ialveds Aid “wep PN ES A cette ttn th deen tte ade pee Oe ~e oe Ses Bere ee ri a * . Se a, ne ete te Te ; Laces oe VO OTN Tes Fee PI TF es OE CLOSE OL LOE OTR NT RR. Pe r 5 OTE oT Fee — Fa se ae aa Sok in x ae ” we vrrrs sete amt Pa Vive << we cs Ane en de SF i ip a a ind a kin ad Ce Pw eS Pe eg re ees Tee sere vt “ rrr a py ow err TOV! ert Ow ve {ey ere ~"e ea" Cc? wT we. ¥ ryt ve vy ¢ . . oryr Te tae \ / REVISED AND MUCH EN rs 7 \ch at Aue Hy JOHN EDWARD GRAY, FRB, &e THOROUGHL LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1540. ** Nothing can be unworthy of being investigated by man, which was thought worthy of being created by God.’’ — BoYLeE. “Divine communications are alike vouchsafed to us by the Volume of Nature, and the pages of inspiration.’’ — Bacon. ZieSONigg JUN 18 1997 LIBRARY Lonpon: Printed by A. Spotriswoope, New-Street-Square. ptt: 074-2 .T 4% Moll. DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF RRS. Ah Pie he ELLE; OF BRUCE CASTLE, TOTTENHAM, AS A SLIGHT MEMORIAL OF HER GREAT WORTH, BY THE EDITOR. ae “ — : a = ed “4, i Pw A _, : - iL « #5 a3 ceo , al i, PERS ioe Bhs syed TF dyviee aansre att ts cis eo : : 4. Thue BK wiht joe 3a) none bitchin ee oo Gee a bit #5 ey setexre ye tee AY finginsies - . 5 +5 i *7) j ; isk x2 FE ap a “” Z Ps - a f+ { ~—Pe % tubes in , rea) Fa | ri uf r os “ £ Intie “sz ave FE3F 2 : Sows ce og | Oe Fee if wh] fie res TA pita Usthhgee SiS. Lap: ‘ . : . begins ser ; uh i) OF eg sR tpl ieee Sa] Ary RELL = ? n ae a rit? ‘ apt ws REE EMER? Ss ‘ Q ants te _ we ~— ; 5 Ms a i »fi Saerne st gas ee Vea es git g eet iv PREFACE. Tue Introduction to this edition contains, Ist, an explanation of the means which I have used to improve the work; 2dly, an account of the species which I have reason to believe had been, from various causes, erroneously introduced into works of this kind, and the grounds on which they have been here rejected; 3dly, a sketch of the geographical dis- tribution of the species, as compared with the rest of the world, and with different parts of our own country. I fear that this part of the subject, which has been here taken up for the first time, from the poverty of the materials at my disposal, is not so perfect as it should be; but it is to be hoped, that readers living in different parts of the country (now that their observation is directed to the subject) will pay more attention to it, so that in future editions of the work it may be carried out in a more complete manner. It should be observed, that the whole value of the lists, and of the table, must depend on the accurate determin- ation of the species, which is of the first importance ; while the extent of the list (which appears to be the general pride of the local collector) is of a very secondary consideration. Since this part of the work was printed, Mr. Forbes has presented to the British A 3 vi PREFACE. Association, at Birmingham, his Report on this sub- ject, which (judging from the abstract of it that was read at the meeting, and has since been printed in the Atheneum,) will doubtless contain much additional information. The Introduction also contains, 4thly, an account of the fossil species which formerly in- habited this country; 5thly, the situations generally preferred by different species of shells ; 6thly, an out- line of the history of the various additions that have been made, from time to time, in this part of our Fauna; and, lastly, a catalogue of the works and papers which treat on British land and fresh-water mollusca, and of the best works on European species. For the purpose of assisting the young student, or those who study the mere shell, without paying any attention to the animals that form them, an arti- ficial table of the genera has been framed, and to it is appended a definition of the more important and general terms used in the description of shells; some of which have, until lately, been employed in different senses by even celebrated authors. The description of the species is preceded by a general outline of the distribution of molluscous animals; and the genera have been distributed into natural families from cha- racters taken from the consideration of the animal, which alone can be regarded as the proper subject for classification. [very day proves, to the scientific conchologist, that every modification in the structure of the animal impresses its character on the shell, and that the shells thus afford good subsidiary cha- racters for the distinction of groups. PREFACE. Vil In the observations appended to the characters of groups and species, there is added, as opportunities occurred, a physiological account of the mode of for- mation and structure of the different parts of shells.* It is to this part of the subject that I would especially direct the attention of my readers; as, in the study of the structure, formation, developement, and colour- ing of the shells, and in the habits of the animals which form them, they will find a_never-failing source of pleasure and instruction, which can be carried on without any expense. Tor these parti- culars are as easily to be observed in the most common snail, as in the finest and most expensive shells in the cabinets of the curious; and the details are more easily followed out, from the very fact of the facility of observing many specimens at the same time, in different states of developement: so that, to the philosophical conchologist and reflecting stu- dent, the most common specimens may do more to illustrate the perfection and _ all-seeing wisdom of the Creator, than the most costly collection. In the description of the species, particular attention has been paid to dividing them into small groups, to facilitate their determination; and an attempt has been made to point out the different varieties that occur, not by describing each individual variety that may be found, but by indicating the points that have * For a larger exposition of my views on this subject, refe- rence should be made to papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833, and in the first volume of the Zoological Journal. Vili PREFACE. been observed to be most liable to variation, and also the monstrosities which, from the mode of forma- tion of the shell, and some peculiarities in the habit of the different species, are likely to take place in each of them. ‘To illustrate the animals of the different families and genera, a series of vignettes has been given; and further to assist in determining the spe- cies, some wood-cut figures of the shells have been interspersed in the text. All the new species introduced into the work, and the more remarkable varieties, have been figured, and added to the plates (except Vertigo angustior, which could not be procured) ; and the whole of the figures which were given in the former edition have been compared with the specimens, and corrected where required. ‘There have also been added to these plates other figures of the same species, and enlarged details of those parts of the smaller kinds which are calculated to facilitate the determination of the spe- cies. Indeed, although this work has been called in the titlepage a new edition of Dr.’Turton’s Manual, it may be almost considered a new publication, as the only portions of the former edition that have been retained are the descriptions of the species, and a few of the general observations ; in so much that, on revising it in its printed form, it is a matter of regret to me, that it was not rather undertaken as an entirely new work, which would not have cost me nearly so much trouble as editing the present one. I have only further to return my thanks for the PREFACE, 1X kind and friendly assistance which I have received from Mr. Jeffreys, Mr. Hincks, Mr. Philip Carpen- ter, Mr. D. Cooper, Mr. Carter, and especially from Mr. Thompson of Belfast, and Mr. Alder of New- castle, who have kindly sent me specimens for com- parison and figuring. Some apology is, perhaps, due to those who have been expecting the new edition of the work which has been so long advertised :. this has partly been occasioned by the delay in the comple- tion of the plates, and partly by numerous engage- ments, which have only allowed me to pay attention to the subject at leisure moments, when not occupicd by my official duties. Eliot Vale, Blackheath, Feb. 12. 1840. ry Siz Mit are | = ti 3" bos. 21 miaat Fe FL bbe. ant pa wit 4 ol a it ’ ue Pieter: . . =e yet SSS ATS + ad & $45 ° t40L,.3” acdautin® 2 Lon ‘ , rs teatenes aca? 42nd oat ty Suc wins Pe ek “tee 93h fence Sas i? Fra site ure en ria : : | : esl? cy Santee -utiLgs 2s0Rts7 ui 418 STUDER “‘eaah eis Wola De eat orl? a) SPT oe al ha mets okt A ere at nas Aes ined. ~The 1 7or S90 ied TS ra aeaqruy od? it fal ashe gamed ssece || P i, y _— ae Ws whe oP es Rodd lism vcard) Sat ed DSotdees fon sew Bim sors &4 « ‘ i = - ERRATA. Page 12. line 21. add “t. 6. f. 69.” 79. line 6. omit “on.” 90, 91. 93, 94. 97, and 98. for “‘t. 8 ” read “t. 10.” £7. lane 19: add.*t: Ll; f.-199)” ‘ost tine: S$) age. t: TI 130;7 135. line 5. for “f. 24.” read *f. 34.” 20> linc)’ 7: for, © 31.” read f 138.” 200. line 28. for “t. 140. f. 10.” read “t. 12. f. 140.” 205. at bottom, erase ‘ f. 142.” 221. line 20. add “(t. 7. f, 77.)” 927. line 26. add “t. 12. f. 146.” 234. add to var. “t. 10. f. 101.” a. b. d. 239. line 4. for “ pulustris,” read “ palustris.” N.B. As the plates were not returned from the engraver until the greater part of the text was printed, there are unfortunately the above errors in the references to the figures in the text, and a few references to them have been left out ; but these can be easily added by the pen, space having been left for the purpose. . f aarr: AW GARE TK dest BOE tet _exriaet spr he ND ime y wy 22: igo A MANUAL OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA THE BRITISH ISLANDS. INTRODUCTION. Tue great attention paid to the British land and fresh- water shells by Montagu; by my late friend and teacher in zoology, Dr. Leach; and more recently by Mr. Jeffreys, Mr. Jenyns, and Mr. Alder (more especially the latter), has left me little else to do, in revising this edition, than to embody their ob- servations. ‘This is the more peculiarly the case, in- asmuch as they all, in a great measure, worked from the collection now under my charge, which contains the materials used by Dr. Leach in preparing his as yet unedited work on British Mollusca, and, among the rest, the various specimens which I had myself collected when actively engaged in the study of our British species. It is right, however, to add, that, before adopting the remarks of these authors, I have, in every instance where it was in my power (and that was almost universally), verified the facts myself; and, therefore, although I have used their words, from B 2 : INTRODUCTION. a desire to do justice to their labours, the conclusions are most frequently equally my own. In determining the names of the species, I have always acted on the only certain and just rule, — that of priority, —— unless the name first used was de- cidedly objectionable, on account of its giving an incorrect idea. In so doing, I have been obliged to change some of the names employed by Mr. Alder and Mr. Jeffreys, who, from a desire to make our Fauna agree with the continental works which they have studied, have been induced to adopt several of the names given by French authors, although long posterior to those applied to the same species by our own most accurate observer and describer, Montagu. The work of this excellent zoologist (when we con- sider the period of its publication, and the difficulties which the author had to encounter from the pre- judices then in force) deserves to be placed in a very high rank; and the marked attention which he paid to the animals of the species that had come under his observation proves that his views were far superior to those of his age. Mr. Alder gives as his reason for adopting these more modern French names in pre- ference, that they are almost exclusively used on the Continent — by which, I presume, he means in France; for, if we study the works published in different European countries, and especially their Faunas, we shall find that each of them has its own peculiar favourite, whose arrangement and nomen- clature the naturalists of that country are most in- clined to adopt. Thus, though the names given by Draparnaud are commonly used in France, those of Muller are almost exclusively adopted in Germany ce) INTRODUCTION. o and Sweden; and the authors of the latter countries would as readily have adopted the names of Mon- tagu as those of Draparnaud, if they had been ac- quainted with the work of the former, which, it should be recollected, was published at a period when we were excluded from the Continent by an unhappy war. It ought to be, and, judging from the attention which our botanists and zoologists pay to continental works, I believe it is, the desire of the naturalists of this country to give to each author his just due, let him belong to what country he may; and, eventually, this high position must be taken even by those (if any such there be) who are now restricted by narrow national prejudices from consulting the works of their contemporaries in other countries. It is these con- siderations which have induced me to take the course I have adopted. I believe, moreover, that if I had followed that recommended by Mr. Alder and Mr. Jeffreys, I should have experienced continual diffi- culties in determining whether the name of a species used by German or French authors was the most generally adopted; and this difficulty would have gone on daily increasing, inasmuch as the Germans are paying more and more attention to natural sci- ence, and their language is becoming more generally studied in this country. A short description of the animals, and a few notes on their habits, have been added; and this new feature in the work might have been greatly extended, had it not been feared to add too much to its bulk. Great care has been taken in correcting such false impressions as may have been produced by over- sights in the works of preceding English writers on. B 2 4 INTRODUCTION. the subject, and reference has been made to such of their observations as have appeared to be of sufficient importance to find a place in a work which is in- tended only as a manual for the student. One ani- mal of each of the more typical genera of each of the families has been figured, and new plates have been added, containing the species not before figured, together with figures and details of some of the smaller species, which were not executed so well as might have been wished in the preceding edition. Wishing to make the work really what its title re- presents it, the species described are restricted to those which appear to be truly native, and only the two fol- lowing, viz.— Testacella haliotoidea, t. 8. f. 19., and Driessina polymorpha, have been admitted among those which are supposed to have been introduced in modern times. ‘These have been admitted, because they have become truly natu- ralised, and propagate themselves in our climate in the open air. Indeed it is doubtful whether the first of them may not be as truly native as several other species commonly considered so; such as, Helix Pomatia, H. holosericea, H. limbata, H. Carthusiana, and H. Pisana. Several other species were recordedand described in the first edition of this work, which have been introduced with foreign plants, either buried in the mould, or on the plants themselves, or which havemost probably been brought to this country in the egg state. These are not truly acclimatised, and only propagate their species when they are kept in stoves or hot-houses; they can therefore have no pretension to be considered as na- tives: among them must be recorded, the I. INTRODUCTION. 5 TEsTAcEeLLA Maugei, t. 3. f. 18. Testacellus Maugei Lérussac,— Turton, Man. ed. 1. o7. 1. 18. Testacella haliotidea Drap. 18. f. 46—A48. Testacellus europzeus Montfort, 1. 95. A native of Teneriffe. First noticed as having been introduced into this country by Férussac, and then by Miller of Bristol. Buuimus decollatus, t. 6. f. 6. Helix decollata Linn. s.n. 1247. Bulimus decollatus Drap. 76. t. 4. f.27, 28.; Turten, Man. ed. 1.77. f.5.; Rossm. Icon. f. 384. A native of France. Dr. Turton gives the following account of the reason why he included this shell in the British Fauna. It “ was observed to breed in great abun- dance for many successive years in the green-house at Wotton, in South Devon, the seat of H. Studdy, Esq., lodged in the earth, under the woodwork, whence they wandered abroad in the summer. This woodwork and the earth were replaced with stone, by which the colony was lost.” ool. Journ. 565., and Man. ed. 1. 77; where, he adds, “no fo- reign earth was ever known to have been admitted into the house; and they were considered by the gardeners as natives. All that were preserved we owe to the diligence of Mrs. Griffiths and Miss Hill.” The nucleus or newly-hatched shell is small, subglobose, and formed of 24 whorls. The ani- mal elongates the shell without enlarging the size of the whorls, until it has perfected 6 or 8 whorls; it then gradually enlarges the whorls, and rather B 3 INTRODUCTION. contracts them again before it has completed its 8 or 9 whorls, and forms its perfect mouth. When the animal has formed whorls enough of the tapering kind to contain that part of the body which was in the small whorls, it secretes a conical tapering septum between them and the slender ones, and the top falls off from want of connection with the animal, (This is well figured in Philippi, Sicily, t.8. £14.) . Butrmus Goodallii, t.6. f. 61. Bulimus clavulus Turton, Man. ed. 1.79. f. 61. Helix Bulimus Goodalii Miller, Ann. Phil. vii. 1822, 381. Helix cochlicella clavulus Férus. Prod. 52.381. (not described). Achatina clavulus Sow. Gen. t. f. B. clavulinus Potiez, Gal. 1. 