii, Duthie . - 192
sylvestris, Wight . 195

ternifolia, Roxb. . 193
tetragona, Wight 192, 194
Thumra, Roxb. . . 191
toddaliefolia, Wight . 191
toddalioides, Wight . 191
tristis, Kurz ° . 193

venusta, Roxb. . - 192
Wallichii, Wight . 191
Wightiana, Wight . 192
Wightii, Bedd. . . 191
Wynadensis, Bedd. . 192
zeylanica, Wight ie

INDEX TO

Eumimosee . ° ‘
Eumyrsinee . ;
Euonyme ‘ °

EvonymMus . . 88,

atropurpureus, Roxb. .

crenulatus, hi ag “

echinatus, Wall.
frigidus, Wall
garcinifolia, Roxb.
glaber, Roxb. .
grandiflorus, Wall.

Hamiltonianus, Wall. :
lacerus, Ham. . i
pendulus, Wall. . :

sclerocarpus, Kurz

thewfolius, Wall... 85, xiii

tingens, Wall. . 84, 85
EUPHORBIA . . 347, 368
antiquorum, Linn. . 368
Cattimandoo, Elliot . 368
epiphylloides, Kurz . 368
ligularia, Roxb. . . 368
neriifolia, Linn. . 368
neriifolia, Roxb. . . 368
Nivulia, Ham. . 368
pentagona, Royle . 368
puleherrima, Willd. . 368
Royleana, Boissier . 368
densiflora, Roxb. 368
Tirucalli, Linn. . 368, xxix
tortilis, Rottler . - 368
trigona, Roxb. . . 368
EUPHORBIACE®, 346, 347

Euphoria Longana, Lamk. 97

Euptelea .

4
pleiosperma, Hk. f. & Th. 4

EuRYA . 27, 28
acuminata, DC. . 28
japonica, Thunb. . 28
symplocina, Bl. 28
trichocarpa, Korth. 28

Eurycoma ’ 63
longifolia, Jack. . 63

Evopia . 59, 60
fraxinifolia, Hook. Ty 60
melizfolia, Bth. . . 60
Roxburghiana, Bth. . 60
rutecarpa, Hk.f.&Th. 60
triphylla, Beddome . 60
viticina, Wall. . . 60

EXcMHCARIA . . 347, 366
acerifolia, F. Didr. . 366
Agallocha, Willd. 3866, 368
baccata, Mili. Arg. 366, 367
cochinchinensis, Lour. 366
holophylla, Kurz . 366
indica, Mill. Arg. 366, 367
insignis, Mill. Arg. 366, 367
oppositifolia, Jack. . 366
sebifera, Mill. Arg. . 366
virgata, Miq. 366

F.

Fagara Rhetsa, ghre 60, viii
triphylla, Roxb. . 60

FAGREA. : 267
auricularia, Jack. 267
carnosa, Jack. . 267

coromandelina, Wight a
fragrans, Roxb. . 267
obovata, Wall. . 267
racemosa, Jack. . . 267

Pages.
Fagus sylvatica, Linn. . 380
Falconeria i re Royle 367
FERONIA . 59, 62

Elephantum, "Correa 62, x

Ferriola bu«ifolia, Willd. bai
Fibraurea . . :
Ficeze ; P * os
Ficus. y , $23, 332

bengalensis, Linn. { 333

Xxviilt

Benjamina, Willd. . 336
Linn. . 338

Carica, Linn. ; 333

caricoides, Roxb. . 338
Chittagonga, Miq. . 333
clavata, Wall. . xxviii
comosa, Roxb. . . 338
cordifolia, Roxb. . . 335
Cunia, Buch. 339, xxviii
demona, Kinig, . - 340
~ elastica, Bl. A . 336
Fieldingii, Miq. . xxviii
foveolata, Wall. . . 339
glomerata, Roxb. 339, xxviii
hirsuta, Roxb. . 332
hirta, Roxb. z . SoZ
hispida, Linn. 340, Xxviii
indica, Roxb. . . 330
infectoria, Willd. 334, XXxviii.
laccifera, Roxb. . . 332
macrophylla, Koxb. . 340
mysorensis, Roth. - 332
nemoralis, Wall. . 338
nitida, Thunb. . . 336
obtusifolia, Roxb. . 332
oppositifolia, Roxb. . 340
parasitica 333

racemosa, Skinner . 339
regia, Miq. ; . 340
religiosa, Linn. 334, xxviii
reticulata, Miq. - . 339
retusa, Linn. 336, XXviii
Roxburghii, Miq. . 332
Roxburghii, Wall. 340, xxviii
Rumphii, Kurz . . 335
tomentosa, Willd. . 332
triloba, Ham. . 332
venosa, Ham. ° . 334
virgata, Roxb. 338, xxviii
A bE aoe, Were . 332
FILICES 4 . 431
Frinicium 66, 68
decipiens, Thwaites . 68

Finlaysonia . é

w" obovata,

Wall. j A
FLACOURTIA . Hie?
Cataphracta, Roxb. . 17
inermis, Roxb. 17
mollis, Hook. f. & Th. . 17
montana, Grah. . » RF
obcordata, Bedd. . 17
Ramontchi, L’ Herit. 17, iii
rotundifolia ‘ Pome” «
sapida, Roxb. . .
sepiaria, Roxb. . 17, iii
sumatrana, Planch. . 17
Flacourties . ' ae
Flemingia . : . 16

Chappar, Ham. . .Xvii
congesta, Roxb. . . 123
semialata, Roxb. . . 123
strobilifera, R. Br. . xvii

Pages.

Fraxinex . . 254
FRAXINUs . 254, 256
excelsior, Linn. . 256, 257
floribunda, Wall. . 256

Moorcroftiana, bite, 4 . 256

Freycinetia . . 425

insignis, Bl. . 425
G.

Gaertnera . 266

Gaertnera racemosa, Rox. 58

Galearia Wallichii, Kurz 348

Galedupa indica, nee 133
Galegex . . 116
Gamblea . ‘ . 208
ciliata, C. B.
Clarke. - XXii
Ganitrus . : 57
GARCINIA 21
anomala, Bl. ‘and Trian. 22
atro-viridis, Griff. . =
Cambogia, Desr. . 24
iii
cornea, Linn. . 22
Cowa, Roxb - 23, 24
dulcis, Kurz é >. 2
elliptica, Wall. . . 22
Gutta, Wight . . 24
heterandra, Wall. . 2
indica, Choisy 22
Kydia, Roxb. . 24
lancefolia, Roxb. > “32
loniceroides, T. And. . 22
Mangostana, Linn. 22

merguensis, Wight 23

anicrostigma, Kurz =
é

Morella, Desrouss. 24,

iii

ovalifolia, Hook. f. 23

paniculata, Roxb.

pedunculata, Roxb.
pictoria, Roxb. . ‘
purpurea, Roxb. . . 22
speciosa, Wall. . 22,

stipulata, T. And,. 23, iii
succifolia, Kurz . - 22
travancorica, Bedd. . 23
Wightii, T. And. . . 22
Xanthochymus, Hk, f.. 23
Garcinies is 21
GARDENIA , ° , 218, 228

coronaria, Ham. . 228, 229
costata, Roxb. ;

fiorida, Linn.
gummifera, Linn. 228, “xxiii
latifolia, Aiton. . 229, XXili
lucida, Roxb. ; . 228

montana, Roxb. - 228
obtusifolia, Roxb. 229
resinifera, Roth. . 228
sessiliflora, Wall. . 228
tetrasperma, Roxb. . 227
turgida, Roxb. 228, xviii
Gardeniewz “ ‘ . 218
Gardneria ‘ . 266
ovata, Wall. . 266
GARUGA . ; é - 66
pinnata, Roxb. . 66, x, xi

Gastonia palmata .

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

, Pages.
Gaultheria ‘ o

fragrantissima, Wall.

Griffithiana, Wight f E:
punctata, Bl. , 284
Gelonium , 347
lanceolatum, Willd. “xxix
Genistes ; 116
GERANIACE 58
Geranium 58
GESNERACE® | 274

Getonia floribunda, Roxb. 185
185

nutans, Roxb.

Gigantochloa . , 426, 428
albociliata, Kurz. . 429
andamanica, Kurz . 428
auriculata, Kurz 428
macrostachya, Kurz . 428

Ginalloa . . 319
andamanica, Kurz . a19
Helferi, Kurz . . 319

Ginkgo . . 394
biloba, Linn, . 394

Girardinia 823
heterophylla, Dene. 823

Gironniera . 324
cuspidata, Planch. . 324
lucida, Kurz . . 324
nervosa, Planch. . 324
reticulata, Thw. . 324
Thomsoni, King . . 324

GIVOTIA . 347, 365
rottleriformis, Griff. 2 365

Glochidion lanceola-

rium, Dalz. Z . Bol
nepalense, Kurz . . dol

Glossocarya . ‘ . 281
mollis, Wall. . 282

GLUTa . 108, 104, 109
elegans, Wall. . . 109
tavoyana, Wall. . 109
travancorica, Beddome 109

Glycosmis . 59

pentaphylla, Leon § =
Glyptopetalum ; 83
grandiflorum, Bedd. 83
sclerocarpum ‘ . 83

zeylanicum, Thw. 83

GMELINA, . 281, 295
arborea, Roxb. 295, XXvii
asiatica, Linn. . . 295
Hystrix, — . 295

GNETACE . . 393

Gnetum . . 393
edule, Bl. . A . 393
funiculare, Bl. . - 398
Gnemon, Linn. . 393
neglectum, Bl. . 393
scandens, Roxb. . . 393

Gomphandra . . 80
affinis, Mast. 80
axillaris, Wall. . 80
penangiana, Wall. 80
polymorpha, Wight 80
tomentella, Mast. - 80

Gomphia . 65
angustifolia, Vahl. 65
sumatrana, Jack. 65

Goniothalamus ; 7

a _Sesquipeda-
lis, Hk. f ii
Gonocaryum . ¥ - 80

509

Pages.
GOODENOVIEZX . . 233
Gordonia ; 27, 28
excelsa, Bl. . .
floribunda, Wall. - 2
integrifolia, Roxb. . 29
oblata, Roxb. A - 2
obtusa, Wall. A -
Gordoniesz . - 27
Gossypium . - Al
Stocksii, Masters - Al
Gouania . . 88
leptostachya, De. . 88
uanies - 8
GRAMINEZA . 4 . 426
Grevillea robusta . . 318
GREWIA 51, 53
abutilifolia, Juss. 6
asiatica, Linn, 4
aspera, Roxb. .

ophylla, Kurz

carpinifolia, Koxb.
didyma, Roxb. .
elastica, Royle
levigata, Vahl
Microcos, Linn. .
multiflora, Juss. .
oppositifolia, Roxb.

pilosa, Lam.

populifolia, Vahl .

salvifolia, Heyne .

Sapida, Roxb. .
scabrophylia, Roxb.
sclerophylla, Roxb.
sepiaria, Roxb. . é
sinuata, Wall . °

nuded saEeeseseeayBaseseag

tilizfolia, Vahl . &,
ulmifolia, Roxb. . -
vestita, Wall. 55,

villosa, Willd. . F
Grewiex .

Grislea tomentosa, Roxb. 200
Guarea Alliaria, Ham. . 72
binectarifera, Roxb. . 71
Gobara, Ham. . Foes t |
Gotodhara, Ham. 71
paniculata, Roxb. 69
Guazuma 45
tomentosa, Kunth 45
GUETTARDA . 218, 219
speciosa, Linn. . . 229
Guettardees . ; . 218
GUTTIFERZ 21
Gymnema 5 . 265
acuminatum, Wall - 265
tingens, W. & A . 265
Gymnosporia . $8
acuminata, Hook. ee
emarginata, Roth. xiv
montana, Lawson 87
Royleana, Wall . 86
Thomsoni, Kurz . xiii
Gynaion vestitum . . 271
GYNOCARDIA 16, 18
odorata, R. Br. 18
Gynochthodes . 218, 219
macrophylla, Kurz . 219

Gynotroches axillaris, Bl. 175
Gyrinops Walla, Gaertn. 315
G em. ‘ . 178 -
GYROCARPUS . . 178, 187

Jacquini, Roxb. . ee!

