X I I I I I I I I Marine Biological Laboratory Library Woods Hole, Mass. Presented by New Zealand Oceanographic Institution Sept. 1962 I I I I I I I I J nj =o O; O m o MANUAL OF THE NEW ZEALAND MOLLUSCA. WITH AN ATLAS OF QUARTO PLATES. BY HENRY SUTER. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND. WELLINGTON, N.Z. : JOHN MACKAY, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1913. QVA PREFACE. IN May, 1873, the New Zealand Government published the late Captain F. W. Mutton's " Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand," which was followed in 1880 by his " Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca." In this latter work 595 species of Mollusca are enumerated, of which, however, about 148 species are now known as not belonging to the New Zealand fauna ; others have been recognized as synonyms of New Zealand species, and a number are undoubtedly introduced molluscs. This brings the number of New Zealand species of Mollusca in the Manual down to about 447, whereas in the present Manual 1,079 species are dealt with, to which 108 subspecies and varieties are to be added, making a total of 1,187 distinct forms. This shows that during the last thirty- three years a considerable number of species have been added to our fauna, the descriptions of the species being published in the " Transactions of the New Zealand Institute," the " Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London," the " Journal of Malacology," the •' Journal de Conchyliologie," and a number of other scientific periodicals. It was therefore no easy matter for a student of New Zealand conchology to get together all the literature on the subject, and the necessity of a new Manual was advocated by all those interested in conchology and palseontology. Hutton's Manual of 1880 has one great drawback — the want of illustrations, which deprives it to a considerable extent of its value, especially for those who want to take up conchology as a hobby. Having devoted much of my time to collecting and studying the New Zealand Mollusca since my arrival in 1887, I was prepared to undertake the work of writing a new " Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca " if the Government would kindly give me the necessary assistance. IV PREFACE. In January, 1906. I laid the matter before the New Zealand Institute, when the very gratifying resolution was passed re- questing the Government to consider favourably the desirability of issuing a new ' Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca." At the meeting in January, 1907, the late Sir James Hector, as President of the New Zealand Institute, stated that the Government had decided to publish a work on the subject, and had appointed me as editor. At my special request, the Government allowed the text of the Manual to be accompanied by an atlas of plates. I wish here to express my very best thanks to the Hon. George Fowlds, then Minister of Education ; Mr. Alfred Kidd, then Member of Parliament ; Mr. G. Hogben, Inspector-General of Schools ; Messrs. M. H. Browne and W. E. Spencer, of the Education Department. Beginning my work in January, 1907. they all most kindly assisted me in my task. What Sir James Hector expressed in the preface to the Manual of 1880 should be repeated here : " Shells afford the most reliable data for palseontologists ; but before the extinct shell fauna can be utilized the Recent shells of the area must l>e thoroughly determined." The classification adopted in this Manual is that of l)r. Paul Pelseneer in the " Treatise on Zoology," part v, Mollusca, edited by E. Ray Lankester, 1906, with the exception that the Pteropoda are treated as a class, according to the investi- gations of P. Schiemenz. The Pteropods undoubtedly already appear in the Palaeozoic, and not first in the Mesozoic as Pelseneer's theory would have it. We therefore must conclude that the Gastropods were derived from Pteropods, and not from Opisthobranchs. The anatomical details of the higher groups are, to a large extent, copied from Pelseneer's excellent book. The Manual deals with the MoUxsca of the North and South Islands of New Zealand, Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, and the subantarctic islands of New Zealand, including Macquarie Island, but not with those of the Kermadec Islands, which belong to a distinct province of the Australian subregion. Mr. Tom Iredale, who was a member of the scientific exploring expedition to the Kermadecs in 1908, has already published a PREFACE. preliminary part of the report on the Mollusca in the Proc. Mai. Soc., and further contributions may be forthcoming in the near future. Of the 322 genera recorded, the following twenty-one are precinctive to New Zealand : Eudoxochiton, Incisura, Realia, Neojancus, Atagema, Latia, Otoconcha, Gerontm, Thermia, Serpho, Therasia, Phenacohelix, Suteria, Ranfurlya, Schizoglossa, Athora- cophorus, Perrierina, Verticipronus, Pachykellya, Resania, and Pinnoctopus. Whether Phenacohelix is identical with Rhytidopsis, Ancey, from New Caledonia, is still uncertain, as the animal of the latter has not been examined. As far as shell-characters go, there is very little difference between the two. Otoconcha is no doubt very nearly allied to Vitrinopsis, Semper, of the Philippine Islands : externally the animals are similar, and the differences in the jaw, radula, and reproductive organs are very slight. The Tasmanian land - shells I classed in 1893 under Gerontia ("' The Nautilus," vol. vii, p. 89) I now consider to belong to a new gemis, most likely allied to Trachycystis of South Africa. Of the 322 genera, thirty-seven are precinctive to Australasia (Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand), and of the 1,079 species about 140 occur also in Tasmania and Australia, whereas about sixty species have a more or less wide distribution. The following Pelecypoda are found in European and New Zealand seas : Area reticulata, Mytilus edidis, Lima lima, Cardita calyculata, Venericardia corbis, Thyasira flexuosa, Kellia si(borbiculans, Lascea miliaris, and Corbula gibba. According to Sir Charles Eliot's publication, the New Zealand Nudibranchs are composed of three elements — 1. Tropical : Chromodoris, Doriopsis. 2. Forms characteristic of colder seas : Doris, Acanthodoris, Goniodoris, Rostaiiga. 3. Peculiar to Australasia : Alloiodoris and Atagenta. The following of our marine species have a wide austral distribution : Nacella fuegiemis - - Tierra del Fuego, Falkland, Kerguelen ; Monodonta nigerrima — west coast of South America ; Argobucdnum argns — St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, South Africa, Tristan da Cunha, and Chile ; Siphonaria lateralis - Kerguelen, Falkland, Magellan, and Patagonia ; Mytilus edulis and M. magellanicus are circumaustral ; •Modiolarca pitsilla - Tierra del Fuego; M. trapezina-- Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, VI PREFACE. Falkland, South Georgia, Kerguelen, and Marion Islands ; Chione Stutchburyi — Kerguelen ; C. mesodesma — Tristan da Cunha. Of the non-marine Mollusca, Potamopyrgus has a remarkable distribution, extending from Australasia to tropical America and west Africa, whilst Melanopsis occurs in New Zealand, New Caledonia, Spain, north Africa, and Asia Minor. The Austral- asian genus Gundlachia occurs also in North America and on the Antilles. Curiously enough, Succinea has never been recorded from New Zealand, the 8. toitientosa, Pfeift'er, being a Limnoea, In the collection of shells left by the late Mr. Traill there were a few specimens of a Succinea which, I believe, were found in New Zealand. I sent a specimen to Mr. Edgar A. Smith, of the British Museum, and he informed me that it was unlike any form known to him. Not being quite certain whether Traill' s specimens were really collected in New Zealand, I refrained from describing them. Of the Phenacohelicidce, the genera Phacussa, Thalassohelix, Allodiscus, and Flam-muUna are also found in Tasmania, the second and third also in Australia, and some nearly allied forms occur on Lord Howe Island and in New Caledonia. Flammulina has spread to Lord Howe, Norfolk, and the Caroline Islands ; it is most likely an antarctic genus, being allied to Aniphidoxa and St&phanoda of South America, and. less so, to Tmchycystis of South Africa. The Australasian-Polynesian genus Endodoitta has quite recently been discovered in Natal ; Afrodonta, Melvill and Ponsonby, is very near the subgenera Thaumatadon and Ptychodon ; and undoubted species of Charopa have also been found, the animal and the dentition having been examined by the writer. The subgenus Helenocoiiritti from St. Helena I take to be nearly allied to the New Zealand subgenus Ptychodon. The subgenus Phrixgnathus of the genus Laoma occurs also in Tasmania and Australia. The fresh-water genus Diplodon, generally known under the name of Unio, is widely distributed in South America, New Zealand, the northern rivers of Tasmania, Australia, and one species is recorded from the Congo River, Africa. Highly interesting from the geographic standpoint is the discovery of Strutkiolaria papulosa at the Seychelles : and the occurrence of ( 'ryptoplax striatus, Lam... a Ckitoti found from Torres Strait to Tasmania (but not in New Zealand), at Zanzibar, Khor, Dongola, and Natal. PREFACE. Vll The principal contributors to our knowledge of the New Zealand Mollmca are the following :— Sir JOSEPH BANKS and Dr. SOLANDER, on the first voyage of Captain James Cook, 1769-70, collected hi the Bay of Islands and Queen Charlotte Sound. Dr. REINHOLD and GEORGE FORSTER, on Cook's second voyage, 1773-74, visited Dusky Bay and Queen Charlotte Sound. On Cook's third voyage there was only a short stay of thirteen days' duration in Queen Charlotte Sound. The shells collected during these voyages, numbering about forty species from New Zealand, were enumerated, and some of them described and figured by VON ZORN in the German periodical " Neue Sammlung von Versuchen und Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig," 1778 ; by J. H. CHEMNITZ in the journal ' Der Naturforscher," 1783, and afterwards in different parts of his ''' Conchylien Cabinet," especially vol. v (1781), vol. x (1788), and vol. xi (1799) ; by Dr. SOLANDER himself in the " Catalogue of the Portland Museum," 1786 ; by THOMAS MARTYN in the ' Universal Con- chologist," 1784; and by PERRY, " Conchology," 1811. A critical review of the species described by the said authors, and referable to Cook's voyages, has been published by Dr. E. VON MARTENS in the German malacological journal, " Malako- zoologische Blatter," vol. xix, 1872. R. P. LESSON accompanied Duperry on the ship ''' Coquille " on the voyage round the world, 1822-25, and collected molluscs at the Bay of Islands in April, 1824. A number of species were described in the " Voyage autour du Monde sur la ' Coquille,' Zoologie," 2 vols., published from 1826 to 1832. The most valuable contributions to New Zealand conchology in the early days were made by QUOY and GAIMARD, naturalists of Dumont d'Urville's " Voyage autour du Monde de ' 1'Astrolabe,' 1826-29, Zoologie," vol. ii, 1832-33 ; vol. iii, 1834-35 ; with atlas in folio containing beautiful illustrations. They collected molluscs in Queen Charlotte Sound, at the Thames, and some outlying islands. The Rev. W. YATE sent a collection of shells from the east coast of New Zealand to the British Museum in 1835, and the twenty-nine species were catalogued by Dr. J. E. GRAY in an viii PREFACE. appendix to Yate's " Account of New Zealand," 1835, and descriptions of ten new species were given. The New Zealand molluscs collected during the United States Exploring Expedition, commanded by Charles Wilkes, 1838-42, were obtained at the Bay of Islands, Akaroa, and the Auckland Islands. J. P. COUTHOUY was conchologist of the expedition, but was prevented through ill health from making notes after arrival at Samoa. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD described the molluscs in the " Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History," 1846-50 ; also, as a separate volume, " Expedition Shells," 1846. Later they have been more fully described, and also figured, in the official work, " United States Exploring Expedi- tion," vol. xii, Mollusca and Shells, 1852, with an atlas of plates in folio. The " Venus," under command of A. DU PETIT-THOUARS, paid a visit to the Bay of Islands in October, 1838 ; but few shells were collected. In 1840 Dr. E. DIEFFENBACH visited the North Island of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, and brought back with him fifty-eight species of shells, which were enumerated and the new species described by Dr. J. E. GRAY in the appendix to Dieft'enbach's " Travels in New Zealand," vol. ii, 1843. The French ships " Astrolabe " and " Zelee " visited in 1841 the Bay of Islands, Akaroa, Port Chalmers, and the Auckland Islands. The records' on the Mollusca of this voyage, extending over the period 1837-41, called " Voyage au Pole Sud," vol. v, 1854, were written by HOMBRON and JACQUINOT, and accompanied by fine illustrations. In the same year (1841) H.M.S. '''Erebus" and "Terror," under the command of Sir James Ross, visited Campbell Island, the Auckland Islands, and the Bay of Islands. The Mollusca of the expedition were not published until June, 1874, by EDGAR A. SMITH, of the British Museum, the publication con- taining also illustrations of type specimens not figured before. In 1842 Dr. STANGER sent to the British Museum shells which had been collected in New Zealand by Dr. SINCLAIR. During the years 1847-49 H.M.S. ' Acheron ' was engaged surveying the coast of the islands, and in 1849 the couchologist FREDERICK STRANGE visited New Zealand in her, touching at PREFACE. IX Auckland, Wellington, and the Canterbury Settlement. He no doubt dredged in New Zealand waters, as he had already done so in the vicinity of Sydney. His collection of shells was evi- dently purchased by Hugh Cuming, and supplied material for several papers in the Proc. Zool. Soc. for the next few years by A. ADAMS and G. P. DESHAYES. Dr. GREENWOOD also collected shells in New Zealand, which he sent to the British Museum. These were partly described by Dr. J. E. GRAY in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1849, and by Dr. L. PFEIFFER in the Malak. Blatter. In 1859 the Austrian frigate " Novara " visited Auckland. F. VON HOCHSTETTER, G. VON FRAUENFELD, and J. ZELEBOR were members of the expedition. Some land and fresh-water shells collected by the first-named during his stay in New Zealand were described by Dr. L. PFEIFFER and Professor W. DUNKER in the Malak. Blatter, vol. viii, 1861 ; concerning those collected by the other two scientists, only the apparent new ones have been described by DUNKER and ZELEBOR in the Verhandl. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1866, and then, with figures, by FRAUENFELD in the official work, ' Reise der oester- reichischen Fregatte ' Novara ' um die Erde," 1857-59, Zoolo- gischer Theil, vol. ii, 1867. He later on published a list in Verhandl. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xix, 1869, of all species of Mollusca collected during the expedition, many of which, how- ever, are wrongly assigned to New Zealand. H.M.S. '' Challenger " visited New Zealand in June and July, 1874, and the Mollusca obtained — mostly deep-sea forms — were described in the "'Challenger' Reports." Vol. x contains the Nudibranchiata, by Dr. R. BERGH : vol. xiii the Lamellibranchiata, by EDGAR A. SMITH : vol. xv the Marseniadce, by Dr. R. BERGH ; Scaphopoda and Gastropoda, by the Rev. R. BOOG WATSON ; Polyplacophora, by A. C. H ADDON : vol. xvi the Cephalopoda, by Dr. W. E. HOYLE : and vol. xxiii the Pteropoda by Dr. P. PELSENEER. A few land-shells were described and figured by EDGAR A. SMITH in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884. In the same year (1874) Dr. H. FILHOL collected on Camp- bell Island, and subsequently in several parts of New Zealand. The results were published in the " Comptes Rendus," and later (1885) in a volume called " Mission scientifique a 1'ile Campbell." PREFACE. At the same time Dr. KRONE collected some land-shells on the Auckland Islands. The antarctic expedition under C. E. Borchgrevink, in the " Southern Cross/' brought one new species from Campbell Island and three from the Auckland Islands. They were described and figured by EDGAR A. SMITH in the " Report on the Col- lections of Natural History made in the Antarctic Regions during the Voyage of the ' Southern Cross,' : 1902. vii, Mollusca. With the " Catalogue of Marine Mollusca of New Zealand/' 1873, Captain F. \V. HUTTON laid the foundation of a large amount of work which he afterwards did, including his " Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca.'" Captain Hutton greatly ad- vanced the knowledge of our Mollusca not only by systematic- work, but also by his numerous anatomical researches. He was at all times ready with his advice and assistance to other workers in science, and ever since arriving in New Zealand the writer of these lines was fortunate enough to enjoy the benefit of Captain Button's wide knowledge, and it was greatly due to his stimulus and help that the study of the marine Mollusca was taken up. Mr. T. F. CHEESEMAN did extensive collecting and dredging in Auckland Harbour. He published in the Trans. N.Z. Inst. lists of the Mollusca of the Auckland Harbour and of the vicinity of Auckland, followed by papers on new nudibranchiate and opisthobranchiate Mollusca. Of recent collectors, special mention should be made of Captain J. BOLLONS, of the Government steamer ' Hinemoa." For a number of years he has been collecting and dredging in many parts of New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, and has thus materially helped to increase the number of species, and to enlarge our knowledge of geographical distribution. Mr. A. HAMILTON, Director of the Dominion Museum, has also done very much to further New Zealand conchology by collecting in many parts of the Dominion, and also on Macquarie Island. Mr. CHARLES COOPER, of Auckland, has collected Mollnxrn in the vicinity of Auckland and the northern parts of New Zealand for many years, and has published in the Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xxxi, a useful list of the marine shells found at Whangarei Heads. PREFACE. XI Mr. R. MURDOCH, of Wanganui, devoted much time t<> collecting and dissecting non-marine as well as marine Mollusca, and has published a number of valuable papers in the Trans. N.Z. List., and the Proc. Mai. Soc. It is much to be regretted that he has been unable to continue his good work during a number of years. Mr. JUSTICE GILLIES, in 1881, took Dr. Sinclair's collection of New Zealand shells to the British Museum, and had them named by Messrs. G. B. SOWERBY, Jim., and EDGAR A. SMITH. The result was published in the Trans. N.Z. lust., vol. xiv. Mr. JAMES ADAMS published a valuable list of the land and fresh-water Mollusca of the Thames Goldfields in the Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xix. Amongst those who helped to advance our conchological knowledge the following should be mentioned : Dr. W. B. BENHAM, Major T. BROUN, Dr. CHARLES CHILTON, Messrs. R. HELMS. RICHARD HENRY, Miss M. MESTAYER, Messrs. SHANL>. W. W. SMITH, C. SPENCER, C. TRAILL, and W. H. WEBSTER. some of whom published papers on New Zealand Mollusca. Mr. T. \V. KIRK also did some collecting, and published a few short papers on Mollusca ; especially valuable are his communications on the large cuttlefishes. Dr. SCHAUINSLAND visited New Zealand and the Chatham Islands in 1896-97, and Dr. THILENIUS from 1897 to 1899, partly for the purpose of collecting specimens for the museums in Bremen and Berlin. Reports on the Mollusca were published by Dr. R. BERGH, Dr. L. H. PLATE, and Dr. KURT WISSEL. During the year 1902 Messrs. K. LUCAS and G. L. HODGKIN, of Cambridge, made a collection of the fauna of a typical series of lakes in New Zealand, most of the Mollusca being obtained by dredging. They were kindly handed over to me for description, and the result was published in the Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xxxvii. In January, 1904, a party organized by Mr. CHARLES HEDLEY. Conchologist of the Australian Museum, Sydney, dredged in 110 fathoms east of Great Barrier Island, with good results. The shells obtained were worked out by Messrs. C. HEDLEY. W. H. WEBSTER, R. MURDOCH, and myself, and the results published in the Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xxxviii. xii PREFACE. Mr. T. IREDALE did a good deal of collecting during some time, and he published lists of the Mollusca found at Titahi Bay, Banks Peninsula, and Otago. He also described a few new species, unfortunately without figures, and up to the present day lie has failed to present the types to the Canterbury Museum, as promised in his publication. In vols. xliii and xliv of the Trans. N.Z. lust, there are two excellent papers on the anatomy of Siphonaria obliquata by Mr. A. J. COTTRELL, of Auckland. I wish to express my grateful thanks to all those who kindly assisted me in my work, either by giving me useful advice and information or assisting me with material — viz., Captain J. Bollons ; Dr. W. H. Ball, U.S. Nat, Museum, Wash- ington ; Sir Charles Eliot, Sheffield ; Messrs. J. H. Gatliff, Melbourne ; A. Hamilton, Wellington ; Charles Hedley, Assistant Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney; W. L. May, Sand- ford, Tasmania ; Miss M. Mestayer, Wellington ; Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, London ; Professor Dr. H. R. Simroth, Leipzig ; Mr. Edgar A. Smith, I.S.O., British Museum (Nat. Hist,). London ; Dr. H. Strebe!, Hamburg : Dr. J. Thiele, K. Zoologisches Museum, Berlin ; Dr. J. C. Verco, Adelaide. Finally, I have to express my obligations to the Government Printer and to the Supervisor of the Government Printing Office for the great care they have taken in passing the work through the press, and to Mr. A. Hamilton for his kind help in the production of the plates of the atlas. HENRY SUTER. Christchurch, September, 1913. CONTENTS. Errata List of Abbreviations Synopsis of the C4enera Phylum Mollusca . . Class I. Amphineura „ II. Pteropoda „ III. Gastropoda ,, IV. Scaphopoda „ V. Pelecypoda „ VI. Cephalopoda PAGE xiv xv xvii 1 3 al 59 816 825 1039 APPENDIX. List of the Introduced Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of New Zealand . . 1071 Brachiopoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074 Additions and Emendations . . . . . . . . . . 1077 Index to Orders, Families, Genera, &c. . . . . . . . . 1087 Index to Species, Subspecies, &c. . . . . . . . . . . 1101 0190 ERRATA. Page 12, line 12 from top. — For " Arctic" read " Antarctic." 18, line 20 from bottom.— for " Plate 2 " read " Plate 3." „ 18, line 21 from bottom.— for " Plate 3" read " Plate 2.'' „ 85, line 1 from top.— Add " Plate 33, figs. 1, 1«." 93, line 26 from bottom.— for " 323 " read " 322." 95, line 21 from bottom.— for " 323" read " 322." „ 108, Trochus oppressus. — There is no fig. 2a. „ 127, Cantharidus rufozona.—For " Plate 35, fig. 16," read " Plate 39. fig. 21 ." ,, 287, Crepidula costata. — There is no fig. 6a. ., 289, Natica zelandica. — There is no fig. la. „ 302, line 15 from bottom. — Omit " no sutural channel." ,, 302, line 18 from bottom. — Omit, " (a.) Aperture without a channel at the suture." „ 361, line 6 from top. — Add " Cape Maria van Diemen." „ 404. — To end of Trophon add " Vernacular Xame. — Whelk." „ 411, line 22 from top.— After "subapical " add " (Plate 19, fig. 4.) " „ 417, after line 22 from bottom. — Add " Remark. — I have not seen this species.'' „ 478, line 1 from top.— for " fig. 7 " read " fig. 9." „ 482, line 15 from top.— for " fig. 9 " rend " fig. 7." „ 494, line 11 from bottom.— for " deep " read " shallow." „ 581, line 14 from bottom.— for " ^Eolidiella " read " 1. JSolidiella." „ 604, line 10 from top. — for " Limnoea " read " Lymnoea." „ 720, line 4 from top.— After " (A. Hamilton) " add " ; Bealey." „ 784. line 1 from top. — for " Canterbury Museum. ( 'hristchurch," read " col- lection of Dr. (laze. Westport." „ 827. line 13 from top.— After " breadth " add " or height." ,, 891, line 4 from bottom. — Add " Chatham Islands." „ 891, line 2 from bottom.— for " September " read " October." „ 899, line 6 from top.— Add " C. Tmilli, Hutton, ((. Tert. M., 24." ,, 942, line 10 from top. — for " Dominion Museum, Wellington," read " Canter- bury Museum. Christchurch." NOTE. — By an unfortunate oversight the greater part of the proofs were not sent to the author for final revision, hence the long list of corrections and additions. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. A.M.N.H. A.s.V. . . Ad., G.R.M. C.M.M. .. C. Tert. M. C. Tert. M.B.M. Cat. A.M. Chall. Rep. Conch. Cab. Conch. Icon. Crit. List Dieff. N.Z. Ereb. & Ter. Ess. Pal. Comp. Index J. de Conch. J.L.S. . . J.Mai. .. M.H. Viv. M.N.Z.M. Mai. Bl. Man. Conch. Mem. A.M. Miss. l.C. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. H. and A. Adams : The Genera of Recent Mol- lusca. F. W. Mutton : Catalogue of Marine Mollusca of New Zealand. 1873. F. W. Hutton : Catalogue of the Tertiary Mol- lusca of New Zealand. 1873. G. F. Harris, Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca in the British Museum. Part i, the Austral- asian Tertiary Mollusca. 1897. Catalogue of the Australian Museum, Sydney. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. " Challenger " during the years 1873-76. Zoology. J. H. Chemnitz, Neues Systematisches Conchy- lien Cabinet. 1769-95. L. Reeve : Conchologia Iconica, 1843-78 ; com- pleted by Sowerby. E. von Martens : Critical List of the Mollusca of New Zealand contained in European Collec- tions. 1873. E. Dieffenbach : Travels in New Zealand, vol. ii. 1843. Edgar A. Smith : Mollusca — The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. " Erebus " and " Terror." 1874. M. Cossmann : Essais de Paleoconchologie Com- paree, depuis 1895. F. W. Hutton : Index Faunae Novse Zealandi.-". 1904. Journal de Conchyliologie. Paris. Journal of the Linnean Society, London. Zoology. Journal of Malacology ; edited by W. E. Collinge. L. Pfeiffer : Monographia Heliceorum viventium. 4 vols. 1848-58. F. W. Hutton : Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. 1880. Malakozoologische Blatter. Tryon and Pilsbry : Manual of Conchology. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, Sydney. Filhol : Mission scientifique a 1'ile Campbell. 1885. XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Mus. Bolten. N.D.M.G. N.Z.J.S. Noraencl. Hel. Viv P. Bost. S.N.H. . . P.L.S. N.S.W. P. Mai. S. P.R.S. Tas. P.R.S. Vic. P.Z.S Plioc. M. Q.J.M.S. Rec. A.M. Subantarct. Islds. N.Zeal. Syst, Nat. T.N.Z.I... T.R.S. S.Aust. Thes. Conch. U.S. Expl. Exp. . . Un. Conch. V.Z.B.G. Wieu . Voy. Astrol. Voy. Coq. Voy. P.S. Yate N.Z. J. F. Bolten : Museum Boltenianuni. 1798. Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoolo- gischeu Gesellschaft. New Zealand Journal of Science. Pfeift'er — Clessin : Nomenclator Heliceoruni vi- ventium. 1878. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. F. W. Hutton : The Pliocene Mollusca of New Zealand, in the Macleay Memorial Volume. 1893. Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Society of London. Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney. The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand ; edited by C. Chilton, D.Sc. 2 vols. 1909. Linne : Systema Naturae. Ed. 10. 1758. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. Sowerby : Thesaurus Conchyliorum. 11 vols. 1843-79. Augustus A. Gould : Mollusca and Shells of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-42. 1 vol. and atlas. 1852. Thomas Martyn : The Universal Conchologist. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Ge- sellschaft in Wien. Voyage autour du Monde de " 1' Astrolabe,'"' 1826-29. Zoologie par Quoy and Gaimard. Voyage autour du Monde sur " la Coquille," 1822-25. Zoologie par Lesson. 1830. Voyage au Pole Sud et dans I'Oceanie sur les Corvettes " 1' Astrolabe " et " la Zelee," 1837- 40. Zoologie par Hombron et Jacquinot. 1854. W. Yate : An Account of New Zealand, &c., 1835. Appendix : J. E. Gray, Catalogue of Shells collected on the East Coast of New Zealand by W. Yate. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. PHYLUM MOLLUSC A. Class I. AMPHINEUEA. Ord. 1. POLYPLACOPHORA. Subord. 1. EOPLACOPHORA. Fam. Lepidopleuridce. — Lepidopleurus. Subord. 2. MESOPLACOPHORA. Fam. Ischnochitonidce. — Ischnochiton, Callochiton. Fam. MopaliidcB. — Mopalia, Plaxipliora. Fam. Acanthocliitidce. — Acanthochites, Spongiochiton. Subord. 3. TELEOPLACOPHORA. Fam. Chitonidce. — Chiton, Eudoxochiton, Tonicia, Acauthopleura, Lorica, Onithochiton. Class II. P T E R 0 P 0 D A. Ord. 1. THECOSOMATA. Fam. Cymbuliidcp. — -Cymbulia. Fam. Cavoliniidce. — Cavolina, Cuvierina. Fam. Limacinidce. — Limacina. Class III. GASTROPODA. Subclass I. STREPTONEURA. Ord. 1. ASPIDOBRANCHIA. Subord. 1. DOCOGLOSSA. Fam. Acuiceidce. — Acmaea. Fam. Patellidce. — Nacella, Helcioniscus. ii— MoU. N.Z. XV111 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Subord. 2. RHIPIDOGLOSSA. Fam. Scissurellidce. — Scissurella, Schismope. Fam. HaUotidcp. — Haliotis. Fam. Fissurellidce. — Fissurella, Incisura, Emarginula, Subemarginula, Scutus, Puncturella, Fissuridea. Fam. Trochidce. — Trochus, Monoclonta, Cantharidus, Photimila, Gib- bula, Fossarina, Monilea, Calliostoma, Euclielus. Fam. LiotiidcB. — Liotia. Fam. CydostrematidcB. — Cyclostrema, Delpliinoidea, Cirsonella, Pseudo- liotia. Fam. Vitrinellidce. — Lissospira, Circulus, Cyclostremella. Fam. TurVinidcB. — Turbo, Leptothyra, Astrfea. Fam. PJiasianellidce. — Pliasianella. Fam. Umboniidce. — -Ethalia. Fam. Neritidop. — -Nerita. Fam. CocculinidcB. — Cocculina. Fam. Hydrocenidcs. — Hydrocena. Ord. 2. PECTINIBRANCHTA. Subord. 1. T^NIOGLOSSA. Tribe 1. PLATYPODA. Fam. Cyclophoridce. — Lagocliilus. Fam. Diplommatinidce. — Palaina, Gastroptychia. Fam. Litorinidce. — Litorina, Lsevilitorina. Fam. Risellidce. — Risellopsis. Fam. Fossaridce. — Coutbouyia. Fam. Planaxidce. — Planaxis. Fam. Realiidce. — Realia, Omphalotropis. Fam. RissoidcB. — Rissoa, Amphithalamus, Anabathron, Rissoina, Skenella. Fam. Litiopidce. — Diala. Fam. Omalogyridce. — Omalogyra. Fam . Hydrobiidce.- — Potamopyrgus. Fam. TJiiaridcB. — Melanopsis. Fam. Cerithiidce. — Cerithidea, Bittium. Fam. CerithiopsidcB. — Cerithiopsis, Newtoniella, Seila. Fam. Triforidfr. — Triphora. Fam. Vennetidfe. — Serpulorbis. -Siphonium, Stephopoma, Siliquaria. Fam. C tedder. — Cfecum. Fam. TurritellidcB. — Turritella. Fam. Mathildiidn'. — Math ilda. Fam. StrxtJt iolariida1.-1— Struthiolaria. Fam. Xenophoridce. — Xenophora. Fam. Capulidce. — Capulus, Neojauacus. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XIX Farn. Hippo nicidce. — Hipponix. Fam. Calyptrceidce. — Calyptrsea, Crepidula. Fani. Naticidce. — Natica, Polinices. Arupullina. Fam. Lamellar iidce. — Lamellaria. Fam. Trichotropidce. — Tricliotropis, Lippistes. Fam. Janthinidce. — Janthina. Fam. CyprcBidce. — Trivia. Fam. Septidce. — Septa, Cymatium, Argobucciuum. Fam. Cassididce.- — Phaliimi. Fam. Tonnidce — Tonna. Fam. Architectonicidce. — Architectouica, Henacus, Omalaxis. Fam. Epitoniidce. — Epitonium, Crossea, Aclis. AGLOSSA. Fam. Pymmidellidw.- — Pyrarnidella, Turboiiilla, Odostomia. Fam. Eulimidce. — Eulirna. Tribe 2. HETEROPODA. Fam. Atlantidce. — Atlanta. Fam. Carinariidce. — Carinaria. Fam. Pterotracheidce. — Pterotrachea. Subord. 2. STENOGLOSSA. Tribe 1. RACHIGLOSSA. Fam. TurbinelUdcB. — Megalatractus. Fam. Fasciolariidce. — Fusinus, Latirus. Fam. Mitridce. — Mitra, Vexillum. Fam. ChrysodomidcB. — Siplionalia, Euthria. Fam. Buccinidce. — Cominella, Phos, Pisania, Cantliarus. Fam. AlectrionidcB. — Alectrion. Fam. Muricidre. — Murex, Trophoii, Typliis. Fam. ThaisidcB. — Thais, Drupa. Fam. Cancellar iidce. — Admete. Fam. Pyrenidce. — Mitrella, Anacliis, Alcira, Atilia. Faai. Volutidce. — Fulguraria. Fam. Olividce. — -Ancilla. Fam. Marginellidce. — Marginella, Cryptospira. Tribe 2. TOXOGLOSSA. Fam. Turritidce. — Turris, Drillia, Spirotropis, Bela, Surcula, Mitro- morplia, Bathytoma, Mangilia, Daplmella. Fam. Terebridce. — Terebra. XX SYNOPSIS OP THE GENERA. Subclass II. EUTHYNEURA. Ord. 1. OPISTHOBRANCHIA. Subord. 1. TECTIBRANCHIA. Tribe 1. BULLOMORPHA. Fam. Acteonidce. — Acteon, Pupa, Leucotina, Bullina. Fam. Ringiculidce. — Ringicula. Fam. Tornatinidce. — Tornatina, Volvulella. Fam. Scaphandridce. — Cylichnella. Fam. Bullariidce. — Bullaria. Fam. Aceridoe. — Acera, Haminea. Fam. Philinidce. — Pliiline. Fam. Aglajidce. — Aglaja. Tribe 2. APLYSIOMORPHA. Fam. Aplysiidce. — Tethys, Notarchus. Tribe 3. PLEUROBRANCHOMORPHA. Fam. UmbracuUdce. — -Umbraculum. Fam. Plewobranchidce. — Pleurobranchus, Pleurobranchaea. Subord. NUDIBRANCHIA. Tribe 1. TRITONIOMORPHA. Fam. Tritoniidce. — Tritonia. Tribe 2. DORIDOMORPHA. Fam. GoniodorididcB. — Goniodoris, Acanthodoris. Fam. Dorididce. — Doris, Rostanga, Alloiodoris, G-argamella, Atagema, Chromodoris, Aphelodoris. Fam. Doriopsidcs. — Doriopsis, Doriopsilla. Tribe 3. EOLIDOMORPHA. Fam. Eolidid(B. — Eolis, ^Eolidiella, Facelina, Eolidia, Hervia. • Fam. Proctoitotidce. — Antiopella. Fam. Fionidce. — Fiona. Tribe 4. ELYSIOMORPHA. Fam. Hermceidce. — Stiliger. SYNOPSIS OP THE GENERA. XXI Ord. 2. PULMONATA. Subord. 1. BASOMMATOPHOKA. Fam. AunculidcB. — OpMcardelus, Marinula, Leuconia, Cremuobates. Fam. Amphibolidce. — Amphibola. Fam. Siphonariidce. — Siphonaria. Fam. GadinidcB. — Gadinia. Fam. Lymno'eidce. — Lymnoea, Amphipeplea. Fam. Planorbidce. — Planorbis, Isidora. Fam. AncylidcB. — Latia, Gundlachia. Subord. 2. STYLOMMATOPHORA. Tribe 1. HOLOGNATHA. Fam. Zonitidce. — Fretum. Fam. Limacidce. — Otoconclia. Fam. Phenacohelicidce.— Phacussa, Thalassohelix, Gerontia, Allodiscus, Thermia, Serpho, Therasia, Phenacohelix, Suteria, Flammulina, Ranfurlya. Fam. Endodontidce. — Endodonta, Laoma. Fam. Bulimulidce. — Placostylus. Fam. Achatinellidce. — Tornatellina. Fam. Rhytididce. — Rhytida, Paryphanta, Schizoglossa, Delos. Tribe 3. ELASMOGNATHA. Fam. Athoracophoridce. — Athoracophorus. Tribe 4. DIGONOPORA. Fam. Onchidiidce. — Onchidella. Class IV. S C A P H 0 P 0 D A. Fam. Dentaliidce. — Dentalium. Fam. Siphonodentaliidce. — Cadulus. Class V. P E L E C Y P 0 D A. Ord. 1. PROTOBRANCHIA. Fam. Solemyidce. — Solemya. Fam. NuculidcB. — Nucula. Fam. Ledidce. — Leda, Malletia, Pleurodon, Poroleda. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Ord. 2. FILIBRANCHIA. Subord. 1. ANOMIACEA. Fam. Anomiidce. — Anomia, Placuuanomia. Subord. 2. ARCACEA. Faru. ArcidcB. — Area, Glycymeris. Fam. Liinopsidce. — Limopsis, Lissarca. Fam. Philobryidce. — Philobrya, Hochstetteria. Subord. 3. MYTILACEA. Fam. Mytilidce. — Mytilus, Modiolus, Modiolaria, Lithophaga, Dacry- dium. Subord. 4. PECTINACEA. Fam. Pectinidce. — Pecten. Ord. 3. EULAMELLIBRANCHIA. Subord. 1. OSTRACEA. Fam. LimidcB. — Lima. Fam. Ostreidce. — Ostrea. Fam. Pinnidce. — Atrina. Subord. 2. SUBMYTILACEA. Fam. Modiolarcidce. — Modiolarca. Fam. Crassatellitidce. — Crassatellites, Cyamiomactra. Perrieriua, Cuua. Fam. Carditidce.—G&Tdita,, Venericardia, Verticipronus. Fam. Condylocardiidce. — Condylocardia. Fam. LucinidcB. — Loripes, Divaricella, Moutacuta. Fam. Diplodontidce. — Diplodonta. Fam. ThyasiridcB. — Tliyasira. Fam. Leptonida. — Erycina, Kellia, Neolepton, Lassea, Myllita, Pachy- kellya, Rochefortia, Cyamium. Fam. Sphocriidce. — Sphserium, Corneocyclas. Fam. Unionidce. — Diplodon. Subord. 3. TELLINACEA. Fam. Tellinidce. — Tellina, Macoma. Fam. Setnelidce. — -Leptomya. Fam. Mesodesmatidce. — Mesodesma. Fam. Mactridce. — Mactra, Spisula, Raeta, Zenatia, Resania. Subord. 4. VENERACEA. Fam. VeneridcB. — Dosinia, Macrocallista, Cytherea, Chione, Gomphiua. Paphia, Venerupis. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XX111 Subord. 5. CAEDIACEA. Fam. Cardiidcp. — Protocardia. Subord. 6. MYACEA. Fam. Psammobiidce. — Psammobia, Soletellina. Fam. Corbulidce. — Corbula. Fam. SaxicavidcB. — Saxicava, Panopea. Subord. 7. ADESMACSA. Fam. Pholad'idce. — Pholadidea, Barnea. Fam. TeredinidcB. — Teredo. Subord. 8. ANATINACEA. Fam. Thmciidce. — Thracia. Fam. Periplomidce. — Cochlodesrna. Fam. Myochamidce. — Myodora. Fam. ChamostreidcE. — Chamostrea. Fam. VerticordiidcB. — Verticordia. Ord. 4. SEPTIBRANCHIA. Fam. Cuspidariidce. — Cuspidaria. Class VI. CEPHALOPODA. Ord. 2. DIBRANCHIA. Subord. 1. DECAPODA. Tribe 1. OIGOPSIDA. Fam. Spirulidce. — Spirula. Fam. Architenthidce. — Architeuthus. Fam. Ommastrephidce. — Ommastrephes. Fam. OnychoteuthidcB. — Onychoteuthis. Fam. HistioteuthidcB.- — -Calliteuthis. Fam. Cranchiidce. — Taonidium. Tribe 2. MYOPSIDA. Fam. Sepiidce. — Sepia. Fam. Sepiolidce. — Sepiola. Fam. Loliginidw. — Sepioteuthis. Subord. 2. OCTOPODA. Tribe 2. TRACHYGLOSSA. Fam. Polijpodidce. — Polypus, Pinuoctopus. Fam. ArgonautidcB. — Tremoctopus, Argonauta. MOLLUSCA OF NEW ZEALAND. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA, Cuvier. THE Mollusca are originally bilateral organisms in which signs of primitive segmentation are no longer evident. They possess a well-developed coelom (gonad and pericardium), enteron, and hsemocoel, quite distinct from one another. The alimentary tract exhibits (or has lost) a radular sac in its anterior part. The nervous system consists of a peri-cesophageal ring, whose supra-cesophageal (or dorsal) moiety is the cerebral commissure, and the infra-oesophageal (or ventral) moiety is the labial commissure. The former gives off chiefly sensorial nerves, the latter nerves to the digestive tract. From their union two nervous cords arise on each side — a dorsal or pallial, and a ventral or pedal ; from the former arise the visceral nerves, whose main trunks are frequently joined together under the digestive canal to form the infra-intestinal visceral commissure. The general body-wall is differentiated into three regions : (1) the antero-dorsal or cephalic, on which are borne most of the special sense-organs, called the head ; (2) the postero-dorsal or pallial — the mantle — which forms a projecting fold around the body, and secretes on its external face a calcined cuticle or shell, and on its lower sur- face develops respiratory organs or ctenidia ; (3) the ventral or pedal — the foot — which is the organ of locomotion. A so-called " veliger," or free trochosphere larva, is nearly always present in embryonic development ; its preoral ciliated ring grows out to form a natatory velum, and at its formative pole there is a " pre- conchylian invagination," or shell-gland. The Mollusca are divided into six classes, which may be inter- preted by the following mostly well-known animals : (1) the mail- shell, or Chiton ; (2) the free and floating hyaline pteropods, with wing-like lobes as organs of motion ; (3) the snail and slug ; (4) the tusk-shell, or Dentalium ; (5) the mussel ; (6) the cuttlefish. Molluscs are essentially aquatic animals, but the most varied modes of existence may occur, even among members of the same class. The majority are inhabitants of the sea ; a few live in fresh water ; a single order of gastropods and a few isolated members of the same group are adapted to a terrestrial life. They are distributed over the whole surface of the earth, and in all latitudes. Terrestrial forms are found on the highest mountains, some Stylommatophora at a height of 15,000 ft. ; lacustrine forms are found at a depth of 1— Moll. N Z. '2 MOLLUSCA. 350 fathoms. The pelagic forms are not only distributed over the surface of the sea, but may descend to a depth of 2,600 fathoms with- out reaching the bottom. Abyssal molluscs are found in all oceans, extending to a depth of 2,800 fathoms from the .surface. The different classes of molluscs were already differentiated at a remote epoch of the Palaeozoic era. LITERATURE OF THE MOLLUSCA GENERALLY. I. Concholpgical. Adams, H. and A. " The Genera of Recent Mollusca." 1853-58. Cooke. " Molluscs." " The Cambridge Natural History," vol. iii. 1895. Fischer. " Manuel de Conchyliologie." 1887. Forbes and Hanley. " British Mollusca." 1853. Jeffreys. " British Conchology." 1862-69. Martini and Chemnitz. " Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet." Simroth. '' Mollusca." ' Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier- reichs," vol. iii, from 1895. Taylor. :< Monograph of the Land and Fresh-water 'Mollusca of the British Isles," from 1900. Tryon-Pilsbry. " Manual of Conchology," from 1878. Woodward. " A Manual of the Mollusca." 1880. II. Morphological. Cuenot. " L'Excretion chez les Mollusques." Arch, de Biol., xvi, 1899. Geddes. " On the Mechanism of the Odontophore in certain Mol- lusca." Trans. Zool. Soc. London, x, 1879. Huxley. " On the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca." Phil. Trans., 1853. von Ihering. " Vergleichende Anatomic des Nervensystems und Phy- logenie der Mollusken." 1877. ' Die Gehorwerkzenge der Mollusken." 1876. " Zur Morphologic der Niere der Mollusken." Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., xxix, 1877. Lankester. ' Mollusca." Encyclop. Brit., ed. 9; xvi, 1883. " Contributions to the Developmental History of the Mol- lusca." Phil. Trans., 1875. " Note on the Ccelom and Vascular Svstem of Mollusca and Arthropoda." Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., xxxiv, 1893. Milne-Edwards. ''' Observations sur la Circulation chez les Mol- lusques." Ann. d. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 3, viii, 1847. Moynier de Villepoix. ' Recheches sur la Formation et 1'Accroisse- ment de la Coquille." Pelseneer. " Introduction a 1' Etude des Mollusques." 1894. - "Mollusca." Ray Lankester: "A Treatise on Zoology," part v, 1906. Lang. '' Lehbruch der vergleichenden Anatomic der wirbellosen Tiere," iii, 1900 : Mollusca von K. Hescheler. CLASS I. AMPHINEURA, von Ihering. (= Isoplenra, Ray Lankester'; Aculifera, Hatschek.) THE Amphiueura are a group of Mollusca characterized, firstly, by their more or less elongated and quite symmetrical body, with the mouth and the anus situated at its two ends ; and, secondly, by their mantle, which is always provided with numerous spicules imbedded in a cuticle. The nervous system consists of 2 lateral and 2 ventral parallel cords, meeting in a cerebral ganglion. Head without tentacles or eyes. All the Amphineura are marine in habit. They are found in all oceans and at nearly all depths. They existed in very ancient geo- logical ages, for they are already present in the Lower Silurian. There are two very distinct orders — (1) Polyplacophora ; (2) Apla- cophora. None of the latter have been recorded from New Zealand. ORDER 1 POLYPLACOPHORA, de Blainville. Dorsal surface bearing 8 imbricating shelly plates ; head divided from the body ; gills numerous, occupying a lateral groove on each side between the foot and the encircling mantle ; foot adapted to creep- ing. They are unisexual, the genital organs and nephridia paired. The radula is well developed. Vernacular Name. — Mail-shell. THE SHELL OF THE POLYPLACOPHORA. In the description of the Chitons technical terms are unavoidable, and the following definitions are copied from Pilsbry's excellent mono- graph :— The shell in Chitons consists of 8 imbricating pieces or valves, bound together by a leathery girdle of connective tissue. The valves, when freed of the girdle by soaking a few hours in water, are seen to be of three forms : the anterior (or " head ") valve, semicircular in out- line, its apex elevated ; the intermediate (sometimes called " central ': or " median") valves, squarish in shape; and the posterior (or "tail") valve, which is like the intermediate valves, with the addition of a sloping surface behind the apex or mucro. In structure, the valves are composed of two layers, generally quite different in colour and texture — an outer layer, called by Middendorf the tegmentum ; and an inner, the articulamentum. The surface of the valves (tegmentum) is divided in nearly all Chitons into clearly defined or indistinct areas. The intermediate valves (I) are divided into lateral areas and a central area ; the latter being subdivided into a dorsal or jugal tract, extending t long the ridge of the valve, and two pleura or pleural tracts, occupying the side slopes in front of the diagonal line or rib. In some forms (II) the diagonal line is obliterated, the lateral areas and the pleural tracts being united into a single uniformly sculptured expanse, the latero-pleural area, on i* 4 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. each side, the dorsal or jiagal area remaining distinct. This modi- fication is characteristic of one great phylum of Chitons. As a rule, the head valve is sculptured all over like the lateral areas. The posterior valve (IV) is divided into a central and a posterior area, the former being precisely similar to the area so named in the intermediate valves, and the latter corresponding closely in sculpture to the lateral areas. In some genera the mucro is near or at the posterior edge of the valve, and the posterior area is then reduced to a narrow tract, or altogether absent. In position, the mucro may be either anterior, or median, or posterior ; and it may be either elevated or depressed, the last being sometimes called a flat or planate mucro. The inner layer of the valves (articulamentum) is larger than the tegmentum, projecting in front in two lobes called sutural laminae, which are separated by a median bay, the jugal sinus. At the sides of the intermediate valves, and around the semicircle of the end valves, most Chitons have projecting plates called insertion plates, to which I. INTERMEDIATE VALVE OF ISCHNOCHITON. 1-3, central aares (1, jxigal tract ; 2, 3, pleural tracts) ; 4, 5, lateral areas ; 6, sutural laminae. II. INTERMEDIATE VALVE OF ACANTHOCHITES. 7, insertion plates ; 8, dorsal area ; 9, latero- pleural areas. III. INTERMEDIATE VALVE. 10, sinus; 11, valve-callus; 12, slits ; 13, teeth ; 14, slit-rays ; 15, eaves. IV. POSTERIOR VALVE. 16, central area ; 17, posterior area ; 18, mucro. the girdle is attached. These are commonly cut into teeth by trans- verse slits. From the slits to the apex of each valve inside run slight grooves and rows of pores, known as slit-rays ; often they are obliterated, but in forms having a highly developed system of sense- organs in the tegmentum the pores of the slit-rays serve as nerve- foramina. The teeth are sometimes finely cut or crenulated (technic- ally, " pectinated ") between the slits ; and in some forms the edges of the teeth are thickened outside, or " propped." Fig. Ill represents the interior of the fourth valve of an Ischnochiton, showing the slits, teeth, insertion plates, &c. Polyplacophora.] AMPHINEURA. KEY TO GENERA. a. Valves lacking insertion plates an. Valves possessing insertion plates, valves i-vii or i-viii having slits ; teeth smooth or but slightly roughened between the slits, never closely, finely pectinated. Valves lacking eyes (except Callochiton). b. Surface of intermediate valves divided into lateral and central areas by a diagonal (often indistinct) extending from beak to outer front angle of teg- mentum ; or, if this is not clearly the case, the posterior valve has an even, crescent ic series of well-developed teeth ; all valves having slits. c. Posterior valve having crescentic series of well- developed teeth. d. Valves porous at the eaves. Sutural plates connected across the sinus, side slits several (single in one species), girdle with compact diamond - patterned covering ; valves with minute eyes . . dd. Valves solid at eaves, girdle densely covered with flat imbricating scales, side slits single cc. Posterior valve having a sinus behind, with one slit or none on each side ; girdle hairy or nude, never scaly. d. Posterior valve having a slit on each side of the median sinus dd. Posterior valve having a median tail-sinus, but no slits bb. Surface of intermediate valves divided into a nar- row dorsal area and latero-pleural areas, the latter formed by the union of the lateral and pleural areas ; valves more or less covered by the naked spiculose or hairy (never scaly) girdle. c. Girdle provided with pores bearing tufts or bristles cc. Girdle spongy, produced forward aaa. All valves, or valves i-vii, possessing insertion plates cut into teeth by slits ; teeth sharply sculptured or " pectinated " outside by fine vertical grooves. 6. Valves lacking eyes. c. Girdle scaly cc. Girdle leathery, with short bristles bb. Valves having eyes ; posterior valve not deeply sinused behind, its insertion plate developed. c. Girdle leathery, nude or nearly so . . cc. Girdle covered with calcareous spines bbb. Valves having eyes ; posterior valve having a deep sinus behind, or lacking the insertion plate alto- gether. No eyes on head valve, its ribs not cor- responding to slits ; girdle densely scaly, slit behind tibbb. Valves having eyes upon the lateral areas and head valve. Insertion plate of tail valve re- duced to a smooth ledge or ridge, having no posterior sinus. Girdle leathery, microscopic- ally velvety LEPIDOPLEURUS. CALLOCHITON. ISCHNOCHITON. MOPALIA. PLAXIPHORA. AC'ANTHOCHITES. SPONGIOCHITON. CHITON. EUDOXOCHITON. TONICIA. ACANTHOPLEURA. LOEICA. ONITHOCHITON, 6 AMPHINEURA . [Polyplacopliora, SUBORDER 1. EOPLACOPHORA, Pilsbry. Tegmentum coextensive with articulamentum, or the latter pro- jecting in smooth unslit plates. Fam. LEPIDOPLEURID^-E, Pilsbry. Leptoidea, Carpenter. Leptochitonidce. Ball, " Blake " Gastrop., 1889. 414. Genus Holochiton, Fischer, Man.. 877. Chitons in which the head and tail valves are similarly articulated, and having the insertion plates either obsolete or, if present, without slits. Girdle finely scaly or bristly ; gills short, posterior. This family is readily known by the entire absence of insertion plates, or the simple unslit character of them when present. The living species are few in number, and mainly either northern in distribution or living at considerable depths. All of the Paleozoic Chitons yet known belong to this family, and this fact, together with the weak, imperfect articulation of the valves, causes us to regard the Leptoids as the most primitive of the existing groups. (Pilsbry.) Genus 1. LEPIDOPLEURUS, Risso, 1826. Lepidopleurus, Risso, Hist. Nat. de 1'Europe Merid., iv, 1826, 267 (in part). First species: L. cajetanus, Poli. Not Lepidopleurus of H. and A. Adams, Carpenter, Dall, &c. Leptochiton, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, 127. Leptochiton, in part, of H. and A. Adams, G.R.M., i, 473 ; and of Chemi, Man., i. 381. (Pilsbry.) Insertion plates absent. Girdle with minute, gravelly, smooth or striated scales, usually with a marginal fringe of longer scales. From the Southern Hemisphere very few species are known : two from Tasmania, Australia, and New Zealand, and one each from the Kerguelen Islands, South Georgia, Straits of Magellan, and the Antarctic (Voy. du S.Y. " Belgica "). 1. Lepidopleurus inquinatus, Reeve, 1847. Plate 2, fig. 1; Plate 3, fig. 1. Lepidopleurus inquinatus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Chiton, pi. 23, f. 154; Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 90. L. liratus, Adams and Angas, P.Z.S., 1864, 192 • Man. Conch. (1), xv, 101 ; P. Mai. S.. ii, 86. 184. Shell oblong-ovate, small, yellowish-brown, longitudinally finely ridged. Anterior valve very finely radiately striate, with a few con- centric grooves. Intermediate valves with the central areas longi- tudinally finely grooved, the sculpture extending over the jugum : lateral areas slightly raised, with concentric fine wrinkles and a few distinct furrows near the margin ; valves broadly rounded. Posterior valve with fine longitudinally arranged ridges on the central area, fine concentric riblets and a few distinct furrows on the posterior area, mucro central, the posterior slope concave. Girdle covered with minute scales, which are rounded, convex, and strongly striated. Colour of the valves light yellow with a brown spot along the summit Lepidoplcuru*.] AMPHINEURA. of each valve, sometimes the upper part of the lateral areas is also brown, and the anterior valve has very often the same colour ; the girdle is dirty-white. The interior of the valves is white, the anterior central part of the intermediate valves is finely striate ; there are no insertion plates ; the sinus is very broad and smooth ; the sutural laminse are narrow, high, triangularly rounded, and semitransparent ; the valve-callus well developed. Measurement of a large specimen : Length, 12 mm. ; breadth, 6-5 mm. Divergence, 90°. Type, from Tasmania, in the British Museum. Hab. — Coasts of the North and South Islands, under stones between tide-marks ; 25 fathoms, Hauraki Gulf. Found also in Tasmania, South Australia, and Victoria. SUBORDER 2. MESOPLACOPHORA, Pilsbry. Insertion plates well developed and slit. Fam. ISCHNOCHITONID^, Dall. All the valves with slits, and the inner layer well covered by the outer. Insertion plates sharp, smooth, with eaves. Posterior valve with a series of well-developed teeth. Subfam. 