136. t. 14. f..9, 10. Inhab. Guadaloupe; naturalised in Bourbon and England. This shell was first introduced into the Fauna, and indeed first described, in 1822, by Mr. Miller, who found it in some pine-beds at Bristol; it is also common in the same situations in the neigh- bourhood of London, especially in Kensington Pa- lace garden; and has been found near Manchester by Mr. Williamson. It was first observed by the late Mr. Drummond, the botanist, in 1816, who was in the habit of feeding them; and when he wanted a supply, he merely placed a flat board upon the surface of the tan, and left two or three small dead worms beneath it, and never failed of finding it covered with them ina few days. Fleming, DB. A. 266: INTRODUCTION. 7 To these may be added — 4, HELIX maculosa Born. Mus. t. 14. f. 15, 16.; Férus. Moll. t. 28. f. 9, 10. H. irregularis Férussac, 1. c. t. 28. f. 5—8. A native of Northern Africa, Egypt. Some specimens of which were living for two or three years in my house at Blackheath, and in that of my friend Mrs. Mauger, at Clapton. 5. BuLtimus zebra. Buccinum zebra Miilier. Bulimus undulatus Brug. § Lam. Bulla zebra Dillw., Lister, t. 580. f. 34. Chemn. ix. f. 1015, 1016. Helix zebra Férussac, Moll. t.114. f. 58. and t. 118. Bul. zigzag. Lam. (?) Inhab. S. America, Honduras. Is brought with the mahogany logs, and often lives for some time in this country. 6. Buiimus rosaceus King, Zool. Journ. v. 341. Inhab. S. America, Chili. Brought by Lieut. Graves, and lived some time in Mr. Loddiges’ hot-house. See Zool. Journ. v. 342. 7. Buiimus oblongus Brug. Helix oblongus Maiiller. Bulimus hzemastoma Scopoli & Lam. Inhab. S. America. A specimen of this animal lived for more than a year in the hot-houses of the Horticultural Society, and laid some eggs. ool. Journ. v. 101. B 4 8 INTRODUCTION. 8. AcHATINA bicarinata Lam. Hist. vi. Bulimus bicarinatus Brug. Bulla bicarinata Dillw. Cat. 496.; Lister, C. t. 37. f. 36. A native of the Cape of Good Hope. A specimen of which was given to me alive, by Capt. Sir James Alexander, who had it for some time living, and in whose possession it deposited an ego. For the same reason no notice is taken in the body of the work of the following species, which have been included among the British, by one or more preced- ing authors, on what I am inclined to regard as in- sufficient authority. Several of these have doubtless been introduced, by mistake, for some other nearly allied British species ; and others have been described from specimens which have been accidentally intermixed with British shells in the cabinets of careless collectors ; but it is also to be feared that some have been wilfully palmed upon us by unprincipled persons, who wished to gain credit for their discovery, and to enrich their cabinets with foreign species, for which they, at the same time, coined British habitats, sometimes not even consist- ent with their proper station. It is curious that the persons who have been most addicted to such prac- tices often overreached themselves; for not satisfied with adding to the Fauna species which, from their geographical distribution, might possibly be found in our island, they often fixed on such tropical shells as were most easy of access, without heeding that these must at once be excluded from our Fauna when their true locality became known. INTRODUCTION? 9 Some of the species introduced, as I believe, by mistake, are natives of the Continent, especially of the south of Europe. Such are — 1. Virrina eiongata Drap. Moll .120., Pfeiffer, 48. t. 2. foe Helicolimax elongata Fér. Moll. t. 9. f. 1. Inhab. France. Introduced by Mr. Jeffreys, who appears to have mistaken one of the varieties of V. pellucida for this shell. 2, HeLicopuHanta brevipes Fér. Helix brevipes Drap. 119. t.8. f. 80. 33., Turton, Man. ed. 1. 65. (f. 50.?), Fossm. Icon. t.2. £.39. A native of the south of Europe. Introduced by Dr. Turton, who afterwards thought he might have mistaken a young spe- cimen of Vitrina for it; his account is chiefly taken from Draparnaud’s work. ‘The figure has not the slightest resemblance to the shell, but is probably Helix radiatula? According to Michaud, it is not found even in France. 3. HEeLix elegans Gmelin. 3642. Trochus terrestris Pennant. Carocolla elegans Lam., Kenyon, M. N. Hist. A native of Italy, and the south of France. M. Férussac observes (Journ. Phys. 1820, 302.) that this species is not foundin France to the north of Montpelier. It was said to have been found in Cumberland, by Mr. Hudson the botanist. 4, Hexrx explanata Miller, Verm. ii. 26, Helix albella Drap. not Linn. Carocolla albella Lam., Kenyon. B95 10 INTRODUCTION. Cor Inhab. Italy and the south of France, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Dr. Fleming inserted this in the Fauna: he says a single specimen was found, in 1810, at St. An- drews, Scotland. (Brit. Anim. 260.) On his autho- rity, I inserted it in my list of new British shells, in the Medical Repository for 1821, p. 239.; but there can be little doubt that he was mistaken in the species. . HELIx conspurcata Drap. H. M. 105. t. 7. f. 23. 25.; Rossm. Icon. t. 26. f.351*.; Lam.n. 104. A native of France and Sweden. Introduced by Mr. Jeffreys as a synonym of H. hispida, but it is not allied to H. caperata — Linn. Trans. xii. 338. 510. . Hexrx Oliviert Férussac, Prod. 255., not Pfeiffer, Jeffreys, Linn. Trans. xiii., Rossmasler, Icon. t. 27.1; 369. Inhab. south of Europe, Syria. (?) Introduced by Mr. Jeffreys, who thought one of the varieties of Heliz Gibsii was this species. . Hexrx candidula Studer, Rossm. Icon. t. 26. f. 350. 353. H. striata var. Drap. t.6. f. 20., Pfeiffer, 4. t. 2. f. 21, 23. Inhab. France, Germany, and Switzerland. Introduced by Mr. Jeffreys (Linn. Trans. xiii.) as asynonyme of H. caperata. ButI agree with Mr. Alder in believing that this species has not yet been found in Britain. Rossmasler refers to Turton, Man. f.21., for this species, but this is a mistake. INTRODUCTION. 1] 8. HELIx sylvatica Drap. t. 6. f. 1. H. austriaca Rossm. Icon. t. 1. f. 7. H. vindebonensis Pfeiffer. Inhab. south of France near 3 Lyons, and Switzerland. Introduced into the list by Mr. Kenyon. (Mag. N. Hist. i. 427.) Deshayes believes it is only a variety of H. nemoralis (Lam. H. ed. 2. 55.), but it is quite distinct. 9. Hetrx lucorum Linn. s. n. 1247., Miller, 46., Férus. Moll. t.21. fi 2. H. castanea Olivier, Voy. t. 17. f. a. b. Helix mutata Lam. A native of Italy and the Levant. Introduced by Pulteney, who believed it was our HZ. aspersa. 10. HELrIx cespitum Drap. 109. t. 6. f. 14, 15., Pfeiffer, 17. t. G. f. 13, 32., Rosam, Jeon. t. 1. £36. t 36. f.513, 514, 515 (not 516.). A native of the south of France, Spain, and Syria. Introduced by Mr. Jeffreys,who believed it to be the same as H. ericetorum, from which it differs in being rounder and higher. 11. Hewrx neglecta Drap. 108. t. 6. f. 12, 13., Rossm. Icon. t. 26. £355. A native of the south of France, Italy, and Syria. Introduced by Mr. Jeffreysas a variety of H. virgata. It is more like avariety of HZ. ericetorum, than of H. virgata, but is still distinct from either. B 6 12 INTRODUCTION. 12. Hexix plebeta Drap. A native of France, Switzerland, and Germany. Mr. Jeffreys introduced this shell as being some- times found with H. concinna, and probably another variety of HI. hispida. 13. Butimus detritus Deshayes. Bulimus radiatus Brug. E. M. 312., Drap. 73. t. 4... 21:, Rossm. Icon. t.2. £42. Helix detrita Miller, 11. 101. H. sepium Gimel. Bul. sepium Hartmann, Lister, C. t. 8. f. 2. Helix radiata Férus. Buccinum leucozonias G'mel. Inhab. France and Germany. This species was introduced into our @\\ Fauna by Baron Férussac, who considered ANN \ that the Helix detrita of English authors NS must have been described from a specimen Wy of this species, their Helix detrita being a , tropical shell, — our Bulimus exilis, p. 17. 14. Butimus ventricosus Drap. 78. t. 4. f. 31, 32., Rossm. Icon. t. 28. f. 377. Helix cochlicella ventrosa Férus. Prod. 52. 377. A native of the south of France, Italy, Syria, and Spain. Introduced by Dr. Turton (Man. ed. 1. 86.), who believed that a variety of Bulimus acutus, which he had received from Cornwall, was referrible to this species. Mr. Jeffreys thought it was a variety of H. acutus (Linn. Trans. xiii. 347. 513.), and Rossmasler has referred to Turton’s figure without a doubt, as belonging to that species. INTRODUCTION. 13 15. Butimus pupa Brug. E. M. 349., Rossm. Icon. t. 28. f. 379. Pupa primitiva Menke, Cat. 34. Pupa normalis Menke, MSS. Bulimus tuberculatus Turton, Zool. Journ. 363. t. 13. f. 4., Man. ed. i. 82. f. 64. Helix pupa Dillwyn, 960. Inhab. Sicily, Italy, and North Africa. Introduced by Dr. Turton on the authority of Capt. Blomer, who stated that he found it ina wood about Pershore, Worcestershire; but he has since doubted the accuracy of this information (Man. ed. i. 142.), and M. Férussac says that it has never been found within 15 degrees of Britain. 16. Pupa cinerea Drap. 65. t. 3. f. 53, 54., Rossm. t. 23. f. 336. Bulimus similis Brug. LE. M. 96. Turbo quinquedentatus Dillwyn. Inhab. south of France, Italy, Switzerland, and South Germany. Introduced, in error, by myself, a specimen of this shell having been accidentally mixed by Dr. Leach with some specimens of other shells which I had col- lected at Battersea. Mr. Jeffreys has thought that he also had discovered a fragment of this species in the same locality, but this, too, is probably an error, like some of the other habitats of doubtful species in the same paper, which the author afterwards corrected. 17. Pupa tridens Drap. 68. t. 3. f. 57., Brard, t. 3. f. ki Feossms: Teonts t.2e £22: Bulimus tridens Brug. E. M. 90. Turbo tridens Gmel. 14 INTRODUCTION. T. quadridens Alten. P. tridentata Brard. Inhab. the continent of Europe. Introduced, by mistake, by Baron Férussac, who considered it the same as Turbo tridens of the English authors. Journ. de Phys. 1821, p. 295. 18. Pupa obtusa Drap, 63. t.3. f.44., Rossm. Icon. 19.1. 25.4, 007. Pupa germanica Lam. vi. 108. Cochlostyla obtusa Férus. P. 48. t. 109. f. 4. A native of France and the Alps. Dr. Fleming (Brit. Anim. 1.269.) mistook the P. alpestris of Férussac for this species. 19. Cuausitia labiata Turton, Man. ed. 1. f. 57. Turbo labiatus Solander, Montag. T. B. 363. Clausilia solida Drap. 7. t.4.f.15., FRossm. Icon. t. 18. £267: Strombiformis perversus Dacosta, 107. t. 8. f. 15. Inhab. France (?), Malta. Introduced by Dacosta. It is said to have been found at Battersea and in Hyde Park in 1790, by the late Mr. Swainson: most pro- gm bably it was carelessly placed in the cabinet @ for C. laminosa, which is common in these ® localities. 20. CiausiLia papillaris Drap. t. 4. f. 13.; Rossm. Icon. 12. 7. 169. Clausilia bidens Turton, Man. ed. 1. f. 56. Bulimus papillaris Brug. 49. Helix papillaris Miller, ii. 120. Turbo bidens Lin. Gel. 3069. Inhab. Sicily. INTRODUCTION. 15 Mr. Forbes furnished Mr. Alder with the fol- lowing account of the introduction of this species into the Fauna. He says, “I have lately ob- tained a manuscript copy of Laskey’s North British Testacea, written by himself, which fully explains the history of the British Claustlia papil- laris. He states, that it was found by him in Granton Park, near Edinburgh, and that it was imported from abroad, in moss round the roots of some exotics.” Nilson gives this as a Swedish species, but pro- bably his shell is our Clausilia biplicata, for that and many other species have whitish spots near thesuture. 21. Ciausitia ventricosa Drap. t. 3. f. 14,, oe Teon. £).7.: £102: é Clausilia biplicata has been mistaken for this species. Rossmasler thought that Tur- ton’s figure 57. represented it. 22. Acuatina folliculus Lam. vi.; Michaud, Compl. 53. tho. £14; Wo. Helix folliculus Gel. 3654. Helix gracilis Lowe Mol. Mad. 61. t.6. £28. (?) Young H. cochlitoma folliculus Férussac, Bull. Zool. i. 7. Physa scaturignum Drap. 56. t. 3. f. 14, 15. Lymneus scaturiginum Turton, Man. ed. 1. f. 104. Inhab. south of France, Sicily, under stones, &c. Dr. Turton, according to the remarks of Dr. Fleming (B. A. 274.), Mr. Jeffreys, and Mr. Alder, mistook the young of Lymneus glaber, according to the first, and L. stagnalis, according to the two 16 INTRODUCTION. latter, for the young of this species, probably mis- led by Draparnaud, who had called it a Physa. How Draparnaud could have done so, I do not know, for it is a dextral shell (as is also the speci- men figured by Turton, f. 104.), who referred it to Lymneus. 23. DIAsTROPHA contorta. Physa contorta Michaud, Bull. Lin. Soc. Bord. iu. 368. t. £15, 16., Comp.t. 16. f 21, 22. Physa alba Turton, Zool. Journ. i1.361., Man. ed. 1. js Fie BS Physa rivularis Philippi, 146. t. 9. f. 1. Inhab. Sicily, Corsica, Algiers, and the Pyrenees. Introduced into the Fauna by Dr. Turton, on the same authority as Bulimus pupa, with about as much probability. Dr. Fleming does not think it distinguishable from Ph. fontinalis; probably he had not seen a specimen. 94, Puysa acuta Drap. 55. t. 3. f. 10, 11., Brard, Conch. 169. t. 7. f. 5, 6. Inhab. France, Italy, and Sicily. This shell is introduced on the authority of Mr. James D. C. Sowerby, who believes it was found in Wales. Lamarck refers to Lister, Ang. t. 2. f. 25., for this species. 25. Pranorsis lutescens Lam. Hist. vi. 153. Inhab. France. Introduced by Mr. Jeffreys, who thought his P. disciformis was this species. 26. CycLostoma ferrugineum Lam., Rossm. t. 28. f. 396.; Potiez, Gal..1. 236: 1,-24...4, &: Cyclost. productum Turton, Man. ed. 1. 94. f. 76. Turbo fulvus Wood, Cat. Supp. t. 6. f. 9. INTRODUCTION. 17 Inhab. Minorca, Algiers. Introduced by Dr. Turton, who figures it for the next species. He says he found a single speci- men near the sea-coast in the West of Ireland! 27. CycLostoma sulcatum Drap. 33. t. 13. f. 1. (not Lam. n. 4.); Rossm. Icon. t. 28. f. 304. Inhab. Provence, South Italy, and Sicily. Introduced with doubt by Dr. Turton (Man. ed. 1. 94.), who believed that it was the foregoing species. Deshayes refers to Turton (Man. fig. 76.) for this species. 28. VaLvaTa minuta Drap. 12. t. 1. f. 36, 37, 38. Inhab. France. Mr. Miller (Annals of Phil. i. 377.) introduced this species as found near Bristol, from two dead shells ! 29. VatvaTa spinorbis Drap. 41. t. 1. f. 32, 33. Inhab. France. Turton introduced this species in the Manual. See Mr. Alder’s remark on it at Valvata cristata. 30. Cycuas lacustris Drap. 130. t. 10. f. 6.7., Turton, Man. ed. 1.14. t. 1. f. 4. Inhab. France. Mr. Miller and Dr. Turton give this as a Bri- tish species; the latter copies Draparnaud’s descrip- tion and figure. Mr. Alder informs me that the specimens which Dr. Turton described are only a variety of Cyclas calyculata. Mr. Alder observes, that the Cyclas lacustris of Draparnaud is cer- tainly unknown to British naturalists; but as the species is described by most of the continental authors, we might conclude that they were well 18 . INTRODUCTION. acquainted with it. The contrary, however, appears to be the fact. M. de Férussac, who, from his extensive correspondence, might have been expected to possess the best information on the subject, gave Mr. Alder a variety of C. cornea (frequently found in this country), as the supposed C. lacustris Drap. This, though slightly rhomboidal in outline, does not agree very well with Draparnaud’s description. Mr. Clark has a shell obtained in Devonshire, which comes nearer to it. The following introduced species are only found in tropical climates : — 1. Acuatina octona Turton Man. ed. 1. f. 72. Cionella elongata Jeffreys, Linn. Trans. xiii. 349. Bulimus octonus Brug. E. M.,— Chemn. ix. f. 1264. Inhab. the West Indies, St. Vincent’s. Placed in the list by Dr. Pulteney, probably by mistake for Lymneus glaber. Mr. Jeffreys (Linn. Trans. xvi. 849.) believed he had rediscovered this tropical species, but at length gave it up. Mon- tagu doubted its being British. (7. B. 307.) 2. Butimus exilis Deshayes.— f. 109. Bulimus guadalupensis Brug., Lam. Helix acuta Chemn. ix. f. 1124. Helix guadalupensis Dillw., Férussac. Bulimus antiguensis Guild. MSS. Helix detritus Montag. T. B. Lymneus detritus Turton, Man. ed. 1. f. 109. Bulimulus trifasciatus Leach, Zool. Mise. Bulimulus acutus Leach MSS. Helix exilis Gmel., Lister, C. t. 8. f. 1. INTRODUCTION. 19 Inhab. West Indies, St Vincent’s. Rev. L. Guilding. Introduced by Montagu (7. B. 384.) on the authority of Mr. Byers, who stated he found it at Weymouth and at Dorchester ! Mr. Alder observes, that since Dr. Turton has withdrawn his statement of having found this shell in Ireland, Mr. Byers remains our only authority for considering it as British ; but, whatever the original shell found by Mr. Byers may have been, the specimens now in English cabinets appear all to belong to the genus Bulimus, and are most likely foreign. Capt. Blo- mer sent me, continues Mr. Alder, a foreign Palu- dina for this shell, a few years ago. The Bulimus radiatus of France, and B. ezilis of the West Indies, are the species which generally occupy its place in the British cabinets. . Buuimus fragilis Lam. Hist. vi. ed. 2. 