510

Puges.
H.,
Haasia . . 304
Wightii, Nees 304
Hematocarpus 11
Hematoxylon Campechia-
num, - 185
Hakea 318
HAMAMELIDEA. 174
Hamelia . ° . 219
Hamiltonia ; 218, 219
suaveolens, Roxb. 219, xxiv
HARDWICKIA Re 134, 143
binata, Roxb. 143
pinnata, Roxb. . 143
Harina cc io bet
ri . . 419
Harpullia ‘ , 94
cupanioides, Roxb. . 94
imbricata, Bl... . 94
Harrisonia : . 63
Bennettii, Hook. 63
Hastingia coccinea,
Konig r :
HEDERA : 208, 210
Helix, Linn. 210
Hedereze : 208
Hedyotideze 218
Hedyotis . 218
Hedysarex . 116
Hedysarum Alhagi, Rox. 119
Cephalotes, Roxb. 121
gyrans, Roxb. 120
lagenarium, Roxb. 119
pulchellum, Roxb. 120
tuberosum, Roxb. 123
umbellatum, Roxb. 121
HELICIA . ; 318
attenuata, Bl. . 318
cochin-chinensis, —_ 318
excelsa, Bl. . 318
nilagirica, Bedd. . 318
pyrrhobotrya, Kurz . 318
robusta, Wall. . . 318
salicifolia, Pres}. . - 318
Helicterese . 45
HELICTERES . 45, 49
elongata, Wall. . 49
Isora, Linn. . ) Vii
spicata, Colebr. 49
Helinus . 88
lanceolatus, Brandis 88
Heliotropiee . ‘ . 269
Heliotropium peravianum,
Linn.
HELWINGIA . 208, 209
himalaica, Hk. f. & Th. 209
Hemicyclia . . B47
andamanica, Kurz . 347
elata, Bedd. 2 . 347
sepiaria, W. & A. . B47
sumatrana, Miill. Arg. 347

venusta, Wight
Hemidesmus indicus, R.

ae A ‘ . 266
Hemigyrosa . - 93
canescens, Thw. . 93
deficiens, Bedd. 93

Hemitelia . 481
Brunoniana, C. B. Clarke 431

decipiens, J. Scott . 431
Henslowia % . 320
heterantha, Hook. f. '. 820

INDEX TO

Pages.

HEPPAPLEURUM . 208, 209
elatum, C. B. Clarke . 209
glaucum, C. B. Clarke. 209
hypoleucum, Kurz . 209
impressum, C. B 209
Clarke xxii
khasianum, C.B. Clarks "209

racemosum, Bedd. . 209:
rostratum, Bedd. . 209
tomentosum, Ham. . - 209
venulosum, Seem. rik
Wallichianum, OC. B.
Clarke . : . 209

HERITIERA . - 45, 47
Fomes, Buch. 47
minor, Roxb. » 47
littoralis, Dryand. 47
Papilio, Bedd. 48

Hermannies . “ . 45

Hernandia ‘ . - 304
peltata, Meissn. . 304

Hernandiez - 304

Heteropanax ° . 208
fragrans, Seem. . . 208

Heteropetalae 51

HETEROPHRAGMA O74, 277
adenophylla, i aah 277
Roxburghii, D 277
sulfurea, Kurz . 277

Hevea beaettianens pre

Arg. .

Heynea . a : 68, 69
affinis, Juss. ‘ 69
trijuga, Roxb. . 69, xi

Hibiscez . “ . 42

HIBiscus . . . 42
collinus, Roxb. . . 42
fragrans, Roxb. . 42
Lampas, Roxb. . . 43
macrophyllus, Roxb. 42, vi
mutabilis, Linn. . 42
populneus, Willd. 43
rosa-sinensis, fen 42
scandens, Roxb. 42
setosus, Roxb. . . 24
syriacus, Linn. . 42
tetralocularis, Roxb. . 43
tiliaceus, Linn. . 42
tricuspis, Banks . 42

Hippocratea . - . 83
arborea, Roxb. . - 83
indica, Willd. . 88

HIPpPoPHAr . 316, 317
rhamnoides, Linn. » S17
salicifolia, Don . - 317

Hiptage . ‘ 6 . 58
acuminata, Wall. 58
candicans, Hook.f. . 58
Madablota, Gaertn. . 58
obtusifolia, DC. . » &8
parvifolia, W.and A. . 58

HoOLARRHENA . 260, 263
antidysenteriea, § 263

Wall. xxvi
mitis, k. Br, . 263
pubescens ° . 263

HOLIGARNA . . 103, 112
albicans, Hook. f. - 112
Arnottiana, Hook.f. . 112
Beddomei, Hook.f. . 112

ferruginea, Marchand . 112
Grahamii, Hook.f. . 112

Pages..
Helferi, Hook. f.. . 112
longifolia, Roxb. - 112

longifolia, Wt: and Arn.112
racemosa, Roxb. . - 112

Hollbéllia 3 A 12:
latifolia, Wall. . oe
Holmskioldia . . . 281
sanguinea, Retz . . 282.

Holochilus micranthus,

Dalz. . 247

Holoptelea integrifolia,

Plch.

HomMALium . 205, 207
Griffithianum, Kurz . 207
minutiflorum, Kurz . 207
nepalense, bth. 207

propinguum,C.B. Clarke 207
tomentosum, Bth.
travancoricum, Bedd. . | 207

Schlichii, Kurz . . 207

zeylanicum, Bth. . :
Homonoya . . 347, 364

retusa, Mill. Arg. . 364

riparia, Lour. . . 364
symphylliefolia, Kurz . 364

HopgEA Z - 31, 39
eglandulosa, Roxb. . 40
glabra, W. and A. . 40
grandiflora, Wall. . 33
gratissima, Wall. . 34
Griffitthii, Kurz . 40
longifolia, Dyer . . 39
oblongifolia, Dyer . 40
odorata, Roxb. . . 40
parviflora, Beddome . 40
racophlea, Dyer . 40
Scaphula, Rib. . 33
Wightiana, Bedd. . 40
Wightiana, Wall. . 40

Hovenia ‘ . 88
dulcis, Thunb. , 88

Hugonia Mystax, Linn. . 57

Humboldtia . 134, 135
Brunonis, Wall. . . 135
unijuga, Beddome . 135
Vahliana, Wight . . 135

Humea elata, Roxb. 52

Hunteria . . 260
Roxburghiana, Wight . 261

Hydnocarpus . . = uae
alpina, Wight . 16
castanea, Hook.f.and Th. 16
heterophylla, Bl. . 16
inebrians, Vahl . ue
Wightiana, Bl. . 2 ee

Hydnophytum - 218, 219
formicarum, Jack. . 219

HYDRANGEA . . 171, 172
altissima, Wall. . . 172
aspera, Don \s .- 172
Hortensia, DC. . . 172
robusta, Hook. f. & Th. 172
stylosa, Hook. f. & Th. 172
vestita, Wall. . - 172

Hydrangom ‘ o Ada

Hymenocardia . . 347
plicata, Kurz. . 347
Wallichii, Tul. . 347

HyYMENODICTYON . 218, 223
excelsum, Wall. 224, xxiii

flaccidum, Wall. . - 224
obovatum, Wall. . . 224
thyrsiflorum, Wall. . 225

Pages.
Hymenopogon . 218
parasiticus, Wall. . 218
gi er ha . 281
pe taerned nag? . 282
yperanthera 0 a
Roxb. ee wa
HYPERICINEA . 21
Hypericum : 21

cernuum, Roxb. . 21
Hookerianum, W. & A. 21

Hypobathrum . 218
racemosum, Kurz. . 218
strictum, Kurz . . 219

Hyptianthera . . 218, 219
stricta, W. & A. 219, xxiii

i.

Teacinesxs Me out -

Ichnocarpus . 260, 261

ILEx : : 81, 82, 83
Aquifolium, Linn. . oa
cymosa, Bl. 82
daphniphytioides, Kurz 81
denticulata, Wal . 82
dipyrena, Wall. . a 82
embelioides, a » Rea ie
excelsa, Wall. 82
exsulca, Wall. ‘ 82
fragilis, Hook. f. . 82
Gardneriana, Wight 82
gaultheriefolia, Kurz . 82
Godajam, Colebr. 82
Griffithii, Hook. f. . 82
insignis, Hook.f.. 81, 83
intricata, Hook. f. 82
malabarica, Bedd. 81
odorata, Ham. 81, 82, 83
paraguayensis < . oe
suleata, Wall. . . 82
thesfolia, Wall. . 82, 83
Thomsoni, Hook.f. . 82
venulosa, Hook. f. - 82
Walkeri, Wight & Arn. 81
Wallichii, Hook. f. - 82
Wightiana, Wall. 82

ILICINEA . 81

Illicium

‘ 4
Griffithii, Hook. :. & Th. 4
majus, Hook. f.& Th... 4

igera . . 178, 179
appendiculata, Bl. 179
Coryzadenia, Meissn. . 179
khasiana, v4 B. Clarke. 179
Kurzii, C. B. Clarke 179
Impatiens | . 58
INDIGOFERA . 116, 117
atropurpurea, Ham. 117
Dosua, Ham. xvi
Gerardiana, Wall. 117
heterantha, Wall. s kz
pulchella, Roxb. . 117. xvi
stachyodes, Ldl. xvi
tinctoria, Linn. 117

Inga raat el

dulcis, . 145
xylocarpa, DC . 148
Ingew . . 145
Inula . 232
Cappa, De. - 232
bre area DC. . 232
TInuloidez . 282
Todes 81

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

Pages.
Tonidium . . 16
Tpomea . : ° . 273
Tsonandra 241, 242
caloneura, Kurz . . 242
Gutta, Hook. . 242
obovata, Griff. . . 242
polyandra, Wight . 245
_ Wightiang Kurz . 242
ightiana, DC. . 242
. 171

"Chinon Hook. and
- 172
Eke | lla, “Wall. 172
nutans, yle - 171

Ixonanthes khasiana,

Hook. d ;
IXoRA . . 218, 230
acuminata, Roxb. . 230
Bandhuca, Roxb. 230
barbata, Roxb. . - 230
coccinea, Linn. . 230
compactiflora, Kurz . 231
naucleiflora, Kurz . 231
gldbcaie Vahl 230, xxiii
avetta; Roxb. . - 230
polyantha, Wight . 230
recurva, Kurz . - Bl
stricta, Roxb. ; . 230
tomentosa, Roxb. 231
undulata, Roxb. . . 230
villosa, Roxb. F . 230
weberefolia, — . 231
Txoreze : . 218

J.

Jambosa, Linn. . 191, 193
Jasmine J - 254
JASMINUM . 254, 255
grandiflorum, Linn. . 255
hirsutum, Willd. . . 255
officinale, Linn. . 255
pubescens, Roxb. . . 255
revolutum, Sims . . 255
Sambac, Aiton . 255
JATROPHA 347, 364
Curcas, Linn. 365, Xxix

glandulifera, gr . 364
multifida, Linn. . 364
nana, Dalz. . ‘ . 364
Wightiana, Mill. Arg. 364
Jonesia Asoca, Roxb. . 144
triandra, Roxb. . . 144
JUGLANDEA . 391
JUGLANS. é . 392
cinerea, Linn. . 392
nigra, Linn. . 392
pterococca, Roxb. 393
regia, Linn. . . 392, xxx
JUNIPERUS . 394, 411
bermudiana, Linn. 411
communis, Linn. . 411
drupacea, Labill. . 411
excelsa, M. Bieb. . 412
recurva, Ham. - 412
virginiana, Linn. . . 411
Wallichiana, Hook. f.
and Th. . 412
Justicia . J . 280
Adhatoda, Linn. : . 281
Gendarussa, Linn. . 281
Justiciex P ‘ . 280

Pages,
1 e
Kadsura .
KANDELIA . 175, 176
Rheedii, W. and A. . 176
KAYEA . 21, 26
floribunda, Wall. . 26
nervosa, T. And. . 26
stylosa, Thw. 26
Kendrickia . 198
Kleinhovia . ° -
Hospita, Linn. . 45
Kokoona littoralis,
Lawson 85
Kopsia . ‘ . 260
fruticosa, DC. ; . 261
Korthalsia . 415, 424
laciniosa, Mast. . 424
scaphigera, Mast. . 424
Kurrimia - . 88
paniculata, Wall. .
pulcherrima, Wall. . 83
robusta, Kurz . 83
KypIa - 42,4
calycina, Roxb. . { er
fraterna, Roxb. . - 4
glabrescens, Mast. . 43
L.
LABIATH .

