GV
UC-NRLF
cr
8061 '12 'NVP Itfd A *M '
A Manual of Marching
GEORGE A. CORNELL
LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
>
/ V-
Class
A MANUAL OF MARCHING
By GEORGE A. CORNELL, '02
Edited by ELMER BERRY, '02
Instructor
International Young Men's Christian Association Training School Springfield, Massachusetts
SECOND EDITION
Adopted as the Official Manual of Marching by the Y. M. C. A. Physical Directors' Society
JANUARY, 1906
The Seminar Publishing Company Springfield, Mass.
COPYRIGHT, 1906 THE SEMINAR PUBLISHING Co.
Contents.
Page
Marching 6-9
Method 10
General rules 11-15
Cadence 15
Single rank 16-56
Forming 16-20
Being in line at a halt 16-23
Being in column or line at a halt or marking time 23-26
Marching or marking time in column or line 26-27
Marching in column of files 28-32
Marching in column of files counted off in various ways. 33-35
Marching in column of twos 36-39
Marching in column of files and twos center and side
of gymnasium . 39-40
Marching in column of fours 41-44
Marching in column of eights 44-56
Double rank 57-60
Methods of getting on floor 60-69
Bibliography 70
Fancy steps 71-72
I
3d 3<
A Manual of Marching.
BY GEORGE A. CORNELL, '02'
EDITED BY ELMER BERRY, '02,
INSTRUCTOR
INTERNATIONAL YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION TRAINING SCHOOL, SPRINGFIELD, MASS.
Preface.
The value of marching, from a normal standpoint, is becoming increasingly evident. The steady demand for a useful textbook has made a second edition of Mr. Cornell's Manual needful. In presenting this second edi- tion it has not been thought necessary to make important modifications. A few new movements have been in- cluded, and an index has been added which it is hoped will increase the usefulness of the Manual.
During the last few years fancy steps have come to oc- cupy an important place in physical training. They have an inherent hygienic value, as well as furnishing enter- tainment. The short chapter on "Fancy Steps" added by Dr. J. H. McCurdy will be found helpful and sug- gestive to those interested in such work.
ELMER BERRY.
* Reprinted from the Association Seminar.
5
Marching.
Alfred T. Halsted, M. D., says in his "Manual of Marching for Gymnastic Use" : "A tour among the gym- nasiums of our land would doubtless reveal as great a diversity of methods in handling men and boys upon the floor as in the character of the exercises given. Every- thing from the general rush for dumb-bells and the scrambling for 'spots' on the floor to the nearest approach to military methods possible would probably be found." Is this true to-day ? It may be the case in a great many gymnasiums throughout the country, but I believe that in a larger number marching is carried on to a great extent ; not, however, as much as it might be.
There are a great many objections that can be raised against marching in the gymnasium, and since these ob- jections are strong ones, it seems to me we should con- sider them carefully, and, .if possible, find out whether the benefits derived from marching more than offset these objections. No objections should keep us from doing our best work. It seems to me the strongest points that can be brought against marching are the following: —
First, lack of floor space; second, the physical direc- tor's inadequate knowledge of marching and his inability to give commands properly ; third, the men do not stay in the gymnasium long enough to learn the different move- ments ; fourth, men are not interested in marching.
Most of the gymnasiums and Association buildings that have been erected in the past ten years have made it a special point to have the gymnasium floor space large and clear of posts and all unmovable apparatus. There
6
are very few gymnasiums to my knowledge that have not floor space enough to give marching, and the chief reason that it is not given is that the physical director is not interested.
This brings me to my second point : the physical direc- tor has an inadequate knowledge of marching and lacks ability to give commands. We find that out of 257 Asso- ciation gymnasiums only seventy-three of the physical di- rectors employed have had a thorough technical training. In 122 college gymnasiums, only forty-one directors have had technical training; and out of fifty-nine preparatory schools, only twelve of the physical directors have had technical training. This probably indicates that most of these men know comparatively little about marching, and have had still less opportunity to lead and command classes. I believe that a large per cent of those who have had technical training, and do not have marching in their gymnasiums, lack that strong personality which would enable them to interest men in marching. It is a psycho- logical fact that a physical director who takes no interest in marching is not able to interest his men in it.
The third point is that many men do not stay in the gymnasium long enough or come often enough to learn to execute the commands. This is a strong argument against marching. However, if the physical director sees that the new men are placed next to a regular attendant, this difficulty can be easily overcome.
The fourth objection is that men are not interested in marching. This is not true. Men may not be interested in the kind of marching they have, but I have seldom seen marching fail to arouse an interest in the men when given
by a leader who understood it thoroughly and gave com- mands in a correct and pleasing manner. When carried on in a military spirit they take great pride in doing it well. At the Bridgeport, Conn., Young Men's Christian Association, before Mr. Fish took charge, there was no marching because of some of the reasons mentioned. While he had charge they had ten to fifteen minutes' marching for every senior class.
Now that we have gone over the objections that are brought against marching, it seems fair to consider the strong points in favor of it. In the first place the physical director must have a thorough knowledge of marching and a strong personality that will take with boys. His commands should be given in a way that will show to the men his interest in the class. I found in leading the Middle Class at the Training School that if I went on the floor feeling blue or tired, it was impossible to get good work out of the class. If this is true with men who take marching as a part of their course and are interested in the theory of it, it is plainly seen how much depends upon the leader and his method of giving commands as well as his personality. With a strong leader there will be no trouble in having ten to fifteen minutes' marching during the lesson. It will give the men a more graceful and erect carriage, as well as a general knowledge of gymnastic tactics.
Strict military discipline aids the physical director in obtaining perfect control of his men. This is especially helpful at the beginning of the lesson. It is emphasized if the director has a clear, commanding voice. Marching
8
exercises put the men in good spirits and prepare for the heavier forms of work.
Mr. J. E. Sullivan, '02, in his "Study of- Physical Exercise for Boys"1 done in the different Associations, asked the question, "What part of the work do they seem to enjoy most?" It is interesting to note that in the re- plies he received, marching was enjoyed most in Cleve- land, Ohio ; Milwaukee, Wis. ; Philadelphia Central ; and Cleveland reported that the classes best attended were those where marching was carried on for strict discipline. The marching appealed to the boys first and the games next. I learned from personal interviews with Cleveland men at the Training School that they took more pains with the marching for boys than any other phase of the work, having their physical directors take special training in marching.
Mr. F. B. Wise, '02, in his "Anthropometric Study of Training School Students,"2 found that the secretarial men increased one and one-tenth inches, and that the phy- sical men increased three-tenths of an inch during the Junior year. This is rather an extraordinary amount to be gained in one year, especially when we consider that these men were of the mean average of twenty-three and a half years of age. This gain in height is therefore largely the result of the work given the men in the Junior year, which is peculiarly adapted to straightening the spine and improving the general bodily carriage. Marching is one of the principal forms of exercise in this class and no doubt has much to do with this increase.
(1) "A Study of Physical Exercise for Boys." By J. E. Sullivan. Grad- uating Thesis, '02.
(2) "An Anthropometric Study of Training School Students." By F. B. Wise. Graduating Thesis, '02.
Method.
The desire is to make marching as simple as possible. Diagrams will be used to help obtain this result. The po- sition from which the given command is to be executed will be given first, thus making it clearer for men who have never had a thorough training along that line. To illustrate: If the company is to execute "fours right" from a column of fours, the command will be preceded by a description of the present direction and the new direc- tion of the company. Thus, Marching in column of fours to form a line and change direction. After this will fol- low the command, 1. Fours left (right), 2. March. Or if the company was marching in company front, and it was desired to use the same command, the following would be put over it : Marching in line, to change direction and march in column of fours. This it seems to me will sim- plify gymnastic marching and avoid mistakes. I have gone carefully over Alfred T. Halsted's "Manual of Marching for Gymnastic Use," and made necessary cor- rections and additions, basing the entire work upon the U. S. Infantry Drill Regulations for the years 1891 and 1904. This system of arranging commands was sug- gested by the Drill Regulations. The definitions of terms used in this manual may be found on pages 9 and 10 of the Regulations for 1904. Generally drawings referred to in the references to the Drill Regulations will not be repro- duced in this manual. In this revision the manual is brought up to date with the Infantry Drill Regulations of 1904. The wording for quotations, however, is that of the Regulations of 1891, except where changes in meaning were made. The first part of the reference refers to the
10
Regulations of 1891 ; the second part refers to the pages where the same thing is found in the Regulations of 1904.