231. Inhab. Introduced by Lamarck, who received it from Dr. Leach as the Helix fragilis of Montagu; but this must be a mistake, as Montagu’s shell is cer- tainly, as his description and figure show, the young state of Lymneus stagnalis. ‘The above-described may be only a bleached specimen of the next. . Butimus fuscus. Bulimulus fuscus Guilding, Zool. Journ. iv. 176. Helix fragilis Montagu, Cabinet (in Brit. Mus.) not ine B. Helix lymnoides Férussac (?) 57. 393. Inhab. West Indies, St. Vincent’s. Rey. L. Guilding. 20 INTRODUCTION. ° ~ Introduced into the British Fauna by Montagu, who had a specimen mixed with his Lymneus fragi- lis, according to D. Leach. 5, Butimus cylindrus Gray, Ann. Phil. 14.— f. 68. Bulimus articulatus Turton, Man. ed. i. 85. f. 68. not Lam. Macroceramus signatus Gwilding, ool. Journ. iv. 168. Turbo formosus Wood, Cat. Supp. t.6. £26. 7 Inhab. West Indies, Island of Tortola. Rev. L. Guilding. Introduced by Dr. Turton, who says he received it from Cornwall, and figures it for B. articulatus of Lamarck, which is only a variety of B. fasciatus. Deshayes refers to Turton’s figure for Lamarck’s species. (See Hist. ed. 2. 243.) 6. CoNovuLUs coffee. Voluta coffee Linn. s.n. 1187. Auricula coniformis Lam., Fér. Bulimus coniformis Brug. In Montagu’s collection in the British Museum, mixed with Voluta bulleoides. It does not agree with the figure or description. 7. Derracta bulleoides Gray. Voluta bullzeoides Mont. T. B. t. 30. f.4. Auricula bulleoides Gray, Ann. Phil. 15. Auricula multivolvis Jeffreys, Linn. Trans. xiii. 516. ‘Tornatella bullzeoides Férus. Prod. 108. Inhab. West Indies, St. Vincent’s. (Guilding.) " INTRODUCTION. 21 Introduced by Colonel Montagu, who found it as British in the Portland Museum! Mr. Jeffreys adds it to his list, at the same time expressing a doubt, as Mr. Clark had found it among W. Indian shells. It is one of the most common shells in the small boxes from the West Indies, and forms a par- ticular genus of Auricule, characterised by having only a single plait on the front of the pillar. 8. Traxia pusilla Gray. Auricula pusilla Desh., Lam. Hist. ed. 2. 332. Voluta pusilla Gmel. 3436. Bulimus ovulus Brug. 71. Auricula ovula Férus. P. 104. Portez, Gail. i. 204. 20. 1, /15;: 14. A. nitens Lam. Voluta triplicata Donovan, B. S. t. 138. Melampus ovulum Lowe, Zool. Journ. v. 289. Inhab. West Indies. Introduced by Donovan as found on the shores of Guernsey. ‘This forms a genus (peculiar for having a simple internal lip, with a subposterior internal groove, where the notch occurs in Sidula felis Catti) between Sidula and Pedipes. 9, APLEXUS rivalis f. 112., Maton and Racket, L. Trans. xi. 126; t: 4> f- 2:.,-- Turton, Man. ed. 1. £28, f. E12. Physa marmorata Guilding MSS. Inhab. West Indies, St. Vincent’s. Rev. L. Guilding. Introduced by Dr. Maton and Mr. Racket. Said to have been found by Mr. James Hay, in Hamp- shire. id INTRODUCTION. 10. Neritina virginea Lamarck, n. 18. Nerita virginea Linn. s. n. 1254. Neritina declivis Say, — Chemn. ix. t. ¥94. f. his. Inhab. West Indies and N. America. Introduced by Dr. Turton, who says he found several of this shell on the coast of Ir bai atel Conch. Dict. 128. ‘They most tae! came from some wreck. 11. TRUNCATELLA subcylindrica. Helix subcylindrica Pulteney, Dorset, 49., Gmelin (?) Mont. T. B. 393. Inhab. West Indies. Dr. Pultney introduced this shell as being A found on water-plants in ponds and ditches in 3 Dorsetshire. Montagu justly doubts it, and says it is a common West Indian species. See remarks on Truncatella truncata, by Lowe, Zool. Journ, v. 280., and Deshayes, Lam. Hist. ed. 2. 265. 12. Metanta Matonii Gray, Miscellany, 1 Murex fuscatus Maton and Racket, Linn. Trans. vii. 150. t.4. £6. An African river shell. Introduced by Dr. Maton and Mr. Racket, and said to have been found after astormat Weymouth, by Mr. Byers. Thus have I felt myself called on to exclude from our Fauna no fewer than 50 species. In considering the geographical distribution of the British land and fresh-water Mollusca, we must look at them at least in two points of view; first, as regards their bearing on the general distribution of Mollusca INTRODUCTION. 5) in the rest of Europe, and, secondly, the extent to which the various species are diffused over the differ- ent parts of the island, which is influenced by the cli- mate, the elevation, and the nature of the subsoil, or of the rock of which the country is chiefly formed. All the species which appear to be really native, and are therefore noticed in this work, are found in France, or in different parts of Germany, except the following ; — Assiminia Grayana. Helix fusca Montagu. Vertigo angustior. Amphipeplea involuta. Planorbis glaber. Pisidium cinereum. ———- nitidum. Gee eee aaa te ———- pulchellum. 9. ———- Henslowianum. Most of these are newly-described species, and may have been overlooked, or only considered as varieties of other well-known species, by the zoologists of the Continent. It is to be remarked that, in general, the British species, although they vary among themselves, attain a moderate, and nearly uniform, size, compared with those of the rest of Europe. Thus I have never seen Lymneus stagnalis, Paludina achatina or crys- tallina, so large as those found in the south-eastern part of Germany; or Helix nemoralis, and other more common fHelices, as those found in Portugal, or the Helix aspersa from Algiers; nor, on the other hand, have I seen any English specimens of Helices so stunted in growth as the Alpine varieties of H. nemoralis and H. arbustorum, which I have received from the Swiss Alps. 24 INTRODUCTION. Férussac has observed (Journ. de Phys. 1820) that it is remarkable that in our more northern latitudes, as compared with France, there are found in abund- ance some species, such as Helix Pisana and Buli- mus acutus, which for their size and colour are only to be compared to the French specimens found on the banks of the Loire. On the other hand, there are many species, not found in our catalogues, that are common to nearly all the rest of Europe. Thus, according to Nilson, 73 of our British species are found in Sweden, and many of them, as for example,— Helix pygmea. - fulva. - rotundata. - pulchella. sua lubrica, at its most northern extremity; and he has, in his Fauna, 16 species which have not yet been found in Britain or Ireland, viz: — Limaz tenellus. Helix bidentata Nilson, not Gmelin. * — fruticum. * —_ strigella. * —_ incarnata. * —. conspurcata. *___ ericetorum Nilson, not Linn. H. candidula Studer. Clausilia papillaris, if it is not our C. biplicata. * Pupa costulata. Paludina Balthica, if not our Littorina ulve. octona. STIS. INTRODUCTION. 25 Cyclas lacustris. Unio ater. * —_ crassus Nilson. U. littoralis Lam. —— limosus. And of these at least half (those marked with a star) are also common to France and to Germany; and this may be the case with some of the others. Some of these species (of Helix for example) are of a size as large as H. hortensis and H. rufescens; and the largest, as H. fruticum, H. strigella, and H. candidula, are found as far south as Vienna, and H. incarnata as far as Italy. Indeed, some of the continental con- chologists appear to upbraid our idleness in not having found them in England, where, probably overlooking our insular position, they assume that these species ought to be found. Nearly three fourths of our species, that is to say, 91 out of the 126, are recorded by Pfeiffer as inhabit- ing Germany; and the Germans have 80 species which are wanting to our Fauna; but it is remarkable that they have not some of our larger species, as — Limazx carinatus, Helix limbata, fusca, —— Pisana, granulata, Amphipeplea glutinosa, Segmentina lineata. They also want some of our smaller ones, as — Ronites purus, radiatulus, excavatus, Pupa umbilicata (?) 26 INTRODUCTION. Pupa anglica, Vertigo alpestris, angustior, palustris, Planorbis levis, and 2 or 3 Pisidiums. On the other hand, many of the British shells find their southern limits in France and Germany, for only 22 of them are found in Sicily, and only 17 in Corsica. Of these southern species, the greater part, viz., the 18 following, are common to those countries, Britain, and Sweden, viz., — Paludina achatina, erystallina, Bithinia impura, Succinea putris, Helix nemoralis, pulchella, ericetorums, Zonites radiatus, cellarius, Achatina acicula, Clausilia Rolphii (?} rugosa, _ Limneus peregers staynalis, palustris, fossarius, —— glaber, Anodon cygneus. There are only a very few species of the British land and fresh-water Mollusca which appear to be common. to the American continent. INTRODUCTION. oF According to Férussac, Helix pulchella is the H. minuta of Say. Zonites nitidus is probably the H. arborea of Say. Say considered the Paludina vivipara of the two countries the same species. Mr. Lea considers, I believe truly, that the Unio margaritifera of the two countries is the same species. From the facility with which the land Mollusca can be transported during their torpidity, there have been introduced into Canada and the United States the following British species : — Helix nemoralis. Canada and U. States. hortensis. Boston. —— aspersa. U. States. —— virgata. U. States. Férus. —— Pisana. U. States. Feérus. Bulimus acutus. U. States. Lesueur. Bulimus decollatus has been introduced into gardens near Charlestown, 8. Carolina. One of the species, H. aspersa, has also been introduced and _ naturalised in Brazil and some places in S. America. The facility with which these animals migrate and adopt a new country, as proved by the above instances, by those cited at p. 4., and by the naturalisation of the HZ. cantiana on the banks of the Tyne, will always make the study of the geographical distribution of the terrestrial Mollusca difficult. According to the ac- counts of the American authors, the species which have naturalised themselves retain their fondness for trees and hedges and herbage, and keep themselves quite distinct from the forest-living species of America. ee 298 INTRODUCTION. The following table has been drawn out for the purpose of giving some idea (as good a one as the very imperfect materials at present at our disposal will al- low) of the general distribution of the British species over the islands; and the species which have been recorded as inhabiting Germany and Sweden (the most northern country of which we have a Fauna), and those of the islands in Mediterranean, have been added in similar columns, for the purpose of comparison. The first column indicates the species (marked No. 1.) which have been found in the neighbourhood, or within a walk, of London: in this I have depended on my own experience, and have also referred to Mr. Daniel Cooper’s list. | The second indicates the species (similarly marked) found in the south, or south-eastern, part of Eng- land, including Kent and Dorsetshire, and the intermediate counties: of these Montagu has given many indications. No. 2. Those found in Guernsey, by Mr. Forbes. The third, the species found in the south-west and western part of our island: those marked No. 1. are found in Cornwall, Devonshire, and S. Wales. They are chiefly extracted from Mon- tagu and Jeffreys. No. 2. From Bristol and Wiltshire: these are marked from Miller and Montagu. The fourth column, the species found in the eastern part of England, as Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk : these are marked from the lists of Sheppard, Paget, and Bloxam. The fifth, those found in the north of England. No. 1. Newcastle, by Mr. Alder. No. 2. Berwickshire, by Dr. Johnston. INTRODUCTION. 29 No. 3. Preston, Lancashire, by Messrs. Gilbertson and Kenyon. No. 4. Scarborough, Yorkshire, by Mr. Bean. No. 5. Derbyshire, by Mr. Bloxam. No. 6. Nottinghamshire. This is the most complete list next to that of the London district. The species are only marked with the other numbers when they do not occur in Mr. Alder’s list. The sixth column, those found in Scotland, extracted from the notes of Laskey and Dr. Fleming: this is very imperfect. No. 2. Iona, by Mr. Lowe. No. 3. Highlands, by Mr. Alder. No. 4. Glasgow, by Mr. Alder. The seventh, the species found in Ireland. No. 1. Dublin, from Capt. Brown’s list. No. 2. Belfast, from specimens sent by Mr. Thomp- son and Mr. Hyndeman, to the British Museum collection: this is also very imperfect. The eighth column contains the species enumerated in Mr. Forbes’s Mollusca Monensia, as inhabiting the Isle of Man. The 9th column is left for the collector to fill up with the shells of his own district or of any other which he may visit. The tenth, the species described by Pfeiffer, as inha- biting Germany. The eleventh column are the Swedish species noticed by Nilson. The twelfth column, the species mentioned by Phi- lippi as found in Sicily, marked 1, and by Payra- deau in the island of Corsica, marked 2. c 3 30 Numbers and Name. 1/213|4)5|6|7 | 8 | 9 JOLL 1112 1. Neritina fluviatilis, f. 124. - |k}T+2) Fhe t- tl). Fria 2. Assiminia Grayana, f.127. - |1|1 1 3. Paludina vivipara, f. 118. - fl|-{-|1f- |/-/Tl- Lida 4, achatina, f.119. - = |l]— fo [1}- fe [- f= El.41 5. Bithinia tentaculata, f. 120. - |1)/1/2/1{1/- - 1/1/1 6. ventricosa, f. 128. - eer tars 7. Valvata piscinalis, f.114. - |1)1/2/1/1)-j|1/]1 Bij 1 8. cristata, f.115,116. - - |1)1/2|1|1j)-|1}- 1/1 9. Arion ater - - = i) fe fatahacl = tl Tia 10. hortensis - = = | PL bs te eae L\2 11. Limax maximus, f.14. - - |Lill-J-[1}t-J-}1 1/1 12. flavus - “ - {1 13: carinatus, f. 15. - -j1/1 14. agrestis, f. 17. - -l1l/lj-/-/1]-/-/]1 i 15. brunneus”) - = |= le ls tours 16. Vitrina pellucida, f. 21, ie i es ip ce a Po Ses i Ms 1|1 17. Testacella haliotoidea, f. 19,20. 1 1/1 18. Helix aperta, f. 129. - -{|-|2 19. aspersa, f. 35. - aed Pe faye We coer ne Se 1|-|2 20. hortensis, f. 23. - =| 2 A a Cie anh mes ak Tia 21. hybrida, f. 130. - -f1lilj-f-{1]-|[-]- 2 22. nemoralis, f. 24. mm we ea hd ls B14) 2 | 3. Pomatia, f. 34. - - j|1)1/2]-]-]-]1]1 1/1 24. arbustorum, f. 25. - - |1/1)/2/1{1]-{1]- 1/1 25. obvoluta, f.131. - -|-{1l{=j-}afe]-]1 1 26. lapicida, f. 51. - -")etate | a 1S). ae Sa la oT. pulchella, f. 49. = a oe ea | = plus 2132 28. limbata, f. 132. ee AN | 1 29. Cantiana, f. 26. ee 8 2 a ee 1|-/|1 1 30. Carthusiana, f. 27. - |l> 1]- }- |-{-|[-|- 1)-|1 31. fusca, f. 36. a hf ly i sae ae Pe 32. revelata, f. 133. - -/1j\2 33. fulva, f. 47. = oes ae ee a a We a 2) 1 34. aculeata, f. 33. - -{-/1/1l/1l/l/-]-{[- 1/1 35. lamellata, f. 48. apd URE ltl optim =| ag aos) 36. granulata, f. 29. a et POE bet a Ea 37. sericea, f., 134. = aE No ts ee -|- 1 38. hispida, f. 41. orp ser (Ea be all Bebe dott 1}1 39. -rufescens, f. 28. - Sie BREE Oe reac 40. concinna, f. 135. - - |1/1]/-|-/1}-|J-|- 1 41. virgata, f. 31. - SP orerar ee arse ae L |= }2 42, caperata, f. 32. - = a A dade La etd hs 43. Pisana, f. 30. - See Vee ee a é oe =) ee 44, ericetorum, f, 37. - ee GS Rm aie a ae OG Lhe 2 45. Zonites radiatus, f. 44. ao A Oe ee 1 1 46. umbilicatus, f. 45. -~j1)-|2)-j1]-j1j1 ee | 31 Numbers and Name. 1|2 gl4\5 6/7 8|9 101112 aq.” Zonites pygmus, f. 462. = pele t= be els yet- b+ tei 48. nitens, f. 40, - = | PlSt2 pl othe he bk itp bal S22 49. alliarius, f. 39. = = PP RL EOE 50. purus, f. 43. - are ie 1 51. nitidulus, fi 136. - et arnt 2 bee take 1 52. radigtulus, £ 137%. ~< o PEK TS bP RS he 53. lueidus, f. 38; = - wk af PE S| Pe ie | 1 54, excavatus, f. 138. - = l= le fs fo prs 55 erystallinus, f. 42. - = [LQ RoE pee sa | 56. Succinea putris, f. 73. - = Loo) Ie ier = 1 ea | 5H. Pfeifferi, f. 74. - mPa A har | DBS aes ee 2 58. oblonga, f. 139. - Pe oa aie Behe ae aegis 1 59. Bulimus Lackamensis, f. 62. - |- |1/2/1}-|-|1/- 1 60. obscurus, f. 63. = st Fak De eb eee Lick 61. acutus, f. 67. 69. Sod ede 1 = [ie (ae ora Pps 62. Zua lubrica, f. 65. ~ = | Lb) ok Ear ee > ae | 63. Azeca tridens, f. 52. a = (EP PY ae et Re 1 64. Achatina acicula, f. 71. - - PL LE(Qy 9 pl pk he be ie ae a at 65. Pupa umbilicata, f. 78. Lie lohejapr tebe | 66. Anglica, f. 82. - - fats fade y bea 67. marginata, f. 79. - =f ed) Se ee yy eae We | 68. juniperi, f. 81. - - |1/1)2/- |= t2-/- | 1 69. Vertigo edentula, f. 80. a Pt ey eye) oie 1 70. cylindrica, f. 140. - -{|1/-/2/-|/- Sits | 1 qi. pygmea, f. 83. - = | bi =| 24 Fe ee | roe alpestris, f. 141, — le | ae | 73. substriata, f 84. - LS ae ioe ae | 1 74, palustris, f. 85. - = le |2 pAb these ag SS Taal <2. pusilla, f. 86. ~ = | EEE Rapes Li 76, angustior, f. 142. - -i/il-\g 77. Balea perversa, f. 70. - - | hikes 1\-/1 1/1 78. Clausilia bidens, f. 53. - -~ | Piya = foe seh 79. biplicata, f. 55. = - - |1]}1,/2/-/-j}-]-]- biLe ? 80. Rolphii, f. 54. ° -|1]1'-|-|-]-|-]- 1711 22 81. dubia tesa 3) a bs eh les eee 82. nigricans, f. 58, 59. -j1l/a 2}ajtj-jaja} jajaja 83. Carychium minimum, f. 77. - |1/1 2{/1)1]-|}-/1 i 84. Acme fusca, f. 66. - -/1/1i1/-{1]-j1]- 1 85. Conovulvus denticulatus, £144. - | 1 2/-/-/1)1)- alae 86. bidentatus, f. 145. - Se ahh /1}-|-]1 | 87. albus, & 146. = = fa dS a= Pa ae 88. Limnezus auricularis, f. 100. - | 1/1) 2})1/1/-/1]- ee 89. pereger, f. 101. = pd Srek peas | ae 90. stagnalis, f. 102. 104,105. |1}1/-|1/1|-|1|-| |1/1/2 91. palustris, f 107. - Sib iat (2 teal Ter Der | 2 92. truncatulus, f. 108. cee ONE ae Sls ad ae a ae io) NS Numbers and Name. 93. Limnzus glaber, f. 106. 