LAGERSTROMIA ’ ;
calyculata, Kurz . :

Flos-Regine, Retz . 202
floribunda, Jack. . 200
gr andiflora, Roxb. . 204

ypoleuca, Kurz . . 203
indica, Linn. ; . 200
lanceolata, Bedd. . 201
lanceolata, Wall... . 201
macrocarpa, Wall. . 203
microcarpa, Wight . 201

parviflora, Hook. f. 200, xxx
parviflora, Roxb. 201, xxi

pubescens, Wall. - 204
Reginzw, Roxb. . + 262, xXi
tomentosa, Presl. . 204
villosa, Wall - 200

Lagette tintoucia; kaenicraae
Lansium . 68, 69
anamallayancm, Beda. 69

Lantana . . 281
alba, Miller . . . 282
dubia, Roxb. e - 282

Laportea . - 323
crenulata, Gandich. 323

Lardizabales : . 12

LARIX . ‘ . 394, 409
europwa, DC. ‘ . 409
Griffithii, H. f. ane Th. 410
sibirica, Ld. - 409

Lasianthus . 218, 219

Lasiosiphon ‘ . 314
eriocephalus, Dene. . 315

LAURACE® J 384, 313

Laurus . . B04
bilocularis, Roxb. . 309
Cassia, Roxb. x . 306
lanceolaria, Roxb. - 308
nobilis . . 304
obtusifolia, Roxb. - 805
villosa, Roxb. . . 308

512
Pages.
LAWSONIA . 200
alba, Lam. 200
imermis, Linn. . 200
LEBEDIEROPSIS . 847, 358
orbicularis, Mill. 358
Arg. . ; Xxix
Lecythea salicina, Lev. . 377
Lecythides . ‘ . 187
Leea " ‘ - 93
aspera, Wall 93
erispa, Willd 92
gigantea, Griff 93
hirta, Roxb 93
macrophylla, Roxb. 93
robusta, Roxb. . 93
sambucina, Willd. &
sumatrana, Kurz 94,
Leqnotideen . 175
LEGUMINOS 114
Lepidocaryinesw . . 415
Lepidostachys Roaburghii,
Wall: . 350
Lepionurus 80
oblongifolius, Mast. 80
sylvestris, Kurz - 80
Lepisanthes 93, 94
Leptadenia . 262
viminea, Bth. 265
LEPTOB@A 274
multiflora ‘ . 274
LEPTODERMIS - 218, 232
lanceolata, Wall. . . 232
Leptonychia_ . : . 45
Leptospermese . 187
Lespedeza ‘ . 116
eriocarpa, DC. . «Lid
Lettsomia : . 273
Leucena . ; . 145
glauca, Bth. : . 145
Leucomeris . A 232
decora, Kurz k 232
spectabilis, Don . 232
Leucopogon nygondecia
ack. a“ . 238
LEYCESTERIA . 3 213, 217
formosa, Wall. 6 . 217
LICUALA . . 415, 418
acutifida, M ast. 418
longipes, Griff. 418
paludosa, Griff. 418
peltata, Roxb. . 418
LiaustTRUM . 254, 258
bracteolatum, Don 258
compactum, Hook. f.
and Th. . 259
microphyllum, Bedd. . 258
nepalense, Wall. 258
robustum, Hook. f. and
Th. ° . 258
vulgare, Linn. . 258
LILIACEA . 425
Limacia » ome
Limonia : ¢ . 59
acidissima, Linn. . 59,. x
crenulata, Roxb. - 59
missionis, Wall. - 62
Lindera . ; ° . B04
assamica, Kurz B04
304
heterophylla, Meissn. ont
Neesiana, Kurz 304
LINEA . ‘ 57

_ INDEX TO
Pages.
LINOCIERA . . 259
dichotoma, DC. . XXV
intermedia, Wighs 259
macrophylla . . 259
malabarica, Wall. - 259
Linostoma 314
decandrum, Wall. 315
pauciflorum, Griff. 315
scandens, Kurz 315
‘sSiamense, Kurz 315
Linum usitatissimum . 58
Liquidambar orientale,
Miller - 174
Liriodendron grandiflo-
rum, Roxb, 5
tulipiferum . é Tee:
LITs#A . . 304, 311
angustifolia . . . 304
consimilis, Nees . 311
foliosa, Nees 311
lanuginosa, Nees . 312
scrobiculata, Nees 311
umbrosa, Nees . . dll
zeylanica, Nees 311
Litsxacese ( i . 304
LIVISTONA .. - 415, 418
Jenkinsiana, Griff. 415, 418
speciosa, Kurz . 418
LOGANIACEA . 266
LONICERA . 218, 216
alpigena, Linn. . 217
angustifolia, Wall. 217
glabrata, Wall. . 216
hypoleuca, Dene. 216
japonica, Thunb. . 216
Leschenaultii, Wall. 216
ligustrina, Wall. . . 216
Myrtillus, Hook. f. and ss
6
BS eiglic Lamarck 216
Periclymenum, Linn. . 216
quinquelocularis, Hard-
wicke Py
spinosa, J acquemont . 216
stipulata, Hook. f.and
| ‘ ; . 217
Loniceres q . 213
LOPHOPETALUM 83, 85
fimbriatum, Wight . 85
floribundum, Wight . 85
littorale, Kurz 85, 86
Wallichii, Kurz . 86
Wightianum, Arn. 86
LORANTHACEZ . 319
LORANTHUS . 319
amplexifolius, DC. 319
bicolor, Roxb. . 320
Candolleanus, Ww. & A. 319
capitellatus, W.and A. 319
cordifolius, Wall. 319
farinosus, Desr. 319
lobosus, Roxb. . 319
pen i ran Wall. 319
loniceroides, Linn. 319
longiflorus, Desr. 320
hy eesti i ie and
319
Fev ds Wall. . ; 319
pulverulentus, Wall. . 319
’ tomentosus, Heyne 319-
umbellifer, Schultes 319
vestitus, Wall. . . 820
viridiflorus, Wall. - B19

/

Pages,

Loropetalum shinein,

Oliv. . . . 174

Luculia . . 218
gratissima, Sweet. 218

Ludia spinosa, Roxb. 17

Lumnitzera_. . 178
coccinea, W. and ‘A. 178
littorea, Voigt . . 179
racemosa, Willd. . . 178

Luvunga . ; oi) a ae

Lycium . 273
europ#um, Linn. . 273

LYTHRARIEA ., . 199

Lythrex . 4 ‘ -, 499

M,

Maba é . 247
andamanica, Karz 247, 253
buxifolia, Pers. . 247, xxv
merguiensis, Hiern . 247
micrantha, Hiern . 247
nigrescens, Dalz. and

Gibs. ; ‘ . 247

MACARANGA . . 847, 362
andamanica, Kurz . 362
denticulata, Miill. Arg.

362, 863
flexuosa, R. Wight . 362
gummifiua, Miil. Arg.

362, 363
Helferi, Miill. Arg. 362 —
indica, Wight . 362, 363
membranacea, Kurz . 362

minutiflora, Miill. Arg. 362
peltata, Mull. Arg. . 362
populifolia, Miill. Arg. 362

pudica . 363
Tanarius, Mill, Arg. . 362
tomentosa, R. Wight { aa
MAcHILUsS . 304, 368
fruticosa, Kurz . 308
indica, Lour. . 308
khasyana, Meissn. . 308
macrantha, Nees . . 308
Sie 308,
odoratissima, Nees xxvii
rimosa, Bl. . 308
tavoyana, Meissn. . 308
MACROPANAX. 208, 210
oreophilum, Migq. . 2lu
undulatum, Seem. 210

Maddenia : 161
himalaica, Hk. f. & Th. 161
pedicellata, Hook. f. . 161

Merua .
arenaria, Hk. f. & Th. 1
pare
argentea, Wall.
indica, A. DC.
macrophylla, Wall.
montana, A. DC.
paniculata, A. DC.
ramentacea, bi

Mesee . °

MAGNOLIA,

Hook. f

Campbellii,

and Th.
globosa, Hk. 'f. & Th. .
Griffithii, Hk. f. & Th,
sphenocarpa, Roxb. .

=
oo

eer

ig
Ne

Pages.
MAGNOLIACEA . ra
olieee f - - 4
Malabathrum . R . 305
Malaisia . : R . 823
tortuosa, Blanco . . 323
Mallea Rothii, Adr. Juss. 69
MALLOTUS 347, 360
acuminatus, Mill.
Arg. . é = . 360
albus, Mill. Arg. 360, 361
atrovirens, Mill. Arg.. 360
aureo-punctatus, Mill.

Arg. i : . 860
barbatus, Miill. Arg. . 360
decipiens, Miill. Arg. . 360
distans, Mill. Arg. . 360
Helferi, Mill. Arg. . 360

lappaceus, Mill. Arg. . 360
Lawii, Mill. Arg. . 360
muricatus, Miill.

360, 362

moluccanus, Mill. Arg. 360
nepalensis, Miill. Arg. 360
oreophilus, Miill. Arg. 360
paniculatus, Mill. Arg. 360
i Miill.

- 360, 361
Singing: Mill. Arg. . 360
rhamnifolius, Mill.

Arg a
ricinoldee;, Miill. Arg. . 360
Roxburghianus, Mull.

Arg 360, 361
i Mill. Arg. 360
tetracoccus, Kurz 361

Tokbrai, Mill. Arg. . 360
MALPIGHIACEA 58
MALVACE. é . 41
MANGIFERA 103, 107

caloneura, Kurz . . 107

foetida, Lour. Z . 107

indica, Linn. 107, xv

doneines: Griff. . 107

yppositifolia, Roxb. . 108
i vations Roxb. . 108, xv
Manglietia 4

Caveana, Hook. f. and
Th. .

Patient BE GB

Manihot . . 347
Glaziovii . ; . 348
utilissima, Pohl. . » 348

paar Puya, ve . 323

Mapp x . 80
fectida, Miers - 80

MARLEA R . 210, 211
begonizfolia, Roxb. . 211
tomentosa, Endl. 211

Marsdenia . ‘ 265
lucida, Edgew. 265
Roylei, Wight . . 266
tenacissima, W. & A. . 265
tinctoria, R. Br. . . 265

Marsdenieew . : . 265

Mastixia . P . 210

. arborea, Wight. . 211

Mayodendron igneum,

Kurz ° ° . 274

Medinilla . \ . 198

Medinilles . ‘ . 198

MELALEUCA . . 187, 188
Cajuputi, Roxb. . . 188
Leucadendron, Linn. . 188

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

-

Pages.

M®LANORRH@A 103, — 110
glabra, Wall. . 110
usitata, Wall. . - 110
Melanthesopsis . 347
fruticosa, Mill. Arg. . 347
patens, Miill. Arg. 347
MELASTOMA . . 198, 199
malabathricum, Linn. 199
MELASTOMACEA) 198
Melhania . ° 45
Meni . 69
Azadirachta, ‘Linn. 70

Azedarach, Linn. ot SU

birmanica, Kurz . 70
composita, Willd. 70
dubia, Cuv. s, ¥O
excelsa, Jack. . « 69
indica, Brandis 69
robusta, Roxb. 70
sempervirens, Sw. 70
swperba, Roxb. . - 70
MELIACEZ . ; - 68
Melieze ° - 68
Melicope 59
Helferi, Hook. a: 59
indica, Wight 59
MELIOSMA . 102
Arnottiana, Wieht 102
dillenizfolia, Bl. 103
pinnata, Roxb. 102
pungens, Bedd. 102
pungens, Wall. 102
simplicifolia, Roxb. oe
Wallichii, ge 103
Wightii, Planch. 103
Melocanna » 429
bambusoides, Trin. 429
humilis, Kurz . , 429
Kurzii, Munro . . 429
Melochia . ; » 45
velutina, Bedd. . 45
Melodinus - 260, 261
Melodorum . 3 ¢. 9
Memecylesz 198
Memecylon 198

amabile, Bedd. ;
edule, Koxb.
gracile, Bedd. — . oa

umbellatum, Burn 199
MENISPERMACEX . I1
Menispermum ‘ “ae 4

Cocculus, Roxb. . grnh

cordifolium, Willd. .. 11

hirsutum, Linn. . 11

lanrifolium, Roxb. . 12

olycarpon, Roxb. Se |

ERIANDRA . . 300, 301

bengalensis, Bth. . 301

strobilifera, Bth. 301

Mespilus op htrtaien,
Roxb. ° .
japonica, Banks . . 167

Megsva . : 21, 26, 27
coromandeliana,
Wight. ;

ferrea, Linn. be 27, iv

Nagaha, : 27

pulchella, Pl. and
Trian. °

27
Rouburghii, Wight ~ 27
sclerophylla, Thw. » 27
speciosa, Choisy . 27

513
Pages.
Thwaitesii, Pl. and
Trian. = ; :
Mezoneurum

‘ 134
cucullatum, W. and A. 134
sr W. and

Ny é - 134
glabrum, Desf. - 134

MICHELIA. - 4,5
Catheartii, Hook. f,

and Th. et
Champaca, Linn. . o ag
excelsa, Blume . . 6,1
Kisopa, Ham. . vRS
lanuginosa, Mina Fi
nilagirica, Ten a "6
oblonga, Wall. - aimee
punduana, Hook. f.
and R : so*®
Microdesmis . . 347
casearifolia, Planch. . 318
Microglossa. - 232
vobubilis, DC. . - 232
Micromelum . = - 9
hirsutum, Oliv. . . 59
pubescens, BL. . 59, x
Micromelus : . 168
Microtropis . Fe . 83
discolor, Wall. 83, xiv

MiILivusa . ‘ o tg D
indica, Lesch. 9
macrocarpa, ~_— f.

and Th. 9
nilagirica, Bedd. 9
Roxburghiana, Hook.

f. and Th. ore

sclerocarpa, Kurz —s

velutina, Hook. f. and
Th. -8, 9

Wightiana, Hk. f. & Th, 9

Miliuses .