Methods of Arranging Classes on the Floor.
An effort has been made to collect all the different methods of putting men on the floor for calisthenic work. These are arranged in the form of a glossary for the con- venience of the director.
General Rules.
(1) In giving commands the physical director should
always face toward the men.
(2) The physical director "should always maintain
a military bearing and by a quiet, firm de- meanor set a proper example to the men."1
(3) The physical director "explains each movement
in as few; words as possible, at the same time executing it himself."2
(4) "There are two kinds of commands."3
"The preparatory command, such as Forward, indi- cates the movement that is to be executed."
"The command of execution, such as March, Halt, causes the execution."
The preparatory command should always precede the command of execution, as (1) Company, (2) Halt.
"The preparatory command should be given at such an interval of time before the command of execution as to admit of its being properly understood ; the command of execution should be given at the instant the move- ment is to commence."
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 10. 1904, p. 13.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 10.
(3) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 8, 9. 1904, p. 12.
II
"Each preparatory command is pronounced in an ascending tone of voice, but always in such a manner that the command for execution may be more energetic and elevated."
"The command of execution is pronounced in a firm and brief tone."
"The tone of the command is animated, distinct and of a loudness proportional to the number of men under instruction."
(5) "Any movement may be executed either from the
halt, or when marching or marking time, if not otherwise prescribed."1
(6) "When the execution of a movement is im-
properly begun and the instructor wishes to begin it anew for the purpose of correcting it, he commands, As you were, at which the movement ceases and the former position is resumed."2
(7) All commands which involve a change of direc-
tion to the left (or right) should be given as the left (or right) foot is coming to the floor; for example, By the left (or right) flank, etc.
(8) In giving commands which are to be followed by
counting to secure precision of execution, such as in Open order from column of three ( Swedish Open Order) the command, March, should always count as one.
(9) When the command, Fall in line, has been given,
the general rule should be observed, that the shortest men fall in on the right of the line.
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 8.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 11. 1904, p. 13.
12
(10) The formation of double rank should always
be made on the right of the line.
(11) When marching in column of files, care should
be taken to have every man keep closed as nearly as possible to facing distance, i. e.} sixteen inches.
(12) When marching in line always guide right un-
less otherwise directed.
(13) When marching in column of fours, sixes, or
eights, and column right or left is given always guide on the marching flank.
(14) Marching flank is the term given to that end of
the line that maintains the regular cadence in executing a turn; the man who is acting as the pivot man and those near him regulate their step so that the men on the marching flank do not have to increase the cadence*
(15) "In all wheelings by fours, the forward march
is taken up on the completion of the move- ment, unless the command, Halt, be given."1 For example, Fours left (or right).
(16) "At half step or mark time while obliquing, the
oblique march is resumed by the commands: 1. Full step, 2. March."2
(17) "In the oblique march, the guide is always with-
out indication on the side toward which the oblique is made. On resuming the direct march in line the guide is announced."3
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 71.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, 1904, U. S. Army, p. 45.
(3) Infantry Drill Regulations, 1904, U. S. Army, p. 45.
13
(18) "If the oblique be executed from a halt, the
guide is announced on taking the direct march in line."1
(19) In taking hand apparatus while marching in
column of files the command, Short step, or Mark time, may be given to give time to get apparatus and close up to the proper dis- tance.
After the close of the drill the same rule may be fol- lowed in putting away apparatus.
(20) Any command which involves a change of di-
rection may be brought to a halt without the command, Halt, by giving the number of steps in the command that are to be exe- cuted in the new direction. For example, 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. Four steps, 3. March.
(21) Marching in column of fours in double rank the
rear rank falls back to forty-four inches.
(22) A large per cent of the commands in both single
and double rank marching can be executed when marching in double time; a number of movements may also be executed in short steps or in double time from a halt or quick time by inserting the proper command : 1. By the right flank, 2. Double time, 3. March; 1. To the rear, 2. Double time, 3. March; 1. By the right flank, 2. Short steps, 3. March; 1. Backward, 2. Short steps, 3. March.
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. SO.
14
The company may be made to mark time as soon as the desired movement is executed by inserting the com- mand, Mark time, thus, 1. By the right flank, 2. Mark time, 3. March.
(23) When marching in column of twos or fours all
commands should be given from the leading
twos or fours, e. g.,
Marching in column of twos (or fours), the com- mand, Column left and right, alternating, is given, the first set of twos (or fours) turn to the left and the second set of twos (or fours) turn to the right.
(24) Observation of this rule will avoid any mixing
of the direction for the leading two or four.
(25) The column of fours changes direction, marches
to the rear and by the flank, wheels in fours, executes the facings and steps, obliques and forms a line, according to the principles laid down for a column of files or twos.
Cadence.
(26) Quick time.
"The length of the full step in quick time is thirty inches measured from heel to heel, and the cadence is at the rate of 120 steps per minute."1 The length of the short step is fifteen inches.
(27) Double time.
"The length of the full step in double time is thirty- six inches; the cadence is at the rate of 180 steps per
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 20, 21. 1904, p. 24.
15
minute."1 The length of the short step is eighteen inches.
(28) Common time.
"The cadence of common time is from sixty-four to seventy steps per minute."2
Marching in Single Rank.
To form a line: —
(29) 1. Fall in line.
At this command each man takes his place in line ac- cording to height.8 Each man should move by short side steps to the right till he touches the elbow of his neighbor, or give way to the left till there is no crowd- ing. Arms should be straight and hanging at the sides. This position should be retained till the next command. Having fallen in line or being in line at rest to command attention : —
(30) 1. Company (squad or class), 2. Attention. "At the command, Attention, each man takes the
position of the soldier as follows: Heels on the same line and as near each other as the conformation of the man permits ; feet turned out equally and forming with each other an angle of sixty degrees ; knees straight and without stiffness ; body erect on the hips, inclining a lit- tle forward, shoulders square and falling equally, arms and hands outward, elbows near the body; head erect and square to the front; chin slightly drawn in, with- out restraint; eyes straight to the front."4
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 20, 21. 1904, p. 24.
(2) Light Gymnastics, by Anderson, pp. 9, 10.
(3) See General Rule 9.
(4) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 11. 1904, p. 18.
16
Being in line at attention, to dress the line : —
(31) 1. Right (or left), 2. Dress.
All cast the head and eyes to the right (or left) and place themselves in a position so that they can just see the breast of the third man down the line. The shoul- ders should not be deranged by this movement. Close in until the space of three inches remains between elbows as the arms hang naturally.
Having fallen in line and dressed, to face to the front : —
(32) 1. Front.
At the command, Front, each man turns his head and eyes to the front and stands in the position of attention, waiting the next command.
Being in line at attention at a halt, to rest the men : —
(33) 1. Rest, or 1. At ease.
At the command, Rest, the men keep one heel in place, but are not required to preserve silence or immo- bility. At the command, At ease, the men keep one heel in place and preserve silence, but not immobility.
To form a column : —
(34) 1. Fall in column.
At the command, Fall in column, the men form in single column, i. e.} one behind another according to height, the shortest man at the head of the column ; each man should see that he is within facing distance of the man in front of him, i. e., sixteen inches from back to chest.
17
Being in column or line at a halt, to face to the left (or right) : —
(35) 1. Left (or right), 2. Face.
At the command, Face, make a quarter turn of ninety degrees on the left heel and the ball of the right foot (if it is to be a left face), lift the right foot and place it beside the left foot. To face to the right make a quar- ter turn of ninety degrees on the right heel and the ball of the left foot, lift the left foot and place it beside the right.