32 94. Amphipeplea glutinosa, f. 103. 95. involuta, f. 147. 96. Ancylus fluviatilis, f. 125. 97. Velletia lacustris, f. 126. - 98. Physa fontinalis, f. 110. 99. Aplexus hypnorum, f 113. 100. Planorbis corneus, f. 95. 101. albus, f. 92. & > 102. leevis, f. 148. = a 103. imbricatus, f.94. - L 104. carinatus, f. 92. ane 105. marginatus, f. 87, 88. 90. 106. vortex, f. 91. = z 107. spirorbis, f. 98. =, AES 108. nitidus, f.93. - A 109. contortus, f. 96. - ie 110. Segmentina lineata, f. 99. 111. Cyclostoma elegans, f. 75. 112. Cyelas rivicola, f. 1. - 113; cornea, f. 2. 2 114. calyculata, f. 3. . 115. Pisidium obtusale, f. 149. 116. nitidum, f. 150. - ry. pusillum, f. 7. - 118. pulchellum, f. 151. 119. Henslowianun, f. 6. 120. amnicum, f. 5. IT. cinereum, f. 152. - 122. Anodon cygneus, f. 8. - 123. Alasmodon elongatus, f. 9. 124. Unio pictorum, f.11. - 125. tumidus, f. 13. - 126. ovalis - = 127. Batavus, f. 10. - 128. Dreissena polymorpha - ‘= (lige Yo Hepes me pm epet T eea gcca prea eek, meters ped feet eet Feet peed peeked eed) pee td pel pet 8) pt) deed pee pe): 10h ped) pet a : 2 pet eR NO on “ene — ee eee | low Hw! Wt! tH! HDHD? ! & | w tt pote! bo i 1 = bO tS L] re ee ee ro | » en ee | St Oe HK Ty peal ee Cn eee ne a Vet pet ee ever ee ret | o 7\8/9 1011 12 Wwe ed eet eet tt ee ee | ee | ee ee) — ee See 1? — ee a) — ed et a There are common to the north and south of England 78 species. to the west and north peculiar to the south of England to the north of England to Ireland, 95 to the west, 41. 57. 60. 67 3 33 3s 2 INTRODUCTION. 33 The mere inspection of this table will show that most of the species have a very extensive range, having been found in all parts of our island where there has been a zoologist who has taken any interest in searching for them. Thus we find, that out of the 128 species recorded in this work, 107 species are found within a circle of about 15 miles of the metro- polis, and 89 in the northern district of England. Of the species which are confined to the southern half of the kingdom there may be noticed among the aquatic kinds — Assiminia Grayana, only found in the Thames and the streams running into it, from its mouth te where the water is only slightly brackish, or nearly fresh, at the very highest tides, as at Greenwich, for example. Paludina vivipara and P. achatina are not found in the northern part of the island. P. erystallina is found in the rivers of Cambridgeshire, Oxfordshire, Essex, and Suffolk; and P. achatina is very common in the Thames, and alse in the rivers of some of the before-mentioned counties: they are found together in the river Colne, at Uxbridge. ‘These species avoid the slightest degree of brackishness in the water, and are therefore only found in the upper part of the rivers. Bithinia ventricosa is very commonly found with this latter in the Thames, and in Suffolk; but it keeps in the smaller streamlets, and is not so parti- cular about the absence of brackishness, for it is found with B. impura and Assiminia in the streams of the Greenwich marshes. Neritina fluviatilis, and Planorbis corneus, are also Cos 34 INTRODUCTION, confined, as far as I have had the opportunity of learning, to the southern part of the island. Mon- tagu says that Dorsetshire is the western limit of the Neritina ; this is curious, as it and the two species of Paludina are found in Ireland. Segmentina lineata has only been mentioned as found near London and in the south-west of Eng- land. Near London it is not uncommon. _Limneus acutus (if it is more than a variety of LL. pereger) has only been recorded as found in South Wales. Cyclas rivicola is almost peculiar to the Thames: its northern limit is, I believe, the Trent in Not- tinghamshire: it is also found in Germany. Pisidium obtusale, P. nitidum, and P. Henslow- zanum, have only been recorded as found near London, in Surrey, and in Cambridgeshire; but this, perhaps, is because they have not been searched for elsewhere. The Uniones (U. pictorum, U. tumidus, and U. Batavus) are not recorded as being found in the north of England, or in Scotland, as far as I know. Among the southern terrestrial species, Testacella haliotoidea seems confined to the gardens in the neigh- bourhood of London, Plymouth, Biddeford, and to the island of Guernsey. Helix obvoluta, to the chalk downs of Hausen This species is common to the north of France and Germany. Helix limbata has only been found in the hedges near Hampstead, Middlesex; but it is very doubtful if these specimens had not been introduced: it is common in the southern part of France, and has been found as far north as Caen. = a INTRODUCTION. 35 Helix Pomatia is nearly confined to the chalk dis- trict of the south of England: it has been found as far north as Wiltshire. Miller says it is rare in a park at Bristol (where it might have been intro- duced). According to Montagu, ‘it is not an aboriginal species in this kingdom, but was first in- troduced about the middle of the 16th century, either as an article of food, or for medicinal purposes. It is supposed they were first imported from Italy, and turned out in Surrey by a Mr. Howard at Albury. It is also said that Sir Kenelm Digby [about 1630 ?] dispersed them about Gothurst, near Newport Pagnel, in Buckinghamshire; and Mr. Morton informs us they were turned out by Lord Statton, at Kerby in North- amptonshire.” Dr. Turton observes that their having been used as food, as mentioned by Lister (to which I may add the fact of Merret having mentioned them without any note, as found in Sussex, in his Pinaz, published in 1667), strongly militates against the idea of their being of foreign origin. They have been said to be foundas far north as Devizes, in Wiltshire, and in Gloucestershire. I believe they are rather restrained by the limits of the chalk basin than by the climate, as they are abundant in the Botanic Garden, and the gardens of the nobles in the south of Sweden, where the climate is much more rigorous; and I have no doubt that, if they could pass the other strata, they could live on the chalk in Yorkshire. ‘ Some years ago they were introduced into Scotland by Patrick Neil, Esq., and placed in his curious and most inter- esting garden at Cannon Mills, but we believe they have not prospered, and are gradually disappearing.” (Johnston, Mag. N. Hist. 47.) c 6 36 INTRODUCTION. Helix Cantiana has been supposed to be almost confined to the four metropolitan counties, but it is also found in Suffolk, near Bristol, and near Dublin. It may have been introduced in these latter localities for it has been within these few years, according to Mr. Fryer, introduced with ballast by the colliers on the banks of the Tyne; and is now rapidly spread- ing itself in the hedges of that neighbourhood. These circumstances would lead one to imagine that it might also have been introduced into England from the Continent ; but Férussac, who has compared it with the continental species, regards it at least as a local variety of H. Carthusiana of Draparnaud (not of Muller), which is a native of the south of France and Italy. Helix Carthusiana Muller, is confined to the downs (especially those bordering the sea) of Kent and Surrey, where it is found in abundance on the short stunted grass: it is also found in the south of France, Greece, and Syria. Helix aperta and H. revelatahave as yet only been - found in the island of Guernsey, where they were discovered by Mr. Edw. Forbes. ‘This island is nearer the coast of France than that of England, and is geographically part of the former country. ‘The first species is a native of Provence, and is not yet recorded as found in the northern part of France; Guernsey must be considered its northern limit, but it is a very shy species, and. difficult to find, even in Provence, ex- cept after a shower of rain. The H. revelata is found in Normandy, and near Paris. Bulimus acutus is found in similar situations to H. virgata and H. Carthusiana, especially in sandy places; but it is confined to the south-western coun- INTRODUCTION. oO” ties, South Wales, and the Isle of Man; and its most northern limit is Iona, one of the western isles of Scotland, where it has been found with H. virgata by Mr. Lowe. Helix Pisana is found. with the last, but is still more local, having only been procured at St. Ives in Cornwall, ‘Tenby in South Wales, and in Ireland. This is most probably the northern limit of this shell, which is not found in Germany or Sweden. Clausilia biplicata is equally a southern species; it is very common in several places near London, and Miller says its found near Bristol. Clausilia Rolphii is confined, as far as I have heard, to its original habitat in Charlton wood, near London, and to the neighbourhood of Hastings, Sussex. Succinea oblonga. 'Thisspecies has only been recorded as a native of South Wales and North Devon, but it has probably a larger range; I think it is indi- cated as a variety inhabiting Berwick, by Dr. Johnston, and it has lately been found at Glasgow and Preston. Pupa juniperi has always been believed to be confined to the south-western part of the kingdom ; but Mr. Laskey mentions it as occurring in Scotland. This requires verification. Vertigo palustris, and V. angustior, have only been yet recorded as found near London and in the west of England; but they are probably common. The zoologists of the northof England have described eight species which have not yet been discovered in the southern portion of the kingdom; some of which are probably peculiar to that district. 1. Limazx brunneus, noticed by Dr. Johnston at Berwick, and Mr. Alder at Newcastle. 33 INTRODUCTION. | 2. Helix lamellata, discovered by Mr. Bean at Scarborough, and found by Mr, Alder at New- castle, and lately in North Germany. 3. Zonites purus, discovered by Mr. Alder, near Newcastle, where it is not uncommon. 4, 5. Zonites excavatus and Pupa Anglica, also from Scarborough. 6. Vertigo alpestris, found by Mr. Gilbertson of Preston, at Clithero, in Lancashire, and by Mr. Thomson near Newcastle. 7. Clausilia dubia, common in Yorkshire, at New- castle, and in Lancashire. 8, 9. Planorbis levis and Pisidium cinereum, both found in ditches, and often together, near North Shields. There are one or two species whose distribution appears more to depend on the nature of the country than the climate. Thus, the Alasmodon elongatus is found in the mountain streams of Wales, Cumber- land, Scotland, and Ireland, and the variety A. e. Roissyi is found in similar situations in Yorkshire and Scotland. In Irish lakes there has been found by Mr. Har- vey Amphipeplea involuta, which is very different from the English ones. It is to be hoped that this is only a forerunner of several other species which will hereafter be found in that very interesting and but little investigated country. It is probable that many of the species here indi- cated may have a much more extended range; for had this sketch been written a very few years ago, many species, such as Helix fusca, H. depilata, Bulimus Lackamensis, Azeca tridens, Pupa edentula, Acme fusca, INTRODUCTION. 39 Limneus glaber, Amphipeplea glutinosa, would have been inserted in the list of local species. The latter, though found in Sweden and France, is not recorded as a German species by Pfeiffer. Though very local where found, these and other species similarly circum- stanced have been found, dispersedly, in very different parts of the islands. Besides fewer species being found in the northern parts of our island than in the south, the specimens of the species are said to be much more rare. This is probably partly owing to the rigours of the climate, and partly to the country consisting of the older geo- logical formations, which are less favourable to the support of these animals than the calcareous rock, which appears to be their favourite habitation. M. D’Orbigny, who has paid great attention to the distribution of these animals, especially in South Ame- rica, says, the terrestrial Pulmonobranchiata are much more abundant in the warmer regions of the different quarters of the globe than in the more temperate parts, while the aquatic species are more abundant in the latter than in the former. He observes that the terrestrial species gradually diminish in number as we proceed from the warmer regions towards the pole ; and as we ascend from the plains to the tops of mountains. Out of the 156 spe- cies which he found in South America, 137 were found between the 11th and 28th ; 28 between the 28th and 34th; and only 13 between the 34th and 45th degrees of south latitude; and 126 species were found under 5000 feet, while only 4 were found above 5000 feet and below 11,000 feet, and 6 at more than 11,000 feet, above the level of the sea. 40 INTRODUCTION. It may be well to observe, that the fossil shells now found in the different strata show that a different geographical distribution of these animals existed in a former state of the globe; for several genera were found in this country then which are now confined to warmer climates. Thus, there are in the most re- cent strata, mixed with existing recent shells, remains of species which agree with those now only found in other parts of Europe and the north of Africa. Mr. Morris, for example (Mag. N. Hist., 1836. 262. n.s. ii. 544.), has recently found the follow- ing 36 species of recent British shells, along with re- mains of Mammalia, at Grays, Erith, Copford, Sut- ton, and Ilford, on the banks of the Thames, not very far from London. | 1. Limax » Species not determined. 2. Succinea amphibia. 3 Pfeifferi (oblonga). 4. Helix hortensis. 5. —— rufescens. 6. —— paludosa. 7 hispida. 8. trochiformis. 9. —— fusca. 10. Zonites lucidus. ll. Rua lubrica. 12. Pupa marginata. sexdentata. 14. Carychium minimum. 15. Limneus auricularis. 16. pereger. LZ. truncatulus. 18. glaber. INTRODUCTION. Al 19. Planorbis carinatus. 20. ——— corneus. 21. ——— vortex. 22. ——— contortus. 23. ———— imbricatus. 24, ————_nitidus. 25. Bithinia tentaculata. 26. Paludina —————.? 27. Valvata cristata. 28. —— piscinalis, var. V. antiqua Morris (Loud. Mag. N. H., series 2., 11. 544., f. 26.). 29. Velletia lacustris. 30. Ancylus fluviatilis. 31. Cyclas cornea. 32. Pisidium obliquum. 33. ——— pusillum. 34. ———— amnicum. 35. Anodon cygneus. 36. Unio pictorum. All these species exactly agree with the specimens of the same species now found in the neighbourhood, except that some of the specimens of Valvata piscinalis are much larger and higher than those usually found in this country. Mr. Morris and Mr. G. B. Sowerby are inclined to consider them as a distinct species, and have called them Valvata antiqua ; but, on an accu- rate examination and comparison of Mr. Morris’s spe- cimen, I believe that it is only a variety, as I have seen some specimens from the warmer parts of Europe which are nearly as large, and similar to these fossil ones. Besides these 36 species, there are found with them, — 42 INTRODUCTION. A Cyrena, the same as or very nearly allied to the Cyrena consobrina, which is common in the Nile, near Alexandria. Mr. G. Sowerbycalls it Cyrena trigonula ; but I do not think it is the species so named by Lamarck. And, Unio littoralis Lam. (Mag. N. Hist., series 2., 548. f. 27.), which is common in the French rivers ; and is also found in the Swedish ones. There are also found fossil in the older strata many other species, which are all different from any of the existing ones. ‘The land shells found in these strata are of a much larger size than those now found in Europe, and resemble more nearly the tropical species ; but still, as they are not the exact representatives of exotic species, this is no proof that they were inhabit- ants of that kind of climate. The following species among others, have been described : — 1. Helix globosa. Sow. M. C. ii. t. 170. 2. Bulimus ellipticus. Sow. M. C. iv. t. 337. castellatus. Sow. M. C. iv. t. 366. . Limneus longiusculus. Sow. M. C. t. 343. fusiformis. Sow. M. C. t. 169. f. 23. —— minimus. Sow. M. C. t. 169. f. 1. ———— maximus. Sow. M. C. t. 328. f. 61. — —— columellaris. Sow. M. C. t. 328. f. 2. pyramidalis. 10. Ancylus elegans. Sow. M. C. t. 533. 11. Planorbis cylindricus. Sow. M. C. t. 140. f. 2. — 12. obtusus. Sow. M.C. t. 140. fi 3. 13. lens. Sow. M. C. t. 140. f. 4. 14. — euomphalus. Sow. M.C.t. 140. f 7—9. 15. Melania fasciata. Sow. M. C. t. 24]. f. 1. INTRODUCTION. 43. 16. Melania costata. Sow. M. C.t. 241. f. ¥. 17. Melanopsis carinata. Sow. M.C. t. 523. f. 1 — brevis. Sow. M. C. t. 523. f. 2. 19. Potamides ventricosus. Sow. M. C. t. 341. fi 1. 20. ——— acutus. Sow. M. C. t. 341. fi 2. 21, ————— duplex. Sow. M. C. t. 340. f. 3. 22. ————— ?cinctus. Sow. M. C. t. 340. f. 1. 23. ————— ?pliculus. Sow. M. C. t. 340. f. 2. 24, ————— ? magnilucens. Sow. M.C. t. 339. f.4. 25. Patudina lenta. -Sew. M. C. t. 3], f. 38. concinna. Sow. M. C. t, 3h. f. 4. 8. ? Phasianella orbicularis. Sow. M. C. t.-b76. 28. Paludina? Ph. angulosa. Sow. M. C. t. 175. ? Ph. minuta. Sow. M. C. t. 175. 30. Nerita globosa. Sow. M. C. t. 424. f. 1. 31. —— aperta. Sow. M. C. t. 424. fi 234. 32. Cyclas pulchra. Sow. M. C. t. 527. f. 1. 33. Unio Solandri. Sow. M. C.t. 517. All found in the fresh-water strata of the Isle of Wight, and the same strata at Hordwell, in Hamp- shire, with Mye, Psammobie, and Corbule : — 1. Paludina fluviorum. Sow. M.C. t.31. fi 1. Is abundant at Petworth Martle. 2. Paludina elongata. Sow. M. C. t. 509. f. 12. Perhaps a Bithinia. 