UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

FROM THE LIBRARY OF

DR. JOSEPH LECONTE.
GIFT OF MRS. LECONTE.

BIOLOGY fj09
LIBRARY

G

A MANUAL

MARINE ZOOLOGY

LONDON I
R. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD STREET HILL.

A MANUAL

MARINE ZOOLOGY

PHILIP HENRY GOSSE, A.L.S.

" And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the

moving creature that hath life ; and God saw that it

was good."— Gen. i. 20, 21.

LONDON :
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLV.

PREFACE.

IT is now about four-and-twenty years ago, that,
in a land far remote from this, I began the study
of systematic zoology, with INSECTS. It is, beyond
all comparison, the most extensive Class of animals,
in fact all but boundless ; but in my ignorance I
attacked it entire and indivisible, collecting and
trying hard to identify everything that I found,
from the Cicindela to the Podura. I had not an
atom of assistance toward the identification, but
the brief, highly condensed, and technical generic
characters of Linnseus's " Systema Nature," over
which I puzzled my brains, specimens in hand,
many an hour. Of course there was much dark-
ness, there were many egregious blunders ; but
perseverance did a good deal, and I have never
regretted the time spent in that exercise. The
leading forms of that great Class were familiarized
to me in a way that they never would have
been, if I had merely learned their names from
coloured engravings, or from the oral information
of some more learned friend ; and what was of far

VI PREFACE.

greater value, I acquired the habit of comparing
structure with structure, of marking minute dif-
ferences of form, and became in some measure
accustomed to that precision of language, without
which descriptive natural history could not exist.

I have endeavoured in the following pages to
furnish to the sea-side naturalist, what the Lin-
nean Genera Insectorum were to me. That such
a book is a desideratum, I need hardly say. Many
a time have I been asked to indicate some pub-
lished work, whereby the student who picks up
a shell from the beach, or a worm from under
stones at low water, may know what it is that he
has found. I might indeed point to the admirable
works of Yarrell, of Forbes, of Johnston, of Baird,
of Bell, of Busk, and others who have written
Monographs of particular classes or groups. But
this is not what is wanted ; — the information re-
quired is scattered through so large a number of
volumes, that a book-case needs to form a part of
the sea-side visitor's luggage. Moreover, to per-
sons of limited income the expense of these works
often forms an insuperable bar to their possession.
Thirty pounds would not purchase the books
necessary for the identification of the marine
animals of Britain ; while if this sum were ex-
pended, there would still remain gaps of awful
width, — whole Classes, for the recognition of
which no English look is extant. I need only

PREFACE. vii

mention the Foraminifera, the Covered-eyed, and
Ciliograde Medusa?, the Turlellaria, the Sessile-
eyed Crustacea, the Annelida, and a portion of the
Polyzoa, in proof of this alleged deficiency.

Let it not be supposed that I think lightly of
the Monographs I have alluded to. I should only
convict myself of gross ignorance if I were to do
so. They are of the highest value, — models of
scientific research, acumen, and accuracy ; but the
very care and labour which have been bestowed
upon them, to give them the perfection they con-
fessedly possess, have necessarily put them (as a
whole body of science) out of the reach of the
great multitude of students. My little book is
not a rival, but an introduction, to these elaborate
works. It is a Manual, that can be carried in the
pocket, and referred to, as the tyro sits upon a
weed-fringed rock, or stands on the tide-washed
beach.

I do not speak theoretically only, but experi-
mentally, when I say that such a work as this is a
felt need. Most of the books I have alluded to
above, are in my own library, but still I have often
felt the want of a Manual, which should contain
the characters of every Class, Order, Tribe, Family,
and Genus, of our native marine animals, so ar-
ranged as to be suitable for ready reference. The
Manual did not exist, and I set myself to make it.

I believe the student will find here the means

Vlil PREFACE.

of learning, with as little trouble and doubt as
possible, the generic name of every animal that
has been recognised by naturalists as inhabiting
the British seas ; from the lowest Sponge, up to the
Whale. To this universality there are only these
exceptions : —

1. That the Intestinal Worms (ENTOZOA) are not
included. Properly speaking, they are no more
marine, than they are terrestrial animals; for though
some of them live in marine animals, their proper
sphere is not the water or the land, but the living
tissues of other creatures ; they have a world of
their own.

2. That the swarming millions of animalcules,
known as INFUSORIA, which the microscope reveals
in the sea, as well as in fresh water, I have not
included in detail ; for reasons which will be found
under the head of this Class.

Knowing by experience the difficulties which
lie in the way of identifying animals by published
characters, I have laboured to remove, or to lessen
those difficulties as far as was possible. I have
endeavoured to make these pages practically useful
to the beginner, while yet they should be precise
enough to serve the advanced zoologist as a con-
venient medium of reference. Many of the dif-
ficulties in the path of science are not inseparable
from it ; the language used is often unnecessarily
technical, and yet, strange to say, loose withal.

PREFACE. IX

Thus we sometimes find one species described as
having u the fore limbs short," and the next, which
is to be distinguished from it, not as having " the
fore limbs long," but " the anterior extremities
elongated." Sometimes in the long descriptions
which must be waded through, and carried in mind,
the head in one case is mentioned first, then the
tail, then the trunk, the limbs, and so on : but in
the succeeding example, which has to be compared
with it, perhaps the limbs come first, then the head,
then the trunk, &c. Such difficulties as these are
most perplexing ; and yet it is easy to see that a
little care might entirely remove them. If a cer-
tain order were maintained in the details of de-
scription of kindred forms, and a fixed phraseology,
I need not point out how much the work of com-
parison would be lightened.

In the wording of the following definitions I
have endeavoured to make the phraseology as
Saxon as possible. I am far from desiring to rob
our language of its Latin element; it would be
greatly impoverished by such a privation ; and
multitudes of words of Latin derivation are as
familiar as the homeliest Anglo-Saxon. Still our
scientific language might be much more Saxonised
than it is, without losing that precision which is
indispensable.

On the other hand, the student must bear in
mind that so many of the ideas themselves in

X PREFACE.

modern science are new, and custom has so
generally affixed to these new ideas classical
expressions, that it would be both absurd and often
Unintelligible to substitute homelier expressions
for them — -to exchange, for example, such words as
thorax, abdomen, oval, for chest, belly, egg-shaped ;
that others, as homogeneous, parasitic, truncate, &c.
can be otherwise expressed only by using many
words ; and that not a few, as cilia, tentacle,
antennce, have really no correspondent words in
Saxon English.

I have, however, added a glossary for the ex-
planation of such technical terms as were unavoid-
able ; or else have taken care to expound them on
their first occurrence. With these aids I trust
there is not an expression in the book which
a person of average English education will not
understand.

But what I consider the principal feature of this
work is the copiousness and character of its illus-
tration. Perhaps I may say that I have enjoyed
more than ordinary facilities for a labour of this
kind. Having been accustomed from childhood
to draw animals from the life, I have accumulated
in my portfolios about three thousand figures of
animals or parts of animals, all drawn by myself
from nature, of which about two thousand five
hundred are of the Invertebrate Classes, and about
half of these done under the microscope. The

PREFACE. xi

portio: v now issued (Part I.) contains

figures of three hundred and forty species, — a figure
of every genus named, — of which one hundred and
twenty are drawn from living, and one hundred
and two from preserved specimens. Those who
are familiar with the subject will, I trust, acquit
me of vain-glory in affirming that upwards of a
hundred figures taken from living animals in these
low forms, constitutes a somewhat unusual feature
in a book of this size and price. Of the character
of the figures I must leave others to judge.

The entire work will consist of two Parts, each
complete in itself. Part I., now issued, includes
the following Classes : —

I. PORIPHORA. VIII. ANNELIDA.

II. INFUSORIA. IX. EOTIFERA.

III. REIZOPODA. X. CRUSTACEA.

IV. ZOOPHYTA. XI. ClRRIPEDIA.

V. ACALEPHA. XII. ARACHNIDA.

VI. ECHINODERMATA. XIII. INSE^CTA.

VII. TURBELLARIA.

Part II. is in a state of forwardness, and will
be published as soon as possible. It will include »

the following Classes : —

XIV. POLYZOA. XIX. PTEROPODA.

XV. TUNICATA. XX. CEPHALOPODA.

XVI. BRACHIOPODA. XXI. PISCES.

XVII. CONCHIFERA. XXII. MAMMALIA.

XVIII. GASTEROPODA.

P. H. G.

LONDON, July 1855.

MAEINE ZOOLOGY,

SUB-KINGDOM I. PROTOZOA.
CLASS I. POKIPHORA.

(SPONGES.)

THESE are the lowest grades of animal life, so
close to the border of the vegetable kingdom, that
it is difficult to determine of some species whether
they are on the one or the other side. To the
unassisted sense they seem mere lifeless masses ;
without organs, without feeling, without function,
and many of them without form, — woolly masses
of fibres more or less compacted, and steeped in.

Several of them, however, if viewed with a
lens while in a living state, under water, display
vigorous currents constantly pouring forth from
certain orifices ; and we necessarily infer that the
water thus ejected must be as constantly taken in
through some other channel. On tearing the
mass open, we see that the whole substance is per-
forated in all directions by irregular canals leading
into each other; of which some are slender and
communicate with the surface by minute but
numerous pores, arid others are wide, and open by
ample orifices. Through the former the water is
admitted; through the latter it is ejected.

2 PORIPHORA.

Uecent observations made by Mr. Bowerbank
have shown that these currents are produced by
cilia or whip-like threads within the canals, which
maintain a waving or lashing motion in a given
direction. The canals themselves are formed by
the arrangement of the fibres which give solidity
to the Sponge, and these are either horny, variously
branched and interlaced, or crystal-like, composed
of lime or flint, and resembling in shape needles,
pins, or stars. These bodies (spicula} often exist
in immense numbers. Both the fibres and the
spicula are invested with a glairy coat of living
jelly, which is the organic or fleshy part, but
which has so little consistence as often to run off
in streams when the Sponge is taken from its
element.

Localities, &c. — The surfaces of rocks, the under
sides of stones at low water, the interior of caverns
that are washed by the tide, and various objects
from deep water, are generally coated with Sponges
of many species ; and some of the more delicate
adhere to sea-weeds. The curious genus Cliona
inhabits branching cavities in shells, which it lines
with its bright yellow flesh : these cavities it
excavates by the aid of the sharp angles and cut-
ting edges of the flinty granules which stud its
surface, as has been proved by Mr. Albany
Hancock, who has greatly added to the number of
known species.

Identification. — The texture, whether compact
or loose, woody or spongy, woolly or gelatinous ;
the general form; the surface ; the orifices; and in
particular the spicula, whether composed of flint
or lime (to be determined by testing them with
acids), and whether simple or starred; and, if the

POEIPHORA.

latter, what is the prevalent number of the rays ;
— are the principal points to be observed.

Authorities. — Dr. Johnston's " History of British
Sponges " is far beyond any other yet published ;
and to it I am chiefly indebted for the following
arrangement. It is, however, imperfect ; and the
scientific world is expecting from the pen of Mr.
Bowerbank a revision of the Class, which his ex-
perience renders him more competent to give than
any other zoologist living.

PORIPHOEA.

Bodies of various form, sometimes more or less
constant and regular, at others uncertain and
irregular ; always fixed ; composed of horny fibres,
or of spicula of lime or flint, endued with a glairy
coat of gelatinous granules, so arranged as to form

Cermeating canals, through which water is circu-
ited by the action of lining cilia.

Tethea (Lamarck). Solid and compact, rounded,
covered with a skin ; without sensible pores ; in-
terior fleshy, with spicula of flint arranged in
bundles, radiating from a central nucleus.

T. cranium. Fig. 1.
lyncurium. v

4 PORIPHOKA.

Geodia (Lamk.). Solid, permeated with sinuous
canals; covered with a solid crust formed of
globules of flint. Otherwise as Tethea.

G. Zetlandica. Fig. 2, a slice magnified.

Pachymatisma (Bowerbank). Fleshy, crust-like,
not cellular nor elastic, covered with a thick skin,
perforated by scattered orifices : interior beset with
flinty spicula both needle-shaped and starred.

P. Johnstonia. Fig. 3, spicula magnified.
Halichondria (Fleming). Spongy, elastic, vari-
ously formed ; surface porous, studded with orifices,
not slimy ; substance of horny and flinty threads
woven into a network, or of simple flinty spicula
crossed and netted together, by a gelatinous flesh.

* With a fibrous texture ; the spicula imbedded
in the fibres.

t Branched or stalked.

H. palmata. H. hispida.

oculata. ramosa.

cervicornis.

tt Many-formed.

H. Montagui. H. plumosa.

Columbse. fruticosa.

** With a texture like that of bread.

f Regularly formed.
JE. infundibuliformis. H. ventilabrum.

ft Shapeless.
\ With spicula pointed at each end.

H. simulans. H. panicea. Fig. 4.

cinerea. areolata.

albescens. aculeata.

POEIPHOEA.

It With spicala knobbed at one end.
H. fucorum. H. seriata.

incrustans. sanguinea.

saburrata. macularis.

segagropila. hystrix.

With a hard, solid, homogenous texture.
H. coalita. H. ficus.

virgultosa. carnosa.

hirsuta. , sevosa.

suberea. maculans.

mamillaris.

**** Of doubtful place.

H. aurea. H. rigida.

conus. perlevis.

Ctiona (Grant). Branched or lobed, burrowing
into shells, corals or stones, communicating with
the exterior by mouths protruding through circular
holes in the surface of the foreign body ; interior
with anastomosing tubes, and flinty spicula ; sur-
face covered with crystalline bodies composed of
flint.

C. celata. C. Alderi.

gorgonioides. Fig. 5. corallinoides.

gracilis. \ lobata.

Howsei. I vastifica.

Northumbrica.

Spongia (Linnaeus). Porous, elastic; network

6

PORIPHORA.

formed solely of horny threads; mouths not open-
ing in elevated warts.

S. pulchella.

Hmbata. Fig. 5*.
Isevigata.

Dysidea (Johnston). Sessile, imperfectly cellu-
lar, shapeless, composed of a gelatinous membrane
containing particles of sand ; spicula few, of no

certain figure.

D. fragilis.

papillosa. Fig. 6.

5* 6 7

Halisarca (Dujardin). Spreading as a thin
gelatinous crust on rocks and shells, semitrans-
parent, without spicula or distinct canals.

H. Dujardinii. Fig. 7.

Grantia (Flem.). Firm, inelastic, usually white,
variously formed ; texture close, "but porous ;
spicula calcareous, simple and starred; mouths
distinct.

* Hollow.

G. compressa. Fig. 8.
lacunosa.
ciliata.

G. pulverulenta.
fistulosa.
botryoides.

Incrusting.

G. nivea.

G. coriacea.

CLASS II. INFUSORIA.

OF this very extensive group of living beings a
large number are marine ; and the slightest exam-
ination, with a pocket lens, of sea- water that has
been kept for a little while in an aquarium, proves
that these creatures exist in considerable variety
in our own seas. But no naturalist, that I am
aware of, has as yet attempted the great work of
identifying and discriminating the British Infusoria ;
and the only help to the student that exists for
this object is the magnificent " Die Infusions-
Thierchen" of Professor Ehrenberg, or Mr.
Pritchard's abridged translation of it, " A History
of Infusoria, living and fossil."

But since the publication of that great work,
important alterations have been made in the limits
of the class ; and the whole group, as a legitimate
division of the Animal Kingdom, is in abeyance.
Whole genera have been shown to be only the
young stages of higher animals, as Bursaria, Para-
mecium, &c., which are the larvae of certain Plana-
rice, and others have proved to be vegetables, endued
with spontaneous motion. Hence, though I do
not go so far as those who believe that the whole
group will ultimately be resolved into other classes,
I agree with Dr. Burnett in regarding " the Infu-
soria as in a completely transition state; and
although it may be well to arrange these forms
systematically, for the sake of convenience, yet
they cannot be considered as holding fixed zoo-
logical positions." *

* Siebold's Anat. of Invertebr. (Amer. Ed.)

CLASS III. KHIZOPODA.

THESE are microscopic animals closely allied to
the Infusoria, of very simple structure, consisting
of little more than a transparent glaire or thin
jelly. They have, however, the power of throwing
out from various parts of the surface long tenacious
threads of the common jelly, which are irregularly
connected and branched, and which are completely
retractile at the will of the animal.

Some of these beings are entirely unprotected
by any covering, and others are enveloped in a
horny case or box, which has several openings for
the emission of the processes. Specimens of both
of these kinds are common in our fresh waters,
constituting the genera Amoeba^ Difflugia, Arcella,
&c. Others, however, and these by far the greater
number, secrete a calcareous shell, analogous to
that of the MOLLUSCA, which is moulded upon the
gelatinous body, and is perforated with minute
orifices, for the purpose above mentioned. This
last character has given to the shell-bearing Rm-
ZOPODA the name of FORAMINIFERA.

In the simplest forms the shell has but a single
chamber; in others chamber after chamber is
added to the first, each connected with the pre-
ceding ones by a tube or aperture, though it is the
last only which is inhabited. This addition may
be made in a straight or curved line, or in one
rolled on itself in a flat or oblique plane, and in
one or more series, or in an irregularly crowded
manner.

KHiZOPODA. 9

The species are few in our seas ; but in those of
warm climates, as in the Mediterranean, they are
much more numerous ; but all the existing kinds
put together dwindle into insignificance when com-
pared to the almost incredible profusion in which
the Class existed in the ancient seas of the secondary
and tertiary epochs. Their fossil shells form
almost the entire bulk of extensive mountains ;
Paris is completely based on FOEAMINIFERA ; and
the extent to which they are crowded together
can only be compared to that of the grains in a
heap of corn. Plancus found 6,000 specimens in
an ounce of sand from the Adriatic, but D'Orbigny
estimates the same quantity of sand from the
Caribbean sea to contain the inconceivable number
of 3,840,000 shells! It is needless to add that
these must be of excessive minuteness, as are most
of the recent species ; some of the fossil NummuUna,
however, are of the size of a crown-piece.

Localities, &c. — The living species are found
adhering to sea-weeds, and branching zoophytes.
I have obtained Polystomella crispa and Polymor-
phina oblong a on the Dorset coast, by plucking up
at random, from the verge of low water, tufts of
the common Coralline, of RJiytiphlea, &c., and
putting them into a glass vase of sea-water. The
FORAMINIFERA will crawl out and adhere to the
sides of the glass, where they must be searched
for with a lens.

Identification. — The number and arrangement
of the chambers ; and the nature, form, position and
direction of the orifice, afford the chief grounds for
the sub-division of the group.

Zoological Rank. — Considerable diversity of
opinion exists on this point among naturalists.

10 RHIZOPODA.

Formerly the FORAMINIFEKA were supposed, chiefly
from their chambered shells, to be allied to the
highest forms of the MoLLUSCA, but that opinion
has long been abandoned. Professors Ehrenberg
and Williamson, however, still associate them with
that great Sub-kingdom, but in its very lowest
rank ; judging that the structure of the shell dis-
plays essential affinity to that of the calcareous
cells of Eschar a, &c., among the POLYZOA.
D'Orbigny places the Class between the ZOOPHYTA
and the ECHINODERMATA. But for the present I
prefer to adhere to the views of Dujardin, Siebold,
and others, who ally them to the INFUSORIA. The
Noctiluca miliaris, which sometimes occurs in
countless millions in our seas in summer, holds a
most debateable position. Formerly it was in-
cluded among the Medusa, with which it certainly
has no affinity ; Mr. Huxley considers it an In-
fusorium, and M. Doyere suggests its analogy to
the simple, shell-less RHIZOPODA.

Authorities. — For the arrangement of the genera,
I have followed D'Orbigny (Art. FORAMINIFERES
in the Diet, des Sci. Nat.) ; but the identification
of recent British species was a work for which I
knew of no published help. It is understood that
Dr. Carpenter and Professor Williamson are both
engaged on the British FORAMINIFERA, and the
latter has published a Memoir on the Lagena,
which I have used. For the rest, I have received
the kind and valuable assistance of Mr. T. Rupert
Jones, who has furnished me, at the cost of much
time and labour, with a list of British species
which he believes to be recent. Many of those
whose shells are found in our seas he believes to
be fossil, washed down from sea-side cliffs.

FORAMINIFERA. 11

SUB-CLASS FORAMINIFERA.

Microscopic animals ; not aggregated ; of gluti-
nous consistence; rounded, or divided into seg-
ments, placed in a line, or rolled spirally ; enveloped
in a shell, which is modelled on the form of the
body ; giving off, through orifices in the shell, soft
filaments, which are contractile, colourless, very
long, branched, and used for locomotion.

Body composed of one segment ; shell of
one chamber Monostegia.

Body of segments placed in one line ; shell
of chambers built up end to end in a straight
or curved line Stichostegia.

Body of segments rolled in a spiral ; cham-
bers of shell piled on one axis, in a spiral . Helicostegia.

Body of alternate segments forming a
spiral; shell-chambers piled on two axes,
alternating, and rolled in a spiral Entomostegia.

Body of alternate segments crowded to-
gether, not in a spiral : chambers alternate,
crowded, on two or three axes, not forming
a spiral Enallostegia.

Body of segments twined (par pelotonnement)
round an axis ; chambers similar, each making
a half-circumvolution Agathistegia.

Order I. MONOSTEGIA.

Lagena (Walker). Cell calcareous, single, glo-
bular, ovate, or cylindrical, with a long external
tubular neck projecting from the upper extremity.

L. laevis. L. striata. Fig. 9 ; mag. 9-f

gracilis. substriata.

Entosolenia (Ehrenberg). As Lagena, but the
tube projects downwards into the cavity of the
cell.

E. globosa. E. lineata.

squamosa. marginata. Fig. 10. section ; £-£-&.

12 RHIZOPODA.

Order II. STIGHOSTEGIA.

Dentalina (D'Orbigny). Animal free in the
shell; shell regular, equal-sided, slightly bowed,
with a single central round orifice.

D. recta. Fig. 11 ; f
? subarenata.

Order III. HELICOSTEGIA.

Nonionina (D'Orb.). Shell equal-sided, spire
rolled in the same plane; orifice single, against
the return of the spire, always visible.

N". crassula. Fig. 12 ; mag.

Polystomella (Lamk.). Orifices numerous, on
the last chamber, and on the sides of the shell ;
chambers simple, furnished with one sole cavity.

P. crispa. Fig. 14 ; 2T°. P. crenatula.
Gulielininse. nautilina.

Rotalina (D'Orb.). Shell unequal-sided, spire
rolled obliquely, and completely formed; orifice
simple, crescent-shaped, on the last chamber only,
on the middle of its breadth.

E. Beccarii. Fig. 13 ; 2T5.

Globigerina (D'Orb.). As Rotalina, but the
orifice is at the umbilical angle.

G. inflata. Fig. 15 ; mag.

Truncatulina (D'Orb.). As Rotalina, but the
orifice is a slit continued from one chamber to
another, on the spiral side.

T. lobatula. Fig. 20 ; mag.

FOEAMINIFERA.

Order V. ENALLOSTEGIA.

13

Polymorphina (D'Orb.). Shell with unequal
sides, without corresponding parts ; alternation of
the chambers upon two faces ; orifice round, ter-
minal.

P. lactea.

oblonga. Fig. 16 ; £.
? rotundata.

Order VI. AGATHISTEGIA.

Spiroloculina (D'Orb.). Shell equal-sided, formed
of corresponding parts ; chambers aggregated on
two opposing faces, all of them apparent, not
embracing.

S. concentrica. Fig. 17 ; 'Y**

14 RHIZOPODA.

Tnloculina (D'Orb.) . Shell unequal-sided, formed
of parts not corresponding; aggregation on three
opposing faces.

T. striata.

oblonga. Fig. 19; if.

Quinqueloculina (D'Orb.). As Triloculina, but
the aggregation on five opposing faces ; five cham-
bers apparent at all ages.

Q. seminulum.

subrotunda. Fig. 18 ; .£.

Adelosina (D'Orb.). As Quinqueloculina, but
the five chambers are apparent only in the adult
state.

A. bicornis. Fig. 22 ; |.

Genus of uncertain place.

Noctiluca (Suriray). Shell-less; covered with a
transparent membrane ; globose, but slightly two-
lobed; with a flexible tentacle, but without change-
able processes; swimming freely in the sea;
luminous.

N. miliaris. Fig. 21 ; 2_5.

SUB-KINGDOM II. RADIATA.

CLASS L ZOOPHYTA.
(POLYPES.)

THE animals of this Class have a well-defined
form, though a more or less changeable one; a
form of which the most obvious characteristic is,
that the various organs are arranged in a radiate
or circular manner round a centre. In the simplest
state one of these animals consists of a fleshy bag,
opening only at one end, around which is placed
a crown of slender contractile threads called tenta-
cles, while the other end forms an adhesive disk
by which the creature attaches itself to other
objects. This is the condition of the Hydra, the
Clava, &c.

A number of species have the power of secreting
an investing tube of a horny nature, in which the
fleshy body can move up and down, expanding its
tentacles, like a star, over the top. Others give
forth buds at intervals, each of which takes the
form of a polype ; and these being permanent, give
a shrub-like or branched aspect to the animal,
which then is a compound polype. The tube is
branched conformably, and the orifices from which
the polypes expand are usually dilated into cups

16 ZOOPHYTA.

or cells. This is the condition of the Sertulariadce
and the Plumulariadce.

Others are not enclosed in a tube, but deposit in
the substance of the flesh crystal-like spicula of
lime, somewhat like those of the Sponges, which
serve to stiffen and support the mass, as the Alcyo-
nium or " Cow's-pap." The extensive group known
popularly as Sea-anemones, or Animal-flowers,
from the blossom-like appearance of their expanded
disks and tentacles, and their gorgeous colours, are
more fleshy, but are destitute of any solid parts ;
while the Madrepores have a skeleton composed of
stony plates set up edgewise, and imbedded in the
flesh in a radiating fashion round the centre.
Finally, the Gorgonice are long and slender, with
a flexible axis of horny or wood-like substance.

Most, if not all, of these Polypes have the power
of arresting, by a touch of their bodies, other
animals much higher in rank than themselves, and
of instantly benumbing them, so that they may be
sucked in and devoured without resistance. This
power resides in highly elastic threads or wires,
which are doubtless connected with a subtile
poison, and are ordinarily coiled up in oval cap-
sules, but are, at the will of the animal, projected
with surprising force. These capsules are lodged
in vast numbers in the flesh of the body, but
especially in the tentacles.*

Localities, &c. — The Tubulariadce and Sertula-
riadce are for the most part found growing on
rocks, stones, or shells, from half-tide level to deep
water. Some, as the Goryne and the Campanula-
riadce, are more often found on sea- weeds. The

* See my observations on these organs in " The Devonshire
Coast," passim.

ZOOPHYTA. 17

ActiniadcB chiefly affect the rocks between tide-
marks, but are not fixed, and the elegant Lucer-
narice hang from slender sea-weeds. Our few
native Madrepores (Caryophyllacea) are either
natives of deep water, or are permanently fixed to
rocks at the lowest tide-level, on the Devon and
Cornwall coasts. The Alcyonaria are confined to
deep water, except that small specimens of Alcy-
onium are occasionally found on rocks and under
ledges within tide-marks.

Identification. — The points to be noticed are
mainly these : — the cavity of the body, whether
simple, or divided by radiating membranous plates ;
the increase, whether by buds from the sides, or
by embryos discharged ; if the latter, whether
from the mouth, or from proper capsules; the
presence or absence of a tube ; the arrangement of
the cells or buds in the compound tribes ; the
nature, texture, and arrangement of the solid
skeleton; the number, form, and arrangement of
the tentacles ; the emission of poisoning threads ;
the adhesion or freedom of the base; and the
general figure of the animal.

Authorities. — Dr. Johnston's "History of British
Zoophytes," Mr. Dana's magnificent treatise "Zoo-
phytes," in the American Exploring Expedition,
and personal observation.

ZOOPHYTA.

Animals of radiate structure, of gelatinous or
fleshy substance, with a crown of tentacles sur-
rounding the entrance to the stomach : furnished
with offensive weapons in the form of capsules
imbedded in the tissues, each of which incloses a
C

18 ZOOPHYTA.

projectile poisoning dart: no special organs of
sense : no distinction of sex.

Internal cavity simple ; increasing by germs
growing out from the sides Hydro'ida.

Internal cavity inclosing the stomach, and
divided into compartments, by radiated parti-
tions which have reproductive functions ; germs
ejected through the orifice of the cavity . . . Actinoida.

Order I. EYDEOIDA.

Deciduous germs growing from near the base
of tentacles, and naked ; animals either naked,
or inclosed in a horny, tubular envelope (coral-

Egg-germs inclosed in vesicles ; animals in-
creasing by permanent lateral buds ; inclosed
in a horny envelope; polypes seated in cup-like
cells.

Cells sessile Sertulariada.

Cells on foot-stalks Campanulariada.

TUBULAKIAD.E.

19

FAMILY I. TUBULARIAD^E.

Clava (Gmelin). Naked, fleshy; tentacles scat-
tered, thread-like ; mouth terminal, naked.
C. multicornis. Fig. 23 ; l£.

Hydractinia (Van Beneden). Naked, fleshy,
gregarious, many united on a common crust -like
base; tentacles in one circle, thread-like; egg-
germs sessile, clustered on untentacled individuals.

H. echinata. Fig. 24 ; 2_o.
? littoralis.
? — _ ? (Johnston's Zooph. 2d Ed. p. 463.)

Myriothela (Sars) = Spadix (Gosse). Naked,
solitary, club-shaped, extensile, crowded with short

25

26

20 ZOOPHYTA.

wart-like tentacles: egg-germs globose, on branched
foot-stalks, clustered around the base.

M. arctica. Fig. 25.

Coryne (Gaertner). Simple or branched ; naked
or inclosed in a rudimentary tube ; tentacles having
globular tips; mouth terminal, expansile, and
capable of being used as a sucking disk; egg-
germs simple, on short stalks.

C. pusilla. C. stauridia.

ramosa. Cerberus,

sessilis. Fig. 26 ; 3T°.

JEudendrium (Ehr.). Inclosed. Corallum fibrous-
rooted, erect, branching. Polypes protruding from
the tips of the branches, not retractile, bearing a
single circle of thread-like tentacles.

E. ramosum. Fig. 27 ; n. s. and mag.
1 rameum.

Tulularia (Linn.). Inclosed. Corallum un-
branching. Polypes bearing 2 circles of thread-
like tentacles ; egg-germs on short foot-stalks, clus-
tered at the basis of the lower tentacles.