Being in column or line at a halt, to execute a half face to left (or right) :—
(36) 1. Half left (or right), 2. Face.
At the command, Face, make a turn of forty-five de- grees on the left heel and the ball of the right foot (if it is to be a left face), lift the right foot and place it beside the left foot. A half right face is executed just the re- verse. Being in column or line, to execute about face.
(37) 1. About, 2. Face.
At the command, Face, each man executes a half turn, 180 degrees, to the right, as is described in the Right face (Par. 35).
To execute About face to the left, the command, 1. Left about, 2. Face, is given and it is executed just the reverse from an about face.
Being in line at a halt, to count twos (or threes, or fours) from right (or left) flank: —
(38) 1. Count, 2. Twos (or threes, or fours). This should always be executed from the right flank
18
unless the director for some particular reason wants the men counted off from the left flank, in which case he should precede the command by the caution, "From the left flank." "Each man should turn his head as he speaks his number, to the left, if counting from the right, thus giving the cue to his next neighbor, imme- diately turning to the front again."1
Being in line at a halt, to count off from the right flank : —
(39) 1. Count off, 2. Count.
The first man on the right calls, "one," the second man, "two," the third, "three," the fourth, "four," the fifth, "five," and so on, until the entire company has numbered.
Being in a line at halt, to count off in double (or triple) ones and twos : —
(40) 1. Double (or triple) ones and twos, 2. Count. At the command, Count, the first two (or three) men
number "one," the second two (or three) men number "two," and the third two (or three) men number "one" again ; this is continued until the whole line is numbered off in double (or triple) ones and twos. The same gen- eral rules hold as for counting off in twos and fours (Par. 38).
Being in column or line at a halt, to mark time : —
(41) 1. Mark time, 2. March.
"At the command, March, advance the left foot about half its length and bring it back on a line with the other, knee straight. Follow with the right. Continue the cadence and make a semblance of marching with-
(1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 6.
19
out gaining ground. If on the march, the movement is executed in the same manner. If at double time, the cadence of double time is retained. To take up or re- sume the full step the command,1 1. Full step, 2. March, is given."2
Being in column or line at a halt to break ranks : —
(42) 1. Break ranks, 2. March.
At the command, March, the company takes one step forward before the line is broken, the company being dismissed.
Being in line at a halt, to march forward in line : —
(43) 1. Forward, 2. Guide right (or left), 3. March. "At the command, March, the men step off, the guide
marching straight to the front. The men preserve their intervals toward the side of the guide, yielding to pres- sure from that side and resisting pressure from the op- posite direction. While habitually keeping the head to the front, they may occasionally glance toward the side of the guide, to preserve alignment and intervals. The head is turned as little as possible for this purpose."3
Being in/ line at a halt, counted in fours to march by the flank by twos: —
(44) 1. Twos left (or right), 2. March.
"At the command, March, numbers two and four act as pivot men, turning by short steps to a left face from previous position, numbers one and three wheeling
(1) See General Rule 22.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, 1904, U. S. Army, p. 25.
(3) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 25.
20
around by regulation steps to face in the new direction, keeping their dress distances with the men at their sides. In executing twos right, numbers one and three act as pivot men, and numbers two and four turn around by regulation steps to face in the new direc- tion."1
Being in line at a halt, to march by the flank in column of fours : —
(45) 1. Fours left (or right), 2. March.
At the command, March, each four wheels ninety degrees to the left (or right) on a fixed pivot, the pivot turning strictly in his place, the man on the marching flank maintains the full step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot man as a center ; the men dress on the marching flank, shorten their steps according to their distance from it and keep their intervals from the pivot man. Having executed the quarter turn, the col- umn of fours thus formed marches forward.
Being in line at a halt, to march in column of fours to the front : —
(46) 1. Left (or right) forward fours left (or
right), 2. March.
"At the command, March, the left (or right) four moves to the front, shortening the first three or four steps, the other fours wheel to the left, each on a fixed pivot, the second four, when its wheel is two-thirds completed, wheels to the right on a movable pivot and
(1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 12.
21
follows the first, the other fours having wheeled to the left move forward and each wheels to the right on a movable pivot to follow the second."1
VN VV N. V
'f/ff /
Being in line at a halt, to turn and form a line in a new direction : —
(47) 1. Company left (or right), 2. March.
"The left (or right) file faces to the left (or right). The other files half face to the left (or right) and marching with the regular step, place themselves suc- cessively upon the alignment established by the left (or right) file; all dress to the left (or right) without com- mand. The instructor verifies the alignment from the
(1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 23.
22
pivot flank and commands front."1 If done while marching or marking time the left (or right) file halts at command, March, and then faces.
Being in line at a halt, to turn and march in line in a new direction : —
(48) 1. Left (or right) turn, 2. March, 3. Forward,
4. March.
"At the command, March, the left (or right) file marches by the left flank in short steps ; the other men half face to the left, and moving by the shortest route, place themselves on the new line, when they take up the short step. As soon as all the men have arrived on the line, the instructor commands, 3. Forward, 4. March. Should the command, Halt, be given during the execution of the movement, those men on the line halt ; the other men halt on arriving in line. All dress towards the pivot. The instructor verifies the align- ment from the pivot and commands front. The move- ment may be executed while on the march or marking time."2
Being in column or line at a halt, or marking time, to march in column or line : —
(49) 1. Forward, 2. March.
"At the command, Forward, throw the weight of the body upon the right leg without bending the left knee ; at the command, March, move the left leg smartly, but
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 51.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 52. 1904, p. 46.
23
without jerk, carry the foot straight forward thirty inches from the right, measuring from heel to heel, sole near the ground, knees straight and slightly turned out ; at the same time throw the weight of the body forward and plant the foot without shock, weight of body resting upon it; next, in like manner, advance the right foot, and plant as above; continue the march, keeping the face to the front. The director indicates from time to time the cadence of the step by calling, One, two, three, four; or left, right, the instant the left foot and right foot, respectively, should be planted."1
Being in column or line at a halt, or marking time, to march in column or line in double time : —
(50) 1. Forward, 2. Double time, 3. March.
"At the command, Forward, throw the weight of the body on the right leg; at the command, Double time, raise the hands until the forearms are horizontal, fin- gers closed, nails toward the body, elbows to the rear. At the command, March, carry forward the left foot, leg slightly bent, knee somewhat raised, and plant the foot thirty-six inches from the right ; then execute the same motion with the right foot ; continue this alternate movement of the feet, throwing the weight of the body forward and allowing a natural swinging motion to the arms."2 If in column the men gradually drop back to thirty-six inches.
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 20. 1904, p. 24.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 21. 1904, p. 24.
24
Being in column or line at a halt, or marking time, to march in column or line in short steps : —
(51) 1. Forward, 2. Short steps, 3. March.
"At the command, March, the class takes steps of fifteen inches. The full step is resumed at the command,
1. Forward, 2. March." The short step may be taken up from, the full step by the command, 1. Short steps,
2. March.
Being in column or line at a halt, or marking time, to march backward: —
(52) 1. Backward, 2. March.
"At the command, March, step back with the left foot fifteen inches straight to the rear, measuring from heel to heel, then with the right, and so on, the feet alternating. At the command, Halt, bring back the foot in front to the side of the one in the rear."1
Being in column or line at a halt, or marking time, to side step to the right or left: —
(53) 1. Left (or right) step, 2. March.
"At the command, March, carry the left foot twelve inches to the left, keeping the knees straight and square to the front; as soon as the left foot is planted bring the right foot to the side of it, and continue the move- ment, observing the cadence for each foot, as explained for quick time." (Par. 26. )2 Side step to the right is executed just the reverse.
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 22. 1904, p. 26.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 22. 1904, p. 25.
25
Being in column or line at a halt, or marking time, to march by the left (or right) oblique: —
(54) 1. Left (or right) oblique, 2. March.
At the command, March, the company execute a half left (or right) face (Par. 36), but instead of planting the right foot by the side of the left, it is advanced forward the regulation step and the march is started.