3. Paludina carinifera. - Sow. M. C. t. 509. f. 3. Is found in Hastings sands. Unio Mantellii. Sow. Geol. Trs. iv. t. 21. f. 14, —— subtruncatus. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 21. f. 15. ——— GaulleriiZ. Sows Get. tv. t.21, £16. Markna “Sows G.Tactvents BIL E17 Cyclas media. Sow. M. C. t. 527. f. 3. 44 INTRODUCTION. Cyclas membranacea. - Sow. M. C. t. 527. Neritina Fittontit. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 22. f. 7. Paludina Sussexensis. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 22. f. 6. Melanopsis ?tricarinata. Sow. G. T iv. t. 22. f. 4. — ?attenuata. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 22. f. 5. Cyclas parva. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 22. f. 7. ——- subquadrata. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 21. f. 8. ——- elongata. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 21. f. 9. ——- angulata. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 21. f. 12. ——- major. Sow. G. T. iv. t. 21. f. 13. In Wealden clay. Unio porrectus. Sow. M. C. t. 594. f. 1. —— compressus. Sow. M. C. t. 594. f. 12. ambiguus. Sow. M. C. t. 594. f.3—5. —— aduncus. Sow. M. C. t. 595. f. 2. —— cordiferus. Sow. M. C. t. 592. f. 1. In sandstone of Tilgate forest. There are some other Paludine, Uniones, &c., figured in Mr. Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology, but they appear to be properly referrible to the marine genera, as they are found with decidedly marine shells. It should be remarked, that all the recent species of Melania, Melanopsis, and Potamides are confined to the warmer and nearly tropical parts of the world. A small species of Melania (M. helvetica) only has been found in the south of Europe; and there is a larger species (Melania Virginica) found in North America. The situations chosen by the different species of land shells, are characteristic, and worthy of ob- servation. ‘Thus — Helix Pomatia is found on the ground. It buries INTRODUCTION. 45 itself during the cold weather, as the tropical species do during the dry season. Arion antiquorum, Limax maximus, agrestis, Helix hortensis, hybrida, — — nemoralis, —— fusca, —— Cantiana, live in hedges and banks, walking about in the dew, or after rains. Helix virgata, —— caperata, —— ericetorum, —— Pisana, —— Carthusiana, Bulimus acutus, are found, after dry weather, sticking to the dry stunted vegetation on heaths. They go down to the root, and come out again after the summer rains; and are so abundant that they are vulgarly believed to have come down from the clouds with the rain. _ The Helix rupestris is found between the brick or stone at the tops of walls, and in the earth in the higher parts of rock. Pupa marginata, Achatina acicula, &c. are found in the moss at the roots of grass, Xc. The Helix arbustorum, in wet shady situations near a black boggy soil, on the margin of ditches or rivers. Bulimus obscurus, A6 INTRODUCTION. Pupa junipert, Clausilia Rolphii, - bidens, Cyclostoma elegans, in shady situations under nettles, dog’s mercury, &c., in woods, especially on a chalky soil. It may be interesting to give an outline of the his-: tory of the various additions which have been made from time to time to this part of our Fauna. 1. Merret, who, in 1667 published the first at- tempt at a British Fauna, in his Pznaz, has recorded sIX species. . Anodon cygneus (Mytilus, or Horse Muscle). . Limneus (Z. stagnalis ?). List. Ang. t.2. f. 1. . Limax maximus. . Helix Pomatia, which he says is found in Sussex. . Helix rufescens (Cochlea alba minor ubique im hortis). 6. Helix nemoralis (Cochlea vulgaris testa variegata). List. Ang. t. 2. fi 3. Oo Pf OO wD 2. Dr. Lister, in 1678, commenced a separate work on the British shells, and, as was to be expected from his accuracy and the extent of his researches, he may be considered as the originator of this part of the science. He described and figured in this work, and in his larger work on conchology (where he marked the British species with an A), the following species ; and has besides given a good account of their animals. He gave, in the appendix to his larger work, the dis- sections of many of them. INTRODUCTION. 47 1. Neritina fluviatilis. Ang. t.2. f.20. Conch. t. 14]. f. 38. t. 607. f. 43, 44. 2. Paludina achatina. Ang. t. 2. f. 18. Conch. t. 126. f. 26. 3. Paludina vivipara. Conch. t. 1055. f. 6., and Anat. t. 6. f. 5. 4. Bithinia impura. Ang. t. 2. f. 19: ©. t. 132. f, 32. 5. Arion ater. Ang. +t. 2. f.17. ‘Conch. t. 101. f. 102, 103. . Limax flavus. Conch. t. 101. b. fi 1. . -——~-agrestis. Ang. t. 2. f. 16. Conch. t. 101. f. 101. 8. Helix hortensis. Conch. t.57. f.54. arbustorum. Ang. t.2. f. 4. Conch. 56. bs oP) f. 53. 10. Helix lapicida. Ang. t.2. f. 14. Conch. t. 69. f. 68. is aspersa. Ang. t. 2. f. 2. 12: Cantiana. Ang. n. 12. var. p. 126. 13. fulva. Ang. p. 123. n. 9. 14. Helix virgata. Conch. t. 59. f. 56. 15. ericetorun., Ang. t.2. £13. Conch. taZS. £73: 16. Zonites radiatus. Conch. t. 1058. f. 11. 17. Succinea putris. Ang. t. 2. f.24. Conch. t. Los. f. 24. 18. Zua lubrica. Ang. t. 2. f. 7. 19. Bulimus acutus. Conch. t.19. f. 14. 20. Pupa umbilicata. Ang. t. 2. f. 6. 21. Ealea perversa. Ang. t.2. f. 11. 22. Clausilia nigricans. Ang. t.2. f. 12. 23: ——— bidens. Conch. ¢.41. £89. 48 24. 25: 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 35. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. INTRODUCTION. Limneeus palustris. Conch. t. 124. f. 24. ——— auricularis. Ang. t.2. f. 23. pereger. Ang. t.2. £22. Ancylus fluviatilis. Ang. t.2. ff 32. Conch. t. T41.£ 39. Physa fontinalis. Ang. t. 2. £25. Conch. t. 134. Planorbis marginatus. Ang. t.2. f.27. vortex. “Ang. 1:2. £28. corneus. Ang. t.2. f. 26. Aplexus hypnorum. List Conch. App. f. 5. Pet.. Gaz. t.10. £ 8. Cyclostoma elegans. Ang. t.2. f. 5. Unio pictorum. Ang. t. 2. f.30. —— tumidus. Ang. app. f. 6. Alasmodon elongatus. Ang. app. t. 1. f.1. Cyclas rivicola. Ang. app. 22. Conch. t. 159. 1 ee be —— cornea. Ang. t.2. f.31. 3. Petiver, in his Gazophylacium, figured the follow- ing species, which had not been noticed by Lister :— a op oo oN Valvata obtusa. Gaz. t.18. fi 2. - Helix hispida. Gaz. t. 93. f. 13. . Zonites nitens. Gaz. t. 93. f. 14. . Planorbis contortus. Gaz. t. 92. f. 8. ——— albus. Gaz. t. 92. f. 8. - In 1777, Pennant, in his British Zoology, added — 1. Vitrina pellucida, noticed again by Capt. Brown in 1818. 2. 3. Helix Pisana, as H. zonaria. Limnzeus elaber. 5. INTRODUCTION. A9 Boys, in 1784, in Walker’s Minute Shells, added the following small species, which had before been overlooked :— 6. CANA MTP OD . Valvata cristata, f. 18, 19. . Helix pulchella, f. 23. . Bulimus obscurus, f. 41. Achatina acicula, f. 59, 60. Carychium minimum, f. 51. Acme fusca, f. 42. . Conovulus denticulatus, f. 50. . Planorbis imbricatus, f. 20, 21. . Segmentina lineata, f. 28. In 1786, Mr Lightfoot the botanist, - in the Philosophical Beasttionss added — re mo b> . Helix pulchella, var. crenella, t. 3. f. 1. 4. = aculeata, t. 2. f. 1. 5. .) Planorbis-nitadus, t. 2..£ 1. 4. . Velletia lacustris, t. 3. f. 1. Dr. Pulteney, in his catalogue of the Dorsetshire shells, adds — 1. Helix caperata. 2. 3. Azeca tridens. 4A. Mn ilienta. Planorbis spirorbis. He added, however, to the list, at the same time, seve- ral exotic species. 8. Dr. Maton and the Rey. Mr. Racket, in 1797, in the Linnean Transactions, added — 1. Pisidium amnicum. 50 INTRODUCTION. 9. Montagu, in 1803, in his excellent work on the British Testacea, added — . Helix fusca. ] 2. granulata. 3. Bulimus Lackamensis. 4, Pupa juniperi. 5. Vertigo substriata. 6. - angustior, as ‘T’. vertigo. 7. Clausilia biplicata. 8. Planorbis carinatus. 9. Limneeus truncatulus. 10. Conovulus bidentatus. albus. 12. Amphipeplea glutinosa. 15. Cyclas calyculata. 14. Unio ovatus. 15. Batavus. 10. In June, 1819, Dr. Turton, in his Conchological Dictionary, added — 1. Pupa marginata. 11. Baron Férussac, in 1820, in his Concordance of the British Land and Fresh-water Mollusca, first pub- lished as British, from specimens sent by Dr. Leach and Dr. Goodall, together with Testacella Maugei— 1. Helix Carthusiana. 2. Clausilia Rolphii. 12. In 1821, at the end of an outline ofan arrange- ment of Mollusca, published in the Medical Reposi- tory, | added the following, among some others which had been neglected by British authors. INTRODUCTION. 51 . Assiminia Grayana. . Bithinia ventricosa. . Arion hortensis. . Zonites crystallinus. nitidulus. radiatulus. lucidus. 8. pygmeeus. 13. In 1822, Dr. Turton, in his work on bivalves added — ) 1. Pisidium pusillum. 14. Inthe same year, Mr. Miller, in his List of Shells about Bristol, with three noticed in the former list, added — 1. Zonites alliarius. SID OB 09 NO 15. In the same year, M. Férussac, in his Prodro- mus, added, — 1. Pupa anglica, sent him by Mr. Bean. 16. In 1825, the Rev. Mr. Sheppard, in his List of Suffolk Shells, added — 1. Vertigo edentula. 2. Planorbis carinatus, var. deformis. 3. Pisidium Henslowianum. 17. In 1826, Dr. Turton, in his Conchological No- tices, in the Zoological Journal, added — 1. Cyclostoma simile Drap., if not Bithinia ventri- cosa. 2. Cyclostoma acutum Drap. 3. Limneeus scaturiginum= Lim. stagnalis Junior. All shells which it is impossible to determine; and D2 52 INTRODUCTION. with them he introduced the foreign Bulimus decol- latus. 18. In 1829, Mr. Jeffreys, in his paper in the Lin- nean ‘f’ransactions, added — . Suceinea oblonga. . Helix concinna. lamellata, from Mr. Bean. ; Vertigo cylindrica. — pygmza, from my specimen in B. M. palustris, from my specimen in B. M. pusilla. 19. In 1830, Mr. Alder, in his List of Newcastle Shells, added — 1 2 » we Succinea Pfeifferi, distinguished as a variety by Jeffreys. Zonites purus. - excavatus. 20. In 1831, Capt. Brown, in the Ldinburgh Journal of Geographical Science, added — iF 2. Pisidium obtusale. pulchellum. 21. In 1831, Dr. Turton, in his Manual, added — 5. Limax carinatus, from Dr. Leach’s work. 22. In 18831, Mr. Lindsay, in the Linn. Trans., added 1. Helix obvoluta. 23. In 1832, Mr. Jenyns, in his Monograph on Cyclas and Pisidium, added — ]. Pisidinm nitidum. 24. In 1834, Mr. Thompson, in a notice read at the Linnean Society, added — INTRODUCTION: 53 1. Amphipeplea involuta. 25. In 1837, Mr. Alder, in his list of British land and fresh-water shells, added — 4. Helix hybrida, as a variety of H. hortensis. 5. - depilata. 6. - limbata, on the authority of Mr. G. B. Sowerby. 26. In 1838, Mr. Alder, in a supplement to his paper on the Newcastle shells, added — 7. Helix sericea. 8. Vertigo alpestris. 9. Clausilia dubia. 10. Planorbis lzevis. 11. Pisidium cinereum. 27. In 1838, Mr. Gilbertson, at the meeting of the British Association at Newcastle, added — 1. Alasmodon elongatus, var. Roissyi. 28. In 1839, Mr. Edward Forbes and Mr. Good- sir gave me, for the Museum collection, from Guern- sey. 1. Helix aperta. a - revelata. The following works and papers treat on British land and fresh-water Mollusca, and have been con- sulted in the revision of this edition. Joshua ALDER. Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusea of Great Britain, with a revised List of Species. Mag. Zool. and Botany, i. 101. (Aug. 1837.) D3 54 INTRODUCTION. Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water 'Testaceous Mollusca found in the vicinity of Newcastle- upon-T'yne, with remarks. Newcastle, 1830. 4to. In the Transactions of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland. Supplement to a Catalogue, &c. Newcastle, 1837. Ato. William BEAN. Fusus Turtoni Bean, and Limnea lineata Bean ; two rare and hitherto undescribed shells, de- scribed and illustrated. Loudon’s Mag. N. Hist. vill. 1834. Rev. M. G. BERKELEY. Notice on the Rev. L. Guilding’s Description of Ancylus. Zool. Journ. v. 269. Description of the Animals of Voluta denticulata Mont., and Assiminia Grayana Leach. Zool. Journ. v. 427. A Description of the Anatomical Structure of Cy- clostoma elegans. Zool. Journ. iv. 278. J. BERKENHONT. Synopsis of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 vols. 1789. Andrew BLoxaM. An Enumeration of the Land and Fresh-water Shell Snails of Norfolk and Derbyshire. Lou- don’s Mag. N. Hist. vi. 324. The names of the species must be taken with caution, as the author says he found Valvata planorbis in Norfolk, and Helix brevipes in Derbyshire. Pro- bably, misled by Turton’s figure, he mistook some of the smaller Zonites for the latter. INTRODUCTION. 55 Thomas Buatr. A Short Notice of the Habits of Testacellus scu- tulum. Loudon’s Mag. N. Hist. vi. 43. Willlam Borwase. The Natural History of Cornwall. Oxford, 1758. fol. Thomas Brown. Account of the Irish Testacea. Mem. Wernerian Soc. 1. 1818, p. 501. Illustrations of British Conchology. Ato. J. CHILDREY. Britannia Baconica, or Natural Rarities of Eng- land, Scotland, and Wales. London, 1660. 8vo. Daniel Cooper. A List of the Land and Fresh-water Shells found in the Environs of London; extracted from the Flora Metropolitana. London, 1836. 12mo. On Succinea amphibia and its Varieties. Mag. Nat. Hist., n. s., ii. 476. List of Species found at Mickleham, Surrey. Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 471. Ch. CorDINER. Remarkable Ruins, and Romantic Prospects of North Britain. London, 1788-95. Ato. Emanuel Mendes Da Costa. Historia Naturalis Testaceorum Britanniz ; or, the British Conchology, in English and French. Lond. 1778. 4to. J. DALE. A Natural History of the Sea Coast and Country about Harwich. London, 1732. Ato. pA 56 INTRODUCTION. Edward Donovan. Natural History of British Shells. London, 1779. 1802. 8vo. Baronde FErussac. Concordance Systematique pour les Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la Grande Bretagne, avec un Apercu des ‘Travaux Modernes des Savans Anglais sur les Mollusques. Journal de Physique, 1820, p. 213. Edward Forses. Land and Fresh-water Shells of the Isle of Man. Loudon’s Mag. N. Hist. viii. 69. Malacologia Monensis. A Catalogue of the Mol- lusca inhabiting the Isle of Man, and the neigh- bouring Sea. Edinb. 1838. 8vo. John FLEMING. A History of British Animals. Edinb. 1828. 8vo. Philosophy of Zoology. Edinb. 1822. 8yvo. 2 vols. Conchology. Edinb. Ency. vii. 55. John Edward Gray. On Balea, in Zool. Journ. 1824, p. 61. Conchological Observations, being an attempt to fix the Study of Conchology on a firm basis. Zool. Journ. 1824, p. 204. On the Anatomical Difference between Helix hor- tensis and H. nemoralis. In Annals of Philosophy, x. (1825), p. 153. On the Natural Arrangement of the Pulmobranch- ous Mollusca. Annals of Philosophy, viii. (1824), p- 107., divided into Limacidee, Helicidz, Auri- culade, Lymneadee, Onchidiadee. Some Observations on the Economy of Molluscous INTRODUCTION. 57 Animals, and on the Structure of their Shells, in Philos. Transactions, 1833. A List and Description of some Species of Shells not taken notice of by Lamarck. Annals of Phi- losophy, 1825. On some new Species of Ampullariadze. Annals of Philosophy, 1824. On the Structure of Pearls, and the Chinese mode of producing them ofa large size and regular form. Annals of Philosophy, 1824. New British Species of Mollusca. Medical Re- pository xv. (1821), p. 239. Remarks on the difficulty of distinguishing certain Genera of Testaceous Mollusca by their shells alone, and on the Anomalies in regard to Habit- ation of certain Species. London, 1835. Ato. In Philos. Trans. 1835. Charles Hoy. Account of a Spinning Limax or Slug. Linn. Trans. 1. 183. S. Hurcuins. The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset. London, 1774. fol. J. G. JEFFREYS. A Synopsis of the Testaceous Pneumonobranchous Mollusea of Great Britain. London. 4to. 1820. Linn. Trans. xiii. Supplement to a Synopsis, &c., in Transactions Linn. Soc. xvi. Rev. Leonard JENYNSs. A Monograph of the British Species of Cyclas and Pisidium. Cambridge, 1832. 4to. In Transac. Cambridge Phil. Soc. D 5 58 INTRODUCTION. George Jounston, M.D. A List of the Pulmoniferous Mollusca of Berwick- shire and North Durham. ‘Trans. Berwickshire Nat. Hist. Soc. 1838, p. 154. Joseph Kenyon. Land and Fresh-water Shells in the neighbourhood of Preston (Lancashire). Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1. 273. 308. Remarks on British Land and Fresh-water Shells. Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1. 425. J. LASKEY. Account of North British Testacea. Mem. Wern. Soc. i. (1811) 370. John Latuam, M. D. Observations on the Spinning Limax. Linn. Trans. Iv. 84. W. HE. Leacu, M.D. Synopsis of British Mollusca, &c. London, 1820. Svo.; not yet published. Only two or three copies of this work are known to be in existence; one in possession of Mr. Curtis, and the other of Mr. Bell. I have not seen it, but quoted it after Dr. ‘Turton. Co Lawn: Natural History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak in Derbyshire. Oxford, 1700. fol. J. LIiGHTFOOT. An Account of some British Shells either not duly observed, or totally unnoticed by authors. Phil. Trans. (1786) lxxvi. 160. Martinus LisTER. Historize Animalium Angliz, &c. Lond. 1678. 4to. INTRODUCTION. 59 Appendix ad Historia Animalium Anglize, Nc. Eboraci, 1681. Ato. Observations concerning the Odd ‘Turn of some Shells’ Snails. Phil. Trans. iv. n.50. 