T. indivisa. Fig. 28. T. gracilis.

Dumortierii. polyceps.

larynx.

Corymorpha (Sars). Partially inclosed. Co-
rallum short, thin, membranous, swollen at the
base, which is plunged into the sand of the sea-
bottom. Polype single, with the summit club-
shaped; a circle of long thread-like tentacles
around the base of the head, and a circle of short
ones around the tip.

C. nutans. Fig. 29.

? (Johnston's Zooph. 2d Ed. p. 463.)

SERTULARlAD^i.

2.1

28

29

FAMILY II. SERTULAEIAD^.

Halecium (Oken). Corallum plant-like; stem
consisting of several tubes aggregated together ;
cells shallow cups, set on two opposite sides,
alternately, one under every joint.

H. halecinurn. Fig. 30 ; n. s. and mag.
Beanii.
muricatum.

Sertularia (Linn.). Corallum plant-like; stem
simply tubular, branched, jointed ; cells vase-like,
with everted brims, alternate or in pairs, set on
opposite sides.

22

ZOOPHYTA.

S. polyzonias. S. margareta.

rugosa. fallax.

rosacea. tamarisca.

pumila. abietina. Fig. 31 ; n. s. and •>

Evansii. filicula.

nigra. operculata.

pinnata. argentea.

fusca. cupressina.

pinaster. gracilis.

30

31

Eeticularia (Wy. Thomps.). Corallum an in-
vesting network of horny tubes, immersed in a
homogeneous horny crust; cells short projections
of the tube, curved, with simple round orifices.
R. immersa. Fig. 31* ; mag.

Coppinia (Hassall) . Corallum parasitic, massive,
hairy; cells lengthened, tubular, often curved,

SERTULARIAD.E.

23

arising at irregular distances (generally at the
angles of junction) out of a cellular basis, the

apertures of the cells or spaces of which are often
themselves covered in by a lid perforated by a

small tubular orifice.

*

C. arcta. Fig. 31** ; mag.

\

Thuiaria (Flem.). As Sertularia, but the cells
are closely pressed to, or imbedded in, the surface
of the stem or branches.

24 ZOOPHYTA.

T. thuia. Fig. 32 ; n. s. and mag.
articulata.

Antennularia (Lamk.). Corallum simple or
branched, jointed, with slender hair-like branchlets
set in whorls ; cells small cups set all on the inner
side of the branchlets ; egg- vesicles seated in the
angles.

A. antennina. Fig. 33 ; n. s. and mag.
ramosa.

Plumularia (Lamk.). Corallum simple or
branched, feathery ; cells small, usually seated
in the angles formed by horny spines on the inner
side of the branches ; egg-vesicles scattered.

* Stem simple.

P. falcata. P. setacea.

cristata. Catharina

pennatula. echinulata.

pinnata. Fig. 34 ; n. s. and mag. fascis.

** Stem composed of many parallel tubes.
P. myriophyllum. P. frutescens.

FAMILY III. CAMPANULARIAD^E.

Laomedea (Lamouroux). Corallum plant-like,
erect, regularly jointed, the joints ringed, thickened,
giving origin, alternately from opposite sides, to
the cells, which are deep, goblet-shaped, and set
at the end of short stalks. Egg-vesicles seated
in the angles of the branches, each producing
many embryos resembling medusas.

L. dichotoma. L. obliqua.

geniculata. Fig. 35 ; n. s. and mag. Flemingii.

gelatinosa. lacerata.

Campanularia (Lamk.). Corallum creeping, or
erect ; cells goblet-shaped, at the tips of long

ACTINOIDA.

25

ringed stalks set irregularly, or in whorls: egg-
vesicles scattered, producing medusa-like embryos.

* Stem simple.

C. volubilis. Fig. 36 ; n. s. and mag. C. intertexta.
Integra. syringa.

lacerata. parvula.

Isevis. caliculata.

serpens.

** Stem of many parallel tubes.
C. verticillata. C. dumosa.

Order II. ACTINOIDA.

Tentacles 12 or upwards, rarely warty, per-
forate at the tip ; radiating partitions of cavity,
often depositing solid calcareous plates, which
make a corallum Actinaria.

Tentacles 8, warty or plumose, the branchlets
perforate ; often depositing a corallum, which is
calcareous, or horny, rarely siliceous .... Alcyonaria.

26 ZOOPHYTA.

Sub-Order I. ACTINAEIA.

Tentacles many, in imperfect series, or scat-
tered ; corallum (when present) calcareous, cells
many-rayed Astrteacea.

Tentacles many, in 2 or more series : mostly
increasing by lateral buds ; corallum (when pre-
sent) calcareous, cells many-rayed . . . Caryophyllacea.

TKIBE I. ASTE^EACEA.
With no corallum : —

Tentacles in uninterrupted circles . Actiniadce.
Tentacles in remote groups . . .

FAMILY I. ACTINIAD^E.

Analysis of the Genera.
Adherent: —

Tentacles scarcely retractile.

Adhering base entire . . .
„ annular . . .

Tentacles readily retractile.

Tentacles knobbed . . . Corynactis.
„ truncate . . . Capnea.

„ conical.

Emitting filaments . . Sagartia.
Not emitting filaments.
Warted . . .
Smooth . . .
Not adherent : —
Monotrematous.

Anterior extremity normal.

Tentacles equal . . . Ilyanthm.

„ unequal . . . Arachnactis.
Anterior extremity forming a re-
tractile column . Edwardsia.
Ditrematous Peachia.

Anthea (Johnst.). Body adherent, cylindrical;
tentacles numerous, scarcely retractile within the
body ; their bases united in clusters.

ACTINIAD.E.

A. cereus. Fig. 37.
Tuedise.

27

Adamsia (Forbes). Body adherent to the mouths
of univalve shells, gradually expanding laterally,
till the two sides meet on the opposite lip of the
shell, and unite with a suture : tentacles imper-
fectly retractile, short, surrounding a linear mouth.
A. palliata. Fig. 38.

Corynactis (Allmann). Body adherent, not para-
sitic, cylindrical ; tentacles retractile, each with an
enlarged globose or two-lobed tip.

28

ZOOPHYTA.

C. viridis.

Allmanni. Fig. 39.
heterocera.

Capnea (Forbes). Body cylindrical, invested in
part by a lobed skin, adherent by a dilated base :
tentacles retractile, short, truncate.

C. sanguinea. Fig. 40.

Sagartia (Gosse). Body adherent, cylindrical,
without a skin ; destitute of warts ; emitting eap-
suliferous filaments from pores; nettling- threads
short, densely armed with a brush of hairs ; tenta-
cles conical.

S. viduata ( = anguicoma).
troglodytes,
aurora.
Candida.

S. nivea.
venusta.
parasitica.
bellis. Fig. 41.
dianthus.

Bunodes (Gosse). Body adherent, cylindrical,
studded with warts; skin leathery; not emitting

ACTINIAD.E.

29

missile filaments; nettling-threads long and simple;
tentacles generally thick, conical, obtuse.

B. gemmacea.
thallia.
clavata.
crassicornis. Fig. 42.

B. ? monile.

? chrysoplenum.
? alba.
? miniata.

Actinia (Linn.). Body adherent, cylindrical ;
destitute of warts, of pores, and of missile fila-
ments; skin smooth; a series of capsuliferous
spherules at the margin of the disk.

30

ZOOPHYTA.

A. mesembryanthemum. Fig. 43.
margaritifera.
chiococca.

43

44

Ilyanthus (Forbes). Body not adherent, tapering
to a point below; tentacles simple, retractile;
anterior extremity normal ; no posterior orifice.

I. Sections.

Mitchellii. Fig. 44.

Arachnactis (De Blainville). Body adherent or
free at will, cylindrical with a rounded base ; mouth
surrounded by non-retractile tentacles (about 16)
in two series, the outer ones very long, the inner
short: it either swims like a Medusa, or adheres
in deep water.

A. albida. Fig. 44*.

LUCERNARIAD^E.

31

Edwardsia (Quatrefages) = Scolanthus (Gosse).
Body not adherent, worm-like; mouth and ten-
tacles seated on a retractile column ; hinder extre-
mity inflated, membranous, retractile, not perforate.

E. callimorpha. Fig. 45.
sphseroides.

Peachia (Gosse). Body not adherent, sub-cylin-
drical, or pear-shaped, with a posterior orifice ;
tentacles few, short, thick, conical, set in
circle ; oviduct terminating in a warted knob.
P. hastata. Fig. 46.
? chrysanthellum.

one

FAMILY II. LUCERNARIAD^;.

Lucernaria (Miiller). Body bell or goblet shaped,
adherent or free at pleasure ; mouth quadrangular,
in the centre of a membranous expanded disk;
tentacles knobbed, clustered in groups on the pro-
jecting angles of the disk.

32 ZOOPHYTA.

L. fascicularis.

auricula. Fig. 47.

campanulata.

cyathiformis.

TRIBE II. CARYOPHYLLACEA.

Not depositing a corallum. Skin sub-
coriaceous. Tentacles short, marginal . Zoanthida.

Depositing a corallum. Tentacles
crowded. Mouth protrusile .... Caryopkytttada.

FAMILY I. ZOANTHID^E.

Zoantkus (Cuvier). Polypes compound, distant,
arising from a common, creeping, root-like, fleshy
"band.

Z. Couchii. Fig. 48.

FAMILY II. CARYOPHYLLEADJS.

Turlinalia (Lamk.). Corallum simple, inversely
conical, furrowed on the outside, pointed below ;
the radiating plates hollowed into a cup-like
cavity.

T. milletiana. Fig. 49.

CARYOPHYLLEAD^E.

33

Cyathina (Ehr.) = Caryophyllea (Johnst.). Co-
rallum simple, or compound only by mutual ad-
hesion, cylindrical, or inversely sub-conical, cup-
like above, adherent : plates converging, graduated
in three series ; a sponge-like mass of contorted
plates in the bottom of the cup. Animal actinia-
like, with a ribbed mouth, and globose-tipped
tentacles.

C. Smithii. Fig. 50 ; n. s.
borealis?

50 51

Balanophyllea (Wood). Corallum simple, cylin-
drical, adherent ; plates arranged in threes which
diverge from the circumference. Animal with a
protrusile mouth, not ribbed, and conical tentacles.

B. regia. Fig. 51 ; n. s.

Oculina (Lamk.). Corallum branched in a tree-
like manner, with long stems, solid, smooth.
O. prolifera. Fig. 52 ; n. s.

34

ZOOPHYTA.

Sub- Order II. ALGYONAEIA.

Free, or buried by the base in mud ;
never attached ; feather-like

Attached, fleshy, containing scattered
calcareous spiculse ; form massive, irregular. Alcyoniidce.

Rooted, plant-like ; forming basal epi-
dermic secretions, and often also other
secretions ; the latter separable from the
former Gorgoniada.

FAMILY I. PENNATULAD^E.

Pennatula (Cuv.). Polype-mass feather-like, the
shaft sub-cylindrical, naked beneath ; pinnae two-
ranked, spreading, flattened, bearing the polypes
on their upper margins.

P. phosphorea. Fig. 53 ; n. s.

53

Virgularia (Lamk.). Polype-mass linear, length-
ened, supporting, towards the upper end, sessile
curving lobes, embracing the stem obliquely, and
bearing a row of polypes on their margin.

V. mirabilis. Fig. 54, \ n. s. ; and a few polypes, n. s.
Pavonaria (Cuv.). Polype-mass linear, length-
ened, four-sided; polypes sessile, retractile, arranged

ALCYONIDXE.

35

sub-spirally on one side only of the posterior half
of the stem.

P. quadrangularis. Fig. 55, -^ n. s. ; and the tip, \ n. s.

55

FAMILY II. ALCYONIID.E.

Alcyonium (Linn.). Polype-mass lobed, in-
crusting submerged bodies, spongy, with star-like
pores, from which protrude the polypes.

A. digitatum. Fig. 56, n. s. ; and a polype, mag.
glomeratum.

Sarcodictyon (Forbes). Polype-mass incrusting,
linear, creeping, uniting at intervals into a sort of
network : polypes distant, in a single row of pro-
minent cells.

S. catenata. Fig. 57 ; n.s.
agglomerata.

36

ZOOPHYTA.

FAMILY III. GOEGONIAD^.

Gorgonia (Linn.). Polype-mass consisting of a
central axis, horny, flexible, continuous, branched;
and an enveloping crust, soft and fleshy, in which
the polypes are sunk.

G. verrucosa. Fig. 58 ; n. s.
pinnata.
anceps.

ii >>;

Aw

Primnoa (Lamk.). Central axis horny, becom-
ing very hard, continuous : polype-cells protruded
far beyond the crust, somewhat stalked, moveable,
scaled, the aperture furnished with 8 shelly scales.
P. lepadifera. Fig. 59 ; n. s.

37

CLASS II. ACALEPHA.

(SEA-BLUBBERS.)

THE most common form of these animals is that
of an umbrella, or a mushroom ; a broad circular
convex disk of jelly, usually clear and colourless,
but sometimes having the frosted appearance of
ground glass, and sometimes being tinged with
delicate colours. From the under-surface or in-
terior, called the sub-umbrella, commonly depends
a fleshy mass called the peduncle, representing the
handle of the umbrella, or the stem of the mush-
room : sometimes this is slender and of consider-
able length, but more commonly it is thick, and so
short as not to protrude below the level of the
margin ; it usually terminates in four expanding
triangular lips, which are often much frilled and
fringed at their edges. The centre of these four
lips is the mouth, which leads to a cavity (the
stomach) in the upper part of the peduncle, where
the food is digested. Slender vessels radiate from
this cavity, across the convexity of the "umbrella,"
to the circumference ; where they open into another
vessel, which runs completely round the margin.
In all these vessels the nutritive fluid circulates
from the stomach, as may be readily seen with a
microscope, by the motion of the particles.

From the circumference generally proceed thread-
like tentacles, varying in number and length,
which are very sensitive, have great power of con-
traction, and are studded with capsules inclosing
poison-threads, exactly resembling those of the
tolypes, and serving the very same purpose, viz.

38 ACALEPHA.

that of stunning and arresting active prey, which
is then passed to the mouth and swallowed. The
capsules are often crowded together at intervals,
forming thickened rings around the tentacles, and
their power is so great as to render some species
truly formidable to man himself. The great Cya-
ncea capillata of our own seas, for example, is a
species that stings most severely.

Around the margin also are placed the organs of
sense. In one group called "Naked-eyed," there
are bulbs or swellings at the bases of the tentacles,
containing masses of coloured grains (pigment
cells) usually bright red or black, which are
believed to be rudimentary eyes. But in another
group, the one called " Covered- eyed," the organs
of vision are more complex, consisting of little
columns inclosing a vast number of six-sided prisms
of transparent substance, and protected by over-
hanging folds of membrane. In the former group
there are also on the margin little globules of trans-
parent membrane, inclosing one or more vibrating
bodies, and believed to be organs of hearing.

The beauty of these creatures is very great ;
their elegant forms, their crystalline transparency,
their beautiful tints, their brilliant eye-specks, the
grace of their muslin-like frills and furbelows, their
pulsatory movements, — all combine to make them,
especially the smaller species, most attractive sub-
jects of observation. Many of them exhibit in the
dark the curious and interesting phenomenon of
self-luminosity. On being touched or otherwise
irritated, they suddenly become illuminated, the
light appearing in rings or circles of luminous
points, which alternately flash and die, like gas-jets
on a festive gala-night.

ACALEPHA. 39

But besides these common forms, which include
nine-tenths of our native representatives of the
Class, we have a few species of very different ap-
pearance. The most familiar of these are the
Beroes and Cydippes, which look like tiny melons
of glass, down whose bodies run bands or meridian-
lines of paddles, which are the organs of locomo-
tion. In the kinds above described, swimming is
performed by alternate contractions and expansions
of the whole disk ; but in these it is effected by
cilia set in short transverse rows, many of these
rows making one meridian-band ; these cilia-rows,
moving up and down, strike the water with the
most beautiful regularity, exactly like the paddles
of a steamer, and row the little crystal globe along,
with an even, graceful, gliding motion.

Others again, as the Portuguese man-of-war
(Physalia) , are floated by a large bladder filled with
air, and are driven along the surface of the sea by
the winds. Others, again, have their jelly-like
flesh stretched over a plate of cartilage, as the
Sallee-man ( Velella), with a number of short ten-
tacles dependent from the under-surface, while a di-
agonal plate stands up perpendicularly above, and
acts as a sail. These kinds, however ,*are only acci-
dental stragglers to our shores from warmer seas.

A very interesting point of connexion between
this Class of animals and the preceding is the
interchange of form. Some of the ZooPHYTA, as
the Tubulariadoe and the Campanulariadce, give
birth to a progeny which are, in every respect,
Naked-eyed Medusse ; while, on the other hand,
the young of the Medusse are, in their earlier
stages, stationary Polypes.*

* For many details of this "Alternation of Generations,"

40 ACALEPHA.

Localities. — All the forms, at least in their adult
condition, are free swimmers in the sea. They
come to the surface in the finest, calmest weather,
and most abundantly in the latter half of the day,
and during the night, especially in summer and
autumn. They must be caught by means of a
muslin net drawn through the water, the bag of
the net being at intervals turned inside out into a
glass vessel of water, when the smaller specimens
captured will float off uninjured. Many, however,
are so transparent and so delicate, that they can
with difficulty be detected.

Identification. — Attention must first be paid to
the general form, whether umbrella-like, berry-like,
or irregular. If the first, which will generally be
the case, notice the eye-specks, whether exposed or
covered by flaps ; the number and condition of the
radiating vessels, and the position and form of the
ovaries. Finally, the shape of the umbrella, the
form of the peduncle, the number and arrangement
of the tentacles, the presence or absence of furbe-
lows, and the number and position of the eyes,
afford the distinctive marks of the genera.

Authorities. — For the general arrangement of
the Class, I have followed the " System der Aca-
lephen " of Eschscholtz, modified by Professor E.
Forbes. For the enumeration of native species, I
am indebted to the " Monograph of the Naked-eyed
Medusae" of the latter author, Dr. Gray's "Cata-
logue of British Radiata in the British Museum,"
and my own personal observations.

the reader is referred to Steenstrup's " Essay" (Ray Society), to
Professor Forbes's "Monograph of the Naked-eyed Medusae,"
and to my own "Devonshire Coast."

DISCOPHORA. 41

.ACALEPHA.

Animals of radiate structure, of pellucid gela-
tinous substance, swimming freely in the sea, after
they have attained their adult condition ; with a
digestive cavity, whence vessels diverge, carrying
a circulating nutritive fluid; furnished with various
organs of sense, and with poisoning weapons simi-
lar to those of the ZOOPHYTA : increasing generally
by eggs; and subject to metamorphosis.

Body in form of a circular disk,
more or less convex, and umbrella-
like, with a great central digestive
cavity ; moving by alternate con-
tractions and expansions of the disk. Discophora.

Body symmetrical, not disk-
shaped, with a great central diges-
tive cavity ; moving by means of
many parallel rows of cilia, set in
longitudinal lines on the surface. . Ctenophora.

Body irregular ; without a central
cavity for digestion ; with sucking
organs ; moving by means of a con-
tractile cavity, or by vesicles filled
with air Siphonophora.

Order I. DISCOPHORA.

Eye-specks uncovered, or wanting ;
circulating vessels proceeding to the
margin quite simple or branched. . Gi/mnophthalmata.

Eye-specks protected by membra-
nous hoods or lobed coverings ; cir-
culating vessels much ramified, and
united into a network Steganophthalmata.

42 ACALEPHA.

TRIBE I. GYMNOPHTHALMATA.

Vessels simple.

Vessels 4 :

Ovaries in the substance of

the peduncle Sarsiada.

Ovaries along the vessels on

the sub-umbrella Geryoniadte.

Ovaries convoluted, lining

the stomach Oceaniadae.

Vessels 8 :

Ovaries small, oval, placed
on the vessels ; disk tall, ob-
long Circeada.

Vessels above 8 :

Ovaries linear along the ves-
sels ; disk depressed .... ^Equoreadae.

Vessels branched Willsiada.

FAMILY I. SAKSIARE.

Sarsia (Lesson) . Umbrella hemispherical ; ovaries
not conspicuous ; four marginal tentacles at the
extremities of the vessels ; eyes four ; stomach in
a very extensile cylindrical proboscis-like peduncle,
with a simple orifice.

S. tubulosa. Fig. 60 ; n. s.
pulchella.
gemmifera.
prolifera.

Plancia (Forbes). Umbrella hemispherical;
ovaries not conspicuous ; two long marginal tenta-
cles, and numerous intermediate tubercles, all
furnished with eyes ; stomach at the end of a very
long extensile, cylindrical, tubular peduncle, with
a simple or obscurely-lobed orifice.

P. gracilis. Fig. 60* ; n. s.

SARSIAD^E. 43

BougainviUcea(LQSS.}. Umbrella spherical; ova-
ries as four equal lobes, on the sides of the short
peduncle; tentacles arranged in four marginal
groups; peduncle terminating in four ramifying
tentacled lips.

B. Britannica. Fig. 61 ; n. s. B. cmcifera.

nigritella. simplex,

pyramidata.

Lizzia (Forbes). Umb. oblong ; ovaries as four
lobes on the sides of the short peduncle ; tentacles
in eight unequal groups.

L. octopunctata. Fig. 62 ; n. s.
blondina.

Modeeria (Forbes). Umb. globose ; tentacles
four ; eyes conspicuous ; peduncle balloon-shaped,
four-lipped.

M. formosa. Fig. 63 ; n. s.

Euphysa (Forbes). Umb. globose ; peduncle
flask-like with a proboscis-like mouth, and the
ovaries at its base ; four conspicuous coloured eyes,
from each of which arises a short filament, and
from one a single thick tentacle.

E. aurata. Fig. 64 ; n. s.

Steenstrupia (Forbes). Umb. conical, with a
produced apex, connected by a cord with the sub-
umbrella ; four marginal glands, with a long tentacle
depending from one of them only : peduncle pro-
boscis-like.

S. rubra.

flaveola. Fig. 65 ; n. s.

44

ACALEPHA.

FAMILY II. GERYONIAD^E.

Geryonia (Peron). TJmb. hemispherical; tenta-
cles variable (8 in the British species) ; ovaries
leaf-like ; peduncle long, inversely conical, with
four lips.

G. appendiculata. Fig. 66 ; n. s.

63

68

Tima (Esch.). Umb. hemispherical ; tentacles
numerous (16) ; ovaries linear ; peduncle cylindri-
cal, four-lipped.

T. Bairdii. Fig. 67 ; 4-.

Geryonopsis (Forbes). Umb. hemispherical;
ovaries club-shaped ; tentacles numerous (68), very
short; peduncle short, with four large radiating
fringed lips.

G. delicatula. Fig. 68 ; i.

OCEANIADJE.

45

kaumantias (Esch.). Umb. variable ; ovaries
ovate or linear; tentacles 4 to 200; always with
coloured bulbs ; peduncle short, with four, rarely
fringed, lips.

* Tentacles of two kinds.

T. pilosella.
** Tentacles of one kind only.

a Tentacles four.

T. quadrata. T. aeronautica.

/3 Tentacles eight.

T. octona.
7 Tentacles sixteen and upwards.

T. maculata. T. hemisphserica.

melanops. inconspicua.

globosa. punctata.

convexa. lucifera.

gibbosa. Buskiana. Fig. 69 ; n. s.

lineata. corynetes.

pileata. undulata.

Sarnica. confluens.
Thompson!.

Slabberia (Forbes). Umb. bell-shaped ; ovaries
linear ; peduncle proboscis-like, very extensile ;
four tentacles with knobbed tips.

S. halterata. Fig. 70 ; n. s.
catenata.

FAMILY III. OCEANIAD^.

Turris (Less.). Umb. mitre-shaped, with con-
spicuous muscles ; ovaries double, dense ; tentacles
numerous ; peduncle globose, with fringed lips.

T. digitalis.

neglecta. Fig. 71 ; n. s.

46 ACALEPHA.

Saphema (Esch.). Umb. mitre-shaped ; ovaries
double ; peduncle very extensile, four-lipped ; tenta-
cles two, large, opposite, and a great number of
intermediate minute ones.

S. dinema.

Titania. Fig. 72 ; | .

71 72 73

Oceania (Peron). Umb. mitre-sliaped, or globu-
lar; tentacles similar, varying in number; no
conspicuous muscles ; peduncle four-lipped.

0. octona. 0. turrita.

episcopalis. ' globulosa.

ducalis. pusilla. Fig. 73 ; -J.

FAMILY IV. CIKCEAD^:.

Circe (Mert.). Umb. mitre-shaped, tall ; ovaries
set around its roof ; tentacles numerous ; peduncle
cylindrical, with four lips.

C. rosea. Fig. 74 ; n. s.

FAMILY V. ^EQUOKEAD^:.

Stomobrachium (Brandt). Umb. convex; tenta-
cles numerous; peduncle short, with lobed and
fringed lips.

S. octocostatum. Fig. 75 ; n. s.

Polyxenia (Esch.). Umb. depressed; ovaries
numerous (16), set in the centres of triangular

WILLSIAD^E.

47

spaces, reaching nearly to the margin; tentacles
16, alternating with the vessels; peduncle short,
terminating in four long lips.

P. Alderi. Fig. 76 ; n. s.

78

JEguorea (Peron). Umb. depressed, convex;
vessels and ovaries very numerous; peduncle wide,
expanding into many broad long-fringed lobes ;
tentacles varying in number, slender.

M. Forskallii.
vitrina.
Forbesiana. Fig. 77 ; -i.

FAMILY VI. WILLSIAD.E.

Willsia (Forbes). Umb. globose ; ovaries 6 ;
vessels 6, twice dichotomously dividing, as they
approach the margin ; an eye and a tentacle oppo-
site each branch ; peduncle short, four-lipped.

W. stellata. Fig. 78 ; f.

48 ACALEPHA.

TRIBE II. STEGANOPHTHALMATA.

Stomach furnished with a mouth, through
which solid food is received Medusadte.

Stomach with no central orifice or mouth,
but absorbing nourishment through the ex-
tremities of long ramifying canals .... Khizostomada.

FAMILY I. MEDUSAD.E.

Medusa (Linn.). Umb. hemispherical, with
many marginal tentacles ; having 8 eyes covered
by lobes, 4 ovaries, 4 chambers, 4 fringed arms ;
a central opening and 4 lateral openings.

M. aurita. Fig. 79 ; |.
campanula.
Surirea.

Cyanasa, (Peron). Umb. depressed, scolloped;
appendages to the stomach in form of sacs alter-
nately large and small ; 4 openings ; peduncle per-
forated in the centre ; 4 fringed arms ; marginal
tentacles very numerous, inserted beneath the
disk.

C. capillata. Fig. 80 ; T13-.
Lamarckii.

Chrysaora (Per.). Umb. hemispherical, fes-
tooned ; marginal tentacles more than 8 ; appen-
dages to the stomach sac-like, opening by a single
orifice in the centre of the peduncle ; 4 very long,
furbelowed, unfringed arms.

C. hyoscella.

cyclonota. Fig. 81 ; .|.

Pelagia (Per.). Umb. sub-hemispherical or
globose, scolloped ; marginal tentacles 8 ; peduncle

50 ACALEPHA.

ending in 4 leaf-like, furbelowed arms, united at
the base ; 4 ovaries ; appendages to the stomach
without orifices.

P. cyanella. Fig. 82 ; f .

FAMILY II. KHIZOSTOMAD^.

Cassiopea (Per.). Umb. hemispherical, de-
pressed, without marginal tentacles ; ovaries 8 ;
no peduncle, but a central disk, with 4 or 8 half-
moon-shaped orifices at its sides, and sending off
8 or 10 much-branching arms, which are fringed
with retractile, stalked, sucking disks.
C. lunulata. Fig. 83 ; yL.

Rhizostoma (Cuv.). Ovaries 4; peduncle with
4 or 8 half-moon-shaped orifices, formed by 4
pillars dividing into 8 cartilaginous arms, without
fringes.

R. pulmo. Fig. 84 ; ^

Order II. GTENOPHOEA.

With a chamber on each side, containing
a long, very extensile and contractile fila-
ment Callianiradte.

With no chambers or filaments . . . Beroida.

FAMILY I. CALLIANIKAD.E.

Gydippe (Esch.). Body globose; with no swim-
ming-lobes or oral tentacles.

C. pileus. C. lagena.

Flemingii. pomiformis. Fig. 85 ; n. s.

infundibulum.

BEROIDJE.

51

Bolina (Patterson). Body compressed ; with 4
wimming - lobes .

B. hibernica. Fig. 86.

FAMILY II. BEKOIDJE.

Beroe (Miiller). Body ovate; with no filaments,
lobes or tentacles.

B. cucumis.

fulgens. Fig. 87 ; n. s.
borealis.

52 ACALEPHA.

Alcinoe (Cuv.). Body furnished with swimming
lobes and oral tentacles : (fig. 88).*

A. rotunda.
Smithii.

Order III. SIPHONOPHORA.

Animals double, bell-shaped ; one fitting
into the cavity of the other Diphyida.

Animal consisting of a large air-vessel, with
numerous tentacles Physaiiada.

Animal stretched over a cartilaginous plate. Vdellada.

FAMILY I. DIPHYID^.

DipJiyes (Cuv.). Animals similar, pyramidal,
with a few points around the aperture.

D. campanulifera(?) Fig. 89 ; mag. -&.

FAMILY II. PHYSALIAD^.

Physalia (Lamk.). Air-vessel large, oblong,
with a wrinkled crest ; tentacles of several forms,
long, pendent from near one end of the vessel.
P. pelagica. Tig. 90 ; i n. s.

FAMILY III. VELELLAD.E.

Velella (Lamk.). Body oval, flat, with an
oblique vertical cartilaginous crest above, and a
central tubular mouth below, surrounded by
numerous short tentacles.

V. vulgaris. Fig. 91 ; n. s.

* The figure (88) represents A. vermiculata, found in the
South Atlantic. I am not aware that any published figure of
either of our native species exists.

VELELLADJE.

53

Eataria (Escli.). Body circular,
with a compressed, elevated, carti-
laginous piece within, which has a
moveable muscular crest; below
concave, with a tubular mouth,
surrounded by tentacles in a single
marginal row.

R. pocillum. Fig. 92 ; n. s.

CLASS III. ECHINODEKMATA.

THIS word, which signifies " hedgehog- skinned,"
sufficiently expresses the character that is most con-
spicuous in these animals, and which is so gene-
rally prevalent as to serve in most cases for their
identification. They are clothed with prickles ;
and these are either conical, sharp-pointed warts,
which are immoveable, studding the leathery skin,
or they are symmetrical spines variously shaped
and sculptured, usually jointed upon the surface of
shelly plates, so as to be capable of motion to a
certain limited extent.