1. 1SCHNOCHITONIN.E. The slits of the anterior and intermediate valves do not correspond with external ribs. Genus 1. ISCHNOCHITON, Gray, 1847. Ischnochiton, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, 26. Type : /. longicymba, Q. & G. Valves external, having sharp, slit, insertion plates, the teeth not buttressed. Eaves solid. Girdle covered with imbricating scales, either flat or convex, smooth or striated. Gills typically extending the entire length of the foot, but in some species they are short in front or at both ends. Ischnochiton is the typical or central point in development of the sharp-toothed division of Chitons, around which the other genera naturally group themselves. Distribution. — World-wide. Subgen. 1. ISCHNOCHITON, Gray (restricted). Lepidopleurus (part), H. and A. Adams, and Carpenter, olim ; not Lepido- pleurus, Risso. Valves having sharp, non-pectinated insertion plates ; mucro median or anterior ; girdle covered with imbricating scales. 8 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora, Sect. 1. ISCHNOCHITON, S.S. Valves and insertion plates thin and smooth, 1 side slit in each median valve ; the scales of the girdle flat and striated, sometimes smooth. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Scales striated. a. Scales faintly striated, mingled with smooth scales . . longicymba. aa. Scales deeply grooved. b. Lateral areas with radial wrinkles, cut up into granules contractus. bb. Lateral areas with broad concentric ridges, radiate rib- lets present or indistinct. c. Shell with the margins subparallel, divergence 100° fulvus. cc. Shell oval, larger, divergence 110-120° .. .. Parkeri. AA. Scales smooth, shell small . . . . . . . . luteoroseus. 1. Ischnochiton contractus, Reeve, 1847. Plate 2, fig. 3. Chiton contractus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Chiton, pi. 15, f. 78. Ischnochiton contractus, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 93, pi. 23, f. 81, 82 ; Suter, P. Mai. S.. vii, 293. Chiton decussatus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 18, f. 107. C. castus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 22, f. 145. Lepidopleurus speciosus, Ad. & Aug.. P.Z.S., 1864, p. *92 ; 1865, p. 187. Shell oval, subelevated, ashy, irregularly streaked with brown- olive. Anterior valve with close radiating wrinkles, broken into granules by concentric grooves. Intermediate valves broadly rounded, the central areas finely zigzaggedly wrinkled, this sculpture being somewhat effaced on the jugum ; lateral areas with radiating, slightly divaricating wrinkles, which also are sometimes cut up into granules by concentric- sculpture. Posterior valve with the same sculpture as the head valve, mucro median, posterior slope straight. Girdle with small, imbricating, and deeply striated scales. Colour yellowish-white or ashy, sometimes with longitudinal rows of brown spots in the centre or laterally ; girdle light brown. Interior white, anterior valve with 14 sharp teeth, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve with 13 slits ; sinus wide, smooth ; the sutural lamina? narrow, not high, rounded. Length, 37 mm. ; breadth, 17-5 mm. Divergence, 110°. Type, from Tasmania, in the British Museum. Hob. — Auckland Islands (Captain Bollons). Tasmania, Australia, Remarks. — This species is, as far as I know, not in any New Zealand collection of our shells, and in 1897 I placed it amongst the species doubtfully occurring in New Zealand waters. In 1906, however, Captain Bollons brought me a small specimen (9 mm. long) which he had found at the Auckland Islands, and this proved to be the above species. The colour is yellowish-white, with 3 longitudinal rows of brown spots. The sculpture consists of the characteristic zigzag wrinkles, which are very delicate, as is to be expected in such a young specimen. Ischnochiton.] AMPHINEURA 2. Ischnochiton fulvus, Suter, 1905. Plate 3, fig. 2, a-d. Ischnochiton fulvus, Suter, J. Mai., xii, 66, pi. 9, f. 5-10 ; Iredale, T.N.Z.I., xl, 373. Shell small, elongated oval, with the sides subparallel, obtusely angled, fulvous. In size, outline, and colour very much like Lepido- pleurus inquinatus. Anterior valve with a few concentric ridges, minutely quincuncially punctate ; the anterior margin white, the remainder uniformly fulvous ; there is a slight posterior median notch. Intermediate valves with the whole surface minutely punctate like the anterior valve, with a few concentric ridges on the central areas, extending over the slightly raised lateral areas, where they are considerably stouter ; no indication of radiate sculpture. Posterior valve punctate like the others, concentrically ridged, mucro subcentral, posterior slope slightly concave. Girdle covered with very small imbricating scales of somewhat unequal size ; they are flatly convex and deeply grooved, usually 4 grooves on a scale. Colour varies from light to dark fulvous, the dorsal and anterior parts being always lighter- coloured ; the anterior margin of the head valve, the anterior and lateral margins of the central valves, and the posterior margin of the tail valve have a narrow white border. Interior dirty-white ; anterior valve with 12 slits at unequal distances ; intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, the posterior tooth small ; posterior valve with 12 slits, the teeth unequal in size ; sinus broad, deep, and smooth ; sutural laminae with the inner sides concave. Length, 12 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. Divergence, 100°. Type, from Te Oneroa, in my collection. Hob. — Te Oneroa, Preservation Inlet ; Brighton, Otago ; Banks Peninsula (Iredale). Remarks. — The very similar L. inquinatus has the intermediate valves longitudinally striated. According to Dr. Torr, this species is also found on the coast of South Australia. 3. Ischnochiton longicymba, Qtioy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 2, fig. 2 ; Plate 3, fig. 3, a, b. Chiton longicymba, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii, 1835, 390. pi. 75, f. 1-18 : Conch. Icon., Chiton, pi. 19. f. 125; pi. 24, f. 163d. Ischnochiton longicymba, Q. & G., Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 87, pi. 22, f. 58-66 ; P. Mai. 8., ii, 186. /. fruticosus, Gould. : Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., xx, p. 594, pi. 21, f. 5, 6 ; pi. 22, f. 7-10 (anatomy) ; not of Gould. Shell oblong, broadly arched, appearing smooth to the naked eye, •colour very variable. Anterior valve with flat and numerous radiate ribleti?, cut up into granules by concentric furrows, which are strongly impressed near the margin. Intermediate valves with the central areas very closely and finely wrinkled in quincuncial pattern, extending over the jugum. Lateral areas slightly raised, with 4-12 radiating riblets, very often bifurcating, cut into nodules by growth-lines ; 10 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. interspaces densely granulated. Posterior valve has on the central area the same sculpture as the intermediate valves on the same area, and the posterior area the same as the anterior valve ; inucro sub- central, posterior slope slightly concave. Girdle covered with imbri- cating, flatly convex, and feebly striated scales, amongst which smooth scales occur. Colour extremely variable, mostly light green mottled with dark green, brown, yellowish-white, &c. ; sometimes black with a broad light band along the back, or grey with a dark-green median band. Interior coloured in accordance with the ground-colour of the outer side ; anterior valve with 9-12 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve with 1 1 slits ; the teeth thin, sharp, and smooth ; posterior tooth of the side insertion plates short, and terminating abruptly before attaining the posterior margin of the valve ; sinus very broad ; sutural lamina? narrow and rather high. Length, 40 mm. ; breadth, 18 mm. : mostly smaller. Divergence, about 95°. Type in Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Throughout New Zealand and at the Chatham Islands ; under stones between tide-marks ; more common in the north. Remark. — Nearly allied to /. crispus, Reeve, of Tasmania and Australia. Maori. — Cara (fide Quoy and Gaimard). 4. Ischnochiton luteoroseus, Suter, 1907. Plate 3, fig. 4. Ischnochilon luteoroseus, Sutev, P. Mai. S., vii, 293, f. 1 in text. Shell small, elongately oval, minutely granulate, uniformly pink or yellowish with longitudinal pink bands. Anterior valve with a posterior rounded sinus, finely granulated in quincuncial pattern, as is also the tegmentum of all other valves. Intermediate valves with the lateral areas hardly raised and not well defined, valves lightly beaked and sharply rounded. Posterior valve with a central mucro, a slight transverse impression below it, the posterior slope straight. Girdle with small, imbricating, roundish, flatly convex, and smooth scales of equal size. Colour pink, but mostly yellowish with concentric- pink bands on the head valve, longitudinal, usually 3 on each side, on the central valves, and mostly absent on the tail valve ; these bands are slightly undulating or zigzagging. Interior bright pink ; anterior valve with 11 slits at irregular distances, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve with 8 slits : corresponding with the slits there are radiate fine white lines in all valves ; sinus broad and smooth ; sutural laminae broadly rounded. Length, 5 mm. ; breadth, 3 mm. Divergence, 80°. Type in my collection. Hob. — A few specimens and a number of valves in sand dredged in 50 fathoms, near the Bounty Islands, by Captain Bollons ; Dusky Sound, in 30 fathoms (R. Henry) ; Stewart Island. Ischnochiton.\ AMPHINEURA. 11 Remarks. — To judge from the valves gathered, the species will attain a slightly larger size, but most of my specimens are considerably smaller. The colour, smallness, and absence of radiating sculpture distinguish this species. It belongs to the group with smooth scales. A specimen from Dusky Sound is yellowish-white, mottled with brown triangular streaks and spots, crowded along the ridge, but otherwise it does not differ from Bounty Island specimens. 5. Ischnochiton Parkeri, Suter, 1897. Plate 3, fig. 5, a-d. Isch)wr.hiton Parkeri, Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 186, f. 1-6 in text. Lepidopleurus circumvallatus, Reeve: Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 113, not of Reeve. Shell oblong, angularly arched, yellowish to brown, lateral areas with feeble radial riblets. Anterior valve minutely decussate, with numerous radiate low riblets, which are more or less cut up into fine nodules by concentric growth-lines. Intermediate, valves angularly arched, beaked, the sutures distantly serrate, jugum and central areas finely granulated by longitudinal and transverse zigzag wrinkles ; lateral areas raised, with numerous broad, flatly rounded, concentric ridges, the interspaces faintly granulate; sometimes distinct radiate riblets, numbering 8-10, are present. Posterior valve with the central area finely granulate, posterior area with numerous unequal and rounded concentric ridges ; mucro central, low and obtuse, posterior slope slightly concave. Girdle covered by small imbricating scales, which are all of about the same size, convex, deeply grooved, 3-£ grooves on each ; margin of girdle with a fringe of minute spicules. Colour variable, from horny-yellow to chestnut-brown, mostly darker on the posterior margin of the valves, with more or less predominant black longitudinal stripes, assuming often a triangular shape, closer together or coalescing towards the girdle, jugum mostly without black mark- ings. Interior blue ; anterior valve with 11-13 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve with 12-13 slits ; teeth sharp and smooth, posterior tooth of intermediate valves short, as in /. longicymba ; sinus broad and smooth ; the sutural laminae rather low, broadly rounded ; valve-callus stout. Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. Divergence, 110-120°. Type, from Campbell Island, in the Otago Museum, Dunedin. Hob. — Campbell Island ; Auckland Islands ; Bare Island (Schauins- land). Remarks. — It is no doubt this species which was taken for 1. lonyi- cymba, Q. & G., by Filhol and Hutton. According to Thiele, it is /. melanterus, Rochebrune. Subfam. 2. CALLOCHITONIN.E. With shell-eyes and united sutural laminae. 12 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. Genus 2. CALLOCHITON, Gray, 1847. Callochiton, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, 126, 168. Type : Chiton Icevis, Montagu. Not Callochiton of Carpenter's earlier writings (P.Z.S.. 1865, 276, &c.) = Callistochiton. Clathropleura, Thiele (part). Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., iii, 1877, 136. Valves exposed ; insertion plates rising out of porous or spongy eaves, and cut into numerous teeth ; sutural plates connected or continuous across the shallow jugal sinus. The species are not numerous ; they occur in the British seas, the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Manaar, Straits of Magellan, Chile, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Reunion, Mauritius, Arctic station " Gauss." Littoral to 130 fathoms. Subgen. CALLOCHITON, s.s. Girdle covered with a smooth compact layer of very small diamond- shaped scales. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Entire surface delicately shagreened . . . . platessa. aa. Central areas distinctly sculptured. b. A row of deep pits in front of the lateral areas . . . . empleurus, bb. Central areas with 4-5 deep grooves on each side ; median valves with 2 slits . . . . • • sulculatus. bbb. Central areas with elevated separate longitudinal threads ; median valves with 1 slit . . . . puniceus. 1. Callochiton empleurus, Hutton, 1872. Plate 3, fig. 6. Chiton empleurus, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., iv, 178. C. crocinus, Reeve : Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xv, 67, not of Reeve. C. empleurus, Hutt., P. Mai. S., ii, 185 ; J. Mai., xii, 65, pi. 9, f. 1-4. Shell small, elongated oval, subcarinated, slopes very slightly convex ; flesh-colour, with a squarish white patch on the posterior part of the jugal tract. Anterior valve almost smooth, but minutely punctate and with numerous small eyes, anterior margin with square white spots at irregular distances, and faint traces of radiate riblets ; posterior margin with a median notch. Intermediate valves with the central area minutely punctate, the jugum mostly smooth, with a few transverse shallow furrows, on the central areas in front of the anterior edge of the lateral areas 9-10 deep pits on each side, which are getting shorter and shallower towards the median part of the valve ; lateral areas raised, distinct, with well-pronounced concentric ridges : the eyes are very numerous. Posterior valve rather indistinctly minutely punctate, with a subcentral mucro, which is studded with minute eyes, posterior slope slightly concave. Girdle, with characteristic minute elongated glossy scales. Colour fleshy, lighter and with white streaks on the jugum ; a white squarish spot on each intermediate valve on the posterior part of the jugum, and on the tail valve in front Callochiton.} AMPHINEURA. 13 of the mucro. Interior pink ; sinus rather broad, shallow ; inter- mediate valves with 4 slits on each side. Length, 22 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm. Divergence, 83°. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hab. — Near Stewart Island, in about 15 fathoms. Remarks. — A specimen found on oysters by Mr. C. Cooper, of Auck- land, and kindly presented to me, was used for the description and figures. As I did not want to disarticulate the only specimen, the num- ber of slits in the terminal valves still remain unknown. The habitat of this species was hitherto unknown. 2. Callochiton platessa, Gould, 1846. Plate 3, fig. 7, a-d. Chiton platessa, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., ii, 143 ; U.S. Expl. Ex., 320, f. 434, 434a. Callochiton platessa, Gould, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 49, pi. 10, f. 1-5 ; P. Mai. S., ii, 184; T.N.Z.I., xl, 374. Chiton crocinus, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 22, f. 146. Callochiton crocinus, Keeve, Man. Conch. (1), xv, 67, pi. 10, f. 7. Chiton versicolor, Angas, P.Z.S., 1852, 92. pi. 16, f. 5. Leptochiton versicolor, Angas, P.Z.S., 1867, 223. Shell oval, surface delicately shagreened, no radial sculpture; colour orange or yellowish-white, with end valves and part of the central valves orange. Anterior valve with a few indistinct concentric- lines of growth. Intermediate valves rounded, beaked, the central areas with fine transverse lines, lateral areas elevated, with a number of distant low concentric ridges, very rarely an indication of a few radiate furrows. Posterior valve with the central area distinctly separated from the posterior area by a straight transverse line, pos- terior area with a few concentric growth-lines ; mucro median, very low, posterior slope but slightly convex. Girdle with delicate flat elongated scales. Colour very variable, orange with yellowish longi- tudinal bands, alternating orange and white spots on the sutures, or head and tail valve orange, the latter with a white triangular spot in the middle of the central area, the intermediate valves yellowish or reddish white, with orange spots on the beaks ; there are minute black dots (eyes) present, which are absent from the central areas ; the girdle brownish, with a few small white flecks and 5 large white spots, 4 very large spots extending from the first and sixth suture to the edge of the girdle. Interior : Anterior valve with 16 slits, intermediate valves with 3 slits on each side, posterior valve with 14 slits ; teeth solid, bifid or 3-shaped, propped outside ; eaves very spongy, simple, short ; sinus small, wide ; sutural plates united. Length, 19 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm. Divergence, 120°. Type in the U.S. National Museum, Washington. Hab. — Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, 18 fathoms (Captain Bollons) : Lyall Bay (W. H. Webster) ; Shag Point (Iredale). Australia. Remarks. — There is one specimen, locality unknown, in the Do- minion Museum, Wellington. This is one of our very rare species. 14 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. 3. Callochiton puniceus, Gould, 1846. Plate 3, fig. 8, a-c. Chiton puniceus, Gould, P. Bost, S.N.H., ii, 1846. 143 ; U.S. Expl. Ex., xii, 1852, 324, f. 412. Ischnochiton puniceus, Couthouy : Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 81, pi. 8, f. 76, 77. Callochiton (Icoplax) puniceus, Gould, " Deutsche Siidpolar Expedition " ; Thiele, " Die antarktischen und subantarktischen Chitonen," 1908, 14. Chiton illuminatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, 1847, pi. 22, f. 147. Callochiton illuminatus, Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 51, pi. 9, f. 92-94; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 185, vii, 294 ; Melville and Standen, Scottish Antarct. Exp., Moll., 126. Chiton dimorphus, Rochebrune, Miss. Cap Horn, Moll., 142, pi. 9, f. 10. Shell oval, rather elevated, granulose, central areas with longi- tudinal threads, colour red or green. Anterior valve granulose, no radiate sculpture, numerous small black eyes. Intermediate valves wrinkle striate and granulose all over, the jugum acute, central areas with slender elevated separated threads, parallel to the jugum, 6-14 on each side ; lateral areas granulose, with 2 rows of eyes, no radial sculpture. Posterior valve with numerous longitudinal threads on the central area, posterior area minutely granulose and with a fair number of eyes ; mucro a little in front of the middle, slightly elevated. Girdle, with small elongate scales. Colour of type red, New Zealand specimens sometimes greenish-grey ; girdle of the same colour, often spotted with paler at the sutures. Interior roseate or greenish, anterior valve with 15-16 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve with 11-14 slits ; teeth acute, quite distant, scarcely propped ; eaves spongy ; sinus small, the sutural plates connected across it. Length, 16 mm. ; breadth, 10 mm. Divergence, 120°. Type, from Tierra del Fuego, in the U.S. National Museum, Washington. Of C. illuminatus, from Straits of Magellan, the type is in the British Museum. Hob. — One specimen, dredged near Kapiti Island, in the Canter- bury Museum ; another full-grown yellowish-red specimen from 18 fathoms, Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, is in Professor Chilton's collection ; a young greyish-white specimen from 50 fathoms, near the Snares Islands, is in my collection. The latter two specimens were dredged by Captain Bollons. Common in the Magellan Province. Remarks. — In having but 1 slit in the median insertion plates and in the want of props on the teeth this species is abnormal ; in other respects it agrees with Callochiton (Pilsbry). Thiele is of opinion that the green specimen from Kapiti Island may prove to be a distinct species. In many species of the Chitons the colour is not of specific value. 4. Callochiton sulculatus, Suter, 1907. Plate 3, fig. 9. Callochiton sulculatus, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 294, f. 5 in text. Shell very small, oval, angularly raised, side slopes straight, central areas laterally grooved, colour light fulvous. Anterior valve with a Callochiton.] AMPHINEURA. 15 few fine growth-lines, otherwise smooth, the whole surface dotted with small black eyes. Intermediate valves having the jugum sharply rounded, central areas microscopically longitudinally closely striate, 4 to 5 deep grooves on each side, the innermost extending only over half the length ; lateral areas distinctly raised, microscopically radially striate, with numerous eyes, flatly and broadly nodulous by a few concentric furrows, more pronounced near the margins ; sutures crenate. Posterior valve smooth, with many eye-dots ; mucro in front of the middle, low ; posterior slope slightly concave. Girdle with elongated, pointed, and slightly keeled smooth scales. Colour light fulvous, darker on the end valves and lateral areas ; girdle white, with fulvous patches. Interior pinkish-white ; anterior valve with 14, median valves with 2 slits on each side, and posterior valve with 10 slits ; teeth blunt, propped up on the outside ; eaves spongy ; the low and broadly rounded sutural lamime continuous across the shallow sinus. Approximate dimensions : Length, 9 mm. ; breadth, 6 mm. Divergence, 105°. Type in my collection. Hab. — Dusky Sound, 30 fathoms (R. Henry). Remarks. — With regard to sculpture, this species stands between C. empleurus and C. puniceus ; the former, however, has only deep pits on the lateral areas, and the median valves with 4 slits ; the latter has elevated longitudinal threads on the lateral areas, and the median valves with 1 slit only. Fam. MOPALIIDJE, Pilsbry. Placipho roidea (part) and Mo^aloidea (part). Carpenter. Not Mopaliidce, Dall. Chitons in which the valves are divided in the normal manner into lateral and central areas ; the teeth of insertion are not pectinated ; and the posterior valve has a posterior-median sinus, with 1 slit on each side, or none. The girdle is more or less hairy, never scaly. Gill- row as long as the foot. The normal number of slits in the anterior valve is 8 ; but this is often increased or diminished by splitting or fusion of 1 or 2 teeth. The slits correspond in position to external ribs. The intermediate and posterior valves have not more than 1 well-developed slit on each side, and even this is lacking in the tail valve of Plaxiphora. The girdle is frequently provided with pores at the sutures, each pore generally bearing 2 or several bristles or hairs ; but the pre- sence or absence of these pores is in no case of more than specific value, and in some cases I have found it to be a mutable feature among individuals of the same species. (Pilsbry.) 16 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. Genus 1. MOPALIA, Gray, 1847. Mopalia, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, 65, 69, 169 (exclusive of section xx). Type : Chiton Hindsii, Sowerby. Molpcdia, Gray, 1857 (err. typ. ). Osteochiton, Ball, 1886. Valves normally proportioned, transverse, not beaked, exposed, the girdle somewhat encroaching at the sutures. Sinus small ; in- sertion plate of anterior valve rather long, sharp, slit into nearly smooth teeth, which are somewhat thickened at the edges of the slits, the latter being normally 8 in number and corresponding in position to external ribs. Median valves having similar 1-slit insertion plates. Posterior valve depressed, the mucro post-median, insertion plate rather sharp, smooth or roughened, having an oblique slit on each side (rarely doubled) and a larger sinus in the middle behind. Girdle wider at the sides than in front, leathery, more or less hairy, the hairs simple ; with or without sutural pores. The genus is known only from the shores of the northern Pacific, extending from Lower California to Alaska and Japan. It may be regarded as the most primitive of the existing genera of Mopaliidce, Placiphorella and Plaxiphora being special modifications of the Mopalia type. The small additional slits occurring in some forms are cases of partial reversion to the multifissate ancestral form which gave rise to the family. (Pilsbry.) Our species is the first recorded from the Southern Hemisphere. 1. Mopalia australis, Suter, 1907. Plate 3, figs. 12, 12a. Mopalia australis, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii. 215, pi. 18, f. 12. Shell very small, elongately oval, with a blackish leathery girdle and sutural tufts. Anterior valve with 8 slits, teeth smooth. Inter- mediate valves with a rounded central posterior projection, insertion plates with 1 slit on each side. Posterior valve depressed, with an oblique slit on each side and bisinuate in the middle behind. Girdle narrow, leathery, slightly broader on the sides, with a few sutural bristles. Colour probably ash-grey, with a few longitudinal brown stripes over the jugum. Interior bluish-grey, with a posterior brown margin ; on the intermediate valves the tegmentum forms a narrow band by passing beyond the articulamentum ; sinus broad and slightly pectinate ; the sutural laminae narrowly rounded ; the valve-callus is quite distinct. Length, 9 mm. ; breadth, 5'5 mm. Divergence, about 120°. Type in my collection. Hob. — Snares Islands (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — I am indebted to Captain Bollons for two specimens he collected at the Snares Islands. Both examples are so much corroded that it is impossible to recognise any sculpture, if it was present. The side slits of the posterior valve leave no doubt about the generic position. Plaxiphora. ] AMPHINEURA. 17 Genus 2. PLAXIPHORA, Gray, 1847. Plaxiphora, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, 65, 68, 169. Type : Chiton setiger, King. Placiphora, Cpr. MS. and Ball, 1881. Placophora, Dal) ; not Placophorus, Mulsant, 1873. Euplaxiphora, Shuttleworth. Chcetopleura (part), Roche- brune, not Chcetopleura, Shuttleworth. (Pilsbry.) Valves mostly exposed, all having insertion plates developed, that of the anterior valve normally with 8 (sometimes 7-9) slits. Median valves 1 slit. Posterior valve having the insertion plate smooth, unslit, interrupted behind by a median rounded sinus, which does not generally emarginate the tegmentum ; mucro posterior. Girdle bearing simple bristles or hairs, scattered or gathered into pores or tufts at the sutures. Subgen. 1. PLAXIPHORA, s.s. Slits of anterior valve normally 8, corresponding in position to external ribs ; the teeth long outside. Girdle widest at the sides. Mantle not fringed in front of the head. Distribution. — Southern extremities of the southern continents : New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, Tristan da Cunha, and South America. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Valves exposed. a. Posterior valve not greatly reduced in size or altered in form. b. Central areas unsculptured save for growth-lines, c. Sutural pores or tufts distinctly developed. d. Lateral areas with 2 to 4 low, flat ribs ; shell large . . . . . . . . superba. dd. Lateral areas with 2 raised, rounded ribs ; shell small . . . . . . . . aucklandica. cc. Sutural pores absent, girdle densely covered with bristles . . . . . . . . . . glauca. bb. Central areas sculptured, at least at the sides, c. Sculpture rather coarse. d. Shell large ; sutural pores with bifurcating bristles ; girdle broad, reddish . . biramosa. dd. Shell small ; sutural pores with more than 2 bristles ; girdle narrow, white or white and black . . . . . . . . ccelata. cc. Sculpture excessively fine . . . . . . Murdochi. aa. Posterior valve reduced to a narrow crescentic form, strongly arched upwards . . . . . . . . ovata. B. Valves partially immersed in the girdle, which encroaches at the sutures ; no sutural pores . . . . . . . . obtecta. Sect. 1. PLAXIPHORA, s.s. Euplaciphora, Shuttleworth, not Carpenter. Valves exposed. Entire shell normal in form ; posterior valve not greatly reduced in size or altered in form. 18 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. 1. Plaxiphora aucklandica, Suter, 1909. Plate 3, fig. 10. Plaxiphora aitcklnndicn, Suter. Subantarct. Islds. N.Zeal., i. 1909. 2. pi. 1. f. 1. Shell small, elongately oval, depressed, valves very fragile, dorsal ridge subangular ; colour light brown, jugal tract whitish, white dashes on the sides ; girdle wide, black, with sutural tufts of very long bristles. Anterior valve short and broad, flattish, with 8 granu- lated radial ribs. Intermediate valves wide, depressed, the jugum smooth, roundly angled ; pleural tracts smooth, with very fine growth- lines ; lateral areas not raised, with 2 narrow granulated ribs, the interspaces smooth. Posterior valve smooth, small, the mucro pos- terior, the hind slope nearly straight. Girdle broad, with very pro- minent sutural tufts formed by 3 to 4 very long light-brown bristles ; 5 tufts round the anterior and a few round the posterior valve ; a second series of tufts with shorter bristles near the margin, which is beset with short brownish hairs ; remainder of the girdle quite naked, smooth. Colour of the valves light brown, intermediate and tail valves usually with a dorsal triangular white area with a longitudinal brown median line ; 1 or 2 white elongated spots are mostly present on the pleural, rarely on the lateral, areas ; girdle black. Length, about 15 mm. Divergence, 105°. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hab. — Musgrave Harbour, Auckland Islands (Edgar R. Waite). Remark. — The valves are so exceedingly brittle that it was impos- sible to disarticulate the specimen without completely destroying it. 2. Plaxiphora biramosa, Quoy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 3, fig. 4 ; Plate 2, fig. 11. Chiton biramosus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol.. iii, 378. pi. 74. f. 12-16. Plaxi- phora biramosa, Q. & G., Man. Conch. (1). xiv. 319. pi. 68, f. 51-54: P. Mai. S-, ii. 188. P. setiger. King : Wissel. Zool. Jahrb.. Syst.. xx. 603. pi. 22, f. 16-18. not of King. Shell ovoid, elongated, flattened, valves very transverse, girdle red-brown, with bifurcating bristles at the sutures. Anterior valve with 8 radiate ribs, cut into nodules by zigzagging concentric shallow grooves. Intermediate valves much depressed, with the jugum keeled ; pleural areas densely longitudinally wrinkled, the wrinkles coarse in front of the lateral areas, finer in front, oblique on the jugum ; lateral areas concentrically wrinkled, 2 strongly nodulous ribs — one in front, the other at the suture. Posterior valve small, slightly concave, trans- versely striated ; an elevated ridge runs to the terminal mucro, which forms a transverse ridge. Girdle vivid red, having 2 spaced series of rough, sparse, and bifurcating hairs, the inner series contiguous to the valves, the other near the periphery of the girdle, which is also hairy. Besides the sutural pores there are 5 in front and 2 behind. The girdle with a deep posterior slit, its depth, however, being variable. Colour mostly green, with longitudinal red-brown flamules on the Plaxiphom.] AMPHINEURA. 19 anterior half of the central valves ; head valve with a brown spot on the umbo, and a few concentric brown lines near the anterior margin ; tail valve the same colouring as the central valves. Interior white, the anterior valve with 8 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve without slits ; sutural laminse not wide, separated only by a very obtuse sinus. Length, 45 mm. ; breadth, 31 mm. Divergence, 140-150°. The largest specimen I found measured 60 mm. by 40 mm. Type in Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hnb. — French Pass (type) ; Cook Strait ; Te Onepoto, near Sumner. Remarks. — This species is rare and local. It is found near low- water mark, on rocks in exposed situations, and mostly hidden between seaweeds. As the Chiton is almost always covered by Nulliporites and seaweeds, it is not easy to see it. The colour is subject to great varia- tion, but green and red-brown are always predominating. The pos- terior fissure of the girdle has formerly been overlooked ; very often it is extending to the tail valve, as in Lorica, but not affecting the valve in any way. Sometimes this fissure is reduced to a simple notch. Pilsbry makes P. superba, Carpenter, MS., a synonym of P. bira- mosa, but I cannot share his opinion. Carpenter's species is identical with the very variable P. subatrata, Sut. Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British Museum, kindly sent me a photograph of the type of the former, and there is not the least doubt that the two are conspecific. 3. Plaxiphora caelata, Reeve, 1847. Plate 2, fig. 5. Chiton ccelatus. Reeve, Conch. Icon.. Chiton, pi. 17, f. 101. Plaxiphoia ccelaia, Reeve. Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 328, pi. 58, f. 21. 22; P. Mai. S., ii, 189. Tonicia ziczac, Button, T. N.Z.I., iv, 180. Chiton (Plaxiphora) terminalis, E. A. Smith, Ereb. & Ter.. 4, pi. i, f. 13; Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 326, pi. 51, f. 14. CJuetopleura Hahni, Rochebrune : Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., xx. 600. pi. 21, f. 12 : pi. 22, f. 13-15 (anatomy); not of Rochebrune. Shell elongately oval, roundly angled along the top of the valves, mostly dark brown or black with white markings, girdle hairy. An- terior valve radiately 8-ribbed, with diverging oblique striations on each side of them. Intermediate valves mucronated, the whole surface covered with distinct wrinkles, stouter in front of the lateral areas, diverging from both sides of the jugum, and like the webs from the shaft of a feather from the lateral areas, which are but little raised, with a high radiating nodulous rib in front, and 1 along the suture, which bears coarse concentric lamella? near the margin ; sutures crenulated. Posterior valve with concentric wrinkles, the mucro posterior, with a smooth triangular space in front. Girdle covered with rather sparse brown horny bristles, and with distinct sutural pores. Colour mostly brown, black, or bluish-black, with a white wedge-shaped stripe with a black one within it down the centre of the valves, sometimes a few short white dashes diverging from the radiating ridges ; very rarely ornamented with green and pink. Interior light 20 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. blue ; anterior valve with 8, central valves with 1 slit on each side ; teeth sharp, lightly furrowed on the outer side ; tail valve with a strong smooth and sinuated insertion plate ; sinus deep, convex ; sutural laminae rounded, stout ; a strong valve-callus. My largest specimen is 45 mm. long by 22 mm. broad. An average specimen : length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 11 mm. Divergence. 100-110°. Type in the British Museum (Cuming collection). Hab. — Coasts of the North and South Islands, more common in the south ; Chatham Islands : under stones between tide-marks. Remarks. — The ornamentation is very variable, and the ground- colour varies from white to dark brown and black. The green-and- pink colour-pattern mentioned by Reeve is very rarely met with ; I found it only on specimens living in kelp-roots. 4. Plaxiphora glauca, Quoy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 3, fig. 13. Chiton glaucus, Q. & C4., Voy. Astrol.. iii, 376, pi. 74. f. 7-11. Plaxiphora glauca, Q. & G.. Man. Conch. (1). xiv, 325. pi. 68. f. 68-72; J. Mai., xii, 66. ? Plaxiphora ciliata, Angas, P.Z.S.. 1865. 187; not Chiton ciliatus, Sowerby. Shell oval, widened at the sides, widely rounded, smooth ; greenish, with black markings. Anterior valve with 8 low radiate riblets, inter- stices smooth. Intermediate valves broadly rounded, with fine trans- verse lines of growth on the central areas ; lateral areas not raised, distinguished by a low rounded anterior rib ; sometimes 1 or 2 more radiate, but always indistinct, ribs may be seen. Posterior valve convex, with transverse lines, mucro terminal. Girdle of a beautiful green (brown when dry), covered with rigid but not acute bristles of the same colour. Colour brown, with longitudinal oblique and slightly undulating bands of bluish-green ; along the back there is a triangle of light brown, margined by bluish-green, on each of the central valves. Interior emerald-green, anterior valve with 8 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, tail valve with a smooth insertion plate ; sinus wide, spongy, sutural laminae broadly rounded, light blue. Length, 50 mm. ; breadth, 37 mm. Type. — Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hab. — Chatham Islands (Fougere). The type is from d'Entre- casteaux Channel. Tasmania. South Australia. Remarks. — Specimens from the Chatham Islands are in my collec- tion. It is rather curious that such a large shell should not have been recorded before. 5. Plaxiphora Murdoch!, Suter, 1905. Plate 3, fig. 16. Plaxiphora Murdoch!, Sut r, J. Mai., xii, 67, pi. 9. f. 11. Shell rather small, oval, slightly narrowed behind, roundly angled along the top of the valves, blackish-green, finely sculptured, inter- mediate valves mucronated ; girdle narrow, of a minutely scaly ap- pearance, and with sparse hairlets. Anterior valve radiately 8-ribbed, Plaxiphora.] AMPHINEURA. with fine diverging striae, which are coarser near the anterior margin and form elongated nodules on the posterior margin. Intermediate valves with a lighter-coloured posterior mucro, the whole surface sculptured with fine striae ; the lateral areas distinctly marked off by an elevated ridge descending from the mucro and dissolving into numerous fine striae, the striae of the lateral and central areas radiate from that ridge like the webs from the shaft of a feather ; sutures. with a row of nodules ; central areas with diverging riblets on the jugum, but straight and parallel to the jugum on the sides. Pos- terior valve small, slightly emarginate behind ; mucro terminal, slightly raised, from the elevated postero-lateral ribs the fine stria- diverge straight in front, obliquely on the posterior area. Girdle has, viewed with an ordinary pocket-lens, the appearance of being minutely scaly, but a more powerful lens reveals the fact that the whole surface is densely pitted ; near some of the sutures tufts of a few light-coloured bristles, and a few hairlets near the margin ; it seems probable that the bristles are deciduous. Colour blackish-green, girdle a little darker ; the anterior valve with a few concentric light-blue zigzag bands ; the intermediate valves have a number of wavy longitudinal blue streaks running over the lateral and central tracts ; the posterior- valve with an indistinct blue patch on each side ; anterior valve with 8 slits ; teeth strong, broadly grooved on the outside ; inter- mediate valves with 1 slit on each side ; posterior valve with a smooth insertion plate and a posterior median sinus. Length, 17 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm. Divergence, 108°. Type in my collection. Hab. — Near entrance to Kawhia Harbour, on rocks at half-tide, much exposed to heavy seas, type (R. Murdoch) ; Port Molyneux (Dr. Torr). Remark. — Sculpture similar to that of biramosa and ccplata^ but much finer. 6. Plaxiphora superba, Pilsbry, 1893. Plate 2, fig. 6 ; Plate 3, fig. 14. Plaxiphora superba, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 319, pi. 68, f. 55-61. P. subatrata, Suter, P. Mai. S-, ii, 1897, 190, f. 7-11. Shell large, oval, moderately elevated, dorsal ridge acute, rounded and worn off in old specimens, reddish-olive, brown, or olive, with a few transverse blackish bands, girdle with sutural pores. Anterior valve subangled by 8 radii, which slightly undulate the peripheral margin ; otherwise nearly smooth except for growth-lines, or strongly concentrically ridged and the ribs almost obsolete. Intermediate valves nearly rectangular, transversely elongate to very narrow, having a " false apex " in front, and more or less distinctly beaked behind ; the whole surface smooth except for growth-lines, and 2 flat, sometimes nodulous, ribs bounding the but-little-raised lateral areas ; the ribs may increase to 4. Posterior valve small, depressed, concentrically ridged, mucro subposterior to terminal, but little elevated. Girdle. 22 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. broader at the sides, leathery, tan colour, dark brown or black when dry, with sutural pores with long corneous bristles, 2 to 6 in a tuft, and a second row of alternating tufts and bristles along the margin ; in front of the end valves 6, rarely 5, smaller pores. Colour reddish- olive, maculated with darker and paler ; or reddish-brown, the jugum dirty-pink or with a wedge-shaped white stripe with a brown one in the centre. Interior white tinged with blue, or distinctly blue ; anterior valve with 8 irregularly placed slits ; teeth sharp, striated on the outside ; intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, the posterior tooth broad ; posterior valve with a rounded elevated in- sertion plate and a narrow sinus in the middle behind. Sinus narrow, short ; sutural laminae continuous over the anterior false apex. Length, 60mm.; breadth, 40mm.: divergence, 110°. Length, 75 mm. ; breadth, 45 mm. : divergence, 125° (subatrata). Type in the British Museum (Cuming collection, No. 2). Hal. — Auckland Islands, Campbell Island (Captain Bollons) ; Mac- quarie Island (A. Hamilton). Remarks. — The species was described in MS. by Carpenter, and pub- lished by Pilsbry, who considered it to be a synonym of P. biramosa. In 1897 I published a note (P. Mai. S., ii, 188) saying that I could not share Pilsbry's opinion, and that P. superba was much nearer P. sub- atrata. When describing the latter species I had only dry, badly pre- served specimens from Macquarie Island and one spirit specimen from Campbell Island at my disposal, and in all these the valves are much nar- rower than in the type. Captain Bollons has of late most kindly brought well-preserved specimens from Campbell and Auckland Islands, and the study of this material has convinced me that P. subatrata cannot be considered a distinct species — not even a valid subspecies. The shape of the intermediate valves is subject to great variability, from very narrow and high to very wide and low, but all intermediate grades occur, and I found it perfectly useless and next to impossible to separate the two forms. The proportion of the longitudinal to the transverse width of the valves I found to vary from 1:2 to 1:3. This species may be P. CampbeUi, Filhol (Compt. Rend., xci, 1880, 1095), which, however, is quite insufficiently described, and has never been figured. The specimens from Macquarie Island have the valves thickly covered by Nulliporites, those from Campbell Island by Polyzoa. Sect. 2. GUILDINGIA, Pilsbry. Gmldingia, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (I), xiv. 1893, 312, 329; and Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 284. 288. Type : G. obtecta, Pilsbry. Shell and girdle like Plaxiphora, except that the valves are partly immersed by the encroachment of the girdle. Plaxiphora.} AMPHINEURA. 23 Remarks. — The validity of this section seems to me rather doubt- ful, as the encroachment of the girdle is an extremely variable cha- racter. The only species known is the type. Dried specimens very often show no encroachment of the girdle at all. 7. Plaxiphora obtecta, Pilsbry, 1893. Plate 2, fig. 7. Plaxiphora obtecta, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 330. Mopalia ciliatcu Sowerby: Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 11(3, not of Sowerby. Plaxiphora Suteri. Pilsbry," "Nautilus," viii, 1894, 8 : Suter, P. Mai. S.. ii, 190. P. glauca. Q. & G. : Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., Syst,. xx, 606, pi. 21, f. 19 ; pi. 22, f. 20, 21 (anatomy); not of Quoy and Gaimard. Shell large, oval, olive-brown, nearly smooth, broad, partly covered. Anterior valve smooth, with very fine growth-lines, but rarely with subobsolete radial ribs. Intermediate valves smooth, distinct growth- lines near the anterior margin ; lateral areas indistinct, but. there is a slight indication of a diagonal rib. Posterior valve transversely finely striated, mucro terminal, low. Girdle broad, narrower at the ends, sometimes encroaching at the sutures to a considerable extent, the girdle reaching to within a short distance of the jugal tract ; there are no sutural pores, but amongst the bristles scattered more or less densely there are a number of tufts with 2 to 3 larger bristles, and of these 1 may occasionally be situated near a suture. Colour as a rule olive-brown, a white ridge running down the centre, wedge-shaped on each valve, and with a central reddish-brown stripe ; head valve with small blue dots, sometimes with blue zigzag bands ; the other valves with blue zigzag markings of various size ; more often the whole surface is yellowish-brown, lighter upon the dorsal ridge. In- terior blue, fading to white on the sutural plates ; anteiior valve with 8-9 slits, teeth strong, sharp, finely striated on the outside ; intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior tooth pointed ; end valve with a broad, low, rounded insertion plate ; on valves 1-7 the tegmentum is overreaching the articulamentum on the pos- terior margin ; the sinus is broad, slightly spongy ; sutural lamina? strong, high, rounded ; valve-callus stout. Length, 50 mm. ; breadth. 32 mm. : divergence, 120° (type). Length, 48 mm. ; breadth, 27 mm. (medium-sized specimen). Length, 87 mm. ; breadth, 57 mm. (my largest specimen). Type in the British Museum. Hab. — Coasts of both Islands, more common on the west coasts ; on rocks exposed to the full force of the surf. The very large speci- men was collected by Captain Bollons on Canoe Rock, in the Hauraki Gulf. Remarks. — The species was described by Carpenter in MS., and published by Pilsbry. P. Suteri, Pils., is founded on a dry specimen showing almost no encroachment of the girdle. Carpenter says that the girdle is sinuated 24 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. behind. This was, no doubt, produced when the specimen was dried ; in fresh examples I never observed a posterior sinus. The bundles of about 3 large horn-like hairs at the sutures, mentioned by Car- penter, are not shown in the photograph of the type, and are certainly not a regular feature. This character, now proved to be incorrect, has always prevented me from uniting the two species. Sect. 3. FREMBLYA, H. Adams, 1866. FnnMya, H. Ad.. P.Z.S., 1866, 445. Type : F. egregia, H. Ad. Shell and girdle like Plaxiphora, except that the former is short and broad, the tail valve very much reduced in size, strongly arched upward in the middle behind. Slits in intermediate valves posteriorly situated. Girdle having more or less obvious sutural pores. 8. Plaxiphora ovata, Hutton, 1872. Plate 2, fig. 8 ; Plate 3, fig. 15. Acanthochcetes ovatus, Hutt., T.N.Z.I., iv, 182. Plaxiphora ovata, Hutt., Man. Conch. (1). xiv, 332, pi. 54, f. 34-40. Shell short-oval, very wide in the middle, very rapidly narrowing toward the ends ; moderately elevated, the dorsal ridge carinated, side slopes slightly convex. Surface lustreless, sculpture in herring- bone pattern. Colour buff. Anterior valve small, its width about that of one side slope of the fourth valve, its apex elevated and slightly recurved ; surface having 8 strong ribs, besides those at the sutural margins, the anterior rib strongest and wider apart ; ribs nodose, intervals obliquely corrugated. Median valves broadly V-shaped, the apices of the valves elevated and acute. Lateral areas narrow, a little elevated, the diagonal rib sculptured with a series of closely superimposed Vs, their apices directed toward the beak of the valve, one limb of each V directed outward, curving, and forming the sculp- ture of the pleura, the other limb forming an oblique corrugation of the lateral area. Sutural margin of each lateral area oblique, coarsely granose. Central areas having a nearly smooth band along the dorsal ridge, and numerous slightly curving and diverging riblets on each side. Posterior valve small, forming an extremely narrow crescent, strongly curved upward at the acute posterior mucro, the front (" central ") area narrow, concave ; viewed from behind, it presents the appearance of a wide inverted V. Girdle rather narrow, yellowish, bearing a pore-tuft of hyaline white bristles at each suture and a fringe of bristles at the edge. Colour buff along the ridge, pale olive- green on the side slopes, with a small curved dark spot or two on each valve. Interior bluish-white ; anterior valve having 8 slits, median valves 1 slit ; posterior valve having a keel-like insertion plate without slits on each side, and a broad sinus in the middle behind ; sinus exceedingly broad, rounded, the sutural plates widely separated ; insertion plates long, having the slit near the posterior edge of the plate. (Pilsbry.) Plaxiplwra.} AMPHINEURA. 25 Length, 15 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm. Divergence, 112°. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hob. — South Island and Wellington Harbour ; mostly found in kelp-roots. Remarks. — The black spots on the valves are not always present. A specimen with 6 valves only is recorded by Iredale (T. N.Z.I., xl, 375, pi. 31, f. 1). Fam. ACANTHOCHITID^J, Pilsbry. Chitons in which the valves are more or less immersed in the smooth or hairy (never scaly) girdle ; the tegmentum, or outer layer, therefore being much smaller than the articulamentum, or inner layer, and having the exposed surface (when present) divided into dorsal (or jugal) and latero-pleural areas, the latter formed by the union of lateral areas with the sides of the central areas. Insertion teeth sharp, nearly smooth. Body not vermiform. Posterior valve either slit similarly to the head valve or having a posterior median sinus ; the mucro submedian. Besides the positive and negative characters given above, the species of this family generally have 5 slits in the head valve, and median or short gills. (Pilsbry.) Genus 1. ACANTHOCHITES, Risso, 1826. Acanthochites, Risso, Hist. Nat. cle FEurope Merid., iv, 1826, 2(38. First species : A. communis, Risso. Valves partially buried in or covered by the girdle, the exposed part consisting of a smooth or striated dorsal band, and granulated side areas, the latter sometimes lacking. Anterior valve with 5 sym- metrically placed slits ; median valves with 1 slit on each side ; pos- terior valve with 2 or several slits. Girdle varying from densely hairy to naked, but always having 4 bristle-bearing pores around the head valve, and a single series of pores on each side placed at the sutures. Gills short, extending forward from one-third to three-fourths the length of the foot. (Pilsbry.) The girdle-pores seem to be a constant generic character ; they are normally 18 in number. Distribution. — World- wide. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Anterior valve without radiating ribs ; not obviously lobed around the lower edge of tegmentum. b. Tail valve with one slit on each side ; girdle covered with spicules and having well-developed tufts . . . . zdandicus. bb. Tail valve with several slits ; girdle naked, leathery, cover- ing the valves except for a linear band at the ridge ; small tufts on tubercles . . . . . . . . porosus. 26 AMPHINEURA. [Poly placophora. aa. Anterior valve having 5 radiating ribs, its lower margin 5-lobed ; girdle with 18 small pore-tufts. b. Girdle leathery, naked except tufts . . . . . . violaceus. bb. Girdle covered with white spic\iles, especially at the margin . . . . . . . . . . . . rubiginosus. bbb. Girdle leathery ; latero-pleural areas with elongated granules . . . . . . . . . . Marice. Sect. 1. ACANTHOCHITES, S.S. Acanthochetes, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, 109. Acanthochiton, Herrmansen, Indie. Gen. Mai. Prim., i, 2. Acanthochistes, Costa, Faun. Reg. Nap., 2. Phakettopleura, Guilding, Zool. Journ., v, 28. Stectoplax, Carpenter, in Ball, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 284, 288, 289, 291. Valves partly covered, the anterior lacking radiating ribs ; the posterior valve having the insertion plate with a single slit on each postero-lateral edge, and a wide toothless sinus in the middle behind. Girdle with large dense tufts of glistening spicules. (Pilsbry.) Type : Chiton fascicularis, L. In this, the typical section, the tail valve has been further differen- tiated from the primitive type than in the other sections. The hairs of the girdle, and especially the tufts, are more exuberantly developed than in any other group of Chitons. (Pilsbry.) 1. Acanthochites zelandicus, Quoy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 2, fig. 9 ; Plate -i, fig. 1. Chiton zelandicus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii, 400, pi. 73, f. 5-8. Acantlm- chites zelandicus, Man. Conch. (1), xv, 16, pi. 14, f. 9, 10 ; P. Mai. S., ii, 192. Acanthochceies Hookeri, Gray, in Dieff. N.Z., ii, 262. Acantho- chites spiculosiis astriger. Reeve : Wissel. Zool. Jahrb., Syst., xx, 612, pi. 21, f. 25 ; pi. 23, f. 26, 27 (anatomy) ; not of Reeve. A. bisulcatits, Pilsbry : Wissel, t.c., 614, pi. 23, f. 28, 29 (anatomy), not of Pilsbry. Shell elongated, moderately elevated, hardly carinated ; greenish, grey, or yellowish. Anterior valve finely granulose, apex smooth, some- times carinated and beaked. Intermediate valves more or less distinctly beaked ; latero-pleural areas covered with closely crowded, ovate, flattened granules ; dorsal areas narrowly triangular, closely and finely striated longitudinally. Posterior valve with the tegmentum small, transversely oval, decidedly wider than long. Girdle rather narrow, greenish or yellowish, covered with short spicules, having a. marginal fringe of longer spicules, and 18 tufts of light-blue or white bristles. Colour brown, greenish, grey, or yellowish, sometimes dotted with brown, some valves with a brown or black line at the summit, margined with white. Interior dark blue-green or dark grey ; anterior valve with 5 not deep slits, teeth broad and sharp ; intermediate valves with a small posterior slit ; posterior valve with the post-median sinus shallow, insertion plate biangular behind, 1 small slit on each side, the edge between them often minutely crenulated ; sinus wide, Acanthochites.] AMPHINEURA. 27 minutely crenulated, squarish ; sutural laminae low, flatly convex ; the tegmentum overreaching the articulamentum posteriorly. Length, 28 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. Divergence, 105°. Dentition.— Button, T.N.Z.I., xv, 129, pi. 16. f. G. Type, from the French Pass, in Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hab. — Found almost everywhere along the coasts of New Zea- land ; more common in the south. Not found outside New Zealand waters. Remarks. — The largest and finest specimens I found in Dunedin Harbour. Very variable in colour. Fossil in the Pliocene. Sect. 2. CRYPTOCOXCHUS, Blainville and Guilding, 1829. Cryptoconchus (Blainville MS. in Brit. Mus.), Guilding, Zool. Journ.. \, 1829. 28. Type : C. porosus, Burrow. Valves entirely covered by the girdle, except a linear area at the ridge of each. Posterior valve having the insertion plate with several (5-7) slits, anterior valve with 5 slits. Girdle leathery, naked, bearing a series (18) of sutural tufts on tubercles or pores, sometimes sub- obsolete, along the sides of the valves. Gills extending along the posterior half of the foot. (Pilsbry.) Only two species of this section are known — the type from New Zealand, and a species from the coast of Florida. 2. Acanthochites porosus, Burrow, 1815. Plate 2, fig. 10; Plate 4, fig. 2. Chiton porosus. Burrow, " Elements of Conchology," 189. pi. 28, f. 1. Acan- thochites porosus, Man. Conch. (1), xv, 36, pi. 3, f. 57-62 ; P. Mai. S., ii. 193. Chiton monticularis, Q. & G.. Voy. Astrol., iii, 406. pi. 73, f. 30-35. C. Leachi, Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xxxvi. 554. ? Cryptoplax depressus. Blainv., I.e., xii, 124. ? Cryptoconchus Stewartianus, Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-82, 194. C. zealandicus, Quoy : Mutton, T.N.Z.I.. iv, 183, not Q. & G. C. porosus. Burrow: Plate. Zool. Jahrb., v. 319 ; Wissel, op. cit., xx, 618 (anatomy). Shell elongated, all but a linear dorsal area of each valve covered by the integument continued upward from the girdle, but in the dried state showing through it the posterior outline of the valves ; colour olive. Head valve with a minute circular exposed apex, centre longi- tudinally grooved, a few concentric flat ridges around it, cut up more or less into flat granules. Intermediate valves with the tegmentum reduced to a narrow flat ledge, drawn out to a long and fine point anteriorly ; pleural areas consisting of elongate narrow triangular and flatly nodulous ridges, terminating at the middle of the jugum. The posterior valve shows a similar sculpture to that of the central valves, but it is very short and wedge-shaped. Girdle naked, smooth, leathery ; bearing a series of prominent tubercles, each with a tuft of short 28 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. bristles, situated near the sutures upon the sides of the valves, and 4 around the anterior valve. Colour of the exposed portions of valves yellowish-white ; girdle olive, often beautifully variegated with orange and light brown ; blackish-brown in dried condition. Interior bluish- white ; anterior valve with 5 slits, all except the median slit in- conspicuous, the upper surface radiately strongly striated ; inter- mediate valves with 1 minute slit on each side, posterior margin produced backward into 2 rounded lobes ; posterior valve with 2 well-marked side slits, between them 2-5 minor ones, the upper surface radiately rugosely striate ; sinus narrow, sharp, and smooth ; the sutural laminase high, triangularly rounded ; valve-callus broad, strong. Length, 38 mm. ; breadth, 20 mm. (Q. & G.) Dentition.— Mutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 129, pi. 16, f. H. Type in the British Museum. Hob. — Coasts of the North and South Islands ; in 15 fathoms near Stewart Island ; on rocks and under stones near low-water mark in sheltered situations. Remarks. — This species grows to a larger size than the measure- ment given by Q. & G. ; the specimens from deeper water are small. I have not seen any specimens from the west coasts. It is by no means common. Maori. — Karimoan (fide Quoy and Gaimard). Sect. 3. LOBOPLAX, Pilsbry, 1893. Loboplax, Pilsbry, Man. ('touch. (1), xv, 8, 38. Type: Acanthochites vio- laceus, Q. & G. Phacellopleura, Opr. MS. ; not Phakellopleura. Guilding. Valves partly covered, the anterior valve having 5 radiating ribs and the same number of lobes along the margin ; the posterior valve having the insertion plate grooved outside, notched and slit along the edge, between the usual postero-lateral slits. Girdle leathery, having minute sutural tufts. Gills (of violaceus) extending along the posterior two-thirds of the foot. (Pilsbry.) The number of species belonging to this section is small ; three species belong to New Zealand, four to Australia, and one to New Caledonia. 3. • Acanthochites Marije, Webster, 1908. Plate 4, fig. 3. Acanthochites JIarice, Webster, T.N.Z.I.. xl. 1907 (1908). 254. pi. 20, f. 1-11. Shell elongated, elevated, dorsal angle about 110°. Colour greenish- grey, minutely freckled with dark. Latero-pleural areas crowded with flattened granules, strap-shaped or oval, as in A. zelandicus, all the valves being bordered with irregular, raised, white, pebble-like granules of the same type as those in A. violaceus, with which this species also Acanthochites.] AMPHINEURA. 29 agrees in having 5 prominent lobes on the anterior valve, the ribs being of white raised elongated granules, the ribs of all valves similarly marked ; another characteristic feature is the presence of 3 almond- shaped white granules just within the posterior edge of each median valve. Dorsal areas wedge-shaped, the edges being serrated, sculp- tured with cuneiform lyrula?. The posterior valve has the tegmentum longer than the breadth, the hooked mucro being slightly post-median ; the area behind it is concave, white, composed of oblong granules, bordered on either side by others of longer form but the same colour. Anterior valve with 5 slits corresponding to the ribs ; median valves with 1 slit ; posterior with many slits, the denticles being mostly bifid. In the type these denticles are perpendicular, and not visible from above ; in other specimens they extend outwards, and may be seen beyond the tegmentum ; in such specimens the mucro is not so prominent, the white area narrower, and composed of long granules like those bordering the oblong granules of the type, these latter being altogether absent, as also are the raised white borders of the valves. It may be that these specimens have not attained their full develop- ment, as none of them approach the type in size. Interior blue-green, white towards the edges. Girdle grey-green, leathery, a minute pore at each suture, 4 on anterior valve. (Webster.) Length of dried specimen, 35 mm. ; width, 18 mm. Type in Mr. Webster's collection. Hob. — Orua Bay, Manukau Harbour, on rocks at low tide ; Manu- kau Harbour, in 4 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — The type is unique ; seven of the less-developed speci- mens were found. The apparent hybridism is striking, especially as I have never found A. violaceus on the west coast, though a very small form of A. zelandicus is fairly common. (Webster.) 4. Acanthochites rubiginosus, Hutton, 1872. Plate 4, fig. 4. Tonicia rubiginosa, Hutt.. T. N.Z.I., iv, 1871 (1872), 180. Acanthochites rubiginosus, Hutt., J. Mai., xii. 68, pi. 9. f. 12-17. A. costatus, Ad. & Ang. : Suter., P. Mai. S.. ii, 194. not Ad. & Ang. Plaxiphora terminates, Smith: Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., xx, (309, pi. 21, f. 22; pi. 23. f. 23, 24 (anatomy) ; not of Smith. Shell oblong, small, subcarinate, the whole surface granular, mostly yellowish-pink, girdle with minute spines and sutural tufts. Anterior valve with 5 ribs, which are not very conspicuous ; the whole surface granulated, the granules being largest and sometimes unequal in shape near the margin, and decreasing in size toward the apex of the valve, which is slightly sinuated. Intermediate valves with the jugum sparsely longitudinally substriated ; the pleura! tracts are granular, divided into central and lateral areas by a low granular rib, the granules pebble- like near the margin, diminishing in size very rapidly toward the 30 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacopliora. jugum ; the valves are subcarinate and beaked. Posterior valve small, the mucro central, with a smooth triangular area in front, beyond which the whole surface is granular, the granules being comparatively large. Girdle thick, fleshy, beset with microscopic white spicules : there are sutural tufts of white spicules, 7 on each side, and 4 in front of the head valve. Colour very variable, adult specimens showing mostly a pinkish colour, yellowish on the back, but young shells have sometimes a most beautiful colour-arrangement, the granules being white, pink, light brown, and light blue. The jugum is mostly reddish- brown with triangular spots. The girdle is light fulvous with small patches and radiate bands of whitish-yellow. Interior white, but the centre of the valves except the head valve is pink ; anterior valve with 5 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, teeth strong ; posterior valve with a low thick insertion plate and 4 short slits ; sinus rather narrow and deep ; sutural lamina? short and wide, rounded ; valve-callus stout. Length, 17 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm. Divergence, 100-105°. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. No locality men- tioned. Hob. — Cook Strait ; Foveaux Strait, in 15 fathoms ; Hauraki Gulf, in 25 fathoms ; Auckland Islands (Captain Bollons) ; Bluff : Queen Charlotte Sound, in 6 fathoms (Captain Bollons). 5. Acanthochites violaceus, Quoy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 2, fig. 11 ; Plate 4, fig. 5. Chiton violaceus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii, 403, pi. 73. f. 15-20. Acan- thochites violaceus. Q. & G., Man. Conch. (1), xv, 39, pi. 3, f. 67-73 ; P. Mai. S., ii, 193. Chiton porphyreticus, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 10, f. 56. Acanthochites violaceus, Q. & G. : Plate, Zool. Jahrb., v, 315: Wissel. op. tit., xx, 616, pi. 21, f. 30 ; pi. 23, f. 31, 32 (anatomy). Shell elongated, rather depressed ; the valves all of the same width, except the last, which is narrower ; colour purple-brown ; girdle very wide, but narrower behind. Anterior valve having 5 pro- minently projecting lobes, corresponding to radiating rounded ribs, the scale granules of the surface coalescing more or less on these ribs. Intermediate valves having the tegmentum trilobate, much narrowed in front, convex, polished, sculptured with elongated punctures along the sides ; latero-pleural areas sculptured with pebble-like low granules, coarser and often confluent along a diagonal line from the beak to the outer anterior angle. Posterior valve having the tegmentum slightly broader than long, the mucro low, slightly post-median. Girdle wide, leathery, smooth except for a minute pore at each suture and 4 around the head valve, each pore bearing a small tuft of white spicules, usually broken short. Colour typically a rich dark purple-brown, the girdle darker, varying to violet, with a buff triangle at the ridge of each Acanthochites.] AMPHINEURA. 31 valve, enclosing a purple stripe or series of spots ; sometimes ashy- whitish, faintly tinged with purple along the middle. Interior light blue-green, fading on the sutural laminse ; anterior valve with 5 slits, median valves with 1 slit ; posterior valve having a deep mopaloid slit on each side, and about 4 shallower slits between ; the teeth ver- tical, deeply grooved outside and lobed at the edge ; sinus deep, angular. (Pilsbry.) Measurement of a large example : Length, 60 mm. ; breadth, 35 mm. A common size is — Length, 35 mm. ; breadth, 23 mm. Divergence, 130-140°. Type, from Tasman Bay, in Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hab. — Bay of Islands, Hauraki Gulf, Great Barrier Island, Cook Strait, Wellington Harbour, Cape Egmont, Dunedin, and Chatham Islands. Remarks. — There is a wide range of variation in colouring, angle of divergence of the valves, and to a less extent in the contours of the valves Maori.— Etouani (fide Quoy and Gaimard). Genus 2. SPONGIOCHITON, Carpenter, 1873. Spongiochiton, Carpenter, "Table of Regular Chitons," 1873. Type and only species : S. productus, Cpr. Spongiochiton, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. is., 1882, 272, 283, 286, 289, 290 ; Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 26 ; xv, 7. Valves partly immersed ; insertion plates acute, ischnoid ; sinus large, smooth ; mucro median, flat ; girdle spongy, produced for- ward. (Cpr.) 1. Spongiochiton productus, Pilsbry, 1892. Spongiochiton productus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 26. Shell oval, the valves immersed two-fifths of their width ; exposed portion rubicund, flat, the jugum arcuate, paler. Lateral areas scarcely denned. Entire surface sculptured with prominent pebbles, worn at the jugurn. Mucro submedian, flat. Interior : Posterior valve with 6, central valve 1, anterior valve 5 slits ; teeth long, acute, scarcely serrate ; sinus wide, smooth, extremely deep ; eaves narrow, scarcely grooved. Girdle produced in front, spongy, sparsely covered with chaffy scales and translucent hairlets. Length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 16^ mm. Divergence, 130°. (Cpr.) Type in the British Museum (Cuming collection, No. 50). Hab. — New Zealand. Remarks.— I have not seen it. The species was described by Car- penter in MS., and published by Pilsbry. 32 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. SUBORDER 3. TELEOPLACOPHORA, Pilsbry. All the valves, or at least the 7 anterior, with insertion plates cut into teeth by slits. Fam. CHITONID^J, Pilsbry. Characters of the suborder. Subfam. 1. CHITONIN^. ChitonincB, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 148. Regular Chitons, having the insertion plates well developed on all the valves, and closely grooved or pectinated outside and at edge. Genus 1. CHITOX, Linnaeus, 1758. Chiton, L., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 667. First recognisable species : C. tubercu- latus, L. Chiton, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 149; xv, 88. Lophyrus (in part), Poli, Test. utr. Sicil., i, 2, 4. Lepidopleurus (in part), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 267. Gymnoplax, Gray, London Medic. Repos.. xv, 234. (For genera established by Thiele, see Man. Conch., xv, 88.) Valves wholly external, the beak of the tail valve median or an- terior ; insertion plates longer than the eaves, slit into teeth which are deeply and finely pectinated, and typically project outward on all the valves. Girdle covered with closely imbricating, convex, smooth or striated scales. Gills extending the entire length of the foot. Distribution. — World- wide. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Central areas having longitudinal riblets. b. Sides and ridge of central areas both sculptured. c. Lateral areas with numerous slightly crenulated threads. d. Intermediate valves carinated, divergence 120° Quoyi. cc. Lateral areas with 3 or 4 rows of distinct tubercles . . pellisserpentis. bb. Central areas with a smooth band or triangle on ridge of each valve, c. Lateral areas with 4-6, pleura with 16 or more, granose riblets . . . . . . . . canal ic it I at us. cc. Lateral areas with 4—8 divaricate riblets, pleura about 20 furrows on each side. d. Furrows on pleura extended over the whole length . . . . . . . . Huttoni. dd. Furrows on pleura extended only over half of the length . . . . . . . . cereus. ccc. Lateral areas with 2-4, pleura 8—14, nodulose rib- lets. d. Girdle-scales mucronated . . . . . . limans. dd. Girdle-scales not mucronated. faintly striated Stangeri. ddd. Girdle-scales not mucronated, quite smooth Chiton.] AMPHINEURA. 33 ««. Central areas smooth ; no longitudinal ribs. b. Lateral areas with radiate granose ribs . . . . Sinclairi. bb. Lateral areas without radiate ribs . . . . . . Torri. . a. Group of Chiton pellisserpentis. Central areas with rather fine longitudinal sculpture, or smooth. 1. Chiton pellisserpentis, Quoy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 2, fig. 12; Plate 4, fig. 6. Chiton pellisserpentis, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii, 381, pi. 74, f. 17-22 ; Man. Couch. (1), xiv, 173, pi. 37, f. 14-17 ; P. Mai. S., ii, 195. C. squamosus, L. : Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., xx, 619, not of Linne (anatomy). Shell oval, rather elevated, side slopes somewhat convex, olive or brown, marked with black along the ridge. Anterior valve larger and much more elevated than the posterior, with numerous regular rows of distinct tubercles, the rows sometimes increased by splitting, inter- spaces finely decussate. Of the intermediate valves, the first is larger longitudinally than the others, central areas with strong irregular growth-lines, and fine longitudinal riblets ; these are broader in front, stouter near the margins, extending over the jugum on the first valve, but usually leaving the ridge smooth on the following 5 valves ; lateral areas moderately raised, with 3 or 4 rows of distinct tubercles of various form, interstices minutely decussate. Posterior valve small, with regular rows of tubercles, depressed, mucro in front of the middle, low, posterior slope almost straight. Girdle moderately wide, banded with darker and lighter ; scales rather large and wide, convex, often subcarinated in the middle, microscopically very finely striated. Colour usually dull, dingy-olive or olive-green marked with black on the ridge and on the sides of the valves. Sometimes 2 or more valves are light grey, the others greenish or dark brown, rarely the ground- colour is orange ; one specimen I have is beautifully bluish-green marked with white ; the girdle is always of the same colour as the valves, but lighter. Interior blue, indistinctly blotched with olive- green ; anterior valve having 12, central valves 1, posterior valve 12 slits ; teeth blunt, pectinated ; sinus broad and deep, smooth or hardly denticulate ; sutural plates rounded ; valve-callus heavy and smooth ; eaves broad. Length, 30 mm. ; breadth, 23 mm. Divergence, 95-120°. Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 129, pi. 16, f. 1. Type, from Tasman Bay, in Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Throughout New Zealand the most abundant Chiton ; Chat- ham Islands. Tasmania. Remarks. — Its sculpture is frequently obscured or lost by erosion. A specimen with 5 valves only is recorded by Iredale (T.N.Z.I., xl, 375, pi. 31, f. 2). Fossil in the Pliocene. 2— Moll. N.Z 34 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. 2. Chiton Quoyi, Deshayes, 1836. Plate 2, fig. 13. , Chiton Quoyi, Desh., in Lamarck, A.s.V., vii, 509 ; Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 172, pi. 37, f. 6-8 ; P. Mai. S., ii, 194. C. viridis, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii, 383, pi. 74, f . 23-28, not of Spengler. C. glaucus, Gray : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 112. C. Quoyi, Desh. : Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., xx, 620. pi. 2?, f. 33-37 (anatomy). Shell oval, rather elevated, carinated, side slopes straight, surface very finely striated, colour usually dark yellowish-green. Anterior valve with numerous narrow, delicate, slightly crenulated, and occasion- ally bifurcated radiating threads. Intermediate valves have the first longer than the succeeding valves, all slightly beaked ; central areas very finely, obliquely longitudinally striated, the striae extending over the jugum ; the lateral areas slightly raised, with radiate riblets similar to those on the head valve. Posterior valve of about the same size as the anterior ; central area with fine longitudinal and posterior with fine radiate threads ; mucro a little in front of the middle, the posterior slope straight. Girdle with smooth, convex, imbricating scales, shining and of about equal size. Colour generally very dark olive-green, but sometimes yellowish-brown marked with olive on the sides and ends, or clear yellow with rays of olive or brown ; uniformly reddish-brown examples occur ; girdle mostly light blue, often with dark-brown scales mingled with the others. Interior light blue, the sutural laminae white ; anterior valve with 9, seldom 10, slits ; median valves with 1 slit on each side ; posterior valve with 13-14 slits ; teeth sharp, minutely pectinate ; sinus very broad, denticulate ; sutural laminae low, rounded ; valve-callus strong, dark green. Length, 37 mm. ; breadth, 22 mm. Divergence, 110-120°. Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 129, pi. 16, f. F. Type. — Mus. Hist. Nat., Geneva. Hab. — Common throughout New Zealand ; under stones between tide-marks. Subsp. limosus, Suter, 1905. Chiton Quoyi, Desh., sub'sp. limoaus, Suter, J. Mai., xii, 69. Chiton cereus, Reeve : Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 195, not of Reeve. It differs from the species in being smaller and narrower, the ridge generally less acute, colour mostly obscured by a black coating. The anterior valve has only 8 slits, the tail valve 15 ; the sinus is broader ; the sutural laminse slightly higher and much narrower. Length, 20 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. Divergence, 95-100°. Type in my collection. Hab. — Manukau and Auckland Harbours, on mud-flats, under stones between tide-marks ; Lyall Bay. Chiton.] AMPHINEURA. 35 3. Chiton Sinclair!, Gray, 1843. Plate 2, fig. 14 ; Plate 4, fig. 7. Chiton Sinclairi, Gray, in Dieff. N.Z.. ii, 263: Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 174, pi. 36. f. 1-3 : P. Mill. S., ii, 196 : Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., xx, 627, pi. 23, f. 38-44 ; pi. 24. f . 45-48 (anatomy). Shell oval, rather elevated, the dorsal ridge rounded, side slopes rather straight, brown-black, irregularly striped with white. Anterior valve with 15-18 granose ribs, through splitting increased to 24-30 in adult specimens ; a number of higher ridges near the anterior margin. Intermediate valves with the central areas smooth in the middle except for a few growth-wrinkles, but having fine short longitudinal riblets at the sides in front of the diagonal line ; these, however, are sometimes absent ; lateral areas raised, with 3-4 radiate granose ribs, often indistinct. Posterior valve with the central area smooth, posterior area with 10-14 strongly granose ribs, some of them occasionally bifurcate ; rnucro obtuse, in front of the middle. Girdle with im- bricating, broadly rounded, and shining scales, which are microscopic- ally very finely ridged. Colour brown-black, each valve irregularly and raggedly striped with whitish, the head valve rarely pale with dark rays ; sometimes the white predominates ; girdle banded with light blue and black, the inner rows of scales mostly light brown. Interior brownish-blue ; anterior valve with 10-13 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve with 13 (rarely with 14) slits ; teeth obtuse, very strongly crenulated ; sinus broad, distinctly denticulate ; sutural laminae low, very broadly convex, straight, or with a shallow concavity in the middle, white with a brown spot at the base ; valve-callus strong, brownish ; eaves broad, spongy. Length, 28 mm. ; breadth, 18 mm. Other specimens are— 30 mm, by 16 mm. ; 19 mm. by 12 mm. Type in the British Museum. Hob. — Both Islands, but rather local, and not common ; under stones between tide-marks : Chatham Islands. Remarks. — The species has been recorded from Tasmania, but incorrectly. The short longitudinal riblets in front of the lateral areas are sometimes cut up into granules by strong growth-lines. Specimens are very often much eroded. 4. Chiton Torri, Suter, 1907. Plate 4, fig. 8. Chiton Torri, Suter, P. Mai. 8., vii, 295, f. 2 in text. Shell small, elongate, smooth, dark brown. Anterior valve with 11 indistinct riblets (obsolete in one specimen), crossed by fine growth- lines, the whole surface minutely wrinkled. Of the intermediate valves, the first is twice as long as the others, broadly rounded and smooth, beaked, the central areas with minute transverse zigzag wrinkles, jugum smooth ; lateral areas slightly raised, with concentric ridges, very distinct near the margin, but gradually disappearing towards 2* 36 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. the centre, the whole minutely wrinkled. Posterior valve with a few concentric ridges near the margin, surface wrinkled as on the other valves, mucro central, low, posterior slope strongly convex. Girdle with small, rounded, smooth, and imbricating scales. Colour dark brown, somewhat lighter on the central and lateral areas ; girdle darker, almost black. Interior light brown ; anterior valve with 11 slits and intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, posterior valve with a low insertion plate and 12 slits ; teeth thick and blunt, with 1 or 2 grooves outside ; sinus microscopically denticulate ; sutural laminae moderately high and broadly rounded. Length, 9 mm. ; breadth, 4-5 mm. Divergence, 100°. Type in my collection. Hob.— Bluff, South Island ; type (Dr. Torr). Remark. — This species stands nearest to C. Sinclairi, but is easily distinguished by its almost total smoothness and the microscopic wrinkles. 6. Group of Chiton canaliculatus. Central areas with stout longitudinal ribs and comparatively deep grooves. 5. Chiton sreus, Reeve, 1847. Plate 2, fig. 15 ; Plate 4, fig. 9. Chiton wre,us, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 7, f. 36 ; Man. Conch. (1), siv, 179, pi. 36, f. 96, 97 ; Ereb. & Ter., pi. 1, f. 9 ; J. Mai., xii, 70 ; T.N.Z.I., xl, 376. Shell oblong-ovate, angularly raised in the middle, valves rudely impressly striated ; colour greenish, red, or yellowish-white. Anterior valve with 20-30 but slightly nodulose radiate riblets, crossed by fine concentric lines of growth. Intermediate valves with the jugum sharply angled, smooth, microscopically shagreened, the central areas with about 20 furrows on each side, not deep, continuing until they are rubbed off in the middle ; lateral areas slightly raised, with 3 to 4 divaricating riblets, broken up by the concentric ruga? of growth, smoothish ; crenate at the sutures. Posterior valve with 15 to 20 radiate riblets extending from the mucro to the posterior margin, shorter ones between them ; riblets cut up into distinct oval granules by concentric lines of growth ; central area longitudinally furrowed ; mucro in front of the middle, pointed, posterior slope concave. Girdle with imbricating roundish and rather large scales, the rows on the inner and outer margins have smaller scales ; they are microscopically finely striate. Colour dull green, clouded with black on the sides, sometimes brick-red, with or without faint black or brown patches on the sides of the central valves ; rarely yellowish-white, sometimes beautifully marked with greenish zigzag bands, especially upon the lateral areas ; girdle mostly irregularly banded with white ; quite white specimens have the girdle dark brown. Interior light blue, with the sutural lamina' white; anterior valve witli 10, intermediate valves Chiton.] AMPHINEURA. 37 with 1 on each side, and posterior valve with 10 slits, which are close together in the centre, wide apart on the sides ; the slits are not deep ; the teeth blunt, strongly pectinate ; sinus narrow and deep, denti- culate, ; sutural lamina* low, very broad, and flatly convex ; valve- Callus fairly strong, deep blue. Length, 39 mm. ; breadth, 23 mm. (type). The largest specimen I have seen was 46 mm. by 27 mm. Divergence, 94° (type) ; with the specimens in my collection it varies from 108° to 115°, but in most examples is 110°. Type in the British Museum. Hab. — Throughout New Zealand, and a variety at the Auckland Islands ; rather local and not common : Hauraki Gulf (H. S.) ; Cape Egmont (R. Murdoch) ; Queen Charlotte Sound, in 6 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Russell (W. H. Webster) ; Cook Strait (Miss Mestayer) ; Lyttelton Harbour and Cape Saunders, Otago (T. Iredale) ; Shag Point and Bluff (Dr. Torr) ; Auckland Islands (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — Red-coloured specimens are known from Hauraki Gulf and Cook Strait ; the white varieties are from the Bluff and Cape Saunders. The only specimen from the Auckland Islands is brownish- red ; the central areas are not shagreened, and more of the outer furrows extend the whole length than is usually the case. 6. Chiton canaliculatus, Quoy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 2, fig. 16 ; Plate 4, fig. 10. Chiton canaliculatiis, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii. 1835, 394, pi. 75, f. 37-42; Man. Conch. (1). xiv, 177, pi. 36, f. 4-0; P. Mai. S., ii, 196. C. Slangeri, Reeve: Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1). xiv, 177, not of Reeve. C. insculptus, A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1852 (1854), 91, pi. 16. f. 4: Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., xx. 655. pi. 21, f. 59-62 ; pi. 24, f. 63 (anatomy). Shell small, oblong, strongly elevated, carinated, side slopes straight, steep, pink, sometimes with black spots along the ridge. Anterior valve with 20 to 22 flatly nodulous ribs, some of them bifurcate, posterior margin crenulate, apex smooth, slightly sinuate. Intermediate valves beaked, the jugum with a narrow smooth space, sides with about 16 strong longitudinal ribs, more slender near the centre, with deep narrow grooves between them ; lateral areas considerably raised, with 3 mostly bifurcating radiating ribs, which are cut up into low nodules by regular concentric lines ; posterior margins of valves strongly crenulated. Posterior valve with 12 to 16 granose radiating ribs, central area longitudinally costate ; mucro small, sharply pointed slightly in front of the middle, posterior slope a little concave. Girdle with compactly imbricating scales, which are small, convex, shining, and faintly microscopically striated. Colour of end valves and lateral areas pink, central areas yellowish, dorsal ridge pink with an olive- green or black stripe on each side ; sometimes olivaceous, or olive and rose. Interior whitish, microscopically punctate ; anterior valve with 9 (sometimes only 8) slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each 38 AMPH1NEURA. [Polyplacoplwra. side, and posterior valve with 10 (rarely 9) slits ; teeth minutely pec- tinated ; sinus deep and narrow, denticulate ; sutural laminae very broadly convex ; valve-callus not very stout ; eaves solid. Length, 14mm. ; breadth, 11 mm. Divergence, 100-105°. Type in Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. --Tasman Bay, type (Q. & G.) ; Cook Strait; Dunediu ; Foveaux Strait ; Stewart Island. In deep water, on oysters or dead shells. Remark. — The type of Adams's C. insculptus was collected in New Zealand by Strange. 7. Chiton clavatus, Suter, 1907. Plate 4, fig. 11. Chiton clavatus, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii. 296, f. 3 in text. Shell small, elongated oval, acutely raised, surface of all valves minutely shagreened, with nodulous sculpture ; colour grey, some valves brown. Anterior valve with 8 radiate ribs, each consisting of 3 flatly convex nodules, the uppermost small and round, the follow- ing large and squarish, the lowest a little smaller, oblong ; posterior margin crenulate. Intermediate valves have the first longer than the others, sharply angulate, slightly beaked ; central areas with 5-6 deep longitudinal furrows on each side, centre smooth ; lateral areas raised, with an anterior and posterior broad rib bearing flatly raised squarish nodules, which are more numerous on the posterior rib ; seventh valve having a few central nodules on the lateral areas, marking a third rib ; sutures strongly and bluntly crenulated. Posterior valve with 2 concentric rows of round nodules, representing 10 radiate ribs ; mucro slightly in front of the middle, small and pointed, posterior slope straight. Girdle with rather large, imbricating, convex, and smooth scales, smaller on the inner side. Colour of the first, second, seventh, and eighth valves ash-grey, the other valves greyish-brown with white spots along the ridge ; girdle uniformly grey. Interior : Anterior valve with 8, intermediate valves with 1. and posterior valve with 11 slits ; teeth pectinate. Length, 14 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm. Divergence. 95°. Type in my collection. Hob. — Rangitoto Island, near Auckland, between tide-marks ; a single specimen (H. S.). Remarks. — Of the New Zealand species, C. limans is the nearest, from which, however, it is easily separated by the smooth not sharply raised tubercles, and the rounded not pointed smooth scales 8. Chiton Huttoni, Suter, 1906. Plate 2, fig. 17: Plate 4, fig. 12 Chiton Huttoni. Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 320, pi. 18, f. 1-0. Shell oblong-ovate, angularly raised, valves striated throughout, jugum smooth, girdle with rounded scales ; colour yellowish-olive, dull to dark green or brick-red ; interior whitish. Anterior valve Chiton.] AMPHINEURA. 39 having 17 to 24 subequal riblets reaching to the apex, and broken up by concentric growth-lines into roundish granules ; sometimes a few riblets are interspersed which do not extend to the apex ; the latter is smooth, and slightly sinuate. Intermediate valves with the jugum smooth, slightly beaked ; central areas with 20 to 25 longitudinal furrows on each side, narrower and less deep near the centre, but usually widening and deepening toward the margins ; sometimes they are in breadth equal to the riblets, but in some specimens they are narrower ; they extend the whole length of the areas. Lateral areas distinctly raised, with 3 to 5 strong nodulous ribs, which rarely bi- furcate ; sutures crenulate. Posterior valve with 18 to 20 strongly granose ribs ; central area with longitudinal grooves ; mucro slightly behind the middle, pointed, posterior slope concave. Colour mostly yellowish-olive or dull green with 1 valve blackish-green, rarely brownish-black or brick-red ; girdle of the same colour as the valves, with white or darker bands. Interior bluish-white, pinkish-white in red specimens ; head valve with 9, intermediate valves with 1, and tail valve with 15 slits ; teeth blunt and pectinate ; sinus deep and narrow, denticulate ; sutural laminae white, broad and low, median part of them nearly straight ; valve-callus rather prominent. Length, 34mm. ; breadth, 20mm. Divergence, 115°. Type in my collection. Hob. — Near Duneclin (A. Hamilton) ; Banks Peninsula (T. Iredale). 9. Chiton limans, Sykes, 1896. Plate 2, fig. 18. Chiton limans, Sykes, P. Mai. S., ii, 93; Suter, P. Mai. 8.. ii. 197; Carpenter, MS. C. muricatus, A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1852 (1854), 91, pi. Hi, f. 6; Man. Conch. (1). xiv. 175, pi. 37, f. 12, 13, not Tilesius, 1824. C. sulcatus, Q. & G. : Button, T.N.Z.I., iv, 178, not Q\ioy and Gaimard. Shell oval, elevated, the jugum acute ; mucro median, subpro- minent ; olivaceous, maculated with paler ; entire surface minutely punctate. Anterior valve with 8 ribs bearing 3 high round nodules near the margin ; apex smooth, sinuate ; posterior margin strongly denticulate. Intermediate valves with 9 to 14 grooves on each side, jugum smooth ; lateral areas with 2 riblets, sometimes bifurcating or with another intercalated, furnished with strong acute tubercles, in- terstices smooth ; sutures denticulate. Posterior valve with 8 nearly obsolete radiate riblets, central area longitudinally grooved ; mucro median, distinct, posterior slope strongly concave. Girdle with large and small wide, distinctly striated, elevated, acutely pointed scales. Colour olivaceous or greyish, maculated with white; girdle banded with bluish-green and white. Interior: Sinus moderate, with about 15 denticles ; anterior valve having 8, central 1, posterior valve 9 slits ; teeth pectinate. Length, 23-75 mm. ; breadth, 12-5 mm. Divergence, 100°. Type in the British Museum. 40 AMPHINEURA. \Polyplucophora Hob. — Cook Strait. The type was collected by Strange in Port Jackson, N.S.W. Remarks. — There are two specimens from Kapiti Island in the Dominion Museum, and these are the only examples known to have been found in New Zealand waters. 10. Chiton Stangeri, Reeve, 1847. Plate 2, fig. 19 ; Plate 4, fig. 13. Chiton Stangeri, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 22, f. 150 ; P. Mai. S., ii, 196. Not 0. canaliculatus, Q. & G., as suggested by Hutton, Man. Conch. (1). xiv, 177. Shell small, ovate-oblong, elevated, sculpture rather coarse, whitish with green. Anterior valve with about 20 radiate nodulous ribs, apex smooth, microscopically shagreened, sinuated. Intermediate valves sharply angled, side slopes straight ; central areas with the jugum smooth and shining, minutely shagreened ; sides with 6 to 8 longi- tudinal grooves on each side, very narrow near the middle, broader toward the margins, ribs broad and smooth ; lateral areas with 3 to 4 broad radiate ribs, cut up by regular growth-lines into squarish nodules. Posterior valve with about 20 nodulous riblets, central area smooth, a few grooves on each side ; mucro in front of the middle, pointed, posterior slope concave. Girdle with imbricating, rounded, and con- vex scales, largest in the median rows, microscopically faintly striated. Colour yellowish-white, tesselated with green and grey spots ; girdle banded with light blue, green, and white. Interior greyish-blue ; sinus narrow, denticulate ; sutural lamina? broadly rounded, white. Length, 13 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm. Divergence, 120°. Type in the British Museum. Hob. — The type was collected in New Zealand by Dr. Stanger, exact locality not stated. Lyttelton Harbour (H. S., T. Iredale) ; Hauraki Gulf (H. S.) ; Bay of Islands (J. C. Anderson). Remark. — This is one of our very rare species. Genus 2.jjEuDOXOCHiTON, Shuttleworth, 1853. Eudoxochiton. Shuttleworth, Berner Mittheilungen, 1853, 67. Type : Acanthopleura nobilis, Gray. Acanthopleura, sect. xxf. Gray, P.Z.S.. 1847. 68, not Guilding. Maugeria, sect, f, Gray, Guide, 1857. 184. Chcetoplenra, Adams et al., not Shuttleworth. Valves entirely exposed, smoothish, lacking eyes ; mucro flat, the sutural plates broad and connected across the sinus ; insertion plates of all valves blunt, closely and deeply cleft ; the median valves with 3 or 4, end valves with many, short slits. Girdle leathery, setose. Gills extending the entire length of the foot. The valves, when eroded, are seen under the lens to be densely,, evenly, and regularly punctured all over. The interior is white, and of a dense porcellanous texture. The laciniated insertion plates, cut into many short teeth, combined with the harshly setose girdle and continuous sutural plates, are the most striking generic characters. (Pilsbry.) Eudoxochiton. \ AMPHINEURA. 4:1 From Acanthopleura and Maug&ria groups, to which some authors have referred the type of this genus, Eudoxochiton is sundered by the lack of eyes in the valves, the multiplicity of slits, depressed mucro, &c. (Pilsbry.j This genus seems to be restricted to New Zealand. Pilsbry states that C. linter, Keeve, from the East Indies, may belong to this genus, but its generic characters are entirely unknowji. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Shell elevated, divergence 100-110°, anterior valve with 30 slits, spinelets black . . . . . . . . . . . . nobilis. a«. Shell depressed, divergence 135-140°, anterior valve with 17 slits, spinelets brown . . . . . . . . • • Huttoni. 1. Eudoxochiton nobilis, Gray, 1843. Plate 2, figs. 20, 25 ; Plate 4, fig. u. Acanthopleura nobilis, Gray, Dieff. N.Z., ii, 245. Eudoxochiton nobilis, Gray. Man. Conch. (1). xiv. 193. pi. 4(5, f. 88-95; Ereb. & Ter., pi. i, f. 8; P. Mai. S., ii, 197. Shell oblong, elevated, the valves well arched, and very obtusely angular on the dorsal ridge, side slopes convex, smooth, dark brown. Anterior valve with about 15 indistinct low radiate ribs. Intermediate valves broadly A-shaped, not beaked, the central areas smooth except for very fine close growth-lines ; lateral areas moderately raised, with 3-5 indistinct radiate ribs. Posterior valve elevated in front, the mucro flat, central ; posterior margin gently emarginate behind. All valves microscopically punctured. Girdle leathery, rust-coloured, bearing short rigid black spinelets. Colour uniform dark brown, a little mottled toward the beaks and marked with scarlet there ; girdle rusty-brown. Interior porcelain-white, immaculate, smooth and poreless ; anterior valve having 30, median valves 3-4, tail valve 24-25 short slits ; insertion plates with broad, blunt edges, irregularly and deeply pectinated ; sutural plates squared, continuous across the sinus, which is indicated by a median bay or notch ; eaves very narrow, deeply grooved along the teeth, and slightly spongy there. Length, 60 mm. ; breadth, 35 mm. Divergence, 100-110°. Other measurements are — 75 mm. by 45 mm. ; 110 mm. by 62 mm. ; 123 mm. by 70 mm. Type in the British Museum. Hab. — East coasts of North and South Islands ; on rocks or under boulders in exposed situations, sometimes together with Plaxiphora biramosa and P. obtecta. A rather rare shell. 2. Eudoxochiton Huttoni, Pilsbry, 1893. Plate 4, fig. 15. Eudoxochiton Huttoni. Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 194, pi. 46, f. 96-100. Shell oval, depressed, with convex side slopes, brown, smooth, with microscopic punctulation. Anterior valve has no trace of radiate ribs, only very fine growth-lines. Intermediate valves broadly A-shaped, 42 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. not beaked, but with a low posterior keel on the jugum ; central and lateral areas smooth, the latter a little raised, both with fine growth- lines. Posterior valve depressed, the mucro plane, central, posterior margin not emarginate. Girdle leathery, bearing numerous short, rigid, dark-brown spinelets. Colour dark brown ; sometimes the dorsal area is light greenish, with irregular transverse bands of brown spots, the posterior part of each valve broadly and vividly pink- coloured ; the girdle is in fresh specimens greyish-white with minute close brown dots, greenish-brown when dry. Interior white, smooth ; anterior valve having 17, central 3, posterior 19 short slits ; the in- sertion plates blunt, deeply pectinated ; sutural plates continuous across the sinus, which is indicated by a shallow wave or bay. Length, 50 mm. ; breadth, 34 mm. : a spirit specimen in my collection has a length of 55 mm. ; breadth, 44 mm. Divergence, 135-140°. Type. — Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. Hob. — North and South Islands ; Little Barrier Island ; Te One- poto, near Lyttelton (H. S.) ; Stewart Island (Otago Museum). A very rare species. Remarks. — It is closely allied to E. nobilis, from which it differs in the proportions of the valves, depressed form, fewer slits, &c. Subfam. 2. TONICIIN.E. Eyes developed on end valves and lateral areas ; posterior valve not deeply sinused behind, its insertion plate developed. Girdle leathery, nude or nearly so. Genus 3. TONICIA, Gray, 1847. Tonicia, Gray, P.Z.S.. 1847, 65, 67. Type : Chiton elegans, Frembly. Tonicia, Gray, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B.M., 1857. 185. Lucia. Gould (pre- occupied). Lucilina, Dall, 1881. Toniciopsis (in part), Thiele, " Das Gebiss der Schneeken," ii, 371. Tonicia. Gray, Man. Conch. (1). xiv, Hit, 194 ; xv, 89. Valves external, all having pectinated insertion teeth ; sutural plates separated by a squared denticulate sinus ; lateral areas and end valves bearing radiating rows or bands of eye-dots. Girdle leathery, naked or sparsely hairy. Gills extending the whole length of the foot. The species of Tonicia inhabit mainly the shores of the southern and tropical Pacific, being found from middle America to Cape Horn, and from the Philippines to Australasia, 1. Tonicia cuneata, Suter, 1908. Plate 5, fig. 1. Tonicia cimeata, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), 360, pi. 28, f. 1, 2. Shell oblong-ovate, rather small, valves much raised, the inter- mediate valves beaked, angled above, with cuneiform sculpture. Tonicia.] AMPHINEURA. 43 Anterior valve with 4 low and smooth ridges with serrated margins, corresponding with the slits, anterior margin with the same number of slightly projecting lobes, posterior margin a little concave ; sculpture between the riblets consisting of deeply engraved grooves and punc- tures, leaving numerous wedge-shaped smooth patches of various size ; the whole surface dotted with minute eyes. Of the intermediate valves, the first is notably larger than the following 5, all are sinuated on the latero-anterior sides and narrowed, convex in front and pro- minently beaked behind ; dorsal area V-shaped, smooth, microscopic- ally transversely finely striate ; pleural tracts with a few narrow longitudinal and divergent serrated grooves ; lateral areas not raised, with an anterior obtuse diagonal ridge, sculpture similar to that of the head valve ; the small reddish eyes scattered over the whole surface. Posterior valve with a V-shaped dorsal area, its sides serrated, mucro at about the posterior fourth, posterior slope moderately concave, posterior margin slightly lobed, the lobes corresponding with the slits, sculpture beautifully wedge-shaped, with the postero-lateral ridges corresponding with the anterior slits ; the whole surface covered with minute eyes. Girdle moderately broad, leathery, yellowish, almost naked, with very few silvery fine hairs near the margin. Colour a dirty-white ; anterior valve with the riblets reddish- white, the grooves and punctures rusty ; intermediate valves with the central area light olive, bordered by white, ornamented with very fine longitudinal reddish lines ; grooves on the pleural and lateral areas rusty, a few light-blue spots scattered over the areas ; posterior valve having the central area coloured as the intermediate valves, the grooves rusty, the cuneiform nodules on the pleural tracts light blue ; white, with a few blue spots, posteriorly. Interior greenish-white, without any strong callosity. Anterior valve with 4 slits, the 2 central ones broader ; intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side, and posterior valve with 7 inequidistant slits ; all teeth of the first 7 valves finely pectinated and sharp, but those of the tail valve are stout, deeply grooved, rather blunt-edged ; all insertion plates are high ; sinus flat, finely denticu- late ; sutural laminae angularly produced, rather thin ; valve-callus not much raised. Length, 22 mm. ; breadth, 11 mm. (dry specimen). Divergence, 78°. Animal with the gills extending nearly the whole length of the foot. Type in my collection. Hab. — Bay of Islands (J. C. Anderson). Remarks. — This shell is distinguished by its peculiar cuneiform sculpture from all the other species of the genus known to me. A curious feature of this species are the minute punctures scattered over the whole surface of all valves, not confined to the lateral areas only on the intermediate valves. I took them for eyes, but I may be wrong. I have only one specimen, and it is highly desirable that more examples should be obtained and carefully examined. 44 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplttcophorct. Genus 4. ACANTHOPLEURA, Guilding, 1835. Acanthopleura, Guilding, Zool. Journ., v, 1835. 28 (in part). Type : Chiton spinosus, Brug. Corephium, Gray, P.Z.S.. 1847, 65, 68; not Brown. 1827. Maiigeria. Gray, Guide Brit. Mus., 1857, 183 (in part). Fran, cisia. Carpenter, in Ball, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 284, 289. 290 (1882). Valves exposed, beaked, generally lustreless or eroded ; provided with eyes on the forward part of the latreal areas and the end valves ; mucro posterior ; interior coloured, the tegmentum broadly inflexed at the posterior margin of each valve. Insertion plates all conspicuously pectinated outside and directed forward. Girdle thick, covered with small or large calcareous spines. (Pilsbry.) A widely spread genus, being recorded from the West Indies, Strait of Magellan, west coast of South America, Galapagos, Tonga, Fiji, New Caledonia, north Australia, New Guinea, Java, Philippine Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Mauritius, Reunion, Comoro Islands, Zanzibar, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Verde Islands, &c. Subgen. 