10, 11. Rev. R. T. Lowe. On the Genera Melampus, Pedipes, and Trunca- tella, with experiments tending to demonstrate the nature of the respiratory organs of these Mol- lusca. In Zool. Journ. v. 280. W. G. Maton, M. D. and Rev. J. Racket. A Descriptive Catalogue of the British Testacea, in Linn. Trans. viii. (1807). This paper contains some good figures of the land and fresh-water shells, W. G. Maton, M. D. On a species of Tellina not described by Linnzus (T. rivalis). Linn. Trans. iii. (1797) 41. Christopher MeRRETT. Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, &c. Lond. 1667. 8vo. J. S. M1ILuer. A List of the Fresh-water and Land Shells occur- ring in the Environs of Bristol, with observations. Ann. Philos. vii. (1822) 377. George Monracu. Testacea Britannica. London, 1803. 4to. — Sup- plement. London, 1808. 4to. Next to Muller, one of the best works on land and fresh-water shells. John Morton. A Letter to Dr. H. Sloane, containing a relation of D 6 60 INTRODUCTION. river and land shells, &c. near Mears Ashby, in Northamptonshire. Phil. Trans. xxv. 325. Natural History of Northamptonshire. London, 1712. fol. Thomas NUNNELEY. A Description of the Internal Structure of various Limaces found in the neighbourhood of Leeds. Trans. of the Phil. and Lit. Soc. Leeds, i. (1837) Al. C. 1. and J. Pacer. Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth, &c. Yarmouth, 1834, 8vo. Thomas PENNANT. British Zoology, 4th edit. 4 vols. 8vo., 1776, 1777. J. PETIVER. Musei Petiveriani, &c. London, 1695. 1703. Gazophylacei Naturse, &c. London, 1702. 1711. Opera Omnia. London, 1764. fol. 2 vols. R. Prot. Natural History of Staffordshire. Oxford, 1686. fol. Natural History of Oxfordshire. Oxford, 1676. fol. V. I. V. Potiez, and A. L.G. Micuaup. Galerie des Mollusques du Muséum de Douai. Paris, 1838. 8vo. Figures of some Irish Shells sent by Mr. ‘Thompson from Belfast. R. PuLTENEY. Catalogue of the Birds, Shells, &c., of Dorsetshire, in Hutchins’s History. London, 1799. fol. Edited by Mr. Racket. London, 1813. fol. INTRODUCTION. 61 R. READING. A Letter concerning Pearl Fishing in the North of Ireland. Phil. Trans. xvii. 659. J. Rurry. Essay towards a Natural History of the County Dublin. Dublin, 1772. 8vo. 2 vols. Rev. Revett SHEPPARD. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Land and Fresh-water Shells, with Observations upon many other Species, including a List of such as have been found in the County of Suffolk. Linn. Trans. xvi. (1825) 148. On Two New British Species of Mytilus. Linn. Trans. xii. (1822) p. 83. R. SIBBALD. Scotia Illustrata. Edinb. 1684. fol. An Account of Several Shells observed by him in Scotland... Phil."Frans: xix; 222. 391. Ch. SMITH. Ancient and Present State of the County and City of Waterford. Dublin, 1745. 8vo. Ditto of Cork. Dublin, 1750. 8vo. 2 vols. Ditto of Kerry. Dublin, 1756. 8vo. G. B. SowERBY. On the Means of Distinguishing Fresh-water from Marine Shells. Ann. Philos. ii. (1821) 310. Genera of Shells. 8vo. John STARK. Elements of Natural History. 2 vols. 8vo. Edinb. 1828. 62 INTRODUCTION. C. STEWART. Elements of Natural History. 2 vols. 8vo. Edinb. 1817. Hugh E. STRICKLAND. On the Naturalisation of Dreissena polymorpha in Great Britain. Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. n. s. 1838, p. 361. A List of some Land and Fresh-water Species of Shells found at Henley-on-Thames. Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vin. 494. W. Turton. M.D. Description of some New British Shells, accompa- nied by Figures from the original Specimens. Zool, Journ. u. 361. This paper contains the description of Physa alba and Bulimus tuberculatus, received from Mr. Blomer: Sicilian shells, and scarcely British. Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum. ‘The Shells of the British Islands systematically arranged. Exeter, 1822. Ato. A Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands. London, 1819. 8vo. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands. London, 1831. George WALKER. Testacea Minuta Rariora nuperrime detecta in Arena Littoris Sandvicensis, a Gul. Boys ; multa addidit et omnium Figuras delineavit G. Walker. Lond. 1784. 4to. —The text was written by Edward Jacob. J. WALLACE. A description of the Isles of Orkney. London, 1700. 8vo. INTRODUCTION. 63 J. WALLIS. Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland- London, 1769. 4to. W. Woop. Observations on the Hinges of British Bivalve Shells. Linn. Trans. vi. 154. Index Testaceologicus, with 2300 figures. London, 1825. 8vo. Supplement to Index Testaceologicus, with 480 figures. London, 1828. 8vo. The following authors treat of European land and fresh-water Mollusca, and have been mostly con- sulted either for the geographical distribution or the Synonyma of the species. dwY. V.ALTEN. Systematische Abhandlung uber die Erd und Fluss- Conchylien um Augsburg. Augs. 1812. 8vo., with 14 coloured plates. C~.Po Bearp: Histoire des Coquilles Terr. et Fluv. qui vivent aux Environs de Paris. Paris, 1815. 12mo., with 10 coioured plates. Collard de CHERRES. Shells of Finisterre. Act. Soc. Linn. de Bord, i. 4. J. Ph. R. DRAPARNAUD. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles dela France. Paris, 1805. 4to., with 13 block plates. Aud. de Férussac. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particuliére, des Mollusques Terr. et Fluv., &c. Paris, 1819. fol. Gottfr. GARTNER. Versuch einer Systematischen Beschreibung der um 64 INTRODUCTION. der Wetterau bisher entdeckten Conchylien. Hanau, 1813. 4to. GoupPIL. Histoire des Mollusques dans le Département de la Sarthe. 1835. S. GRATELOUP. Tableau Methodique des Mollusques Terrestres et F luviatiles vivants observés dans |’ Arrondissement de Dax. Bull. Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, 1829, p. A111. HARTMANN. Syst. der Erd und Flussm. der Schweiz. Stein- muller, Neuer Alpina 1. Winterthur, 1821. 8vo. Kickx. Synopsis Molluscorum Brabantie. KLEEBERG. Molluscorum Borrussicorum Synopsis. Diss. Inaug. Regiomonte, 1828. KLEEs. Characteristica et Descriptiones Testaceorum circa Tubingam indigenorum (Diss. Inaug.) Tubing. 1818. A. L. C. Micuaup. Complement de I’ Histoire Nat. des Mollusques ‘Ter. et Fluv. de Draparnaud. Paris, 1831. 4to., with 3 lithog. plates. O. F. Mutter. Historia Vermium ‘Terrestrium et Fluviatilium. Havniee, 1775. Ato. Suenome NILson. . Historia Molluscorum Sueciz Terrestrium et Flu- viatilium breviter delineata. Lunde, 1822. 8vo. INTRODUCTION. 65 B. C. PayraupDEAu. Catalogue des Annelides et des Mollusques de Vile de Corse. Paris, 1826. C. PFEIFFER. Systematische Anordung und Beschreibung Deut- scher Land und Wasser-Schnecken. Cassel, 1821. Ato., with 24 coloured plates. R. A. Puivrprtr. Enumeratio Molluscorum Sicilia. 4to. Bresl. 1836. Risso. H. Nat. de Europe Meridionale. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1826. E. A. RossMAsueERr. Iconographie der Land und Susswasser Mollusken. Dresden, 1835. 8vo. The best and cheapest figures of European land and fresh-water shells. Diagnoses Conchiliorum Terrestrium et Fluviati- lium. Dresden, 1833. 8vo. Testaceorum Fauna Europea. Dresden, 1834. Svo., with 5 plates. Thomas Say. Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United States. Philadelphia, 1811. From Nicholson’s Encyclopzedia, 4th Amer. edit. STUDER. System. Verz. der bis jetzt bekannten Schweizer Conch. Berne, 1820. 8vo. J. STURM. Deutschland’s Fauna, in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen, i—iv. 12mo. ‘TROSCHELL. De Limnzeaceis seu Gasteropodis pulmonatis que nostris in aquis vivunt. Bresl. 1834. 66 ARTIFICIAL TABLE OF THE GENERA OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS. Turis table is merely intended to assist the student in the discovery of the genera, without any reference to their natural relations. ‘The numbers refer to their situation in the body of the work. I. Untvatves. Shells consisting of a more or less conical valve. A, Shell fiat, solid. 7. Limax. Shell oval or oblong, without any visible spire. B. Shell conical. 26. ANcyLus. Shell conical, apex recurved rather to the right. 27, VeLLeTIA. Shell conical, compressed ; apex subcentral, bent to the left. C. Shell ear-shaped, solid. 9. TESTACELLUs. D. Shell conical spiral, a. Shell thin, edge of lips not thickened or reflexed, peristome not continued. * Mouth transverse, lunate ; shell depressed. 8. Virrina. Shell imperforated ; mouth large. 11. Zonirrs. Shell perforated, or umbilicated; mouth mo- derate. (Helices, Pupa, Clausilia, &c., when young.) TABLE OF GENERA. 67 * * Mouth longitudinal, dextral. + Pillar-lip smooth, not folded. 12. Succinea. Shell oval, amber-coloured; mouth large; front entire, rounded. 13. Butius (acutus). Shell turreted, white, variegated ; mouth moderate ; front entire, rounded. 16. Acwatina. Shell turreted, white ; mouth moderate; front truncated. t + Pillar with an oblique fold. 24. Lurnwus. Shell ovate or subturreted, perforated ; inner lip not expanded. 25, AMPHIPEPLEA. Shell ovate, very thin, imperforated ; inner lip rather expanded. * * * Mouth longitudinal, sinistral. + Pillar-lip smooth ; shell very thin, imperforated. 28. Puysa. Shell ovate; inner lip rather expanded. 29, ApLexus. Shell turreted ; inner lip not expanded. ++ Pillar-hp with an oblique fold. 24, Limnus pereger lineatus. A monstrosity. b. Shell moderately thick ; peristome not thickened, continued, * Shell grooved, variegated, ovate ; mouth suborbicular. 32. CYCLOSTOMA. * * Shell smooth, olive ; mouth ovate or orbicular. 5. Vatvata, Shell conical or depressed, umbilicated ; mouth orbicular. 3. Patupina. Shell ovate, conical, perforated, olive, banded ; mouth ovate. 4, Brrutnta. Shell ovate, conical, perforated, transparent ; mouth ovate. 2. AssIMINIA. Shell ovate, conical, solid, brown ; mouth ovate. 22. Acme. Shell subcylindrical, blunt, solid, brown; mouth ovate. 68 TABLE OF GENERA. ** * Shell smooth, half-ovate ; mouth half circular ; inner lip transverse, acute. 1. NERITINA. c. Shell moderately thick; edge of lips more or less thickened 10. 13. 14. 15. 21. 23. id; 18, LD! 20 and reflexed. * Mouth transverse. Hetrx. Shell suborbicular or conical ; mouth lunate, or ovate or circular. * * Mouth oblong, longitudinal. Butimus. Shell oblong, striated ; mouth toothless. Zua. Shell oblong, polished; mouth margined, tooth less. Azeca. Shell oblong, polished ; mouth margined, toothed. Carycuium. Shell oblong, smooth, white; mantle oblong, margined, sinuous. Conovutus. Shell oblong, smooth; mantle narrow ; pil- lar obliquely plaited. Pura. Shell subcylindrical, striated, blunt ; mouth margined, mostly toothed. Vertico. Shell subcylindrical, striated, blunt ; mouth dextral or sinistral, margined, mostly toothed. Ba.ea. Shell turreted, striated; apex acute ; mouth sinistral, not plaited. . Crausit1a, Shell fusiform, striated; apex acute ; mouth sinistral, plaited. E. Shell discoidal ; whorles revolving nearly on the same line. 30 31 5 * Mouth lunate, sinistral, edge not continued. . PLanorsis. Cavity simple. . SeemeNTINA. Cavity crossed with transverse ridges. ** Mouth circular, dextral, edge continued. . VALVATA. TABLE OF GENERA. 69 II. Bivatves. Shell formed of two valves, connected together by a ligament on the dorsal edge. * Shell with diverging hinge-teeth ; inside not pearly. 33. CycLas. Shell oblong, nearly equilateral. 34. Pistp1um. Shell ovate, inequilateral. * * Shell with regular hinge-teeth ; inside pearly. 37. Unio. Shell with distinct posterior lateral laminar teeth. 36. ALAsmopon. Shell without any lateral teeth. * * * Hinge toothless. 35. ANODON. Shell ovate, pearly ; umbones (dorsal) blunt. 38. Dreissena. Shell triangular, not pearly ; umbones (anterior) acute, In describing shells, they should be regarded in their natural position; that is to say, in the way in which they are placed on the animal; thus, the part of the shell over the head of the animal is called the front, and that over the tail the back, of the shell; and the left and right sides of the shell correspond with the left and right sides of the animal. This is exceedingly easy to be determined in the univalve shells, because the apex of the shelly cone, whether it be simply conical or spiral, in all univalves (except Patella and Lottia) is over the hinder part of the animal; therefore, if a shell is placed on its mouth, with the apex towards the spectator, the parts of the shell will correspond with the position of the person who is looking at it. As all shells are formed of a shelly cone (which, when very long, is generally rolled round an imaginary axis, for the purpose of diminishing the space that 70 TABLE OF GENERA. it occupies; but when it is short, is sometimes only slightly recurved, as in the Ancylus and Velletia), in order to maintain a similarity of terms for the same thing in these two forms, all the lines or grooves which pass from the apex of the cone to the mouth, and which are caused by some permanent modifications of the edge of the mantle, are called longitudinal or spiral, and all the lines which are parallel to the edge of the mouth of the shell, and which, in fact, are generally marks of its growth, or are caused by some periodi- cal development of the margin of the mantle, are de- signated as concentric or transverse. ‘Thus the striz on the Cyclostoma elegans and Planorbis albus are longitudinal or spiral, and the lamelle on Helix la- mellata and H. aculeata are concentric or transverse. But when we speak of the spiral shell as a whole, it is usual to call it short or elongate, according to the Jength of the imaginary axis on which the whorles are rolled; and when we speak of the length of the mouth, it extends from the line which forms the front to the hinder edge of the mouth, which, in the Ancylus, occu- pies the whole iength of the shell: the breadth is the line which crosses this at a right angle. It is equally easy to determine the natural position of the bivalves without the presence of the animal; for the ligament is always placed on the dorsal surface of the animal, and the mouth is placed on that side of the apex of the valve, or umbo, which is before the liga- ment. Consequently, if a bivalve shell is placed on the table, with its hinge-side uppermost, and with the ligament towards the observer, the shell will be in its natural situation, and the sides of the shell will agree with the sides of the observer. TABLE OF GENERA. 71 It is to be remarked that Linnzeus, and the natu- ralists of his school, described what is here called the front of the shell as the back, the left valve as the right, and vice versd ; and Lamarck, in general (but not universally), followed the same rule. The method above described is, however, so obviously correct, and every other so liable to confusion from the want of a sound foundation, that it cannot fail, sooner or later, to be universally adopted. SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION. Motuusca is the name given to that large division of the animal kingdom which is characterised by having a soft fleshy body, destitute both of a bony skeleton supporting jointed limbs, and of a hard ringed skin. They are covered with a muscular coat, called a mantle, endued with a glairy humour, and are gene- rally furnished with a calcareous envelope called a shell, which is secreted by this coat for the protection of the body or of the more vital organs of the animal. They are generally elongate, walking on a single central foot or disk, and furnished with one or more pairs of organs on the head and sides. Their ner- vous system, which furnishes the most distinctive cha- racter of the larger groups of the animal kingdom, merely consists of a certain number of medullary masses distributed to different parts of the body; one of the masses being placed over the gullet, and enve- loping it like a collar. This division of the animal kingdom is subdivided into five classes in the following manner : — A. Crawling on a foot placed under the body. I. Gasteropodes, which have a distinct head, furnished with eyes and tentacles, and are usually protected by a conical spiral shell. SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION. 73 II. Conchifers. — Having the mouth placed between the gills, they and the body enclosed between the two leaves of the mantle, which are covered with two shelly valves united by a cartilage. B. Destitute of any foot. I{I. Brachiopodes. — Having the mouth placed at the base of two spirally twisted ciliated arms, between the two leaves of the mantle, which are covered with two separate shelly valves: they live attached to other marine bodies. IV. Pteropodes. — Having a prominent head, with one or two pairs of fins on the sides of the neck, by which they swim about in the ocean. The body is often covered witha thin glassy conoidal shell. V. Cephalopodes, which have a large distinct head, furnished with eight or ten arms, by means of which they walk head downwards. Linneus refers all the animals inhabiting shells to five different genera; viz., Limaz, Ascidia, Ano- mia, Clio, and Sepia. ‘These genera may be re- garded as the types of the classes proposed by Cuvier. Poli had, before his time, considered three of them as orders, under the names of Mollusca Reptantia, Sub- silientia, and Brachiata. (i. 27.) The terrestrial or fluviatile Mollusca, of which alone we have to treat in this little work, are confined to the two first of these classes. The shell, which is peculiar to this division of the animal kingdom, may be seen covering the young animal in the egg, before it has gained all its organs, E 7A SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION. as was observed by