The form of the animals of this group is also
characteristic; though it varies much in appear-
ance, a moment's observation shows that there is
a common principle in the whole, which reduces all
the varieties to modifications of one model. That
model is a star with five radiating points or rays,
such as we see in the most simple condition in the
Sand-star (Ophiurd), a central body round and flat,
with five long taper rays set around the edge, like
the tails of snakes, diverging in as many directions.
Sometimes these rays consist each of two filaments j
springing from the same base, and then we have a
Comatula ; or the ray may divide, and subdivide, |
and subdivide again, to a high degree of ramifica-
tion, until the terminations are immensely nume-
rous and of hair-like fineness, — and thus we have
a Medusa's Head (Astrophyton). The rays may
become so broad at the base as to merge into
one another, and we have the common Star-fish
( Uraster) ; they may be more numerous than five,

ECHINODERMATA. 55

and we have the Sun-stars (Solaster) ; the angles
may be gradually filled up, the rays becoming
shorter and shorter, as in the Starlets (Goniaster,
&c.) ; and at length they may be quite lost as rays,
appearing only as the five angles of a disk, and
then we have the Bird's-foot (Palmipes).

The starry form has now quite disappeared, but
changes still proceed in the same direction ; the
body, from being flexible, becomes invested with
strong plates clothed with moveable spines, and
the five-angled outline is more and more lost.
It is still discernible in the Cake-urchin (Echina-
rachnius) ; but in the true Urchins or Sea-eggs
(Echinus), the form is become almost globular, and
the chief traces of the quinary arrangement are in
the rows of minute holes, which radiate, in five
pairs of lines, from one pole to the other of the
globe.

Again the texture of the skin changes ; it
becomes soft and fleshy ; the globose figure be-
comes columnar, at first short and thick, bu^
gradually increasing in length until we find the
Class passing out of our view in forms which it is
hard to distinguish from true Worms. For a while,
as in the Sea-cucumbers (Pentactidce) , suckers run
down the body in five double rows ; but in the
Thyonidce this arrangement is lost ; and finally, in
the Synaptada, all traces of this fivefold radiism
disappear.

I have just spoken of suckers; these are singular
organs, and highly characteristic of the ECHINO-
DERMATA. In the earlier families they are not
found ; and locomotion is performed chiefly by the
flexibility and prehensile character of the lithe and
slender rays. But in the Starfishes, Sea-urchins,

56 ECHINODERMATA.

and Sea-cucumbers, suckers are the proper organs
of motion. If we put an Urchin into a glass of
sea-water, we presently perceive a multitude of
slender, pellucid, fleshy threads pushed out from its
surface, each tipped with a little knob. We see
these waving to and fro, until one after another
comes in contact with the glass, to which the knob
adheres, as a dilated circular plate ; and that with
such force that the animal is able, by the common
power of many of these " sucker-feet," slowly to
drag itself along, others being ready every instant
to take fresh hold, and assist the pulling, in the
course of the progression. Under the microscope
the tip is found to be occupied by a round cal-
careous plate; and the muscular flesh which
surrounds it being pressed close to the surface
of the glass, a vacuum is formed, on the principle
of a cupping-glass, which resists considerable
force, until the creature relaxes its muscular con-
traction. When they are no longer wanted in
Action, they are withdrawn and disappear ; and if
we examine the animal in a dry state, after rubbing
off the investing spines, we shall see what has
become of them : they were withdrawn, at least
with the exception of the terminal knob, into the
interior of the shell, through those minute holes
which I just now spoke of as running in five
double series down the sides of the animal.

According to Professor Forbes there are, in a
moderate-sized Urchin, sixty-two rows of pores in
each of the ten series or " avenues;" and as there
are three pairs of pores in each row, the total num-
ber of pores is 3,720 ; but as each sucker occupies
a pair of pores, the number of suckers is I860.*

* " British Starfishes," p. 152.

ECHINODERMATA. 57

In such species as these, where the vital parts
are inclosed in a box of hard shelly substance,
there is a beautiful provision for progressive
growth. The shell is composed of a multitude of
plates (nearly 600 in all) of regular angular forms,
all dove-tailed together with the greatest nicety,
each enveloped in a very thin layer of living flesh
which secretes and deposits calcareous matter.
Now, if the shell had been made in one piece,
formed as it is by the deposition of lime from the
surface of the animal, it is manifest that every
layer deposited would have diminished the interior,
while the growing animal would ever be requiring
more room. But as it is, every one of these
angular plates is increased by layers on its inner
surface, each layer being a little wider than the
preceding ; and thus each piece gradually enlarges,
(and therefore the bulk of the whole shell also,)
while at the same time the definite form of every
one is accurately maintained. These 600 plates
bear on their surface above 4,000 spines, each an
exquisite structure, formed of minute chambers
separated by thin calcareous walls, transparent as
glass, often beautifully fluted or otherwise sculp-
tured, witli a ball and socket-joint at its base, and
muscles which give it motion. Well may the
eloquent historian of the British Starfishes observe,
that " the skill of the Great Architect of Nature is
not less displayed in the construction of a Sea-
urchin than in the building up of a world ! " *

Among the spines and suckers of a Sea-urchin
we discover a multitude of other objects endowed
with vigorous motion, and highly curious in their
nature. For a long time it was a matter of un-

* "British Starfishes," p. 153.

58 ECHINODERMATA.

certainty whether these were peculiar organs of the
Urchin, or parasitic animals that lived upon its
body : the former is now, however, ascertained to
be the true state of the case. These organs, which
are termed pedicellaria, are diverse in shape ; but in
general they may be described as consisting of a
thick head, cleft into three divisions, and set on
a long, slender, flexible stalk. Through a portion
only of the stalk passes an inflexible shelly sup-
port, like a bone; but there is left a considerable
part which is perfectly soft, flexible, and highly
contractile ; and by the motions of this part, the
massive head is thrown about in all directions with
great vivacity. In the common Urchin (Echinus
splicer CL], the largest sort of pedicellaria has a head
shaped something like a sugar-loaf, split from the
apex to the base into three lobes, which gape widely,
and close together with most ferocious snappings.
These openings and shuttings of the threefold jaws
are constantly going on, fitfully, and without any
regularity or agreement ; and most interesting it is
to watch them, and to endeavour to discover what
possible end is accomplished by the procedure.

If we examine these bodies with high micro-
scopic powers, little light is afforded on the question
of their special functions, though it is thus that
they are determined to be organic appendages of
the Echinus. But new admiration is excited at
their elaborate structure and finish. The head
consists principally of calcareous substance, which,
as well as the supporting column of the stalk, is
penetrated with isolated cells throughout. The
bases of the three -lobed heads are articulated in the
most remarkable manner; and the lobes themselves,
which are sometimes attenuated to three slender

ECHINODERMATA. 59

pins, are cut along their meeting edges, into minute
teeth, which fit and lock into each other with ex-
quisite precision. The whole bod y and head are
invested with a gelatinous flesh, in which are im-
bedded minute red glands, that are common to
the integument of the whole Class, and this is
covered with a series of vibratile cilia.

What may be the use of these very curious organs
in the economy of the animal, is as yet unknown.
Their prehensile power is obvious ; but whether
this is exercised in the way of defensive weapons,
or as hands to catch food and pass it to the mouth,
is among the things that we have yet to learn.

All the ECHINODERMATA pass through a sort
of metamorphosis, not less wonderful than other
passages of their history. Until lately we knew
nothing of the early life of these animals ; but
Johann Miiller has, with great skill, industry, and
success, solved this problem. The first condition
of every Echinoderm is the same; an egg-like
body, covered with cilia, resembling an Infusorium.
Changes take place, and we presently see another
form assumed, which varies in some degree in the
different families. I lately had the pleasure of
finding in my dip-net several little larvae of an
Ophiocoma; and the aspect of one of these may
serve to illustrate the subject.

A painter's long easel affords the only object
with which to compare the little creature ; for it
consists of four long, slender, calcareous rods,
arranged two in front and two behind, with con-
necting pieces going across in a peculiar manner,
and meeting at the top in a slender head.

On this shelly, fragile, and most delicate frame-
vork, as on a skeleton, are placed the soft parts of

60 ECHINODEEMATA.

the animal, a clear gelatinous flesh, forming a sort
of semi-oval tunic around it, from the summit to
the middle ; but thence downward the rods indi-
vidually are merely encased in the flesh, without
mutual connexion. The interior of the body dis-
plays a large cavity, into which a sort of mouth
ever and anon admits a gulp of water. Delicate
cilia cover the whole integument, and are particu-
larly large and strong on the flesh of the projecting
rods.

The appearance of this most singular animal
is very beautiful ; its colour pellucid-white, except
the summit of the apical knob, and the extremities
of the greater rods, which are of a lovely rose-
colour. It swims in an upright position, with a
calm and deliberate progression. The specimens
which I have seen were not more than one-fortieth
of an inch in length.

From this form the Brittle-star is developed, but
in a manner unparalleled in any other class of
animals. The exterior figure is not gradually
changed, but the star is constructed within a
particular part of the body of the larva, " like a
picture upon its canvas, or a piece of embroidery
in its frame, and then takes up into itself the
digestive organs of the larva." The plane of the
future Star-fish is not even the plane of the larva,
but one quite independent of, and oblique to it.
Strange to tell, the young Star does not absorb
into itself the body of the larva, .which has acted
as a nidus for it, but throws it off as so much use-
less lumber ; — flesh, rods, and all ! *

Localities. — The majority of the Class affect

* See Miiller, in Trans. Berl. Acad., 1846-1852, and his
Archiv, for 1850 and 1851.

ECHINODERMATA. 61

rocky shores. The Sand-stars ( Opliiura), the Long-
armed Brittle-star (Ophiocomafiliformis), and some
of the worm-like forms among the Sipunculidce,
resort to sandy bottoms. The Starlet (Asterina)
delights in those weed-fringed pools that afford
such a copious source of entertainment to the
naturalist. Several of the small species of Brittle-
star (OpJiiocoma neglecta, 0. Ballii, &c.) are fre-
quently found under stones at low water, together
with several kinds of the Pentactidce, and the
Purple-tipped Urchin (Echinus miliaris). The
Purple Urchin (E. lividus) excavates hollows for
itself in limestone rock, in which it resides ; this
species is confined to Ireland. The Heart-urchins
(Spatangidce) chiefly resort to a bottom of mud
or silt, in rather deep water. The Sipunculi in-
habit old shells of univalve Mollusca, and several
of the kindred kinds dwell in narrow crevices of
rocks. But the great majority of the species are
brought up by the dredge from a hard bottom ;
and the most prolific of all localities are those
banks on which oysters and scallops breed, and
the places frequented by trawlers, where the refuse
of the trawl has been thrown overboard for ages.
Such situations never fail to afford the richest
harvests to the dredger.

Authorities. — Professor E. Forbes's " History
of British Starfishes" is the classic work on our
native species ; very few having been discovered
since the publication of that volume. I have
slightly deviated from him in the general arrange-
ment, in this respect following Dr. Gray's order
suggested in the Synopsis of the British Museum,
1841.

62 ECHINODEEMATA.

ECHINODERMATA.

Animals having a radiate structure, covered with
a more or less leathery coat, in which are imbedded
variously - shaped calcareous pieces, sometimes
minute and few, sometimes so numerous as to form
a shelly box, composed of plates moveable or tightly
bound together, and increasing by the deposition
of particles around the margin of each individual
plate. The radiation is characterised by the
number five.

With a bag-like stomach, furnished with
only one aperture ; the body lobed, or ex-
panding into rays Hypostomata.

With a distinct digestive canal, furnished
with a mouth and vent : outline of body
entire . . . Ditremata.

SUB-CLASS I. HYPOSTOMATA.

Digestive canal unsymmetrical ; calca-
reous shell composed of moveable pieces,
forming an external skeleton Crinoidea.

Digestive canal symmetrical ; calcareous
shell, composed of moveable pieces, forming
an internal skeleton, with a covering some-
times leathery, and sometimes calcareous . Asteroidea.

Order I. CRINOIDEA.

Comatula (Lamk.). Body with 5 forked pinnate
rays. When young, seated on along simple jointed
attached stem. When adult, free, stemless, with

ERSITY

OF

63

simple thread-like jointed appendages around the
dorsal disk.

C. rosacea. Fig. 93 ; ^ n. s.

Order II. A8TEROIDEA.

With long snake-like rays, appended to round
depressed urchin-like disks ; locomotion per-
formed by spines, and not by suckers ....(_

With angles or rays which are not appendages,
but parts of the body ; locomotion by suckers
protruded from beneath the rays Asteriada.

FAMILY I. OPHIUEAD^.

With the rays simple Ophiurana.

With the rays much ramified ~Euryalina.

Sub-Family I. Ophiurana.

Ophiura (Lamk.). Rays simple, scaly, pro-
longed into the disk above, and separated at their

64

ECHINODEEMATA.

origins beneath by large shield-shaped plates :
cirri (or flexible threads between the ray-spines)
simple.

0. texturata.

albida. Fig. 94 ; n. s.

OpMocoma (Agassiz). Rays simple, scaly, not
prolonged into the disk above ; and separated at
their origins beneath by small five-sided plates:
cirri pinnate.

0. neglecta.
punctata.

O. filiformis.

0. bellis. 0. Ballii.

brachiata. Goodsiri.

parmularia.

SOLASTERINA. 65

* * *

O. granulata.
* * * *

0. rosula. Fig. 95 ; n. s. 0. minuta.

Sub-Family II. Euryalina.

AstropJiyton (Link). Kays round, dividing from
the base, and repeatedly branching, so as to termi-
nate in very numerous fine filaments.
A. scutatum. Fig. 96 ; f.

FAMILY II. ASTERIADJE.

Body slightly conical, with rounded rays :

4 ranges of suckers in each avenue . . Urasterina.
2 ranges of suckers in each avenue . . Solasterina.

Body distinctly conical, five-angled, with
2 ranges of suckers Goniasterina.

Body flat, with short rays; 2 ranges of

» suckers <, . . Asteriana.

Sub-Family I. Urasterina.

Uraster (Agass.). Eays few, spinous; avenues
bordered by three sets of spines.

U. glacialis. U. violacea.

rubens. Fig. 97 ; T^. hispida.

Sub-Family II. Solasterina.

Cribella (Agass.). Eays few, covered (as is
the disk) with spine-bearing warts ; intermediate
spaces porous; avenues bordered by two sets of
spines.

C. oculata. Fig. 98 ; i. C. rosea.

F

66

ECHINODERMATA.

Solaster (Forbes). Eays many, studded with
bundles of spines ; avenues bordered by three sets
of spines.

S. endeca. S. papposa. Fig. 99 ; i.

Sub-Family III. Goniasterina.

Palmipes (Link). Body nearly flat, thin,
covered with little bundles of spines ; avenues
bordered by longitudinal bundles of spines.

P. membranaceus. Fig. 100 ; ^.

97

Asterina (Nardo). Body thick, covered above
and below with short spines ; avenues bordered
by a single row of spines.

A. gibbosa. Fig. 101 ; under surface ; f .

DITEEMATA. 67

Goniaster (Agass.). Body thick, bordered by a
series of plates edged with spines ; avenues bor-
dered by transverse rows of spines.

G. Templetoni. Fig. 102 ; \. G. equestris.

Abbensis.

Sub-Family IV. Asteriana.
Asterias (Linn.). Body star-shaped; rays flat,
with a border of marginal plates ; avenues bor-
dered by three sets of spines.

A. aurantiaca. Fig. 103 ; -J-.

Luidia (Forbes). Body star-shaped, many-rayed;
rays flat, covered above with spine-bearing warts ;
avenues bordered by two sets of spines.
L. fragilissima. Fig. 104 ; -fa.

SUB-CLASS II. DITREMATA.

Shell calcareous, forming a spherical or
disk-like shield, composed of immoveable
plates ; locomotion by suckers and spines. Echinoidea.

No shell; but the leathery skin con-
taining calcareous reticulated pieces : gul-
let surrounded by a calcareous ring;
body cylindrical; locomotion usually by
suckers; mouth encircled by feathery
tentacles Holothuroidea.

68

ECHINODERMATA.

No shell ; nor any calcareous pieces in
the leathery skin ; no calcareous ring
around the gullet ; body \ cylindrical ;
locomotion 'by alternate contraction and
extension of the body

Order I. ECHINOIDEA.

Mouth below ; vent above ; both cen-
tral ; avenues 5, continuous from the
vent to the mouth ; ovaries 5 ; a complex
apparatus of teeth Cidaridce.

Mouth and vent below; the mouth
central, armed with teeth ; avenues not
continuous ; ovaries 5 Clypeasterida.

Mouth below, not central ; vent at one
side ; avenues not continuous ; ovaries
4 ; no teeth Spatangida.

FAMILY I. CIDARID.E.
Cidaris (Leske). Body globose; vent and

SPATANGID.E. 69

mouth nearly equal; spines of several forms,
moving on rounded knobs, which are perforated.

C. papillata. Fig. 105 ; n. s.

Echinus (Linn.). As Cidaris ; but the spines
are of one form, and their knobs are not per-
forated.

E. sphsora. Fig. 106 ; %• E. lividus.

miliaris. melo.

Flemingii.

* *
E. neglectus. E. Norvegicus.

FAMILY II. CLYPEASTERID^E.

Echinocyamus (Leske). Body oval, with rounded
sides; avenues dorsal, short; vent between the
mouth, and the hinder margin.

E. pusillus. Fig. 107 ; n. s.

EcMnarachnius (Leske). Body nearly circular,
very flat, with the margin nearly sharp and entire ;
avenues five, dorsal, short ; vent above, close to the
edge.

E. placenta. Fig. 108 ; %.

FAMILY III. SPATANGID^.

Spatangus (Klein) . Body heart-shaped, flattish ;
with avenues both above and below; four of the
upper ones leaf-shaped; no dorsal impression;
impression under the vent transverse.

S. purpureus. Fig. 109 ; -J-.

70

ECHINODEEMATA.

Brissus (Klein) . Body heart-shaped, convex ;
avenues as in Spatangus ; a dorsal impression en-
closing the upper avenues.

B. lyrifer. Fig. 110 ;

108

111

AmpJiidotus (Agass.). Body heart-shaped, con-
vex ; four of the dorsal avenues truncate, oblong,
with an impression within them; impression under
the vent oval or heart-shaped.

A. cordatus. Fig. Ill ; i. A. roseus.

Order II. HOLOTHUROIDEA.

Suckers arranged in five regular rows ;
body angular Pentactada.

Suckers scattered over the whole surface ;
body cylindrical Thyonidce.

PENTACTAD.E.

71

Three rows of suckers placed on an oblong
crawling disk ; the other two rows rudi-
mentary Psolidce.

No suckers Synaptada.

FAMILY I. PENTACTAD^.

Pentacta (Agass.). Suckers alternate in each
row, close-set; tentacles ten; dental apparatus
composed of nearly square plates ; no gizzard.

P. frondosa.

pentactes. Fig. 112; \.

communis.

fusiformis.

hyalina.

Drummondii.

P. Hyndmanni.
fucicola.
Montagui.
Neiffii. _
dissimilis.

Ocnus (Forbes). Body regular, five-sided,
with five rows of distant suckers on the angles ;
tentacles ten ; dental apparatus very short ; a
gizzard.

0. brunneus. Fig. 113; n. s. 0. lacteus.

117

115

72 ECHINODERMATA.

Psolinus (Forbes). Body irregular, ovate, curved,
with five rows of distant suckers, the under ones
always bent ; tentacles ten ; dental apparatus
short, truncate ; no gizzard.

P. brevis. Fig. 114 ; f .

FAMILY II. THYONID^E.

Thyone (Oken). Body nearly regular, covered
with scattered wart-like suckers ; tentacles ten ;
teeth long and thread-like.

T. papillosa. Fig. 115 ; n. s. T. Portlockii.

raphanus.

Holothuria (Linn.). Body lengthened, soft,
nearly cylindrical, covered with scattered suckers ;
tentacles twenty; vent widely open.

H. nigra. Fig. 116 ; £.
intestinalis.
tubulosa.

SIPUNCULID-E. 73

FAMILY III. PSOLID^E.

Psolus (Oken). Body irregular, mollusk-like ;
suckers in five rows, three of which only are de-
veloped, and placed on a soft disk or foot; tentacles
ten.

P. phantapus. Fig. 117 ; 5.
Forbesii.

FAMILY IV. SYNAPTAD^:.

Chirodota (Esch.). Body cylindrical, long,
slender, without suckers; tentacles long, divided
at their tips into finger-like points.

C. digitate. Fig. 118 ; J.
Henslowana.

Order III. SIPUNCULOIDEA.

With a retractile proboscis, at the base of
which is placed the vent, and round the ex-
tremity of which is a circle of tentacles . . Sipunculida.

With a retractile proboscis, with no tenta-
cles ; the vent at the end of a long thread-
like tail Priapulidce.

With a proboscis, which has a long fleshy
appendage attached ; no tentacles ; the vent
at the hinder extremity Thalassemada-

FAMILY I. SIPUNCULIDJE.

Syrinx (Bohadsch). Proboscis cylindrical,
shorter than the "body, having a circle of short
fingered tentacles around its tip.

74 ECHINODERMATA.

S. nudus. Fig. 119 ; -J.
papillosus.
Harveii.

Sipunculus (Linn.). Proboscis cylindrical, about
as long as the body, having a circle of simple linear
tentacles around its tip.

S. Bernhardus. S. Forbesii.
Johnston!. granulosus.

saccatus. . punctatissimus. Fig. 120 ; n. s.

temricinctus. Pallasii.

119

9

FAMILY II. PKIAPULID^.

Priapulus (Lamk.). Body truncate behind; tail
much branched, pointed.

P. caudatus. Fig. 121 ; J.

THALASSEMAD^E.

75

FAMILY III. THALASSEMAD.E.

TJialassema (Guv.). Body cylindrical, rounded
and smooth behind ; proboscis retractile, short,
furnished at one side with a long, fleshy, furrowed,
simple sheath, which is not retractile.

T. Neptuni. Fig. 122 ; n. s.

Echiurus (Guv.). Body cylindrical; set at its
hinder extremity with circles of horny points ; pro-
boscis as in Thalassema.

E. oxyurus. Fig, 123; |.

SUB-KINGDOM III. ANNULOSA.
CLASS I. TUEBELLAKIA.

THIS small Class of animals has usually been
confounded with the Worms (ANNELIDA), into
which indeed they merge by insensible gradations.
They may, however, at once be distinguished by
the surface of the body being entirely clothed with
vibratile cilia, the currents produced by which
may be distinctly seen by a comparatively low
microscopic power, though it requires high powers
to discern the cilia themselves. The substance of
their bodies is of a loose cellular character, slightly
consistent, and easily torn, in which the viscera
are excavated. In many of the genera the form
is exceedingly thin and flat, moving by an even
gliding action over solid bodies, like the Gasteropod
Mollusca, or swimming by means of a rapid undu-
lation of their thin margins; but in others the
body is more nearly cylindrical, and lengthened,
sometimes to an excessive degree; and in these
there are traces of that division into rings or
segments which we see carried to perfection in the
ANNELIDA.

The organization of the TURBELLARIA is very

TURBELLARIA. 77

low, the muscular, the circulatory, and the nervous
systems being feebly developed or indistinct. The
whole skin seems to be a highly sensitive and
delicate organ of touch, and a well-furnished visual
apparatus exists in the majority. Two, four, eight,
or more specks are visible near the front of the
body ; sdinetimes a varying but considerable
number are gathered into two clusters, and in one
species the whole fore parts are studded with these
specks. These are indubitable eyes, which in
some cases offer a highly curious and beautiful
structure under the microscope.*

The mouth, which is the only opening of the
body in most cases, is sometimes placed near the
fore extremity, sometimes at the middle, or even
behind the middle of the belly. In the Tribe
Dendrocoda — represented, so far as I am aware,
by only one genus in the British seas, that of
Planaria as restricted, — the mouth opens into a
large throat, containing a very moveable swallow
(pharynx), which can be entirely protruded while
the animal is eating, and which, even if separated
from the body, still continues for a while to swallow
all that is presented to the mouth.f

Many of the species increase by spontaneous
division ; the body dividing across, when each half
becomes a perfect animal, and again divides, and
sub-divides. But the more highly organized kinds
produce eggs, which are developed in a way quite
peculiar to themselves. A large single egg, (or
egg-like body,) is laid, in which are gradually
formed many roundish embryos; these become
flattened and lengthened, and after a while display

* Oersted, " Plattwurmer," pp. 6, 56.

t Baery "Uber Planarien," Nov. Act. A cad. Leop. 1826, p. 716,

78 TURBELLARIA.

eye-specks, and assume the form of the parent
animal. An interesting discovery has been made
by Professor Agassiz, that the animals which, under
the names of Kolpoda and Paramcecium^ had been
described as genera of INFUSORIA, are really the
larvae of Planarice; and probably other Infusorial
forms may ultimately prove to be the earlier stages

of TURBELLARIA.

Localities. — A large number of the genera are
confined to fresh waters. Such as are marine are
mostly found between tide-marks, crawling about
sea-weeds, or clinging to the under-surfaces of
stones. The Cestoidea often hide themselves in
narrow crevices and hollows of rocks ; and a very
productive mode of searching for these, as well as
many others of that extensive Class that the Shet-
land fishermen so expressively term " pushen," is
to break up the flat friable ledges of sandstone or
conglomerate, between which the sea has worked
innumerable cracks, sand-layers and caverns ; which
are found well peopled with strange and uncouth
creatures. The curious genus Serpentaria, the giant
of the tribe, was obtained by Mr. Goodsir from
deep water.

Authorities. — I have used for the arrangement
of the Class, Oersted's " Plattwurmer," an admir-
able little monograph ; and for the British species
I am chiefly indebted to Dr. Johnston's " Index to
the British Annelides," to Mr. Thompson's papers
in the " Annals of Nat. Hist.," and my own per-
sonal observations.

TURBELLARIA.

Bilateral animals, of soft fleshy substance, covered
with vibrating cilia, with the body more or less

PLANAEIEA.

79

lengthened and flattened, but not divided into
segments; furnished with organs of sense (eyes),
and either sexless or with the sexes united in the
same individual.

Body flattened, not greatly longer than
broad, without trace of divisions or segments Planariea.

Body roundish, linear, greatly lengthened,
indistinctly ringed Cestoidea.

129 130 132

Order I. PLANAEIEA.

Intestine branched :

Mouth very large, almost plane, free
in a proper cavity, opening near the
middle of the belly ; eyes in groups .

Mouth small, cylindrical, free in a
cavity, very protrusile

Litestine simple Rhabdoccda.

Cryptocoda.

80 TURBELLARIA.

TRIBE L CRYPTOCCELA.

Eurylepta (Ehrenb.). No frontal notch; no
warts on the body ; one sessile group of eyes on
the neck ; two frontal tentacles.

E. vittata. Fig. 124 ; n. s.
cornuta.

Leptoplana (Ehr.). No notch, warts, nor ten-
tacles ; eyes in four groups.

L. tremellaris. Fig. 125 ; n. s., and head magnified.
atomata.

TRIBE II. DENDROCCELA.

Planaria (Miiller). Body oblong; two eyes or
series of many eyes near the front ; branches of
intestines undivided, egg-shaped ; mouth opening
at or a little behind the middle.

P. flexilis. Fig. 126 ; n. s.
? stagnalis.
? hirudo.

126

TRIBE III. RHABDOCCELA.
Convoluta (Oersted.) Body oblong-ovate, obtuse

NEMERTINA. 81

in front, pointed behind ; with the margins rolled
up together ; eyes none.

C. paradoxa. Fig. 127 ; LO.

Order II. CESTOIDEA.

iouth below ; vent terminal ....

/"ent below ; mouth terminal .... Serpentariana.

TRIBE I. NEMERTINA.

Astemma (Oerst). Body linear, roundish ; eyes
none ; mouth not remote from the extremity.

A. rufifrons. Fig. 128 ; n. s., and head and proboscis, mag.

Tetrastemma (Ehr.). Body linear, or linear-
oblong ; respiratory fissures indistinct ; eyes four.

T. quadrioculatum. Fig. 129 ; n. s. and head mag.

Polystemma (Ehr.), Body linear, sub-depressed ;
eyes numerous, in two or four groups ; fissures in-
distinct ; two red spots (translucent hearts) in the
neck.

P. roseum. Fig. 130 ; n. s. and head mag.
pulchrum.
gracile.
armatum.
album.

Nemertes (Cuv.). Body roundish, linear; head
and fissures distinct ; eyes four to fourteen, in two
groups.

82

TURBELLARIA.

N. melanocephala.

bioculata.

octoculata.

purpurea.

Borlasii. Fig. 131 ; n.
1 trilineata.
1 filiformis.
] flaccida.
? unicolor.

TRIBE II. SEBPENTAEIANA.

Serpentaria (Goodsir). Body depressed, ab-
ruptly pointed before, attenuated behind ; mouth
terminal in front; vent beneath, immediately
behind it.

S. fragilis. Fig. 132 ; J- ; and head | n. s.
gracilis.

83

CLASS II. ANNELIDA.

IT is now universally acknowledged among
naturalists, that the progress of development in
the forms and structure of animals cannot be re-
presented by an unbroken linear series, though,
from the nature of a book, we are compelled so to
treat of them in our descriptive works of zoology.
The great Class of Worms is an example in point.
At the foot of its scale it manifestly merges into
the TURBELLARIA ; and, indeed, the distinction
between some of the Leeches and the Planarise is
almost too delicate to be traced, while the Nemer-
tina occupy a confessedly disputable border terri-
tory. But the TURBELLARIA lead us into the
INFUSORIA, the simplest forms of animal being ; and
thus there is a well-trodden highway from those
minute and almost structureless creatures, to the
active, highly-endowed Nereis and Aphrodita.
There is, however, another pathway by which we
may leave the inferior forms of the ANNELIDA,
passing into the domains of the ECHINODERMATA
by those very worm-like creatures the Sipunculidce,
which are no less debateable than are the Nemer-
tina. Thus we might descend to the Polypes,
and through them to the PROTOZOA by another
route. The same thing might be predicated of
the higher extremity of the scale, and it would be
easy to show that the ANNELIDA have manifest links
of connexion with the ROTIFERA, with the MYRIA-
PODA and Insects, with the MOLLUSOA (through

84 ANNELIDA.

Aphrodita and Sabella on the one hand, and Chi-
tonellus and Dentalium on the other), and even
with the Fishes (through Myxine and Amphioxus).
These indications are enough to show the complex
character of the grand plan of created existence,
which, instead of resembling a chain, (" the chain
of being,") may rather be likened to a coat of
chain-mail, in which every link is united with
many surrounding links.