MILURTTIA. r : 116, 118
atropurpurea, Bth. .118
auriculata, Baker 118
Brandisiana, Kurz . 118
cinerea, Bth. - 118
leucantha, Kurz . - 118
monticola, Kurz . 118
ovalifolia, Kurz . - 119
pachyecarpa, Bth. - 118
pendula, Bth. . . 118
pubinervis, Kurz 118
pulchra, bth 118
tetraptera, Kurz . 118

MILLINGTONIA _.« 103,,_ 274
hortensis, Linn. . . 274

Milnea edulis, Roxb. . 69

Mimosa . - 145, 148
amara, Roxb. ‘. . 160
arabica, Roxb. . 151
biglobosa, Roxb. . 145
cesia, Roxb. : . 155
cinerea, Roxb. 148
concinna, Roxb. . 150
dulcis, Roxb. ‘ 145
dumosa, Roxb. . 152
eburnea, Roxb. . 151
elata, Roxb. 158
Farnesiana, Linn. 150
Jerruginea, Roxb. . 153
heterophylla, eae. . 145
hamata, Willd. . 148
Kalkora, Roxb. . 159
Latronum, Roxb. . 149

3 R

514

Pages.
leucophlea, Roxb. 152
lucida, Roxb. . 159
microphylla, Roxb. 156
mutabilis, Roxb. - 148
odoratissima, Roxb. . 158
pennata, Roxb. . . 155

pudica, Linn.

pulchella Roxb. « yt
rubicaulis, Linn... xviii
scandens, Roxb. . 145
Sirissa, Roxb. . 156
Suma, Roxb. ‘ 150
Sundra, Roxb. . 153
stipulacea, Koxb.. 160
wylocarpa, Bash 148
Mimosee . “ 135

MimvusoPs . . 241, 245
Elengi, Linn. . 245
heaandra, Roxb. . 246
indica, A. DC. O45, 246, “xxiv
indica, Kurz 246
littoralis, Kurz . | 246
Roxburghianus, Wight. 245

Miquelia . - 80
dentata, Bedd. . ion
Kleinii, Meissn. . a

Mirabilis . . 802
Jalapa . 5 ; . 802

Mischodon ‘ s . 347
zeylanicus, Thw. .« . 348

Mitrephora . > a |
grandiflora, Bedd. anes
vandeflora, Kurz. ea,

Mitrephores . i F

Moacurra wolaneron

Roxb.

Molinea canescens, Roxb. 93

Monardese : . 800

Monocera 5 ° 57

Monoporandra 31

Monosis sihnarec aaa ‘Bedd. 233

Moraces® . . 323

Moree . . 823

MoRINDA 218, 231
angustifolia, Roxb. . 281
bracteata, Roxb, 231
citrifolia, "Roxb. . 231

exserta, Roxb. 931, 232, Xxiv

multiflora, Roxb. . 281
scandens, Roxb. . 231
tinctoria, Roxb. . . 231
umbellata, Linn. . . 231

Morindeze . ‘ . 218
Morindopsis - 218, 219
capillaris, Kurz . 219
MORINGEA . f 114
MORINGA ; 114
aptera, Gaertn. 114
concanensis, Nimmo 114
pterygosperma, 114
Gaertn. *\ xvi
Morus . ‘ . 323, 327
alba, Linn. . . 327, 328
atropurpurea, Roxb. . 328
euspidata, Wall 328
indica, Linn. . . 328
levigata, Wall. . . 327
serrata, Roxb. 328, 329
Mucuna . “ . 116
imbricata, DO. 121
macrocarpa, Wall. 121
pruriens, DC. > 121

INDEX TO
Pages. Pages,
Mundulea ; - 116 | Naucima ~ « 217, 238
suberosa, Bth. 118 | Cadamba, Roxb... . 219
unronia 68, 69 cordata, Roxb. . 218
Wallichii, Wight - 69 cordifolia, Roxb. . 220
MURRAYA : 9, 61 diwersifolia, Wall. 222
exotica, Linn. - 61, x elliptica, Dalz. . 223
Kénigii, Spr. 61, ix | excelsa, BI. . 223
Mussenda . 218| parvifolia, Roxb. 222
frondosa, Linn. . 218 | polycephala, Wall. 220
~ mactophylla, Sas 218| purpurea, Roxb. . . 223
Musseendes . - 218] rotundifolia, Roxb. 223
Mutisiacesw . . 232 sericea, Wall. 7 - 221
MYRICACEAS - 391 sessilifolia, Roxb. . 221
MyYrica . . 391 | Nauclees . . . 217
arguta, Kunth 391 | Nectandra " . 304
cerifera, Linn. . « 391 Rodiei, Rob. Schomb. . 313
cordifolia, Linn. . 391 | Neerija dichotoma, ai. 87
Gale, Linn. . . 391 | Neillia . 161
integrifolia, Roxb. 391 | thyrsiflora, Don . . 161
Nagi, Thun . 391 | NerpHELIUM ¢ 93, 97
miereltdlin. Linn. . 391 hyroleucum, Kurz . 7
sapida, Wall. . 391,| lappaceum, : Pad:
serrata, Lamb. . 391 Litchi, Camb. ; -
MYRICARIA 19, 20 Longana, Camb. . . 97
elegans, Royle. - 20} rubescens, Hiern. 97
germanica, Desv. 20 stipulaceum, Pea | a7
Myrioneuron 218 | NERIUM . : , 264
nutans, R. Br. . 218 | odorum, Sol. CH . 264
MYRISTICACEZ . 313 Oleander, Linn. . 264
MYRISTICA . . - 313 | reticulatum, Roxb. . 265
amygdalina, Wall. 314 tinctorium, Roxb. . 264
angustifolia, Roxb. 314| tomentosum, Roxb. . 264
attenuata, Wall. . . 314| Neuropeltis . . 273
corticosa, Hk.f. &Th. . 314| Niebuhria linearis, DO. . 14
elliptica, Wall. . 314 | Nipa : , 425
erratica, Hook. f. Soka Prutioans, Wurmb. . 425
Th. 4.| Nipinese . * ; . 415
Farquhariana, Wall. . 314 Nothopegia . - 103, 104
gibbosa, gam f. and NYCTAGINEH .... 302
Th. é . 314| Nyctanthes . . 254
labra, ae . 814 Arbor-tristis, Linn. 254, xxv
rya, Gaertn. ; . 314 | Nyssa 210
laurifolia, Hook. f. - and ossiliflora, Hook. f.
Th. . 314 and Th. . - 211, xiii
linifolia, Roxb. 314
longifolia, Wall. 314 Oo
magnifica, Bedd. 314 :
malabarica, Lamk. . 814| OcHNA . . . 65
moschata, Willd. . 314| andamanica, Kurz . 65
MyrsInzu 238, 239 pumila, Ham. 65
africana, Linn. 239 squarrosa, Linn. . - 6
avenis, DC. 239 Wallichii, Planch. . 66
capitellata, Wall. 239 | OCHNACEA . ’ . 65
semiserrata, Wall. 239 | Ochrocarpus . : . a
MYRSINEA . 238 longifolius, Bth. and
MYRTACEZ . 187 Hook.f. . . 21, iv
Myrtex . . 187 nervosus, Kurz . 21
Mabie communis, Linn. 188 siamensis, 'T’. ao +
Myxopyrum . ‘ , 255 | Ochrosia .« . 260
smilacifolium, Bl. . 255 Borbonica, Gmel. . . 261
salubris, Bl. . . . 261
N Ochthocharis . . . 198
f Ocimoides : . 300
Nageia bracteata, Kurz . 414 | Ocmedies ; : . 323
latifolia, Kurs 414} OpINA . . 103, 110
Putranjiva, Roxb. 353 Wodier, Roxb. 110, xv
i AaMEN AA, OLACINEA .’ . 80
Wal ; Olacese ; 80
PR ae DO... . 1]| Onax , Sl
Naregamia ; 68, 69 acuminata, Wall. . 81
alata, W. and A. . 69 nana, Wall. . apy 1
Natsiatum Fite 9 | scandens, Roxb. . 81, xiii
herpeticum, Ham. > Wightiana, Wall. - 8

Pages.
OLBA ee an 254
cbiaibate, Wall.. ° . 258
dentata, Wall. . 257
dioica, Roxb. ; 257
europea, Linn. - . 257
ferruginea, Royle 258
feagrans, Thunb. 257
glandulifera, Wall. 258
paniculata, Roxb. 258
paniculata, R. Br. 258
robusta, Kurz . 258
OLEACEA . « —« B54
Leow ; ; . 254
phioxylon serpen imum,
Willd. . 261
Opilia 80
amentacea, Roxb. 80
Opilies . 80
Opuntia Dillenii, Haw. . 208

Oreocnide acuminata,

Kurz . 4 . ;
Oreodaphnes . B04
Oreodoxa re . 416
Ornitrophe Cobble, Willd. 94
Ormocarpum . - . 116

sennoides, Kurz “f 138
Ormosia + 3 . 116
glauca, Wall. ; xvii
travancorica, Bedd. . 116
Orophea . “ rae
OROxYLUM . 274, 275
indicum, Bth. . 275, xxvi
Orthanthera viminea,

Wight ; :

OSBECKIA . 198, 199
crinita, Benth. . 199
stellata, Don - 199

Osbeckies . 198

OsMANTHUS 254, 257
fragrans, Lour. . 257

OsToODES. . 347, 365
Helferi, Miill. Arg. . 365
paniculata, Bl. 368

zeylanicus, Miill. ‘Arg. 365
ia hg carpinifolia, Pre: aoe

Osyri 20
(Sea Wall. ; 320
Wightiana, Wall. 320

Otanthera 198

Otosemma macrophylla,

Bth.

OuGEINTA . 116, 119

dalbergioides, Benth.
119, xvi

Oxalis : . 58

Oxymitra “ey

Oxyspora . : ;
paniculata, DO. . 198, xxi

Oxyspores P ;

Oxytenanthera . 426, 428
albo-ciliata, Munro. 429

monostigma, Bedd. . 428

nigro-ciliata, Munro 429
Stocksii, Munro . . 429
Thwaitesii, Munro . 429
>.
Pachygone qe
Pachygonew ee!
Pederia 218, 219
foetida, Willd. - 219
lanuginosa, Wall. . 219
recurva, Roxb. . 231

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

*

Pages.