Swammerdam, and verified by the more extended observations of Pfeiffer, Turpin, and others. ‘They are easily seen in the egg of the Limnei, Physe, Ancyli, and Bithinie, which have a transparent coat. (See Phil. Trans., 1833.) The shells of the newly-hatched animals have been frequently considered as distinct species, and some very thin shells of land Mollusca, such as Vitrine, have been taken for the young of other well-known species, as H. hortensis. ‘These young shells are easily known by their always being of a pale horn colour ; the whorles are generally rather irregular, and en- large very rapidly ; and the apex of the whorl which was first formed is generally large and blunt, com- pared with the size of the shell. They are always destitute of colour, for the animal does not deposit the colouring matter until after it has been hatched ; and it is therefore generally easy to distinguish in the young shell (and sometimes also in the adult) that part of the top of the spire which formed the shell of the animal when in the egg. The shell is formed by the hardening of the animal matter, which is secreted by certain glands on the surface of the body, by means of chalky matter, which is also secreted by similar glands. It has been stated that the unhatched animal, very shortly after it is formed, begins to make its shell; and when it is hatched, deposits on the edge of the mouth of the little shell which covered its body in the ege a small quantity of the mucous secretion. ‘This dries, and is then lined with some mucous matter, intermixed with calcareous particles ; and when this hardens, it again places on its edge another very thin layer of the mu- SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION. 15 cous secretion, and again lines it as before. The mu- cous secretion first deposited forms the outer coat of the shell, and is of use in protecting it from injury, while the mucous matter mixed with lime, which is placed within it, forms the substance of the shell itself, This deposition of mucus, and of mucus mixed with calcareous matter, goes on as the animal grows and feels the want of a larger shell for its protection: the shell is, in fact, moulded en the body of the ani- mal itself, as the body grows; and for this reason any irregularity in the body is moulded in the shell. The animal has the faculty, also, of mending any break or injury that its shell may have received, if it is not of such a magnitude as to derange all the func- tions of the animal itself; and it mends them in the same manner as it forms its shell; that is to say, by depositing first a coat of animal matter, and then lining it with mucous matter, mixed with chalk, te harden it. But as the animal is ‘usually very desirous of getting the repairs done as quickly as possible, and is most probably damaged by the injury it has re- ceived, these repairs are generally much more roughly executed than the shell itself, and commonly destitute _of regular colour. The particles which vary the colour of the surface of the shell are deposited while the shell is being increased in size, immediately under the outer mu- cous coat; and as these particles are also secreted by peculiar glands, the celour is always situated in a particular manner on each species, the glands being gradually enlarged, and gradually separated, but not changed in position by the growth of the shell. E 2 76 SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION. All the variations exhibited in the colouring of the different species, or in the different individuals of the same species, are produced by the permanent or tem- porary interruption of the action of these glands. But for a more detailed account of these phenomena, I must refer the reader to my papers on the subject in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. 77 OF CRAWLING MOLLUSCANS. Crass I GASTEROPODA Cuww. ‘THE animal is furnished with a distinct head, two or four tentacles, and a broad expanded foot for locomo- tion; and is generally protected by astraight, oblique, or spirally-twisted conical univalve shell. This class is divided into orders, according to the form of their re- spiratory organs; thus :— A. The gills comb-like, formed of a ridge of plates or Jilaments, on the inner side of the mantle, over the back of the neck. (Ptenobranchiata.) I. Zoophaga, the edge of the mantle produced into a siphon. Ii. Phytophaga, the edge of the mantle simple. B. The gills variable, arborescent, or the respiratory organs in the form of lungs. III. Pleurobranchiata, the gills on the side of the body, under the edge of the mantle. IV. Gymnobranchiata, the gills naked on the back, or round the inner edge of the mantle. VY. Pneumobranchiata, the respiratory organs con- sisting of a bag formed by the mantle, and lined with the pulmonary vessels. E 3 78 PHYTOPHAGA. The last order consists almost entirely of terrestrial or fluviatile Mollusca, their organisation being only adapted for respiring free air; and there are a few fluviatile species found in the second order: the rest are all marine, and therefore excluded from our con- sideration at present. Orpver l. PHYTOPHAGA. 9. 11. Bithinia tentaculata. 12. 14. Valvata cristata. 3. 8. 11. 14. The opercula. 1. 3. Neritina fluviatilis. 4. 6. Assiminia Grayana. 7. 8. Paludina vivipara. Tue gills are in the form of one or more comb-like ridges of plates or filaments on the inner side of the mantle over the back of the neck. The edge of the mantle is entire, and destitute of any syphon. They respire water, or more properly air, through the water, and they are unisexual, and have only two tentacles; their mouth is usually at the end of a short proboscis, and they live chiefly on vegetable food. The shells have an entire roundish or semilunar PODOPHTHALMA. 79 mouth, without any canal in front. They are pro- vided with an operculum, which covers the mouth of the shell upon the animal, and which, from its position and the manner of its formation being similar to that of the shell, may be considered as a free second on valve. This order is divided into groups, by the position of the eyes, and the absence or presence of tentacles on the side of the body. Sect. I. Podophthaima Have the eyes placed on a separate pedicel at the hinder edge of the tentacles: the heart is generally traversed by the rectum, as in the Conchifera. Fam. 1. Neritide. The sides of the body simple: shell ovate; mouth half-ovate, with an acute inner lip ; operculum appendaged. (f. 1—3.) Sect. I]. Eriophthalma. Eyes of the animal sessile at the base of the tentacles : dicecious. Fam. 2. Melaniade, — animal; trunk elongate: shell ovate; mouth ovate, not continued; operculum horny, ovate, spiral. (f. 4—6.) Fam. 3. Paludinide, — animal; gills enclosed: shell conical; mouth ovate, continued; operculum an- Fam. 4. Valvatide,—animal ; gills exserted : shell coni- cal; mouth round, continued; operculum horny, orbicular, many-whorled. (f. 12—14.) E 4 8d. PHYTOPHAGA. Fam. 1. NERITID/E. The sides of the body simple, without any elongated filaments; tentacles awl-shaped, eyes on short pedicels at the outer side of their base (p.78. f.1, 2.); the shell ovate-conical; mouth half-ovate, with a flattened transverse sharp-edged inner lip; the operculum spiral, half-ovate, and furnished with two internal processes on its front edge, forming a kind of hinge on the sharp edge of the inner lip of the shell. See p. 78. f. 3. The peculiar structure of the operculum makes this family more closely resemble the bivalve shells: the processes appear to answer the same purpose (that of keeping the two parts in their proper situation) as the teeth of the hinges in the bivalves. In the exotic genus Navicella, which, on account of its large mouth, has been confounded with the Patelle, the processes occupy the greater part of the oper- culum. There is only a single fluviatile genus of this family found in Britain. 1, 1. Nerrtina Lam. (Neritine.) Shell half-ovate, thin; inner lip slightly toothed ; oper- culum only slightly calcareous, and furnished with a sharp flexible outer edge ; foot short, rounded at each end. This genus is separated from the marine Nerita by the pillar being sharp, only slightly NERITID. 81 denticulated, and the outer lip not being toothed within. Neritina is the diminutive of Nerita, the ancient name of a sea-shell. The greater part of the species are confined to fresh- water streams, but one of the North American species is found for 200 miles up a river, from the mouth where it is quite salt, to beyond the reach of the tide, where the water is perfectly fresh. One species (Ne- ritina viridis) is only found in the sea. (See Phil. Trans. 1835.) M. Deshayes and several other conchologists, espe- cially those who only study the external form of shells, have proposed to unite this genus to the Nerites, be- cause some of the species are marine, and some of the fluviatile species have a tooth on the pillar lip. The yenera are, however, very distinct; and they may be well characterised by the structure of the operculum. (See Phil. Trans. 1833, p. 814.) The operculum of the Neritine is solid, shelly, and furnished with a thin flexible outer edge; that of the Nerites is horny, covered on both sides with a hard shelly coat. The position of the horny operculum is shown by a groove in the edge between the two coats; and if a knife is inserted, the coats can be separated from the operculum. As the periostraca is essential to the structure of the shell, and is always present, some shells being formed of scarcely any thing else, so it is with the operculum, the horny part similar to the periostraca of shells being always present, and forming its essential part, and a shelly coat being in some instances added to the outer surface, as in Turbo and Phasianella, or to ES 82 PHYTOPHAGA. the inner surface, as in this genus, in which the horny part is very thin and scarcely visible, except where the shelly coat is very thin, as at the flexible edge. These animals absorb the septa which separate the whorls of the spire, when they have arrived at their full size, so as to allow more room for the spiral body, without increasing the size of the shell; and this can be done without endangering the strength of the shell, as only a very small part of the whorl is exposed on the surface. A similar absorption is to be observed in many Auriculide, and to a less extent in the Cones, where the septa are only reduced in thickness. (See Phil. Trans. 1833, p. 798.) This absorption is only superficial, and produced by that portion of the surfaee of the mantle which lies close to it, and is not to be confounded with the ab- sorption of the bones of vertebrated animals, where it is produced by vessels which ramify in the substance of the bone, and which are accompanied by other vessels to replace with new portions the part which has been removed. The apices of the spires of these shells are some- times eroded; those are more so which live in stag- nant or nearly stagnant waters. The late Mr. Sowerby (Min. Conch. iv. 49.) supposed that this was produced by “some acid developed during the fermentation of vegetable matter in marshes or at the bottoms of the rivers.” Others, who were not aware how the animals walked, have said that this erosion of the apex was produced by the animal rubbing it against the ground in progression ; explaining also the erosion of the umbones.of the Uniones in the same manner. NERITIDZ. 83 1.1. NeriTINA fluviatilis. River Neritine. (t. 8. f.124.) Shell convex, dilated, tessellate, with variously coloured spots; spire short, lateral. Neritina fluviatilis. Lamarck, vi. ii. p. 188.; Fem. B.A. 321.; Turton, Man. ed. 1. 138. Nerita fluviatilis. Linn. S. Nat. 1253.; Miiller, ii. 194.; Drap. p.31. t.1.f.1—14.; Brard, p. 194. 7. 1. 9; 10712.;* Mont. p.470.; ‘Turt. Dict. 127. Theodoxus Lutetianus. De Montfort, ii. p. 351. Neritina fontinalis. Brard, Hist. C. 196. t. 7. f.11. ta.: Per. Gaz. t. 91. 1.3.5 Last. Conch: ui. Waees Swamm. B. N. 80. t. 10. f. 2. Neritina Dalmatica. Sow. C. Illus. f. 57. In slow rivers, adhering to stones. Animal white; head and back of the neck blackish ; hinder part of the foot sometimes black spotted; ten- tacle long, white, with blackish line. Shell about three eighths of an inch long, and two broad, convex above and flat underneath, obscurely striate transversely, of a greenish or whitish colour, variously checquered with spots or bands of white, brown, purple, or pink; spire consisting of three yo- lutions, the first very large, oblong, and oblique, the others small and lateral; aperture horizontal, semiel- liptic, with the margin sharp and entire; pillar white, transverse, sloping down to a sharp edge, and quite entire ; operculum semilunar, yellowish, with an orange border, and underneath is a strong raised grooved spire at one end. The shells are often covered with calcareous incrust~ ations, deposited by the water, which make them E 6 84 ' PHYTOPHAGA. look like pieces of dirt, and thus escape being seized on by the fish. The continental conchologists have described several species allied to the above. Rossmasler reduces them to three; but, from the specimens which I have re- ceived under different names, I greatly doubt if they are more than mere local varieties of our species. Nilson found a small variety or species in Sweden, on the shores of the Baltic, with Mytilus edulis, Cardi- um, &e. Our species has been found in similar situ- ations in Loch Stennis, Orkney, by Mr. Edward Forbes. Fam. 2. MELANIAD/E. Shell ovate, turreted; mouth ovate; operculum free, horny, ovate, spiral. The trunk of the animal is more or less elongate, with 2 subulate tentacles, with the eyes sessile on the outer sides of their base. This family contains only one rather anomalous British fresh-water genus among its numerous marine ones. ‘There are several other fluviatile genera, as Melania, Melanopsis, and Potamides, which are now only found in the warmer parts of the world, that were once inhabitants of these regions, as they are found in the fossil beds of the Isle of Wight, and the coast of Hampshire. 2. 1. Asstmrnta Leach MSS, (Assiminia.) Shell ovate, conical, solid; mouth ovate; tentacles very short, scarcely larger than the tubercles on which the eyes are placed, and united to their side. (p. 78. f. 4,.5, 6.) The animal differs from Zittorina in the ap- parent position of the eyes, which is an anomaly among the water or Ptenobranchous Mollusca. This animal was first indicated, and its peculiarites pointed out, in my paper above quoted, in 1821 ; when I made the following remarks on itsstructure. ‘The animal of this shell differs from all others of the order (to which it belongs), by the eyes appearing to be placed at the end of the tentacle; but I believe that they are 86 PHYTOPHAGA. placed on a peduncle as long as the tentacle, and the peduncles and tentacula are soldered together.” Mr. Berkeley, in his description of the animal (Zool. Journ. v.429.), observes, — “The most remarkable circumstance in this animal is the position of the eyes at the tip of the tentacle, as in Helix and its allies, and not at the base. It would appear as if there were in reality no tentacula, and only the tubercle, common to many Mollusca, at the base of the tenta- cula, a little more developed than usual.” I am in- clined to retain my former theory; for if the pedicel of the eye of this genus is minutely examined, it will appear to be formed of two parts united by a suture. A shell which I described from India, under thename of Turbo Francesia (Wood, Supp. t. 6. f. 28.), has been found by Mr. Benson to have the same kind of animal, and to be a second species of the genus. 2.1. Assiminta Grayana. Liver-coloured Assiminia. t— f.127. Shell ovate, acute, solid, liver-brown ; suture slightly impressed ; mouth ovate. Nerita Syncera hepatica. Gray, Med. Repos. 1821, p- 239. Assiminia Grayana. Leach, MSS. 1816; Flem. B. A. 275.; Berkeley, Zool. Journ. v. 429. t. 19. f. 4. Lymneus Grayanus. Jeffreys, Linn. Trans. xvi. 378. Paludina Grayana. Potiez, Gal. i. 251. t. 25. f. 23, 24. Inhab. the mouths of rivers and small streams con- nected with them, seldom out of the reach of brackish water. -— MELANIADE. 87 Foot broadly obovate, obtuse, compressed, evi- dently of two distinct laminee, the lower projecting beyond the upper, and separated from it by an accu- rately defined line; above fuscous, beneath olivaceous, shaded with cinereous ; tentacles very short and obtuse, fuscous, eyes at their tips; muzzle porrect, not truly proboscidiform, deeply notched in front, fuscous, strongly annulated; the edge of the lips paler: on each side is a groove running backwards from the base of the tentacula. Shell about + inch long, ovate, solid, bright, shining, liver-brown, with a conical spire, and slightly impressed suture. ‘The axis is imperforated. Operculum horny, ovate, black-brown. Very like the small Zittorine, but more solid, and differs in the animal; it is curious that so abun- dant a shell should have been overlooked by Mon- tagu and his correspondents. There may be noticed two marine species, some- times found with the former. }. Lirrorina anatina. Paludina anatina. Drap., Michaud, Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 116. Sometimes found in the marshes at Greenwich, with the Assiminia Grayana. ‘The shell is ovate, perforated, thin, transparent; the whorles are ven- tricose, rounded, and the mouth ovate; the operculum is horny, brown. It is like Bithinia ventricosa, but smaller and shorter, and has a horny spiral opercu- lum, like the periwinkle; the peristome is continued ; the shell is often covered with green Alge. 83 PHYTOPHAGA. 