1. MAUGERIA, Gray, 1857. Maugeria, Gray, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., 183 (in part). Type : Ch. granulatus, Gmel. Acanthopleura, Carpenter, Table Reg. Chitons, 1873 ; not Guilding. q.v. Exterior lustreless ; tail valve having numerous (7-12) slits in the short crenulated insertion plate, median valves 1 slit, the exposed coating or tegmentum wider than the articulamentum, or inner layer ; sinus not toothed, the sutural plates connected across it ; girdle thick, densely beset with calcareous spinelets. (Pilsbry.) 1. Acanthopleura granulata, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 2, fig. 21 ; Plate 5, fig. 2. Chiton granulatus, Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3205. Acanthopleura granu- lata, Gmel., Man. Conch' (1), xiv, 227. pi. 50; .1. Mai., xii. 70. Chiton 'magellaniciis, Gmel. C. piceus, Gmel. C. occidentalis. Reeve. C. sala- mander. Spengler. C. tuberculatus, L. : Sohvoter, not Linnseus. C. itn- guiculatus et convexus, Blainville. C. blauneri et mucronulatus. Shuttle- worth. Tonicia corticata, Hutton, T.N.Z.I.. iv, 180. Shell oblong, moderately elevated or roundly arched, almost always eroded, cinereous, girdle with calcareous spinelets. Anterior valve closely granulated, the granules diminishing in size toward the apex ; interspaces with numerous small black eyes. Intermediate valves beaked, roundly arched, the jugum of the first median valve granulate, on the succeeding valves minutely wrinkled ; lateral areas having the granules disposed in longitudinal rows in front of the lateral areas, which are but slightly raised, granose, and interspersed with numerous eyes. Posterior valve with a few growth - ridges, closely granulated, eyes less numerous ; rnucro swollen, posterior. Girdle thick and fleshy, densely covered with short unequal spinelets, which Acanthopleura. | AMPHINEURA. 45 are calcareous, and either black or white ; the black spines are fre- quently longer and straight, the white spines short, mingled with a few much larger ones, shaped like the shell of Cadulus. Colour dull, ashy, or brown, generally with a patch of brown on the ridge of each valve, with a pair of whitish, buff, or pinkish stripes. Interior sea- green or lead-blue, fading to nearly white on the sutural plates ; each median valve with a purple-black tract between the sinus and the summit of the callus, square or 2-branched at the ends, anterior valve having normally 8-10, central 1 (rarely 2), posterior valve 9 (occa- sionally 7-14) slits ; teeth long and very deeply pectinated outside ; teeth of tail valve short and obtuse, directed forward, very deeply pectinated outside and on the edge ; sinus slightly concave, or convex and notched at the sides, not denticulate. Length, 80 mm. ; breadth, 46 mm. Divergence, about 125°. Type (?). Hob. — New Zealand. Pitt Island, Chathams. Remark. — This is the common Chiton of the West Indies. Subfam. 3. LIOLOPHURIN.E Median and anterior valves provided with eyes, and having well- developed insertion plates with slits, the teeth pectinated outside, not thickened at the edges of the slits. Posterior valve with the mucro posterior and terminal ; its insertion plate obsolete, reduced to a low ridge or flat ledge of callus, which is unslit (except in Schizo- chiton) and continuous posteriorly or interrupted in the middle by a caudal sinus. Gills as long as the foot. This group is closely allied to Chitonidce, and has doubtless been derived from the Tonicioid branch of that stock. It is separated from them on account of the degeneration of the posterior valve, and especi- ally of its insertion plate. (Pilsbry.) Genus 5. LORICA, H. and A. Adams, 1852. Lorica, H. and A. Adams, A.M.N.H. (2), ix, 355. Type : L. volvox, Reeve. Valves exposed, not beaked, the lateral areas and end valves with many fine riblets or pustules. Eyes confined to a single series along the summit of each diagonal rib. Insertion plates blunt, obsoletely pectinated, the slits in head valve not corresponding to external ribs ; sinus very small. Posterior valve having the mucro posterior and ter- minal, insertion plate unslit, obsolete, being reduced to a convex ridge of callus ; posteriorly cleft to the mucro by a deep rounded sinus, or waved. Girdle slit or waved behind, densely scaly. This is one of the few genera of " irregular " Chitons having a scaly girdle. The eyes seem to be nearly obsolete, and possibly are not functional, although they still are pigmented. In most speci- 46 AMPHINETJRA. [Polyplacophora. mens a good hand-lens shows the series of ocular punctures along the diagonal ridge, immediately in front of the anterior row of pustules. (Pilbry.) Australia and New Zealand only. m Sect. 1. LORICA, s. str. Sinus in tail valve deep ; jugal sinus V-shaped ; girdle widest at the sides, cleft behind. 1. Lorica volvox, Reeve, 1847. Plate 2, fig. 22 ; Plate 5, figs. 3, a, b. Chiton volvox, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Chiton, pi. 6, f. 31. Lorica volvox, Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 237, pi. 52, f. 14-21 ; P. Mai. 8., vii, 297. C. cimolius. Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. 21, f. 141. C. (Lepidopleurus) rudis, Hntton, T.N.Z.I.. iv. 1872. 179. Shell oblong, strongly elevated, the dorsal ridge angular, side slopes nearly straight ; surface lustreless, finely sculptured, variable in colour. Anterior valve strongly elevated, curving forward at the summit, the anterior slope being concave ; sculptured with many radiating riblets, which are pustulose when not eroded. The median valves are not beaked even when young, but they are falsely beaked or narrowly projecting at the sinus in front ; lateral areas raised, sculptured with 8-12 low radiating cords bearing rounded pustules, which are more or less entirely lost in adult specimens ; central areas sculptured with numerous narrow raised threads parallel to the dorsal ridge, their interstices wider than the threads, and closely latticed across. Posterior valve small, much depressed, with posterior terminal elevated mucro ; posterior lateral margin bounded by an elevated rib ; posterior area extremely small, vertical, perpendicularly ribbed, having a deep rounded excavation behind. Girdle wide, bluish with incon- spicuous dusky cross-bars, slit behind, its surface very densely covered with minute, closely imbricating, smooth, convex scales. Colour some- times buff, with chestnut streaks and darker angular blotches on the central areas, fewer on the lateral areas ; sometimes the lateral areas are olive-green, the dorsal region light, the sides of the central areas brown or olive. The dorsal ridge is sometimes stained with orange on each valve, and the same colour often clouds the sides also. In- terior white ; tegmentum reflexed and sculptured along the posterior margin of each valve ; anterior valve having 8 slits, central 1 slit ; the slits minute ; teeth short, blunt, finely but obsoletely pectinated outside, and crenulated at the edge. Posterior valve having a low, rounded callus ridge in place of the insertion plate, its edge unslit, finely and rather obsoletely striated, interrupted by a deep rounded sinus in the middle behind ; eaves narrow, solid ; sutural plates broad, separated by an extremely small V-shaped sinus in the middle. Length, 70 mm. ; breadth, 38 mm. Divergence, about 90° ; the young more depressed. (Pilsbry.) Lorica.] AMPHINEURA. 47 Type in the British Museum ; of C. rudis, Hutt., in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hal>. — Whale Rock buoy-moorings, 20 fathoms, one specimen (Captain Bollons) ; Channel Island, Hauraki Gulf, 25 fathoms, one in- termediate valve ; Dusky Sound, 30 fathoms (R. Henry). Australia. Remark. — The specimen in the Dominion Museum, locality not stated, may now safely be considered as having been obtained some- where in New Zealand. Genus 6. ONITHOCHITON. Gray, 1847. Onithochiton, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847, 65, 68, 169. Type : Chiton undulatus, Q. & G. Valves exposed, polished, beaked, with indistinct lateral areas ; eyes present and disposed in a ray on the forward part of each lateral area and in numerous rays on the anterior valve. Interior porcel- lanous ; sinus denticulate, angular ; insertion plates pectinated out- side, that of the first valve with 8 slits, median valves 1 slit ; posterior valve depressed, triangular, with posterior terminal and marginal mucro, the insertion plate reduced to a low, smooth, and narrow callus. Girdle leathery, rendered velvety by very minute chaffy hairs. (Pilsbry.) The species are distributed from the Cape of Good Hope to New Zealand. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Lateral areas and anterior valve smooth or radially sculptured ; central areas smooth. b. Lateral areas smooth or with 4 or 5 low subgranose riblets undulatus. bb. Lateral areas closely sculptured with close subgranose striae . . . . . . . . - - - - semisculptus. 00. Lateral areas having concentric sculpture ; central areas or pleura with forwardly converging sulci . . . . nodosus. 1. Onithochiton nodosus, Suter, 1907. Plate 5, fig. 4. Onithochiton nodosus, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 297, f. 4 in text. Shell small, elongately ovate, shining, flesh-colour, variegated with white and brown, lateral areas with nodulous ribs. Anterior valve with about 20 radiate nodulous riblets, crossed by 4 concentric fur- rows ; about 14 radiate rows of minute silvery eyes. Intermediate valves slightly beaked, with the jugum sharply rounded ; central areas minutely punctate, longitudinal sulci in front of the lateral areas, short near the centre, but extending nearly the whole length on ap- proaching the margins ; several transverse furrows extend over the central areas. Lateral areas scarcely raised, with 3 nodulous ribs, the 2 posterior ones close together ; sutures slightly crenulated ; one row of eyes between the first and second rib. Posterior valve with the mucro terminal, minutely punctate, a concentric marginal row of 48 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. nodules, interspersed with eyes. Girdle narrow, leathery, with narrow white stripes below the sutures. Colour light pink over the jugum. minutely dotted with white, margined by rows of triangular white spots ; central and lateral areas reddish-brown, variegated with white on some of the intermediate valves. Interior reddish-brown ; anterior valve with 10 irregularly spaced slits ; teeth pectinate ; intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side ; posterior valve with a low, smooth, and rounded callus. Length, 17 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. Divergence, 70°. Type in the cabinet of Miss Mestayer, Wellington. Hob. — Foveaux Strait, in 18 fathoms, one specimen (Captain Bollons), type ; Guard's Bank, Pelorus Sound (Captain Bollons). Remark. — This species is nearly allied to 0. rugulosus, Angas, from Port Jackson, which, however, is much more depressed, the divergence being 125°. According to Thiele, this is 0. marmoratus, Wissel, 1904 : see Appendix. 2. Onithochiton semisculptus, Pilsbry, 1893. Plate 2, fig. 23. Onithochiton semisculptus, Pilsbry. Man. Conch. (1). xiv, 247, pi. 55, f. 10, 11 : J. Mai., xii, 71 : Wissel, Zool. Jahrb., xx, 658, pi. 21, f. 64; pi. 24, f. 65, 66 (anatomy). Shell oblong, elevated, subaiigular, olive-green, white and brown, concentrically banded and sometimes longitudinally striped. Anterior valve with numerous close radiate riblets, distinct near the margin ; anterior half with small black eyes irregularly scattered about. In- termediate valves with a low keel on the jugum, beaked ; central area smooth, shining ; lateral areas slightly raised, indistinctly separated from the pleura, with fine and close radiate riblets, which are more or less distinctly granose, their number varying from about 12 to 20 : front of each lateral area with a small number of eyes. Posterior valve convex, smooth ; mucro terminal. Girdle rather broad, buff with numerous minute brown dots, brown when dry. Colour dark olive- green, with snowy angular lines and dots on the lateral areas, and closer more regular transverse lines on central areas ; sometimes beautifully ornamented with white and brown longitudinal streaks of various width. Interior white or light blue ; anterior valve with 8 slits, median valves with 1 slit, on each side ; teeth very blunt and strongly pectinated ; sinus rather broad, denticulate ; sutural lamina1 broadly rounded, slightly higher near the sinus. Length, 27-5 mm. ; breadth, 16 mm. (type) : divergence, 95°. A specimen in my collection : Length, 46 mm. ; breadth, 25 mm. Type in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. #a&.— Chatham Islands (H. B. Kirk). Remark. — It is distinguished from all other known species by the sculpture of the lateral areas. Onithochiton.] AMPHINEURA. 49 3. Onithochiton undulatus, Quoy and Gaimard, 1835. Plate 2, fig. 24 ; Plate 5, fig. 5. Chiton undulatus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii, 393, pi. 75, f. 19-24. Onitho- chiton undulatus. Q. & G., Man. Conch., xiv, 245, pi. 55, f. 14—16; P. Mai. S.. ii. 199. Tonicia lineolata, Frembly : Button, M.N.Z.M., 114. not of Frembly. Shell oblong, moderately elevated, the dorsal angle rounded, side slopes nearly straight, colour very variable, mostly olive with con- centric brown lines. Anterior valve with obsolete radiating riblets, and rays of eyes, the eye-rays variable in number, width, and degree of coalescence, the. individual eyes being very mutable in number and position. Intermediate valves beaked, central areas smooth and polished, lateral areas but little raised, and either smooth or sculp- tured with 4 or 5 low more or less obsolete beaded radiating riblets, and showing under a lens a band of eye-dots near the front margin. Posterior valve very shortly subtriangular, the distance from sinus to mucro being but little more than one-third the width of the valve's tegmentum. Girdle yellowish-white, with very minute brown dots. Colour extremely variable ; various shades of green, yellowish on the ridge, or buff, flesh-colour, light blue, &c. ; always with concentric darker lines, more distinct on the sides ; sometimes the first 2 valves of a light pink, the others dark olive on the sides, yellowish-white in the middle, &c. Interior white or light blue, chestnut under the beak of each valve ; anterior valve with 8 slits, intermediate valves with 1 slit, on each side ; teeth obtuse, closely and sharply pectinated outside and on the summits ; posterior valve with a narrow convex ridge ; sinus deep, angular, finely denticulate ; sutural laminae broad, higher toward the sinus. Length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 16 mm. : a large specimen, 30 mm. by 19 mm. Divergence, 110°. Type in Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Throughout New Zealand and the Chatham Islands ; under stones between tide-marks, and in kelp-roots. Var. subantarcticus, Suter, 1907. Onithochiton undulatus, Q. & G., var. subantarcticus, Suter. TNZI xxxix, 1906 (1907), 268. This colour variety is usually of uniform chocolate or purplish- brown colour, sometimes with white patches on the ridge, or, though very rarely, the second, the fifth, and sixth valves partly or entirelv white with, concentric lines of brown. One specimen I disarticulated had only 6 slits in the anterior valve, but others have the normal 8 slits. Type, from the Auckland Islands, in my collection. Hob — Auckland and Campbell Islands, Cook Strait, and New Brighton, but rare. 50 AMPHINEURA. [Polyplacophora. LITERATURE OF THE POLYPLACOPHORA. Clark. " Reproduction in Chiton." A.M.N.H. (2), xvi, 446. Carpenter. " Generic Affinities of Chitons." Op. cit. (4), xiii, 119. Haddon. ''' On the Generative and Urinary Ducts in Chitons" Proc. R. Dublin Soc. (n.s.), iv, 1885. ' Report on the Polyplacophora" Chall. Rep., part xliii. Heath, H. ' The Development of Ischnochiton." Zool. Jahrb., Anat., xii, 1899. Loven. " Development of Chitons" A.M.N.H. (2), xvii, 413. Metcalf. " Contributions to the Embryology of Chiton" Stud. Biol. Labor. Johns Hopkins Univ., v. 1893. Moseley. '' On the Presence of Eyes in the Shells of certain Chitonidce, and on the Structure of these Organs." Quart. Jou n. Micr. Sci. (n.s.), xxv, 1885. Tryon-Pilsbry. Man. Conch. (1), xiv, xv. Plate. " Die Anatomic und Phylogenie der Chitonen." Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. iv, v, 1897, 1899, 1901. Sampson. The Musculature of Chiton." Journ. of Morphol., xi, 1895. Sedgwick. :< On certain Points in the Anatomy of Chiton." Proc. R. Soc. London, xxxiii, 1881. CLASS II. PTEROPODA, Cuvier. Pelagic animals in which the mid-region of the foot in its primi- tive condition, is relatively largely developed, and drawn out into a pair of wing-like muscular lobes, which are used as paddles. The head is often rudimentary, but may be drawn out into one or more iS J J pairs of tentacles, simulating cephalic tentacles, and provided with suckers. The hind region is often aborted, but may carry an oper- culum. The visceral hump is not twisted, except in the Limacinidce. Jaws and a radula are present. Very few forms show cephalic eyes ; oto- cysts are universally present. The gonads are both male and female in the same individual. The genital aperture is single ; copulatory organs, often of considerable size, are present. A mantle-skirt and shell is present in one division of the Pteropoda (Thecosomata), and in these an extensive subpallial chamber is deve- loped, the walls of which, in the absence of ctenidia, have a branchial function. In a second division (Gymnosomata) the mantle-skirt is aborted, and there is no shell in the adult animal. The Pteropods inhabit the high seas, floating constantly in the water by means of the lateral fins. They are extremely vivacious in their movements, and are frequently together in prodigious num- bers. Fossil they first appear in the Palaeozoic. ORDER 1. THECOSOMATA, Blainville. Pteropoda provided with a mantle-skirt, and with a delicate hya- line shell developed on the surface of the visceral hump and mantle- skirt ; visceral hump, and consequently the shell, spirally twisted in one family, the Limacinidce ; shell often with contracted mouth and dilated body, its walls sometimes drawn out into spine-like processes, which are covered by reflexions of the free margin of the mantle. Earn. CYMBULIID^l, Cantraine. Hyalceidte, in. part, of authors. Alata, Wagner, 1885. Shell straight, bilaterally symmetrical, so-called cartilaginous, quite enveloped in the mantle. The animal^cannot completely retire within 52 PTEROPODA. [Thecosomata. it. The animal has a ventral pallial cavity, and the fins form a broad disc, on the dorsal margin of which the cephalic portion is laid back. The shell of the adult is considerably elongated in a dorse-ventral direction. It is somewhat hollowed out in the form of a boot or slipper, and is more or less broadly open ventrally. It is not homo- logous with the calcareous shell of other Thecosomata. but is the result of thickening of the integument. The animal has its visceral portion relatively little developed, and the fin greatly predominates. The cephalic portion is distinct, the lip completely surrounding the mouth. The 2 tentacles are sym- metrical, and the right one is not enclosed in a sheath. The verge is situated on the dorsal surface of the head, in the median line in the adult. Genus 1. CYMBULIA, Peron and Lesueur, 1810. Cymbnlia, P. & L., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, xv, 00. Type : C. Peroni, de Blainville. The animal has a natatory disc of considerable breadth, and a ventral lobe on the foot. The cephalic portion is reflected on the dorsal margin of the fin. but is fixed throughout its length, and con- stricted towards its distal extremity. Jaws are present. Radula having the formula 1 + 1 + 1, the central tooth very broad, laterals with a moderately broad base, unicuspid. Shell, or " deutoconch," described as cartilaginous or gelatinous, is elongated in a dorso-ventral direction, and has a moderately elon- gated cavity and a pointed dorsal extremity. The external surface is covered with tubercles arranged in rows parallel to the main axis ; the dorsal extremity is always dilated, and projects more or less markedly. 1. Cymbulia parvidentata, Pelseneer, 1888. Plate 6, fig. 1. Cyrnbulia parvidentata. Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., xxiii, 1888, 99, pi. 2. f. 12, 13. Shell slender, proportionally narrower and more elongated than C. Peroni, and exhibiting a constriction towards the middle of its lenoth, the dorsal portion long and pointed ; the spines on the surface of small size ard very uniform even on the borders of the aperture, where they are very large and distinct in C. Peroni. The 2 rows of spines which end in the" ventral points exhibit at their middle a re- entrant angle corresponding to the constriction of the shell. The cavity of the latter is very narrow and of little depth. Length, 35 mm. An:mal unknown. Type in the British Museum. Hab— Cook Strait (" Challenger "). Cavolina.i P'JEROPODA. 53 Fam. CAVOLINIID^E, d'Orbigny. HyalidcB, d'Orbigny. Cleodoridce. Gray. Cliidce, Jeffreys. Orthoconques, Fol, Shell external, calcareous, inoperculated. bilaterally symmetrical, not rolled up in a spiral, but at its apex often dorsally recurved. Animal with its pallial cavity ventral, and its columellar muscle dorsal ; the anus situated on the left. The shell has a variable form, which may always be referred to a. hollow cone, more or less modified, flattened dorso-ventrally or cir- cular in section. The apex is quite straight, recurved, or truncated ;, the mouth broad or narrow ; with longitudinal or transverse ribs, &c. The initial portion of the shell is generally distinct from the rest, and represents the embryonic shell. The animal may be entirely retracted within the shell. The form of the fins and of the posterior lobe of the foot varies considerably. The mouth, the lips, and the tentacles resemble those of. the Limacinidcs (except Peraclis). KEY TO GENERA. a. Shell larger at the aperture than just behind, constricted behind the aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . CUVIERINA. b. Shell narrower at the aperture than just behind . . . . CAVOLINA. Genus 1. CAVOLINA, Abildgaard, 1791. Carolina, Abildgaard, Skriv. Naturhist. Selsk., i, 1791, 173. Type : Anomia tridentata, Forskal. Rheda, Humphreys, 1797. Hyalcea, Lamarck. 1801. Archonta, Montfort, 1810. Tricla, Oken, 1815. Pleuropus, Eschscholtz, 1825. Diacria, Gray, 1842. Orbignyia, A. Adams, 1859. The special characters of the animal chiefly consist in the breadth of the posterior lobe of the foot, and in the presence of lateral pro- longations of the mantle, which project from the lateral portions of the aperture (side clefts of the adult) and may cover a considerable portion of the shell. Shell generally of a horny-brown colour, especially characterized by its much-contracted aperture, which is, however, very broad trans- versely. The lateral portions of this aperture, which are narrower than the middle part, are almost separated from it by a more or less developed tooth rising from the ventral lip and fitting into a dorsal depression. The dorsal lip, which is longer than the ventral, is always more or less ventrally recurved ; the ventral lip, much recurved dorsally, is constricted a little in front of the aperture, and then reflected ventrally. The ventral surface is always bulging. The special form of Cavolinrt depends on the fact that the sides of the shell diverge abruptly outwards, so that the lips appear much prolonged anteriorly.. The sides of the shell are often prolonged into a more or less projecting point. The embryonic shell is not separated by a distinct constriction, except in C. trispinosa and C. quadridentata. 54 PTEROPODA. [Thecosomata. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Dorsal lip thickened into a pad. a. Shell with lateral points . . . . . . . . trispinosa. B. Dorsal lip with a thin margin. a. Posterior portion of the ventral lip markedly projecting laterally . . . . . . . . . . . . longirostris. >in. Ventral lip not more developed than the dorsal. b. Shell without appreciable lateral points . . . . telemus. bb. Shell with distinct lateral points. c. Upper lip flattened posteriorly . . . . . . uncinata. cc. Upper lip directed straight forwards . . . . inflexa. 1. Cavolina inflexa, Lesueur, 1813. Plate 6, fig. 2. Hyalcea inftexa, Lesueur, Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom., iii, 1813, 285. pi. 5, f. 3. H. dongata, Lesueur, MS., in Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxii, 1821, 82. H. vaginellina, Cantraine, Bull. Acad. d. Sci. Bruxelles, ii, 1835, 380. H. labiata, d'Orbigny, Voy. Amerique merid.. v, 1836, 104, pi. 6, f. 21-25. H. uncinata, Hoeninghaxis, MS., in Philippi. Enum. Moll. Sicilise. 1836, 101. pi. 6. f. 18. not of Rang. Diacria inflexa, Lesueur : Gray, Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus., pt. ii, Pteropoda, 9. Hyalcea imitans, Pfeffer, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, vii, 1880, 90, pi. 7, f. 9a. Cavolinia inftexa, Les. : Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., xxiii. 1888, 85 ; Hedley, T.X.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906), 76. Shell elongated, conical, compressed on each side, elongated pos- teriorly, terminated by a recurved point, laterally armed with a short point ; aperture ovately transverse, laterally deeply cleft. (Gray.) Hob. — Off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms. 2. Cavolina longirostris, Lesueur, 1821. Plate 6, fig. 9. Hyahvo, longirostris, Lesueur, MS., in Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxii, 1821, 81 ; Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., xxiii, 1888, 79. Shell ovate-globular, terminated anteriorly with a rather long, arched, channelled beak, posteriorly shortly truncate, laterally pro- vided with short hooked wings, inferiorly 3-ribbed ; aperture trans- verse, narrow. (Gray.) Var. strangulata, Hedley, 1907. Plate 6, fig. 8. Cavolina longirostris, var. strangulata, Hedley, Rec. A.M., vi, pt. iv, 1907, 299, pi. 54, f. 13. Cavolinia, sp., Hedley, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii. 76. This differs from the typical form by the sudden lateral contraction of the rostrum, which distally expands in a spout. In the typical form the rostrum is produced more gradually from the anterior dorsal margin than in the variety. In var. strangulata the posterior lateral angles are less developed. Hob. — Off Great Barrier Island, in 1 10 fathoms. Cavolina.] PTEROPODA. 55 3. Cavolina telemus, Linne, 1758. Plate 6, fig. 3. Monoculus (?) telemus, L., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 635. Anomia tridentota, Forskal. Desoript. anim., &c., 1773, 124. Cavolina natans, Abildgard,. Skriv. Naturhist. Selsk., i, 1791, Heft 2, pi. 10. Hyalcea cornea, Lamarck, Syst. A.s.V., 1801, 140. H. papilionacea, Bory de St. Vincent, Voy. quatre prinoip. iles mers d'Afrique. i. 1804, 137, pi. 5, f. 1. Hyale tenuibranche, Peron and Lesuexir, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, xv, 1810, pi. 2, f. 13. Hyalcea Peroni, Lesueur, Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom., iii, 1813, 284. H. Chemnitziana, Lesueur, ibid., 284. H. australis, Peron, Voy. terres australes, i, 1816, pi. 31, f. 5. H. Forskalii, Lesueur, MS., in. Blainville. Diet. Sci. Nat., xxii, 1821, 79. H. a/finis, d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. merid., v, 1836, 91, pi. 5, f. 6-10. H. truncata, Krauss, Siid- afric. Moll., 1848, 34, pi. 2, f. 12, not of Lesueur. Diacria tridentata, Forsk. : Gray, Gat. Moll. Brit. Mus., pt. ii, Pteropoda. 8. Hyalcea Cumingii. Sower by. Conch. Icon., xx, Pteropoda, f. 5. Cavolinia tri- dentata. Forsk. : Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., xxiii, 1888, 83 ; Hedley. T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906). 75. C. telemus, A. Adams, A.M.N.H. (3), iii, 1859, 44. Shell globular, yellowish, pellucid, thin, very finely striated trans- versely ; hinder central process short, terminal tooth longer than the lateral ones. (Gray.) Hah. — Chatham Islands ; Whangarei Heads (C. Cooper) ; off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms. 4. Cavolina trispinosa, Lesueur, 1821. Plate 6, fig. 4. Hyalcea trispinosa, Les., in Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xxii, 1821, 82; Forbes and Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll., ii, 380. pi. U, f. 3. Diacria trispinosa, Les. : Gray, Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus., pt. ii, Pteropoda, 10. Pleuropus tri- spinosus, Les. : Ad., G.B.M., ii, 611. Hyalcea trispinosa, Les. : Boas, " Spolia atlantica," 94, pi. 1, f. 3 ; pi. 2, f. 14. Cavolinia trispinosa, Les. : Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., xxiii, 76 ; Hedley, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 76. HyaJcea mucronata, Quoy and Gaimard, Ann. de Sci. Nat. (1), x, 231, pi. 86, f. 1, 2. Diacria mucronata. Q. & G. : Gray, i.e., 11. HyaJcea depressa Bivona, Efem. sci. Sicilia, 1832, 57, pi. 1, f. 4, 5. H. cuspidata, Delle Cliiaje, Descr. anim. senza vert. Napoli, 1841, pi. 180. f. 1, 2, not of d'Orbigny. H. Eeeviana, Dunker, Index Moll., 1853, 2, pi. i, f. 17-20. Shell depressed, straight, and kite-shaped ; anterior extremity, or the portion above the short but very acute lateral spines, is much shorter than the posterior end ; the latter produced into a very long and slender straight caudal spine, mostly broken off. Mouth short, narrow, semielliptic ; the marginal fissure extending to the lateral spines is linear ; both lips briefly and abruptly reflected. Colour transparent white, brownish near the lips and at the commencement of the tail. Upper and lower surfaces of nearly equal convexity, mostly devoid of marked concentric stria?. The former projects semi- circularly beyond the straightish labial edge of the latter. Upper sur- face with a broad rounded central longitudinal fold, generally divided in front into three smaller ones, flanked on each side with a strong narrower fold, leaving a flattish triangular space between it and the- end of the lateral spine. Lower surface with a slight fold adjacent to> each lateral spine. 56 PTEROPODA. [Thecosornata. Length, 11 mm. Hob. — Off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. 5. Cavolina uncinata, Rang, 1836. Plate 6, fig. 5. HyalcRa uncinata. Rang, in d'Orbigny, Voy. Amerique uierid., v, 1836 93, pi. 5, f. 11-15. Cavolina uncinata. Gray, Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus., pt. ii, 1850, 7 : Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., xxiii, 84. Hyalosa uncinata, Rang and Souleyet, Hist. Nat. Moll.. Pteropodes, 1852, 37, pi. 2, f. 11, 14 ; Conch. Icon., xx. pi. 1, f. 1. H. uncinatiformis, Pfeffer, " Die Pteropoden des Hambnrger Museums." vii. 1880, 85. H. uncinata, Rang : Boas, " Spolia atlantica," 119, pi. 1, f. 10 ; pi. 2. f. 20. Shell much swollen ventrally, the surface delicately and regularly reticulated, with fine concentric ridges in front ; dorsal face with 3 low, radiating ribs, turned downward and nearly evenly rounded at the aperture ; lateral spines compressed and curved slightly back- ward, central spine rather short, stout, and curved upward. Colour pale amber. Length, 9 mm. ; breadth, 6 mm. Hob. - - New Zealand. Australia ; Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. Genus 2. CUVIERINA, Boas, 1886. Cuvierina, Boas, "Spolia atlantica," 1886. 131. Type : C. columnella. Rang. Cuvieria, Rang, 1825; not of Peron, 1807. Triptera of authors, not of Quoy and Gaimard. Animal with, the aperture of the mantle as large as that of the shell. Posterior portion of the foot slightly hollowed out in its middle region. Shell straight, elongated, with a smooth surface, with, ihe posterior half conical and pointed, generally caducous in the adult. The. anterior half is swollen medianly, but constricted behind the aperture. A partition, concave in front, is found towards the middle of the entire length of the shell, and close beside this the truncation is formed. The transverse section is circular, except towards the aperture, where it is a little compressed, and appears somewhat reniform. Behind the aperture the shell is contracted, but bulges out again towards the partition. The embryonic portion is separated from the rest of the shell by a shallow constriction. 1. Cuvierina columnella, Rang, 1827. Plate 6, fig. 6. Cuvieria columnella, Rang, Ann. Sci. Nat. (1), xiii, 323, pi. 45, f. 1-3. / Cleo- dora obtusa, Quoy and Gaimard. 1824. Cuvieria oryza, Benson, 1835. Triptera columnella, Gray. 1850. Cuvieria urceolaris, Moerch. 1850. Triptera columnella and cancellata, Pfeffer. 1879. Cuvierina columnella, Rang : Pelseneer, Chall. Rep. xxiii, 67 ; Hedley, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 76. This is the only living species, and its characters are those of the genus. Length, 14 mm. Type (?). Hob. — Off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms. Limacina.] PTEROPODA. 57 Fam. LIMACINID^E, Gray. Spirialidae, Chenu. Animal with, a dorsal pallial cavity, and a ventral columellar muscle ; anus situated on the right side. The animal is twisted like the shell, which it completely fills, and into which it may be completely retracted. The margin of the mantle bears, on the right-hand side, and some- what ventrally, a long extensile appendage. The posterior lobe of the foot, which bears the operculum, and is topographically ventral, is hollowed out on the middle of its free margin. The fins do not exhibit towards their distal extremity an area without muscular fibres. Shell very delicate, external, twisted into a left-handed spiral, small, translucent, with slight colouring. Operculum spiral, very delicate, glassy, and transparent. It is fixed by a portion of its surface to the posterior face of the ventral lobe of the foot. Genus 1. LIMACINA, Cuvier, 1817. Limacina, Cuvier, " Regne animal," ii, 1817, 380. Type : Clio helicina, Phipps. Heterofusus, Fleming, 1823. Spiratella, de Blainville, 1824. Heliconoides, d'Orbigny, 1836 (in part). Spirialis, Eydoux and Souleyet, 1840 (in part). Helicophora, Gray, 1842. Scce-t, Philippi, 1844. Proto- medea, G. 0. Costa, 1861 (in part). Embolus, Jeffreys, 1869. Animal with an indistinctly defined head, which is only marked externally by the lips on the border of the mouth and by the tentacles. Fins elongated, enlarged, truncated at their free end. Shell umbilicate, with turns gradually increasing ; with a fairly large aperture, and with a columera not prolonged into a rostrum ; surface, smooth or striated. The height of the spire, the form of the surface and that of the aperture, and the size of the umbilicus vary according to the species. Operculum semilunar, with a right-handed spiral of a few whorls. 1. Limacina australis, Eydoux and Souleyet, 1840. Plate 6, fig. 7. Spirialis australis, E. & S., Revue Zool., iii, 1840, 237. Limacina australia, E. & S. : Pelseneer, Chall. Rep., xxiii, 25. pi. 1, f. G ; Iredale, T.N.Z.I.. xl, 384. Shell smooth, milky-white, the spire- somewhat elevated with a blunted or obtuse apex, with 6 or 7 bulging whorls, separated by a very deep suture, with the last whorl much expanded and convex, and projecting more in proportion than all the foregoing. Aperture quadrangular, somewhat angled in front ; columella"straight, reflected to the right ; umbilicus broad. Operculum approximately oval, with an almost straight columellar margin, and with a spiral portion measuring barely two-fifths of the entire length. Diameter, maj.. 1-5 mm. ; height, 2-2-5 mm. 58 PTEROPODA. [Thecosomata. Animal with a small lobe on the dorsal margin of each fin. Type (?). Rob. — Lyall Bay, in shell-sand (Miss Mestayer). Remarks. — The type is from Cape Horn (Souleyet). The species has a wide distribution round the South Pole. Living specimens were obtained by the " Challenger " from Marion Island to Crozets, at Kerguelen Island, Heard Island, and in the vicinity of antarctic ice, in latitude 63° 30' S. The specimen from Lyall Bay was identified by Mr. C. Hedley, of Sydney ; I have not seen it. LITERATURE. Boas, D>. J. E. V. " Spolia atlantica." 1886. Eydoux et Souleyet. Descr. sommaire de plus. Pteropodes nouv., destines a etre publies dans le Voyage de la " Bonite." Rev. Zool. 1840. pp. 235-39. Forbes and Hartley. Hist, of Brit, Moll., ii, 1853, pp. 377-86. Gegenbaur, C. ' Untersuch. iiber Pteropoden und Heteropoden." ' 1855. Huxley, Th. H. " Anatomy of certain Heteropoda and Pteropoda collected during the Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.' ' Philos. Trans., cxliii, 1853, pp. 39-44. Lesueur. Mem. s. quelques nouv. esp. d'auim. mollusques, &c, Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, iii. pp. 281-85. Miiller, Joh. Bemerk. aus d. Entwicklungsgesch. d. Pteropoden. Monatsber. Berlin. Akad., 1857 (1858), pp. 180-204. Pelseneer, P. ' Challenger ' Reports," Zool., vols. xix, xxiii. Peron et Lesueur. Hist, de la fam. des Moll, pteropodes. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat, Paris, xv, 1810, pp. 57-69. Pfeffer, G. ' Die Pteropoden des Hamburger Museums." Naturwiss. Verh. Hamburg, vii, 1880, pp. 67-99. Rang. Descr. de deux genres nouv. Pteropodes. Ann. Sci. Nat. (1), xii. 1827, pp. 320-329. Rang and Souleyet. Hist, Nat, d. Moll. Pteropodes. Monographic. Paris, 1852. Troschcl. Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Pteropoden. Archiv f. Natur- gesch., 20 Jahrgang, 1854, pp. 196-241. CLASS III. GASTROPODA, Cuvier. (— Paracephalophora, de Blainville ; Anisopleura, Lankester.) THE Gastropods are specially characterized, firstly, by their asym- metrical organization ; secondly, by their well-developed head ; and, thirdly, by their shell, which is formed of one piece, and coiled in a spiral, at least in the larval stage. The asymmetry of some of the principal organs of the body is the chief characteristic of the Gas- tropoda. The essential feature of this asymmetry is that the anus generally lies to one side of the median plane ; that the ctenidium (gill-combs), the osphradium (olfactory organs), the hypobranchial gland (or pallial mucous gland), and the auricle of the heart are single. or at least are more developed on one side of the body than the other ; and that there is only one genital orifice, which lies on the same side of the body as the anus. The Gastropoda are essentially aquatic animals, and the more archaic species are marine ; the stylommatophorous pulmonates— Cydophoridce, &c. — are terrestrial. The diet of Gastropoda varies according to the group under con- sideration. Generally speaking, the carnivorous habit is due to specialisation ; various forms live and feed on colonial invertebrates, such as Hydrozoa, &c. Some Gastropoda are parasitic, generally in or upon Echinoderrns. Some 30,000 species of Gastropoda have been enumerated, of which 20,000 belong to the present epoch, and are distributed in every region of the globe. Some marine species are found at a depth of over 2,500 fathoms, and some Puhnonata live in the Himalayas at a height of nearly 17,000 ft. above the level of the sea. Some fresh- water Gastropoda exist at a depth of 180 fathoms below the surface of certain lakes ; others live, in subterranean waters, and some Pulmonata are found in caverns into which daylight does not penetrate. Palaeontology shows that these animals were already in existence in the Cambrian period, at the commencement of the Palaeozoic epoch. GASTROPODA. [Streptoneura. dL-, TERMS EMPLOYED TO DENOTE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE UNIVALVE SHELL. The univalve shell is composed of one or a number of whorls, the whole series of whorls, except the last or body-whorl (b-c), forming the spire (a-b) . A whorl is a single revolution of the spiral cone round the axis. The apex consists of the embryonic shell or proto- conch (d). The line of junction between two successive whorls is the suture (h). The sculpture may consist of spiral lines or ribs (e), and of axial ribs (/) and varices (g), the latter ^ being marginal ribs of the aperture of an earlier stage of growth. The mouth or aper- ture (i) may have a posterior canal or channel (k) and an anterior canal (I) ; on the right side is the outer lip (m), and on the left the inner lip (n) spread over the pillar, or columeUa (o). At the base a a siphonal fasciole (p) and an umbilicus (q) may be present. The height of the shell is^given by the line a-c. --I-- W, SUBCLASS I. STREPTONEURA, Spengel. (= Prosobranchia, Milne- Edwards ; CochUdes, von Ihering.) These are dioecious (ipoda. with the exception of a few aber- rant genera, and are characterized by the maxium torsion exhibited by the visceral mass and visceral commissure, the latter being always twisted into a figure of eight. The right moiety of this commissure is situated above the digestive tube, and is known as supra-intestinal ; the left moiety is situated below the digestive tube, and is known as infra-intestinal. The head of Streptoneura bears only a single pair of tentacles.^jThe radular teeth, when there is more than one on either side of the median tooth, are of several different kinds in each transverse row. The heart is almost always posterior to the branchia. The subclass includes two orders, Aspidobranchia and Pectini- branchia. Aspidobranchia.] GASTROPODA. 61 ORDER 1. ASPIDOBRANCHIA. (= Diolocardes ; Scutibranchia.) These are Streptoneura in which, the nervous system is still but little concentrated. The pedal centres have the form of long gang- lionated cords, to the anterior end of which the pleural centres are attached ; the cerebral ganglia are widely separated from one another, and are united by a long commissure lying in front of the buccal mass and the salivary glands. The eye is open, or, if closed, has a very small pellucida. The central teeth of the radula are multiplied. Ctenidia are almost always present ; they are bipectinate, and free at their distal ends. As a rule, the Aspidobranchs exhibit well-marked traces of the original bilateral symmetry, having two auricles to the heart, and two kidneys (one only in the Neritacea). The order Aspidobranchia includes the most archaic Gastropods ; it includes two suborders, the Docorjlossa and Rhipidoglossa. SUBORDER 1. DOCOGLOSSA. (= Onychoglossa, 0. Sars.) The organs of respiration are represented either by a ring of laminae (secondary or pallial gills) beneath the mantle-margin, or by a comb- shaped trae gill in front, anterior to the heart, or by both true and secondary gills. The eyes are open, and devoid of a crystalline lens. There are two osphradia, but neither hypobranchial glands nor oper- culum. The radula is usually very long, bearing vertically elongated beam-shaped and hooked teeth, and there are at most 3 marginal teeth on either side. The heart has only 1 auricle, and neither it nor the pericardium are traversed by the rectum. The visceral mass is cone-shaped, without a spire. Shell symmetrical, non-spiral, conic or bowl-shaped. Cambrian to Recent. The suborder includes about 1,400 species. Vernacular name. — Limpets. Maori. — Ngakihi. Fam. ACM.JEIDJS, Philippi. ; Animal with a single bipectinate ctendium on the left side, iree for the greater part of its extent. Radula with 1 central tooth on each side, 2 lateral teeth (sometimes absent), and sometimes with 1 or 2 marginal teeth. Shell patelliform, conical, the apex more or less anterior, the em- bryonic shell conical, not spiral. Cretaceous to Recent. They live on rocks and seaweeds, generally at very moderate •depths. 62 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. The shells, which are extremely variable, may be distinguished from Patellidce by their different texture and the more or less distinct internal border of the aperture ; they are never iridescent within. Genus 1. ACM^EA, Eschscholtz, 1830. Acmcea, Esch., " Appendix to Kotzebue's Neue Reise," vol. ii, p. 24, 1830. Type: Acmcea mitra, Esch. Tecture, Aud. & Milne-Ed w., Ann. Sci. Nat., xxi, 1830 (1831), 326. Tectura of Gray, H. and A. Adams, &c. Patelloidea, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., iii, 349. Lottia (in part), Philos. Trans., 1833, 800. Erginus, Jeffreys, A.M.N.H. (4), xix, 1877, 231. Collisella, Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, 1871, 245. Collisellina. Ball. I.e., 154. Tentacles rather long, cylindrical ; eyes situated on their posterior upper side. Foot semicircular ; ctenidmm large, directed from left to right ; anal orifice on the right side, and near the extremity of the adductor muscle. Shell patelliform, usually solid, oval or circular, summit an- teriorly directed and more or less in front of the middle ; interior not iridescent, and generally having an internal marginal border of colour. Pilsbry arranges the species into six geograpmcal divisions— (1) North Atlantic and Arctic ; (2) western coast of North America : (3) western coast of South America ; (4) West Indies ; (5) Japan ; (6) Lido-Pacific. Tertiary to Recent. One species is known from the Cretaceous of America. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell distinctly ribbed, ribs visible to the naked eye. a. Colour white, light brown, seldom greenish. b. Ribs 8, shell star-shaped . . . . . . octoradiata. bb. Ribs more than eight. c. Ribs elevated, roughened. d. With 7 primary stouter ribs, margin laciniate . . . . . . . . stella. dd. With 14-22 subequal ribs, margin den- ticulate . . . . . . . . corticata. re. Riblets distinct, but lower, not roughened. d. Riblets 10-30, conspicuous, apex at the anterior third, inside usually rayed with pinkish . . . . . . rubiginosa. dd. Riblets 30-50, low, apex at the anterior fourth, spatula white, sometimes with a brown spot, inside with a pinkish pinkish border . . . . . . cingulata. ddd. Riblets 25-50, sharp, usually no inter- stitial riblets, spatula dark brown . . intermedia. TEKTH OF RADULA. Dentition. — The 2 central and 2 anterior inner lateral teeth are hamate, the outer posterior laterals small and conical. Anatomy.— M. A. Willcox, " Jenaer Zeitschrift," xxxii, 1898, pp. 411-56, pi. 17-19. Dentition.— Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 318, pi. 27, f. 11. Type (?). Hob. — Throughout New Zealand and at the Chatham Islands, under stones between tide-marks. It is local in distribution. Remark. — This is one of our most constant species. Acmaxt.l GASTROPODA. 69 9. Acmaa Helmsi, E. A. Smith, 1894. Plate 7, fig. 3. Acmceu Helmsi. E. A. Smith, P. Mai. S., i, 1894, 58, pi. 7, f. 4, 5; Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, 324. Shell small, depressed cap-shaped, almost smooth, bluish-grey, ornamented with numerous radiating reddish-black narrow lines. Apex subterminal, anterior slope slightly concave, posterior slope convex, arcuate. Interior greenish ; central area white, with a few rufous spots ; margin but faintly crenulate ; border narrow, yellow, marked all round with reddish-black rays. (Translation of E. A. Smith's diagnosis.) Length, 11-5 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm. ; height, 4 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the British Museum. Hab.— Grey mouth, type (R. Helms) ; Cape Egmont (R. Murdoch). 10. Acmaea parviconoidea, Suter, 1907. Plate 5, fig. 13. Ac-mat parviconoidea, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, 321, pi. 27, f. 22-25. A. conoidea, Quoy and Gaimard : Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 132 ; P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 373, not of Quoy and Gaimard. Shell small, thin, highly conical to depressed conoidal, oval, with very fine radiate strise and irregular brown bands. Good specimens show indistinct and very low radiate riblets, corresponding to the brown lines, and under a strong lens fine and close radiate threads can be distinguished, crossed by still finer concentric growth-lines ; in most examples this sculpture is lost, the shells being eroded. The colour of the type is light brown, with a few dark concentric bands and spots around the margin ; the much more common conoidal form is dirty-white, with radiate brown or black lines which reach up to the apex, or, more often, ornate only the lower half of the shell, the upper half being tessellated with black and white. Apex at about the anterior third, directed forward and sharply pointed, but very often rounded off by erosion ; the slopes are broadly convex posteriorly, straight or distinctly concave anteriorly. Interior light brown to white ; central area dark brown, with patches of lighter colour, sometimes quite white ; margin sharp, with brown dots and lines. Length, 4-5 mm. ; breadth, 4 mm. ; height, 3-5 mm. (type). Length, 9 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. ; height, 4 mm. (the common form). Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.L, xv, 127, pi. 15, f. K ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 322, pi. 27, f. 24, 25. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hob. — The type is from Sumner, near Christchurch, where it is found living on rocks between clusters of Modiolus ater ; Heathcote Estuary ; Lyttelton ; Oamaru ; Cape Saunders ; Greymouth ; Tau- maki Island ; Cook Strait ; Evans Bay, Wellington Harbour ; East Cape Lighthouse ; Auckland Harbour ; west coast, between Manukau and Kaipara ; Bay of Islands ; Chatham Islands. 70 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchici. Remarks. — The specimens selected as the type by the late Captain Hutton represent really an extreme form of the species, the high conical and rounded shape being no doubt due to environment ; it has a striking likeness to the figures given by Quoy and Gaimard, but when specimens are compared there can be no more doubt that the New Zealand form is quite distinct from the much larger, more solid, and somewhat differently coloured Australian species. I have specimens from Tasmania which correspond exactly with A. parviconoidea. The variability of this species in shape and colour- ing is considerable. Var. leucoma, Suter, 1907. Acmcea parviconoidea, var. leucoma, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, 322. Shell small, thin, opaque, depressed conoidal. Sculpture, if any, lost by erosion. Colour white. Apex obtuse, at about the anterior fourth or fifth. Inside white ; central area greenish-white ; margin sharp, with a few small brown dots. Dentition unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Heathcote Estuary, near Christchurch, type (H. S.) ; Dun- edin Harbour (Iredale). Var. nigrostella, Suter, 1907. Plate 5, fig. 14. Acmcea parviconoidea, var. nigrostella, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii. 1907. 322, pi. 27, f. 26-29. The young shell reveals under a good lens distant low radiate riblets and fine concentric growth-lines. The colour is white, the centre being occupied by a purplish-black 4- to 9-rayed star ; there are sometimes 2 short posterior marginal rays ; round the apex a few con- centric rows of small, oval, vivid blue spots. Inside white ; central area purplish-black, sending off 4 to 9 rays towards the margin. The adult shell has lost all its sculpture ; the colour markings on a whitish ground consist of 2 lateral and 2 posterior black rays, descending from the apex and extending over only a short distance ; the margin is adorned with numerous short black lines. Inside yellowish-white, the central area occupied by the now distorted star of purplish-black ; margin sharp, with a broad border rayed with black. Length, 10 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. ; height, 5 mm. (adult speci- men). Length, 4mm.; breadth, 3mm.; height, 1-5 mm. (young specimen). Dentition unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Titahi Bay, Cook Strait, type (Miss Mestayer) ; Banks Peninsula (Iredale) ; near Taumaki Island, in 10 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Bay of Islands (J. C. Anderson). GASTROPODA. 71 Remarks. — Only one adult specimen from the first-named locality. The very pretty small forms no doubt live in the laminarian zone, and very likely never attain a much larger size there ; but specimens reaching the littoral zone will no doubt grow to the full size of the species, with its most constant characters. 11. Acmaea pileopsis, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Plate 7, fig. 4. Patelloidea pileopsis, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool., iii, 359, pi. 71, f. 25-27. Acmtei pileopsis, Q. & G., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 57, pi. 37, f. 90-92. Patelloides antarctica, Hombron et Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2 ser.), xvi, 1841. 