The Worms present many points of popular
interest. One is the great splendour of colour
displayed by many of them. The Serpulce and
Sabellce exhibit in their radiating coronets of
breathing-organs, not only the most exquisite forms
and the most beautiful arrangement, but often
glowing hues, usually disposed in bands or lines of
spots. The Pectinaria carries on his head a pair
of combs, that seem made of burnished gold. The
Phyllodoces are of various tints of green, sometimes
very bright, relieved by refulgent blue, as of
tempered steel. But it is in the rainbow-hues that
are reflected from many members of this Class, that
their chief glory lies ; for the bodies of many of
the Eunicida and the Nereidce glow with changing
colours of great brilliance, and their inferior sur-
face displays the softer tints of the opal or the
pearl. The Sea-mouse (Aphrodita}, one of the
most common as well as the largest of our Worms,
is clothed with a dense coat of long bristles, which
are fully as resplendent as the plumage of the
Humming-bird.

The variety of form and construction, of posi-
tion and arrangement, in the breathing organs of
the Worms is a matter well worthy of study. In
some, no express organs for respiration exist, but

ANNELIDA. 85

the function seems to be performed by the whole
surface of the body. This is the case with the
Earthworms and the Leeches. In the Serpulte,
the Sabellte, and their allies, the gills form radiat-
ing tufts of stiff threads, forming the beautiful
crowns already alluded to, each thread being armed
on the upper or inner side with a double row of
filaments, like the teeth of a comb, — an exquisite
disposition, especially when the animal's action is
watched in life and health. In the Terebelke,
— those curious worms which burrow in the mud of
our shores, and throw abroad their long, twining,
thread-like tentacles, as if each had an individual
worm-life, — the gills are little tufts, branched like
tiny shrubs, three on each side of the neck. In
the Lug (Arenicold)^ which the fisherman digs up
for bait, the tufts are arranged in a row on each
side of the middle part of the body ; and, instead of
ramifying in all directions like a standard shrub,
branch in one plane, like a well-trained fruit-tree
against a wall.

Space fails me to describe all the variations exhi-
bited in these organs, especially among the Cepka-
lana. In Euphrosyne there is a tangled web of
shrubbery all down each side ; in Eunice a double
series of threads branched, comb-like, on one side,
arch over the middle of the back ; in Myriana, as
also in Nerine, &c., the gills are thin curved blades ;
in Phyllodoce they are broad leaves, over which
the blood-vessels are seen ramifying in excessive
minuteness.

The Sea-mouse, whose glittering mantle of golden
hair I have above noticed, displays a most singular
economy in its respiration. The back is covered
by a thick felt of matted hair, which is permeable

86 ANNELIDA.

by water, and which, being lifted up by two rows
of broad plates placed beneath it, allows the water
to filter through it, and to fill a large chamber
between it and the back, where it parts with its
oxygen through the delicate skin.

No members of this Class have true jointed feet;
but most of them are furnished with pencils of
projectile bristles, which, pressing by their points
against surrounding objects, effect the purpose of
locomotion. These bristles are most exquisite
objects for microscopic observation, as they display
the greatest variety of form, constituting lances,
spears, knives, saws, sickles, hooks, and other inde-
scribable weapons, of innumerable elegant shapes,
often curiously jointed, and usually fashioned out
of an elastic material that rivals the clearest
glass.

Almost all the tribe are carnivorous, and many
are predatory and ferocious. In general the mouth
conceals a great proboscis, which, at the time of
feeding, is rapidly turned inside out, and is in
many species armed with one or more pairs of
horny jaws.

Localities, &c. — Some of the Apoda are perma-
nently, and others are occasionally parasitic on other
animals; adhering to them by broad sucking- disks,
and extracting their vital juices. The Cephalo-
Iranchia for the most part inhabit tubes of their own
manufacture, which are either shelly, as those of
the Serpulce and Spirorles, or built up of grains
of sand, and fragments of shells, as those of the
Terebella, Pectinarite, and Sabellarice, or consist
of a membranous tough exudation from the body
of the animal, as in most of the Sabellae, the
Othonia, &c. Some of these attach their tubes to

ANNELIDA. 87

rocks, stones, and shells, and even sea-weeds,
either in deep water or between tide-marks, and
others are free; while some, which do not form
proper tubes, burrow in the soft mud at low- water-
mark. A great number of the Cepkalana rove
freely about the littoral algae and rocks, searching
for prey, and multitudes of the more minute kinds
may always be obtained by plucking up tufts of
the common Coralline from low-water-mark, and
placing them in a vase of sea-water, when the
worms will crawl up the sides of the glass. Many
kinds burrow in sand, and are to be found only by
digging ; and others, as the Sea-mouse, are inha-
bitants of the deep, and are brought up by the
dredge.

Identification. — The points which require special
attention in the study of these animals are the
following : — The presence, number, and position of
sucking-disks; the existence of bristles; the lateral
warts called "feet," which usually carry these
organs ; their form ; the relative size and position
of the " cirri" or soft processes (usually more or
less resembling threads) which spring from the
feet ; the gills (branckia), their shape, position, and
arrangement ; the presence of overlapping shields
along the back ; the thread-like horns or processes
of the head (antennas or tentacles) ; the furniture
of the mouth; the existence of a protrusile pro-
boscis ; the jaws, hooks, knobs, or other hard parts
with which it is armed ; the presence or absence of
a tube as a dwelling, its composition, and its
figure.

Authorities. — In the arrangement of the Class
I have been mainly guided by M. Milne-Edwards,
in the last edition of Lamarck's " Animaux sans

88 ANNELIDA.

vertebres." For the generic characters I have also
been indebted to Messrs. Audouin and M.-Edwards's |
" Littoral de la France/' to M. Moquin-Tandon's
" Monographic des Hirudinees," and to the nume-
rous papers of Dr. George Johnston in various
zoological periodicals. In the enumeration of
British species I have principally depended on the
"Index to the British Annelides " of the last-
named gentleman, a work which in small space
exhibits the concentrated result of immense re-
search and labour, — the additions made to the Irish
Fauna by Mr. W. Thompson, — the contributions
of Mr. Goodsir, and Professor Allman, — and my
own personal researches. It is understood that
Dr. Johnston is about to bring out a work on the
British ANNELIDA, which is anxiously looked for
to dispel the obscurity and confusion which con-
fessedly rest on this, perhaps more than on any
other department of our native zoology.

ANNELIDA.

Body lengthened, soft, divided into numerous
ring-like segments; without jointed limbs; with
an orifice at each extremity of the alimentary
canal; blood generally red, circulating in a closed
system of arteries and veins ; skin not clothed with
cilia, except on the breathing organs. Distinct
sexes.

Without bristles, or foot-like warts. Loco-
motion performed by means of sucking disks Apoda.

With bristles serving for locomotion, and
generally carried on foot-like warts, which
are furnished with various appendages . . Chcetopoda.

Udont

APODA.

Order I. APODA.

89

Udonella (Johnst.). Body indistinctly ringed ;
no front sucker; mouth inferior, longitudinal,
toothless ; no eyes ; hind sucker plain.

A minute parasite on Caligus, which is itself a
parasite on the Holibut.

U. caligorum. Fig. 133 ; mag.

134

r\\\ W&v ^
$\\ W^s

I V\ ^xfc°/£/?]

139

HO

Malacobdella (De Blainv.). Body soft, broad,
without distinct rings; no front sucker; no pro-
boscis. Transparent parasites on bivalve Mollusca.

M. grossa. Fig. 134 ; n. s.

Tristoma (Guv.). Body hard and convex above;
soft and flat beneath ; two equal disks in front ;
one larger behind. Parasitical on the Sun-fish.
T. molee. Fig. 135 ; n. s.

90 ANNELIDA.

Phylline (Oken). Body soft, sub-oval, flat, a
great terminal disk behind, armed with hooks.
Parasitical on the Holibut.

P. hippoglossi. Fig. 136 ; n. s.

Piscicola (De Blainv.). Body cylindrical, length-
ened, attenuated in front, with a sucker at each
end ; mouth toothless ; eyes four.

P. marina (On the Pogge). Fig. 137 ; n. s.

Pontobdella (Leach). Body cylindrical, length-
ened, covered with conical warts; distinctly ringed;
a sucker at each end ; mouth toothless.

P. muricata. Fig. 138; n. s. P. Isevis.

Nephelis (Sav.). Body lengthened, depressed,
slightly tapering in front, obtuse behind; front
sucker small ; hind sucker obliquely terminal ;
mouth comparatively very large, without jaws;
eight eyes.

N. octoculata. Fig. 139 ; n. s.} and head mag.

GlossipJionia (Johnst.). Body ovate, depressed,
slightly convex above, very flat beneath ; tapering
to a point in front ; rounded behind ; front sucker
small, hind sucker small or moderate, placed ex-
actly beneath : mouth large, without teeth, with a
tubular proboscis; eyes from 2 to 8, placed in
lines.

G. Eachana. Fig. 140 ; n. s.

Monopus (Gosse). Body sub-cylindrical, depres-
sed : fore sucker imperfect ; hind sucker columnar,
truncate, one-third of the total length from the tail :
eyes eight.

M. medusicola (On a Medusa). Fig. 141 ; mag. \*.

AURICOMAD.E. 91

Order II. CHJETOPODA.

Bristles of two kinds, awl-shaped and
hooked ; feet with single cirri, or none.
No head, eyes, or jaws. Gills on the front Cephalobranchia.

Bristles of only one kind Mesobranchia.

TEIBE I. CEPHALOBEANCHIA.

Bristles of a golden colour, arranged like
a crown on the front ; numerous tentacles
around the mouth ; gills in the form of
combs. Inhabiting a tube composed of

grains of sand Auricomada.

Numerous extensile thread-like tentacles
around the mouth ; gills in the form of
little shrubs. Tube composed of sand,
minute stones, or fragments of shell . . Terebellada.

Gills in the form of a coloured fan, with
a fleshy tentacle at the base, on each side
of the mouth :

Both tentacles simply pointed, or
wanting. Tube almost always mem-
branous, mingled with clay .... Sabelladae.

One of the tentacles expanded into
a disk at the tip, which closes the
mouth of the tube. Tube solid, calca-
reous Serpuladte.

FAMILY I. AURICOMAD^E.

Pectinaria (Lamk.). Bristles forming two combs,
with teeth directed downward. Tube regularly
conical, free, formed of grains of sand.

P. Belgica. Fig. 142; n. s.

Iarenaria 1
subcylindrica ?
setiformis ?

92

ANNELIDA.

Salellaria (Lamk.). Bristles forming many con-
centric crowns, forming an operculum of two pieces.
Tubes irregular, adherent to other bodies, often
much crowded.

S. alveolata. Fig. 143 : n. s.
crassissima.

142

143

144

146

145

\\

Siphonostoma (Otto). Bristles very numerous,
forming a concave fan on each side of the head ;
gills consisting of tufts of soft threads placed
within the concavity of the fans, and on each side
of the mouth; two short fleshy tentacles : no proper
tube.

S. vestitum (Gosse MS.) Fig. 144 ; n. s.
uncinatuin.
gelatinosum.

Flemingia (Jolmst.). Bristles eight in number,
green, retractile ; two thread-like tentacles ; body
hairy, with sixty pairs of feet, bearing bristles which
are not retractile. (A singular worm, of doubtful
position.)

F. plumosa. Fig. 145 ; n. s.

SABELLAD.E. 93

FAMILY II. TEREBELLAD^E.

Terebella (Guv.). Body of few segments, with
a number of long, very moveable, worm-like tenta-
cles ; gills much branched.

T. conchilega. Fig. 146 ; n. s. T. constrictor,
chrysodon. venustula.

lumbricalis. gigantea.

cristata. ? curta.

cirrhata. 1 compressa.

nebulosa.

FAMILY III. SABELLAD^E.

Othonia (Johnst.). Gill-fans two, composed of
many soft, thick, curled inward and pectinated
stems, set like a star around the mouth ; body com-
posed of twelve to thirty-five segments; all fur-
nished with lateral pencils of bristles, but without
hooks ; inhabiting a membranous tube open at both
ends.

0. Fabricii. 0. Johnstoni. Fig. 147 ; mag. f .

Bairdii. amcena.

Sabetta (Linn.). Gills of many slender, finely
pectinated rays, arching outwards, forming a funnel,
often arranged spirally : body of numerous seg-
ments : inhabiting a tube usually leathery, closed
and attached at the base.

S. reniformis.
infundibulum.
vesiculosa.
penicillus.
carnea.
rosea.
bombyx.
flosculus.

94

ANNELIDA

S. tubularia. Fig. 148 ; n. s.

S. volutacornis.
chlorsema.

FAMILY IV. SERPULADJE.

Serpula (Linn.). Body depressed, attenuated
behind; segments numerous and close-set; gill-
threads many, arranged in two fans. Tube calca-
reous, irregularly twisted, cemented to submarine
bodies.

SERPULAD^;. 95

S. intricata. S. serrulata.

vermicularis. filiformis.

triquetra. rugosa.

contortuplicata. Fig. 149 ; n. s. Cordineri.

Spirorbis (Lamk.). As Serpula, but with only six
gill-threads, which are pinnate, retractile and radia-
ting. Tube coiled in a flat spiral, cemented to sea-
weeds and other submarine substances.

Dextral.

S. communis. Fig. 150; mag. *£• S. incurvatus.
spirillum. . pervius.

granulatus. retortus.

carinatus. annulus.

corrugatus. heterocliticus.*

Montagui. | striatulus.

Sinistral.

S. heterostrophus. S. lucidus.

minutus. reversus.

Filograna (Berkeley). As Serpula, but with only
eight gill-threads, of which two bear a funnel-
shaped obliquely-truncate operculum. Tube slender,
thread-like, crowded into an irregular mass.

F. implexa. Fig. 151 ; n. s.

Ditrupa (Berkl.). Gills of twenty- two threads
in two sets, not rolled spirally, singly pinnate.
Tube free, open at both ends.

D. subulata. Fig. 152; mag. -|,

96

ANNELIDA.

TEIBE II. MESOBRANCHIA.

Trunk with no gills, distinct head, eyes,
antennae, or jaws Terricolana.

Trunk with gills; head small, or indis-
tinct; no jaws nor antennas; and generally
no tentacular cirri Are,

Trunk furnished with a distinct head,
with antennae and eyes, and generally with
an evertile proboscis armed with jaws . .

SUB-TRIBE I. TERRICOLANA.

Lurribricus (Linn.). Body round, pointed at
each end, with a distinct thickening at one part ;
four pencils of bristles on each segment, and no
long brushes in front.

L. lineatus.

capitatus. Fig. 153 ; n. s. and head mag.

minutus.

rufescens.

154

153

AEENICOLANA. 97

SUB-TRIBE II. ARENICOLANA.

Arenicola (Lamk.). Body round, swollen behind;
gills in branched tufts, arranged on the central
segments ; mouth terminal.

A. piscatorum. Fig. 154 ; 3 n. s.
branchialis.
carbonaria ? »
ecaudata.

Travisia (Johnst.). Body somewhat flattened,
swollen in front; gills a pair of simple filaments
on each of the hinder segments ; mouth beneath.

T. Forbesii. Fig. 155 ; n. s.

Nerine (Johnst.). Feet alike, two -branched;

each branch consisting of a membranous lobe, and

i a short bristled foot-stalk ; gills short, thread-like,

I bent up over the back, with a small cirrus at the

base of each : two long tentacles on the back of

the head : eyes four. Burrowing in mud.

K vulgaris.

coniocephala. Fig. 156 ; |. n. s.

Spio (Gmelin). Gills thread-like, simple; two
very long tentacles ; four eyes. Inhabiting tubes,
which are built up of grains of sand.

S. seticornis. Fig. 157 ; mag. -£.
crenaticornis.
calcarea ?

Leucodore (Johnst.). Feet of two kinds, dis-
similar ; those behind the fourth pair carrying leaf-
like gills bent over the back : tentacles two on
the back of the head : eyes four. Burrowing in
mud. [N.B. This seems not sufficiently distinct
from Spio.]

L. ciliatus. Fig. 158 ; mag. -&.
H

98 ANNELIDA.

Cirratulus (Lamk.). Head indistinct, without any
appendages ; feet two-branched, the upper branch
alone bearing a long thread-like cirrus. Lurking
under stones.

C. medusa. Fig. 159 ; n. s.
tentaculatus.

Genera imperfectly characterized: apparently of
Arenicolana.

Derris (Adams). Head furnished with a flexible
proboscis, and two short tentacles. Inhabiting a
membranous tube tapering to a point behind; free.

D. sanguinea. Pig. 160, n. s. ; and head mag.
Branchiarius (Montagu). Body irregular, sub-
pellucid, destitute of eyes and tentacles; gills
seated on each side ; front four-lobed.

B. quadrangulatus. Fig. 161'; n. s.

CEPHALANA.

99

Diplotis (Mont). Body gelatinous ; front trun-
cate, with two ear-like tentacles ; attenuated behind,
and slightly three-pointed.

D. hyalina. Fig. 162 ; mag. |.

161

162

SUB-TKIBE III. CEPHALANA.

Segments equally provided with appendages ;
no shield-plates.

Jaws not exceeding one or two
pairs ; gills none, or in the form of
lobes, or simple leaves, inserted at
the top of the foot ; aciculi present. Nereidce.

Seven to nine pairs of horny,
jointed jaws ; gills (when present)
in the form of pectinated filaments,
inserted above the dorsal cirrus;
aciculi present

No jaws ; gills greatly developed,
in the form of shrubs, tufts, or
plumes, inserted on the back, at
the base of the foot ; no aciculi. .

100

ANNELIDA.

Segments alternately provided with
soft appendages (as shield -plates, or
superior cirri) ; back usually covered
by shield-plates ; gills rudimentary ;
jaws ordinarily two pairs Aphroditada.

FAMILY I. NEREIDJE.

Glycera (Lamk.). No tentacular cirri ; antennae
rudimentary ; head conical, and scarcely distinct ;
proboscis ordinarily armed with four jaws.
G. alba. Fig. 163, n. s. ; and head with proboscis protruded

104

Pollicita (Johnst). No tentacular cirri; antennae
rudimentary; body very slender; proboscis without

NEREIDS. 101

jaws, the orifice naked; gills in the form of a
globose tubercle over each foot ; foot simple,
warted ; tail without styles.

P. peripatus. Fig. 164, n. s. ; and four of the middle
segments mag.

NepJitys (Cuv.). No tentacular cirri; antennae
rudimentary; head very distinct, truncate in front;
feet of two branches separated by a gill-leaf; pro-
boscis furnished with many rows of tentacles.

N. margaritacea. Fig. 165 ; n. s.
Hombergii.

loida (Johnst.). No tentacular cirri; antennae
three, thread-like; eyes two, large; body linear,
lengthened; segments numerous; feet simple, each
with a dorsal cirrus, and two pencils of bristles.

I. macrophthalma. Fig. 166, n. s. ; and head, a middle
segment, and tail mag.

PsamatJie (Johnst.). Four pairs of tentacular
cirri ; antennae four, unequal, two -jointed ; eyes
four; proboscis thick, cylindrical, toothless, with
warts at its extremity; feet simple, cleft; upper
cirrus long, thread-like; lower one short; tail
with two styles.

P. fusca. Fig. 167, n. s. ; and head and two mid. segments
mag.

PJiyllodoce (Cuv.). Tentacular cirri on the first
segment ; four or five minute antennae ; no jaws ;
superior cirrus of foot flat and leaf-like; inferior
cirrus also leaf-like, but smaller.

P. lamelligera. P. viridis. Fig. 168 ; n. s. and four
maculata. marginata. mid. seg. mag.

bilineata. Paretti.

102

ANNELIDA.

Myriana (Audouin and Edwards). As Phyl-
lodoce, but the inferior cirrus is thread-like.
M. pennigera. Fig. 169, n. s. ; and head and fore parts mag.

Syllis (Savigny). Superior cirri thread-like ;
feet simple ; no jaws ; three long, bead-like, similar
antennae ; body very long.

S. armillaris. S. noctiluca.

prolifera. tubifex.

longiseta. Fig. 170, mag. & ; and fore parts
and one foot further mag.

167

Nereis (Linn.). Feet with two very distinct
branches ; gill- warts at the tip of foot ; two jaws ;
antennae dissimilar.

N. brevimanus.
viridis.
pelagica.

N. bilineata.
Dumerilii.
fucata.

EUNICIDjE.

103

N. renalis.
longissima.
inargaritacea.
pulsatoria.
iricolor.
margarita.
lineata.

N. maculosa.
rufa.
mollis.

octotentaculata.
punctata.
tubicola.
versicolor. Fig. 171 ; n. s.

FAMILY II.

Lysidice (Sav.). No gills. Three awl-shaped
antennae ; seven jaws.

L. rufa.

Ninetta. Fig. 172, n. s. ; and head mag.

Onuphis (And. and Edw.). Gills more or less
pectinated, fixed above the superior cirrus ; seven
antennae (four on the head and three on the neck).

0. tubicola. Fig. 173, n. s. ; and head mag.

104 ANNELIDA.

Eunice (Aud. and Edw.). Gills as in Onuphis ;
five antenna ; gills pectinated on one edge.

E. sanguinea. Fig. 174 ; J n. s.
pinnata.

FAMILY III. AMPHINOMID^E.

EupJirosyne (Sav.). Foot two-branched; one
antenna; gills shrub-like, behind the foot, and
reaching from one branch to the other; a sup-
plementary cirrus towards the middle of the upper
branch.

E. foliosa. Fig. 175, n. s. ; and fore parts mag.

FAMILY IV. APHRODITAD^E.

Spinther (Johnst.) Body broadly-oval, convex,
without segments or shield-plates; crossed by rows
of minute bristles ; no head or eyes ; proboscis
without jaws; feet very numerous, alike, simple,
each with an inferior cirrus.

S. oniscoides. Fig. 176 ; mag. 1J times.
Sigalion (Aud. and Edw.). Body lengthened;
shield-plates and dorsal cirri on the same feet;
shield-plates on alternate segments as far as the
twenty, seventh, whence they continue uninter-
ruptedly to the tail.

S. boa. Fig. 177 ; n. s.

Pholoe (Johnst.). Shield-plates on alternate
feet; cirri none or rudimentary; proboscis with
two pairs of horny jaws, the orifice plain ; antennas
seven, unequal ; eyes two.

P. inornata. Fig. 178, n. s. ; and fore parts mag.

APHRODITAD^E.

105

Polynoe (Lamk.). Shield-plates, twelve pairs
alternating with the superior cirri, and followed
by a number of supplementary shield-plates,
appearing and disappearing in another order ; four
or five antennae ; four eyes ; proboscis with horny
jaws.

P. squamata. P. viridis.

cirrata. Fig. 179 ; n. s. scolopendrina.

impar. semisquamosa.

176

Aphrodita (Pallas). Shield-plates and superior
cirri not on the same feet, but alternating ; jaws
cartilaginous and rudimentary, or none; three

106 ANNELIDA.

antennae; two eyes. (Shield-plates concealed in
the British species by a sort of felt formed of the
dorsal bristles.)

A. aculeata. Fig. 180; £ n. s.
hystrix.
borealis.

Animals of doubtful position, probably belonging to
the ANNELIDA.

Tomopteris (JZschscholtz)=Joknstonella (Gosse).
Body long, excessively thin, transparent, cut into
many lobes on each side; head furnished with
two greatly lengthened antennae directed back-
wards, and with two pointed processes in front
directed sideways ; eyes two ; proboscis evertile.

T. scolopendra. Fig. 181 ; mag. f.
Sagitta (Quoy and Gaimard). Body long, slender,
gelatinous, fish-like, with two pairs of lateral fins,
and an expanded triangular fin-like tail; head
large, with two eyes, and many pairs of expanding
hooked jaws.

S. bipunctata (?). Fig. 182 ; mag. f .

107

CLASS III. ROTIFERA.

THESE are animals so minute as to be appre-
ciable only by the microscope ; but affording, by
their crystalline transparency, the elegance of
their forms, the complexity of their internal struc-
ture, their beautiful ciliary wheels, and their lively
motions, peculiarly interesting objects of study
under that instrument. The great majority of
the forms are found only in fresh water, very few
indeed being recognised as marine : but these
exhibit considerable diversity. The most con-
spicuous character of the Class is that the front
parts are set with one or more circles of cilia,
which, waving in regular succession and perfect
order, present the appearance, to the eye, of one
or more wheels revolving rapidly, as if by the
power of machinery.

Localities, &c. — Synchceta swims at large through
the water, never resting; it is self-luminous, and
is one of the causes of the phosphorescence of the
sea. Brachionus Mulleri and Pterodina dypeata
occur in the brackish water at the mouths of rivers.
The other marine species may often be detected by
searching with a pocket-lens the glass sides of a
well-stocked Aquarium.

Authorities. — Ehrenberg's "Die Infusions-thier-
chen " is the standard authority for nomenclature

108 KOTIFERA.

and arrangement; for the determination of British
species I have depended on my own researches, as
the Class has been the subject of my special study
for some years.

KOTIFERA.

Animals with articulations more or less distinct,
with a skin sometimes leathery, but often forming
a transparent shell ; with a single jointed foot
behind; and in some cases other jointed mem-
bers ; with vibrating cilia forming whirlpools
for locomotion, on the front; with a mouth con-
taining complex jaws, often seated within the
thorax; with distinct sexes, generally differing
greatly from each other ; producing shelled eggs.

The marine species are so few that I need not
divide them into Orders and Families.

§ 1. Skin flexible.

Furcularia (Lamk.). Body lengthened, com-
pressed, terminating behind in a short tail-like
foot armed with two long, diverging, pointed toes ;
one eye in the front.

F. marina. Fig. 183 ; mag. 1f °.

Synchceta (Ehr.). Body three-sided, very broad
before, tapering behind to a very minute two-toed
foot ; front set with one or more pairs of bristles ;
a pendent ear-like lobe on each side, well ciliated ;
one large eye in the midst of the head.

S. Baltica. Fig. 184 ; mag. * J-°.

ROTIFERA.

109

§ 2. Body partially enclosed in a shell.

Monura (Ehr.) . Body compressed ; shell bivalve ;
head armed with a moveable hook; two eyes in
the front ; foot single-toed.

M. coluris. Fig. 185 ; mag. i-f0.

Colurus (Ehr.). As Monura, except that the
foot is two-toed.

C. uncinatus.

caudatus. Fig. 186; mag. ijo.

183

Brachionus (Pallas). Shell somewhat three-
sided, spinous in front, rounded behind; a long,
very flexible foot ending in two small toes ; one
large eye in the midst of the thorax.

B. Miilleri. Fig. 187 ; mag. ]-f °.

Pterodina (Ehr.). Shell much depressed, rounded
all sides; a long flexible foot without toes,
iated at the tip ; two eyes in front.

P. clypeata. Fig. 188; mag. 1^°.

110

CLASS IV. CRUSTACEA.

(CRABS.)

NUMEROUS limbs formed of distinct joints are for the
first time met with in the animals now before us ;
they are arranged in pairs along the sides of the
body, but on the inferior or belly-surface. The body
is itself also divided into rings or segments, which
fit into one another, less numerous, but more dis-
tinctly marked, than those of the ANNELIDA. These
segments are, theoretically, twenty-one in number ;
but in every known species some or other of them
are so united, soldered as it were, to their fellow
segments, as to be undistinguishable ; and there-
fore it is only by an examination of a great variety
of forms, that the total number can be recognised.
The principal divisions are those of the head,
thorax, and abdomen, each of which contains seven
segments ; but those of the head are usually much
crowded and very minute ; those of the thorax are
more or less covered above by a great shield, called
the carapace, and are visible only beneath; but
those of the abdomen are generally well marked.

Each segment is furnished with a pair of appen-
dages, more or less developed ; and the presence
of these is often sufficient to indicate a segment,
though no trace of division can be detected in the
body. The appendages take different forms in
different parts of the body; consisting of — 1. the

CRUSTACEA. Ill

eye-stalks; 2, the upper antennae (or jointed
horns) ; 3. the lower antennas ; 4. the mandibles (or
jaws) ; 5, 6. the two pairs of maxillae (or secon-
dary jaws) ; 7, 8, 9. the three pairs of foot-jaws,
one of which belongs to the head, the other two
to the thorax; 10 — 14. the five pairs of true feet;
15 — 19. the five pairs of false or swimming feet ;
20. the swimming plates of the fan-like tail; 21.
the minute styles at the very extremity of the body.
All these members can be separated in the case of
the common Prawn.*

The body in these animals is encased in a skin
which, from the deposition in its substance of salts
of lime, acquires a considerable consistence. In
some of the lower forms, it may be compared to
very thin horn ; but in the larger Brachyura, as in
the Eatable Crab, every one knows that it is almost
of a stony hardness. Hence the name of CRUS-
TACEA. The strength of resistance thus obtained
is niost concentrated in the carapace, that great
buckler which in the most familiar species covers
the thorax, and protects the vital organs. In many
forms, however, as all those which constitute the
Order Edriophthalma, there is no carapace.

Theoretically, every segment is formed of two
arches or semicircles, each of which consists of a
pair of central and a pair of lateral pieces. Of
these it is necessary to specify here only the
lateral pieces of the upper arch, called epimera;
since they are often well-marked, and furnish im-
portant distinctive characters, as in the Tribe
Gammaracea.

Almost all the members of the Class, and, of

* See Bell's " British Crustacea " (Introduction), p. xx.

112 CRUSTACEA.

course, all of which I am treating, are aquatic,
and breathe by means of gills, which are variously
modified in the different groups. In the more
advanced forms, as the Crabs, we see them, on re-
moving the carapace, as two sets of angular, pointed,
whitish, finger-like organs, each of which is com-
posed of a vast multitude of thin plates, very
closely packed, but admitting the water between
them, which is kept in constant circulation by the
play of innumerable cilia. Each series is enclosed
in a chamber, which has two openings, one for the
admission of the surrounding water, the other for
its emission.

In other Orders the gills take the appearance
of tufts, or fine filaments, and are placed at the
bases of the legs, or on the legs, or on the false
feet, or are altogether wanting; the skin, either
wholly or in part, in this last case, probably per-
forming the function of vivifying the blood.