2, LITroRINA muriatica. Turbo muriaticus Linn. Cyclostoma acutum Drap. Which has been placed by the latter author as a fresh-water species, is abundant on many parts of our coasts. It is nearly allied to Littorina ulve. Hart- mann has formed a genus called Hydrobia from these small Littorine, 89 Fam. 3. PALUDINID. The tentacles elongate, slender, with eyes sessile at the outer side of their base (p. 78. f. 7. and 9.) ; the gills are always enclosed in the gill cavity. Shell conical, thin, covered with an olive perios- traca; mouth ovate, entire, angular behind; the peristome continued ; operculum horny or shelly, formed of concentric laminz, with a subcentral nucleus. (p. 78. f. 8. and 11.) They are all fluviatile. The animals were confounded by Lamarck, in his first works, with the genus Cyclostoma; and Drapar- naud has placed in this genus some marine species which belong to Littorine; Cuvier, overlooking the cha- racter of the operculum, and some other peculiarities in the animal, confounded them with the animals of that genus. (See Rey. Anim. and Mém. Moll.) This family, unlike most of the families of Pteno- branchous Mollusca, consists entirely of truly fluvi- atile animals. It has many characters in common with the exctic family of apple-snails (Ampullariade), which also have an annular operculum; but these have pedicelled eyes, very long tentacles, very long subulate lips, and are furnished with an air-bag on the side of their gills. It contains two British genera, which, though very distinct and easily characterised, have been generally confounded, viz. : — 90 PHYTOPHAGA. 1. Paludina. Operculum horny; mouth of the shell thin. 2. Bithinia. Operculum shelly; mouth of the shell thickened internally. 3.1. Patupina Lam. (Marsh Shell.) Operculum horny, the nucleus rather on the inner side (p. 78. f.8.); shell conoid or oblong; mouth roundish, slightly angular behind; peristome united all round, thin. (p. 78. f. 7.) They are called Paludine from their being found in marshes and ditches. The animals are viviparous, the young being hatched while the eggs are in the oviduct of the mother. . The shells of the newly-hatched individuals are covered with spiral bands of cilia. 3.1. PaLupina vivipara. Crystalline Marsh Shell. (t.8. f.118.) Shell thin, oval, acute, volutions five, much inflated, with three brown bands; the suture deeply impressed; spire blunt mu- cronate. ; Helix vivipara. Linn. Fauna Su. 529.; List. Ang. t.2. f.17.; Petiv. Mus. 84. n. 814.; Montagu, ff. 3. B86. Paludina crystallina. Gray, Med. Rep. 1821, p. 239. Nerita fasciata. Muiller Verm. 11. 182. part. vivipara. Miiller, ii. 182. Cyclostoma viviparum. Drap. 34. t.1. f. 16, 17. Paludina vivipara. Lam. vi. 173.; Nilson, 88.; Turton, Man. ed. 1.133. f. 118. ; Brard, 174. t. 7. f.1.; Rossm. f. 66.; Desh. viii. 511. PALUDINID&. Oi Viviparus fluviorum. De Monéf. ii. 247. Paludina achatina. Sow. Gen. f. 1. Cyclostoma contectum. Millet, Milf 5. In still waters and slow rivers. Shell an inch and a quarter long, and an inch broad, thin, transparent, finely striate longitudinally, of an olive colour, with three brown bands on the larger volution; spire composed of five inflated and deeply divided volutions, the last very large, the first a mere point; aperture pear-shaped, a little pro- duced at the upper angle; the inner lip a little re- flected so as to half close the umbilicus. ‘The young shells are subglobose, pellucid, obscurely banded, rather flattened above, and furnished with five ciliated lines. 4,2, Pautupina achatina. Common Marsh Shell. (t. 8. f. 119.) Shell rather thin, conic-oval, acute; volutions six, rather tumid, with three olive-brown bands; the sutures well defined. Helix vivipara. Linn. S. N. part. ventricosa. Oliv. Ad. 178. Paludina vulgaris. Gray, Med. Rep. 1821, p. 239. fasciata. Desh., Lam. vii. 5138. Lymnea vivipara. lem. Nerita fasciata. Miuiller, Verm. 182. Cyclostoma achatinum. Drap. 36. t.1. £18. Turbo achatinus. Sheppard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 125. thf kee Paludina achatina. Brug. E. M.t. 458. f.1.; Lam. H. vii. 174.; Rossm. 109. f. 66*.; Turton, Man. 133. £. 119. Helix vivipara b. Gmelin, S. N. 36. 46. Nerita fasciata. Sturm, Faun. vi. 2. t. 12. 99 PHYTOPHAGA. Young shell with numerous hairy bands: Helix compactilis. Pulteney. Very young shell. Vitrina femorata. Auctor. Inhab. rivers. Shell resembling the last, but of a more oblong shape, with six volutions, which are not so much swollen, and consequently the sutures are not so deep. The young shells are furnished with numerous close ciliated spiral lines. Lister gives the anatomy of the former species, and Cuvier of this (t. 6. f. 1. 4.), in the Mém. Mollusques. Though Lister has figured the two species as found in Britain, they had been confounded by English conchologists until I noticed them in the Medical Repository for 1821, when I also pointed out that they were known to Lister, and that the young shell of the two species offered the very different characters noticed in their descriptions. ‘They are sometimes found to- gether in the same river, as at Uxbridge, Middlesex. Muller, in his figures of this animal, in the Zoologia Danica, represents two small processes at the hinder part of the opercular mantle, as in the animal of Lacuna. Can he have represented a specimen of that genus, by mistake, for he has figured the animal as red? 4.2. Biruinta Gray. (Bithinia.) Operculum lined internally with a thick shelly coat ; nucleus subcentral (p. 78. f. 11.) ; the mouth of the shell ovate, continued, rather angular behind, with a slightly thickened internal rib. (See p. 78. f. 9, 10.) PALUDINIDZ, 93 These animals are oviparous, their eggs being de- posited in oblong groups, like the Limnei or Pond Snails, on the stems and leaves of fresh-water plants. (See Pfeiffer, Moil. t. 6. f. 10, 11, 12.) 5.1. Briruinia tentaculaia. 'Tentacled Bithinia. (t. 8. f. 120.) Shell oval-oblong, yellowish horn- colour, smooth, semitransparent, with five rather flat volutions, and without umbilicus. Helix tentaculata. Linn. Fauna Suec. 531. (List. Ang. t. 2. £.19.); Gmel. 3662. ; Mont. 389. Bulimus tentaculatus. Pozret, 61. Lymnea tentaculata. lem. Nerita jaculator. Miiller, Verm. ii. 185. Turbo nucleus. Da Costa, t. 5. f. 12. Paludina tentaculata. lem. ——- impura. Lam. vi. 175.; List. Conch. t. Poe. 1. o2.> brard, 185. t. 7.4.2.3. Turton, Man. 134. f. 120. Cyclostoma impurum. WDrap. 36. t. 1. f. 19.; Sturm, Fauna, t. vi. 3. 1. Young. Turbo levis. (?) Walker, f. 33. Nerita spheerica. Miller. Var. 1. Shorter, less, and more conical. Drap. t. 1. £20. In ditches and canals; common all over Britain. Animal blackish, with golden dots; foot two-lobed in front, narrow and subacute behind; tentacle seta- ceous, long; the eyes black. Shell half an inch long, and three tenths wide, often covered with a blackish foul coat; spire com- posed of five volutions, the first very tumid, the others hardly raised; pillar without umbilicus. 94 PHYTOPHAGA, 6. 2. Brrurnia ventricosa. Ventricose Bithinia. (t. 8. f. 121.) Shell conic, yellowish horn-colour, smooth, semi-transparent, with five very tumid volutions, and a small oblique umbilicus. Bithinia ventricosa. Gray, M. Rep. 1821, p. 239. Turbo Leachu. Sheppard, Linn. Trans. xiv. 152. Paludina acuta. Fleming. Cyclostoma simile. Drap. 31. t.4. f. 15.? Paludina ventricosa. ‘ Leach, MSS.;” Sheppard, Brown, Brit. Shells, t. 41. £74, 75. Paludina humilis. N. Boubée, Cat. - similis. Turton, Man. 135. f. 121.; AL der, Mag. ool. and Bot. ii. 116. In ditches and canals; south of England. Shell a quarter of an inch long, and two lines broad, with four or five very tumid volutions; aper- ture dilated, nearly circular, projecting more out- wardly, or out of the line of the columnar axis, witha small umbilicus behind it. The lower volutions are sometimes decussated, the horizontal striz being the deepest. See Linn. Trans. xiv. 152. The fry, or mass of egg, of this species, are dis- posed on a tough strap-shaped green membrane, in a double row, consisting of six or seven pairs placed opposite to each other; and this elongated receptacle is fixed to the under surface of aquatic plants. This species was first added to the list, in the Medical Repository for 1821. Mr. Sheppard received it from Dr. Leach, under my name, but he changed it to TZ. Leachit. I do not think it is C. simile of Draparnaud: in Dr. Turton’s figure, the volutions are scarcely sufficiently ventricose. PALUDINID. 95 Dr. Beck tells me that this shell is Nerita globulosa of Muller: it does not well agree with his description. We have received it from Tarbes in France, from M. N. Boubée, under the name of P. humilis. Mr. Alder observes (Mag. ool. and Bot. ii. 116.), * The Paludina viridis of 'Turton’s Manual (ed. 1. 135, f. 122.) I take to be the young of P. similis (Bithinia ventricosa), judging from specimens in Mr. Clark’s cabinet.” Most probably this idea is correct, as I have not been able to find any authority for Drapar- naud’s species being found in this country; and it is to be remarked that Turton’s account is taken from Draparnaud, and Dr. Turton does not give any habi- ‘tat for the species. M. N. Boubée’s specimen of Pail. viridis proves it to bea Hydrobia or minute Littorina : it has a horny subspiral operculum. Mr. Alder also thinks that the Paludina stagno- rum ‘Turton, Man. (ed. 1. 136. f. 123.) may probably be a mere slender variety of P. stmilis. (Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 116.) I think it is much more probably a Littorina, as he considers it the same as Paludina acuta of Drap. In the absence ofspecimens, it is im- possible to decide; and, as Dr. Turton does not give any locality, it is even doubtful if the whole account of the species and figures were not derived from Drapar- naud’s work. If intended for any British species, it must be Littorina ventricosa, which is common in the ditches with Cardium edule, &c., near Tilbury Fort. 96 PHYTOPHAGA. Fam. 4. VALVATIDZE. The tentacles are elongate, tapering, rather blunt, with the eyes on small tubercles at the outer hinder side of their base; mouth rather pro- boscidiform; the foot truncated and _ slightly lobed in front, rounded and slightly nicked be- hind; the gills are exserted when the animal is expanded, and are formed of an elongate, tapering, conical process, furnished on each side with a series of spirally-twisted lamine, placed opposite to each other. (p. 78. f. 13.) On the hinder part of the right side, near the suture of the whorls, is an exserted filiform member (p. 78. f. 12.) like a tentacle, but rather shorter and thicker, which is called the branchial thread by Lamarck. The shell conical, thin, covered with an olive peri- ostraca; the mouth round, with a continued peri- stome. The operculum is horny, suborbicular, formed of many gradually enlarging whorls, which have a raised membranaceous outer edge, forming a spiral ridge on the outer surface. (p. 78. f. 14.) The shells are known from Paludinz by the shelly cone being circular, and not bent in in any part by the proximate whorls. ‘They are like the marine genus Skenia of Fleming, which, however, has a dif- ferent animal, very like that of Rissoa and Hydrobia. VALVATIDE. 97 These animals have been well described by Miller, Montagu, Nilson, Hartmann, and others. Montagu showed that Turbo fontinalis, which Muller had refer- red to Nerita, should be placed in the genus which Miller had established under the name of Valvata. 5.1. Varvara Miiller. (Valve Shell.) Shell with the spire a little elevated, or flat and disk- like; aperture quite circular, united all round, and furnished with a horny operculum marked with a single raised spiral membranaceous line. (p.78.f. 14.) So named from the valve or lid which covers the orifice of the aperture. 7.1. Vatvata piscinalis. Stream Valve Shell. (t. 8. f. 114.) Shell globular, with an elevated obtuse spire, and a deep central umbilicus. Nerita piscinalis. Miller, 172. Valvata obtusa. Brard, p.190.t.6.£17.; Turton, Man. ed. 1. 130.; Pfeiffer, 198. t.4. f. 32. t. 1. f, 13. Cyclostoma obtusum. Drap. p. 33. t.1. f. 14. Turbo fontinalis. Mont. p. 348. t. 22. f. 4. thermalis. Dullwyn, p. 852. Helix piscinalis. Gmel. 3627. Valvata piscinalis. Lam. vi. 172.; Kenyon, Mag. N. Hist. iii. 425. f. b. c. d.; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Boi, ix, 116, Lymnea fontinalis. Flem., Ed. Ency. Young rather depressed, umbilicus rather wider, Helix fascicularis. Alten Syst. 74. t. 8. f. 16. Valvata depressa. Pfeiffer. minuta. Pfeiffer. ? FE 98 PHYTOPHAGA. In canals and ponds; common to all parts of England. Animal whitish; trunk grey rugose. Shell nearly a quarter of an inch long and as much broad, globular, thin, light horn-colour, very finely spiral-striate, and marked with some obscure concen- tric lines; spire of four volutions, tumid, and deeply defined, and having much the appearance of a Trochus, with a deep central umbilicus; operculum dul! grey- ish white. Mr. Alder states that he received specimens of V. depressa of Pfeiffer, from Lancashire, some years ago, by Mr. Kenyon. They are exactly similar to those in M. Férussac’s cabinet, received from Pfeiffer himself; but it can scarcely, he observes, be considered more than a variety of V. piscinalis. I think this opinion is fully borne out by the examination of some specimens which Mr. Kenyon has kindly sent to the British Museum collection. Nilson and Forbes agree in this opinion, and as the former justly observes, all conoid shells are more depressed in their young state, from the peculiarity of their formation. (See f. a.d.c.) The animal and operculum are well described by Montagu (Test. Brit. 351.), who justly compared the animal to that of the next species, though in his ar- rangement one shell is a Turbo and the other a Helix ; but he saw the difficulty of this arrangement. See his note at p. 367., and also at p. 461., where he describes the animal of V.. cristata. 8.2. VatvaTa cristata. Crested Valve Shell. (t.8. f. c & VALVATID&. 95 115.) Shell discoid, flat above, and umbilicate beneath ; whorls 3. Valvata cristata. Muiller, Verm. 198.; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. i. 116. Valvata spirorbis. Drap. p. 41. t. 1. £32, 33.; Brard, p. 187. t.6. f.15, 16.; Turton, Man. ed. LHS tlh, Nerita valvata. Gmel. 3675. Helix cristata. Mont. p.46.; Vign. 1. £.7, 8. Turbo cristatus. Turton, Dict. p. 227. Valvata planorbis. Drap. 41. t. 1. f.34, 35.; Tur- ton, Man. ed. 1. 132. £116. (?) Junior. Valvata minuta. Drap. 42. t. 1. f. 36—38. : Turton, Man. ed. 1. f. 117. In ditches and canals, on aquatic plants. Shell about the tenth of an inch in diameter, pale horn-colour, striate transversely, with three volutions: the upper surface a little sunk, the under side umbi- licate, so as to expose the interior volutions. Mr. Alder observes (Mag. Sool. and Bot. ii. 117.), ** Dr. Turton has introduced two other species, V. plan- orbis Drap. (f. 116.), and V. minuta Drap. (f.117.), into his Manual, but no specimens of them are now to be found in his cabinet.” Mr. Alder says he took some pains to investigate these two species when in Paris, on examining three of the principal collections there : those of the Jardin des Plantes, the Baron de Férus- sac, and the Duke de Rivoli. ‘In the latter only, I found any thing under the name of V. planorbis. The specimens (which were originally Lamarck’s) were V. cristata Muller. M. de Férussac had speci- mens, under the name of . minuta, from two differ- F2 -_ 100 PHYTOPHAGA. ent individuals. Those from M. Pfeiffer are, I think, the young of V.. cristata, and the others (I for- get from whom, but with the name of Draparnaud) the young of V. piscinalis. Mr. Miller introduced V. minuta into his catalogue of the land and fresh- water shells of the environs of Bristol, but no speci- men of it is preserved in the Bristol Museum. Dr. Turton says, that his V. minuta is the Helix serpu- loides of Montagu. This is well known to be a marine shell, referrible to the genus Skenea of Fleming. Mr. Thompson of Belfast has, however, favoured me,” continues Mr. Alder, *‘ with the examination of a shell which may possibly turn out to be the V. minuta Drap., though I suspect it to be marine.” 101 Orpver I]. PNEUMONOBRANCHIAT A. THE respiratory organs consisting of a number of pulmonary vessels spread over an open or closed bag- like cavity on the back of the neck, they breathe free air, and either live constantly on the land or in the water, in which latter case they come periodically to the surface to respire. The shell is rarely wanting. This order is divided into families in the following manner : — Sect. I. Inoperculated. Edge of the mantle adherent to the back of the neck, forming a closed pulmo- nary chamber, leaving a hole for the entrance and exit of the air; operculum none; hermaphrodite. A. Terrestrial. "Tentacles cylindrical, retractile; upper pair having the eyes at their tip. Fam. 1. Arionide. Head and tentacles re- tractile; end of the tail truncated, bearing a mucous gland. Fam. 2. Helicide. Head and tentacles retractile ; end of tail simple, conical. B. Aquatic. ‘Tentacles contractile, with the eyes at or near their base. Fam. 3.