190 ; Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 157. Patella floccata, Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1855, fig. 106; Man. Conch. (1), xiii, pi. 69, f. 38, 39; E. A. Smith, P. Mai. S., i, 59; Suter, I.e., vi, 354. Acmcea pileopsis, Q. & G., P. Mai. S., vii, 319. Shell comparatively large, ovate-convex, radiately striated, blackish and dotted with whitish. The sculpture consists of very numerous fine thread-like radiate strise, crenulated by concentric growth-lines. Adult shells may show only the incremental lines, the radiate orna- mentation having been worn off. Colour greenish-brown, dotted and netted with white or light green ; specimens from the subantarctic islands are often uniformly brown. Apex anterior, extending as far as the margin, but occasionally situated as far back as the anterior fourth of the length, slightly hooked ; anterior slope concave, seldom straight. Inside white or bluish-white ; central area chestnut-brown ; a dark-brown band inside the margin, very often banded with yellowish- brown ; margin sharp. Length, 20-25 mm. ; breadth, 15*75 mm. ; height, 9 mm. (type). Length, 28 mm. ; breadth, 24 mm. ; height, 10 mm. (from Manukau coast). Length, 30mm.; breadth, 23 mm. ; height, llmm. (from Auckland Islands). Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 127. pi. 15, f. M ; P. Mai. S., vii, pi. 27, f. 15, 16. Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Both main islands of New Zealand ; Bay of Islands (Q. & G.) ; west coast of Manukau (C. Spencer) ; Kawhia (K. Murdoch) ; French Pass, type (Q. & G.) ; Lyttelton (H. S.) ; Snares (Captain Bollons) ; Auckland Islands (A. Hamilton) ; Campbell Island (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — All the specimens I have found were fixed to rocks in excavations considerably above high-water mark, and protected against rain. There is considerable variation in the form of the shell, some being elongated oval, others more rounded ; again, they may be high or much depressed. The situation of the apex varies, and the whitish dots are often small and numerous, or larger, elongate or triangular, and fewer in number ; they may be present only near the margin, or altogether absent. 72 GASTROPODA. [Aapidobranchia. 12. Acmaea scapha, Suter, 1907. Plate 5, figs. 15, 15a. Acmcea scapha, Suter, P. Mai. 8., vii, 324, pi. 27, f. 34, 35. Shell very small, long and narrow, laterally compressed, sides parallel. Nearly the whole surface of my specimens is eroded, but near the margin traces of radiate fine riblets can be seen. Colour light brown, with a few concentric bands of darker. Apex situate at about the anterior fourth, rounded ; side slopes steep and straight, anterior slope straight, posterior slope convex. Inside with the central area dark brown, lighter under the apex, a narrow brown border on the margin ; space between this and the spatula covered by a whitish callus. Length, 4 mm. ; breadth, 1-75 mm. ; height, 1-5 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in my collection. Hub. — Dunedin, type (A. Hamilton) ; Blind Bay, Nelson. Remarks.— This curiously shaped species resembles somewhat the Californian species A. palacea, Gould, and A. depicta, Hinds. Whether in this case the narrow elongated form is an adaptation to life on fronds of seaweeds I am unable to say, but it seems very likely. 13. Acmaea septiformis, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Plate 7, fig. 5. Patelloidea septiformis, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol.. Zool., iii, 1834, 362. pi. 71. f. 43, 44. Acmcea septiformis, Q. & G., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 55, pi. 37, f. 93, 94. A. scabrilirata, Angas, P.Z.S., 1865, 154; Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 56. A. Petterdi, T.-Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1876(1877). 155; Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 54. A. septiformis, Q. & G.. P. Mai. S.. vii, 318 : Verco, T.R.S. S.Aust., xxx, 215. Shell oval, conical to depressed, radiating riblets distinct or nearly obsolete, sometimes tessellated with green and white. The sculpture is very variable ; typically the shell is delicately radiately striated, but specimens occur which have acute, distant, and slightly granulose radiating riblets, whilst others show almost no trace of sculpture. The colour is brown, tessellated with green or white, but uniformly dark-brown examples are also met with. The apex is at about the anterior fourth, but very often submarginal or even marginal ; it is pointed forward, and obtuse. Inside blue or whitish, lineolate with brown. In specimens from the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island the whole of the interior is bluish-black, a lighter band around the central area ; it is beautifully iridescent with dark blue, quite an exception in this family. Margin sharp, usually with a brown border, which is sometimes banded with yellowish. Length, 14 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. ; height, 6 mm. Length, 15 mm. ; breadth, 11 mm. ; height, 7 mm. (from Auckland Islands). Length, 16-5 mm. ; breadth, 12-5 mm. ; height, 4 mm. (from Chicken Island). Acmcea.] GASTROPODA. 73 The dentition is very similar to that of A. fragilis, Suter. P. Mai. S., vii, pi. 27, f. 12- H. Type, in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Chicken Island (C. Cooper) ; west coast of Manukau (C. Spencer) ; Heathcote Estuary (Iredale) ; Dunedin ; Auckland Islands (Captains Hutton and Bollons) ; Campbell Island (Captain Bollons). On rocks between tide-marks. Found also in Australia and Tasmania. The type is from King George's Port, Western Australia. Remark. — The variability of this species is very remarkable ; the sculpture, the colour, and the shape differ to such an extent that it is no wonder it has received several specific names. Subgen. 2. COLLISELLINA, Dall, 1871. Collisellina, Dall, Amer. Jouvn. Couch., vi, 1871, 154. Type : A. saccha- rina, L. Muzzle without lappets ; marginal teeth present, 2 on each side. Formula of teeth : 2 .2 (1 + 0+ 1) 2 .2. 14. Acmaea stella, Lesson, 1830. Plate 5, fig. 16. Patella stella, Lesson. Voy. Coq., Zool., ii. 1830, 421. Acmcea stella, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, 324, pi. 27, f. 36, 37. Shell solid, depressed, irregularly oval, strongly ribbed, whitish, margin laciniate. The sculpture consists of 7 radiating angular ribs, rounded above, thick, separated by wide depressions, 3 in front, 4 be- hind the apex ; in the interspaces between these main ribs there are 1 or 2 smaller ribs ; all of these ribs strongly and irregularly denticu- late the margin ; strong concentric ridges are mostly present. Colour dirty-white or greenish, with black in double interrupted circles. Apex situate at the anterior third. Inside bluish- white ; central area light brown or blue dotted with brown ; the margin with a few dark-brown spots or a continuous brown border ; tips of rays white. Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, 19 mm. ; height, 6-25 mm. (type). Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, 18 mm. ; height, 5 mm. (specimen figured). The dentition (Plate 1, fig. 1) consists of short, broad, rounded median and lateral teeth, and on each side posteriorly 2 elongated denticulate marginals. Type (?)• Hob. — Heads of Wellington Harbour and Island Bay, Cook Strait (Miss Mestayer) ; Taumaki Island, in 10 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; East Cape. Remark. — This species is very closely allied to A. costata, Sow., of Australia and Tasmania. 74 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Subsp. corticata, Hutton, 1880. Plate 5, fig. 17. Acmrea corticata, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 89. A. lacunosa. Reeve : Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvi, 215; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1). xiii, 52, pi. 37, f. 7-11, not of Reeve. A. Stella, subsp. corticata, Hutt. : Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 325, pi. 27, f. 38-41. Shell oval, conoidal, ribbed. There are 14 to 22 rounded, roughened radiate ribs, a few of them short, crossed by incremental ridges. Colour white, nearly always obscured by a layer of Nulliporites. Apex a little in front of the middle, obtuse ; slopes straight ; margin denti- culate. Inside bluish-white, spatula white or brown, sometimes faintly radiately streaked with black ; margin with a black border or dark-brown spots. Length, 14 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm. ; height, 9 mm. (type). Length, 13 mm. ; breadth, 9-5 mm. ; height, 5 mm. (speci- men figured). Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 127, pi. 15, f. L; P. Mai. S., vii, pi. 27, f. 41. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christ- church. Hob. — The type is from Dunedin ; North TEETH OP RADULA. and South Islands ; Chatham Islands. Remark. — This subspecies is distinguished from the species by the usually smaller size, and the disappearance of the 7 primary, stronger ribs. The margin is not laciniate, and the ribs are more numerous and equal. Subsp. pseudocorticata, Iredale, 1908. Acmcea pseudocorticata, Iredale, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908). 379. Shell small, conical, elongate-oval, sides almost parallel, closely ribbed, greenish, with brownish markings between the ribs, margin almost entire. The sculpture consists of about 17 ribs in the young shell up to 30 in the older shell, due to divarication. Apex situated at about the anterior third to subcentral ; almost always eroded, so that the sculpture is only distinct on the lower half of the older shells. Margin entire or feebly denticulate ; very irregular in some specimens, due to their station. The coloration of the outside is con- stantly greenish, the interstices between the ribs brownish. The spatula is distinctly marked, of a pinkish colour ; below is a darker shade of pink ; the margin is white, marked with bluish-black lines corresponding to the interstices between the ribs. This coloration is almost constant ; in some the spatula is whitish or yellowish-white or rarely spotted with black. Measurements of a fair specimen1 are : Length, 13 mm. ; breadth,, 9 mm. ; height, 6 mm. (Iredale.) Aemcea.] GASTROPODA. 75 Animal unknown. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hab. — Lyttelton Harbour (type) ; Taylor's Mistake. Bay ; Shag Point, Otago ; Otago Peninsula. On rocks, almost at high-tide mark. I have not seen this shell. 15. Acmaea octoradiata, Hutton, 1873. Plate 7, fig. 6. Patella octoradiata, Hutton, C.M.M., 44. P. stellaris, Q. & G. : Hutton, J. de Conch., xxvi, 37, non Quoy and Gaimard. Acmtea saccharina, L., var. perplexa, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 50, pi. 36, f. 69-71. A. octoradiata, Hutton : Heclley, P.L.S. N.S.W., 1904, 188 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 325 ; Verco, T.R.S. S.Aust., xxx, 209. Shell depressed, star-shaped, whitish. There are 5 large rounded •ribs behind and 3 in front of the apex, reaching far beyond the margin ; they and their interspaces are all ornamented with fine radiate riblets. Colour white or creamy, with fine radiating reddish-brown lines. Apex at about the anterior third, obtuse. Interior white, with a few flesh- coloured spots ; border very narrow, dotted with rufous ; central area indistinct. Length, 16 mm. ; breadth, 14 mm. ; height, 3 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hab. — West coast of the South Island (type) ; Bluff (A. Hamilton) ; Chatham Islands. Also Tasmania and Australia. Remark. — There can be but little doubt that this species belongs to Collisellina. Fam. PATELLID^I. Guilding. Docoglossate Gastropods breathing by a cordon of branchial leaflets attached to the mantle between its thickened edge and the sides of the foot ; having no cervical gill-plume. Radula with 3 marginal and 3 lateral teeth on each side, the central tooth being either present, rudimentary, or wanting ; jaw developed. They feed on algae, and live mostly on rocks. Shell conical, non-spiral even in the embryo. The Patellidce differ from the Acmceidce in the gills, which form a complete or interrupted cordon, not accompanied by a cervical branchial plume, and not homologous with the gills developed in other Streptoneura. The shells may generally be distinguished from those of the Acmceidce by their texture and the lack of a defined internal border. The apex is, as in the Acmceidce, subcentral or marginal, but always nearer the anterior margin ; the central area and the muscle-scar are also similar in the two families. Limpets. This family dates back to the Ordovician, but is still found in the littoral zone of most seas. 76 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranr.hia. KEY TO GENERA. a. Shell very large, solid, opaque, not iridescent (Kermadeo Islands) . . . . . . PATELLA (ANCISTROMESUS). da. Shell smaller, solid, interior iridescent or satiny. b. Branchial cordon complete, interior with a metallic lustre . . . . . . NACELLA (PATINIGERA). 66. Branchial cordon interrupted in front, inner layer subtranslucent, more or less iridescent . . . . . . HELCIONISCUS. Subfam. 1. NACELLINyE. Developed lateral teeth, but 2 on each side, of which 1 is anterior. Genus 1. NACELLA, Schumacher, 1817. Nacella, Schumacher, Essai d'un nouv. Syst., 1817, 179. Type : Patella mytilina, Helb. Nacella, Dall. Arner. Journ. Conch., vi. 274; not Nacella of Carpenter, Sars, et al. The gill-cordon is continuous ; the foot is encircled by a scalloped epipodial ridge, interrupted in front. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior ; central tooth none, or rudimentary. The shell has the apex subcentral or anterior, and is characterized by a pecu- liarly metallic texture, having the central area of the interior generally of a red-bronze colour. Cape Horn was evidently the birthplace of Nacella and Patinigera. Thence they have been distributed eastward to the Falkland, New Georgia, and Kerguelen Islands by the eastward-sweeping antarctic current carrying them upon seaweeds. (Pilsbry.) KEY TO SPECIES. a. Shell elevated conical, 20-25 distant radiate ribs, with 1-3 inter- vening striae . . . . . . . . . . . . illuminata. aa. Shell compressly raised, 30-60 radiate riblets, crossed by close undulating ridges . . . . . . . . . . fuegiensis. Sect. PATINIGERA, Dall. 1905. Patinella, Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, 1871, 272 (preoccupied). Patinigerat Dall, "The Nautilus," xviii, 1905. 113. Type: Patella magdlanica, Gmel. 1. Nacella fuegiensis, Reeve, 1855. Plate 7, fig. 7. Patella fuegiensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Patella, f. 73. Patella (Patinella) fuegiensis, E. A. Smith, Trans. Roy. Soc.. 1879, 14, pi. 9, f. 14, 14a ; Rochebrune and Mabille, Miss. Sci. du Cap Horn, 95 ; Filhol. Miss. I.C., 529 ; Deutsche Tiefsee Exp. l> Valdivia," A, 72. Nacella fuegiensis, Reeve: Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiii. 121, pi. 49, f. 28-31 ; Surer, P. Mai. S., vi, 353 ; Subantarct. Islds. N.Zeal.. i, <>. Shell oval, rather thin, semitransparent, compressly raised. Sculp- ture consists of 30 to 60 ribs, densely crossed by beautiful raised and undulating concentric ridges. Colour brown or greenish, more or Nacella.] GASTROPODA. 77 less stained and blotched with chestnut-brown, apex bronze. Apex inclined anteriorly, situate at about the anterior fifth, anterior slope straight to concave. Interior iridescent bronze, radiately grooved, grooves sometimes partially obsolete. Length, 33 mm. ; breadth, 24 mm. ; height, 9 mm. : Length, 31 mm. ; breadth, 23 mm. ; height, 13 mm. (specimens from Mac- quarie Island). Dentition. — Teeth of the lingual ribbon slightly hooked, in pairs, scarcely diverging ; the central pair 2-pronged. the inner prong much larger, spear-head shaped ; the lateral pairs alternating with the central ones are 4-pronged, the innermost prong smallest, the next 2 subequal, and the outside one situated nearly at right angles to the rest of the tooth, about the same size or a trifle larger. (E. A. Smith.) Type in the British Museum. Hob. — Campbell Island (Filhol) ; Macquarie Island (A. Hamilton). Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island ; everywhere common on the submerged fronds of floating kelp (Macrocystis). Remarks. — The radiate ribs are very variable in size and number ; in one specimen I have they coalesce to broad ribs, having now and again a fine riblet between them. The crowded, strongly raised, and undulating concentric ridges are characteristic of the species. Most of the shells are covered with Nulliporites. 2. Nacella illuminata, Gould, 1846. Plate 7, fig. 8. Patella illuminata, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., ii, 1846, 149. Nacdla illu- minata, Gould, U.S. Expl. Ex., 340, atlas f. 441. Patinella illuminata, Gould: Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 376. Helcioniscus illuminata, Gould : Pilsbry, Mean. Conch. (1), xiii, 142, pi. 70, f. 40-42. Nacella illuminata, Gould : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 353 ; Subantarct. Islds. N.Zeal., i, 6. Patella terroris, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, 1880 ; Miss. I.C., 529. Shell elevated conical, ovate, arched. Surface covered with numerous small obtuse radiating riblets, numbering 20 to 25, with from 1 to 3 intervening striae ; concentric lines of growth crowded, very faint. Colour sooty, with scattered yellowish spots, about 20 in number, somewhat regularly disposed, which are transparent when held up to the light, those near the margin elongated. Apex at about the anterior fourth or third, sharp, directed forward. Interior a very dark claret colour, with brilliant silky and golden reflections, and yellow spots, corresponding to those of the exterior ; central area dull buff colour. Length, 38 mm. ; breadth, 32 ; height, 16 mm. Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 128, pi. 16, f. C. Plate 1, fig. 2, is a copy. Animal. — The foot has on its sides a scalloped frill, interrupted in front ; the branchial cordon is complete, not interrupted in front. 78 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. and the branchial papillae are elongated conical, transversely foliated ; larger black lamellae are placed at regular intervals, leaving 2 or 3 white papillae between them, and they have their base of insertion higher up, on the inner side of the mantle. Type in the U.S. National Museum, Washington. Hob. — Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands (type), Campbell Island, and Macquarie Island. Remarks. — In specimens from the Auckland Islands the radiate ribs are sometimes quite obsolete. Very often this species shows a certain likeness with Helcioniscus strigilis by having the inside rayed with dark brown and yellow, but it may be separated by the presence of the metallic lustre. Genus 2. HELCIONISCUS, Dall, 1871. Helcioniscus, Dall, Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, 1871, 227. Type : Patella variegata, Reeve. Helcioniscus, Thiele, in Trosohel's " Gebiss der Schnecken," ii. 333 (full discussion and figures of the dentition) ; Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 80, 123, 172. Cellana, H. Adams, P.Z.S.. 1869, 274 ; type, Nacella cernica, H, Ad. The gill-cordon is interrupted in front, and there are no epipodial processes or ridge on the sides of the foot. The formula of teeth is 3 (I111!) 3. The radula is long and spirally rolled. The central tooth is narrow, with a variously shaped forward appendage. The inner lateral has typically an outward wing, and a simple long cusp ; the outer lateral has an inner long point with an outer side cusp, besides a short mostly rounded longitudinal cutting-edge. The marginal teeth are characteristic, the posterior part being divided from the anterior, the connection thin and almost imperceptible. The inner marginal tooth has a cusp on its front end. The shell is conical, the apex subcentral or subanterior ; inside with a silvery and mica-like lustre. Distribution. — Indian and Pacific Oceans, but not found on the American shores north of Chili. No species have been found in the Atlantic Ocean. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Ribs almost smooth. a. 20—25 separated narrow principal ribs, with 1 or more interstitial riblets, cut up into fine granules in front of apex ; with divaiicating white or reddish-brown blotches, or uniformly yellow, olive, or grey ; apex anterior . . . . . . . . . . radians. b. Shell usually large, obliquely conical. 20-30 low distant ribs ; colour brown ; apex at anterior third to eighth ; interior blackish-ptirple or light brown, with dark- brown rays . . . . . . . . . . strigilis. •c. Shell depressed to conoidal, ribs 20-30, brown, interstices often bluish-white ; apex anterior . . . . redimiculum. Helcioniscus.] GASTROPODA. 79 B. Ribs distinctly granular. a. Ribs 22-30, scale-granose ; apex at anterior fourth ; spatula orange-brown . . . . . . . . denticulatus. b. Ribs crenulate to granose. about 40 principal ribs, 1 in- terstitial riblet, with radiate black stripes ; apex in front of centre ; interior with dark rays and spots ; spatula yellow to brown . . . . . . . . antipodum. c. Ribs granular ; colour reddish to black, white radiating rays form a star or extend to margin . . . . stelliferus. d. Ribs coarsely nodular ; apex at anterior third ; inter- mediate riblets sometimes dotted with black and white ; interior brown, with 11—12 white rays . . ornatus. e. Shell small, subpellucid ; 24-30 granular ribs ; blackish- brown or yellowish-grey, and ribs alternately black or uniformly flesh-coloTir ; apex at anterior third. Kermadec Islands only . . . . . . . . craticulatus. 1. Helcioniscus antipodum, E. A". Smith, 1874. Plate 7, fig. 9. Patella antipodum, E. A. Smith, Ereb. & Ter., Moll, 1874, 4, pi. 1, f. 25. P. tramoserica of authors, not of Martyn, 1784 ; Pritchard and Gatliff, P.R.S. Vic. (n.s.), xv, 191. Helcioniscus diemenensis, Philippi : Gatliff and Gabriel, op. cit. (n.s.), xxi, 382. Shell rotundately ovate, a little narrowed in front ; the apex much inclined anteriorly, placed at a distance of one-fourth of the entire length from the front margin ; radiately rather finely ribbed, ribs crossed by the fine concentric lines of growth ; orange-yellow, clouded with white around the middle, varied with 10 or 11 black narrow rays placed at nearly equal distances, those in front being rather more approximated than the rest ; the interior is brilliant pearly orange-yellow, the exterior black rays being visible, especially at the margin, which is finely crenulated. (E. A. Smith.) Length, 28 mm. ; width, 22 mm. ; height, 9 mm. Length, 31 mm. ; width, 24 mm. ; height, 16 mm. (Hauraki Gulf specimen). Type in the British Museum. Hob. — New Zealand (Lieut. -Colonel Bolton) ; Hokianga ; Hauraki Gulf (H. S.) ; Wellington and Chatham Islands (fide Button) ; Ker- madec Islands (Haylock). Tasmania and Australia ? Remarks. — Gatliff and Gabriel state that the Australasian species generally known as P. tramoserica, Martyn, is not the shell figured by Martyn, and that he mentions the north-west coast of America as the habitat of his species ; they therefore adopt the name P. die- menensis, Philippi, 1848. Replying to my inquiry, Dr. W. H. Dall most obligingly informed me that (1) Martyn' s figure, which is good, does positively not represent any north-west American species ; (2) that P. diemenensis is an unfigured and doubtful species ; (3) if bent on changing the name, it would be better to take Patella anti- podum, E. A. Smith, 1874, which is a synomyn of the tramoserica of authors, not Martyn. I follow here Dr. Dall's excellent advice, as in 80 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. so doing we are dealing with a well-described and figured species which undoubtedly belongs to the New Zealand fauna. There is no absolute proof that our species is identical with the very similar shell from Tasmania and Australia. Species of the Patellidce have usually a very limited range of distribution. 2. Helcioniscus denticulatus, Martyn, 1784. Plate 7, fig. 10. Patella denticulata, Mart., Univ. Conch., ii, f. 65 ; Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 109. Patinella denticulata, Mart. : Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 375. Hel- cioniscus denticulatus, Mart., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 138, pi. 21, f. 49, 50 ; pi. 68, f. 23, 24. Patella imbricata, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 95, not of Linne. P. Reevei, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 108. Patinella Reevei, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 376. Helcioniscus denticulatus, Mart. : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 346. Patella margaritaria, Chemn. : Martens, Crit. List, 36, not of Chemnitz. Shell solid, oval elevated. The sculpture consists of 22 to 30 prin- cipal radiate ribs, and some smaller interstial riblets, all of which are closely scale-granose ; this character, however, is often lost in old shells through the dissolving action of the water. Apex more or less anterior, usually at the anterior fourth. Colour varies from light grey with brown ribs to dark brown. Interior bluish, central area well defined, orange-brown ; muscle-scar sometimes raised, bluish-white ; space between central area and margin bluish-white, with dark-brown bands corresponding to the ribs ; interspaces dotted with yellow spots ; margin with dark -brown triangular spots ; highly iridescent. Length, 55 mm. ; breadth, 43 mm. ; height, 24 mm. Length, 45 mm. ; breadth, 37 mm. ; height, 15 mm. Dentition. — The inner lateral tooth has a simple long cusp, and the outer lateral has one denticle at the outer edge. Hob. — Cook Strait ; East Cape, Hutton also mentions Dunedin and the Chatham Islands. Remarks. — Brought to England by Captain Cook. This species is very local, but plentiful where it occurs. 3. Helcioniscus ornatus, Dillwyn, 1817. Plate 7, fig. 11. Patella ornata, Dillw., Descript. Cat. Rec. Shells, ii, 1029. Helcioniscus ornatus, Dillw., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 137, pi. 19, f. 39, 40 ; pi. 68, f. 14-19 : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 351. Patella nodosa. H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, 191. P. denticulata, Mart. : E. A. Smith, Ereb. & Ter., Zool, ii, Moll., 4, pi. 1, f. 26; Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 375, not of Martyn. P. margaritaria, Chemn. : Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 74. Shell solid, oval or oblong, low conical. Sculpture consisting of larger radiating coarsely nodular ribs, about 11 in number, with a somewhat smaller rib between each pair of larger ones, the intervals radiately striated ; growth-striae fine, often quite distinctly cutting the radial strise. The larger ribs are light, the intermediate ribs Helcioniscus.] GASTROPODA. 81 Q are black dotted with white, especially in the young, this colourin_ being less obvious on large shells. Apex at about the front third, erect. Interior having alternating silvery and black rays, the latter usually 11 in number ; the large central area black, suffused more or less with cream colour in the depth of the apex. (Pilsbry.) Length, 32 mm. ; breadth, 25 mm ; height, 10 mm. Dentition.— Button, T.N.Z.I., xv, 128, pi. 16, f. B (P. denticulata}. Type (?). Hab. — Throughout New Zealand, but more common in the south. Remark. — This species is very well characterized, and does not show any very great variability, except that the apex is sometimes quite anterior. Subsp. inconspicuus, Gray, 1843. Plate 7, fig. 12. Patella inconspicua, Gray, Dieff. N.Z.. ii, 244; Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 107; P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 373. Helcioniscu-s ornatus, Dillw., var. inconspicua (Gray), Hutton, Man. Condi. (1), xiii, 138, pi. 68, f. 20-22; Suter, P. Mai. 8., vi, 351. Patella luctuosa, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., ii, 150, not of Hombr. & Jacq. Shell conical, high, the height often more than half the length. Sculpture similar to that in the species, about 20 radiating ribs. Colour light grey to dark brown, intermediate ribs without black and white dots. Apex subcentral to the front third. Interior dark brown, with 1 1 white rays ; central area dark brown, much lighter under the apex. Length, 32 mm. ; breadth, 25 mm. ; height, 17 mm. Length, 40 mm. ; breadth, 31 mm. ; height, 16 mm. Length, 24 mm. ; breadth, 19 mm. ; height, 16 mm. Animal— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xiii, 203. Type in the British Museum. Hab. — Throughout New Zealand. One of the common limpets. 4. Helcioniscus radians, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 7, fig. 13. Patella radians, Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed xiii, 1790, 3720 P. argyropsis. Lesson, Voy. Coq., 419. P. pholidota,liesson, I.e., 420. P. radiatilis, Hombron and Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, 191. P. sturnus, H. & J., I.e., 191. P. fusca, L., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 784 (defined in an absurdly inadequate man- ner). P. sagittata, Donovan: Rees, Encyclop. Conchol., xvi. P. floccata, Reeve : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 108, not of Reeve. Helcioniscus radians, Gmel., Man. Conch. (1). xiii, 139, pi. 23, f. 4-8; pi. 09, f. 25-39: Suter. P. M>xl. S., vi, 347. Shell ovate, depressed, thin but solid, slightly narrower in front. Surface sculptured with decidedly separated narrow radiating riblets, 20 to 25, having a number of smaller riblets (sometimes obsolete) in each interval, and decussated by fine crowded growth-striae, also often obsolete, but usually cutting the surface just in front of the 82 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. apex into fine granules. Colour bluish-white, usually buff around the apex, striped in a divaricating pattern, or irregularly blotched and rayed down the ribs with brown or olive. Apex not prominent, at the anterior fourth or fifth. Interior bufnsh-olive, with a silvery lustre, showing the colour-markings of the outside, having a white or brown central callus, often ill denned. (Pilsbry.) Length, 44 mm. ; breadth, 34 mm. ; height. 8 mm. (typical form). Dentition.— Button, T.N.Z.I., xv, 129, pi. 16, f. E. Anatomy. — J. A. Newell, T.N.Z.I., xix, 157, pi. 11. Hob. — Throughout New Zealand, but more common on the east coast of the North Island. Remark. — This also is a very variable shell, especially in the colour- pattern. Subsp. argenteus, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Plate 7, fig. 14. Patella argentea, Q. & G., Voy. Astro!., Zool., iii, 345, pi. 70, f. 16. 17. Nacella argentea. Quoy : Huttoii, O.M.M., 45. Helcioniscus radians, Gmel., subsp. argentea. Q. & G. : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 347. The shell has most of the characters of the species, but the interior has no brownish radiate bands. The surface is sculptured by about 20 more or less elevated ribs, with several interstitial riblets. The main ribs are light brown, sometimes punctured with white ; the ground-colour is greenish or grey, often blotched with white ; the nacre is silvery-white, frequently with a yellowish tint ; central area greyish-white or cream colour, rusty in old examples. The shell is generally much more elevated than the species. Length, 24 mm. ; breadth, 22-5 mm. ; height, 6-8 mm. (type). Length, 50 mm. ; breadth, 41 mm. ; height, 21 mm. (specimen from Surnner). Length, 42 mm. ; breadth, 34 mm. ; height, 15 mm. (speci- men from Napier). Length, 53 mm. ; breadth, 44 mm. ; height, 17 mm. (specimen from Timaru). Dentition the same as in the species. Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Throughout New Zealand ; most common on the east coast of the South Island. Subsp. decorus, Philippi, 1848. Plate 7, fig. 15. Patella decora, Phil., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1848, 162; Abbild.. pi. 3, f . 3 ; Martens, Grit. List., 35. Helcioniscus radians, Gmel., subsp. decora, Phil. : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 348. Shell mostly large, semiglobose. Apex much inclined to the an- terior, more rounded than in the typical species, with 20-24 distant reddish-brown ribs on a yellowish or greenish-olive ground. Interior Helcioniscus.] GASTROPODA. 83 iridescent, with the brown radiating ribs shining through the pearly layer ; central area milk-white to greyish-olive. My largest specimen, from Tauranga, has the following dimen- sions : Length, 60 mm. ; breadth, 50 mm. ; height, 18 mm. The dentition is unknown. Hab. — East coast of both Islands ; not common. Subsp. Earlii, Reeve, 1855. Plate 7, fig. 16. Patella Earlii, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 71. Xacella Earlii, Reeve: Hutton, C.M.M., 45. Patinella Earlii, Reeve : Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 376. Helcioniscus Earlii, Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 140, pi. 21, f. 51, 52. H. radians, Grnel., subsp. Earlii, Reeve : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 348. Patella flexuosa, Hutton, C.M.M., 45, not of Quoy and Gaimard. Distinguished from the species by the rounded-oval form, the convexly raised front, the broad blood-red blotches, and the milk- white central area. This is a very distinct and easily recognised subspecies. The altitude is generally not greater than in the species, but the breadth is much greater in proportion to the length. Length, 60 mm. ; breadth, 50 mm. ; height, 16 mm. (specimen from Tauranga). Length, 50 mm. ; breadth, 42 mm. ; height, 16 mm. Length, 47 mm. ; breadth, 39 mm. ; height, 11 mm. (both from Te Onepoto). Dentition the same as in the species. Type in the British Museum. Hab. — Along the east coast of both Islands : Tauranga ; Te One- poto and Sunnier, near Lyttelton ; Akaroa ; Tirnaru ; Preservation Inlet. Chatham Islands. Subsp. affinis, Reeve, 1855. Plate 7, fig. 17. Patella affinis, Reeve, Conoh. Icon., f. 108. Helcioniscus affinis, Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 140, pi. 69, f. 32, 33. H. radians, Gmel., subsp. affinis, Reeve: Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 349. Nacella Earlii. Reeve: Hutton, C.M.M., 45 (according to specimens in the Dominion Museum), non Reeve. Acmcea chathamensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 1891, 56, pi. 35, f. 43-46 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, 326. Distinguished from the species by its smaller size, the elongated- oval form, the numerous simple, smooth, slightly waved radiate ridges and stride. The typical, close, divaricating colour-pattern is not always present ; sometimes there are only brown radiate bands visible, which, especially in Chatham Island examples, coalesce, forming broad dark-brown or black patches. The concentric striation is mostly very distinct. Length, 33 mm. ; breadth, 27 mm. ; height, 7 mm. (specimen from Stonyhurst). Length, 27 mm. ; breadth, 20 mm. ; height, 6-5 mm. (specimen from Chatham Islands). Dentition the same as in the species. 84 GASTROPODA. [AspidobrancMa. Type in the British Museum. Hab. — Ngunguru Harbour ; Stonyhurst ; Te Onepoto ; Preser- vation Inlet ; Chatham Islands ; Disappointment Island, Auckland Group (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — An exceedingly variable subspecies, but always more elongated than the species. Pilsbry's Acmcea chathamensis is one of the extreme forms of the subspecies. Subsp. flavus, Button, 1873. Plate 7, fig. 18. Patella flava, Hutt., C.M.M., 44. Patinella flava, Button. P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 378. Hdcioniscus flavus, Hutt., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 142. H. radians, Gmel., subsp. flava, Hutt. : Suter, P. Mai. S., 349. This subspecies is best described as a conical, pale-yellow form of decor us, Phil. The apex is subcentral, sometimes nearly reaching the anterior third of the length. Small shells are, as a rule, depressed, but adult specimens have mostly a high conical form. The distant broadly rounded ribs number 20 to 22, and are almost always of the same colour as the shell ; specimens from Stonyhurst have sometimes one or several ribs dark brown. Interior light to orange-yellow, iri- descent, central area light orange to cream colour. Length, 55 mm. ; breadth, 46 mm. ; height, 26 mm. (specimen from Kaikoura). Length, 50 mm. ; breadth, 42 mm. ; height, 22 mm. (specimen from Stonyhurst). Length, 45 mm. ; breadth, 37 mm. ; height, 18 mm. (specimen from Napier). Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hab. — South Island : Stonyhurst; Amuri Bluff (type) ; Motanau Island ; Kaikoura. North Island : Napier ; Gisborne ; East Cape. Chatham Islands. Subsp. olivaceus, Button, 1882. Plate 7, fig. 19. Patella olivacea, Hutt., N.Z.J.S., i, 1882, 69. Patinella radians, Gmel., var. olivacea, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 377. Helcioniscus olivaceus, Hutt., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 141, pi. 70, f. 46-48. H. radians, Gmel., subsp. olivacea, Hutt. : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 349. This subspecies is very much like the large conical form of argenteus, Q. & G., but distinguished from it chiefly by the very numerous (about 70) fine and uniform radiate riblets, the olive colour of the shell, and the black margin on the inner edge, which, however, is not a constant character. Length, 33 mm. ; breadth, 28 mm. ; height, 14 mm. Dentition.— Button, T.N.Z.I., xv, 128, pi. 16, f. D. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hab. — From Sumner, near Lyttelton, along the east coast to Preservation Inlet, South Island. Rather rare, but always together with argenteus, Q. & G. Helcioniscus.} GASTROPODA. 85 Subsp. Mestayerae, Suter, 1906. Helcioniscus Mestayerce, Sut., T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906). 322, pi. 18, f. 7-9. Shell solid, oval, slightly narrower in front, depressed conical. Surface sculptured with numerous (about 50) broad depressed radiating ribs, which are crossed by fine concentric striae. Colour dark olive, with rather distant indistinct bluish-grey radiating bands. Apex at about the front fourth, sharply pointed. Interior bluish-grey, with a silvery lustre. There are at irregular intervals about 11 broad radiating areas, with chestnut-coloured spots and patches, sometimes arranged in divaricating pattern ; between these areas are several radiating bands of an alternately darker and lighter grey colour. These characters are very distinctly visible when the shell is held up against the light, and give it a very beautiful appearance. The central area is well defined ; the colour is reddish-orange, lighter near the margin, finely and minutely dotted with yellow. The muscular scar is about 3 mm. broad, but slightly impressed. Length, 49 mm. ; breadth, 39 mm. ; height, 14 mm. The dentition is unknown. Type in Miss Mestayer's collection. Hob. — Stewart Island. 5. Helcioniscus redimiculum, Reeve, 1854. Plate 7, fig. 20. Patella redimiculum, Bve., Conch. Icon. (1854), f. 50. Patinella redimi- culum, Rve : Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 375. Helcioniscus redimi- culum, Rve.. Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 136, pi. 23, f. 1, 2, 3, 5 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 351. Patella redimiculum, Rve. : E. A. Smith, Ereb. & Ter., ii, Moll., 4, pi. 1, f. 24. P. radians, Gmel., Conch. Icon., f. 25, not of Gmelin. P. Pottsi, Hutton, C.M.M., 1873, 44. Shell elongate to round oval, depressed to conical. Sculptured with 20 to 25 rounded, distant, and elevated radiate ribs, with a low interstitial riblet, the whole surface ornamented with fine close con- centric growth-lines, some of the growth-periods being usually strongly marked. Colour of the ribs brown, lighter towards the margin, in- tervals bluish-white ; having several darker concentric streaks, and marked near the apex with oblique brown stripes. Very frequently the colour is uniformly cinereous or brown, with the ribs more or less darker. Apex at about the front fourth, but sometimes it is sub- marginal ; inclined forward. Interior greyish to brownish-white, strongly iridescent, more or less distinctly rayed with chestnut-brown ; central area cream-white, bordered with olive behind, often light brown or bluish-grey to light blue. Margin broadly denticulate. Length, 41 mm. ; breadth, 32 mm. ; height, 12 mm. Length, 49 mm. ; breadth, 40 mm. ; height, 20 mm. (specimen from Otago). Length, 58 mm. ; breadth, 47 mm. ; height, 23 mm. (specimen from Preservation Inlet). Length, 41 mm. ; breadth, 29 mm. ; height, 12 mm. (specimen from Bounty Islands). Dentition very much like that of H. denticulatus. 86 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobraiirhi't. Type in the British Museum. Hab. — Eastern shores of the South Island, from Stonyhurst to Preservation Inlet ; Chatham, Bounty, and Auckland Islands. Remarks. — This also is a variable species, the elevation of the apex sometimes approaching that of a somewhat depressed H . strigilis. The two are very nearly allied. 6. Helcioniscus stelliferus, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 7, fig. 21. Patella stellifera, Grael.. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3719. Patinella stellifera, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 378. H. stellifera, Grael., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 141, pi. 70, f. 43-45 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 350 ; Iredale, T.N.Z.I., xl, 380. Patella stellularia, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrol., Zool., iii, 1834, 347, pi. 70, f. 18-2(1. Shell depressed oval, reddish or black, with granular ribs. Sculp- tured by numerous radiate ribs, of which about 10 to 20 are more elevated than the others ; all the ribs are cut up into granules by strong concentric furrows. Sometimes the ribs are more equal, but the concentric sculpture is always prominent. Colour usually reddish, but often black, brown, or cinereous ; there are white rays at the apex, forming a star, but they frequently extend to the margin, and sometimes they are altogether absent. Apex at the anterior third or fourth. Interior white, cinereous or greyish-brown, showing all the white star-shaped rays ; iridescent in fresh specimens ; centra] area not well defined, chestnut-brown. Length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 19 mm. ; height, 7 mm. Length, .32 mm. ; breadth, 27 mm. ; height, 11 mm. Dentition unknown. Hah. — Cape Maria van Diernen ; Bay of Islands (J. C. Anderson) ; Lyall Bay to Island Bay, Cook Strait ; Queen Charlotte Sound, in 6 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Nelson ; New Brighton ; Campbell Island, on rocks (Captain Bollons). Brought to England by Captain Cook. Subsp. phymatius, Suter, 1905. Plate 5, fig. 18. Helcioniscus stelliferus, Gmel., subsp. phymatius, Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 350, fig. in text. Distinguished from the species by the high conical form and the strongly nodulous ribs. The shell is solid, oval or oblong, high conical, the height somewhat less than half the length of the shell. Apex at about the front third, more or less denuded. There are about 24 strongly nodulous radiate ribs, crossed by strong concentric lines of growth. As in the species, a white star or white bands extending to the margin are present, and the colour is yellowish-red. The an- terior slope is straight or slightly convex. Interior silvery-white ; central area white, sometimes tinged with light brown. Length, 27 mm. ; breadth, 21 mm. ; height, 12 mm. Type in my collection. — C0ok Strait ; Banks Peninsula (Iredale) ; Bay of Islands. Hdcioniscus.\ GASTROPODA. 87 7. Helcioniscus strigilis, Hombrou and Jacquinot, 1841. Plate 7, fig. 22. Patdla strigilin, H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, 1841, 190. Patinella strigilis, H. & J. : Button, P.L.8. N.S.W., ix, 374. Helcioniscus strigilis, H. & J.. Man. Conch. (1), xiii, 137 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, 351. Shell oval, convex, obliquely conical. Sculpture consists of 20-30 low radiating ribs, with a short interstitial rib, often obsolete, crossed by distinct concentric growth-lines. Colour blackish-rufescent above, brownish-rufescent below ; very often greenish or grey, with the ribs light brown. Apex at the front third to eighth, obtuse, sometimes whitish. Interior typically blackish-purple, iridescent, sometimes greyish-brown, with brown rays corresponding to the exterior ribs ; central area well defined, cream colour to light brown ; muscle-scar sometimes much raised and tuberculate. Margin broadly denticulate. Length, 65 mm. ; breadth, 50 mm. (type). Length, 80 mm. ; breadth, 68 mm. ; height, 39 mm. (specimen from Campbell Island). Length, 64 mm. ; breadth, 51 mm. ; height, 34 mm. (specimen from Auckland Islands). Length, 42 mm. ; breadth, 35 mm. ; height, 21-5 mm. (specimen from Preservation Inlet). Length, 60mm.; breadth, 48 mm. ; height, 24 mm. (specimen from Tauranga). Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 128, pi. 16, f. A (P. magellanica). Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris ? #a5. — From Tauranga to the Bluff. Chatham Islands ; Anti- podes Islands ; Auckland Islands (type) ; Campbell Island ; Snares. Remark. — The elevation of the shell and the situation of the apex are variable, as is also the colouring of the interior. SUBORDER 2. RHIPIDOGLOSSA. Aspidobranchia with a pallio-visceral anastomosis ; eye with a crystalline lens ; a single osphradium, except in genera with 2 ctenidia ; 1 or 2 hypobranchial glands. Mandibles paired, lateral. Radula characterized by — (1.) The extraordinary development of the uncini, of which there are so many that they are always reckoned as inde- finitely numerous ; they are long, narrow, hooked, and often cusped at the top, and crowded together like the ribs of a fan, those at the extreme edge not being set straight in the row, but curving away backwards as they become smaller. (2.) The varying number of the laterals ; the average number of these is 5 on each side, varying from 3 to 9 ; the lateral next to the uncini is specially large. Taking 5 as the average number of laterals, the rhipidoglossate formula of teeth is oo 5 . 1 . 5 oo. Heart with 2 auricles ; ventricle traversed by the rectum, except in the Helicinidce. An epipodial ridge on each side of. the foot, and cephalic expansions between the tentacles often present. GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Fam. SCISSURELLID^I, Pilsbry. Animal with a rather long rostrum, long ciliated tentacles, the eyes at their outer bases ; foot rather narrow ; epipodium bearing 4 ciliated cirri on each side. Radula with 1 central and 5 lateral teeth with large expanded basal plates and finely denticulate recurved cusps, the outer laterals hooked ; uncini numerous, narrow, with serrate cusps. Shell minute, unicoloured, umbilicated, turbinate or depressed, few-whorled, thin, with a thin layer of pearl inside ; aperture oval, outer superior lip with a foramen or slit, and with a differently sculp- tured band or anal fasciole encircling the whorls. Operculum circular, corneous, thin, multispiral, with central nucleus. The foramen or slit corresponds to the end of the rectum, and serves for the expulsion of the faces. The fossil (Tertiary) species number about as many as the Recent. A group of very small shells, most of them living in deep water, and widely distributed. The shell has a considerable resemblance to that of Pleurotomaria, but the dentition and external anatomy of the animal is decidedly nearer Trochidce. KEY TO GENERA. a. Shell with an open anal slit . . . . . . . . SCISSURELLA. b. Anal fissure closed, forming a foramen . . . . . . SCHISMOPE. « Genus 1. SCISSURELLA, A. d'Orbigny, 1823. Scissurella, d'Orb., Mem. Soo. Hist, Nat. Paris, i, 1823, 340. Type : 5. Itevigata, d'Orb. Anatomus, Ad., G.R.M., i, 439; not of Montfort, 1810. Schizotrochus, Monterosato, Nom. Gen. e Spec., 1884, 39. Scissttrella, Fischer, Man. de Conch., 846 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 49. Shell with an open anal slit, extending backward from the peri- stome ; slit fasciole extending nearly to the apex. Slit fasciole edged on either side by an upturned rim ; spiral sculpture is always present. The animal is active. From Tertiary to Recent. Vernacular Name. — Slit-shell. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Shell turbinate, strongly keeled, surface decussate . . . . Mantelli. b. Shell auriform, with spiral threads . . . . . . . . rosea. 1. Scissurella Mantelli, Woodward, 1859. Plate 6, fig. 10. Scissurella Mantelli, Woodward, P.Z.S., 1859, 202, pi. 46, f. 8; Button, M.N.Z.M., 103 ; Man. Conch. (1). xii, 54, pi. 57, f. 12. Shell small, turbinate. Spiral sculpture formed by a strong double keel at the periphery, enclosing the anal fasciole ; above and below it numerous close spiral striae, more distinct on the base ; there are Scissurella.} GASTROPODA. 89 distant elevated radiating riblets, crossing the fascicle, and decus- sating the whole surface. Spire depressed, tabulated. Aperture ob- lique. Columella concave, slightly callous. Anal slit on the outer lip deep and narrow. Type in the British Museum. Hob. — Found among ironsand from New Zealand (W. Mantell). I have not seen this species. Fossil in the Pliocene. 2. Scissurella rosea, Hedley, 1904. Plate 6, fig. 11. Scissurella rosea, Hedley. Rec. A.M., v, 1904, 90, f. 17 in text. Shell auriform, thin, translucent, narrowly perforate, spire slightly elevate. Sculpture : Above, close fine spiral threads ; below, sharp distant spiral keels, both crossed by faint growth-lines. Colour white, with apex rose. Protoconch delicately longitudinally ribbed. Whorls 3, last spreading and flattened above, earlier rounded. Aperture large, oblique, oval. Columella concave, broad, extending a median lobe over the steep and narrow umbilicus. Slit deep, situated well above the periphery, and leading to a fasciole, which is not crossed by lamella?, but edged with low smooth keels, and tapers to the ter- mination, half a whorl back. Diameter — Maj., 1-35 mm. ; min., 0-7 mm. : height, 1-2 mm. (Hedley.) Type in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Hob. — Lyall Bay, near Wellington, type (A. Hamilton) ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Banks Peninsula (Iredale). Also Tasmania. Genus 2. SCHISMOPE, Jeffreys, 1856. Schismope, Jeffreys, A.M.N.H., xvii, 1856, 321. Type: S. cingulata, Costa. Woodwardia, Crosse and Fischer, J. de Conch., 1861, 160. Scissurella. d'Orb. (in part): A. Adams, A.M.N.H., 1862,346. Anatomus, H. and A. Adams, G.R.M , i, 439 (in part). Schismope, Fischer. Man. de Conch., 846 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii. 49, 60. Anal fissure closed, forming a foramen in the outer wall of aperture ; slit fasciole shorter, not over li whorls in length. Schismope is a Scissurella in which the anal slit becomes closed in the adult, and transformed into an oblong perforation like one of the holes of a Haliotis. From Tertiary to Recent. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Shell turbinate. b. With distinct spiral keels, radiating riblets fine or obsolete Atkinsoni. bb. One strong keel, base with strong radiate folds . . . . Beddomei. aa. Shell depressed turbinate, nearly auriform, sculpture micro- scopic . . . . . . . . . . . . brevis. 90 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. 1. Schismope Atkinson!, Tenison-Woods, 1877. Plate 6, fig. 12. Scissurella Atkinsoni, T.-Woods, P.R.S. Ta,s., 1876 (1877), 149. Schismope Atkinsoni, T.