The increase of the species is maintained .by
means of eggs, which are proportionally minute
and numerous (in these respects differing signally
from those of the EOTIFERA, which are few and
enormously large) ; the collection of eggs, termed
spawn, is commonly carried by the female, either
beneath the thorax or abdomen, until the time (or
nearly) when the young are hatched. These in
general appear under forms widely different from
those of the parent animals, which they attain
only by passing through a series of transforma-
tions, by the successive casting off of the outer skin.

The same process of sloughing the skin or crust
is continued through life, or, at least, long after the
ultimate form is attained, and until the animal has
reached its full dimensions. This is a needful pro-

CRUSTACEA. 113

vision for growth, as the rigidity of the encasing
armour forbids the possibility of increase in its
capacity. The growth, therefore, is periodic : at
certain intervals the hard crust is thrown off in
several pieces, a new crust having been prepared
beneath, which is at first soft, flexible, and expan-
sile ; the body, now freed, instantly enlarges in all
directions, and in a few minutes has attained the
full extent of growth needed ; the crust at once
hardens, and in a brief space becomes as inflexible
as was its predecessor, admitting no further en-
largement either of its own surface, or of the con-
tained organs. The animal usually undergoes this
process in the most retired situation it can find,
instinctively conscious of its unprotected condition
when soft, and apparently feeling sick and feeble.

Among the most singular creatures of this great
Class are those comprised in the Orders Epizoa
and Entomostraca. The former exhibit shapes
the most bizarre, so that the young student can
scarcely believe that they are animals at all.
They are parasitic in their habits, usually living
attached to the gills, or to the interior of the mouth
of fishes ; and to fit them for this mode of life, they
are furnished with strange organs of many forms.
It is necessary that they should be able so firmly
to adhere to their supporters as to resist the force
of all ordinary influences to dislodge them ; and
many are, in fact, so anchored in the flesh, that in
order to preserve the epizoon, we are compelled to
cut out the surrounding parts of the fish. Some-
times this is effected by an array of hooked fangs
and pincer-like claws, combined with sucking-
disks, as in Caligus, while a slender tube pierces
the flesh and pumps up the vital juices ; some-
I

114 CKUSTACEA.

times, as in Chondr acanthus, the foot-jaws, which
are stout and armed with strong hooks, are inserted
into the victim. In the Lerneopodce we find two
long arms proceeding from the thorax, which,
meeting at their tips, are united, and bear a knob
or button/ which, being thrust into the flesh, main-
tains the hold. In Achtkeres, a genus that infests
the Perch of our rivers, the button at the tip of
the united arms is dilated into a bell-shaped
cupping-glass, beset within its rim with recurved
hooks. In Lerneonema and its fellows, the whole
head is inserted ; and this, being furnished with a
prong on each side curving backwards, forms a
powerful anchor, by which the parasite is firmly
moored to its hapless prey. Finally, in Lernea
(which, with its long, unsymmetrical, and strangely
twisted body, is perhaps the most uncouth of all),
the processes of the head are irregularly branched,
affording the same sort of hold that a tree obtains
in the soil by its spreading roots.

The Entomostraca do not present us with any
contrivances so strange as these, but the appear-
ance of many of them differs widely from that of
the more familiar CKUSTACEA. Their limbs are
generally tipped and otherwise furnished with
tufts of plumose bristles, some of which appear to
answer the purpose of breathing, as well as motion;
they commonly have but a single eye, of large size
and brilliant colour, in the centre of the forehead ;
and the carapace is often very large, almost or
quite enveloping the animal. In the Tribe Ostra-
coda this is formed of two large convex plates,
closely like the valves of a bivalve shell, united
over the back by a hinge, but gaping beneath for
the protrusion of the feet. In the Tribe Cladocera

CRUSTACEA. 115

it constitutes an oval, compressed, shelly box with-
out a hinge, inclosing the whole animal, except at
one orifice where the head projects.

A large number of this Order are parasitic upon
other marine animals, like the Epizoa; with which
they agree in another curious circumstance. The
females of many species in these groups carry their
eggs in two large, oval, cylindrical, or spirally
twisted bags (external ovaries), sometimes ap-
proaching in bulk that of the whole body, and
(in some of the Epizoa} often greatly exceeding
it in length. In Evadne, our only marine repre-
sentative of the Water-fleas (Daphnia, &c.), that
are so abundant in fresh waters, the eggs are depo-
sited in a sort of chamber in the upper part of the
shell, above the back, where the young remain,
even for several days after they are hatched.

The lowest forms of all are the Podosomata,
which in many particulars approach the Spiders
so closely, that it is a matter of debate in which
Class they should be most naturally placed. I
have, however, followed Professor Milne-Edwards
in assigning them to the CEUSTACEA.

Localities, &c. — The Podosomata and the smaller
Entomostraca are found (the latter in great abund-
ance) in the tufts of sea-weeds that grow between
tide-levels, and the latter also swim in the open
sea, and may be collected with a Medusa-net. The
Epizoa and the parasitic Entomostraca dwell, as I
have already observed, on other animals, especially
fishes ; the former chiefly affecting the gills, or
gill-pouches ; the latter creeping on the surface of
the body : the particular prey of each species will
be mentioned in detail. The Cymothoada among
the higher forms have similar habits, but most of
i 2

116 CRUSTACEA.

the EdriopJithalma resort to the shallow margins of
the sea, weed-fringed rocks, and tide-pools ; as do
the Prawns (Palcemon}. The Sand-hoppers (Ta-
litrus) are found by myriads in the rotting heaps
of sea-weed that lie on the beach, steaming in the
sun ; and the great Lygia oceanica crawls nimbly
on the perpendicular sides of rocks that are for
many hours left dry by the receding tide. The
Hyperice habitually dwell beneath the shelter of
the broad umbrella of certain Medusa, whence they
roam out on excursions, returning home at pleasure,
as I have elsewhere described.* The Corophmm
lives in mud at the mouths of rivers, over which
it roams when the tide is out, beating the mud
with its large and powerful antennae, in its search
for prey.

Among the Podophthalma, or Stalk-eyed CRUS-
TACEA, the Shrimps or Sand-raisers (Crangon),
and the Thalassinad(Z burrow in sand, mostly
in shallow water ; but Calocaris is an exception,
for this genus inhabits the mud of the sea-bottom
at great depths. Most of the Lobsters and Crabs
are inhabitants of deep water, delighting in narrow
and inaccessible clefts of rocks, whence they are to
be enticed by baited traps sunk in their haunts.
Most of these, however, in their earlier life fre-

rat the weedy shallows ; and several, as Gala-
, Porcellana, Carcinus, Pilumnus, &c., are
properly shore genera. Portunus and its allies
swim with more or less dexterity, by means of
their dilated oar-like feet ; while Pagurus takes
possession of the deserted shell of some univalve
Mollusk, which he drags about with him on the

* " Devonshire Coast," p. 367.

CRUSTACEA. 117

beach or on the bottom. The habits of this genus
are highly entertaining.*

Identification. — The development of the mouth
and its organs; the number of the eyes, and
whether they are immoveable or borne on a foot-
stalk; the character of the foot-jaws, feet, and
false-feet ; the presence or absence of a carapace ;
the manner in which, and the organs by which,
breathing is performed; the development of the
abdomen ; the form and office of the plates near its
extremity; the form of the antennas with their
appendages ; the presence and the form of the
frontal beak ; — are the points that principally claim
attention in distinguishing the various genera.

Authorities. — I am mainly indebted to the valu-
able "Hist. Nat. des Crustaces" of Professor M.-
Edwards for the general arrangement of the Class,
slightly modifying his nomenclature. For the
British species Professor Bell's " Stalk-eyed Crus-
tacea" has been the text-book, so far as one Order
extends ; while for another the " British Entomo-
straca " of Dr. Baird has afforded materials. For
the rest I have consulted the magnificent collection
in the British Museum, and the " List of Speci-
mens " in that collection by Mr. Adam White,
adding a few new species recently introduced to our
British Marine Fauna by myself and others.

CRUSTACEA.

Articulated animals ; provided with jointed
limbs; breathing by gills, sometimes covered,
sometimes exposed, but not inclosed in special
cavities of the body: eyes generally two, com-

* See "Aquarium," p. 163, et seq.

118 CRUSTACEA.

pound ; anterinos generally four ; jaws generally
three pairs ; foot-jaws (to the same number), of
which the outer pairs often have the office of feet ;
and feet (usually five pairs, or, when the foot-jaws
become feet in function, seven pairs). The skin is
usually a solid crust, more or less calcareous,
which is cast off at intervals during growth. In
the early moultings they sustain a true meta-
morphosis.

Mouth prolonged into a sucker . . . Thelastia.
Mouth armed with jaws Dactia.

SECTION I. THELASTIA.

Feet formed for walking, and well-
developed; mouth without distinct
jaws . . . Podosomata.

Feet formed for swimming, or
rudimentary : mouth armed with
style-like jaws :

Thorax unjointed; antennae de-
prived of appendages ; feet always
rudimentary or deformed ; foot-jaws
rudimentary Epizoa.

Thorax with many distinct joints,
carrying three or four pairs of feet ;
foot-jaws well-developed .... Siphonostomata.

Order I. PODOSOMATA.

Head lengthened, with a three -lobed mouth.
Thorax consisting of four segments ; with a rudi-
mentary tubular joint, representing the abdomen.
Head unfurnished with appendages. Eyes four,
grouped on a wart, on the first joint of the
thorax. Both sexes have four pairs of walking

PYCNOGONID^E.

119

feet, and the females have a pair of false feet
besides, for carrying the eggs.

Without foot-jaws Pycnogonida.

With foot-jaws Nymphonidte.

FAMILY I. PYCNOGONID^E.

Pycnogonum (Fabr.). Body short and thick ;
limbs little longer than the body; false feet of
female six-jointed. Parasitic on Cetacea.

189

P. littorale. Fig. 189; n.s.

190

191

193

Phoxickilus(TuSitiQillQ). Body slender; feet slender
and very long ; false feet of female seven-jointed.
P. spinosus. Fig. 190 ; mag. -f.

120 CRUSTACEA.

FAMILY II. NYMPHONID.E.

Phoxichilidium (M.-Edw.). Without palpi ;
head very short ; false feet of female five-jointed.

P. coccineum. P. olivaceum. Fig. 191, n. s. ; and

globosum. head mag.

Pattern (Johns t.). Without palpi ; head length-
ened ; false feet nine or ten-jointed.

P. brevirostris. Fig. 192 ; mag. -&.

NympJion (Fabr.). Furnished with foot-jaws,
and palpi ; feet very long.

N. gracile. Fig. 193, n. s. ; and head mag.
grossipes.
femoratum.
pictum.
giganteum.

Order H. EPIZOA.

Parasitic. Limbs rudimentary lobes, without
joints, serving only to fix the animal to its prey.
Form very unusual. Eyes wanting. Thorax
without segments. Males minute.

Female fixed by the head, which is
provided with two lateral horns . . . Lerneadce.

Female fixed by long arm-like appen-
dages of the thorax, which unite at the
tip and form a button-like sucker . . . Lerneopodadtf.

Female fixed by foot-jaws, which are
stout, and armed with strong hooks . . Chondracanthada.

LERNEOPODADJE.

121

FAMILY L

rnea (Linn.). No vestiges of feet; body
twisted; horn-like appendages irregularly branched;
ovaries forming twisted masses beneath the ab-
domen.
L. branchialis (On the gills of the Cod). Fig. 194 ; n. s-

Lerneonema (M.-Edw.). Several pairs of minute
feet near the head ; body slender, narrowed to a
long neck; head swollen, with simple recurved
horns ; ovaries linear. (On the Sprat.)

L. spratta. Fig. 195 ; n. s.
encrasicholi.

190

197

200

FAMILY II. LERNEOPODAD^E.

AncJiorella (Cuv.). Arms short, and united from
tie base ; body short, swollen ; head small, at the
end of a long recurving neck. (On the Cod.)

122 CRUSTACEA,

A. uncinata. Fig. 196 ; mag. -f.
rugosa.

Lerneopoda (De Blainv.) . Arms long, united only
at the tip ; body long, oval ; head short, thick.
L. elongata (Shark). L. salmonea (Salmon),

galei (Shark). Fig. 197 ; n. s.

FAMILY III. CHONDEACANTHAD^.

Lernentoma (De Blainv.). Foot-jaws three pairs ;
two pairs of which are prehensile ; three pairs of
appendages to the thorax, which are divided, but
not jointed ; ovaries long.

L. cornuta (Gills of Sole),
asellina (Gills of Gurnard),
lophii (Pouches of Angler). Fig. 198 ; n. s.

CJiondracanthus (De la Roche). As Lernentoma,
but the ovaries are short, broad, and flat.

C. zei (Gills of Dory).

lophii (Pouches of Angler). Fig. 199 ; n. s.

Order III. SIPHONOSTOMA TA.

Head large, usually shield-like, furnished with
one pair of antennae, a sucker with style-formed
jaws, and foot-jaws which are anchor-like, and
prehensile. Thorax distinctly jointed; its first
segment without feet. Abdomen rudimentary, ter-
minating in a small swimming-tail.

Head thick, obtuse, with two slender,
cylindrical, bristle-like, many-jointed
antennae Pachycephala.

Head shield-like, armed with frontal
plates ; antennae dilated, two-jointed . Peltocephala.

'.

PEL'

.LA.

123

TEIBE I. PACHYCEPHALA.

Anthosoma (Leach). Head large, oval; body
lengthened. Thorax furnished with large plates ;
all the feet leaf-like ; foot-jaws large.

A. Smitltfi (On Shark). Fig. 200 ; n.s.

Nicothoe (M.-Edw.). Head round; body pear-
shaped; thorax dilated into two large wing-like
lobes ; foot-jaws very small.

N. astaci (On gills of Lobster). Fig. 201 ; mag. f.

203

204

205

206

207

208

TRIBE II. PELTOCEPHALA.

Swimming plates on the dorsal surface

of thorax Pandaridc

No swimming plates on thorax . . Caligida.

124 CRUSTACEA.

FAMILY I. PANDARID.E.

Cecrops (Leach). One plate on thorax, small
and rounded ; ovaries twisted, and hidden under a
shield ; first three pairs of feet in female and all in
male tipped with spines, and fitted for walking.
C. Latreillii (On Sunfish). Fig. 202 ; n. s.

Lcemargus (Kroyer). Thoracic plate large; feet
leaf-like and respiratory.

L. nmricatus (On Sunfish). Fig. 203 ; n.s.

Pandarus (Leach). Several pairs of thoracic
plates ; all the feet armed with hooks, and fitted
lor walking. (On Sharks.)

P. bicolor. Fig. 204 ; n. s.
Boscii.

Dinemoura (Latr.). One pair of thoracic plates ;
first three pairs of feet armed with bristles ; the
last pair leaf-like and membranous. (On Sharks.)

D. alata. Fig. 205 ; n. s.
lamnse.

FAMILY II. CALIGID.E.

Trelius (Kroyer). Fourth pair of feet two-
branched, fitted for swimming; no suckers on
frontal plates.

T. caudatus (On Skate). Fig. 206 ; £.

Chalimus (Burmeister). Fourth feet simple, fitted
for walking ; frontal plate furnished with a long
and slender filament, bearing a sucker at its tip.
C. scombri (On Mackerel). Fig. 207 ; LO.

ENTOMOSTKACA. 125

LepeoptJieirus (Nordmann). Feet as in CJialimus ;
frontal plates destitute of suckers.

L. Stromii (On Salmonidce).
pectoralis (Various fishes).
Nordmanni (Sunfish).
hippoglossi (Holibut). Fig. 208 ; n. s.
obscurus (Brill).
Thompson! (Turbot).

Caligus (Miill.). Feet as in CJialimus; a pair of
sucking-disks on the lower surface of the frontal
plates.

C. diaphanus (Various fishes). Fig. 209 ; n. s.
rapax (Various fishes).
Miilleri (Various fishes),
centrodonti (Sea Bream),
minutus (Holibut).
curtus (Kay).

SECTION II. DACTIA.

Gills attached to the feet or to the
jaws ; feet ciliated ; eyes usually united
into one ; carapace either in the form of
an encasing buckler, or of a bivalve shell. Entomostraca.

The modified legs performing the office
of gills ; eyes sessile, immoveable ; tho-
racic feet for walking, usually seven pairs ;
no carapace Edriophthalma.

Gills normal ; eyes stalked and move-
able ; feet partly for seizing, partly for
walking ; thorax covered by a carapace . Podophthalma.

Order L ENTOMOSTRACA.

Gills few, attached to the mouth ; cara-
pace shield-formed or bivalve ; feet five
pairs or fewer ; eye single, antennsD two
pairs Lophyropoda.

Gills many, attached to the feet ; cara-
pace usually a shield more or less ample,
but sometimes wanting Branchiopoda.

126 CRUSTACEA.

Sub-Order I. LOPHYROPODA.

Body divided into distinct rings ; cara-
pace a buckler inclosing head and thorax ;
feet five pairs, mostly fit for swimming ;
ovary external Copepoda.

Body wholly inclosed in a bivalve cara-
pace ; feet two or three pairs, fit for
walking ; no external ovary Ostracoda.

TRIBE I. COPEPODA.

Head and thorax consolidated and indistin-
guishable :

Foot-jaws four pairs ; feet four
pairs Notodelphida.

Foot-jaws two pairs; feet five
pairs Cyclopidte.

Head and thorax firmly articulated, but distinct:

One eye ; last pair of feet diverse
from the rest Diaptomida.

Two eyes ; all the feet alike . . Cetochilidte.

FAMILY I. NOTODELPHID^E.

Notodelphys (Allm.). One eye; head consoli-
dated with thorax ; thorax and abdomen each of
four rings ; superior antennae many jointed, inferior
antennae prehensile; foot-jaws four pairs; ovary
within the body. Parasitic in the sac of Ascidia.
K ascidicola. Fig. 210 ; mag.

FAMILY II. CYCLOPID^E.

Canthocamptus (Westwood). Foot-jaws small,
simple ; antennae simple ; ovary single.

DIAPTOMID^.

127

C. Stromii. Fig. 211 ; \°.
furcatus.
minuticornis.

Arpacticus (M.-Edw.). Foot-jaws with strong
claws ; antennse simple ; ovary single.

A. chelifer. Fig. 212 ; *f.
nobilis.

Alteutha (Baird). Foot-jaws simple ; body flat,
with two strong hooks on the fifth segment.

A. depressa. Fig. 213; 3T°-

216

214

FAMILY III. DIAPTOMID^E.

Temora (Baird). Head scarcely distinct from
thorax ; thorax of five, abdomen of three segments ;
antennae two-branched; feet five pairs, the first
four having each a two-jointed branch.

T. Finmarchica. Fig. 214 ; f .

Anomalocera (Templeton). Head distinct, fur-
nished with a two-pointed beak; thorax of six,

128 CRUSTACEA.

abdomen of four segments; antennae not two-
branched ; eye in male stalked.

A. Patersonii. Fig. 215 ; f .

FAMILY IV. CETOCHILIDA

CetocJiilus (Vauz&me). Head with two small
styles ; antennae two-branched ; foot-jaws not
branched; thorax of six, abdomen of four segments ;
last pair of feet of the same form as the others.
C. septentrionalis. Fig. 216 ; -f .

TRIBE II. OSTRACODA.

Two eyes ; two pairs of feet Cypridinadae.

One eye ; three pairs of feet Cytherida.

FAMILY I. CYPRIDINAD.E.

Cypridina (M.-Edw.). Eyes two, stalked;
antennae two pairs, both foot-like ; feet two pairs,
one pair always within the shell, and of a peculiar
structure ; abdomen ending in a broad plate, armed
with strong hooks.

C. Macandrei. Fig. 217 ; mag. C. interpunctse.
brenda. MariaD.

FAMILY II. CYTHERID.E.

Cythere (Miill.). Eye single ; feet three pairs,
all external; abdomen short; inferior antennae
with one long, curved, jointed filament ; superior
antennae simple, without any pencil of filaments.

PHYLLOPODA. 129

C. flavida. C. minna.

reniformis. Fig. 218 ; if. angustata.

albo-maculata. acuta.

alba. pellucida.

variabilis. impressa.

aurantia. quadridentata.

nigrescens. convexa.

Cytliereis (Jones). Animal unknown. Valves
regularly oblong, with a wrinkled surface, and
toothed margins.

C. Whitei.

Jonesii. Fig. 219 ; mag.
antiquata.

Sub- Order II. BEANCHIOPODA.

Carapace inclosing the whole animal, ex-
cept the projecting head ; feet four to six
pairs ; eye single Cladocera.

Carapace wanting, or covering only the
head and thorax ; feet eleven to sixty pairs ;
eyes two or three Phyllopoda.

TKIBE I. CLADOCERA.

Evadne (Loven). Feet four pairs, not inclosed;
eye very large ; head not distinct ; abdomen short,
scarcely projecting.

E. Nordmanni. Fig. 220 ; if.

TRIBE II. PHYLLOPODA.

Artemia (Leach) . No carapace ; antennae two
pairs, the inferior (in the male) prehensile, flat ;
eyes two, stalked, feet eleven pairs ; tail notched,
but not divided into two plates. Inhabits brine-
pans.

A. salina. Fig. 221 ; f .
K

130

CRUSTACEA.

Nebalia (Leach). Carapace large, inclosing
head, thorax, and part of abdomen ; antennae two
pairs, large, branched; eyes two-stalked; feet
twelve pairs, eight being branchial, and four
natatory.

N. bipes. Fig. 222 ; f .

220

222

Order II. EDBIOPHTHALMA.

|

Abdomen a rudimentary tubercle,
without distinct members. Branchial
vesicles suspended from the thorax. Lcemodipoda.

Abdomen well-developed, and pro-
vided with five or six pairs of mem-
bers.

Branchial vesicles almost always
absent from the thorax. First five
pairs of abdominal members almost of
the same form, unsuited to locomotion,
and apparently serving as gills . . .
Branchial vesicles under thorax.
First five pairs of abdominal mem-
bers diversely formed, and serving for
locomotion . .

Sub- Order I. LOEMODIPODA.

Caprella (Lamk.). Body lengthened, slender,
cylindrical ; both pairs of antennae well developed ;

ISOPODA. 131

feet long, but wanting on the second and third
segments of the thorax.

C. linearis. Fig. 223 ; f . C. tuberculata.
Isevis. lobata.

acuminifera. acanthifera.

acutifrons. longispina.

phasma.

Leptomera (Guerin). As Caprella, but all the
segments of the thorax furnished with feet.

L. pedata. Fig. 224; f .

Cyamus (Lamk.) . Body ovate, flattened ; infe-
rior antennae minute ; feet stout, hooked. (Parasitic
on Whales.)

C. erraticus. C. gracilis.

ovalis. Thompson!. Fig. 225 ; |.

Sub- Order II. ISOPODA.

Mouth formed for suction, without
maxillae ; no appendages, or only two
unjointed filaments behind the fifth
pair of false feet Sedentaria.

Mouth furnished with two pairs of
maxillae, as well as mandibles and
foot-jaws ; a pair of opercular appen-
dages, natatory or style-like, but
always jointed behind the fifth false
feet:

Last false feet terminated by hori-
zontal swimming-plates . . . . . Natatoria.

Last false feet style-like or opercular,
not formed for swimming Reptatoria.

K2

132

CRUSTACEA.

TRIBE I. SEDENTARIA.

Abdominal appendages plate -like and
hidden beneath the abdomen Bopyridte.

Abdominal appendages thread-like, and
surrounding the abdomen lonidae.

230

231

233

FAMILY I. BOPYRID.E.

Bopyrus (Latr.). Body pear-shaped, depressed,
twisted to one side. Parasitic beneath the cara-
pace of Prawns, &c. Female six times as large as
the male.

B. squillarum. Fig. 226; n. s.
hippolytes.

NATATORIA. 133

Phryxus (Kathke). Male, — back convex; belly
flat ; feet formed for walking ; gills rudimentary ;
antennae short, slender. Female, — back flat;
belly convex ; feet bent up towards the back ;
gills large, two-lobed. Parasitic beneath the cara-
pace of Hippolyte.

P. hippolytes. Fig. 228 male ; 229 female; n. s.

FAMILY II. IONID^E.

lone (Latr.). Body very flat, long-oval; false
feet shrub-like. Male much smaller than female,
and carried beneatli her body. Parasitic beneath
the carapace of Callianassa.

I. thoracicus. Fig. 227 ; n. s.

TRIBE II. NATATORIA.

Thorax of seven distinct segments ;
seven pairs of feet nearly equally de-
veloped ; abdomen very short :

First five segments of abdomen dis-
tinct and moveable. Last false feet
with two moveable plates. Head small.
Feet in general anchor-like .... Cymothoadte.

First five segments of abdomen sol-
dered together. Last false feet with
one or two plates, of which only the
outer one is moveable. Head large
and transverse. All the feet simple
and formed for walking

Thorax of five segments ; first two
pairs of feet rudimentary or wanting.
Abdomen greatly developed . . . Pranizada.

134 CEUSTACEA.

FAMILY I. CYMOTHOAD.E.

Cirolana (Leach). All the feet simply-clawed;
abdomen of six segments.

C. Cranchii. Fig. 230 ; n. s.
hirtipes.

Eurydice (Leach). All the feet simple ; abdo-
men of five segments.

E. pulchra. Fig. 231 ; mag. 2..

JEga (Leach). First three pairs of feet anchor-
like, the rest simply-clawed; inner antennae enlarged
and flattened at the base ; eyes remote.

M. bicarinata. Fig. 232 ; n. s.
tridens.
emarginata.

Rocinela (Leach). Characters those of ^Ega;
but the eyes close together.

K. Danmoniensis.

monophthalma. Fig. 233 ; n. s.

Conilera (Leach). First three pairs of feet
anchor-like ; inner antennae cylindrical at the base.

C. cylindracea. Fig. 234 ; n. s.

FAMILY II. SPH.EROMAD.E.

Sphceroina (Latr.). Capable of rolling into a
ball ; outer plate of last false feet large, folded
beneath the inner one.

S. serratum. Fig. 235 ; n. s. S. curtum.

Hookeri. Griffithsieo.

Prideauxianum.

REPTATOR1A. 135

Cymodocea (Leach). Never rolling into a ball ;
last false feet projecting, but the outer plate folding
beneath the inner ; forehead swollen.

C. truncata. Fig. 236 ; n. s. C. rubra.

emarginata. viridis.

Montagui.

Ncesea (Leach). As Cymodocea, but the outer
plate always projecting, and straight.

N". bidentata. Fig. 237 ; mag. -f.

Campecopea (Leach). As Nasea, but the outer
plate curved.

C. hirsuta. Fig. 238 ; mag. \.
Cranchii.

FAMILY III. PRANIZAD.E.

Praniza (Leach). Head small, rounded; man-
dibles concealed.

P. cseruleata. Fig. 239 ; mag. •£. P. maculata.

Montagui. fuscata.

Anceus (Eisso). Head large, four-sided, with
two great pincers-like mandibles.

A. maxillaris. Fig. 240; mag. \.

TRIBE III. REPTATORIA.

Terminal appendages of the last false
feet style-shaped or plate-shaped, never
covering the under-surface of the abdomen.
Last segment of the abdomen minute and
not shield-like. Inner antennae rudimentary Oniscida.

Appendages of last false feet style-shaped,
prolonged as a tail behind. Last segment

136 CRUSTACEA.

of abdomen very large and shield-like. Inner

antennae small, but distinct

Appendages of last false feet very large,
plate-like, covering, as an operculum, the
whole under-surface of the abdomen ; not
prolonged behind. Last segment of abdo-
men very large and shield-like .... Idoteada.

FAMILY I. ONISCID^E.

Lygia (Fabr.). Basal joint of last false feet
lengthened, and terminating in two very long
styles.

L. oceanica. Fig. 241 ; n. s.

FAMILY II. ASELLIDJE.

Limnoria (Leach). Abdomen of six segments ;
antennae sub-equal.

L. terebrans. Fig. 242 ; mag. £.

Jaera (Leach). Abdomen of one segment; outer
antennae much longer than inner.

J. albifrons. Fig. 243 ; mag. ^.
Kroyeri.

Oniscoda (Latr.). Last false feet prolonged into
two styles ; all the true feet alike.

0. maculosa. Fig. 244 ; mag. -J.

Apseudes (Leach). First feet armed with a two-
fingered claw; second feet large, flat, and not
resembling the following feet.

A. talpa. Fig. 245 ; mag. &.

Tanais (M.-Edwards). First feet two-fingered;
second feet fanged; antennae very short, with no

IDOTEADJ2.

137

many-jointed lash at the tip; last false feet forming
minute styles pointing backwards.

T. Savignyi. Fig. 246 ; mag. -j-.
Dulongii.

245 248 242

244 246

FAMILY III. IDOTEAD^.

Idotea (Fabr.). All the feet armed with a
pointed claw ; two simple plates beneath the
abdomen, like folding-doors, which do not extend
beyond the last segment.

I. pelagica. I. linearis.

tricuspidata. Fig. 247 ; n. s. acuminata.

emarginata. appendiculata.

138 CRUSTACEA.

Antkura (Leach). Feet clawed; four leaf-like
plates beneath the abdomen, which are prolonged
on each side on the dorsal surface of the last
segment.

A. gracilis. Fig. 248 ; mag. \ .
cylindrica.

Arcturus (Westwood). First four pairs of feet
armed with swimming-plates; the rest clawed;
antennae foot-like.

A. longicornis. Fig. 249 ; n. s.
intermedius.
gracilis.

Sub- Order III. AMPHIPODA.

Fourth and fifth abdominal seg-
ments united ; fourth and fifth ab-
dominal appendages dissimilar . . Cheluracea.

Abdominal segments distinct;
abdominal appendages similar :

Foot-jaws covering only the bases
of the preceding appendages, and
forming a lip with three plates, but
deprived of palps Hyperiacea.

Foot-jaws very large, covering
the whole mouth, and forming a
lip terminated by four great horny
plates and two very long palps . . Gammaracea.

TRIBE I. CHELURACEA.

Chelura (Philippi). First three segments of
abdomen carrying swimming feet ; the remainder
supporting a pair of leaf-like appendages and a
pair of cylindrical false feet, and terminated by
two leaping organs. Bores in submerged timber.
C. terebrans. Fig. 250 ; mag. f .

HYPEEIACEA.

TEIBE II. HYPEEIACEA.

139

Body thick-set; head very large; mandibles
large ; foot-jaws very small, and not nearly cover-
ing the mouth ; the lip formed by their union is
terminated by a central lobe and two leaf-like
plates. Tip of the abdomen forming a swimming
organ. (Parasitic on Medusce.)