Peederies ; é ye
Peonia Emodi, Wall.
PAJANELIA . 274, a7)

multijuga, vin » 279

ALMA. . 415
Panaces .
Pancovia rubiginose, Baill. 94
PANDANEZ. . 425
Pandanus . 425

Andamanensium, Kurz. 425

foetidus, Roxb. . 425
furcatus, Roxb. . 425
Bag cee Kurz 425
vis, Rumph + . . 425
Leram, Jones. . 425
odoratissimus, tikoor= . 425
Pangies . : 5 +a¢6
Papilionacess . 116
Parabeena ll

Parameria : . 260, 261
Paramignya . 59

monophylla, Wight 59, x
Parashorea stellata, Kurz "84

Parastemon . . 161
urophyllum, A. DC. 161
Parinarium . 161
Griffithianum, Bth. 161
indicum, Beddome 161
travancoricum, ge . 161
Parishia . » 104
insignis, Hook. f. 104
Paritum tiliacewm. . 43
Parkia | 145
insignis, Kurz . 145
leiophylla, Kurz . 145
Roxburghii, he 4s 145
Parkies 145
Parkinsonia 134
aculeata, Linn. . 134
Parrotia . 5 174

Jacquemontiana, Dene. 174

persica, C. A. Meyer . 174
Parsonsia ‘ - 260, 1
Parvatia . 5 ; < a2

Brunoniana, Dene. 12
Passiflora 207
PASSIFLORE® 207
Paulownia 3 . 273

imperialis, Bth. - 273
PAVETTA. . , 230

breviflora, DC. . 231

indica, Linn. . 230

tomentosa, = 231, xxiii
PAYENA . ; 241, 245

lucida, DC. . 245

paralleloneura, Kurz . 245
PEDALINEA 280
Pedilanthus . . 347

tith loides, Poir. . 348
Penola nclanins Forst. . 199
PENTACE : = 51, 52

burmanica, Kurz. 652, vii

Pentacme siamensis, Kurz 39
Pentapanax . é . 208
Leschenaultii, Seem. . 208
racemosum, Seem. 208, xxii

subcordatum, Seem . 208
Pentaptera san en
Roxb. . 184
bialata, Roxb. . 182
coriacea, Roxb. . . 182
crenulata, Roxb. . . 182
glabra, Roxb. a 184

Pages.

paniculata, Roxb. . 182
tomentosa, Roxb. . 182
Pentapterygium 233, 234
serpens, th. : . 284
PENTAPYXIS . . 218, 217

glaucophylla, Hook. f.. 217

stipulata, H Hook. f. . 217
Pergularia . . 265
odoratissima, Linn. . 266
pallida, W.&A.. . 266
Pericampylus ot
Periploca > . . 265
aphylla, Dene. 265
calophylla, Fale. . . 265
Periploces . : . 265
Persea ‘ - 304
atissima . : . 304
an-muh, Oliv. . . 313
Perseacese : 5 . 304
Petaloma ae
Roxb. . 178
Peltophorum . . 134
ferrugineum, Beh. . 134
Petunga . . 218
Roxburghii, DC. 218
Pheanthus . « «sf
Phaseoles d . 116
PHILADELPHUS 171, 173
coronarius, Linn. . 173
Phlebocalymna . . 80
PHLOGACANTHUS . 280, 281
insignis, Kurz . . 281
pubinervis, T. And. . 281
thyrsiflorus, Nees . 281
Phoberos a pri &
, 17
PH@BE . ; 304, 308
angustifolia, Nees . 308
attenuata, Nees . 308
glaucescens, Nees . 308
lanceolata, Nees . 308
pallida, N ees . 308
paniculata, Nees . . B08
pubescens, Nees . 308
villosa, Wight . 308
Wightii, Meissn. . 308
Pheeniciness 415

Pu@nrx. . . 415, 419

acaulis, Linn. . 419
dactylifera, Linn. . 419
farinifera, Willd. . 419
Ouseleyana . . 419
paludosa, Roxb. . 419
pedunculata 3 . 419
rupicola, T. And. . 419
sylvestris, Roxb. 419
Phormium tenax . 426
Photinia . . 161
dubia, Lindl. . 167
Griffithii, Dene. . 162

integrifolia, Lindl. 162, xx

Lindleyana, W.& A. . 162
mollis, Hook.f. . . 162
Notoniana, W.& A. . 162
PHYLLANTHUS _. 347, 350
albizzioides, Kurz . 351
andamanicus, Kurz . 350
arboreus, Mill. Arg. . 351
asperus, Mill. Arg. . 351
assamicus, Miill. Arg. . 351

bicolor, Mill. Arg. 351, 353
eee Mill.
Arg. . dol

516

Pages.
. 350

calocarpus, Kurz
350

canaranus, Miill. Arg.
eoccineus, Mill. Arg. 350
columnaris, Miill. Arg. 351
aeat Mill.

. 351
Dalton, Mill. Arg. . dol
dasystylus, Kurz . 2 O01
distichus, Miill. Arg. . 351
Emblica, Linn. 351, xxviii

fagifolius, Mill. Arg. . 350

glaucifolius, Mill. ‘Arg. 351
Helferi, Mill. Arg. . 350
Heyneanus, Miill Arg. 351
Hohenackeri, Miill.

Arg . 350
iticga, Mill. Arg. . 351
juniperinoides, j

Arg y . 851
Lhiaaioas Mill. Arg. °. 351
lanceolarius, Mill. Arg.

350, xxviii
leiostylus, Kurz . . dol
Leucopyrus, Roxb. —. 854

longifolius, Roxb. . 351
macrocarpus, Kurz . 351
malabaricus, Mill. Arg. 351
multiflorus, Roxb. . 303
multilocularis, Mill.

Arg. . . 350
nelighorrensis, Mull.

. 351
siopalebais, Mill. Arg.. 350
nitidus, Mill. Arg. 350
patens, Roxb. . 347
Perottetianus, Mill.

Arg a

ol = llus, ‘Willd. 351
roclinaten Roxb. 347

reticulatus, Mill. ape
retusus, Roxb.
spherogynus, Mill. ‘Arg. 1
stellatus, Retz . 4
subscandens, Mill. Arg. 360
sylheticus, Mill. Arg. . 351
Thomsoni, Mull. Arg.

351, 352
tomentosus, Mill. Arg. 350
velutinus, Mill. Arg. . 351
virosus, Roxb. . . 304
Vitis idea, Roxb. . 347
zeylanicus, Mill. Arg. . 350

+ gulp cence SeenOee,
Bureau
Phyllostachys . 426, 427

bambusoides, Sieb. and
Zuce. . X . . 427
Phytocrene . > - 80
gigantea, Wall. .
Phytocrenes . . . 80
Picramnies . é

PicRASMA 64
javanica, Bl. ‘ 64
nepalensis, Benn. 64
quassioides, Benn. 64

Pierardia sapida, Roxb. . . B54
. 22

Pieris 34, 235
formosa, Don - 235
lanceolata, Don . 235
ovalifolia, Don . 235

Pileostegia . . 171
ser ag Hook. f.

and Th. My

INDEX TO
Pages.
Pimenta officinalis, Ldl. . 188
Pinanga gracilis, Kurz . 428
Pinus . 394, 395
Brunoniana, Wall. . 408
Cembra, Linn. 396

Deodara, Roxb. ; ; 400

excelsa, Wall. . 396, 398
Gerardiana, Wall. . 396
halepensis, Miill. . . 3896
Khasya, Royle . 396, 397
Laricio, Poiret . 896

longifolia, Roxb.
maritima, Lamk.
Merkusii, Jungh. . 396, 398

Pinaster, Soland. . 396
Pinea, Linn. ‘ 396
Strobus, Linn. 396
sylvestris, Linn. .» 396
PIprapENIA . « 145, 146
oudhensis, Brandis . 146
PIpTaANTHUS . . 116
nepalensis, D. Don 116
Pisonia . . 802
aculeata, Linn. 302, XXvi
alba, Span. . 302
umbellifera, Seem. . 802
PISTACIA . . 103, 106
integerrima, Fits: Stew:
art . 106
Lentiscus, Linn. . 106
Terebinthus, Linn. 106
vera, Linn. . . . 106
Pithecolobium 1

anamallayanum, Bedd. 145

angulatum, Bth. . 145
bigeminum, Martins . 145
dulce, Bth. . . . 145
Saman . ‘ nite
PITTOSPORER 19
Pittosporum, Hook. fil. 19
dasycaulon, Migq.. 19
eriocarpum, Royle 19
ferrugineum, Ait. 19
floribundum, W. & a 19
glabratum, Ldl. . 19
humile, Hook. f. & Th. 19

nilghirense, W.&A.. 19
tetraspermum, W. & A. 19
Plagiopteron . . 51, 52
fragrans, Griff. 52
PLANCHONIA . . 187, 197

littoralis, Van Houtte. 198
valida, Blume . 198

PLATANEA . . 345
PLATANUS ; . 845
occidentalis, Linn. . 345
orientalis, Linn. . 845
PLECOSPERMUM _ . 323, 327

spinosum, Trecul. 327, xxvii
Plectocomia . . 415, 424

assamica, Griff. . . 424
himalayava, Griff. 424
khasyana, Griff. . 424
macrostachya . 424
PLECTRANTHUS 300

rugosus, Wall. . . 800
PLECTRONIA . . 218, 230
ser desi Bth. and Hook.

parviflora, Roxb. . - 230
Plerandree . . . 208
Pleurostylia —. ; 83

Wightii, W. and A. 83

Pages,

Pluchea . « 232
indica, Less. . 232
PLUMBAGINER . 238
Plumeria . - 260
acutifolia, Poiret . 260
Podalyriee . ‘ . 116
PopocarpPus . 394, 414
bracteata, Bl. . 414
latifolia, Wall. . 414
neriifolia, Don 414,

Peeciloneuron . 4, ae

indicum, Beddome 21
pauciflorum, Bosdenn 21
Poinciana ‘ . 134
elata, Tann.'. . % » 184
regia, Bojer . . - 134
Poinsettia pulcherrima . 368
PoLYALTHIA . . 70
cerasoides, Bth. and
Hook.f. . ‘ . 9,1
coffeoides, Bth. and
Hook.f. . ‘ sae
Jenkinsii, Bth. and
Hook.f. . +. |) eee
longifolia, Bth. and
Hook.f. . ; il
Simiarum, Bth. and
Hook. f. .. ‘ ©
suberosa, Bth. and

Hook.f. . . scan
POLYGALEA ‘ . 19
Polygala arillata, Ham. 19, iii

Karensium, Kurz » 19
POLYGONEA ‘ .

PoLYGONUM . . . 303
molle, Don . . . 303
Polyosma - 171, 172
integrifolia, Bl. . . 172
Wallichii, Bennett . 172

Polyphragmon Sranperans 219

Polyscias ‘ . 208
Pomee . ‘ < . 161
POMETIA 93, 98
eximia, Beddome .. 988
tomentosa, Bth. . : 98
PoNGAMIA 116, 132
glabra, Vent. - 133, xvii
Popowia .
Beddomeana, Hook. f.
and 'Th.
Helferi, Hook. f. & Th. 8

nonce Hook. f.

and Th. * fe
PoPpuLus : , 378
alba, Linn. . ° . 378
balsamifera, Linn. 379
ciliata, Wall. ‘ 379
euphratica, ae 378
nigra, Linn. . . 378
tremula, Linn. : 878, 379
Porana . . 273
signa cos dumetorum,
Willd. . . 227
fragrans, Kon. -. 226
uliginosd, Roxb. . . 226°
Potentilla ° : « 163
Jrutescens . . 161
fruticosa, Linn. . . 161
Salessovii, Steph. . 161
Potentillee . . 161
Pottsia . + ‘+ 260, 261
Pourthiwa ‘ . . 162
arguta, Dene. + ~. 162

PovzouzIA. .
viminea, Wedd. . . B25
PREMNA. ; 281

parbata, Wall. . .. 293-

interrupta, Wall. . 293
integrifolia, Linn. « 295
latifolia, Roxb. 294, xxvii
longifolia, Roxb. . . 294
mucronata, Roxb. « 295
sambucina, Wall. . 293
scandens, Roxb. . . 293

serratifolia, Linn, . 295
tomentosa, Willd. . 294
viburnoides . ‘ . 293
PRINSEPIA 161, 164
utilis, Royle f . 164
Priotropis ‘ . 116
cytisoides, W. & KE end

Prismatomeris tetrandra,
Hook. f.and Th. . 231
PROSOPIS ok
glandulosa, Torr. . 147
julifiora, DC. . . 147
pallida, Kunth . . 146
pubescens, Bth. . . 147

( 146
spicigera, Linn. . 147
: x
Stephaniana, Kunth. . 146
PROTEACEA ;
Protium . . 66

caudatum, W. and A.. 66
pubescens, W. and A. 66
Prunee . P ‘ . 161
PRUNUs . F - 161, 162
acuminata, Wall. . 164
Amygdalus, Baillon . 162

armeniaca, Linn. . 162
Cerasus, Linn. .. . 162
communis, Huds. . 162

Jacquemontii, Hook. f. 162
Jenkinsii, Hk. f. & Th. 162
Mahaleb, Linn. . . 162
martabanica, Wall. . 164
nepalensis, Ser. . . 164
Padus, Linn. . 163
Persica, Bth. and Hk.

z: . 162

Puddum, Roxb. . =. 163
ingen Hook. f. eR

prostrata, Labill. J . 162
rufa, Wall. . . 162
tomentosa, Thunb. . 162

Pseudostachyum . 429
compactiflorum, Kurz. 429
Helferi, Kurz " . 429
polymorphum, Munro . 429

Pseudostreblus indica . 323

PsipIUM ; . 187,
Guava, Raddi . . 190
pomiferum, Willd. . 190
pyriferum, Willd. . 190

Psychotria . . 218, 219

Psychotriex . . . 218
Pteris aquilina, goer . 432
Pternandra . . 198
. PTEROCARPUS . 116, 130 |

dalbergioides, Roxb... 130
erinaceus, Poir. . . 130
indicus, Willd. .. . 130
-mmacrocarpus, Kurz . 130

« PTEROSPERMUM

SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

Pages.