-Woods, P.R.S. Tas., 1877 (1878), 43 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 66; Pritchard and Gatliff, P.R.S. Vic. (n.s.), xv, 181. S. carinata, Watson, Chall. Rep., xv, 1886, 119, pi. 8, f. 6; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 65, pi. 65, f. 17-19. S. Atkinsoni, T. - Woods : Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxix, 268. Shell small, tumid, but depressed, umbilicated, strongly keeled. Sculpture : There are above and below sharp, distant, curved radiating riblets, interspaces microscopically striate ; the spiral sculpture is formed by a strong, rounded, double keel, formed by the two edges of the canal-scar ; this canal is sunken, and strongly scored ; above the canal a few microscopic spiral threads ; below there are on the base 3 strong threads, of which the highest is the strongest ; a still weaker thread encircles the umbilicus. Colour hyaline, dead shells white. Spire slightly exserted, whorls flat above, rising roundly from the suture. Apex very small, tabulated. Whorls 4, rapidly increasing, strongly keeled by the canal-ridge, angulated by the highest thread ; base very tumid. Suture rectangular. Aperture oval, very oblique. Outer lip runs in straight lines and angles, slightly curved on the base. Inner lip thin and short. Columella concave, often slightly reflexed. Umbilicus large, shallow, defined by a keel. Anal perforation long and narrow, rounded behind, drawn out into a long fine point in front, without a projecting lip on the inner side. Diameter, 2-5 mm. ; height, 2-25 mm. (type). Diameter, 1-5 mm. ; height, 1-25 mm. (" Challenger " specimen). Diameter, 2-6 mm. ; height, 2 mm. (Bounty Island specimen). Type in the Tasmania n Museum, Hobart. Hab. — Whangaroa Harbour ; Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Australia and Tasmania. The type is from Blackmail's Bay, Tasmania. 2. Schismope Beddomei, Petterd, 1884. Plate 6, fig. 13. Schismope. Beddomei, Petterd, Journ. of Conch., iv. 1884, 139 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 67 ; Tate and May, P.L.S. N.S.W., 1901, 407, pi. 24. f. 24 ; Pritchard and Gatliff, P.R.S. Vic. (n.s.), xv, 181 ; Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, 89. Shell small, thin, turbinately depressed, umbilicate. The spiral sculpture is formed by a strong keel of the raised edges of the canal- scar ; above and below this keel the last whorl is distinctly concave and smooth ; there are a few short radiate riblets spreading from the suture on the upper side ; base with about 12 distant, sharp and strong, oblique riblets. Colour white, dull. Spire low, tabulated. Whorls 3i, very rapidly increasing, flattened at the apex. Aperture ovate, oblique, of moderate size. Outer lip sharp, broadly convex. Inner lip spread a short distance over the body, and forming a sharp angle with the outer lip. Columella concave truncated below, slightly Schismope.] GASTROPODA. 91 callous. Umbilicus rather large and deep. Anal perforation with raised margins, moderately long, rounded behind, pointed in front, with a very distinct callosity on the inner side. Diameter, 0-75 mm. ; height, 1 mm. (type). Diameter, 1-5 mm. ; height, 1-25 mm. (Snares specimen). Type in the Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. Hab. — Foveaux Strait (A. Hamilton) ; Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Australia and Tasmania. The type is from the north coast of Tasmania. Remark. — The New Zealand specimens attain a larger size, and are more depressed, but otherwise there is no difference. 3. Schismope brevis, Hedley, 1904. Plate 6, fig. 14. Schismope brevis. Hedley. Rec. A.M., v. 1904. 90, f. Hi in text ; Iredale. T.N.Z.I., xl. 381. Shell depressed, turbinate, openly perforate to imperf orate, solid. Sculpture : Distant longitudinal lamellate ribs cross the whorl from the suture to the umbilicus ; their interstices contain raised spiral threads, which grow coarser on approaching the umbilicus. Colour white. Protoconch of a whorl and a half, concluding with a prominent varix. Whorls 3, tabulate above, rounded below, the last rapidly descending. Aperture roundly ovate. Outer Up sharp, convex. Inner lip spreading as a distinct callosity over the body, and sometimes sealing the um- bilicus partly or wholly up. Columella concave. Umbilicus narrow, deep, bordered with a raised ridge, or closed up. The foramen is large, distant from the margin, to which a furrow joins it. The fasciole extremity short, terminating half a whorl behind the aperture, bordered by keels and traversed by lamellae, which correspond to the longitudinal ribs. Diameter — Maj.. 1-14 mm. ; min., 0-9 mm. : height, 0-94 mm. (type). Type in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Hab. — Lyall Bay, near Wellington, type (A. Hamilton) ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Lyttelton Harbour (Iredale). Living on seaweeds. EemarTfs. — All the specimens from the Snares I have seen have the umbilicus more or less closed up. Live shells from Lyttelton Harbour are cream-coloured, young ones very commonly brownish (Iredale). Subsp. levigata, Iredale, 1908. Schismope brevis, Hedley, subsp. levigata, Iredale. T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), 381. This subspecies differs from the type in the degree of sculpture. At first sight it would appear a very different shell, but when closely examined the sculpture is seen to be the same : the longitudinal ribs have greatly deteriorated in strength, whilst the spirals have gained ; 92 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. the last whorl descends much more rapidly than in typical brevis, whilst the earlier whorls are smaller. This combination gives an entirely different appearance to the shell, which is further strengthened by the fact that the fasciole is very little longer than the foramen. Operculum thin, horny, multispiral. Colour cream ; dead shells pure- white. Measurement of a large specimen the same as the type of S. brevis, Hedley. (Iredale.) Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christ church. Hob. — Sandfly Bay, Otago Peninsula (type) ; Lyall Bay. I have not seen this shell. Fam. HALIOTID^E, Fleming. Animal with a fleshy foot, a fleshy epipodial ridge fringed with cirri, a frontal veil connecting the short eye-stalks ; spire of the visceral mass much reduced ; the mantle-slit along the row of holes, branchial cavity containing a gill on each side of the slit, the right being the smaller ; no operculum. Shell nacrous, spiral, the. spire small, body-whorl very large and depressed, having a row of round or oval holes along the left side, aperture very large, occupying nearly all the lower face, columella (properly speaking) absent, the spire being open in the middle, seen from below ; but the columellar margin is produced into a flattened spiral plate. Muscle - impression horseshoe - shaped, the left branch narrow, inconspicuous, inside the columellar plate, the right branch very large, rounded, situated in the middle of the aperture. A few fossil forms not differing materially from the Recent ones have been discovered in the Pliocene and Miocene, and one in the Upper Cretaceous of Germany. The centre of distribution of Recent species is in the Australian and adjacent seas. Only one species is found on the east coast of North America. All of these molluscs are rock-lovers. The shells are much used as ornaments, for the manufacture of pearl buttons, buckles, and in- laying. Fine green pearls may be sometimes found under the mantle. The animal is used as bait for catching crayfish, and is sometimes used for food. Genus 1. HALIOTIS, Linnteus, 1758. Haliotis, Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 779. Type : H. tuberculata, L. Padottus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 114. Sulculus, Ad., G.R.M., i, 443. Animal with a short, broad muzzle ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on stout cylindrical peduncles at their outer bases. Foot moderate, not grooved, and produced posteriorly. Radula with a subpentagonal central tooth, constricted in the middle ; the 5 laterals are large, unequal in shape ; uncini numerous. Shell oval or oblong, nacreous ; spire small, much depressed ; suture well marked ; aperture with continuous borders ; columella border broad, compressed, and arched ; outer margin very oblique ; Haliotis.} GASTROPODA. 93 muscular impression frequently rugose ; typically perforated near the periphery, the holes being numerous and in series. There are about eighty species known, inhabiting tropical and temperate seas : west coast of Europe, Mediterranean, east coast of Africa, Cape of Good Hope, Indian and Pacific Oceans, China, Japan, California, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Tertiary to Kecent. Vernacular Name. — Ormer, or sea-ear. Anatomy.— H. J. Fleure, " Zur Anatomie und Phylogenie von Haliotis," Jena. Zeitschr., xxxix, 1904, 245-322, pi. 9-14. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Peristome continuous . . • • ms- •aa. Peristome not continuous. b. Right margin straightened. c. Surface strongly corrugated by radiating folds .. australis. cc. Surface pustulated and waved . . . . • • vana. bb. Both margins convex . . . . . . virginea. 1. Haliotis australis, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 8, fig. 1. Haliotis australis, Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3689. H. ritgoso-plicata, Chem- nitz, Conch. Cab., x, 311, pi. 16(5. f. 1604 (not binomial); Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 7 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., v, 21, f. 9, 10, 53 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 110, pi. 20, f. 12, 13. h. australis, Gmel. : Hedley, Colon. Museum Bull. No. 1, 1906, 49 ; Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 323. H. plicata, Karsten, Mus. Leskeanum. 1789. H. cruenta, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 56 : Man. Conch. (1), xii, 99, pi. 4, f. 17, 18 ; pi. 49. f. 24-26. H. costata, Swainson, Appendix Bligh Cat., 3. H. rnber, Leach, Zool. Misc., i, 54, pi. 23, teste Dillwyn. Shell oval, quite convex, distance of apex from margin one-eighth to one-ninth the length of the shell. Sculpture : The surface has almost obsolete spiral cords, and regular, close, radiating folds ; be- tween the row of holes and the columellar margin there are no radiating folds, but several (generally 3) strong spiral ribs. Colour light yellow- ish-brown, red on the spire, or light green flamed with red. Spire a little elevated. Whorls 3. The right margin a little straighter than the left ; back convex, not carinated at the row of holes. Inside corrugated like the exterior, silvery, with blue, green, and red reflec- tions, the latter predominating. Columellar plate narrow. Perforations circular, their edges elevated, 6 to 8 in number. Length, 94mm.; breadth, 71mm.; convexity, 30mm. Length, 82 mm. ; breadth, 56 mm. ; convexity, 22 mm. Type (?). Hab. — Throughout New Zealand ; Chatham, Snares, and Auckland Islands. Remarks. — The corrugated exterior is quite constant and cha- racteristic. Young specimens are more ribbed spirally, and often have radiating stripes of red on a delicate green ground. Maori. — Karariwha (fide Captain Bollons). Fossil in the Pliocene. 94 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranehict.. 2. Haliotis iris, Martyn, 1784. Plate 8, fig. 2. Haliotis iris, Martyn, Univ. Conch., ii. f. 61 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 37 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., v, 20. pi. 3, f. 24, 25 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 110. pi. 13. f. 65, 66. Shell oval, the two sides equally curved, convex. Sculpture con- sists of rows of low radially arranged nodules ; young shells are spirally lirate like H. virginea, with a few oblique rows of nodules ; surface pitted ; concentric growth-lines very distinct. Colour pale brown or olive-green. Spire short, with 2 whorls only. Protoconch smooth, consisting of half of a whorl. Back of shell convex, angled at the row of perforations. Lip continuous, produced beyond the body-whorl. Inside it is brilliantly pearly, prussian-blue and green predominating, but with reflections also of purple, orange, and a little red ; central muscle-scar roughened, copper-coloured. Columellar plate broad, pass- ing into the expanded continuation of the outer lip above, not truncate below ; its face, is flattened, and slopes inward ; cavity o£ spire small. Perforations round to oval, 5 to 7 open. Length, 95 mm. ; breadth, 70 mm. ; convexity, 25 mm. Length,. 141 mm. ; breadth. 102 mm. ; convexity, 36 mm. Animal and Dentition. — Hutton, T. N.Z.I., xv. 127, pi. 15. f. H. Hab. — Rocky shore s of the North and South Islands ; Chatham, Snares, and Auckland Islands. Below low-water mark, in some localities very abundant. Brought to England by Captain Cook. Remarks. — This shell has been much used by the Maoris for orna- menting their carvings and for fishing-hooks ; the animal was used as food. Maori. — Paua. Vernacular Name. — Mutton-fish. Fossil in the Miocene. 3. Haliotis varia, Linngeus, 1758. Plate 7, fig. 24. Haliotis varia. Linn., Syst. Nat., ed'. x, 780: Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 4: Sowerby, Thes. Conch., v, 28, f. 5, 6. 7, 11. 12. 61 : Man. Conch. (1), xii, 95, pi. 17, f . 91, 93, 99, 100 ; pi. 23, f. 53-55 : Suter, T.X.Z.I., xxxix, 268. H. viridis. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 40. H. semi-stria ta, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 51 a, b, c. Shell oval or oblong-oval, convex, distance from apex to margin about one-eighth the entire length of shell. Sculpture : Numerous very unequal spiral cords, crossed by low radiating folds, forming tubercles on the cords ; the surface sculpture is excessively variable, but in the typical form consists of " swollen nodules ranging across the shell in oblique waves." Colour usually consists of broad white or greenish rays upon a dark-chocolate, olive-brown, or green ground. The spire is rather large. Protoconch flattened, consisting of 1 whorl, with a peripheral row of nodules, a few spiral striae above. Whorls Haliotis.] GASTROPODA. 95 2J, the last convex. Aperture large, the right margin straighter than the left, but still convex. Inside silvery, generally with very little iridescent colour, and having slight excavations or pits at the posi- tions of the principal tubercles of the outer surface. Columellar plate rather broad and heavy, flattened, and in adult shells sloping inward, not truncated at the base ; cavity of spire visible from below. Open perforations 5, round to oval, situated on moderate tubercles. Length, 47 mm. ; breadth, 31 mm. ; convexity, 12 mm. Length, 40mm.; breadth, 28mm.; convexity, llmm. (New Zealand speci- men). Type(l). Hob. — South of Whangarei. This is a widely dispersed form- Australia and Philippines to China, Mozambique, Red Sea, Island of Bourbon, Mauritius, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Archipelago, according to Man. Conch. Remark. — In New Zealand specimens I found the number of open perforations to vary from 5 to 7. 4. Haliotis virginea, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 7, fig. 23. Haliotis virginea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3690; Chemnitz. Cmoh. Cab., x, 314, pi. 166, f. 1607, 1608 (not binomial); Sowerby, Thes. Conch., v., 20. H. gibba, Philippi : Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 42 ; Smith, Ereb. & Ter., Moll., 4, pi. 1, f . 16 : Button, M.N.Z.M.. 104, not of Philippi. H. virginea, Gmel. : Hedley, Colon. Museum Bull., i, 1906, 49 ; Sutev, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 323. Shell oblong-oval, very convex, spire almost terminal, spirally lirate. Sculpture : About 44 spiral lir?e between spire and perforations, sometimes unequal, slightly beaded by growth-lines ; there are some small folds radiating from the spire over the middle part of the back, but these are obsolete on some examples. Colour dark brown, marked with more or less perfect V-shaped green streaks, green sometimes predominating. Spire almost terminal, very small. Whorls 2^. Right and left sides equally curved, widest at about the middle ; back very convex, not carinated at the row of holes, but having a very shallow excavation ust below it. Inside spirally stiiate, somewhat corrugated obliquely, very brilliantly iridescent, the prevailing colours green and red. Columellar plate flattened or a little concave, de- cidedly sloping inward, subtruncate at base, concealing the cavity of spire above. Perforations 6 or 7, separated by spaces exceeding the length of the holes. Length, 54 mm. ; breadth, 35 mm. ; convexity, 13 mm. Type (?). Hob. — North and South Islands ; Stewart Island : Chatham Islands ; Kermadec Islands. More common in the south. Brought to England by Captain Cook. 96 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Subsp. Huttoni, Filhol, 1880. Plate 8, fig. 3. Haliotis Huttoni, Filh., " Comptes Rendus," xci, 1094 ; Filhol, Miss. I.C., 1885, 527. H. gibba, Pnil., var. Huttoni, Filh. : Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 370. The spiral lirge are stronger and slightly waved, the apex is less anterior, the shell more convex. The sculpture is much coarser, the spiral lirse stouter and less numerous, strong and much finer cords usually alternating. The colour is mostly light brown or greenish ; there are no V-shaped streaks. As a rule, the shell is not so elongate as the species. The prevailing colour of the interior is red. Length, 50 mm. ; breadth, 35 mm. ; convexity, 15 mm. Length, 52 mm. ; breadth, 38 mm. ; convexity, 18 mm. Length, 62 mm. ; breadth, 43 mm. ; convexity, 21 mm. Type in the Mus. Hist, Nat., Paris. Hab. — Campbell Island. Remarks. — Captain Bollons told me that this mollusc is eaten by the seals, apparently without crushing the shell with the teeth, and when the animal has been digested the empty shells are disgorged. The shells lying about on the beach are pearly outside, having lost the epidermis through the action of the acid gastric juice in the stomach of the seals. Fam. FISSURELLID.^, Risso. Animal bilaterally symmetrical externally, the anal orifice on the median line either anterior, central, or posterior. Gills paired, one on each side of the back, their free ends extending to the neck ; muzzle stout ; eyes on peduncles of variable length at the outer bases of the tentacles ; mantle continuous or slit anteriorly ; foot fleshy, bearing generally a row of epipodial papillae. Adductor muscle horseshoe- shaped, open anteriorly. Radula with central, lateral, and uncinal teeth, the laterals usually 5 in number, narrow except the outer one, which is very large, with a strongly recurved and denticulated cusp ; uncini numerous. Shell conical, limpet-shaped, non-spiral (but with a spiral nucleus), having a perforation, anterior slit, notch, or emargination for the passage of the anus ; not nacrous ; having a horseshoe-shaped im- pression of the adductor muscle ; bilaterally symmetrical. Carboniferous to Recent. Subfam. 1. FISSURELLIX.E. Pilsbry. Central tooth of radula narrow. Shell wholly external, capable of containing the entire animal. Apex of shell wholly removed by the anal perforation, which is bounded inside by a callus with entire margins, not truncated or excavated posteriorly. This subfamily does not antedate the Pliocene. Fissurella.] GASTROPODA. 97 Genus 1. FISSURELLA, Bruguiere, 1791. Fissurella, Brug.. Encycl. Meth. ; Lamarck, A.s.V., &c. Type: F. piclu. Gmel. The anatomy of the typical species is not thoroughly known. It appears that the mantle-edge is thick, crenulated above and below, granulate or papillose on its rather broad surface ; the anal pore is surrounded by slender processes or papillae, and the row of epipodial papillae is continuous. Summit of the shell near the middle ; basal margins level, not elevated at the ends ; form of shell elevated conoidal, with an apical perforation ; surface nodulous or decussate. Sect. 1. CREMIDES, H. and A. Adams, 1858. Cremides, Ad., G.R.M., i, 446. First species : F. alabastrites, Reeve. Fissurella with the orifice near the middle, the outer surface radiately ribbed or striated, the inside without a dark marginal border, and more or less crenulated on the edge. They inhabit tropical and subtropical coasts of America, with a few species from South Africa and the Mediterranean. 1. Fissurella Huttoni, Suter, 1906. Plate 8, fig. 4. Fissurella squamosa, Bhitton, C.M.M., 1873, 42; M.N.Z.M., 105; P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 370, not of Deskayes. Glyphis squamosa, Hutt., Man. Conch. (1), xii, 216. Fissurella Huttoni, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 322. Shell elongately oval, narrowed in front, conoidal, summit a little in front of the middle. Sculpture consisting of numerous more or less squarnose ribs, alternately larger and smaller, 4 anterior and 4 posterior ribs more prominent than the others ; they are crossed by fine concentric growth-striae, much more distinct near the base. Colour light brown, most of the ribs lighter, cinereous. Dorsal orifice ojblong, becoming smaller as it penetrates ; its length measured outside is 2 mm. Inside white, porcellanous, muscle-scar distinctly impressed, perfora- tion callus strong, white, with a minute posterior incision, encircled by a light-brown line. Margin irregularly crenulated. Length, 23 mm. ; breadth, 15 mm ; height, 7 mm. The animal is unknown. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hob. — Foveaux Strait (fide Hutton). Remark. — As far as I am aware, the type specimen is the only one in any of our collections. Subfam. 2. EMARGINULIN^E, Pilsbry. Apex of shell generally not removed, the anal tube occupying an anterior slit, notch, or sinuation, or if apex be removed by a perfora- tion the hole is provided internally with a shelf or septum projecting 4— Moll. N.Z. 98 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. forward and downward from behind it, or if bounded by a callus the latter is truncated or excavated posteriorly. Central tooth of radula broad. KEY TO GENERA. 1. Apex in front of the middle, absorbed by the hole, the latter bounded inside by a distinct oval hole-callus, truncated behind . . . . . . . . FISSTJRIDEA. 2. Apex central or post-median, persistent. Anal fissure a closed hole at summit . . . . . . . . PUNCTURELLA. 3. No internal hole-callus or septum, apex not absorbed. A. Apex subterminal ; shell minute, subauriform, a short slit on upper part of outer lip . . . . . . INCISURA. B. A slit-fasciole or band in front, distinctly differentiated from the other radiating riblets, extending upward from the open anterior slit . . . . - . . EMABGINULA. C. No distinctly differentiated slit-fasciole or band ; ends of muscle-scar distinctly hooked inward ; shell having radiating ribs and erenulated edge, slit short or none. . . . . . . . . . . SUBEMARGINULA. D. No anterior slit or slit-fasciole ; muscle-scar near the edge of the shell, its front ends not hooked inward ; shell depressed, oblong, truncated or sinuous in front ; no radiating sculpture ; edge smooth . . SCUTUS. Genus 1. INCISURA, Hedley, 1904. Incisura, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, 91. Type : Scissurella lytteltonensis, E. A. Smith. Shell minute, subauriform, smooth. Apex submarginal, few whorls, the last very large ; a short slit on the outer lip above the periphery, bounded by a callus on the inner side. There is no operculum. Teeth of radula similar to those of Emarginula. He.dley considers it as a member of the Fissurellidce in which de- velopment has been arrested ; the usual subsequent metamorphoses have not been enacted and the larval characters have persisted in adult life. The absence of an operculum removes it from the genus Scissurella, and the characters of the radula, which I have examined, show that it is nearly allied to Emarginula. The radula is asymmetrical. 1. Incisura lytteltonensis, E. A. Smith, 1894. Plate 6, fig. 15. Scissurella lytteltonensis, E. A. Smith, P. Mai. S., i, 57, pi. 7, f. 1, 2. Incisura lytteltonensis, E. A. Smith : Hedley, Bee. A.M., v, 92, f. 18 in text ; Iredale, T.N.Z.L, xl, 381. Shell minute, subauriform. There is no sculpture, except fine growth-lines. Colour white, horny, or sometimes roseate. Protoconch not prominent, microscopically delicately radiately ribbed. Whorls "2, Emarginula.] GASTROPODA. 99 very rapidly increasing, the last large. Suture deep. Aperture large, oval, the margins united by a strong callus. Outer lip sharp, simple. Inner lip broadly reflexed. The slit is situate above the periphery, short, not ridged or keeled, and strengthened by a fairly strong callus on the inner side. Diameter, maj., 1*3 mm. ; height, 1 mm. (type). Diameter, ma j., 1-8 mm. ; height, 1*3 mm. (Snares specimen). Type in the British Museum. Hob. — Lyttelton Harbour, on seaweeds, type (H. S.) ; Lyall Bay, near Wellington ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — There is no operculum, and the radula approaches that of Emarginula. Genus 2. EMARGINULA, Lamarck, 1801. Emarginula, Lamarck, Syst. A.s.V., 1801, 69. Type : Patella fissura, L. Emarginula, Lamarck : Fischer, Man. de Conch., 858 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 202, 248. Semperia, Crosse, J. de Conch., 1867, 74. Animal having the snout large, tentacles long, eyes on distinct peduncles ; mantle forming a tubular process extending beyond the anterior anal slit in the shell ; having epipodial papillae, and the foot oval. Central tooth of radula large, quadrangular ; the inner 4 lateral teeth long and narrow ; the fifth large, bicuspid, its upper part bent horizontally ; uncini numerous. Shell oval, obliquely conical, the recurved apex directed backward ; front slope with a deep incision in the margin. A distinct anal fas- ciole extends upward from the fissure, sculptured differently from the other ribs of the surface ; surface latticed ; no septum or deck inside. From the Carboniferous to Recent ; many species are known from the Tertiary. The Recent species of Emarginula s.s. number about sixty, and are recorded from the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Indo-Pacific. They live from the upper laminarian to the coralline zone. Vernacular Name. — Slit-limpet. 1. Emarginula striatula, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Plate 8, fig. 5. Emarginula striatula, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool., iii, 1834, 332, pi. 68, f. 21, 22 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 259, pi. 64, f. 2. Shell ovate-conic, fragile and thin, apex oblique, recurved. Sculp- ture : Radiating ribs close together, granulate ; spiral ridges of growth prominent, irregular, producing with the -ribs subcancellation. Colour greyish or greenish-white. Margin crenulated. Slit deeply excavated. Intericr white to greenish. 4* 100 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Length, 10 mm. ; breadth, 7 mm. ; height, 7 mm. (type). Length, 24mm.; breadth, 19mm.; height, llmm. (Chatham Islands). Length, 22 mm. ; breadth, 15 mm. ; height, 13 mm. (Chatham Islands). The animal is unknown. Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — In fairly deep water. New Brighton, in roots of Macrocystis ; Foveaux Strait, in 15 fathoms ; Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, in 18 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Hauraki Gulf, in 25 fathoms ; Chatham Islands ; Bay of Islands. Remarks. — This species is variable in size and shape ; the largest specimens I have seen are from the Chatham Islands, and they are fairly solid. The examples from 50 fathoms are small and very thin. Fossil in the Miocene and Pliocene. Genus 3. SUBEMARGINULA, Blainville, 1825. Subemarginula, Blainville, Man. de Malacologie, 1825, 501. Type : Emar- ginula emarginata, Bl. Subemarginula, Blainville, Man. Conch. (1), xii, 202, 273. Hemitoma, Swainson, Malac.. 356. Siphonella, Issel, Mai. Mar. Rosso, 1869, 232. Mantle entire, not slit or tubular in front. Shell rounded-oval, conical, apex near the middle, curved back- ward ; surface radiately ribbed ; anal notch generally short, con- tinued upward as a groove inside, occupying the end of a slightly prominent anterior rib, which is not sculptured differently from the other ribs. The great muscle-scar exhibits a peculiarity diagnostic of this genus : its anterior terminations are recurved and produced in- ward toward the cavity of the apex. The genus is recorded from the Antilles, the Indo-Pacific, and Australasia. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell with an internal anterior groove, area within the muscle- soar in the shape of a mushroom . . . . . . rugosa. B. Shell without an internal anterior groove, oblong, depressed, apex posterior. a. Shell without an anterior emargination, sides subparallel parmophoidea. b. Shell with a distinct emargination in front, sides nar- rowed in front . . . . . . . . . . intermedia. Sect. 1. CLYPIDINA, Gray, 1847. Clypidina, Gray, Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., 164; A. Adams,' P.Z.S., 1851, 87. Internal groove distinct, ending in a short anterior notch ; area within the muscle-scar decorated with a dark figure in the form of a mushroom. Subemarginula.] GASTROPODA. 101 1. Subemarginula rugosa, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Plate 38, fig. 1. Eni'iiri/hnihi rtigoxa, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool.. iii, 331, pi. (58, f. 17, 18. Subemarginula rugosa, Q. & G., Man. Conch. (1), xii, 278, pi. 64, f. 39-41 ; pi. 29, f. 10, 11. Clypidina Candida, A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1851, 88. C. I'lutullata. A. Ad., i.e., 88. C. scabricula, A. Ad., i.e., 88. Emargimtla fungina, Gould, P. Bost, S.N.H., ii, 1846, 154; Exped. Atlas, f. 491. E. conoidea. Reeve, Conch. Syst., ii, 23, pi. 140, f. 7. Clypidina acu- minata, A. Ad., I.e., 88, No. 10. Shell oval, conical, apex subcentral. Sculpture consisting of 13-17 primary ribs, not split or double, which are narrow, raised, continuing to the apex, each interval occupied by 3 small riblets ; cancellated by close raised concentric threads, which form prickly scales where they cross the radiating ribs. Interior greenish or white, the area within the muscle-scar dark or outlined with dark green, usually distinctly mushroom-shaped. Anal groove deep, notch short. Length, 17-5 mm. ; breadth, 13mm.; height, 8-5 mm. Length, 10-5 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm. ; height, 4-5 mm. (specimen from Foveaux Strait). Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Nelson ; the Brothers Islands, Cook Strait ; Foveaux Strait, in 15 fathoms ; Chatham Islands. Australia, Tasmania, and Samoa. Remarks. — A rather rare shell in New Zealand seas, mostly found with E. striatula. Sect. 2. TUGALIA, Gray, 1843. Tugalia, Gray, Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., 163. Type : Tugali elegans, Gray. Tugali, Gray. Shell oblong, depressed, apex posterior, front margin without a notch, either rounded or sinuous ; no internal anal groove ; no en- larged rib in front. 2. Subemarginula parmophoidea, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Plate 39, fig. 1. Emarginula parmophoidea, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool., iii, 325, pi. 68, f. 15, 16. Subemarginula parmophoidea, Q. & G., Man. Conch. (1), xii, 285 (pi. 43, f. 78-80 represent S. intermedia). Shell oval, rounded at the ends, apex near the margin, sides sub- parallel. Sculpture consisting of close radiating and concentric rib- bings of about equal size, granulated and cancellated. Apex obtuse. No emargination in front. Colour white or yellowish-white. Interior white ; margin denticulated. Length, 19 mm. ; breadth, 11 mm. ; height, 6 mm. (type). Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Cape Maria van Diemen ; Hauraki Gulf ; Chatham Islands. Australia. Remark. — It is a much rarer shell than the nearly allied S. inter- media, but less local. Fossil in the Pliocene. 102 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia* 3. Subemarginula intermedia, Reeve, 1842. Plate 8, fig. 6. Parmopkorus intermedius, Reeve, P.Z.S., 1842. 50 ; Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 139, f. 5, 6. Tugalia intermedia, Rve. : A. Ad., P.Z.S., 1851, 88. Tugali elegans, Gray, Dieff. N.Z., ii, 240. Tugalia cinerea, Gould : Sowerby, Thes. Conch., iii, 221, pi. 249, f. 15-17 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., xviu f. 5, not of Gould. T. ossea, Gould: Sowerby, I.e., f. 18; Angas. P.Z.S., 1867, 219, not of Gould. T. ausiralis, T. -Woods, P.R.S. Tas., 1877, 21. T. tasmanica, T.-Woods, i.e., 156. Subemarginula intermedia, Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xii, 285, pi. 43, f. 83, 84. Shell oblong-ovate, broadly rounded behind, narrower toward the front, and having a shallow ernargination in the front margin. Sur- face finely latticed all over by numerous close fine radiating riblets crossed by close elevated concentric strise ; the posterior half near the margin sometimes with beautiful concentric zigzag bands. Colour light buff to blackish-green. Apex at the posterior fifth. Interior white, sometimes light-greenish. Margin obtuse, finely crenulated. Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. ; height, 6 mm. Length, 43 mm. ; breadth, 26 mm. ; height, 11-5 mm. (Auckland specimen). Anatomy. --M. Tobler, Jena. Zeitschr., xxxvi, 1901, 229-74. pi. 13-15. Dentition.— Q.J.M.S. (n.s.), viii, 1868, pi. 12, f. 57. Type in the British Museum. Hal.— Hauraki Gulf (H. S.) ; Great Barrier Island (Dieff.) ; Banks Peninsula (Iredale). Australia. The type is from Port Jackson. Fossil in the Pliocene. Genus 4. SCUTUS, Montfort, 1810. Sculus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 1810, 58, 59. Type : Sciitus antipodes, Montfort. Parmophorus, Blainville, Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil., 1817, 25. Scutum of some authors. Snout of animal proboscidiform ; mantle ample, covering nearly the whole of the shell, with a simple margin, fissured in front. Tentacles thick, eyes at their outer bases. A row of short cirri on each side of neck and foot. Gills 2, symmetrical, outside the shell, under the mantle ; a round white renal opening at their apices. The whole body dark blue-black ; mantle paler below ; sole of the foot white. Radula as in Emarginula ; central tooth large, outer lateral tricuspid ; uncini not denticulate. Shell oblong, depressed, apex directed backward ; no anal groove or slit, but the front margin more or less truncated and sinuous ; surface without radiating sculpture ; anterior ends of the muscle- scar converging, but not hooked inward toward the apex. Distributed over the Indo-Pacific. Fossil in the Tertiary (Proscutum, Fischer). The animals are apathetic, and avoid the light ; they are found under boulders between tide-marks. E. A. Smith has thoroughly revised the genus in an excellent paper in the Quart. Journ. Conch., ii, 1879, 250. GASTROPODA. 103 1. Scutus ambiguus, Chemnitz, 1795. Plate 8, fig. 7. Patella ambigua, Chemn., Conch. Gab., xi, 178, 181, f. 1918. Scutus ambiguus, Chemn. : Smith, Quart. Jouni. Conch., ii, 1879, 258, f. 1-3 ; Mm. Conch. (1), xii, 289, pi. 40, f. 9-11. Scutus antipodes, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 1810, 58, 59. Parmophorus breviculus, Blainville, Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil., 1817, 28. Scutus unyuis, L. : A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1851, 221 ; Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 106, not of Linna-us. Parmophorus auslralis, Lamarck : Hutton, C.M.M., 43, not of Lam. Shell oblong, length about twice the breadth, depressed, sides parallel, posterior end rounded, anterior end squarely truncated, sinuated. Surface concentrically striated. Colour brown, in adult large specimens often white, eroded. Apex low, at about the pos- terior fourth. Inside white, sometimes bluish or greyish inside the muscle-scar ; the latter is distinct, rugose. Margin callous, smooth, rounded. Length, 54 mm. ; breadth, 28 mm. Length, 63 mm. ; breadth , 35 mm. (my largest specimen). Animal.— Ration, T.N.Z.I., xiii, 203. Dentition.— Ration, T.N.Z.I., xv, 127, pi. 15, f. I. Type (I}. Hob. — North and South Islands of New Zealand, but more com- mon in the North. Maori. — Rori (fide Captain Bollons). Genus 5. PUNCTURELLA, Lowe, 1827. Puncturella, Lowe, Zool. Journ.. iii, 77, 78. Type: Patella noachina, L. Cemoria, Leach (MS., 1819), Moll. Gr. Brit. (Gray's edit.), 1852, 213; Ad., G.R.M., i, 450. SipJio, Brown, 111. Conch. Gr. Brit., 1827, pi. 36, f. 14-16; not of Klein, Fabricius, Moerch. Puncturella, Man. Conch. (1), xii, 202, 228. Animal with a tubular process, surrounded by papillae, passing through the perforation, being formed by the mantle ; epipodial line with a series of conical tentacles ; a cirrus on the dorsal part of the foot. Jaws fibrous ; radula that of Emarginula. Shell small, conical, having a spirally recurved apex either per- sistent or absorbed in the adult, the fissure either lanceolate or oval, on the front slope or at the summit of the cone ; inside there is a plate extending forward, forming a conduit to the fissure or a " deck ': over it. The spiral apex is inclined toward the right side, and the fissure is also a trifle to the right of a median line, when visibly excentric. The surface usually shows minute granules under a strong magnification. This is mainly a deep-sea group, living in the northern and southern cold seas. About thirty species are known. Fossil in the Tertiary of Italy. 104 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Sect. 1. PUNCTURELLA, s. str. Apex persistent ; the fissure at or near the summit ; the internal plate with or without side props. 1. Puncturella demissa, Hedley, 1904. Plate 6, fig. 16. Puncturella demissa, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, 93, f. 19 in text; I.e., vi, 289, pi. 54, f. 3-5. Shell small, thin but opaque, low-arched, summit posterior, within the margin. Sculpture : Fine incremental threads, scarcely undulated by obsolete radial ribs. Colour white. Anterior slope gentle, arched ; posterior steep, straight. Nucleus persistent, set obliquely, exposing part of 2 spiral whorls. Slit on the summit linear-lanceolate, more than three times longer than broad. Aperture oblong, rather broader in front. Th.e septum drawn down to a third of the length of the shell, completely screening the interior from the slit, thickened at the margin. Length, 1-8 mm. ; breadth, 1-2 mm. ; height, 1 mm., type (Hedley). Length, 2*5 mm. ; breadth, 1-5 mm. ; height, 1-5 mm. (Hedley). Type in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Hob. — Foveaux Strait, type (A. Hamilton) ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Australia : 22 miles east of Narrabeen, in 80 fathoms (Hedley) ; off Port Stephens ; off Port Kembla, in 63-75 fathoms ; Wreck Bay, in 20 fathoms. Remarks. — The comparative smoothness, persistent apex, narrow fissure, and long septum sufficiently characterize this minute species. The surface is clothed with a rather caducous ochraceous epidermis, disposed in oblong grains. When stripped of the epidermis the white surface of the shell shows no trace of these grains, and would readily pass for a different species. Towards the margin some specimens have broad, shallow, radial undulations (Hedley). Genus 6. FISSURIDEA, Swainson, 1840. Fissuridea, Swains.. Malacology, 1840, 356. Type: F. pileus, Swains. Lucapina (in part), Ad., G.R.M., i, 447. Cupiluna, Gray, 1857. Glyphis, Carpenter, P.Z.S.. 1856 (1857), 223; not of Agassiz, 1843 : Man. Conch. (1), xii, 175, 202, 203. Animal capable of being entirely contained in the shell, resembling Fissurella in external characters. Snout short, ending distally in an oval disc, with the mouth in the centre ; tentacles subulate, with black eyes on little projections at their outer bases ; epipodium consist- ing of a fringe of short filamentous processes altenately larger and smaller, becoming more obsolete posteriorly, where it is marked by little tubercles in place of the filaments. Mantle-edge smooth or papillose, usually rather broad. Central tooth of the radula wide. Shell ovate, conical, the orifice in front of the middle. The apex spiral, inclined backward in the young, wholly absorbed in the adult. Fissuridea.] GASTROPODA. 105 Surface cancellated by radiating and concentric riblets or striae. In- ternal hole-callus truncated behind or having a pit there. Basal edges of the shell in a plane or the sides slightly elevated ; ends never elevated ; margin crenulated. Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indo-Pacific. Fossil in the Tertiary. The young Fissuridea has a recurved spiral apex with the fissure in front of it, exactly as in Rimula. The truncation and pit back of the hole-callus are homologous with the septum and pit back of the hole in Puncturella. ]. Fissuridea monilifera, Hutton, 1873. Plate 8, fig. 8. L/icapina monilifera, Hutt., C.M.M., 42. Fissurella monilifera, Hutt., P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 370. Megatebennus moniliferus, Hutt., Plioc. M., 72, pi. 8, f. 76. Glyphis (?) monilifera, Hiitt., Man. Conch. (1), xii, 227. Shell small, oval, slightly wider behind the foramen, depressed conoidal. Sculpture consisting of very numerous close and fine radiate riblets, distinctly wavy, crossed by very fine close concentric threads, nodulous at the points of intersection. Colour white, buff, or tawny. Anterior slope straight or slightly convex, posterior slope straight or lightly concave. Foramen keyhole-shaped, very little in front of the middle, its plane nearly horizontal. Interior white, smooth, only microscopically roughened, and with indistinct narrow radiate folds ; foramen surrounded by a triangular strong white callus ; muscular impression distinct. Margin smooth, sharp, sometimes finely denti- culate. Length, 15-5 mm. ; breadth, 11-5 mm. ; height, 5mm. (type). Length, 23 mm. ; breadth, 16 mm. ; height, 6 mm. (my largest speci- men). Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hob. — Stewart Island, in 15 fathoms (type) ; Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, in 18 fathoms ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Fossil in the Pliocene. Fam. TROCHID^l, d'Orbigny. Animal similar in general form to the Turbinidce. Visceral mass and shell spirally coiled. Epipodial line bearing 1, several, or many smooth or ciliated cirri on each side ; head with a short, broad rostrum ; intertentacular lobes simple or digitated, separate or united across the front, sometimes obsolete. A single ctenidium ; eyes open Jaws developed or absent. Shell nacreous within, conical, pyramidal, subglobose, turbinate or helicoid ; aperture entire, tetragonal or rounded ; persistome gene- rally not continuous. Operculum circular, thin, entirely corneous, formed of numerous gradually increasing whorls ; nucleus central. 106 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. The Trochidce are like the Turbinidce in the possession of a nacreous, test and in the principal structural characters of the animal. They differ from that family in having a corneous, never calcareous, oper- culum, which is always multispiral. The animals are herbivorous. The family is represented by numerous species living in the littoral and laminarian zones, and many are deep-sea forms. Ordovician to Recent. The best works on the Trochidce are — Dr. P. Fischer, Monogr. Genre Troque, in Kiener's " Coquilles Vivantes," Paris, 1880 ; H. A. Pilsbry, Tryon's Man. Conch. (1), vol. xi, 1889. Subfam. 1. TROCHININ.E. Animal with frontal lobes ; jaws wanting ; with 5 lateral teeth on the radula, a sixth obsolete tooth may be present. Shell pearly • peristome disconnected. KEY TO GENERA. 1. Shell conical, base flattened ; spire elevated ; last whorl generally carinated ; imperforate or false-umbilicate . . TROCHUS. 2. Shell turbinate, base convex ; generally imperforate ; last whorl mostly convex . . . . . . . . MONODONTA. 3. Shell ovate-conic or pyramidal ; imperforate ; aperture less than half the length of shell . . . . . . CANTHARIDUS. 4. Shell small, conoidal. imperforate or perforate, fine spiral lirse ; inner lip callous ; last whorl subangled . . . . PHOTINULA. Genus 1. TROCHUS, Linnaeus, 1758. Trochus. L.. Syst. Nat., ed. x. 756. Type : T. Niloticiis, L. Pyramided, Swainson. Malacology. 1840, 350. RocJiia. Grav, Guide Syst. Distr. Moll. Brit. Mus.. 1857, 148. Animal with 1 to 4 pairs of cirri upon the epipodial line, which are not ciliated ; frontal lobes between the tentacles simple or foliated, distinct or united into a veil. The fornmla of teeth is oo 5 • 1 • 5 oo or°°l + 5.1.54-l oo. The central and lateral teeth have more or less expanded lateral margins, and bear cusps which are smooth on the cutting-edge, with minute denticles at the sides. A narrow oblong plate, lying between the fifth lateral and the inner marginal tooth, is sometimes present. The central tooth is always widest in the middle, tapering toward the cup and the base. Shell conical, strong, imperforate or false-umbilicated, the axis always solid, the spire more or less elevated, whorls numerous, gene- rally carinated at the periphery, sometimes rounded, more or less flattened beneath ; aperture rhomboidal. very oblique, columella twisted, its edge generally folded or dentate and toothed at base ; sculptured usually with spiral beaded ridges. Distribution. — In all the warmer seas. Trochus.] GASTROPODA. 107 The fossil forms appear in the Secondary formation, and have a wide distribution in the Tertiary. Vernacular Name. — Top-shell. Remark. — The genus is Indo-Australian, and not represented in the Tertiary of Patagonia. (Von Ihering.) Subgen. 1. INFUNDIBULUM, Montfort, 1810. InfundHmlum, Mft., Conch. Syst., 167. Type : Trochus concavus, Gmel. Infundibulum, Mft., Man. Conch. (1), xi, 7, 24. Polydonta, Schumacher, Essai d'un nouv. Syst., 1817, 231 ; Ad., G.R.M., i, 414, not of Fischer de Waldheim, 1807. Carinidea, Swainson, Treatise on Malac., 1840, 350. Lamprostoma, Swains., i.e., 350. Shell conical, false-umbilicate ; columella more or less folded above, its edge straight, oblique, toothed or simple, with or without a tooth at the base. Indo-Pacinc and Australasian province. Sect. 1. CCELOTKOCHUS, P. Fischer, 1880. Ccelotrochus, P. Fischer, Coq. Viv., 417. Type : Trochus tiaratus, Q. & G. The false umbilicus very deep and narrow, penetrating deeper than the columella, which is inserted upon its edge, not in the centre of the axis. KEY TO SPECIES. A. False umbilicus wide and very deep ; 5 to 8 beaded spiral cords on the penultimate whorl . . . . . . tiaratus. E. False umbilicus narrow and not very deep. a. Last whorl with a distinct peripheric keel . . . . chathamensis. b. Last whorl biang\ilate . . . . . . . . oppressiis. 1. Trochus chathamensis, Hutton, 1873. Plate 33, fig. 2. Polydonta chathamensis, Hutt., C.M.M., 36. Trochus chathamensis, Hutt., Man. Conch. (1), xi, 43 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 260, fig. in text. Anthora chathamensis, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 94. Shell small, conical, spirally striated, last whorl keeled, false umbilicus shallow. Sculpture consists of 5 to 6 low spiral threads, the lower and upper margins much elevated, especially the former ; crossed by broad nodulous radiate ribs, which, however, do not extend over the lower half of the whorl ; these ribs are often obsolete ; base with subequal spiral lirse. Colour white, buff, or pinkish, with oblique longitudinal brownish - purple stripes and spots. Spire conical, the sides straight or slightly convex. Protoconch regularly conical, pointed, of about 2 whorls, not marked off from the succeeding whorl, smooth, with 2 or 3 spiral red bands. Whorls 5, rarely 6, the last 2 rapidly increasing, flat to slightly convex above, concave below before reach- ing the strong and prominent cingulum ; last whorl strongly carinated ; 108 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. base flat. Suture superficial, with a nodulous border below. Aper- ture oblique, rhomboidal. Outer and basal lip a little convex, form- ing a sharp angle where they meet. Columella oblique, slightly con- cave, with an almost imperceptible fold above. False umbilicus small, smooth, almost filled up. Angle of spire, 70°. Diameter, 9 inm. ; height, 7-5 mm. (type). Diameter, 11 mm. ;. height, 8 mm. (Auckland Island specimen). Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hob. — Chatham Islands (type) ; Foveaux Strait, in 15 fathoms ; Wet Jacket Arm, near Resolution Island, in 12 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Auckland Islands (Captain Bollons). Remark. - - The specimens from deep water have no longitudinal colour-markings. Fossil in the Pliocene. Subsp. dunedinensis, Suter, 1897. Trochus oppressus, Hutt., var. dunedinensis, Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 261. Distinguished from the species by the lowest cord of the spire- whorls being much less prominent, the last whorl in consequence having no keel, but an angularly rounded periphery. The radiate broad ribs are either absent or reduced to nodules below the suture. The colour is greenish-brown, with indistinct oblique and olive-black stripes. Angle, of spire, 70°. Diameter, 7-5 mm. ; height, 7-5 mm. (type). Type in my collection. Hob. — Dunedin Harbour, under stones (H. S.). Remarks. — On re-examining my specimens I found them to stand much nearer to T. chathamensis than to T. oppressus. The absence of the strong keel on the body-whorl gives it at first sight a closer re- semblance to the latter species, though there is no upper angle on the body-whorl. 2. Trochus oppressus, Hutton, 1878. Plate 38, figs. 2, 2a. Gibbula oppressa, Hutt., J. tie Conch., xxvi, 1878, 34; Man. Conch. (1), xi, 232, pi. 40, f. 4, 5. Trochvs oppressus, Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 261. Shell small, conical, somewhat solid, lustreless, with a false um- bilicus. Sculpture : The entire surface closely finely spirally striate, the strise of the base becoming coarser toward the axis. Colour dark olive-brown or greenish, minutely tessellated all over with a slightly darker shade of the same hue. Spire conical. Protoconch conical, small, 2 slightly spirally striated whorls. Whorls 5, those of the spire keeled above the middle, body-whorl biangular ; base rather flattened. Suture slightly impressed. Aperture oblique, subquadrangular, irides- cent and slightly lirate within. Peristome sharp, discontinuous. Outer and basal lip convex, with a narrow opaque margin within, which is Trochus.} GASTROPODA. 109 smooth. Columella oblique, straight, in adult specimens with a few inconspicuous plications above. Umbilicus filled with callus, leaving only a slight pit. Diameter, 6 mm. ; height, 5-5 mm. (type). Dentition.— Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 124, pi. 14, f. M. Type in the Otago Museum, Dunedin. Hob. — Auckland (type) ; Hauraki Gulf (H. S.) ; East Cape ; Lyall Bay ; Taumaki Island, west coast of South Island, in 10 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Chatham Islands ; Bay of Islands. 3. Trochus tiaratus, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Plate 39, fig. 2. Trochus tiaratus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool., iii, 1834. 256, pi. 64, f. 6-11 ; Man. Conch. (1), xi, 42, pi. 12. f. 72-74; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 260. Anthora tiarata, Q. & G., M.N.Z.M., 94. Trochus delicatulus, Philippi, Zeitschr. Malak.. 1846, 105. Polydonta elegans, Gray, in Yate's N.Z., 1835, 309. Shell depressed conical, rather thin, apex acute, with a deep and smooth false umbilicus. Sculpture above consisting of spiral lirae, about 5 to 8 on each whorl, cut into close oblique beads, the interstices obliquely finely striate, one or two of the broader ones usually with a central riblet ; base with 8 to 12 spiral beaded cords, stronger and much finer ones usually alternating. Colour whitish, sometimes greyish-green, finely tessejlated with reddish -brown, the tessellations formed by the disintegration of narrow radiating stripes, which are on the base frequently continuous ; colour lemon - yellow when eroded. Spire conical, often depressed, the outlines slightly convex. Proto- conch small, convex, consisting of two smooth whorls. Whorls 5 to 5J, nearly planulate, but the upper margin of each whorl pro- minent and projecting beyond the periphery of the preceding ; last whorl carinated or sharply angled at the periphery ; base nearly flat. Suture impressed. Aperture subrhomboidal, smooth within, pearly. Outer lip sharp, convex, margined inside with a narrow white callus ; basal lip straight. Columella oblique, nearly straight, with a dis- tinct fold above, inserted upon the side of the false umbilicus ; um- bilical area white or yellow, smooth, but partly filled by a white callus, not tapering to a point. Diameter, 13-5 mm. ; height, 10 mm. Diameter, 19 mm. ; height 17 mm. Dentition. — Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xiv, 165, pi. 7, f. N ; Man. uonch. (i), xi, pi. 50, f. 5 (top fig. on left side, should be 4). Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. Hob. — Coasts of the North and South Islands, on rocks near low-water mark ; Chatham Islands, where a much depressed form occurs ; Hauraki Gulf, in 25 fathoms. The type is from Tasmau Bay. Fossil in the Pliocene. Maori. — Mimiti (fide Quoy and Gaimard). 