253

256

254

255 257

260

262 261

259 266 263 264

Hyperia (Latr.). Second pair of antennas style-
shaped and unfolded ; body inflated.

H. Latreillei. Fig. 251 ; n. s.
galba.

140 CRUSTACEA.

Typhis (Bisso). Second antennae folding on
themselves so as to form three or four elbows; first
joint of fifth and sixth feet forming great oval
plates, concealing all the others.

T. monoculoides. Fig. 252 ; mag. -f-.
nolens.

TRIBE III. GAMMARACEA.

Body depressed; epimera very
small or obsolete; abdomen straight,
normal ; three last pairs of false feet
tipped with swimming-plates ; an-
tennae foot-shaped Corophiadtz.

Body much compressed ; epimera
very large, scale-like, and encasing
the bases of the first four pairs of
feet ; posterior extremity formed for
leaping.

Superior antenna longer than the
footstalk of the inferior, and much
longer than the head; mandibles
carrying long palps ; antennse lash-
like Gammaridce.

Superior antennse much shorter
than footstalk of inferior, and
scarcely longer than head ; mandi-
bles without palps Orchestiadte.

FAMILY I. COROPHIADJEC

Cerapus (Say). Second feet fanged; fang two-
jointed; all the antennse without many-jointed
lashes at the tip.

C. pelagicus. C. Whitei. Fig. 253 ; mag. -f .

falcatus.

GAMMARIDJE. 141

Podocerus (Leach) . First and second feet fanged ;
fang one-jointed; inferior antennae without lashes.
P. variegatus.

pulchellus. Fig. 254; mag. \.
CoropTiium (Latr.). Second feet not fanged;
inferior antennae without lashes.

C. longicorne. Fig. 255 ; mag. -f-.
Unciola (Say). First and second feet fanged;
all the antennae tipped with many-jointed lashes ;
superior pair furnished with a minute appendage at
the base of the lash.

U. irrorata. Fig. 256 ; mag. f .

FAMILY II. GAMMARID^E.

Gammarus (Fabr.). Superior antennae slender
at the base, and furnished with a filament; first
and second feet fanged; fang of first feet one-
jointed.

G. locusta. Fig. 257 ; head mag. y. G. longimanus.
marinus. Cranchii.

camptolops. punctatus.

pulex. carinatus.

grossimanus. maculatus.

Amphithoe (Leach). As Gammarus, but the
superior antennae are without an accessory fila-
ment.

A. punctata. A. rubricata. Fig. 258; mag. f.
fucicola. dubia.

obtusata. spinosa. Fig. 266 ; n. s.}=Dexamine

Moggridgei. carino-spinosa. j (Leach).

Leucothoe (Leach). Fang of first feet two-
jointed ; superior antennae without a filament.

L. articulosa. Fig. 259 ; mag. f .

142 CRUSTACEA.

Acanthonotus (Owen). None of the feet fanged;
superior antennae without a filament.

A. testudo. Fig. 260 ; n. s.

Anonyx (Kroyer). Superior antennae thick at
the base ; furnished with a lash ; first and second
feet fanged.

A. albus. Fig. 261 ; mag. f .

Opis (Kroyer). As Anonyx, but the second
feet not fanged ; the claws of first feet very large.

0. typica. Fig. 262 ; mag. f .

FAMILY III. ORCHESTIAD^.

Talitrus (Latr.). Second feet not clawed; supe-
rior antennae shorter than the base of the inferior,
simple ; inferior antennae very long, thread-shaped.

T. locusta. Fig. 263 ; n. s.

Sulcator (Bate). Superior antennae half as long
as the inferior, forked ; inferior antennae with the
second joint flattened ; second and third feet two-
clawed.

S. arenarius. Fig. 264 ; n. s.

Orchestia (Leach). First and second feet clawed;
superior antennae shorter than the base of the
inferior; foot-jaws obtuse.

0. littorea. Fig. 265 ; n. s.
Deshayesii.

PODOPHTHALMA. 143

Genera apparently intermediate between the
Edriophthalma and Podophthalma.

FAMILY CUMAD^E.

Eyes very small, " pedunculated [i.e. stalked],
but sessile," very close together, covered by the
shell ; carapace large, beaked ; abdomen long, dis-
tinctly jointed; the sixth joint armed with two
forked styles; antennae variable; legs of two sorts;
gills comb-like, on the sides of the thorax.

Cuma (M.-Edw.). Superior antennae one-jointed,
scale-like; inferior five-jointed; fork of the tail-
styles with each division two-jointed.

C. Edwards!!. Fig. 267 ; n. s.
Audouinii.
trispinosa.

Alauna (Goodsir). Superior antennae composed
of a footstalk and a many-jointed lash; inferior
eight-jointed ; first three pairs of feet compound ;
internal division of tail-styles three-jointed, outer
division one-jointed.

A. rostrata. Fig. 268 ; n. s.

Bodotria (Goodsir). First five joints of abdomen
each armed with a pair of forked false feet ; both
divisions of tail-styles one-jointed.

B. arenosa. Fig. 269 ; n. s.

Order III. PODOPHTHALMA.

Gills naked, attached to the abdominal false
feet. Carapace divided into two parts, the fore
part bearing the eyes and intermediate antennae ;
eyes moveable, set on foot-stalks.

144 CKUSTACEA.

Gills external, or wanting ; only three pairs
of members belonging to the mouth . . . Stomapoda.

Gills fixed under the sides of the thorax,
and inclosed in special cavities ; six pairs of
members to the mouth ; five pairs of thoracic
feet Decapoda.

Sub- Order I. STOMAPODA.

Feet usually seven pairs ; almost always pro-
vided with accessory appendages. Gills never
lodged in a special cavity; they are composed of
parallel filaments, which give forth other subor-
dinate filaments, which are again fringed in the
same manner. Abdomen greatly developed [in the
British species].

First feet very large and fanged ; next three
pairs short, and terminated by smaller fangs ;
last three pairs formed for swimming ; cara-
pace divided lengthwise Squillada.

All the feet of the same form, provided
with a process which makes them appear
double. Body compressed ; carapace con-
cealing the thorax Mysidte.

Body consisting of a thin flat plate ; cara-
pace covering only a small part of the thorax ;
feet excessively long and slender Phyllosomada

FAMILY I. SQUILLADJE.

Squilla (Fabr.). Last three pairs of feet fur-
nished with a long style-shaped appendage ; fang
of first feet flattened and armed with strong teeth.

S. mantis.

Desmarestii. Fig. 270 ; 1 n. s.

MYSIDJE.

FAMILY II. MYSID^E.

145

My sis (Latr.). No abdominal or thoracic gills;
false feet very small ; all the true feet branched.

M. chamseleon. Fig. 271 ; n. s. M. Griffithsiae.
vulgaris. productus.

Themisto (Goodsir). As My sis, except that the
third and fourth false feet give off two branches
from their stalks.

T. longispinosa.

brevispinosa. Fig. 272 ; n. s.

270 271

274

267

Cynthilia (Thomps.). False feet large, two-
jointed, and furnished with [gills in the form of a
spirally-rolled cylinder.

C. Fleiningii. Fig. 273 ; mag. f .
L

146

CRUSTACEA.

Thysanopoda (M.-Edw.). Gills in the form of
plumes at the base of the true feet ; last pair of
feet unbranched.

T. Couchii. Fig. 274 ; mag. f.

FAMILY III. PHYLLOSOMAD.E.

Phyllosoma (Leach). Carapace broad, oval, leaf-
like ; thorax similar ; eyes on long stalks.

P. commune. Fig. 275 ; n. s.

275

Sub- Order II. DEC APOD A.

Feet almost always five pairs. Gills composed
of numerous parallel plates enclosed in a cavity
on each side of the body. Head soldered to the
thorax, and covered with a carapace, which reaches
to the abdomen.

Abdomen well developed, carrying
swimming organs Macrura.

MACRURA. 147

Abdomen little developed, without
swimming organs :

Appendages on the last segment but
one ; breast-plate between the bases
of the feet partly linear, and partly
broad Anomoura.

Abdomen always bent under the
body ; no appendages on the last seg-
ment but one ; breast-plate always
broad Brackywa.

TRIBE I. MACRURA.

Abdomen large, in general longer than the cara-
pace, stretched out, and serving for swimming;
always carrying on its under surface thin swim-
ming organs (false feet), and furnished at its
extremity with swimming plates expanding like
a fan.

External antennae furnished with
a large, oval or triangular, moveable
plate.

Antennas inserted in two lines.

Beak small or wanting ; feet
slender ; with appendages at the
bases ; abdomen long and com-
pressed

Beak large, compressed and
toothed ; feet robust, without ap-
pendages

Beak small and flat ; feet robust,
without appendages ; first two
pairs two-clawed, and one of them
often greatly developed . . . Alpheadae.

Antennae inserted in the same
line; first pair of feet fanged . . Gran0o*ida.

148 CRUSTACEA.

External antennae furnished with
a small, arrow-shaped, moveable plate Astacida.

External antennae with no move-
able plate.

Abdomen long and slender ; breast-
plate linear ; body lengthened . . . Thalassinada.

Abdomen short or moderate ; breast-
plate very large ; body depressed . . Palinuridae.

FAMILY I. PENEAD^.

Penceus (Fabr.). First three pairs of feet two-
fingered ; false feet much enclosed by the abdomen,
and terminated by two ciliated plates.

P. Caramote. Fig. 276 ;£».*.

PasipJicea (Sav.). First and second feet two-
fingered ; body compressed and lengthened ; beak
very short and simple.

P. Sivado. Fig. 277 ;£».*.

FAMILY II. PAL^EMONID^E.

Palcemon (Fabr.). Inner antennae terminating
in three filaments ; first and second feet two-
fingered; the second much larger than the first;
beak long, and compressed.

P. serratus.

squilla. Fig. 278 ; n. s.

Leachii.

varians.

Pandalus (Leach). Inner antennae terminating

ALPHEAD^.

149

in two filaments ; first feet simple ; second two-
fingered, unequal.

P. annulicornis. Fig. 279 ; n. s.
Hippolyte (Leach). As Pandalus^ but the first
and second feet -are two-fingered; abdomen in
general abruptly bent downward.

H. spinus.
varians.
Cranchii.
Thompson!.
Prideauxiana.
pandaliformis.

H. Barleei.
Whitei.
Yarrellii.
Grayana.
Mitchellii.
fascigera. Fig. 280 ; n. s.

276

277

278

279

280

FAMILY III. ALPHEAD^E.

Athanas (Leach). Eyes projecting beyond the
carapace ; inner antennae terminating in three fila-

150

CRUSTACEA.

ments ; first and second feet two-fingered ; the first
the larger; the second slender, many-jointed.

A. nitescens. Fig. 281 ; n. s.

Nika (Eisso). First feet dissimilar ; the right
one being two-fingered ; the left simple ; second
pair slender, long, many-jointed, and minutely
two-fingered.

N. edulis. Fig. 282 ; % n. s.

Alpheus (Fabr.). Carapace forming a vault
over the eyes ; first feet two-fingered, very stout,
and differing much in form from each other ; second
pair slender, many-jointed, two-fingered.

A. ruber. Fig. 283; n. s.
affinis.

FAMILY IV. CRANGONID^E.

Crangon (Fabr.). First feet thick, the last
joint closing down like a fang upon a projection

ASTACID^E. 151

of the preceding joint ; second pair slender, two-
fingered ; body depressed.

C. vulgaris. Fig. 284 ; 1 n. s.

fasciatus.

spinosus.

sculptus.

trispinosus.

bispinosus.

FAMILY V. ASTACID.E.

Nephrops (Leach). Eyes large, kidney-shaped;
first three pairs of feet two-fingered ; the hands
of the first long, unequal, strongly angled, and
notched ; abdomen sculptured.

N. Norvegicus. Fig. 285 ; JJ. n. s.

Homarus (M.-Edw.). Eyes round; last ring of
the carapace immoveable ; first three pairs of feet
two-fingered; the hands of the first very long

152

CRUSTACEA.

and broad, flattened, unequal ; one of them toothed,
the other knobbed on the inner edges.

H. vnlgaris. Fig. 286 ; £ n. s.

FAMILY VI. THALASSINAD.E.

Calocaris (Bell). First and second feet two-
fingered, slender, lengthened, flattened, the fingers
long and pointed ; the first much the larger ; cara-
pace very large, with a small triangular beak,
whence diverge backwards two lines of spines.

C. Macandreae. Fig. 287 ; i n. s.

Axius (Leach). First and second feet two-
fingered ; the hand of the first stout, ovate, un-

ANOMOURA. 153

equal ; all compressed ; abdomen lengthened, whole
body much compressed.

A. Stirynchus. Fig. 288 ; ±n.s.

Gebia (Leach). First feet alone two-fingered,
the fingers unequal in length ; carapace termi-
nating in a small beak ; abdomen broad, swelling
in the middle, ending in a large swimming-tail.

G. stellata. Fig. 289 ; f n. s.
deltura.

Callianassa (Leach). First and second feet two-
fingered ; one of the hands of the first pair enor-
mously developed, while its fellow scarcely exceeds
those of the second pair ; third pair with the last
joint but one swollen; no beak; abdomen very
long and broad.

C. subterranea. Fig. 290 ; |- n. s.

Palinurus (Fabr.). Antennae long, the outer
pair very thick at the base ; none of the feet
clawed ; carapace spinous.

P. quadricornis. Fig. 291 ; i n. s.

TRIBE II. ANOMOURA.

Abdomen sometimes bent under the body, some-
times extended, with a swimming-tail more or
less developed ; breast-plate in general linear
between the last three pairs of feet, and enlarged
in front : hindmost feet usually rudimentary.

FAMILY VII. PALINURID^.

154 CRUSTACEA.

Abdomen terminated by appendages :

Breast-plate almost linear ; abdo-
minal appendages fleshy ; fourth and
fifth feet minute Pagurida.

Breast-plate very large ; a tail of
swimming-plates ; fifth feet minute. Porcellanada.

Abdomen without appendages ; bent forward :

Inner antennae minute, and lodged

in a groove Dromiadte.

Inner antennas long, and exposed. Homolada.

FAMILY I. PAGURID.E.

Pagurus (Fabr.). Inner antennse short: abdo-
men soft, rolled on itself; and carrying a pair of
appendages which are not symmetrical. Inhabits
the shells of MOLLUSCA.

292

P. Bernhardus.

Prideauxii. Fig. 292 ; l n. s.

cuanensis.

ulidianus.

Hyndmanni.

lee vis.

Forbesii.

Thompson!.

fasciatus.

Dilwynii.

PORCELLANAD^E.

155

FAMILY II. PORCELLANAD.E.

Munida (Leach). Beak a long slender spine,
with two shorter spines above its base ; first feet
very long, and slender, with long claws ; abdomen
extended.

M. rugosa. Fig. 293 ; J n. s.

293 295 294

\

GalatJiea (Fabr.). Beak short, triangular,
toothed ; carapace broad, flattened ; first feet and
claws moderate, spinous : abdomen extended.

G. squamifera. Fig. 294 ; 1 n. s.
strigosa.
nexa.

Porcellana (Lamk.). Carapace broad, round,
flat and crab-like; abdomen bent under, but tipped

156

CRUSTACEA.

with a swimming-tail ; outer antennae very long ;
claws large and flattened.

P. platycheles. Fig. 295 ; n. s.
longicornis.

FAMILY III.

Dromia (M.-Edw.). Fourth and fifth feet very
small, turned so as to lie flat on the back, arid
ending in a small double claw.

D. vulgaris. Fig. 296 ; i n. s.

296

297

FAMILY IV. HOMOLAD^E.

Lithodes (Latr.). Fifth feet minute, without
claws, concealed under the edge of the carapace ;
which is triangular, spiny, with a long, forked beak.

L.Maia. Fig. 297; £».*.

BRACHYURA.

157

TRIBE III. BRACHYURA.

Abdomen little developed, bent under the body,
with no trace of a swimming-tail ; breast-plate
large between all the feet, never linear ; carapace
broad, and usually flat ; hind feet well developed.

Mouth-cavity triangular ; its narrow
point reaching the front of the cara-
pace.

Carapace generally round, or arched in
front, not projecting.

Outer antennae very large ; gill-orifices

before the first feet Corystidae.

Outer antennae minute ; no gill-orifices. Leucosiada.

Mouth-cavity very large before, and
remote from front.

Carapace generally four-sided, or ovate
with the front nearly straight.

Carap. four-sided ; eye-stalks very short

eye-stalks very long

Carapace round, as long as wide ; front

Carapace large and regularly arched in
front, narrowed behind.

Hind feet enlarged ; their last joint
forming a flat plate, with a fringed

edge for swimming

Hind feet ending in a sharp claw . .
Carapace narrow in front, projecting into
a beak ; broad behind.

First feet much the longest ; hand

three- sided ; claws bent downward ;

basal j oint of outer antennae minute . Parthenopida.

All the feet nearly equal in length ;

basal joint of outer antennae very

large Maiadae.

All the feet very long and slender, the

second pair much the longest . . lepiopodiada

158 CRUSTACEA.

FAMILY I. CORYSTID.E.

Gorystes (Leach). Carapace much longer than
wide, ovate, cut with few teeth at the sides ; outer
antennae together forming a tube.

C. Cassivelaunus. Fig. 298 ; J- n. s.

Atelecyclus (Leach). Carapace nearly circular,
evenly convex, cut with many teeth.
A. heterodon. Fig. 299 ; i n. s.

298

299

301

303

Thia (Leach). Carapace heart-shaped, narrowed
behind, arched from side to side only ; front forming
a broad plate concealing the eyes.
T. polita. Fig. 300 ; n. s.

PORTUNIDJE. 159

FAMILY II. LEUCOSIAD^.

Ebalia (Leach). Carapace lozenge-form, with
rounded angles ; front elevated.

E. Pennantii. Fig. 301 ; n. s.
Bryerii.
Cranchii.

FAMILY III. GRAPSID^E,

Planes (Leach). Carapace rather longer than
broad, nearly square, with the sides rounded,
convex ; front broad, thin and bent downwards.

P. Linnseana. Fig. 302 ; n. s.

FAMILY IV. GONOPLACID^E.

Gonoplax (Leach). Carapace four-sided, much
broader than long, narrowed behind; front the
whole width of carapace.

G. angulata. Fig. 303 ; 1 n. s.

FAMILY V. PINNOTHERID^.

Pinnotheres (Latr.). Carapace nearly circular,
covering the inner antennae ; mouth-cavity half-
moon-shaped. (Minute crabs parasitic within the
shells of living bivalve mollusca.)

P. pisum. Fig. 304 ; n. s,
veterum.

FAMILY VI. PORTUNID^.

Polybius (Leach). Carapace nearly circular,
slightly narrowed behind : all the feet much flat-
tened ; last joint of fifth pair very large, oval, and

160

CRUSTACEA.

thin: outer antennas inserted on the line of the
eyes and inner antennas.

P. Henslowi. Fig. 305 ; l n. s.

Portunus (Leaeh). Carapace rather broader than
long, front projecting ; second, third, and fourth
feet, with the last joint long, slender, pointed,
grooved; the last two joints of the fifth flat, broad,
and rounded ; outer antennae inserted on the line of
the eyes and inner antennae.

P. puber. P. marmoreus.

corrugatus. holsatus.

arcuatus. pusillus.

depurator. Fig. 306 ; i n. s. longipes.

305 306

Portumnus (Leach). Carapace as long as broad,
round in front, diminished behind ; outer antennae

CANCERIDJG.

161

inserted below the eyes and inner antennae; last
joint of fifth feet, broad, ovate, pointed.

P. variegatus. Fig. 307 ; \ n. s.

Carcinus (Leach). Carapace four-sided, the
front margin wide and arched, strongly toothed ;
the hind margin narrowed ; fifth feet compressed,
their last joint thin, but narrow and pointed.

C. Meenas. Pig. 308 ;£».*.

FAMILY VII. CANCERID.E.

Pirimela (Leach). Carapace nearly as long as
broad, convex, with strongly marked ridges, front
margin strongly toothed.

P. denticulata. Fig. 309 ; n. s.

162 CRUSTACEA.

Pilumnus (Leach). Carapace much broader
than long, four-sided, front margin arched, and
bent downwards, surface even.

P. hirfcellus. Fig. 310 ; n. s.

Xantho (Leach). Carapace broad, slightly con-
vex longitudinally ; front margin semi-oval, notched
with few blunt teeth : first feet very stout, all the
rest small and short.

X. florida. Fig. 311 ; f n. s.
rivulosa.
tuberculata.

Cancer (Linn.). Carapace very broad, nearly
oval, elevated in the middle ; edge on each side
notched with ten square, close-set teeth ; first feet
stout, the rest moderate.

C. pagurus. Fig. 312 ; -jL n. s.

FAMILY VIII. PARTHENOPIDJE.

Eurynome (Leach). Carapace lozenge-form,
with a prominent cleft beak ; eyes retractile ; whole
body and limbs covered with spines and knobs.

E. aspera. Fig. 313 ; n. s.

MAIAD^E.

163

FAMILY IX. MAIADJE.

Maia (Lamk.). Carapace between round and
triangular, projecting into a double diverging stout
beak ; convex and very spinous : base of outer
antennae forming a part of the orbit: first feet
scarcely or not at all larger than the others ; claws
pointed.

M. Squinado. Fig. 314 ; -I n. s.

314

Hyas (Leach). Carapace heart-shaped, broad
and rounded behind, with a double, converging,
thin beak ; a large, almost insulated tooth outside
each eye; outer antennae with the base inserted
into the base of the beak, and the second joint
dilated : first feet moderately stout, short.

H. araneus.

coarctatus. Fig. 315 ; 1 n. s.

164

CRUSTACEA.

315

Pisa (Leach). Carapace triangular, rounded
behind, with a double stout beak, the two portions
of which diverge from the middle; a strong tri-
angular spine over each eye ; second joint of outer
antennae slender ; claws large in the male.

P. tetraodon. Fig. 316 ; J n. s.
Gibbsii.

(

OF r«-
UN1VER

LEPTOPODIADJE.

165

FAMILY X. LEPTOPODIAD.E.

Inachus (Fabr.). Carapace heart-shaped, with
a short notched beak; eyes retractile, or capable
of being hidden in the orbit ; first feet thick, twice
as long (in the male) as the body; second pair
much longer, the rest diminishing gradually.

I. Dorsettensis. Fig. 317; n. s.
Dorynchus.
leptochirus.

Achaus (Leach). Carapace and beak as in
Inachus ; eyes not retractile, and incapable of being
folded back ; feet little longer than body ; toes of
fourth and fifth pair much curved.

A. Cranchii. Fig. 318 ; n. s.

Stenorhynchus (Lamk.). Carapace triangular,
projecting into a long, slender, split beak, the
points of which are in contact; first feet long,

166

CRUSTACEA.

318

stout, with the hand swollen ; all the others very
long and slender; the second pair longest; eye-
stalks short.

S. phalangium.

tenuirostris. Fig. 319 ; n. s.

167

CLASS V. CIRRIPEDIA.
(BARNACLES.)

AT first sight no two objects can well be more
unlike than a Barnacle and a Shrimp. The former
is enclosed in a true shell composed of many pieces
united either by shelly matter or by cartilage,
which allow of the protrusion and retraction of a
hand of fine hairy filaments, the whole permanently
affixed to foreign objects either by a thick, flexible
stalk, or by a broad, immoveable base. The older
naturalists associated these animals with the shell-
bearing MOLLUSCA, calling them Multivalves, and
even up to very recent times they have been con-
sidered as equally allied, to the Sub-Kingdom just
named and to that in which they occur here. Mr.
Charles Darwin, however, in his admirable Mono-
graph, has fully demonstrated the close affinity
which subsists between them and the CRUSTACEA,
of which he, indeed, considers them only a sub-
division. I prefer, however, to treat them as a
Class by themselves, believing that the diversity
between the groups is quite as great as that
which subsists between the CRUSTACEA and the
ARACHNIDA, or between the ARACHNIDA and
the INSECTA.

The Barnacle begins life in a form exactly like
that of a young Entomostracous Crustacean, with a
broad carapace, a single eye, two pairs of antennae,
three pairs of jointed, branched, and well-bristled
legs, and a forked tail. It casts off its skin twice,

168 CIKRIPEDIA.

undergoing, especially at the second moult, a con-
siderable change of figure. At the third moult it
has assumed almost the form of a Cypris or CytJiere,
being inclosed in a bivalve shell, in which the
front of the head with the antennae is greatly
developed, equalling in bulk all the rest of the
body. The single eye has become two, which are
very large, and attached to the outer arms of two
bent processes like the letters U JJ, which are seen
within the thorax.

In this stage the little animal searches about for
some suitable spot for permanent residence ; a
ship's bottom, a piece of floating timber, the back
of a whale or turtle, or the solid rock. When its
selection is made, the two antennae, which project
from the shell, pour out a glutinous gum or cement,
which hardens in water, and firmly attaches them.
Henceforth the animal is a fixture, glued by the
front of its head to its support. Another moult
now takes place ; the bivalve shell is thrown off,
with the great eyes, and their (J-like processes,
and the little Cirriped is seen in its true form. It
is now in effect a Stomapod Crustacean, attached
by its antennae, the head greatly lengthened (in
Lepas, &c.), the carapace composed of several
pieces (valves) presently to be described, the legs
modified into cirri, and made to execute their
grasping movements backwards instead of forwards,
and the whole abdomen obliterated, or reduced to
an inconspicuous rudiment.

As the several valves of which the carapace is
formed furnish important characters for discrimi-
nating the genera, it will be necessary to name
and to explain them. In the stalked or true Bar-
nacles (Lepadidce], in which the carapace is seated

CIKKIPEDIA. 169

at the end of a stem (peduncle) more or less
flexible, we see the sides principally composed of
two pairs of angular pieces, each pair placed face to
face, and opening a little down one edge, while a
keeled piece unites them along the opposite edge.
The upper pair of opening valves are the terga,
the lower pair the scuta, and the keeled piece
behind is the carina. A small valve at the lower
part of the front edge, between the scuta, is the
rostrum, and there is sometimes a second piece
below this, called the sub-rostrum. Other valves
around the lower part, or between the scuta and
the carina, are called latera, or lateral valves ; and
they are named rostral, carinal, upper, or median
latera, according to their position. Similar ad-
jectives, distinguishing the several margins of the
valves, as the rostral margin, &c., are given for
the same reason; and the margins of the scuta
and terga which border the opening are the occlu-
dent margins. The scuta and terga are called
opercular valves ; and are moveable when all the
other valves are immoveable, by means of powerful
muscles attached to their interior surface.

The sessile or stalkless Barnacles, or Acorn-
shells (Balanidte), appear to differ much in the
formation of their shells from the Lepadida, but
the diversity is produced by modification of the
same essential valves. The scuta and terga are
placed within the other valves (which are soldered,
as it were, into a conical shell), and move up and
down in the orifice. The cone itself is resolved
into valves, some of which are much more de-
veloped than in the stalked species. In a com-
pletely developed form, the valves of the cone are
eight in number, of which the one from which the

170 CIERIPEDIA.

movement of the cirri is made, is the carina, and
the opposite one the rostrum; the three interme-
diate ones on each side are the carino-lateral, the
lateral, and the rostra-lateral valves. Each valve
consists of a central portion called the wall, and
a portion on each side, which may be either radii
or alee, or an ala on one side and a radius on the
other. These may be distinguished by the cir-
cumstance, that in the overlapping of the parts,
the radius is always outside the ala.*

These terms are very technical, but they are
necessary for the discrimination of the Barnacles,
which from their nature present peculiar difficul-
ties ; and even when theoretical knowledge is per-
fect, in many cases it cannot be applied without
considerable trouble; the Salanida; often having
their valves so firmly soldered together, that the
distinction of radius and ala is altogether oblite-
rated. In this case, the specimen must be im-
mersed in a boiling solution of caustic potass,
when, the animal matter being dissolved away, the
valves will separate, and their constituent parts
may be recognised.

Nothing can be conceived more effective, or
more beautiful, than the manner in which a Cir-
riped obtains its prey. Its food, as Professor
Bymer Jones observes, consists of various minute
animals, " caught in the water around them by a
mechanism at once simple and elegant. Any one
who watches the movements of a living Cirriped,
will perceive that its arms, with their appended
cirri, are in perpetual movement, being alternately
thrown out and retracted with great rapidity ; and
that, when fully expanded, the plumose and flexi-
* Darwin's " Monograph of Cirripedia."

CIRKIPEDIA. 171

ble stems form an exquisitely beautiful apparatus,
admirably adapted to entangle any nutritious
atoms, or minute living creatures, that may happen
to be present in the circumscribed space over
which this singular casting-net is thrown, and
drag them down into the vicinity of the mouth,
where, being seized by the jaws, they are crushed
and prepared for digestion. No sense but that of
touch is required for the success of this singular
mode of fishing ; and the delicacy with which the
tentacles perceive the slightest contact of a foreign
body, shows that they are eminently sensible to
tactile impressions." *

Authority, Identification, Localities, &c.

The paramount authority on all subjects con-
nected with the Class is Mr. Darwin's "Mono-
graph" above cited; from whom I have given
sufficient directions for identification of specimens ;
while localities and habits will be indicated in
detail.

CIRRIPEDIA.

Cemented to other bodies by the head. Arche-
type composed of seventeen segments, the first
three of which are; large, and almost wholly de-
veloped into a carapace, [i.e. the valves and stalk,]
not wholly sloughed, and capable of various move-
ments ; antennae none in the adult state ; eyes
rudimentary; mouth prominent; thorax attached
to the internal surface of the carapace, generally
bearing six pairs of two-branched, many-jointed
limbs, which are thrown out to capture prey;
* General Outline, p. 356.

172 CIRR1PEDIA.

abdomen generally rudimentary ; gills, when pre-
sent, attached to the under sides of the carapace ;
the sexes generally distinct ; the males rudimen-
tary and parasitic on the female ; metamorphosis
complex.

Sessile :

Shell symmetrical ; scuta and terga
furnished with depressor muscles ; the
other valves united immoveably . . . Balanidte.

Shell unsymmetrical ; scuta and terga
moveable only on one side, united on
the other side to the external valves . YerrMcadte.
Stalked leyadidte.

FAMILY I. BALANID^E.

Eostrum with radii, without alse ; lateral
valves with also on one side, and radii on
the other ; walls generally porous or inter-
nally ridged

Eostrum with alse, without radii ; rostro-
lateral valves without alse ; walls not porous Chthdmalinte.

Sub-Family I. Balanina.

Balanus (Ellis). Shell- valves six ; opercular
valves sub-triangular.