Being in column or line at a halt, to march by the left (or right) flank: —
(55) 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. March.
At the command, March, make a quarter turn of ninety degrees on the left heel and the ball of the right foot, but instead of lifting the right foot and placing it beside the left as in left face, it is advanced to the regu- lation step and the march is taken up.
Being in column or line at a halt, to march to the rear : —
(56) 1. To the rear, 2. March.
At the command, March, make a half turn of 180 degrees on the right heel and the ball of the left foot, the left foot is then advanced forward in the new direc- tion and the march is taken up.
Being in column of files at a halt, or marking time, to change direction and march forward : —
(57) 1. Forward, 2. Column left (or right), 3. March. At the command, March, the leading file executes the
change of direction as indicated by the command and
26
marches forward in the new direction, the succeeding files wheel on the same ground and follow the first file.
Marching in column or line, to come to a halt : —
(58) 1. Company, 2. Halt.
At the command, Halt, as the left (or right) foot is coming to the floor, advance the right (or left) foot one step ; the left (or right) foot is then brought up and planted without shock by the side of the right (or left) foot.
Side stepping in column or line, to come to a halt : —
(59) 1. Company, 2. Halt.
At the command, Halt, given as the leading foot strikes the floor, simply bring up the following foot and plant it without shock beside the other. If the command, Halt, is given as the following foot closes up, take one more side step with the leading foot and halt on two counts as in marching forward.
Marching in column or line, to change step : —
(60) 1. Change step, 2. March.
"At the command, March, given as the right foot comes to the ground, the left foot is advanced and planted ; the toe of the right is then advanced near the heel of the left, the recruit again stepping off with the left."
"The change on the right foot is similarly executed, the command, March, being given as the left foot strikes the ground."1
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 22. 1904, p. 26.
27
Marching, or marking time, in column or line, to march to the rear: —
(61) 1. To the rear, 2. March.
At the command, March, given as the right (or left) foot strikes the floor, advance and plant the left (or right) foot, then turn on the balls of both feet, facing to the right (or left) about, and immediately step off with the left (or right) foot in the new direction.
Marching, or marking time, in column or line, to march to the rear and come to a halt : —
(62) 1. To the rear, 2. March, 3. Halt.
This command is executed the same as given (Par. 61), doing the turn to the right (or left) on the balls of both feet. The left (or right) foot is advanced one step and the right (or left) brought up and planted with- out shock by the side of the left (or right).
Marching in a column of files, to change direction to the left (or right) :—
(63) 1. Column left (or right), 2. March.
The command, March, should be given as the left foot of the leader strikes the floor ; the right is then ad- vanced, the turn of ninety degrees made on the balls of both feet and the left foot is then advanced in the new direction. The reverse is observed in turning to the right. The instructor should have this taken on the corners of the gymnasium, toward the open space with- out command.
28
Marching in column of files, to change direction and march to the rear : —
(64) 1. Column left (or right) about, 2. March.
Execute column left, then after taking one step ex- ecute column left again.
Marching, or marking time, in column of files, to march in line: —
(65) 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. March.
At the command, March, given as the left foot strikes the ground for a left flank, or as the right strikes the ground for a right flank, advance the other foot one step, then turn in the direction indicated on the balls of both feet, and step off in the new direction with the foot on the side to which the flank movement is to be executed.
Marching, or marking time, in column of files, to come to a halt in line: —
(66) 1. By the left (or right) flank, 2. March, 3. Halt.
At the command, March, given as the left (or right) foot strikes the ground, the men execute the command, By the left (or right) flank ; when the turn in the direc- tion indicated is being made on the balls of both feet the command, Halt, is given; the foot on the side to which the flank movement is to be executed takes one step in the new direction, the rear foot is then brought up and planted without shock by the side of the other.
29
Marching in column of files (twos, threes, or fours), to march in oblique and to resume the direct march : — (67) 1. Left (or right) oblique, 2. March.
At the command, March, each man half faces to the side indicated by the command, turning on the balls of both feet, at the same time stepping off in the new di- rection, keeping his shoulders parallel with those of the men at his side, and so regulates his step as to keep a line drawn through him and the man at his side parallel with such a line drawn when marching forward, abreast. The file lines from front to rear should be straight and parallel with the original line of march.
At the command, Forward march, each half faces to the direction from which he turned and the original direction is taken.
Column of twos, threes, or fours oblique the same as described above.
Marching in column of files (twos or fours), to form a line without change of direction: —
(68) 1. Left front into line, 2. March.
"At the command, March, the leading file (twos or fours) move straight to the front, guiding to the right: the other files (twos or fours) oblique to the left until opposite their places in the line, when each marches to the front. At the command, Halt, given when the leading file (two or four) has advanced company dis- tance, it halts and dresses to the right, the other files (twos or fours) halt and dress to the right upon arriv- ing in the line. The command, Front, is given when the last file (two or four) completes its dressing.
"If marching in double or quick time, the director commands, Guide right, immediately after the com- mand, March; the leading file moves to the front in quick time, the others oblique in double time, each taking the quick time and guiding to the right upon arriving in line."1
The movement would be executed in the same man- ner for columns of twos, fours, or eights.
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 76. 1904, p. 71.
Marching in column of files (twos or fours), to form a line and change direction : —
(69) 1. On left (or right) into line, 2. March.
"At the command, March, the leading file (two or four) wheels to the left on a movable pivot and moves forward, dressing to the left (or right) ; each of the other files (twos or fours) march a distance equal to its front, beyond the wheeling point of the file (two or four) next preceding, wheels to the left (or right) and advances as explained for the first file (two or four).
32
"At the command, Halt, given when the leading four has advanced a short distance in the new direction, it halts and dresses to the left (or right) ; the other fours halt and dress as they arrive in line.
"The command, Front, is given when the last four has come into line and dressed."1
In case Mark time is given the men do not dress, but simply guide right.
This may also be executed in double time as in Par. 68.
f ' I 1 I I f I • 1 I f JU-L-U
/
Marching in column of files counted off in triple ones and twos, to form column of threes by a flank move- ment : —
(70) 1. By the left (or right) flank form threes, 2. March.
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 74. 1904, p. 71.
33
At the command, March, the first set of ones executes left flank (or right) as indicated by the command and steps off in the new direction ; the first set of twos con- tinues to march up until they can execute left (or right) flank on the same ground as the first set of ones, and having executed the flank movement they, too, step off in the new direction, following the first set of ones. This is repeated until the whole column of files is con- verted into a column of threes. This movement may also be executed from a halt, or marking time.
Marching in columns of files counted off in fours, to form a column of fours by a flank movement: —
(71) 1. By the left (or right) flank form fours,
2. March.
Executed as in Par. 70, except that the unit is now a set of fours.
I
Marching in column of files, counted off in triple ones and twos, to form column of threes without chang- ing direction : —
34
(72) 1. Form threes, left (or right) oblique, 2.
March.
At the command, March, the leading man in each three marks time ; the rear men oblique in the direction commanded until they uncover the forward man, when they move to the front. The three being formed, the regulation step is resumed.
Marching in column of files counted off in twos or fours, to form twos or fours without change of direc- tion : —
(73) 1. Form twos (or fours) left oblique, 2. March. At the command, March, numbers one and three mark
time until numbers two and four have obliqued to their sides, respectively, in the direction commanded, when the march is resumed by twos. In case of fours, num- ber one marks time until numbers two, three and four have obliqued to his side, when the march is resumed by fours.
Column of fours is formed from column of twos in the same manner.
Marching in column of twos (or fours), to change direc- tion to the left (or right) : —
(74) 1. Column left (or right), 2. March.
At the command, March, the leading rank of twos (or fours) wheels ninety degrees to the left (or right) on a movable pivot, the pivot man taking steps of ten inches in quick time and twelve inches in double time, gaining ground forward, so as to clear the wheeling point. The man on the marching flank maintains the full step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot
35
man as a center ; the men, if a four, dress on the march- ing flank, shorten their steps according to their distance from it, and keep their intervals from the pivot. Upon completion of the wheel, the leading rank resumes the full step, and succeeding ranks wheel upon the same spot.