110 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Sect. 2. ANTHORA, Gray, 1857. Anthora, Gray, Guide Syst. Distr. Moll. Brit. Mus., 148. Type : Polydonta tuberculata, Gray. Shell elevated, conical, more or less granulose above, lirate below ; base plano-concave or flat, false umbilicus shallow, with 1 to 4 ribs, outer and basal lips smooth within ; columella oblique, with, a small fold above, its edge simple. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell with 5 beaded spiral lirse on the penultimate whorl ; umbilicus with 3 to 4 distant spiral ribs . . . . riridis. B. Shell with 4 to 6 rope-like cinguli on the penultimate whorl ; umbilicus with 1 spiral rib, sometimes grooved in the middle . . . . . . . . . . . . camelophorus. 4. Trochus camelophorus, Webster, 1906. Plate 33, fig. 3. Trochus camelophorus, Webster, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906), 309, pi. 39, f. 1, la. T. comis, Gmelin : Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii. 323, not of Gmelin. Shell solid, conical, pink, false-umbilicate. Sculpture : Rounded cinguli of unequal thickness, with rope-like markings, 5 to 6 on the penultimate whorl ; regular radiate riblets cross the cinguli. slightly beading or granulating them ; base with 5 to 6 flat spiral ribs, sepa- rated by slightly narrower furrows, the whole ornamented with close and fine radiate striae. Colour rose, with darker markings above the periphery of the last whorl ; base yellowish-white, with radiate stripes and spots of light brown. Spire conical, with a rounded apex. Proto- conch 2-whorled, with traces of spiral sculpture. Whorls 5^, slightly shouldered above, flat, the last sharply angled at periphery. Suture marked by a deep groove behind the first roping of succeeding whorl. Aperture sub quadrangular, inside slightly pearly. Outer and basal lip slightly convex, forming an acute angle at their junction. Columella slightly oblique, with a distinct fold above, rounded, and smooth. The false umbilicus is not very deep, and with a strong spiral fold, which is sometimes distinctly grooved, thus havi the appearance of 2 spiral ribs lying close together. Diameter, 12mm.; height, 10mm. (type). Diameter, 11-5 mm. ; height, 11 mm. (specimen in my collection). Type in Mr. W. H. Webster's collection. Hob. — Cape Maria van Diemen. 5. Trochus viridis, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 8, fig. 9. Trochus viridis, Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3572 : Man. Conch. (1). xi, 43, pi. 3, f. 16, 17 ; x, pi. 40, f. 21 : Suter. P. Mai. S., ii, 261. Anthora viridis, Grnel. : Hutton, M.N.Z.M.. 94. Polydonta tuberculata. Gray, Dieff. N.Z., 239. Anthora tuberculata. Gray : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 93. Trochus acinosus, Gould, U.S. Expl. Ex., 179. f. 217. T. /vlrolabris, Hombr. & Jacq., Voy. P.S., v, 56, pi. 14, f. 14-16. Polydonta tritonis, A. Ad., P.Z.S., 1854, 132. Shell conical, solid, false-umbilicate. Sculpture of upper surface consisting of 5 series to each whorl of rounded bead-like granules, Trochus.] GASTROPODA. Ill between which are visible numerous very minute spiral striae, in the interstices of which oblique incremental strise are prominently shown under a lens ; base concentrically striate, the striso unequal, disap- pearing toward the outer edge. Colour dull grey, whitish, or greenish. Spire conic, with nearly straight outlines, ,apex acute. Protoconch very small, H whorls, which have a slightly rugose surface. Whorls about 7, nearly planulate, or sometimes a little bulging at the upper and lower margins, the last whorl strongly angled or carinate at the peri- phery ; base plano-concave. Suture rather deep. Aperture suboval to quadrangular, nacreous within. Outer lip convex, sharp, with a smooth marginal band inside ; the outer part narrow, white, and opaque ; the inner part broader, iridescent, and smooth ; further in lirate. Basal lip thickened, subdentate, uniting with the columella in a regular curve. Columella oblique, with a deep fold near its insertion, smooth within. Umbilical area with 3 to 4 spiral ribs, interstices nacreous, the umbilicus narrow and deep or partly filled up by a white callus. The parietal wall transversely striate or nearly smooth, with a light- brown callus. Diameter, 19 mm. ; height, 20 mm. The animal is yellowish-brown, foot reddish or purplish-brown ; filaments white, 3 on each side. The head-lobes are smooth and rounded, and joined together across the head. The eyes are on rather long white peduncles. Dentition.— Rutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 124, pi. 14, f. K. Type CO- Hob. — North and South Islands ; Chatham Islands : on rocky ground near low-water mark. Brought to England by Captain Cook. Occurs also at Norfolk Island. Fossil in the Pliocene. Subgen. 2. CLANCULUS, Montfort, 1810. Clanculus, Mft., Conch. Syst., 191. Type : Trochus pharaonicus, L. Clan- culus, Mft., Man. Conch. (1), xi, 8, 47. Monodonta (in part), Lamarck and authors. Fragella, Swainson, " Shells and Shell-fish," 352. Otavia. Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826, 132. Clanculopsis. Monterosato, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., v, 1879, 222. Shell conical, conoidal, or turbinate ; generally granose-lirate all over, periphery rounded or angular, base flat or convex, false-um- bilicate ; aperture oblique, usually obstructed by teeth, the outer lip usually lirate or dentate within, columella with a tooth-like fold above, terminating in a tooth at the base ; false umbilicus with a crenated border. The animal bears 4 pairs of tentacular filaments on the epipodial line. The dentition is similar to that of Trochus, but the body of the tooth is more expanded, the centrals and laterals bearing large lateral supporting-wings. Distribution. — Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific. 112 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell elevated conical, cohimella with a strong biplicate tooth at base . . . . . . . . . . . . ringens. B. Shell depressed conoidal, cohimella with a small simple tooth at base . . . . . . . . . . . . takapunaensis. t 6. Trochus ringens, Menke, 1843. Plate 38, fig. 3. Monodonta ringens, Mke., Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., 14 ; not of Philippi, 1846. Trochus ringens, Mke. : Fischer, Coq. Viv., 213, pi. 71, f. 1 ; Man. Conch. (1), xi, 81, pi. 11, f. 49, 50 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 262. Shell false-umbilicate, conical, spirally cingulate. Sculpture : Spirally cingulate above, with 4 elegantly granulate ridges, the upper and lower larger ; base with 8-9 granose cinguli. Colour yellowish, maculate with chestnut and white. Spire conical, sides convex, sharply pointed. Protoconch sharply pointed, spirally lirate, of about 2 whorls, white with pink spots. Whorls 7, planulate, the last acutely carinated ; base slightly convex. Suture canaliculate. Aper- ture rhomboidal, oblique, narrow. Basal margin sulcate-denticulate. Columella strong, callous, oblique, strongly plaited, terminating below in a large biplicate tooth. Diameter, 11 mm. ; height, 10 mm. Sometimes the height exceeds the diameter. Type (?). Hob. — Cape Maria van Diemen (C. H. Robson) ; Mokohinau Island. Remarks. — My specimen from Mokohinau has a slightly more acute spire ; the colour is light brown, with chestnut-brown spots ; the outer lip is distinctly lirate within ; the margins of the aperture are united across the body- whorl by a rather thick callus, bearing a few lirse. Diameter, 10-5 mm. ; height, 12 mm. Angle of spire, 62°. 7. Trochus takapunaensis, Webster, 1906. Plate 33, fig. 4. Trochus (Clancuhts) takapunaensis, Webst., T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (190t>), 309, pi. 39, f. 2, 2a. Shell small, depressed conoidal, spirally cingulate. Sculpture : Smooth rounded spirals, of which the 2 upper are closer together and the others far enough apart to admit a fine spiral thread in the radially striated hollow between them ; above the peripheral spiral on the body-whorl is a narrower one, which appeared in the suture of the third whorl ; base with 7 to 8 spirals, separated by furrows of the same width. Colour yellow-grey, with very dark irregular patches, all of which shade into white from left to right. Spire depressed conoidal, sides convex. Protoconch rounded, smooth, of H whorls. Whorls 5, slightly rounded, the last carinated at the periphery ; base convex. Suture canaliculate. Aperture rhomboidal, oblique. Prri- stomc with numerous irregular denticles, some of them extending far into the shell. Columella oblique, arcuated, having a blunt tubercle Trochm.} GASTROPODA. 113 on the funnel side, and a long fold transversely wound over the anterior end and passing into the shell. False umbilicus deep, funnel-shaped, contracted at the margin by a spiral rib with occasional tubercles. Diameter, 7-5 mm. ; height, 5 mm. Type in Mr. W. H. Webster's collection. Hob.— Takapuna, in shell-sand. Remark. — The shell has a close resemblance to the Victorian C. plebejus. (Hedley.) Genus 2. MONODONTA, Lamarck, 1799. Jlonodonta. Lam., Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat.. 1799, 74. Type : M. labio, L. Manodonio, Lam. : Ad., G.R.M., i, 417 ; Man. Conch. (1), xi, 8, 86. Labio, Oken. Lehrbxich, 263. Monodontes, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 195. Trocliidon, Swainson, Treat. Malac., 351. Odontis, Sowerby, Cat. Tankerville Coll., 53. Trochulus, Humphrey. Monodon, Schweigger Animal having long tentacles and 4 pairs of epipodial cirri. The radula has the formula ool.5+l + 5.1oo. The prominent character of the dentition is the development of the lateral basal angles of the central and lateral teeth into broadly projecting lobes imbricating over the adjacent tooth ; the cusp of the central is wide, shortly reflexed, its edge denticulate at the sides, smooth in the middle. Shell imperforate. turbinate, ovate or globose-depressed, the peri- phery rounded ; surface smooth or spirally ridged ; cqlumella simple, arcuate, and spread upon the base at its insertion, below tubercu- late, swollen, ending in a tooth, or simple ; outer lip smooth or lirate within. With the exception of several forms from the west coast of South America, the species are all Old World in distribution, mostly tropical. Geologically, the genus dates from the Trias. Subgen. 1. DILOMA, Philippi, 1845. Diloma, Phi]., Abbild., &c., i, 1845, 168. Type : Turbo nigerrimus, Gmel. Shell globose or depressed conic ; aperture large, very oblique ; columella not prominent, flattened, not cylindrical, generally con- cave, arcuate, and slightly denticulate at the base, or smooth. Sect. 1. DILOMA, s. str. Diloma, Phil., Ad. G.R.M., i. 419 ; Man. Conch. (1), xi, 9, 96. Shell globose, depressed or conic, imperforate, black ; smooth or spirally grooved ; columella wide, concave, porcellanous ; lip mar- gined with an iridescent band, which extends across the parietal wall. Diloma has been restricted by Fischer to the South American species, but two are found on the coasts of New Zealand. The only diagnostic character separating these from the other Australasian forms is the band of nacre extending across the parietal wall, con- necting the terminations of the peristome. GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell without spots, colour mostly bluish-black, outer lip not or very narrowly black-margined within . . . . . . nigerrima B. Shell with or without yellow spots, colour purplish-black, outer lip conspicuously black-margined within . . . . coracina. 1. Monodonta coracina, Troschel, 1851. Plate 38, fig. 4. Trochus cm-acinus, Troschel, in Philippi, Condi. Cab., 1851, 148, pi. 24, f. 13; Fischer, Coq. Viv., 357. pi. 110, f. 6. Monodonta 'coracina, Trosch., Man. Conch. (1), xi, 103, pi. 19, f. 94; pi. 31, f. 28: Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 264. Labio porcifera, A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1851 (1853), 179, not of Watson. Diloma nigerrima, Chemnitz : Hutton. M.1ST.Z.M 96 - P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 366, not of Chemnitz nor Gmelin. Shell small, imperf orate, orbicular-conoid, depressed, solid, lustre- less. Sculpture : Kather distant spiral liree, sometimes obsolete, crossed by oblique growth-lines. Colour purplish-black or black^ \micoloured, or sparsely dotted, especially on the base, with yellow. Epidermis solid, not easily eroded. Spire low and arched, or conical with rounded apex. Protoconch of 2 flatly convex whorls, which are finely spirally lirate with very distinct oblique growth-lines. Whorls 4 to 5, slightly convex, the last large, concave below the suture, ob- tusely angulate at the periphery, eroded in front of the aperture ; base flatly convex. Suture linear, margined below by a low and rather broad pad. Aperture very oblique, reddish iridescent and lirate. Outer lip convex, sharp, black-edged inside, followed by a white opaque band which continues as a pearly stripe over the umbilical tract, parallel to the columella, and connects the termi- nations of the peristome. Umbilical tract bounded on the outer lower margin by green, grey, or brown. Operculum round, light brown, horny, multispiral ; nucleus central. Diameter, 8-5-10 mm. ; height, 6-9 mm. Diameter, 17 mm. ; height, 19 mm. (specimen from Kawhia). Dentition.— Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 265, fig. in text. Type (?). Hab.— Coast near Kawhia (H. S.) ; Wellington Harbour (H. S.) ; Lyttelton Harbour (H. S.) ; Sumner, near Christchurch (H. S.) ; Pre- servation Inlet ; Chatham Islands ; Auckland Islands (Captain Hutton). Remark. — This is the most variable species of the genus. 2. Monodonta nigerrima, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 38, figs. 5, 5a. Turbo nigerrimus, Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3597 : not Trochus nigerrimus, Gmel., a species of Chlorostoma. Diloma nigerrima. Ad., G.R.M., iii, pi. 47, f. 7, 7c ; Chenu, Man. i, 358, f. 2658. Monodonta nigerrima', Gmel., Man. Conch. (1), xi. 97, pi. 23, f. 77, 78 ; pi. 20. f. 18. Trochus araucanus, d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Moll., 410, pi. 55, f. 6. Turbo Quoyi, Kiener, Spec, et Icon. (Turbo), pi. 29, f. 2 ; not Trochus Quoyi, Phil. Monodonta porcifera, Watson: Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 264, not of Adams nor of Watson. Trochus Gaiidichaudi. Hupe, in Gay' Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., viii, 1854, 146, pi. 4, f. 4. Monodonta.] GASTROPODA. 115 Shell imperforate, depressed, globose, solid, black. Sculpture con- sists of numerous close spiral strise, sometimes nearly obsolete, crossed by oblique growth-lines, which, are often strongly developed. Colour bluish-black or black, beach-worn specimens reddish or brownish ; no spots. Epidermis fairly thick and solid, shining in fresh specimens. Spire short, conoidal to conical ; apex rounded or acute. Protoconch consisting of 2 spirally striate and lightly pearly whorls, sometimes reddish. Whorls 4 to 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last usually depressed or subconcave below the suture ; base rounded, eroded and iridescent in front of the aperture. Suture linear, margined below by a strong cord. Aperture large, oblique, greenish iridescent, and closely lirate. Outer lip convex, rather thin and sharp, bordered within by an extremely narrow black margin, followed by a broad opaque white band, sometimes brilliantly iridescent. Columella con- cave, obsoletely subdentate below, very broad and flattened or ex- cavated on the face, composed principally of an opaque white layer, which also lines the base, but does not extend to the edge of the lip. Parietal wall with a band of nacre, uniting the ends of the peristome, bounded on the outside with light brown or white. Diameter, 17-24 mm. ; height, 15-26 mm. TEETH OF RADULA. Dentition. — Troschel, Das Gebiss d. Schnecken, ii, 236, pi. 24, f. 2 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 264, fig. in text (as porcifera, Watson). Type (?). Hob. — Sumner, near Christchurch (H. S.) ; St. Clair, near Dunedin (H. S.) ; Preservation Inlet ; Pitt's Island, near Stewart Island (C. Traill) ; Chatham Island ; Auckland Islands (Captain Bollons). Also west coast of South America. Sect. 2. NEODILOMA, P. Fischer, 1885. Neodiloma, Fisch., Man. de Conch., 820. Type: Trochus cethiops, Gmel. Neodiloma, Fisch.., Man. Conch. (1), xi, 9, 98. Similar to Diloma, but without the parietal band of iridescent nacre ; surface smooth, grooved, or lirate ; unicoloured, spotted, or tessellated ; columella with one or two denticles at the base, or smooth. Australasia. 116 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchta. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Whorls spirally sulcate. a. Columella backed by a distinct pearly band. b. Spiral grooves distant, intervening tracts often reticu- lated with black and white . . . . . . cethiops. bb. Spiral grooves close together, 7-10 on the penultimate whorl, c. Shell black, dull, with irregularly scattered white spots . . . . . . . . . . morio. cc. Shell greenish-black, shining, sometimes with yellowish spots . . . . . . . . atrovirens. aa. Pearly band wanting, or very short and but slightly iri- descent. b. Last whorl carinated, base concave . . . . excavate. bb. Last whorl rounded, base flat . . . . . . corrosa. B. Whorls spirally ridged. a. Spiral ridges nodulous, 3 on the penultimate whorl. Colour blackish, with whitish spots on the ridges . . . . litgubris. aa. Spiral ridges subnodulous, 3-5 on the penultimate whorl. Colour yellowish, with oblique radiate purple lines . . subrostrata. 3. Monodonta aethiops, Gmelin, 1790. Plate 39, fig. 3. Turbo (vthiops, Gmel.. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 3596. Monodonta cethiops, GmeL, Man. Conch. (1). 3d, 98, pi. 19. f. 99, 100; pi. 20, f. 19: Suter, P. Mai. S., ii. 262. Trochits zelandicits, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zocl., iii, 1834, 257, pi. 64, f. 12-15. Monodonta retic-ularis. Gray, Wood's Suppl., f. 21. ?Labio concolor. A. Ad.. P.Z.S., 1851, 180. Shell imperforate, globose - conoid, solid, thick. Sculpture con- sists of distant narrow spiral grooves, the intervening tracts orna- mented with close, fine, oblique, laniellose, radiate striae. Colour blackish or greenish, usually encircled by series of narrow white marks, formed by the interruption of numerous longitudinal white lines by narrow spiral black stripes. Epidermis lamellose. Spire conic, with the apex rounded. Protoconch mostly eroded, spirally lirate, flatly convex. Whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing ; base convex, eroded and subconcave in front of the aperture. Suture impressed, linear. Aperture large, oblique and expanded, pearly, lirate. Outer lip regu- larly convex, sharp, with a black edge, often spotted with white ; then bounded by a rather broad pearly band, and this is followed by a broad opaque white callosity. Columella short, concave, white, ob- tusely bidentate at the base. The umbilical tract is very broad, sub- concave, bounded on the outer lower margin by a dark-brown streak. The pearly band of the outer lip is continued over the parietal wall to the middle of the umbilical tract, sometimes continuous with the pearly band of the basal lip, forming a complete circle. Diameter, 25-30 mm. ; height, 25-33 mm. Diameter. 26 mm. : height, 25 mm. (specimen from Kawhia). Dentition. — Troschel, Das Gebiss d. Schnecken, ii, pi. 23, f. 3 ; Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 125, pi. 15, f. A ; Man. Conch. (1), xi, pi. 50, f. 1± Monodonta.] GASTROPODA. 117 Type (?). Hob. — Throughout New Zealand ; Chatham and Auckland Islands. Brought to England by Captain Cook. This is the most common species of the genus. Fossil in the Pliocene. 4. Monodonta atrovirens, Philippi, 1851. Plate 38, fig. 6. Trochus atrovirens, Phil., Conch. Cab., 148, pi. 24, f. 12. Monodonta atro- virens, Phil. : Fischer, Coq. Viv., 373, pi. 114, f. 1 ; Man. Conch. (1). xi, 110, pi. 22, f. 48-50 ; Sxiter, P. Mai. S., ii, 263. Shell orbiculate-conoidal, solid, imperforate, greenish-black. Sculp- ture consisting of spiral narrow sulci, 7 to 9 on the penultimate whorl, the flat cinguli crossed by close and fine lines of growth ; base with about 7 sulci, a little closer together: Colour greenish-black, very often with irregularly scattered yellowish dots. Epidermis shining, often eroded on the spire, but seldom rubbed off. Spire depressed conoidal, sides very convex, apex sharp. Protoconch conic, small, of 2^ smooth whorls. Whorls 6, rapidly increasing, slightly convex and depressed above, last whorl rounded at the periphery ; base flatly convex. Suture impressed, margined below by a cingula much broader than the succeeding ones. Aperture subrhomboidal, pearly and lirate within. Outer lip convex, sharp, black-edged, then a broad silvery band, often followed by a broad white and opaque callosity. Columella oblique, nearly straight, nodulous at the base, the callus extending on the inner side of the basal lip. Inner lip broadly expanded, bounded by green or blackish-green ; a distinct tongue-shaped pit at the centre of the umbilical tract, extending downward to the basal lip. Diameter, 14-23 mm. ; height, 9-17 mm. Dentition unknown. Type (?)• Hob. — Tasman Bay (type) ; Hauraki Gulf (H. S.) ; west coast of the North Island ; Lyall Bay (H. S.) ; Te Onepoto, near Lyttelton (H. S.) ; St. Clair, near Dunedin (H. S.). Remark. — This species is very nearly allied to M. morio. 5. Monodonta corrosa, A. Adams, 1853. Plate 38, fig. 7. Labio corrow, A. Ad., P.Z.S., 1851 (1853). 180. Diloma corrosa. Ad. : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 96. Monodonta melanoloma, Menke, Man. Conch. (1), xi, 104, pi. 22. f. 56, 57 ; Suter, P. Mai. 8., ii, 266. not of Menke. Trochus labio, L. : Chemnitz, Siidland. Conch., 199, not of Linnaeus. Shell globose-conical, solid, imperforate, surface dull, corroded. Sculpture consisting of subobsolete spiral cinguli, about 6 on the penultimate-whorl, about 7 on the base, much closer together ; the whole surface with oblique subobsolete growth-strise. Colour dark- purplish, overlaid by a more or less eroded yellowish-white layer, leaving sometimes zigzag bands of purple on the last whorl. Spire conic, apex much eroded. Whorls about 5, slightly convex, the last 118 GASTROPODA. \Aspidobranchia. globose, not eroded in front of the aperture ; base slightly convex or flat. Suture impressed. Aperture oblique, nacreous and smooth within. Outer Up regularly convex, sharp, bordered by a narrow yellow or white followed by a black strip. Columella oblique, short, nearly straight, with 1 or 2 tubercles, white, dilated upon the parietal wall, but not extending to the upper lip. Umbilical tract slightly pitted, subconcave, no pearly band. Diameter, 16 mm. ; height, 15 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the British Museum. Hob. — On mud-flats of the South Island ; Heathcote Estuary, near Christchurch (H. S.) ; Dunedin (Captain Hutton). Brought to England by Captain Cook. Remark. — Pilsbry wrote to me in 1897 : ' Your New Zealand species will stand as M. corrosa, A. Ad. It is perfectly distinct from the West and South Australian M. melanoloma. Of course, my descrip- tion and figures refer to corrosa, for at that time I had not seen the true Australian melanoloma." Fossil in the Pliocene. Subsp. undulosa, A. Adams, 1853. CJdorostoma undulosum, A. Ad., P.Z.S., 1851 (1853), 182. Monodonta cor- rosa, subsp. imdulosa. A. Ad., Man. Conch. (1). xi, 105, pi. 22. f. 45-47 ; Stiter, P. Mai. S., ii, 267. Trochus undulosus, A. Ad., Ereb. & Ter., 4, pi. 1, f. 15. T. attritus, Hombr. & Jacq., Voy. P.S., 57, pi. 14. f. 19. 20. Labio Hectori, Hutt., C.M.M., 37. Diloma Hectori, Hutt., M.N.Z.M., 95. Larger than the species, and the spiral sculpture more distinct. Colour yellowish, with undulating lines of dark purple. Aperture sometimes faintly lirate within. Diameter, 20-22 mm. ; height, 17-18 mm. : 19 mm. by 16 mm. (type). Dentition unknown. Type in the British Museum. Hob. — From Sumner to Dunedin ; on rocks, not common. Subsp. plumbea, Hutton, 1883. Plate 38, fig. 8. Diloma plumbea, Hntt., T. N.Z.I., xv, 126. Monodonta melanoloma, Menke, subsp. plumbea, Hutt., Man. Conch. (1), xi, 105, pi. 20, f. 15-17; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 267. Shell globose-conic,' imperforate, solid. Sculpture consists of obso- lete coarse lirae on the last whorl only. Colour dull purplish, spire usually eroded, white. Spire conical, acute. Whorls 4 to 5, flatly convex ; base flat. Suture superficial. Aperture as in the species, but the outer lip margined within only by black. Inner lip spreading broadly over the lower part of the parietal wall and umbilical tract, bordered outside by black ; no pearly band. Diameter, 16 mm. ; height, 14-5 mm. Dentition.^ Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, pi. 15, f. E. Mn,i,t. Riblets strong, the interstices microscopically spirally striate . . . . . . . . . . ,-otnhi. bb. Riblets very fine, periphery serrate . . . . strrata. aa. Without radial riblets, a few folds at suture and umbilicus, 2 keels produced into processes at the peristome . . solitarin. Liotia.] GASTROPODA. 151 1. Liotia polypleura, Hedley, 1904. Plate 33, fig. 16. Liotia polypleura, Hedley, Rec. A.M.. v, pt. 2, 1904, 93, f. 20 in text. Shell minute, thin, turbinate, widely umbilicate, spire slightly elevate. Sculpture : On the last whorl about 16 thick prominent riblets cross the whorl, slender on leaving the suture ; they slant forward, thickening rapidly, but turning they descend the periphery perpendicularly ; on the base they again bend, and, tapering rapidly, curve into the umbilicus, the margin of which they crenulate ; the interstices are smooth ; on the penultimate whorl the ribs gradually vanish. Colour white. Protoconch of li smooth whorls. Whork convex, 2|, the last descending in front ; base convex. Suture deep. Aperture subquadrate, almost free, peristome formed by one of the ribs. Umbilicus moderately wide, deep. Diameter — Maj., 0-9 mm. ; min., 0-7 mm. : height, 0-6 mm. Type in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Hob. — Lyall Bay, near Wellington (A. Hamilton) ; Banks Penin- sula (Iredale) ; Bounty Island, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remark. — This species appears to be related to such Australian forms as L. annulata, Ten.-Woods. (Hedley.) 2. Liotia rotula, Suter, 1908. Plate 33, fig. 17. Liotia rot ul a, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 24, pi. 2, f. 6. Shell small, discoidal, umbilicate, rather solid, translucent, radiately prominently ribbed. Sculpture consisting of distant, elevated, and rounded radiate riblets, much closer together on approaching the aperture. Interstices distantly microscopically spirally striate. Colour white. Spire flat, the apex only slightly raised. Protoconch of 2 narrow, smooth, convex whorls. Whorls 4, the last large, convex, the last rounded at the periphery ; base convex. Suture impressed. Aperture circular. Peristome continuous, thickened by the last radiate rib. Columella arcuate, not reflexed. Umbilicus wide, perspective, showing all the whorls. Operculum not seen. Diameter, 1-7 mm. ; height, 1 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — Allied to L. annulata, Ten.-Woods, from Tasmania, which, however, has the radiate riblets more distant, and lacks spiral striation. L. corona, Hedley, is also nearly related, but it is much smaller, and the radiate riblets are less elevated. 3. Liotia serrata, Suter, 1908. Plate 33, figs. 18, I8a. Liotia xerrata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 23, pi. 2, f. 4. 5 Shell small, discoidal, rather solid, umbilicated. Sculpture con- sisting of minute fine and slightly wavy radiate riblets ; periphery 152 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. of the flat whorls adorned with distant sharp denticles ; base on the outside with a spiral carina, with low and rounded tubercles ; margin of umbilicus more or less crenulate. Colour white. Spire flat. Protoconch very small, of 1 whorl only, flat. Whorls 3J, rapidly in- creasing, flat above, with a pronounced angle at the periphery, and a rounded carina below ; space between them convex ; base flat. Suture impressed, the serrate processes extending over it. Aperture circular, slightly oblique. Peristome continuous, with a callous varix. Columella arcuate, with an outer tubercle at its base. Umbilicus rather large and deep. Operculum not seen. Diameter, 2-5 mm. ; height, 1 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Near Little Barrier Island, in 20 fathoms, (R. H. Shake- spear). Remark. — This species is nearly allied to the foregoing, however distinct from it in several characters. 4. Liotia solitaria, Suter, 1908. Plate 33, figs. 19, 19a. Liotia solitaria, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 23, y.1. 2. f. 2, 3. Shell small, discoidal, solid, umbilicated. Sculpture : The flat surface having a peripheral stellate carina, the processes triangular and directed forward ; base bordered by a smooth and sharply elevated carina ; a few radiate folds outside the suture and around the umbilicus. Colour yellowish-pink. Spire perfectly plane. Proto- conch minute, flat, indistinct. Whorls 3^, rapidly increasing, flat, the last very little convex above, slightly concave between the 2 keels ; base convex inside the carina. Suture superficial, slightly margined. Aperture circular. Peristome continuous, slightly thick- ened, ornamented with 2 processes produced by the keels. Columella arcuate, thick. Umbilicus moderately wide, showing the apical whorls. Operculum not seen. Diameter, 2-75 mm. ; height, 1 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Near Little Barrier Island, in 20 fathoms (R. H. Shake- spear). Remarks. — The only specimen in my possession is not an adult shell. The species is allied to L. stellaris, Ad. & Rve. Fam. CYCLOSTREMATID,®, Fischer. Animal with ciliated, thread-like tentacles ; the eyes on short peduncles ; snout bilobed ; foot elongated, truncate in front, and extending at each angle into a filament ; sides with 3 or 4 pairs of ciliated cirri, and a pair of auricular appendages in front, between the cirri and the tentacles. Jaw scaly. Dentition oo 4 4- 1 -+- 4 oo. Cijdostrema.] GASTROPODA. 153 Shell small, umbilicated, depressed, white, corneous or transparent, not nacreous ; aperture circular, with continuous sharp peristome ; operculum corneous, multispiral. KEY TO GENERA. A. Shell depressed, spiral and radial sculpture prominent, um- bilicus wide, bounded by a carina . . . . . . CYCLOSTREMA. B. Shell depressed, sculpture rather inconspicuous, umbilicus wide, without a carina . . . . . . . . DELPHINOIDEA. C. Shell turbinate, narrowly umbilicate, peristome continuous, double . . . . . . . . . . . . CIRSONELLA. D. Shell globose, thick, porcellanous. sub- or im-perforate. peri- stome thickened . . . . . . . . . . PSEUDOLIOTIA. Genus 1. CYCLOSTREMA, Marryatt, 1818. Cyclostrema, Marryatt, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1818, 338. Type : C. canceUata, Marryatt. Cyclostrema, Marryatt, Man. Conch. (1), x, 14, 88. Shell depressed, suborbicular, distinctly spirally and radially sculptured, white or uniformly coloured ; aperture nearly circular ; peristome acute, continuous ; umbilicus deep, bounded by a carina ; operculum circular, horny, multispiral, each volution obliquely striated. Distribution. — Nearly universal. Fossil. — Tertiary. 1. Cyclostrema eumorpha, Suter, 1908. Plate 33, figs. 20, a, b. Cyclostrema eumorpha, Suter, P. Mai. 8., viii, 25, pi. 2, f. 7-9. Shell very small, turbinate, umbilicate, translucent, white, spirally distantly ribbed, and radiately striate. Sculpture consisting of 5 pro- minent spiral riblets, the first just above the periphery ; a low and indistinct spiral riblet on the last whorl outside the suture, and some- times a fine riblet bordering the funnel-shaped umbilicus ; radiate sculpture formed by distinct threads, which are equidistant, slightly directed backward, the interstices wider than the threads. Colour white. Spire depressed conoidal. lower than the aperture. Proto- conch minute, sphasrical, of 1 whorl only. Whorls 3, regularly in- creasing, convex, the last flattened between the suture and the first spiral riblet, periphery rounded ; base convex. Suture impressed. Aperture oblique, circular. Peristome continuous, smooth inside, orna- mented outside by the spiral sculpture. Columella arcuate, strong, not reflexed. Umbilicus rather narrow, deep. Operculum not seen. Diameter — Maj., 1-7 mm. ; min., 1-4 mm. : height, 1-3 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remark. — This species is allied to the South Australian C. de- lectabile, Tate, in which, however, the spiral riblets are more numerous and less prominent ; the umbilicus is much wider, perspective. 154 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Genus 2. DELPHINOIDEA, Brown, 1827. Delphinoidea, Brown, Illustr. Conch. Gr. Brit., 1827, pi. 51. Type : D. ser- pnloides (Montagu). Delphinoidea, Brown : Katherine ,T. Bush, Trans. Connecticut Acad., x, 1897, 100. Shell small, white, consisting of a few convex whorls coiled nearly in the same plane, so that the spire is but little raised ; suture deep ; umbilicus rather large, deep, with rounded walls, showing all the whorls, and not denned by a carina ; aperture oblique, nearly circular, slightly angulated above, not modified by the body-whorl ; peritreme simple, thin, entire, but slightly attached ; columellar edge very slightly or not at all flattened. Distribution. — Similar to that of Cyclostrema. The type is from Devonshire coast, England. 1. Delphinoidea lissa, Suter, 1908. Plate 34, figs. 1, la. Cydostrema lissum, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 25, pi. 2, f. 10, 11. Shell minute, discoidal, thin, smooth, umbilicated. Sculpture : To the naked eye the shell appears to be quite smooth, but a powerful lens reveals subequidistant, strongly undulating, radiate threads ; no spiral sculpture is visible. Colour yellowish-white. Spire flat, the nucleus only being slightly raised. Protoconch of 1 smooth whorl, which is convex, and the first half very often slightly elevated. Whorls 2, the last flatly convex above, periphery and base rounded. Suture impressed. Aperture subcircular, a little angled above. Peristome continuous, sharp. Outer Up advancing, and producing a distinct notch at the suture. Columella arcuate, slightly thickened. Um- bilicus moderate, open. Operculum not seen. Diameter, 1 mm. ; height, 0-6 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Lyttelton Harbour, on seaweeds, type (H. S.) ; Titahi Bay, Cook Strait (Miss Mestayer). Remark. — This species is well characterized by its minuteness, the few whorls, and the microscopic radiate sculpture. Genus 3. CIRSONELLA, Angas, 1877. CirsoneUa. Angas, P.Z.S., 1877, 38. Type : C. austral is, Angas. Cirsonella, Angas, Man. Conch. (1), x, 16, 107. Shell minute, globosely turbinate, smooth, narrowly umbilicated ; aperture circular ; peristome continuous, slightly thickened. (Angas.) Distribution. — Australasia. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell with microscopic fine spiral lira? ; perforation partly con- cealed . . . . . . . . densilirata. B. Shell smooth, growth-lines only. «. Whorls 4 ; aperture subcircular ; perforation open ; heiuht. If mm. .. .. granum. (id. Whorls 5 ; aperture ovate ; umbilicus partly concealed ; height, 2| mm. . . . . . . neozelanica. GASTROPODA. 155 1. Cirsonella densilirata, Suter, 1908. Plate 34, fig. 2. Cirsonella densilirata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 26, pi. 2. f. 13. Shell small, turbinate, subdiaphanous, slightly shining, perforated. Sculpture consisting of numerous fine microscopic spiral lirse. Colour- white. Spire depressed conoidal, outlines convex, lower than the aperture. Protoconch of 2 convex smooth whorls ; yellowish-white. Whorls 3i, rapidly increasing, convex, periphery of last whorl rounded. base convex, with an impressed umbilical area. Suture not much impressed. Aperture circular, oblique, inside microscopically lirate. Peristome continuous, thick. Columella arcuate, slightly expanded to- ward the narrow perforation, sometimes partly concealing it. Oper- culum horny, multispiral ; nucleus central. Diameter, 2-25 mm. ; height, 1-75 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hab. — Snares, in 50 fathoms (type) ; Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remark. — The species is very closely related to the Tasmanian C. Weldii, Ten. -Woods, which, however, is smooth, having a few spiral lira? around the umbilicus only. 2. Cirsonella granum, Murdoch and Suter, 1906. Plate 34, fig. 3. Cirsonella -rnni»i. M. & S., T.N.Z.I.. xxxviii. 1905 (1906). 300, pi. 27. f. 50, 51. Shell minute, turbinate, umbilicate, smooth and glossy. Sculp- ture absent, except for the microscopic growth-striae. Colour white, fresh specimens vitreous. Spire conoidal. small, height a little less than that of the aperture. Protoconch consists of 1 whorl, which is smooth and rounded. Whorls 4, much rounded, the last propor- tionately large ; base convex. Suture deep. Aperture subcircular, broadly angled above, but little excavated by the body-whorl. Outer lip sharp, forming a half-circle with the basal lip. Columella concave and reflected, thickened. Inner lip spread as a thin layer upon the parietal wall. Umbilicus with its area small and with a somewhat sharply defined margin, the perforation narrow. Diameter, 1-75 mm. ; height, 1-75 mm. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hab. — About 15 miles outside Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms. Remark. — It is a much smaller shell than C. neozelanica, more globular, with the aperture more circular, and better and differently defined umbilical area. 3. Cirsonella neozelanica, Murdoch, 1899. Plate 34, fig. 4. Cirsonellfi iinr.ilnniro, Murdoch, P. Mai. S., iii, 320, pi. 1(5, f. 2-(5. Shell small, ovate, perforate, semitransparent. There is no sculp- ture, except microscopical fine close growth-striae. Colour horny- fuscous. Epidermis very thin, faintly shining. Spire conical, a little 156 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. lower than the aperture, outlines convex. Protoconch rounded, shining, and quite smooth. Whorls 5, the last large and globular, the spire- whorls somewhat rounded ; base convex. Suture well marked. Aper- ture ovate, somewhat oblique. Outer lip thin and simple. Columella arcuate, solid, thickened, and slightly reflected ; a callus extends from the insertion of the outer lip to the columella, partially con- cealing the narrow umbilicus. Operculum horny, consisting of about 2 rapidly increasing whorls. Diameter, 2-3 mm. ; height, 2-75 mm. Animal. — Foot comparatively large, flat, and undivided ; tail abruptly rounded ; head produced into a retractile muzzle, emarginate anteriorly ; tentacles of medium length, expanding and uniting at the base so as to conceal the posterior portion of muzzle ; eyes im- mersed, and situate in the lower half of tentacles ; colour whitish throughout. Jaws forming 2 irregularly ovate objects, united by a narrow band ; they are dark in colour, and the surface, as it were, imbricate, with scale-like markings. Dentition. — The formula is 23 + 2 -I- 1 + 2 + 23. The teeth are ar- ranged in numerous transverse curved rows, the rhachidian short and broad, with 11 minute cusps ; the laterals elongated, with the apex somewhat expanded and curved inwards, the first armed with 6 or 7, the second with 7 or 8 minute denticles ; marginals about 23, having a single rounded cusp, and becoming shorter as they proceed out- wards. Type in the Wanganui Museum. Hah. — Inner Harbour, Napier ; found in considerable numbers around the margin of a brackish pool ; type (F. Hutchinson, jun.) : Titahi Bay, Cook Strait. Genus 4. PSEUDOLIOTIA, Tate, 1898. Pseudoliotia, Tate, T.R.S. S.Aust., xxii, 1898, 71. Type: Cydostrema micans, A. Ad. Shell somewhat like Liotia ; test thick and porcellanous ; aper- ture oblique to the axis, its margin thickened ; umbilicus reduced to a mere chink ; operculum horny, multispiral. It recalls Moelleria, which is differentiated by a calcareous oper- culum. Distribution. — Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. 1. Pseudoliotia imperforata, Suter, 1908. Plate 34, fig. 5. Pseudoliotia imperforata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 26, pi. 2, f. 14. Shell small, globose, imperf orate when adult, thick, spirally costate. Sculpture consisting of prominent nodulous ribs, the nodules rather low ; there are 2 ribs on the penultimate and 6 on the last whorl ; on the latter a small nodulous rib appears on the last half of the volution, Pseudoliotia.] GASTROPODA. 157 close to the suture, followed by 4 equally strong equidistant spiral ribs, the interspaces much broader than the ribs ; the whole crossed by fine, close, oblique incremental striae ; a sixth broad rib, more nodulous than the others, forms a half-circle around the strongly impressed umbilical area, which is ornamented with distant axial folds. Colour yellowish-white, the spiral ribs maculated with brown. Spire depressed, lower than the aperture. Protoconch white, of 2 spirally costate flat whorls. Whorls 4, the last large, flattened below the suture, then convex ; base rounded. Suture not impressed. Aperture oblique, nearly circular, white and porcellanous inside. Peristome thick, very little contracted, crenulated on the outside by the spiral ribs, regularly convex. Columella arcuate, shining white, thick. Inner lip spreading over the umbilicus, completely sealing it up, or sometimes leaving a minute chink ; a white callus unites the con- verging margins of the peristome. In young specimens the umbilicus is open, but very narrow. Operculum not seen. Diameter, 3-5 mm. ; height, 3-5 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Stewart Island. Remark. — The species is distinguished from the type, P. micans, by the absence of radiate riblets, the discontinuous peristome, and the closed umbilicus. Fam. VITRINELLID^, K. J. Bush. Cyclostrematidce, auth., in part. Adeorbidce, Dall., in part. Shell small, more or less hyaline, spire varying from concave to moderately elevated ; umbilicus deep, narrow to wide ; aperture nearly circular ; peristome simple, more or less continuous ; colu- rnellar lip often flattened and angular below ; operculum horny, multi- spiral. KEY TO GENERA. A. Shell thin and delicate ; spire elevated ; umbilicus small, deep . . . . . . . . . . . . LISSOSPIRA. B. Shell nearly flat-spired, with wide, open umbilicus ; with spiral sculpture . . . . . . . . CIRCULTJS. C. Shell planorbiforrn, spire concavely depressed, umbilicus wide, nucleus turned downward . . . . . . CYCLOSTREMELLA. Genus 1. LISSOSPIRA, K. J. Bush, 1897. Lissospira, Bush. Trans. Connecticut Acad., x, 1897, 129. Type : Cyclo- strema proximo, Tryon. The radula consists of numerous rows of delicate teeth ; each row having 1 broad central or median tooth, with a broad, blunt, delicately serrate, curved tip, and on either side 4 more slender lateral teeth, 158 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. also with blunt, curved, delicately serrate tips, beyond which is a series of numerous (between 30 and 50) long, very slender, some- what sickle-shaped hooks, sometimes with delicately serrate tips. Shell small, thin, of rather delicate texture, opaque white, slightly lustrous, of few convex whorls, forming an elevated spire, with rela- tively large prominent nuclear whorl and large body-whorl. Suture deep. Umbilicus small, deep, not showing any whorls. Aperture somewhat oblique, circular, with a slight sutural angle, not modified by the body-whorl, to which the simple, continuous peritreme is but slightly attached, often having an indistinct thread just within the inner lip, fading out above and below, so that it extends but about half-way round the aperture ; it is much nearer the edge along the columellar margin than at the ends, and is evidently to prevent the thin operculum being drawn in too far. The operculum is circular, thin, of a delicate horn-colour, with central nucleus, of about 7 whorls, defined by a distinct spiral thread ; often showing delicate microscopic transverse growth-lines. KEY TO SPECIES. a. Sculpture consisting of microscopic spiral striae only . . . . micro. b. Sculpture consisting of radiate riblets and microscopic spiral strife . . condum. 1. Lissospira corulum, Hutton, 1885. Plate 34, fig. 6. Scalaria condum, Hutt., T.N.Z.I., xvii, 1884 (1885), 322, pi. 18, 1. 22 .(main) ; Hutt,, Plioc. M., 67, pi. 8, f. 72. Scala corulum., Hutt. : Suter, T.N.Z.I.. xxxix, 267. Cydostrema corulum, Hutt, : Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 24 : Iredale, T.N.Z.I., xl, 382. Shell minute, elevated turbinate, perforate, translucent, white, shining. Sculpture consisting of fine equidistant radiate riblets, about 28 on the last whorl, the interstices finely, microscopically spirally striate. Colour white. Spire conical, higher than the aper- ture, outlines convex. Protoconch small, globose, of 1 smooth whorl. Whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, convex, the last with the peri- phery and base rounded. Suture deep. Aperture roundly ovate, angled above. Peristome continuous, sometimes thickened by a radiate riblet. Columella arcuate, very little expanded. Perforation narrow, partly hidden by the columella. Operculum not seen. Diameter, 1 mm. : height, 1-5 mm. Animal unknown. Type, from the Pliocene, in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hab. — Titahi Bay, Cook Strait, in sand (Miss Mestayer) ; Lyall Bay ; Te Oncpoto, Lyttelton. Remark. - - Cydostrema Angeli, T.-Woods ; C. conica, Watson ; and C. crebresculptum, Tate, are very nearly allied species. Fossil in the Pliocene. Lisaospira.] GASTROPODA. 159 2. Lissospira micra, Tenison-Woods, 1877. Plate 34, fig. 7. Cydostrema micra, T.-Woods, P.R.S. Tasm., 1876 (1877), 147. C. (Tubiola) micra, T.-Woods, Man. Conch. (1), x, 95, pi. 33, f. 13. C. micron, T.-Woods : Tate, P.R.S. S.Aust., xxiii, 221. C. micra, T.-Woods : Pritchard and Gatliff, P.R.S. Viet. (n.s.). xiv, 101; Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 24. Shell small, elevated turbinate, white, polished, umbilicated. Sculpture consisting of exceedingly fine microscopical spiral striae, more distinct on the umbilicus. - Colour white. Spire conical, out- lines convex, a little higher than the aperture. Protoconch minute, sphserical, of 1 smooth translucent whorl. Whorls 5, regularly in- creasing, convex, the last rounded at the periphery ; base convex. Suture deep. Aperture circular, slightly angled above. Peristome con- tinuous, sharp, not thickened. Columella arcuate, thin. Umbilicus narrow, deep. Operculum horny, multispiral. Diameter, 1-5 mm. ; height, 2 mm. Animal unknown. Type destroyed by accident. Hob. — Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). The type is from Tasmania, and it has also been found in South Australia and Vic- toria. Genus 2. CIRCULUS, Jeffreys, 1865. Circulus, Jeffreys, Brit. Conchology, iii, 1865. Type : C. Duminyi, Requien. Shell small, circular, depressed, not nacreous, of few more or less convex whorls, usually more or less grooved and carinated ; aperture nearly circular, oblique, somewhat angulated below ; peritreme simple, more or less continuous, in the adult modified on the body- whorl into a very thin glaze, which is absent in the young ; umbilicus wide, the reverse of the spire ; operculum thin, light horn-colour, with central nucleus, multispiral (?). (Bush.) 1. Circulus sub-Tatei, Suter, 1907. Plate 34, fig. 8. Cydostrema sub-Tatei, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxix, 1906 (1907), 258, pi. 9, f. 6-8. Shell minute, subdiscoidal, spirally lirate, broadly umbilicated. Sculpture consisting of broad and shallow spiral grooves, slightly broader on the periphery, leaving between them narrow and sharply raised ridges, 10 on the last whorl. Colour white. Spire very low. Protoconch flatly convex, smooth, formed by 1 whorl. Whorls 3, the last large, flat near the suture, rounded at the periphery, and descend- ing a little in front ; base convex. Suture not much impressed. Aper- ture circular. Peristome continuous, solid. Umbilicus wide and per- spective. Diameter — Maj., 2-5 mm. ; min., 2 mm. : height, 1-5 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. 160 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Hab.— Near Channel Island, Hauraki Gulf, in 25 fathoms (type), near Little Barrier Island, in 20 fathoms ; Lyall Bay ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remarks. — This species is nearly allied to C. Tatei, Angas, from South Australia ; but the latter is larger, has a more elevated spire, the spiral ridges are less numerous, more distant on the upper side, and the interstices are ornamented with close fine and oblique radiate striae, a feature totally absent in our species, there being only faint growth-striae. Genus 3. CYCLOSTREMELLA, Bush, 1897. Cyclostremella, Bush. Trans. Connecticut Acad., x, 1897, 140. iType : C. humilis, Bush. Shell minute, thin, semitransparent when fresh, planorbiform, of few convex whorls, nearly symmetrically coiled, forming a concavely depressed spire and large umbilical cavity. Epidermis thin, nearly colourless. Nuclear whorl relatively large, smooth, turned downward, seen only in a basal view, leaving a small pit above. Suture deep and channelled. Aperture triangular-ovate, expanded below, angu- lated above, with a relatively wide deep sinus just below the suture. Peritreme thin, simple, continuous, not modified, slightly attached. The operculum is very thin, almost colourless, broad-ovate, with the nucleus below the centre and represented by a small smooth space indefinitely defined by an indistinct line ; from this arise numerous raised lines in the direction of the lines of growth, which are at first near together, but diverge toward the outer margin, where they ter- minate just within the edge ; others arise between these, about two- thirds their length. Distribution. — The type is from about 16 fathoms, off Cape Hat- teras, North Carolina. A second species, C. californica, Bartsch, has been recorded from the California!! coast. 1. Cyclostremella neozelanica, Suter, 1908. Plate 34, fig. 9J Cyclostremella neozelanica, Suter. P. Mai. S., viii, 25, pi. 2, f. 12. Shell small, planorboid, radiately ribbed, broadly umbilicate. Sculp- ture consisting of close, sharp, radiate riblets, the smooth interstices of about the same width as the riblets ; they are finer and closer together near the aperture. Colour white. Spire sunken. Proto- conch very minute, of about 1 whorl, turned downward. Whorls 3, regularly increasing, leaving the apex considerably lower than any of the succeeding volutions, the last being the most elevated, and having a rounded periphery ; base convex, very broadly and openly um- bilicated. Suture strongly impressed. Aperture circular. Peristome discontinuous, thin. ColumcUa short, arcuate, not thickened ; the converging margins of the peristome connected by a thin parietal Cyclostremdla.] GASTROPODA. 161 callosity. Umbilicus of the same aspect as the sunken spire. Oper- culum unknown. Diameter — Maj., 2 mm. ; rain., 1-6 mm. : height, 0-7 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Remark. — The suture of this species is not canaliculated, hence the circular aperture, not angled above. Fam. TURBINID^C, Gray. Animal with an oval, broad, or narrow foot, truncated anteriorly ; rostrum rather short, truncate ; tentacles long, slender, cylindrical, the eyes on peduncles at their exterior bases. Across the front of the head, between the tentacles, extends the more or less developed " veil " ; and from a point below the tentacles a fleshy ridge (the " epipodial line ") extends backward parallel with the margins of the foot, and bearing usually several slender cirri on either side. Radula usually with the formula oo + 5+ 1 + 5 + • », but some- times lacking the median and 1 outer lateral tooth. The lateral teeth are all of nearly the same form. Jaws usually present. Shell turbinate or trochiform, generally solid, smooth or rugulose ; aperture circular, oval, or subtetragonal ; peristome simple ; oper- culum calcareous, heavy, flat or concave, with a thin corneous layer internally, the nucleus multispiral and either subcentral or at the margin. Ordovician to Recent. They are mostly littoral in station, and inhabitants of tropical and subtropical seas. They are herbivorous. KEY TO GENERA. A. Shell turbinate, large, convex below ; operculurn convex outside, nucleus near centre . . . . . . TURBO. B. Shell trochiform, young carinated and spinose : operculum with submarginal or terminal nucleus, generally with ribs outside . . . . . . . . . . . . ASTR^EA. C. Shell turbinate or globose, small, solid ; operculum multi- spiral, concave in the centre outside . . . . . . LEPTOTHYRA. Genus 1. TURBO, Linnaeus, 1758. Turbo, L., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 761. Type : T. marmoratus, L. Head of animal proboscidiform, slightly extended in front ; ten- tacles long and cylindrical ; the ocular peduncles dilated, outside the base of the tentacles ; epipodial line with a small number of cirri. Shell turbinate or depressed, imperf orate or umbilicate ; young not carinated or spinose ; base convex. Operculum flat or concave inside, with 3 or 4 whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, smooth, tuberculate, or with concentric ribs. Numerous species in the Tertiary. Living in warmer or tropical seas. 6-Moll.N.Z. 162 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Subgen. 1. MARMOROSTOMA, Swainson, 1840. Type : T. porphyr elicits, Mart. Shell depressed turbinate, very solid, umbilicate or imperforate, smooth, lirate or nodulose ; spire depressed, of few whorls ; aperture round, produced but not channelled at base ; operculum circular, nucleus subcentral, outside convex, smooth or granulose ; radula with a reflected simple cusp on the central tooth. 1. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn, 1784. Plate 40, fig. 7. Helix smaragdus, Mart., Un. Couch., ii, f. 73, 74. Turbo smaragdus, Mart.. Man. Conch. (1), x, 217. T. helicinus, Bora. Index Mus. Cses. Vindob., 1778, 355 ; not of Phipps, Voy. North Pole. 1774, 193. T. smaragdus, var. tricostatus, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 1884, 355; Snter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 323. T. (LuneUa) radina. Webster. T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, 1904 (1905), 276, pi. 9. f. 1. Shell rather large, heliciform, imperforate. Sculpture : The first few whorls with small spiniform projections above the suture, on ;> narrow, slightly projecting ledge, which with further growth of the shell forms a smooth ridge, margining the suture. The second, third, and sometimes the fourth are spirally ribbed ; there is 1 rib on the earlier whorls, 3 on the fourth, followed by 2 low spiral ribs upon the base ; this ornamentation is lost with further growth, the whorls becoming smooth ; adult shells very seldom show any trace of sculp- ture, except strong oblique growth-lines and subobsolete spiral sulci, the whole of it being obliterated by erosion. Colour greenish-black. Epidermis thick, black, dull ; beneath it the shell is green. Spire conoidal or conical, outlines convex, always lower than the height of aperture. Protoconch of H whorls, depressed, white, smooth, mostly much eroded. Whorls 4 to 5, rapidly increasing, convex, the last large, depressed above and more or less concave below the suture ; base flatly convex. Suture not deep. Aperture large, rounded, oblique, pearly- white within. Outer lip sharp, strongly convex, black-edged . and with a broad white callous band inside. Columella subvertical, strongly concave, smooth, white above, pearly at its base. The inner lip broadly spread out as a thick white callus over the excavated umbilical area, edged with light yellow or orange down to the base, and uniting the margins by a broad, thin, and widespread callosity. Operculum flat inside, with 4 to 7 whorls, the nucleus more than one- third the distance across the face ; outside deep green, except on the side of increment, which is white ; very minutely remotely granose. Diameter, 50-60 mm. ; height, 40-50 mm. Diameter, 70 mm. ; height, 73 mm. (my largest specimen). Denttiion.»--Tioschel, Das Gebiss d. Schnecken, vol. ii. pi. 19, f. 1 ; Hutton, T.N.Z.L, xiv, 165, pi. 7, f. G. Animal— Hutton, T.N.Z.L, xiii, 202. Turbo.} GASTROPODA. Hob. - - Throughout New Zealand, common on rocks and sea- weeds between tide-marks. Kandavu, Fiji, on reefs (" Challenger ' Exped.). Brought to England by Captain Cook. Fossil in the Pliocene. Vernacular name. — Cat's-eye shell. Maori. — Akanakana (fide Quoy and Gaimard) ; korama (fide Captain Bollons). Subgen. 2. MODELIA, Gray, 1840. Type : Turbo granosus. Mart. Shell depressed, imperf orate, granulate all over ; operculum with a convex subcentral granular rib and a sharp-edged submarginal keel ; central teeth of radula without a cusp. 2. Turbo granosus, Martyn, 1784. Plate 40, fig. 8. Trochus granosus, Mart., Uu. Conch., i, f. 37. Turbo granosus, Mart., Man. Conch. (1), x, 213. pi. 48, f. 39. T. (Modelia) rubicundus, Chemn. : Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 11. Liotia (Arene) Shandi, Button, C.M.M., 35 (young shell) ; Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 323. Shell subglobose, large, rather thin, imperforate, spirally granulose. Sculpture consisting of numerous subequal granose lirse, the upper 3 usually more distant and with larger granules, the lower ones closer together with smaller granules, about 12 on the penultimate whorl. Colour pinkish-yellow, unicoloured, or clouded with purplish or brown ; umbilical depression bordered with pink on the outer side. Spire conoidal, with convex outlines, much lower than the height of aper- ture. Protoconch small, depressed, of 2 smooth whorls. Whorls 7, rounded, rapidly increasing, the last large and rounded, but slightly descending ; base convex. Suture not much impressed. Aperture sub- circular, a little oblique, iridescent and lirate within. Outer lip strongly convex, sharp, edged with purple. Columella high, concave, thick, smooth, white, nacreous on the inner side. Inner lip forming a thick white callous layer over the excavated umbilical tract ; a thin, shining, rose - tinted callus covers the parietal wall. Operculum ovate, flat within, with 5 to 6 whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside white, thick, subgibbous, and minutely tuberculate at centre, subcanaliculate at the periphery. Diameter, 50-65 mm. ; height, 40-64 mm. Dentition. — Hogg, Trans. Micr. Soc., 1866, pi. 11, f. 51. Hob. — Cook Strait (Dr. Dieffenbach) ; Titahi Bay (Miss Mestayer) ; Bay of Islands ; Lyttelton ; Dunedin ; Preservation Inlet ; Foveaux Strait, in 18 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Stewart Island (C. Traill) : Chatham Islands ; Auckland Islands. Brought to England by Captain Cook. The species is found from low-water mark to about 20 fathoms, and is mostly covered with a thick layer of Nulliporites. Fossil in the Miocene and Pliocene. 6* 164 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Genus 2. LEPTOTHYRA, Dall, 1871. Leptothyra, D.,11, Amcr. Journ. Conch., vii, 130. Type: Turbo sanguine us, L. Leptonyx, Carpenter and A. Adams, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iii, 1864, 175 ; not of Gray, 1837 (Phocidce). Collonia, Philippi, Handbuch d. Conch., 200, not of Gray. Collonia (sp.), H. and A. Adams, Gray, Watson, &c. Radula : The median teeth are oval, wide, with a narrow pro- jection above, and more or less narrowed toward the base ; the upper margin is in no case reflected, so that cusp, cutting-point, or edge, in any usual sense, there is none. Shell small or minute, globose-depressed, solid, compact, umbilicate or imperforate ; whorls 3-7, spirally sculptured, the last generally somewhat deflexed at the aperture ; aperture subcircular, white and nacreous within ; columella generally, but not always, bluntly den- ticulate near the base. Operculum subcircular, nearly flat or concavo- convex, inside with a very thin corneous layer, slightly convex, with many gradually increasing whorls, the nucleus subcentral, outside calcareous, subspiral, with a slightly convex concentric elevation or ridge around the margin, most prominent at its termination, the middle portion concave and more or less rugose. The species are numerous, inhabiting nearly all tropical and sub- tropical seas, but most numerous in the Pacific. Fossil. — Tertiary. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell closely spirally lirate, the lirae numbering 25-35 on the last whorl . . . . . . . . . . . . fl,uctuata. B. Shell strongly spirally ribbed, the ribs numbering 12—20 on the last whorl . . . . . . . . . . . . crassicostata. 1. Leptothyra crassicostata, Murdoch, 1905. Plate 34, fig. 10. Leptothyra crassicostata., Murdoch, T. N.Z.I., xxxvii, 1904 (1905), 223, pi. 7, f. 11. Shell small, solid, turbinate, umbilicate, with strong variable spiral sculpture. Sculpture : The penultimate whorl with 3 to 5, the last with 12 to 20 spiral ribs. The ribs are very variable in size : there are 5 to 8 strong riblets between the periphery and suture on the body-whorl ; in front of the aperture 4 or 5 about equal to the breadth of the interspaces ; on and immediately below the periphery the cinguli are frequently small and crowded, and similar on the base, or there may be 2 or 3 more prominent cinguli intercalated with the smaller ones, or the basal riblets may generally be stronger than those on the periphery ; the growth-lines are strong and irregular, producing here and there a lightly costate appearance, frequently well pro- nounced in the umbilical area. Colour whitish or light brown, occa- sionally with irregular markings of brown, most distinct on and below the periphery. Spire low, rounded. Protoconch minute, smooth. Whorls 4, flattened below the suture, then convex, rapidly increasing ; base convex. Suture impressed. Aperture subrotund, white inside. Leptolhi/ra.\ GASTROPODA. 165 Outer and basal lip acute, thickened inside. Columella arcuate, some- what produced and expanded at the base. Inner Up spreading as a thick callus over the parietal wall. Umbilicus small and deep. Oper- culum circular, somewhat calcareous, of 6 or 7 narrow whorls ; the nucleus central. Diameter, 3-2 mm. ; height, 2-5 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hab.— Whangaroa Harbour (C. Traill) ; Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). 2. Leptothyra fluctuata, Hutton, 1883. Plate 34, fig. 11. Cydostrenm fluctiicita, Hutt,, N.Z.J.S., i, 1883, 477 ; T.N.Z.I., xvi, 215. Leptothyra fluctuata, Hutt., Man. Couch. (1), x, 259, pi. 64, f. 47, 48; Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvij, 222, pi. 7, f. 10. Shell small, rather solid, spirally striated, umbilicate, not iridescent. Sculpture consisting of close spiral cinguli. 25 to 35 on the last whorl ; the umbilical area smooth or cut up with strong irregular growth- periods. Colour yellowish-white, pale brownish, or pink, with irregular waved longitudinal bands of brown extending across the base, but not reaching the umbilicus. Spire depressed, outlines convex. Protoconch of 1 smooth white whorl. Whorls 3 to 4, rounded, the last large ; base convex. Suture slightly impressed. Aperture subrotund, white within. Outer and basal lip convex, acute, thickened within. Columella vertical, concave, united by a thick callus with the basal lip. Inner lip forming a thin callosity upon the parietal wall. Umbilicus narrow, deep. Operculum, inside as usual in the genus, showing about 6 closely coiled whorls ; outside subvitreous and translucent, nearly smooth, calcareous, slightly concave in the centre. Diameter, 3 mm. ; height, 2-25 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hob. — Foveaux Strait (type) ; Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, in 18 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Hauraki Gulf, in 20 fathoms (R. H. Shakespear) ; Whangaroa Harbour (C. Traill) ; Bounty and Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). Fossil in the Pliocene. Var. immaculata, Suter, 1908. Leptothyra fluctuata, var. immaculata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 27. Distinguished from the species in being larger, having more numerous closer spiral cinguli, and no colour-markings at all. My specimens (empty shells) are white. Diameter, 4 mm. ; height, 2-5 mm. Type in my collection. Hob. — Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). 160 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranchia. Genus 3. ASTR^A, Bolten, 1798. Astrcea, Bolten. Mus. Bolten. (2), 1798, 79. Type : A. imperialis, Gmel. Astralinm. Link, 1807. Calcar (Montfort), Fischer and other authors ; I operator (Montfort), Auct. ; Trochns (in part) of all earlier authors ; and Tvrlm (in part), Sowerby, jun., and others. Animal and radula the same as in Turbo. Shell trochiform, generally more or less flattened above or below ; imperforate or umbilicate ; young specimens always carinated and spinose at the periphery. Operculum oval or oblong, usually with submarginal or terminal multispiral nucleus ; the last whorl forming the greater portion of the operculum, usually with 1 or several ribs exteriorly, following the course of the spiral, and most elevated at the distal extremity. Inhabiting tropical and temperate seas. Fossil. — Trias and Tertiary. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Shell umbilicate, with large spines at periphery .. heliotropium. B. Shell imperforate, with small spines at periphery . . . . sulcata. Siibgen. 1. ASTR.-EA, s. str. Type: A. imperialis, Gmel. Imperator, Montfort, 1810; Canthorbis, Sw The central and lateral teeth of the radula bear cusps ; the mar- ginals are not especially large toward the inside. Shell large, trochiform, concave and umbilicate below, carinated and spinose at periphery ; whorls convex and granulose above ; oper- culum oval, outside smooth, obsoletely unicostate. 1. Astraea heliotropium, Marty n, 1784. Plate 41, fig. 1. Trochus heliotropium, Mart., Un. Conch., i, 30, not of 1769. Astralinm heliotropium. Mart., Man. Conch. (1), x. 2^S. pi. ."Hi, f. 87. Imperator aureolatus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., 1810. Canthorbix imperialis, Swain- son, 1840. Guildfordia heliophorus, Gray, 18f><>. Shell large, depressed conic, widely umbilic;itf. solid, with large triangular spines at the periphery. Sculpture consisting of numerous scaly spiral ribs, obliquely running out to the spines of the periphery on the lower half of the whorls ; base with 3 to 5 strong, scaly, spiral ribs of unequal size ; umbilicus ornamented with strong, oblique growth-lines, which unite on approaching the base, and form a distinct carina. Colour greenish- or bluish-grey, base mostly yellowish. Spire coiioidal, its elevation very variable, about the s;mn> height as the aperture, outlines convex. Protoconch of 2i smooth, flat, and strongly carinated whorls. Whorls 7, first slowly, then rapidly increasing, convex, acutely carinated and produced into long triangular spines, which are hollow, open on the anterior side, recurved, concave above, their number being exceedingly variable, as is also their shape ; base Astrcea.] GASTROPODA. 167 excavated in the middle, then flatly convex, and with a circular de- pression inside the circle of spines. Suture rendered zigzag by the prominent spines. Aperture transversely oval, pearly within. Outer lip convex, sharp, channelled, and much produced at the junction with the slightly convex and denticulate lower lip. Columella con- cave above, oblique and straight below, white and smooth. Inner lip slightly dilated, and impinging upon the umbilicus ; parietal wall strongly iridescent, a thin glaze uniting the two margins. Umbilicus wide, deep, perspective. Operculum oval, with excentric nucleus ; outside smooth, obsoletely unicostate. Diameter, 100-120 mm. ; height, 50-60 mm. Dentition.— Hogg, Trans. Microsc. Soc., 1866, pi. 11, f. 46. Hob. — From the Bay of Islands to Stewart Island ; Cloudy Bay (Forster) ; Tasman Bay (Q. £ G.) ; Auckland (Frauenfeld) ; Chatham Islands. From low-water mark to about 20 fathoms. Found also at Lord Howe Island. Brought to England by Captain Cook. Fossil in the Pliocene. Subgen. 2. COOKIA, Lesson, 1832. CooJcia, Lesson, Illustr. Zool., 1832, pi. 15. Only species : A. sulcata, Mart. Median tooth of radula with a long basal plate and short body ; it bears no cusp, and has small supporting-wings. Shell large, conical, imperf orate ; periphery rounded or keeled ; base concave ; umbilical tract concave, smooth ; operculum ovate, narrowed toward the distal extremity, nucleus subterminal, outside with 2 convex smooth ribs. 2. Astrasa sulcata, Martyn, 1784. Plate 41, fig. 2. Trochus sulcatus, Mart., Un. Couch., i, f. 35, not of 1769. AstraUum xuhatum, Mart., Man. Conch. (1), x, 242, pi. 64, f. 55. Trochus Cooki, • imelin, Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 1790, 3582. Cookia nobilis, Lesson, Illustr. Zool., 1832, pi. 15. Pachypoma (Cookia) Cooki, Chenu, Man. Conch., i, 351, f. 2581. Shell large, conic, imperforate, rather thin, with oblique sub- tuberculose folds. Sculpture consisting of close lamellose growth- striae and obliquely descending subtuberculose folds, which are directed forward ; base with 5 to 6 slightly nodulous spiral ribs, crossed by close growth-lines. Colour purplish-grey or brown, centre of base fawn-coloured. Spire conoidal, more or less elevated, higher than the aperture. Protoconch small, depressed convex, of 2 smooth whorls. Whorls 7, well rounded, periphery convex ; base flattened, deeply concave in the centre. Suture deeply impressed. Aperture trans- versely oval, very oblique, pearly and corrugated within. Outer lip strongly convex, denticulate, edged with brown ; basal lip nearly straight, with an interior white callus. Columella arcuate above, straightened and very oblique below, thin, white above, pearly below. 168 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobranfhia. Inner lip spread widely in a semicircle as a thin transparent glaze over the base, connecting the margins. Umbilical area deeply concave, bounded by a half-circular thread, which on reaching the lower part of the columella produces an indistinct tubercle. Operculum brownish or white outside. Diameter, 65-90 mm. ; height, 65-80 mm. Dentition. — Troschel, Das Gebiss d. Schnecken. ii, 127, pi. 20, f. 14 ; Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 125, pi. 14. f. P. Hob. — North and South Islands, as far south as Oamaru ; Ch; it- ham Islands. At low-water mark, and down to a few fathoms, mostly in exposed situations. Spengler and Chemnitz give the habitat Dusky Bay and Cook Strait. Brought to England by Captain Cook. Maori. — Toitoi ; ngaruru (fide Captain Bollons). Subsp. Davisii, Stowe, 1872. Plate 41, fig. 3. Imperator Davisii, Stowe, T.N.Z.I., iv, 1871 (1872), 218. Antrallum Hiilcntmii, Mart., subsp. Davisii, Stowe : Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 325. Turbo Cooki, Lam., Voy. Astrol., iii, 224, pi. 60, f. 19-23. Risella Jcielmansegi, Zelebor, Verhaudl. Zool. Bot, Gesellsch. Wien, xvi, 1866, 913. R. aurata, Q. & G. : Hutton, J. dc Couch., 1878, 27, not of Q. & G. £. melano- stoma, Gmel. : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 79; Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 215, not of Gmelin. Astralium pyramidale, Webster, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, 276, pi. 9, f. 2. (The last four names refer to young shells of the subspecies.) Distinguished from the species by the high conical form and by the whorls being keeled at the periphery. Diameter, 3-25 in. ; height, 4-5 in. (type specimen). Type in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Hob. — The type specimen, much worn, was discovered at low water at the cliffs at Nelson by the late Mr. E. H. Davis, of the New Zealand Geological Survey ; Cook Strait ; Hauraki Gulf ; Banks Peninsula (Iredale). Fam. PHASIANELLID^, Troschel. Animal with long tentacles, and usually pectinated head -lobes ; epipodial line usually with cirri ; branchial plume long ; foot narrow, long, pointed posteriorly, rounded before, below divided longitudinally by a median groove. Jaws rhomboidal, covered with imbricating scales. Radula rather short ; formula of teeth typically oo+5 + l+5 + oo, but sometimes lacking the median and outer lateral teeth. Genus 1. PHASIANELLA, Lamarck, 1804. Pliasiant'Uci, Lam., Ann. du Musee, iv, 295. Type : P. australis, Gnielin. Shell imperforate, not nacreous, oval or oblong, polished ; aper- ture entire, oval, higher than broad, ungulate in front ; columella smooth, compressed, attenuated at the base ; outer margin simple, sharp. Phasianella.] GASTROPODA. 109 Distribution. — All tropical and subtropical seas. Fossil. — Tertiary. The animals are very active, the foot is much elongated when crawling, and they usually live together in numbers. Vernacular Name. — Pheasant-shell. Subgen. 1. TRICOLIA, Bisso, 1826. Tricolia, Risso, Hist. Nat. do 1' Europe Merid. Type : Phasianella speciosa, Miihlf. The head of the animal without frontal lobes. Shell small. 1. Phasianella Huttoni, Pilsbry, 1888. Plate 34, fig. 12. Rissoa flammulata, Htitton, J. do Conch., 1878, 28. Phasianella Huttoni, Pils., Man. Conch. (1), x, 174. Barleeia flamulata, Hutt., M.N.Z.M., 81. Rissoa flammulata, Hutt., P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 941. Shell small, ovate-elongate, thin, shining, impeiiorate, pink, smooth. Sculpture consisting only of subobsolete growth-lines, distinct only below the suture. Colour either uniformly bright rose, or rose with oblique rays of white ; these 1'ays are narrow and subequal, usually accompanied by broad white zigzag rays, situate between suture and periphery of the whorls ; the rays are never extending upon the base, which is uniformly rose. Epidermis thin and glossy. Spire elevated, conic, nearly twice the height of the aperture. Protoconch small, conic, rather obtuse, of about 2 smooth whorls. Whorls 7, slightly convex ; base convex. Suture impressed, sometimes sub- margined below. Aperture ovate, white within. Outer and basal lip rounded, with a rather blunt edge. Columella short, subvertical, white, broad, and smooth. Inner lip spread out very little beyond the columella, uniting the margins by a thick and white parietal callus. Umbilical area not depressed. Diameter, 3-75 mm. ; height, 6-75 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the Otago Museum, Dunedin. Hob. — Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman) ; Takapuna Beach (H. S.) ; Bay of Islands (J. C. Anderson). Fam. UMBONIIMJ, Adams. Animal with the rostrum rudimentary ; the frontal lobes greatly developed. Shell orbicular, flattened, not umbilicated, the umbilical region often covered with a callous deposit ; operculum horny, thin, of many gradually enlarging whorls, finely ciliated on the outer edge. Distribution. — Indian and Pacific Oceans. Fossil. — Devonian to Tertiary. 170 "A STROPODA . [Aspidobranchia. Genus 1. ETHALIA, A. Adams, 1855. Ethalia, A. Ad., P.Z.fS., 1853 (1855), 189. Type: E. guamense, Q. & G. Liotrochus, P. Fischer, J. de Conch., 1878, 207. Shell orbicular, turbinately depressed ; whorls convex, smooth or transversely striated, the last rounded at the periphery ; umbilicus partly closed by a callus deposit ; columellar lip ending anteriorly in an obtuse dilated callus. The species are moderate-sized shells, depressed, the whorls con- vex, with a mottled or streaked colour-pattern. The callus emitted at the columellar-parietal angle of the aperture is tongue-shaped, closing the umbilicus except a rather narrow chink, or even entirely in some species. 1. Ethalia zelandica, Hombron and Jacquinot, 1854. Plate 39, figs. 9, 9a. Rotdla zelandica, H. & J., Voy. P.S., v. 53, pi. 14, f. 5, 6. Ethalia zelandica, H. & J., Man. Conch. (1), xi, 459, pi. 58, f. 9, 32, 33; pi. 59, f. 66 : Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 283. Rotella lineolnta (Lam. ?), Gray, in Dieff. N.Z., 238. Globulus anguliferus, Philippi, Conch. Cab. (1853 ?), 51, pi. 8, f. 3. Um- bonium chalconotum, A. Adams, P.Z.S.. 1S53 (1855), 188. V. zelandicum, A. Adams, i.e., 189. Shell depressed, imperforate, yellowish or pinkish. Sculpture : Sur- face smooth, base showing under a lens very fine, close, regular spiral striae. Colour yellowish or pinkish, radiately streaked with chestnut- brown or red above, base with a reddish or purple zone around the central callus, the outer part white, more or less striped radiately. Epidermis thin, shining, red and green reflections from the nacre are visible through it. Spire low, conoidal. Protoconch small, convexly depressed, brown, smooth, of 2 whorls. Whorls 6 to 7, first slowly, then more rapidly increasing, the last 2 whorls concave above, the compressed periphery of the last whorl encircled by 2 rather obscure carina? ; base slightly convex, with a narrow spiral groove bounding a central area, which is covered by a thin, radiately rugose, purple- and-white callus. Suture linear, not impressed. Aperture rounded quadrate, nacreous and iridescent within. Outn- ;md basal Up sharp. Columelln short, concave, thick, and heavy, its edge pearly. Inner Up- forming a pad of white callus over the body and the axis. Diameter, 19 mm. ; height, 11 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in the Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris. II no. — Throughout New Zealand, in the laminarian zone ; Kawhia (Dr. Dieii'enbach) ; Spirit Bay, in 6 fathoms (C;i plain Bollons) ; Ker- madec Islands. Fossil in the Miocene and Pliocene. Fam. NERITID^S, Lamarck. Animal with a short broad muzzle and long slender tentacles, with the eyes on prominent peduncles at their outer bases ; foot Nerita.] GASTROPODA. 171 oblong, wide in front, attenuated behind ; branchia long, triangular, pointed, free at the extremity, ventricle embracing the intestine, anus on the right side ; a cephalic male organ present. The formula of the teeth of the radula is oo 1 . (3 + 1 + 3) . 1 oo ; the central tooth small, subquadrangular ; second central tooth very large, transverse, subrhomboidal ; third and fourth central teeth very small ; lateral tooth with reflected, simple or denticulated margin ; marginal teeth numerous, narrow, curved, serrated. Shell imperforate, thick, semiglobose, porcellanous ; spire very small, internally porcellanous, the cavity simple from the absorp- tion of the internal portion of the whorls by the animal. Aperture semilunate, entire, the columellar lip flattened, septiform, with a rectilinear, plain, or dentate margin ; outer lip rounded, sharp, or thickened, not reflected. Operculum calcareous, usually subspiral, provided with projecting lobes on its inner face, the inner margin forming a pseudo-articulation with the columellar lip. These molluscs are aquatic, although some species can normally live out of water. They are herbivorous, and deposit their eggs on their own shell or on that of another animal. The eggs are round or oval, with a thick, coriaceous, subcalcareous envelope, which sepa- rates transversally when the embryo emerges, the upper part of the capsule remaining attached to the lower part like a capsule. Trias to Recent ; living in tropical and warmer seas. Genus 1. NERITA (L.), Lamarck, 1799. Xerita, Linne, Syst. Nat., eci. x, 1758. 77fi : Lamarck, Mem. Soc. H.X., Paris. Type : N. albicilla, L. Nerita, Lam. : Man. Conch. (1), x, 4, 18. Foot without anterior marginal groove, epipodial line consisting of a simple membranaceous duplication extending from the tentacles to the operculum ; mantle-margin usually festooned. Shell thick, smooth, or spirally ridged and grooved, porcellanous, under a corneous adhering epidermis — sometimes wanting ; outer lip thick, usually denticulated within ; columellar lip flattened, its margin dentate, straight. Operculum calcareous, the outer face granulated or with a decurrent groove, paucispiral. with excentric nucleus ; inner face callous, the apical and claviform apophyses well marked, marginal apophysis more or less developed, corresponding with tne groove or the outer face. Animals living on rocks and stones, generally inactive by day, but said to be active at night, roaming about and feeding on alga?, &c. Gregarious, and littoral, and nearly exclusively marine. About 200 species have been described, inhabiting tropical and semitropical shores throughout the world. Fossil. — Cretaceous and Tertiary. The earlier forms are sorae- •what doubtful, and belong very likely to the genus Neridomus, M. & L. 172 GASTROPODA. Sect. 1. PELORONTA, Oken, 1815. Peloronta, Oken, Zool., 1815, 360. Type : N. peloronta, L. Tenure, Gray. P.Z.S., 1858, 92. Columellar lip nearly smooth, its margin strongly dentate, outer lip dentate within. 1. Nerita melanotragus, E. A. Smith, 1884. Plate 39, fig. 10. Nerita melanotragus, E. A. Smith, Zool. Coll., H.M.S. " Alert," 1884 (1, viii), 69. N. nigra, Gray, DieiT. N.Z., 240, not of Dillwyn, 1817. N. atruta, Chemn. : Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, 1855, f. 16, not of Chemnitz nor Deshayes. N. saturata, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., ix, 1884 (19, viii), 354. N. punctata, Q. & G. : Watson, Chal. Rep., xv, 132, not of Quoy and Gaimard. N. alrata, Reeve : Tryon, Man. Conch. (1), x, 26, pi. 8, f. 40. AT. melanotragus, Smith: Hedley, P.L.S. X.S.W., 1900, 500; Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 324. Shell moderately large, solid, globose-oval, black. Sculpture con- sisting of irregularly disposed spiral grooves, which are narrow and shallow, having much broader interstices between them ; growth- strife fine, but with more or less distant well-marked periods of rest. Colour uniformly black, sometimes bluish-black. Epidermis solid^ more or less shining. Spire low, rounded. Protoconch small, almost flat, smooth, greenish. Whorls 3, convex, very rapidly increasing,. the last descending in front ; base convex, no umbilical depression. Suture superficial. Aperture oblique, semicircular, white or bluish- white within. Outer lip solid, sharp, black-edged, more or less dis- tinctly denticulate. Columella oblique, slightly concave, with 2 or 3 denticles in the middle. Inner lip forming a broad white and shining callus, which bears slight wrinkles and pustules. Operculum granulate on the outer face, pale purple, with 2 spiral bands of black. Diameter, 23-35 mm. ; height, 20-31 mm. Dentition.— Kutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, 123, pi. 14, f. H. Type in the British Museum. Hob. — North Island, under stones between tide-marks ; Ker- madec Islands ; Australia and Tasmania. Brought to England by Captain Cook. Maori. — Ngarahutatawa (fide Captain Bollons). Fam. COCCULINID/E, Ball. Animal with a prominent head and muzzle, the males with an intromittant organ at the base of the right tentacle ; a single lamellose asymmetrical gill between the under-surface of the mantle and the upper surface of the body from a point above and behind the head, extending around toward the right, and even backward on the right side ; attached only at its base. Eyes wanting in the known species. Anus anterior, opening in a papilla above and behind the head. Mantle-margin and sides of foot plain, without epipodial papillae or processes, but they are sometimes present behind. Radula with a Cocculiim.] GASTROPODA. 173 small or moderately raised central tooth, 3 moderate inner laterals with denticulate cusps, a larger denticulate major lateral with a stout and twisted stalk, and on each side a stout base from which spring numerous slender marginals hooked at their tips. There is no jaw. Shell patelliform, not nacreous, symmetrical, with an entire non- sinuated margin and a posteriorly inclined apex with a (usually deciduous) spiral nucleus ; muscular impression horseshoe - shaped, interrupted over the head. Genus 1. COCCULINA, Dall, 1882. Cocculina, Dall.. Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus., 1881 (1882), 402. Type: C. Kath- buni, Dall. Cocculina, Dall, " Blake " Gastropoda" 345 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, 131. Tectura sp., Jeffreys, P.Z.S., 1882, 672. The shell is colourless, with radiating and concentric sculpture ; other characters are those of the family. Anatomy. — Dr. Joh. Thiele, ' Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutschen Tiefsee Expedition." B. Anatom. Systemat. Untersuch. einiger Gastropoden, 149-56, pi. 6, f. 1-22. Distribution. — North Europe, north-eastern and western Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australasia. Deep-sea forms. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Margin in one plane. a. Shell with minute concentric and radiate threads . . tasmanica. aa. Shell with the sides subparallel, surface distinctly cut up into granules by concentric and radiate sculpture craticulata. B. Margin raised at both ends. «. Shell laterally compressed, summit anterior. . . . compressa. aa. Shell not laterally compressed, saddle-shaped, summit slightly posterior . . . . . . . . clypiddlceformis. 1. Cocculina clypidellaeformis, Suter, 1908. Plate 34, figs. 13. 13«. Cocculina clypidellceformis, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 27, pi. 2, f. 19, 20. Shell minute, having the shape of a Clypidella — i.e., saddle-shaped —the sides descending, and the anterior and posterior margin slightly elevated ; thin, translucent, smooth, apex slightly posterior. Sculp- ture consisting of concentric growth-lines only ; they are fine and microscopic on the upper half, more conspicuous and irregular to- wards the base. Colour white. In the young shell the nucleus is minute, globose, and polished ; adult shells have usually lost it. The summit is very little behind the middle in the adult roundish shell, but nearly at the posterior third in the young more oval shell ; it is slightly raised, the anterior, posterior, and the lateral slopes are uneven, moderately convex. Interior greenish- white ; muscular im- pression very distinct, forming a half-circle. Length, 2-8 mm. ; breadth, 2-5 mm. ; height, 2-2 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hob. — Snares, in 50 fathoms (Captain Bollons). 174 GASTROPODA. \_AspidobrancJi in. 2. Cocculina compressa, Suter, 1908. Plate 34, figs. 14, 14a. Cocculina compressa, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 27, pi. 2, f. 17. 18. Shell small, thin, laterally much compressed, the sides parallel, anterior and posterior end raised, navicular, the summit anterior ;nid considerably raised. Sculpture consisting of fine rather distant and indistinct radiate stria3, crossed by distant concentric growth-lines. Colour white. Nucleus minute, resting on the narrowly elevated sum- mit, situate at the anterior two-fifths of the length. Anterior and posterior slope straight, side slopes lightly convex. Margin sharp, smooth. Interior white. Length, 5 mm. ; breadth, 2 mm. ; height, 2-8 mm. Animal unknown. Type in the collection of Miss Mestayer, Wellington. Hal>. — Flat Point, East Cape — one specimen (type) ; a second example was obtained in 38 fathoms, 5 miles south of Cuvier Island (Captain Bollons). Remark. — A nearly allied form is the Australian C. coercita, Hedley (Rec. A.M., vi, 289, pi. 54, f. 1, 2). which, however, has no radiate striation, and the apex a little behind the centre. 3. Cocculina craticulata, Suter, 1908. Plate 34, figs. 15, 15a. Cocculina craticulata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 27, pi. 2, f. 15, lf>. Shell small, thin, oval, the sides subparallel, elevated. Sculpture consisting of subequal, distinct, close concentric grooves, reticulated by radiate grooves, which are slightly slanting to the left on the an- terior slope, the surface being cut up into series of squarish granules, the summit having only concentric sculpture. Colour yellowish-green. Nucleus spiral, smooth, small, evidently deciduous, very little within the posterior margin. Posterior slope short, steep, concave ; anterior slope long, regularly rounded. Inside light green, shining. Length, 2-8 mm. ; breadth, 1-8 mm. ; height, 1-2 mm. Animal unknown. Type in my collection. Hal). — Dusky Sound, in 30 fathoms (R. Henry). 4. Cocculina tasmanica, Pilsbry, 1895. Plate 34, fig. 16. Acmcea parva, Angas, var. tasmanica, PiLs., ' The Nautilus." ix, 128. Cocculina tasmanica, Murdoch and Suter. T.'N.Z.I., xxxviii. 1905 (100*)), 301. Nacella tasmanica, Tate and May, P.L.S. N.S.W.. 1901, 411, pi. 27, f. 89, 90. Cocculina meridionalis, Hedley, Mem. A.M., iv, pt. 6, 1903, 331, f. 64 in text, Shell small, thin, elevated, slightly asymmetrical. Sculpture : Fine dense concentric threads, crossed by fine and close radiate stripe, minutely decussating the surface, and indistinct anteriorly. Colour opaque - white. Apex smooth, inrolled, deciduous; summit a little within the posterior margin. Posterior slope steep, a little concave ; Cocculina.l GASTROPODA. 175 anterior slope long, arched. Inside white, shining, the posterior horse- shoe-shaped muscle-scar distinct. Length, 3 mm. ; breadth, 2-2 mm. ; height, 1-5 mm. (type). Length, 3-25 mm. ; breadth, 2-25 mm. ; height, 1-6 mm. (C. meri- dionalis, Hedley). Animal unknown. Type in the cabinet of Mr. YV. L. May, Sandford, Tasmania ; co- type in my collection. Hob. — About 15 miles off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms ; Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, in 18 fathoms (Captain Bollons) ; Auck- land Islands, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Australia and Tasmania. The type was dredged by Mr. W. L. May in 10 fathoms, Frederick Henry Bay, Tasmania. Fam. HYDROCENIDJE, Fischer. The animal having no gill, but a pulmonary cavity. Tentacles short, large ; eyes prominent, situate at the upper or outer base of the tentacles. Foot short, oval, obtuse. The teeth of radula have the formula ool. (1 + 1 + 1). 1°°; the central teeth are small, elongated ; the lateral tooth is rather large, straight, without a cusp ; the nume- rous lateral teeth are denticulate, and arranged in very oblique series. Shell imperforate, conic and globular ; whorls convex ; spire short ; peristome continuous ; columella callous ; lip not reflexed ; oper- culum calcareous, ornamented with stria? which are concentric to the nucleus ; inner side with a prominent apophysis arising from the nucleus. Genus 1. HYDROCENA, Pfeift'er, 1847. Hydrocena. Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, 112. Type : H. cattaroensis, Pfr. Animal having the tentacles triangular, with large eyes at their upper base ; operculum attached to the posterior part of the foot. Shell imperforate, small, amber-colour ; whorls few, convex ; aper- ture oval, angled above, margins united by a thin callosity extending across the body-wall ; peristome not reflected, not thickened ; colu- mella slightly concave ; umbilical tract closed by a callosity ; Oper- culum subconcentric, with a nucleus showing sometimes an apparent spiral structure on its outer face. The type lives in the marine littoral zone, near Cattaro, Dalmatia. 1. Hydrocena Purchasi, Pfeiffer, 1862. Plate 34, fig. 17. Hi/drocena Purchasi, Pfr.. Malak. Blatter, viii, 1862, 150; Hedley and Suter. P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vii. 623; Suter. J. de Conch., xli, 227.' Assimine'i Purchasi, Pfr. : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., 40. Shell minute, globosely conical, translucid, imperforate. Sculp- ture consisting of very fine growth-stria; only. Colour horny-fuscous. Epidermis thin, shining. Spire conical, rather obtuse. Protoconch minute, strongly convex, smooth. Whorls 4 to 5, convex, the last 176 GASTROPODA. [Aspidobrancliin . slightly exceeding one-third of the height of the shell ; base convex. Suture impressed. Aperture a little oblique, subcircular. Peristome simple, straight. Columella slightly concave, white. Inner lip spread- ing over the umbilicus, sealing it up more or less completely. The callus on the penultimate whorl unites the margins, and is con- spicuous. Diameter, 1 mm. ; height, 2 mm. Dentition.— Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxiv, 301, pi. 23, f. 58. Type in the K.K. Hofmuseum, Vienna. Hob.— North Island : Bay of Islands (Purchas, Hochstetter) Waro ; Whangarei ; vicinity of Auckland ; Wairangi, Waikato Hunua Range ; Mount Pirongia ; Forty-mile Bush. South Island Kenepuru Sound ; Nelson ; Wairoa Gorge ; Greymouth ; Riccarton Bush, near Christchurch. Found in native bush in very moist situations, near creeks or swamps, under stones, rotten wood, &c. ORDER 2. PECTINIBRANCHIA. (= Monotoccirdes ; Ctenobrcnichia.) These are Streptoneura with a somewhat concentrated nervous system ; without a labial commissure, except in Vivipara and A»i- puttaria. The nerve-collar is situated behind the buccal bulb, except in the latter genus. There is a single well-differentiated, independent, and often pectinated osphradium. The eye is always closed, and the internal cornea (pellucida) is extensive. Each otocyst contains a single otolith, except in some forms of Tcenioqlossa devoid of a pro- boscis. The central tooth of the radula is single or absent. There is no longer any trace of bilateral symmetry in the circulatory, re- spiratory, and excretory organs, the topographically right half of the pallial complex having completely disappeared. The ctenidium is monopectinate, and attached to the mantle throughout its whole length, except in Adeorbis and Valvata. The single kidney usually opens directly by a slit-shaped aperture, and never serves for the passage of the sexual products. The genital gland always has a sepa- rate orifice of its own. The male generally has an intromittant organ. The Pcctinibmnchia are divided into two suborders — Tcenioglossa and Stenoglossa. SUBORDER 1. T^NIOGLOSSA, Troschel. In these Pectinibranchs the radula has nonnally 3 teeth on each side of the median tooth — viz., 1 lateral and 2 marginals. The stomatogastric ganglia are situated behind the buccal mass, and are united to the cerebral centres by long connectives, which are in part re- current and deeply situated. The salivary ducts, when sufficiently long, Lagochilus.] GASTROPODA. 177 traverse the nerve-collar. The oesophagus is nearly always devoid of an unpaired gland. Usually there is neither a proboscis nor a siphon. The suborder includes two distinct groups or tribes, which are respectively creeping and swimming forms- — namely, the Platypoda and Heteropoda. Tribe 1. PLATYPODA. Normal Tcenioglossa, but slightly modified, and of creeping habit. The foot is flattened ventrally — at all events, in its anterior part. The otocysts are situated close to the pedal nerve-centres. Accessory organs are rarely found on the genital ducts, but are present in Vivi- para. Cyclostoma, the Naticidce, Catyptrceidce, &c. Mandibles are usually present. The intestine is long. The Platijpoda form the largest group of the Mollusca, comprising nearly sixty families of unequal value, some of which are not thoroughly well known from an anatomical point of view. Fam. CYCLOPHORIDJE, Gray. Animal having long cylindrical tentacles, subulate toward the extremities ; eyes at their outer bases on very short peduncles ; foot long, attenuate behind. Pallial cavity devoid of a ctenidium and transformed into a lung ; pedal centres in the form of ganglionated cords ; otocysts with otoconia. Jaws reticulate. Radula having the formula 2.1.1.1.2; central tooth contracted in the tniddle, with 3 to 5 cusps ; lateral and marginal teeth arranged in oblique rows curved, all of the same form, and with 2 or 3 cusps. Shell conical or depressed, usually covered with a horny epidermis ; aperture circular, peristome simple or reflexed ; operculum distinctly spiral, testaceous or horny ; whorls very numerous and subequal, or few and rapidly increasing. These molluscs are terrestrial, and appear first in the Cretaceous. Genus 1. LAGOCHILUS, Blanford, 1864. Lagochilus. Blauford, A.M.N.H. (3), xiii, 452. Type : L. tomotrema, Benson. Lagochilus, Blanford : Moellendorff. P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vii, 1892. 385 ; P. and F. Sarasin, " Die Land-Mollusken von Celebes," 1899, 25. Animal having a glandular slit at the extremity of the foot. The teeth of radula are distinguished from those of Leptopoma by the sharply pointed cusps of nearly equal size, none of them being much broader than the others. Shell conoidal, subturbinate, thin, with an epidermis. Aperture circular ; peristome mostly reflected, forming a more or less distinct angle or slit at its insertion above. Operculum circular, thin, horny, with 7 to 9 volutions, the margins of which are sometimes slightly elevated upon the outer face. Distribution. — The genus ranges from India and China to the Philippines, the Malayan Archipelago, New Guinea, and New Zealand. 178 GASTROPODA. [PectinibrancJiia. KEY TO SPECIES. A. Spire of shell the same height as that of the aperture, or but little higher. a. Whorls spirally lirate. 1. Base bicarinate . . . . . . . . bicarinatum. 2. Subobsolete spiral striae on base only . . . . pannosum. 3. Regularly decussate, hairs at intersections . . cytora. 4. With membranous radiate plaits, getting gradually more distant on approaching the aperture . . Hedleyi. tin. Whorls without spiral sculpture. 1. With irregular radiate threads ; rufous or brown . . lignarium. 2. With regular growth-lines only ; horny . . . . Studeri. B. Spire considerably higher than the aperture. «. Last whorl angled or subangled. 1. No sculpture, except growth-lines . . . . calvum. 2. Spirally lirate . . . . . . . . . . pallidum. an. Last whorl rounded. b. Perforation covered. 1. Height of shell less than 2 mm. . . . . torquillum. 2. Height of shell more than 2 mm. . . . . Chiltoni. bb. Subperforate, perforation partly open . . . . fasciatum. Subgen. 1. CYTORA, Kobelt, 1902. Cytora, Kobelt and Moellendorff, Nachrichtsblatt Deutsch. Malak. Gesellsch., 1897. 85 (name only). Type: L. cytora. (Iray. Cytora. Kobelt, in " Das Tierreich," 10. Lief., 1902, (i5. Murdochia, Ancey, J. de Conch., xlix, 1901, 24. Shell small, thin ; epidermis usually smooth, rarely with mem- branous processes or hairs ; sutural notch of the peristome slight. Operculum horny, not calareous, with subcentral nucleus and few volutions. 1. Lagochilus bicarinatum, Suter, 1907. Plate 11, fig. 10. Lagochilus bicarinatum, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, 238, pi. 22, f. 10. Shell small, turbinate, umbilicate, base bicarinate. Sculpture con- sisting of fine, subequidistant, blunt, incremental axial striae, 2 carinse on the base, the upper one arising from the junction of the outer lip with the whorl, and terminating a little below the middle of the outer lip ; the lower rib departs from the middle of the body- whorl between the margins of the aperture, and ends at the distal side of the basal lip ; no spiral striation is present. Colour fulvous to brown. Epi- dermis thin, slightly shining ; there may be axial membranaceous plaits, but in the only specimen before me they have evidently been lost. Spire conical, of the same height as the aperture, apex obtuse. Protoconch consisting of 1 whorl, which is globular and smooth. Suture deeply impressed. Aperture circular. Peristome slightly reflexed and callous, but sharp ; notch at the suture very indistinct. Columella concave, partly concealing the umbilicus, which is deep and of about i mm. diameter. The umbilical tract immersed and margined by the lower carina. Operculum thin, circular, multispiral, with membranous outer and central processes. Lngnchilus.'] GASTROPODA. 179 Diameter, 4-5 mm. ; height, 5 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in my collection. Hab. — Kaino, North Island, type (C. Cooper). 2. Lagochilus calvum, Hutton, 1883. Plate 35, fig. 1. Leptopomn calva, Hutt., T.N.Z.I., xv, 1882 (1883), 140. Lmjochilus calvum, Hutt. : Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vii, 621 ; Suter, J. de Conch., xli, 224. Shell conical, perforate, brown, periphery rounded. Sculpture con- sisting simply of numerous fine oblique growth-lines. Colour reddish- brown, with a narrow spiral pale band below the periphery. Spire acutely conical, muc'h higher than the aperture. Whorls 6|, rather flattened, the last subangled at the periphery ; base convex. Suture impressed. Aperture oblique, roundly ovate. Peristome sharp, regu- larly rounded. Columella subvertical, arcuate. Perforation narrow, but open. Operculum horny, thin, transparent, of about 5 gradually enlarging whorls ; nucleus subcentral. Diameter, 2 mm. ; height, 3-25 mm. Dentition resembling that of L. pannosum (Hutton). Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hob. — Greymouth (R. Helms). Remarks. — The only specimen I have ever seen is the type. The species would seem to be rare, and local in distribution. 3. Lagochilus Chiltoni, Suter, 1896. Plate 10, fig. 1. Lagochilus Chiltoni, Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 33, pi. 4, f. 1. Shell very small, turbinate, subperforate, rufous, slightly glossy, semitransparent. Sculpture consisting of nearly equidistant, rather close, radiate, and partly membranaceous riblets, about 5 to 6 per millimetre on the last whorl ; the whole surface faintly microscopically spirally striate. Colour uniformly rufous. Epidermis thin and horny, easily worn off. Spire conical, apex rather pointed, higher than the aperture. Protoconch small, papillate, shining, of 2 convex whorls, faintly spirally striate, the second reticulated bv additional close •/ JL >/ */ radiate striae. Whorls 5, c-onvex, the first 3 slowly, the others more rapidly increasing, the last rounded at the periphery ; base convex. Suture impressed. Aperture slightly oblique, subcircular. Peristome simple, straight, notch at the suture very slightly indicated. Colu- mella arcuate, slightly callous, expanded and completely covering the small umbilicus. Operculum not known. Diameter, 2-25 mm. ; height, 3 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in my collection. Hab.— Fern Flat, Buller River, South Island, type (Dr. Chilton) ; Wairangi, Waikato (A. Suter). Remark. — The specimen from the latter locality is slightly more slender, and darker in colour. 180 GASTROPODA. [Pectinibranchia. Subsp. septentrionale, Suter, 1907. Plate 11, fig. 9. Lagochilus Chiltoni, subsp. septentrionale, Suter, P. 3Lil. S., vii, 1907, 238, ]»]. 22, f. 9. Distinguished from the species by the following characters : It is considerably larger, the spiral striation is quite distinct, especially upon the base, and the umbilicus is a little larger and open, not covered over by the reflection of the inner lip. Operculum unknown. Diameter, 3 mm. ; height, 4 mm. Dentition unknown. Type in my collection. Hab. — Cowes Bay, Waiheke Island, type (H. S.) ; Cape Camel, near the North Cape (C. Cooper). Remarks. — The specimens from Cape Camel are slightly more slender, the umbilical tract is angled, and the last whorl has a whitish spiral band above the periphery in some examples. 4. Lagochilus cytora, Gray, 1850. Plate 35, fig. 2. Cyclophora cytora, Gray, P.Z.S., 1849 (1850), 167; A.M.N.H. (2), vii, 08; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneuni. viv., i, 86. Lagochilus cytora, Gray: Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vii, 621 ; Suter, J. de Conch., xli, 223. Shell minute, turbinate, perforate, rather solid. Sculpture con- sisting of distant regular spiral threads, crossed by oblique membran- aceous, subequidistant, hairlike riblets ; at the points of intersection short epidermal hairs arise. Colour brown or horny. Epidermis thin, easily rubbed oft', not shining. Spire short, slightly convex, acute, but little higher than the aperture. Protoconch of 3 dark- brown, shining, strongly convex whorls, the first 2 smooth, the third radiately ribbed. Whorls 5|, moderately convex, the last with a slight emargination at the upper end of the peristome ; base con- vex. Suture impressed. Aperture, oblique, nearly circular. Peristome simple, straight, thickened internally, with the margins approximate, united by a thin callus. Columella short, oblique, arched, half- covering the narrow but deep perforation. Operculum of a few whorls only. Diameter, 2-5 mm. ; height, 2 mm. Animal and dentition unknown. Type in the British Museum. Hab. — Auckland, type (Greenwood) ; Howick ; Ohaupo ; Hunua Range ; Mount Pirongia ; Wairangi, Waikato. Living in damp places, of the bush, in mould, under rotten pieces of wood, sometimes on fronds of ferns. ">. Lagochilus fasciatum, Suter, 1894. Plate 35, fig. 3. Ln!/»r>i;/,t.« l