B. spongicola. B. crenatus.
perforatus. balanoides.

improvisus. Hameri.

porcatus. Fig. 320 ; n. s.

Acasta (Leach). Shell- valves six ; walls and
base not porous ; base calcareous, cup-shaped ;
affixed to sponges, or to the Isis corals.

A. spongites. Fig. 321 ; n. s.

CHTHAMALIN.E.

173

Pyrgoma (Leach). Shell- valves united into one;
base cup-shaped, or sub-cylindrical; affixed to
corals.

P. Anglicum. Fig. 322 ; n. s. and mag.

Coronula (Lamk.). Shell- valves equal; walls
thin, deeply folded ; opercular valves smaller than
orifice, affixed to living Cetacea.

C. diadema. Fig. 323 ; j n. s.

323

324 325

Sub-Family II. Chthamalmce.

Chthamalus (Eanzani). Shell-valves six; base
membranous, but sometimes apparently calcareous,
owing to the walls being bent inwards.

0. stellatus. Fig. 324 ; n. s.

174 CIRR1PEDIA.

FAMILY II. VERRUCAD^E.

Verruca (Schumacher). Opercular valves not
furnished with depressor muscles, united immove-
ably on one side with the shell-valves into an
unsymmetrical shell.

V. Stromia. Fig. 325 ; n. s.

FAMILY III. LEPADID.E.

Lepas (Linn.). Valves five, approaching ; carina
extending up between the terga, terminating down-
wards in an imbedded fork, or in an external
disk ; scuta sub-triangular, with their beaks at the
rostral angle.

L. anatifera. Fig. 326 ; n. s. (one-half of the carapace
Hillii. removed.)

pectinata.
fascicularis/

Conchoderma (Olfers). Valves two to five, mi-
nute, remote ; scuta with two or three lobes, with
the beaks in the middle of the occludent margin ;
carina arched, upper and lower ends nearly alike.

0. aurita.

virgata. Fig. 327 ; n. s.

Anelasma (Darwin). Without valves ; aperture
large ; peduncle fringed, sub-globular, imbedded.

A. squalicola (on Sharks). Fig. 328 ; n. s.

Alcippe (Hancock). Without valves ; aperture
spinous; peduncle growing at the base; rostral
surface depressed and covered by a horny disk ;

LEPADID.E.

175

the whole imbedded in a cavity excavated in
shells of Mollusks.

A. lampas. Fig. 329 ;

4

i*

Sealpellum (Leach). Valves twelve to fifteen ;
latera of the lower whorl four or six ; sub-rostrum
rarely present ; peduncle scaly. Male minute,
parasitic near the orifice.

S. vulgare. Fig. 330 ; n. s.

Pollidpes (Leach). Valves from eighteen to
one hundred and upwards ; latera of lower whorl
numerous ; sub-rostrum always present ; peduncle
scaly.

P. cornucopia. Fig. 331 ; n. s.

176

CLASS VI. AKACHNIDA.

(MlTES.)

THIS Class includes Spiders, Scorpions and
Mites; of which, numerous as they are, no species
was known to inhabit the British seas until the
discovery, a few years ago, by Professor Allman,
of a Mite living parasitically within the nostrils of
a seal. I have just added two species, still more
minute, and constituting a new genus, to our list of
marine AEACHNIDA. The latter are both found
crawling about sea-weeds at extreme low-water.

The Class is for the most part composed of ter-
restrial animals ; but in the Order Acarina, to
which the three marine species above mentioned
belong, there is a large group which is aquatic ;
and many of them are sufficiently common in our
fresh-waters.

The ARACHNIDA are distinguished by having
four pairs of jointed legs, by breathing air either
by lungs inclosed in bags, or by radiating pipes
(trachea), which communicate with the exterior by
means of slits (spiracles) on the surface of the
body, and by the concentration of their nervous
system. They have no antennae, and no compound
eyes ; their head and thorax are generally so united
as to be indistinguishable, but the abdomen is
generally separate. They are all carnivorous, and
many of them highly endowed with instincts and
powers for preying on other animals.

ACARINA. 177

The Mites are generally very minute, and many
are parasites upon larger animals.

Order AC AETNA.

Breathing by radiating air-pipes, which open
by two spiracles. Body undivided, or only super-
ficially divided into thorax and abdomen. Mouth
forming a beak or sucker with lancet-like jaws,
and palpi (feelers) which are either clawed or
fanged.

HalaracJine (Allman). Palpi free, thread-shaped ;
jaws two -clawed ; legs with the last joint terminated
by two hooks, and an intermediate three-lobed
wart ; body entire, lengthened, sub-cylindrical,
furnished with a dorsal plate in front ; eyes none*

H. halichoeri. Fig. 332 ; mag. f .
Halacarus (Gosse). Body covered above with
a shield ; beak bulbous, pointed ; palpi tipped with
a fang- like claw ; feet formed for walking, directed
two pairs forward and two backward, tipped with
a pair of hooks ; thighs remote from each other.

H. rhodostigma. Fig. 333 ; mag. *£•
ctenopus.

N

178

CLASS VII. INSECTA.

(INSECTS.)

THOUGH this is, beyond all comparison, the
most populous Class of animals, embracing as it
does more than ten times as many species as all
other living beings put together, the sea is sin-
gularly destitute of them. It has been frequently
said that no true Insect is marine ; and though
this is not literally true, the minuteness of the ex-
ception makes the rule even more striking than it
would have been if absolutely universal. Of the
hundreds of thousands of Insects known to exist,
but two live in the sea, and both of these may be
found on our own coasts. Both are Beetles, dis-
tinguished from other Insects by having jaws, and
a pair of membranous wings folded and concealed
under a pair which assume the form of leathery
sheaths, meeting in a straight line along the
middle of the back, but not overlapping.

The habits of these two little species, neither of
which exceeds an eighth of an inch in length, are
alike. They haunt under stones at the verge of
low-water, and are consequently covered by the
tide for many hours every day, and at the time of
neap-tides are not exposed even for several succes-
sive days. It is believed that the air which they
need for breathing is entangled among the pebbles

CARIBICI. 179

under which they live ; but it is probable that they
frequently come to the surface to breathe, like the
Dyticidce and others of our fresh- water Beetles.

There is, however, besides these, the larva of
some two -winged fly, which is marine. I have
repeatedly taken it on our southern shores, quite
out of the influence of fresh water. It was pro-
bably this larva (which is white, and half-an-inch
in length) that Dr. Johnston described as an
Annelid, by the name of Campontia eruciformis
(" Zool. Journ." iii. 325). That my specimens are
those of a Dipterous larva, I have the high autho-
rity of Mr. Francis Walker, who examined one.

INSECTA.

Three pairs of jointed legs; one pair of antennae ;
body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen ;
breathing performed by two parallel air-pipes,
opening by numerous spiracles on each side ; un-
dergoing complex metamorphosis.

Order COLEOPTERA.

Two pairs of wings, the fore pair having the
form and office of stiff leathery sheaths for the
second; two pairs of jaws.

TEIBE I. CAEABICI.

Lower jaws (maxillce) simply hooked at the tip,
not jointed at the base, two feelers (palpi] to each
maxilla; antennae thread-like; wing-sheaths cover-
ing the abdomen, which is covered above with a
thin skin.

N2

180 INSECTA.

Aepus (Leach). Head large; eyes minute;
wing-sheaths flattened; upper jaws projecting,
many-toothed.

A. marinus. Fig. 334 ; mag. -f .

TRIBE II. BRACHELYTRA.

One feeler to each maxilla ; antennas thickening
towards the tip ; wing-sheaths much shorter than
the abdomen, widen is covered with a horny crust.

Micralymma (Westwood). Oblong, depressed ;
wing-sheaths very small; abdomen long, much
broader than thorax, margined ; foot-joints (tarsi)
fringed with long hairs.

M. brevipenne. Fig. 335 ; mag. f .

33* 335

181

The Student will please to observe the following
Notes.

1. For simplicity, I have occasionally omitted
in the definition of families, genera, &c., those
characters which are not needful in the discrimi-
nation of British specimens.

2. Species occasionally occur in which some one
or more of the generic characters are wanting,
while yet the preponderance of characters shows
it to be rightly located. Nature will not bend to
our systems.

3. In general, a character once given must be
understood as belonging also to following genera
in the same family, until it is distinctly contradicted
or modified.

4. The mark (?) placed before the name or
initial of the genus, indicates an uncertainty
whether the species truly belongs to that genus.

5. The mark (?) placed after the name of a
species indicates that there is some doubt whether
the specimen or specimens found on the British
shores really belonged to that species.

6. The proper name set after the name of each
genus is the name of the naturalist who first de-
fined its characters.

7. The mark = signifies " equivalent to," or
" synonymous with ; " and is used when a generic

182 NOTES.

name has, through, mistake, obtained a measure of
notoriety not due to it.

8. The letters and fractional numbers frequently
set after the references to the figures, indicate
the ratio which the figures bear to the size of
nature : thus n. s. signifies " natural size ;" ^, that
the figure is one-fifth of natural size ; and *£, that
it is magnified ten times.

9. For all hard names, look first for an expla-
nation in the notes with which each Class is
introduced; if it is not explained there, search
for it in the Glossary.

10. Finally, do not be discouraged if you meet
with difficulties ; whatever is worth attaining is
worth persevering for ; there is no royal road to
science. It would be well to practise upon some
common animal whose name you already know ;
for example, the Prawn (Palcemon), the Lobster
(Homarus), the Crab ( Cancer) , the common Smooth
Anemone (Actinia) 9 the Sea-urchin (Echinus).
Take either of these, and compare it with the
characters given of its Class, its Order, its Family,
its Genus : — you will not recognise all, but you
will find enough to afford you very useful practice,
and to increase your experimental acquaintance
with Zoology.

GLOSSARY

OF TECHNICAL TERMS IN PART I.

Aciculi (page 99). In certain worms, — straight, flat,
taper, brown, horny bristles, contained in the foot, and
not protruded like the proper bristles.

Anastomosing (p. 5). When fibres or tubes approach
each other at intervals and unite, forming an irregular
network, they are said to anastomose.

Annular (p. 26). Forming a ring.

Antenna? (p. 100, &c.). Jointed threads proceeding
from the head.

Archetype (p. 171). The perfect representative of a
particular form, perhaps existing only in theory.

Articulated (p. 58, &c.). Jointed, either in its parts
or to some other part.

Bilateral (p. 78). Having a right and a left side.

Branchial (p. 130). Belonging to, or serving as
gills (branchial).

Calcareous (p. 6). Formed of lime.

Capsules (p. 17). Bladder-like vessels.

Capsuliferous (p. 28). Carrying capsules.

Cellular (p. 76). Formed of large cells.

Cilia (p. 2, &c). Minute lashing or vibrating hairs.

Ciliated. Furnished with cilia. But the term is
sometimes applied, among CRUSTACEA, &c. (see p. 125),
to organs which are fringed with stiff bristles, which
are not vibrating.

184 GLOSS AEY.

Cirri (p. 64). Fleshy unjointed threads. In the
CIRRIPEDIA (p. 168), the term means curled, jointed,
fringed limbs.

Compressed. Flattened side wise. (See depressed).

Convoluted (p. 42). Boiled up, like a scroll.

Corallum (p. 20). The solid parts of a Polype,
whether external or internal.

Coriaceous (p. 32). Resembling leather.

Deciduous (p. 18). Falling off at a certain period.

Depressed. Flattened from above. A Thornback is
depressed, a Dory compressed.

Deoctral (p. 95). In shells — turning from east to
south.

Dichotomous (p. 47). Dividing into two branches,
each of these again into two, and so on.

Ditrematous (p. 26). Having two openings — the
mouth and the vent separate.

Dorsal (p. 63). Belonging to the back, or upper
side.

Entire (p. 62). Not notched, or lobed at the margin.

Epidermic (p. 34). Belonging to the outer skin
(epidermis).

Evertile (p. 96). Capable of turning inside-out.

Extensile (p. 19). Capable of lengthening.

Filament (p. 50). A slender thread.

Fissures (p. 81). Slits in the head of certain worms,
for breathing.

Frontal (p. 80). Placed on the front.

Gelatinous (p. 8). Eesembling jelly.

Gregarious (p. 19). Associating in numbers together.

Homogeneous (p. 22). Of but one substance.

Linear (p. 34). Yery long and slender, like a line.

GLOSSARY. 185

Lobe (p. 28). A rounded projection from the common
outline.

Longitudinal (p. 66). Arranged lengthwise.

Metamorphosis (p. 41). Such an alteration of form
as takes place when a caterpillar becomes in succession
a chrysalis and a butterfly.

Monotrematous (p. 26). Having but one opening to
the body, serving both for mouth and vent.

Natatory (p. 130). Serving for swimming.

Normal (p. 26). Ordinary ; as it usually appears.

Operculum (p. 92). Anything that shuts up an
opening.

Oral (p. 50). Belonging to the mouth.

Orbit (p. 163). The hollow in which the eye is set.

Ovate (p. 11). Somewhat oval.

Parasitic (p. 22). Living habitually on other
animals.

Pectinated (p. 99). Set like the teeth of a comb.

Pelotonnement, par (p. 11). As cotton is rolled on
a reel.

Pinnce (p. 34). Processes set in two rows, like the
beards of a feather, or the leaflets of a rose.

Prehensile (p. 122). Capable of catching hold.

Radiate (p. 17). Having the organs arranged like
the spokes of a wheel, around a centre.

Reticulated (p. 67). Forming a network.

Respiratory (p. 81). Formed for breathing.

Retractile (p. 20). Capable of being withdrawn,
like the horns of a snail.

Sac (p. 48). A bag.

Sessile (p. 18). Without foot-stalks.

Siliceous (p. 25). Formed of flint.

186 GLOSSARY.

Sinistral (p. 95). In shells — turning from east to
north.

Spherules (p. 29). Bodies of globular form.

Styles (p. 100). Stiff unjointed processes, tapering
to a point.

Sub- (p. 32, &c.). Almost or somewhat.

Suture (p. 27). A mark or seam, where two edges
have united.

Tentacles (p. 15, &c.). Slender, contractile, unjointed
organs, placed near the mouth.

Tentacular (p. 100). Resembling tentacles.

Terminal (p. 19). Placed at the extremity.

Tissues (p. 17). The soft substances which make
up a living body.

Transverse (p. 67). Placed across, from right to left.

Truncate (p. 26). Terminating abruptly, as if the
tip had been cut off.

Umbilical (p. 12). Next to the umbilicus, or the
depression in the centre of a shell, around which its
spire winds.

Vesicle (p. 18). A small bladder or bag.

Vibratile (p. 76). Capable of rapid motion to and fro.

Viscera (p. 76). Internal soft organs, necessary to
the maintenance of life.

fist 0f Illustrations :

(WITH THE AUTHORITIES WHENCE DERIVED.)

Fig.

1. TETHEA cranium (i nat. size) .... Johnston.

2. Geodia Zetlandica (magnified) .... Ibid.

3. Pachymatisma Johnstonia (spicula wa<7.) Ibid.

4. Halichondria panicea (n. s.) Living specimen.

5. Cliona gorgonioides (n. s.) Hancock.

5*.Spongia limbata (n. s.) Johnston.

6. Dysidea papillosa (n. s,) Ibid.

7. Halisarca Dujardinii (n. s.) Ibid.

8. Grantia compressa (n. s.) Living specimen.

9. Lagena striata (mag.) Williamson.

10. Entosolenia marginata (section mag.) . . Ibid.

11. Dentalina recta (mag.) Montagu.

12. Nonionina crassula (mag.) Ibid.

13. Rotalina Beccarii (mag.) Specimen.

14. Polystomella crispa (mag.) Living specimen.

15. Globigerina inflata (mag.) Montagu.

16. Polymorphina oblonga (mag.) .... Brown.

17. Spiroloculina concentrica (mag.) . . . Specimen.

18. Quinqueloculina subrotunda (mag.) . . Walker.

19. Triloculina oblonga (mag.) Montagu.

20. Truncatulina lobatula (mag.) .... D'Orbigny.

21. Noctiluca miliaris (mag.) Living specimen.

22. Adelosina bicornis (mag.) Walker.

23. Clava multicornis (n. s. & mag.) . . . Living specimen.

24. Hydractinia echinata (mag.) Ibid.

25. Myriothela arctica (n. s.) Ibid.

26. Coryne sessilis (mag.) Ibid.

188 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig.

27. Eudendrium ramosum (n. s. & mag.) . . Johnston.

28. Tubularia indivisa (mag.) Ibid.

29. Corymorpha nutans (n. s.) Ibid.

30. Halecium halecinum (n.s. & mag.) . . Ibid.

31. Sertularia abietina (n.s. & mag.) . . . Ibid.

31*.B,eticularia immersa (mag.) Wy. Thompson.

31**.Coppinia arcta (mag.) Ibid.

32. Thuiaria thuia (n. s. & mag.) .... Johnston.

33. Antennularia antennina Living specimen.

34. Plumularia pinnata (n. s. & mag.) . . Ibid.

35. Laomedea geniculata (n. s. & mag.) . . Ibid.

36. Campanularia volubilis (n. s. & mag.) . . Ibid.

37. Anthea cereus (n.s.) Ibid.

38. Adamsia palliata (n.s.) Ibid.

39. Corynactis Allmanni (n. s.) Ibid.

40. Capnea sanguinea (n.s.) Forbes.

41. Sagartia bellis (n.s.) . . . . . . . Living specimen.

42. Bunodes crassicornis (n. s.) Ibid.

43. Actinia mesembryanthemum (n. s.) . . Ibid.

44. Ilyanthus Mitchelli (n. s.) Ibid.

44*.Arachnactis albida (n. s.) Forbes.

45. Edwardsia callimorpha (n. s.) .... Living specimen.

46. Peachia hastata (% n. s.) Ibid.

47. Lucernaria auricula (n. s.) Ibid.

48. Zoanthus Couchii (n.s.) Johnston.

49. Turbinalia milletiana (n. s.) Specimen.

50. Cyathina Smithii (n. s.) Living specimen.

51. Balanophyllea regia (n. s.) Ibid.

52. Oculina prolifera (n.s.) Specimen.

53. Pennatula phosphorea (n. s.) De Blainville.

54. Virgularia mirabilis (i n.s. ; & a part n. s.) Miiller.

55. Pavonaria quadrangularis (diminished) . Forbes.

56. Alcyoniumdigitatum(^.s.;&a polype mag.) Living specimen.

57. Sarcodictyon catenata (n. s.) Specimen.

58. Gorgonia verrucosa (n. s.) Ibid.

59. Primnoa lepadifera (n. s.) Ibid.

60. Sarsia tubulosa (n.s.) Living specimen.

60*.Plancia gracilis (n. s.) Forbes.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 189

Fig.

61. Bougainvillaea Britannica (n. s.) . . . Forbes.

62. Lizzia octopunctata (n. s.) Ibid.

63. Modeeria formosa (n. s.) Ibid.

64. Euphysa aurata (n.s.) Ibid.

65. Steenstrupia flaveola (n. s.) Ibid.

66. Geryonia appendiculata (n. 5.) .... Ibid.

67. Tima Bairdii @ n. s.) . Ibid.

Q8. Geryonopsis delicatula (i n.s.) . . . . Ibid.

69. Thaumantias Buskiana (n. s.) . . . . Living specimen.

70. Slabberia halterata (n. s.) Forbes.

71. Turris neglecta (n. s.) Living specimen.

72. Saphenia Titania (mag.) Ibid.

73. Oceania pusilla (mag.) Ibid.

74. Circe rosea (n.s.) Forbes.

75. Stomobrachium octocostatum (n. s.) . . Ibid.

76. Polyxenia Alderi (n. s.) Ibid.

77. ^Equorea Forbesiana (| n. s.) Living specimen.

78. Willsia stellate (mag.) Ibid.

79. Medusa aurita (i n.s.) . Cuvier.

80. Cyanaea capillata (£$ n.s.) Barbut.

81. Chrysaora cyclonota (± n. s.) . . . . Living specimen.

82. Pelagia cyanella (%n.s.) Ibid.

83. Cassiopea lunulata (-j^ n.s.) .... Borlase.

84. Ehizostoma pulmo (-^ n.s.) .... Living specimen.

85. Cydippe pomiformis (n. s.) Ibid.

86. Bolina hibernica (J- n. s.) Patterson.

87. Beroe fulgens 1 (n.s.) Living specimen.

88. Alcinoe vermiculata (i n.s.) .... Lesson.

89. Diphyes campanuliferal (mag.) .... Peach.

90. Pbysalia pelagica (%n. s.) Lesson.

91. Velella vulgaris (n. s.) Specimen.

92. Rataria pocillum (n.s.) Montagu.

93. Comatula rosacea (^ n.s.) Specimen.

95. Ophiura albida (n. s.) Living specimen.

96. Opbiocoma rosula (n.s.) Ibid.

97. Astrophyton scutatum (J n. s.) ... Specimen.

98. Uraster rubens (^ n.s.) Living specimen.

99. Cribella oculata (£ n. s.) Ibid.

190 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig.

100. Solaster papposa (£ n. s.) Living specimen.

101. Palmipes membranaceus (i n.s.) . . Ibid.

102. Asterina gibbosa (f n.s.) Specimen.

103. Goniaster Templetoni (| n. s.) ... Ibid.

104. Asterias aurantiaca (% n. s.) .... Ibid.

105. Luidia fragilissima ($-£ n.s.) . . . . Forbes.

106. Cydaris papillata (n.s.) Specimen.

107. Echinus sphsera (| n. s.) ..... Living specimen.

108. Echinocyamus pusillus (n. s.) . . . . Specimen.

109. Echinarachius placenta (£ n. s.) . . . Ibid.

110. Spatangus purpureus (| n. s.) .... Ibid.

111. Brissus lyrifer (% n. s.) Ibid.

112. Amphidotus cordatus (| n.s.) . . . . Ibid.

113. Pentacta pentactes (% n. s.) Living specimen.

114. Ocnus brunneus (n. s.) Ibid.

115. Psolinus brevis (mag.) Forbes.

116. Thyone papillosa (n. s.) Ibid.

116a.Holothuria nigra (3- ft. s.) Peach.

117. Psolus phantapus (% n. s.) Forbes.

118. Chirodota digitata (£ n. s.) Specimen.

119. Syrinx nudus (^ n. s.) Ibid.

120. Sipunculus punctatissimus (n. s.) . . . Living specimen.

121. Priapulus caudatus (^ n. s.) Forbes.

122. Thalassema Neptuni (n. s.) Montagu.

123. Echiurus oxyurus (j- n. s.) Forbes.

124. Eurylepta vittata (n.s.) Montagu.

125. Leptoplana tremellaris (n.s.; & head

mag.) Living specimen.

126. Planaria flexilis (n.s.) Quatrefages.

127. Convoluta paradoxa (mag.) Living specimen.

128. Astemma rufitrons (n. s. ; & head mag.) . Ibid.

129. Tetrastemma quadrioculatum (n. s. &

head mag.) Ibid.

130. Polystemma roseum (n. s. ; & head mag.) Ibid.

131. Kemertes Borlasii (n. s.) Ibid.

132. Serpentaria fragilis (dimin.) .... Goodsir.

133. Udonella caligorum (mag.) .... Johnston.

134. Malacobdella grossa (n. s.) Muller.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 191

Fig.

135. Tristoma molse (n. s.) Blanchard.

136. Phylline hippoglossi (n. s.) Johnston.

137. Piscicola marina (n. s.) Moquin-Tandon.

138. Pontobdella muricata (n. s.) .... Ibid.

139. Nephelis octoculata (n. s.} Ibid.

140. Glossiphonia Euchana (n. s.) . . . . Thompson.

141. Mouopus medusicola (mag.) .... Living specimen.

142. Pectinaria Belgica (n. s.) Miiller.

143. Sabellaria alveolata (n. s.) Living specimen.

144. Siphonostoma vestitum (n. s.) . . . . Ibid.

145. Flemingia plumosa (n. s.) Johnston.

146. Terebella conchilega ] (n.s.) .... Living specimen.

147. Othonia Johnstoni (mag.) Ibid.

148. Sabella tubularia (n.s.) Ibid.

149. Serpula contortuplicata (n. s.) . . . . Ibid.

150. Spirorbis communis (mag.) .... Ibid.

151. Filograna implexa (n. s.) Plancus.

152. Ditrupa subulata (mag.) Montagu.

153. Lumbricus capitatus (n. s. ; & head mag.) Johnston.

154. Arenicola piscatorum (\ n.s.) . . . . Living specimen.

155. Travisia Forbesii (n.s.) Johnston.

156. Nerine coniocephala (f n.s.) .... Ibid.

157. Spio seticornis (mag.) Living specimen.

158. Leucodore ciliatus (mag.) Johnston.

159. Cirratulus medusa (n. s.) Living specimen.

160. Derris sanguinea (n. s. & mag.) . . . Adams.

161. Branchiarius quadrangulatus (n. s.) . . Montagu.

162. Diplotes hyalina (mag.) Ibid.

163. Glycera alba (n. s. & mag.) .... Johnston.

164. Pollicera peripatus (n. s. &mag.) . . Ibid.

165. Nephtys margaritacea (n. s.) . . . . Living specimen.

166. loida macrophthalma (n. s. & mag.) . Johnston.

167. Psamathe fusca (n. s. & mag.) . . . Ibid.

168. Phyllodoce viridis (n. s. & mag.) . . Living specimen.

169. Myriana pennigera (n.s. & mag.) . . Montagu.

170. Syllis longiseta (mag.) Living specimen.

171. Nereis versicolor (n.s.) Ibid.

172. Lysidice Ninetta (n. s. & mag.) . . . Ibid.

192 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig.

173. Onuphis tubicola (n. s. & mag.) . . . Miiller& Johnston.

174. Eunice sanguinea (* n. s.) Montagu.

175. Euphrosyne foliacea (n. s. & mag.) . . Specimen.

176. Spinther oniscoides (mag.) Johnston.

177. Sigalion boa (n.s.) Living specimen.

178. Pholoe inornata (n. s. & mag.) . . . Johnston.

179. Polynoe cirrata (w. s.) Living specimen.

180. Aphrodita aculeata ft n.s.) .... Ibid.

181. Tomopteris scolopendra (mag.) . . . Ibid.

182. Sagitta bipunctata (mag.) Ibid.

183. Furcularia marina (mag.) Ibid.

184. Synchseta Baltica (mag.) Ibid.

185. Monura coluris (mag.) Ibid.

186. Colurus caudatus (mag.) Ibid.

187. Brachionus Mulleri (mag.) Ibid.

188. Pterodina clypeata (mag.) Ibid.

189. Pycnogonum littorale (n. s.) . . . . Specimen.

190. Phoxichilus spinosus (mag.) .... Living specimen.

191. Phoxichilidium olivaceum (n. s. & mag.) Ibid.

192. Pallene brevirostris (mag.) Johnston.

193. Nymphon gracile (n. s. & mag.) . . . Living specimen.

194. Lernea branchialis (n. s.) Specimen.

195. Lerneonema spratta (n.s.) Ibid.

196. Anchorella uncinata (mag.) .... Ibid.

197. Lerneopoda galei (n.s.) Baird.

198. Lernentoma lophii (n. s.) Specimen.

199. Chondracanthus lophii (n. s.) . . . . Ibid.

200. Anthosoma Smithii (n. s.) Ibid.

201. Nicothoe astaci (mag.) Baird.

202. Cecrops Latreillii (n. s.) Specimen.

203. Lsemargus muricatus (n. s.) .... Baird.

204. Pandarus bicolor (n.s.) Specimen.

205. Dinemoura alata (n.e.) Baird.

206. Trebius caudatus (mag.) Specimen.

207. Chalimus scombri (mag.) Ibid.

208. Lepeoptheirus hippoglossi (n. s.) . . . Ibid.

209. Caligus diaphanus (n. s.) Ibid.

210. Notodelphys ascidicola (mag.) .... Baird.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 193

Fig.

211. Cantliocamptus Stromii (mag.) . . . Living specimen.

212. Arpacticus chelifer (mag.) Ibid.

213. Alteutha depressa (mag.) Ibid.

214. Temora Finmarchica (mag.) .... Baird.

215. Anomalocera Pattersonii (mag.) . . . Ibid.

216. Cetochilus septentrionalis (mag.) . . Specimen.

217. Cypridina Macandrei (mag.) .... Baird.

218. Cy there reniformis (mag) . . , , . Living specimen.

219. Cythereis Jonesii (mag.) Baird.

220. Evadne Nordmanni (mag.) Ibid.

221. Artemia salina (mag.) Specimen.

222. Nebalia bipes (mag.) Living specimen.

223. Caprella linearis (mag.) Ibid.

224. Leptomera pedata (mag.) . . . , . Specimen.

225. Cyamus Thompson! (mag.) Ibid.

226. Bopyrus squillarum (n. s.) . . . . . Ibid.

227. lone thoracicus (n. s.). . . . , . . M. -Ed wards.

228. Phryxus hyppolytes (male) (n. 8.). . . Rathke.

229. Ibid. (female) (n. s.) . . Ibid.

230. Cirolana Cranchii (n.s.) . . . . . . Specimen.

231. Eurydice pulchra (mag.) Ibid.

232. JEga bicarinata (n.s.) Ibid.

233. Rocinela monophthalma (n. s.) ... Ibid.

234. Conilera cylindracea (n. s.) Ibid.

235. Sphseroma serratum (n. s.) Living specimen.

236. Cymodocea truncata (n. s.) Specimen.

237. Naesea bidentata (mag.) Living specimen.

238. Campecopea hirsuta (mag.) Specimen.

239. Praniza coeruleata (mag.) Ibid.

240. Anceus maxillaris (mag.) Ibid.

241. Lygia oceanica (n.s.) Ibid.

242. Limnoria terebrans (mag.) Ibid.

243 Jaera albifrons (mag.) Living specimen.

241. Oniscoda maculosa (mag.) Specimen.

245. Apseudes talpa (mag.) Ibid.

246. Tanais Savignyi (mag.) Living specimen.

247. Idotea tricuspidata (n. s.) Ibid.

248. Anthura gracilis (mag.) Ibid.

0

194 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS.

Fig.