Marching in column of twos (or fours), to change direc- tion and march to the rear: —
(75) 1. Column left (or right) about, 2. March. "The pivot man acts as a movable pivot in this case,
turning by short steps through half a small circle (twenty inches), the man on the marching flank at the end of the line describing the large circle takes regula- tion steps, the pivot turning slowly to face around with him. Having faced in the opposite direction the head of the column moves off in the new direction, each succeeding two (or four) wheeling on the same ground."1
Marching in column of twos (or fours), to march by the flank in line: —
(76) 1. Twos (or fours) left (or right), 2. March. At the command, March, numbers two and four act
as pivot men, numbers one and three wheeling around by regulation steps, as described in Par. 44. Upon coming to the front the line guides to right and con- tinues marching in the new direction. If in fours, number one acts as a pivot, and numbers two, three and four wheel to the left (or right).
Being in column of twos (or fours), to march the twos (or fours) to the rear: —
(1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halstcd, p. 12.
36
(77) 1. Twos (or fours) left (or right) about,
2. March.
At the command, March, the movement is executed the same as Par. 76, each two (or four) wheeling through an arc of 180 degrees.
Marching in column of twos, to change direction and form column of fours : —
(78) 1. Column left (or right) form fours, 2. March. At the command, March, the first two sets of twos
execute twos left (or right) and march to the front; the next two sets of twos continue to march until they can execute twos left upon the same ground as did the first two sets of twos ; this is continued until the column of twos is converted into a column of fours.1
> **** \ \\n
(1) Worked out by A. L. Fish, Fellow '99-00, at Training School.
37
Marching in column of twos (threes or fours), to form a line without change of direction: —
(79) 1. Left (or right) front into line, 2. March. This command is executed the same as that described
for column of files (Par. 68).
Marching in column of twos (threes or fours), to form column of files : —
(80) 1. Left (or right) by files, 2. March.
At the command, March, the left (or right) man moves forward, the other marking time till disengaged, when he obliques into line behind the other to form col- umn of files or single column. Each man must regulate his step so as to keep closed as nearly as possible to facing distance.
Column of files marching down the center of the gym- nasium, to form two columns of files : —
(81) 1. Ones, 2. Column left and right, alternating,
3. March.
The first man executes column left, the second column right, the third column left, and so on, until the entire company is divided into two columns of files, marching around the outside of the gymnasium. A column of twos, threes or fours may be divided into two columns of twos, threes or fours in the same manner, by chang- ing the command to twos, threes or fours instead of ones, as the case may be. If it is desired to have the two columns of files march back down the centre of the gymnasium, the command should be, Column left and right about, alternating.
38
A
J—L
Two columns of files (twos or fours) marching toward
each other at the end of a gymnasium, to form a
column of files (twos or fours) : —
(82) 1. Column left and right, alternating, 2. March.
At the command, March, the leading file (two or
four) wheels to the left or right as found in Par. 63,
the second file (two or four), which is the leading file
(two or four) of one column, immediately following
the first file (two or four) making their turn as nearly
as possible on the same ground as did the first file ( two
or four) ; this alternating of files (twos or fours) is
repeated until the two columns have been converted into
one column.
Two columns of files (twos or fours) marching toward each other at the end of a gymnasium, to form a column of twos (fours or eights) : —
39
(83) 1. Columns left and right form twos (fours or eights), 2. March.
This movement is executed the same as Par. 82, except that the men do not alternate, so forming a column of twos (fours or eights).
vvw v. ifff/ J
f ftJS \ \\\\
czxb
rnn
Marching down the center of the gymnasium in column of twos (fours or eights), to form two columns of files (twos or fours), marching around outside of gymnasium : —
(84) 1. Ones (twos or fours), 2. Column left and right, 3. March.
This movement is executed the same as Par. 81, except that there is no alternating, the first set of twos simply wheeling apart, one file (two or four) going left and one right at the command, March.
40
Marching in column of fours, to form a column of twos : —
(85) 1. Left (or right) by twos, 2. March.
"At the command. March, the two on the side indi- cated in the command move straight forward, the re- maining two mark time till disengaged, when they oblique into their place behind the others ; the march is then resumed in column of twos."1
Marching in column of fours, to form a column of twos and change direction: —
(86) 1. Column left (or right) form twos, 2. March. At the command, March, each set of twos in the first
four wheels to the left (or right) and marches to the front. Each succeeding four march up to the point and
fc I I
(1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 13.
41
its twos wheel as in the case of the first, thus converting the column of fours into a column of twos.
Marching in column of fours, to form a line to the left (or right) :—
(87) 1. Fours left (or right), 2. March.
At the command, March, the fours wheel to the left (or right) as in Pars. 45 and 76. Upon arriving in line the march to the front is taken up, guiding right.
Marching in line, to have the fours wheel left (or right) :—
(88) 1. Fours left (or right) circle, 2. March.
The fours wheel to the left (or right) as in Fours left, through 360 degrees, and continue until the move- ment is changed. This is a valuable movement for teaching the fours to wheel together.
Marching in line to form a line of fours in column of files and march in the same direction:1 —
(89) a. 1. Fours right (or left) by file, 2. March. The file on the right (or left) of each set of fours
continues to march straight to the front. The others oblique and form a column of files. To form in line again.
b. 1. Form fours left (or right) oblique, 2.
March.
The leading man in each column shortens his steps until the files in the rear come up on the line, when the company takes up the full step guiding right.
(1) Worked out by A. E. Metzdorf, Student Assistant, 'Q4-05.
42
Marching in column of fours, to form column of files by a flank movement: —
(90) 1. By the left (or right) flank in file, 2. March. This command is executed the same as the command
to form fours by the left (or right) flank (Par. 71).
Marching in column of fours, to wheel to the left (or right) and march to the front in column of fours : —
(91) a. 1. Fours left (or right), 2. Left (or right)
forward fours left (or right), 3. March. At the command, March, the fours execute fours left (or right) (Par. 45) ; the left (or right) set of fours marches straight to the front, the remaining fours upon coming into line, wheel to the left (or right) and follow the first set of fours as prescribed in left (or right) for- ward fours left (or right) (Par. 46).
b. 1. Fours left (or right), 2. Right (or left) forward fours right (or left), 3. March.
43
//
44
The same principles apply for this as for (a). It will be noticed, however, that this movement keeps the original leading four still at the head of the column, whereas in (a) the rear four becomes the head of the column, (b) thus makes a pretty variation from (a).
Marching in columns of fours, to wheel to the left (or right) and march to the rear : —
(92) 1. Fours left (or right), 2. March, 3. To the
rear, 4. March.
At the command, March, the company executes fours left (or right) (Par. 45) ; coming into line the com- mand, To the rear, is executed (Par. 61).
Marching in columns of fours, to wheel to the left (or right) and march to the left (or right) flank: —
(93) 1. Fours left (or right), 2. March, 3. By the
left (or right) flank, 4. March. At the command, March, the company executes fours left (or right) (Par. 45). Upon coming into line the flank movement is executed (Par. 65).
Marching in column of fours, to wheel to the left (or right) and march by the left (or right) flank by twos : —
(94) 1. Fours left (or right), 2. Twos left (or
right), 3. March.
At the command, March, the company executes fours left (or right) (Par. 45). Upon coming into line twos left (or right) is executed (Par. 76), forming a col- umn of twos.
45
Marching in column of fours, to close up: —
(95) 1. Close in mass, 2. March.
At the command, March, the leading four marks time, the other fours close up to facing distance and mark time. The march is resumed at the command, 1. Forward, 2. March. Any of the flank movements, to the rear, obliques, etc., may be executed in this forma- tion.
The column of fours having closed in mass, to take full distance : —
(96) 1. Take full distance, 2. Forward, 3. March. The leading fours move off in full step at the com- mand, March. The last fours mark time and move forward in short steps until they have gained full dis- tance in column of fours.