116

Marsupium, Roxb. 138
xvii
santalinug, Linn.f. . 131

Pterolobium . . 134

indicum, A. Rich. . 134
macropterum, Kurz . 134

acerifolium, Willd. 49, vii
camescens, Roxb. . 50
cinnamomeum, Kurz . 49
diversifolium, Bl. 49
glabrescens, W. andA. 49
Heyneanum, Wall. . 49
javanicum, Jungh. . 49
lancesefolium, Roxb. . 49
obtusifolium, Wight . 49
reticulatum, W.andA. 49
rubiginosum, Heyne . 49
semi-sagittatum, Ham. 50
suberifolium, Lam. 50, vii

Pueraria ¢ . 116
tuberosa, DCG. P - 128
PUNICA, . . 205
Granatum, Linn. . . 205
PUTRANJIVA . . 347, 353
Roxburghii, Wall. . 353
Pycnarrhena . . 11
PyaeUm 161, 164

acuminatum, Colebr. . 164
Andersoni, Hook. f. . 164
arboreum, Endl. . - 164
ceylanicum, Bedd. _. 164
Gardneri, Hook.f. . 164
glaberrimum, Hook.f. 164
montanum, Hook.f. . 164
Wightianum, BI. . . 164
zeylanicum, Gaertn. . 164

Pyrenaria . . 27, 28
28

attenuata, Seem.

barringtonizfolia, Seem. 28
camellivflora, Kurz . 28
psa Lag ee . 28
serrata, Bl. . 2

PYRULARIA : . 820

edulis, A. DC. . . 320
ha aaa Meissn. . 320

Pyrus . . 161, 168

Aria, Ehrh. ‘ . 169
Aucuparia, Gaertn. . 168
baccata, Linn. . . 168
communis, Linn. . 168
cuspidata, Bertol . 168
Cydonia, Linn. . . 161
ferruginea, Hook.f. . 168
foliolosa, Gaertn. . 168

> Wall. .. . 169
germanica, Ldl. .
granulosa, Bertol . 168
Griffithii, Dene. . . 168
indica, Wall. . . 161
insignis, Hook. f. . 168
Jaquemontiana, Dene. 168

o
a)

khasyana, Dene. . . 168
Kumaoni, Dene. . - 168
lanata, Don x . 169
Malus, Linn. . 168

microphylla, Wall. . 168
Pashia, Ham :
polycarpa, Hook. B.. 50 168
rhamnoides, Dene. 168, ae
sikkimensis, H Hook, f. .

Thomsoni, King . ‘ ies

ursina, Wall. ‘ . 169
variolosa, Wall. . . 168
vestita, Wall. . 169
Wallichii, Hook. f. 168, xx

Q.
Quassia amara . - 6
QUERCUS ‘ . . 380
280
acuminata, Roxb. 386
xxix

ZEgilops, Linn. . . 381
Amherstiana, Wall. . 380
annulata, Sm. . 381, xxx
armata, Roxb. .. . 389
Ballota, Desf. . . 383
Baloot, Griff. :
bancana, Schiff. . 381
Brandisiana, Kurz . 381
is idee Hook. f. &

. 3880

dilatata, Lindl. 380, 383, xxix
eumorpha, Kurz . . 381
Falconeri, Kurz . . 380
fenestrata, Roxb. . 380
ferox, Roxb. ; . 389
Griffithii, Hook. f. and
Th. ; . 380

, ol
Tex, Linn. 389, 383
incana, Roxb. . 380, 384
lamellata, Roxb. . 381, 387
lamellosa, Sm. z

lanata, Wall. ‘ . 384
lancezfolia, Roxb. 381, 388
lanuginosa, Don .
lappacea, Roxb. . .
mespilifolia, Wall. . 381
mixta, Alph. DC. . 380
occidentalis, Gay. . 381
Olla, Kurz . ‘ - 381
oxyodon, Miq. . . 380

380
pachyphylla, Kurz 386
Xx
paucilamellosa, Alph.
DG » Alp

pedunculata, Ehrh. . 381
Phullata, Don . . 387
polyantha, Ldl. . - 384
Robur, Linn. p . 381
semecarpifolia, Sm. 380, 382
semiserrata, Roxb. . 380
serrata, Roxb. . . 388
serrata, Thunb. . 380, 384
sessiliflora, Sm. . . 381
spicata, Sm. ‘
squamata, Roxb. - 385
Suber, Linn. M . 381
Thomsoni, Miq. . . 386
Thomsoniana, Alph.

Cc :
turbinata, Roxb. . 386

velutina, Linn. . . 380

xylocarpa, Kurz . . 389
Quisqualis - 178, 179

indica, Roxb. . ec, Bs

R.

Radermachera OPN

Seem. r » 277

518

Pages.

RANDIA . : . 218, 226
dekkanensis, Bedd. 226
dumetorum, Lam. bot

fragrans, Bedd. . 226
Gardneri, Thw. 226
nutans, DC. 226
racemosa, Roxb. . 218
rigida, DC. 226, xxiii
speciosa, Bedd. . 226
stricta, Roxb. 219
tetrasperma, Bth. and
Hook. f.
uliginosa., DC. 226, XxXxiii
RANUNCULACEH . 1
Raphistemma . 265
pulchellum, Wall. . 265
Rauwolfia : . 260
densiflora, Bth. 261
serpentina, Bth. . 261
Ravenala madagascari-
ensis, Sonn. . 415
Reevesia . 45
Reinwardtia i |
pubescens, Mast. . 45
Wallichii, Br. . 45
REPTONIA . 238, 241
buxifolia, A. DC. . 241
Retiniphyllez . 218
Rhabdia . 269
viminea, Dalzell . | 269, XXVi
RHAMNEZ . . 88
RHAMNUS ; Se, "oe
catharticus, Linn. 91
dahuricus, Pall. . 91
hirsutus, W. and A. 91
nepalensis, Wall. 91, xiv
persicus, Boissier 91
procumbens, Edgew. . 92
purpureus, Edgew. 92
triquetrus, Wall. . 92
virgatus, Koxb. 91, 92
Wightii, W. and A. 91
Rhazya : 260
stricta, Decaisne . 261
RHIZOPHORA 175, 176
conjugata, Linn. 176
decandra . 176
gymnorhiza, Roxb. 177
Mangle, Roxb. 176
mucronata, Lamk. 176
RHIZOPHOREZ . 175
Rhodamnia ‘187, 188
trinervia, BI. . 188
RHODODENDRON . 234, 235
Anthopogon, Don » 235
arboreum, Sm. . 236
argenteum, Hook. f. . 236
barbatum, Wall. 237
campanulatum, Don . 237
Campbellizx, Hook. f. . 236
cinnabarinum, Hook. f. 238
Dalhousiw, Hook. f. . 235
Edgeworthii, Hook. f.. 235
Falconeri, Hook. f. 236, 237
formosum, Wall. . . 236
fulgens, Hook. 237
Hodgsoni, Hook. . 236
lepidotum, Wall. . 236
moulmeinense, Hook. . 236
nivale, Hook. 236
puniceum, Roxb. . . 236
setosum, Don . 236

INDEX TO
Pages.
Rhodomyrtus . . 187
tomentosa, DC. 187
Rhodoreze : 234
Rhopala eucelsa, Roxb. 318
moluccana, Roxb. . 318
Rous. . 108, 104
acuminata, DC. 106
buckiamela, Roxb. 105
Coriaria, Linn. . 104
Cotinus, Linn. . 104
Griffithii, Hook. f. 104,
insignis, Hook. f. 105
javanica, Linn. . 105
khasiana, Hook. f. 104
mysorensis, Heyne 104
paniculata, Wall. 104
parviflora, Roxb. . 104

punjabensis, J,

Stewart 105
semialata, Murray 105
succedanea, Linn. 106
vernicifera, DC. . 105
Wallichii, Hook. f. 106

RIBES. ° - 171, 173
desmocarpum, Hook. f.

and Th. : 171
glaciale, Wall. : . 178
Grifftthii, Hk. f. & Th. 173
Grossularia, Linn. . 1%
luridum, Hk. f. & Th. . 173
nigrum, Linn. 13
orientale, Poiret . 173
rubrum, Linn. 173

Ribesiex . y . £71
Ricinus . - 847, 363
communis, Linn. . . 863
dicoccus, Roxb. 360
Rivea . 4 ‘ . 273
Robinia Hepa
Roxb. ; . 118
RODETIA 302
amherstiana, Mig. 302
Rondeletia exserta, Roxb. 225
tinctoria, Roxb. . 225
Rondeletieze ‘ . 218
Rosa ‘ . 161, 166
anserinifolia, Boiss. 166
Eglanteria, Linn. 166
involucrata, Roxb. 166
Leschenaultiana, W.

and . 166
longicuspis, Bertol. . 166
lutea, Mill. . 166
macrophylla, Lindl. . 167
moschata, Mill . 166
sericea, Lindl. . . 167
nc i heal . 166

ROSACEA. . 161
Rosese ; ts)
Rottlera alba, Roxb. . 361
dicocca, Roxb. . 360
peltata, Roxb. . 361
tetracocca, Roxb. . 361
tinctoria, Roxb. . 361
Rourea , . 114
santaloides, Vahl. 114
Roydsia . . 14
obtusifolia, “Hook. f.
and Th. . * . 14
suaveolens, Roxb. . 14
RoyLea . ‘ . 300, 301
elegans, Wall, . 80l
Rubew , ‘ . 161

ol

Pages,

RUBIACEA . L - 217
Rubia cordifolia, Linn. . 219
RuBus . 3 - 161, 165
biflorus, Buch. . 165
ellipticus, Smith . 166
jlavus, Ham. 166
fruticosus, Linn. . 165
Gowreephul, Roxb. 166
lasiocarpus, Smith 166
166

lineatus, Reinw. . Mite
moluccanus, Linn.’ 165
niveus, Wall. ; . 165
paniculatus, Sm. . 165, xix
racemosus, Roxb. 165
roszfolius, Sm. 165
sikkimensis, “ Kze. . 165
Ruelliese . 4 280
Rumex 303

hastatus, Don ; :

RUTACEZ . . 59
Rute . é 59
8s.

SABIACE® - 102, 103
Sabia . . 102

campanulata, Wall. . 102
leptanxdra, Hook. f.
and Th. . 102
paniculata, Edgew. - 102
Saccharum. ; . 426
cylindricum, L. . 426
spontaneum, . 426
SACCOPETALUM . - 10
longiflorum, Hook. f.
and Th. 10
tomentosum, Hook. f.
andTh. ,. 10, i
SAGERETIA ,y 88, 92
Brandrethiana, Aitch. ° 92
oppositifolia, Brongn. . 92
theezans, Brongn. 92
Saguerus rate’ «aie Roxb. 421
Salacia . ‘ . 83
SALICINEA . : 374
Salisburia adiantifolia 374
SaAnix , Te
acmophylla, Boiss. 374,
alba, Linn. . 874, 375
angustifolia, Willa. . 375
babylonica, Linn. 374, 376
calostachya, And. . 374
calyculata, Hook.f. . 375
Caprea, Linn. . 374, 375
Daltoniana, And. 375
daphnoides, Vill. . 375, 377
divergens, And. . 375
elegans, Wall. . 375, 377
eriophylla, And. 375
eriostachya, Wall. . 875
flabellaris, And. . 875
fragilis, Linn. . . 374
hastata, Linn. . 375, 876
insignis, And. . 375
Lindleyana, Wall. . 375
longiflora, Wall. . . 875
obscura, And. . . 375
oreophila, Hook. f. 875
oxycarpa, And. . 374
populifolia, And. . 375
pycnostachya, And. 371

Pages.
pyrina, Wall. . 875
sclerophylla, And. __. 375

Serpyllum, And. 375, xxix

sikkimensis, And. a
tetrasperma, Roxb. / 375
XXxX1X

Thomsoniana, And, . 375
urophylla, Ldl. . 374
viminalis, Linn. . 375, 377

Wallichiana, And. 374, 376

SALVADORACEA . 259

SALVADORA 259
oleoides, Linn. - 260
persica, Linn. . - 259
Wightiana, Beddome . 259

SAMADERA . - 68, 64
indica, Gaertn.