249. Arcturus longicornis (n. s.) Specimen.

250. Chelura terebrans (mag.) Ibid.

251. Hyperia Latreillii (n.s.) Ibid.

252. Typhis monoculoides (mag.) .... Ibid.

253. Cerapus Whitei (mag.) Living specimen.

254. Podocerus pulchellus (mag.) .... Specimen.

255. Corophuim longicorne (mag.) .... Living specimen.

256. Unciola irrorata (mag.) ...... Specimen.

257. Gammarus locusta (head mag.) . . . Living specimen.

258. Amphithoe rubricata (mag.} .... Specimen.

259. Leucothoe articulosa (mag.) .... Ibid.

260. Acanthonotus testudo (n. s.) .... Ibid.

261. Anonyx albus (mag.) Ibid.

262. Opis typica (mag.) Ibid.

263. Talitrus locusta (n. s.) . . . . . Living specimen.

264. Sulcator arenarius (n. s.) Specimen.

265. Orchestia littorea (n.s.) Ibid.

266. Amphithoe (Dexamine) spinosa (n. s.) . Ibid.

267. Cuma Edwardsii (n.s.) Ibid.

268. Alauna rostrata (n.s.) Goodsir.

269. Bodotria arenosa (n.s.) Ibid.

270. Squilla Desmarestii (^ n. s.) Specimen.

271. Mysis vulgaris (n.s.) Living specimen.

272. Themisto brevispinosa (n. s.) .... Bell.

273. Cynthilia Flemingii (mag.) .... Ibid.

274. Thysanopoda Couchii (mag.) .... Ibid.

275. Phyllosoma commune (n. s.) .... Specimen.

276. Penseus Caramote (%n.s.) Bell.

277. Pasiphaea Sivado (£ n. s.) Specimen.

278. Palsemon squilla (n. s.) Living specimen.

279. Pandalus annulicornis (n. s.) . . . . Specimen.

280. Hippolyte fascigera (n. s.) Living specimen.

281. Athanas nitescens (n. s.) Ibid.

282. Nika edulis (%n.s.) Specimen.

283. Alpheus ruber (n. s.) Ibid.

284. Crangon vulgaris (£ n. s.) Living specimen.

285. Nephrops Norvegicus (3- n.s.) . . . . Specimen.

286. Homarus vulgaris (J n.s.) Ibid.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 195

Fig.

287. Calocaris Macandrese ft n. s.) . . . . Specimen.

288. Axius Stirynchus ft n. s.) Ibid.

289. Gebia stellate (f n. s.) Ibid.

290. Callianassa subterranea (§ n. s.} . . . Ibid.

291. Palinurus quadricornis (-J- n. s.) . . . Ibid.

292. Pagurus Prideauxii ft n. s.) . . . . Living specimen.

293. Munida rugosa (% n. s.) Specimen.

294. Galathea squamifera ft n. s.) . . . . Living specimen-

295. Porcellana platycheles (n. s. ) .... Ibid.

296. Dromia vulgaris (£ n. s.) Specimen.

297. Lithodes Maia (J n.s.) Ibid.

298. Corystes Cassivelaunus ft n. s.) . . . Ibid.

299. Atelecyclus heterodon ft n.s.) ... Ibid.

300. Thia polita (n.s.) Ibid.

301. Ebalia Pennantii.(ra.s.) Ibid.

302. Planes Linneana (n.s.) Ibid.

303. Gonoplax angulata ft n.s.) .... Ibid.

304. Pinnotheres pisum (n. s.) Ibid.

305. Polybius Henslowi ft n. s.) Bell.

306. Portunus depurator ft n. s.) . . . . Living specimen.

307. Portumnus variegatus (i n. s.) . . . . Specimen.

308. Carcinus Maenas (^ n.s.) Living specimen.

309. Pirimela denticulata (n. s.) Specimen.

310. Pilumnus hirtellus (n. s.) Living specimen.

311. Xantko florida (§ n.s.) Specimen.

312. Cancer pagurus (T1^ n. s.) Living specimen.

313. Eurynome aspera (n. s.) Specimen.

314. Maia Squinado (^ n.s.) Ibid.

315. Hyas coarctatus ft n. s.) Living specimen.

316. Pisa tetraodon ft n. s.) Ibid.

317. Inachus Dorsettensis (n. s.) .... Ibid.

318. Achaeus Cranchii (n. s.) Specimen.

319. Stenorhynchus tenuirostris (n. s) . . . Living specimen.

320. Balanus porcatus (n.s.) Ibid.

321. Acasta spongites (n. s.) Specimen.

322. Pyrgoma Anglicanum (n. s. & mag.) . Living specimen.

323. Coronula diadema ft n. 5.) ..... Darwin.

324. Chthamalus stellatus (n. s.) Living specimen.

196 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig.

325. Verruca Stromia (n. s.) Living specimen.

326. Lepas anatifera (n. s.) Specimen.

327. Conchoderma virgata (n. s.) .... Darwin.

328. Anelasma squalicola (n. s.) Ibid.

329. Alcippe lampas (mag.) Ibid.

330. Scalpellum vulgare (n. s.) Specimen.

331. Pollicipes cornucopia (n. s.) .... Darwin.

332. Halarachne halichoeri (mag.) .... Allman.

333. Halacarus rhodostigma (mag.) . . . Living specimen.

334. Aepus marinus (mag.) Specimen.

335. Micralymma brevipenne (mag.) . . . Ibid.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES IN PART I.

N.E. The names of Genera are printed in Italics ; those of species in Rom

ABBENSIS, 67.

anceps, 36.

Astemma, 81.

abietina, 22.

Anceus, 135.

Asterina, 66.

acanthifera, 131.

Anchor ella, 121.

Asterias, 67.

Acanthonotus, 142.

Anelasma, 174.

Astrophyton, 65.

Acasta, 172.

Anglicum, 173.

Atelecyclus, 158.

AchfBUS, 165.

anguicoma, 28.

Aihanas, 149.

Actinia, 29.

angulata, 59.

atomata, 80. '

aculeata, 106.

angustata, 129.

Audouinii, 143.

acuminata, 137.

Anomalocera, 127.

aurantia, 127.

acuminifera, 131.

Anonyx, 142.

aurantiaca, 67.

acuta, 129.

annulicornis, 148.

aurata, 43.

acutifrons, 131.

annulus, 95.

aurea, 5.

Adamsia, 27. j antennina, 24.

auricula, 32.

Adelosina, 14.

Antennularia, 24.

aurita, 48, 174.

&ga, 134.

Anthea, 26.

aurora, 28.

aggagropila, 5.

Anthosoma, 123.

Axius, 152.

Aepus, 180.

Anthura, 138.

JEquorea, 47.

antiquata, 129.

aeronautica, 45.

Aphrodita.

Bairdii, 44, 91.

affinis, 150.

appendiculata, 44, 137.

Balanophyllea, 33.

agglomerata, 35.

Apseudes, 136.

Balanus, 172.

alata, 124.

araneus, 163.

Ballii, 64.

Alauna, 143.

Arachnactis, 30.

balanoides, 172.

alba, 29, 100, 129.

areolata, 4.

Baltica, 108.

albescens, 4.

arcta, 23.

Barleii, 149.

albida, 30, 64.

arctica, 20.

Beanii, 21.

albifrons, 136.

Arcturus, 138.

Beccarii, 12.

albo-maculata, 129.

arcuatus, 160.

Belgica, 91.

album, 81.

arenaria, 91.

bellis, 28, 64.

albus, 142.

arenarius, 142.

Bernhardus, 74, 154.

Alcinoe, 52.

Arenicola, 97.

Beroe, 51.

Alcippe, 174.

arenosa, 143.

bicarinata, 134.

Alcyonium, 35.

argentea, 22.

bicolor, 124.

Alderia, 47.

armatum, 81.

bicornis, 14.

Alderi, 5.

armillaris, 102.

bidentata, 135.

Allmanni, 28,

Arpacticus, 127.

bilineata, 101, 102.

Alpheus, 150.

Artemia, 129.

bioculata, 82.

Alteutha, 127.

articulata, 24.

bipes, 130.

alveolata, 92.

articulosa, 141.

bipunctata, 106.

amcena, 93.

ascidicola, 126.

bispinosus, 151.

Amphidotus, 70.

asellina, 122.

blondina, 43.

Amphithoe, 141.

aspera, 162.

boa, 104.

anatifera, 174.

astaci, 123.

Bodotria, 143.

198

INDEX.

Bolina, 51.

cereus, 27.

crenaticornis, 97.

Bopyrus, 132.

cervicornis, 4.

crenatula, 12.

borealis, 33, 51, 106.

Chalimus, 124.

crenatus, 172.

Borlasii, 82.

chamaeleon, 145.

crispa, 12.

Boscii, 124.

chelifer, 127.

cristata, 24.

botryoides, 6.

Chelura, 138.

ctenopus, 177.

Bougainvillaea, 43.

chlorsema, 94.

cuanensis, 154.

brachiata, 64.

Chondracanthus, 122.

Cuma, 143.

Brachionus, 109.

chrysodon, 93.

cupressina, 22.

branchialis, 97, 121.

Chthamalus, 173.

curta, 93.

Branchiarius, 98.

ciliata, 6.

curtum, 134.

brenda, 128.

ciliatus, 97.

curtus, 125.

brevimanus, 102.

cinerea, 4.

Cyamus, 131.

brevipenne, 180.

Cirolana, 134.

cylindracea, 134.

brevirostris, 120.

cirrata, 105.

cylindrica, 138.

brevis, 72.

Cirratulus, 98.

Cynthilia, 145.

brevispinosa, 145.

cirrhata, 93.

Cypridina, 128.

Brissus, 70.

Clava, 19.

Cymodocea, 135.

Britannica, 43.

clavata, 29.

Cythere, 128.

brunneus, 71.

Cliona, 5.

Cythereis, 129.

Bunodes, 28.

clypeata, 109.

Buskiana, 45.

coalita, 5.

Danmoniensis, 134.

Bryerii, 159.

coccineum, 120.

delicatula, 44.

•

columbae, 4.

deltura, 153.

caeruleata, 135.

coluris, 109.

Dentalina, 12.

calcarea, 97.

Colurus, 109.

denticulata, 161.

caliculata, 25.

commune, 146.

depressa, 127.

caligorum, 89.

communis, 95.

depurator, 160.

C aligns, 125.

compressa, 6, 93.

Derris, 98.

Callianassa, 153.

concentrica, 13.

Deshayesii, 142.

callimorpha, 31.

conchilega, 93.

Desmarestii, 144,

Calocaris, 152.

Conchoderma, 174.

Dexamine, 141.

campanula, 48.

conicus, 95.

diadema, 173.

Campanularia, 24.

Conilera, 134.

dianthus, 28.

campanulata, 32.

coniocephala, 97.

diaphanus, 125.

Campecopea, 135.

constrictor, 93.

dichotoma, 24.

camptolops, 141.

contortuplicata, 95.

digitalis, 45.

Cancer, 162.

conus, 5.

digitata, 73.

Candida, 28.

convexa, 129.

digitatum, 35.

Canthocamptus, 126.

Convoluta, 80.

dinema, 46.

capitatus, 96.

Coppinia, 22.

Dinemoura, 124.

Capnea, 28.

corallinoides, 5.

Diphyes, 52.

Caprella, 130.

Cordineri, 95.

Diplotis, 99,

Caramote, 143.

coriacea, 6.

dissimilis, 71.

carbonaria, 97.

cornucopia, 175.

Ditrupa, 95.

Carcinus, 161.

cornuta, 80, 122.

Dorsettensis, 165.

carinatus, 95, 141.

Coronula, 173.

Dorynchus, 165.

carino-spinosa, 141.

Corophium, 141.

Dromia, 156.

carnea, 93.

corrugatus, 95, 160.

Drummondii, 7K

carnosa, 5.

Corymorpha, 20.

dubia, 141.

Caryophyllea, 33.

Corynaetis, 27.

ducalis, 46.

Cassivelaunus, 158.

Coryne, 20.

Dujardinii, 6.

Catharina, 24.

Corystes, 158.

Dulongii, 137.

caudatus, 74, 109, 124.

Couchii, 146.

Dumerilii, 102.

Cecrops, 124.

Cranchii, 134, 135, 141,

Dumortierii, 2ft.

celata, 5.

149, 159, 165.

dumosa, 25.

Cetochilus, 128.

Crangon, 150.

Dysidea, 6.

centrodonti, 125.

cranium, 3.

Cerapus, 140.

crassissima, 92.

Eachana, 90.

Cerberus, 20.

crassula, 12.

Ebalia, 15.9.

INDEX.

199

ecaudata, 97.

fucicola, 71, 141.

Hameri, 172.

Echinarachnius, 69.

fucorum, 5.

Harveii, 74.

echinata> 19.

fulgens, 51.

hastata, 31.

Erhinocyamus, 69.

furcatus, 127.

hemisphaerica, 45.

echinulata, 24.

Furcularia, 108.

Henslowana, 73.

Echinus, 69.

fusca, 22, 101.

Henslowi, 160.

Echiurus, 75.

fuscata, 135.

heterocera, 28.

edulis, 150.

fusiformis, 71.

heterocliticus, 95.

Edwardsia, 31.

heterodon, 158.

Edwardsii, 143.

Galathea, 155.

heterostrophus, 95.

elegans, 142.

galba, 139.

Hibernica, 51.

elongata, 122.

Gammarus, 141.

Hillii, 174.

emarginata, 134, 135,

Gebia, 153.

hippoglossi, 90, 125.

137.

gelatinosa, 24.

Hippolyte, 149.

encrasicholi, 121.

gelatinosum, 92.

hippolytes, 132, 133.

endeca, 66.

gemmacea, 29.

hirsuta, 5, 135.

Entosolenia, 11.

gemmifera, 42.

hirtellus, 162.

episcopalis, 46.

geniculata, 24.

hirtipes, 134.

equestris, 67.

Geodia, 4.

hirudo, 80.

erraticus, 131.

Geryonia, 44.

hispida, 4, 65.

Eudendrium, 20.

Geryonopsis, 44.

Holothuria, 72.

Eunice, 104.

gibbosa, 45, 66.

holsatus, 160.

Euphrosyne, 104.

Gibbsii, 164.

Homarus, 151.

Euphysa, 43.

gigantea, 93.

Hombergii, 101.

Eurydice, 134.

giganteum, 120.

Hookeri, 134.

Eurylepta, 80.

glacialis, 65.

Howsei, 5.

Eurynome, 162.

Globigerina, 12.

hvalina, 71, 99.

Evadne, 129.

globosa, 11, 45.

Hyas, 163.

Evansii, 22.

globosum, 120.

JJydractinia, 19.

globulosa, 46.

Hyndmanni, 71, 154.

Fabricii, 93.

glomeratum, 35.

hyoscella, 48.

falcata, 24, 140.

Glossiphonia, 90.

Hyperia, 139.

fallax, 22.

Glycera, 100.

hystrix, 5, 106.

fasciatus, 151, 154.

Gcniaster, 67.

fascicularis, 32, 174.

Gonoplax, 159.

Idotea, 137.

fascis, 24.

Goodsiri, 64.

Ilyanthus, 30.

femoratum, 120.

Gorgonia, 36.

immersa, 22.

ficus, 5.

gorgonioides, 5.

impar, 105.

filicula, 22.

gracile, 81, 120.

implexa, 95.

filiformis, 64, 82, 95.

gracilis, 5, 11, 20, 22,

impressa, 129.

Filograna, 95.

42, 82, 131, 138.

improvisus, 172.

Finmarchica, 127.

Grantia, 6.

Inachus, 165.

fistulosa, 6.

granulata, 65.

inconspicua, 45.

flaccida, 82.

granulatus, 95.

incrustans, 5.

flaveola, 43.

granulosus, 74.

incurvatus, 95,

flavida, 129.

Gray ana, 149.

indivisa, 20.

Flemingii, 50,69, 92,145. Griffithsiae, 134, H5.

inflata, 12.

flexilis, 80. i grossa, 89.

infundibuliformis, 4.

florida, 162. ! grossimanus, 141.

infundibulum, 50, 93.

foliosa, 104.

grossipes, 120.

inornata, 104.

Forbesiana, 47.

Gulielminae, 12.

Integra, 25.

Forbesii, 73, 74, 97, 154.

intermedius, 138.

fonnosa, 43.

Halacarus, 177.

interpuncta, 128.

Forskallii, 47.

Halarachne, 177.

intertexta, 25.

fragi'is, 6, 82.

halecinum, 21.

intestinalis, 72.

fragilissima, 67.

Halecium, 21.

intricata, 95.

frondosa, 71.

halichceri, 177.

loida, 101.

frutescens, 24.

Halichondria, 4.

lone, 133.

fruticosa, 4.

Halisarca, 6.

iricolor, 103.

fucata.. 102.

halterata, 45.

irrorata, 141.

200

INDEX.

Jeer a, 136.

lophii, 122.

monoculoides, 140.

Johnstonella, 106.

Lucernaria, 31.

monophthalma, 134.

Johnstonia, 4.

lucidus, 95.

Monopus, 90.

Johnston!, 74, 93.

lucifera, 45.

Montagui, 4, 71, 95, 135,

Jonesii, 129.

Luidia, 67.

Monura, 109.

lumbricalis, 93.

Miilleri, 109, 125.

Kroyeri, 136.

Lumbricus, 96.

multicornis, 19,

lunulata, 50.

Munida, 155.

lacerata, 24, 25.

Lygia, 136.

muricata, 90.

lactea, 13.

lyncurium, 3.

muricatum, 21.

lacteus, 71.

lyrifer, 70.

muricatus, 124.

lacunosa, 6.

Lysidice, 103.

Myriana, 102.

LfBmargus, 124.

myriophyllum, 24,

laevigata, 6.

Macandreae, 152.

Myriothela, 19.

laevis, 11,25,90,131,154.

Macandrei, 128.

My sis, 145.

Lagena, 11.

maculans, 5.

lagena, 50.

macularis, 5.

Nasea, 135.

Lamarckii, 48.

maculata, 45, 101, 135.

nautilina, 12.

lamelligera, 101.

maculatus, 141.

Nebalia, 130.

lamnse, 124.

maculosa, 103, 136.

nebulosa, 93.

lampas, 175.

Maenas, 161.

neglecta, 45, 64.

Laomedea, 24.

Maia, 156.

neglectus, 69.

larynx, 20.

Main, 163.

Neillii, 71.

Latreillii, 124, 139.

Malacobdella, 89.

N emeries, 81.

Leachii, 148.

mamillaris, 5.

Nephelis, 90.

lepadifera, 36.

mantis, 144.

Nephrops, 151.

Lepas, 174.

margareta, 22.

Nephtys, 101.

Lepeoptheirus, 125.
leptochirus, 165.

margarita, 103.
margaritacea, 101, 103.

Neptuni, 75.
Nereis, 102.

Leptomera, 131.

margaritifera, 30.

Nerine, 97.

Leptoplana, 80.

marginata, 11, 101.

Nicothoe, 123.

Lernea,'12l.

Marias, 128.

nigra, 22, 72.

Lernentonia, 122.

marina, 90, 108.

nigrescens, 129.

Lerneonema, 121.

marinus, 141, 180.

nigritella, 43.

Lerneopoda, 122.

marmoreus, 160.

Nika, 150.

Leucodore, 97.

maxillaris, 135.

Ninetta, 103.

Leucothoe, 141.

Medusa, 48.

nitescens, 150.

limbata, 6.

medusa, 98.

nivea, 6, 28.

Limnoria, 136.

medusicola, 90.

nobilis, 127.

linearis, 131, 137.

melanocephala, 82.

Noctiluca, 14.

lineata, 11, 45, 103.

melanops, 45.

noctiluca, 102.

Hneatus, 96.

melo, 69.

nolens, 140.

Linneana, 159.

membranaceus, C6.

Nonionina, 12.

Lithodes, 156.

mesembryanthemum,

Nordmanni, 125, 129.

littorale, 119.

30.

Northumbrica, 5.

littoralis, 19.

Microlymma, 180.

Norvegicus, 69, 151.

littorea, 142.

miliaris, 14, 69.

Notodelphys, 126.

lividus, 60.

milletiana, 32.

nudus, 74.

Lizzia, 43.

miniata, 29.

nutans, 20.

obata, 5, 131.

minna, 129.

Nymphon, 120.

obatula, 12.

minuta, 65.

ocusta, 141, 142.

minuticornis, 127.

obliqua, 24.

ongicorne, 141.

minutus, 95, 96, 125.

oblonga, 13, 14.

ongicornis, 138, 156.

mirabilis, 34.

obscurus, 125.

ongimanus, 141.

Mitchellii, 30, 149.

obtusata, 141.

longipes, 160.

Modeeria, 43.

Oceania, 46.

longiseta, 102.

Moggridgei, 141.

oceanica, 136.

longispina, 131.

molae, 89.

Ocnus, 71.

longispinosa, 145.

mollis, 103.

octocostatum, 46.

longissima, 103.

monile, 29.

octoculata, 82, 90.

INDEX.

201

octopunctata, 43.

pervius, 95.

Pterodina, 109.

octona, 45, 46.

phalangium, 168.

puber, 160.

octotentaculata, 103.

phantapus, 73.

pulchella, 6, 42,

oculata, 4, 65.

phasma, 131.

pulchellus, 141.

Oculina, 33.

Pholoe, 104.

pulchra, 134.

olivaceum, 120.

PhoxichUidium, 119.

pulchrum, 81.

Oniscoda, 136.

Phoxichilus, 119.

pulex, 141.

oniscoides, 104.

Phryxus, 133.

pulmo, 50.

Onuphis, 103.

Phylline, 90.

pulsatoria, 103.

operculata, 22.

Phyllodoce, 101.

pumila, 22.

Ophiocoma, 64.

Phyllosoma, 146.

punctata, 45, 64, 103,141.

Ophiura, 63.

Physalia, 52.

punctatissimus, 74.

Opis, 142.

pictum, 120.

punctatus, 141.

Or chest ia, 142.

pileata, 45.

purpurea, 82.

Othonia, 93.

pileus, 50.

purpureus, 69.

ovalis, 131.

pilosella, 45.

pusilla, 20, 45.

oxyurus, 75.

Pi/umnus, 162.

Pycnogonum, 119.

pinaster, 22.

Pyrgoma, 173.

Pachymatisma, 4.

pinnata, 22, 24, 36, 104.

Pagurus, 154.

Pinnotheres, 159.

Quadrangularis, 35.

pagurus, 162.

Pirimela, 161.

quadrata, 45.

PalfBmon, 148.

Pisa, 164.

quadricornis, 153.

Palinurtis, 153.

piscatorum, 97.

quadridentata, 129.

Pallasii, 74.

Piscicula, 90.

quadrioculatum, 81.

Pallene, 120.

pisum, 159.

Quinqueloculina, 14.

palliata, 27.

placenta, 69.

palmata, 4.

Planaria, 80.

rameum, 20.

Palmipes, 66.

Plancia, 42.

ramosa, 4, 20, 24.

pandaliformis, 149.

Planes, 159.

ramosum, 20.

Pandalus, 148.

platycheles, 156.

rapax, 125.

Pandarus, 124.

plumosa, 92.

raphanus, 72.

papillata, 69.

pocillum, 53.

Rat aria, 53.

papillosa, 6, 72.

Podocerns, 141.

recta, 12.

papillosus, 74.

polita, 158.

regia, 33.

papposa, 66.

Pollicipes, 175.

renalis, 103.

paradox a, 81.

Pollicita, 100.

reniformis, 93.

parasitica, 28.

Polybius, 159.

Reticularia, 22.

Paretti, 101.

polyceps, 20.

retortus, 95.

parmularia, 64.

Polymorphina, 13.

reversus, 95.

parvula, 25.

Polynoe, 105.

JRhizostoma, 50.

Pasiph&a, 148.

Polystemma, 81.

rhodostigma, 177.

Patersonii, 128.

Polystomella, 12.

rigida, 5.

Pavonaria, 34.

Potyxenia, 46.

rivulosa, 162.

Pectinaria, 91.

pomiformis, 50.

Rocinela, 134.

pectinata, 174.

Pontobdella, 90.

rosacea. 22, 63.

pectoralis, 125.

porcatus, 172.

rosea, 28, 46, 65, 94.

pedata, 131.

Porcellana, 155.

roseum, 81.

Pelagia, 48.

Portlockii, 72.

roseus, 70.

pelagica, 52, 102, 137.

Portumnus, 160.

rostrata, 143.

pelagicus, 140.

Portunus, 160.

rosula, 65.

pellucida, 129.

Praniza, 135.

Rotalina, 12.

Peneeus, 148.

Priapulus, 74.

rotunda, 52.

penicillus, 93.

Prideauxiana, 149.

rotimdata, 13.

Pennantii, 159.

Prideauxianum, 134.

rubens, 65.

pennigera, 102.

Prideauxii, 154.

ruber, 150.

Penfacta, 71.

Primnoa, 36.

rubra, 43, 135.

pentactes, 71.

prolifera, 33, 42, 102.

rubricata, 141.

perforatus, 172.

Psamathe, 101.

rufa, 103.

peripatus, 101.

Psolinus, 72.

rufescens, 96.

perlevis, 5.

P solus. , 73.

rufifrons, 81.

202

INDEX.

rugosa, 22, 95, 122, 155.

spongicola, 172.

thuia, 24.

Sabella, 93.

spongites, 172.

Thuiaria, 23.

Sabellaria, 92.

spratta, 121.

Tima, 44.

saburrata, 5.

squalicola, 174.

Titania, 46.

Sagartia, 28.

squamata, 105.

Tomopteris, 106.

Sagitta, 106.

squamifera, 155.

Travisia, I.i7.

salina, 129.

squamosa, 11.

Trebius, 124.

salmonea, 122.

Squilla, 144.

tremellaris, 80.

sanguinea, 5, 28, 98, 104.

squilla, 148.

tricuspidata, 137.

Sapherda, 46.

squillarum, 132.

tridens, 134.

Sarcodictyon, 35.

Squinado, 163.

trilineata, 82.

sarnica, 45.

stagnalis, 80.

Triloculina, 14.

Sarsia, 42.

stauridia, 20.

triquetra, 95.

Savignyi, 137.

Steenstrupia, 43.

trispinosa, 143.

Scalpellum, 175.

stellata, 47, 153.

trispinosus, 151.

Scolanthus, 31.

stellatus, 173.

Tristoma, 87.

scolopendra, 106.

Stirynchus, 153.

troglodytes, 28.

scolopendrina, 105.

Stomobrachium, 46.

truncata, 135.

scombri, 124.

striata, 11.

Truncatulina, 12.

Scoticus, 30.

striatulus, 95.

tuberculata, 131, 162.

sculptus, 151. i strigosa, 155.

tubicola, 103.

scutatum, 65. [ Stromia, 174.

tubifex, 102.

seminulum, 14.

Stromii, 125, 127.

Tubularia, 20.

semisquamosa, 105.

subarenata, 12.

tubulosa, 42, 72.

septentrionalis, 128.

subcylindrica, 91,

Tuediae, 27.

seriata, 5.

suberea, 5.

Turbinalia, 32.

serpens, 25.

subrotunda, 14.

Turrit, 45.

Serpentaria, 82.

substriata, 11.

turrita, 46.

Serpula, 94.

subterranea, 153.

Typhis, 140.

serratum, 134.

subulata, 95.

typica, 142.

serratus, 148.

Sulcator, 142.

serrulata, 95.

surirea, 48.

Udonella, 89.

Sertularia, 21.

Sylll8y 102.

ulidianus, 154.

sessilis, 20.

Synch&ta, 108.

uncinata, 122.

setacea, 24.

syringa, 25,

uncinatum, 92.

seticornis, 97.

Syrinx, 73.

uncinatus, 109.

setiformis, 114.

Unciola, 141.

sevosa, 5.

Talitrus, 142.

undulata, 45.

Sigalion, 104.

talpa, 136.

unicolor, 82.

simulans, 4.

tamarisca, 22.

V raster, 65.

Siphonostoma, 92.

Tanais, ] 36.

Sipunculus, 74.

Temora, 127.

variabilis, 129.

Sivado, 148.

Templetoni, 67.

varians, 148, 149.

Slubberia, 45.

tentaculatus, 98.

variegatus, 141, 161.

Smithii, 33, 52, 123.

tenuicinctus, 74.

vastifica, 5.

Solaster, 66.

tenuirostris, 166.

Velella, 52.

Spadix, 19.

Terebella, 93.

ventilabrum, 4.

Spatangus, 69.

terebrans, 136, 138.

venusta, 28.

sphgera, 69.

testudo, 142.

venustula, 93.

sphaeroides, 31.

Tethea, 3.

vermicularis, 95.

Spkceroma, 134.

tetraodon, 164.

Verruca, 174.

sphiosa, 141.

Tetrastemma, 81.

verrucosa, 36.

spinosus, 119, 151.

texturata, 64.

versicolor, 103.

Spinther, 104.

Thalassema, 75.

verticillata, 25.

spinus, 149.

thallia, 29.

vesiculosa, 93.

Spio, 97.

Thaumantias, 45.

vestitum, 92.

spirillum, 95.

Tftia, 158.

veterum, 159.

Spirolocttlina, 13.

Thompson!, 45, 125, 131,

viduata, 28.

Spirorbis, 95.

149, 154.

violacea, 65.

Spongia, 5.

thoracicus, 133.

virgata, 174.

INDEX.

203

Virgularia, 34.
virgultosa, 5.
viridis, 28, 101,102, 105,
135.
vitrina, 47.
vittata, 80.
volubilis, 25.

volutacornis, 94.
vulgare, 175.
vulgaris, 52, 97, 151,
152, 156.

Whitei, 129, 140, 149.
Willsia, 47.

Xantho, 162.
Yarrellii, 149.

zei, 122.
Zetlandica, 4.
Zoanthus, 32.

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nating work, we should reprint the whole. We have rarely met with infor-
mation so delightfully conveyed, and in so small a compass. The illustrations
are worthy of the letter-press, and this is giving them no small praise. The
'Canadian Naturalist' will be as popular as White's Natural History of
Selborne." — Church of England Quarterly Review.

LONDON : JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

A

NATURALIST'S SOJOURN IN JAMAICA.

With coloured Plates. Post Svo. 14s.

" The work consists of a series of interesting notes and descriptions of
animal and vegetable life, with occasional vivid pictures of scenery. It is
by far the best delineation of the aspect of animate nature in the tropical
islands of the western hemisphere that we have yet seen ; and this is no
mean praise, since several excellent volumes have been devoted to this
region. It is written in a remarkably pleasing style, and is as attractive to

the ordinary as to the scientific reader Mr. Gosse is an able artist as

well as naturalist, and has embellished his book with several well-chosen
views of Jamaica scenery, and some spirited coloured drawings of remarkable
animals, especially of reptiles and fishes. They increase the attractions of
a volume, which is sure to add to its author's fame, and to find a permanent
place on the shelves of every good library." — Literary Gazette.

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS.

14 DAY USE

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