Marching in column of eights, to close to distance of fours : —
(97) 1. Close to distance of fours, 2. March.
At the command, March, the leading fours take short steps. As soon as the rear fours have closed suffi- ciently the instructor commands, Forward, March.
Marching in column of fours, to bring the rear sets of fours to the front without change of direction: —
(98) 1. Rear fours in front, 2. Fours left and right
wheel, 3. March.
The fours should be numbered off by twos. At the command, March, the fours numbered one execute a two-thirds of a circle to the left on movable pivot, those numbered two execute two-thirds of a circle to the right,
46
a v
> I » •
••4/ , :
47
and mark time, thus forming a lane the width of a set of fours ; the last set of fours completes the full circle and marches down the lane thus formed; each set of fours falls in behind the rear set of fours, which is now to be at the head of the column, as soon as they are passed. This brings the fours that were at the rear to the front of the column.
Marching in column of fours, to bring the rear set of fours to the front and back to the rear again with- out change of direction : — •
(99) 1. Rear fours front and rear, 2. Fours left and
right wheel, 3. March.
This is simply a continuation of Par. 98. As soon as the rear four has marched through the lane to the front, it wheels to the left; the second four marches through and wheels to the right. The original leading four finally marches through and does not wheel; the other fours wheel in together, so resuming their original order. This movement requires considerable space, and will probably only be useful for fancy marching with a comparatively small company.
Marching in column of eights, to bring the rear sets of eights to the front without changing direction: —
(100) 1. Rear eights in front, 2. Fours left and right
wheel, 3. March.
At the command, March, the fours of all the eights wheel to the left and right, as indicated, except the last set, which marches straight to the front. As it passes, the other fours wheel in, reforming their eight, and fol- low down through the lane, so reversing the order of the eights.
48
fl-
I
Marching in column of eights, to bring the rear set of eights to the front and back to the rear again with- out changing direction: —
(101) 1. Rear eights front and rear, 2. Fours left and
right wheel, 3. March.
This is a continuation of Par. 100. The last eight, after marching through, wheels by fours as indicated, and the original leading eight marches through and becomes the head of the column.
Marching down the center of the gymnasium in column of eights, to form two lines, marching outward : —
(102) 1. Fours left and right, 2. March.
At the command, March, the fours of each eight wheel to the left and right, as designated, as if simply in a column of fours. Upon completing the wheel the march outward is taken up, guiding right without clos- ing in. The movement may of course be executed from column of twos or fours, but it looks best when exe- cuted from eights. It is well then to have had the eights close up to distance of fours. (See Par. 97).
j ItU
v \ \ \ \
|
-i " |
|
|
.*<J ' * * l.t* |
|
|
\ 1 |
|
|
» 1 |
|
|
. --. • « |
(' |
|
' % ' |
|
|
% / |
" |
|
III 1 • 1 I \ |
|
|
' " - s ,-J 1 N/ |
*4 |
|
r i j j till |
J |
«.xvv _ ^
////
Two lines marching toward each other at the center of the gymnasium, to form a column of eights : —
(103) 1. Fours left and right form eights, 2. March.
The instructor should be careful to give the command in time. It is a movement that often causes confusion, as the men persist in forgetting which way they should go. It is, however, a very pretty movement when exe- cuted properly. Confusion may be avoided if the leader will be careful to remember, himself, which is the head of his column, and make it the general practice to give the command which he wishes that four to do,
right or left, as the case may be, first. He can then form the two lines from the column of eights, march them to the side of the gymnasium, bring them back by giving, "To the rear," or "Fours left and right about," and reform the column of eights in the center of the gymnasium. In general practice, however, I have found it simpler to make an arbitrary ruling that the fours shall always wheel so as to march towards a cer- tain end of the gymnasium when coming together in the center and wheel towards the other end of the gym- nasium at the sides.
\
Marching down the center of the gymnasium in column of eights, to march the fours to the rear: —
(104) 1. Fours, 2. Left and right about, 3. March.
At the command, March, the fours wheel outward, as designated through an arc of 180 degrees, just as if exe- cuting fours left (or right) about. The eight may then be reformed by the command, 1. Fours, 2. Left and right about, 3. Form eights, 4. March. Or if de- sired, each column of fours may now be divided into two columns of twos by the command, 1. Twos, 2. Left and right about, 3. March. The fours may then be re- formed by the command, 1. Twos, 2. Left and right about, 3. Form fours, 4. March; or the columns of twos may be divided into columns of files by the com- mand as above, 1. Ones, 2. Left and right about, 3. March.
It makes a nice series to form the files from eights in this way and then gradually reform the eights.
53
1111
I I * I • I I i I
• • m
* x *
15 tart A }
% ••• i ,
\ ' » '
^ ^ ^-x
\ ' V X
f I I Q r i 1
-' ;\ > / V / x x"
54
Marching down the center of the gymnasium in column of eights, to march the columns of fours to the rear : —
(105) 1. Fours, 2. Column left and right about, 3. March.
This is just the same movement as the above (Par. 104), except that here the movement is done in col- umn, where before the fours wheeled. This is capa- ble of the same variations as the above, the commands being exactly the same, except for the insertion of the word "column."
55
% /
\ /
1 «
#?—
• I I • lilt
Start
I
i • i »
• •
i • • • •
j t / \
• i i»
I':
: r i: : I
i I
Marching in column of eights, counted off in fours or eights, to march half the men to the rear : —
(106) 1. Odd (even) numbers, 2. To the rear,
3. March.
The odd numbers execute "to the rear" in the or- dinary way. In this manner the company may be countermarched back and forth, producing a very pretty effect. The column of eights is reformed as the squads countermarch by giving one of them "to the rear" at the proper time.
Marching in Double Rank.
Practically all the movements of single rank march- ing may be executed in double rank, and are executed in the same way. A file here means two men, the front and rear rank man. Most of the difficulty of double rank marching may be overcome if the instructor will simply impress upon his men the fact that the rear rank man always follows his front rank man. When marching in column the rear rank should fall back to forty-four inches, and close up to facing distance of sixteen inches whenever the fours wheel into line. Only those movements will be mentioned here which need to be specially described for a double rank. Otherwise, the usual command and ex- planation for single rank marching will be understood to apply.
Being in column of files, to form double rank : —
(107) 1. In two ranks form company, 2. March. "At the command, March, the man in front faces to
57
the left, the second man places himself in the rear rank, covering the man in front ; the remaining men close and form alternately in the front and rear rank, each facing to the front upon arriving in his place."1
Being in double rank at a halt, to count off in fours : —
(108) 1. Count, 2. Fours.
Executed just as in single rank, the rear rank man calling the same number as the man in front of him.
Marching in column of fours, to change direction and march to the rear : —
(109) 1. Fours left (or right) about, 2. March. "At the command, March, each four wheels 180 de- grees to the left (or right), as prescribed for fours left (or right). The men on the marching flank of the rear rank of each four preserves his distance, the man on the pivot flank closes up to his file leader, covers him during the wheel, and on its completion falls back to his proper distance."2
Marching in column of fours, to form column of twos : —
(110) 1. Left (or right) by twos, 2. March.
"At the first command the rear rank of each four closes to facing distance, at the command, March, the two files on the left of each four move forward; the two files on the right mark time till disengaged, when they oblique to the right and follow the left files."3
"The distance between ranks in column of twos is facing distance."
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 65. 1904, p. 63.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 74. 1904, p. 47.
(3) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 78, 79. 1904, p. 45.
58
Marching in column of fours, to form column of files without change of direction: —
(111) 1. Left (or right) by files, 2. March.
"At the first command, the rear rank of each four
closes to facing distance ; at the command, March, the
left file of the leading four moves forward, followed
in succession by the files on its right ; when the right file
of the leading four is about to commence to oblique,
the left file of the second four moves to the front and
so on to the rear of the column, the men keeping closed
as nearly as possible to facing distance."1
Marching in column of fours, to form a line and march
by the left (or right) flank: —
(112) 1. Fours left (or right), 2. March.