SAMARA . , 240
floribunda, Bth. "and

Hook.f. . P

frondosa, King . » 240
Ribes, Bth. and Hook. £. 240

robusta, Bth. and

Hook. f. ‘5
undulata, Bth. and

Hook. f. . . 240

Sambuces . 213
SAMBUCUS . 213
adnata, Wall. . 213
Ebulus, Linn. . 213
javanica, Reinw. . . 213
Thunbergiana, Bl. . 213
SAMYDACEA * . 205
SANDORICUM . 68, 72
indicum, Cav. ¢ mY
Sanseviera scpianice,
Willd. - 425
SANTALACEA 820
SANTALUM . . - o21
album, Linn. . 321
SAPINDACEA o) 8
Sapindese - 93
SAPINDUS - 93, 96
attenuatus, Wall.. 97, xv
Danura, Voigt 96, xv
detergens, Roxb.. « 96
emarginatus, Vahl. 96
Mukorossi, aaa 96
ruber, Kurz ; 97

rubiginosa, Baill. . 94
squamosus, Roxb. 94
trifoliatus, Linn. . 96

Sapium baccatum,

Rox a : . 367
indicum, Roxb. . . 367
sebiferum, Roxb. . - 366

SAPOTACEA - 241
Saprosma 218, 219
SARACA . . . 134, 144
indica, Linn. . 144
Lobbiana, Baker . . 144
triandra, Baker . 144
Sarcocephalus ; 217, 218
Cadamba, Kurz . - 220
cordatus, Miq. 218
Sarcochlamys . . 323

pulcherrima, Gaudich . 323

Sarcoclinium . . B47
longifolium, Wight . 348
SARCOCOCCA . 347, 371
Hookeriana, Baill. . 371
saligna, Miill. Arg. 371

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

+

Pages.
SARCOSPERMA - 241, 242
arborea, Hook. . ~. 242
" Griffithii, Hook. . - a
arcostigma .
Sassafras ° R . B04
officinale, Nees - 313
Satureineew . . 800
SAURAUJA - 27, 29
fasciculata, Wall. - 29
Griffithii, Dyer 29
napaulensis, DC. . 29
punduana, Wall. . +e
Roxburghii, Wall. 29, iv
tristyla, DC. ‘ . 29
Sauraujez sae
Sauropus . 347
albicans, Bl. . 347
SAXIFRAGEZ . 171
Scesvola Kénigii, Vahl. . 233
Taccada, Roxb. . 233
ScHIMA . 27, 29
bancana, Miq. .. 29
crenata, Korth. 29
khasiana, Dyer 29
monticola, Kurz . 29
Noronhz, Rwdt. . 30
Wallichii, Choisy . 29
Schizandra . , Rg
grandiflora, Hook. f.
and Th. . ; orate
Schizandree . A AP ay |
ScHLEICHERA - 93,95
pentapetala, Roxb. . 94
trijuga, Willd. 95, xv

Schmidelia nets Bed-

dome. é - 94
Schépfia 80
acuminata, Wall. 80
fragrans, Wall. . . 80
SCHREBERA . 254, 255
swietenioides, Roxb. . 255
SCOLOPIA , 17
crenata, Clos. pee |
rhinanthera, Clos. fi:
Roxburghii, Clos. 17
Scopolia aculeata, Sm. . 61
SCROPHULARINEZ . 278
Scutia ; . 88
indica, Brongn. ‘ . 88
Scyphiphora . 218, 219
hydrophyllacea, Gaertn. 219
Scyphopetalum . 93, 94
ramiflorum, Hiern. 94
Scytalia Damura, Roxb, 96
Litchi, Roxb. > “sid
Longana, Roxb. 97
rubra, Roxb. 97
trijuga . ; “ 95
Secamonesze 265
Securidaca 19

inappendiculata, Hassk. 19

tavoyana, Wall. 19
SECURINEGA . 347, 354
grisea, Mill. Arg. . 304
Leucopyrus, Mull. Arg. 354
obovata, Mill. Ate . 354
Selenolobium . . 124
SEMECARPUS . ‘ . 103, 111,
Anacardium, Linn. f. a
auriculata, Bedd. ae A
Grahami, Wight . . 112
travancorica, Bedd. . lll

519

Pages.

Senna arborescens, Roxb. 136
sumatrana, aaa . 138
Sequoia . 394
gigantea, Torrey . . 394
sempervirens, Endl. . 394
Serissa . 219
Sesamum indicum, Linn. 580
SESBANIA . 116, 118
tiaca, Pers. . . 118
grandiflora, eee . 119
Sethia indica, DC. . 58
SHOREA . . 81,34
assamica, Dy oF 34, vi
floribunda, Kurz . . 34
Sapeny Dyer . . 34
elferi, Kurz . oo
laccifera, Heyne .« . dt
obtusa, Wall. é .
robusta, Gaertn. . 34, Vv
siamensis, Miq. . - 8
stellata, Dyer . . 384
Talura, Roxb. . . &
Tumbuggaia, Roxb. . 39
Sideroxylon . . . 241
arborewm, Ham. . . 242

elengioides, Bth. ge
ook. f.

tomentosum, Roxb. Le

xxiv

SIMARUBEA R 63
Siphonanthus . . : , 299
Siphonodon . . 83
celastrineus, Griff. - 83
indica, Linn. ° 299
Sissoa - 124
SKIMMIA. 59, 61
Laureola, Hook. f 61, ix
Smythea . - 8
SOLANEH 5 ‘ . 273
Solanum . “ " . 273
verbascifolium, Linn. . 273
Solenocarpus . - 103, 104
indica, W. and - 104
SONNERATIA . ‘ . 205
acida, Linn. . - 205, xxi
alba, Sm. . re . 205
apetala, Buch. . 205
Griffithii, = . 205
Sophora . . . 116
mollis, Wall. A . 116
Sophoree . ° . 116
Sorbus . : 7 . 168
SOYMIDA . 68, 76

febrifuga, Adr. Juss. 76, xii
Spathodea amena, A. DC.

277
arcuata, Wight . 276
crispa, Wall. 7 . 276
falcata, Seem. . . 276
erst iy = 3 . 276
oxburghii, Sprengel . 277
stipulata, W wore és - 276
wylocarpa, T. And. . 279
Spatholobus ‘ . 116
Roxburghii, Bth. . . 122
Sphenodesma . 282

unguiculata, Schauer d
Wallichiana, Schauer .
SPIRRA . 161, 165

canescens, Don . 165
Lindleyana, DC. . 165
sorbifolia, Linn. . 165

Spirees . 4 .

520

Pages,
SPONDIAS - 103, 112
acuminata, Roxb. . 112
axillaris, Roxb. . 112
mangifera, Pers. . ae
Spondiesz q . . 103
SPONIA . 323, 344
amboinensis, Dene. . 344
344
orientalis, Planch. 345
XXViii
politoria, Planch. . 345
velutina, Planch. - 344
Wightii, Planch. . 344
Stachydezs . é . 300
Stachyurus 27, 28
himalaicus, Hook. f.
and Th. . ; 8
STAPHYLEA 98, 101
Emodi, Wall. 101
Staphylez 4 F >’ 93
Stemonurus - 80
Stephania : r ope kf
STEPHEGYNE . . 217, 222
diversifolia, Hook. f.
and Bth. . 222
parvifolia, Hook. f. and
Bth. 222, xxiii
tubulosa, Hook. f. and
Bth. : . 222
SreRCULIA . ° . 45
alata, Roxb. : . 45
angustifolia, Roxb. . 45
Balanghas, Linn. . - 45
coccinea, Roxb. - 47
colorata, Roxb. 47, vii
foetida, Linn. é . 45
_guttata, W. and A. 45
lanceefolia, Roxb. 45
Roxburghii, Wall. 45
urens, Koxb. . 4, vii
villosa, Roxb. . 46, vii
STERCULIACEZ . 45
Sterculieze ‘ . 45
SreREOSPERMUM . 274, 277
amoenum, Benth. and
Hook.f. .
chelonoides, DC. "278, XXV1
fimbriatum, DC. . 279
neuranthum, Kurz. 277
278
suaveolens, DC. . XXvi
( XxX
xylocarpum, Bth. and
"Hook. f: . 279
Stilago diandra, Roxb. 350
STRANVASIA . 161, 170
glaucescens, Lindl. 170

Stravadium acutangulum 196

Strebleae 7 . 323
STREBLUS * 323, 324, 326
asper, Lour. - 326
Streptocaulon . 265
extensum, Wight . 265
tomentosum, Wight . 265
Strobilanthes ; . 280
fimbriata, Nees . - 280
flaccidifolius, ve 280
flaccidus . 280
flava, Kurz . 280
lamioides, T. And. 280
Neesii, Kurz . 280
Simonsii, 'T. And. 280

INDEX TO

Pages.

Strombosia ‘
ceylanica, Gordon 80
javanica, Bl. , - 80
Strophanthus 260, 261
STRYCHNOS . - 266, 268
acuminata, Wall. . 268
cinnamomifolia, Thw. . 268
colubrina, Linn. . 268
laurina, Wall. 268

Nux-vomica, Linn. 1B

iv
potatorum, Linn. 268, xxvi
Wallichiana, Steud. . 268

Stylocoryne Webera, A.

Rich. , . 226
STYRACEA . . 253 |
Styrax . 253

Benzoin ks ; . 253
officinale - 253
rugosum, Kurz . - 253

serrulatum, Roxb. 258, xxv

virgatum, Wall. . . 253
Sumbavia . 347
macrophylla, Mil. Arg. 348
Suriana . - 63
maritima, Linn. 5 “63
Surianez . . 65
SwIbTENIA . 68, 74
Chikrassa, Roxb. . 2G
Chlorowylon, Roxb. 77
febrifuga, Willd. . 76
Mahagoni, Linn. . 74
Swietenies 68
Swintonia ‘ 103
Schwenckii, Te sm. 104
Sycopsis Griflithiana,
Oliv. . . f . 174
Symphorema ° . 281, 282
involucratum, Roxb. . 282
pentandrum, Kurz . 282
polyandrum, Wight . 282
unguiculatum, Kurz . 282
ital . —
ymphyllia : .
mallottiformis, Mill.
Arg , . 348
diieopleih Baill. . 348
SymMPpLocos . 809, 253
crategoides, Ham. 253
Gardneriana, Wight 253
glomerata, King . XXV
grandiflora . 253
lucida, Wall. F . 254
racemosa, Roxb. . 253, xxv
ramosissima, Wall. 254
spicata, Roxb. . 253
SYRINGA . 254, 256
Emodi, Wall. 256
persica, Linn. ° 256
vulgaris, Linn. 256
Syringese ‘ ° 254,
Syzygium . 191
sylvestre, Thw. 195

=.

TABERNAZ MONTANA 260, 262
coronaria, Willd. 263, xxvi
crispa, Roxb. . 262

dichotoma, Roxb. . 262
recurva, Roxb. s . 262
verticillata, Bedd. - 262

Pages,
TALAUMA . ‘

Candollei, BK -

a Hook. f. tout
Th. A ae

mutabilis, Bl.

Rabaniana, Hook. f.

and Th. . - : eee
TAMARINDUS _. 184, 142
indica, Linn. é iii
je to ae
TAMARIX 3 19
articulata, Vahl. 19, 20

dioica, Roxb. ; 19
ericoides, Rottb. . 19
gallica, Linn. ¥ 19
indica, Roxb. 19
salina, Dyer ; 19
stricta, Boiss. 19
Tapiria . ‘ . 103
hirsuta, Hook. fi. . 103
TAXINER ‘ ‘ . 394
TAXODIEX . é . 394
Taxodium . 894
distichum, Rich. . 894
TAXxuUS ¢ , 894, 413
baccata, Linn. . 413
nucifera, Wall. . 413
Wallichiana, Zuce. 413
TECOMA . 274, 275
undulata, G-. ‘Don. . 275
TECTONA , . 281, 283
grandis, Linn. . . 283
Hamiltoniana, ron . 293
Tephrosia Z . 116
candida, DQ. i . 118, Xvi
TERMINALIA . 178, 179
alata, Roth. . . 184
Arjuna, Bedd. . 184, xxx
179
belerica, Roxb. . ; xXx
Xxx
bialata; Wall. - - 182
Catappa, Linn. . 182
Chebula, Retzius . ig
citrina, Roxb. 181
crenulata, Roth. . . 184
foetidissima, Griff. . 179
myriocarpa, H. and M.
Arg. . 185
myriopteron, ‘Kurz. 185
paniculata, W. and A. . 182
procera, Roxb. . i79
pyrifolia, Kurz. . 179
tomentosa, W.and A. { 188 182
Ternstrémia . 27, 28
bilocularis Roxb. 29
ymnanthera, Bedd. . 28
Japonica, ‘Thunb. . ~ &
penangiana, Choisy 28
serrata, Roxb. 29, iv
TERNSTROMIACE ~ 7
Ternstrémiex . ‘ eat
Tetracera .
Assa, DC.

2
: x yr gs
levis, Vahl. . ; og
sarmentosa, Roxb. “te
trigyna, Roxb. ene
Tetracrypta cimnamo-
moides, Gard. & Ch. 178
TERTRAMELES . . . 208
nudiflora, R. Br. . . 208

' Pages
TETRANTHERA . 304, 309
amara, Nees . 309
angustifolia, Wall. . dll
apetala, Roxb. . 310
glauca, Wall. . 309, 310
grandis, Wall. . . 310
laurifolia, Jacq. . 310
: 309

monopetala, Roxb. 310
XXVii

nitida, Roxb. 304
polyantha, Wall. 309

saligna, Nees 311
tomentosa, Roxb. 810
Wightiana, Wall. . 310
TEUCRIUM . . 300, 802
macrostachyum, Wall. 302
Thamnocalamus . 426, 427
Falconeri, Hook. f. . 427

spathiflorus, Munro. 427
Theobroma Cacao, Linn. 45
Theophrastez . . 238
THESPESIA . , 42, 43

Lampas, Dalz.andGibs. 43

populnea, Corr. 43, vi
Thevetia. . 260
neriifolia, Juss. . 260, XXVi
Thibaudia variegata,
Wall. : , . 288
Thunbergia 280

coccinea, Wall. : f 280

grandiflora, Roxb. . 280
laurifolia, Ldl. . - 280
Thunbergies . : . 280
Thuya . ; . 394
THYMELACE . 314
Thymelez . 314
TILIACEA acme
Tilia oun ae ,L. . 52
Tiliacora ; ign |
racemosa, Coleb. . in
Timonius 218, 219
flavescens, Kurz . 219
Tinospora ; . ¢, se
cordifolia, Miers a” oh
Tinosporeze : ats 2
ToDDALIA i - 99, 61
aculeata, Pers. 61, ix
bilocularis, W. = ye 2
Toddaliese ‘ 59
Torricellia : . 210
tiliefolia, DC. . . 211, Xxii
Tournefortia 2 . 269
viridiflora, Wall. . 269
Toxocarpus 265

laurifolius, Wight » 265
Tragia . ° : 347

TREWIA . . 347, 359
nudiflora, Linn. oe
Trevesia . ¥ 208
palmata, Vis. ° 208
Trichilies : . 68
Triglossese “ ° « 426
Trigonostemon . 347
Lawianus, Nimmo . 348
Triphasia ; 3 . 59
trifoliata, DC. . 59
tania . s « 187
burmanica, Griff . 187
Triumfetta ‘- Ol, 52

angulata, Lam. ‘. - 52
rhomboidea, Jacq. a

' SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Pages.

Trochisandra ' penne

Bedd. . :
Trochodendrese ee
Trophis aspera, Retz . 326
spinosa, Roxb. 4 . 823
Tupidanthus . . 208, 209

calyptratus, ‘Hook. f.

and Th
TURPINIA 93, 102
nepalensis, DC. . 102
poimifera, DC. 102
Turrea ° 69
villosa, Bern. 69
virens, Linn. 69
Uv.

Ulmee . 323
ULMuwus 323, 341
campestris, Sm. . . d41
effusa, Willd. . d4l
Hookeriana, Blanchi .
4 eles 2
integrifolia, Roxb. xxviii
lanceefolia, Roxb. 342

montana, Sm. ‘ .
parvifolia, Jacq. . . 541

pedunculata, Tourn. . 341
virgata, Roxb. 341
Wallichiana, Planch. 341
Uncaria . . 217, 218
ferruginea, DC. ; 218
Gambier, Hunter. 218
levigata, Wall. 218
pilosa, Roxb. ; 218
sessilifolia, Roxb. 218
sessilifructus, wage 218
Unona . STiey
longiflora, Roxb. Pee |
Unonex . : - id ee
Urceola . 260
elastica, Roxb. 261
esculenta, the 261
Urerex 323
Urophyllum . . 218
Urtica acuminata, Roxb. 325
bicolor, Roxb. . 326
crenulata, Roxb. . 823
frutescens, Thunb. 323, 325
heterophylla, Roxb. 323
pulcherrvma, Roxb. 323
tenacissima, Roxb. . 324
URTICACEZ. . 322, 323
Uvaria . ‘ he
cerasoides, Roxb. 9
dioica, Roxb. ‘ Cl |
ferruginea, Ham. 8
longifolia, Lam. . ate
macrophylla, Roxb. . 8
odorata, Roxb. . sig
odoratissima, Roxb. . 8
suberosa, Roxb. 8

tomentosa, Roxb. Pe
villosa, Roxb. . ae
Uvarier . ‘ on tn
wr
VACCINIACE . 233
VACCINIUM . . 233, 234
acuminatum, Kurz . 234
Donianum, Wight . 234

521

Pages,
. 234
. 234

Dunalianum, Wight

Leschenaultii, Wight
neilgherrense, Wight . 234
obovatum, Wight . 234
rotundifolium, Wight . 234

serratum, Wight . 234
variegatum, Kurz . 233
Vachellia ORS . 148
Vallaris ‘ . 260
dichotoma, Wall. ,
Vangueria 218, 219
edulis, Vahl. . 219
pubescens, Kurz 219
spinosa, Roxb. 212
Vangueries . . 218
Vareca heteroclita, Roxb. 16
VATERIA «Selene
indica, Linn. x - Al
lanceefolia .« e 33
malabarica, Bl. . 41
VATICA 31, 33
faginea, Dyer 33

granciflora, Dyer ; 33
Helferi, Dyer . . 38

laccifera, W. and A. 34
lancezfolia, Bl. 33
Roxburghiana, BI. 33
scaphula, Dyer . 33
Tumbuggaic, W.andA. 39
Ventilagineze . - 88
VENTILAGO ° 91
calyculata F «dae
maderaspatana, Gaertn. 91
maderaspatana, Roxb. 91
VERBENACEX . . 281

Verbenex 7 : . 281
VERNONIA ; - 232, 233

acuminata, DC. . . 233
arborea, Ham. . . 233
‘Kurzii, C. B. Clarke . 233
volkamerizfolia, DC. . 233
Wightiana, Bth. and
Hook.f. . u
Vernoniex J - 232
VIBURNUM . 213, 214
cordifolium, Wall. . 214
coriaceum, Bl. . . 214
corylifolium, Hook. f.
and . . 214
cotinifolium, Don . 214
erubescens, Wall. 215 xxiii
foetens, Dene. . . 215
foetidum, Wall. . . 214
hebanthum, W. and A. 214
involucratum, Wall. . 214
lutescens, Bl. : 215
Mullaha, Ham. . 214
nervosum, Don . 214
ree an yi Ker . 214
Opulus, L ‘ . 214
punctatum, ‘eae . 214
Simonsii, Hk. f. & Th. . 214

stellulatum, Wall. . 214
Tinus, Linn. . 214
Viceze 7 ‘ . 116
VILLEBRUNEA , 323, 825

appendiculata, Wedd. . 325

frutescens, Bl. . - 325
sylvatica, Bl. . . 825
inca - F d - 260
rosea, Linn, . ‘ . 260
VIOLACEX . " «ae
Viola . . . 16

3s

522

Pages.
Viscum . 5 . . 319
album, Linn. ‘ . 319

articulatum, Brown .
attenuatum, DC. ,

monoicum, Roxb. . 319
moniliforme, W.and A. 319

orientale, Willd. . 319
ovalifolium, Wall. . 819
verticillatum, Roxb. . 319
VITEX , 296
Agnus- castus, Linn. . 296

altissima, Linn. 297, xxvii

alata, Rox . 298
arborea, Roxb. . 297
canescens, Kurz . . 296
heterophylla, Roxb. 296
leucoxylon, Linn. . 298
limonifolia, Kurz . 296

Negundo, Linn. 297, xxvii
peduncularis, Wall. . 298
pubescens, Vahl. 297, xxvii

saligna, Roxb . 298
trifolia, Linn. ‘ . 296
Wimberleyi, is . 296
Viticeae ° . 281
Vitis . . 93
elongata \ ey
himalayana, Brandis . 93
lanata, Roxb. 93, xiv
latifolia, Roxb. 93

repanda, W. and A. 93, xiv
vinifera, Linn. . 93
Volkameria infortunata,
Roxb.

serrata, Roxb. . 299
W.
Wagatea : 3 . 184
spicata, Dalz. . . 135
WALLICHIA 415, 419
caryotoides, Roxb. . 420
densiflora, Martius 419
disticha, T. And. 420
nana, Griff. 420
Yome, Kurz 420
WALSURA ; : . We
hypoleuca, Kurz . 74
oxycarpa, Kurz 74,
piscidia, Roxb. 74,
pubescens, Kurz . 74
robusta, Roxb. 73
ternata, Roxb. . 74
trijuga, Kurz ° 69
tubulata, Hiern 74

villosa, Wall...

Pages.

WEBERA - + 218, 226
asiatica, Linn aay
ae eee xxill
corymbosa, Willd. » 226
glomeriflora, Kurz . 226

monosperma, W, & A. . 226

myrtifolia, Kurz . 226
odorata, Roxb. . 226
oppositifolia, Roxb. . 226
scandens, Roxb. . 226
Weihea ceylanica, Baill . 175
WENDLANDIA . 218, 225
cinerea, DC. 2 . 225
exserta, DC. " . 225
Notoniana, Wall. . . 225
tinctoria, DC. 225
WIGHTIA . 273
gigantea, Wall. 273
Wikstrémia . ; . 314
virgata, Meissn. . . 315
Willoughbeia 260
edulis, Roxb. , 260
martabanica, Wall. . 260
Winchia ; . 260, 261
Winteres ‘ ‘ . 4
WoopFORDIA . 200

floribunda, Salisb. \ 200, xxi

fruticosa, Kurz . , 200
tomentosa, Osis . 200
WorMIA ?, 4
bracteata, Bedd. a ate
triquetra, Rottb. KE)
Wrightea . 180
caryotoides, Roxb. . 420
densiflora, Brandis . 420
WRIGHTIA 260, 264
antidysenterica . 420
coccinea, Sims . 264
mollissima, Wall. . 264
tinctoria, B. Br. . 263, 264

tomentosa, Rom. 264, xxvi

Wallichii, DC. . 264
“XX.
Xanthochymus 23
dulcis, Roxb. 23
ovalifolius, Roxb. ~ Bo
pictorius, Roxb. . 28
Xanthophyllum . 19
affine, Korth. d ‘- 39
angustifolium, Wight . 19
Arnothianum, Wight . 19
flavescens, Roxb. _ ae
glaucum, Wall. 19
~ eG

\

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES,

Pages,

Griffithii, Hook. f. aon
virens, Roxb. . rae |
Xerospermum, » 93, 94
Noronhianum, Bl. . 94
Ximenia ‘ « 380
agptiaca . . 65
americana, Willd. . 80
aYvigk. « A . 145, 148

dolabriformis, Benth. 4 ni

Xylocarpus Groeten

on. . .
Xylopieae P
XYLOSMA . ‘

controversum, Clos.

7
16, 17
1S *

latifolium, Hk. f. & Th. 18

longifolium, Clos.

Z.

Zalacea . ‘ . 415, 425
Wallichiana, Mart . 425
Zanthoxylee “ . 59
59
ZANTHOXYLUM at
acanthopodium, DC. viii
alatum, Roxb. 60
andamanicum, Kurz . viii
Budrunga, DC. a
Hamiltonianum, Wall. ix
khasianum, Hook. f. . viii
ovalifolium, Wight ix
oxyphyllum, Edgew. . viii
Rhetsa, DC. - 60, viii
tetraspermum, W. & A. viii
tomentellum, Hook. . viii
triphyllum, Thwaites . 60
ZINGIBERACEA . 415
Zingiber officinalis, Roscoe 415
Zizypheae 88
ZIZYPHUS ‘ : 88
flewwosa « 2 . 89
Jujuba, Lam. 88, xiv
latifolia, Roxb. . « 9
microphylla, Roxb. 89
Napeca, Roxb. f. . 89
nummularia, W. and A. 89
(noplia, Mill 89, xiv

oxyphylla, E ;
rugosa, Lam. . 90, xiv
vulgaris, Lamk. . 88
xylopyra, ill 90, xiv
Zollingeria . 93, 94
macrocarpa, Kurz 94

Government Centra Press,—No, 832.R. A.& C.—28—12-81 755

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