"At the command, March, the fours wheel to the left, the rear rank of each four closes to facing distance during the wheel, and if in double time, takes the dis- tance of thirty-six inches, should the line advance on the completion of the wheel.
"The guide is announced or the command, Halt, is given, the instant the fours unite in line."2 Marching in double rank, to march by the flank in column of fours: —
(113) 1. Fours left (or right), 2. March.
"At the command, March, the front rank of each four wheels ninety degrees to the left on a fixed pivot, the pivot man turning strictly in his place ; the man on the marching flank maintains the full step, moving on the arc of a circle with the pivot man as a center ; the
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 78, 79. 1904, p. 45.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 74. 1904, p. 46.
59
men dress on the marching flank, shorten the steps according to their distance from it, and keep their in- tervals from the pivot.
'The rear rank men cover their file leaders and con- form to their movements. Upon the completion of the wheel, the front rank of each four takes the full step, marching in a direction parallel to the former front rank of the company; the rear rank shortens the step until it gains the distance of forty- four inches; the front rank of the second four is forty- four inches from the rear rank of the first four, and so on to the rear of the column."1
Methods of Getting on the Floor for Calisthenic Work.
Being in line at a halt and counted off by fours, to take distance : —
(114) 1. Front take distance, 2. March.
"At the command, March, number ones remain in place, number twos take four steps, number threes take two steps, and number fours take six steps."8
This style of putting men on the floor is good for a small number of men.
After the drill to assemble into line again : —
(115) 1. Assemble, 2. March.
At the command, March, those in the front stand fast, the others move forward to their places in the
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, pp. 69, 70. 1904, p. 46.
(2) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 7.
60
line, each line waiting till those behind have come abreast before starting. Or it may be done by having each line start forward at the command, March.
To open order from a column of twos : —
(116) 1. Open order, 2. March.
"In executing this command the company should be counted off in double ones and twos ; the first two men take the number one, the third and fourth men take the number two, and the fifth and sixth men take the num- ber one, etc.
"At the command, March, number ones take one side- step outward, number twos take one side-step outward, then on the second count, number ones take one step to the left, number twos one step to the right."1
To secure precision of execution count two after giv- ing the command, March, which should count as one.
To close order after the work (or drill) : —
(117) 1. Close order, 2. March.
"At the command, March, number ones take one side-step to the left (or right) and number twos take one side-step to the right (or left), then all take two steps inward.
"Count as in opening order for precision."*
To open order from a column of threes : —
(118) 1. Open order, 2. March.
The company should be counted off in triple ones and twos and formed into a column of threes.
(1) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 16.
(2) Marching for Gymnastic Use, by Halsted, p. 16.
61
At the command, March, the two outside columns take three steps outward at the count of the instructor, the middle column stands fast; on the fourth count all of number ones take one side-step to the left, and all of number twos take one side-step to the right.
To close order after the drill : —
(119) 1. Close order, 2. March.
The instructor should count to close order the same as in open order.
At the command, March, which will correspond to number one, all of number ones take one step to the right and all of number twos take one step to the left, and on counts two, three and four, the outside columns take three steps inward to the middle column which in the last three counts stands fast.
Marching in column of files counted off in fours, to take intervals : —
(120) 1. By the left (or right) flank form fours,
2. Open order, 3. March.
At the command, March, the leading four will exe- cute the flank movement, as indicated in the command. They will then immediately take their distance by rais- ing the arms to side horizontal and march to the front till the command, Halt or mark time is given. The second four men continue the march till they can exe- cute the flank movement on the same ground as did the first four, they then follow the first four. This is re- peated till the whole column of files have taken their in- tervals on the floor.
62
Being at regulation distance on the floor, to close order : —
(121) 1. Forward, close order, 2. March.
At the command, March, the men close the distance by marching into close dress position, forming a col- umn of fours.
This method of opening order can be modified by having the men upon executing the first command continue to march till all have formed into a column of fours, then the second part of the command is given. Numbers one and two left face, and three and four right face. One and four take nine steps, two and three take three steps in the direction they face. They then halt and face to the front. Being in column of fours, to take intervals : —
(122) 1. To the left (or right) take intervals,
2. March.
"Having brought the column of fours up to the side of the room and halted them, and having assigned to the three men on the side toward which the movement is to be executed the intervals, nine, six and three paces, or one, two, three and four paces, the above command is executed as follows : —
"At the command, March, the three men who are to take intervals turn and march, each his required dis- tance and then face forward; the fourth man remains in place/'1 Being at intervals on the floor, to assemble: —
(123) 1. To the left (or right) assemble, 2. March. "At the command, March, the man on the side to
which the men are commanded to assemble stands fast,
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 24. 1904, p. 42.
63
the rest turn and march to within facing distance and face forward."1 Being in line in double rank at a halt, to take intervals : —
(124) 1. To the left (or right) take intervals,
2. March.
"At the first command the rear rank steps back four paces ; at the command, March, the man on the right of each rank stands fast, the other men step to the left, each man halting faced to the front, when he has the proper interval."2 Being at intervals, to assemble : —
(125) 1. To the left (or right) assemble, 2. March. "At the command, March, the front rank man on the
left (or right) stands fast, the other men close to their proper places."8
Being in line in double rank at a halt and having counted fours, to take distance : —
(126) 1. Front take distance, 2. March.
"At the command, March, number one of each four of the front rank moves straight to the front, number two moves off as soon as number one has advanced the specified distance (two paces) ; numbers three and four move off in succession in like manner. The rear rank executes what has been prescribed for the front rank, number one moving off as soon as number four of the front rank has advanced two paces. The proper distance being attained, Squad (or company) halt, is given."4
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 55. 1904, p. 42.
(2) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 24. 1904, p. 42.
(3) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 55. 1904, p. 42.
(4) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 55. 1904, p. 43.
64
To assemble after drill : —
(127) 1. Assemble, 2. March.
"Number one of front rank stands fast, the other men move forward and close in their proper places."1
Being in line counted off by fours, to open files : —
(128) 1. Company, front open files four paces,
2. March.
Each pupil will multiply his own number by the number of paces given in the command. At the com- mand, March, he will then take that number of steps straight to the front, and come to a halt.
To bring the pupils back to a line give the following com- mand : —
(129) 1. Front close files, 2. March.
"At the command, March, number fours stand fast, while numbers one, two and three march to the front, until they are in line with number four."*
Marching in column of files counted off in sixes, to open order : —
(130) 1. Sixes to the left (or right) open order,
2. March.
"In the figure the line A. B. represents a file of scholars marching in the direction of the arrow C. Number one turns to the left and marches in the direc- tion of the arrow D. ; he is followed by numbers two, three, four, five and six, who fall back from each other about five or six paces. When the first six files have reached the required distance, they execute a left face,
(1) Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, p. 56. 1904, p. 43.
(2) Light Gymnastics, by Wm. G. Anderson, p. 32.
65
and march in the direction of the arrow E. ; they are followed in turn by the second six files, and so on un- til all the original file of pupils have opened order and are marching in the direction of the arrow E. The director gives the command, Halt, when the first six have marched to the front of the hall, the other sixes will stop at any specified number of paces from the six next in front of them."1
0 D
0
0 Q 0 0
D
a n n o a a
(1) Light Gymnastics, by Wm. G. Anderson, p. 33.
66
To bring the pupils back to single file give the com- mand : —
(131) 1. Right face, 2. Forward, 3. Close order,
4. March.
"When numbers two, three, four, five and six will march back of number one, in which case the first set can march in any given direction to be followed by the others in their turn."1
Marching in column of files counted off by sixes, to take intervals : —
(132) 1. Sixes to the left (or right) take intervals,
2. March.
"At the command, March, number one of the first set of sixes stands fast, number two marches by the left (or right) flank until he is far enough away from number one so that he cannot interfere with him when his arms are at half abduction; he then faces to the right and comes to a halt. Number three marches up to number one, then follows number two until his specified distance is reached beyond number two ; he then faces to the front and halts. This is repeated till all of the first set of sixes have taken their intervals. Number one of the second set of sixes marches to within five or seven feet of number one of the first set of sixes, and stands fast; numbers two, three, four, five and six execute the movement as prescribed for the first six. This is repeated until the whole column of sixes is ar- ranged on the floor for calisthenic work."2
This method is perhaps more used than any other by
(1) Light Gymnastics, by Wm. G. Anderson, p. 33.
(2) Worked out by A. L. Fish.
67
most Young Men's Christian Associations, as it is par- ticularly simple and useful.
6 <r y
4 f ¥ J *
. •?.?..?. .9.
Being on the floor at intervals, to close order: — (133) 1. Left (or right) by file, 2. March.
"At the command, March, number one of the first set of sixes marches straight to the front, the remaining five march by the left (or right) flank and follow num- ber one in file; after the last man of the first set of sixes has come into file, number one of the second set follows. This is repeated until the class is all in column of files."1
(1) Worked out by A. L. Fish.
68
Marching in column of eights, to open order : —
(134) 1. Fours left and right about, 2. March.
"At the command, March, the set of four on the right flank of the eight, with number one acting as a pivot man, makes a right wheel of 180 degrees and steps off in the new direction ; the set of fours on the left side of the eight, with number four acting as pivot man, makes a left wheel of 180 degrees, and steps off in the new direction; then the command, 1. Twos left and right about, executed as prescribed for fours; then follows the command, 2. Ones left and right about, executed as prescribed for fours."1
The close order is just the reverse of that which is given for open order.
Being in column of files, counted in fives, to open order : —
(135) 1. Open order, 2. March.
At the command, March, the numbers three should stand fast; numbers two and four march outward in front of numbers one and five in a circular manner to a position one pace outside of numbers one and five. Numbers one and five then march outward in a similar manner to a position two paces outside of numbers two and four. This movement may be varied in a num- ber of ways, as the instructor will readily see.
To close order is just the reverse of that given above for open order.
(1) Worked out by A. L. Fish.
69
Bibliography.
Marching for Gymnastic Use. By Alfred T. Halsted. Pub- lished by The Triangle Publishing Co., Springfield, Mass., 1894.
Infantry Drill Regulations, U. S. Army, 1891. Published by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
Light Gymnastics. By Wm. G. Anderson, M. D. Published by Maynard, Merrill & Co., New York, 1893.
Literature that Dr. McCurdy, Mr. Fish, and writer worked out in the past two years bearing directly on the subject.
Fundamental and Accessory Groups of Muscles in Gymnastics and Athletics. Thesis by Mr. Clifford T. Booth, Class of 1900.
Physical Exercise for Boys. Thesis by Mr. J. E. Sullivan, Class of 1902.
An Anthropometric Study of Training School Students. Thesis by Mr. F. B. Wise, Class of 1902.
Fancy Steps.
J. H. McCuRDY, M. D.
Rhythmic gymnastics have an interest inherent in themselves; physiologically they call into action the large muscles of the leg and trunk. The following series of rhythmic exercises are suggested for use in classes of moderate gymnastic ability. Many combina- tions will suggest themselves to the teacher which have not been included in this group of exercises. The ele- ments necessary for this series are: the change step, the toe points, the toe touches, the heel points, the heel touches, and the hops. These exercises may be done in company front position, with the hands clasped in front of or behind the body, or in columns of twos or fours.
For definitions of terms used not found in this man- ual, see "Calisthenic Dictionary" published by The Seminar Publishing Co., Springfield, Mass.
Exercises.
1. Change step forward left and right alternating.
2. Change step backward left and right alternating.
3. Toe touch forward, change step forward left and
right alternating.
4. Toe touch forward, change step backward left
and right alternating.
71
5. Toe touch backward, change step forward alter-
nating left and right.
6. Toe touch backward, change step backward
alternating left and right.
7. Cross toe touch forward, change step forward
alternating left and right.
8. Cross toe touch forward, change step backward
alternating left and right.
9. Cross toe touch backward, change step forward
alternating left and right.
10. Cross toe touch backward, change step backward
alternating left and right. 11-21. Oblique change steps are added to the exercises
1-10 inclusive. 22-32. A hop is added at the end of the change step,
while the rear leg is swung forward. 33-43. A hop is added at the end of the change step with
the swinging leg left behind the supporting
leg. 44-87. All of the above exercises may be done with the
toe points in place of the toe touches.
(1) The side toe points and toe touches may be used in most of the above exercises. They work the best in columns of twos using the outside foot.
(2) The changes and kneeling exercises may be used with many of the numbers.
(3) Exercises 22-43 inclusive may also be done with oblique change step.
(4) All change steps may be preceded by a double toe touch or by two toe touches, with a leg swing between; for example, forward toe touch leg swing backward, backward toe touch change step forward.
72
Index.
Paragraph
Assemble:
To the front 115
Double rank 129
To the side 123
Double rank 125
As you were 6
At ease 83
Attention 80
Backward march 52
Break ranks 42
By the flank:
And form fours 71
And form threes 76
And halt 66
From a halt 55
In file 90
Marching or marking time 65
Cadence 26, 27, 28
Change step 60
Changing direction in column :
About 64
From a halt (files) 57
Marching (files) 63
Of twos 74
About 75
Close in mass 95
Close order :
For fours 121
For threes 119
For twos 117
Close to distance of fours 97
Column dividing around sides of gymnasium 81, 82
Forming twos 83
Column left, form fours 78
73
Paragraph
Column left, form twos 86
Commands 6
Common time 28
Company front open files 128
Front close files 129
Company left 47
Count off 39
Counting:
Twos, threes or fours 38
Double ones or twos 40
Double rank 108
Double time 27
Dressing 31, 32
Eights, fours left and right about 134
Facing distance 11
Facings :
About 37
Half left 36
Left 35
Fall in column 34
Fall in line 29
Fives, to open order 135
Fours, left and right about 105
Fours, column left and right about 105
Fours, left and right 102
From eight 103
Fours left 45, 87
By the left flank 93
To the rear 92
Twos left 94
Fours left, left forward, fours left 91
Fours left wheel 88
Fours right by file 89
Forming company, double rank 107
Forward march 43, 49
Double time 50
Short steps 51
74
Paragraph
Forward march taken up 15
Front take distance 114
Double rank 126
General rules , 1-25
Guide 12
Guide in obliquing 17
Halting 58, 59
Hand apparatus, to take 18
Left by files 80
Double rank Ill
Left by twos 85
Double rank 110
Left forward, fours left 46
Left front into line 68, 79
Left turn 48
Marching flank 13, 14
Mark time 41
Oblique march, to resume 16
Obliquing:
Column or line 54
Column of twos, threes or fours 67
And forming twos, threes or fours 72, 73, 89
Form fours to files 80
Form fours to twos 85
And form threes 71
And form fours 71
In file 90
Odd numbers to the rear 106
On left into line 69
Open order:
From twos 116
From threes 118
Flank movement from fours 120
Quick time 26
Rear eights, front and rear 101
Rear eights, in front 100
Rear fours, front and rear 99
75
Paragraph
Rear fours in front 98
Rear rank in double rank 21
Rest 33
Short men on right 9
Side stepping 53
Sixes to the left:
Open order 130, 131
Take interval 132, 133
Take full distance 96
Taking interval 122
Double rank 124
To the rear:
And halt 62
From a halt 56
Marching or marking time 61
Twos left 44
Twos (fours) left 76
Double rank 112, 113
Twos (fours) left about 77
Double rank. . . 109
ectors
ling will find un- the International ciation Training >repares students in Young Men's lemies, schools, t offers a three
ning in athletics, ^horough courses
7 > r-j - J°gy> psychology,
physical diagnosis, physiology of exercise, anthropometry, history of physical training, hygiene, massage, philosophy of exercise, etc.
For further information apply to
JAMES H. McCURDY,
Springfield, Mass.
OVERDUE.
OCT 22 !
utov
OCT 15 1954 LU
:D
LD 2l-50w-8,-33
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY