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A
MANUAL
OF
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
BY
ROBERT RIDGWAT.
ILLUSTRATED BY 464 OUTLINE DRAWINGS OF THE
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.
1887.
i
Copyright, 1887, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.
PKEFAOE.
THE object of the present volume is to furnish a convenient
manual of North American Ornithology, reduced to the smallest com-
pass, by the omission of everything that is not absolutely necessary
for determining the character of any given specimen, and including,
besides the correct nomenclature of each species, a statement of its
natural habitat, and other concomitant data.
Originally projected by Professor Spencer F. Baird, and based
essentially upon the grand National cabinet of American birds which
his energy, ability, and enthusiasm have developed from an unpre-
tentious nucleus into a collection unrivalled in extent and wholly
unique in scientific value, this work may be considered as, in a
measure, the consummation of a plan conceived by that illustrious
naturalist, whose works represent the highest type of systematic orni-
thology, and have furnished the model from which the younger gen-
eration of ornithologists have drawn their inspiration. Professor
Baird's great responsibilities and engrossing duties as Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution and Director of the United States National
Museum precluded the possibility of his completing the work which
he had so long cherished, and had even begun, when called to the
high positions which he has filled with so much advantage to science
and honor to himself.
Honored with the privilege of continuing the work commenced
by abler hands, the author has endeavored to fulfil his trust with
careful attention to the hope of its originator that the Manual of
IV
PREFACE.
North American Birds may serve as a handy book for the sportsman
and traveller, as well as for the resident naturalist, and that all may
find it a convenient and satisfactory means of identifying any North
American bird in all its variations of plumage.
ROBEBT RIDGWAY.
DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS,
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
April 11, 1887.
Spencer f.
JUST as this book is about to be issued, information has been re-
ceived of the death of Professor Baird, at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts.
It is unnecessary here to make more than passing reference to
Professor Baird's eminence as an ornithologist, — an eminence attained
through the inherent excellence of his published works rather than
their extent. His influence in the development of American ornithol-
ogy has been greater than that of any other person, and no one else
has commanded so fully the respect, admiration, and confidence due
to his high attainments, the sterling qualities of his mind and heart,
and the integrity of his character. Indeed, it may with truth be said
that every naturalist of eminence in the United States owes much of
his success to a personal acquaintance with Professor Baird, whose
sound advice, ready sympathy, and uniform kindness are reverently
and affectionately remembered by all who are so fortunate as to have
enjoyed the privilege of his acquaintance.
Special reference has been made in the Preface and Introduction
to Professor Baird's intimate connection with the " Manual of North
American Birds," a work planned by him many years ago, but which
he was prevented, by engrossing public duties, from personally exe-
cuting. In spite of physical suffering and harassing cares, he retained,
almost to the last moment, a lively interest in the work, which was
completed but a short time previous to his death.
K. R.
WASHINGTON, August 20, 1887.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION vii
KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS 1
Order PYGOPODES — The Diving Birds 4
Family Podicipidse — The Grebes 4
" Urinatoridas — The Loons 6
" Alcidse — The Auks, Murres, etc 8
Order LONGIPENNES — The Long-winged Swimmers 20
Family Stercorariidae — The Skuas and Jaegers 20
" Laridse — The Gulls and Terns 23
" Rynchopidffl — The Skimmers 48
Order TUBINARES — The Tube-nosed Swimmers 50
Family Diomedeidse — The Albatrosses 50
" Procellariidse — The Fulmars and Shearwaters 53
Order STEGANOPODES — The Totipalmate Swimmers 73
Family Phaethontidae — The Tropic Birds 73
" Sulidce— The Gannets 74
" Anhingidas — The Darters 76
" Phalacrocoracidae — The Cormorants 77
" Pelecanidaa — The Pelicans 81
" Fregatidae— The Man-o'- War Birds 82
Order ANSERES — The Lamellirostral Swimmers . . . 84
Family Anatidaa — The Ducks, Geese, and Swans 84
Order ODONTOGLOSSXE — The Lamellirostral Waders 121
Family Phoenicopteridse — The Flamingoes 121
Order HEKODIONES — The Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc 122
Family Plataleida3 — The Spoonbills 122
" Ibididae— The Ibises 123
" Ciconiidac — The Storks and Wood Ibises 124
" Ardeidae — The Herons and Bitterns 126
Order PALTTDICOL^E — The Cranes, Rails, etc 134
Family Gruidse — The Cranes 134
" Aramidse — The Courlans 135
" Rallida?— The Rails, Gallinules, Coots, etc 136
Order LIMICOL^: — The Shore Birds 143
Family Pbalaropodidae — The Phalaropes 143
" Recurvirostridae — The Avocets and Stilts 146
" Scolopacida3 — The Snipes, Sandpipers, etc 147
" Charadriidse— The Plovers 172
" Aphrizidaa — The Surf Birds and Turnstones 179
" Haematopodidas — The Oyster-catchers 181
" Jacanidas — The Jacanas 183
v
vl CONTENTS.
PAQE
Order GALLING — The Gallinaceous Birds 184
Family Tetraonidae — The Grouse, Partridges, etc 184
" Phasianidffi — The Pheasants, Turkeys, etc 205
" Craeidse — The Curassows and Guans 207
Order COLUMB.S — The Pigeons 210
Family Columbidae — The Pigeons 210
Order KAPTOKES— The Birds of Prey 218
Family Cathartidas — The American Vultures 218
" Falconidae— The Falcons, Hawks, etc 222
" Strigidae— The Barn Owls 255
" Bubonidse— The Horned Owls, etc 255
Order PSITTACI — The Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc 268
Family Psittacidae— The Parrots, etc 268
Order COCCYGES — The Cuckoos, etc 271
Family Cuculidse — The Cuckoos 271
" Trogonidae — The Trogons 275
" Momotidae— The Motmots 277
" Alcedinidse— The Kingfishers 278
Order PICI — The Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc 280
Family Picidae— The Woodpeckers 280
Order MACROCHIRES — The Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc 297
Family Caprimulgidae — The Goatsuckers 297
" Micropodidae— The Swifts 302
" Trochilidse— The Hummingbirds 303
Order PASSERES — The Perching Birds 321
Family Cotingidae — The Cotingas 323
" Tyrannidae— The Tyrant Flycatchers 326
" Alaudidse— The Larks 346
" Corvidae — The Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc 350
" Sturnidte— The Starlings '. . . 364
" Icteridse — The Blackbirds, Orioles, etc 365
" Fringillidae — The Finches, Sparrows, etc 382
" Tanagridae — The Tanagers 453
" Hirundinidas— The Swallows 457
" Ampelidao — The Waxwings, etc 463
" Laniidae— The Shrikes 465
" Vireonidae — The Vireos 468
" Ccerebidae — The Honey Creepers 479
" Mniotiltidae— The Wood Warblers 480
" Motacillidae— The Wagtails 532
" Cinclida&— The Dippers 538
" Troglodytidse — The Wrens, Thrashers, etc 538
" Certhiidffi— The Creepers 557
" Paridae — The Nuthatches and Tits 558
" Sylviidse— The Warblers, Kinglets, and Gnatcatchers 566
" Turdidse — The Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc 571
APPENDIX 5J53
INDEX 595
INTEODUOTION.
IN CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, and NUMERATION the present work corre-
sponds strictly with the " Check List of North American Birds" published by the
American Ornithologists' Union,1 which represents the joint labors of a " Commit-
tee on Classification and Nomenclature" appointed by the Union during its first
Congress, held in New York City, September 26-29, 1883.
During the year which has elapsed since the publication of the A. O. U. Check
List several species have been added to the North American fauna, while others
have been for the first time described. These are of course included in the present
work, being interpolated in their proper places.2 At the same time, it has been
considered desirable, in the interest of the student of North American Ornithol-
ogy, to include, for reasons stated farther on,3 certain extralimital species from
contiguous countries. All such additional species have, however, been carefully
distinguished typographically, in order that no confusion may arise, the method
of discrimination being as follows :
(1) All species which are undoubtedly North American, even though of doubt-
ful validity, are in larger type, those given in the A. O. U. Check List proper being
numbered as in that list, while eighteen of the twentj-six species composing the
so-called "Hypothetical List,"* and also those subsequently added to the fauna, are
preceded by a dash ( — ) instead of a number. (2) All species which have not been
established as North American (the majority never having been claimed as such)
are printed in smaller type, and have neither a number nor a dash.
The GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS are also, so far as numbered species are concerned,
those of the A. O. U. Check List ; but practically these limits have been enlarged so
1 The Code of Nomenclature | and | Check List | of North American Birds | Adopted by the American
Ornithologists' Union | Being the Report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature |
(Motto) | | New York | American Ornithologists' Union | 1886 | [8vo., pp. i-viii, 1-392.]
2 For lists of these additional species, see Appendix, pages 591-594.
8 See under " Geographical Limits."
* " Consisting of species which have been recorded as North American, but whose status as North Ameri-
can birds is doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of their occurrence within the prescribed limits . . .
or from absence of satisfactory proof of their validity as species." Of the twenty-six species constituting this
list, eighteen are unquestionably North American (one of them having been recently established as such), while
the remaining eight have very scant claims to a place in our fauna.
vii
viii INTRODUCTION.
as to include all the species known to inhabit Socorro Island, off the coast of north-
western Mexico, which is decidedly Nearctic, or North American, in its zoological
affinities, while in many cases other extralimital species have been included, for the
sake of comparison and also on account of the greater or less probability of their
occurrence within the southern boundary of the United States. In most cases this
ignoring of geographical limits has been confined to the inclusion of only the Mexi-
can,1 Cuban, and Bahaman species of characteristically North American genera, or
of genera from the same regions belonging to North American Families, the Euro-
pean analogues of certain North American species, and species of northeastern Asia
which have been ascribed to Alaska, or which may from the close proximity of
their habitat be expected to occur there. A notable departure from this general
rule has, however, been made in the Order Tubinares, consisting wholly of species
inhabiting the " high seas," whose more or less erratic or fortuitous wanderings
render them specially liable to a place in the list of " accidental visitors" to any
sea-girt country, for which reason it has been considered desirable, as an aid to
future research, to include all known species belonging to genera of which repre-
sentatives have been taken in North American waters.
MATERIAL. — Although the unrivalled collection of American birds and their
eggs forming part of the National Museum2 has furnished by far the greater por-
tion of the material upon which this work is based, several other public museums,
as well as rich private collections, have been carefully studied. Thus, the American
Museum of Natural History, in New York City ; the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia ; the Boston Society of Natural History ; the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, in Cambridge, Mass. ; and the splendid private collections of Messrs.
George N. Lawrence, of New York City, William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass.,
and H. W. Henshaw,8 of Washington, D.C., have furnished indispensable material
in the way of extralimital species or more extensive series of certain North Amer-
ican species, for comparison, than had yet been secured by the .National Museum.
It is not, however, the large number of specimens alone that has furnished the sub-
stantial basis of the following synoptical tables ; for, however much the proper dis-
1 Under the head of " Mexican" are included not only Mexico itself, but also Guatemala and Honduras.
(See page vii, regarding typographical distinction between extralimital and North American species.)
8 The total number of specimens of American birds in the National Museum collection at the end of June,
1886, was about 36,000, exclusive of duplicates and mounted specimens ; the North American " study series" of
Passeren and " Picarise" (i.e., Macrochires, Pici, and Coccyges) alone aggregating nearly 13,000, counting only
those obtained from North America proper, as defined in the A. 0. U. Check List. At the same time, the collec-
tion of North American birds' eggs numbered 38,400 specimens, constituting by far the most extensive and valu-
able one in existence. Even before the addition of the magnificent private collection so generously donated by
Captain Charles E. Bendire, U.S.A., no other was comparable to it, either in the number of species represented
or in their careful identification, it having from the commencement been made a rule to destroy all specimens
regarding which there appeared the least doubt or suspicion. Captain Bendire's celebrated collection, while
representing fewer species, included far more extensive series of a large number of species, showing extreme
variations of size, contour, and coloration, all perfectly identified, while it was wholly unique in the exquisite
preparation of the specimens.
8 Special mention should be made of Mr. Henshaw's valuable collection (embracing more than TOGO speci-
mens and unusually complete series of many species), which through the owner's courtesy has been constantly
accessible to the author.
INTRODUCTION.
IX
crimination of species and subspecies may be a question of material, a great deal
depends upon our knowledge of the birds in life, their natural surroundings, and
other things which can be learned only out of doors. Fortunately, a very large
number of accomplished field-naturalists have carefully observed the habits of our
birds, and through their published records have together contributed a vast store
of information which no single person could himself have gained. To the much
that has been gleaned from this source have been added the author's field-notes, col-
lected during the period extending from a recent date back to the year 1863, and
embracing many measurements of fresh specimens, notes on location of nests, fresh
colors of bill, eyes, feet, etc., and various other useful memoranda.
MEASUREMENTS are in English inches and hundredths, except when otherwise
stated.1 Whenever practicable, they have been taken from large series of speci-
mens, and the extremes given, as well as the average, which follows in parenthesis.
Thus, 5.75-6.50 (6.12) would indicate the minimum, maximum, and average, re-
spectively, of the measurements taken. In the case of closely-allied forms, or where
distinctive characters are largely a matter of dimensions or the proportionate meas-
urements of different parts, care has been taken to measure, whenever possible, an
equal number of specimens of the several forms to be compared ; and specimens in
abraded or otherwise imperfect plumage, as well as young birds, have been excluded.
When there is any marked sexual difference in size, the number of males and females
measured of allied forms has also been made as nearly equal as possible. Length
is to be understood as meaning the total length (from end of bill to tip of tail) of
the fresh specimen, before skinning, unless otherwise stated. This measurement is
the least important of any for the purpose of determination of the species, being of
any value at all only when taken from the fresh specimen, before skinning, and even
then subject to much variation, according to the amount of stretching to which the
bird is subjected. In a very large number of species the author's measurements
from freshly-killed specimens are given, but in perhaps a majority of cases it has
been necessary to take measurements made by others. Owing to the fact that all
our leading authorities have been consulted on this point and only the extremes
given, it has been found impracticable (even if desirable) to distinguish the latter
from the former, but it may be remarked that nearly all of those in which
the range of variation between the extremes is very great belong to the latter
category. Length of wing is from the "bend," or carpal joint, to tip of longest
primary, the rule being laid along the outer or convex side and the wing brought
up close to it for its entire length. Length of tail is from tip of longest feathers to
their apparent base, a point often very difficult to determine, and subject to more
or less variation according to the method of preparing the skin, the amount of
shrinkage to which the flesh at the base of the tail has been subjected, etc. Length
of culmen is the chord of the curve, measured with dividers, from the tip of the
upper mandible to the extreme base of the culmen (this often more or less concealed
by feathers of the forehead) — unless the qualifying word " exposed" is prefixed, in
which case the measurement is similarly made to where the frontal feathers close
1 See foot-note on page x., as to conversion of inches and decimals into millimetres.
X INTRODUCTION.
over the base of the culmen. Depth of bill is also measured with dividers, and is a
measurement requiring extreme care. Length of tarsus is measured with dividers,
one point resting in the tibio-tarsal joint, on the outer side, the other on the lower
edge of lowermost tarsal scutella, in front (in Passerine and certain Picarian and
Raptorial birds), or to the more or less obvious transverse depression markin«- the
line of separation between tarsus and base of middle toe (in most water birds and
some others). Length of middle toe is always measured with dividers from the
last-mentioned point to the base of the claw, on top, and not including the claw,
unless so stated.
Measurements of eggs represent the average of six specimens (more or less, ac-
cording to the extent of the series available for the purpose) which represent or
approximate the average size and form as nearly as could be determined by the eye
alone.
THE NAMES OP COLORS used in the diagnoses are adopted from the author's " No-
menclature of Colors," * in which may be found an elaborate though concise treatise
on the subject, designed especially for the uses of the naturalist, and in which 186
colors, embracing all that are named in descriptive ornithology, are depicted, by
hand-colored plates.
ILLUSTRATIONS. — With the exception of those which have already appeared in
the Review of American Birds? History of North American Birds,3 and Water Birds
of North America* the illustrations have been made specially for the present work
by Mr. John L. Bidgway, under the author's supervision, and engraved by the cele-
brated " Jewett" process of Messrs. Matthews, Northrupp & Co., of Buffalo, N.Y.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS are specially due to Professor Baird, not only for the
1 A | Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium of Useful Knowledge | for Ornitholo-
gists. | By | Robert Ridgway, | Curator, Department of Birds, United States National Museum. | With ten
colored plates and seven plates | of outline illustrations. | Boston : | Little, Brown, and Company. | 1887. |
[In this work is also embodied a " Glossary of terms used in descriptive ornithology," in which references
are given to all the plates. The latter include, besides those representing the colors, three showing the exter-
nal anatomy or " topography" of a bird, with special reference to the names used in descriptions, one illus-
trating various egg-contours, one showing a comparative scale of standard measurements, and two upon which
are depicted the various forms or patterns of feather-markings. There is also, among other things useful to
the naturalist, a series of tables for the easy conversion of inches and decimals into millimetres, and vice versa.]
1 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. | — 181 — | Review | of American Birds, in the Museum of the | '
Smithsonian Institution. | By | S. F. Baird. | — Part I. North and Middle America. | — [Medallion.] Wash-
ington : | Smithsonian Institution. |
One volume, 8vo; date of publication (by signatures), June, 1864, to June, 1866.
8 A | History | of | North American Birds | by | S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway | Land Birds
| Illustrated by 64 colored plates and 593 woodcuts | Volume I [—III]. [Vignette.] | Boston | Little, Brown,
and Company | 1874. |
[This is the most recent work on North American ornithology, giving, besides technical descriptions,
synonymy, etc., a general account of the history and habits of each species, as known up to date of publica-
tion. The size is small 4to, and the total number of pages nearly 1800.]
4 Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vols. XII. and XIII. The Water
Birds of North America. By S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Issued in continuation of the pub-
lications of the California Geological Survey. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Boston. Little, Brown, and
Company, 1884.
[Two volumes, uniform in general style, typography, etc., with the " History of North American Birds,"
and in reality the conclusion of that work. Total number of pages 1104, embellished by numerous wood-cuts.]
INTRODUCTION. xi
privilege of consulting specimens and books so essential to the preparation of this
work; but also for the friendly advice and valuable suggestions which have ren-
dered comparatively easy the performance of a task which under less favorable
auspices would have been far more difficult of accomplishment. For valuable
aid, always most cordially rendered, the author is much indebted to Dr. Leonhard
Stejneger, whose well-known thorough bibliographical knowledge and excellent
judgment have greatly facilitated the settlement of many vexatious questions of
synonymy and difficult problems of relationship. To the authorities of the several
public museums and the owners of the private collections already mentioned, the
author is glad to have this opportunity of publicly expressing his sense of obliga-
tion for many courtesies, including, besides unrestricted access to the collections in
question, the loan of valuable and unique type specimens.
RE.
AMERICAN BIRDS.
KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS.
a1. Hind toe connected by web or membrane with the inner toe.
Order Steganopodes. (Page 73.)
a2. Hind toe not connected with inner toe.
bl. Nostrils tubular Order Tubinares. (Page 50.)
6J. Nostrils not tubular.
c1. Cutting-edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or serrated.
dl. Legs short, or but slightly lengthened ; bill not abruptly bent
downward from the middle Order Anseres. (Page 84.)
d1. Legs excessively lengthened j bill bent abruptly downward from
the middle Order Odontoglossse. (Page 121.)
c2. Cutting-edges of bill not fringed nor serrated.
dl. Legs inserted far behind the middle of the body, which in standing
position is more or less erect, the toes webbed or conspicuously
lobed Order Pygopodes. (Page 4.)
d2. Legs inserted near the middle of the body, which in standing posi-
tion is nearly horizontal, or else toes not webbed.
e1. Anterior toes distinctly webbed, and tarsus shorter than tail.
Order Longipennes. (Page 20.)
e?. Anterior toes not distinctly webbed, or else tarsus decidedly
longer than tail, or else bill extremely small, with gape
very broad and deeply cleft.
/*. Lower portion of thighs naked, or else bill lengthened
and grooved along each side, the outer and middle toes
separated for their entire length.
gl. Hind toe well developed and inserted at same level
with anterior toes, the claws never excessively
lengthened ; loral or orbital regions, or both (some-
times whole head), naked.
Order Herodiones. (Page 122.)
l
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
g*. Hind toe (if present) small and inserted above the
level of the rest, or else size small or medium
(never as much as 3 feet long) ; loral and orbital
regions fully feathered, and middle claw with edge
not pectinated.
hl. If more than 3 feet long, the hind toe short and
elevated ; if under 3 feet long, the hind toe on
same level with anterior toes.
Order Paludicolae. (Page 134.)
h*. Never over 3 feet long (usually much less), the
hind toe (if present) short and elevated, or
else the claws excessively lengthened and
wings spurred.
Order Limicolae. (Page 143.)
/J. Lower portion of thighs feathered (or else middle and
outer toes united for at least half their length), the
bill if lengthened not grooved along the side.
gl. Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at
base of upper mandible ; or if no naked cere, the
toes 2 in front and 2 behind.
hl. Toes 3 in front, or else outer toe reversible.
Order Raptores. (Page 218.)
A*. Toes 2 in front, 2 behind (outer toe permanently
reversed) Order Psittaci. (Page 268.)
g*. Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere
at base of upper mandible ; or if with a cere, the
latter swollen and the bill straight.
hl. Hind toe small and elevated, or else bill with-
out soft swollen cere.
Order Gallinse. (Page 184.)
Af. Hind toe (or toes) well developed and on same
level with anterior toes.
il. Bill with soft swollen cere at base of upper
mandible. Order Columbae. (Page 210.)
i*. Bill without soft swollen cere.
• /. Wings very long, with 10 quills, tail
of 10 feathers, and gape very wide
and deeply cleft, or else bill long
and slender, tongue extensile, and
secondaries only 6 in number.
Order Macrochires. (Page 297.)
j*. Wings not very long and gape not very
wide nor deeply cleft, or else wing
with only 9 quills and tail-feathers
12 in number.
KEY TO THE HIGHER GROUPS.
#. Toes only 2 in front, or if 3, the
middle and outer toes con-
nected for at least half their
length.
Z1. Tail-feathers stiff and more or
less pointed, and bill more
or less chisel-like.
Order Pici. (Page 280.)
Z2. Tail-feathers neither stiff nor
pointed, and bill not chisel-
like.
Order Coccyges. (Page 271.)
k*. Toes 3 in front, 1 behind, the middle
and outer toes not united for
half their length, lower part of
thighs feathered, and tarsus equal
to or longer than lateral toes.
Order Passeres. (Page 321.)
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
ORDER PYGOPODES.— THE DIVING BIRDS.
(Page 1)
Families.
a*. Tail-feathers wanting.
Anterior toes lobed, the nails very broad, flat, and with rounded tips. (Sub-
order Podicipedes) Podicipidae. (Page 4.)
a2. Tail-feathers present, but short. (Suborder CepphL}
bl. Hind toe present Urinatoridse. (Page 6.)
62. Hind toe absent Alcidae. (Page 8.)
FAMILY PODICIPID^.— THE GREBES. (Page 4.)
Nest a thick matted platform of rushes, sedges, etc., usually floating upon the
surface of the water in grassy or sedgy ponds or marshes. Eggs 2-5, dull white,
bluish white, or very pale bluish green, usually stained more or less (often quite
deeply) with light brown, by contact with decomposed vegetable matter.
Genera.
a1. Bill slender, the length of the culmen much more than twice the depth at the
bl. Length of culmen five or more times as much as greatest depth of the bill;
neck nearly as long as the body /Echmophorus. (Page 4.)
b2. Length of culmen less than four times as much as greatest depth of the bill ;
neck much shorter than the body Colymbus. (Page 5.)
«2. Bill very stout, the length of the culmen less than twice as much as the greatest
depth of the bill Podilymbus. (Page 6.)
GENUS ^CHMOPHORUS COUES. (Page 4, pi. I., fig. !.)•
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Pileum and cervix slaty black ; rest of upper parts slaty,
inner webs of remiges chiefly white; entire lower parts, including lower half of
head and all of neck except stripe down the cervix, pure satiny white. Downy
young: Above uniform brownish gray, lighter anteriorly; lower parts uniform white.
a1. Length 24.00-29.00 inches; wing 7.45-8.50 (average 8.07); culmen 2.60-
3.05 (2.78). Eggs 2-5, 2.40 X 1-54. Hab. Western North America
(chiefly the interior) from Mexico and Lower California to Manitoba.
1. JEi. occidentalis (LAWR.). Western Grebe.
a*. Length about 22.00 inches; wing 6.70-7.75 (7.31); culmen 2.10-2.48 (2.25).
Eggs 2-5, 2.1 6 X 1-41. Hab. "Western North America, chiefly along Pacific
coast — .££>. clarkii (LAWR.). Clark's Grebe.
CO LY MB US.
GENUS COLYMBUS LINNAEUS. (Page 4, pi. I., figs. 2, 3.)
Species.
a1. Wing 5.00 inches or more.
bl. B1H about as long as the head. "Wing more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus
Colymbus.')
c1. Feathers of lower parts pure white to the extreme base. Nuptial
plumage : Throat and chin buffy white, passing posteriorly into rich
ferruginous on the very prominent auricular frill, which is tipped
with black ; top of head and elongated tufts on each side of occiput
glossy black. Length 22.00-24.00; wing 6.80-7.75; culmen 1.75-
2.30. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, but no authentic record for any
portion of America.
C. cristatus LINN. Crested Grebe.1
c2. Feathers of lower parts white only superficially, the concealed portion
being distinctly grayish. Nuptial plumage : Top of head dull black,
somewhat glossy ; rest of head ash-gray, bordered above and poste-
riorly by whitish ; neck rufous.
d1. Length about 17.50 ; wing 6.45-7.00 (6.63) ; culmen 1.50-1.55 (1.53).
Hab. Northern portions of eastern hemisphere.
C. grisegena BoDD. Red-necked Grebe.*
d\ Length 18.00-20.50 ; wing 7.30-8.10 (7.65) ; culmen 1.65-2.40 (2.02).
Eggs 2-5, 2.23 X 1-37. Hab. North America, including Green-
land, breeding far northward ; eastern Asia.
2. C. holbcellii (EEINH.). Holbcell's Grebe.
b*. Bill much shorter than head. Wing not more than 6.00 inches. (Subgenus
Dytes KAUP.)
c1.. Bill compressed (deeper than wide) at base. Nuptial plumage : Lower
neck and chest rufous; sides of occiput with a very full dense
tuft of soft, blended, ochraceous feathers. Downy young: Whole
top of head dusky ; sides of head whitish with two stripes and
several irregular spots of dusky ; a dusky streak on each side of
throat ; upper parts plain dusky grayish. Length 12.50-15.25 ; wing
about 5.75. Eggs 2-7, 1.78 X 1-20. Hab. Northern portion of
northern hemisphere, breeding in America chiefly north of the
United States 3. C. auritus LINN. Horned Grebe.
c2. Bill depressed (wider than deep) at base. Nuptial plumage : Head, neck,
and chest black ; sides of head, behind eyes, with a tuft-like or
somewhat fan-shaped loose patch of slender ochraceous feathers.
Downy young : Top of head dusky, with several white markings, the
middle of the crown with a small naked, reddish space ; no dusky
1 Colymbus cristatus LINN., S.N. ed. 10, 1758, 135.
2 Colymbus grisegena BODD., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 55.
6 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
streak on side of throat, or elsewhere below level of eyes. Length
12.00-14.00 ; wing 5.20-5.50.
dl. Three or four inner quills mostly or entirely white. Hob. Central
Europe and Asia.
C. nigricollis (BREHM). Eared Grebe.1
d2. Inner quills with inner webs wholly dusky. Colors generally
duller and bill more slender. Eggs 4-8, 1.75 X 1.19. Hob.
Western North America, north to Great Slave Lake, south to
Guatemala, east to Mississippi Valley.
4. C. nigricollis californicus (HEERM.). American Eared Grebe.
a1. Wing less than 5.00 inches. (Subgenus Podiceps LATH.)
Tarsus 'decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw. Nuptial plumage :
Top of head dull greenish black; rest of head dark gray or dull plum-
beous, the chin and throat dull black. Downy young : Top of head black,
with a rufous spot in middle of crown, and various white markings ;
sides and underparts of head and neck white varied with black lines.
Length 9.00-10.50 ; wing 4.00. Eggs 1.35 X -94. Hab. Tropical America
in general, north to southern Texas and Lower California.
5. C. dominicus LINN. St. Domingo Grebe.
GENUS PODILYMBUS LESSON. (Page 4, pi. I., fig. 5.)
Species.
Brownish above, silvery^ white beneath, the feathers dark grayish basally.
Nuptial plumage : Chin, throat, and anterior portion of malar region black ; rest of
head and neck brownish gray, darker above; lower parts spotted with dusky;
bill whitish, crossed about the middle by a black band. Winter plumage : Black
throat, etc., of nuptial plumage replaced by dull whitish, the rest of the head
browner ; lower parts without dusky spots ; bill brownish (paler on lower man-
dible) without black band. Young : Similar to winter adult, but sides of head more
or less distinctly striped with brown. Downy young : Head and neck distinctly
striped with white and black, the crown with a rufous spot ; a rufous spot on upper
part of nape and on each side of occiput ; upper parts blackish, marked with four
strips of grayish white. Length 12.00-15.00 ; wing 4.50-5.00. Eggs 4-5, 1.72 X
1.99. Hab. The whole of America, except extreme northern and southern districts.
6. P. podiceps (LINN.). Pied-billed Grebe.
FAMILY URINATORID^,— THE LOONS. (Page 4.)
Genus.
(Characters same as those given for the family) Urinator. (Page 7.)
1 Podicept nigricollia BREHM, Vog. Deutochl., 1831, 963. Colymbus nigricollis STEJN., Auk, ii., Oct. 1885, 340.
URINATOR. 7
GENUS URINATOR CUVIER. (Page 6, pi. II., fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above blackish or slaty, beneath white. In summer,
upper parts spotted or speckled with white, the throat and fore-neck blackish or
chestnut. In winter, and in young, upper parts without white markings, and throat
and fore-neck white like rest of lower parts. Downy young uniform sooty grayish,
the belly white. Nest built on ground at edge of marsh or lake. Eggs 2, elongate-
ovate, deep brown or olive, rather sparsely speckled or spotted with dark brown
and blackish.
a1. Tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw ; fore-neck blackish in summer.
bl. Distance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, above
nostrils, greater than the distance from the latter point to anterior bor-
der of nostrils. Summer plumage with head and neck black all round,
the middle of the fore-neck and sides of lower neck each crossed by a
bar or transverse series of white streaks.
c1. Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen; bill in adult blackish (almost
wholly deep black in summer) ; head and neck glossed with velvety
green ; white spots on scapulars broad as long ; length 28.00-36.00 ;
wing 13.00-15.25 (14.06); culmen 2.75-3.50 (3.07); depth of bill
through base .90-1.05 (.96). Eggs 3.52 X 2.27. Hob. Northern
part of northern hemisphere, breeding from northern United States
northward 7. U. imber (GUNN.). Loon.
c2. Tarsus longer than exposed culmen; bill in adult whitish (almost
wholly yellowish white in summer)'; head and neck glossed with
velvety violet-blue ; white spots on scapulars decidedly longer than
broad; length about 35.00-38.00 ; wing 14.85-15.45 (15.11); culmen
3.50-3.65 (3.59) ; depth of bill through base 1.00-1.20 (1.09). Sab.
Western Arctic America and northeastern Asia.
8. U. adamsii (GRAY). Yellow-billed Loon.
62. Distance from base of culmen to anterior point of loral feathers, not greater
than distance from the latter point to anterior extremity of nostril.
Summer plumage with upper part of head and hind part of neck gray-
ish ; throat and fore-neck black, without white streaks, but several lon-
gitudinal series of the latter down the side of the neck, between the
black and the gray.
c1. Fore-neck and under side of neck glossed with velvety purple ; occi-
put and hind-neck deep gray, almost plumbeous. Length 26.00-
29.00; wing 12.15-13.20 (12.55); culmen 2.50-2.85 (2.60); depth of
bill at base, .75-.80 (.78). Eggs 3.09 X 1-96. HaJb. Northern por-
tions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions; in North
America, south, in winter, to extreme northern United States, east
of the Rocky Mountains.
9. U. arctiqus (LINN.). Black-throated Loon,
8 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
. Fore-neck and under side of head glossed with dull bronzy greenish,
sometimes inclining to purplish"; occiput and hind-neck very pale
smoky grayish, sometimes nearly white. Wing 11.20-12.25 (11.54);
culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15) ; depth of bill at base .5S-.65 (.62). Eggs
3.11 X 1-92. Hab. Pacific coast of Korth America, from Alaska to
Lower California, breeding far northward.
10. U. pacificus (LAWR.). Pacific Loon.
a*. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw. Fore-neck rich chestnut in summer ;
head and neck plumbeous gray, the top of head and hind-neck streaked with
white ; upper parts speckled with white. Summer plumage : Throat and
fore-neck plumbeous, like rest of head and neck, but marked down the mid-
dle with a wedge-shaped patch or stripe of rich chestnut. Winter plumage
and young : Throat and fore-neck white. Downy young : Above uniform
dusky, or sooty slate ; lower parts paler and more grayish. Length 24.00-
27.00; wing 10.00-11.50; culmen 2.25; tarsus 2.75. Eggs 2.82 X 1-76. Hab.
Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions ; in
North America, south, in winter, nearly across the United States.
11. U. lumme (GuNN.). Bed-throated Loon.
FAMILY ALCID^.— THE AUKS. (Page 4.)
Nest a cavity among rocks, usually on face of cliffs. Egg single, variable as to
form and color.
Genera.
a1. Inner claw much larger and more strongly curved than the others ; corner of
mouth with a thick naked skin, or " rosette ;" bill excessively compressed,
nearly as deep as long, the terminal portion transversely grooved (except in
young), the basal portion with several accessory deciduous pieces, cast at end
of breeding season. (Subfamily Fraterculince.}
bl. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of upper mandible convex ;
lower mandible wholly destitute of grooves, in all stages ; grooves of
upper mandible with concave side toward tip of bill. Nuptial ornaments :
Deciduous nasal shield or saddle widest toward culmen, where forming
an arched and much thickened ridge ; eyelids without horny append-
ages ; on each side of head a large pendent tuft of lengthened, silky,
straw-colored feathers Lunda. (Page 10.)
b*. Basal outline of permanent (terminal) portion of bill concave, or nearly
straight and very oblique ; permanent (terminal) portion of lower man-
dible grooved (except in young) ; grooves of the upper mandible with
concave side toward base of the bill. Nuptial ornaments: Deciduous
nasal shield widest toward nostril ; basal outline of upper mandible con-
cave; eyelids furnished with horny appendages; head without orna-
mental tufts or plumes Fratercula. (Page 11.)
ALCID^E. 9
a*. Inner claw not obviously different in size or shape from the others ; corner of
mouth without thickened naked skin or " rosette."
bl. Angle of chin much nearer to nostril than to tip of bill.
c1. Nostrils exposed, overhung by a more or less distinct horny scale, and
feathers of lores never reaching to anterior end of nostrils; second-
aries without white tips. (Subfamily Phalerince.*)
dl. Gonys occupying more than half the total length of the lower
mandible, or else tip of upper mandible not abruptly decurved
from a long, straight culmen.
el. Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral
feathers equal to one half or more than one half the dis-
tance from the same point to the tip of the bill. (Phalerece.}
f1. Bill about as long as the head (culmen about 1.00) ; wing
more than 6.50 Cerorhinca. (Page 11.)
/2. Bill much shorter than head (culmen less than .75) ; wing
less than 6.50.
gl. Upper mandible broader than deep at base ; culmen
nearly straight. ("Wing about 5.00.)
Ptychoramphus. (Page 12.)
g*. Upper mandible higher than broad at base ; culmen
decidedly curved.
hl. Lower mandible very narrow, strongly and very
regularly recurved, the tip acute ; edge of
upper mandible very regularly convex. (Wing
5.25-6.00.) Cyclorrhynchus. (Page 12.)
h*. Lower mandible more than half as deep as the
upper, not recurved, or else tip not acute ;
upper mandible with edge nearly straight or
else not regularly convex. (Wing 5.25 or
less.) Simorhynchus. (Page 12.)
e2. Distance from anterior border of nasal hollow to nearest loral
feathers equal to not more than one-fourth the distance
from the same point to the tip of the bill. (BracTiyramphece.}
f1. Tarsi scutellate in. front, much longer than the horny
portion of the commissure.
Synthliboramphus. (Page 13.)
/3. Tarsi reticulate in front, not longer than horny portion of
commissure Brachyramphus. (Page 14.)
d2. Gonys occupying less than half the total length of the lower man-
dible ; culmen straight to near the tip, where abruptly decurved.
(Cepphece.')
Loral feathers forming an acute angle. (Wing 6.50-7.50 ;
culmen 1.00 or more.) Cepphus. (Page 16.)
c2. Nostrils completely concealed or enclosed within a dense, velvety
feathering, which extends from the lores to or beyond their an-
2
10 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
terior end ; secondaries sharply tipped with white. (Subfamily
Alcince.')
d\ Bill narrow, the culmen slightly or gently curved, hoth mandibles
destitute of grooves; tail rounded, the feathers not pointed.
(Uriaece.') Uria. (Page 17.)
d2. Bill very deep, much compressed, culmen strongly curved, and one
or both mandibles transversely or obliquely grooved (except in
young) ; tail graduated, the feathers pointed. (Alcece.)
&. Size medium (culmen less than 1.50) ; bill much shorter than
head, the lower mandible with not more than two grooves,
or none; wings well developed, admitting of sustained flight.
Alca. (Page 18.)
e2. Size very large (culmen more than 3.00) ; bill as long as the
head, the lower mandible with numerous grooves ; wings
rudimentary, not admitting of flight.. Plautus. (Page 19.)
62. Angle of chin much nearer tip of bill than to nostril. (Subfamily Allince.)
Bill very short and broad, the culmen much curved; size very small
(wing less than 5.00) ; secondaries sharply tipped with white.
Alle.1 (Page 19.)
GENUS LUNDA PALLAS. (Page 8, pi. III., fig. 1.)
Species.
Above uniform sooty black, lower parts sooty grayish, the feathers of breast
and belly grayish white beneath the surface, this color sometimes showing through,
and breaking the continuity of the dusky. Nuptial plumage : Anterior portion of
side of head white ; springing from each side of the crown, immediately above the
eye, a thick pendent tuft of lengthened, silky, straw-colored feathers; terminal
half of bill bright red, basal portion olive-yellowish ; feet bright scarlet (in life).
Winter plumage : Side of head wholly dusky, but lighter in region of insertion of
the nuptial tufts, which are wholty absent ; basal deciduous horny covering of bill
replaced by soft, dusky brown skin ; feet flesh-color (in life). Young, first winter :
Similar to winter adult, but upper mandible destitute of grooves, and nuptial tufts
present in a rudimentary condition but of a light brownish color ; terminal portion
of bill inclining to brownish orange-red. Young, first summer or autumn : Bill
smaller, narrower, and browner in color ; nuptial tufts wanting. Downy young :
Uniform dark sooty grayish, or blackish. Length 14.40-15.60 ; wing 7.75 ; culmen
1.30-1.45. Egg 2.86 X 1-92, more or less ovate, white (sometimes tinged with pale
buffy, pinkish, or brownish), usually more or less marked round larger end with
faint spots, splashes or streaks of pale brown, or lavender-gray, or both. Hab.
Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from southern California to Alaska, and
from Bering's Strait to Japan ; accidental in Bay of Fundy and Kennebec Eiver,
Maine 12. L. cirrhata PALL. Tufted Puffin.
» Alle LINK, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock, i. 1806, 46 (not p. 17, as given in A. 0. U. Check List).
FRATERCULA. 11
GENUS FRATERCULA BRISSON. (Page 8, pi. III., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Upper parts, together with a band across fore-neck,
uniform blackish ; sides of head grayish or white ; lower pai'ts pure white. Downy
young, uniform sooty blackish, or dark sooty slate, the belly white. Egg shaped and
colored like that of Lunda cirrhata.
a1. Grooves of the bill very oblique, broad, and distinct, the deciduous basal shields
occupying less than the basal half of the bill. Nuptial plumage : Chin and
whole throat grayish, the sides of the head gray ; horny process on upper
eyelid short, subconical; length 11.50-13.75.
bl. Bill and general size smaller : Culmen 1.60-1.90, gonys 1.40-1.50, depth of
upper mandible at base .75-.90, of lower, .40-.50. Egg 2.46-1.74. Hab.
Coasts of the North Atlantic, from southern Greenland south, in winter,
in North America, to New Jersey, breeding as far south as the Bay
of Fundy 13. F. arctica (LiNN.). Puffin.
b". Bill and general size larger: Culmen 2.00-2.30, gonys 1.40-1.60, depth of
upper mandible at base .85-1.00, of lower, .70.-80. Egg 2.65-1.82. Hab.
Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, from Spitzbergcn to northern
and western Greenland.
13a. F. arctica glacialis (TEMM.). Large-billed Puffin.
a2. Grooves of the bill nearly vertical, narrow, and rather indistinct ; deciduous
basal shields occupying much more than the basal half of the bill. Nuptial
plumage : Whole throat blackish, the chin, only, gray ; sides of head white ;
horny process on upper eyelid elongated, horn-like. Downy young : Uniform
sooty blackish, the belly, abruptly, white. Length about 12.50-14.00 ; culmen
2.00-2.25, gonys 1.60-1.70, depth of upper mandible 1.15-1.25, of lower, .70-
.80. Egg 2.74-1.84. Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from
British Columbia to the Kurile Islands.
14. F. corniculata (NAUM.). Horned Puffin.
GENUS CERORHINCA BONAPARTE. (Page 9, pi. IV., fig. 1.)
Species.
Bill much compressed, longer than deep, the culmen regularly curved, but
gonys nearly straight ; upper parts uniform dusky ; under portion and sides of
head and neck, down to the chest, together with sides, smoky plumbeous; rest of
lower parts white, usually clouded with smoky gray ; a row of narrow, pointed,
white feathers along each side of occiput, commencing just above and behind the
eye ; another row of similar but larger feathers across cheeks, from near corner of
mouth. Nuptial plumage : Base of upper mandible surmounted by a compressed
upright horn, the base of which clasps the mandible as a saddle, down to, and en-
closing the nostrils. Winter plumage : Similar to nuptial dress, but breast more
12 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
uniformly gray, the belly more uniform white, and the horn-like process at base of
upper mandible entirely absent. Young : Similar to winter adult, but white fila-
mentous feathers of head wanting, and bill smaller and darker in color. Downy
young : Uniform sooty grayish brown, very similar to corresponding stage of Lunda
cirrhata, but rather lighter in color and with more slender bill. Length 14.00-
15.50, wing 7.25, culmen-, from cere, or anterior edge of horn, 1.00. Egg 2.70 X 1-82,
similar in form, color, etc., to those of Lunda and species of Fratercula. Hob. Coasts
and islands of the North Pacific, from Lower California (resident) to Japan.
15. C. monocerata (PALL.). Rhinoceros Auklet.
GENUS PTYCHORAMPHUS BRANDT. (Page 9, pi. VI., fig. 3.)
Species.
Above uniform slaty blackish, changing gradually into plumbeous on sides of
head and neck, throat, and fore-neck ; a white spot on lower eyelid ; lower parts
white, the sides (beneath wings) plumbeous ; length 8.00-9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, cul-
men .75. Egg 1.83 X 1-34, ovate, pure white. Hab. Pacific coast of North America,
from Aleutian Islands to Lower California.
16. P. aleuticus (PALL.). Cassin's Auklet.
GENUS CYCLORRHYNCHUS KAUP. (Page 9, pi IV., fig. 5.)
Species.
Above uniform blackish slate, beneath white; bill orange-red. Nuptial plu-
mage : Throat, fore-neck, and sides dusky ; a line of narrow pointed white feathers
starting just below the eye, and extending back across the ear-coverts. Winter
plumage : Similar to summer dress, but throat, fore-neck, and sides partly or en-
tirely white; white feathers behind eyes wanting ? Young (?) : Similar to winter
adult, but bill duller red (or inclining to brownish), and- entire lower parts, including
throat and fore-neck, continuous white j1 length 9.00-10.40, wing 5.40-6.00, culmen
about .60. Egg 2.12 X 1-46, clear bluish white. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific
from Sitka to the Kurile Islands.... 17. C. psittaculus (PALL.). Paroquet Auklet,
GENUS SIMORHYNCHUS MERREM. (Page 9, pi. IV., figs. 2 to 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Upper parts blackish, the scapulars sometimes mixed
with white. Adults with a series of slender, pointed white feathers commencing
beneath the eye and extending backward across the ear-coverts. Eggs ovate, pure
white, sometimes faintly tinged with bluish.
a1. Wing more than 4.00 ; adult with a recurved frontal crest ; lower parts uniform
sooty gray, the belly sometimes whitish ; no white on scapulars.
1 The seasonal and other changes of plumage in this species are not well understood, and we hare not the
material with which to determine them. The above may, therefore, be not quite correct in some particulars.
SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS. 13
bl. Wing 5.00 or more ; adult in breeding season with several conspicuous de-
ciduous plates on basal portion of bill, including a roundish or semicir-
cular piece at corner of mouth ; no white feathers between bill and eye ;
belly never whitish. (Subgenus Simorhynchus.*) Breeding plumage :
Bill bright orange-red, the tip horn-colored. Winter plumage : Bill horn-
colored, .much smaller, through loss of the deciduous pieces. Young :
Frontal crest and white feathers beneath eye wanting, or but slightly
. developed; bill much smaller, dusky brownish. Length 8.50-10.80;
wing about 5.25. Egg 2.14-1.49. Hob. Coasts of the North Pacific
from Kadiak, Unalashka, and the Prybilof Islands through the Aleutian
chain to Kamtschatka and northern Japan.
18. S. cristatellus (PALL.). Crested Anklet.
b2. "Wing less than 4.50 ; adult in breeding season without conspicuous deciduous
plates on basal portion ; belly whitish ; a more or less distinct patch of
narrow, pointed, white feathers between bill and eye (indistinct or ob-
solete in young). (Subgenus Phaleris TEMMINCK.) Breeding plumage :
Bill dull purplish red, the tip whitish. Winter plumage not materially
different. Young : Frontal crest and white feathers on sides of head
wanting or barely indicated ; bill dusky. Downy young : Uniform sooty
slate, lighter beneath. Length 7.10-8.30, wing 4.10-4.25, culmen .35-.40.
Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Unalashka through the Aleutian
chain to Kamtschatka... 19. S. pygmaeus (GMEL.). Whiskered Auklet.
Wing not more than 4.00 ; adult without frontal crest ; lower parts white, some-
times blotched with dusky ; scapulars with more or less white ; base of bill
with a small compressed knob on top. (Subgenus Ciceronia REICH.) Breed-
ing plumage : Lower parts white, more or less spotted or blotched with
dusky, this often forming a distinct band across the chest. Winter plumage :
Lower parts, including sides of neck, entirely white; white ornamental
feathers of forehead, etc., usually less developed. Young : Similar to winter
plumage, but bill smaller, scapulars more extensively white, and white orna-
mental feathers of forehead, etc., wanting. Downy young : Uniform sooty
slate, paler and grayer on lower parts. Length 5.50-7.20, wing 3.50-4.00,
culmen .35-.40. Eggs 1.58 X 1-10. Hab. Coasts] of the North Pacific, from
Japan and southern Alaska to the Aleutian and Prybilof Islands.
20. S. pusillus (PALL.). Least Auklet.
GENUS SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS BRANDT. (Page 9, pi. VI., fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plumbeous, beneath white. Breeding plumage :
Chin and part, or whole, of throat dusky ; top of head with a broad white stripe
along each side ; sides, from neck to flanks, uniform sooty blackish. Winter plumage :
Whole throat white, the chin plumbeous ; no white stripes on top of head ; sides
and flanks white, striped with slaty.
14 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
a1. Never crested. Breeding plumage : Chin, throat, and fore-neck, with top and
sides of head, sooty black ; sides of neck and a broad stripe along each side of
occiput, pure white; white stripes on side of occiput not extending forward
of the eye ; upper back streaked laterally with white. Winter plumage : "Whole
throat white ; stripes on sides of occiput and streaks on upper part of back
wanting. Length 9.50-10.80, wing 5.25-5.50, culmen .60, Egg 2.42 X 1-55,
elongate-ovate, buify (variable in shade from nearly white to almost an
isabella-color), speckled or otherwise marked all over with deep brown and
lavender-gray. Hob. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan and southern
Alaska (Sitka) northward 21. S. antiquus (GMEL.). Ancient Murrelet.
a2. Crested in the breeding season. Breeding plumage : Fore part of crown with a
loose crest of slender, lengthened feathers slightly curved or nearly straight ;
upper half of throat velvety plumbeous, with a truncated posterior outline;
ear-coverts deep plumbeous ; white stripes on sides, of top of head extending
forward far beyond the eye ; upper back not streaked with white. Winter
plumage : Whole throat and malar region white, the chin, only, plumbeous ;
no white on top of head, and no crest. Downy young : Above brownish gray,
the back and rump indistinctly streaked with grayish white ; lower parts,
including chin, entirely pure white. Length about 9.50-11.00, wing 5.10-
5.50. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from Japan (and Washington Ter-
ritory ?) northward. (Very doubtfully American.)
22. S. wumizusume (TEMM.). Temminck's Murrelet.
GENUS BRACHYRAMPHUS BRANDT. (Page 9, pi. VI., fig. 2.)
i
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Size small (wing less than 5.50) ; bill small and slender,
much shorter than head (not longer than the short tarsus), compressed, and
pointed ; culmen gently curved, gonys nearly straight ; plumage very plain, with-
out ornamental feathers about head at any season.
a1. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, without claw.
bl. Exposed culmen about equal to inner toe, without claw ; secondaries and
outer tail-feathers entirely dusky.
c1. Culmen .70 or less. Summer adult : Above dusky, barred more or less
with deep rusty ; beneath mixed white and sooty brown, in varying
relative proportion. Winter plumage : Above, interrupted by a white
collar across nape ; scapulars mixed with white, and feathers of
back, etc., tipped with plumbeous ; entire lower parts pure white,
the orbital and superciliary regions dusky, like top of head, and
outermost feathers of flanks striped with dark grayish. Young :
Above uniform dusky, with indistinct white collar and scapular
patches; lower parts white, transversely mottled with dark sooty;
bill much smaller and weaker than in adult. Length 9.50-10.00,
wing about 5.00, culmen .60-.70, tarsus .70, middle toe .92-1.00. Egg
BRACHYRAMPHUS. 15
2.14 X 1-42, ovate, ground-color buffy, speckled or otherwise marked
with various shades of brown. Hab. Pacific coast of North America,
from southern California to western Alaska.
23. B. marmoratus (GMEL.). Marbled Murrelet.
c2. Culmen .75. Summer adult : Similar to corresponding stage of E '. mar-
moratus, but markings of upper parts buffy and dull whitish, instead
of deep rusty. Wing 5.50, culmen .75, tarsus .70, middle toe .95.
Sab. Coasts of northeastern Asia, from Japan to Kamtschatka.
B. perdix (PALL.). Partridge Murrelet.1
b*. Exposed culmen not more than two-thirds as long as inner toe without claw ;
secondaries broadly tipped with white, and outer tail-feathers partly or
wholly white.
cl. Tarsus .60 or more. Summer adult : Above plumbeous, thickly marked
with irregular, mostly longitudinal, spots of buff; lower parts chiefly
white, the chest and sides washed with buff and irregularly spotted
and barred with dusky ; belly more faintly marked with more regular
crescentic bars. Winter plumage : Above glossy plumbeous, the back
and rump very narrowly and indistinctly barred with white ; scapu-
lars chiefly white ; sides of head (including lores and superciliary
region), a narrow collar round hind-neck, and entire lower parts,
pure white, the sides of the breast crossed by a broad band of slate-
gray, narrowing toward the middle of the chest. Wing 5.10-5.80,
culmen .3S-.45, depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .60-.65, middle toe
.S5-.95. Hab. Unalashka, through Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka
and northern Japan.
24. B. kittlitzii (BRANDT). Kittlitz's Murrelet.
c2. Tarsus .50. Wing 5.25, culmen .50, tarsus .50. Summer plumage : Above
grayish brown, head and neck spotted with white ; beneath white,
waved and spotted with brown. Hab. San Bias, western Mexico.
B. brevirostris (Via.). Short-billed Murrelet.2
a2. Tarsus as long as or longer than middle toe without claw.
bl. Lining of wing white ; above plain dark slaty, beneath entirely pure white ;
length 9.60-10.50, wing 4.50-5.25, culmen .70-.80, tarsus .90-.95, middle
toe .85. Hab. Southern California to Cape St. Lucas.
25. B. hypoleucus XANTTJS. Xantus's Murrelet.
b2. Lining of wing smoky gray, or slaty ; in plumage otherwise like B. hypo-
leucus; length about 10.25, wing 4.60, culmen .78-.80, tarsus .88-.90,
middle toe .80-.88. Egg 2.03 X 1-40, ovate, ground-color buffy, Isabella-
color, or fawn-color, thickly sprinkled, speckled, or otherwise marked
with dark brown. Hab. Lower California (vicinity of Cape St. Lucas).
26. B. craveri (SALVAD.). Craveri's Murrelet.
1 Cepphus perdix PALLAS, Zoog. Rosso-As. ii. 1826, 351, pi. 80. Brachyramphus perdix STEJN. Zeitschr.
Ges. Orn. iii. 1886, 213, p. 7.
2 Uria brevirostris Vio., Zool. Jour. iv. 1828, 357. Possibly the same as B. kittlitzii BRANDT.
16 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS CEPPHUS PALLAS. (Page 9, pi. II., fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Summer adults uniform black, with or without white
on wings. Winter specimeiis white, varied above (sometimes below also) with black,
the wings and tail as in summer. Young similar to winter adults, but white of
wings varied with dusky, the quills marked at tips with white. Bill black ; feet
bright red in summer, pinkish in winter. Egg varying from ovate to elongate-
ovate, greenish white or buffy white, heavily spotted or otherwise conspicuously
marked with dark brown and lavender-gray.
a1. A large white patch on outer surface of wing.
bl. Under wing-coverts pure white.
c\ Greater wing-coverts white to the extreme base, sometimes a little
dusky along the basal portion of the shafts. Adult in summer : Uni-
form blackish, except a large roundish or oval patch of pure white
on the wing, including the greater, middle, and posterior lesser
coverts, these feathers all white to the base; axillars, under wing-
coverts, and basal half, or more, of inner webs of quills, pure white.
Winter plumage : Wings as in summer ; rest of the plumage pure
white, the upper parts varied with black. Young : Similar to winter
plumage, but white wing-patch broken by blackish tips to all the
featbers ; secondaries and primary coverts marked with white at
ends, and lower parts indistinctly barred with dusky. Downy young :
Uniform sooty blackish, paler and more grayish below. Length
about 12.50-13.50, wing 6.25-7.20, culmen 1.00-1.20, gonys .50, depth
of bill at nostril .35-.40. Egg 2.38 X 1-36. Hab. Circumpolar sea-
coasts, south in North America, in winter, to New Jersey and
Norton Sound, Alaska. (Breeding south to Hudson's Bay and coast
of Labrador.) 28. C. mandtii (LicHT.). Mandt's Guillemot.
.c2. Greater wing-coverts with at least their basal half black, this often
showing as a narrow bar beyond tips of middle coverts ; plumage
otherwise as in C. mandtii, and measurements nearly the same, but
bill larger and stouter ; length 12.00-13.80, culmen 1.20-1.30, gonys
.55-.60, depth of bill at nostril .40-.45. Egg 2.25 X 1-55. Hab.
Coasts of northern Europe; also from southern Greenland along
Labrador coast and soutb, in winter, to New Jersey; breeding from
.Newfoundland and southern Labrador to vicinity of Eastport,
Maine(?) 27. C. grylle (LINN.). Black Guillemot.
b*. Under wing-coverts smoky gray.
Greater wing-coverts black basally, this increasing in extent toward
edge of the wing, where occupying almost the whole extent of the
outermost feather, thus producing a broad black " wedge" between the
two white areas ; plumage otherwise as in C. grylle, with similar
seasonal changes, etc. ; length 13.00-14.00, wing 6.90-7.30, culmen.
URIA. 17
1.20-1.40, gonys .55-.60, depth of bill at nostril .40-.42. Egg 2.41 X
1.64. Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific, from southern California to
the Aleutian Islands, and across to Kamtschatka and northern Japan.
29. C. columba PALL. Pigeon Guillemot.
a2. No white on wings.
bl. A whitish area surrounding the eye; plumage otherwise dark sooty.
(Winter plumage and young unknown.) Length about 14.50, wing
about 7.75, culmen 1.55-1.70, gonys .75-.80, depth of bill at nostril .50.
Hab. Coasts of northeastern Asia, from northern Japan to Sea of
Okhotsk, Kurile Islands, and Bering Island (accidental ?) ; Unalashka ? ?
C. carbo PALL. Sooty Guillemot.
b2. No white anywhere, the plumage entirely dark sooty ; about the size of C.
carbo. Hab. High north Atlantic (Iceland, Greenland, and west side of
Cumberland Gulf). — . C. motzfeldi BENICK. Black-winged Guillemot.
GENUS URIA BRISSON. (Page 10, pi. II., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Culmen as long as or longer than the tarsus ; bill much
compressed, the gonys more or less concave, and nearly as long as the culmen ; cutting-
edge of upper mandible notched near tip, its basal portion more or less thickened or
swollen ; a distinct longitudinal furrow in the feathering behind eyes ; upper parts
uniform dusky, the secondaries sharply tipped with white ; lower parts white.
Summer plumage : Sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, uniform
velvety brown. Winter 'plumage : Chin, throat, fore-neck, and sides of head and
neck white, with a dusky stripe behind eye. Young : Similar to winter plumage,
but no white on side of occiput, and that of fore-neck faintly mottled with dusky ;
bill smaller. Downy young : Head, neck, and upper parts smoky grayish brown, the
head and neck finely streaked with dingy whitish ; lower parts whitish centrally.
Egg as large as that of a goose, elongate or ovate pear-shaped, and excessively vari-
able in color, the ground-color varying from white to cream-color, pinkish, pale
blue, and yellowish green (the last two colors probably most common), and varie-
gated with variously-formed marks of black and brown.
a1. Depth of bill at angle less than one-third the length of the culmen ; top of head
and hind-neck smokj^ brown ; basal portion of cutting-edge of upper mandible
always dusky or similar in color to rest of the mandible. Summer plumage :
Sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, velvety smoky grayish
brown, sometimes marked with a narrow white postocular line, connected
with a white ring around eye.1 (Length 15.00-18.00.)
b\ Wing 7.75-8.30 (7.99), culmen 1.70-1.90 (1.81), gonys 1.05-1.20 (1.14), depth
of bill through angle .50-.60 (.52), tarsus 1.40-1.60 (1.51), middle toe
1.60-1.75 (1.70). Egg 3.26 X 1-99- Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic,
1 Such specimens constitute the U. ringvia BRttNN., by some authors considered a distinct species, and pos-
sibly entitled to such rank. Its proper status is a matter of doubt, and is a fit subject for special investigation.
Such specimens are only known from the North Atlantic.
3
18 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
south, in winter, to New England, on American side; breeding from
Nova Scotia northward 30. U. troile (LiNN.). Murre.
6». Wing 7.85-8.80 (8.30), culmen 1.60-2.50 (1.86), gonys 1.15-1.40 (1.27), depth
of bill through angle .5S-.62 (.57), tarsus 1.35-1.60 (1.50), middle toe
1.65-1.85 (1.74). Egg 3.24 X 2.01. Hob. Pacific coast of North America,
south to southern California.
30a. U. troile californica (BRYANT). California Murre.
a2. Depth of bill at angle more than one-third the length of the culmen ; top of head
and hind-neck sooty black ; basal portion of cutting-edge of upper mandible
thickened, and conspicuously light-colored in adult. Summer plumage : Sides
of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore-neck, velvety snuff-brown. (Length
14.50-18.50.)
b\ Wing 7.45-8.80 (8.24), culmen 1.40-1.50 (1.45), gonys .75-.90 (.83), depth of
bill through angle .52-58 (.55), tarsus 1.40-1.55 (1.45), middle toe 1.65-
1.75 (1.70). Egg 3.16 X 2.03. Hob. Arctic Ocean and coasts of the
North Atlantic, south, in winter, to New Jersey ; breeding from Gulf of
St. Lawrence northward 31. U. lomvia (LiNN.). Briinnich's Murre.
62. Wing 8.15-9.25 (8.71), culmen 1.45-1.75 (1.65), gonys .85-1.00 (.92), depth
of bill through angle .55-.60 (.58), tarsus 1.45-1.60 (1.51), middle toe 1.70-
1.90 (1.81). Egg 3.21 X 2.01. Hab. Coasts and islands of Bering's Sea,
and Aleutian chain, from Kadiak to Kamtschatka.
31a. U. lomvia arra (PALL.). Pallas's Murre.
GENUS ALCA LINN.EUS. (Page 10, pi. V., fig. 2.)
Species.
Upper parts uniform black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white ; lower
parts pure white. Summer plumage : Head and neck (except top of head and hind-
neck) uniform velvety snuff-brown ; a white line from the base of the culmen to the
eye ; bill black, both mandibles crossed about the middle by a white bar. Winter
adult : Whole under portion of head, fore-neck, and space behind ear-coverts, white ;
no white line between bill and eye ; bill as in summer, but without basal lamina.
Young : Similar in plumage to winter adult ; but bill smaller, without grooves, and
lacking the white bar. Downy young : Head, neck, and lower parts plain dull
whitish, usually more or less tinged above with brownish buff; back, rump, and
flanks varying from pale brownish buff (the down dusky immediately beneath the
surface), more decidedly brownish posteriorly, to dark sooty brown ; posterior and
lateral lower parts more or less tinged with sooty brownish or brownish buff.
Length 15.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 3.50, culmen 1.25, greatest depth of bill .90.
Egg 3.06 X 1-89, ovate or elongate pear-shaped, buffy, buffy whitish, pure white, or
white faintly tinted with bluish or greenish, very heavily spotted with dark brown
round larger end, and marked with smaller spots elsewhere, of brown and lavender-
gray. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south, in winter, to southern New Eng-
land ; breeding from eastern Maine northward.
32. A. torda LINN. Razor-billed Auk.
PLAUTUS. 19
GENUS PLAUTUS BRUNNICH. (Page 10, pi. V., fig. 1.)
Species.
Upper parts uniform black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white ; lower
parts pure white. Summer plumage : Chin, throat, fore-neck, and sides of head and
neck, velvety dark snuff-brown, or soft blackish brown ; a large oval patch of white
covering the greater part of the space between bill and eyes ; bill black, its grooves
whitish. Length about 28.00-30.00, wing 5.75, culmen 3.15-3.50, greatest depth of
bill about 1.50. Egg (average size) 4.67 X 2.91, pyriform-ovate, pale olive-buffy,
variously marked with brown and black. Hob. Believed to be now extinct ; for-
merly (previous to 1844), coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, chiefly on the
American side ; south to Massachusetts Bay, north to the Arctic circle.
33. P. impennis (LINN.). Great Auk.
GENUS ALLE LINK. (Page 10, pi. VI., fig. 4.)
Species.
Head, neck, and upper parts black, the secondaries sharply tipped with white,
and scapulars streaked with the same ; lower parts white, the flanks striped with
dusky. Summer plumage : Sides of head and neck, with chin, throat, and chest,
uniform dark sooty brown. Winter adult : Chin, throat, etc., white, this color ex-
tending upward toward occiput ; feathers of chest dusky at base only. Young :
Similar to winter adult, but bill smaller and weaker, and colors duller. Downy
young : Uniform sooty slate-color, paler or more grayish below. Length 7.25-9.15,
wing 4.50-4.75, culmen .50. Egg 1.90 X 1-29, ovate, very pale bluish green or green-
ish white. Hob. Arctic Ocean and coasts of the North Atlantic ; on the American
side south, in winter, to New Jersey ; accidental on Detroit Eiver.
34. A. alle (LINN.). Dovekie.
20 NORTH' AMERICAN BIRDS.
ORDER LONGIPENNES.— THE LONG-WINGED
SWIMMERS. (Page i.)
Families.
a1. Bill with the lower mandible not longer than the upper, and not excessively
compressed.
bl. Covering of the upper mandible composed of three distinct pieces — a ter-
minal unguis, or hook, a lateral piece, and a cere-like piece saddled upon
the culmen, its edge overhanging the nostril.
Stercorariidae. (Page 20.)
V. Covering of upper mandible consisting of a single piece, through which the
nostrils are pierced Laridse. (Page 23.)
a2. Bill with lower mandible much longer than the upper, both mandibles excessively
compressed, like a thin knife-blade, for terminal portion.
Rynchopidae. (Page 48.)
FAMILY STERCORARIID-^.— THE SKUAS AND JAEGERS. (Page 20.)
Genera.
a1. Size large (in bulk equal to the largest gulls), and form robust ; depth of bill at
base equal to not less than half the length of the upper mandible, measured
along the side ; tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw ; tail short, nearly
even, the middle pair of feathers scarcely projecting beyond the rest ; color
dull brownish, sometimes streaked (never barred) with paler, the base of the
primaries with a whitish patch Megalestris. (Page 20.)
a2. Size medium or rather small (not exceeding the medium-sized gulls), and form
more slender and graceful ; depth of bill at base less than half the length of
the upper mandible, measured along the side ; tarsus decidedly longer than
middle toe with claw ; middle rectrices in the adult projecting far beyond
the rest ; color plain slaty or dusky, often varied with white or yellowish,
in the adult, dusky barred with paler in young ; no white at base of primaries.
Stercorarius. (Page 21.)
GENUS MEGALESTRIS BONAPARTE. (Page 20, pi. VII., fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — General color nearly uniform grayish brown or sooty,
usually indistinctly streaked with light rusty, or cinnamon, especially around neck
and on back ; quills whitish at base. Eggs olive, spotted with brown.
STERCORARIUS. 21
a1. Axillars and under wing-coverts sooty, with little or no rufous.
bl. Below grayish brown, with more or less distinct lighter, more cinnamon-
colored, spots or dashes on fore-neck and chest. Adult : Dull brown, the
scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts striped medially With pale
cinnamon, the neck streaked with the same; lower parts indistinctly
striped with grayish brown and pale cinnamon, the former prevailing
(sometimes uniform). Sometimes (in melanistic specimens?) uniform
dusky or sooty brown, except white wing-spot. Young : Similar to adult,
but more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on head and neck.
Downy young (of M. skua) : Uniform " brownish or cinnamon-gray . . .
rather darker in color on the upper parts than on the under surface of the
body." (DRESSER.) Length about 22.00, wing 15.75-16.15 (15.91), cul-
men 2.05-2.10 (2.06), depth of bill at base .80-.88 (.82), tarsus 2.40-2.75
(2.63), middle toe 2.15-2.55 (2.40). Eggs 2-3, 2.74 X 1-96, ovate or
short-ovate, light brown or olive, rather sparsely blotched and spotted
with deep brown. Hab. Coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south to
Spain and (casually) Massachusetts ; California ?
35. M. skua (BRUNN.). Skua.
V. Darker colored, larger, and with stouter bill; under parts uniform dark
sooty, the neck however sometimes streaked with yellowish ; wing
16.05-16.90 (16.29), culmen 2.20-2.85 (2.38), depth of bill at base .95-1.00
(.98), tarsus 2.70-3.20 (2.95), middle toe 2.55-2.80 (2.67). Hab. Antarctic
seas, north to Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn.
M. antarcticus (LESS.). Antarctic Skua.1
as. Axillars and under wing-coverts chiefly deep cinnamon.
Lower parts uniform dull rusty or cinnamon.
M. chilensis (BoNAp.). Chilian Skua.2
GENUS STERCORARIUS BRISSON. (Page 20, pi. VII., fig. 2.)
Eggs 2-3, ovate or short-ovate, ground-color varying from pale greenish olive
and pale brown to very deep olive, relieved by a greater or less amount of spotting
of deep brown, usually mixed with stone-grayish.
Species.
a1. Culmen 1.45 or more, tarsus 2.00 or more, wing usually more than 13.50 ; length-
ened middle tail-feathers broad and rounded at ends. Light phase, adult : Top
and sides of head, with upper parts, sooty slate or dusky ; rest of head and
neck, including nape, together with lower parts, white, the ear-covert region
tinged with straw-yellow, and the lower tail-coverts slaty. Young : Head,
neck, and lower parts dull buff, everywhere barred with dusky ; upper parts
brownish dusky, the feathers of back, etc., tipped with buff, the rump and
upper tail-coverts spotted with same. Dark phase, adult : Entirely dark sooty
1 Lestris antarcticus LESS., TraitS Orn. 1831, 616. Megalestris antarcticus GOULD, P. Z. S. 1859, 98.
2 Lestris antarcticus, var. b. chilensis BONAP., Consp. ii. 1857, 207.
22 NORTH- AMERICAN BIRDS.
slate, with a plumbeous cast in certain lights. Young : Entirely sooty slate,
the lower parts more or less barred with buff. [NOTE. — The above so-called
light and dark " phases" represent the normal extremes of coloration. These
extremes, which are represented in comparatively a small number of speci-
mens, are connected by every possible intermediate condition of plumage,
specimens approximating to the lighter extreme, but differing in having the
lower parts (especially chest and sides) and nape more or less barred with
dusky, being most numerous.] Length about 20.00-23.00, wing 13.50-14.00,
middle tail-feathers 8.00-9.00, culmen 1.45-1.75, tarsus 2.00-2.10, middle toe
1.60-1.75. Eggs 2.35 X 1-63. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemi-
sphere, along sea-coasts and larger inland waters, breeding far northward ; in
America, south, in winter, to New Jersey and the Great Lakes.
36. S. pomarinus (TEMM.). Pojnarine Jaeger.
a*. Culmen less than 1.45, tarsus less than 2.00, wing usually less than 13.50 ;
lengthened middle tail-feathers narrow and pointed at ends.
bl. Length of nasal shield, from base of unguis to frontal feathers, decidedly
greater than from the former point to tip of upper mandible. In freshly-
killed or living specimens, tarsi black, like the feet. Light phase, adult :
Top of head and lores grayish brown ; rest of head, neck, and lower
parts white, the lower tail-coverts grayish, the head and neck tinged
with straw-yellow ; upper parts uniform slaty. Young : Head and neck
streaked with dusky and buffy, the latter usually predominating ; lower
parts barred or spotted with the same ; upper parts dusky, the feathers
bordered terminally with pale fulvous or buff. Dark phase, adult : En-
tire plumage uniform sooty slate-color, the quills darker. Young : Pre-
vailingly dark brownish slate, wings and tail darker, the middle of neck,
all round, indistinctly streaked with whitish, and lower parts, except
chest and upper breast, barred with the same ; feathers of upper parts
narrowly tipped with bufty. Downy young (dark phase f) : Uniform
silky grayish brown, lighter on lower parts. Length about 15.50-21.00,
wing 11.80-13.50 (12.67), longest tail-feathers 4.90-6.25 (5.40), culmen
1.15-1.40 (1.27), tarsus 1.50-1.85 (1.70), middle toe 1.20-1.45 (1.34). Eggs
2.30 X 1-64. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding
toward Arctic regions ; south, in winter, to New York, Illinois, Colorado,
and even coast of Brazil. .37. S. parasiticus (LINN.). Parasitic Jaeger.
62. Length of nasal shield, measured from base of unguis to frontal feathers, not
greater than the distance from the former point to the tip of the upper
mandible. In freshly -killed or living specimens, tarsi light bluish, in
marked contrast with black of feet.1 Adult : 2 Top and sides of head
sooty black ; rest of head and neck, including ear-coverts and nape,
straw-yellow, paler on throat ; upper parts uniform smoky plumbeous or
1 In dried skins this color usually changes to a light olive or yellowish, or in very rare instances becomes
so darkened that the line of demarcation cannot be detected.
2 So far as known, this species has no dark phase like S. paratiticus.
LARIDJE. 23
slate-color, more ashy on back ; quills and tail-feathers blackish toward
tips ; chest (sometimes breast also), and more rarely the belly, white,
shading into grayish, the under tail-coverts, sides, and flanks (usually
belly also) uniform slate-gray. Length 20.00-23.00, wing 11.55-12.85
(12.25), longest tail-feathers 10.50-14.50 (12.89), culmen 1.10-1.30 (1.19),
tarsus 1.50-1.80 (1.66), middle toe 1.08-1.30 (1.20). Eggs 2.16 X 1-54.
Hob, Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in Arctic regions;
south, in winter, to northern United States.
38. S. longicaudus YIEILL. Long-tailed Jaeger.
FAMILY LARID^E. — THE GULLS AND TERNS. (Page 20.)
Genera.
a1. Depth of bill decidedly greater at the angle than at the nostril ; terminal por-
tion of culmen decidedly curved ; angle of lower mandible always distinct,
often very prominent ; tail usually even, but sometimes slightly emarginate
(Rissa), deeply emarginate or forked (Xema), or graduated (Rhodostethia').
Size extremely variable (wing 8.75-20.00). (Subfamily LarincK.')
b1. Tarsus roughened or serrate behind.
Tail even ; tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw ; hind toe perfectly
developed, but small ; size medium (wing about 13.25) ; color entirely
white, the young scantily spotted with dusky Gavia. (Page 24.)
£»2. Tarsus not roughened or serrate behind.
c1. Hind toe rudimentary or altogether absent.
Tail slightly emarginate; tarsus shorter than middle toe, without
claw ; size medium (wing about 12.00-13.00) ; adult white, with
bluish gray mantle ;* young, similar to adult, but hind neck with
a blackish patch, and lesser wing-coverts sometimes (in one spe-
cies) also with a black patch Rissa. (Page 24.)
c2. Hind toe perfectly developed, though small.
d1. Culmen decidedly more than two-thirds as long as tarsus.
e1. Tail even ; size, color, and all other characters extremely vari-
able Larus. (Page 25.)
e2. Tail deeply emarginate or forked Xema. (Page 37.)
d*. Culmen decidedly less than two-thirds as long as tarsus.
Tail graduated, the lateral feathers .75-1.25 shorter than the
middle pair Rhodostethia. (Page 37.)
a1. Depth of bill at angle less than at middle of nostrils ; terminal portion of culmen
straight, or but slightly curved, the bill being narrow and pointed ; angle of
lower mandible seldom prominent ; tail more or less forked (except in Anous).
Size extremely variable (wing 6.50-17.50). (Subfamily Sternince.')
1 This is a special term used, chiefly in descriptions of birds of this family, to designate the back, scapu-
lars, and wings, when together colored differently from the head, neck, rump, tail, and lower parts.
24 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
bl. Tail more or less forked, the outer feather longest.
c1. Tail much more than one-third as long as wing, usually (except in sub-
genus Thalasseus) forked for more than one-fifth its total length,
the outer feathers narrow and pointed at tips ; webs of feet occu-
pying more than half the interdigital space.
d1. Depth of bill at base equal to one-third the length of the exposed
culmen ; gonys shorter than outer toe, without claw.
Gelochelidon. (Page 38.)
d?. Depth of bill at base less than one-third the length of the exposed
culmen ; gonys longer than inner toe, without claw.
Sterna. (Page 39.)
c2. Tail little more than one-third as long as wing, forked for less than one-
fifth its total length, the outer feathers broad and rounded at tip ;
webs of feet occupying less than half the interdigital space.
Hydrochelidon. (Page 46.)
&2. Tail graduated Anous. (Page 47.)
GENUS GAVIA BOIE. (Page 23, pi. VIII., fig. 1.)
Species.
Adult : Entirely pure white, the shafts of the primaries pale yellowish ; bill yel-
lowish ; feet black. Young : Similar to adult, but quills, primary coverts, and tail-
feathers each marked with a spot of dusky at tip, the lesser wing-coverts spotted
with same. Length 15.00-19.50, wing about 13.25, culmen 1.40. Hob. Arctic
Ocean, south, in winter, along Atlantic coast of North America to Newfoundland
and New Brunswick 39. G. alba (GUNN.). Ivory Gull.
GENUS RISSA LEACH. (Page 23, pi. VIII., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults with head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail,
tips of secondaries, and entire lower parts pure white ; mantle bluish gray, the
quills varied with white and black; bill yellowish, feet blackish or bright red in
life. Young similar to adults, but hind-neck crossed by a blackish collar or patch,
and sometimes (in E. tridactyla) a blackish patch on lesser wing-coverts and black
band across tip of tail. Downy young white, tinged above with buffy and yellowish
gray, but without spots or other distinct markings. Eggs 2-5, ovate, or short-ovate,
olivaceous-white, grayish white, brownish white, or buffy, blotched and spotted
with brown and lavender-gray.
a1. Legs and feet black, or dusky. Summer adult : Pure white, the mantle deep
pearl-gray ; five outer quills with terminal portion black, this decreasing from
about 3.25 on the outer quill to .75 (more or less) on the fifth, the outer web
of the first almost wholly black ; the fifth, and sometimes the fourth, tipped
with white. Winter adult : Similar, but hind part of head and neck washed
LARUS. 25
with gray, and a dark plumbeous suffusion before and behind eyes. Young :
Somewhat like winter adult, but lower part of hind-neck crossed by a black
patch, the anterior lesser wing-coverts black, and tail with a broad black
band at tip. Downy young : Head, neck, wings, and lower parts immaculate
white, the hind-neck and basal portion of wings more or less tinged with
buff ; back, rump, and flanks yellowish gray, the down darker at base. Length
about 16.00-17.70, wing about 12.25, culmen 1.40-1.50, tarsus 1.30, middle toe,
with claw, 1.80.
bl. Hind toe absent, or very rudimentary. Eggs 2.26 X 1-61. Hab. North
Atlantic, south, in winter, to middle Atlantic States and Great Lakes.
40. R. tridactyla (LINN.). Kittiwake.
62. Hind toe well developed, though minute, and usually armed with a distinct
nail. Eggs 2.36 X 1-63. Hab. Bering's Sea and North Pacific.
40a. R. tridactyla pollicaris STEJN. Pacific Kittiwake.
a2. Legs and feet bright red (becoming yellowish in dried skins). Summer adult :
Pure white, the mantle dark bluish gray, or plumbeous ; five innermost quills
plumbeous, the inner webs broadly edged with white, the outer tipped with
the same ; five outermost quills black toward ends, the third, fourth, and
fifth tipped with plumbeous. Winter adult : Similar, but hind-neck and
auriculars washed with plumbeous. Young : Similar to winter adult, but
hind-neck crossed by a blackish band, ear-coverts crossed by a smaller black
band, and a suffusion of same in front of eye. (No black or dusky on iving-
coverts or tail.') Downy young : 'Not distinguishable from corresponding stage
R. tridactyla^.}. Length about 14.00-15.80, wing about 13.00, culmen 1.20,
tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, nearly 2.00. Eggs 2.28 X 1-66. Hab.
Coasts and islands of Bering's Sea.
41. R. brevirostris (BRUCH). Red-legged Kittiwake.
GENUS LARUS LINNAEUS. (Page 23, pi. VIII., figs. 3, 4; pi. IX., fig. 3.)
Species.1
Nest a rudely constructed platform of rubbish (sticks, dried grass, etc. — the
materials varying according to the locality and the species), slightly hollowed,
placed among rocks, in marshes, or other localities near the sea-shore or other large
bodies of water. Eggs 2-4, ovate, their ground-color some shade of pale brownish,
olive, light bluish, greenish, or buffy, irregularly spotted or blotched with brown
and lavender-grayish.
a1. Head entirely white in summer.
bl. Under wing-coverts entirely pure white ; head, neck, entire lower parts,
tips of secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail uniform pure white;
mantle (i.e., back, scapulars, and wings, except primaries) uniform gray-
ish, varying in shade from pale pearl-gray to deep slate.
c1. Pi-imaries uniform pale pearl-gray, fading gradually into white at tips.
1 The young birds of this genus seldom offering very obvious distinctive characters, this analysis is based
on the adults alone.
4
26 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
d\ Wing 16.25 or more, and not more than 2.36 times as long as the
tail ; exposed culmen 1.88 or more. Adult in summer : Mantle
very pale pearl-gray. Adult in winter : Similar, but head and
neck streaked with pale brownish gray. Young: Grayish
white, tinged with brownish gray on lower parts, the upper
parts transversely mottled with same. Immature (second
year f) : Entirely white, including mantle and primaries.
Downy young: Grayish white, paler below; head and neck
irregularly marked with scattered large spots of dusky, the
back, wings, and rump irregularly clouded with dark grayish.
e\ Length 26.00-32.00, wing 16.75-18.75 (17.99), tail 7.40-8.50
(8.07), culmen 2.30-2.70 (2.52), depth of bill through angle
.80-.95 (.88), through base .83-1.00 (.93), tarsus 2.60-3.05
(2.85), middle toe (with claw) 2.68-3.00 (2.84). Eggs
3.13 X 2.14. Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, and
Arctic seas from Cumberland Gulf to Spitsbergen ; south,
in winter, to Long Island and the Great Lakes.
42. L. glaucus BRUNN. Glaucous Gull.
e\ Length about 25.00-28.00, wing 16.25-18.00 (17.12), tail 7.00-
7.50 (7.28), culmen 1.88-2.30 (2.06), depth of bill through
angle .72-.S5 (.79), through base .70-.80 (.75), tarsus 2.40-
2.78 (2.57), middle toe (with claw) 2.35-2.75 (2.55). Eggs
3.05 X 2.03. Hab. Bering's Sea and adjacent waters,
northeastward to Point Barrow, southwest (in winter) to
Japan.... — . L. barrovianus KIDGW. Point Barrow Gull.
d*. "Wing not more than 17.00 (usually less than 16.00), and nearly
2.50 (averaging 2.41) times as long as the tail ; exposed culmen
not more than 1.70. In plumage exactly like L. glaucus and
L. barrovianus.
Length 24.00-26.00, wing 14.75-16.50 (15.41), tail 6.00-6.70
(6.41), culmen 1.60-1.70 (1.67), depth of bill through angle
.62, through base .5S-.62 (.59), tarsus 2.10-2.40 (2.22), mid-
dle toe (with claw) 2.10-2.35 (2.21). Eggs 2.79 X 1-89.
Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic; south, in winter, to
Massachusetts and the Great Lakes.
43. L. leucopterus FABER. Iceland GulL
c2. Primaries marked with distinct white tips and darker subterminal
spaces.
d1. Darker spaces of primaries gray.
el. Second quill very pale pearl-gray, or bluish white, very broadly
tipped with white, the outer web with an elongated space
of graj*-, everywhere very sharply defined against the paler
ground-color.
1 Larus barrovianus RIDGW., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 330.
LARUS. 27
f1. Wing 17.00, or less ; culmen 1.90, or less. Adult : Exactly
like L. leucopterus, except in the coloration of the pri-
maries; length about 23.00-24.00, wing 15.00-17.00,
culmen 1.60-1.90, depth of bill through angle .55-.6G,
tarsus 2.10-2.40, middle toe (with claw) 2.15-2.30.
Hob. Western coasts of North Atlantic, from Cum-
berland Gulf south, in winter, to New York.
45. L. kumlieni BREWST. Kumlien's Gull.
/2. Wing 18.25, culmen 2.35. Adult : In plumage exactly like
L. kumlieni ; depth of bill through angle .80, tarsus 3.05,
middle toe (without claw) 2.40. Hab. Norton Sound,
Alaska 46. L. nelsoni HENSH. Nelson's Gull.
e2. Second quill deep ash-gray, either to the extreme tip, or else with
very small white tip and small white spaces some distance
from the tip, on one or both webs.
Adult: Mantle pearl-gray, darker than in any of the pre-
ceding. In winter, head and neck clouded (not streaked)
with sooty gray. Young : Prevailing color deep ash-
gray, nearly uniform, and inclining to plumbeous, be-
low, but above relieved by a coarse irregular spotting
of grayish white or pale dull buff, the head and neck
indistinctly streaked with the same. Immature (second
year f) : Similar, but mantle mixed with pearl-gray,
and lower parts with whitish. Length 23.70-27.75,
wing 16.25-17.30, culmen 2.20-2.60, depth of bill
through angle .80-.90, tarsus 2.35-2.90, middle toe
(without claw) 2.05-2.45. Eggs 2.88-2.03. Hab.
Coasts of the North Pacific and Bering's Sea, from
Japan northward, across through Aleutian chain, and
south, in winter, to California.
44. L. glaucescens NATJM. Glaucous-winged Gull.
d*. Darker spaces on primaries black.
e1. Shafts of primaries, in black subterminal spaces, white.
Adult: Mantle dark slate, the primaries mostly black,
with white tips and spots near end ; rest of plumage
pure white. In winter, top of head and hind-neck
streaked with dusky. Young : Above dusky, the feath-
ers bordered with pale buffy; quills blackish, with
narrow whitish tips ; tail dusky, crossed by a narrow
subterminal band of grayish, or brownish, white ;
head, neck, and lower parts white, the top of head and
hind-neck streaked, the lower parts clouded or irregu-
larly spotted with grayish brown. Downy young:
Grayish white, the upper parts marbled or irregu-
larly spotted with dull grayish ; head with numerous
28 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
irregular spots of blackish, the principal of which are
two on the crown (one behind the other), four across
the occiput, about three (small ones) on lores, the rest
irregularly distributed. Length 28.00-31.00, wing
17.60-19.50, culmen 2.40-2.60, depth of bill through
angle .98-1.05, tarsus 2.70-3.10, middle toe 2.10-2.50.
Eggs 3.05 X 2.12, the ground-color averaging deeper
brownish and the spots larger than in L. glaucus.
Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic ; in America, south,
in winter, to Long Island.
47. L. marinus LINN. Great Black-backed Gull.
e2. Shafts of primaries black, except within the white spaces.
f1. Two outer primaries without distinct gray " wedges" on
inner webs.
g1. Angle of lower mandible very prominent, the depth
of the bill through the angle being decidedly
greater than at base ; middle toe, with claw, as
long as tarsus. Summer adult : Mantle deep plum-
beous. Winter adult : Top of head and hind-neck
streaked with dusky; otherwise as in summer.
Young : Above brownish slate, irregularly varied
with grayish white ; quills and tail-feathers uni-
form dull black, narrowly tipped with white;
lower parts brownish gray, clouded or irregularly
spotted with grayish white, the breast and belly
nearly uniform grayish. Downy young : Grayish
buffy white, the head with distinct black blotches
of indefinite arrangement ; upper parts clouded or
irregularly blotched with brownish dusky ; lower
parts, except throat, immaculate. Length 24.00-
27.00, wing 15.75-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.35, depth
of bill at angle .85-.9S, tarsus 2.45-2.65, middle toe
(without claw) 2.00-2.45. jE^s 2.87 X 1-94. Hab.
Pacific coast of United States, south to Cape St.
Lucas... 49. L. occidentalis ATJD. Western Gull.
g*. Angle of lower mandible not very prominent, the depth
of the bill at angle being little if any greater than
through base. In plumage not essentially different
from L. occidentalis, but feet yellow, instead of flesh-
colored, in life ; wing 16.00-17.00, culmen 2.00-2.10,
depth of bill through angle .60-.68, through base
.60-.72, tarsus 2.18-2.68, middle toe 1.65-1.95. Hab.
Northern Europe, south, in winter, to Africa.
L. fuscus LINN. Lesser Black-backed Gull.1
1 Larus fuscus LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 136.
LARVS. 29
/2. Second primary with a distinct gray wedge on inner web.
gl. Depth of bill through angle contained less than four
and a half times in the length of the tarsus ; lower
mandible with a red subterminal spot.
A1. Mantle deep plumbeous -gray, inclining to slate-
color.
z1. Culmen 2.22 or more ; depth of bill at base
.75 or more; third quill with a distinct
white "mirror" or large spot on inner
web between the black and the gray ;
mantle nearly the same color as in L,
occidentalis^ but averaging a little darker ;
rest of plumage (except primaries) pure
white; feet dull purplish flesh-color in
life ; length about 26.50, wing 16.75-18.00,
culmen 2.15-2.35, depth of bill through
angle .75-.90, at base .7S-.82, tarsus 2.60-
2.75, middle toe (without claw) 2.08-2.40.
Hob. Coast of northeastern Asia, from
Japan (?) to Kamtschatka and north-
ward to Arctic Ocean north of Bering's
Strait 48. L. schistisagus STEJN.
Slaty-backed Gull.
?. Culmen 2.15 or less; depth of bill at angle
.65; third quill without white spot on
inner web between black and gray;
mantle same color as in L. Occident alis,
but apparently averaging a little paler ;
rest of plumage (except primaries) pure
white ; feet yellow in life ; length about
20.00, wing 16.50-17.25, culmen 2.00-2.15,
depth of bill at angle .62-.6S, at base .65-
.70, tarsus 2.60-2.72, middle toe 1.78-2.10.1
Hab. Northern Asia ; accidental in south-
ern Greenland.
50. L. affinis EEINH. Siberian Gull.
h2. Mantle light plumbeous-gray, or lighter.
i1. Bill without black spots in adult.
/. Mantle plumbeous-gray, or very deep
pearl-gray ; eyelids (in life) orange-
red, and feet yellow; otherwise ex-
actly like argentatus and smithso-
nianus, with the markings of the
1 The specimens measured are all females. Males would somewhat exceed these dimensions.
30 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
primaries averaging intermediate ;
length about 26.00, wing 15.15-18.30,
culmen 1.90-2.20, depth of bill
through angle .60-.80, tarsus 2.15-
2.20, middle toe (without claw) 1.60-
2.15. Hob. Southern Europe and
central Asia, from the Mediterranean
to Bering's, China, and Japan Seas,
and down the North American coast
to California, in winter 52. L.
cachinnans PALL. Pallas's Gull.
j*. Mantle delicate pearl-gray, decidedly
paler than in L. cachinnans ; eyelids
(in life) yellow, and feet pale flesh-
color. Young : Brownish gray, nearly
uniform on lower parts, the head and
neck streaked, and the upper parts
irregularly varied with pale grayish
buff or dull whitish; quills, their
coverts, and tail-feathers, dusky
blackish ; bill blackish, paler basally.
Downy young: Grayish white, the
lower parts (except throat) immacu-
late; head marked with irregular
spots of black ; back, wings, and rump
clouded with dusky grayish.
A'1. "White near end of outer quill usu-
ally extending to extreme tip,
without interruption by a sub-
terminal black bar ; the latter, if
present at all, usually very small
and rarely continuous; length
about 23.00, wing 15.75-17.90
(16.38), culmen 1.85-2.20 (2.07),
depth of bill through angle .72-
.80 (.77), tarsus 2.30-2.72 (2.50),
middle toe 1.90-2.25 (2.07). Eggs
2.91 X 1-98. Hab. Europe, etc.;
casual in eastern North America ?
51. L. argentatus BR^NN.
Herring Gull.
#*. White near end of outer quill always
separated from the white tip by
a distinct subterminal bar or
spot of black, this rarely less
LARUS. 31
than .50 of an inch wide, and
often extending to the extreme
tip; length 22.50-26.00, wing
16.25-17.50 (17.24), culmen 1.95-
2.50 (2.24), depth of bill through
angle .68-.8S (.79), tarsus 2.30-
2.80 (2.57), middle toe (without
claw) 1.85-2.25 (2.10). Eggs
2.85 X 2.01. Hab. Whole of
North America, south, in win-
ter, to Cuba and Lower Califor-
nia; breeding from Maine, etc.,
northward 51#. L. argen-
tatus smithsonianus COUES.
American Herring Gull.
z*. Lower mandible with a black spot near end,
the upper also sometimes with a black
spot.
Adult: Mantle deep plumbeous-gray,
as in L. cachinnans; bill yellow, with
red spot near end of lower mandible,
this enclosing, or adjacent to, a
smaller black spot ; iris deep brown,
and feet (in life) pale pea-green or
sage-green. Young : Above coarsely
spotted with brownish gray and pale
grayish buff, or dull whitish, the
quills and tail-feathers dull blackish ;
head, neck, and lower parts mottled
or clouded with grayish white or
brownish gray ; bill dusky with black
tip. Downy young: Grayish white,
the head with irregular black spots,
most numerous above; upper parts
plouded with dusky grayish. Length
20.00-23.00, wing 15.00-16.75, culmen
1.65-2.15, depth of bill at angle .60-
.75, tarsus 2.00-2.60, middle toe (with-
out claw) 1.70-1.95. Eggs 2.61 X
1.80. Hab. "Western North America,
chiefly in the interior, from Mexico
to Alaska 53. L. californicus
LAWR. California Gull.
Depth of bill through angle contained at least four
and a half times in the length of the tarsus.
32 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
hl. Bill with a black band near tip.
Adult: Mantle pale pearl-gray (much as
in L. argentatus) ; bill greenish yellow,
crossed near end by a very distinct black
band, the tip sometimes tinged with
orange; iris pale yellow, eyelids vermil-
ion-red ; feet (in life) pale yellow, some-
times tinged with greenish. Young :
Above brownish dusky, the feathers
broadly bordered and otherwise varied
with pale grayish buff or dull whitish ;
quills blackish, the shorter ones bluish
gray basally and tipped with white ; tail
with basal half (or more) pale grayish,
the subterminal third (or more) blackish,
the tip narrowly white; lower parts
white, spotted along sides with grayish
brown; bill blackish, paler toward base.
Length 18.00-20.00, wing 13.60-15.75, cul-
men 1.55-1.75, depth of bill at angle .50-
.65, tarsus 1.90-2.45, middle toe (without
claw) 1.30-1.60. Eggs 2.39 X 1.71. Hob.
Whole of North America, breeding far
northward ; south, in winter, to Cuba
and Mexico 54. L. delawarensis
ORD. Ring-billed Gull.
W. Bill without black in adult.
j1. Gray "wedge" on inner web of third
quill never tipped with white, and
not carried definitely farther than
tip of sixth, usually not much beyond
tip of seventh, quill. Adult : Mantle
pearl-gray (about intermediate in
shade between that of L. calif ornicus
% and L. argentatus) ; rest of plumage,
except quills, pure white. Young:
Head and neck soiled whitish, striped
with grayish brown ; back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts dull grayish brown,
margined with grayish white ; basal
half of tail white, terminal half
blackish or dusky, narrowly tipped
with white ; lower parts dull white,
spotted and otherwise marked with
dull brown. Downy young: "Cov-
LARUS. 33
ered all over with soft yellowish
gray down, whiter in tint on the
face, throat, and abdomen ; forehead
blackish brown ; entire upper parts
spotted here and there with large
blackish spots, one or two spots be-
ing also on the throat, under parts
generally unspotted, except that on
the flanks there are some irregular
black marks. It may be distin-
guished from the young of other
Gulls by a large black spot which
touches the base of the upper man-
dible, and which is never absent,
though often varying in size."
(DRESSER.) Length 17.00-18.50,
wing 14.00-14.50 (14.30), culmen
1.35-1.60 (1,45), depth of bill through
angle .38-.50 (.44), tarsus 1.90-2.25
(2.02), middle toe 1.32-1.65 (1.43).
Eggs 2.29 X 1-59. Hab. Northern
portions of eastern hemisphere ; ac-
cidental in Labrador?
56. L. canus LINN. Mew Gull.
J1 Gray wedge on inner web of third quill
always terminated with white, and
this carried beyond tip of the sixth
—often even beyond the tip of the
fifth — quill; even the second quill
often with a white spot at end of the
gray " wedge" on inner web ; plu-
mage of adult otherwise as in L.
canus, but black of primaries much
more restricted. Nearly adult : Sim-
ilar to the adult in every respect
except coloration of the primaries,
which have the dark spaces slaty or
very dull blackish, instead of deep
black, and more extended, the white
tips of some of the quills wanting ;
tail sometimes (in younger individu-
als) more or less blotched with dusky
at tip, and upper coverts sometimes
(in still younger birds) faintly barred
with grayish brown. Young : Above
34 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
grayish brown, the feathers bordered
with pale grayish buff; rump and
upper tail-coverts pale grayish buff
or dull buffy white, marked more or
less distinctly with irregular grayish
brown spots ; basal half of tail gray-
ish white, or pale grayish, trans-
versely mottled with darker, the
terminal portion dusky grayiw
brown, forming a well-defined broad
band, the extreme tip whitish ; head,
neck, and lower parts nearly uniform
light brownish gray. Older: Similar,
but light borders to feathers of back,
etc., purer white ; basal half of tail
uniform grayish white; lower parts
white, the breast and sides spotted
9 with light grayish brown; upper
parts more or less tinged with the
jiearl-gray of the adult plumage.
Length 16.50-18.00, wing 13.20-14.50
(13.93), culmen 1.25-1.70 (1.45), depth
of bill through angle .40-.50 (.45),
tarsus 1.70-2.10 (1.94), middle toe
1.30-1.55 (1.44). Eggs 2.29 X 1.61.
Hob. Northwestern North America,
breeding far north ; south, in winter,
along Pacific coast to southern Cali-
fornia 55. L. brachyrhynchus
EICH. Short-billed Gull.
b2. Under wing-coverts entirely uniform brownish gray, like outer surface of
wings; under parts, rump, etc., brownish gray, and tail black, at all
seasons and ages.
Summer adult : Head and upper neck white ; tail black, tipped with
white; quills black; upper parts, uniform plumbeous-slate, the
secondaries broadly tipped with white; lower parts uniform deep
ash-gray ; bill bright red in life. Winter adult : Similar, but head
dusky (darker than body). Young: Sooty grayish brown, the
feathers of the upper parts bordered with grayish white or pale
buff. Immature (second year ?) : Entire plumage uniform sooty
grayish brown, the tail and quills dusky. Length 17.50-21.00,
wing 13.50, culmen 1.50. Hob. Pacific coast of North America,
from British Columbia to Panama.
57. L. heermanni CASS. Heermann's Gull.
a". Head uniform black or dusky in summer. (Lower neck, entire under parts,
LARVS. 35
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, uniform pure white, more or less rose-
tinted in breeding season ; mantle some shade of gray.)
bl. Tarsus much longer than middle toe, with claw.
Summer adult : Head sooty slate-color ; mantle plumbeous-slate ; five
outer primaries entirely black, or sometimes with a small terminal
spot of white ; rest of quills plumbeous, tipped with white, the sixth
sometimes with a subterminal black spot; bill and feet (in life)
dark brownish red. Winter adult : Head and neck white, the oc-
ciput and ear-coverts spotted or mottled with brownish gray, the
eyes more or less surrounded by the same ; otherwise as in summer.
Young : Head, neck, breast, and sides nearly uniform brownish gray,
darker on occiput and hind-neck, tinged with buff beneath ; mantle
grayish brown, the feathers broadly bordered with pale grayish buff;
centre of rump light brownish gray ; rest of rump, with upper tail-
coverts and posterior lower parts, white; basal half of tail light
gray, subterminal portion black, the tip narrowly white. Downy
young : Above grayish fulvous, varying to umber-brown, the head
irregularly striped or spotted, the back, wings, and rump marbled,
with dusky ; lower parts paler, the breast and belly more ochreous,
the fore-neck, sides, flanks, and ventral region faintly mottled with
darker. Length 15.00-17.00, wing 13.00, tail 5.00, culmen 1.75, tarsus
2.00, middle toe, with claw, 1.50. Eggs 2.18 X 1-55. Hab. Atlantic
coast of United States, south, in winter, through "West Indies and
along both coasts of Middle America, and as far as the lower Ama-
zon 58. L. atricilla LINN. Laughing Gull.
62. Tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw.
c1. Wing more than 10.00 ; culmen more than 1.00.
d1. Bill brownish or reddish, its depth through the angle more than
one-fourth the culmen. Summer adult : Bill bright red (in life),
with more or less distinct darker subterminal band ; head deep
plumbeous-black, with a white spot on each eyelid ; mantle deep
plumbeous; quills bluish gray, the shafts white, all broadly
tipped with white, and the five outer ones marked with a sub-
terminal space of black; lower parts deeply tinted (in fresh
specimens) with rose-pink, and middle tail-feather tinged with
pearl-gray. Winter adult : Similar, but head white, the occi-
put, region round eyes, and ear-coverts, grayish dusky ; bill and
feet duller red. Young : Top and sides of head (except forehead
and lores), with back and scapulars, grayish brown, the longer
scapulars bordered terminally with pale grayish buff; quills
dusky (inner webs more plumbeous), tipped with white ; centre
of rump bluish gray ; rest of rump, with upper tail-coverts,
entire lower parts, forehead, lores, and eyelids, white. Length
13.50-15.00, wing 11.25, culmen 1.30, depth of bill at nostrils .35,
tarsus .60, middle toe, with claw, 1.60. Eggs 2.11 X 1-53. Hab.
36 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
Interior of North America, breeding from Iowa northward;
in winter, south through Middle America and western South
America, to Peru.
59. L. franklinii Sw. & RICH. Franklin's Gull.
dP. Bill deep black, its depth through the angle less than one-fourth
the length of the culmen. Summer adult : Head dark plumbeous ;
mantle delicate pale pearl-gray ; three outer quills chiefly white,
the outer web of the first and terminal portion of all, black ;
rest of quills pale pearl-gray, tipped with white, the fifth and
sixth marked with a subterminal black space ; rest of plumage
pure white ; feet rich orange-red in life. Winter adult : Head
white, the occiput tinged with grayish, the ear-coverts marked
with a dusky spot ; otherwise, as in summer, but feet (in life)
pale flesh-color. Young : Sides of head and neck, with entire
lower parts, upper tail-coverts, and basal two-thirds of tail,
white ; top of head and upper back brownish gray ; a dusky
spot on ear-coverts ; scapulars and feathers of back grayish
brown, tipped with pale buff; central lesser wing-coverts dusky
brownish gray ; rest of wing-coverts, greater part of inner
primaries, with upper part of rump, bluish gray ; band across
end of tail black or dusky, the tip narrowly white. Length
about 12.00-14.00, wing 10.25, culmen 1.20, depth of bill at
nostrils .25, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.40. Eggs 1.95
X 1.34. Hob. Whole of North America, breeding far north-
ward ; in winter, not yet recorded from south of the United
States, though reported from Bermudas.
60. L. Philadelphia ORD. Bonaparte's Gull,
c*. Wing much less than 10.00 ; culmen less than 1.00.
Summer adult : Head deep black ; mantle delicate pale pearl-gray,
the quills similar, tipped with white and usually without black
markings. Winter adult : Head white, the occiput tinged with
gray, and ear-coverts with .a dusky spot ; otherwise as in sum-
mer. Young : Forehead, lores, cheeks, entire lower parts, upper
tail-coverts, and greater part of tail, white ; occiput, ear-coverts,
and most of upper parts sooty blackish, the feathers (except
on head and neck) bordered terminally with pale buff. Length
10.40-11.50, wing 8.75-9.00, culmen .90, tarsus 1.00, middle toe
(without claw) .90. Hob. Europe and parts of Asia and Africa ;
accidental in Bermudas and eastern Arctic America ?
Larus minutus1 PALL. Little Gull.
1 Lams minutua PALL., Rcis. Russ. Reichs, iii. App. No. 35, 1771, 702.
XEMA. 37
GENUS RHODOSTETHIA MACGILLIVRAY. (Page 23, pi. YIL, fig. 3.)
Species.
Summer adult : Mantle and under surface of wing uniform pale pearl-gray, the
secondaries and innermost quills very broadly tipped with pinkish white, and
outer web of first quill chiefly black ; rest of plumage white, usually more or less
(sometimes very strongly) tinged with delicate peach-blossom pink, the middle of*
the neck encircled by a narrow black collar. Winter adult : Similar, but black col-
lar absent, a blackish spot immediately in front of eye, and top of head tinged with
pearl-gray. Young, second summer? Similar to summer adult (including collar), but
smaller wing-coverts, inner secondaries, primary-coverts, alulae, and adjacent small
feathers, together with three outer quills, blackish, the inner web of the latter, how-
ever, with marginal half pearl-gray ; remaining quills pearl-gray, becoming white
on innermost quills, and all of them tipped with black ; third, fourth, and fifth tail-
feathers broadly tipped with black. Young : Back and scapulars heavily spotted
or clouded with dusky or sooty blackish, this color prevailing on lower back, where
the feathers have buify tips ; top of head and hind-neck also clouded with dusky ;
middle tail-feathers with the end sooty black for about .85, the succeeding feathers
on each side tipped with black in decreasing extent to the third, which has but a
slight mottling of dusky at extreme tip ; wing-coverts dusky, or sooty, tipped with
pale buffy; two innermost quills pure white, the rest parti-colored; head, neck,
and lower parts chiefly white, marked anteriorly (except on chin and throat) with
narrow bars of dusky. Length 11.50-14.00, wing 9.50-10.50, tail 4.00-5.50 (gradu-
ated for .75-1.25), culmen .6S-.75, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe 1.00-1.05. Egg
(single specimen) 1.90 X 1-30, in color like that of Xema sabinii (fide SEEBOHM. P.
Z. S. 1886, 82). Hob. Arctic Ocean, south, in autumn or winter, to northern Alaska,
Kamtschatka, Disco Bay, Faroes, Heligoland, and (accidentally) England.
61. R. rosea (MACGIL.). Ross's Gull.
GENUS XEMA LEACH. (Page 23, pi. IX., figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
a1. Culmen much shorter than tarsus ; tail forked for not more than the length of
the tarsus ; wing not more than 11.25 ; legs and feet black. (Subgenus
Xema?) Summer adult : Head and upper neck uniform plumbeous, bordered
below by a black collar ; mantle deep bluish gray ; quills black, the five in-
nermost ones varied with white and plumbeous ; rest of plumage white ; bill
black, tipped with yellowish. Winter adult: Similar, but head and neck
white, except ear-coverts and back of head and neck, which are dull dusky
plumbeous. Young : Mantle brownish gray, each feather darker subtermi-
nally, and margined at tip with pale fulvous or buffy ; tail white, with a broad
black band near end, this again narrowly tipped with white; upper tail-
coverts and entire lower parts white. Downy young (fide MIDDENDOBPF) :
38 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
Upper parts rusty yellow, spotted with black ; lower parts whitish gray.
Length 13.00-14.00, wing 10.10-11.15, tail 4.50-5.00 (forked for about .60-
1.00), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, about 1.25. Eggs 2-5,
1.78 X 1-26, ovate, or short-ovate, deep olive (varying in intensity, however),
rather indistinctly spotted or blotched with brown. Hob. Arctic regions;
in North America south, in winter, to New York, the Great Lakes, and
Great Salt Lake (casually to Bermudas and Peru).
62. X. sabinii (SAB.). Sabine's Gull.
aj. Culmen nearly as long as tarsus ; tail forked for at least one and a half times
the length of the tarsus ; wing about 16.00 ; legs and feet red. (Subgenus
Creagrus BONAP.). Summer adult : Head and upper part of neck sooty slate,
with a whitish patch at base of bill; mantle pearl-gray, the' wing-coverts
and outer webs of scapulars whitish ; quills black, the shorter ones tipped
with white ; rest of plumage white ; bill black, with yellowish tip ; legs and
feet bright red. Young: Plumage generally, including head and neck,
white ; hind-neck, back, and scapulars, ashy brown, the tips of the feathers
margined with white ; tail-feathers (except outermost) with a black subter-
minal spot ; a dusky space immediately in front of eye, and another on ear-
coverts. Length about 23.00, wing 16.00, tail 8.00 (forked for about 3.30),
culmen 1.85, tarsus 1.90, middle toe, with claw, 2.00. Hob. Pacific coast of
South America; Monterey, California?
— . X. furcata (NEB.\ Swallow-tailed Gull.
GENUS GELOCHELIDON BREHM. (Page 24, pi. IX., fig. 4.)
Species.
Summer adult : Top of head and hind-neck deep black ; upper parts pale pearl-
gray, rest of plumage pure white ; bill deep black, feet blackish. Winter adult:
Similar, but head and neck white, the hind-neck tinged with grayish, the ear-
coverts and spot in front of eye darker grayish. Young : Similar to winter adult,
but upper parts washed with buff or clay-color, the top of head, hind-neck, back,
and scapulars sometimes streaked with dusky. Downy young : Above light gray-
ish buff, with several large and tolerably well defined dusky spots on hinder half
of head, a distinct dusky stripe down each side of hind-neck and upper back, the
wings, rump, and flanks with rather distinct large spots of dusky; lower parts
white, tinged with grayish on sides of throat ; bill brownish, inclining to orange (in
life) on lower mandible ; feet dull brownish orange (in life). Length 13.00-15.25,
wing 11.75-12.25, tail 5.50 (forked for 1.50-1.75), culmen 1.40, depth of bill at base
.45. Nest along sea-beach, in sand or shingle. Eggs 1.84 X 1-33, ovate, light buffy,
varying to pale olive-buffy, distinctly spotted and blotched with deep brown and
lavender-grayish. Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan ; in America, Atlantic side, from
Brazil north to Long Island, casually to Massachusetts; very rare inland; both
coasts of southern Mexico and Central America in winter.
63. G. nilotica (HASSELQ.). Gull-billed Tern.
STERNA. 39
GENUS STERNA LINNJEUS. (Page 24, pi. X., figs. 1-3 ; pi. XI., figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
a1. Wing more than 9.00.
bl. Wing more than 12.00.
c1. Tail much less than half as long as wing, forked for less than one-fifth
its total length ; feathers of occiput short, blended ; depth of bill at
base equal to nearly one-third the exposed culmen ; inner webs of
quills entirely gray, or slaty. (Subgenus Thalasseus KAUP.)
Adult in spring : Above pale pearl-gray, becoming white on tail,
and more silvery gray on quills ; whole top of head, and nape,
uniform glossy black ; rest of plumage pure white ; bill coral-
red (drying orange-red) with dusky tinge near tip ; feet black.
• Adult immediately after pairing season : Similar to spring plu-
mage, but black on top of head mixed with white. Winter
adult: Similar to summer adult, but black of crown, etc.,
streaked, instead of speckled or flecked, with grayish white.
Young : Above pale grayish, marked with a few roundish and
more or less hastate spots of dusky, largest on tertials ; top of
head grayish white, the crown flecked with black, this color
increasing in extent posteriorly, until nearly uniform on occi-
put ; tail-feathers marked with a dusky subterminal spot ; rest
of plumage white ; bill dull orange-reddish. Downy young :
Above grayish white, the down of the head dusky gray beneath
the surface ; back and rump finely and indistinctly mottled
with grayish ; throat and fore-neck uniform pale grayish, rest
of lower parts white. Length 19.00-22.50, wing 15.00-17.40,
tail 5.30-6.75 (forked for about .75-1.60), culmen 2.48-3.10,
depth of bill through base .7S-.95, tarsus 1.60-1.90, middle toe
1.15-1.40. Nest (usually solitary) a depression in sand near
sea-shore. Eggs 2-3, 2.66 X 1-77, ovate or elliptical-ovate, pale
grayish buff, varying to olive-buff or dull whitish buff, more or
less spotted with brown and stone-gray or lavender-gray. Hob.
North America in general, but rare on Pacific coast ; breeding
in isolated and widely separated localities throughout its range.
(Also occurs in various portions of eastern hemisphere, includ-
ing Australia.) 64. S. tschegrava LEPECH. Caspian Tern.
c2. Tail more than half as long as wing, forked for at least half its total
length; feathers of occiput lengthened, lanceolate, forming a dis-
tinct crest ; depth of bill at base much less than one-third the length
of the exposed culmen ; inner webs of quills with inner margin ab-
ruptly and broadly white. (Subgenus Actochelidon KAUP.)
d1. Bill deep orange, or orange-red.
e1. Depth of bill at base more than one-fourth the length of the
exposed culmen. Adult in spring : Above pale pearl-gray,
40 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
paler (nearly white) on upper tail-coverts and tail ; whole
top of head, including occipital crest, glossy black ; rest of
plumage pure white ; bill deep orange, feet blackish. Adult
just after pairing season : Similar, but forehead and forepart
of crown white, only the occipital crest and hinder part of
crown being uniform black. Winter plumage : Similar to
summer plumage, but black of occiput also mixed more or
less with white, and bill paler orange. "Young : Somewhat
like winter adult, but upper parts sparsely spotted with
dusky brown, these spots largest on tertials ; tail-feathers
brownish or dusky near tips ; top of head speckled white
and dusky, the occipital crest but slightly developed; bill
dull orange. Length 18.00-21.00, wing 14.00-15.00, tail
6.00-8.00, forked for about half its total length; culmen
2.40-2.75, depth of bill at base .65-75, tarsus 1.35-1.45.
Nest (usually many together) a depression in sand, near
sea-shore. Eggs 1-3 or 4, 2.61 X 1-78, ovate, elongate-
ovate, or subacute-ovate, buffy, cream-color, or whitish,
handsomely spotted (sometimes lined) with dark brown or
black, these markings usually suffused exteriorly with light
brown and purplish gray. Hob. Coasts and larger inland
waters of United States, and southward, breeding north to
about 40° 65. S. maxima BODD. Royal Tern.
e2. Depth of bill at base less than one-fourth (about one-fifth) the
length of the exposed culmen ; plumage same as that of S.
maxima, but lower parts very deeply tinged with rose-, or
peach-blossom, pink, and occipital crest more developed;
length about 16.00-17.00, wing 12.40-12.50, tail 6.60-7.30,
forked for about 2.60-3.50 ; culmen 2.25-2.55, depth of bill
through base .45-.50, tarsus 1.05-1.25. Eggs 2.15 X 1-45,
ovate, creamy white, boldly spotted (chiefly round larger
end) with black and various shades of rich warm brown.
Hab. Pacific coast of Middle America, north to San Fran-
cisco, California 66. S. elegans GAME. Elegant Tern.
d*. Bill deep black, usually with yellowish or whitish tip ; plumage
the same as in S. maxima and S. elegans, but usually less pinkish
beneath than the latter ; length 14.00-16.00, wing about 12.50,
tail 6.00 (forked for about 2.35), culmen 2.25, depth of bill at
base .48, tarsus 1.00. Nest a depression in sand by sea-shore.
Eggs 1.99 X 1-38, ovate, white, buffy, or rich cream-color,
handsomely but variously marked (often with zigzag lines)
with different shades of rich brown, black, etc. Hab. South
Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, north to southern
New England; south, in winter, to West Indies and Middle
America (both coasts).
67. S. sandvicensis acuflavidus (CABOT). Cabot's Tern.
STERNA. 41
"Wing less than 12.00 ; occipital feathers short and blended.
c1. Mantle bluish gray, the tail chiefly white ; inner webs of quills largely
white. (Subgenus Sterna.')
d1. Top of head without any black at any season.
Adult in summer : Head, axillars, lining of wing, and tail-
coverts, white, the first with a dusky stripe along each
side, entirely surrounding eye, and extending back over
ear-coverts; rest of plumage pale pearl-gray, the quills
inclining to silvery white ; bill black in middle portion, the
base and tip yellowish. Winter plumage : Similar, but lower
parts white ; bill dusky, tipped with yellowish. Length
15.00-16.00, wing 9.70-10.60, tail 4.60-6.00 (forked for about
1.60-2.60), culmen 1.50-1.70, tarsus .92-.96. Hob. Atlantic
coast of South America ; casual on Atlafntic coast of United
States (New Jersey).
68. S. trudeaui ATJD. Trudeau's Tern.
d2. Top of head chiefly or entirely uniform black in summer.
e1. Top of head entirely black in summer.
f1. Only one web of outer tail-feather entirely white.
gl. Inner web of outer tail-feather grayish or dusky
toward end, the outer web entirely white. Sum-
mer adult : Above pale pearl-gray, lower parts
pure white ; entire top of head and nape uniform
deep black ; bill (in life) dull orange, dusky at tip ,
feet fine orange-red. Winter plumage: Similar,
but whole top of head white, tinged on occiput
and nape with grayish, the side of the head with
a dusky stripe surrounding eyes and extending
across ear-coverts ; tail shorter and less deeply
forked than in summer, the exterior feathers
broader and less elongated ; bill duller orange, and
feet much less intense red ; bill dusky or dull
brownish orange, darker at tip. Young : Similar
to winter plumage, but top of head, hind-neck,
back, scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts over-
laid by a wash of umber-brown, nearly uniform on
back and crown ; sides of head tinged with same ;
tail-feathers all distinctly dusky terminally, especi-
ally on inner webs. Downy young : Light brown-
ish buff, the breast and belly whitish ; upper parts
coarsely and irregularly marbled with black, the
sides of the head with a few scattered small mark-
ings of the same. Length about 14.00-15.00, wing
9.50-10.30, tail 5.00-7.70 (forked for 2.30-5.00),
culmen 1.50-1.65, tarsus .90-1.00. Nest of dead
6
42 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
grasses, etc., in marshes (fresh- or salt-water), often
upon " windrows" of sea- weed. Eggs 1.78 X 1-23,
ovate or short-ovate, varying from olive-buff to
olive-brown, coarsely spotted or blotched with
dark brown or blackish. Hob. Temperate North
America, north to Manitoba, south, in winter,
to Brazil.
69. S. forsteri NUTT. Forster's Tern.
g*. Inner web of outer tail-feather entirely white, the
outer web dusky, in abrupt contrast.
hl. Summer adult : Lower parts pale lavender-gray,
or grayish white ; whole top of head and nape
deep black ; rest of upper parts deep pearl-
gray, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and greater
part of tail pure white ; bill bright vermilion-
red, blackish at tip ; feet (in life) rich orange-
vermilion. Winter adult: Similar, but fore-
head, crown, and anterior part of lores white,
mixed with black on crown ; entire lower
parts pure white ; bill and feet less intensely
red. Young : Orbital region, occiput, and
nape, dull black; crown mixed blackish and
grayish white; forehead, lores, entire lower
parts, upper tail-coverts, inner webs of rectri-
ces, and tips of secondaries, white; rest of
upper parts pale pearl-gray, the scapulars,
interscapulars, and tertials, tipped with pale
buff, and marked with a subterminal cres-
centic spot, or lunule, of dusky brown; an-
terior lesser wing-coverts dusky, forming a
distinct bar across wing ; bill brownish dusky,
the base of mandible paler and more reddish ;
feet pale reddish. Downy young : Above pale
fulvous or grayish buff (the precise shade
very variable) coarsely and irregularly mar-
bled with dusky, except on forehead; lower
parts white, more or less tinged with buff or
pale fulvous on sides and flanks, the throat
and cheeks distinctly dusky, or grayish.
Length 13.00-16.00, wing 9.75-11.75, tail 5.00-
7.00 (forked for 3.50, more or less), culmen
1.25-1.50, depth of bill at base about .33, tar-
sus .66-.S5. Nest usually a depression in
sand or gravel near sea-shore. Eggs 2-4, 1.57
X 1.17, averaging a little paler in ground-
STERNA. 43
color and less heavily blotched than those of S.
forsteri. Hab. Eastern temperate North Amer-
ica, and various parts of eastern hemisphere.
70. S. hirundo LINN. Common Tern.
h*. Summer adult : Lower parts deep lavender-gray,
changing to white only on lower tail-coverts
and on sides of head adjacent to the black
cap ; upper parts deep pearl-gray, the tips of
secondaries, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
pure white, in marked contrast ; bill rich car-
mine, usually without distinct blackish tip;
feet intense carmine. Winter adult : Similar,
but lower parts white (sometimes tinged with
grayish), and forehead, crown, and fore part
of lores white, the crown streaked or mixed
with black. Young : Orbital region, occiput,
and hind part of crown dull black ; forehead,
anterior part of lores, and crown white, the
latter stained with brown and mixed with
blackish ; feathers of dorsal region and wings
tipped with pale buff and marked with a sub-
terminal crescent or lunule of brownish dusky,
these markings larger on tertials and longer
scapulars, and smaller on back ; lower rump,
upper tail-coverts, and entire lower parts,
white, the chin, throat, and sides of jugulum
and breast, stained with pale dull brownish ;
basal half of bill dull orange-red, terminal
portion blackish ; feet light reddish. Downy
young : Similar to that of S. hirundo, but
usually darker colored. Length 14.00-17.00,
wing 10.00-10.75, tail 6.50-8.50 (forked for
4.00-5.00), culmen 1.08-1.40, depth of bill
through base ,30, tarsus .5S-.65, middle toe,
with claw, .80-.85. Eggs 1.62 X 1-15, not
distinguishable with certainty from those of
S. hirundo, but usually with darker ground-
color and heavier spotting. Hab. Circum-
polar regions, south, in winter, to Middle
States and California; on Atlantic coast
breeding south to Massachusetts.
71. S. paradisaea BRtiNN. Arctic Tern.
Y2- Both webs of outer tail-feathers entirely white.
Summer adult : Above delicate pale pearl-gray,
fading into silvery white on upper tail-coverts
44 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
and tail ; lower parts exquisitely delicate pale
peach-blossom pink, fading into pure white in
dried skins ; entire top of head, with nape, uni-
form deep black ; bill black, tinged at base (in
life) with reddish ; feet bright red in life.
Winter adult : Similar, but forehead and anterior
part of crown white, the latter tinged with
grayish and indistinctly streaked with blackish.
Young : Pileum and nape pale buffy grayish,
finely mottled or sprinkled with darker, and
streaked, especially on crown, with dusky ; or-
bital and auricular regions dusky blackish;
remainder of head, and entire lower parts, white,
the nape and sometimes side of breast finely
mottled with bufiy gray; pale pearl-gray of
back and scapulars overlaid by pale buff, irregu-
larly mottled with dusky, each feather with a
submarginal dusky U-shaped mark; bill brown-
ish dusky; feet dusky (in dried skins). Length
14.00-17.00, wing 9.25-9.75, tail 7.25-7.75 (forked
for 3.50-4.50), culmen 1.50, depth of bill at base
.35, tarsus .85, middle toe .75. Eggs 2-4, 1.66 X
1.21, similar to those of S. paradiscea, but ground-
color averaging lighter and markings smaller.
Hob. Atlantic coast of United States; "West
Indies, and various parts of Old World.
72. S. dougalli MONTAG. Roseate Tern.
e2. Top qf head black, with a broad white patch on forehead, ex-
tending backward on each side of crown to above eyes ; a
black stripe across lores.
Summer adult: Above deep plumbeous-gray, beneath
paler, more lavender-gray ; tips of secondaries, upper
and lower tail-coverts, tail, sides of head, chin, under
wing coverts and axillars pure white; bill and feet
entirely deep black. Winter adult, unknown. Young :
Forehead, lores, crown, and entire nape, smoky gray-
ish brown, deepening on occiput into dark sooty, this
color extending laterally nearly or quite to eye ; the
smoke-color of nape extending laterally over side of
neck and breast, or sometimes even tingeing the jugu-
lum and fore-neck ; back, scapulars, inner wing-coverts,
and tertials dull slate-blackish, broadly and sharply
bordered terminallj7 with yellowish ochraceous ; upper
rump dark brownish slate, feathers narrowly tipped
with pale fulvous, this preceded by a dusky subter-
STERNA. 45
minal bar; lower rump and upper tail-coverts plum-
beous-gray, the longer feathers tipped with buff; rec-
trices pale bluish gray, the feathers becoming dusky
subterminally ; lower parts, except as described, white;
maxilla dusky, mandible light reddish (brownish in
dried skins), the terminal third or fourth dusky ; legs
and feet light reddish. Length 13.25-15.00, wing
9.75-10.75, tail 6.50-7.00 (forked for 2.40-3.75), culmen
1.25-1.40, depth of bill at base .38, tarsus, .60-.75,
middle toe .80-.85. Eggs 1.69 X 1-12, similar to those
of S. paradiscea, but averaging rather deeper in ground-
color, with larger markings. Hab. Eastern Aleutian
Islands and northward along coast to or beyond
Norton Sound.
73. S. aleutica BAIRD. Aleutian Tern.
(?. Mantle and six to ten middle tail-feathers slaty or blackish ; inner webs
of quills entirely dusky. (Subgenus Haliplana WAGLEB.)
d1. Adult: Upper parts, including hind-neck, continuously uniform
sooty black, the outer pair of tail-feathers chiefly white ; fore-
head, sides of head, and entire lower parts white, sometimes
faintly tinged with bluish gray posteriorly ; bill and feet deep
black. Young: Entirely dark sooty brown, more grayish on
lower parts, the anal region and under wing-coverts white ;
scapulars and wing-coverts narrowly but distinctly tipped with
white. Downy -young : " Head, neck, throat, and entire upper
parts, dark gray with a silvery tinge, closely dotted with gray-
ish white; rest of under parts white." (DRESSER.) Length
15.00-17.00, wing 12.00, tail 7.00-7.50 (forked for about 3.00-
3.50), culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.00. Eggs (deposited on rocks or
ground, usually without nest) 2.02 X 1-40, white, creamy white,
or cream-color spotted with rich chestnut, usually mixed with
fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Tropical and subtropical
sea-coasts of both hemispheres ; in North America, north to
the Carolinas and western Mexico, casually to New England.
75. S. fuliginosa GMEL. Sooty Tern.
d1. Adult : Lower hind-neck and upper back grayish white, deepening
into brownish slate on wings, etc., and deep black on top of
head; forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts pure
white; two outer pairs of tail-feathers white; bill and feet
black. Young : Entire lower parts, with cheeks, forehead, and
sides of crown, white, as in adult ; nape, occiput, and middle
of crown brownish dusky; the last streaked with grayish
white ; upper parts grayish brown ; the scapulars, interscapu-
lars, and tertials margined terminally with grayish white.
Length about 14.00-15.00, wing 10.50, tail 6,00-7.00, culmen
46 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
1.40-1.60, depth of bill at base .35-.40, tarsus .85. Hab. Tropi-
cal sea-coasts in general ; accidental on Florida coast.
76. S. anaethetus SCOP. Bridled Tern.
a2. "Wing less than 7.00. Tail about half as long as wing, forked for about half its
length. (Subgenus Sternula BOIE.)
Summer adult : Above uniform pale pearl-gray ; lower parts, with forehead
and stripe on each side of crown, back and above eyes, pure white ;
stripe from bill to eye, with- crown, occiput, and nape, uniform deep
black ; bill bright yellow, usually with blackish tip ; feet bright orange-
yellow (in life). Winter adult : Similar to summer plumage, but lores,
forehead, and crown grayish white (pure white anteriorly) ; bill dull
yellowish, or dusky ; feet pale yellow. Young : Somewhat like winter
adult, but lesser wing-coverts chiefly dusky slate (forming distinct
patch), scapulars and interscapulars with Bubmarginal Y- or U-shaped
marks of dusky, and quills darker. Downy young: Above grayish white,
varying to delicate buff -yellow, sometimes immaculate, but usually finely
mottled with dusky grayish, the head distinctly marked with irregular
dots of blackish ; lower parts wholly immaculate white. Length 8.50-
9.75, wing 6.60, tail 3.50 (forked for about 1.75), culmen 1.20, tarsus .60.
Nest a depression in shingly beach. Eggs 2-4, 1.28 X 0.91, white, buffy
white, or buff, spotted with brown and purplish gray. Hab. United
States (rather southerly) south, in winter, through Middle America
(both coasts) to northern coasts of South America.
74. S. antillarum LESS. Least Tern.
GENUS HYDROCHELIDON BOIE. (Page 24, pi. XII., fig. 2.)
Species.
a1. Wing less than 9.00. Head wholly dusky or black in summer adult.
b1. Tail and upper coverts deep gray or plumbeous.
Summer adult : Head, neck, and lower parts uniform black or plumbeous,
the lower tail-coverts, however, white; upper parts uniform plum-
beous. Winter adult : Head, neck, and lower parts white, the orbits
and ear-coverts dusky ; above as in summer. Young : Similar to
winter adult, but feathers of back, etc., tipped with dull brownish,
anterior lesser wing-coverts dusky, and sides washed with plumbe-
ous. Downy young : Above umber-brown, with a few coarse, irreg-
ular mottlings of black ; forehead, crown, throat, and chest plain
sooty brown ; side of head, including lores, dull whitish ; belly
white centrally, sooty gray exteriorly.
c1. Summer adult with lower parts (sometimes head also) plumbeous, little
if any darker than upper surface. Hab. Europe, and parts of Asia
and Africa. H. nigra (LiNN.). Black Tern.1
1 Sterna niyra LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 137. ffydrochelidon nigra BOIE, Isis, 1822, 563.
ANGUS. 47
e*. Summer adult with lower parts always black or very dark plumbeous,
much darker than upper surface ; length 9.00-10.25, wing 8.25, tail
3.75 (forked for .90), culmen 1.10. Nest in marshes. Eggs 1.35 X
0.98, brownish buff or olive-buff, heavily spotted and blotched with
dark brown. Hob. Temperate North America, south, in winter, to
South America, as far as Brazil and Chili.
77. H. nigra surinamerisis (GMEL.). American Black Tern.
£>2. Tail and upper coverts white, sometimes tinged with gray.
Summer adult: Head, neck, and lower parts black, the under tail-
coverts white ; upper parts plumbeous, more silvery on wings, the
anterior lesser coverts being white ; legs and feet bright red (drying
brownish). Young : " Posterior portion of the crown, a patch on
the side of the head, and one on the hind-neck dark sooty gray, the
feathers with lighter margins, the patch on the hind-neck with
brownish markings ; rest of the head, neck, and entire under parts
pure white; back and scapulars blue-gray, broadly tipped with
blackish gray ; wings as in the adult in winter, but the wing-
coverts tipped with light reddish brown ; rump and upper tail-
coverts white; tail light French gray, becoming darker towards
the tip." (DRESSER.) Downy young : " Upper parts warm reddish
buff, boldly marked with black on the crown, nape, back, wings,
and rump; under parts grayish buff with a sooty tinge, marked
with sooty gray on the upper throat ; space round the eye nearly
white." (DRESSER.) Length about 9.50, wing 7.60-8.20, tail 2.80-
3.25, culmen .90-.95. Nest in marshes. Eggs 1.36 X 0.99, essen-
tially similar in coloration to those of H. nigra surinamensis. Hob.
Europe, etc. ; accidental (?) in North America (Lake Koshkonong,
"Wisconsin).
78. H. leucoptera (TEMM.). White-winged Black Tern.
a*. "Wing more than 9.00. Head with a broad white stripe on each side, in summer
adult. Summer adult : Top of head and hind-neck black ; broad stripe on
side of head (from chin and corner of mouth to behind ear-coverts), lower
tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white ; rest of plumage uniform plum-
beous. Sab. Europe, etc. ; accidental in West Indies.
H. leucopareia (NATT.). Whiskered Tern.1
GENUS ANOUS LEACH. (Page 24, pi. XII., fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Plumage uniform sooty brownish, becoming hoary on
forehead or top of head. Nest on trees or bushes around borders of oceanic islands,
rather bulky, composed of sticks, etc. Egg single (usually, at least), buffy or buffy
1 Sterna leucopareia NATT., in Temm. Man. 1820, 726. Hydrochelidon leucopareia GOULD, Handb. B. Austr.
ii. 1865, 406.
48 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
whitish, sparsely speckled or spotted, chiefly round larger end, with brown and
purplish gray.
a1. Lores dusky, in abrupt and marked contrast with the hoary of the forehead.
bl. Only the forehead distinctly whitish.
Uniform sooty brown, becoming gradually grayer on neck, and pass-
ing gradually through intermediate shades to white on forehead;
quills nearly black. Young (?) : Similar, but head uniform grayish
brown, the frontlet hoary grayish. Length 13.00-16.35, wing 10.00-
10.50, tail 6.00, culmen 1.75, depth of bill at base .38. Egg averaging
2.06 X 1-37. Hob. Intertropical seas generally, also coast of south-
ern Atlantic and Gulf States 79. A. stolidus (LmN.). Noddy.
62. Whole top of head distinctly whitish.
c1. White of crown changing gradually into ashy on hind-neck ; plumage
of body, etc., sooty brown. Hob. Intertropical seas and coasts
generally, including Gulf coast of Mexico.
A. melanogenys GRAY. Black-cheeked Noddy.1
c2. White of crown abruptly defined against sooty brown of hind-neck ;
plumage of body, etc., sooty black. Hob. Southwestern Pacific.
A. leucocapillus GOULD. White-crowned Noddy.2
a2. Lores hoary whitish, like forehead. Hoary ash of occiput and hind-neck
changing gradually into sooty brown on chin and throat, the cheeks being
grayish. Hob. Indian Ocean.
A. tenuirostris (TEMM.). Slender-hilled Noddy.8
FAMILY RYNCHOPID^.— THE SKIMMERS. (Page 20.)
Genera.
(Characters same as given for the Family) Rynchops. (Page 48.)
GENUS RYNCHOPS LINNAEUS. (Page 48, pi. VI., fig. 5.)
Species.
a1. Secondaries very broadly tipped with white ; tail white, only the middle pair
.of feathers grayish or dusky; under wing-coverts white. Summer adult:
Forehead, sides of head, and entire lower parts, white ; upper parts, including
hind-neck, top of head, and ear-coverts, black, the secondaries and inner pri-
maries broadly tipped with white ; tail white, the middle feathers chiefly
grayish brown ; basal half of bill, with legs and feet, bright vermilion-red
in life (changing to dull whitish in dried skins) ; terminal portion of bill
I Anon* melanogenys GRAY, Gen. B. iii. 1849, 661, pi. 182.
II Anous leucocapilhis GOULD, P. Z. S. 1845, 103 ; Birds Austr. pt. vii. 1848, pi. 35.
8 Sterna tenuirostris TEMM., PI. Col. 202 (1838). Anous tenuirostris SAUNDERS, P. Z. S. 1876, 670, pi. 61,
fig. 1.
RYNCHOPS. 49
black. Winter adult : Similar as to plumage, but the black more brownish,
and interrupted by a white collar across hind-neck. Young: Above light
buff, each feather with a central spot of black, these largest on scapulars ;
lores and beneath eye uniform pale buff; lower parts white. Downy young :
Above pale grayish buff, irregularly and sparsely mottled with blackish ; lower
parts plain white. (Lower mandible not longer than upper in very young
birds.) Length 17.00-20.00, wing 14.75-15.75, tail 5.50 (forked for about
1.20), culmen 2.20-2.80, lower mandible 2.90-4.10. Nest a depression in sand,
near sea-shore. Eggs 2-5, 1.74 X 1-32, ovate, or short-ovate, white, buffy
white, or pale buff, marked with large bold spots of rich dark or deep brown,
and smaller, fainter spots of purplish gray. Hab. Sea-coast of warmer parts
of America ; on the Atlantic side, north, regularly, to New Jersey, casually
to Nova Scotia 80. R. nigra LINN. Black Skimmer.
Secondaries without white tips ; tail dusky, the feathers with paler edges ; under
wing-coverts brownish gray ; otherwise similar to E. nigra, but averaging
larger, with longer bill and wing especially. Hab. Coasts of South America
(Peru; Demerara, etc.).
R. melanura BOIE. Black-tailed Skimmer.1
1 Rynchopa melanurus " BOIK," SWAINS. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 340.
50 FORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
ORDER TUBINARES. — THE TUBE-NOSED SWIM-
MERS. (Page 1.)
Families.
a1. Wings very long ; nostrils opening in anterior end of horizontal nasal tubes.
ft1. Nasal tubes widely separated by the intervening culmen ; size very large
(equal to a large goose or larger) ; wing very narrow, with very nu-
merous (39-50) remiges Diomedeidae. (Page 50.)
d*. Nasal tubes united, and resting upon the basal portion of the culmen ; size
and other characters extremely variable, but usually medium-sized or
small, and remiges never more than 39 (usually 30, or less).
Procellariidae. (Page 53.)
a*. "Wings very short, and general appearance decidedly Auk-like ; nostrils opening
upwards, as parallel longitudinal slits, at very base of culmen.
Halodromidae. (Extralimital.)
FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE.— THE ALBATROSSES. (Page 50.)
Nest a mound-like heap of grasses, etc., with depressed top, built upon the
ground in open situations, on oceanic islands. Egg single, ovate, or elliptical ovate,
white, sometimes speckled or sprinkled on larger end with reddish brown.
Genera.
a1. Sides of lower mandible without longitudinal groove ; wing three or more times
as long as the short, rounded tail.
fc1. Upper division of the bill much broadest at base, where joined closely to the
lateral division Diomedea. (Page 50.)
ft*. Upper division of the bill narrow, and of equal width from the middle of
the culmen to the base, where widely separated from the lateral division
by the interposition of a strip of naked skin extending from the nasal
tubes to the forehead Thalassogeron. (Page 52.)
of. Sides of lower mandible with a distinct longitudinal groove, extending the entire
length of the lateral division ; wing only about twice as long as the gradu-
ated or wedge-shaped taiL Phcebetria. (Page 53.)
Gurus DIOMEDEA Lnra^us. (Page 50, pL XLTL, figs. 1, 2.)
a1. Culmen very concave ; feathers at base of upper mandible extending in an angle
nearly or quite to the base of the nasal tube, those at the base of the lower
mandible forming a still more decided angle. (Subgenus Diomedea.')
DIOMEDEA. 51
Wing 26.50-29.00 inches ; total length, 44.00-55.00, extent, 125.00-130.00.
Adult : White, the remiges blackish. Young : Dusky, with fore part of
the head whitish (older individuals with more white, according to age).
Egg 4.95 X 3.15, white, minutely sprinkled over large end with brownish
(adventitious stain in pores of shell ?). Hab. Southern seas in general,
north, casually or very irregularly, to Florida (Tampa Bay) and coast
of Washington Territory.
— . D. exulans LINN. Wandering Albatross.1
Culmen slightly concave, the bill more compressed ; feathers at base of maxilla
extending in a nearly straight obliquely transverse line far back of the nasal
tube, those at the base of the lower mandible also extending nearly straight
across.
bl. Lateral division of the bill narrower at base than in the middle. (Sub-
genus Ph&bastria EEICH.*)
c1. "Length 28.50-36.00, wing 18.50-20.50, culmen 4.00-4.25, depth of bill at
base 1.45-1.60, tarsus 3.50-3.70, middle toe 4.05-4.40. Adult : Uni-
form dusky, more grayish below, the tail-coverts, base of tail, and
anterior portion of the head white ; bill dusky purplish brown ; feet
black. Young : Similar to adult, but upper tail-coverts dusky, and
white of head more restricted (sometimes almost obsolete). Hab.
Xorth Pacific; on the American side, from coast of California
(very abundant) to Alaska.
81. D. nigripes ATTD. Black-footed Albatross.
c*. Length 33.00-37.00, wing 22.00-23.00, culmen 5.50-5.60, depth of bill
at base 1.95-2.05, tarsus 3.80-4.00, middle toe 4.65-4.90. Adult:
White, becoming straw-yellow on head and neck; tail-feathers,
remiges, etc, slaty brown, the primaries with yellow shafts. Young :
Uniform sooty or dusky, the head and neck nearly black ; shafts of
primaries straw-yellow ; bill and feet pale brownish. Hab. North
Pacific ; on the American side occurring from California to Alaska,
but chiefly northward.
82. D. albatrus PALL. Short-tailed Albatross.
6*. Lateral division of bill broader at base than in middle. (Subgenus Tkalas-
sarche REICH.")
c1. Lower parts white ; upper parts plain dusky.
d1. Under wing-coverts chiefly, or in large part, white. Adult (and
young f) : Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and entire
lower parts white, the sides of the head with a more or less
distinct grayish stripe, darkest near the eye ; back and scapu-
lars brownish slate, more ashy anteriorly, the wings plain
dusky; color of bill varying from pale yellowish in adult to
dark horn-color in young; wing 19.50^20.50, tail 8.00-8.50,
1 Diamtdea exulant Li»-.. S. X. ed. 10, i. 1758, 132.
* Pkoebattria REICH., Syst. AT. 1S52, p. v. Type. DitmtJtm iraeijrwra TEXY., = D. al&atna PALL.
3 T\alaHarch*. Bill compressed, or higher than broad, at base ; space between nasal tube
and base of unguis less than the length of the former ; upper parts parti-
colored ; head dusky ; tail-feathers 12. (Subgenus Thalassoica EEicn.1)
Head and neck sooty grayish, darker on top ; back, scapulars, rump,
tip of tail, primary-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, and greater part of
primaries, sooty slate ; lower parts, secondaries, greater wing-coverts,
inner webs of primaries, tail (except terminal band), and upper tail-
coverts, white ; wing 12.50, culmen 1.40. Hab. Antarctic seas.
F. antarcticus (GMEL.). Antarctic Fulmar.2
GENUS PUFFINUS BRISSON. (Page 55, pi. XVI., figs. 3, 4.)
Species.
a1. Nostrils only partially visible from above, the nasal tubes elevated and inflated
anteriorly, where broader than at base; under wing-coverts dusky, and
lower parts white. (Subgenus Priofinus HOMBR. & JACQ.)
bl. Above ash-gray, more or less tinged with brown, darker on top of head,
quills, and tail-feather ; lower parts white, except under wing-coverts
and under tail-coverts, which are deep smoky grayish ; bill light yel-
lowish, with deep black culmen and nasal tubes, the side of lower man-
dible also mostly black ; wing 12.25-13.50, culmen 1.75-1.85, depth of
bill in front of nostril .50-.55, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe, with claw,
2.90. Hob. South Pacific, north, casually, to coast of California.
97. P. cinereus (GMEL.). Black-tailed Shearwater.
62. Above brown, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white; wings and tail
blackish ; lower parts white, including under wing-coverts and tail-
coverts ; bill yellowish, passing into dusky at tip ; wing 15.00, tarsus
2.35, middle toe, with claw, 3.15. Hob. Antarctic seas.
P. gelidus (GMEL.). Ice Petrel.3
1 Thalassoica REICH., Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Procellaria antarctica GMEL.
2 Procellaria antarctica GMEL., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 565. Thallasoica antarctica REICH., Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv.
1 Procellaria gelida GHEL., S. N. i. 1788, 564.
PUFFINUS. 59
a*. Nostrils completely visible from above, the nasal tubes depressed and bevelled
anteriorly, where narrower than at base ; under wing-coverts white, or else
lower parts also dusky.
bl. Tail much less than half the wing, slightly rounded, or moderately gradu-
ated (the graduation not more than two-thirds the length of the tarsus).
(Subgenus Puffinus,}
cl. Lower parts white.
d1. Wing more than 12.00.
e1. No distinct line of demarcation between white of throat, etc.,
and smoky gray of top and sides of head and neck ; bill
yellowish ; above brownish gray, feathers of back, etc.,
tipped with paler; sides of head and neck transversely
undulated with ash-gray and white.
f1. Lower tail-coverts entirely white.
gl. Length about 18.00, wing 13.00-14.00, culmen 1.80-
2.00, depth of bill through base .65-.70, tarsus 1.85-
2.00, middle toe 2.10-2.25. Downy young : Uni-
form sooty grayish brown. Hab. Middle eastern
Atlantic; a specimen from Greenland said to be
in Leyden Museum (cf. SCHLEG. Mus. P.-B., Pro-
cellarice, 1863, p. 24).
P. kuhlii (BoiE). Cinereous Shearwater.1
g*. Length about 20.00-22.00, wing 13.75-14.50, culmen
2.10-2.25, depth of bill at base .75-.80, tarsus 2.20-
2.25, middle toe 2.45. Hab. Western North At-
lantic (off coast of Massachusetts).
88. P. borealis CORY. Cory's Shearwater.
/*. Lower tail-coverts uniform dark sooty grayish.
Length 19.00, wing 12.50-13.25, culmen 1.60-1.70,
depth of bill through base .6S-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.12,
middle toe 2.15-2.40. Hab. Eastern Pacific Ocean
from California to Chili.
91. P. creatopus COTJES. Pink-footed Shearwater.
e1. White of throat, etc., separated very abruptly from the dusky
color of top and sides of head and neck ; bill blackish.
Above smoky grayish brown, feathers of back, etc., with
paler tips; longer upper tail-coverts mostly white;
belly more or less clouded with smoky gray, the flanks
and lower tail-coverts mostly grayish brown ; length
19.00-20.00, wing 11.50-13.00, culmen 1.80-1.85. Hab.
Atlantic Ocean generally.
89. P. major FABER. Greater Shearwater.
d*. Wing less than 10.00.
el. Above sooty slate, without white tips to wing-coverts, etc.
1 For references, see A. 0. U. Check List, p. 350.
60 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
fl. Tarsus 1.75, or more.
gl. Tail 3.10, or less.
Above uniform sooty blackish, the head and
neck not perceptibly paler; lower tail-coverts
mixed white and dusky, in greatly varying
' relative amount; length 13.00-15.00, wing
8.50-9.25, tail 2.60-3.10, culmen 1.35-1.40,
depth of bill at base .40-.45, tarsus 1.70-1.80,
middle toe 1.65-1.70. Downy young: Sooty
brownish gray above, grayish white below.
Egg 2.36 X 1-62. Hob. Northern Atlantic
(chiefly the eastern side) and Mediterranean
Sea 90. P. puffinus (BRUNN.). Manx
Shearwater.
g*. Tail 3.25, or more.
Above uniform sooty slate, appreciably paler on
head and neck ; lower tail-coverts wholly sooty
grayish; length 12.25-15.00, wing 9.00-9.10,
tail 3.25-3.80, culmen 1.30-1.40, depth of bill
at base .35, tarsus 1.75, middle toe 1.70-1.75.
Egg 1.79 X 1-27. Sab. Pacific Ocean, from
Lower California to New Zealand 93. P.
gavia (FORST.). Black-vented Shearwater.
f\ Tarsus 1.65, or less.
gl. Lower tail-coverts with more or less of dusky.
hl. Above uniform sooty black ; white of under side
of head extending upward nearly or quite to
the eye, sometimes involving part of the lores ;
length about 11.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 3.50,
culmen 1.20-1.25, depth of bill at base .35,
tarsus 1.50-1.65, middle toe 1.45-1.60. Egg
2.05 X 1-45. Sab. Warmer parts of Atlantic
Ocean, north, casually, to coast of New Jer-
sey 92. P. auduboni FINSCH. Audubon's
Shearwater.
A2. Similar in color to P. auduboni, but smaller, the
bill shorter and more slender, the wing longer;
wing 7.00, tail 3.25, culmen .98, tarsus- 1.44,
middle toe 1.42. Sab. Pacific Ocean ? (" King
George's Sound" J).
P. tenebrosus PELZ. Pelzeln's Shearwater.2
1 LATHAM ("Synopsis," iii. pt. ii. p. 417) says "King George's Sound, on the American coast"; but vox
PELZELN (Ibis, 1873, p. 47) thinks that this is a mistake, King George's Sound on the west coast of Australia
being meant instead.
8 Pufflnut tenebrosiis PELZ., Ibis, 1873, 47.
PUFFINUS. 61
g1. Lower tail-coverts entirely white.
hl. Dusky of head extending far below the eye, the
white being almost confined to throat and
fore-neck ; wing 8.30, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.55,
middle toe, with claw, 1.85. Hob. Indian
Ocean, and southeastward to New Zealand.
P. obscurus (GMEL.). Dusky Shearwater.1
/j2. Dusky of head not descending below the eye, the
ear-coverts and greater part of lores being
white; wing 6.50, culmen about 1.00, tarsus
1.25. Hab. Australian seas.
P. assimilis GOULD. Allied Shearwater.
e2. Above plumbeous, the larger wing-coverts, scapulars, etc., nar-
rowly tipped with whitish.
Lower parts entirely white ; wing 7.30, tail 2.70, culmen
1.07, tarsus 1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.95. Hab.
South Atlantic.
P. elegans GIGL. & SALVAD. Elegant Shearwater.8
e2. Lower parts uniform dusky, or sooty gray (the chin and throat some-
times whitish).
d1. Bill black or dusky.
el. Culmen much longer than the combined length of the first
two divisions of the outer toe.
f1. Wing more than 11.00 ; bill horn-gray or dusky brownish ;
under wing-coverts mottled with white and smoky
gray, and with dusky shaft-streaks.
gl. Under wing-coverts gray, transversely mottled with
white at tips; length about 16.00, wing 11.15-
12.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, depth of bill at base .50-
.55, tarsus 2.05-2.15, middle toe 2.05-2.20. Egg
2.58 X 1-78. Hab. North Atlantic, from the New-
foundland Banks to South Carolina on the Ameri-
can side.
94. P. Strickland! EIDGW. Sooty Shearwater.
<72. Under wing-coverts white, transversely mottled with
gray at tips; wing 11.15-12.00, culmen 1.55-1.70,
depth of bill at base .45-.S5, tarsus 2.12-2.35,
middle toe 2.05-2.25. Hab. South Pacific, north,
on American side, to California 95. P. griseus
(GMEL.). Dark-bodied Shearwater.
1 Procellaria obscura GMEL., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 559. Puffinw obscurus REICH., Novit. Synop. Av. Natat.
Dec. 1850 (second page).
2 Puffinw assimilis GOULD, P. Z. S. 1837, 186; B. Austr. vii. pi. 59.
8 Puffinw elegans GIGLIOLI & SALVADOEI, Ibis, 1869, 67, 68. SALVIN, Rowley's Orn. Misc. pt. ir. 1876, 256,
pi. 34.
62 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
/2. Wing less than 10.00; bill deep black; under wing-coverts
uniform deep sooty black.
Uniform sooty black, the lower parts much darker
and browner than in stricklandi and griseus ; wing
9.80, tail 3.50, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.70, middle toe,
with claw, 1.98. Hab. Pacific Ocean (Christmas
Island).
P. nativitatis STREETS. Christmas Island Shearwater.1
e2. Culmen less than the combined length of the first two divisions
of the outer toe.
Above dark sooty slate, beneath deep sooty gray, paler
on throat, where sometimes inclining to whitish ; wing
10.00-11.10, tail 3.20-3.60, culmen 1.20-1.28, depth of
bill at base .35-.50, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe, with
claw, 2.18-2.42. Hab. Pacific Ocean, from Alaska and
Kamtschatka to Australia 96. P. tenuirostris
(TEMM.). Slender-billed Shearwater.
cP. Bill light-colored (pinkish or fleshy white in life), the nails black-
ish. Sab. Off western coast of Australia.
P. carneipes GOULD. Flesh-footed Shearwater.2
62. Tail nearly or quite half as long as the wing, graduated for about as much
as the length of the tarsus. (Subgenus Theillus GLOGER.S)
c1. Lower parts uniform sooty grayish.
dl. Bill dusky or brownish, with flesh-colored or reddish tinge in life ;
wing 10.50-11.25, tail 5.00-6.00 (graduated for about 2.00), cul-
men 1.60, tarsus 1.90, middle toe, with claw, 2.35. Hab. Aus-
tralian seas P. sphenurus GOULD. Wedge-tailed Shearwater.*
(P. Bill " greenish orange," with black tip and culmen ; rather larger
than P. sphenurus. Hab. Indian Ocean, from western Australia
to Cape of Good Hope.
P. chlororhynchus LESS. Green-billed Shearwater.5
c2. Lower parts white.
Top and sides of head white, spotted and streaked with blackish ;
wing 11.25-12.50, tail 5.85 (graduated for about 1.80), culmen
1.85, tarsus 1.85, middle toe, with claw, 1.30. Hab. Japanese seas.
P. leucomelas (TEMM.). Streaked Shearwater.6
1 Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis STREETS, Bull. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. No. 7, 1877, 29.
2 Puffinus carneipes GOULD, P. Z. S. 1844, 57.
3 Theillus GLOG., " v. Fror. Notiz. 1827, xvi. 279." Type, Pufflnus chlororhynchus LESS. (?).
4 Puffinus sphenurus GOULD, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1st ser. xiii. 1844, 365 ; B. Austr. vii. pi. 58.
5 Puffinus chlororhynchus LESS., Trait6, 1831, 613.
6 Procellaria leucomelas TEMM., PI. Col. livr. 99, pi. 587 (1838). Puffinus leucomelas BONAP., Consp. ii.
1856, 203.
&STRELATA. 63
GENUS .ffiSTRELATA BONAPAETE. (Page 54, pi. XVL, fig. 6.)
Species.
a1. Inner webs of primaries wholly dusky, except sometimes toward base.
bl. Plumage largely or chiefly white beneath.
c1. Upper tail-coverts same color as back.
d\ Wing more than 9.00.
el. Tail ash-gray, the exterior feathers whitish, mottled with
gray ; back, scapulars, rump, etc., plain ash-gray or light
plumbeous; wings much darker; lower parts white, the
sides of the chest and neck waved or barred with ash-
gray.
f1. Wing 11.50-12.00, tail 5.00-5.90, culmen 1.45-1.50, tarsus
1.65-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 2.40-2.45; top of
head almost entirely white. Sab. South Pacific and
Indian Oceans.
IE., lessoni (GARN.). Lesson's Petrel.1
f\ Wing 9.50-10.50, tail 4.50, culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.33, middle
toe, with claw, 1.75 ; top of head deep ash-gray, except
anteriorly. Hab. South Pacific and Antarctic Oceans.
JE. mollis (GOULD). Downy Petrel.2
e2. Tail uniform dusky, the exterior feathers sometimes mottled
with whitish.
f1. Axillars and under wing-coverts uniform smoky gray or
dusky.
gl. Culmen 1.25, or more.
A1. Width of upper mandible at base equal to the
height of the closed bill at base.
Head, neck, and chest uniform sooty grayish
brown, darker above, where nearly the
same shade as the uniform dark sooty
color of the upper parts generally ; entire
sides, flanks, and outer webs of exterior
lower tail-coverts sooty grayish brown,
like under surface of wing ; rest of lower
parts white ; wing 11.10, tail 4.70 (gradu-
ated for 1.40), culmen 1.28, width of bill
at base .65, depth .65, tarsus 1.75, middle
1 Procellaria lessoni GARNOT, Ann. Sc. Nat. vii. 1826, 54, fig. 4. JEatrelata lessoni CASS., Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phil. 1862, 327.
1 Procellaria mollis GOULD, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, 363 ; B. Austr. vii. pi. 50. JEstrelata mollia
COVES, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 150.
64 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
toe, with claw, 2.15. Hob. South Pacific
(Tahiti).
IE., rostrata (PEALE). Thick-billed Petrel.1
/i2. Width of upper mandible at base decidedly less
than height of closed bill at base.
i1. Under tail-coverts dusky.
Head, neck, and chest smoky grayish
brown, paler on chest (where feath-
ers are white immediately beneath
the surface), still paler on throat,
where almost white ; sides and top of
head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars
deeper smoky brownish gray, the
dorsal feathers with paler narrow
tips ; wings, rump, and tail dusky ;
breast and belly soiled white ; wing
12.17-12.50, tail 5.15-5.40 (graduated
for 1.60), culmen 1.42-1.60, tarsus
1.65, middle toe, with claw, 1.95-2.42.
Hab. Southern oceans, including vi-
cinity of Tierra del Fuego.
/E. incerta (SCHLEQ.). Schlegel's Petrel.2
z2. Under tail-coverts white.
Otherwise, much like J5. incerta, but
throat and a superciliary space more
distinctly white; wing 12.00-12.21,
tail 5.00-5.50, tarsus 1.49-1.60, mid-
dle toe, with claw, 2.20. Hab. South
Pacific.
£L. magentae GIGL. & SALVAD. Magenta
Petrel.3
g*. Culmen, 1.14, or less.
/i1. Tail 4.75, or more ; culmen 1.12, or more.
Above uniform dusky, more grayish an-
teriorly, especially on forehead; chest,
entire sides, and under surface of wing
dusky sooty brown, more gray across
chest; throat whitish; breast, belly, and'
greater part of under tail-coverts white ;
wing 11.20-11.41, tail 4.75-5.50, culmen
1.12-1.14, tarsus 1.30-1.35, middle toe,
1 Proeellaria rostrata PEALE, Zool. U. S. Expl. 1848, 296, oil. pi. 41. ^Estrelata rostrata COUES, Pr. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 144.
2 Proeellaria incerta SCHLEG., Mus. P.-B., Procellarise, 1863, 9. ^Estrelata incerta COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phil. 1866, 147.
8 JSstrelata magentx GIGL. & SALVAD., Ibis, 1869, 61. SALVIN, Rowley's Orn. Misc. pt. iv. 1876, 251, pi. 30.
JESTRELATA. 65
with claw, 1.83-1.90. Hab. South At-
lantic (island of Trinidad).
IE. arminjoniana GIGL. & SALT AD. Ar-
minjon's Petrel.1
A". Tail 4.60, or less; culmen 1.10, or less.
Similar in color to JE. arminjoniana, but
much darker above, the color inclining to
uniform sooty black throughout, the fore-
head and chest more brownish ; wing
10.50-11.10, tail 4.40-4.60, culmen 1.08-
1.10, tarsus 1.28-1.35, middle toe, with
claw, 1.70-1.78. Hab. South Pacific
(Hondon and Christmas Islands).
IE,, parvirostris (PEALE). Small-billed Petrel.2
/'. Axillars and under wing-coverts white.
Upper parts, including hind-neck and upper tail-
coverts, uniform brownish slate, darker on wings
and tail and nearly black on head, the feathers of
hind-neck and the upper tail-coverts (the latter
very abruptly) white beneath the surface ; fore-
head, lores, cheeks, and entire lower parts white,
the sides and longer lower tail-coverts sometimes
irregularly barred with dusky; wing 11.80-12.00,
tail 5.50-5.75 (graduated for about 2.40), culmen
1.22, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.78. Hab.
Middle Pacific, from Sandwich Islands to the
Galapagos.
IE. phseopygia SALV. Dark-rumped Petrel.3
d2. Wing less than 9.00.
Plumage much as in JE. phazopygia, but back, scapulars, and
upper tail-coverts decidedly plumbeous, the latter not white
beneath surface ; wing 8.40-8.60, tail 3.80-4.00 (graduated
for about 1.40), culmen .95-.9S, tarsus .95-1.00, middle toe,
with claw, 1.30-1.32. Hab. Southern oceans generally.
IE. leucoptera (GOULD). White-winged Petrel.4
c2. Upper tail-coverts plain white, in marked contrast with color of back.
1 JSatrelata arminjoniana GIGL. & SALVAD., Ibis, 1869, 62. SALVIN, Rowley's Orn. Misc. pt. iv. 1876, 252,
pi. 31.
8 Procellaria parvirostris PEALE, Zool. U. S. Expl. 1848, 298, atl. pi. 40. ^Estrelata parvirostris COUES}
Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 146.
8 (Estrelata phseopygia SALVIN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pi. 88, fig. 1. (Galapagos.)
? (Estrelata sandwichensis RIDGW., Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884, 395, in text. (Sandwich Islands.)
* Procellaria leucoptera GOULD, P. Z. S. 1844, 57 ; B. Austr. pi. 51. (= ^Estrelata cookii COTTES et Aucr. .
but, having compared specimens, I am able to say that Procellaria leucnptera GOULD and P. cookii GRAY are
not only specifically distinct but belong to entirely different genera, the latter being the type of Cookilaria
BONAP., distinguished from ^Estrelata, among other characters, by its lengthened, slender, Shearwater-like bill,
as noted on page 55.)
9
66 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
Top of head, and upper parts generally, except upper tail-coverts,
uniform dusky, the back and scapulars paler, with perceptibly
still paler terminal margins to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts,
basal half (approximately) of tail, head and neck, except top
of the former (and sometimes the hind-neck also), together with
lower parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, pure
white; the sides of the chest sometimes with a brownish gray
wash; length 14.00-16.00, wing 11.40-11.75, tail 4.80-5.30
(graduated for 1.25-2.00), culmen 1.22-1.38, tarsus 1.40-1.45,
middle toe, with claw, 1.98-2.10. Hob. Middle Atlantic, strag-
gling to coasts of North America (Florida and Long Island)
and Europe.... 98. JE. hasitata (KUHL). Black-capped Petrel.
i2. Plumage of lower parts chiefly or entirely dusky.
c1. Upper tail-coverts pale smoke-gray or grayish white, in marked
contrast.
Entirely (except upper tail-coverts) uniform sooty brownish,
rather paler and grayer below ; wing 10.80-11.00, tail 4.95-5.00
(graduated for 1.18-1.20), tarsus 1.38-1.40, middle toe, with
claw, 1.95-2.00. Hob. Jamaica and adjacent portions of Carib-
bean Sea.
JE. jamaicensis (BANCROFT). Jamaican Petrel.1
c2. Upper tail-coverts dusky, like rest of plumage.
d1. Wing more than 9.50.
el. Plumage sooty black above.
Lower parts very dark sooty slate, the feathers white
beneath the surface ; wing 10.75-12.00, tail 4.50-5.60
(graduated for about 1.20), culmen 1.35, tarsus 1.55-
1.60, middle toe, with claw, 2.20-2.40. Hab. Southern
Atlantic, and Antarctic Ocean in vicinity of Kerguelen
Island.
JE. atlantica (GoiTLD). Atlantic Petrel.1
e2. Plumage slaty or dark sooty grayish or plumbeous above.
/*. Larger (wing more than 11.00); wing 11.20, tail 4.55,
culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.25, middle toe, with claw, 1.80.
Hab. South Atlantic (vicinity of Trinidad Island).
/E. trinitatis GIGL. & SALVAD. Trinidad Petrel.8
f\ Smaller (wing less than 11.00) ; wing 9.68-10.20, tail 4.17-
4.35, culmen 1.05-1.08, tarsus 1.35-1.46, middle toe,
with claw, 1.69-1.78. Hab. Southern oceans.
BL. brevirostris (LESS.). Short-billed Petrel.4
1 Procellaria jamaicensis BANCROFT, Zool. Jour. v. 1828, 81. CEstrelata jamaicensis A. A E. NEWTON,
Handb. Jam. 1881, 117.
J Procellaria atlantica GOULD, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, 362.
» JEstrelata trinitatis SALVAD. A GIGL., Ibis, 1869, 65. SALVIN, Rowley's Orn. Misc. pt. iv. 1876, 253
pi. 32.
* Procellaria brevirottrii LESS., TraitS, 1831, 611. (Eetrelata brevirostris SALVIN, Rowley's Orn. Misc. pt.
&STRELATA. 67
d?. Wing less than 9.50.
Plumage sooty blackish ; wing 9.15, tail 3.82 (graduated for
about .44), culmen 1.10, tarsus 1.46, middle toe, with claw,
1.55. Hab. West coast of Africa; vicinity of Bourbon
Island.
JE. aterrima (SCHLEG.). Black Petrel.1
a\ Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half.
bl. Wing more than 9.00.
cl. Back uniform grayish, brownish, or dusky.
d1. Top of head, back, etc., plain dusky.
e1. Shafts of quills whitish ; head, neck, and upper parts plain
dark brownish gray, paler (nearly white) on throat and
fore-neck ; breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts brownish
gray; rest of lower parts sometimes white, sometimes
entirely dusky ; wing 11.19-11.64, tail 3.91-4.17, culmen
1.20. Hab. South Pacific, from Sunday Island to Juan
Fernandez.
JE. neglecta (SCHLEG.). Neglected Petrel.2
e2. Shafts of quills dark brown ; head, neck, and upper parts plain
dark slaty (feathers of head and neck white beneath sur-
face, those of back, etc., white at base) ; upper tail-coverts
and tail brownish ash-gray ; lores, chin, throat, and under
tail-coverts white, the first mixed with blackish ; breast,
belly, sides, and flanks plain brownish plumbeous, the
feathers pure white immediately beneath surface ; thighs
and chest white irregularly barred or vermiculated with
deep grayish ; wing 10.00, tail 4.00 (graduated for .90)
culmen 1.02, depth of bill at base .50, tarsus 1.20, middle
toe, with claw, 1.55. Hab. Antarctic Ocean.
IE., gularis (PEALE). Peale's Petrel.3
d*. Top of head white, spotted with graj'ish.
Back and scapulars fine bluish gray, or plumbeous ; lesser
wing-coverts slaty blackish ; greater and middle coverts
slate-gray, broadly margined with white ; tail mostly
white, irregularly barred and vermiculated with gray;
lores, cheeks, chin, throat, middle of chest, and under tail-
coverts immaculate pure white ; a blackish spot imme-
diately beneath eye; sides of neck and chest densely
V. 1876, 235 (in text). JEntrelata grisea COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 148 (ex Procellaria grisea KUHL,
nee LATH.). (Estrelata kidderi COUES, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 2, 1875, 28 (Kerguelen Island).
1 Procellaria aterrima " VERREAUX," SCHLEG. Mus. P.-B., Procellarix, 1863, 9. jErtrelata aterrima
CODES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 158.
2 Procellaria neglecta SCHLEG., Mus. P.-B., Procellariee, 1863, 10. ^Estrelata neglecta COUES, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 147.
s Procellaria gnlaris PEALE, Zool. U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848, 299. (Estrelata gularis BREWST., Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iv. 1881,94 (part).
68 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
mottled and vermiculated with ash-gray and white, but
the former prevailing; lower breast, belly, sides, and
flanks smoky plumbeous superficially, but the feathers all
pure white immediately beneath the surface; wing 10.15,
tail 4 (graduated for .90), culmen 1.00, tarsus 1.25, middle
toe, with claw, 1.70. Hob. North Pacific, in vicinity of
• Alaska (Kadiak).
100. IE,, fisheri EIDGW. Fisher's Petrel.
. Back plumbeous or plumbeous-black, the feathers bordered with gray-
ish; or whitish, producing a scaled appearance.
d1. Above plumbeous-black, the feathers of back and scapulars mar-
gined with gray ; hind-neck white, with tips of the feathers
pale gray; forehead and lower parts white; wing 11.50, tail
5.00, tarsus 1.40, middle toe, with claw, 1.90. Hab. Eastern
South Pacific (island of Masafuera"!
3L. externa SALT. Salvin's Petrel.1
d*. Above, including whole top of head, dark bluish gray, the feathers
of back and scapulars broadly bordered terminally with ashy
white, the middle and greater wing-coverts similarly marked ;
chin, throat, chest, centre of breast, and under tail-coverts plain
white ; rest of lower parts vermiculated and irregularly barred
with slate-gray or plumbeous, this becoming uniform and some-
what darker on belly ; tail chiefly plain light brownish gray ;
wing 9.88, tail 3.95, culmen 1.03, depth of bill at base .46, tarsus
1.37, middle toe, with claw, 1.70. Hab. Unknown; the single
specimen obtained having been taken in Livingston Co., New
York, in April, 1880.
99. JE,. scalaris BREWST. Scaled Petrel.2
W. Wing not more than 9.00.
Above slate-gray or plumbeous, becoming more ashy anteriorly, this
changing to white on forehead and over eyes; outer surface of
wings uniform ; lower parts entirely white, except sides of breast,
which are ash-gray, like hind-neck ; wing 8.70-9.00, tail 3.80-4.00
(graduated for about 1.00), culmen 1.04-1.05, tarsus 1.07-1.12, middle
toe, with claw, 1.40. Hob. Eastern South Pacific.
SL. defilippiana GiQL. & SALT AD. De Filippi's Petrel.8
1 (Estrelata externa SALV., Ibis, July, 1875, 373.
2 (= "JE. gularis " of the A. 0. TJ. Check List, but not Procellaria gularis PEALB.) jEstrelata scalarit
BREWST., Auk, iii. July, 1866, 300.
3 J&strelata defilippiana GIQL. & SALTAD., Ibis, 1869, 63.
BULWERIA. 69
GENUS BULWERIA BONAPARTE. (Page 54, pi. XIY., fig. 5.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Plumage entirely dusky sooty brownish darker on
upper parts.
a1. Greater wing-coverts rather light sooty grayish brown, like lower parts; above
dark sooty brown, paler on greater wing-coverts, nearly black on lesser wing-
coverts and quills ; lower parts uniform sooty grayish brown. Downy young :
Uniform dark sooty brown. Length about 10.00, wing 7.70-8.00, tail 4.50-
4.75, graduated for 1.45-1.75, culmen .85-1.00, tarsus .90-1.10, middle toe .95.
Egg 1.73 X 1-22. Hab. Eastern Middle Atlantic, chiefly in the vicinity of
the Canaries and Madeira ; accidental at Bermudas and near coast of Green-
land 101. B. bulweri (JARD. & SELBY). Bulwer's Petrel.
a2. Greater wing-coverts blackish, like rest of wings. (" Like T. bulweri, but with
bill rather larger; and it is without the sooty brown on the wings." —
GRAY.)
B. macgillivrayi (GRAY). Macgillivray's Petrel.1
GENUS DAPTION STEPHENS. (Page 55, pi. XII., fig. 3.)
Species.
Lower parts (except chin and throat), rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal two-
thirds of tail, together with greater portion of scapulars and secondaries, white; back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts, marked with triangular spots of dark sooty plumbeous ;
wing, except as described, chiefly sooty plumbeous, as is also the terminal third of
the tail; bill deep black; length about 15.00, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen about 1.25.
Hab. Southern seas in general, north, on Pacific coast of America (accidentally
only ?) to California 102. D. capensis (LiNN.). Pintado Petrel.
GENUS HALOCYPTENA COUES. (Page 56, pi. XII., fig. 4.)
Species.
Plain sooty blackish, lighter and more brownish on lower parts, middle and
greater wing-coverts, and fore part of head ; bill and feet uniform black ; length
about 5.75, wing 4.80, tail 2.50, the outer feathers .40 shorter; culmen .45, tarsus
.85, middle toe .60. Hab. Coast of Lower California.
103. H. microsoma COUES. Least Petrel.
GENUS PROCELLARIA LINNAEUS. (Page 56, pi. XVII., fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — General color sooty blackish, paler or more sooty
grayish below, the upper tail-coverts white ; bill and feet wholly black.
1 Thalassidroma (Sulweria) Macgillivrayi G. E. GRAY, Cat. Birds Isl. Pacific, 1859, 56.
70 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
a1. Longer upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with black ; under side of wing with
more or less of white ; tail even, or slightly rounded ; length 5.50-5.75, wing
4.50-4.90, tail 2.40-2.60, culmen .40-.50, tarsus .90, middle toe .60-.65. Egg
1.09 X -83. Hab. North Atlantic, south to Newfoundland Banks and
western coast of Africa 104. P. pelagica LINN. Storm Petrel.
a2. Longer upper tail-coverts entirely white ; no white on under side of wing ; tail
emarginated ; wing 5.20, tail 2.40, the middle feathers .20 shorter ; tarsus .85,
middle toe (with claw ?) .70. Hab. Vicinity of the Galapagos Islands.
P. tethys BONAP. Galapagos Storm Petrel.1
GENUS OCEANODROMA EEICHENBACH. (Page 56, pi. XYIL, figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above dusky or grayish, with or without white on
upper tail-coverts ; lower parts uniform bluish gray or sooty, or white interrupted
by a grayish band across chest.
a1. No white on upper tail-coverts.
b1. A white collar round hind-neck.
Lower parts white, with a grayish collar across chest; upper parts
grayish, the quills blackish, the forehead and sides of head white ;
length about 8.25, wing ?, tail 3.75, tarsus 1.00. Hab. North
Pacific ("Northwest coast of America").
— . O. hornbyi (GRAY). Hornby's Petrel.
b*. No white collar round hind-neck.
c.1 Color bluish gray, above and below.
Uniform bluish gray, fading to white on chin, throat, and under
tail-coverts; orbital region, longer scapulars, innermost wing-
coverts, anterior and outer lesser wing-coverts, together with
quills, dusky; other lesser coverts, middle and greater coverts,
and tertials, broadly edged with ashy white ; length 8.00-9.20,
wing 5.90-6.40, tail 3.75-4.00 (forked for about 1.00). Egg 1.37
X 1-03. Hab. North Pacific, south on the American side to
Oregon 105. O. furcata (&MEL.). Fork-tailed Petrel.
c2. Color sooty brownish or dusky, above and below.
d1. "Wing more than 6.50 ; tarsus 1.00, or more.
el. Sooty blackish, lighter and browner beneath, the greater wing-
coverts and outer webs of tertials light grayish brown;
wing 6.80, tail 3.90 (forked for about 1.20), tarsus 1.20.
Hab. Coast of Mexico, north to Lower California.
107. O. melania (BONAP.). Black Petrel.
e*. Sooty slate-color, the head, including throat, appreciably paler
and more plumbeous; greater wing-coverts light grayish;
i Procellaria tethys BONAP., Comp. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, 662 j Consp. ii. 1857, 197. SALT. Trans. Zool. Soc.
Lond. ix. pt. ix. 1875, 507, pi. 88, fig. 2.
OCEANITES. 71
wing 6.90, tail 3.80 (forked for about 1.20), tarsus 1.00.
Hab. Coast of Peru.
O. markhami (SALV.). Markham's Petrel.1
(P. Wing less than 6.00 ; tarsus less than 1.00.
Smoky plumbeous, the wing-coverts lighter and more brown,
quills and tail dusky, rump and upper tail-coverts ashy
plumbeous ; wing 5.30-5.40, tail 3.30-3.50 (forked for .70-
.90), tarsus .80-. 90. Hab. Coast of California.
108. O. homochroa (COUES). Ashy Petrel.
#2. Upper tail-coverts white.
bl. Upper tail-coverts without black tips ; tail-feathers grayish at base ; uni-
form sooty, darker above ; upper tail-coverts white, usually more or less
mixed with grayish; length 7.50-8.90, wing 6.00-6.30, tail 3.50-4.00
(forked for .80-.90), tarsus .90-.95 ; feet (including webs) entirely black.
Egg 1.33 X -97. Hab. Seas of the northern hemisphere.
106. O. leucorhoa (VIEILL.). Leach's Petrel.
b1. Longer upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with black ; tail-feathers exten-
sively pure white at base ; bill and feet (including webs) entirely black ;
wing 5.80-6.30, tail 3.00-3.15 (forked for .20-.30), tarsus .85-.90. Hab.
Sandwich Islands.
O. cryptoleucura EIDGW. Sandwich Island Petrel.2
GENUS OCEANITES KEYSERLING & BLASIUS. (Page 56, pi. XVII., fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Sooty blackish, lighter beneath, the tail and quills
nearly or quite black ; upper tail-coverts white.
a1. Belly entirely dusky ; webs of feet mostly yellowish ; tail even or very slightly
emarginated; length about 7.00-7.25, wing 5.70-6.20, tail 3.00-3.25, tarsus
1.30-1.35. Hab. Cosmopolitan (on the high seas).
109. O. oceanicus (KUHL). Wilson's Petrel.
a2. Belly white ; webs of feet apparently wholly dusky ; tail distinctly emarginated;
wing 5.20, tail 2.30 (forked for about .30), tarsus 1.15. Hab. Coast of Chili.
O. gracilis (ELLIOT). Graceful Petrel.8
GENUS CYMODROMA EIDGWAT. (Page 56, pi. XV., fig. 3.)
Specie*.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Head, neck, breast, and upper parts dusky, varying
from brownish black to plumbeous, the feathers of back and scapulars sometimes
(in fresh plumage) margined terminally with ashy whitish.
1 Cymochorea markhami SALT., P. Z. S. 1883, 430.
2 Cymochorea cryptoleucura RIDGW., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. 1882, 337 ; Water B. N. Am. ii. 1884, 406.
3 Thalaasidroma gracilis ELLIOT, Ibis, Oct. 1859, 391. Oceanites gracilis COUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil.
1864, 85.
72 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
a1. Lower tail-coverts and belly white.
bl. Throat and collar round hind-neck white ; length 8.75-9.00 ; tail emarginated
for about .75; tarsus 1.65-1.75, middle toe, with claw, 1.25, or more.
Hob. Intertropical seas.
C. tropica (GOULD). Tropical Petrel.1
J2. Throat usually with only concealed white, and without white on hind-neck ;
length 7.50-8.00, wing 6.00-6.50, tail 3.00-3.30, even ; tarsus 1.40-1.60,
middle toe, with claw, 1.05-1.10. Hob. Intertropical seas, north,
casually, to coast of Florida.
110. C. grallaria (VIEILL.). White-bellied Petrel.
a1. Lower tail-coverts and belly dusky.
No white on hind-neck, but throat sometimes white, and feathers of
forehead white beneath surface ; dusky of belly usually connected with
that on chest; length 8.50-8.75; tail usually emarginated for about .75;
wing 6.25-6.75, tarsus 1.60-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.05-1*15. Hab.
South Pacific.
C. melanogaster (GOULD). Black-bellied Storm Petrel.2
GENUS PELAGODROMA EEICHENBACH. (Page 56, pi. XY., fig. 2.)
Species.
Forehead, superciliary stripe, and lower parts, pure white ; top of head, broad
stripe behind eye, and upper parts generally, slate-color, sometimes inclining to
plumbeous ; upper tail-coverts light ash-gray ; quills and tail-feathers blackish ;
bill black ; tarsi deep black ; feet black, the webs mostly yellowish ; wing 5.90-6.40,
tail 2.90-3.30 (forked for .25-.3S), tarsus 1.52-1.70, middle toe, with claw, 1.37-1.40.
Hab. Southern seas, accidental off coast of Massachusetts.
111. P. marina (LATH.). White-faced Petrel.
1 Thalassidroma tropica GOULD, P. Z. S. 1837, 366.
2 Thalaasidroma melanogastra GOULD, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, 367 ; B. Austr. vii. 1848, pi. 62.
STEGANOPODES. 73
ORDER STEGANOPODES.— THE TOTIPAL-
MATE SWIMMERS. (Pagel.)
Families.
a1. Nostrils distinct ; lateral toes nearly equal, and nearly as long as the middle
one; whole head feathered.
Bill conical, compressed, pointed, without terminal hook, or unguis ;
culmen curved ; edge of upper mandible very concave ; tail short, gradu-
ated, the middle pair of feathers, in adults, very narrow and greatly
elongated Phaethontidae. (Page 73.)
a2. Nostrils not perceptible; lateral toes unequal, and one or the other of them
much shorter than the middle one ; head partly naked.
"b1. Bill conical, the tip of the upper mandible without distinct hook, or
unguis.
c1. Bill very thick through the base, the tip slightly curved; tail about
half as long as the wing, graduated or cuneate, the feathers narrow-
ing toward the rather pointed tips Sulidse. (Page 74.)
c2. Bill slender, the outlines (culmen especially) nearly straight; head
very small, the neck extremely long and slender ; tail nearly as long
as the wing, rounded (fan-shaped when spread), the feathers very
broad, the middle pair transversely corrugated in the adult.
Anhingidae. (Page 76.)
&2. Upper mandible terminated by a distinct hook, or unguis.
c1. Tarsus moderately lengthened, much longer than the hind toe, including
its claw.
d1. Bill shorter than middle toe, compressed ; gular sac small, scarcely
distensible ; outer toe much longer than middle.
Phalacrocoracidse. (Page 77.)
d?. Bill much longer than middle toe, much flattened ; gular pouch very
large, and greatly distensible ; outer toe shorter than middle.
Pelecanidse. (Page 81.)
c2. Tarsus excessively short, hardly equalling the hind toe (including its
claw) in length.
Wings and tail excessively lengthened, the latter deeply forked;
middle toe much longer than the outer, its claw flattened and
fringed on inner edge ; webs very small, occupying less than
half the space between the toes Fregatidae. (Page 82.)
FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE.— THE TROPIC BIRDS. (Page 73.)
Genera.
(Characters same as those of the Family) Phaethon. (Page 74.)
10
74 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS PHAETHON LINNAEUS. (Page 73, pi. XVIIL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Plumage very compact, satiny ; color white (sometimes
tinged with pink or salmon-color), varied with blackish on upper parts; bill red,
orange, or yellow in adults ; tarsi and base of toes yellowish, rest of feet black. Nest
a cavity among rocks on sea-shore of oceanic islands. Egg ovate, dilute claret-
brown or whitish speckled, sprinkled, spotted, or blotched with deep claret-brown.
a1. Elongated middle tail-feathers with their webs very much broader than the
moderately rigid shaft.
b1. Bill yellow or orange. Adult : lengthened tail-feathers pinkish or salmon-
colored, with black shafts ; no black bars on upper parts, the black being
in form of patches on scapulars, etc. Young : Upper parts irregularly
barred with black ; tail-feathers marked with a black spot near the end,
the middle pairs not elongated. Length (of adult, including lengthened
tail-feathers) 25.00-32.00, wing about 11.00, elongated tail-feathers 20.00,
or less, culmen 2.25. Egg 2.21 X 1-54. Hob. Intertropical seas, chiefly
middle western Atlantic, especially in vicinity of the Bermudas and
throughout West Indies, north to Florida; South Pacific (Samoan
Islands) ; accidental in western New York.
112. P. flavirostris BRANDT. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird.
b*. Bill coral-red. Adult: Lengthened middle tail-feathers pure white, with
white shafts (except toward base) ; upper part's irregularly barred with
blackish. Young: (Not seen.) Length (of adult with perfectly devel-
oped middle tail-feathers) 30.00-35.00, wing 11.75-12.50, elongated tail-
feathers 22.00, or less, culmen about 2.50. Egg 2.22 X 1-59. Hab. Coasts
of tropical America (both sides), north to Lower California and West
Indies ; casual at the Newfoundland Banks.
113. P. sethereus LINN. Red-billed Tropic Bird.
a*. Elongated middle tail-feathers with their webs much narrower than the very
rigid shaft.
Bill yellowish. Adult : Lengthened middle tail-feathers dull reddish, with
black shafts ; wing 13.00, or more, culmen about 2.50. Hab. South
Pacific.
P. rubricaudus BODD. Red-tailed Tropic Bird.1
FAMILY SULID^E.— THE GANNETS. (Page 73.)
Genera.
(Characters same as for the Family) Sula. (Page 75.)
» Phaeton rubricauda BODD., Tabl. P. E. 1783, 67 (ex BUFF. PI. Enl. 979).
SULA. 75
GENUS SULA BRISSON. (Page 74, pi. XIX., figs. 1, 2.)
Nest a rude platform of sticks, etc., on rocks, trees, or bushes by sea-shore.
Eggs 1-2, elliptical or elongate-ovate, chalk-white superficially, but beneath the
calcareous crust pale greenish blue.
Species.
a1. Whole lower jaw, together with chin and entire throat, naked. (Subgenus
Sula.")
b1. Young with upper parts variegated.
Young (?) : Head, neck, and lower parts white ; upper parts dark
grayish brown, the feathers with white tips ; bill purplish, the
upper mandible grayish horn-color; feet dusky (in dried skins);
wing 14.60, tail 7.75, culmen 3.60, depth of bill at base 1.20. Hab.
Coast of Peru.
S. variegata (TscnuDi). Peruvian Booby.1
b*. Young with upper parts unicolored.
c1. Naked skin of face and throat blackish (dark bluish in life).
Adult : White, the remiges, greater wing-coverts, primary coverts,
and alulae dark sooty brown ; middle tail-feathers hoary whitish,
dusky at tips ; rest of tail-feathers dark sooty brown, whitish
basally ; feet reddish (drying pale brownish or yellowish).
Young : Head, neck, and upper parts plain dark grayish brown,
part of the back and rump streaked with white ; lower parts
white, the flanks streaked with grayish ; length 25.50-29.00,
wing 16.15-17.80, tail 7.75-9.10, culmen 3.95-4.15, depth of bill
at base 1.40-1.60. Eggs 2, 2.46 X 1-74. Hab. Intertropical
seas, especially the South Pacific and in West Indies, breeding
north to the Bahamas ; southern Florida.
114. S. cyanops SUND. Blue-faced Booby.
c2. Naked skin of face and throat light colored (yellowish or reddish in
life).
dl. Feet greenish or yellowish. Adult : Head, neck, breast, and upper
parts dark sooty brown, the head and neck hoar}'' grayish, in
older (?) specimens, sometimes nearly white anteriorly ; lower
parts, from breast backward, white. Young : Nearly uniform
sooty brown, paler beneath. Length 30.00-31.00, wing 14.15-
16.60 (15.72), tail 6.50-9.70 (8.23), culmen 3.25-3.95 (3.74),
depth of bill at base .95-1.40 (1.24). Eggs 2, 2.24 X 1-58. Hab.
Tropical and subtropical coasts of America, north to Georgia
and northwestern Mexico 115. S. sula (LiNN.). Booby.
1 Dy»poru* variegalus TSCHUDI, Weigm. Archiv. 1843, 390. Sula variegata SCL. & SALT., Norn. Neotr.
1873, 124.
76 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
2. Claws excessively lengthened, straight, and acute, that of the hind toe
longer than the toe itself. Jacanidae. (Page 183.)
FAMILY PHALAROPODIDSE.— THE PHALAROPES. (Page 143.)
Genera.
a1. Bill broad, flattened, somewhat widened toward end ; nostrils separated from
loral feathers by a space equal to the depth of the upper mandible at base.
Crymophilus. (Page 144.)
a2. Bill slender, nearly cylindrical, not perceptibly widened toward end ; nostrils
separated from loral feathers by a space equal to much less than the depth
of the upper mandible at the base Phalaropus. (Page 144.)
144 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS CRYMOPHILUS YIEILLOT. (Page 143, pi. XLIIL, fig. 3.)
Species.
Adult female in summer : Entire lower parts deep purplish cinnamon ; sides of
head white ; fore part and top of head uniform dark plumbeous or blackish ; hind-
neck plain cinnamon and plumbeous ; back and scapulars light ochraceous or buff,
striped with black. Adult male in summer : Similar to the female, but top of head
and hind-neck streaked with ochraceous (or buffy) and blackish, the white on side of
head more restricted and less abruptly defined, and size somewhat less. Winter
plumage : Head, neck, and lower parts pure white, the occiput and space about
eyes dark plumbeous ; upper parts uniform pearl-gray, or light plumbeous. Young:
Top of head, hind-neck, back, and scapulars dull black, the feathers edged with
ochraceous ; wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plumbeous, the middle cov-
erts bordered with pale buff, the tail-coverts with ochraceous ; head and neck (ex-
cept as described above) and lower parts white, the throat and chest tinged with
brownish buff. Downy young : Above bright tawny buff, marked with broad
irregular stripes of black ; broad superciliary stripes bright tawny buff, separated
anteriorly only by a narrow and somewhat interrupted dusky streak ; crown bright
umber-brown bordered with black ; chin and throat light fulvous-buff, changing to
smoky buff on chest ; rest of lower parts dull whitish. Length 7.50-8.75, wing
5.25-5.50, culmen .80-.95, tarsus .80-.85, middle toe .75-.80. Eggs 3-4, 1.24 X -86,
pale drab, olive-drab, olive-buff, or pale brown, heavily spotted with dark brown.
Hob. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding far northward ; in
America, south, in winter, to .Middle States, Ohio Yalley, and Cape St. Lucas.
222. C. fulicarius (LINN.). Red Phalarope.
GENUS PHALAROPUS BRISSON. (Page 143, pi. XLIIL, figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
a1. Wing less than 4.50 ; tarsus less" than 1.00 ; web between outer and middle toes
extending to or beyond second joint of the latter ; lateral membrane of all
the toes broad and distinctly " scalloped." (Subgenus Phalaropus.~)
Adult female in summer : Above dark plumbeous, the back striped with
ochraceous or buff; wings dusky, the greater coverts broadly tipped
•with white ; lower parts white ; chest and sides of neck rufous. Adult
male in summer: Similar to the female, but colors duller, the rufous
almost confined to sides of neck, and less distinct, the chest chiefly
mixed white and grayish. Winter plumage : Forehead, superciliary
stripe, sides of head and neck, with lower parts generally, pure white ;
top of head grayish, the feathers with dusky shaft-streaks and whitish
borders ; a blackish spot in front of eye, and side of head, from beneath
eye, across ear-coverts mixed dusky and grayish white ; upper parts
chiefly grayish ; sides of chest washed or clouded with grayish. Young :
Top of head dusky, with or without streaks ; back and scapulars black-
PHALAROPUS. 145
ish, distinctly bordered with buff or ochraceous ; middle wing-coverts
bordered with buff or whitish ; forehead, supra-auricular stripe, lores,
and lower parts white, the chest and sides of breast sometimes suffused
with dull brownish ; ear-coverts dusky. Downy young : Above bright
tawny, the rump with three parallel stripes of black, enclosing two
of paler fulvous than the ground-color ; a triangular patch of brown
on crown, bounded irregularly with blackish ; a black line over ears ;
throat and rest of head pale tawny ; rest of lower parts white, be-
coming grayish posteriorly. Length 7.00-8.00, wing 4.00-4.45, culmen
.80-.90, tarsus .75-.80, middle toe .65-.7S. Eggs 3-4, 1.20 X .82, pale
olive-drab or olive-buff, thickly speckled or spotted with dark brown.
Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere, breeding far north-
ward 223. P. lobatus (LINN.). Northern Phalarope.
a*. Wing more than 4.50 ; tarsus more than 1.00 ; web between outer and middle
toes not reaching to second joint of the latter; lateral membrane of all the
toes narrow and not distinctly " scalloped." (Subgenus Steganopus VIEILL.)
Adult female in summer : Forehead and crown pale bluish gray, the former
with a blackish line along each side; occiput and hind-neck white,
changing to plumbeous-gray on back ; stripe on side of head and con-
tinued broadly down side of neck deep black, changing gradually on
lower portion into rich dark chestnut, this continued backward along
each side of back ; short stripe above lores and eyes, chin, cheeks, and
throat, pure white ; fore-neck and chest soft buffy cinnamon ; rest of
lower parts white ; length 9.40-10.00, wing 5.20-5.30, culmen 1.30-1.35,
tarsus 1.30-1.35, middle toe .90-1.00. Adult male in summer: Smaller
and much duller in color than the female, with the beautiful tints and
pattern of the latter but faintly indicated ; length 8.25-9.00, wing 4.75-
4.80, culmen 1.25, tarsus 1.20-1.25, middle toe .90. Winter plumage:
Above plain ash-gray ; upper tail-coverts, superciliary stripe, and lower
parts white, the chest and sides of breast shaded with pale gray. Young :
Top of head, back, and scapulars dusky blackish, the feathers distinctly
bordered with buff; wing-coverts also bordered with pale buff or
whitish ; upper tail-coverts, superciliary stripe, and lower parts, white,
the neck tinged with buff. Downy young : Bright tawny, paler beneath,
the belly nearly white ; occiput and hind-neck with a distinct median
streak of black, on the former branching laterally into two narrow
irregular lines ; lower back and rump with three broad black stripes ;
flanks with a black spot, and region of tail crossed with a wide bar of
the same. Eggs 3-4, 1.28 X -90, pale grayish buff varying to brownish
buff, thickly speckled and spotted with dark brown or brownish black.
Hab. Temperate North America, but chiefly the interior; north to
eastern Oregon, the Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia ; south, during
migrations, to Brazil and Patagonia. (Not recorded from Pacific slope
of California, Oregon, or "Washington Territory.)
224. P. tricolor (VIEILL.). Wilson's Phalarope.
19
146 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID^E.— THE AVOCETS AND STILTS.
(Page 143.)
Genera.
a1. Hind toe present ; anterior toes all webbed ; bill decidedly recurved toward tip.
Recurvirostra. (Page 146.)
a2. Hind toe absent; no web between inner and middle toes, and that between
outer and middle toes occupying less tban balf the space ; bill very slightly
or not at all recurved toward tip Himantopus. (Page 146.)
GENUS RECURVIROSTRA LINNAEUS. (Page 146, pi. XLIY., fig. 1.)
Species.
a1. Outer scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, also part of secondaries and
greater wing-coverts, white.
Wings (except secondaries and terminal half of greater coverts), inner
scapulars, and adjacent feathers of back, brownish black ; lower parts,
rump, outer scapulars, and middle of back, white ; tail ashy white or
pale ashy. Summer adult : Head (except anteriorly), neck, and chest
light cinnamon. Winter plumage : Head, neck, and chest white, tinged,
more or less, with pale bluish gray, especially on top of head and hind-
neck. Young : Similar to winter plumage, but quills slightly tipped
with whitish, scapulars, etc., tipped or transversely mottled with buffy
or pale fulvous, and hind-neck tinged with light rufous. Length 15.50-
18.75, wing 8.50-9.00, culmen 3.40-3.65, tarsus 3.70-3.80, middle toe
1.60-1.70. Eggs 3-4, 1.93 X 1-35, pale olive, olive-buff, or drab-buff
(rarely creamy buff), thickly spotted (sometimes sparsely lined also)
with dark brown or black. Hob. Temperate North America, north,
in the interior, to the Saskatchewan and Great Slave Lake ; south, in
winter, to Guatemala, Cuba, and Jamaica.
225. R. americana GMEL. American Avocet.
a2. No white on upper parts, except head, neck, and rump. Hob. Andes of Chili.
R. andina PHILLPPI & LANDB. Chilian Avocet.1
GENUS HIMANTOPUS BRISSON. (Page 146, pi. XLIY., fig. 2.)
Species.
a1. "White of forehead not extending over the crown ; black of hind-neck continuous
with that of the back.
Adult male : Forehead, spot behind eye, lores, cheeks, entire lower parts
(including fore-neck, throat, and chin), rump, and upper tail-coverts,
pure white (sometimes tinged with pinkish in breeding season) ; rest of
1 Recurvirostra, andina PHILIPPI & LANDBECK, Weigm. Archiv, 1863, 131. HARTING, Ibis, 1874, 257, pi. 9.
SCOLOPACID^E. 147
head and neck, back, scapulars, and wings, uniform glossy greenish
black ; tail pale ashy ; iris crimson, and legs and feet delicate lake-red or
rose-pink, in life. Adult female: Similar to the male, but back and
scapulars brownish slate, and black of other portions duller. Young :
Similar to adult female, but feathers of back, scapulars, and tertials bor-
dered with buff or dull whitish, the blackish of head and neck finely
mottled with the same. Downy young: Above light fulvous-grayish,
mottled with dusky, the back and rump marked with several large black
blotches ; head, neck, and lower parts fulvous-whitish, the top of head
and hind-neck grayish, the crown with a median black streak and occi-
put with several spots of blackish. Length 13.50-15.50, wing 8.50-9.00,
culmen 2.50, tarsus 4.00, middle toe 1.37. Eggs 3-4, 1.79 X 1-23, similar
in coloration to those of Eecurvirostra americana. Hob. Temperate
North America, from northern United States southward ; south, in
winter, to Peru, northern Brazil, and West Indies.
226. H. mexicanus (MilLL.). Black-necked Stilt.
aa. White of forehead extending back to and including the occiput ; black of nape
separated from that of the back by a white bar or " collar."
Otherwise, similar to H. mexicanus. Hab. Southern South America
(Brazil, Argentine Eepublic, Chili, etc.).
H. brasiliensis BREHM. Brazilian Stilt.
FAMILY SCOLOPACID^E. — THE SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.
(Page 143.)
(Nest usually on ground, in meadows, marshes, or along banks of streams.
Eggs 2-4.)
Genera. ^UV.
a1. Back of tarsus with a continuous row of transverse scutellse.
bl. Ears situated directly underneath the eyes ; tip of upper mandible thick-
ened, with cutting-edges brought near together ; plumage the same at
all stages and seasons. (Subfamily Scolopacince.')
c1. Thighs entirely feathered ; top of head with transverse bands.
d1. First quill longer than second, and broad like the rest ; outer webs
of quills spotted Scolopax. (Page 149.)
d2. Three outermost quills abruptly much shorter and narrower than
the fourth ; outer webs of quills plain.
Philohela. (Page 150.)
c2. Lower part of thighs naked ; top of head with longitudinal stripes.
Gallinago. (Page 150.)
b*. Ears situated decidedly posterior to the eyes ; tip of upper mandible thin,
with cutting-edges far apart ; plumage very different in winter and
1 ffimanlopus brasiliensis BREHM, Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 684.
148 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
summer, and young different in color from adult. (Subfamily
Tringince.)
c1. Bill only slightly or not at all widened at tip.
d1. Hind-toe present.
el. No trace of web between anterior toes.
f1. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe, with claw ; inner
webs of quills and under primary coverts not mottled.
Tringa. (Page 152.)
/2. Exposed culmen shorter than middle toe, with claw ; inner
webs of quills and under primary coverts beautifully
mottled Tryngites. (Page 169.)
e1. Middle toe united at base to one or both of the lateral toes by
a distinct web.
jf1. Tail more than half as long as the wing, graduated for as
much as the length of the culmen.
Bartramia. (Page 168.)
f2. Tail not more than half as long as the wing, and if grad-
uated, the graduation not more than one-half the
length of the culmen.
gl. Tail longer than the exposed culmen.
hl. Wing less than 4.00. (All anterior toes webbed
at base.) Ereunetes. (Page 161.)
A2. Wing not less than 4.00.
11. Exposed culmen less than one-fifth as long as
the wing Pavoncella. (Page 168.)
12. Exposed culmen more than one-fifth as long
as the wing.
j1. Bill narrow at tip, where hard and
smooth on top.
A:1. Wing less than 4.50.
Actitis. (Page 169.)
A2. Wing more than 4.50.
I1. Axillars uniform grayish or
dusky.
m1. Quills entirely dark-col-
ored ; no web between
inner and middle toes
at base.. Heteractitis.
(Page 167.)
m2. Quills with a conspicuous
white patch at base ; a
distinct web between
inner and middle toes,
at base.. Symphemia.
(Page 167.)
SCOLOPAX. . 149
P. Axillars white, or barred with
white and dusky.
Totanus. (Page 164.)
/*. Bill slightly widened at tip, which (at
least in dried specimen) is pitted or
wrinkled on top.
Micropalama. (Page 152.)
g*. Tail shorter than exposed culmen.
hl. Terminal portion of both upper and lower man-
dibles grooved medially and pitted or wrinkled
(as in G-allinago) ; wing less than 7.00.
Macrorhamphus. (Page 150.)
A2. Terminal portion of upper and lower mandibles
entirely smooth and hard ; wing more than
7.00 Limosa. (Page 162.)
d\ Hind-toe absent Calidris. (Page 162.)
. Bill excessively widened and flattened at tip, its greatest width equal to
about half the length of the exposed culmen.
Eurynorhynchus. (Page 160.)
a*. Back of tarsus covered with small hexagonal scales. (Subfamily Numenince.')
Bill decidedly arched or decurved ; wing 8.00 or more.
Numenius. (Page 170.)
GENUS SCOLOPAX LINNAEUS. (Page 147, pi. XLY., fig. 1.)
Species.
Adult: Above rusty brown, everywhere variegated with dusky and light
grayish and buffy, the middle line of the back and the scapulars marked with large
irregular black spots or blotches, the scapulars much mixed posteriorly with light
grayish and the sides of the interscapular region almost continuously light grayish,
forming a pair of well-defined V-shaped marks on each side of the rusty black-
spotted areas ; quills with outer webs spotted with pale cinnamon in transverse
series, the exterior quill broadly edged with pure white; forehead and fore part of
crown brownish gray ; hind part of crown with occiput black, crossed by two nar-
row bands of light rusty or ochraceous, and bordered anteriorly and posteriorly,
respectively, by two others ; a dusky stripe from corner of mouth to eye ; lower
parts in general pale fulvous-grayish irregularly barred with dark brown. Downy
young : General color rusty ochraceous, the upper parts marked with large blotch-
like areas of deep rusty, and an indistinct band of the same across chest. Length
about 13.50, wing 8.00, culmen 3.00-3.25, tarsus 1.50, middle toe 1.30. Eggs 1.71 X
1.37, rounded ovate, pale dull buff or dull buffy white, spotted with raw umber and
purplish gray. Hob. Northern parts of eastern hemisphere ; occasional in eastern
North America 227. S. rusticola LINN. European Woodcock.
150 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS PHILOMELA GRAY. (Page 147, pi. XLV., fig. 1.)
Species,
Adult : Occiput with three transverse bands of black alternating with three
much narrower ones of ochraceous, or yellowish rusty ; upper parts varied with
pale ashy, rusty, and black, the latter in form of large spots ; quills plain brownish
gray ; head, except as described above, chiefly plain cinnamon-ashy, relieved by a
dusky line from corner of mouth to eyes and another across ear-coverts; lower
parts plain light cinnamon, much tinged with light ashy. Downy young : General
color light rusty buff, unvaried on lower parts ; broad stripe down rump, and other
markings on upper parts very dark chestnut, or seal-brown. Length 10.50-11.75,
wing 4.80-5.70, culmen 2.50-nearly 3.00, tarsus 1.25, middle toe 1.37. Eggs 1.51 X
1.14, short ovate or rounded ovate, buffy, spotted with rusty brown and purplish
gray. Hab. Eastern United States, north to British Provinces, west to the Plains ;
accidental in Bermudas 228. P. minor (GMEL.). American Woodcock.
GENUS GALLINAGO LEACH. (Page 147, pi. XLY., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Tail with a subterminal band of rufous, succeeded by a
black bar; top of head blackish, divided medially by a line of pale buff; feathers of
back, etc., blackish, broadly edged exteriorly with pale buff; under wing-coverts,
axillars, and sides sharply and broadly barred with slate-color on a pure white
ground ; length 10.00-12.00. Eggs pale olive, olive-grayish, or pale olive-brown,
heavily spotted, especially on larger end, with deep brown and purplish gray.
a1. Tail-feathers usually 14; under wing-coverts with white prevailing, the dark
bars everywhere narrower than the white interspaces ; culmen usually more
than |:80; wing 5.00-5.30, culmen 2.80-3.00, tarsus 1.25-1.45, middle toe
1.15-1.40; outer tail-feathers much broader than in G. delicata. Eggs 1.57
X 1.11. Hab. Europe and northern Asia and Africa; accidental in Bermu-
das, and occasional in Greenland.
229. G. gallinago (LiNN.). European Snipe.
a2. Tail-feathers usually 16 ; under wing-coverts everywhere broadly barred with
slate-color, these bars, as well as those on the axillars, nearly as broad as the
white interspaces; culmen usually less than 2.75; wing 4.90-5.60, culmen
2.50-2.70, tarsus 1.20-1.30, middle toe 1.10-1.35. Eggs 1.55 X 1-09. Hab.
Whole of North and Middle America, and West Indies, and northern South
America ; breeding from northern United States northward.
230. G. delicata (ORD). Wilson's Snipe.
GENUS MACRORHAMPHUS LEACH. (Page 149, pi. XLVI., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Rump and upper tail-coverts white, the former with
U- or Y-shaped marks, the latter with transverse bars, of dusky ; tail grayish dusky,
MACRORHAMPHUS. 151
or slaty, barred with white. Summer adult : Sides of head and neck, throat, fore-
neck, chest, breast, and sides (sometimes entire lower parts), light cinnamon, usu-
ally more or less flecked, speckled, or barred with dusky ; top of head and hind-neck
streaked with pale cinnamon, or buffy, and dusky; back, scapulars, etc., varied
with dusky and light cinnamon, or buffy. Winter plumage .-1 Belly, anal region,
and indistinct superciliary stripe, white ; rest of plumage plain ash-gray, intermixed
more or less with white on breast and sides ; wing-coverts bordered with whitish.
Young .-1 Back, scapulars, and tertials varied with blackish and light brown or clay-
color, the latter chiefly along edges of feathers ; lower parts soiled white, tinged,
especially on breast, with pale brownish, the chest and sides indistinctly speckled
with dusky.
a1. Web between inner and middle toes very indistinct ; culmen not more than 3.00,
wing not more than 6.00, and tarsus not more than 1.75 ; lower back entirely
white ; axillars barred to tips with dusky, and under wing-coverts much
varied with same ; tertials, scapulars, etc., more or less barred with light
cinnamon or buffy, in summer plumage. (Subgenus Macrorhamphus.')
V. Length about 10.00-11.00, wing 5.25-5.90 (average 5.65), culmen 2.00-2.55
(2.30), tarsus 1.20-1.55 (1.35), middle toe .90-1.05 (.95). Summer adult
with belly whitish, the breast and sides speckled with dusky. Eggs
1.65 X 1-13, light buffy olive, distinctly spotted and speckled, especially
on larger end, with deep brown. Hob. Eastern North America, breed-
ing far northward ; Nushagak Eiver, Alaska (straggler ?).
231. M. griseus (GMEL.). Dowltcher.
V. Length 11.00-12.50, wing 5.40-6.00 (average 5.74), culmen 2.10-3.00 (2.72),
tarsus 1.35-1.75 (1.58), middle toe .95-1.15 (1.01). Summer adult with
cinnamon-color of lower parts deeper and much more uniform, covering-
entire belly ; sides distinctly barred with dusky. Eggs 1.74 X 1-21, pale
olive-grayish, boldly spotted, especially over larger end, with deep van-
dyke-brown. Hob. North America in general (except northeastern por-
tion), but chiefly the Western Province, breeding in Alaska, etc., north
to Arctic Ocean... 232. M. scolopaceus (SAY). Long-billed Dowitcher.
a2. Web between inner and middle toes very large (almost equal in extent to that
between outer and middle toes) ; culmen more than 3.00, wing more than
6.00, and tarsus more than 1.75 ; lower back dusky, the feathers edged and
margined with white; axillars white, barred or spotted toward base only
with dusky, and under wing-coverts almost entirely white ; tertials, scapu-
lars, etc., edged, but not barred, with pale cinnamon, in summer plumage.
(Subgenus Pseudoscolopax BLYTH.Z)
M. semipalmatus (JERD.). Semipalmated Snipe.*
1 Winter plumage and young of M. semipalmatus not seen by me, and perhaps different in style of colora-
tion from the same stages of the American species.
1 Pseudoscolopax BLYTH, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xvii. 1848, 252. Type, Macrorhamphus semipalmatua
JERD.
3 Pseudoscolopax semipalmatus "JERD." BLYTH, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xvii. 1848, 252.
152 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS MICROPALAMA BAIRD. (Page 149, pi. XLIIL, fig. 4.)
Species.
Summer adult : Upper parts varied with black, pale gray, and light buff, the
first prevailing on back and scapulars; wing-coverts grayish, margined with paler;
upper tail-coverts white, marked with dusky streaks and bars ; top of head dusky,
streaked with whitish ; ear-coverts and patch on each side of occiput, light rusty ;
streak of dusky from eye to corner of mouth ; rest of head, with neck, dull white,
streaked with dusky, the lower parts whitish barred with dusky. Winter plumage :
Upper parts uniform ash-gray, except tail-coverts, wings, and tail, which are as in
summer; superciliary stripe and lower parts white, the chest, sides of neck, and
lower tail-coverts streaked with grayish. Young: Back and scapulars dusky, all
the feathers bordered with pale buff or buffy whitish ; wing-coverts bordered with
pale buff and white ; upper tail-coverts nearly immaculate white ; lower parts
soiled white, the chest and sides more or less strongly washed with buff, and indis-
tinctly streaked with grayish. Length 7.50-9.25, wing 5.00-5.30, culmen 1.55-1.75,
tarsus 1.55-1.70. Eggs 1.42 X 1-00, pale grayish buff, or grayish buffy white, boldly
spotted with rich vandyke-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Eastern North America
breeding far northward; south, in winter, to Brazil, Peru, and "West Indies; Ber-
mudas during migrations 233. M. himantopus (BoNAP.). Stilt Sandpiper.
GENTTS TRINGA LINNAEUS. (Page 148, pi. XLYIL, figs. 1-3 ; pi. XLVIIL, figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
a1. "Wing 6.00 or more ; middle pair of tail-feathers not longer than the rest. (Sub-
genus Tringa.')
bl. Wing less than 7.00 ; summer adult with lower parts uniform light cinna-
mon. Summer adult : Above light grayish, irregularly varied with black
and tinged with pale rusty ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, irregu-
larly barred and spotted with dusky; distinct superciliary stripe and
lower parts generally, uniform pale vinaceous-cinnamon, paler on belly;
under wing-coverts, axillars, flanks, and lower tail-coverts white, usually
more or less marked with dusky. Winter plumage : Above plain ash-
gray, the feathers with indistinct darker shaft-streaks ; rump and upper
tail-coverts white, barred with dusky ; lower parts white, the throat,
fore-neck, chest, and sides streaked and otherwise marked with dusky.
Young : Above ash-gray, each feather bordered with whitish and with
a subedging of dusky ; lower parts whitish, sometimes tinged with dull
buffy on breast, etc., the neck and chest streaked and flecked with dusky,
the sides indistinctly barred and spotted with the same ; otherwise, like
adult. Downy young : " Forehead warm buff, with a central black line ;
over the eye a double black line ; crown, from centre backwards, black,
slightly varied with rufous, and dotted with buff; nape creamy buff,
slightly varied with blackish ; upper parts . . . black slightly varied
TRINOA. 153
with reddish brown and profusely dotted with creamy white; under
parts very slightly washed with warm buff." (DRESSER.) Length 10.00-
11.00, wing 6.50, tail 2.50. Hab. Sea-coasts throughout northern hemi-
sphere and nearly throughout southern hemisphere1 in winter ; in North
America, shores of the Great Lakes also.
234. T. canutus LINN. Knot.
b". "Wing more than 7.00; summer adult with lower parts white, heavily
spotted anteriorly with dusky; wing 7.40, tail 2.80, culmen 1.60, tar-
jsus 1.35, middle toe .85. Hab. Coast of Eastern Asia (Japan, etc.).
T. crassirostris TEMM. & SCHLEG. Large-billed Sandpiper.1
a3. Wing less than 6.00 ; middle pair of tail-feathers longer and more pointed than
the rest.
b1. Tarsus shorter than middle toe (with claw), the latter decidedly shorter
than exposed culmen. (Subgenus Arquatella BAIRD.)
c1. Summer adult and young with little if any rusty on upper parts, the
former without dusky patch or extensive clouding on breast.
Summer adult : Top of head dusky streaked with dull light buffy ;
scapulars and interscapulars blackish, irregularly spotted and
indented with dull buff, and bordered terminally with whitish ;
fore-neck and chest white, streaked with dusky ; breast dull
light grayish, spotted with darker. Winter plumage : Upper
parts uniform sooty blackish, glossed with purplish, the scapu-
. lars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts bordered terminally with
dark plumbeous-gray ; chest uniform mouse-gra}r, or brownish
plumbeous, other lower parts white. Young : Above dusky, the
scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts bordered with pale
grayish buff. Downy young : Above hair-brown, lighter and
grayer on hind-neck, the brown irregularly marbled with black,
the wings, back, and rump thickly spi'inkled with white downy
flecks ; head grayish white, tinged with fulvous, variously
marked with black, the lores having two distinct longitudinal
streaks ; lower parts dull grayish white. Length 8.00-9.50,
wing 4.85-5.40 (5.06), culmen 1.10-1.45 (1.20), tarsus .90-1.00
(.99). Eggs 1.44 X 1-02, pale olive, varying to greenish or
brownish or even buffy, spotted and clouded with various
shades of brown. Hab. Sea-coasts and shores of larger inland
waters of Europe and eastern North America, breeding far
northward; south, in winter, to Middle States and Great
Lakes 235. T. maritima BRUNN. Purple Sandpiper.
c*. Summer adult and young with much rusty on upper parts, the former
with a more or less distinct patch, or extensive clouding, of dusky
on breast.
d1. Smaller and darker colored. Summer adult : Upper parts dusky,
1 Tringa crassirostris TEMM. & SCHLEQ., Faun. Jap. Aves, 1847, 107, pi. 14.
20
154 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
with purplish gloss, the top of head streaked with rusty, the
scapulars and interscapulars widely bordered by a brighter
shade of the same ; fore-neck and chest irregularly clouded
with pale buff or soiled white and sooty plumbeous, the breast
more coarsely clouded, with more or less of a blackish patch on
each side. Winter plumage : Hardly distinguishable from corre-
sponding stage of T. maritima, but lighter borders to feathers
of upper parts of a clearer, more bluish plumbeous, and the
grayish of the chest more varied or broken by white. Young :
Scapulars and interscapulars conspicuously bordered with bright
rusty, ochraceous, and whitish ; wing-coverts broadly bordered
with pale buff or whitish ; breast and sides buffy white, streaked
with dusky. Downy young : Above bright rusty fulvous, irreg-
ularly marbled with black, the ornamental velvety flecks coarser
and less purely white than in T. maritima ; head light fulvous,
marked as in T. maritima ; sides distinctly tinged with fulvous.
Length 7.50-9.00, wing 4.50-5.15 (4.86), culmen .98-1.25 (1.13),
tarsus .88-1.00 (.95). Eggs 1.46 X 1-00, pale olive-buff, varying
to light brownish buff, spotted longitudinally, and somewhat
spirally, with vandyke-brown, or deep umber, these darker
markings sometimes prevailing over the ground-color. Hab.
Aleutian Islands and coasts of Bering's Sea, north to Kowak
Eiver, Alaska, west to Commander Islands, Kamtschatka.
236. T. couesi EIDGW. Aleutian Sandpiper.
(P. Larger and lighter colored. Summer adult : Top of head broadly
streaked with buff; scapulars and interscapulars widely bor-
dered with bright ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous ; fore-neck
and chest pure white, sparsely streaked with brownish gray ;
breast white, streaked anteriorly and clouded posteriorly with
dusky, the latter forming more or less of a patch on each side.
Winter plumage : Above light plumbeous or ashy, the scapulars
and interscapulars darker centrally and with paler borders;
wing-coverts edged with pure white ; chest with white pre-
vailing. Young : Similar to corresponding stage of T. couesi,
but colors much paler, with light borders to feathers of back,
etc., broader, the dark centres correspondingly decreased.
Downy young : Similar to that of T. couesi, but paler in color,
the dark streaks on lores not reaching to the eye. Length
about 9.50-10.00, wing 5.00-5.40 (5.16), culmen 1.15-1.45 (1.33),
tarsus .95-1.00 (.98). Eggs 1.50x1-07, light brownish buff,
heavily spotted with rich vandyke-brown and clouded with
purplish gray. Hab. Prybilof Islands, Bering's Sea; adjacent
coast of Alaska, south of Norton Sound, in winter.
237. T. ptilocnemis COUES. Prybilof Sandpiper.
TRINQA. 155
b*. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, or else toes very slender, without
distinct lateral membrane.
c1. Exposed culmon not longer than tarsus (or else exceeding it by not
more than half the length of the basal phalanx of the middle toe),
and less than half as long as the tail. (Subgenus Actodromas
KAUP.)
. Tail, tail-coverts, and feathers of lower rump tipped with buffy whitish.
Eggs 2.35 X 1-79- Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, and north to southern
border of United States (western Texas to Arizona) ; south to Vera
Cruz (temperate region).
310a. M. gallopavo mexicana (GOULD). Mexican Turkey.
Tail and its coverts tipped with intensely brilliant metallic copper-bronze;
ground-color of tail ash-gray ; feathers of lower back and rump rich steel-
blue, those of lower parts bronzy black — all tipped with intensely rich metallic
golden and coppery bronze ; greater wing-coverts brilliantly metallic copper-
bronze, without, black tips. Adult male without beard-like tuft on chest, and
with leg-spur longer (in older birds much longer) than hind-toe, thorn-shaped
and very sharp. Size considerably less than in the more northern species.
Hab. Yucatan and adjacent portions of Honduras (and Guatemala?).
M. ocellata TEMM. Ocellated Turkey.1
FAMILY CRACID^E. — THE CURASSOWS AND GUANS. (Page 184.)
Genera.
a1. Cere wholly naked, the nostrils exposed ; tarsi entirely naked. (Subfamily
Oocirnz.)
b\ Bill very stout, its depth through base equal to or greater than chord of
culmen, the top of the cere elevated, distinctly arched; feathers of crest
recurved at tips ; throat mostly feathered. (Very large : length 2 J to 3
feet.) Crax?
62. Bill much weaker, its depth through base less than chord of culmen, the top
of cere not distinctly elevated nor arched ; feathers of crest (if any) not
recurved at tip ; throat naked, except a median narrow strip.
c1. Larger (length about 2£ to 3 feet) ; throat with a more or less distinct
median " dewlap."
d1 . Sexes alike in color, brownish above, striped with whitish be-
neath Penelope?
1 Meleagris ocellata TEMM., PI. Col. livr. 19, 1838, pi. 112.
2 Crax LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 157. Type, C. rubra LINN., = C. globicera LINN, et Acer.
3 Penelope MERREM, Aves Icon, et Descr. ii. 1786, 40. Type, Meleagris cristata LINN.
208 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
d*. Sexes unlike in color ; male uniform black, female black, vermicu-
lated or irregularly barred with rufous Penelopina.1
c2. Smaller (length less than 2 feet) ; throat without median " dewlap" ; plu-
mage plain, the tail with whitish or rufous tip. Ortalis. (Page 208.)
a2. Cere densely covered with erect velvet-like feathers, concealing the nostrils;
upper part of tarsi feathered in front and on sides. (Subfamily Oreophasince.')
Male with a tubercular vertical horn on top of head Oreophasis."
GENUS ORTALIS MERKEM. (Page 208, pi. LXL, fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS (of Mexican and Central American species). — Above plain
olive-brownish or olive-grayish, the tail darker and with a distinct greenish or
bluish gloss ; anterior lower parts colored like upper surface, the rest of lower parts
different (chestnut-rufous, light brownish, or dull whitish).
a1. Head with a conspicuous crest, the anterior feathers of which incline forward,
over base of bill ; posterior lower parts and tips of tail-feathers chestnut-
rufous; length about 2 feet (or more), wing 9.50-10.50, tail 11.00-12.00.
Hob. "Western Mexico, north to Mazatlan.
O. wagleri GRAY. Wagler's Chachalaca.8
a2. Head not conspicuously crested, all the feathers reclining backward ; posterior
lower parts and tips of tail-feathers pale brownish, light ochraceous, or
whitish.
bl. Quills olive, or olive-grayish.
c1. Wing not more than 8.50 ; feathers of neck blended ; under tail-coverts
isabella-color, or buify brownish ; tip of tail varying from isabella-
color to white.
d1. Belly dull light brownish.
el. Tip of tail white.
/*. Belly pure white ; length about 16.50, wing 7.30, tail 8.00.
Hob. West coast of Guatemala and Nicaragua.
O. leucogastra ( GOULD). White-bellied Chachalaca.*
/2. Belly dull fulvous-brown, or isabella-color. Adult: Above
plain grayish olive, faintly glossed with bronzy green-
ish, more dull slaty on head and neck ; tail dusky bronzy
greenish, changing to dull bluish, broadly tipped with
white, except middle feathers ; middle line of throat
blackish ; lower parts generally dull brownish, some-
what paler on middle of belly, but deepening into more
decided, or more fulvous, brownish on flanks and under
1 Penelopina REICH., Tauben. 1862, 152. Type, Penelope nigra FRAS.
2 Oreophasis GRAY, Gen. B. iii. 1844, 485. Type, 0. derbianus GRAY.
8 Ortalida wagleri GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 11.
4 Penelope leucogaoter GOULD, P. Z. S. 1843, 105. Ortalida leucogattra GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mus.
1867, 13.
ORTALIS. 209
tail-coverts; length 19.75-24.00, wing 7.50-8.50, tail
9.00-10.50. Nest in trees or bushes, usually 4-10 feet
from ground, carelessly constructed of sticks, grasses,
leaves, etc. Eggs usually 3, 2.34 X 1-60, creamy white,
with very hard, distinctly granulated shells. Hab.
Northeastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north to lower
Bio Grande Yalley (both sides).
311. O. vetula maccalli (BAIED). Chachalaca.1
e2. Tip of tail dull buffy brown, or isabella-color ; colors generally
darker than in maccalli, and -size decidedly less (length
about 21.00, wing 7.70, tail 9.00). Hab. Guatemala and
southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec).
O. vetula plumbeiceps GRAY. Guatemalan Chachalaca.2
d\ Belly dull whitish.
Tip of tail brownish white; otherwise like maccalli, but
smaller (size of plumbeiceps). Hab. Yucatan.
O. vetula pallidiventris RIDGW. (subsp. nov.).
Yucatan Chachalaca.
c1. Wing 9.00, or more ; feathers of neck distinctly lanceolate ; under tail-
coverts deep ochraceous, tip of tail pale ochraceous.
A O. poliocephala WAGL. Gray-necked Chachalaca.3
62. Quills chestnut.
Otherwise very similar to 0. plumbeiceps, but much browner above.
O. cinereiceps GRAY. Costa Rican Chachalaca.*
1 It is possible that this may be the true 0. vetula of WAGLER (Penelope vetula WAGL., Isis, 1830, 1112),
which seems to agree exactly in color with 0. maccalli ; but the size is much, smaller, the length being given
as 18 inches, the tail 9.70. The locality is given as simply " Mexico," and it may be that a fourth local race, to
which Wagler's name is strictly applicable, may exist in some portion of Mexico specimens from which have
not come under my observation.
2 Ortalida plumbeiceps GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 11.
8 Penelope poliocephala WAGL., Isis, 1830, 1112. Ortalida poliocephala WAGL., Isis, 1832, 1227.
4 Ortalida cinereiceps GRAY, List Gallin. Brit. Mus. 1867, 12.
27
210 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
ORDER COLUMB-^E. — THE PIGEONS. (Page 2.)
Families.
(Characters same as those given for the Order) .. Columbidse. (Page 210.)
FAMILY COLUMBIDjSB.— THE PIGEONS OR DOVES. (Page 210.)
(Nest a flat frail platform of sticks, straws, etc., usually in trees. Eggs 2, plain
white or bufly white.)
Genera.
a1. Tarsus shorter than lateral toes. (Subfamily Columbince.)
bl. Tail much shorter than wing, slightly rounded, the feathers broad and
rounded, or nearly truncated, at tips Columba. (Page 211.)
tf. Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated, the feathers narrow and pointed at
tips Ectopistes. (Page 212.)
a1. Tarsus longer than lateral toes. (Subfamily ZenaidirUK^)
bl. Front of tarsus covered by transverse scutellse.
c1. "Wing more than 5.00.
d1. Terminal portion of outer quill abruptly narrowed.
Engyptila. (Page 214.)
d*. Terminal portion of outer quill not narrowed.
e\ Outer webs of only second and third quills very slightly sinu-
ated (sinuation scarcely perceptible).
fl. Tail-feathers 12 ; tail rounded, less than three-fourths as
long as wing, the feathers broad and rounded at tips.
g\ Culmen longer than lateral toes, without claws ; tail
nearly three-fourths as long as wing; a white
patch covering larger wing-coverts.
Melopelia. (Page 214.)
g*. Culmen shorter than lateral toes, without claws ; tail
barely more than two-thirds as long as wing ; no
white patch on wing-coverts.
Zenaida. (Page 213.)
/*. Tail-feathers 14 ; tail graduated, usually more than three-
fourths (always more than two-thirds) as long as
wing, the feathers more or less narrowed at tips.
Zenaidura. (Page 212.)
e*. Outer webs of second to fifth quills, inclusive, distinctly sinu-
ated ; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing.
Geotrygon. (Page 216.)
COLUMBA. 211
c2. Wing less than 4.00.
d\ Tail as long as or longer than wing, lateral feathers graduated and
narrowed at tips Scardafella. (Page 215.)
d*. Tail much shorter than wing, rounded, the feathers broad at ends.
Columbigallina. (Page 214.)
62. Front of tarsus covered with hexagonal scutellge.
Otherwise like Geotrygon, but tarsi decidedly longer than middle toe,
with claw Starncenas. (Page 217.)
GENUS COLUMBA LINN.EUS. (Page 210, pi. LXIL, figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
a1. Terminal third of tail abruptly lighter in color than the basal portion, the two
shades (of grayish) separated by a blackish band ; lower tail-coverts white.
Above plumbeous, browner on back, more bluish on rump, the wing-
coverts paler and narrowly edged with white; quills dusky. Adult
male : A narrow half-collar of white across upper portion of hind-neck,
the rest of the hind-neck dull metallic bronzy green ; head, fore-neck,
and lower parts more or less purplish, or glaucous-vinaceous, or violet,
becoming more pinkish on belly and plumbeous on sides ; bill yellow (in
life) with black tip. Adult female : Similar to the male, but usually
much duller in color, the white nuchal bar indistinct or even obsolete,
the breast grayer, belly whitish, hind neck less metallic, and size rather
less. Young : Somewhat like adult female, but feathers of upper
parts narrowly and rather indistinctly margined with paler ; head and
neck dull plumbeous (in male) or light grayish brown (in female), with
indistinct paler tips to feathers ; no trace of white bar on nape, and
lower parts dull grayish, tinged with brown on breast. Length 15.00-
16.00, wing 8.00-8.80, tail 6.00-6.50. Hab. Western United States, from
Eocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south through Mexico to
highlands of Guatemala 312. C. fasciata SAY. Band-tailed Pigeon.
rt2. Tail of a uniform shade throughout ; lower tail-coverts slate-gray.
b1. Neck same color all round, and entirely destitute of metallic gloss. Adult
male : Head, neck, and breast purplish chocolate, or vinaceous-chestnut,
the lesser and upper middle wing- coverts similar, but brighter, or less
vinaceous ; back, scapulars, and tertials grayish brown or olivaceous ;
rest of plumage dark plumbeous or slaty, clearest on rump and flanks,
paler on under wing-coverts, darker on tail. Adult female : Similar, but
rather smaller and color duller. Length 13.75-14.60, wing about 7.50-
7.80, tail 5.40-5.50. Eggs 1.47 X 1-06. Sab. Mexico and Central Amer-
ica, south to Costa Eica, north to southern Texas and Lower California.
313. C. flavirostris WAGL. Red-billed Pigeon.
62. Hind-neck ornamented by a " cape" of metallic brassy or bronzy green or
purplish, each feather distinctly bordered with velvety black. Adult
(sexes alike): Entire top of head white or pale grayish buffy; upper
212 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
part of hind-neck dark maroon ; rest of plumage uniform dark plumbe-
ous; length 12.00-14.25, wing 7.00-7.80, tail 5.50-5.80. Eggs 1.41 X 1-02.
Hab. Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida Keys; also, Santa Cruz,
St. Bartholomew, and coast of Honduras.
314. C. leucocephala LINN. White-crowned Pigeon.
GENUS ECTOPISTES SWAINSON. (Page 210, pi. LXIIL, fig. 1.)
Species.
Tail shading from dusky on middle feathers, through gradually lighter shades
of gray, to white on outer webs of lateral pair, the inner web of each feather
(except middle pair) with a transverse blackish spot preceded by one of rufous.
Adult male : Head, neck, rump, and under wing-coverts uniform plumbeous ; other
upper parts grayish brown, or drab, the outermost scapulars, innermost wing-
coverts, and tertials spotted with black; nape and sides of neck glossed with
changeable metallic reddish purple ; chest and breast deep vinaceous-rufous, pass-
ing gradually into soft pinkish vinaceous on sides ; belly and under tail-coverts
white. Adult female : Similar to the male, but head brownish gray, gradually
paler toward throat; chest and breast grayish brown, or drab, gradually changing
to pale brownish gray on sides; metallic gloss on neck less distinct; size some-
what less. Young : Somewhat like adult female, but wing-coverts and scapulars,
also feathers of head, neck, and chest narrowly tipped with whitish, producing a
mottled appearance ; rusty margins to quills more distinct, and bordering their
tips. Length 15.00-17.25, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 8.20-8.75, the female somewhat
smaller. Eggs 1.47 X 1-02. Hab. Deciduous forest-region of eastern North
America, west, casually, to Washington Territory and Nevada ; Cuba.
315. E. migratorius (LINN.). Passenger Pigeon.
GENUS ZENAIDURA BONAPARTE. (Page 210, pi. LXIIL, fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS (of North and Middle American species). — Tail-feathers
(except middle pair) grayish, paler at tips, and crossed by an irregular subterminai
band of dusky ; upper parts plain brownish, the tertials, with adjacent wing-cov-
erts or scapulars, or both, marked with a few roundish, oval, or oblong spots of
black ; axillars and under wing-coverts bluish gray, or plumbeous.
rt1. Secondaries not tipped with white.
bl. Lower tail-coverts light creamy buff. Adult male: Occiput light bluish gray,
with a glaucous "bloom"; rest of head and neck vinaceous-cinnamon,
paler on throat and forehead, the chin whitish ; sides of neck glossed
with changeable metallic purple; a spot of blue-black beneath ears;
chest and breast delicate vinaceous, changing to creamy buff posteriorly,
paler on lower tail-coverts. Adult female: Similar to the male, but head
light drab, paler on throat, and whitish on chin, the occiput scarcely
if at all bluish ; breast light drab, or grayish olive-brown, changing to
ZENAIDA. 213
pale buify on posterior lower parts ; metallic gloss on neck less distinct,
the black ear-spot smaller and duller. Young : Much duller in color
than adult female, with the tints more brownish ; feathers of upper
parts, head, neck, and chest, with distinct paler tips or terminal margins ;
no metallic gloss on neck, or distinct black spot beneath ears. Length
11.00-13.00, wing 5.70-6.10, tail 5.70-6.50, culmen .50-.55. Nest vari-
ously situated ; Eggs 1.10 X -84. Hab. Whole of temperate North Amer-
ica, north to Canada, southern Maine, etc., south to Panama and West
Indies 316. Z. macroura (LiNN.). Mourning Dove.
b2. Lower tail-coverts cinnamon-color. Young (adult unknown) : Much darker
in color than Z. macroura, the entire lower parts, including under tail-
coverts, uniform deep rusty cinnamon. Wing about 6.00, tail 4.80-5.00,
culmen .80. Hab. Socorro Island, western Mexico.
Z. graysoni LAWK. Socorro Dove.1
Outer webs of secondaries broadly tipped with white.
Adult male (female and young unknown) : Entire lower parts uniform deep
vinaceous, somewhat paler on lower tail-coverts. (Plumage exactly that
of paler-colored specimens of Zenaida amabilis.') Wing 6.00, tail 4.80.
Hab. Yucatan (Merida).
Z. yucatanensis LAWR. Yucatan Dove.2
GENUS ZENAIDA BONAPARTE. (Page 210, pi. LXIIL, fig. 3.)
•
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above olive-brown or russet, the tertials and adjacent
wing-coverts or scapulars spotted with black ; head, neck, and breast cinnamon-color,
relieved by a spot or streak of blue-black beneath ear-coverts and reflections of
changeable metallic purple on sides of neck; tail-feathers (except middle pair)
plumbeous or slaty, broadly tipped with a lighter shade of the same, and crossed by
a subterminal band of black ; outer webs of secondaries broadly tipped with white.
a1. Under tail-coverts deep cinnamon; head and neck purplish cinnamon or deep
vinaceous; length 10.00-11.50, wing 6.00-6.25, tail 4.00-4.40. Eggs 1.19 X
.92. Hab. Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Eico, Santa Cruz,
Sombrero, and coast of Yucatan.. 317. Z. zenaida (BONAP.). Zenaida Dove.
a2. Under tail-coverts whitish, usually slightly tinged with vinaceous or grayish ;
head and neck (especially the latter) cinnamon-rufous ; a little larger than
Z. zenaida. Hab. Lesser Antilles (St. Bartholomew, St. Vincent, Barbuda,
Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Grenada, St. Eustatius, etc.).
Z. castanea (WAGL.). Antillean Dove.3
* Zenaidura graysoni LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1871, 17.
2 Zenaidura yucatanensis LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 208. (Perhaps a hybrid between Z. macroura
and Zenaida amabilie.)
3 Columba castanea WAGL., Syst. Av. 1827, 289, Columba, Sp. 77. (Z. martinicana BP. et Aucr., but not
Columba martinica LINN.)
214 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS ENGYPTILA SUNDEVALL. (Page 210, pi. LXIL, fig. 3.)
Species.
Adult male : Above plain olive-brownish, the occiput, hind-neck, and sides of
neck glossed with metallic reddish purple ; top of head bluish gray, fading into
creamy white on forehead ; rest of head and neck, with lower parts, pale vinaceous,
or vinaceous- white, deeper on chest and upper part of breast, the chin, belly, and
under tail-coverts pure white, the sides tinged with grayish brown or olive; axillars
and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous; middle tail-feathers like back, the rest
slaty black, broadly tipped with white. Adult female: Similar to the male, but
colors duller, with vinaceous tints -less pronounced, and metallic gloss on hind-neck
less distinct. Length about 11.50-12.50, wings 6.00-6.50, tail 4.25-4.50. Nest in
vines or bushes. Eggs 1.17 X -87, dull buffy white. Hob. Mexico and Guatemala,
north to lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas.
318. E. albifrons (BONAP.). White-fronted Dove.
GENUS MELOPELIA BONAPARTE. (Page 210, pi. LX1V., fig. 3.)
Species.
Two middle tail-feathers grayish brown, the rest plumbeous or slaty, with the
terminal fourth white (tinged with gray toward middle feathers), the plumbeous or
slate of basal portion darker next to the lighter terminal portion; secondaries
broadly edged terminally with white ; larger wing-coverts white, producing a large
white longitudinal patch on wing. Adult male : Above grayish brown or drab,
grayer on wings, more plumbeous on rump ; head, neck, and chest light brownish
gray, more or less tinged with pale vinaceous, the occiput and hind-neck inclining
to glaucous lilaceous ; sides of neck glossed with metallic golden green changing to
purple ; a spot of blue-black immediately beneath ear-coverts ; other lower parts
light pearl-gray, becoming whitish on lower tail-coverts. Adult female : Similar to
the male, but colors duller, with little if any lilaceous or vinaceous tinge to chest,
etc. Young : Similar to adult female, but colors still duller, the feathers of upper
parts with paler terminal margins, and the chest with a faint rusty tinge. Length
11.00-12.25, wing 6.30-6.80, tail 4.80-5.25. Nest in bushes or low trees. Eggs 1.17
X -88, very light creamy buff or buffy white. Hab. Mexico and Central America,
south to Costa Eica, north to southern border of United States (Texas to Arizona
and Lower California) ; Cuba ; Jamaica.
319. M. leucoptera (LINN.). White-winged Dove.
GENUS COLUMBIGALLINA BOIE. (Page 211, pi. LXIL, fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males with top of head bluish gray, or tinged with
this color; rest of upper parts plain grayish brown or chestnut, the uppermost wing-
coverts (sometimes scapulars also) more or less marked with steel-blue or black ;
COLUMBIGALLINA. 215
inner webs of quills rufous ; tail (except middle feathers) blackish ; lower parts
chiefly vinaceous. Adult females much duller, the lower parts dull light vinaceous-
grayish, or light brownish.
a1. Axillars and under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous.
Adult male : Head, neck, and lower parts pinkish vinaceous, the feathers
of the breast dusky grayish brown centrally, and those of head and neck
margined with a darker shade of the ground-color; occiput and nape
bluish gray, or glaucous ; upper parts in general plain grayish brown,
the innermost wing-coverts (which are often vinaceous, like lower
parts) marked with small spots of dark metallic violet. Adult female :
Similar to male, but colors much duller, the vinaceous replaced by light
brownish gray (sometimes slightly vinaceous). Young : Somewhat like
adult female, but still duller, or more grayish, the feathers, especially of
upper parts, narrowly margined terminally with whitish. Length 6.00-
7.00, wing 3.10-3.60, tail 2.60-2.80, exposed culmen .41-.48, tarsus .60-
.66. Eggs .84 X -64. Hab. Whole of Middle America, West Indies, and
northern South America ; north to southern Atlantic and Gulf States
(casually to District of Columbia), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and
Lower California 320. C. passerina (LiNN.). Ground Dove.
a2. Axillars and most of under wing-coverts black.
Adult male: Above vinaceous-chestnut, becoming bluish gray on top of
head, and light vinaceous on forehead ; lower parts plain deep vinaceous,
paler on chin. Adult female : Above dull brownish, sometimes tinged
with rusty; lower parts plain grayish brown, or brownish gray. Wing
about 3.50-3.70. Hab. Middle America and northern South America,
north to Orizaba and Colima, Mexico.
C. rufipennis (BONAP.). Rufous Ground Dove.1
GENUS SCARDAFELLA BONAPARTE. (Page 211, pi. LXIL, fig. 5.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Grayish brown above, each feather with a terminal
border or crescentic bar of dusky ; inner web of quills, except terminal portion,
rufous ; under wing-coverts partly black ; lower parts pale grayish vinaceous, pass-
ing into white or buff posteriorly, marked like upper parts ; lateral tail-feathers
with terminal half white, the rest black.
a1. Larger wing-coverts, belly, and lower tail-coverts white ; breast distinctly squa-
mated with dusky ; wing about 4.00, tail 4.00. Hab. South America (Brazil,
Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, etc.).
S. squamosa (TEMM.). Scaled Dove.*
1 Talpacotia rufipennis BONAP., Consp. ii. 1854, 79.
* Columba squamom TEMM., Pig. et Gal. i. 1811, pi. 59. Scardafella squamosa BONAP., Consp. ii. 1854, 85.
216 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
a*. Larger wing-coverts pale brownish gray, like rest of coverts ; belly and lower
tail-coverts buff; breast very indistinctly squamated; wing 3.75 or less, tail
more than 4.00.
Adult: Lower parts pale grayish vinaceous anteriorly (nearly white on
chin), passing into buff on belly, flanks, and lower tail-coverts; chin,
throat, and upper part of chest immaculate, but feathers of other por-
tions tipped with blackish, these bars broadest on flanks ; upper parts,
including all the wing-coverts, grayish brown, each feather tipped with
a crescentic bar of blackish. Young : Similar to adult, but less pinkish
beneath, and grayish brown of upper parts somewhat mottled by occa-
sional whitish tips to feathers. Length about 8.00, wing 3.70-3.75, tail
4.00-4.40. Eggs .82 X -64. Hob. Mexico and Guatemala, north to
southern border of United States (southern Texas to southern Arizona.)
321. S. inca (LESS.). Inca Dove.
GENUS GEOTRYGON GOSSE. (Page 210, pi. LXIV., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Upper parts mainly uniform chestnut, the back (some-
times other portions also) with more or less of metallic gloss ; lower parts plain
dull whitish, ochraceous or buify, deepening into brownish or vinaceous on chest.
a1. Quills rufous, on both webs, in adult (partly rufous in young) ; feathers of neck
blended.
bl. Belly and under tail-coverts whitish, or very pale buffy; back brilliantly
metallic.
Adult: Forehead and lores dull chestnut; rest of upper head with
hind-neck dull metallic bronzy green, changing to purplish ; back
brilliantly metallic reddish purple ; rest of upper parts mainly dull
chestnut, more or less glossed with metallic purple, especially on
rump and lesser wing-coverts ; a broad whitish malar stripe, extend-
ing back to occiput, across ear-coverts ; beneath this a narrower and
less distinct stripe of brown or chestnut ; anterior lower parts pale
vinaceous, becoming whitish on chin and throat; posterior lower
parts dull white, or very pale buffy ; length 10.60-11.75, wing 6.00-
6.50, tail 4.20-5.75. Hab. Haiti, Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida Keys.
322. G. martinica (GMEL.). Key West Quail-dove.
b*. Belly and under tail-coverts deep ochraceous ; back not brilliantly metallic.
Adult: Above deep purplish chestnut, with metallic reflections (of
purplish red) only in certain lights ; chin and throat buffy whitish ;
bordered along each side by a dark purplish chestnut stripe, with a
buffy malar stripe above it — neither very sharply defined ; fore-neck
and chest vinaceous or vinaceous-brown ; rest of lower parts deep
ochraceous-buff or ochraceous. Young: Above deep sepia-brown
(with an olive cast in some lights), the wing-coverts sometimes
STARNCENAS. 217
mixed with rusty ; forehead, chest, etc., dull cinnamon-brown ; rest
of under parts brownish buffy ; quills mainly dusky, but inner webs
broadly edged with rufous, especially toward base. Wing 5.30-6.00,
tail 3.10-3.60. Hab. Tropical America in general (including "West
Indies), north to Cuba and eastern Mexico (Mirador).
G. montana (LiNN.). Ruddy Quail-dove.1
a2. Quills entirely dusky, on both webs ; feathers of neck very distinctly outlined.
Adult : Top of head slaty or plumbeous, becoming paler (sometimes whitish
or pale vinaceous) on forehead ; hind-neck dull greenish bronze ; rest of
upper parts nearly uniform dark chestnut, slightly glossed with violet-
purple on back ; chin and throat pale buffy or buffy whitish ; chest vary-
ing from dull brownish to buffy vinaceous or even grayish brown ; rest
of lower parts buffy, deeper on sides and flanks; length (skin) about 9.50-
11.00, wing 5.80-6.20, tail 3.50-4.40. Hab. Guatemala and southern
Mexico, north to Mirador.
G. albifacies SCL. Mexican Quail-dove.2
GENUS STARNCENAS BONAPARTE. (Page 211, pi. LXIY., fig. 1.)
Species.
Adult: General color plain olive-brown above and dull rusty beneath, the
breast sometimes with a glaucous-purplish tinge ; top of head dull cobalt-blue, bor-
dered below by black ; a wide white stripe running from chin beneath eye to
occiput; throat and chest black, bordered below by a semicircular line of pure
white, the feathers of the upper and lateral portions of the black area tipped with
blue; length 10.75-12.50, wing 5.40-5.70, tail 4.00-4.25. Hab. Cuba and Florida
Keys 323. S. cyanocephala (LINN.). Blue-headed Quail-dove,
1 Columba montana LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 163. Geotrygon montana BONAP., Consp. ii. 1854, 72.
2 Geotrygon albifacies SCL., P. Z. S., 1858, 98.
28
218 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
ORDER RAPTORES. — BIRDS OF PREY. (Page 2.)
Families.
i1. Head entirely naked, or else only partially covered with down (in young) ; nos-
trils longitudinal ; a distinct web between inner and middle toes, at base ;
bind-toe short, elevated, the feet wholly unfit for grasping. (Suborder Sar-
corhamphi.') Cathartidae. (Page 218.)
z2. Head entirely feathered or only partially naked ; nostrils vertical or roundish ;
no web between inner and middle toes; hind-toe well developed, with large,
sharp claw, inserted at the same level with anterior toes, the feet specially
adapted for grasping.
61. Eyes lateral, not surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; cere exposed ;
outer toe not reversible (except in Pandiori). (Suborder Falcones.')
Falconidae. (Page 222.)
62. Eyes directed forward, surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; cere con-
cealed by loral and frontal bristle-like feathers; outer toe reversible.
(Suborder Striges.')
c1. Inner toe as long as middle toe ; inner edge of middle claw pectinated ;
feathers on hinder part of tarsus recurved, or pointed upward ; first
quill longer than third, none of the quills with inner webs sinuated
or emarginated Strigidae. (Page 255.)
c2. Inner toe decidedly shorter than middle toe ; inner edge of middle claw
not pectinated; feathers on hinder part of tarsus (if present) pointed
downward ; first quill shorter than third, and at least one (one to
six) quill with inner web sinuated or emarginated.
Bubonidae. (Page 255.)
FAMILY CATHARTID^.— THE AMERICAN VULTURES. (Page 218.)
Genera.
a1. Cere decidedly shorter than the upper mandible; bill very strong,' with all its
outlines decidedly convex. Adult males with a fleshy " comb" or lobe sur-
mounting the top of the cere.
61. Plumage of adult commencing on the neck with a very distinct collar of
white cottony down; primaries decidedly longer than secondaries;
throat with a median " dewlap" ; " comb" of adult male extending from
near anterior border of cere to middle of the crown; sexes very different,
the female lacking entirely the "comb" or other fleshy appendages to
the head; very large (wing 30.00, or more) Sarcorhamphus.1
i Sarcorhamphus DUMERIL, Zool. Anal. 1806, 32. Type, by elimination, Vultur gryphut LINN.
GYPAGUS. 219
b*. Plumage commencing on neck with broad, normally developed feathers;
primaries not longer than secondaries ; throat without any " dewlap" ;
" comb" of adult male attached only to middle of cere, above nostril ;
sexes alike; size medium (wing less than 25.00).
Gypagus. (Page 219.)
a2. Cere decidedly longer than upper mandible; bill comparatively weak. Adult
males without fleshy " comb" or lobe surmounting cere.
bl. Entire neck bare of feathers ; plumage commencing abruptly with lanceo-
late or penicillate feathers, these continued over breast and belly ; head
much elongated, the upper outline of the cere elevated posteriorly above
the level of the flattened forehead ; very large (wing 30.00, or more).
Nostril very small, occupying not more than the basal third of the
nasal fossae, its anterior end acute ; bill small, the mandibles de-
cidedly broader than deep, the lower as deep as the upper ; skin of
head and neck smooth ; tail even.... Pseudogryphus. (Page 220.)
P. Head only, or with only upper part of neck, naked ; plumage commencing
gradually on upper part or middle of neck with broad, normal feathers,
those of the breast and belly broad and blended; forehead elevated
above the upper outline of cere ; bill stronger, with hook of upper man-
dible well developed ; much smaller (wing less than 25.00).
c1. Nostrils very large and broad, occupying the whole of the nasal fossse,
both ends broadly rounded ; wing lengthened, the quills reaching to
or beyond tip of the much rounded tail... Cathartes. (Page 220.)
c2. Nostrils small and narrow, occupying only the posterior half of the
nasal fossae, the anterior end pointed ; wing short, rounded, the
quills scarcely reaching to the middle of the even or slightly emar-
ginated tail Catharista. (Page 221.)
GENUS GYPAGUS YIEILLOT. (Page 219, pi. LXIY., fig. 5.)
Species.
Adult : Upper neck (" ruff ") plumbeous, the feathers white at base ; tertials,
secondaries, quills, greater and. primary coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail,
black, the secondaries grayish exteriorly and edged with white ; rest of plumage
deep vinaceous-buff or pinkish cream-color above, white beneath ; naked skin of head
and upper neck very brilliantly colored in life with yellow, orange, red, blue, etc. ;
iris white ; bill dull red in dried skins, said to be orange and black in life. Young :
Entirely plain blackish brown, the bill and naked skin of head dusky. Length
27.00-34.00, wing 19.00-20.00, tail 9.50-10.00, culmen 1.30-1.40, tarsus 3.60-3.65,
middle toe 3.00-3.30. Eggs 3.70 X 2.65, plain white. Hab. Whole of tropical America,
except West Indies, north to southern Arizona ?
G. papa (LiNN.). King Vulture.1
1 Vulture papa LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 86. Gypagua papa VIEILL., Nouv. Diet, xxxvi. 1819, 456.
220 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS PSEUDOGRYPHUS EIDQWAY. (Page 219, pi. LXIV., fig. 4.)
Species.
Adult: Dull black, the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries
hoary grayish, the former tipped and the latter edged with white ; axillars and
under wing-coverts pure white ; bill whitish or pale yellowish, and naked skin of
head and neck yellowish or orange in life. Young : Similar to adult, but feathers
of upper parts more distinctly bordered with brownish (producing a squamate ap-
pearance), the outer webs of greater wing-coverts and secondaries dusky, and with-
out any white on axillars or under wing-coverts ; bill and naked skin of head and
neck dusky, the latter more or less covered with soft sooty grayish down. Downy
young : Dull white, the naked skin of head and neck dull yellow. Length 44.00-
55.00 inches, extent 8J to nearly 11 feet, weight 20 to 25 pounds, wing 30.00-35.00
inches, tail 15.00-18.00, culmen 1.50, tarsus 4.40-5.00, middle toe 4.00-4.50. Nest a
cavity or recess among rocks or a hollow in stump, log, or tree-trunk. Eggs 1-2,
4.46 X 2.48, elongate-ovate, plain pale dull grayish green or dull greenish white.
Hob. Pacific coast of United States, north to the Columbia ; southern Utah ? (Now
much reduced in numbers, and extinct in many localities where formerly abun-
dant.) 324. P. californianus (SHAW). California Vulture.
GENUS CATHARTES ILLIGER. (Page 219, pi. LX., fig. 2 ; pi. LXIV., figs. 6, 8.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — General color black, uniform on lower parts (sometimes
on upper parts also) ; bill white, and naked skin of head reddish or yellowish in
adult, both dusky in young.
a1. Upper portion of neck, all round, naked ; wing 20.00, or more.
bl. Plumage of upper parts grayish brown, the feathers glossy blackish cen-
trally, the secondaries edged with grayish or whitish ; naked skin of
head (in adult) livid crimson in life.
Adult : Neck and lower parts uniform dull black ; upper parts black-
ish, with a greenish and violet gloss, the feathers of the back, the
scapulars, and wing-coverts with margins broadly (but not abrupt!}*)
light grayish brown ; edge of secondaries light grayish brown, vary-
ing to light ashy ; shafts of quills and tail-feathers pale brown, vary-
ing to yellowish white ; bill chalk- white ; iris grayish brown ; naked
skin of head and upper neck (in life) dull livid crimson, brightening
to lake-red on cere, the lores and top of head sometimes with whitish
wart-like papillae. Young : Similar to adult, but bill blackish, and
naked skin of head and neck livid dusky, and the brownish margins
to wing-coverts, etc., less distinct. Downy young : Covered with
pure white cottony down, the head, however, naked, and sallow
dusky. Length 26.00-32.00, extent about 6 feet, wing 20.00-23.00
CATHARISTA. 221
inches, tail 11.00-12.00, culmen 1.00, tarsus 2.25-2.30, middle toe
2.50. Nest a cavity among rocks or in hollow of a log, stump,
or tree-trunk, without additional material. Eggs 2, 2.74 X 1-89,
ovate or broadly elliptical ovate, white, buffy white, or greenish
white, more or less spotted or blotched with rich brown (madder or
burnt-umber) and purplish gray. Hab. Nearly the whole of temper-
ate and tropical America, including West Indies ; south to Falkland
Islands and Patagonia, north, more or less regularly, to southern
New England, New York, the Saskatchewan, and British Columbia.
325. C. aura (LINN.). Turkey Vulture.
bl. Plumage of upper parts entirely uniform dull black ; naked skin of head
and upper neck of adult yellow in life.
Wing 20.00, tail 12.00, culmen .82, tarsus 2.50, middle toe 2.40. Hab.
Amazonian region of South America (Guiana to eastern Peru).
C. pernigra (SHABPE). Amazonian Turkey Vulture.1
a1. Upper part of hind-neck feathered quite to the occiput ; wing less than 20.00.
Adult : Entirely uniform black (as in C. pernigra), the shafts of the quills
white ; " bill and cere reddish white ; crown and lower side of head pale
violet or sky-blue ; side of head, neck, and throat beautiful gray-orange;"
iris red ; bill white. Immature : " Iris blackish gray ; head in very
young birds reddish gray, whitish on crown and over the eye ; neck
bluish, subsequent to which the head becomes reddish violet, with a
whitish blue patch on the occipital region." (GuRNEY.) Downy young :
" The down is light rufous ; the bill, the lower part of the face, and the
cheeks, are black ; the rest of the head light rufous washed with brown ;
the iris chocolate ; the feet flesh-color, with blackish scales." 2 Length
about 22.00-25.00, wing 18.00-18.50, tail 8.50-9.QO, culmen .80-90, tar-
sus 2.10-2.40, middle toe 2.15-2.25. Hab. Eastern tropical America
(except West Indies), from Brazil to eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) ;
southern Texas?
C. burrovianus CASS. Burroughs's Turkey Vulture.8
GENUS CATHARISTA YIEILLOT. (Page 219, pi. LXIY., fig. 7.)
Species.
Adult : Entire plumage uniform dull black, the quills grayish basally (hoary
whitish on under surface), their shafts pure white ; bill dusky with yellowish or
whitish tip ; naked skin of head and fore-neck duskj7. Young : Not obviously
1 (Enopa pernigra SHAKPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. 1874, 26. Cathartes pernigra RIDGW., Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v. 1880, 83.
a Professor A. Duges, of Guanajuato, Mexico, in letter. I refer somewhat doubtfully the bird which he de-
scribes to C. burrovianus, for the reason that it certainly is not C. aura nor Catharista atrata, and no other
species besides these and C. burrovianus is known to inhabit Mexico. Drawings sent by Professor Duge's, rep-
resenting both the bird under consideration and the corresponding stage of Catharista atrata, show conclusively
that, it is a true Cathartes.
3 Cathartes burrovianus CASS., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii. 1845, 212.
222 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
different from the adult (?). Length 23.00-27.00 ; extent about 54.00 ; wing 16.50-
17.50, tail 7.50-8.50, culmen .90-.95, tarsus 3.00, middle toe 2.90. Nest a hollow in
stump, log, or tree-trunk, or secluded spot among undergrowth of woods. Eggs
1-2, 3.09 X 2.01, ovate or broadly elliptical-ovate, similar in coloration to those of
Cathartes aura, but usually more sparsely marked. Hab. Whole of tropical and
warm-temperate America, south to Argentine Republic and Chili, north regularly
to North Carolina and lower Mississippi Valley, irregularly or casually to Maine,
New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Dakota, etc. (Apparently wanting in western
Mexico and California) 326. C. atrata (BARTR.). Black Vulture.
FAMILY FALCONID^E. — VULTURES, FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC.
(Page 218.)
Genera.
a1. Outer toe not reversible ; claws graduated in size from the largest (that of hind-
toe) to the smallest (that of outer toe), broader and (except in Elanus)
grooved on under side.
bl. Nostril not circular, nor linear and oblique, with the upper end the posterior
one, nor with central bony tubercle. (Subfamily Accipitrince.')
c\ Tail deeply forked Elanoides. (Page 224.)
c2. Tail not deeply forked.
d1. Wing not more than 18.00.
el. Tarsi naked in front.
fl. Front of tarsi covered with minute roundish scales ; claws
not grooved beneath Elanus. (Page 224.)
/*. Front of tarsus covered with large transverse scutellae;
claws grooved beneath.
g1. Cutting-edge of upper mandible notched.
Ictinia. (Page 225.)
g3. Cutting-edge of upper mandible not notched.
h\ Tip of upper mandible produced into a conspicu-
ous lengthened hook.
Rostrhamus. (Page 225.)
Aa. Tip of upper mandible not produced into a con-
spicuous lengthened hook.
i1. Face encircled by a "ruff" of short, stiffened,
compact feathers, as in the Owls.
Circus. (Page 226.)
i*. Face not encircled by a ruff.
y1. Tail decidedly more than two-thirds as
long as wing.
A'1. Depth of bill at base not decidedly
less than chord of culmen ; mid-
dle toe equal to or longer than
FALCONID&. 223
naked portion of tarsus in front ;
lores densely feathered.
Accipiter. (Page 227.)
A*. Depth of bill at base decidedly less
than chord of culraen; middle
toe much shorter than naked
portion of tarsus in front ; lores
nearly naked.
Parabuteo. (Page 228.)
f. Tail not more than two-thirds as long as
wing.
A;1. Primaries exceeding secondaries by
less than length of naked portion
'of tarsus in front.
Urubitinga. (Page 238.)
A2. Primaries exceeding secondaries by
much more than length of naked
portion of tarsus in front.
I1. Wing less than four times as
long as tarsus.
Asturina. (Page 239.)
• P. Wing more than four times as
long as tarsus.
Buteo. (Page 229.)
e*. Tarsi densely feathered in front and on sides, down to base of
toes Archibuteo. (Page 240.)
(P. Wing more than 18.00.
e1. Tarsus densely feathered, all round, down to base of toes.
Aquila. (Page 241.)
e*. Tarsus naked, all round, for lower third, or more.
/*. Wing much rounded (fifth to seventh quills longest, the
first shortest), the secondaries very large and broad,
reaching nearly or quite to tips of quills ; tail nearly
as long as wing ; occiput conspicuously crested ; feet
enormously developed Thrasaetus. (Page 242.)
/*. Wing pointed (third to fifth quill longest, the first longer
than ninth), the secondaries only moderately devel-
oped, their ends falling far short of tips of quills ; tail
less than two-thirds as long as wing; occiput not
crested ; feet moderately developed.
g1. Tail rounded, consisting of 12 feathers.
Haliseetus. (Page 242.)
g*. Tail graduated, or wedge-shaped, consisting of 14
feathers Thalassoaetus. (Page 243.)
bl. Nostril small, circular, with a conspicuous central bony tubercle, or else
224 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
narrow, obliquely vertical, with the upper end the posterior one. (Sub-
family Falconince.')
c1. Nostril circular ; cutting-edge of upper mandible with a strong tooth-
like projection, separated from the strongly hooked tip by a distinct
notch Falco. (Page 244.)
c2. Nostril linear, obliquely vertical, the upper end posterior to the lower ;
cutting-edge of upper mandible without distinct tooth or notch.
Polyborus. (Page 253.)
a1. Outer toe reversible ; claws all of the same length, narrower and rounded on
under side Pandion. (Page 254.)
GENUS ELANOIDES GRAY. (Page 222, pi. LXV., flg. 1.)
Species.
Head, neck, entire lower parts (including under wing-coverts and basal half of
secondaries, underneath), and band across rump, pure white ; back, wings, and tail
plain polished blackish ; tertials white, with blackish tips. Adult: White of head
and neck immaculate ; back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts with a soft velvety
gloss of dark bronzy purplish, the other black portions with a glaucous or chalky
cast. Young : Head and neck narrowly streaked with dusky ; the black of back,
etc., less glossy, more brownish, and with greenish instead of bronzy purple reflec-
tions ; quills, tail-feathers, and primary coverts narrowly bordered at tips with
white. Length 19.50-25.50, wing 15.40-17.70, outer tail-feathers 12.50-14.50, cul-
men 0.70-0.80, tarsus 1.00-1.30, middle toe 1.00-1.20. Nest in tops of tall trees,
usually near water-courses. Eggs 2-3, 1.87 X 1-49, white or buffy white boldly
spotted or blotched, chiefly round larger end, with hazel-brown, chestnut, or rich
madder-brown. Sab. Tropical and warm-temperate portions of continental
America, north in the interior regularly to Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, etc., along
Atlantic coast casually to Pennsylvania and southern New England ; accidental in
England 327. E. forficatus (LINN.). Swallow- tailed Kite.
GENUS ELANUS SAVIGNT. (Page 222, pi. LXY., fig. 2.)
Species.
Adult : Above plain pale bluish-gray, becoming gradually white on head and
tail, with a large patch of uniform deep black covering lesser wing-covert region;
lower parts entirely pure white ; a black spot in front of and partly surrounding
eye. Young : Somewhat like adult, but tinged with rusty, and with indistinct
dusky streaks, on upper parts, the wing-feathers narrowly tipped with white ; tail
with an indistinct subterminal band of dusky; breast stained, or indistinctly
blotched or streaked, with yellowish rusty. Length 15.15-16.75, wing 11.50-13.30,
tail 5.90-7.40, culmen .65-.80, tarsus 1.20-1.50. Nest on trees, near water. Eggs
2-3, 1.71 X 1.31, handsomely marbled or clouded with various shades of rich mad-
der-brown on a paler (sometimes whitish) ground. Hob. Tropical and subtropical
ICTINIA. 225
America (except "West Indies), north to South Carolina, southern Illinois (casual ?),
and central California 328. E. leucurus (VIEILL.). White-tailed Kite.
GENUS ICTINIA YIEILLOT. (Page 222, pi. LXV., fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults : Uniform plumbeous, becoming lighter (whitish)
on head and darker (blackish) on quills and tail ; inner webs of quills partly rufous.
Young : Lower parts whitish, striped with brown ; upper parts varied with whitish
and brown ; tail crossed by several narrow whitish bands.
a1. Adult : "Wings lighter than tail, the secondaries hoary whitish ; inner webs of
quills with indistinct spots of rufous, and outer webs with very indistinct
stripe of the same ; tail without white markings. Young : Head, neck, and
lower parts white, sometimes tinged with buff (especially on thighs), longi-
tudinally spotted or striped with brown ; upper parts blackish brown, the
feathers margined terminally with whitish, and with concealed spots of the
same ; tail blackish, crossed by several (about three exposed) narrow bands
of dusky grayish, this changing to white on inner webs ; under wing-coverts
buffy, spotted with rusty. Length 13.00-15.50, wing 10.60-12.30, tail 6.00-
7.00. Nest in tops of trees, usually near rivers. Eggs 2-3, 1.63 X 1-32, white
usually sparsely and very faintly marked (adventitiously stained ?) with pale
brownish. Hob. More southern United States, east of Rocky Mountains,
north regularly to Georgia, southern Illinois, Kansas, etc., casually, or irregu-
larly, to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Iowa ; south, through eastern Mexico,
to Guatemala 329. I. mississippiensis ("Wns.). Mississippi Kite.
a2. Adult : Wing concolor with the tail, the secondaries black ; inner webs of pri-
maries almost wholly rufous, the outer webs with only a trace of this color ;
tail with about three narrow bands of white, across inner webs. Young:
Above blackish, the feathers bordered terminally with white ; head, neck,
and lower parts whitish, striped with blackish. Wing 10.50-12.20, tail 5.60-
6.80. Hob. Tropical America (except West Indies), north to southern
Mexico, south to Paraguay.
I. plumbea (GMEL.). Plumbeous Kite.1
GENUS ROSTRHAMUS LESSON. (Page 222, pi. LXY., fig. 4.)
Species.
Adult : Uniform slate-color, becoming nearly black on quills and tail, the wing-
coverts inclining to brownish gray, the head and neck with more or less of a glau-
cous or chalky cast, the former nearly black anteriorly; tail-coverts and base of tail
white ; tip of tail light grayish brown ; bill black ; cere and feet rich orange or
orange-red, and iris crimson, in life. Young : Tail much as in adult. Upper parts
1 Falco plumbeus GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 283. Ictinia plumbea VIEILL., Nouv. Diet. 1816, 24.
29
226 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
blackish brown, each feather tipped or bordered terminally with rnsty or ochra-
ceous ; head and neck streaked with the same ; superciliary stripe and lower parts
ochraceous (varying to buffy whitish), spotted or striped with dusky. Length
16.00-18.00, extent 44.00-46.00, wing 12.90-14.25, tail 7.20-8.50, culmen 1.00-1.10.
Nest built on top of bushes or tall rank grasses in open marshes. Eggs usually 2,
1.70 X 1-43, blotched, marbled, and stained with various shades of brown on a paler
(sometimes bluish white) ground-color. Hob. Whole of tropical America, except
part of West Indies ; south to Argentine Eepublic and Ecuador, north to Florida
and Atlantic coast of Mexico 330. R. sociabilis (YIEILL.). Everglade Kite.
GENUS CIRCUS LACEPEDE. (Page 222, pi. LXVIL, fig. 1.)
Species,
Adult male : Head, neck, chest, and upper parts uniform light bluish gray, the
occiput darker and streaked with whitish, tinged with rusty ; longer quills blackish
toward tips ; upper tail- coverts plain white ; tail bluish gray, mottled with white
toward base, narrowly tipped with white, crossed near end by a broad blackish
band, and, anterior to this, by five to seven narrower and less distinct dusky
bands ; the inner webs whitish, with the bands more distinct, and sometimes tinged
with rusty ; under surface of wing (except terminal third, or more, of quills), and
lower parts from breast backward, white, the larger under wing-coverts and lower
parts with more or less numerous transverse (usually cordate) spots of rusty or
brown. Adult female : Above dusky brown, the head and neck streaked, the lesser
wing-coverts spotted, and feathers of rump edged, with rusty ; upper tail-coverts
plain white ; tail brown, paler at tip, and crossed by six or seven very regular and
distinct bands of blackish ; the brownish spaces becoming gradually paler and more
rusty to outer feathers, which are more ochraceous ; sides of head light dull buffy,
with a dusky stripe behind eye ; feathers of " facial disk" buff, each with a median
streak of dark brown ; chin, throat, and lower parts generally, dull buffy whitish,
varying to deeper dull buffy, striped (except on chin and throat) with brown, the
stripes becoming gradually much narrower posteriorly. Young : Above blackish
brown, the head and neck streaked and lesser wing-coverts spotted with deep
rusty ; upper tail-coverts white, tinged more or less with ochraceous ; tail crossed
by four broad bands of black, the interspaces being dark brown on middle feathers,
changing gradually to ochraceous on outer feathers ; ear-coverts uniform rich dark
brown ; feathers of " facial disk" dark brown, broadly edged with rufous ; lower
parts rich rusty ochraceous, growing gradually paler posteriorly, the breast and
sides narrowly and (usually) indistinctly streaked with darker, but elsewhere im-
maculate. Downy young : Entirely pale cinnamon-buffy, tinged with grayish on
back, and becoming almost white on lower parts. Length 19.50-24.00, wing 12.90-
16.00, tail 8.80-10.50, tarsus 2.85-3.25, middle toe 1.20-1.55. Nest on ground, in
meadows, usually near ponds or marshes. Eggs 3-8, 1.80 X 1.41, white, or bluish
white, usually plain, but often more or less spotted or blotched with pale brown.
Hob. Whole of North America ; south, in winter, to Panama, Bahamas, and Cuba.
331. C. hudsonius (LINN.). Marsh Hawk.
ACCI PITER. 227
f
GENUS ACCIPITER BRISSON. (Page 223, pi. LXYL, figs. 1-3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults uniform bluish gray above, the top of the head
darker, feathers of occiput pure white beneath surface; tail crossed by several bands
of blackish and narrowly tipped with white ; lower parts white, the breast, sides,
and flanks barred with grayish, dusky, or rufous. Young : Dusky brown above,
more or less spotted with lighter, the feathers bordered with rusty ; tail grayish
brown, banded with blackish, and narrowly tipped with white ; lower parts white
or buffy, striped with brown or dusky.
a1. Bare portion of tarsus in front longer than middle toe ; wing less than 12.00.
(Subgenus Accipiter.)
b1. Tail even or slightly emarginate ; wing not more than 8.80 ; top of head in
adult not conspicuously different in color from back. Adult male : Above
bluish gray, the top of the head darker but not inclining to black ; sides
of head light rusty, streaked with darker; breast, sides, etc., mixed
vinaceous-rufous and white, in transverse spots and bars, the first with-
out ashy tinge laterally; length 10.00-11.50, wing 6.10-7.10, tail 5.80-6.10,
tarsus 1.90-2.05. Adult female : Similar in color to the male, but upper
parts less bluish, white of lower parts less pure and rufous spotting of a
less vinaceous tint; length 12.50-14.00, wing 7.80-8.80, tail 6.60-8.20,
tarsus 2.00-2.25. Young: Dusky brown above, the feathers bordered
with rusty and more or less mixed with white spotting (mostly con-
cealed); lower parts white, often tinged with buff, striped with clear
brown or dusky, the sides, flanks, and thighs transversely spotted with
same. Nest very variable in situation and character, but usually in
trees — often in hollows among rocks or in trees. Eggs 2-5, 1.47 X 1-16,
white, greenish white, or bluish white, usually very heavily blotched
with brown. Hob. Whole of North America; south, in winter, to
Guatemala 332. A. velox (WiLs.). Sharp-shinned Hawk.
b3. Tail decidedly rounded ; wing not less than 8.85 ; top of head in adult black,
in marked contrast with bluish gray of back. Adult male : Similar in
plumage to corresponding stage of A. velox, but top of head blackish,
sides of head more or less washed with bluish gray, and sides of breast
tinged with the same ; length 14.00-17.00, wing 8.85-9.40, tail 7.80-8.30,
tarsus 2.30-2.60. Adult female : Colors duller than in male, the upper
parts less bluish, the hind-neck and sides of head washed with dull
rusty, top of head duller, more brownish, black, and sides of breast
without ashy tinge; length 18.00-20.00, wing 10.10-11.00, tail 9.00-10.50,
tarsus 2.60-2.85. Young: Similar to corresponding stage of A. velox,
but rather less broadly striped beneath, with much less of transverse
spotting on flanks, etc. Downy young : Uniform white. Nest usually in
high trees (often a deserted crow's nest). Eggs 1.93 X 1-50, usually plain
228 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
bluish white, rarely faintly spotted with pale brownish. Hab. "Whole
of temperate North America, including greater part of Mexico.
333. A. cooper! (BONAP.). Cooper's Hawk.
a*. Bare portion of tibia in front shorter than middle toe ; wing more than 12.00.
(Subgenus Astur LACEPEDE.)
bl. Adult : Above, including whole back, clear bluish gray, or plumbeous, with
blackish shaft-streaks ; top of head deep black, the feathers pure white
beneath surface ; tail bluish gray, crossed by about four dusky bands,
these sometimes nearly obsolete on upper surface ; lower parts white,
the breast, belly, sides, and flanks thickly zigzagged or irregularly
barred with slaty grayish, the feathers, especially on breast, often with
dusky mesial streaks. Young : Above dusky grayish brown, more or less
spotted with pale buff or whitish, the feathers margined with buff, those
of head and neck edged or streaked with same ; tail light grayish brown,
narrowly tipped with white, and crossed by four distinct bands of dusky,
with a fifth, less strongly marked, concealed by upper coverts ; lower
parts whitish, or pale buff, with distinct narrow stripes of blackish, these
more tear-shaped on belly, broader and more spot-like on sides and
flanks. Male: Length about 22.00, wing 12.00-13.25, tail 9.50-10.50,
tarsus 2.70-3.05. Female: Length about 24.50, wing 13.50-14.25, tail
11.50-12.75, tarsus 2.70-3.05. Nest in trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.31 X 1-74,
white, or glaucous-white, sometimes very faintly marked with pale
brownish. Hab. Northern and eastern North America, breeding chiefly
north of the United States, except in higher mountains ; west to and
including Eocky Mountains, where breeding as far south as Colorado.
334. A. atricapillus (WiLS.). American Goshawk.
b*. Adult : Above dark plumbeous, the back inclining to sooty blackish ; other-
wise like A. atricapillus, but markings on lower parts much heavier, and
darker in tint. Young : Above brownish black, this color predomi-
nating largely over the lighter markings ; stripes on lower parts much
broader than in A. atricapillus, and deep black, the thighs with large,
often cordate, spots of the same. Eggs 2.34 X 1-79. Hab. Pacific coast,
north to Sitka, and breeding southward to at least 30° in Sierra Nevada.
334a. A. atricapillus striatulus EIDGW. Western Goshawk.
GENUS PARABUTEO EIDGWAY. (Page 223, pi. LXVL, fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS.— Wing 11.65-14.60, tail 9.00-11.00, culmen 0.82-1.10,
tarsus 2.78-3.75, middle toe 1.52-2.00. Adult: Prevailing color dark chocolate-
brown, or sooty, sometimes uniform, sometimes varied by whitish or ochraceous
spotting; lesser wing-coverts, and tibiae, deep rufous; tail-coverts white; tail black,
with white base and tip. Young : Plumage greatly variegated. Above dusky
brown, the feathers edged with rusty, head and neck streaked with ochraceous ;
lower parts pale ochraceous, or buffy whitish, the breast and belly with longitudinal
BUTEO. 229
ovoid spots of blackish ; tibiae with transverse bars of dark rusty ; lower tail-
coverts with black shaft-streaks; lesser wing-covert region merely washed with
rufous ; tail grayish brown, whitish at tip, and crossed by numerous (about 19)
narrow bands of dusky.
a1. Adult never with the darker portions of the plumage uniform, but more or less
broken, especially on lower parts, with whitish and bufly spotting and streak-
ing; tibiae barred with ochraceous; wing 11.65-14.60, tail 9.00-10.50, culmen
.82-1.02, tarsus 2.78-3.40, middle toe 1.52-2.00. Hab. South America, as far
as Chili and the Argentine Eepublic.
P. unicinctus (TEMM.). One-banded Hawk.1
a*. Adult with the darker portions of the plumage perfectly uniform ; prevailing
color uniform dark sooty brown ; lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts,
and thighs plain rich chestnut-rufous ; middle wing-coverts dusky medially,
rufous on edges ; tail black, the base and a broad band at tip, white ; tail-
coverts white, the upper sometimes with blackish shaft-streaks. Immature :
Similar to adult, but the blackish above broken by ochraceous edgings, the
head and neck thickly streaked with the same; lower parts ochraceous, striped
or longitudinally spotted with dusky ; thighs narrowly barred with rusty and
dark brown ; tail as in adult, but white band at tip narrower and less sharply
defined, and inner webs of feathers more or less distinctly barred with dusky,
grayish brown, and white.* Downy young : Above pale chestnut-buify, paler
(almost dull whitish) across hind-neck ; lower parts entirely dull whitish,
tinged, more or less, with dull brownish buff. Male : Length 17.50-21.00,
wing 12.35-13.75, tail 9.80-10.20, culmen .90-.95, tarsus 3.15-3.20, middle toe
1.65-1.70. Female: Length 21.00-24.00, wing 14.25-14.50, tail 10.80-11.00,
culmen 1.08-1.10, tarsus 3.40-3.75, middle toe 1.90-2.00. Nest on bushes or
low trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.11 X 1.61, white, glaucous-white or bufly white, usu-
ally more or less marked with light brownish. Hab. Middle America, north
to southern border of United States (Louisiana to Lower California).
335. P. unicinctus harrisi (Auo.). Harris's Hawk.
GENUS BUTEO CUVIER. (Page 223, pi. LXVIIL, figs. 2-5 ; pi. LXXIL, fig. 8.)
Species.
a1. Tail more than half as long as wing ; tarsus much less than half as long as tail ;
c^ primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tail,
pr^s- Wing more than 13.50.
^ fc' fcy. Outer webs of quills without white, buffy, or ochraceous spots.
d1. Four outermost quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated.
1 Falco unicinctus TEMM., PI. Col. i. 1824, pi. 313. Parabuteo unicinctus RIDGW. in B. B. & E. Hist. N.
Am. B. iii. 1874, 249.
2 In this stage much resembling the adult of P. unicinctus.
230 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
e1. Middle toe decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in
front ; length of cere on top less than depth of bill at an-
terior edge of cere.
/l. Outer webs of quills (in adult) plain hoary grayish, paler,
or more ashy, at tips ; naked portion of tarsus, in front,
2.00.
Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts white, the first
streaked with dusky, these streaks more crowded
across cheeks, where forming a rather distinct
" mustache" ; throat very narrowly streaked, the
sides, flanks, and lower part of belly (sparsely),
more broadly streaked with dusky, and sides of
breast with broader, somewhat wedge-shaped,
markings of the same ; thighs tinged with buffy
or ochraceous ; under wing-coverts white, with a
large dusky patch covering anterior portion of
lesser covert region ; upper parts in general dark
slaty brownish, tinged here and there ashy and
somewhat broken by irregular admixture of
whitish, especially on scapulars and larger wing-
coverts ; rump blackish ; upper tail-coverts white,
tinged with rufous, and crossed by irregular,
distant bars of dusky; tail mostly light rufous,
but this much broken by irregular longitudinal
washes and " daubs" of ashy, and darker longitu-
dinal mottlings or interrupted streaks, on both
webs ; crossed near end by an irregular but dis-
tinct band of blackish, the tip white, and the basal
portion whitish ; length about 21.50, wing 15.75,
tail 9.10, culmen 1.05, tarsus 3.25, middle toe 1.70.
Hob. California (Santa Clara) ; only one example
known. — . B. cooperi CASS. Cooper's Henhawk.
/*. Outer webs of quills grayish brown, marked with quad-
rate dusky spots, producing bands; bare portion of
tarsus in front less than 2.00.
g1. Middle toe usually more than 1.60 (minimum 1.50,
maximum 1.95) ; tail of adult usually with much
of rufous, with or without darker bands ; young
with tail grayish brown, crossed by nine or ten
distinct narrow bands of dusky.
hl. Head and neck uniform dark sooty brown or
blackish, or else streaked with white (very
rarely, if ever, streaked with buffy or ochra-
ceous). Adult: Tail confusedly or irregu-
larly mottled with grayish, rusty, white, and
BUTEO. 231
dusky, either color predominating (except
the last) according to the individual, crossed
near end by a more or less distinct subter-
minal band, and tipped with whitish ; upper
parts chiefly (sometimes entirely) dark sooty
brown or blackish (varying to deep black) ;
lower parts varying from entirely deep sooty
brown or black to pure white, but, if the lat-
ter, always more or less streaked and spotted,
especially across belly and on sides of breast,
with dusky. Young : Tail banded with gray-
ish brown and dusky, the two colors of about
equal extent ; otherwise, much like adult.
Male : Length 20.00-21.00, wing 14.25-16.10,
tail 8.80-10.00, culmen .98-1.00, tarsus 2.75-
3.50, middle toe 1.50-1.70. Female: Length
22.00-23.50, wing 15.75-16.50, tail 9.10-10.00,
culmen .98-1.10, tarsus 2.85-3.50, middle toe
1.60-1.80. Hab. Gulf States and lower Missis-
sippi Valley, north, casually, to Kansas, Iowa,
Illinois, and Pennsylvania, east to Georgia.
338. B. harlani (AUD.). Harlan's Hawk.
Feathers of head and neck more or less distinctly
edged with ochraceous or rusty. Adult : Tail
rufous, paler at tip, usually crossed near end
by a narrow band or bar of blackish (rarely
with more or less distinct narrow bands, or
indications of bands, anterior to the subter-
minal band) ; upper parts chiefly or entirely
dusky grayish brown, sometimes irregularly
broken by admixture of whitish and brownish
gray ; lower parts varying from entirely pure
white (usually with dusky streaks across
belly) to wholly sooty blackish, with or with-
out rusty on breast. Young : Tail grayish
brown, varying to dull ochraceous, crossed by
nine or ten well-defined narrow bands of
blackish ; otherwise much like adult, but
usually with much less of tawny or ochra-
ceous. Male : Length about 19.00-22.50, ex-
tent of wings 49.00-53.00, wing 13.50-16.50,
tail 8.50-10.00, culmen .95-1.08, tarsus 2.40-
3.20, middle toe 1.60-1.70, weight 2-3 pounds.
Female: Length 23.00-25.00, extent 54.00-
57.50, wing 15.25-17.75, tail 9.50-10.50, cul-
232 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
men 1.00-1.15, tarsus 3.15-3.40, middle toe
1.60-1.70, weight 3-4 pounds. Nest usually
in tall trees. Eggs 2-4, 2.30, or more, X 1-80,
or more, dull white or bluish white, usually
more or less spotted or blotched with brown.
. Tail of adult always (?) with a subterminal
black bar, or else prevailing color of plu-
mage white.
f-. Plumage never chiefly blackish.
kl. Deeper colored, with dusky and
grayish brown prevailing on
upper parts, the lower parts
more or less buffy, especially
posteriorly ; adult with tail deep
rusty rufous. Eggs 2.38 X 1.81.
Hob. Eastern North America,
west to border of Great Plains ;
occasional in eastern Mexico;
Panama (casual ?).
337. B. borealis (GMEL.).
Red-tailed Hawk.
A2. Lighter colored, with much white
en upper parts, tail pale rufous
(usually without the dusky sub-
terminal bar), the lower parts
entirely pure white, or pale
buffy only on thighs, etc., with
little if any spotting across belly.
Eggs 2.31 X 1-80. Hab. Great
Plains, from Minnesota to Texas ;
east, irregularly or casually, to
Iowa and northern Illinois.
337a. B. borealis kriderii
HOOPES. Krider's Hawk.
j*. Plumage often chiefly blackish, some-
times entirely sooty, except tail and
its upper coverts.
Adult : Varying, individually, from
a light extreme which is scarcely
distinguishable from true B. bo-
realis to a uniform dark sooty
brown, through every conceiva-
ble intermediate plumage ; some
melanistic specimens have the
whole chest and breast rusty
BUTEO. 233
or rufous (corresponding to the
» white area of very light-colored
birds), but this is wholly obliter-
ated in the complete melanism.
Young : Darker throughout and
more heavily spotted beneath
than in true B. borealis, the plu-
mage sometimes wholly dusky
(except the tail), as in the adult.
Tail of adult always with a
black subterminal bar, and
frequently with several,
more or less complete, ad-
ditional bars. Eggs 2.31 X
1.80. Hab. Western North
America, south into Mexico,
east to Rocky Mountains
(casually to Illinois).
3376. B. borealis calurus
(CASS.). Western Red-tail.
Is. Tail of adult without any black bars ; other-
wise, much like B. borealis calurus. Hab.
Cape St. Lucas.
337c. B. borealis lucasanus EIDQW.
St. Lucas Red-tail.
g*. Middle toe not more than 1.55 ; tail of adult (and
young) grayish brown, sometimes slightly touched
with rufous, crossed by an indefinite number (but
varying from about 10 to 13) of narrow bands of
dusky, which become gradually indistinct and
finally obsolete toward base.
Plumage exceedingly variable, but usually a
mixture of sooty brown and whitish, in vari-
able relative quantity; sometimes entirely
dusky (except tail) and rarely almost entirely
white ; length about 20.00-23.00, wing 15.50-
16.60, tail 8.80-10.00, culmen .S5-.95, tarsus
3.00-3.50, middle toe 1.40-1.55. Hab. Northern
portions of eastern hemisphere ; accidental in
Michigan ?
336. B. buteo (LINN.). European Buzzard.
Middle toe not decidedly longer than bare portion of tarsus in
front ; length of cere on top greater than depth of bill at
anterior edge of cere.
Plumage uniform black, or blackish brown, the feathers
30
234 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
pure white at bases ; tail grayish brown or grayish,
more or less banded with black, the inner webs, how-
ever, chiefly white. Adult: Tail black, crossed by
three broad zones, which are ash-gray on outer webs
and pure white on inner. Young : Tail dark grayish
brown (the inner webs partly, sometimes entirely,
white), crossed by numerous narrow, oblique bands of
black. Male : Length 18.50-19.60, extent 49.50, wing
15.00-15.60, tail 8.50-9.15, culmen .73-.8S, tarsus 2.40-
2.70, middle toe 1.60-1.65. Female : Length 20.85-21.50,
extent 53.10, wing 16.50-17.40, tail 9.00-10.75, culmen
.90-1.00, tarsus 2.70-2.80, middle toe 1.80-1.85. Eggs
2-A, 2.19 X 1-72, dull white, usually spotted or speckled,
chiefly on larger end, with umber-brown. Hab. Mid-
dle America, north to southern California, Arizona,
Texas, etc., south to northern South America.
340. B. abbreviatus CAB. Zone-tailed Hawk.
d?. Only three outer quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated.
Tail grayish brown, or brownish gray, sometimes with a hoary
tinge, crossed by an indefinite number (about 9 or 10) of nar-
row dusky bands, which toward base of tail become gradually
indistinct and finally obsolete. Adult male, normal plumage :
Above nearly uniform grayish brown; forehead, chin, and
throat white, usually abruptly defined and forming a distinct
patch ; chest and upper part of breast usually plain rufous
or cinnamon (rarely mixed or broken with whitish) ; rest of
lower parts buffy whitish, sometimes immaculate, but usually
more or less barred or spotted with brownish ; length 19.50-
20.00, extent 48.00-50.50, weight 1^-2} pounds, wing 14.40-
16.00, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 2.30-2.75, middle
toe 1.40-1.60. Adult female, normal plumage: Similar to the
male, but chest-patch grayish brown instead of rufous, or
cinnamon ; length 21.00-22.00, extent 50.50-56.00, weight 2J-
3J pounds, wing 14.75-17.25, tail 9.00-10.00, culmen .80-.95,
tarsus 2.50-2.90, middle toe 1.50-1.65. Melanistic phase, both
sexes : "Whole plumage uniform sooty brown, the under tail-
coverts sometimes spotted or barred with rusty or whitish.
(NOTE. — In different individuals may be seen every possible
intermediate condition of plumage between this complete
melanism and the light-colored normal plumage described
above.) Young: Tail as in adult; above blackish brown varied
with buffy or ochraceous ; head, neck, and lower parts creamy
buff (deeper in younger, paler.in older individuals), the lower
parts usually more or less spotted with blackish, the head and
neck streaked with same. Nest on bushes or low trees, some-
BUTEO. 235
times among rocks. Eggs 2-4, 2.23 X 1-73, white, dull glau-
cous white, or buffy white, usually more or less spotted with
brown. Hob. "Western North America, north to Alaska and
western side of Hudson's Bay, east to Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Arkansas (casually to Massachusetts), and south through Mid-
dle America and greater part of South America to Argentine
Eepublic 242. B. swainsoni BONAP. Swainson's Hawk.
>V Wing less than 13.50.
c1. Middle toe longer than bare portion of tarsus in front. (Subgenus
Buteola BONAPARTE.)
Adult : Above sooty blackish or blackish brown, the feathers of
occiput pure white beneath surface, and the frontlet usually
more or less conspicuously whitish ; tail slaty grayish, varying
to grayish brown, very narrowly tipped with white, and broadly
banded with black, the black bands sometimes wider than the
grayish interspaces, the latter 5-7 in number. Young with
tail more narrowly banded, the grayish brown bands usually
broadest, and 8-9 in number.
d1. Lower parts black, or dark sooty brown, like the upper;
young with feathers much spotted, beneath surface with
white, the lower parts sometimes slightly varied with
white and ochraceous, the under wing-coverts sometimes
spotted with same. Male: Wing 11.20-11.70, tail 7.00-
7.30, culmen .70-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.25, middle toe 1.35-1.40.
Female: Wing 11.90-13.10, tail 7.50-8.00, culmen .78-85,
tarsus 2.50-2.65, middle toe 1.50-1.60. Hab. Tropical
America in general, except West Indies, north to north-
ern Mexico and (casually ?) southwestern Florida.
— . B. fuliginosus SOL. Little Black Hawk.1
d2. Lower parts white. Adult male : Forehead, anterior portion
of lores, fore-part of malar region, and lower parts gen-
erally, immaculate pure white ; sides of chest with a
patch of rufous or cinnamon, the feathers with dusky
shaft-streaks; wing 10.50-12.00, tail 6.00-7.00, culmen
.6S-.75, tarsus 2.05-2.30, middle toe 1.35-1.40. Adult
female : Similar to the male, but sides of chest grayish
brown instead of rusty. Wing 12.70, tail 7.20, tarsus
2.30, middle toe 1.55. Young : Above dull brownish, the
scapulars, wing-coverts, etc., usually margined with buffy
or light fulvous, the top and sides of head and neck
streaked with same ; lower parts white, sometimes
streaked with brownish, the sides of chest without brown
or rusty patch. Hob. Tropical America in general (except
1 Buteo fuliginosus SCL. P. Z. S. 1858, 356. (Said to be the black phase of B. brachywus VIEILL.)
236 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
"West Indies), north to eastern Mexico and (casually?)
Florida (Palatka).
•344. B. brachyurus VIEILL. Short-tailed Hawk.
c2. Middle toe shorter than naked portion of tarsus in front. (Subgenus
Buteo, part.)
Only three outer quills with inner webs emarginated. Adult:
Tail blackish, crossed by 2-4 broad bands of light brownish
gray or brownish white, and narrowly tipped with whitish ;
upper parts nearly uniform dusky brownish, darker on back ;
beneath brownish (varying to dull rufous or rusty) anteriorly,
usually more or less broken by white transverse spotting ; pos-
terior lower parts white, barred or transversely spotted with
dull rufous. Young : Tail grayish brown, crossed by 5-7 narrow
bands of dusky, and tipped with whitish ; sides of head and
entire lower parts dull white, or buffy, marked longitudinally
with blackish or dusky, on breast, sides, etc., the cheeks with a
rather distinct " mustache" of dusky streaks. Male : Length
about 13.25-15.00, wing 9.85-10.70, tail 6.50-7.00, culmen .70,
tarsus 2.15-2.80, middle toe 1.20-1.38. Female: Length about
16.00-18.00, wing 11.00-11.40, tail 7.00-8.00, culmen .70-.80,
tarsus 2.20-2.70. Nest in trees (often a deserted crow's nest).
Eggs 2-4, 1.93 X 1-56, buffy whitish, variously spotted and
blotched with brown. Sab. Eastern North America, north to
New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan, west to edge of Great
Plains, south (in winter only?) through Middle America and
West Indies to northern South America.
343. B. latissimus (WiLs.). Broad-winged Hawk.
ft2. Outer webs of primaries distinctly spotted with white, buffy, or ochraceous.
Tail narrowly banded with white, buffy, or ochraceous, lesser wing-
coverts more or less rusty. Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts more
or less rusty, or cinnamon, the first two streaked with dusky, the
posterior lower parts more or less barred or transversely spotted with
whitish ; quills and tail black, the former spotted on outer webs with
white, the latter crossed by about six narrow bands of and tipped with
the same. 'Young : Head, neck, and lower parts buffy or dull whitish,
streaked and striped or longitudinally spotted with dark brownish ;
quills and tail dusky, the former extensively spotted on basal portion
of outer webs with buffy or ochraceous, the latter crossed by numer-
ous narrow bands of dull buffy or pale grayish brown (the more ante-
rior ones more ochraceous). Downy young: Uniform dull grayish
white. Nest in large or tall trees. Eggs 2-4, white, glaucous-white,
buffy white, or pale brownish, variously marked (spotted, blotched, or
stained) with various shades of brown.
c1. Adult with head and neck distinctly rusty.
d1. Adult : Eufous or rusty of anterior lower parts (chest and breast)
BUTEO. 237
usually distinctly barred or transversely spotted with white.
Young : Lower parts usually with whitish predominating, and
basal half of outer webs of quills extensively ochraceous, buffy,
or whitish. Male : Length 17.50-19.50, wing 11.25-13.50, tail
8.00-9.70, culmen .75-.90, tarsus 2.70-3.25, middle toe 1.30-1.50.
Female: Length 19.00-22.00, wing 13.35-14.25, tail 9.00-10.00,
culmen .80-.90, tarsus 3.10-3.20, middle toe 1.35-1.50. Eggs
2.13 X 1-69. Hab, Eastern North America, north to Nova
Scotia and Canada, west to edge of Great Plains.
339. B. lineatus (&MEL.). Red-shouldered Hawk.
d2. Adult : Eufous or rusty of anterior lower parts (chest and breast)
usually (always ?) unbroken. Young : Lower parts with deep
brownish or dusky prevailing; buffy or ochraceous spots on
outer webs of quills much reduced in extent. Male: "Wing
12.00-12.50, tail 8.00-9.00, culmen .78, tarsus 2.90, middle toe
1.40-1.52. Female: Wing 13.00, tail 9.50, culmen .90, tarsus
3.00-3.12, middle toe 1.50. Eggs 2.19 X 1.71. Hab. Pacific
coast of United States (and south into Mexico ?).
339&. B. lineatus elegans (CASS.). Red-breasted Hawk.
c2. Adult with head and neck grayish, with little if any rufous tinge.
Adult: Head and neck brownish gray, the feathers with dusky
shaft-streaks ; those of occiput white, with dusky tips ; back and
scapulars dull ash-gray, the feathers with large terminal or sub-
terminal spots of dusky (occupying most of exposed portion of
each feather) ; lower parts (including breast) barred with white
and pale ochrey rufous. Young : Similar to corresponding stage
of B. lineatus, but smaller and darker in color. Wing 10.90-12.75,
tail 7.70-8.50, culmen .80-.90, tarsus 2.90-3.20, middle toe 1.25-1.45.
Hab. Florida 339a. B. lineatus alleni EIDGW.
Florida Red-shouldered Hawk,
a2. Tail less than half as long as wing; tarsus about half as long as tail ; primaries
exceeding secondaries by nearly the length of the tail. (Subgenus Tachy-
triorchis KAUP.1)
Only three outer quills with inner webs distinctly emarginated. Adult
male : Above (except rump) plain bluish gray (varying to slaty or even
dusky), the anterior lesser wing-coverts rufous, the longer scapulars
much tinged with the same ; tail white, crossed near end by a broad
band of black, anterior to which are numerous narrow bars or lines of
slate-gray or plumbeous, or dusky ; rump and lower parts pure white,
the throat sometimes dusky or grayish ; flanks, rump, and under wing-
coverts usually faintly barred with ashy, dusky, or rufous. Adult female :
Similar to adult male, but rufous patch on lesser wing-coverts more
1 TachytriorcMs KATTP, Class. S'aug. u. Vbg. 1844, 123. Type, Falco pterocles TEMM., = /T. albicaudatua
VIEILL.
238 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
extended, and colors generally darker. Young: Tail hoary grayish,
growing gradually darker terminally, passing narrowly into dull whitish
or rusty at tip, and crossed by numerous narrow and very indistinct bars
of darker, these becoming gradually obsolete toward base of tail ; gen-
eral color of plumage brownish black, the lower parts more or less varied
with whitish, buffy, or ochraceous. Downy young : Upper half of head
dark sooty brown, becoming nearly black around eyes ; hind-neck, upper
back, and wings lighter sooty brown, fading gradually into dull brownish
buff on posterior upper parts and buffy whitish on lower parts. Male :
Wing 14.50-16.75, tail 7.50-9.00, tarsus 3.30-3.60, middle toe 1.55-1.80.
Female: Wing 17.00-17.75, tail 8.25-10.30, culmen .95-1.05, tarsus 3.30-
3.70, middle toe 1.60-1.80. Nest on low trees or bushes (usually a
yucca). Eggs 2-4, 2.37 X 1-89, white, more or less blotched with reddish
brown. Hob. Whole of Middle America, north to southern Texas ; por-
tions of eastern South America.
341. B. albicaudatus VIEILL. White-tailed Hawk,
GENUS URUBITINGA LESSON. (Page 223, pi. LXX., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults, uniform plumbeous-black, the upper tail-cov-
erts, band across tip of tail, and other white bands on tail, pure white. Young :
Above varied with blackish brown and ochraceous, the former prevailing ; lower
parts ochraceous or pale buffy, striped with dusky, the thighs barred with the
same ; tail crossed by numerous narrow bands of blackish and light grayish, mixed
with white.
a1. Tarsus 4.30 or more ; upper tail-coverts in adult plain white.
bl. Tail, of adult, with only two to three white bands, the broadest one more
than 2.50 (2.60-4.50) wide ; thighs often without white bars, these when
present never (?) conspicuous ; under wing-coverts destitute of white
markings, or else merely speckled with white; wing 16.50-18.00, tail
11.75-12.00, culmen 1.30, tarsus 4.90-5.00, middle toe 1.90-2.10. Hab.
Tropical America, north to Costa Rica (and Nicaragua ?), south to Chili,
Paraguay, and the Argentine Republic.
U. urubitinga (GMEL.). Brazilian Urubitinga.1
b2. Tail, of adult, with three to four (usually three) white bands, the broadest
one not more (usually much less) than 2.00 (1.20-2.00) wide; thighs
always marked (usually conspicuously barred) with white ; under wing-
coverts always (?) barred or speckled with white; wing 15.15-16.50, tail
10.50-11.50, culmen 1.10-1.35, tarsus 4.30-4.85, middle toe 1.60-1.90.
Hab. Guatemala and southern Mexico, north to Yera Cruz, Tehuante-
pec, and Mazatlan. U. ridgwayi GTTRNHY. Mexican Urubitinga.2
1 Falco urubitinga GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 265. Falco zonurus SHAW, Gen. Zool. vii. 1809, 62. Urubitinga
zonura SCL., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, 262.
2 Urubitinga zonura ft. ? RIDGW., Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. ii. No. 2, 1876, 169. Urubitinga
ridgwayi GURNEY, List Diurn. B. Prey, 1884, 77, 148.
ASTVRINA. 239
a?. Tarsus 3.50 or less ; upper tail-coverts in adult black barred or tipped with white.
Adult : Uniform black, with a chalky or glaucous cast in certain lights ;
upper tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white ; tail black, the tip and
base white, and crossed at about the middle by a broad band of white of
variable width. Young : Above brownish black, varied by ochraceous or
rusty edgings and spots ; head, neck, and lower^parts pale ochraceous,
striped with brownish black ; thighs barred with the same ; tail crossed
by about seven narrow oblique bands of black and whitish, of variable
relative width. Downy young : " Covered with dense woolly down, nearly
white on head and breast, passing into grayish posteriorly upon the head,
throat, sides of breast, tibiae, and back." (MEARNS.) Male: Length
about 21.50, wing 13.15-14.90, tail 7.90-9.75, culmen 1.00-1.05, tarsus
3.20-3.40, middle toe 1.60-1.70. Female: Length about 22.50, wing
14.25-16.00, tail 9.25-11.00, culmen 1.05-1.10, tarsus 3.00-3.50, middle
toe 1.65-1.80. Nest in large trees. Eggs 2-3, 2.10 X 1-75, plain white.
Sab. Tropical America in general, north to southern Arizona.
345. U. anthracina (LIGHT.). Mexican Black Hawk.
GENUS ASTURINA YIEILLOT. (Page 223, pi. LXYIIL, fig. 1.)
Species.
a1. Adult with upper parts very indistinctly barred, or almost uniform. Young,
with thighs distinctly barred with dusky, and lighter tail-bands grayish
brown.
Adult: Above deep ash-gray, the top of head and hind-neck with fine
blackish shaft-streaks, the wing-coverts with indistinct paler bars ; upper
tail-coverts plain white ; tail black, tipped with grayish or white, and
crossed by two to three narrow bands of white, the anterior one nar-
rower and more or less interrupted ; quills black, margined at tips with
whitish ; lower parts white, everywhere, except on lower tail-coverts,
very regularly barred with deep cinereous, these bars narrower, and the
white interspaces correspond ingly wider, on flanks and abdomen. Young :
Above dark brown, the head and neck streaked, the middle wing-coverts
and greater portion of outer webs of scapulars irregularly spotted, with
ochraceous or buffy (usually of a pinkish cast) ; upper-tail-coverts white,
marked near tips with one or two small spots of dusky ; tail grayish
brown, tipped with paler (the extreme tip usually whitish), and crossed
by six or seven narrow bands of black, these becoming gradually, but
decidedly, smaller toward the base ; lower parts white, more or less
tinged (especially on sides and under wing-coverts) with pinkish buff,
the breast, belly, and sides with large tear-shaped or wedge-shaped
stripes or longitudinal spots of blackish, the thighs narrowly barred
with the same. Length about 16.00-18.00, wing 9.50-11.70, tail 6.70-
8.20, culmen .75-1.00, tarsus 2.50-2.85, middle toe 1.35-1.75. Nest in
trees. Eggs 2-3, 1.99 X 1-59, white, usually very faintly and sparsely
240 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
(adventitiously?) stained with pale brownish. Hab. Middle America,
south to Panama, north to southern border of United States, straggling
as far as southern Illinois.
346. A. plagiata SCHLEG. Mexican Goshawk.
a*. Adult with upper parts (including head and neck) very distinctly barred with
grayish white. Young with thighs plain white or buffy, and lighter
tail-bands whitish.
A. nitida (LATH.). South American Goshawk.1
GENUS ARCHIBUTEO BREHM. (Page 223, pi. LXLX., fig. 1.)
Species.
a1. Bill small and weak, the width of gape (from corner to corner of mouth) only
1.35-1.45.
Adult, normal phase: Head and neck whitish, streaked with dusky; rest
of upper parts irregularly varied with white, grayish, and dusky (the
lighter tints predominating), usually mixed, more or less, with rusty or
ochraceous ; rump with dusky prevailing ; upper tail-coverts and basal
portion of tail (more or less extensively — sometimes for more than half
its length) white ; terminal portion of tail crossed by a broad subter-
minal band of grayish or dusky, and, anterior to this, usually by several
narrower, irregular, or sometimes broken bands ; quills dusky grayish,
more or less distinctly banded with darker, their inner webs, however,
immaculate anterior to their emargination ; lower parts chiefly whitish,
but this spotted or otherwise varied, chiefly on breast, by dusky, the
thighs sometimes tinged with ochraceous or rusty. Young, normal
phase : Yery much like adult, but terminal or subterminal portion of
tail plain grayish brown, the basal portion plain whitish ; lower parts
whitish or buify, crossed over belly, flanks, and anal region by a very
broad belt or transverse area of uniform deep brownish or dusky.
Downy young : Plain grayish white. Male : Length about 19.50-22.00,
wing 15.75-16.80, tail 9.00-10.00. Female: Length about 21.50-23.50,
wing 16.15-18.00, tail 9.00-11.00.
61. Averaging lighter in color, with less (often with none) of ochraceous
or rusty ; rarely melanistic. Hab. Northern portions of eastern
hemisphere.
A. lagopus (BRtJNN.) . Rough-legged Hawk.2
6*. Averaging darker in color, with more of ochraceous or rusty; fre-
quently melanistic, some specimens being entirely deep black, with
the exception of forehead, inner webs of quills (anterior to emar-
ginations), and more or less distinct, usually broken, narrow bands
across basal portion of tail, which are whitish. (NOTE. — This
1 Falco nitidus LATH., Index Orn. i. 1790, 40. Atturina nitida BOHAP., Consp. i. 1850, 30.
1 So far as evidence to date tends to show, the typical form of this species, if a distinctively American race
be recognized, mast be expunged from the list of North American birds.
AqUILA. 241
condition affects both old and young, and is connected with the
normal plumage by a series of specimens possessing, in every pos-
sible degree, intermediate characters.) Nest variously situated.
Eggs 2-3, 2.31 X 1-74, white, buffy white, or pale buffy, usually
more or less marked (sprinkled, spotted, or blotched) with brown.
Hab. "Whole of North America, breeding chiefly north of United
States 347 (Page 323, pi. XCV., fig. 2.)
Species.
a1. Wings and tail parti-colored ; sexes very different in color. Adult male: Top of
head glossy blue-black ; hind-neck, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
uniform ash-gray ; back glossy black superficially, but feathers ash-gray be-
neath the surface ; scapulars mostly white ; wings black, with white tips to
1 New species ; three specimens examined.
2 Hadrostomus albiventris LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1867, 475. (Sixteen specimens examined.)
3 Pachyrhamphns latirostris BONAP., Compt. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, 658.
* Pachyrhamphua GRAY, List Gen. B. 1838, 41. Type, Pachyrhynchus cuvieri SPIX, = Tityra viridis
VlEILL.
326 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
middle coverts and broad white edgings to greater coverts and tertials ; tail
black, the feathers broadly tipped with white (decreasing in width toward
middle pair) ; sides of head and entire lower parts plain light ash-gray, nearly
white on throat, middle of belly, and under tail-coverts. Adult female : Top
of head glossy black, mixed with rusty, especially on forehead ; wings dusky,
the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped, and other wing-feathers edged,
with tawny ochraceous ; rest of upper parts plain bright tawny, or tawny
ochraceous, the tail-feathers with a broad subterminal patch of black ; sides
of head and entire lower parts uniform buffy ochraceous. Young male : Simi-
lar to adult female, but paler and more yellowish beneath. Length about
6.25-7.00, wing 3.10-3.25, tail 2.60-2.70, exposed culmen .50-.60, tarsus .70-80.
Hob. Eastern Mexico (north to Eio Grande Valley) and south to Guatemala.
P. major (CAB.). Thick-billed Becard.1
a1. Wings and tail unicolored (plain rusty or tawny rufous) ; sexes alike in color
(the adult male being distinguished by rudimentary second primary).
Above uniform deep tawny rufous, darker on top of head; lower parts
entirely plain tawny ochraceous, paler on chin and middle of belly ; length
about 5.25-5.50, wing 3.00-3.10, tail 2.45-2.60, exposed culmen .45-.50, tar-
sus .75-.80. Sab. Central America (Guatemala to Colombia).
P. cinnamomeus LAWR. Rufous Becard.2
FAMILY TYRANNID^E.— THE TYRANT FYLCATCHERS. (Page 321.)
Genera.
a1. Tail much longer than wing,*very deeply forked Milvulus. (Page 327.)
a2. Tail not longer than wing, not deeply forked.
bl. Bill from nostril more than half as long as tarsus, the culmen straight for
most of its length.
c1. Adults with a bright-colored (yellow, orange, or red) concealed patch
on crown ; tarsus not longer than middle toe, with claw.
d1. Plumage not striped.
el. Bill broad at base, its width at nostrils much more than half
the distance from nostril to tip ; adults with outer quills
abruptly narrowed at tip Tyrannus. (Page 328.)
e7. Bill narrow at base, its width at nostrils not more than half
the distance from nostril to tip ; adults with outer quills
not narrowed at tip Pitangus. (Page 330.)
d1. Plumage conspicuously striped. (Wing about 4.50.)
Myiodynastes. (Page 331.)
. Adults without bright-colored patch on crown ; tarsus longer than
1 Bathmidurun major CAB., Weigm. Archiv, 1847, i. 243. Pachyrhamphus major SCL., P. Z. S. 1857, 78.
1 Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus LAWK., Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 295.
MILVULUS. 327
middle toe, with claw (or else a conspicuous white cottony patch on
each side of rump1).
dl. Tail-feathers partly rufous; lower parts uniform ashy for ante-
rior half (approximately), pale yellowish for posterior portion.
(Wing about 3.25^.50.) Myiarchus. (Page 332.)
d2. Tail-feathers without any rufous ; lower parts not colored as in dl.
el. Wing at least six times as long as tarsus. (Wing about 3.00-
4.25.) Contopus. (Page 336.)
e*. Wing not more than five times as long as tarsus.
f1. Sexes alike in color, the plumage without any red, and
destitute of streaks on lower parts.
gl. Wing more than 3.25 Sayornis. (Page 335.)
g*. Wing less than 3.25 Empidonax. (Page 339.)
f2. Sexes very different in color, the adult male with whole
top of head and lower parts scarlet, the female and
young distinctly streaked beneath. (Wing about
3.25.) Pyrocephalus. (Page 345.)
b*. Bill from nostril less than half as long as tarsus, the culmen much curved.
c1. Wing more than 3.00 ; lower parts, except throat, pure lemon-yellow ;
a broad white superciliary stripe ; middle of crown, in adult, with a
concealed orange patch Myiozetetes. (Page 331.)
c2. Wing less than 2.50 ; lower parts dull whitish or yellowish white ; no
superciliary striper and top of head without concealed colored
patch Ornithion. (Page 345.)
GENUS MILVULUS SWAINSON. (Page 326, pi. XCL, fig. 8.)
Species.
a1. Tail-feathers black, the outer one edged with white ; top of head deep black ;
axillars pure white. Adult male : Back light bluish gray ; entire lower parts
pure white ; middle of crown with a concealed patch of bright lemon-yellow ;
length about 12.00-14.50, wing 4.10-4.75, tail 9.00-10.00. Adult female:
Similar, but rather smaller, with tail shorter, and yellow crown-spot shorter.
Young : Similar to adult, but tail much shorter (sometimes scarcely forked),
colors duller, the wing-coverts bordered with pale rusty, and no yellow on
crown. Hob. Tropical America in general, including Lesser Antilles ; north,
normally, to southern Mexico, accidentally to Mississippi, Kentucky, and
New Jersey 442. M. tyrannus (LINN.). Fork-tailed Flycatcher.
a2. Tail-feathers chiefly white ; top of head ash-gray ; axillars red or orange. Adult
male : Above light bluish gray, the back tinged with red ; lower parts white,
faintly tinged with bluish gray anteriorly, the sides, flanks, and under tail-
coverts strongly washed with salmon-pink ; axillars and concealed spot in
middle of crown scarlet; length about 12.00-15.00, wing 4.40-5.15, tail
1 In " Contopus" (i.e., Nuttallornis) borealis.
328 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
7.00-10.00. Adult female : Similar to the male, but rather smaller, the tail
shorter, axillars less intensely red, the flanks, etc., paler salmon-color, and
crown-spot indistinct. Young: Similar to adult female, but crown-spot
wanting. Nest of sticks, etc., lined with feathers and other soft materials,
built in trees. Eggs 3-5, .88 X -66, pure white, or creamy white, boldly
but sparingly spotted with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray. Hab.
Eastern Mexico and southwestern prairie districts of United States, north
to Indian Territory, southern Kansas, and southwestern Missouri; acci-
dental at Key West, Florida, at Norfolk, Virginia, New Jersey, New Eng-
land, Manitoba, and even at York Factory, Hudson's Bay Territory ; south
to Costa Eica 443. M. forficatus (&MEL.). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
GENUS TYRANNUS CUVIER. (Page 326, pi. XCIL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Uniform grayish or blackish above, the middle of the
crown with a concealed patch of yellow, orange, or orange-red (except in young) ;
lower parts white, shaded with grayish on sides of chest, or else ashy anteriorly and
pale yellow posteriorly. Nest bulky, built in trees. Eggs handsomely spotted with
various shades of brown on a white or cream-colored ground.
a1. Lower parts white.
bl. Tail slightly rounded, deep black, with abrupt white tip; upper half
of head deep black ; bill small, its length from nostril to tip less than
length of tarsus.
Adult : Middle of crown with a concealed patch of orange-red ; wing-
coverts edged or bordered with pure white or grayish white.
Young : No colored patch on crown ; wing-coverts and upper tail-
coverts bordered with pale rusty or fulvous, white tail-band and
chest tinged with same, and colors duller generally. Length 8.00-
9.00, wing 4.45-4.75, tail 3.40-3.75, bill from nostril .50-57. Nest
of sticks, rootlets, etc., lined with wool, feathers, etc., built upon
trees. Eggs 3-5, .95 X -69, white spotted with rich madder-brown,
or chestnut, and lilac-gray. Hab. Temperate North America
(chiefly east of Eocky Mountains and rare on Pacific coast) ; south,
in winter, to Middle America and western South America to Bo-
livia; Cuba; Bahamas 444. T. tyrannus (LiNN.). Kingbird.
62. Tail decidedly emarginate, without abrupt white tip; bill very large, its
length from nostril to tip exceeding length of tarsus.
c1. Above grayish brown, the head brownish dusky or dark brown ; crown-
patch orange-red; wing 5.20-5.30, tail 4.00-4.25, bill from nostril
1.00-1.05. Hab. Cuba and Bahamas.
T. magnirostris D'ORB. Great-billed Kingbird.1
c2. Above, including top of head, plumbeous-gray. Adult: A concealed
1 Tyrannus rnagnirostris D'ORB., La Sagra's Cuba, Ois. 1839, pi. 13.
TYRANNUS. 329
orange -colored patch in middle of crown ; wing-coverts and upper
tail-coverts without rusty or buffy margins. Young : No crown-
patch ; wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly
bordered with pale rusty, ochraceous, or buffy. Length about 8.90-
9.80, wing 4.45-4.80, tail 3.50-4.05, bill from nostril .T5-.82. Nest on
horizontal branches of (usually small) trees, loosely constructed of
twigs, roots, etc., with little if any lining. Eggs usually 3, 1.00 X
.71, deep cream-color or pinkish buff, spotted or dashed (or both)
with madder-brown and purplish gray. Hob. "West Indies and
coasts of Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, north to Florida,
Georgia, and South Carolina ; accidental in Massachusetts.
445. T. dominicensis (GMEL.). Gray Kingbird.
Lower parts yellow, the throat and chest grayish or whitish.
bl. Bill excessively stout, all its outlines convex, its depth at base .38, or more,
width .53, or more.
Above olive-gray, wings and tail browner, head darker ; crown-patch
lemon-yellow; chin and throat white, chest more ashy, rest of
under parts sulphur-yellow ; wing 5.00-5.50, tail 4.00-4.50, bill from
nostril .75-.81, depth at base .3S-.43, width .53-.60. Hab. Mexico,
north to Orizaba and Mazatlan.
T. crassirostris SWAINS. Thick-billed Kingbird.1
b*. Bill much less stout, its outlines straight, depth at base less than .38, width
less than .53.
cl. Tail decidedly emarginate ; length of bill from nostril nearly or quite
equal to length of tarsus.
Adult male: Head, neck, chest, and back light ash-gray, the last
tinged with olive-greenish ; wings and tail dusky brownish
gray, with paler brownish gray edgings; lower parts, in-
cluding breast, rich lemon-yellow (the breast tinged with
olive), the chin and throat grayish white. Adult female:
Similar to male, but rather smaller, with tail less deeply
emarginate, orange-red crown-spot more restricted, and quills
less conspicuously narrowed at tips. Young : Similar to adult,
but no colored crown-patch, wing-coverts bordered with pale
buffy, and yellow of lower parts paler. Length about 9.00-
10.00, wing 4.40-5.00, tail 3.75-4.40, bill from nostril .60-.75.
Nest on trees, composed of small twigs, fine roots, etc., and
lined with the latter, together with " the black hair-like heart
of the Spanish moss." (SENNETT.) Eggs 4, .98 X -75, buff,
spotted with rich brown, chiefly round larger end. Hab. Mex-
ico and Guatemala, north to southern border of United States
(southern Texas to Arizona).
446. T. melancholicus couchi (BAIRD). Couch's Kingbird.
1 Tyrannus crassirostns SWAINS., Quar. Jour. Sci., xx. 1826, 278.
42
330 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
c". Tail even ; length of bill from nostril much less than length of tarsus.
dl. Head, neck, and breast light ash-gray, paler on chin and throat ;
wings dusky, with indistinct paler edgings ; tail deep black,
the lateral feathers with outer webs abruptly white. Adult
male : Longer quills with tips contracted into lengthened nar-
row points. Adult female : Similar to male, but tips of longer
quills less distinctly attenuated, and orange-red crown-spot more
restricted. Young : similar to adult, but colors paler and duller,
the wing-coverts bordered with pale buify, yellow of belly, etc.,
much paler, and colored crown-spot wanting. Length 8.00-
9.50, wing 4.75-5.25, tail 3.65-4.00, bill from nostril .50-.55.
West and eggs like those of T. tyrannus, the latter averaging
.97 X -68. Hab. "Western North America, east across Great
Plains (accidentally to Maryland, New Jersey, New York,
Maine, etc.), south, in winter, through western Mexico to
Guatemala 447. T. verticalis SAY. Arkansas Kingbird.
d2. Head, neck, and breast dark ash-gray or plumbeous, the chin and
fore-part of malar region abruptly whitish ; wings light brown-
ish gray, with broad paler edgings ; tail dull black, indistinctly
tipped with pale brownish gray, the lateral feathers with outer
webs indistinctly pale grayish. Young : Similar to adult, but
colors much duller, the wing-coverts bordered with pale fulvous
or rusty buff, yellow of belly, etc., paler and duller, and colored
crown-patch wanting. Length about 8.75-9.00, wing 5.00-5.40,
tail 3.70-4-.20, bill from nostril .55-.60. Nest and eggs not es-
sentially different from those of T. tyrannus and T. verticalis.
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to along eastern base of
Eocky Mountains to southern Wyoming, and coast district of
southern California to about lat. 37° ; south to Costa Eica.
448. T. vociferans SWAINS. Cassin's Kingbird.
GENUS PIT ANGUS SWAINSON. (Page 326, pi. XCIL, fig. 3.)
Species.
a1. Forehead, superciliary stripe, and band across nape white ; crown with a large
partially concealed patch of bright lemon- or gamboge-yellow ; back, scap-
ulars, and rump plain light olive-brown ; outer webs of greater wing-
coverts, secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers, broadly edged with rufous,
the inner webs of quills and tail-feathers almost entirely of this color ; lores
and ear-coverts deep black, producing a conspicuous broad stripe along side
of head ; chin, throat, and malar region pure white ; rest of lower parts, in-
cluding under wing-coverts, continuous deep sulphur- or pale lemon-yellow;
length about 10.00-11.00, wing 4.90-5.10, tail 3.90-4.00, exposed culmen 1.15-
1.25, tarsus 1.05. Nest very bulky, dome- or oven-shaped, with entrance on
one side, composed of coarse straws, lichens, etc., lined with finer materials,
MYIOZETETES. 331
and placed in thorny trees. Eggs 3-5, 1.18 X -80, bufly white speckled and
spotted (the markings mostly longitudinal), chiefly on larger end, with
madder-brown and purplish gray. Hab. Middle America and northern
South America, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas.
449. P. derbianus (KAUP). Derby Flycatcher.
a1. Whole top and sides of head plain brownish slate, or dusky, becoming lighter
and more ashy on forehead ; middle of crown with a rather small concealed
patch of brownish orange-yellow, or orange-rufous; back, scapulars, and
rump plain slate-gray or dull ash-gray, slightly tinged with olive ; wings
dusky, the middle and greater coverts and tertials conspicuously margined
with dull whitish, the quills narrowly edged with the same ; tail dull black-
ish, or dusky, tipped with dull light grayish, the outer web of lateral feather
also dull light grayis'h ; lower parts dull whitish, purer on throat and belly,
faintly shaded with ashy on breast, and passing into pale sulphur-yellow on
axillars, under wing-coverts, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; upper tail-coverts
broadly but rather indistinctly margined with rusty; length (skins) about
8.00-8.50, wing 4.15-4.40, tail 3.40-3.90, exposed culmen .95-.1.00, tarsus .85-
.90. Hab. Bahamas P. bahamensis BRYANT. Bahaman Petarchy.1
GENUS MYIOZETETES SCLATER. (Page 327, pi. XCV., fig. 1.)
Species.
Adult : Crown and occiput dull brownish gray, enclosing a concealed patch of
bright orange-red; forehead and broad superciliary stripe white; lores, malar and
suborbital regions, and ear-coverts deep brownish gray (darker than top of head),
producing a very broad stripe along side of head ; hind-neck and sides of neck like
crown, but tinged with olive-green ; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and rump
plain olive, or dull olive-green, brighter posteriorly ; upper tail-coverts duller (some-
times more grayish) olive, occasionally margined with rusty; wings and tail dusky
grayish brown, the feathers edged with paler — the secondaries (especially tertials)
with distinct olive-yellowish margins ; chin and throat white ; rest of lower parts
pure gamboge-yellow. Young : Similar to adult, but crown without the concealed
orange-patch, white portions of head more or less tinged with yellowish, and larger
wing-feather and tail-feather margined with light rusty. Length about 6.50-6.75,
wing 3.65-4.00, tail 2.20-2.40, exposed culmen .50, tarsus .80. Nest similar to that
of Pitangus derbianus, but smaller. (Eggs unknown.) Hab. Middle America, south
to Colombia, north to northern Mexico (and southern Texas ?).
450. M. texensis (GIRAUD). Giraud's Flycatcher.
GENUS MYIODYNASTES BONAPARTE. (Page 326, pi. XCIIL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above brownish, striped with black, the lower rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, streaked medially with black ; wings dusky, with
1 Pitangus bahamensis BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. is. 1864, 279.
332 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
conspicuous light edgings ; a broad dusky stripe on side of head, involving lores
and ear-coverts ; above this a superciliaiy stripe of white or yellowish, and below
it a broad white or yellowish malar stripe ; chin and throat (at least medially)
white, narrowly streaked with dusky ; rest of lower parts yellowish or whitish,
the chest, breast, and sides broadly streaked with dusky. Adult with a concealed
crown-patch of lemon- or gamboge-yellow.
a1. Chin and a broad stripe on each side of throat dusky, forming a conspicuous
yy-shaped mark ; lower parts, except middle of throat, clear sulphur-yellow ;
superciliary and malar stripes white; length about 7.75-8.00, wing 4.25-4.60,
tail 3.30-3.60, culmen .80-.90. Hob. Mexico and Central America, north to
southern Arizona, south to Panama.
451. M. luteiventris SOL. Sulphur-bellied Tlycatcher.
a1. Chin and whole throat white, the latter bordered laterally by a brownish and
dusky stripe along lower half of malar region ; lower parts whitish, tinged,
more or less, with sulphur-yellow, chiefly on sides ; superciliary and malar
stripes pale dull yellowish.
bl. Darker, the prevailing color of the upper parts grayish olive-brown ; wing
4.40-4.50, tail 3.65-3.75, exposed culmen .85-.90. Hob. Cayenne, Trini-
dad, Tobago, etc.
M. audax (GMEL.). Bold Flycatcher.1
b2. Paler, the prevailing color of the upper parts light olive, mixed, more or
less, with buify yellowish.
c1. With longer bill, and plumage more rufescent above, especially on top
of head ; wing 4.10-4.45, tail 3.40-3.75, exposed culmen .90-1.05.
Hob. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and north to Costa Rica.
M. audax nobilis (ScL.). Noble Flycatcher.2
c2. "With shorter bill, and almost total absence of rusty tinge to upper
parts; wing 4.25-4.40, tail 3.50-3.60, exposed culmen .80-.90. Hab.
Southeastern Mexico (Yucatan to Mirador).
M. audax insolens KIDQW. Insolent Flycatcher.8
GENUS MYIARCHUS CABANIS. (Page 327, pi. XCIIL, fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain grayish brown or olive (the top of head
sometimes much darker), the wings dusky, with more or less distinct lighter
edgings ; tail-feathers sometimes uniform dusky, but usually with more or less
rufous, especially on inner webs, which are sometimes entirely of this color; quills
(occasionally adjacent secondaries also) sometimes edged with rusty ; anterior lower
parts plain ashy or ashy white (the breast obsoletely streaked in M. flammulatus),
the posterior lower parts (from breast back) varying from deep sulphur-yellow to
i Muscicapa audax GMEL., S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 934. Myiodynastes audax SCL., P. Z. S. 1859, 43. (The
above diagnosis based on examination of two specimens only, these from Tobago.)
s Myiodynatte» nobilis SCL., P. Z. S. 1859, 42.
8 New subspecies. Type, No. 27977, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mirador (Vera Cruz), Mexico ; Dr. C. Sartorius.
MYIARCHUS. 333
yellowish white. Young with more rufous on tail, etc., than adults. Nest usually
in holes of trees. Eggs 3-6, curiously marked with fine " pen-lines" and intricate
pencillings of black and various shades of rich purplish brown over a buffy or
creamy brown.
a1. Inner webs of tail-feathers chiefly rufous.
bl. A broad dusky stripe, of uniform width, along inner side of shaft of outer
tail-feathers. (Above olive, browner on top of head, and more or less
tinged with rusty on upper tail-coverts ; outer webs of quills edged
with rusty; chin, throat, and breast pale ashy, sometimes almost
white on throat ; rest of under parts pale sulphur-yellow.)
c\ Smaller : Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 3.80-4.20 (4.01), tail 3.80-4.25
(4.04), bill from nostril .62-.75 (.66), tarsus .S2-.92 (.90). Eggs .87
X -68, averaging much paler than those of M. crinitus. Hob.
Eastern and southern Mexico, north to lower Eio Grande Valley
in Texas, south to Guatemala and Salvador.
453. M. mexicanus (KAUP). Mexican Crested Flycatcher.
c\ Larger: Length about 9.40-10.00, wing 4.04-4.60 (4.30), tail 4.10-4.60
(4.29), bill from nostril .68-.S2 (.73), tarsus .97-1.02 (1.00). Hob.
"Western Mexico, north to southern Arizona; south, in winter, to
Tehuantepec 453a. M. mexicanus magister EIDGW.
Arizona Crested Flycatcher.
£>*. Without a broad dusky stripe along inner side of shaft of outer tail-
feather, except sometimes near tip.
c1. Throat and chest deep ash-gray, belly bright sulphur-yellow, back,
etc., decidedly olive.
Length about 8.50-9.00, wing 3.90-4.40, tail 3.50-4.20, bill from
nostril .55-65, tarsus .78-.S2. Eggs .88 X -66. Hab. Eastern
United States, north to southern Canada, west to edge of
Great Plains; south, in winter, through eastern Mexico and
Central America to Costa Rica.
452. M. crinitus (LINN.). Crested Flycatcher.
c1. Throat and chest very pale ashy, sometimes almost white on former ;
belly pale sulphur-yellow ; back, etc., grayish brown.
dl. Inner web of outer tail-feather dusky at tip (excepting in young,
in which tail-feathers are rufous, with median dusky stripe), the
outer web distinctly whitish.
Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 3.80-4.25, tail 3.65-4.20, bill
from nostril .52-.60, tarsus .88-.9S. Eggs .87 X -65, colored
and marked like those of M. mexicanus. Hab. Western
United States, east to Rocky Mountains, south over high-
lands of Mexico (to lowlands of Tehuantepec in winter).
454. M. cinerascens LAWR. Ash-throated Flycatcher.
d*. Inner web of outer tail-feather without dusky at tip, and outer
web not distinctly whitish.
334 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
el. Smaller ; tail not decidedly, if at all, shorter than wing ; upper
tail-coverts not distinctly tinged with rusty; wing 3.40-
3.70 (3.57), tail 3.35-3.80 (3.56), bill from nostril .40-.56
(.50), tarsus .80-.88 (.85). Hab. Southern Mexico (Guana-
juato, Tehuantepec, Chiapas, etc.), and south to western
Costa Eica (La Palma).
M. nuttingi KIDGW. Nutting's Flycatcher.1
e*. Larger ; tail decidedly shorter than wing ; upper tail-coverts
decidedly tinged with rusty (sometimes with rusty pre-
vailing); wing 3.65-3.90 (3.74), tail 3.45-3.60 (3.52), bill
from nostril .60-.62 (.61), tarsus .85-.90 (.87). Hab.
Nicaragua.
M. brachyurus KIDGW. Nicaraguan Crested Flycatcher.2
a2. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers chiefly (sometimes entirely) dusky or dull
grayish brown.
b1. Width of bill at frontal feathers decidedly less than length of gonys ; no
trace of streaks on breast.
c1. Bill very little flattened, its depth through middle nearly equal to
width at same place.
d1. Belly and flanks sulphur-yellow ; middle wing-coverts tipped with
dull grayish brown ; quills very distinctly edged with rusty.
Wing 3.40-3.50, tail 3.50-3.60, bill from nostril .52-.S5, tarsus
.81-.85. Hab. Yucatan.
M. yucatanensis LAWR. Yucatan Crested Flycatcher.*
d2. Belly and flanks white or yellowish white ; middle wing-coverts
tipped with pale brownish gray or grayish white ; quills very
indistinctly, if at all, edged with rusty.
el. Middle wing-coverts tipped with light brownish gray ; top of
head deep sepia-brown; wing 3.20-3.45 (3.33), tail 3.20-
3.40 (3.33), bill from nostril .55-.5S (.57), tarsus .78-.80.
Hab. Cuba.
M. sagrae GUNDL. Cuban Crested Flycatcher.*
(?. Middle wing-coverts tipped with grayish white ; top of head
hair-brown ; wing 3.35-3.55 (3.46), tail 3.25-3.50 (3.40), bill
from nostril .58-.60 (.59), tarsus .85-.S6 (.85). Hab. Ba-
hamas.
M. lucaysiensis BRYANT. Bahaman Crested Flycatcher.8
c2. Bill much flattened, its depth in middle portion not more than two-
thirds its width at same place.
l Myiarchus nuttingi RIDGW., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. Sept. 5, 1882, 395. (Type, No. 87391, U. S. Nat.
Mus., La Palma, Costa Rica, Apr. 27, 1882; C. C. Nutting.)
J New species; type, No. 91057, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6 ad., Ometepec, Nicaragua, March 7, 1883; C. C.
Nutting.
8 Myiarchus yucatanensis LAWR., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1871, 235.
4 Muacicapa sagrse GUNDL., Jour. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi. 1852, 313. Myiarchus sagras GUNDL., J. f. 0. 1872,
424.
6 Tyrannula (Myiarchus) stolida (var. lucaysiensis) BRYANT, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. 1866, 66.
SAYORNIS. 335
dl. Tail with distinct rufous edgings to inner webs, or else without
distinct rusty edgings to outer webs.
el. Darker, the top of head more or less sooty, decidedly darker
than back; quills, secondaries, and tail-feathers conspicu-
ously edged with rusty, and upper tail-coverts strongly
tinged with same; inner webs of tail-feathers usually
broadly edged with rufous ; length about 7.00, wing 3.10-
3.40 (3.24), tail 3.00-3.40 (3.24), bill from nostril .50-.58
(.52), tarsus .75-.80 (.77). Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to
lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas ; Guatemala.
455. M. lawrenceii (GIRAUD). Lawrence's Flycatcher.
e2. Paler, with top of head hair-brown or olive, very little darker
than color of back ; quills, secondaries, and tail-feathers
usually without distinct rusty edgings — often without any
rusty ; inner webs of tail-feathers usually without rufous
edges; length 7.00-7.30, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.11), tail 3.00-
3.25 (3.14), bill from nostril .48-55 (.51), tarsus .70-.75 (.73).
Hab. Western Mexico, north to southern Arizona, south, in
winter, to southern Mexico, including Yucatan .. 455a. M.
lawrenceii olivascens EIDGW. Olivaceous Flycatcher.
cP. Tail-feather without rufous edgings to inner webs, but outer webs
very distinctly edged with rusty, and upper tail-coverts strongly
tinged with same ; belly and flanks very pale sulphur-yellow.
Top of head dull sooty, but scarcely brownish ; back dull
grayish hair-brown ; wing 3.00, tail 3.00, bill from nostril
.50, width at base .33, tarsus .80.
M. platyrhynchus KIDQ-W. Cozumel Flycatcher.1
62. Width of bill at frontal feathers very little, if any, less than length of gonys ;
breast very indistinctly clouded or streaked with pale grayish.
Top of head olivaceous, like back ; middle, greater, and last row of
lesser wing-coverts tipped with buffy or light rusty ; length about
6.00, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 3.00-3.10, bill from nostril .40, width at
base .40, tarsus .70-.72. Hab. Southwestern Mexico (Mazatlan to
Tehuantepec).
M. flammulatus LAWR. Flammulated Flycatcher.2
GENUS SAYORNIS BONAPARTE. (Page 327, pi. XCIY., fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain olive-grayish or blackish, the tail black or
dusky, its lateral feathers with outer webs edged with whitish ; lower parts vary-
ing in color according to species. Young : Similar to adults, but wing-coverts
1 Myiarchus platyrhynchus RIDGW., Descr. N. Sp. B. Cozumel, 1885, 3.
1 Myiarchus flammulatua LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. July, 1874, 71.
336 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
tipped with light rusty. Nest a compact and bulky felted mass, decorated exteri-
orly with mosses, etc., and lined with soft feathers, attached to rocks, to beams
of buildings, bridges, etc. Eggs 3—6, pure white, sometimes finely but sparsely
speckled round larger end with dark brownish.
a1. Belly white or very pale yellowish.
bl. Above olive-grayish, darker on top of head ; lower parts entirely whitish,
more or less strongly tinged posteriorly with pale yellowish, the sides
of the breast tinged with olive-grayish ; length about 6.25-7.00, wing
3.25-3.55, tail 3.00-3.40. Eggs .84 X -55. Hab. Eastern North America ;
south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Cuba.
456. S. phoebe (LATH.). Phoebe.
b*. Above, together with anterior and lateral lower parts, slate-black ; belly
and lower tail-coverts white ; length about 6.25-7.00, wing 3.55-3.80.
tail 3.45-3.75. Eggs .74 X -55. Hab. Mexico and northward, along
Pacific coast to Oregon, eastward to southern Texas.
458. S. nigricans (SWAINS.). Black Phoebe.
a2. Belly light cinnamon, or tawny ochraceous.
Above light brownish gray, the tail black; anterior lower parts light
brownish gray, posterior portions light cinnamon or- tawny ochraceous;
length about 7.50-8.05, wing 3.90-4.25, tail 3.35-3.75. Eggs .76 X .59,
always immaculate (?). Hab. Western United States, eastward across
Great Plains, north to the Saskatchewan, and south into Mexico.
457. S. saya (BONAP.). Say's Phoebe.
GENUS CONTOPUS CABANIS. (Page 327, pi. XCIY., figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain grayish brown or olive-grayish, usually
darker on top of head, lighter on rump ; wings and tail dusky, the wing-coverts
with more or less distinct paler (usually dull grayish) tips, the secondaries edged
with the same (these edgings broader and more whitish on tertials) ; lower parts
paler than upper, the throat and belly usually whitish or pale yellowish ; upper
mandible black, lower light-colored, except at tip ; feet blackish. Young : Similar
to adult, but wing-coverts narrowly tipped with buify, ochraceous, or light rusty.
Nest on trees (usually on a stout horizontal branch), very compact, saucer-shaped.
Eggs 2-4, pale cream-color, handsomely wreathed round larger end with spots of
rich brown and lilac-gray or lavender.
a1. Tarsus shorter than middle toe, with claw ; primaries exceeding secondaries by
two and a half times the length of the tarsus ; wing exceeding tail by about
half the length of the latter ; first quill much longer than fourth, often
longer than third ; a very conspicuous white cottony patch on each side of
rump ; median lower parts white, or very pale yellowish (scarcely inter-
CONTOPUS. 337
rupted on breast), the lateral portions deep grayish brown, or brownish
gray, in strong contrast. (Subgenus Nuttallornis Eioaw.1)
Adult: Above brownish slate, some of the feathers usually with darker
shaft-streaks ; wings and tail dusky blackish, the wing-coverts tipped
with brownish gray and tertials edged with whitish ; a conspicuous tuft
of white cottony feathers on each side of rump (usually concealed by
wings) ; middle line of body beneath, from chin to crissum, white, the
lateral portions brownish gray (usually with darker shaft-streaks), this
sometimes extending across the chest, thus interrupting the white.
Young : Similar to adult, but tips to wing-coverts (narrowly) dull buffy
or fulvous. Length 7.10-7.90, wing 3.90-4.50, tail 2.80-3.50, exposed
culmen .58-.70, tarsus .55-.60. Eggs .82 X -61, creamy buff, spotted,
usually in more or less of a distinct ring round larger end, with deep
rusty brown or chestnut and purplish gray. Hob. Higher mountain
districts of United States, and coniferous forests of lowlands from
northern border (New England to Michigan, etc.) northward, and south
through higher mountains to Colombia.
459. C. borealis (SWAINS.). Olive-sided Flycatcher.
«2. Tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw ; primaries exceeding secondaries by
less than twice the length of the tarsus ; wing exceeding tail by less than
one-fourth the length of the latter ; first quill much shorter than fourth,
sometimes shorter than fifth ; no conspicuous white cottony tuft on side of
rump ; median lower parts not abruptly lighter than lateral portions.
(Subgenus Contopus CABANIS.)
b1. Wing more than 3.75.
Above plain grayish brown, tinged with olive, the wings without very
distinct lighter markings ; beneath plain light olive grayish, the
chin whitish, the belly and under tail-coverts pale dull yellowish ;
length 7.70-8.00, wing 3.80-4.46, tail 3.60-3.90. Hob, Highlands of
Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern Arizona.
460. C. pertinax CAB. Coues's Flycatcher.
b\ Wing less than 3.75.
c1. Belly and under tail-coverts white or pale sulphur-yellowish; under
wing-coverts dull light olive-grayish, sometimes tinged with
yellowish.
(P. Exposed culmen much less than twice the width of bill at nostrils.
el. Second quill decidedly longer than third, and fourth quill much
longer than fifth ; wing 3.00, or more (usually more than
3.15).
fl. Lores dull grayish, not distinctly or abruptly different
from color of forehead and ear-coverts; throat not
pure white.
1 New subgenus; more properly a distinct genus, so numerous and positive are the differences from all the
species of Contopus proper.
43
338 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
g1. Lighter and more olivaceous above, the median lower
parts more distinctly whitish, or less extensively
interrupted with olive-grayish on breast; wings
and tail shorter; length 5.90-6.50, wing 3.00-3.45
(3.27), tail 2.50-2.90 (2.71), exposed culmen .43-
.52 (.48), width of bill at base .24-.30 (.28), tarsus
.4S-.53 (.51). Nest a very beautiful saucer-shaped
structure covered exteriorly with green and gray
lichens, built usually upon a thick horizontal
branch. Eggs .71 X -53, pale creamy buff or
creamy white, spotted, usually in ring round
larger end, with rich madder-brown and lilac-gray.
Hab. Eastern North America, north to Canada,
etc., west to edge of Great Plains; south, in winter,
to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.
461. C. virens (LiNN.). Wood Pewee.
g*. Darker and less olivaceous above, the median lower
parts less distinctly whitish, or more extensively
interrupted with olive-grayish across breast ; wings
and tail longer ; length 6.20-6.75, wing 3.15-3.55,
(3.34), tail 2.50-2.95 (2.74), exposed culmen .44-
.51 (.48), width of bill at base .27-32 (.29), tarsus
.49-.S6 (.52). Nest composed chiefly of plant-
fibres (sometimes, though rarely, ornamented with
lichens), often built in forks of branches. Eggs
.69 X -54, colored like those of C. virens. Ilab.
Western North America, east to Great Plains,
north to British Columbia and interior of British
America, south, in winter, through Mexico and
Central America to Costa Eica.. 462. C. richard-
sonii (SWAINS.). Western Wood Pewee.
/2. Lores whitish, in strong contrast with color of forehead
and ear-coverts ; throat pure white ; otherwise very
similar in color to C. virens, but bill much longer,
broader, and more flattened ; length (skin) 5.60, wing
3.20, tail 2.60, exposed culmen .55, width of bill at
base .35, tarsus .50. Hab. Yucatan.
C. albicollis LAWR. White-throated Wood Pewee.1
e2. Second quill not conspicuously (if any) longer than third, and
fourth not conspicuously longer than fifth ; wing not more
than 3.05 (usually less than 3.00).
Above dull olive, decidedly darker on top of head, lighter
on rump ; wings and tail dusky, the former varied by
1 Contopus albicolli» LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. Ac. Sci. iii. No. 5, Jan. 5, 1885, 156.
EMPIDONAX. 339
dull olive-grayish tips to wing-coverts and paler (some-
times nearly white) edges to tertials ; chest and sides
of breast olive grayish, the sides and flanks much
tinged with same; chin and throat whitish, sometimes
tinged with sulphur-yellow; belly pale sulphur-yellow;
under wing-coverts dull buffy, tinged or mixed with
olive-grayish ; length (skins) 5.30-5.50, wing 2.80-3.05,
tail 2.60-2.75, exposed culmen .47-.50, tarsus .50-.55.
Hob. Yucatan (including Cozumel) and southern
Mexico (Cordova, etc.).
C. brachytarsus SCL. Schott's Wood Pewee.1
d2. Exposed culmen about twice as long as width of bill at nostrils.
Colors much as in C. schottii, but grayer ; length (skins) 5.25-
5.70, wing 2.65-2.90, tail 2.40-2.70, exposed culmen .55-.60,
width of bill at nostrils .25-30, tarsus .60-.65. Hob. Ba-
hamas.
C. bahamensis BRYANT. Bahaman Wood Pewee.2
c2. Belly, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts light ochraceous.
Otherwise in color much like C. br achy tarsus, but bill shaped as
in C. bahamensis ; length (skins) 5.60-6.00, wing 2.75-2.80, tail
2.70-2.80. Hob. Cuba.
C. caribaeus (D'ORB.). Cuban Wood Pewee.8
GENUS EMPIDONAX CABANIS. (Page 327, pi. XCIY., fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain brownish, grayish, olive, or olive-greenish,
the wings with two lighter bands (across tips of greater and middle coverts), the
secondaries edged with the same color as the wing-bauds, except toward base, there
being always a more or less distinct dusky bar behind tips of greater coverts ; lower
parts whitish, yellowish, or buffy, shaded with grayish, olive, or ochraceous across
chest ; upper mandible black, or dark brown, lower mandible pale-colored ; legs and
feet black.
a1. Lower parts whitish or sulphur-yellowish, shaded, more or less, across breast
with grayish or olivaceous.
61. Width of bill at nostrils decidedly greater than half the length of the ex-
posed culmen.
1 Empidonax brachytarsus SCL., Ibis, 1859, 441. Contopus brachytarsus SCL., Cat. Am. B. 1862, 231. Con-
topus schottii LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 202. (Types of both compared, also additional specimens of
C. schottii.)
* Empidonax bahamensis BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. 1859, 109. Contopus bahamensit CORY, Bds.
Bahama Is. 1880, 101.
3 Muscipeta carbaea D'ORB. La Sagra's Cuba, 1839, 77. Contopus caribous B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. ii.
1874, 351.
340 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
c1. Upper parts umber-brown, the top of head sometimes much darker
(sooty).
Above dull brown, darker on top of head, the wing-bands varying
from dull light brownish buff to tawny ; chin and throat white ;
rest of lower parts pale smoky buff, shaded with smoky brown
across breast (whole lower parts dull whitish in much worn
plumage) ; under wing-coverts and thighs deep buff or ochra-
ceous ; wing 2.35-2.40 (2.37), tail 2.15-2.32 (2.24), culmen .60-
.67 (.64), bill from nostril .32-.3S (.33), width at base .30, tarsus
.67-.6S (.67). Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) to high-
lands of Guatemala.
E. albigularis SCL. White-throated Flycatcher.1
c2. Upper parts olive, olive-greenish, or olive-grayish.
dl. Lower parts distinctly yellowish.
e1. Under wing-coverts pale buff, deepening into ochraceous on
edge of wing. (Length 5.50-6.00.)
Adult : Above dull grayish olive (more brownish in win-
ter), the wing-bands dull light buffy grayish (more
buffy in winter) ; lower parts pale dull yellowish, in-
clining to sulphur-yellow on belly and under tail-cov-
erts, and faintly shaded with dull grayish brown across
breast. Young : Similar, but browner above, with wing-
bands ochraceous, or rusty buff, the sulphur-yellow of
belly, etc., replaced by dull white. Male : Wing 2.50-
2.90 (2.65), tail 2.35-2.60 (2.43), culmen .57-.63 (.61),
bill from nostril .29-.33 (.31), width at base .25-.2S
(.27), tarsus .64-.69 (.68). Female: Wing 2.30-2.60
(2.44), tail 2.20-2.45 (2.32). Nests in clefts of old
stumps or logs, or similar situations, bulky, composed
of mosses, etc. Eggs .69 X -51, buffy white or pale
buff, speckled, chiefly round larger end, with rusty
brown, or cinnamon. Hab. Western United States,
north to Sitka ; south, in winter, to western Mexico.
464. E. difficilis BAIRD. Western Flycatcher.2
e9. Under wing-coverts yellowish white, or pale sulphur-yellow.
/*. Wing-bands not darker (usually paler) than lower parts.
(Length 5.10-5.80.)
Adult : Above dull olive-green, the wing-bands pale
olive-yellowish ; beneath pale dull sulphur-yellow,
shaded with olive across breast. Young : Similar,
but duller, with wing-bands buffy or ochraceous.
Male : Wing 2.55-2.75 (2.64), tail 2.10-2.30 (2.18),
1 Empidonax alliyularis SCL., Ibis, 1859, 122. Empidonax axillarit RIDGW., in Hist. Am. B. ii. 1874, 363.
* Called "Baird's Flycatcher" in the A. 0. U. Check List, but this name belongs properly to E. bairdii
SCL.
EMPIDONAX. 341
culmen .4S-.59 Q54), bill from nostril .30-.32 (.31),
width at base .25-.2S (.26), tarsus .64-.6S (.66).
Female: Wing 2.40-2.50 (2.45), tail 2.00-2.25
(2.11). Nest embedded in mossy bank, stump, or
log, composed of green moss, dry leaves, fine
sticks, etc., lined with fine black rootlets, dried
grass-blades, etc. ; external diameter about 4.00-
4.50, depth about 2.25-4.00; cavity about 1.25-
1.50 deep by 2.00 across. Eggs usually 4, .73 X
.51, colored like those of E. difficilis. Hab. East-
ern North America, breeding from northern
United States northward ; south, in winter,
through eastern Mexico and Central America
to Panama 463. E. flaviventris BAIRD.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
/2. Wing-bands darker than lower parts.
gl. Above dull olive.
Adult: Above dull olive, the wing-bands dull
light olive, sometimes inclining to russet;
lower parts pale olive-yellowish, more de-
cidedly olivaceous on breast; edge of wing
dull ochraceous or fulvous ; wing 2.60-2.80
(2.72), tail 2.40-2.55 (2.49), culmen .58-.60
(.59), bill from nostril .32-.3S (.32), width at
base .25, tarsus .65-.70 (.68). Hab. Southern
and eastern Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordoba, Mira-
dor, etc.).
E. bairdii SCL. Baird's Flycatcher.1
g1. Above bright olive-green. Adult : Above bright olive-
green, the wing-bands similar, but paler, some-
times inclining to ochraceous; lower parts green-
ish sulphur-yellow, distinctly shaded across breast
and along sides with olive-green ; edge of wing
clear sulphur-yellow; wing 2.50-2.90 (2.75), tail
2.15-2.65 (2.44), culmen .60-.63 (.61), bill from
nostril .32-.3S (.34), width at base .28-.30 (.29),
tarsus .6S-.72 (.70). Hab. Highlands of Guatemala.
E. salvini EIDGW. Salvin's Flycatcher.2
d*. Lower parts not distinctly yellowish.
e2. First quill longer than seventh.
/*. First quill usually equal to or longer than fifth ; color uni-
form olive-green or greenish gray above. (Length
5.50-5.90.)
1 Empidonax bairdii SCL., P. Z. S. 1858, 301.
2 Empidonax taloini RIDGW., Ibis, Oct. 1886, 459.
342 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
Adult: Above varying from greenish gray to olive-
green, or even (in some winter specimens) almost
russet-olive, the top of the head similar to the
back ; wing-bands buff or buffy whitish ; lower
parts white, more or less strongly tinged with sul-
phur-yellow laterally and posteriorly, and (usu-
ally very faintly) shaded across breast with olive
or grayish. Young : Similar to adult, but with
wing-bauds deeper ochraceous, and feathers of
upper parts (especially crown and rump) nar-
rowly tipped with paler, producing an inconspic-
uous mottling. Male : Wing 2.75-3.10 (2.83), tail
2.30-2.70 (2.49), culmen .62-.69 (.66), bill from
nostril .32-.39 (.35), width at base .28-.30 (.30),
tarsus .59-.67 (.62). Female: Wing 2.55-2.70
(2.65), tail 2.25-2.35 (2.32). Nest a very thin, flat
structure secured between forks near the ex-
tremity of a (usually depending) branch, com-
posed of fine rootlets, tree-catkins, etc. Eggs
2-4, .71 X -53, pale creamy buff or creamy white,
sparsely speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger end,
with deep rusty brown or madder-brown. Hab.
Eastern United States ; south, in winter, through
eastern Mexico and Central America to Ecuador ;
Cuba.
465. E. acadicus (GMEL.). Acadian Flycatcher.
/2. First quill usually shorter than fifth ; color olive or
grayish brown above — never distinctly greenish.
gl. Tail even, or very slightly rounded ; wing averaging
more than 2.60. (Length 5.50-6.50.)
h1. Adult: Above olive, usually decidedly grayer
on head ; wing-bands varying from dull
brownish gray, or grayish brown, to nearly
white ; lower parts white, tinged more or
less with sulphur-yellow posteriorly, and
shaded with olive-grayish on sides of breast ;
under wing-coverts very pale buffy yellow.
Young: Similar, but rather browner above
and more distinctly tinged with yellow be-
neath, the wing-bands deep buff, or ochra-
ceous. Male: Length about 5.80-6.25, wing
2.70-2.85 (2.75), tail 2.35-2.60 (2.51), culmen
.64-.7S (.69), bill from nostril .35-.40 (.38),
width at base .27-31 (.29), tarsus .65-. 72
(.68). Female : Length about 5.55-6.00, wing
EMPIDONAX. 343
2.55-2.65 (2.60), tail 2.20-2.50 (2.38), other
measurements about as in male. Nest deep
cup-shaped, bulky, usually built between forks
of an upright twig or branch, in bushes, com-
posed of plant-down, straws, etc. Eggs 2-4,
.71 X -53, similar in color to those of E. aca-
dicus, but averaging paler, both in ground-
color and in markings. Hab. Western North
America, north to Sitka and Fort Simpson ;
south, in winter, into Mexico 466. E. pu-
sillus (SWAINS.). Little Flycatcher.
A2. Similar to E. pusillus, but averaging more de-
cidedly olivaceous above and more distinctly
tinged with yellow beneath, the bill shorter
and broader, and tarsus shorter. Male : Wing
2.60-3.00 (2.81), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.48), culmen
.60-.64 (.62), bill from nostril .32-37 (.34),
width at base .29-.30 (.30), tarsus .64-.67 (.66).
Female : Wing 2.50-2.65 (2.58), tail 2.25-2.35
(2.30). Nest and eggs as in E. pusillus, the
latter averaging .73 X -53. Hab. Eastern
North America; south, in winter, through
Middle America to northern South America.
466a. E. pusillus traillii (Auo.).
Traill's Flycatcher.
g*. Tail slightty, but decidedly, emarginated; wing av-
eraging less than 2.60. (Length 4.90-5.50.)
Hardly distinguishable in color from E. pusillus
and E. traillii, but wing-bands usually whiter.
Male: Wing 2.30-2.60 (2.49), tail 2.10-2.40
(2.30), culmen .53-.S9 (.56), bill from nostril
.27-.31 (.29), width at base .2S-.27 (.25),
tarsus .59-.6S (.65). Female : Wing 2.20-2.40
(2.33), tail 2.10-2.25 (2.18). Nest very com-
pactly felted, cup-shaped, composed chiefly of
grayish plant-fibres, placed in fork of upright
branches of bushes or small trees. Eggs 2-4,
.64 X -49, plain buffy white. Hab. Eastern
North America, breeding from northern
United States northward ; south, in winter,
through Middle America, to Panama.
467. E. minimus BAIRD. Least Flycatcher.
b2. Width of bill at nostrils less than half the exposed culmen.
c1. Outer web of outer tail-feather not abruptly paler than inner web;
culmen .55, or less ; tarsus less than .70. (Length 5.25-5.75.)
344 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
Adult : Above olive, usually more grayish anteriorly, especially
on hind-neck ; wing-bands dull light grayish, more or legs tinged
with olive; lower parts varying from dull grayish white,
faintly tinged with yellowish on flanks, etc., to decided olive-
yellowish, the breast always strongly shaded with olive or
olive-grayish, and the throat never distinctly whitish (usually
distinctly grayish). Male : Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.60-
2.80 (2.72), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.38), culmen .53-.59 (.56), bill from
nostril .26-.29 (.27), width at base .22-.24 (.23), tarsus .60-.68
(.63). Female : Length about 5.25, wing 2.45-2.75 (2.61), tail
2.15-2.40 (2.25). Nest and eggs like those of E. minimus (?).
Hob. Western North America, north to Lesser Slave Lake;
south, in winter, to southern Mexico.
468. E. hammondi (XANTUS). Hammond's Flycatcher.
(?. Outer web of outer tail-feather abruptly paler than inner web (usually
distinctly dull whitish) ; culmen .58, or more ; tarsus usually more
than .70. (Length 5.75-6.40.)
d1. Colors otherwise much as in E. hammondi, but averaging grayer,
with paler (often distinctly whitish) throat. Male: Wing
2.70-2.95 (2.83), tail 2.55-2.80 (2.67), culmen .62-.69 (.65), bill
from nostril .32-.3S (.36), width at base .24-.27 (.26), tarsus .71-
.77 (.74). Female : Wing 2.55-2.75 (2.64), tail 2.50-2.65 (2.52).
Nest usually in aspen bushes, similar in composition, etc., to
that of E. minimus. Eggs .69 X 51, plain buffy white. Hab.
Western United States, south to southern Mexico, east to
Eocky Mountains.
469. E. obscurus (S WAINS.). Wright's Flycatcher.
d1. Deep brownish olive above, the wing-bands varying from olive
to pale olive-grayish ; lower parts dull yellow, shaded across
breast with olive-brown ; wing 2.92-3.00, tail 2.65-2.75, culmen
.60, bill from nostril .30, width at base .22-.2S, tarsus .68. Hab.
Southern Mexico (Orizaba ; city of Mexico).
E. fulvipectus LAWU. Narrow-billed Flycatcher l
a*. Lower parts deep buff, deepening into ochraceous on breast and sides.
bl. Upper parts deep hair-brown, tinged with umber.
c1. Lower parts soft pinkish buff, inclining to isabella-color on breast, paler
on throat and belly, the under tail-coverts nearly white ; wing 2.70,
tail 2.45, culmen .52, bill from nostril .28, width at base .21, tarsus
.60. Sab. Eastern Mexico and southern Texas (?).
470. E. fulvifrons ((TIRAUD). Fulvous Flycatcher.
c2. Lower parts bright ochraceous-buff, inclining to deep ochraceous on
breast, and pale buffy yellow on belly, the throat buffy whitish and
lower tail-coverts yellowish white ; wing 2.35-2.55 (average 2.43),
1 Empidonax fulvipectus LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. Feb. 1871, 11.
PYROCEPHALUS. 345
tail 1.90-2.15 (2.05), culmen .48-.50 (.49), bill from nostril .25-.2T
(.26), width at base .20, tarsus .S2-.58 (.56). Hab. Southern Mexico.
E. fulvifrons rubicundus (CAB. & HKIN.). Ruddy Flycatcher.1
b2. Upper parts dull grayish brown.
Lower parts pale buff, brightening into ochraceous-buif on breast and
anterior portion of sides. Young : Wing-bands buff (instead of
light grayish brown or dull grayish white), the lower parts much
paler and duller buff, without ochraceous tinge. Length about 4.75-
5.10, wing 2.20-2.45 (2.34), tail 1.95-2.14 (2.06), culmen .50-.55 (.52),
bill from nostril .25-.2T (.26), width at base .20-.22 (.21), tarsus .51-
.60. Sab. Southern Arizona arid New Mexico, south into western
Mexico.
47 Oa. E. fulvifrons pygmseus (COUES). Buff-breasted Flycatcher.
GENUS PYROCEPHALUS GOULD. (Page 327, pi. XCII., fig. 2.)
Species.
Adult male : Whole top of head and entire lower parts bright scarlet ; ear-cov-
erts and upper parts (except top of head) brownish gray, the wings and tail darker
(sometimes nearly black). Adult female : Above brownish gray, including crown ;
lower parts whitish, more or less tinged with pale red or salmon-color posteriorly,
the breast more or less streaked with grayish. Immature male : Similar to adult
female, but with red feathers intermixed on crown and anterior lower parts.
Young: Above grayish, the feathers bordered with whitish; beneath whitish,
without any reddish tinge posteriorly. Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.40,
tail 2.60-2.80. Nest shallow and very compact, somewhat like that of Contopus
virens. Eggs 2-4, .68 X -52, pale olive-buff or dull buffy (rarely nearly white),
boldly and heavily spotted, chiefly in wreath round larger end, or near middle,
with dark vandyke-brown or brownish black and purplish gray. Hob. Mexico
and Guatemala, and north to southern border of United States (southern Texas to
Arizona) 471. P. rubineus mexicanus (ScL.). Vermilion Flycatcher.2
GENUS ORNITHION HARTLAUB. (Page 327, pi. XCV., fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain brownish gray, or olive-gray ; wings more
dusky, the coverts tipped with light brownish gray or brownish, the tertials, sec-
ondaries, and quills edged, more or less distinctly, with the same, the secondaries,
however, with the basal fourth, or more, of exposed portion uniform dusk}T ; lower
parts dull grayish white, or yellowish white, tinged with grayish laterally, es-
pecially on sides of breast; sides of head light grayish, without distinct mark-
1 Empidonax rubicundus CAB. & HEIN., Mus. Hein. ii. Sept. 1859, 70, foot-note. Empidonax fulvifrons
rubicundua RIDGW., Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. 1885, 109.
2 A rare melanistic plumage is uniform sepia-brown, tinged in male with wine-purple on crown and lower
parts. This condition is comparatively frequent in the common South American form, or true P. rubineus
(BODD).
346 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
ing8, though lores and orbits are more or less distinctly paler. Young with wing-
bands ochraceous or pale rust}*, and lower parts more buffy whitish.
a1. Smaller and browner, with lower parts more tinged with sulphur-yellowish,
the bill smaller and more slender; length about 4.50, wing 2.10-2.15 (2.12),
tail 1.70-1.95 (1.84), culmen .39-.40 (.40), exposed eulmen .28-.30 (.30), depth
of bill at base .13-.14, tarsus .55-.60 (.57). Hab. Central America and eastern
Mexico, north to lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas.
472. O. imberbe (ScL.). Beardless Flycatcher.
a1. Larger and grayer, with little if any sulphur-yellow tinge to grayish white
lower parts, the bill larger and thicker ; length 4.30^4.80 (4.50), wing 2.04-
2.28 (2.18), tail 1.78-2.04 (1.89), culmen .40-.42 (.41), exposed culmen&30-.35
(.32), depth of bill at base .14-.15, tarsus .52-.5S (.56). Hab. Wsatern Mexico,
north to southern Arizona, south to Mazatlan.
472a. O. imberbe ridgwayi BREWST. Ridgway's Flycatcher.
FAMILY ALAUDID^E. — THE LARKS. (Page 321.)
Genera,
a1. A spurious primary ; tail deeply emarginate ; crown with a blunt erectile crest
of soft, normal feathers ; plumage of adult mainly dull brownish, much
streaked above and below Alauda. (Page 346.)
a". No spurious primary ; tail even or slightly rounded ; crown without crest, but
on each side of occiput an erectile, narrow, horn-like tuft of lengthened
black feathers; plumage of adult with plain brownish or vinaceous tints pre-
vailing above, the lower parts mainly plain white, the head and chest with
bold black markings (less conspicuous in females)... Otocoris. (Page 347.)
GENUS ALAUDA LINN^US. (Page 346, pi. XCVL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults : Above light brownish, everywhere streaked
with black, moat broadly on back ; wings dusky, the feathers with pale brownish
edges and borders; lower parts and superciliary stripe whitish, the chest pale
brownish or tawny buff, distinctly streaked with brownish black ; sides and flanks
also tinged with pale tawny, and usually more or less distinctly, but narrowly,
streaked with deeper brownish or dusky; ear-coverts light brownish or tawny,
becoming darker (sometimes blackish) along upper margin; outer tail-feathers
white, with more or less of dusky along edge of inner web, especially toward base.
In winter, the plumage generally more tawny, and feathers of crown, back, etc.,
with more or less distinct whitish terminal margins. Young: More tawny than
winter adults, with more conspicuous white terminal margins to feathers of upper
parts, which instead of having a mesial blackish streak are marked with a sub-
terminal spot of dark brown ; tertials light tawny brownish, widely bordered with
OTOCORIS. 347
pale dull buffy, surrounding a narrow submargin of dark brown ; chest ochra-
ceous-buffy, indistinctly streaked or spotted with bright tawny brownish. Nest on
ground in meadows or open grassy places. Eggs 3-6, dull buffy whitish, pale
grayish brown, etc., thickly speckled or sprinkled with umber-brown, the latter
color sometimes nearly uniform.
a1. Duller or grayer in color, the upper parts, chest, etc., with tawny tinge less
pronounced, black spots or streaks on back averaging narrower, and bill
shorter ; length about 7.00-7.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 2.90-3.10, exposed cul-
men .45-50, tarsus .90-1.00. Eggs .90 X .61. Hab. Europe and portions of
Asia and Africa ; accidental in Greenland and Bermudas, and introduced,
though not successfully naturalized, in eastern United States (Long Island,
near Cincinnati, etc.) 473. A. arvensis LINN. Skylark.
a2. Brighter or more tawny in color, black spots on back averaging larger, and bill
longer; length 6.80-7.80 (7.30), wing 4.25-4.70, tail 2.85-3.00, exposed cul-
men .43-.S2, tarsus .95-1.10. Hab. Commander Islands, Kamtschatka, Kurils,
and northern Japan ; western Aleutians (?).
A. blakistoni STEJN. Kamtschatkan Skylark.1
GENUS OTOCORIS BONAPARTE. (Page 346, pi. XCYI., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males in spring and summer: Above varying from
vinaceous-gray to tawny cinnamon, the back and scapulars grayer or browner, and
more or less distinctly streaked with darker ; a broad patch covering fore-part and
sides of crown, lores, patch beneath eye (covering also anterior and lower portion
of ear-coverts), and patch across chest, uniform black ; bar or band across forehead
and extending backward as a broad superciliary stripe, middle portion of ear-
coverts, malar region, chin, throat, and sides of neck, varying from pure white to
deep primrose-yellow, the hinder portion of ear-coverts more or less distinctly gray-
ish ; sides (especially of breast) vinaceous or cinnamon, like nape, etc., the flanks
usually somewhat streaked ; rest of lower parts usually white, but sometimes (in
0. giraudi and 0. strigata) partly or even wholly pale yellow ; wings (except lesser
and middle coverts) grayish brown, the feathers edged with paler; tail (except
middle feathers) black, the outer web of exterior feather chiefly white, and that of
next feather edged, toward tip, with same. Adult males in fall and winter : Essen-
tially like the foregoing, but black markings of head more or less obscured by
light-colored tips to feathers, the plumage generally softer and colors more blended,
the chest often streaked, clouded, or washed with grayish. Adult females : Similar
to males, but decidedly smaller, with black head-markings much less distinct (that
on top of head never well defined or continuous), the bold pattern of these mark-
ings as seen in the male seldom more than merely indicated ; vinaceous or cinnamon
tints of males much less pronounced (sometimes almost wholly wanting), and
plumage generally more extensively streaked. (Seasonal differences as in males.)
1 Alauda blakietoni STEJN., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. Apr. 10, 18S4, 98.
348 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
Young: Above mixed dusky and light brownish (in variable relative quantity),
conspicuously speckled or dotted with white or pale buffy ; wing-coverts conspicu-
ously margined with pale dull buffy ; lower parts whitish, the chest more or less
tinged with pale brownish buff and speckled or clouded with dusky ; no distinct
head " pattern." Nest composed of fine dried grass-stems, etc., embedded in ground,
under shelter of tussock of grass, a stone, etc. Eggs 3-5, pale olive, pale dull
buffy, dull olive-whitish, etc., finely but usually densely speckled or sprinkled with
olive-brown (rarely, pale cinnamon-buff, speckled with cinnamon-rusty).
a1. Wing of male averaging more than 4.40, that of female averaging 4.12, or more.
bl. Darker, the hind-neck, rump, etc., deeper vinaceous-cinnamon, the throat
and superciliary stripe usually deep primrose-yellow. Young with sooty
blackish prevailing on upper parts, the chest and sides distinctly tinged
with brownish buff and speckled or mottled with dusky. Male: Length
about 7.50-8.00, wing 4.20-4.60 (4.41), tail 2.70-3.10 (2.98). Female:
Wing 3.95-4.55 (4.19), tail 2.50-3.10 (2.78). Hab. Northeastern North
America (region about Hudson's Bay, including Labrador), Greenland,
and northern Europe ; in winter, south to the Carolinas, Illinois, etc.
474. O. alpestris (LiNN.). Horned Lark.
b*. Paler, the hind-neck, rump, etc., lighter, more ashy, or lilaceous, vinaceous,
the throat usually white or but faintly yellowish, the superciliary stripe
pure white. ( Young unknown.) Male : Length about 7.50-8.00, wing
4.30-4.65 (4.43), tail 2.85-3.20 (3.10). Female: Wing 4.00-4.20 (4.12),
tail 2.60-2.80 (2.73). Eggs :91 X -65. Hab. Northwestern North
America, breeding from Alaska southward, east of Eocky Mountains,
nearly to United States boundary ; in winter, south over more northern
Great Plains and Great Basin of United States, as far as Kansas, Utah,
and Nevada.
474a. O. alpestris leucolaema (CouEs). Pallid Horned Lark.
a2. Wing averaging less than 4.20 in males, less than 4.00 in females.
b1. Wing averaging more than 4.10 in males, more than 3.80 in females.
c1. Dark-colored, as in 0. alpestris (but rather paler), with young very dark,
as in that form. Male: Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.00-4.30
(4.13), tail 2.90-3.10 (2.99). Female: Length 6.75-6.85. wing 3.70-
4.00 (3.84), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.73). Eggs .85 X -62. Hab. Upper Mis-
sissippi Yalley and region of the Great Lakes (especially within
United States), east, locally, to New York ; south, in winter, to
Virginia and northeastern Texas.
4746. O. alpestris praticola (HENSH.). Prairie Horned Lark,
c*. Paler colored, like 0. leucolcema, but with throat usually distinctly (some-
times strongly) primrose-yellow. Young very pale-colored, with
prevailing color of upper parts light grayish buff, or pale buffy gray-
ish. Male: Length 7.00-7.50, wing 4.05-4.30 (4.16), tail 2.75-3.15
(2.99). Female: Length about 6.50-6.75, wing 3.70-4.00 (3.84), tail
2.50-2.80 (2.68). Eggs .86 X -60. Hab. Great Plains and Rocky
OTOCORIS. 349
Mountain district (including Great Basin) of United States, south
to New Mexico and northern Arizona.
474c. O. alpestris arenicola HENSH. Desert Horned Lark.
62. Wing averaging less than 4.00 in adult males, less than 3.80 in females.
c1. Back not broadly or conspicuously streaked with dusky, and median
lower parts never wholly pale yellowish.
d1. General aspect of upper parts grayish (decidedly so in female) ;
male with breast, as well as throat, superciliary stripe, etc.,
usually pale yellow, the breast usually flecked with grayish
brown in both sexes. Male : Length about 6.50-6.75, wing
3.80-3.85 (3.83), tail 2.60. Female: Length about 5.80-6.00,
wing about 3.50, tail 2.35. Hob. Eastern and southeastern
Texas.
474d O. alpestris giraudi HENSH. Texan Horned Lark.
d2. General aspect of upper parts decidedly ruddy (more brownish in
female) ; breast usually pure white, without markings, in both
sexes.
el. Larger and less brightly colored, the male with hind-neck,
rump, etc., vinaceous-cinnamon. Male : Length about
6.75-7.25, wing 3.80-4.15 (3.99), tail 2.80-3.00 (2.91). Fe-
male: Length about 6.50-7.00, wing 3.75-3.80 (3.78), tail
2.70-2.80 (2.75). Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, north to
southern New Mexico and Arizona, and westward across
southern California to the coast 474e. O. alpestris
chrysolaema (WAGL.). Mexican Horned Lark.
e*. Smaller and brighter colored, the male with hind-neck, rump,
etc., rich tawny cinnamon. Male : Length about 6.50-7.00,
wing 3.70-4.10 (3.88), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.74). Female : Length
about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.50-3.70 (3.61), tail 2.35-2.65 (2.49).
Eggs .80 X -59. Hab. Interior valleys of California.
474/. O. alpestris rubea HENSH. Ruddy Horned Lark.
c2. Back broadly and conspicuously streaked or striped with dusky, and
median lower parts usually partly, sometimes wholly, pale yellow.
Otherwise much like 0. rubea, but dull olive-brown or grayish
brown ground-color of back and scapulars much more strongly
contrasted with vinaceous-cinnamon of hind-neck, rump, etc.,
the female with upper parts more olivaceous and much more
sharply and conspicuously streaked. Male : Length about
6.75-7.25, wing 3.70-4.10 (3.94), tail 2.70-3.05 (2.88). Female :
Length about 6.25-6.50, wing 3.60-3.85 (3.69), tail 2.50-2.80
(2.62). Hab. Coast district of Oregon, Washington Territory,
and British Columbia; south, in winter, to portions of Cali-
fornia and western Nevada 474^. O. alpestris strigata
HENSH. Streaked Horned Lark.
350 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
FAMILY CORVID^E.— THE CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. (Page 322.)
Genera.
a1. Tail equal to or longer than wing ; wing short, rounded, the primaries exceed-
ing secondaries by much less than length of tarsus, the fourth, fifth, or sixth
quills longest. (Subfamily Garrulince.}
bl. Tail much longer than wing, graduated for half its length or more,. the
feathers becoming narrower toward tips.
cl. Nostrils covered by bristles ; head not crested ; orbits partly naked ;
wings and tail metallic bluish and greenish, the latter without
white tips; scapulars pure white Pica. (Page 351.)
c2. Nostrils exposed; head conspicuously crested; orbits entirely feath-
ered ; wings and tail plain cobalt-blue, the latter with broad white
tips; scapulars blue, like back, etc Calocitta.1
i2. Tail not much longer than wing, not graduated for more than about one-
third its length (usually much less), the feathers not becoming narrower
toward tips.
c1. Head, neck, and chest uniform deep black ; back glossy bright blue, in
abrupt contrast with the black Cissolopha?
c*. Head, neck, and chest not uniform deep black, or else top of head con-
spicuously crested ; back not bright blue, or else top of head same
color.
d1. Nostrils exposed ; large (wing more than 7.25, tail more than
7.50). (Color chiefly dull brownish.)
Psilorhinus. (Page 352.)
d*. Nostrils covered; smaller (wing less than 7.00, tail less than 7.00).
e1. Color chiefly blue or green.
1 Calocitta GRAY, List Gen. B. 1841, 50. Type, Picnformosa SWAINS.
This genus contains two well-known species, one, C. colliei (Vra.), belonging to western Mexico (north
to Mazatlan), the other, C.formosa ( SWAINS.), inhabiting southern Mexico, and southward to Costa Rica. A
third species probably exists in the wooded districts in the interior of Lower California. C. colliei is perhaps
the finest of all Garruline birds, measuring two to two and a half feet in total length (of which the tail consti-
tutes about two-thirds) ; the colors are bright and boldly contrasted, while the crown is ornamented by a very
conspicuous recurved crest.
1 Cissolopha BONAP., Consp. i. 1850, 380. Type, Pica sanblasiana LAFR.
This genus includes two very beautiful species which come close to our limits, both occurring in the state
of Sinaloa, western Mexico. The type of the genus, C. srtnblasiana, has the head, neck, upper back, and lower
parts uniform deep black, changing to dull blue on under tail-coverts, the upper parts bright cobalt- or azure-
blue, becoming ultramarine blue on the tail ; on the forehead there is a slender, hair-like crest, and the nostrils
are partly — sometimes wholly — exposed ; bill and feet usually deep black, sometimes bright yellow ; length
about 12.00, wing 5.25-5.50, tail 6.00-6.50. Hab. Western Mexico, north at least to Mazatlan. C. beecheii
(Pica beecheii Via., Zool. Jour. iv. 1823, 353) is a larger and still finer species, of similar coloration, but with
the blue of a rich smalt shade ; it lacks the frontal crest and has the nostrils completely covered, and may pos-
sibly require generic or subgeneric separation from Cissolopha ; length about 15.00-19.00, wing 7.00, tail 7.50-
8.50. Hab, Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan, and on Tres Marias).
PICA. 351
fl. Color chiefly blue.
gl. Head with conspicuous crest.
Cyanocitta. (Page 353.)
g1. Head without crest Aphelocoma. (Page 355.)
/*. Color chiefly green, with outer tail-feathers yellow.
Xanthoura. (Page 358.)
e2. Color dull slaty or grajdsh above, dull grayish or brownish
beneath, the head partly white in adults. (Young wholly
dusky.) Perisoreus. (Page 358.)
a2. Tail much shorter than wing; wing long and pointed, the primaries exceeding
longest secondaries by more than the length of the tarsus, the third, fourth,
and fifth quills longest. (Subfamily Corvince.')
bl. Wing 9.00, or more; plumage entirely glossy black (in North American
species) ; bill compressed, much higher than broad.
Corvus. (Page 360.)
62. Wing less than 9.00; plumage mainly grayish or blue; bill cylindrical,
scarcely or not at all higher than broad.
cl. Nostrils concealed by an antrorse tuft of feathers ; color ash-gray, with
black on wings and tail, the latter mainly white, and secondaries
broadly tipped with white Picicorvus. (Page 364.)
c2. Nostrils wholly exposed ; color uniform dull blue, brighter on head.
Cyanocephalus. (Page 364.)
GENUS PICA CUVIER. (Page 350, pi. XCVIIL, fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Wings metallic greenish blue, vjfried with greenish or
violet (sometimes both), the inner webs of quills chiefly white ; tail rich metallic
green varied with bronze, purple, and violet near end ; scapulars, belly, sides, and
flanks pure white; other parts blackish. Adult: Head, neck, breast, back, tail-
coverts, and thighs deep black, the top of the head more or less distinctly glossed
with metallic greenish or bronzy. Young : Head, neck, etc., dull black, without
metallic gloss on crown. Nest of coarse, often thorny, sticks, lined with finer
twigs and rootlets, and protected by a loose canopy of coarse, often thorny, twigs,
the entrance through the latter on one side. Eggs 3-10, pale olive-buffy, dull
white, or very pale greenish, thickly speckled, clouded, sprinkled, or dashed with
brown-.
a1. Bill deep black, and naked skin of orbital region blackish.
b\ Feathers of throat without white beneath surface ; wing 6.90-7.55 (7.24),
tail 8.40-10.30 (9.36), exposed culmen 1.10-1.25 (1.21), tarsus 1.57-1.80
(1.68). Hob. Northern and central Europe.
P. pica (LiNN.). Magpie.1
1 Corvus pica LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 106. Pica pica SHAEPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 62.
352 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
b*. Feathers of throat spotted with white beneath surface ; averaging larger,
the bill especially; iris with an outer ring of grayish blue; length (fresh)
17.40-21.75, wing 7.30-8.40 (7.93), tail 9.30-11.95 (10.65), exposed cul-
men 1.15-1.42 (1.26), tarsus 1.70-1.92 (1.82). Eggs 1.30 X .91. Hab.
Western North America (except California), from New Mexico and
Arizona to Alaska, east to Eocky Mountains (casually to Michigan
and northern Illinois ?).
475. P. pica hudsonica (SAB.). American Magpie,
fl*. Bill and naked skin of orbital region bright yellow.
Otherwise like P. hudsonica, but averaging decidedly smaller ; length
about 16.00-18.00, wing 7.20-7.70 (7.38), tail 9.30-10.30 (9.68), exposed
culmen 1.04-1.17 (1.11), tarsus 1.63-1.89 (1.82). Eggs 1.23 X -87. Hab.
California 476. P. nuttalli AUD. Yellow-billed Magpie.
GENUS PSILORHINUS EtippELL.1 (Page 350, pi. XCYIL, fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above uniform brown, darker on head, and becoming
7 O
grayish on tail ;^chin, throat, and chest uniform brown, the remaining lower parts
varying from pale brown to white.
a1. No white on tail.
Adult: Head, neck, and chest uniform dark brown, gradually changing
into a lighter shade of the same on upper parts, and into still paler
grayish brown, brownish gray, or isabella-color (rarely whitish) on
lower parts ; bill and feet varying from black to yellow. Young :
Scarcely different from adult, except in texture of plumage. Length
about 16.00-18.00, wing 8.00-8.50, tail 8.25-9.30. Hab. Eastern Mexico,
north to the Eio Grande Valley, south to Tehuantepec.
fi. morio (WAGL.). Brown Jay."
a2. Tail-feathers, except middle pair, broadly tipped with white.
b1. A distinct malar patch of light bluish gray; belly and under tail-coverts
whitish ; length about 16.00-18.00, wing 7.60-8.40, tail 8.50-8.90. Hab.
Eastern Mexico (Mirador) and coast of Honduras (Pearl Bay, Mosquito
coast).
P. cyanogenys GRAY. Blue-cheeked Brown Jay.8
b2. No grayish blue malar patch ; otherwise like P. cyanogenys ; length about
15.00-16.00, wing 7.30-8.20, tail 7.60-8.80. Hab. Southern Mexico to
Costa Eica.
P. mexicanus Riipp. White-tailed Brown Jay.4
1 Prilorhimu RVpp., Mus. Senckenb. 1837, 188. Type, P. mexicanu» ROpp.
1 Pica morio WAGL., Isis, 1829, 751. Ptilorhfnut morio GHAT, Gen. B. ii. 1849, 308.
8 Ptilorhinus cyanogenys SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 140, pi. 9 (ex GRAY, Hand-list, ii. p. 6, deter.
*ulla).
* Psilorhinui mexicanut RVpp., Mus. Senckenb. 1837, 189, pi. 11, fig. 2.
CYANOCITTA. . 353
GENUS CYANOCITTA STRICKLAND. (Page 351, pi. C., fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Upper parts mainly blue, the secondaries and tail
(sometimes greater coverts also) barred with black; head black or varied with
black ; lower parts uniform blue, or whitish with a black collar across chest.
a1. Lower parts whitish ; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers (ex-
cept middle pair) broadly tipped with white. (Adult : Crest and bac'k light
purplish blue; wings and. tail bright cobalt-blue, the greater coverts, sec-
ondaries, and tail barred with black ; Bides of head, chin, and throat purplish
whitish, bordered posteriorly by a black collar, commencing under the crest,
widening into a crescent across chest, and sending forward a streak to the
eye ; lores and narrow frontal band also black ; breast and sides smoky
grayish, belly and under tail-coverts white. Young: Similar, but colors
duller and less sharply contrasted.)
61. Larger, with more white on tips of secondaries and tail-feathers (on outer
tail-feather 1.00, or more, in extent) ; length 11.00-12.50, wing 5.00-5.70
(5.28), tail 5.05-5.70 (5.36), exposed culmen .93-1.06 (1.00), tarsus 1.24-
1.45 (1.37). Nest of dried twigs, rootlets, etc., built usually in trees, often
in orchards or about houses. Eggs pale olive, isabella-color, greenish, or
buffy, rather sparsely spotted or speckled with brown. Sab. Eastern
North America, except Florida, north to Fur Countries, west to Great
Plains 477. C. cristata (LiNN.). Blue Jay.
62. Smaller, with less white on tips of secondaries and tail-feathers (that on
outer tail-feather less than 1.00 in extent) ; length 10.00-11.50, wing 4.80-
5.30 (5.02), tail 4.80-5.50 (5.08), culmen .93-1.03 (.98), tarsus 1.26-1.42
(1.34). Hab. Florida.
477«. C. cristata florincola COUES. Florida Blue Jay.
a1. Lower parts blue ; wing and tail without any white.
b\ No whitish spot over eye.
c1. Head (including crest), neck, and back deep black, or bi'ownish black,
the forehead not conspicuously (often not at all) streaked on fore-
head with blue ; blue of secondaries and tail a deep Berlin-blue shade,
that of rump and lower parts paler; length about 12.00-13.00, wing
5.55-6.20 (5.86), tail 5.30-6.35 (5.74), culmen .96-1.18 (1.09), tarsus
1.55-1.81 (1.72). Nest in coniferous trees. Eggs 3-5, 1.30 X -90, usu-
ally pale bluish green, speckled with clove-brown, sometimes pale
greenish gray, speckled with reddish brown. Hab. Northwest
coast, north to Sitka, south to northern California (on coast only).
478. C. stelleri (GMEL.). Steller's Jay.
c2. Head, neck, and back brownish slaty, the crest more or less strongly
tinged with blue, and forehead conspicuously streaked with the
same ; blue of secondaries and tail much lighter (deep azure), that
45
354 • NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
of rump and lower parts a dull turquoise tint; length 11.75-13.00,
wing 5.50-6.10 (5.67), tail 5.10-5.75 (5.41), exposed culmen 1.00-1.20
(1.07), tarsus 1.53-1.73 (1.64). Nest in coniferous trees (often in
holes), 10 to 50 or more feet from ground, bulky, " made loosely of
sticks, stems of weeds, and lined with fibrous rootlets and grasses."
Eggs 3-4, 1.19 X .87, "light blue, speckled and spotted with dark
brown." (Goss.) Hab. Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Fort
Crook to Fort Tejon ; southern coast ranges of California (?).
478a. C. stelleri frontalis (RiDaw.). Blue-fronted Jay.
#*. A whitish spot over eye.
c1. Head and fore-neck black.
d1. White spot over eye smaller (sometimes indistinct) ; streaks on
forehead light blue, sometimes indistinct.
Back dusky, and blue very deep, as in C. stelleri; length
about 12.50-13.75, wing 5.90-6.60 (6.14), tail 5.80-6.65
(6.07), exposed culmen .97-1.08 (1.01), tarsus 1.60-1.68
(1.66). Hab. Northern Rocky Mountains, south to Wah-
satch range (near Provo, Utah), west to eastern Oregon
and Washington Territory.
— . C. stelleri annectens (BAIRD). Black-headed Jay.1
d2. White spot over eye very conspicuous, never indistinct ; streaks on
forehead bluish white, or pure white.
el. Chest dull smoky bluish; blue of rump and lower parts a light
dull turquoise hue (as in C. frontalis') ; length about 11.75-
13.75, wing 5.65-6.40 (5.93), tail 5.25-6.25 (5.72), exposed
culmen 1.03-1.14 (1.07), tarsus 1.57-1.72 (1.65). Nest in
trees (usually conifers). Eggs 3-6, 1.25 X -86, colored like
those of C. stelleri. Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains, north
to southern Wyoming, west to Uintah Mountains, Utah and
higher mountains of Arizona, south to northern Mexico.
4785. C. stelleri macrolopha (BAIRD). Long-crested Jay.
e*. Chest deep blue ; blue of rump and lower parts of a greenish
azure hue ; otherwise similar to C. macrolopha, but back
darker, more tinged with blue, and size somewhat smaller;
wing 5.55-6.00 (5.82), tail 5.45-5.75 (5.59), exposed culmen
1.00-1.12 (1.06), tarsus 1.63-1.76 (1.70). Hab. Highlands
of central Mexico, east to Mirador.
C. stelleri diademata (BoNAP.). Diademed Jay.1
c2. Head (except on sides) and fore-neck deep blue. Plumage entirely
blue, except sides of head, the lores, nasal tufts, and postocular
l [Cyanoura lielleri] var. annecten* BAIRD, in Hist. N. Am. B. ii. 1874, 281 (in text). Cyanocitta ttelleri
annectent RIDOW., Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, No. 2906.
* Cyanogarrtilus diadematus BONAP., Consp. i. 1850, 377. Cyanocitta diademata SCL., Cat. Am. B. 1861,
143.
APHELVCOMA. 355
region deep black ; white spot above eye larger than in other
forms ; wing 5.50-5.95 (5.73), tail 5.00-5.75 (5.57), exposed culmen
.97-1.07 (1.02), tarsus 1.60-1.72 (1.67). Hab. Portions of southern
Mexico (Mirador, Orizaba, Xalapa, near city of Mexico, Oaxaca,
Sierra Madre of Colima, etc.) and south to Guatemala and Honduras.
C. stelleri coronata (SWAINS.). Coronated Jay.1
GENUS APHELOCOMA CABANIS. (Page 351, pi. C., fig. 2.)
Species.
a1. Lower parts chiefly light grayish or whitish.
b1. Tail longer than wing.
c1. Forehead and nasal tufts hoary whitish.
Adult : Head, neck, chest, wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail,
and under tail-coverts dull azure-blue ; forehead, nasal tufts,
and superciliary region pale hoary grayish blue; back and
scapulars light brownish gray; chin and throat light ash-
gray, or grayish white, finely streaked with darker, the ash-
gray continued in broad stripes on chest ; rest of lower parts
light brownish gray ; length 10.50-12.50, wing 4.25-4.50 (4.40),
tail 5.30-5.90 (5.73), culmen .90-.99 (.94), tarsus 1.35-1.60
(1.47). Nest of twigs, rootlets, etc., in thickets or low trees.
Eggs 1.13 X -79, pale greenish, spotted with pale reddish brown
or rusty. Hab. Florida.
479. A. floridana (BARTR,). Florida Jay.
c*. Forehead and nasal tufts bright blue, like crown.
dl. Lower tail-coverts bright blue, markedly different from color of
belly.
c1. Back and scapulars dull slaty grayish, tinged with blue ; breast,
sides, and flanks light ash-gray ; blue of upper parts, etc.,
a light dull azure hue ; length 11.50-12.75, wing 4.70-5.35.
(5.02), tail 5.20-6.20 (5.68), culmen .93-1.06 (1.01), tarsus
1.45-1.59 (1.55). Nest in thickets or low trees. Eggs 3-6,
1.10 X -79, pale green, pale greenish buff, or pale grayish
green, rather sparsely marked with very distinct dots or
small spots of deep madder-brown. Hab. Middle Province
of United States, north to eastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana,
and Wyoming, west to western Nevada and Arizona, east
to Colorado and New Mexico, and south into northwestern
Mexico.. 480. A. woodhousei (BAIRD). Woodhouse's Jay.
e2. Back and scapulars dark sepia-brown, without blue tinge ;
breast, sides, and flanks brownish white, or very pale
1 Garrulu* coronatm SWAINS., Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 437. Cyanocitta coronata STRICKL., Ann. N. H. 1845,
261.
356 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
brownish gray; blue of upper parts, etc., a very deep
azure — almost Berlin-blue — shade ; length about 11.50-
12.25, wing 5.20-5.30 (5.27), tail 6.05-6.25 (6.15), culmen
1.15-1.30 (1.22), tarsus 1.70-1.80 (1.75). Hab. Santa Cruz
Island, southern California.
— . A. insularis HENSH. Santa Cruz Jay.1
(P. Lower tail-coverts white, or else very slightly tinged with blue.
e1. Sides of head blackish, with little, if any, blue tinge ; breast
grayish white or very pale grayish, like belly ; back and
scapulars brownish gray, without blue tinge.
fl. Sides of chest bright blue, the middle portion streaked
with blue ; white superciliary stripe very distinct.
g\ Larger, with smaller bill and feet, the blue darker,
the lower parts less purely white ; length about
11.50-12.25, wing 4.70-5.20 (4.93), tail 5.45-6.10
(5.71), culmen .87-1.03 (.96), tarsus 1.50-1.94
(1.62). Nest in thickets or low trees. Eggs 3-6,
1.13 X .81, pure bluish green, speckled with clove-
brown ; dull greenish white, speckled or spotted
with chestnut, or light buffy spotted with rusty
brown and lilac-gray. Hab. Pacific coast of United
States, from southern California to Oregon, east to
western Nevada.
481. A. californica (Via.). California Jay.
g*. Smaller, with larger bill and feet, the blue lighter, the
lower parts more purely white ; length 11.50-12.00,
wing 4.55-5.00 (4.63), tail 5.20-5.80 (5.53), culmen
.94-1.07 (1.03), tarsus 1.43-1.60 (1.50). Hab. Lower
California (vicinity of Cape St. Lucas). — . A. cali-
fornica hypoleuca EIDQW. Xantus's Jay.1
/*. Sides of chest dull brownish gray, the middle portion
dull white, streaked with brownish gray or light
grayish brown ; white superciliary stripe less distinct
(though always apparent).
Otherwise scarcely different in color from A. cali-
fornica ; length (skins) about 11.00-11.50, wing
5.40-5.55 (5.48), tail 5.95-6.10 (6.00), culmen .98-
1.01 (1.00), tarsus 1.60. Hab. Southern Mexico
(Orizaba, Oaxaca, Atlisco, etc.).
A. sumichrasti (RiDGW.). Sumichrast's Jay.3
1 Aphelocoma insvlarit HENSH., Auk, iii. Oct. 1886, 452.
1 New subspecies ; based on many specimens from Cape St. Lucas, La Paz, and contiguous localities, collected
by J. Xantus and L. Belding.
3 Cyanocitta californica var. tnmicJirasti RiDOW., in Hist. N. Am. B. ii. 1874, 283. ApJielocoma tumichrasti
SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 114.
APHELOCOMA. 357
e2. Sides of head uniform bright blue, like crown, etc. ; breast
deep brownish gray, changing rather abruptly to pure
white on belly and lower tail-coverts ; back and scapulars
dark slaty gray, strongly tinged with blue.
Adult : Chest light grayish blue, broadly streaked with
white (as in A. calif ornica) ; superciliary streak very
indistinct, or obsolete ; length (skin) about 11.50, wing
5.40, tail 5.70, exposed culmen .95, tarsus 1.60. Hab.
"Mexico" (locality unknown).
A. cyanotis KIDGW. Blue-eared Jay.1
62. Tail shorter than wings.
c1. Tail 5.50, or less.
Adult: Above bright light azure-blue, including whole side of
head, down to throat, the back and scapulars dull grayish blue,
or plumbeous ; chin and throat dull white, deepening into dull
light brownish gray on breast, this again fading into pure
white on lower belly and under tail-coverts ; length (fresh)
11.50, wing 5.80-5.90, tail 5.30-5.40 (graduated for only about
.30), culmen 1.05-1.10, tarsus 1.60. Hab. Lower Eio Grande
Valley, and southward.
A. couchi (BAIRD). Couch's Jay.2
e2. Tail more than 5.50.
d1. Tail even, or very slightly rounded.
Colors of A. couchi ; length 13.00, tail 7.00. Hab. " Mexico."
A. ultramarina (BONAP.). Ultramarine Jay.3
d*. Tail decidedly rounded.
e1. Colors of A. couchi, but rather paler above, the chest rather
more decidedly ashy, and throat more grayish ; length
about 11.50-13.00, wing 6.10-6.50 (634), tail 5.65-6.10
(5.80), graduated for .50-.60, culmen 1.00-1.08 (1.02), tarsus
1.58-1.66 (1.60). Nest a loose, frail structure of dry twigs
and rootlets, built in small trees. Eggs 2-5, 1.17 X -84, plain
greenish blue, very similar in color to those of the Robin
(Merula migratoria'). Hab. Northwestern Mexico, and con-
tiguous portions of Arizona and New Mexico.
482. A. sieberii arizonae KIDGW. Arizona Jay.
e2. Colors much darker and brighter than in A. arizonce, the back
more or less strongly tinged with azure-blue (sometimes
almost uniform with head, etc.) ; length about 11.50-13.00,
wing 6.70-7.40 (7.06), tail 6.30-6.75 (6.58), culmen 1.00-1.08
1 New species ; type, No. 8465, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; " John Taylor, Esq., Mexico, Sept. 1836."
3 Cyanocitta couchi BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 588 ; ed. 1860, pi. 60, fig. 2. Aphelocoma couchi SHARPE, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 116.
3 Cormis ultramarinus BONAP., Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 8vo, iv. 1825, 387. Aphelocoma ultramarina
SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 115.
358 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
(1.02), tarsus 1.58-1.66 (1.60). Hab. Southern Mexico
(Vera Cruz and southward).
A. sieberii (WAGL.). Sieber's Jay.1
#2. Lower parts entirely uniform rich blue, like upper parts.
Plumage entirely uniform rich azure-blue, except lores, which are deep
black, and under surface of wings and tail, which are dull black ; size of
A. sieberii. Hab, Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico.
A. unicolor (Du Bus). Unicolored Jay.1
GENUS XANTHOURA BONAPARTE. (Page 351, pi. XCIX., fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults uniform bright green above, becoming more
bluish toward tips of middle tail-feathers ; nasal tufts, triangular patch covering
anterior portion of malar region (reaching upward to eye), and whole top of head
(except anteriorly), rich campanula-blue ; anterior part of forehead white, changing
gradually into blue of crown ; tail, except four middle feathers, pure primrose-yel-
low ; sides of head (except as described above), chin, throat, and chest, uniform deep
black, with abrupt semicircular outline against breast ; rest of under parts light
green or yellow. Young: Similar to adult, but colors duller, the blue of crown
tinged with green, white of forehead stained with, or replaced by, yellow, black of
head much, duller, and lower parts pale creamy yellow.
a1. Lower parts pale verdigris-green, more or less tinged, especially beneath sur-
face, with pale primrose-yellow ; length 11.00-12.00, wing 4.40-4.80, tail 5.10-
5.80. Nest in small, usually thorny, trees or in thickets. Eggs 2-4, 1.08 X
.79, pale buff or pale grayish buff, thickly speckled with umber-brown. Hab.
Eastern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south to Vera
Cruz and Puebla 483. X. luxuosa (LESS.). Green Jay.
a2. Lower parts chiefly or entirely primrose-yellow ; otherwise likie X. luxuosa.
Hab. Southern Mexico (Colima, Tehuantepec, etc.), Yucatan, and Guate-
mala.
X. luxuosa cyanocapilla (CAB.). Yellow-bellied Green Jay.3
GENUS PERISOREUS BONAPARTE. (Page 351, pi. XCVI., fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults with forehead, nasal tufts, sides of head, throat,
and chest white, or whitish ; occiput (sometimes nearly whole top of head) grayish,
dusky, or blackish ; upper parts uniform dusky grayish or brownish, the tail-feathers
1 Pica sicberii WAOL., Syst. Av. 1827, Pica, sp. 23. Aphelocoma sieberi CAB., Mus. Hein. i. 1851, 221.
2 Cyanocurax unicolor Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux. xiv. pt. 2, 1847, 103. Aphelocoma unicolor SHAUPK,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, 118.
3 Cynnocorax cyanocapilhts CAB. in Tschudi Fauna Per. 1844-46, 233. Xanthura cyanocapilla SHARPE,
Cat. B. Brit. Mu8. iii. 1877, 131.
PERISOREUS. 359
indistinctly (though sometimes broadly) tipped with whitish ; lower parts plain
grayish or whitish. Young, entirely plain dusky, varying from a slaty to a brown-
ish tint. Nest in coniferous trees, bulky, composed of dried twigs, shreds of bark,
etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 2-5, with pale ground-color (often dull
whitish) speckled with brown and purplish gray.
a1. Feathers of back without distinct paler shaft-streaks ; breast, belly, sides, and
flanks grayish, much darker than throat and chest.
b1. Adult with whole occiput and hinder part of crown (sometimes whole
crown) blackish or dusky grayish, this touching (sometimes surround-
ing) the eye ; young with top of head uniform dusky, like back.
cl. Blackish of hood scarcely bordering eye underneath ; occiput dull sooty
blackish, or dark sooty slate, the white on forehead usually extend-
ing back to or beyond posterior border of eye.
Breast, etc., light brownish gray, always much paler than back.
Young, uniform sooty slate, with nasal tufts, lores, and chin
deep black ; a whitish rictal stripe (usually indistinct). Length
11.00-12.10, wing 5.60-5.90 (5.75), tail 5.65-6.35 (6.00), culmen
.95-1.08 (1.00), tarsus 1.33-1.47 (1.39). Eggs 1.12 X .81, dull
white, drab-white, or very pale grayish buff, speckled with hair-
brown or grayish brown, and lilac-gray. Hab. Northern New
England and New York, northern Michigan and Minnesota,
northward to Hudson's Bay and interior arctic regions.
484. P. canadensis (LINN.). Canada Jay.
c1. Blackish of hood broadly bordering eye all round ; occiput deeper black,
the white (or pale smoky) of forehead usually not reaching as far
back as posterior border of eye.
dl. Colors extremely dark, the breast, etc. (except in much worn or
faded plumage), deep slate-gray (sometimes nearly as dark as
back), almost abruptly contrasted against white of chest; fore-
head usually pure white, or but faintly tinged with smoky yel-
lowish. Young, uniform deep slate-color, without sooty tinge,
the nasal tufts and lores deep black, the throat nearly black ;
an indistinct grayish rictal stripe. Length about 11.00-12.00,
wing 5.30-5.80 (5.53), tail 5.30-5.85 (5.64), culmen .95-1.09
(1.02), tarsus 1.35-1.47 (1.40). Hab. Coast-region of Labrador
(interior also ?), north to Hudson's Strait.
484c. P. canadensis nigricapillus EIDGW. Labrador Jay.
d*. Colors almost equally dark, but more dingy, the white of forehead
usually much obscured by a smoky brownish or yellowish wash,
and gray of breast, etc., more or less tinged with same. Young,
uniform brownish slate-color, the lores, nasal plumes, and orbits
blackish ; an indistinct rictal stripe of light grayish brown, or
smoky gray (sometimes whitish). Length about 10.00-12.00,
wing 5.20-5.75 (5.54), tail 5.20-6.00 (5.66), culmen .94-1.08
360 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
(1.01), tarsus 1.30-1.42 (1.37). Hab. Alaska, except southern
coast-district.
4846. P. canadensis fumifrons RIDGW. Alaskan Jay.
b*. Adult with whole head white, except occiput, which is plumbeous gray, this
color not reaching anteriorly to the eye ; young with top of head dull
white, tinged with grayish brown.
Adult : Head and neck pure white, the occiput and upper hind-neck
deep plumbeous-gray; back and other upper parts lighter plumbeous-
gray ; breast, belly, sides, and flanks light brownish gray. Young :
Nasal tufts, lores, and orbits blackish dusky ; whole crown, and a
broad malar stripe, dull whitish, tinged with pale brownish gray ;
throat dusky grayish ; rest of lower parts more brownish gray, the
feathers of belly, etc., tipped with paler. Length about 11.25-
13.00, wing 5.90-6.30 (6.10), tail 5.80-6.35 (6.07), culmen .97-1.08
(1.03), tarsus 1.35-1.44 (1.40). Nest in coniferous trees, bulky
(about 7.00 across by 4.00 in height), composed of dead twigs,
pine-needles, dried grasses, strips of bark, etc., lined with finer vege-
table materials, feathers, etc. ; cavity about 4.00 across by 2.00 deep.
Eggs 3-5, 1.15 X -86, grayish white, speckled with various shades of
brown. Hab. Rocky Mountains, south to Arizona (White Moun-
tains) and New Mexico, north into British America.
4S4a. P. canadensis capitalis BAIRD. Rocky Mountain Jay.
a2. Feathers of back with distinct paler shaft-streaks ; breast, belly, sides, and
flanks white, like throat and chest.
Adult : Upper half of head, except forehead and nasal tufts, sooty black ;
forehead and nasal tufts white, sometimes tinged with brownish ; back
and scapulars varying from dull brownish gray to sepia-brown, the
feathers with distinct though narrow whitish shaft-streaks ; wings and
tail brownish gray, the wing-coverts, tertials, and tail-feathers narrowly
(sometimes indistinctly) tipped with whitish; lower parts entirely
white, sometimes very faintly tinged posteriorly with pale brownish or
brownish gray. Young : Dull grayish sooty brown, paler and more
decidedly brownish below, darkest on top of head. Length about 9.50-
11.00, wing 5.15-5.75 (5.53), tail 5.20-5.90 (5.56), culmen .S4-.99 (.92),
tarsus 1.23-1.40 (1.30). Eggs 1.04 X -79, grayish white, greenish white,
or very pale grayish green, speckled with hair-brown and lilac-gray.
Hab. Northwest coast, from northern California (Humboldt Bay) and
northern Sierra Nevada (both slopes) north to British Columbia.
485. P. obscurus RIDQW. Oregon Jay.
GENUS CORVUS LINNJEUS. (Page 351, pi. XCVIL, fig. 1; pi. XCVIIL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Entirely black, the plumage more or less glossy. Nest
a bulky structure of coarse sticks, etc., in trees or on cliffs (according to the
CORVUS. 361
locality). Eggs 2-7, pale bluish green, pale olive, or olive, spotted or dashed (or
both) with olive- brown (sometimes nearly uniform olive, from density of
markings).
a1. Feathers of throat lanceolate, distinct from one another. (Ravens.) (Nest usually
among rocks.)
bl. Feathers of neck dull gray at base ; nasal tufts covering not more than
basal half of upper mandible ; exposed culmen 2.40, or more, wing more
than 15.00.
c1. Third quill equal to or longer than fifth.
dl. Bill relatively shorter and higher, lanceolate feathers of throat
less developed, more purplish in color, and plumage usually
less lustrous; wing 16.75-18.00 (17.25), tail 9.40-10.00 (9.60),
exposed culmen 2.65-3.00 (2.81), depth of bill through nostril
1.05-1.12 (1.08), tarsus 2.78-2.95 (2.86). Hab. Europe and parts
of Asia. C. corax LINN. Raven.1
d2. Bill relatively longer and shallower, lanceolate feathers of throat
larger, more violet or bluish, and plumage usually more
lustrous.
e1. With smaller or slenderer bill, the tarsus more slender, with
less of upper portion concealed by feathering of lower
part of thighs; length about 21.50-26.00, wing 15.10-18.00
(16.87), tail 9.00-11.00 (9.86), exposed culmen 2.40-3.05
(2.80), depth of bill through nostril .82-1.05 (.94), tarsus
2.60-3.00 (2.78). Eggs 1.98 X 1-29. Hab. Western United
States, and south to Guatemala.
486. C. corax sinuatus (WAGL.). Mexican Raven.
e2. With larger or stouter bill, tarsus shorter and stouter, with
more of upper portion concealed by feathering of lower
part of thighs ; length about 22.00-26.50, wing 16.50-18.00
(16.99), tafl 9.20-10.50 (9.86), exposed culmen 2.65-3.45
(3.03), depth of bill at nostrils .95-1.12 (1.04), tarsus 2.50-
2.80 (2.65). Eggs 2.02 X 1-38. Hab. Northern North
America, from Greenland to Alaska, south to British Co-
lumbia, Canada, New Brunswick, etc.*
— . C. corax principalis EIDQW. Northern Raven.3
c2. Third quill decidedly shorter than fifth.
Otherwise like C. corax principalis, but still larger ; wing 16.75-
18.10 (17.44), tail 10.00-10.85 (10.49), exposed culmen 3.00-3.40
1 Corvus corax LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 105.
2 From lack of specimens, I arn unable to determine which form Ravens from the eastern United States
belong to.
8 New subspecies, for which there is unfortunately no older name available. Corvus carnivorus BARTR. and C.
lugubris AGASS. are purely nomina nuda ; C. corax var. litloralis HOLE. (1 843 ) is preoccupied ( C. littoralis BREHM,
1831) ; while C. vociferus CABOT, quoted by COUES and others as a synonyme of C. corax, is in reality Psilorhinus
mexicanna Rtfpp., and is described from Yucatan.
46
362 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
(3.20), depth of bill at nostrils 1.05-1.10 (1.08), tarsus 2.60-2.85
(2.75). Hab. Commander Islands, Kamtschatka. (Probably
also westernmost Aleutians.)
C. corax behringianus DYBOWSKI. Bering's Raven.1
62. Feathers of neck, all round, pure white at base ; nasal tufts covering much
more than basal half of upper mandible ; exposed culmen less than 2.40,
wing less than 15.00.
Length 18.75-21.00, wing 13.10-14.25 (13.67), tail 7.50-8.60 (8.10),
exposed culmen 2.00-2.35 (2.15), depth of bill at base .85-.90 (.87),
tarsus 2.20-2.50 (2.35). Eggs 1.74 X 1.21, with markings averaging
finer and more longitudinal than in other species. Hab. Southwestern
United States and table-lands of Mexico ; north to Indian Territory,
Kansas, Colorado, and southern California, south to Guanajuato and
Puebla 487. C. cryptoleucus COUCH. White-necked Raven.
a2. Feathers of throat short, blended. (Crows.) (Nest usually in trees.)
bl. Nostrils completely hidden by the fully-developed nasal tufts ; corner of
mouth feathered.
c1. Tarsus 2.15, or more; lower parts glossed with violet (on margins of
feathers) like upper parts; wing averaging more than 11.75, tail
averaging more than 7.00.
dl. Larger, with relatively larger and thicker bill. ' ,
el. Wing and tail averaging longer, but bill and feet decidedly
smaller; length 17.00-21.00, wing 11.90-13.25 (12.36), tail
6.90-8.00 (7.43), exposed culmen 1.80-2.05 (1.92), depth of
bill at base .72-.S2 (.76), tarsus 2.20-2.40 (2.27). Eggs 1.69
X 1.17. Hab. Eastern North America, except southern
Florida and arctic districts.
488. C. americanus AUD. American Crow.
e1. Wing and tail averaging shorter, but bill and feet decidedly
larger; length about 20.00, wing 11.50-12.30 (12.15), tail
7.00-7.70 (7.23), exposed culmen 2.00-2.20 (2.08), depth of
bill at base .75-.S5 (.80), tarsus 2.40-2.50 (2.45). • Hab.
Southern Florida.
488a. C. americanus floridanus BAIRD. Florida Crow.
(P. Smaller, with relatively smaller and more slender bill.
Length about 18.50-19.25, wing 11.10-12.75 (11.95), tail 6.45-
7.80 (7.10), exposed culmen^ 1.60-1.95 (1.78), depth of bill
at base .62-.70 (.68), tarsus 2.15-2.40 (2.23). Hab. Western
United States, north to Washington Territory (Puget
Sound), Idaho, Montana, etc., south to northern Mexico,
east to Eocky Mountains.
— . C. americanus hesperis EIDGW. California Crow.2
1 Corvns corax behringiantt» DYBOWSK. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 363.
1 New subspecies ; a very strongly characterized race which also differs markedly in habits and notes from
the eastern bird.
CORVUS. 363
c*. Tarsus less than 2.10 ; wing averaging less than 11.00, the tail aver-
aging less than 7.00.
dl. Plumage glossed with violet or purple above, lustreless black or
very faintly glossed with purplish beneath.
el. Larger and less glossy, the lower parts dull dead black (some-
times with barely perceptible violet gloss), the upper parts
glossed with dull violet (as in C. americanus) ; length about
16.00-17.00, wing 10.10-11.10 (10.72), tail 6.00-6.90 (6.43),
exposed culmen 1.60-1.90 (1.75), depth of bill at base
.6S-.72 (.70), tarsus 1.80-2.05 (1.93). Eggs 1.56 X 1-08.
Hab. Northwest coast, from Washington Territory (and
Oregon ?) to Kadiak, Alaska.
489. C. caurinus BAIRD. Northwest Crow.
e2. Smaller and more glossy, the lower parts glossy black, with
slight (?) purple reflections, the upper parts more distinctly
glossed with purple ; length about 15.00, wing 10.35, tail
6.00, "bill" 1.80, tarsus 2.00. Hab. Cuba.
C. minutus GTTNDL. Cuban Fish Crow.1
d1. Plumage glossed with violet-bluish, greenish blue, or steel-blue
above, with greenish on lower parts.
el. Larger and less glossy, the upper parts glossed with violet-
bluish, changing to a more greenish blue tint on head,
neck, and lower parts; length about 15.00-17.50, wing
10.20-11.40 (10.88), tail 6.00-7.00 (6.37). exposed culmen
1.60-1.80 (1.71), depth of bill at base .5S-.65 (.61), tarsus
1.70-2.00 (1.87). Eggs 1.47 X 1-04. Hab. Atlantic and
Gulf coasts of United States, from Long Island to Louis-
iana 490. C. ossifragus WILS. Fish Crow.
e2. Smaller and much more glossy, the upper parts soft steel-blue,
changing to violet on crown, the lower parts rich soft
greenish blue; length about 12.00-14.50, wing 9.20-9.60
(9.32), tail 5.80-6.40 (6.11), exposed culmen 1.50-1.65
(1.55), depth of bill at base .50-.58 (.54), tarsus 1.50-1.70
(1.62). Hab. Western Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan).
C. mexicanus GMEL. Mexican Crow.2
Nostrils scarcely concealed by the short, imperfectly developed nasal tufts ;
corners of mouth naked.
Entirely violaceous-black, the feathers everywhere smoky gray be-
neath surface ; wing 11.00. tail 7.75, culmen (to base) 2.45, depth of
bill at base .80. Hab. Cuba.
C. nasicus TEMM. Cuban Crow.5
1 Corvus minutus GU\DL., Jour. Bost. Soc. vi. 1852, 315.
2 Corvus mexicanus GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 375.
3 Corvus nasicus TEMM., PI. Col. ii. 1838, pi. 413.
364 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS PICICORVUS BONAPARTE. (Page 351, pi. XCIX., fig. 1.)
Species.
Adult: Uniform ash-gray, becoming white on fore-part of head; wings and
two middle tail-feathers glossy black, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ;
tail, except middle feathers, mainly white. Young : Similar to adult, but colors
duller and browner. Length about 12.00-13.00, wing 7.10-8.00, tail 5.10-5.40. Nest
in coniferous trees (sometimes in cavities), bulky, composed of dried twigs, lined
with rootlets, etc. Eggs 1.27 X -94, dull white, sparingly speckled, chiefly on larger
end, with brown and purplish gray. Hab. Higher coniferous forests of western
North America ; north to Putnam River, Alaska, south to Arizona, east to (and in-
cluding) Rocky Mountains... 491. P. columbianus (WiLS.). Clarke's Nutcracker.
GENUS CYANOCEPHALUS BONAPARTE. (Page 351, pi. XCIX., fig. 2.)
Species.
Adult : Uniform grayish blue, becoming deeper blue on head, the throat bright
blue, streaked with white. Young : Uniform dull grayish blue, lighter beneath.
Length about 10.00-11.75, wing 5.70-6.00, tail 4.80-4.85. Nest in pifion trees, 5-10
or more feet up, bulky, composed of shreds of pifion, cedar, and sage-brush bark,
grass- and weed-stalks, small twigs, etc. Eggs 3-5, 1.16 X -85, pale greenish blue
or bluish or greenish white, thickly but finely speckled with olive-brown. Hab.
Plateau region of western North America, chiefly between Rocky Mountains and
Sierra Nevada, entirely across United States.
492. C. cyanocephalus (WIED). Pinon Jay.
FAMILY STURNID^E. — THE STARLINGS. (Page 322.)
Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Sturnus. (Page 364.)
GENUS STURNUS LINNJEUS. (Page 364, pi. C., fig. 3.)
Species.
Adult in summer (sexes alike) : Glossy greenish and purplish black, speckled,
more or less extensively and conspicuously, with light buffy brown and whitish ;
greater wing-coverts, secondaries, quills, and tail-feathers edged with light brown-
ish buff; bill yellow. Adult in winter: Light brown (on upper parts) and whitish
(on lower parts) spotting much more conspicuous than in summer, often obscuring
or nearly concealing the underlying glossy green and purple ; bill blackish. Young :
Plain grayish brown, the throat whitish, edges of greater wing-coverts, secondaries,
quills, and tail-feathers light dull buffy. Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 5.00-5.10, tail
ICTERIDJE. 365
2.60-2.90, exposed culmen .95-1.00, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Nest in holes of trees, about
buildings, etc. Eggs 4-7, 1.17 X -83, plain pale greenish blue or bluish white. Hob.
Europe and northern Asia ; accidental in Greenland.
493. S. vulgaris LINN. Starling.
FAMILY ICTERID^E. — THE BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. (Page 321.)
Genera.
a1. Outlines of bill nearly or quite straight, the tip not decurved, the commissure
neither inflected nor sinuated. (Subfamily Icterince.')
bl. Bill stout, conical, its depth through the base equal to at least one-third the
length of the culmen. (Agelaice.~)
cl. Tail-feathers sharply pointed at tips; middle toe, with claw, longer
than tarsus Dolichonyx. (Page 366.)
c2. Tail-feathers not pointed at tips ; middle toe, with claw, not longer than
tarsus.
d1. Bill much shorter than head, its depth through base equal to
about half the length of the exposed culmen, the latter dis-
tinctly convex ; plumage uniform blackish or dusky, streaked
only in young Molothrus. (Page 367.)
d*. Bill nearly as long as head, its depth through base less than half
the length of the exposed culmen, the latter very straight;
sexes remarkably different in size.
el. Claws smaller, the lateral ones scarcely reaching to base of
middle one ; first quill shorter than fourth ; plumage of
male uniform black, with bright red lesser wing-coverts;
of female, dusky, more or less streaked with white.
Agelaius. (Page 368.)
e2. Claws larger, the lateral ones reaching to beyond base of mid-
dle one; first quill longer than fourth (sometimes longest) ;
plumage of male uniform black, with yellow head, neck, and
chest, and white wing-patch ; of female, dusky, with yel-
lowish throat and chest... Xanthocephalus. (Page 368.)
62. Bill slender, its depth through base decidedly less than one-third the length
of the culmen.
c1. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, the feathers sharp-pointed ;
wing short, the tertials lengthened (reaching almost to tips of pri-
maries) ; bill long (longer than head), slender, the culmen much flat-
tened; feathers of top of head with stiffened, glossy shafts; out-
stretched feet reaching beyond tip of tail ; color above brownish,
barred and streaked with black, beneath yellow, with a black
crescent on chest, the sexes not essentially different.
Sturnella. (Page 371.)
366 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
c*. Tail nearly or quite as long as wing, the feathers not pointed at tips;
wing moderate, the tertials not lengthened ; bill shorter than head,
the culmen narrow, not flattened ; feathers on top of head without
stiffened shafts ; outstretched feet falling far short of tip of tail ;
color black and yellow, orange, or chestnut in adult males (some-
•times in females also), usually with more or less of white on wings.
Icterus. (Page 372.)
a?. Outlines of bill distinctly curved, the tip distinctly decurved, the commissure
distinctly inflected and sinuated. (Subfamily Quiscalince.')
bl. Tail much shorter than wing, nearly even, not folded laterally ; bill shorter
than head, slender Scolecophagus. (Page 378.)
6*. Tail longer than wing, graduated, and folded laterally ; bill as long as or
longer than head, stout Quiscalus. (Page 379.)
GENUS DOLICHONYX SWAINSON. (Page 365, pi. CL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult male in spring : General color black, the occiput
and hind-neck, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts whitish or bufly. Adult
female : General color ochraceous, tinged with grayish brown, paler (more bufly
yellowish) beneath ; upper parts and flanks streaked with dusky ; crown divided
by a median bufly stripe. Adult male in fall and winter : Similar to adult female,
but colors rather darker, or deeper. Young (not seen). Nest in tussocks of grass
or among weeds in meadows. Eggs 2-5, dull white or brownish white, heavily
spotted or blotched with vandyke-brown, usually with a few fine lines or irregular
markings of blackish.
a1. Adult male with hind-neck usually deep buff, inclining to ochraceous ; streaks
on back also deep buff or ochraceous ; lower back rather deep ash-gray.
Adult female with ground-color of plumage deep olive-buffy. Length 6.30-
7.60, wing 3.70-4.00 (3.88), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.83). Eggs .83 X .61. Hab. East-
ern North America, west to edge of Great Plains, breeding in northern
United States and more southern British Provinces; in winter, south to
West Indies and South America 494. D. oryzivorus (LiNN.). Bobolink.
rt". Adult male with hind-neck and streaks on back paler buff, often nearly pure
white; lower back very pale ashy, or grayish white. Adult female with
ground-color of plumage pale grayish buff. Length (male) about 7.00-7.25,
wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 2.75-3.00 (2.89). Hab. Great Plains, east to Da-
kota, north to Fort Garry and Manitoba, west to Salt Lake Valley and
eastern Nevada (Ruby Valley).
494a. D. oryzivorus albinucha RIDGW. Western Bobolink.
MOLOTHRUS. 367
GENUS MOLOTHRUS SWAINSON. (Page 365, pi. CL, fig. 2.)
Species.
{No nest, but eggs deposited in nests of other species.)
Culmen not more than .72 ; adult males with head brown. Adult males : Head,
neck, and chest uniform brownish (varying greatly in tint) ; rest of plumage
glossy black, with a greenish reflection, changing to purplish next to the
brown of the neck, especially on upper back. Adult females : Plain brown-
ish gray, darker on upper parts, paler on chin and throat, the feathers,
especially on back and breast, with indistinct darker shaft-streaks. Young :
Above dull brownish gray, the feathers bordered with pale bufly; lower
parts dull light buffy, broadly but rather indistinctly streaked with dull
brownish gray.
b\ Larger: Length (male) about 7.75-8.25, wing 4.00-4.60 (4.31), tail 2.90-3.35
(3.08), culmen .61-.72 (.66), tarsus .98-1.12 (1.05) ; female considerably
smaller. Eggs .87 X -66, dull white, greenish white, or brownish white,
speckled or spotted, more or less densely, with brown. Hab. United
States and more southern British Provinces; south, in winter, to southern
Mexico 495. M. ater (Boco.). Cowbird.
b*. Smaller: Length (male) about 7.00-7.50, wing 3.70-4.15 (3.93), tail 2.85-
3.00 (2.91), culmen .57-.63 (.60), tarsus .93-1.00 (.96) ; female smaller.
Eggs .76 X -59, colored like those of M. ater. Hab. Mexico and con-
tiguous portions of United States, from Texas to Arizona and Lower
California 495a. M. ater obscurus (GMEL.). Dwarf Cowbird.
Culmen .75, or more ; adult male with head black. Adult male : Head, neck,
back, and lower parts uniform glossy black, with a soft bronzy lustre, duller
on head; lesser and middle wing-coverts, outermost scapulars, and rump
glossed with violet; wings in general, upper tail-coverts, and tail glossy
blue-black, changing to greenish ; iris bright red ; length about 9.00-9.50,
wing 4.60-4.80, tail 3.70-3.80, culmen .85-.90, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Young male:
Entirely blackish, with distinct gloss only on wings, etc., the lower parts,
back, etc., without bronzy lustre. Adult female : Above dark brownish gray,
the feathers of back, etc., with darker, somewhat glossy centres, the wing-
coverts, etc., with paler margins ; lower parts lighter brownish gray, the
feathers sometimes showing distinct dusky shaft-streaks; length about
8.00-8.50, wing about 4.10, tail 3.25, culmen .75, tarsus 1.05. Eggs .88 X .72,
plain greenish white or dull bluish white. Hab. Mexico and Central
America, south to Panama, north to lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas.
496. M. aeneus (WAGL.). Bronzed Cowbird.
368 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS XANTHOCEPHALUS SWAINSON. (Page 365, pi. CL, fig. 3.)
Species.
Adult male in summer: Head, neck, and chest yellow, varying in tint from a
lemon to an orange (rarely to pinkish saffron) shade ; primary coverts and lower
greater coverts white; rest of plumage unifoi'm black; length about 10.60-11.10,
wing 5.65-5.80, tail 4.50-4.85. Adult male in winter: Similar to summer plumage,
but yellow of top of head obscured by brownish tips to the feathers. Adult female :
Brownish dusky, the throat and chest dull yellowish, and breast mixed with white ;
length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.40-4.65, tail 3.50-3.70. Young male, first winter :
Similar to adult female, but larger and deeper colored. Young (nestling) : General
color isabella-brown, lighter beneath ; wings and tail blackish. Nest fastened to
upright reeds or similar supports in marshes, composed of dried grass, sedges, reeds,
etc. Eggs 2-6, 1.05 X -71, dull white, grayish white, pale grayish brown, or (more
rarely) pale grayish green, thickly speckled or sprinkled with umber-brown or
olive, occasionally with a few " pen-lines" of black. Hab. Western North America,
in marshes, east, regularly, to Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, and Texas, accidentally
to Massachusetts, South Carolina, and Florida.
497. X. xanthocephalus (BONAP.). Yellow-headed Blackbird.
GENUS AGELAIUS YIEILLOT. (Page 365, pi. CL, fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males uniform deep black, ornamented by a patch
of bright red covering lesser wing-coverts, the middle coverts (except in A. guber-
natof) buffy, ochraceous, or white, forming a conspicuous band along posterior bor-
der of the red patch j in winter, with uniformity of the black more or less broken
by rusty terminal borders to the feathers, especially on back and scapulars, and
color of middle coverts more pronounced. Adult females : Above more or less con-
spicuously streaked with dusky, and brownish or grayish (sometimes mixed with
rusty), the wing-feathers with distinct lighter edgings ; a distinct light superciliary
stripe, with a dusky one immediately beneath it ; lower parts distinctly striped, or
broadly streaked, with dusky and whitish, the chin and throat usually more or less
tinged with buffy or pinkish ; in winter, the colors much browner, with more or less
of rusty above, and white of lower parts less pure. (In the two Cuban species, the
females uniform black, like the males.) Young : Essentially like adult females, but
ground-color of lower parts never (?) white, the lighter streaks being some shade
of buffy, markings more suffused, and texture of plumage different. Nest attached
to upright stems of sedges, reeds, etc., or to branches of bushes or small trees, in
marshes or swamps, compact, composed chiefly of dried grasses. Eggs 3-5, pale
bluish, varying to olive, variously marked with black, brown, and purplish gray,
usually in irregular " pen-lines" and blotches.
AOELAIUS. 369
a1. Wing exceeding tail by length of tarsus ; sexes decidedly different in color, the
lesser wing-coverts of adult male bright red.
bl. Adult males deep black, with very faint dull bottle-greenish gloss, the lesser
wing-coverts bright vermilion-scarlet, the middle coverts never pure
white ; adult females with texture of plumage comparatively harsh, but
with colors extremely variable.
c1. Adult females much streaked below, and never uniform above.
d1. Adult males with middle wing-coverts wholly buffy or ochraceous
(feathers nearly white at tips in midsummer plumage) ; adult
females with white predominating on lower parts, and with a
very conspicuous white superciliary stripe.
el. Adult female darker colored ; lower parts with white and dusky
in about equal amount, or else the latter predominating ;
chin and throat often tinged, more or less, with cream-color
or buffy; lighter markings on upper parts less conspic-
uous.
Male: Length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.60-5.05 (4.88),
tail 3.55-3.95 (3.84), culmen .88-1.00 (.94), depth of
bill at base .45-.50 (.49), tarsus 1.12-1.20 (1.14). Fe-
male: Length about 7.50-8.50, wing 3.80-4.25 (3.99),
tail 3.10-3.40 (3.12), eulmen .72-.80 (.79), depth of bill
at base .40-.50 (.42), tarsus 1.00-1.05 (1.03). Eggs .97
X -67. Hob. Temperate North America in general,
except western Mexico and lower Colorado Valley;
north to Great Slave Lake, south to Costa Eica.
498. A. phceniceus (LINN.). Red-winged
Blackbird.
e2. Adult females lighter colored; lower parts with white de-
cidedly prevailing over dusky; chin and throat often
tinged with delicate pale pink, but not with buffy or
cream-color; lighter markings on upper parts very con-
spicuous.
fl. Larger, with smaller bill, and upper parts lighter colored.
Male : Length about 9.00, wing about 5.05, tail 4.00,
culraen .90, depth of bill at base .45, tarsus 1.20. Fe-
male : Prevailing color of upper parts light grayish
brown (more clay-colored and much mixed with rusty
in winter), the top of head narrowly streaked with
dusky, but with scarcely any indication of lighter
median stripe (often with none at all), the back and
scapulars broadly streaked with dusky ; length about
7.50-8.50, wing 4.00-4.25 (4.10), tail 2.95-3.20 (3.09),
culmen .72-.8S (.78), depth of bill at base .38-42 (.39),
tarsus 1.00-1.12 (1.04). Hab. Northwestern Mexico
and lower Colorado Valley, in southern California and
47
370 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
Arizona; south to Mazatlan — . A. phceniceus
sonoriensis EIDGW. Sonoran Red-wing.1
f1. Smaller, with larger bill, and upper parts darker. Male :
Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.50, tail 3.40-3.70 (3.55),
culmen 1.00-1.05 (1.03), depth of bill at base .40-.42
(.41), tarsus 1.10-1.20 (1.15). Female: Ground-color
above mixed grayish brown and rusty (the latter
chiefly on back and scapulars), the top of head
streaked with black and divided by a very distinct
lighter median stripe; back and scapulars broadly
streaked with black and buffy whitish ; length about
6.50-7.00, wing 3.60-3.80 (3.67), tail 2.70-2.90 (2.81),
culmen .75-.8S (.79), depth of bill at base .38-.40 (.39),
tarsus .95-1.05 (.99). Hab. Bahamas and southern
Florida (Miami, Key "West, etc.)... — . A. phceniceus
bryanti EIDGW. Bahaman Red-wing.2
d2. Adult males with the middle wing-coverts more or less extensively
black terminally, the basal portion buff or ochraceous (but
usually concealed by lesser coverts) ; adult females with dusky
largely prevailing on lower parts (often nearly uniform dusky),
and with superciliary stripe not sharply defined (often very
indistinct).
Male: Length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.65 (5.17), tail
3.50-4.05 (3.83), culmen .81-1.02 (.89), depth of bill at
base .40-.49 (.46), tarsus 1.20-1.30 (1.23). Female: Above
nearly uniform brownish dusky, the top of head, back,
and scapulars more or less distinctly streaked with paler,
and the wing-feathers with narrow paler (sometimes
whitish) edgings ; lower parts brownish dusky, more or
less distinctly streaked (never conspicuously) with dull
brownish gray, the chin and throat pale buffy or pinkish,
the latter marked with triangular spots of dusky, in lon-
gitudinal series; length about 7.50-8.50, wing 4.05-4.35
(4.21), tail 2.90-3.25 (3.04), culmen .75-.7S (.76), depth of
bill at base .38, tarsus 1.05-1.10 (1.07). Eggs 1.00' X -69.
Hab. Valleys of California and western Oregon, and south
into Mexico.
499. A. gubernator (WAGL.). Bicolored Blackbird.
c*. Adult female entirely uniform deep black, including lesser wing-coverts.
(Adult male exactly like that of A. ph&niceus in color.)
1 New subspecies ; twelve females and one male examined.
2 New subspecies. The adult male is not appreciably different in plumage from either the common A.
phceniceus or the Cuban A. assimilis, but differs in proportions from both. The National Museum possesses,
besides Bahaman specimens, an adult male and a female from Miami, Florida (C. J. MAYNARD, collector), and
an adult female from Key West (" Albatross" collection).
STURNELLA. 371
Male: Length about 8.50, wing 4.15-4.30, tail 3.30-3.60, culmen
.92-95, depth of bill at base .48, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Female:
Length about 7.00, wing 3.70-3.80, tail 3.05-3.25. Hab. Cuba.
A. assimilis GUNDL. Cuban Red-wing.1
b1. Adult male glossy blue-black, the plumage with a soft silky texture, the
lesser wing-coverts deep crimson or burnt-carmine, the middle coverts
white (tinged with buff in winter plumage) ; adult females with the
plumage very soft or silky in texture.
Adult male : Glossy blue-black, the lesser wing-coverts rich burnt-
carmine, red posteriorly (next to white or pale buffy middle coverts),
pure rich scarlet toward the shoulders) ; middle coverts white,
more or less tinged with buff; in winter, feathers of back and
under parts bordered terminally with dull light brown (not rusty),
and middle wing-coverts more decidedly tinged with buff; length
about 8.50-9.00, wing 4.70-4.90 (4.83), tail 3.50-3.85 (3.67), culmen
.90-.98 (.93), depth of bill at base .38-.40 (.40), tarsus 1.10-1.20
(1.13). Adult female: Yery similar in color to same sex of A. guber-
nator, but decidedly grayer in general cast of plumage (correspond-
ing stages being compared), and texture of plumage decidedly
softer or smoother;2 length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.10^.40 (4.23),
tail 2.95-3.60 (3.16), culmen .78-.S2 (.80), depth of bill at base .31-
.38 (.35), tarsus 1.00-1.08 (1.04). Eggs .96 X -55. Hab. Yalleys of
Pacific coast, from southern California to western Oregon.
500. A. tricolor (NUTT.). Tricolored Blackbird.
aa. Wing exceeding tail by decidedly less than length of tarsus ; sexes not appreciably
different in color, the lesser wing-coverts (in both sexes) tawny ochraceous.
Plumage entirely glossy black, except lesser wing-coverts. Male : Length
about 7.25, wing 4.00, tail 3.35, tarsus .95. Female : Length about 6.77.
wing 3.80, tail 3.10, tarsus .90. Hab. Cuba.
A. humeralis (Via.). Vigors's Red-wing.3
GENUS STURNELLA YIEILLOT. (Page 365, pi. CIY., fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult : Above brownish or grayish, striped and barred
with black ; crown divided medially by a whitish or buffy stripe ; side of head
whitish, with a dusky streak behind eyes; throat and breast bright yellow; a black
crescent on chest ; flanks and under tail-coverts whitish, streaked with dusky ;
1 Agelaius assimilis (GUNDL. MSS.) LEMB., Aves de Cuba, 1850, 64, pi. 9, fig. 3.
2 I have been unable to discover any infallible or positive difference in plumage between the females of A,
tricolor and A. gnbernator, except that in the texture, which can only be depended on as a test after one has
become used to comparing specimens ; the female of A. gubernator averages decidedly browner, however, with
relatively shorter and stouter bill, usually more rounded tail, and slightly shorter tarsus.
Leistes humeralis ViG., Zool. Jour. iii. 1828, 442. Agelaius humeralis BONAP., Consp. i. 1850, 430
372 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
lateral tail-feathers partly white. Young : Colors much duller, and markings less
distinct ; black mark on chest only faintly indicated. Length, males, about 9.50-
11.00, females, 8.00-10.00. Nest on or embedded in ground, in meadows, composed
of dried grasses, sometimes arched over on top. Eggs 3-6, white, speckled with
reddish brown, blackish brown, and lilac-gray.
a1. Yellow of throat not encroaching laterally on malar region ; color darker and
browner above, with heavier and more confluent black markings, the flanks
and under tail-coverts distinctly buffy.
ft1. Larger, with larger bill and smaller feet. Adult male: "Wing 4.40-5.00,
(4.74), culmen 1.20-1.52 (1.29), tarsus 1.54-1.71 (1.63). Adult female :
Wing 3.95-4.30 (4.11), culmeri 1.04-1.17 (1.12), tarsus 1.40-1.49 (1.42).
Eggs 1.10 X -78. Hob. Eastern North America, west to edge of Great
Plains, north to Canada 501. S. magna (LiNN.). Meadowlark.
b'1. Smaller, with smaller bill and larger feet. Adult male : Wing 4.20-4.80
(4.40), culmen 1.13-1.30 (1.22), tarsus 1.50-1.72 (1.62). Adult female:
Wing about 3.90-4.10, tail 2.70, culmen 1.05, tarsus 1.50. Hob. Eastern
and central Mexico and south to Costa Rica ; north to southern Texas
(lower Eio Grande Yalley) and southern Arizona.
501a. S. magna mexicana (ScL.). Mexican Meadowlark.
a2. Yellow of throat spread laterally over the malar region ; color paler and grayer
above, with black markings less conspicuous, those on tertials and middle
tail-feathers in form of isolated narrow bars, not connected along the shaft,
as is usual in magna and mexicana ; flanks and lower tail-coverts white, very
faintly, if at all, tinged with buff.
Adult male: Wing 4.85-5.30 (5.01), culmen 1.20-1.36 (1.29), tarsus 1.50-
1.60 (1.54). Adult female: Wing 4.30-4.60 (4.41), culmen 1.10-1.22
(1.17), tarsus 1.33-1.43 (1.41). Eggs 1.15 X .81. Sab. Western North
America, north to British Columbia and Manitoba, east regularly to
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, sparingly to Illinois and Wis-
consin ; south through western Mexico.
5016. S. magna neglecta (Aim). Western Meadowlark.1
GENUS ICTERUS BRISSON. (Page 366, pi. OIL, figs. 1-3.)
%
Species.
a>. Depth of bill at base decidedly less than half the length of the exposed culmen.
61. Bill not decurved terminally. (Subgenus Icterus.}
1 Without much doubt a distinct species. The occurrence of both S. neylectn and S. magna together in
many portions of the Mississippi Valley, each in its typical style (the ranges of the two overlapping, in
fact, for a distance of several hundred miles), taken together with the excessive rarity of intermediate speci-
mens and the universally attested radical difference in their notes, are facts wholly incompatible with the theory
of their being merely geographical races of the same species.
ICTERUS. 373
c1. Feathers of throat slenderly lanceolate ; orbits naked.
Adult (sexes alike) : Head, neck, chest, back, scapulars, wings,
and tail uniform black ; middle and part of greater wing-cov-
erts, and broad edgings to secondaries, white ; rest of plumage,
including lesser wing-coverts and broad collar across hind-neck,
yellow or orange; length about 9.00-10.00, wing 4.10-5.00, tail
3.80-4.30, culmen 1.25-1.50, tarsus 1.25-1.35. Hab. Caribbean
coast of South America ; West Indies (introduced ?) ; accidental
at Charleston, South Carolina.
502. I. icterus (LINN.). Troupial.
c2. Feathers of throat normal (short and blended); orbits feathered.
dl. Tail shorter than wing, graduated for less than length of culmen.
Adult male: Head, neck, chest, breast, back, scapulars,
greater wing-coverts, secondaries, primaries, and terminal
(or subterminal) portion of tail (including nearly whole
length of middle feathers) uniform deep black ; tips of
greater wing-coverts and tail-feathers (except middle pair),
and narrow edgings to quills and secondaries (sometimes
worn off), white; rest of plumage bright lemon-yellow
(duller in younger birds), the middle wing-coverts fading
into whitish at tips. Adult female : Above olive-greenish,
the back and wings grayer, the first with more or less dis-
tinct dusky shaft-streaks ; middle and greater wing-coverts
broadly tipped with white, forming two distinct bands;
tail dull olive terminally and on middle feathers, the rest
olive-yellow; lower parts entirely olive-yellow. Young
male : Variously intermediate in plumage between the
adult male and female, according to age. Young of year :
Similar to adult female, " but with all the wing-feathers
edged and tipped with white, the wing-bands yellowish,
the tail tipped with yellow, the breast obscured by brown-
ish, and- the yellow of the under parts paler and greener."
(BREWST.) Length about 7.70-8.50, wing 3.80-4.20, tail
3.30-3.90, culmen .95-1.00, tarsus .90-.95. (Female aver-
aging smaller than male.) Nest pensile or semi-pensile,
usually built in yuccas, composed of fibres of the yucca,
dried grasses, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 3-4,
.97 X -67, bluish white, speckled and finely pencilled round
larger end with black, and faintly clouded with lilac-gray.
Hab. Central Mexico, and north to southern border of
United States (southern Texas to Arizona) ; Lower Cali-
fornia 504. I. parisorum BONAP. Scott's Oriole.
cP. Tail longer than wing, graduated for much more than length of
culmen. (Adult with head, upper neck, chest, wings, except
lesser and middle coverts, and tail, black; rest of plumage
374 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
yellow, more or Ies8 tinged with olive-greenish on upper sur-
face.)
e\ Scapulars entirely olive-greenish or yellowish, like back ;
middle wing-coverts yellow ; outer webs of greater wing-
coverts tipped with whitish (sometimes inclining, more or
less, to yellow or grayish), and tertials broadly edged with
same. Young : Without any black, the upper parts entirely
olive-green, the lower parts wholly yellow, tinged laterally
with olive. Length about 8.75-10.50, wing 3.75-4.25, tail.
4.15-4.40, culmen .90-1.10, tarsus .95-1.10. Nest semi-pen-
sile, fastened usually between upright twigs, composed of
dried grasses, etc. Eggs .89 X -65, white, finely speckled
or "dusted," chiefly on larger end, with brown, usually
mixed with stains of lilac-gray. Hob. Central and north-
ern Mexico, north to lower Eio Grande Yalley in Texas.
503. I. audubonii GIRAUD. Audubon's Oriole.
e2. Scapulars and middle wing-coverts partly (sometimes entirely)
black ; wings without any white markings ; otherwise very
similar to I. audubonii, but averaging a little smaller. Hab.
Southern Mexico (tierra caliente) north to Yera Cruz.
I. melanocephalus (~WAGL.). Black-headed Oriole.1
£>*. Bill distinctly decurved terminally.
c1. Tail longer than wing, graduated for at least as much as length of
tarsus ; adult males yellow, or orange, and black.
d1. Tail graduated for much more than length of tarsus ; adults with
entire head and neck black. (Adult males : Head, neck, chest,
back, scapulars, wings, except lesser and middle coverts, upper
tail-coverts, and tail, uniform deep black ; rest of plumage yel-
low, or orange, the lower tail-coverts sometimes black. Adult
females similar, but colors duller. Young males : The black first
appearing on wings, chest, throat, cheeks, and forehead, the
black of head and neck at one stage occupying precisely the
same area as in adult male of /. cucullatus. Older : Head, nape,
fore-part and sides of neck, and chest entirely black, but lower
hind-neck, back, and scapulars olive-yellow, like lower back and
rump.1 Still older : Similar to the last, but back and scapulars
mixed with black. Young of year: "Without any black, the
upper parts dull olive, duller and browner on back, the
win'gs and middle tail-feathers dusky, with olivaceous edgings,
rest of tail-feathers olive, with yellowish edges, and lower
1 Psarocolius melnnocephalus WAOL., Isis, 1829, 756. Icterut melanocephalut HAHN A KCSTER, Vog. aus
Asien, Lief. vi. 2, pi. 3.
2 In this stage exactly resembling in coloration the fully adult plumage of /. melanocephalug and /. audu-
bonii, except that the secondaries, etc., lack the white edgings of the latter, while in /. wagleri the tail-coverts
are black.
ICTERUS. 375
parts entirely light yellow, tinged with, olive laterally and
across chest.)
el. Larger (wing 3.85, or more). Adult with tail-coverts entirely
black; greater wing-coverts abruptly white at base (this
concealed by middle coverts, however) ; length about 8.80-
9.50, wing 3.85-4.25, tail 4.00-4.60, culmen .90-1.00, tarsus
.90-1.00. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, north to Mexican
side of Eio Grande.
. I. wagleri SCL. Wagler's Oriole.1
e2. Smaller (wing not more than 3.55). Adult with tail-coverts
chiefly (sometimes entirely ?) yellow ; greater wing-coverts
black to extreme base ; upper part of breast sometimes with
more or less of chestnut next to black of chest ; wing 3.25-
3.55, tail 3.50-4.00. Hab. Southern Mexico, and south to
Costa Rica.
I. prosthemelas (STRICKL.). Strickland's Oriole.2
d2. Tail graduated for not more than length of tarsus ; adult males
with black of head and neck confined to frontlet, lores, cheeks,
malar region, chin, throat, and chest; wing with two white
bands. (Adult males : Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black,
the wings with white markings ; other portions yellow, orange,
or orange-red. Adult females : Above light olive-greenish,
more grayish on back ; wings dusky grayish, with lighter
brownish gray edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped
with white ; tail yellowish olive ; lower parts entirely yellow,
tinged with olive on flanks, etc. Young males, second year:
Similar to adult females, but chin, throat, chest, malar region,
and lores black more or less continuously, as in adult. Young
in first year : Similar to adult female, but colors paler and
duller, the plumage generally, especially on upper parts, suf-
fused with pale brownish. Length 6.50-8.50, wing 3.30-3.60,
tail 3.50-4.20.)
el. Adult males with breast, etc., orange or orange-red.
/l. Adult male with breast, etc., orange or dull orange-red.
Nest usually composed of the "Spanish" moss (Tilland-
sfa), often built inside of hanging tufts or tresses of
this parasite. Eggs 3-5, .86 X .58, white, speckled,
chiefly on larger end, with hair-brown, usually mixed
with a few small black specks or lines. Hob. Southern
and eastern Mexico, north to lower Eio Grande Valley
in Texas.
505. I. cucullatus SWAINS. Hooded Oriole.
1 Icterus wagleri SCL., P. Z. S. 1857, 7.
2 Xanthornus prosthemelas STRICKL., Contr. Orn. 1850, 120, pi. 62. Icterus prosthemelas SCL., P. Z. S.
1856, 301.
376 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
fl. Adult male with breast, etc., intense orange-red, some-
times almost scarlet. Hob. Yucatan.
I. cucullatus igneus RIDGW. Fiery Oriole.1
e2. Adult male with breast, etc., saffron-yellow, varying to gam-
boge (never orange). Nest exceedingly variable in form
and composition, but usually pensile or semipensile, and
composed of grass-stems (often green) and various plant-
fibres. Eggs .89 X -62, averaging with decidedly darker
and heavier markings than those of true I. cucullatus. Hob.
"Western Mexico, north to Arizona, Lower California, and
southern California.. 505#. I. cucullatus nelsoni EIDGW.
Arizona Hooded Oriole.
<2. Tail shorter than wing (the latter less than 3.25), graduated for much
less than length of tarsus ; .adult male chestnut and black.
Adult male : Head, neck, middle of chest, back, scapulars, wings
(except lesser and middle coverts), and tail deep black, the
greater wing-coverts, quills, and secondaries edged, more or less
distinctly, with pale chestnut or whitish; rest of plumage uni-
form rich dark chestnut or bay, deepest on breast. Adult fe-
male : Upper parts yellowish olive, much duller and grayer on
back and scapulars ; wings grayish dusky, with two white
bands, all the feathers with paler brownish gray edgings ; tail
yellowish olive, like rump, etc. ; lower parts entirely light olive-
yellow. Young male, second year : Similar to adult female, but
lores, chin, and throat black. (The chestnut and rest of the
black appearing in patches, increasing in extent, during suc-
cessive seasons.) Young of year : Similar to adult female, but
suffused with brownish, especially on upper parts. Length
6.00-7.25, wing 2.90-3.25, tail 2.65-3.20. Nest composed of
green wiry grass-stems, interwoven into a firm basket-like
structure usually supported between upright twigs near the
extremity of a branch (but sometimes partly pendulous), lined
with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, .79 X -57, pale bluish, bluish
white, or greenish white, speckled and " pen-lined" with brown
and black, usually mixed more or less with lilac-gray. Hab.
Eastern United States, west to Great Plains ; south, in winter,
through Middle America to Panama.
506. I. spurius (LiNN.). Orchard Oriole.
a8. Depth of bill at base equal to half the length of the exposed culmen. (Sub-
genus Yphantes YIEILLOT.)
ft1. Wing usually not more than 3.80, tail not more than 3.15 ; adult male with
whole head black, lesser wing-coverts wholly orange or yellow, white
of wings confined to tips of greater coverts and narrow edgings of
l Icterus cucullatus igneus RIDGW., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. April 20, 1885, 19.
ICTERUS. 377
quills and secondaries (the middle coverts sometimes whitish), and tail
black across middle portion.
Adult male : Head, neck, middle line of chest, back, scapulars, wings
(except lesser and middle coverts), and greater part of tail black;
broad tips to greater wing-coverts, and narrow edgings to some of
the quills and secondaries (these sometimes worn away), white ; rest
of plumage, including lesser and middle wing-coverts, base and tip
of tail (except middle feathers — but on outer feathers occupying
nearly half their total length), rich cadmium-orange, sometimes
varying to intense orange-red, very rarely to lemon-yellow. Adult
female: Very variable in color, but usually (?) with upper parts
olive, indistinctly streaked or spotted with black, the wings dusky,
with two white bands, and light grayish edges to most of the
feathers ; rump dull ochraceous-orange ; tail duller, more olivaceous,
orange ; lower parts dull orange, paler on flanks, the throat usually
with more or less admixture of black. [Note. — The adult female
often has the black pattern of head, neck, and back as in male, but
the color much duller and less uniform. The young male also varies
between the two extremes (adult male and female) as described
above, and cannot in any stage be with certainty distinguished
from the adult female except by dissection.] Young of year : Simi-
lar to adult female, as described above, but colors softer and more
blended, and upper parts suffused with brownish. Length about
7.00-8.15, wing 3.50-3.90, tail 2.85-3.35. Nest more or less purse-
shaped and pensile, suspended from extremity of drooping branches,
composed of various textile substances, as various natural plant-
fibres, strings, etc., compactly interwoven, the nest proper com-
posed of softer materials arranged within the supporting pouch.
Eggs 3-5, .89 X -60, dull white, greenish white, or brownish
white, curiously streaked or irregularly "pen-lined" with brown
and black, sometimes mixed with brown spots or stains. Hob.
Eastern North America, north to New England, Ontario, and the
Saskatchewan, west across Great Plains ; south, in winter, through
eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama.
507. I. galbula (LINN.). Baltimore Oriole.
b2. Wing not less than 3.80 (in adult), tail not less than 3.10 (averaging de-
cidedly more) ; adult males with whole malar region yellow or orange,
an orange streak over lores (sometimes prolonged into a superciliaiy
stripe), lesser wing-coverts entirely, or for the greater part, black, white
of wings covering whole of middle and outer webs of greater coverts,
besides very broad edges to tertials and secondaries, and tail yellow or
orange, with middle feathers and tips of the others black.
cl. Adult male : Forehead, distinct superciliary stripe, ear-coverts, sides, and
flanks yellow or orange ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
yellow or orange, more or less tinged with olive. Adult female : Top
48
378 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
of head and hind-neck yellowish olive, becoming brighter yellowish
(sometimes distinctly orange or yellow) on forehead and superciliary
region ; back olive-grayish, streaked with black ; wings dusky, the
middle coverts white, the greater coverts tipped with white and
broadly edged with light grayish, the other quills and secondaries
also edged with light grayish ; lower back light olive-grayish ; rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail bright yellowish olive, sometimes in-
clining to ochraceous-orange ; sides of head, with anterior lower
parts, dull orange or orange-yellow, the throat usually with more or
less of black ; flanks (sometimes sides and belly also) pale dull
grayish ; under tail-coverts light yellowish. Young male in second
year, similar to adult female. Young of year: Similar to adult
female, but colors paler and duller, suffused more or less with pale
brownish, and no trace of black on throat (and yellow sometimes
almost wanting). Length 7.50-8.60, wing 3.80-4.15, tail 3.10-3.70.
Nest and eggs hardly distinguishable from those of I. galbula, the
latter, however, averaging slightly larger (.95 X -64). Hab. "West-
ern United States, east to and including Eocky Mountains ; south,
in winter, into Mexico.
508. I. bullocki (S WAINS.). Bullock's Oriole.
c2. Adult male: Forehead, superciliary region, ear-coverts, sides, flanks,
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black. Adult female:
" Above gray, mixed with yellowish and variegated with black ;
wings blackish, edged with white ; below yellowish, middle of
belly whitish, flanks grayish; tail yellowish olivaceous, with
darker tips." Wing 4.20, tail 3.20-3.50. Hab. Central and southern
Mexico.
I. abeillei (LESS.). Abeille's Oriole.1
GENUS SCOLECOPHAGUS SWAINSON. (Page 366, pi. CIV., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males uniform black, more or less glossy ; females
uniform brownish gray or slaty. Nest a bulky structure of dried twigs, shreds of
bark, mosses, etc., placed in trees. Eggs 2-7, pale bluish green, pale olive, or dull
rusty brownish, variously speckled, spotted, or blotched with brown (sometimes
nearly uniform deep rusty brown).
a1. Bill slender, its depth through base much less than half the lateral length of
lower mandible. Adult male in summer : Uniform glossy black, with a faint
dark bluish gloss on head and neck and of bluish green elsewhere. Adult
male in winter : The black more or less extensively overlaid by rusty brown
above and buffy below. Adult female in summer : Uniform dusky brownish
slate, without gloss, the lower parts inclining to plumbeous. Adult female
1 Xanthornui abeillei LESS., Rev. Zool. 1839, 101. Icterus abeillii SCL., P. Z. S. 1860, 252.
quiscALUs. 379
in winter : Much washed or overlaid by rusty on upper and buffy on lower
parts. Young : Similar to winter female, but colors duller and more uni-
form, and texture of plumage looser. Length 8.20-9.75, wing 4.25-4.75, tail
3.65-4.20. Eggs .99 X -73. Hab. Eastern and northern North America, west
to Bering's Sea and Great Plains ; breeding from northern United States
northward 509. S. carolinus (MULL.). Rusty Blackbird.
a2. Bill stout, its depth through base nearly equal to half the lateral length of
lower mandible. Adult male in summer : Uniform glossy greenish black, the
head and neck glossy violet-black. Adult male in winter: Similar to sum-
mer plumage, but head, neck, back, and breast more or less — generally very
slightly — obscured by grayish brown tips to feathers. Adult female : Uni-
form brownish slate, more brownish anteriorly, posteriorly more slaty, and
with a soft, silky gloss. Length 8.75-10.25, wing 4.65-5.25, tail 3.85-4.50.
Eggs 1.03 X -74. Hab. Western North America, east to Great Plains (occa-
sionally to Illinois, etc.), north to the Saskatchewan, south to table-lands of
Mexico 510. S. cyanocephalus (WAGL.). Brewer's Blackbird.
GENUS QUISCALUS VIEILLOT. (Page 366, pi. GUI., figs. 1, 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males : Uniform glossy blackish, often with varied
metallic hues. Adult females : Decidedly smaller than males, the colors duller
(sometimes markedly different).
a1. Tail not decidedly longer than wing (usually decidedly shorter) ; adult males
with varied rich metallic tints (the head and neck rich, silky steel-blue,
violet, or brassy green) ; adult females similar, but duller. Nest a coarse and
bulky but compact structure composed of coarse dried grasses, built in trees
(often in cavities). Eggs 3-6, pale green or greenish blue, pale olive, or dull
olive- whitish, coarsely spotted and irregularly lined with brown and black
(sometimes dull rusty brown, marked with darker). (Subgenus Quiscalus.~)
b1. Plumage of body, above and below, with mixed metallic tints (usually sev-
eral on each feather, especially on back and scapulars), the color of head
and neck usually not abruptly defined against the color of the body ;
wing-coverts usually with mixed metallic tints ; wings and tail usually
bluish violet or bluish.
c1. Larger, with smaller bill; length about 11.00-13.50, wing (male) 5.45-
€.05 (5.71), tail 5.05-5.70 (5.46), graduation of tail 1.00-1.60 (1.26),
^exposed culmen 1.13-1.23 (1.17), tarsus 1.35-1.45(1.40). Female:
Length about 11.00-11.50, wing about 5.00, tail about 4.80. Eggs
1.18 X -84. Hab. Atlantic coast of United States (except southern
Florida), north to Massachusetts, west to eastern Tennessee.
511. Q. quiscula (LINN.). Purple Grackle.
c2. Smaller, with larger bill ; length about 10.40-12.00, wing (male) 5.20-
380 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
5.40 (5.29), tail 4.60-5.20 (4.93), graduation of tail 1.00-1.35 (1.10),
exposed culmcn 1.19-1.30 (1.24), tarsus 1.35-1.47 (1.40). Eggs 1.12
X -78. Hab. Florida (chiefly southern portion), and west along
Gulf coast to Louisiana.
511a. Q. quiscula aglaeus (BAIRD). Florida Grackle.
67. Plumage of body, above and below, perfectly uniform brassy olive or bronze,
never with mixed tints, and always very abruptly defined against the
color (steel-blue, violet, purple, or brassy green) of neck ; wing-coverts
never with mixed metallic tints ; wings and tail always purplish or
violet-purplish, never bluish.
Length (male) about 12.00-13.50, wing 5.45-5.95 (5.65), tail 5.25-5.90
(5.52), graduation of tail 1.15-1.60 (1.36), exposed culmen 1.12-1.26
(1.17), tarsus 1.40-1.46 (1.44). Female: Length about 11.00-11.50,
wing 5.00-5.05, tail 4.80-4.90. Eggs 1.18 X .81. Hab. Eastern North
America, west of Alleghanies, including whole of New England
(except coast of Long Island Sound) ; north to Hudson's Bay, west
to Eocky Mountains, south to Louisiana (?) and Texas ; occasion-
ally east of Alleghanies, from Virginia northward.
5116. Q. quiscula seneus (EiDow.). Bronzed Grackle.1
a2. Tail decidedly longer than wing; adult males without varied metallic tints, the
plumage being uniform glossy blue-black, or dark steel-blue, becoming grad-
ually more purplish anteriorly, or greenish, changing anteriorly to blue;
adult females exceedingly different from males, being very much smaller, the
plumage dusky brownish above, light brownish beneath. Nest a very bulky
structure of dried grasses, Spanish moss, etc., usually compacted together
with an internal plastering or stiffening of mud, built in low trees, or bushes,
in swampy situations. -Eggs 3-5, ovate or conic-ovate, pale bluish or green-
ish, pale drab, pale olive, dull purplish gray, etc., grotesquely lined with
black and brown. (Subgenus Megaquiscalus CASSIN.)
bl. Bill stouter (greatest depth at base of gonys more than .40 in male, .35, or
more, in female), the tip decidedly decurved ; adult females dull dusky
brown above, the lower parts similar posteriorly, becoming paler an-
teriorly ; no distinct superciliary stripe.
c1. Adult male with tail 8.30, or more.
Adult male with metallic gloss violet over all anterior portions,
including whole back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and all of
lower parts except flanks and under tail-coverts ; length 17.00-
18.75, wing 7.35-8.00 (7.59), tail 8.30-9.35 (8.80), exposed cul-
men 1.47-1.69 (1.60). Adult female : Above dusky brown, with
a metallic greenish gloss, becoming more decidedly brown and
less glossy on head and neck ; superciliary stripe (sometimes
indistinct) and lower parts dull fulvous-brown, becoming more
buffy on chin and throat and dusky on flanks and under tail-
1 With scarcely a doubt, a distinct species from Q. quiscula.
QUISCALUS. 381
coverts; length about 11.50-13.50, wing 5.70-6.50 (5.94), tail
5.40-6.30 (5.98), exposed culmen 1.20-1.42 (1.34). Eggs 1.31 X
.87. Hob. Eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas, south to
Nicaragua.
512. Q. macrourus SWAINS. Great-tailed Grackle.
c*. Adult male with tail not more than 7.50.
dl. Plumage (both sexes) essentially as in Q. macrourus, but size very
much less.
Adult male : Length 14.00-15.70, wing 6.25-7.05 (6.62), tail
6.20-7.60 (6.92), exposed culmen 1.36-1.43 (1.40). Adult fe-
male : Length about 11.00-11.75, wing 5.15-5.50 (5.32), tail
4.80-5.20 (5.00), exposed culmen 1.15-1.18 (1.17). Hab.
Western Mexico (north to mouth of Colorado Eiver?).
Q. graysoni SCL. Grayson's Grackle.1
d*. Adult male with metallic gloss greenish, changing through steel-
blue on back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and lower breast to
violet on head, neck, chest, and upper breast ; length about
15.00-17.50, wing 7.00-7.50 (7.22), tail 6.80-7.55 (7.14), exposed
culmen 1.48-1.68 (1.59). Adult female : Similar in color to
same sex of Q. macrourus, but lighter and more tawny beneath,
and much browner above, the head and neck of an umber tint ;
length about 11.50-13.00, wing 5.55-5.75 (5.61), tail 5.10-5.55
(5.31), exposed culmen 1.14-1.30 (1.24). Eggs 1.26 X -89. Hab.
South Atlantic and Gulf coast of United States, north to Vir-
ginia, west to Texas.
513. Q. major VIEILL. Boat-tailed Grackle.
b'*.. Bill more slender (greatest depth, at base of gonys, not more than .35 in
male or .30 in female; adult female with top of head, hind-neck, and
upper back bright rusty brown, the lower parts bright tawny, becoming
buffy on belly and dusky on flanks and under tail-coverts.
Adult male : " Uniform dark purplish black, with slight metallic reflec-
tions ; wings and tail dark shining black . . . length 13 inches,
wing 6.7 ; tail, middle rectrice 7, external 4.3." Adult female :
Length about 10.00-10.50, wing 5.20, tail 4.40-5.10, exposed culmen
1.12. Hab. Central Mexico.
Q. tenuirostris SWAINS. Slender-billed Grackle.1
1 Quiscalus palustris " SWAINS.," of AUTHORS, but not of SWAINSON. Quiscalus grayaoni SCL., Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. xi. 1886, 307.
* Quiscalus tenuirostris SWAINS., An. in Menag. 1838, 299.
382 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
FAMILY FRINGILLID^E.— THE FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. (Page 321.)
Genera.
a1. Mandibles falcate, crossed at tips Loxia. (Page 392.)
a2. Mandibles not falcate nor crossed at tips.
bl. Conspicuously crested.
c1. Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply
sinuated or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Page 443.)
c2. Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more
or less convex in middle portion Cardinalis. (Page 441.)
b*. Not crested.
c1. Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man-
dible, underneath, doubly concave Pyrrhula. (Page 388.)
c2. Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline
of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave.
dl. Depth of bill at base greater than length of hind-toe, with claw,
and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus.
Coccothraustes. (Page 386.)
d2. Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and
less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus.
el. Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible.
Pinicola. (Page 387.)
e2. Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of
upper mandible.
fl. Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of
lower mandible Plectrophenax. (Page 402.)
/2. Base of gonys decidedly nearer to lateral base than
tip of lower mandible.
gl. Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot or
speculum at base of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.)
<72. Gonys not appreciably convex ; no light spot or
speculum at base of quills.
A1. Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than
length of tarsus.
z1. Wing at least five times as long as tarsus.
j1. Wing less than 3.50.
kl. Tail three-fourths as long as wing ;
nasal tufts conspicuous.
Acanthis. (Page 395.)
A'9. Tail less than two-thirds as long as
wing ; nasal tufts inconspicuous.
I1. Exposed culmen decidedly
shorter than tarsus ; adults
without red on head, and
FRINGILLID^E. 333
with under parts either yel-
low or else conspicuously
streaked.
Spinus, (Page 398.)
P. Exposed culmen not decidedly,
if at all, shorter than tar-
sus ; adults with front part
of head (all round) red, and
lower parts neither yellow
nor streaked.
Carduelis. (Page 400.)
f. "Wing more than 3.75 Leucosticte.
(Page 393.)
z2. Wing less than five times as long as tarsus.
/. First quill decidedly longer than fourth.
A1. Depth of bill at base equal to or
greater than length of exposed
culmen.
Carpodacus. (Page 389.)
kz. Depth of bill at base decidedly less
than length of exposed culmen.
I1. Tail emarginate, the middle
feathers narrow and pointed
at tip.
ml. Gonys shorter than hind-
toe (without claw) and
less than depth of bill.
Calcarius.
(Page 404.)
m2. Gonys longer than hind-
toe (without claw) and
greater than depth of
bill. Rhynchophanes.
(Page 406.)
P. Tail rounded, the middle feathers
broad and rounded at tip.
Chondestes. (Page 414.)
/. First quill decidedly shorter than fourth.
Habia. (Page 444.)
h\ Primaries exceeding secondaries by less than
length of tarsus.
i1. Depth of bill at base equal to length of hind-
toe, with claw.... Guiraca. (Page 445.)
t*. Depth of bill at base much less than length
of hind-toe, with claw.
384 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
j1. Tail-feathers narrow, the middle ones, at
least (sometimes all), acuminate.
kl. Distance from bend of wing to tips
of longest greater wing-coverts
greater than from latter point to
tip of longest quill.
Spiza. (Page 451.)
A2. Distance from bend of wing to tips
of longest greater wing-coverts
less than distance from latter
point to tip of longest quill.
I1. Middle toe, with claw, decidedly
shorter than tarsus.
Poocsetes. (Page 406.)
P. Middle toe, with claw, not
shorter than tarsus.... Am-
modramus. (Page 407.)
f . Tail-feathers broader, not acuminate.
A1. "Wing more than 2.25.
I1. Hind-claw decidedly longer than
its digit.
m1. Bill tapering very rapidly
to the acute tip, the
cutting-edge of upper
mandible distinctly con-
vex or lobed toward
base ; nostrils concealed
by small antrorse feath-
ers Passerella.
(Page 433.)
m2. Bill tapering gradually to
the rather obtuse tip,
the cutting-edge of the
upper mandible not
convex or lobed toward
base ; nostrils exposed.
Pipilo. (Page 435.)
P. Hind-claw not longer than its
digit.
m1. Tertials elongated much
beyond secondaries,
nearly equalling long-
est primaries.
Calamospiza.
(Page 452.)
FRINGILLIDJE. 335
m2. Tertials scarcely, if at all, longer than secondaries,
and much shorter than longest primaries.
n1. Outer tail-feather largely (sometimes wholly)
white Junco. (Page 422.)
nz. Outer tail-feather with little or no white.
01. Lower mandible much deeper than upper;
adult males very brightly colored, with
more or less of blue in plumage.
Passerina. (Page 446.)
02. Lower mandible not deeper than upper;
adult males not brightly colored, and
without any blue in plumage.
pl. Tail plain blackish or dusky, with or
without whitish edging to outer
feathers.
Amphispiza. (Page 425.)
p*. Tail brownish, grayish, or olive-green-
ish, usually without markings.
ql. Tail olive-green ; first quill much
shorter than secondaries.
Embernagra. (Page 434.)
(£. Tail brownish or grayish ; first quill
not shorter than secondaries.
rl. Primaries exceeding secondaries
by more than length of ex-
posed culmen; distance be-
tween tip of outer and mid-
dle (or longest) tail-feathers
much less than length of
hind-toe, without claw.
sl. Tail more or less rounded,
the middle feathers
longest, or equal to
longest ; wing 3.00, or
more Zonotrichia.
(Page 414.)
s2. Tail emarginate or double-
rounded, the middle
feathers shorter than
the longest ; wing less
than 3.00.
Spizella. (Page 417.)
r2. Primaries exceeding secondaries
by not more than length of
exposed culmen ; distance
49
386 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
between tip of outer and
middle (longest) tail-feathers
equal to or greater than
length of hind-toe, without
claw.
sl. Tail double-rounded, but
outer feathers much
shorter than middle
pair; graduation of tail
less than length of ex-
posed culmen, and tail
exceeding wing by
much less than length of
bill from nostril... Me-
lospiza. (Page 430.)
s*. Tail simply, but very much,
rounded, the middle
feathers longest or equal
to longest, its gradua-
tion greater than length
of exposed culmen ; or
else tail exceeding wing
by more than length of
bill from nostril.
Peucaea. (Page 427.)
k*. "Wing less than 2.25.
P. Culmen strongly curved ; bill broad as high at base.
Sporophila. (Page 449.)
P. Culmen nearly straight ; bill much narrower than high at
base Euetheia. (Page 450.)
GENUS COCCOTHRAUSTES BRISSON. (Page 382, pi. CY., fig. 1.)
Species.
a1. Tips of four innermost primaries much widened at end, the inner webs emargi-
nate at tips, the outer webs somewhat recurved, or semifalcate. (Subgenus
Coccothraustes.1 )
a*. Tips of four inner primaries of normal form. (Subgenus Hesperiphona BONAP.)
b1. Adult male with head smoky olive, relieved by a yellow frontal crescent and
blackish patch on crown ; adult female with crown dull grayish brown,
throat bordered along each side by a blackish streak, and upper tail-
coverts tipped with white.
Adult male : Crown blackish, bordered anteriorly and laterally by a
1 The typical subgenus not represented in America.
PINICOLA. 387
yellow patch covering forehead and superciliary region ; rest of
head, with neck and back, uniform deep olivaceous, changing grad-
ually to yellow on scapulars and posterior portions of body, above
and below ; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts black ; tertials uni-
form dull white, the secondaries and inner webs of tail-feathers
sometimes tipped with the same. Adult female: Whole top of head
dull brownish or brownish-gray ; rest of head, with neck and most
of the body, lighter grayish, tinged more or less with olive-yellow,
the throat bordered along each side by a dusky streak ; a whitish
patch at base of inner primaries. Young : Similar to adult female,
but colors much duller and more brownish, with markings less
sharply defined, the dusky streak on sides of throat sometimes
nearly obsolete ; lower parts paler and more buffy, with little or
none of gray; bill dull horn-color, or brownish instead of yellowish
green. Length about 7.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4.50, tail 2.75-3.20, cul-
men .75-.80, depth of bill at base .55-.70. Hab. Western North
America, north to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan; east
(irregularly, in winter) to Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa;
casually to Ohio and Ontario ; south over table-lands of Mexico to
highlands of Vera Cruz.
514. C. vespertinus (Coop.). Evening Grosbeak.
b*. Adult male with head entirely black ; adult female with top of head black
(sharply defined), no dusky streak on sides of throat, and upper tail-
coverts without white tips. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern
Mexico.
C.'abeillii (Lass.). Abeille's Grosbeak.1
GENUS PINICOLA YIEILLOT. (Page 382, pi. CY., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males: General color dull rose-pink or madder-
pink (rarely varying to a light vermilion tint), changing to ash-gray on scapulars,
flanks, belly, and under tail-coverts, the plumage everywhere being of this color be-
neath the surface ; scapulars and feathers of back dusky centrally, causing a spotted
appearance ; wings and tail dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped
with white (this sometimes tinged with pink) and tertials broadly edged with same ;
secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers narrowly edged with light grayish. Adult
females with wings and tail as in the male, but rest of plumage grayish, without
any red, but changing to a more or less bright olive-tawny tint on head and lower
rump, the breast sometimes tinged with same. Young : Similar to adult female,
but colors duller and more blended, the wing-bands dull buffy instead of pure
white, and texture of plumage very different. [Note. — Apparently adult males are
occasionally found in which the plumage is not distinguishable from that of the
1 Guiraca aleillii LESS., Rev. Zool. 1839, 41. Coccothraustes abeillii SCL. & SALT., Ibis, 1859, 19.
388 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
female; in others, the general plumage is that of the female, except that the
olivaceous or tawny color on head, etc., is replaced by a more reddish tint (varying
from light dull orange-red to deep madder-brown).] Nest a rather flat thin struc-
ture, of fine rootlets, etc., in coniferous trees. Eggs greenish or bluish, spotted with
brown and blackish.
a1. Smaller (wing not more than 4.30. and averaging less than 4.28), with relatively
larger bill and shorter tarsi, and colors much duller, the females with
plumage chiefly olivaceous.
Length about 8.00-8.50, wing 4.20-4.30 (4.25), tail 3.60-3.70 (3.65), ex-
posed culmen .S5-.65 (.61), tarsus .80-.90 (.84). Hab. Northern Europe
and Asia.
P. enucleator (LiNN.). Pine Grosbeak.1
a*. Larger (wing very rarely less than 4.30, and averaging more than 4.40), with
relatively smaller bill and longer tarsi, and colors much brighter, the females
with plumage usually chiefly grayish.
bl. Larger, with proportionally much smaller bill and longer tail ; length 8.25-
• 9.00, wing 4.50-5.00 (4.68), tail 3.70-4.45 (4.10), exposed culmen .53-.S9
(.56), tarsus .87-92 (.90). Eggs 1.01 X -74, deep greenish blue or bluish
green, rather sparingly spotted with dark brown and black. Hab.
Northern North America in general, breeding from northern New Eng-
land, Labrador, etc., to Alaska (except coast south of the peninsula), and
south in higher Eocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado ; in winter,
south to northern United States.
515. P. enucleator canadensis (CAB.). American Pine Grosbeak.2
52. Smaller, with proportionally much larger bill and shorter tail ; length about
8.00-8.50, wing 4.25-4.60 (4.45), tail 3.60-3.80 (3.70), exposed culmen
.S7-.62 (.60), tarsus .8S-.92 (.90). Hab. Kodiak to Sitka, Alaska. (Also
probably southward to higher Sierra Nevada of California.)
— . P. enucleator kodiaka EIDGW. Kodiak Pine Grosbeak.3
GENUS PYRRHULA BRISSON. (Page 382, pi. CV., fig. 3.)
Species.
Adult male : "Whole top of head, with feathers around base of bill, glossy blue-
black ; hind-neck, back, scapulars, and lesser and middle wing-coverts uniform
ash-gray; rump plain white; upper tail-coverts, tail, and tertials glossy blue-black,
inclining to dark violaceous steel-blue ; greater wing-coverts black, very broadly
tipped with light ash-gray, passing into white terminally ; quills dull blackish ;
1 Loxia enucleator LINN., S. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 171. Pinicola enucleator CAB., Mus. Hein. i. 1851, 167.
2 Pinicola canadensif CAB., Mus. Hein. i. Aug. 1851, 167.
8 New subspecies. In Cabanis's Journal fur Ornithologie, 1880, page 156, Von Homeyer describes a Pinicola
flammula from " northwestern America," which may possibly be this form, though that it is more likely to bo
the ordinary Alaskan bird would appear from the statement that the tail is longer than the ordinary American
bird, which is exactly the reverse of the Kodiak bird. It may be, however, that " longer" is an error, or slip
of the pen, for " shorter."
CARPODACUS. 389
sides of head, throat (but not chin), and rest of lower parts, except lower tail-
coverts, uniform pale ash-gray, lighter on cheeks; lower tail-coverts and under
wing-coverts white. Adult female : Similar to male, but lower parts and sides of
head vinaceous-gray, or cinnamon-gray, instead of clear ash-gray. Length about
6.50, wing 3.50-3.55, tail 3.00-3.25. Hab. Northern Alaska (Nulato) and portions
of Siberia 516. P. cassini (BAIRD). Cassin's Bullfinch.
GENUS CARPODACUS KAUP. (Page 383, pi. CVL, figs. 2, 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males with the plumage* partly or chiefly red-
dish ; adult females olivaceous or grayish above, streaked with darker, beneath
whitish, conspicuously streaked with dusky or brownish gray.
a1. Tail very much shorter than wing, deeply emarginated ; adult males with wing-
feathers edged with reddish. Nest a rather flat, thin structure, composed of
fine dry rootlets, grasses, etc., on horizontal branches of trees. Eggs 2-4,
greenish blue or bluish green, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end, with
black and dark brown. (Subgenus Carpodacus.*)
bl. Lower tail-coverts without distinct dusky streaks; depth of bill through
base equal to or greater than length of gonys. Adult males : Above dark
dull madder-pink, clearer on rump, deeper and brighter on top of head,
the back more or less obscured by darker centres to feathers, and often
(especially in winter) by grayish edgings ; feathers of back streaked me-
dially with dusky; lower parts, except belly and lower tail-coverts,
dull madder-pink, the sides strongly tinged or washed with this color.
Adult females : Above olivaceous, mixed with grayish, and streaked with
darker; sides of head with two distinct brownish stripes, or patches, one
covering ear-coverts, the other on each side of throat, the two sepa-
rated by a whitish maxillary stripe ; lower parts dull white, conspicu-
ously streaked with dusky. Young : Similar to adult female, but colors
duller, markings less distinct, and edgings of wing-feathers more buffy
or tawny.
c1. First quill usually longer than fourth. Adult male with sides and
flanks usually not tinged with brown, and not distinctly streaked ;
if streaked, the streaks usually narrow, and sharply defined ; back
more distinctly streaked, red of crown brighter, and that of rump
paler and clearer. Adult female : Top of head and back distinctly
streaked ; streaks of lower parts broader, darker, and more sharply
defined. Length 5.50-6.25, wing (males) 3.15-3.40 (3.27), tail 2.30-
2.50 (2.40). Eggs .80 X -57. Hab. Eastern North America, breed-
ing from northern United States northward.
517. C. purpureus (GMEL.). Purple Finch.
ca. First quill usually shorter than fourth. Adult male with sides and flanks
390 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
usually strongly suffused with brownish and broadly though not
sharply streaked with darker ; back very indistinctly streaked, the
central portion of the feathers being less dark and the edges darker
than in C. purpureus ; red of crown darker and that of rump much
darker and duller than in C. purpureus. Adult female with upper
parts more uniform, and streaks on lower parts rather narrower,
less sharply denned, and paler than in C. purpureus. Length 6.00
-6.50, wing (male) 3.10-3.20 (3.13), tail 2.40-2.60 (2.49). Eggs
.77 X -56. Hab. Pacific coast of United States, from southern
California to British Columbia, breeding in mountains.
517a. C. purpureus californicus BAIRD.
California Purple Finch.
62. Lower tail-coverts with distinct streaks of dusky ; depth of bill through
base less than length of gonys. Adult male : Top of head bright crim-
son ; back and scapulars pinkish brown, the feathers edged with light
grayish and streaked medially with dusky ; rump nearly uniform dull
pinkish ; throat and breast pale dull rose-pink ; rest of lower parts
white, the sides scarcely tinged with pinkish, and lower tail-coverts
conspicuously streaked with dusky. Adult female: Above olive-grayish,
streaked with dusky ; sides of head nearly uniform grayish olive, finely
streaked with dusky ; lower parts white, conspicuously streaked with
dusky. Young : Similar to adult female, but streaks on lower parts
narrower and less distinct, and wing-edgings more ochraceous. Length
6.50-6.95, wing 3.60-3.95, tail 2.60-3.00. Eggs .86 X -60. Hab. Western
United States, north to British Columbia, east to Eocky Mountains,
and south over highlands of Mexico.
518. C. cassini BAIRD. Cassin's Purple Finch.
a2. Tail not decidedly shorter than wing, not distinctly emarginated ; adult males
with wing-feathers edged with pale grayish. Nest a well-built, compact
structure, composed of dried grass-stems, plant-fibres, etc., built in trees or
about houses (often within deserted nests of other species). Eggs 3-6, bluish
white, or very pale greenish blue, sparsely speckled, chiefly round larger end,
with black. (Subgenus Burrica KiDaw.1)
Adult males : Above brownish gray (this sometimes overlaid or replaced by
a wash or suffusion of reddish), without distinct streaks on back ; rump,
forehead, superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, throat, and chest reddish
— these reddish areas sometimes running together, the red thus covering
the greater extent of the plumage; rest of lower parts whitish, more or
less extensively streaked with dark grayish brown ; wings and tail dusky
grayish brown, the feathers edged with a paler shade of the same. Adult
females : Above entirely grayish brown, indistinctly streaked with darker ;
beneath everywhere white, broadly streaked with dark grayish brown.
Young : Similar to adult female, but back more distinctly streaked,
1 New subgenus. Type, Frinyilla mexicana MULL.
CARPODACUS. 391
streaks on lower parts narrower and less distinct, and wing-coverts
tipped with dull buffy.
bl. Bill from nostril not more than .35, its depth at base not more than .35 ;
tarsus not more than .70.
cl. Adult male with the red absolutely restricted within very definite and
sharply-defined limits, its area including only the forehead and a
broad superciliary stripe (reaching back to occiput), the malar
region, chin, throat (sometimes chest also), and rump; its tint a
very intense carmine or crimson. Otherwise, not obviously different
from true C. frontalis. Wing (male) 3.05-3.10 (3.08), tail 2.60-2.80
(2.70). Hab. Eastern and southern Mexico (Yera Cruz, etc.).
C. mexicanus (MtfLL.). Crimson-fronted House Finch.1
c2. Adult male with the red spreading at least over breast (sometimes over
whole lower parts, except anal region and lower tail-coverts, and
occasionally even tingeing the latter), and also invading, more or less,
the crown, hind-neck, back, etc. ; or else, if absolutely restricted
within very definite limits, the tint not an intense carmine or crim-
son. Length about 5.75-6.25, wing (male) 2.85-3.30 (3.08), tail
2.40-2.80 (2.57). Eggs .80 X -55. Hab. Western United States,
from Eocky Mountains to Pacific coast (chiefly south of 40° in
the interior), and south through western and central Mexico to
Colima and Guanajuato ; Lower California.
519. C. mexicanus frontalis (SAY). House Finch.2
b*. Bill from nostril .40, or more, depth at base .40, or more, tarsus .75, or
more.
In plumage similar to C. frontalis (verus), but darker ; length about
6.00-6.50, wing 3.10-3.35 (3.27), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.83), bill from nos-
tril .40-.45 (.43), depth of bill at base .40-.50 (.46), tarsus .75-85
(.80). Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
520. C. amplus EIDGW. Guadalupe House Finch.
1 Fringilla mexicana MULL., Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1766, 165. Carpodacus mexicanus RIDGW., Pr. Biol.lSoc.
Wash. ii. 1885, 111.
a After a very careful comparison of more than a hundred adult males (in red or partially red plumage), I
am now quite convinced that the supposed race named Carpodacus rhodocolpus by CABANIS (519a. C. frontalis
rhodocolpus, Crimson House Finch, of the A. 0. U. Check List) is entirely untenable. The easily recogniza-
ble differences of color (maximum extension of the red) which have led to its recognition prove to be, in the
light of this abundant new material, not correlative with locality, as supposed, but are evidently an individual
peculiarity, perhaps dependent upon age. I am not at all certain, however, that the Lower-Californian bird
should not be separated. A considerable percentage of the specimens which I have been able to examine are
so peculiar that nothing approaching them can be found in the very large series from other localities. These
peculiarities consist, (1) in the smaller general size, (2) rather more swollen bill, and (3) greater extension
of the red. This last peculiarity is carried to such an extreme that in all of the " Cape St. Lucas" specimens
the under tail-coverts are deeply tinged with pink, while in some even the wing-bands are pinkish-; in several
the pure deep madder-pink of the breast is continued backward over the belly and flanks, where the usual
dusky streaks are entirely obliterated. From the insufficient material at my command I am unable to form a
decided opinion in the matter, but the indications appear very strong that a local race, peculiar to the southern
portion of Lower California, will eventually have to be recognized, in anticipation of which I propose the name
Carpodacus frontalis ruberrimus.
392 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS LOXIA LINNJEUS. (Page 382, pi. CYL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males chiefly reddish, with dusky wings and tail,
the former sometimes marked with white ; females plain olive, tinged with grayish
or yellowish, sometimes more or less streaked with darker; young light olive-
grayish, everywhere streaked with dusky.
a1. Wings without white markings. Adult males dull red (usually brighter on
rump), the wings and tail uniform dusky. Adult females olivaceous instead
of red, the olive varying in shade from a grayish to a yellowish cast, often
strongly tinged, in places, with the latter color. Young : Pale dingy grayish
or light olive, paler beneath, everywhere (except on wings and tail) streaked
with dusky.
61. Smaller: Length 5.50-6.25, wing 3.20-3.60 (average about 3.40), tail 1.85-
2.40 (average about 2.15), culmen .50-.68 (average about .62), depth of
bill .30-.40 (average about .35), tarsus .5S-.68 (average about .63). Nest
a rather flat structure, in coniferous trees, composed externally of spruce
twigs, shreds of soft bark, etc., lined with horse-hair, fine rootlets, etc. ;
cavity about 2.50 across by 1.25 deep, external diameter about 4.00.
Eggs usually 4, .75 X -57, pale greenish, spotted with various shades of
brown, mixed with purplish gray. Hab. North America in general, but
chiefly far northward, and east of Great Plains ; breeding, sporadically,
south to Maryland and Virginia near coast, and to northern Georgia,
Tennessee, and Kentucky in mountains.
521. L. curvirostra minor (BREHM). American Crossbill.
ft*. Larger : Length about 6.80-7.25, wing 3.85-4.10 (average nearly 4.00), tail
2.50-2.60 (2.54), culmen .72-.S2 (.78), depth of bill .45-.50 (.49), tarsus
.6S-.72 (.70), lower mandible avei'aging heavier, compared with the
upper, and colors brighter, than in L. minor. Hab. Southwestern United
States, from western Kansas, Colorado, and Arizona, south through
highlands of Mexico.
521a. L. curvirostra stricklandi (RiDGW.). Mexican Crossbill1
a2. Wing with two broad white bands (on tips of middle and greater coverts), the
two confluent at upper portion. Adult male : General color purplish red or
dull rosy, occasionally tinged with yellow or orange ; scapulars, wings, and
tail deep black, the former varied with white, as described above ; back
clouded with blackish. Adult female: Olive-greenish or grayish above, paler,
1 A large majority of the specimens from western North America, north of Colorado and Arizona, and a
"sprinkling" of those from eastern North America (especially in New England and the British Provinces), are
intermediate between L. minor and L. ttricklandf, as defined above. This connecting series, which in the north-
western portion of the United States is sufficiently uniform in its characters to be worthy of recognition as a
geographical race, has already been named by me L. curvirostra bendirei. (See Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
ii. 1884, 101 ; author's extras published April 28, 1884.)'
LEUCOSTICTE. 393
often more yellowish, beneath ; wings and tail as in male, but duller black.
Young : Pale olivaceous, more dingy whitish, tinged with yellowish, be-
neath, everywhere streaked with dusky ; wings and tail much as in adults.
Length 6.00-6.50, wing 3.50, tail 2.60. Hab. Northern North America,
breeding from northern New England and higher northern Eocky Moun-
tains northward; south, in winter, to or beyond lat. 40°.
522. L. leucoptera GMEL. White-winged Crossbill.
GENUS LEUCOSTICTE SWAINSON. (Page 383, pi. CVL, figs. 4, 5.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult : Plumage uniform brownish, above and below,
(sometimes slightly broken by whitish or reddish tips to the feathers) ; tail-coverts
dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink, or else pale hoary gray or silvery white,
with darker shaft-streaks. In summer, bill entirely deep black, feathers of anterior
lower parts without paler tips or margins, and red tints brighter. In winter, bill
yellow, tipped with blackish, feathers of anterior lower parts tipped or margined
terminally with whitish, the red tints of a pinkish hue. Young : Plain brownish,
without black or gray on head or rosy tips to tail-coverts, etc. JWest built among
rocks, bulky, composed of grasses, etc., lined with soft feathers. Eggs pure white,
without markings.
a1. Sides of lower mandible with a distinct oblique ridge near base ; tail-feathers,
primaries, secondaries, greater wing-coverts, and primary coverts dusky,
edged with paler ; tail-coverts dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink in adults.
(Subgenus Leucosticte.')
bl. Nasal tufts white.
c1. Head of adult partly ash-gray.
d1. Tarsus .85, or more, culmen .50, or more ; wing usually more than
4.30, tail usually more than 3.30.
Adult : Forehead and fore-part of crown black; throat dusky;
rest of head uniform ash-gray ; general color of plumage
dark chocolate-brown, with a chestnut cast on breast, the
feathers of posterior portions tipped with rose-pink.
Young: Uniform grayish brown, more or less washed
with a more umber tint ; wings and tail dusky slate, the
feathers bordered with paler; edges of greater wing-coverts
and tertials dull bufly ; no trace of pink on tail-coverts,
etc., or of gray or black on head. Length about 7.50-8.50,
wing 4.20-4.85 (4.49), tail 3.15-3.90 (3.49), culmen .50-.62
(.57), tarsus .85-1.00 (.95). Eggs .95 X -67. Hab. Aleutian
and Prybilof Islands, Alaska ; west to Commander Islands,
Kamtschatka, east to Kadiak.
523. Li. griseonucha (BRANDT). Aleutian Leucosticte.
50
394 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
similar in color to those of Z. intermedia.
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States
northward ; west to edge of Great Plains, casually to Utah.
558. Z. albicollis (GMEL.). White-throated Sparrow.
GENUS SPIZELLA BONAPARTE. (Page 385, pi. CIX., fig. 5.)
Species.
*
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Back and scapulars brownish, streaked with black ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain grayish or grayish brown, or else
very indistinctly streaked ; greater wing-coverts (and usually middle coverts also)
tipped, more or less distinctly, with white or light brownish ; lower parts plain
whitish, grayish, or pale brownish (belly always white) in adult, streaked with
dusky in young, except of S. atrigularis.
a1. With head more or less conspicuously marked, but without black on chin or
throat ; young, streaked beneath.
bl. Wing with two distinct white bands ; lower mandible yellow ; adult with
dusky spot in centre of chest. (Adult : Top of head and streak behind
eye deep rufous ; rest of head and neck plain ashy, the hind-neck tinged
with brown ; back mixed rufous and light tawny or dull buffy, streaked
with black; lower parts pale ashy anteriorly and laterally, the sides
and flanks tinged with buffy (strongly so in winter). Young : Top of
head dull brownish, streaked with dusky ; superciliary stripe and sides
of head and neck dull whitish, finely streaked with darker; chest pale
dull buffy, tinged laterally with rusty, and distinctly streaked with
dusky. Nest on ground or in low bushes, composed of dried grasses,
feathers, etc. Eggs 3-5, colored like those of ZonotricMa leucophrys.')
c1. Plumage darker throughout, the ground-color of back largely rusty or
rufous, and the black streaks broader ; rufous of crown darker, and
never with more than a slight indication of median ashy stripe ;
outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials bright rufous or
rusty ; whitish or light ashy edgings to tail-feathers narrower, wings
and tail shorter, bill rather stouter, etc. ; length about 6.00-6.50,
wing 2.80-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.70). Eggs .75 X .58. Hab.
Eastern North America, breeding in Labrador and region about
Hudson's Bay; south, in winter, through eastern United States,
west to edge of Great Plains.
559. S. monticola (&MEL.). Tree Sparrow.
c2. Plumage paler throughout, the ground-color of back with little if any
53
418 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
rusty or rufous, and the black streaks narrower ; rufous of crown
paler and frequently (especially in winter) with distinctly indicated
(sometimes broad and continuous) median ashy stripe ; outer webs
of greater wing-coverts and tertials paler, more buffy or ochraceous ;
whitish edgings to tail-feathers broader, wings and tail longer, bill
rather more slender, etc. ; length about 6.00-6.75, wing 2.80-3.15
(3.07), tail 2.65-3.05 (2.85). Eggs .78 X -55. Hab. Western North
America, breeding in Alaska (and for an undetermined distance
southward), wintering in western United States, south to Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona.
559a. S. monticola ochracea BREWST. Western Tree Sparrow.
b1. Wing without two distinct white bands ; lower mandible without yellow ;
adult without dusky spot in^ centre of chest.
c1. Wing decidedly longer than tail.
Zonotrichia botterii SCL., P. Z. S. 1857, 214. Feucxa botterii SCL., Cat. Am. B. 1862, 116.
PEUCJEA. 429
lower parts light grayish brown, or dull grayish buff, paler on
throat and belly; a distinct broad black streak on each side of
throat, bordered above by a maxillary stripe the same color as
throat ; a rusty postocular streak. Young : Upper parts, including
top of head, dull brownish, streaked with darker; lower parts
dingy pale grayish buff, the chest and sides streaked with dusky ;
otherwise, much like adult.)
d1. Feathers of back largely rusty or chestnut centrally ; prevailing
color of upper parts dull brownish.
el. Smaller: Length about 5.50-5.75, wing 2.20-2.40 (2.32), tail
2.50-2.70 (2.58), culmen .48-.50 (.49), depth of bill at base
.20-.22 (.21), tarsus .75-.80 (.79). Eggs .78 X -60, plain
bluish white. Hab. California.
580. P. ruficeps (CABS.). Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
e\ Larger: Length 6.10-6.60, wing 2.50-2.80 (2.60), tail 2.75-3.00
(2.89), culmen .50.-58 (.52), depth of bill at base .2S-.27
(.26), tarsus .78-.90 (.81). (Colors rather less bright than
in P. ruficeps, with the rusty less bright and the lower
parts rather less fulvous, but the difference very slight
and not entirely constant.) Nest on ground, in or by
tufts of grass. Eggs 3-4, .83 X -60, plain white. Hab.
Table-lands of Mexico, from Oaxaca north to Lower
California, southern Arizona and New Mexico, and west-
ern Texas.
580a. P. ruficeps boucardi (ScL.). Boucard's Sparrow.
d2. Feathers of back dull brownish (not rusty) centrally, with black-
ish shaft-streaks ; prevailing color of upper parts ashy, es-
pecially on back and scapulars ; measurements essentially as
in P. boucardi. Hab. Eastern Mexico (highlands of Yera Cruz,
etc.), north to central Texas.
5806. P. ruficeps eremceca BROWN. Rock Sparrow.
b*. Lesser wing-coverts uniform bright cinnamon-rufous (except in first
plumage).
Adult: Top of head streaked broadly with dark rufous or rusty
(sometimes nearly uniform rufous) and narrowly with grayish, the
latter also forming a more or less distinct median line ; a broad
superciliary stripe and sides of head generally light grayish ; upper
parts brownish gray or light grayish brown, the back and scapulars
streaked with blackish ; lower parts grayish white ; a blackish
streak along each side of throat, another from corner of mouth, and
a rusty postocular streak. Young : Upper parts, including whole
top of head, light brown, broadly streaked with blackish ; lesser
wing-coverts dusky centrally, margined with pale brownish buff;
lower parts whitish, the chest and sides broadly streaked with
dusky. Length 5.70-5.90, wing 2.40-2.55, tail 2.80-3.00, tarsus
430 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
about .75. Eggs .75 X -54, plain bluish white. Hob. Southern Ari-
zona 579. P. carpalis COUES. Rufous-winged Sparrow.
a2. Tarsus .90, or more.
Adult : Above brownish gray, the back and scapulars distinctly streaked
with blackish; top of head umber-brown, streaked with black, and
divided medially by a stripe of ash-gray ; eyelids conspicuously whitish,
but this surrounded by dusky; malar stripe, chin, throat, and belly
white ; chest pale brownish gray, changing to a more buffy tint along
sides ; a blackish streak along each side of throat ; wing 2.70-2.75, tail
3.00-3.20, exposed culmen .47-.50, depth of bill at base .27-.30, tarsus
.90-.95. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca).
P. notosticta SCL. & SALV. Oaxaca Sparrow.1
GENUS MELOSPIZA BAIRD. (Page 386, pi. CX., figs. 2, 4.)
Species.
•
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above grayish, brownish, olive, or rusty, more or less
distinctly streaked, especially on the back, with darker ; top of head brownish,
streaked with darker, and divided medially by a more or less distinct grayish
stripe, or else chestnut, becoming black on forehead ; wings and tail brownish (usu-
ally more or less rusty), the former without distinct light bands ; ear-coverts and
superciliary stripe grayish, separated by a brownish or dusky postocular streak ;
a whitish, light grayish, or buffy malar stripe, bordered below by a more or less
distinct brown or dusky streak along side of throat ; lower parts mainly whitish,
the chest and sides usually streaked with rusty, brown, or dusky. Young similar to
adults, but markings less sharply defined and colors more blended. Nest in low
bushes or on ground. Eggs light greenish or dull bluish white, more or less spotted
with brown.
a1. First quill not longer than seventh ; malar stripe white or light grayish ; chest
not distinctly buffy.
bl. Adult with chest white, very distinctly streaked or spotted with brown,
rusty, or blackish ; top of head brown, divided by a more or less distinct
median stripe of grayish, and without black on forehead or occiput ;
postocular streak brown like crown. Eggs dull whitish, pale bluish
green, dilute brownish, etc., blotched, spotted, speckled, or sprinkled
with brown.
c1. "Wing less than 3.10, culmen less than .64.
d1. Markings of plumage very distinct, more or less sharply con-
trasted with the ground-color, the latter grayish, olive, or
grayish brown on upper parts.
el. Streaks on back more or less decidedly blackish, those on chest
brownish (not rufous or decidedly rusty) or blackish.
1 Peuciea nototticta SCL. & SALV., P. Z. S. 1868, 322.
MELOSPIZA. 431
fl. Lighter colored, with ground-color of upper parts more
or less distinctly grayish ; the streaks on chest brown-
ish (rarely blackish).
gl. With shorter wing and tail, stouter bill, general tone
of plumage more brown, and streaks both above
and below broader ; length 6.00-6.75, wing 2.45-
2.80 (2.60), tail 2.58-3.02 (2.75), culmen .50-.54
(.52), depth of bill .27-.30 (.29), tarsus .81-.90 (.85).
Eggs .79 X -59. Hab. Eastern United States and
British Provinces, west to base of Rocky Moun-
tains ; breeding chiefly north of 40°, except east
of Alleghanies.
581. M. fasciata (GMEL.). Song Sparrow.
g*. "With longer wing and tail, smaller and more slender
bill, general tone of plumage more gray, and
streaks, both above and below, narrower ; length
6.25-7.00, wing 2.52-3.05 (2.74), tail 2.58-3.05
(2.91), culmen .49-.51 (.50), depth of bill .26-.2S
(.27), tarsus .S6-.93 (.90). Eggs .79 X 58. Hab.
Rocky Mountain district, west to Nevada, eastern
Oregon, and eastern Washington Territory.
581&. M. fasciata montana (HENSH.).
Mountain Song Sparrow.
/2. Darker, with ground-color of upper parts decidedly brown
or olive, the dark streaks, both above and below,
heavier and blacker.
gl. Thighs rather light grayish brown, or hair-brown ;
spots on chest smaller and narrower, always
distinct from one another.
/i1. Larger, with stouter bill ; length 6.25-6.50, wing
2.45-2.80 (2.62), tail 2.68-3.14 (2.88), culmen
.50-.59 (.53), depth of bill .26-.31 (.28), tar-
sus .S4-.94 (.90). Eggs .86 X -64. Hab. In-
terior districts of California, including eastern
side of Sierra Nevada.
581c. M. fasciata heermanni (BAIRD).
Heermann's Song Sparrow.
A2. Smaller, with slenderer bill ; length 4.70-5.75,
wing 2.15-2.50 (2.35), tail 2.00-2.68 (2.44),
culmen .50-.55'(.52), depth of bill .24-.2S (.26),
tarsus .81-.89 (.86). Eggs .74 X -58. Sab.
Coast of California. 581d M. fasciata sam-
uelis (BAIRD). Sanmels's Song Sparrow.
AITID). Saint Lucas Cardinal.
d1. Colors darker and richer than in C. cardinalis, the female with
the capistrum dark grayish, or grayish black, very distinct.
e1. Larger : "Wing (adult males) 3.60, or more, tail 4.20, or more.
Wing 3.60-3.85 (3.67), tail 4.20-4.50 (4.29), culmen .82-
.90 (.87), depth of bill at base .60-.70 (.67), tarsus .95-
1.05 (1.02). Hab. Eastern and central Mexico (north
to Mirador).
C. cardinalis coccineus EIDGW. Mexican Cardinal.1
e9. Smaller: "Wing (adult males) less than 3.60, tail less than
4.20.
/'. Brighter colored, with smaller bill ; female with breast,
etc., bright ochraceous-tawny, back tawny olive, the
l Cardinalit virginianw var. coccineut RIDOW., Am. Jour. Sci. A Arts, v. Jan. 1873, 39.
PYRRHULOXIA. 443
capistrum deep black ; wing (adult males) 3.30-3.40
(3.32), tail 3.85-4.10 (3.98), culrnen .80-.85 (.81), depth
of bill at base .62-.6S (.63), tarsus .95-1.00 (.97). Hab.
Yucatan.
C. cardinalis yucatanicus KIDGW. Yucatan Cardinal.1
/2. Darker colored, the adult female with breast, etc., dull
tawny, back deep broccoli-brown, the capistrum
blackish slate; wing (adult males) 3.55, tail 4.00, cul-
men .80-.82, depth of bill at base .67-.70, tarsus 1.00.
Hab. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.
C. cardinalis saturatus RIDGW. Cozumel Cardinal.2
b2. Feathers of crest stiffish, more distinctly outlined (crest much as in C. phce-
niceus) ; male with crest light scarlet-vermilion, back light brownish
red, the rump decidedly lighter and purer red j tail not more than
3.80 (?). (Female unknown.)
Wing (adult males) 3.35-3.45, tail 3.80, culmen .70-.75, depth of bill at
base .58 (the bill more depressed and with more curved culmen than
in any of the races of C. cardinalis) ; tarsus .90. Hab. Southwestern
Mexico (Colima, etc.).
C. carneus (LESS.). Colima Cardinal.3
a1. Culmen much arched ; upper mandible not as deep as lower, grooved anterior
to nostril, its edge not lobed, and the angle very abrupt ; color of bill in life
(and in dried skins also) whitish brown ; feathers round base of bill red, ex-
cept on chin and anterior border of malar region. Adult female with under
wing-coverts buff.
Adult male : General coloration much like that of C. carneus, but red of a
rather lighter hue, the chief difference consisting in the much more re-
stricted black capistrum and the totally different color (as well as shape)
of the bill ; wing 3.30-3.55, tail 3.30-3.90. Hab. Northern coast of
South America (Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, etc.).
C. phceniceus GOULD. Venezuelan Cardinal.*
GENUS PYRRHULOXIA BONAPARTE. (Page 382, pi. CXIL, fig. 2.)
Species.
Adult male : Crest, feathers bordering base of bill all round, tail-feathers, and
basal portions of quills and secondaries, dark brownish red, or bui'nt-carmine ;
throat and median lower parts pure carmine-red, the lateral lower parts light
grayish ; rest of upper parts plain grayish ; bill bright yellow or orange in sum-
mer, more horn-colored in winter or young birds. Adult female : Upper parts as
in the male, but red of crest, wings, and tail more restricted, as well as duller ; lower
1 New subspecies.
2 Cardinalis saturatus RIDGW., Descr. New Sp. B. Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 4.
8 Cardinalis carneus LESS., Rev. Zool. 1843, 209.
4 Cardinalis phaeniceus GOULD, P. Z. S. 1837, 111.
444 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
parts light brownish gray (without any red). Young : Like adult female, but bill
more or less dusky. Length 7.50-8.75, wing 3.60-3.85, tail 4.35-4.80. Nest and
eggs like those of Cardinalis, but the latter smaller, averaging .94 X -73. Hab.
Northern Mexico and contiguous border of United States, from southern Texas to
southern Arizona and Lower California.. 594. P. sinuata BONAP. Texan Cardinal.
GENUS HAB I A KEICHENBACH. (Page 383, pi. CXI., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males with head, wings, and tail black ; two broad
bands across wing, patch at base of quills, and terminal portion of inner webs of
outer tail-feathers, white ; under wing-coverts rose-pink or gamboge-yellow. Adult
females with wings and tail similar, but black duller and white markings more re-
stricted ; other black portions of male replaced by brownish, streaked with dusky ;
under wing-coverts saffron-yellow or lemon-yellow. ; breast streaked. Nest a very
thin saucer-shaped structure, composed of wiry rootlets, etc., in bushes or low trees.
Eggs 2-4, bluish green or greenish blue, speckled with clove-brown, vandyke-brown,
or burnt-umber.
a1. Under wing-coverts rose-red (male) or saffron-yellow (female).
Adult male : Head, neck, back, wings, and tail uniform deep black, the
wings and tail varied with white, as described above; breast (some-
times throat also) and under wing-coverts pure rose-red ; rest of lower
parts, with rump, pure white. Adult female : Black of male replaced by
dull brownish, streaked with dusky ; breast brownish white, streaked
with dusky ; under wing-coverts pale salmon-yellow or saffron-yellow.
Young male, first autumn : Wings and tail as in adult male ; head, neck,
and back brown, streaked with black ; throat and sides brownish white,
or pale brownish, streaked with black ; chest more or less extensively
tinged with rose-red; under wing-coverts pale rose-red or rose-pink.
Length 7.00-8.50, wing 3.90-4.15, tail 3.25-3.55. Eggs .95 X -67. Sab.
Eastern North America, north to Canada, breeding from northern
United States northward; south, in winter, through Cuba and Middle
America to northern South America.
595. H. ludoviciana (LiNN.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
«'. Under wing-coverts clear gamboge-yellow, or lemon-yellow.
Adult male: Head black, the throat, and sometimes a postocular stripe
(occasionally a stripe on middle of crown also), light cinnamon-ochra-
ceous ; wings and tail black, varied with white, as in H. ludoviciana ;
back mixed black and light cinnamon (sometimes uniform black) ; rump,
collar round hind-neck, and most of lower parts uniform buffy cinna-
mon ; belly and under wing-coverts lemon-yellow ; under tail-coverts
•white. Adult female: Above dusky grayish brown, streaked, especially
on back and middle line of crown, with pale fulvous or buffy ; beneath
OUIRACA. 445
pale fulvous or ochraceous, streaked on sides and flanks with dusky,
but usually without streaks on breast ; belly pale yellowish, and under
wing-coverts clear lemon-yellow. Young : Much like adult female, but
(especially the male) more buffy, the markings more suffused with the
ground-color, and remiges and tail-feathers tinged with olive-greenish.
Length 7.50-8.90, wing 3.85-4.20, tail 3.40-3.90. Eggs 1.02 X .70. Hab.
"Western United States, east to Great Plains, south into Mexico.
596. H. melanocephala (SWAINS.). Black-headed Grosbeak.
GENUS GUIRACA SWAINSON. (Page 383, pi. CXL, fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males plain blue or bluish black, with or without
rufous or chestnut wing-bands ; adult females and young brownish.
a1. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with chestnut, rufous, or buffy, pro-
ducing two distinct bands across wing ; first quill longer than fifth. Nest a
compact, deeply cup-shaped structure, composed of dried grasses, plant-fibres,
etc., placed in bushes, tall weeds, etc. Eggs 3-4, plain pale greenish blue or
bluish white. (Adult males : Uniform dull ultramarine-blue ; lores black ;
wings and tail blackish, the feathers edged with bluish, the former with
two broad rufous bands. Adult females: Above fulvous-brown, beneath
paler fulvous; wings and tail dusky, the former with two light fulvous
bands. Young: Similar to adult female, but colors more ochraceous, the
wing-bands more rusty, etc. Immature males : The plumage of the adult
male and female mixed, in various proportions, according to age. Adult
males in winter : Blue of back, breast, etc., more or less obscured by light
brownish or buffy tips to feathers.)
bl. Smaller ; blue deeper or more purplish ; wing-bands much narrower, deeper
rufous, that across tips of greater coverts usually not more than .15
broad (often not more than .10), and deep rufous like the other band ;
white borders to lower tail-coverts, etc., narrower, sometimes nearly ob-
solete; female and young averaging browner or more tawny; length
6.35-7.50, wing (male) 3.35-3.60 (3.50), tail 2.70-2.90 (2.82), exposed cul-
men .G2-.66 (.64), depth of bill at base .52-.5S (.55). Eggs .80 X -66.
Hob. More southern eastern United States ; north, regularly (but very
locally), to Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Kansas, etc., casually, much far-
ther ; west to Indian Territory (and eastern Texas ?) ; in winter, Cuba,
Yucatan, etc 597. G. cserulea (LINN.). Blue Grosbeak.
62. Larger ; blue rather lighter and less purplish ; wing-bands much broader,
paler rufous, that across tips of greater coverts usually .20-.30 wide, and
decidedly paler than the anterior band ; white borders to lower tail-cov-
erts, etc., much more conspicuous, rarely, if ever, indistinct ; female and
young averaging grayer, or less tawny ; length 7.00-8.00, wing (male)
3.60-3.85 (3.68), tail 3.00-3.20 (3.08), exposed culmen .62-.6S (.65), depth
446 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
of bill at base .55-.60 (.56). Eggs .90 X -65. Hab. Western United
States, north to Colorado, California, etc., south throughout Mexico.
— . G. cserulea eurhyncha COUES. Western Blue Grosbeak.1
a1. "Wing-coverts without differently colored tips ; first quill shorter than seventh
(sometimes shorter than eighth).
Adult male: Entirely dull blue-black, with a superficial tinting of dull
indigo-blue, most obvious on forehead, superciliary region, cheeks, and
lesser wing-coverts. Adult female : Uniform rich vandyke-brown (or deep
burnt-umber), browner above, rather lighter and brighter brown beneath.
Length about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.00-3.30, tail 2.60-3.00, exposed culmen
.75-.S5, depth of bill at base .65-.T5. Hab. Central America, north to
Guatemala and eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz).
G. cyanoides concreta (Du Bus). Blue-black Grosbeak.2
GENUS PASSERINA YIEILLOT. (Page 385, pi. CXIL, fig. 5.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males very brightly colored, with more or less
of blue in the plumage, often in combination with other rich colors, as red, yellow,
purple, or green. Adult females and young plain brownish above, beneath similar,
but lighter. Nests in bushes. Eggs whitish, sometimes spotted with reddish brown,
oftener plain.
a1. Bill larger and more swollen, the lateral outlines decidedly convex, and the cut-
ting-edge of upper mandible convex in middle portion. (Subgenus Cyano-
compsa CABANIS.S)
bl. Gonys not more than .30 ; wing not more than 2.85. (Adult males dark
blue, becoming bright rich blue on forehead, superciliary region, cheeks,
rump, and lesser wing-coverts ; female and young brown, paler beneath,
the throat and middle of belly whitish.)
c1. Blue a rich dark marine-blue shade, brightening on forehead, etc., into
azure ; length about 5.00, wing 2.60-2.85, tail 2.20-2.35, exposed cul-
men .40-.45. Hab. Southern and eastern Mexico, north to lower
Eio Grande Valley.
P. parellina (BONAP.). Blue Bunting.4
(?. Blue an indigo shade, brightening on forehead, etc., into cerulean-blue
(almost turquoise on forehead) ; length about 5.00, wing 2.80, tail
1 Ouiraca ctertilea, var. eurhyncha COUES, Am. Nat. viii. Sept. 1874, 563.
Although two of the three characters originally ascribed (i.e., larger size and different color of bill) fail of
substantiation, the third (larger size), taken in connection with well-marked differences of plumage, is quite
sufficient to characterize the western (or, rather, southwestern) bird as a well-defined race.
1 Cyanoloxia concreta Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxii. 1855, 150.
8 Cyanocompsa CAB., J. f. 0. 1861, 4. Type, Cynnoloxia parellina BONAP.
* Cyanoloxia parellina BONAP., Consp. i. 1850, 502. Patterina parellina RIDOW., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii.
1880, 182.
PASSERINA. 447
2.55, exposed culmen .45. Hob. "Western Mexico (Manzanillo
Bay).
P. parellina indigotica EIDOTW. Turquoise-fronted Bunting.1
b2. Gonys more than .30 ; wing more than 2.85.
Young male (adult male and female unknown) : Above brown (of a
tint intermediate between bistre and raw-umber) ; beneath similar
but paler; quills edged with ash-gray; length (skin) 5.50, wing
2.90, tail 2.50, exposed culmen .50, gonys .32, depth of bill at base
.42, tarsus .70. Hob. Southern Mexico (Tehuantepec).
P. sumichrasti KIDQW. Sumichrast's Bunting.2
Bill smaller and less swollen, with lateral outlines nearly straight, and cutting-
edge of upper mandible straight, or even concave in middle portion. (Sub-
genus Passerina VIEILL.)
bl. Exposed culmen less than .45 ; depth of bill at base equal to or greater
than length of bill from nostril.
c1. Belly blue, white, purple, or dull buffy.
d1. Wing with one or two white or pale buffy bands; belly pure white.
Adult male: Head, neck, and upper parts turquoise-blue, the
back darker and duller ; middle wing-coverts broadly and
greater coverts narrowly tipped with white (sometimes
tinged with ochraceous) ; breast (sometimes sides also)
deep ochraceous, or tawny ; rest of lower parts white.
Adult female: Above grayish brown, tinged with bluish on
rump, the wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish or buffy;
anterior lower parts pale dull buffy, deeper on chest, and
fading into white on belly and lower tail-coverts. Young:
Similar to adult female, but without blue tinge on mmp.
Length 5.00-6.25, wing 2.70-2.95, tail 2.30-2.80. Eggs
.74 X -55, plain bluish white, or very pale greenish blue.
Hab. Western United States, east to Great Plains, south,
in winter, to western Mexico.
599. P. amcena (SAY). Lazuli Bunting.
(P. Wing without any distinct light bands ; belly not white, or else
breast more or less distinctly streaked with darker.
el. Culmen gently curved ; cutting-edge of upper mandible
straight, or even faintly convex. Adult male : Head, neck,
and median lower parts rich ultramarine-blue, changing
gradually to rich cerulean-blue on rest of plumage, the
hidden portion of wing- and tail-feathers blackish ; lores
black. Adult female : Above brown, grayer on rump ; be-
neath pale buffy brownish, becoming nearly or quite white
on belly, deeper and more or less streaked with darker on
breast and sides. Young : Similar to adult female, but
1 New subspecies; type No. 30142, U. S. Nat. Mus., cf ad., Manzanilla Bay, Feb. 1863; John Xantus.
* New species; type, No. 59683, U. S. Nat. Mus., cf juv., Tehuantepec City, Oct. 28, 1869; F. Sumichrast.
448 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
browner. Length 4.75-5.75, wing 2.60-2.80, tail 2)20-2.50.
Eggs .73 X -53, similar in color to those of P. amaena (some-
times pure white). Hob. Eastern United States and more
southern British Provinces, west to edge of Great Plains ;
south, in winter, to Veragua.
598. P. cyanea (LiNN.). Indigo Bunting.
e2. Culmen strongly curved ; cutting-edge of upper mandible dis-
tinctly concave. Adult male: Forehead, superciliary region,
lesser wing-coverts, and rump lavender-blue or purplish ;
crown and occiput wine-red, varying to vermilion ; back
and scapulars maroon-purplish; sides of head and neck,
and lower parts, generally plum-purplish, changing to au-
ricula-purple or maroon on chest, the throat usually more
reddish ; lores black. Adult female : Above plain brown-
ish ; beneath entirely isabella-color, or dull grayish buff.
fl. Eather larger, or with longer wing and tail ; adult male
with red on occiput duller, purple of throat more
reddish (sometimes decidedly red), flanks duller and
grayer, and rump bluer ; length about 5.50, wing
(male) 2.65-2.80 (2.71), tail 2.30-2.50 (2.39). Eggs .78
X -58, plain dull bluish white. Hab. Eastern Mexico,
north to lower Rio Grande Yalley in Texas, south to
Puebla.. 600. P. versicolor (BONAP.). Varied Bunting.
/*. Eather smaller, or with shorter wing and, tail ; adult
male with red on occiput brighter, purple of throat
less reddish (never decidedly red?), flanks brighter
plum-purple, and rump more purplish blue, or laven-
der; length about 5.50, wing (male) 2.50-2.65 (2.53),
tail 2.05-2.30 (2.18). Hab. Lower California and west-
ern Mexico (vicinity of Mazatlan).. — . P. versicolor
pulchra EIDGW. Beautiful Bunting.1
c2. Belly red or yellow.
d1. Tail purplish brown (male) or green (female). Adult male : Head
and neck purplish smalt-blue ; eyelids, and entire lower parts,
including chin and throat, vermilion-red ; back and scapulars
yellowish green ; rump dull purplish red. Adult female and
young male: Above plain olive-green, including tail; beneath
dull olive yellowish. Young : Above dull olive, the wing-cov-
erts indistinctly tipped with paler ; beneath dull pale grayish
buffy, the breast and sides very indistinctly clouded with gray-
ish brown. Length 4.25-5.50, wing about 2.60-2.80, tail 2.45-
2.60. Eggs .77 X -57, bluish white, speckled, chiefly on or round
larger end, with reddish brown. Hab. Southern Atlantic and
1 New subspecies; type, No. 87540, U. S. Nat. Mus. Miraflores, Lower California, April 4, 1882 ; L. Belding.
SPOROPHILA. 449
Gulf States, north to North Carolina -and southern Illinois ;
south, in winter, through eastern Mexico and Central America
to Panama , 601. P. ciris (LiNN.). Painted Bunting.
d?. Tail blue (duller in female). Adult male : Top of head bright yel-
lowish green; rest of upper parts turquoise-blue, the back
tinged with green ; lores, eyelids, and lower parts gamboge-
yellow, deepening into orange on chest. Adult female : Above
grayish olive, tinged with green (especially on head), changing
to dull grayish blue on upper tail-coverts and tail ; lores, eye-
lids, and lower parts dull light-yellowish ; tinged with olive on
chest and sides. Length about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.45-2.75, tail
2.00-2.40. Hob. Southwestern Mexico (Puebla and Tehuante-
pec to Colima).
P. leclancheri LAFR. Leclancher's Bunting.1
b*. Exposed culmen more than .45 ; depth of bill at base less than length of
bill from nostril.
Adult male: Rich cobalt-blue, more purplish on top of head, and
changing gradually to fine cerulean-blue on posterior upper parts ;
eyelids white ; lores blackish ; feathers of chest, breast, and upper
belly bright vermilion or scarlet immediately beneath the surface ;
lower belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts uniform delicate flesh-
pink. Adult female: Above dull brown, changing to dull light
grayish blue on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; lower parts
light tawny brown, changing to pinkish buff on belly and lower
tail-coverts. Length 5.25-5.55, wing 2.70-2.85, tail 2.20-2.30. Hab.
Southern Mexico (Tehuantepec).
P. rositae (LAWR.). Rosita's Bunting.2
GENUS SPOROPHILA CABANIS. (Page 386, pi. CX., fig. 7.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males varied with black and white, or pale cinna-
mon, or grayish (or all), the under wing-coverts and axillars, and spot at base of
quills (sometimes concealed by primary coverts), always white. Adult females plain
brownish above, the wing with or without whitish bands ; lower parts plain olive
or dull buify.
a1. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming two more or less
distinct bands across wing.
Adult male : Top and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-cov-
erts, tail, and band across chest, black ; rump brownish, or brownish
gray ; spot on lower eyelid, chin, throat, broad collar round neck (some-
1 Passerina leclancheri LAFR., Mag. Zool. 1841, Ois. pi. 22.
2 Cyanogpiza rositse LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. Feb. 1874, 397.
67
450 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
times interrupted on hind-neck), and rest of lower parts (except black
chest-band), white or pale buffy. Adult female: Above plain olive,
rather lighter on rump, the wings varied by two whitish bands across
tips of middle and greater coverts ; lower parts dull light olive-huffy.
Immature male : Variously intermediate in plumage, according to age,
between adult male and female, as described above, several years evi-
dently being required to attain the perfect plumage. Length 3.75-4.50,
wing 1.90-2.10, tail 1.85-2.05. Nest in bushes, composed of fine rootlets,
dried grasses, etc., horse-hairs, etc., very thin, sometimes semi-pensile.
Eggs (unknown). Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, south
through eastern Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica.
602. S. morelleti (BONAP.). Morellet's Seedeater.
a*. "Wing-coverts without lighter tips.
61. Adult male : Top and sides of head, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and band across chest black ; rump and lower parts, pos-
terior to black chest-band, pale tawny or cinnamon-buff; chin, throat,
and sides of neck white, or buffy white. Adult female: Above plain
grayish brown ; beneath pale grayish buffy, shaded with grayish brown
across chest. Immature male: Similar to adult, but back, scapulars,
wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail brownish gray, instead of black.
Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Western Mexico, north to
Mazatlan and Guanajuato, south to Tehuantepec.
S. torqueola BONAP. Ochraceous-rumped Seedeater.1
6*. Adult male : Entirely black, except under wing-coverts and axillars and
a spot at base of quills (the latter sometimes concealed by primary
coverts), which are pure white. Adult female : Uniform greenish olive,
paler below. Wing about 2.10-2.25, tail 1.95-2.20. Hab. Eastern Mex-
ico (Vera Cruz) and south to Costa Rica.
S. corvina SCL. Black Seedeater.7
GENUS EUETHEIA REICHENBACH. (Page 386, pi. CX., fig. 8.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain olive-green, beneath blackish, grayish, or
whitish. Adult male with head and chest (sometimes nearly whole lower parts)
black, the former with or without yellow markings. Adult female with the black
and yellow wanting, or but faintly indicated, or (in K canora') with chin and upper
throat chestnut-rufous and a band of yellow across lower throat, extending upward
behind ear-coverts to above eyes.
* Spermophila torqueola BONAP., Consp. i. 1850, 495.
* Spermophila corvina SCL., P. Z. S. 1859, 379. Sporophila corvina CASS., Pr. Ac. Phil. 1865, 169.
NOTE. — A fourth Mexican species is S. parva (LAWR.), — Spermophila parva LAWR., Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci. ii.
1883, 382), — from Tehuantepec. I have seen the type, which is a female or young bird, and believe it to be a
very distinct species, the adult male of which is unknown. The type being now in Europe, I am unfortunately
not able to include the species in the above synopsis.
SPIZA. 451
a1. Head without trace of yellow.
Adult male : Head and lower parts dull black, the latter becoming grayish
posteriorly; rest of plumage dull olive-green. Adult female: Head and
lower parts dull olive-grayish, upper parts as in the male. Immature
male: Similar to adult female, but fore-part of head, chin, throat, and
middle of chest blackish. Length about 4.00-4.25, wing 2.00-2.10, tail
1.75-1.80. Nest in bushes, composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs 3-5, .60
X .48, white or greenish white, speckled, chiefly on or round larger end,
with umber-brown and burnt-umber. Hob. Bahama Islands ; accidental
or casual in southern Florida 603. E. bicolor (LiNN.). Grassquit.
a*. Head with more or less of yellow.
bl. Adult males with patch covering chin and upper part of throat, streak or
spot over lores, and edge of wing bright yellow, the rest of head, with
lower throat and chest (sometimes breast and upper belly also), black ;
adult females without chestnut on chin or throat, the plumage also devoid
of black or sharply defined yellow markings on head.
c1. Adult male with black of head restricted to forehead, lores, part of
malar region, lower throat, and chest, the rest of head (where not
occupied by yellow markings) olive-green. Hob. Greater Antilles
(Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Eico).
E. olivacea (LiNN.). Yellow-faced Grassquit.1
c2. Adult male with whole head (where not occupied by yellow markings)
black ; black of chest continued over breast to belly. Hab. Middle
America, from eastern Mexico to Panama.
E. olivacea pusilla (SWAINS.). Mexican Grassquit.2
fe2. Adult male with a broad crescent of bright yellow across lower throat, the
extremities curving upward behind ear-coverts, and forward above them
to eye ; rest of head, and a band across chest, black ; rest of lower parts
light grayish, becoming white on crissum ; upper parts olive-green.
Adult female: Similar to male, but chin and upper throat chestnut-
rufous, instead of black, the black on chest wanting. Hab. Cuba.
E. canora (GMEL.). Melodious Grassquit.3
GENUS SPIZA BONAPARTE. (Page 384, pi. CXIL, fig. 4.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the back and
scapulars streaked with black ; top of head, hind-neck, sides of neck, and ear-
coverts plain dull grayish or brownish gray ; a white or yellow superciliary stripe,
and a similar malar stripe ; chin (sometimes throat also) white.
1 Emberiza olivacea LINN., S. N. ed. 12, 1766, 309.
3 Tiaris pusilla SWAINS., Phil. Mag. i. 1827, 438. Euetheia pusilla CAB., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 146.
[NOTE. — On the island of Cozumel, Yucatan, occurs a local race which combines perfectly the characters of
E. olivacea and E. pusilla. This has been named by me E. olivacea intermedia, in Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. iii.
1885, p. 22.]
3 Loxia canora GMEL., S. N. i. 1788, 858. Euetheia canora GUNDL., J. f. 0. 1874, 123.
452 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
a1. Lower parts whitish, the breast (sometimes middle of belly also) bright yellow.
Adult male : Lesser and middle wing-coverts rufous ; a black patch, of ex-
tremely variable shape and extent, on lower part of throat, sometimes con-
tinued posteriorly along middle line of breast, or anteriorly to the chin ;
breast extensively yellow, the forehead, superciliary stripe, and malar stripe
more or less strongly washed or overlaid by the same. Adult female : Simi-
lar to the male, but much duller, the yellow of breast, malar region, and
superciliary stripe fainter and more restricted (often wanting except on
breast); throat white, bordered along each side by dusky spots or streaks
(the black spot of the male usually obsolete, but sometimes indicated).
Young : Similar to adult female, but everywhere tinged with dull buffy or
pale ochraceous. Length 5.75-6.80, wing 2.80-3.30, tail 2.35-2.90. Nest of
dried grass-stems, etc., in meadows and on prairies, in bushes, low weeds, or
near ground. Eggs 3-5, .81 X -61, plain pale blue. Hob. Eastern United
States (chiefly west of Alleghanies), west to Rocky Mountains, north to
Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; south, in winter,
through Middle America to northern South America; southwest during
migrations to Arizona and Lower California.
604. S. americana (GMEL.). Dickcissel.
as. Lower parts dark gray, becoming whitish on belly and lower tail-coverts. Adult
male : Plumage of head, neck, and lower parts uniform slate-gray, relieved
anteriorly by a distinct superciliary stripe, malar stripe, and broad stripe
covering entire chin and throat, white ; the two latter separated by a narrow
series of black streaks, which continue around posterior border of the white
throat-patch, in the gray of the chest; upper parts grayish brown, the back
and scapulars narrowly streaked with blackish ; belly and lower tail-coverts
white, the former tinged with yellow; length about 5.75, wing 2.86, tail
2.56. Hab. Chester County, Pennsylvania (only one specimen known).
— . S. townsendii (Am>.). Townsend's Bunting.1
GENUS CALAMOSPIZA BONAPARTE. (Page 384, pi. CXIL, fig. 3.)
Species.
Adult male in summer : Uniform black, with more or less of a slaty cast, the
middle and greater wing-coverts white, forming a very conspicuous patch on wing.
Adult female : Above brownish gray, streaked with dusky, the white wing-patch
smaller ; lower parts white, streaked on breast and sides with dusky. Adult male
in winter : Similar to adult female, but feathers of lower parts (especially on belly)
black beneath the surface, this showing when feathers are disarranged. Young :
Similar to adult female, but more buffy, the feathers of upper parts bordered with
buffy white, and streaks on lower parts narrower. Length 6.12-7.50, wing 3.20-
3.60, tail 2.85-3.35. Nest and eggs not distinguishable with certainty from those
of Spiza americana, the average measurements of the latter being .87 X -65. Hab.
1 See page 354, A. 0. U. Check List.
EUPHONIA. 453
Great Plains, breeding from middle Kansas northward to or beyond the United
States boundary, migrating south and southwest, in winter, to Texas, New Mexico,
Arizona, Lower California, and northern Mexico ; occasional west of Rocky Moun-
tains (Utah, etc.), and accidental in Massachusetts.
605. C. melanocorys STEJN. Lark Bunting.
FAMILY TANAGRID/E. — THE TANAGERS. (Page 321.)
Genera.
a1. "Wing less than 3.00, tail less than 2.00 ; bill very short and broad at base, the
exposed culmen less than half as long as tarsus, and less than the width of
the bill at base ; tail less than half as long as wing.
Euphonia. (Page 453.)
a2. Wing more than 3.00, tail more than 2.50; bill moderately lengthened, not
broader than deep at base, the exposed culmen nearly or quite as long as the
tarsus, and much greater than width of bill at base ; tail more than half as
long as wing Piranga. (Page 453.)
GENUS EUPHONIA DESMAEEST. (Page 453, pi. CXIIL, fig. 5.)
Species.
Adult male: Top of head and hind-neck uniform light blue; forehead dark
rusty or chestnut, margined behind by black ; rest of head and neck, with upper
parts generally, uniform glossy blue-black, inclining to purplish steel-blue ; lower
parts (except chin and throat) plain orange-rufous. Adult female : Top of head
colored as in the male ; upper parts olive-gi'een, lower parts, including chin and
throat, paler and more yellowish olive-green. Length about 4.70, wing 2.75, tail
1.80. Eggs "creamy white, with a few scattered spots and blotches, principally at
the larger end, of two shades of brown." (SCLATER.) Hob. Eastern Mexico and
Central America, south to Yeragua ; north to southern Texas ?
606. E. elegantissima (BONAP.). Blue-headed Euphonia.
GENUS PIRANGA VIEILLOT. (Page 453, pi. CXIIL, fig. 1.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males with more or less of red in the plumage,
often chiefly or entirely red. Adult females, in most species, olive-greenish above,
yellowish beneath. Young (in nestling plumage} with lower parts distinctly streaked
with grayish or dusky on a whitish or yellowish ground. Nest on trees, usually on
lower horizontal branch, saucer-shaped, thin, constructed of wiry dead grass-stems,
etc. Eggs 3-5, pale bluish or greenish, spotted or speckled with brown.
a1. Wings plain-colored, without lighter bands or other markings.
bl. Wing decidedly more than 3.25 ; adult males with lower parts entirely red.
c1. Cutting-edge of upper mandible without angle or tooth-like projection
454 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
on middle portion. {Adult males plain vermilion-red, darker and
duller on upper surface. Adult females plain ochraceous-olive or
dull olive-yellowish above, dull light saffron-yellow beneath.)
d1 . Smaller, with relatively shorter bill, wings, and tail, and deeper or
darker colors ; length 7.00-7.95, wing 3.55-3.95 (3.69), tail 2.80-
3.15 (2.99), culmen .82-.90 (.86), tarsus .70-.80 (.74). Eggs .92
X -68, light greenish blue, speckled or spotted, chiefly on larger
end, with purplish brown and vandyke-brown. Hab. Eastern
United States, north regularly to New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois,
etc., irregularly or casually to Connecticut, Ontario, and even
Nova Scotia ; west to edge of Great Plains ; south, in winter,
through western Cuba, eastern Mexico, and Central America to
northern South America.
6.10. P. rubra (LiNN.). Summer Tanager.
d*. Larger, with relatively longer bill, wings, and tail, and with colors
lighter; length 7.90-8.50, wing 3.70-4.10 (3.94), tail 3.00-3.60
(3.26), culmen .8S-.98 (.93), tarsus .75-.S5 (.80). Eggs .93 X
.69. Hab. Western Mexico and southwestern United States,
north to Colorado (Denver) and Arizona.
610a. P. rubra cooperi RIDGW. Cooper's Tanager.
c2. Cutting-edge of upper mandible with a distinct angle or tooth-like pro-
jection in middle portion.
d1. Culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus.
el. Adult male: Rich, pure scarlet, with wings and tail uniform
deep black. Adult female: Olive-green above, the wings
and tail more grayish (sometimes dusky grayish) ; lower
parts dull light greenish yellow. Length 6.50-7.50, wing
3.55-3.90, tail 2.80-3.25, exposed culmen about .55-.60.
Eggs .94 X -65, essentially similar in coloration to those
of P. rubra. Hab. Eastern United States and southern
Canada, west to edge of Great Plains; in winter, south
through West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Central America
to Peru and Bolivia.
608. P. erythromelas VIEILL. Scarlet Tanager.
e2. Adult male : Above dull red, strongly tinged with grayish on
back, etc. ; lower parts light vermilion, strongly shaded
on sides and flanks with brownish gray ; ear-coverts dull
grayish red, or reddish gray, narrowly streaked with
white. Adult female: Above olive-green, the back more
grayish ; beneath olive-yellow, strongly shaded with olive
on sides and flanks. Young : Above olive (more grayish
on back), the top of head indistinctly, the back distinctly,
streaked with dusky ; lower parts pale yellow, the chest,
breast, upper belly, sides, and flanks distinctly streaked
with blackish. Length 7.30-8.20, wing 3.70-4.20, tail 3.20-
PIRANQA. 455
3.60, exposed culmen .62-.70. Hob. Mexico and Guate-
mala, and north to southern Arizona and New Mexico.
609. P. hepatica SWAINS. Hepatic Tanager.
d'1. Culmen (from extreme base) not shorter than tarsus. (Tooth on
edge of upper mandible very prominent ; bill much swollen for
basal half. Adult males uniform deep brownish red above,
brighter brownish red beneath, the sides and flanks, however,
like upper parts. Adult females deep olive-green above, bright
yellowish olive beneath, the throat and sides of forehead some-
times inclining to deep saffron-yellow.)
e1. Ear-coverts and malar region uniform deep brownish red
(male) or olive-green (female) like crown ; length about
6.50-7.00, wing 3.40-3.65, tail 3.00-3.10, exposed culmen
.70-.75. Hab. From Nicaragua to Ecuador and Bolivia.
P. testacea SCL. & SALV. Brick-colored Tanager.1
e2. Ear-coverts and malar region dull brownish or brownish gray
(male) or olive-gray (female), narrowly but distinctly
streaked with whitish j length about 7.00-7.25, wing 3.70-
4.00, tail 3.20-3.30, exposed culmen .65-.7S. Hab. Guate-
mala and British Honduras.
P. figlina SALT. & GODM. Brown-red Tanager.2
b*. "Wing not more (usually decidedly less) than 3.25 ; adult males with red
confined to throat and upper ches.t, or to throat, under wing-coverts,
and under tail-coverts.
c1. Back, scapulars, and rump dull gray ; ear-coverts lighter gray ; sides
and flanks brownish gray, middle of breast and belly dull light buffy.
Adult male: Whole top of head and wings dull brownish red;
throat, under wing-coverts, and lower tail-coverts pink, the latter
inclining more to flesh-color (occasionally tinged with salmon-color).
Adult female : Similar to male, but pink of throat and under tail- cov-
erts very indistinct (sometimes wanting, or replaced bj7 pale salmon-
color), that of under wing-coverts replaced by pale yellowish, and
brownish red of crown, wings, and tail less pronounced. Length
about 6.00-6.50, wing 3.00-3.25, tail 2.85-2.90. Hab. Yucatan, in-
cluding Cozumel.
P. roseigularis CABOT. Rose-throated Tanager.1
c2. Upper parts (except head, in adult male) olive-green, lower parts
(except throat and upper chest of adult male) olive-yellow. Adult
1 Pyranga testacea SCL. & SALV., P. Z. S. 1868, 388.
2 Pyranga figlina SALV. & GODM., Biol. Centr.-Am. i. Dec. 1883, 293.
Having before me, besides the type (from Belize), six adult males from Guatemala, I am unable to detect
any differences of coloration distinguishing this species from P. testacea, other than those given in the above
synopsis. Only one specimen is as dull colored as the type, while two are almost identical in general colora-
tion with a typical adult male of P. testacea from Veragua.
3 Pyranga roseigularis CABOT, Bost. Jour. N. H. v. 1847, 416.
456 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
male : Head, all round, dull vermilion-red, darker on crown, paler
on throat and upper chest. Immature male : Similar to adult, but
sides of head chiefly olive-green. (Adult female, unknown.) Length
about 6.00, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.70-2.90. Hob. Southern Mexico
(Temiscaltepec, Guanajuato, Valley of Mexico, etc.).
P. erythrocephala (SwAixs.). Red-headed Tanager.1
a*. Wing marked with two white, yellow, or pinkish bands across tips of middle
and greater coverts.
P. Wing more than 3.50.
c1. Exposed culmen not longer than middle toe, without claw ; back with-
out streaks. Adult male: Back, scapulars, wings, and tail black,
the wings with two broad yellow bands ; rump, upper tail-coverts,
and lower parts gamboge-yellow ; head and neck orange or red,
brightest on crown, where sometimes almost crimson. Adult fe-
male : Grayish olive-green above, the wing-bands dull light yellow,
or dull yellowish white ; lower parts pale grayish yellow, becoming
i sulphur-yellow on under tail-coverts. Youny : Essentially like
adult female, but paler beneath and more or less distinctly streaked
with grayish or dusky, both above and below. Length 6.75-7.70.
wing about 3.50-4.10, tail 3.20-3.55. Eggs .95 X -65. clear light
greenish blue or bluish green, finely and rather sparsely speckled,
chiefly on larger end, with clove-brown. Hab. Western United
States, north to British Columbia, east to edge of Great Plains,
south, in winter, to Guatemala.
607. P. ludoviciana (WiLS.). Louisiana Tanager.
c*. Exposed culmen longer than middle toe, without claw ; back distinctly
streaked with dusky. Adult males with head, neck, and lower parts
red, back and scapulars dull brownish red or grayish, broadly
streaked with blackish ; wing-bands white or pale salmon-pink.
Adult females with red of males replaced by yellow below and olive-
greenish above.
d1. Rather smaller, with relatively much smaller bill; red of adult
male much deeper — often intense Chinese-orange, or almost
orange-vermilion- — the rump and ground-color of back reddish
brown or brownish red, and wing-bands usually distinctly pink-
ish. Adult female with yellow of lower parts and olive-green
of upper parts deeper. Length (skins) about 7.00-7.50, wing
3.60-3.90. tail 3.25-3.40, exposed culmen .60-.65, depth of bill at
base .33-.3S. Hab. Southern Mexico (north to Jalapa, Mirador.
Tcmiscaltepec. etc.) and south to Chiriqui.
P. bidentata SWAINS. Spotted-winged Tanager.*
Vireo pallent SALT., P. Z. 8. 1863, 188.
3 Vireo gundlachi LEMBETE, Ares de la Cuba, 1850, 29, pi. 5, fig. 1.
• Vireo hypoehryteut SCL., P. Z. S. 1862, 390, pi. 46.
• Hylophilut TEMM., PI. Col. iii. Livr. 29, 1823, text, and pi. 173, fig. 1. Type, H. thoracicut TEKM.
CERTHIOLA. 479
Top of head and hind-neck ash-gray ; rest of upper parts uniform olive-green ;
lower parts dull whitish, the sides and flanks olive-green, and under tail-
coverts pale yellow; length (skins) about 3.75-4.00, wing 2.00-2.20, tail 1.55-
1.70. Hah. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala, north to southern Texas (?).
H. decurtatus (BoNAP.). Short-winged Hylophilus.1
Top of head tawny, brighter or more ochraceous on forehead ; rest of upper
parts olive-tawny, mixed with olive on rump, the tail deep tawny brown ;
chin and throat light grayish ; rest of lower parts pale yellowish olive,
sometimes tinged with tawny on breast ; length (skins) about 4.00, wing
2.15-2.25, tail 1.80-1.90. Hab. Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, etc.) and south to
Costa Eica.
H. ochraceiceps SCL. Ochraceous-fronted Hylophilus.2
FAMILY CCEREBID/E.— THE HONEY CREEPERS. (Page 322.)
Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family)... Certhiola. (Page 479.)
GENUS CERTHIOLA SUNDEVALL. (Page 479, pi. CXIY., fig. 7.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adults : Above plain dusky, or brownish slate, with top
of head black, the rump always yellow or yellowish olive; a more or less extensive
white spot at base of longer quills ; ear-coverts blackish, like top of head, but sep-
arated from the latter by a conspicuous superciliary stripe of white ; chin, throat,
and malar region (sometimes chest also) uniform white, grayish white, or gray;
breast (sometimes also belly and sides) bright yellow ; outer tail-feathers more or
less broadly tipped with white. Young : Above (including top of head) dull olive-
brownish or dull brownish gray, the wings and tail marked with white as in adult;
superciliary stripe indistinct (sometimes obsolete) ; lower parts dull whitish, strongly
tinged on breast, etc., with pale yellow (sometimes entirely dull yellowish). Nest in
bushes or small trees, oven-shaped, with entrance in one side, composed exteriorly
of dried grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 2-4, white or buffy
white, finely speckled or sprinkled, chiefly on or round larger end, with umber-
brown.
a1. Adults with chin, throat, cheeks, and upper part of chest white, or grayish
white ; back, scapulars, etc., very dark sooty slate, or blackish, not distinctly,
if at all, different from top of head ; rump yellow. Young with chin and
throat dull whitish, and upper parts dull brownish gray.
1 Sylvia decurtata BONAP., P. Z. S. 1837, 118. Hylophiliis decurtatus BAIRD, Review, i. 1866, 380. (He-
linai brevipennis GIRAUD, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1850, 40. " Mexico and Texas.")
1 Hylophilus ochraceiceps SCL., P. Z. S. 1859, 375.
480 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
bl. Black loral streak narrower than the white above it ; cheeks white almost
up to the eye ; white of throat extended over almost whole of chest,
and yellow of breast not extended over flanks, which are pale grayish,
sometimes faintly tinged with 37ellow ; rump usually pure gamboge-yel-
low ; lower tail-coverts and anal region pure white ; length about 4.25-
4.75, wing 2.30-2.65, tail 1.65-1.95, exposed culmen .5S-.65, tarsus .75-.80.
Eggs .67 X -50. Hab. Bahamas, Florida Keys, and portions of adjacent
coast of southern Florida, north to Charlotte Harbor.
635. C. bahamensis EEICH. Bahama Honey Creeper.
61. Black loral streak as wide as or wider than white above it, and continued
backward broadly beneath eye ; white of throat extended over only
upper part of chest; yellow of breast continued backward over flanks,
and even tingeing anal region and lower tail-coverts ; yellow of rump
usually perceptibly tinged with olive, and upper parts in general aver-
aging somewhat darker; dimensions essentially the same as in 0. baha-
mensis. Hab. Cozumel Island, coast of Yucatan.
C. caboti BAIRD. Cozumel Honey Creeper.1
a\ Adult with chin, throat, and malar region deep ash-gray ; back, scapulars, etc.,
dull grayish olive or smoky slate, in marked contrast with black of top of
head ; rump yellowish olive. Young : Chin, throat, etc., dull light grayish
yellow, scarcely different from color of other lower parts; upper parts dull
smoky olive.
White spot at base of quills much reduced in size ; rump yellowish olive-
green, or olive-yellow ; entire lower parts posterior to throat oil-yellow,
becoming paler and much duller on flanks and under tail-coverts ; length
(skins) about 3.60-3.75, wing 2.05-2.30, tail 1.35-1.55. Hab. Middle
America, from eastern Mexico to Chiriqui.
C. mexicana SCL. Mexican Honey Creeper.*
FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E.— THE WOOD WARBLERS. (Page 322.)
Genera.
Gape with very small bristles, or none.
bl. Hind-toe, with claw, as long as naked portion of tarsus in front ; claw of
middle too on the same line, vertically, with the toe.
Plumage striped with black and white, the latter prevailing on lower
parts Mniotilta. (Page 483.)
b*. Hind-toe, with claw, much shorter than naked portion of tarsus, in front ;
claw of middle toe (looking from above) set obliquely to the axis of the toe.
c1. Middle toe, with claw, as long as or longer than tarsus, in front, the
wing without white bands or other markings.
i Certhiola caboti " BAIRD, MS." Fisscn, Verb, der K. K. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, 780.
* Certhiola mexicana SCL., P. Z. S. 1856, 286.
MNIOTILTID&. 481
d1. Inner webs of tail-feathers chiefly white ; prevailing color yellow,
the wings and tail bluish gray, back olive-green, and under tail-
coverts white Protonotaria. (Page 484.)
d2. Inner webs of tail-feathers without white ; color plain brownish
or olive above (the head sometimes striped), whitish or buffy
beneath.
e1. Bill very much compressed ; culmen straight, with basal por-
tion elevated into a distinct narrow ridge ; top of head
plain brown (sometimes with an indistinct paler spot in
middle of crown) Helinaia. (Page 484.)
e2. Bill very slightly compressed ; culmen gently curved, its base
not compressed nor elevated ; top of head with two black
stripes separated by a broader one of buff.
Helmitherus. (Page 485.)
c\ Middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus in front, or else
wing with two white bands.1
d1. Gape without obvious bristles; bill very acute, usually without
notch, and with straight outlines, very rarely slightly decurved
at tip.
el. Difference between length of wing and tail equal to or greater
than length of tarsus in front.
Helminthophila. (Page 485.)
e1. Difference between length of wing and tail decidedly less than
length of tarsus in front Oreothlypis?
d*. Gape with distinct bristles ; bill variable, but rarely as above.
e1. Bill elongate-conical, with straight outlines, and without dis-
tinct (if any) notch ; wing not more than 2.30.
Above bluish or grayish, with triangular patch of olive-
green on back ; wings usually with two white bands,
and inner webs of outer tail-feathers with white spots;
under parts with at least anterior half yellow.
Compsothlypis. (Page 490.)
e3. Bill variable, but always with decidedly curved outlines, and
usually with distinct notch ; wing not less than 2.30 (usu-
ally more than 2.50).
1 The exception is Dendroiea dominica (LiNN.).
2 Oreothlypis RIDGW., Auk, i. April, 1884, 169. Type, Compsothlypis guttvralis CAB.
The type of this genus is slate-gray or plumbeous above, with a triangular patch of black on the back ;
chin, throat, and breast intense cadmium-orange ; sides and flanks plumbeous, middle line of belly white. A
Mexican species, which probably occurs within our borders, in western Texas or New Mexico, is very different
from the type in coloration. The head and neck (except beneath) are plumbeous-gray, relieved by a broad
white superciliary stripe ; back and rump bright olive-green ; wings and tail plumbeous-gray ; chin, throat,
and breast yellow, the chest with a chestnut spot ; posterior lower parts white, the flanks tinged with gray.
This is 0. superciliosa (Conirostrum supercilioswn HARTL., Rev. Zool. 1844, 215). In both species the sexes
are essentially alike in coloration.
61
482 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
fl. Bill slender, its greatest depth less than half the distance
from nostril to tip, or else * width at base much greater
than its depth, and tarsus with whole of outer side
very distinctly scutellate.
gl. Tail even or emarginate, usually very much shorter
than wing (the difference usually exceeding length
of tarsus)2 Dendroica. (Page 492.)
g1. Tail more or less rounded or graduated (or else with
basal two-thirds hidden by coverts), never very
much shorter than wing (sometimes longer), the
difference never exceeding length of tarsus.
hl. Lower parts whitish, conspicuously streaked with
grayish brown or dusky, above plain brown
or dusky, the head sometimes striped.
Seiurus. (Page 518.)
A*. Lower parts yellow or buffy, sometimes ashy, or
mixed ashy and black, anteriorly ; above plain
olive, olive-green, or grayish.
i1. Bill straight ; above olive or olive-green, the
head sometimes grayish.
Geothlypis. (Page 520.)
i*. Bill decidedly curved ; above gray (the head
yellowish olive-green in one species).
Teretistris.'
/*. Bill stout but much compressed, its greatest depth not less
than half its length from nostril to tip ; width at base
not greater than depth ; outer side of tarsus smooth
or " booted" for upper half, at least.
gl. Wing 2.90, or more; above, including tail, olive or
olive-green; beneath yellow for anterior, white
for posterior, half; no white on tail-feathers.
Icteria. (Page 526.)
g*. "Wing less than 2.75 ; above plumbeous, the tail black,
with much white on outer feathers ; beneath red
and white in males, whitish or buffy, tinged with
red, in females Granatellus.*
1 The single exception is " Oeothlypit" poliocephala BAIRD.
* Notable exceptions to the last character are D. dominica (LiNN.) and D. palmarum (GMEL.), one or both
of which should in strictness be removed from Dendroica.
* Tereti»tri» CAB., J. f. 0. iii. 1855, 475. Type, Anabates fernandinx LEHB. (Only two species known,
both peculiar to Cuba.)
* Granatdlun " Du Bus, Esq. Orn. (1850?) sub tab. 24." Type, 0. venuttut Du Ens.
Four very beautiful species of this genus occur in Mexico, as follows : (1) 0. venustus Du Bus, in Colima,
Tehuantepec, etc. ; (2) O.francetcie BAIRD, from Tres Marias ; (3) 0. aallsei (BoNAP.), from Cordova, etc. ; and
(4) 0. boucardi RIDOW., from Yucatan. A fifth species, G. pelzelni SCL., is found in the Amazon Valley.
MNIOTILTA. 483
a2. Gape with very distinct oristles.
b1. Top of head without distinct stripes or yellow crown-patch.
c1. Lower parts yellow (throat sometimes black) ; tail not longer than
wing, nearly even Sylvania. (Page 527.)
e2. Lower parts without yellow (except in Central and South American
species of Setophaga).
d1. Bill broad and much depressed at base (as in certain Flycatchers) ;
tail parti-colored, decidedly rounded, usually longer than wing.
Plumage with more or less of red and black (except in female
and young of S. ruticilld) Setophaga. (Page 529.)
dz. Bill smaller, narrow and deep at base (as in some Titmice) ; tail
unicolored, slightly emarginated, about as long as wing, or a
little shorter.
el. Gray above, with white rump and black crown ; face and
throat red, rest of lower parts whitish.
Cardellina. (Page 530.)
e2. Prevailing color red, with white ear-coverts, or else with
whitish tips to feathers of head and neck.
Ergaticus. (Page 531.)
fc2. Top of head distinctly striped, or else with a yellow crown-patch. (Lower
parts at least partly yellow.)
c1. No white on tail ; a black stripe on each side of crown, enclosing a
broader one of light olive, ochraceous-orange, or chestnut ; wing and
tail less than 2.50 Basileuterus. (Page 531.)
c2. Tail-feathers (except middle pair) tipped with a white spot; top of
head black, with a yellow crown-patch ; wings and tail about 3.00.
. Euthlypis.1
GENUS MNIOTILTA VIEILLOT. (Page 480, pi. CXV., fig. 7.)
Species.
Plumage black striped with white above, beneath white with black streaks;
wing with two white bands, and two outer tail-feathers with white spot near end
of inner webs. Adult male : Throat thickly streaked with black, the latter some-
times nearly uniform. Yourig male : Throat pure white, without streaks ; other-
wise like adult. Adult female : Similar to young male, but colors duller, the black
less intense, and white of lower parts tinged with brownish, especially along sides.
Nestling: Similar to adult female, but colors much duller and less sharply defined,
the head-stripes dull grayish instead of black, and the white parts tinged with
fulvous. Length 4.55-5.50, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 1.95-2.25. Nest embedded in
1 Euthlypis CAB., Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 18. Type, E. lachrymose* CAB.
The single species of this genus is 5.50-6.00 long (wing and tail each about 3.00) ; upper parts, except as
described above, dark slate-color ; lower parts yellow, deepening into tawny ochraceous on chest, the lower tail-
coverts whitish ; a white spot on lores, and a smaller white spot on each eyelid. It occurs as far north as Cordova
and Mazatlan, perhaps farther.
484 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
ground in woods. Eggs 3-5, .67 X -57, creamy white, thickly speckled, chiefly on
larger end, with reddish brown. Hob. Eastern North America (north to Fort
Simpson, Hudson's Bay, etc.) in summer ; Gulf States, West Indies, Middle Amer-
ica, and northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela) in winter.
636. M. varia (LINN.). Black and White Warbler.1
GENUS PROTO NOT ARIA BAIRD. (Page 481, pi. CXV., fig. 8.)
Species.
Head and lower parts, except lower tail-coverts, yellow; lower tail-coverts,
lining of wing, and inner webs of tail-feathers, white ; back, scapulars, rump, and
sometimes top of head, olive-green ; wings plain bluish gray or plumbeous. Adult
male : Head, neck, and lower parts (except tail-coverts) intense cadmium-yellow,
sometimes tinted with orange, the top of the head sometimes olive-greenish. Adult
female : Similar to the duller-colored males, but yellow appreciably less pure, the
top of the head always olive-greenish, and gray of wings and tail less bluish ; size
somewhat less. Nestling : Head, neck, chest, fore-part of sides, and back olive,
lighter on lower parts ; no yellow beneath, except after moult has commenced ;
otherwise much like adult female. Length about 5.00-5.50, wing 2.90-3.00, tail
2.25. Nest of mosses, built in deserted woodpeckers' holes or other cavities in
trees or stumps standing in or near water. Eggs 3-7, .68 X -55, glossy white,
creamy white, or creamy buff, thickly spotted with rich madder-brown and pur-
plish gray. Hab. Willow swamps and borders of ponds and sti'eams, in bottom-
lands of the Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, north regularly to Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, etc., but rare or casual on the Atlantic coast north of Georgia ; in winter,
Cuba, Central America, and northern South America (Colombia and Venezuela).
637. P. citrea (BoDD.). Prothonotary Warbler.
GENUS HELINAIA AUDUBON. (Page 481, pi. CXVL, fig. 1.)
Species.
Adult: Above plain olive-brownish, more reddish brown on top of head and
nape, sometimes on wings and tail also ; lower parts whitish, more or less tinged
with yellowish, the sides more olivaceous ; a dusky loral streak, continued behind
the eye, bordered above by a distinct superciliary stripe of brownish white ; fore-
1 Two geographical races have been recognized, their principal characters consisting chiefly of differences
in proportions, as follows :
Atlantic coast and West Indian specimens. — Male : Wing 2.72-2.88 (2.78), tail 1.92-2.20 (2.07), culmen
.45-.50 (.48), bill from nostril .32-.40 (.37), tarsus .60-.68 (.65), middle toe .50-.58 (.54). Female : 2.70, 2.00-
2.05 (2.02), .45-.4S (.46), .36-.38 (.37), .68-.70 (.69), .50. (True M. varia.)
Mississippi Valley and Middle American specimens.— Male : Wing 2.70-2.90 (2.80), tail 2.00-2.24
(2.09), culmen .40-.48 (.44), bill from nostril .30-.38 (.32), tarsus .62-.6S (.63), middle toe .49-.5S (.52). Female :
2.60-2.75 (2.65), 1.92-2.00 (1.96), .40-.45 (.42), .32, .66, .50-.56 (.53). (M. varia borealis NUTT. ? Mniotilta
borealit NOTT., Man. 1. b. 2d ed. 1840, 705.)
Further examination of extensive material is necessary to decide the question of whether the distinction can
be maintained.
HELMITHERUS. 485
head usually with a more or less distinct median streak of pale yellowish or
whitish ; bill light brownish ; iris brown ; legs and feet flesh-color. Nestling :
General color uniform dull cinnamon-brown, including head, neck, and lower parts,
except belly, which is dirty white ; wings (except coverts) and tail essentially as
in adult. Length 5.15-6.50, wing 1.85-2.13, tail 1.85-2.17, culmen .6S-.74, tarsus
.G5-.75. Nest bulky and loosely constructed, of dry leaves, fine grasses, etc., placed
usually 4-8 feet up in cane (Arundinaria) stalks, near or over water. Eggs 1-3, .75
X .58, white, usually plain, but sometimes speckled oir spotted with lilac or pale
brown. Hab. Gulf States, from South Carolina and Florida to eastern Texas
(Navarro County), and lower Mississippi Valley north to the lower Wabash (Knox
County, Indiana) ; Jamaica in winter.
638. H. swainsonii ATJD. Swainson's Warbler.
GENUS HELMITHERUS EAPINESQUE. (Page 481, pi. CXVL, fig. 2.)
Species.
Adult : Head, neck, and lower parts buff, the first with two broad black stripes
on the pileum and a narrower black postocular streak; upper parts plain olive-
green ; upper mandible dark brown, lower paler ; iris dark brown ; legs and feet
pale brownish flesh-color. Nestling : Head, neck, and lower parts deep bun0, the
black head-stripes of the adult indicated by indistinct stripes of dull brown ; back,
scapulars, rump, and wing-coverts dull light brown, tinged with cinnamon, the
greater coverts tipped with buff. Length about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.65-2.90, tail
1.90-2.20, culmen .60-.65, tarsus .70 ; female averaging slightly smaller. Nest em-
bedded in ground, among dead leaves, ferns, etc. Eggs 2-5, .68 X -52, creamy white,
or pinkish white, finely speckled, chiefly on or round larger end, with reddish brown.
Hab. Eastern United States, north to Connecticut Yalley, Great Lakes, etc., but
chiefly south of 40° ; south, in winter, to Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatan, and through
Central America to Panama.. 639. H. vermivorus (GMEL.). Worm-eating Warbler.
GENUS HELMINTHOPHILA EIDGWAY. (Page 481, pi. CXYL, fig. 5.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Length about 3.95-5.25. Nest on or very close to
ground, in woods or thickets, composed of fine grasses, rootlets, etc., deeply cup-
shaped, open above (in H. lucias in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, etc.).
Eggs 3-5, white, speckled, more or less, with brown.
a1. Middle and greater wing-coverts tipped, more or less broadly, with yellow or
white. (A black or dusky streak from bill to eye ; inner webs of three outer
tail-feathers extensively white ; forehead yellow.)
61. Throat and ear-coverts black in adult males, deep gray or dusky olive in
females.
c1. Cheeks and median lower parts white, or only slightly tinged with
yellow, the sides and flanks ash-gray; back, scapulars, and rump
ash-gray (sometimes tinged with olive-green); wing-bands yellow,
486 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
usually nearly confluent, producing a nearly continuous patch ;
adult female with throat and ear-coverts deep gray. Eggs .64 X -53,
white, finely — usually sparsely and rather minutely — speckled with
brown, chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States
and British Provinces, breeding from about 40° northward; winter-
ing in Cuba, eastern Mexico, Central America, and Colombia.
642. H. chrysoptera (LiNN.). Golden-winged Warbler.
c1. Cheeks and lower parts pure gamboge-yellow, the sides tinged with
olive ; back, scapulars, and rump bright olive-green ; wing-bands
(usually, at least) white, narrower and more widely separated ;
adult female with throat and cheeks dusky olive-greenish. Hab.
Northeastern United States (New Jersey, etc.).
— . H. lawrencei HERRICK. Lawrence's Warbler.1
b*. Throat entirely pure yellow or white, in both sexes; ear-coverts olive-green
or light ash-gray for upper-half, pure yellow or white for lower half; a
narrow black streak behind eye.
c1. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump bright olive-green ; lower parts
(including sides of head, except as described) pure gamboge-yellow,
the sides and flanks tinged with olive-green ; wing-bands usually
white, extremely variable as to width (sometimes nearly confluent,
more rarely almost obsolete). Eggs .60 X .48, white, finely — usually
minutely and rather sparsely — speckled with brown and black,
chiefly on or round larger end. Hab. Eastern United States, north
to Connecticut Valley, southern New York, the Great Lakes, and
Minnesota (but chiefly west of Alleghanies, except north of 40°) ;
south, in winter, to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.
641. H. pinus (LINN.). Blue-winged Warbler.
c3. Hind-neck, back, scapulars, and rump ash-gray ; lower parts, including
sides of head, upward nearly to eye, pure white, usually tinged on
breast (sometimes on chin also) with yellow, the sides and flanks
tinged with ash-gray; wing-bands either yellow or white, broad or
narrow. Hab. Eastern United States (Virginia, New Jersey, New
York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, etc.).
— . H. leucobronchialis BREWST. Brewster's Warbler.2
1 Doubtless either a hybrid of H. chrysoptera, and H. pinus, or else a yellow dichromatic phase of the
former. The latter supposition seems, in the light of recently studied material, to be the more probable solu-
tion of the case.
1 This puzzling bird apparently bears the same relation to H. pinus that H. lawrencei does to H. chrysop-
trrtt. In a large series of specimens, every possible intermediate condition of plumage between typical H.
pinna and //. leucobronchialis is seen, just as is the case with H. chrysoptera and IT. lawrencei. If we assume,
therefore, that these four forms represent merely two dichroic species, in one of which (H. pinvs) the xan-
thochroio (yellow) phase and in the other (H. chrynoptera) the leucochroio (white) phase represents the
normal plumage, — and admitting that those two species, in their various conditions, hybridize (which seems to
be an incontrovertible fact), — we have an easy and altogether plausible explanation of the origin of the almost
interminably variable series of specimens which have found their way into the " waste-basket" labelled "H.
levcobronchialit."
HELMINTHOPHILA. 487
a*. Wings plain olive-green or gray.
ft1. Inner webs of three outer tail-feathers marked with a large white spot,
extending to the shaft.
Adult male : Forehead and lower parts yellow ; a large patch of black
covering lower throat, chest, and upper breast; band across an-
terior part of crown black ; rest of crown, with occiput, rather
dull ash-gray ; rest of upper parts, including ear-coverts, uniform
olive-green ; anterior half of lesser wing-covert region lemon-yel-
low ; quills dusky, edged with light ash-gray. Adult female : With-
out black on crown, and that of throat and chest replaced by dusky
olive ; otherwise much like male. Length about 3.95-4.50, wing
2.40, tail 1.95. (Bill more acute and decurved at tip than in other
Helminthophilce.) Nest said to be placed " in low trees." Eggs (re-
puted) 4, about .74 X -60, dull white, heavily wreathed round
larger end with dark brown. (H. B. Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
viii. 1883, p. 38.) Hob. South Atlantic and Gulf States, from South
Carolina (near Charleston) to Louisiana ; western Cuba in winter.
640. H. bachmani (AuD.). Bachman's Warbler.
6*. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers without white spot (if with broad white
edging, this not extending nearly to shaft).
c1. Upper tail-coverts olive-green ; wing 2.40, or more.
dl. Lores and part of ear-coverts black.
Adult male : Above olive-green ; lower parts (including under
tail-coverts), suborbital spot, and forehead pure gamboge-
yellow ; length 4.75, wing 2.55, tail 2.00, exposed culmen
.55, tarsus .75. Sab. Vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio.
— . H. cincinnatiensis (LANGD.). Cincinnati Warbler.1
d*. Lores and ear-coverts without any black.
el. Under tail-coverts and axillars pure white ; no rufous or chest-
nut on crown, in any stage ; first quill equal to or longer
than fourth (usually longer, and sometimes longest).
Adult male in spring : Top of head and hind-neck pure
ash-gray ; rest of upper parts plain olive-green ; quills
dusky, edged with light ash-gray; sides of head
whitish, relieved by a gray postocular streak, or
mostly ash-gray, relieved by a superciliary streak and
less distinct suborbital space of white; lower parts
white, the sides and flanks tinged with ash-gray
(most strongly on sides of breast). Adult female in
spring : Similar to male, but gray of head and neck
usually more or less tinged with olive-green, and white
1 Helminihophaga cincinnatiemis LANGDON, Jour. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. July, 1880, 119, 120, pi. 4.
There are strong grounds for believing this bird to be a hybrid between H. pinus and Oporornia formosa.
(See on this point Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. 1880, p. 237.)
488 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
of lower parts usually more or less stained with pale
olive-yellowish, especially on sides. Young in first
autumn : Upper parts entirely olive-green ; lower parts
(except under tail-coverts) strongly tinged with olive-
yellow (chin, throat, chest, and sides sometimes uni-
form pale olive-yellow or greenish sulphur-yellow).
Hob. Northern North America, east of Rocky Moun-
tains, breeding from Maine, northern New York, etc.,
to Fort Simpson and Hudson's Bay; migrating
through eastern United States, chiefly west of Alle-
ghanies (west to Rocky Mountains), south through
eastern Mexico and Central America to Colombia.
647. H. peregrina (WiLS.). Tennessee Warbler,
c*. Under tail-coverts yellow ; axillars yellow (except in H. vir-
ginice) ; adult male (sometimes female also) with a con-
cealed patch of orange-rufous or chestnut on crown ; first
quill shorter than fourth.
f1. Axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; upper parts
olive-green (the head and neck sometimes ashy) ;
lower parts chiefly yellowish.
gl. No distinct orbital ring; lower tail-coverts pale,
rather greenish, or olivaceous, yellow, the longer
ones with a concealed grayish central streak ;
rest of lower parts pale yellow, more or less
tinged or indistinctly streaked with olivaceous
or olive-grayish ; crown-patch, when present,
orange-rufous.
hl. Above dull olive-green, sometimes tinged with
gray, especially on head; lower parts pale
yellow (becoming white on anal region), the
darker indistinct streaks grayish; length
4.60-5.30, wing 2.31-2.52 (2.41), tail 1.92-2.10
(1.98). Eggs .63 X -49, white, or creamy
white, finely speckled, chiefly on larger end,
with reddish brown. Hob. Northern North
America, breeding from Rocky Mountains to
coast of Alaska (north of the peninsula) and
Mackenzie River district; migrating south
through Mississippi Valley (more sparingly
east of Alleghanies) to south Atlantic and
Gulf States and eastern Mexico 646. H.
celata (SAY). Orange-crowned Warbler.
h*. Above bright olive-green, beneath bright green-
ish yellow (nearly pure gamboge-yellow along
median line), the darker indistinct streaks
HELMINTHOPHILA. 489
olive-greenish; length about 4.70-5.00, wing
2.22-2.44 (2.38), tail 1.82-2.00 (1.95). Eggs
.63 X -49, colored like those of H. celata.
Hob. Pacific coast, breeding from coast
ranges of southern California to Kadiak ;
south, in winter, to Lower California and
western Mexico, and eastward during mi-
grations to Colorado, Arizona, etc.
646a. H. celata lutescens Eioaw.
Lutescent Warbler.
A distinct white, or yellowish white, orbital ring;
lower tail-coverts pure (though sometimes rather
pale) gamboge-yellow, without concealed grayish
streaks ; rest of lower parts pure gamboge-yellow
in adults (females with belly and flanks whitish),
paler and duller yellow (deepest on breast), but
without indication of streaks, in immature speci-
mens ; crown-patch, when present, chestnut.
A1. Less brightly colored, the rump and upper tail-
coverts less yellowish olive-green, and lower
parts less intense yellow; wings and tail
shorter. Young: Plain greenish olive above
(duller anteriorly), the middle and greater
wing-coverts distinctly tipped with pale olive-
buffy ; anterior and lateral lower parts plain
light olive, the belly and lower tail-coverts
pale buffy yellow. Length about 4.20-5.00,
wing (male) 2.30-2.45 (2.37), tail 1.85-1.90
(1.87). Eggs .61 X -47, colored like those of
H. celata. Sab. Eastern North America,
breeding from northern United States north
to Hudson's Bay and interior of British
America ; accidental in Greenland ; in winter,
south to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.
645. H. ruficapilla (WiLS.).
Nashville Warbler.
A2. More brightly colored, the rump and upper tail-
coverts more yellowish olive-green, the lower
parts richer gamboge-yellow ; wings and tail
longer; length about 4.75, wing (male) 2.40-
2.55 (2.47), tail 1.90-2.00 (1.97). Hob. Western
United States, from Eocky Mountains to Pa-
cific coast; in winter, south to western Mexico.
645a. H. ruficapilla gutturalis EIDQW.
Calaveras Warbler.
62
490 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
/*. Axillars and under wing-coverts pure white (tinged with
buff in young) ; upper parts ash-gray, changing to
yellowish olive-green on rump and upper tail-coverts ;
lower parts chiefly white, the under tail-coverts and
patch on chest (sometimes extended over throat) pure
gamboge-yellow.
Crown-patch (wanting in immature birds and some
adult females) chestnut. Adult female with yellow
of chest, etc., paler (and usually more restricted)
than in male, and chestnut crown-patch usually
less distinct (sometimes wanting). Young : Some-
what like adult female, but browner, the lower
parts tinged with buffy, the wing-coverts tipped
with pale grayish buff, yellow of chest wanting,
and no chestnut on crown. Length 4.75-5.00,
wing about 2.30-2.50, tail 1.90-2.00. Eggs .61 X
.47, creamy white, finely and rather densely
speckled round larger end with chestnut and
purplish gray. Hab. Mountain districts of west-
ern United States (except Pacific coast), north to
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada ; south
through central Mexico to Guanajuato.
644. H. virginiae (BAIRD). Virginia's Warbler.
c*. Upper tail-coverts chestnut (pale tawny in young); wing not more
than 2.30.
Adult (sexes alike) : Above ash-gray, the rump and upper tail-
coverts and patch on crown (except sometimes in female)
chestnut ; orbital ring and lower parts white or buffy white.
Young : Essentially like adult, but no chestnut on crown, the
rump and upper tail-coverts pale tawny, and wing-coverts tipped
with buffy. Length 4.00-4.65, wing about 2.20-2.30, tail 1.70-
1.90. Nest in holes or behind bark of trees, stumps, etc. Eggs
3-4, .57 X -44, white or creamy white, finely speckled, usually
in dense ring round larger end, with reddish brown. Hab.
Valleys of lower Colorado and Gila Eivers, in Arizona and
southeastern California, and south into Sonora.
643. H. luciae (Coop.). Lucy's Warbler.
GENUS COMPSOTHLYPIS CABANIS. (Page 481, pi. CXVL, fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above gray, bluish gray, or grayish blue, the back
with a triangular patch of olive-green ; wings usually with two white bands; inner
webs of outer tail-feathers marked with a white spot (except sometimes in C. insu-
COMPSOTHLYPIS. 491
laris) ; lower parts yellow, for anterior half at least, the color usually deepening
on chest into orange-brownish. {Females and immature males of certain species
with whole upper parts tinged, more or less, with olive-green, and yellow of lower
parts paler.)
a1. Eyelids white ; yellow of lower parts not extending farther back than breast,
the sides and flanks white, tinged with bluish gray and rusty brown.
Adult male: Above bluish gray (more blue on head), the back bright
olive-green ; wing with two broad white bands ; chin, throat, and breast
yellow ; chest more or less tinged with orange-brown, this often bor-
dered anteriorly by a blackish band across lower throat ; rest of lower
parts white, the sides tinged with bluish gray and reddish brown.
Adult female : Similar to the male, but paler, all the colors less pro-
nounced. Young in first autumn : Upper parts in general tinged with
olive-green ; yellow of lower parts paler. Young : Yellow of lower
parts replaced by light grayish, the chin tinged with yellow ; above
dull grayish, more olive on back, the wings and tail much as in adult
female, but duller grayish. Length 4.12-4.95, wing about 2.20-2.40,
tail 1.60-1.85. Nest placed within hanging tufts of lichens or " beard-
mosses," or bunches of dead leaves and other rubbish caught on hang-
ing branchlets during freshets. Eggs 3-5, .64 X -46, white, or creamy
white, thickly speckled with reddish brown, chiefly round larger end.
Hob. Eastern United States and Canada, breeding throughout ; in win-
ter, southern Florida, more northern West Indies, eastern Mexico, and
Guatemala 648. C. americana (LiNN.). Parula Warbler.
a1. Eyelids dusky; yellow of lower parts extending back over sides and upper
part of belly (sometimes over whole surface except under tail-coverts).
bl. Belly chiefly, or entirely, white ; wing with two broad white bands.
c1. "White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather extending quite to shaft,
for greater part of its extent, in adult male, and very nearly to shaft
in female.
Adult male : Above bluish gray, or plumbeous, relieved by olive-
green patch on back and two broad white wing-bands ; lores
deep black ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and sides gamboge-yel-
low, deepening into a more saffron tint on chest ; rest of lower
parts white, the flanks usually tinged with brown. Adult fe-
male: Much duller than male, the upper parts tinged with
olive-green, lores dull grayish dusky, yellow of lower parts
paler and duller, etc. Length 4.25-4.75, wing 2.00-2.20, tail
1.58-1.75. Hob, Lower Eio Grande Valley in Texas (and,
doubtless, adjacent portions of Mexico).
649. C. nigrilora (CouEs). Bennett's Warbler,
c*. "White spot on inner web of outer tail-feather scarcely if at all touching
shaft in adult male, and nearly obsolete in female.
d1. Otherwise similar in color to C. nigrilora, but rather less bluish
492 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
gray above, the lores less deeply black in male and more de-
cidedly grayish in female ; wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab.
Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.
C. insularis (L.AWR.). Tres Marias Parula.1
dl. Above dull slate-gray (tinged with olive in females), the back dull
olive-green ; lores dull grayish ; white wing-bands much nar-
rower (nearly obsolete in some females) ; yellow and white of
lower parts both much duller; white spots on inner webs of
outer tail-feathers reduced to a mere edging (except in a few
males, in which the white oblique spot is much smaller than
in C. insularis')', wing 2.10-2.20, tail 1.90-2.00. Hab. Socorro
Island, off coast of northwestern Mexico.
C. graysoni KLDGW. Socorro Warbler.1
i*. Belly wholly yellow ; wing without white bands, or with mere indications
of them.
Adult (sexes apparently alike in color) : Above dark grayish blue (almost
indigo on top of head) ; lores deep black ; lower parts, except under
tail-coverts, rich gamboge-yellow, deepening into rich saffron (some-
times rufous-orange) on chest ; wing about 2.00-2.15, tail 1.60-1.75.
Hab. Guatemala to Peru.
C. inornata BAIRD. Central American Parula.3
GENUS DENDROICA GRAY. (Page 482, pi. CXYL, figs. 4, 6, 7; pi. CXVIL,
3. 1, 2.)
Species and Subspecies.
a1. Bill very acute, the tip very appreciably decurved ; tongue with the terminal
half having the edges folded over upon the upper surface, the terminal por-
tion deeply cleft and fringed. (Subgenus Perissoglossa BAIKD.)
bl. Inner webs of exterior tail-feathers with large white patch. Adult male :
Top of head blackish ; sides of head and neck, rump, and lower parts
gamboge-yellow, becoming much paler (sometimes white) on under tail-
coverts; ear-coverts chestnut or rusty, and throat sometimes tinged
with same ; a black line from bill to eye, continued behind the latter ;
' Parula intularit LAWR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. Feb. 1871, 4. Compsothlypis insularis STEJN., Auk, i. Apr.
1884, 170.
* New species. Although Mr. Lawrence mentioned both Tres Marias and Socorro specimens in his original
description of Parula intularit, his description and measurements were taken from a specimen from the former
locality, which may, therefore, be considered the type. With the same material before me as that which Mr.
Lawrence examined, I am able to appreciate readily the differences of plumage which he ptrints out as dis-
tinguishing the birds from Socorro. In fact, I am somewhat surprised that he considered them the same
species. The Socorro bird is, upon the whole, more different from C. intularit than the latter is from C. nigri-
lor a.
* Parula inornata LAIRD, Review, i. 1S66, 171. Comptothlypit pittayumi inornata STEJN., Auk, i. Apr.
1884, 170.
DENDROICA. 493
throat, chest, and sides streaked with black; back olive-greenish; a
white patch on wings, covering middle and greater coverts. {In autumn,
markings much obscured by grayish and olive suffusion.) Adult female :
Grayish olive above, brighter on rump, the wing-coverts merely edged
with whitish ; beneath dull yellowish white (sometimes deeper yellow-
ish), streaked on chest, etc., with dusky; white tail-spots much re-
stricted. Length 4.70-5.65, wing 2.85, tail 2.15. Nest a very neat cup-
shaped structure, about 2.25 deep and 3.00 across outside, with cavity
1.25 deep by 1.75 wide, composed of dried spruce twigs, grasses, spiders'
webs, etc. ; placed in evergreen trees or bushes, usually not far from
ground. Eggs 3-4, .70 X -52, dull white, buffy white, or grayish white,
speckled or spotted round larger end with dark brown or reddish brown
and lilac-gray, occasionally mixed with a few smaller markings of black-
ish. Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay, Lake Win-
nipeg, etc., breeding from northern New England northward (also in
mountains of Jamaica) ; winters in Greater Antilles.
650. D. tigrina (GMEL.). Cape May Warbler.
b2. Inner webs of tail-feathers without white spots. Adult male : Whole top
of head and broad streak on side of head black ; back and lesser wing-
coverts dusky olive spotted or broadly streaked with black; middle
wing-coverts tipped with yellow, greater coverts with white ; rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail yellowish olive-green ; rest of plumage gam-
boge-yellow, tinged with dusky olive on sides, the sides of chest, etc.,
streaked with black ; length 4.75, culmen .45, tarsus .75. Hab. Ken-
tucky (Henderson; known only from Audubon's plate and descrip-
tion) — . D. carbonata (AuD.). Carbonated Warbler.
a*. Bill not very acute nor distinctly decurved at tip ; tongue gradually tapering to
the slightly cleft and fringed tip.1
b\ A white spot at base of quills, in combination with other white markings
on wings ; wing half as long again as tail. (Subgenus Peucedramus
COUES.)
Adult male : Head, neck, and chest orange-rufous, or deep ochraceous,
sometimes tinged with olive ; lores and ear-coverts black, forming
a conspicuous patch on side of head ; back, scapulars, and rump plain
olive or dull olive-gray ; middle and greater wing-coverts broadly
tipped with white ; belly dull white. Adult female (and male in first
year) : Head, neck, and chest dull buffy or yellowish, the top of the
head and hind-neck tinged with olive-green, and black patch on
side of head in male replaced by a much less distinct one of dusky
(usually confined to ear-coverts) ; otherwise similar to male, but
duller. Length 4.60-5.40, wing averaging about 3.00, tail about
1 This character has not been tested in all the species referred to this group, and may not prove diagnostic
in the case of some of those not examined ; the indications, however, are strongly in favor of the probability that
essentially the same style of tongue will be found in them all.
494 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
2.30. Hob. Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to southern
border of United States (Texas to Arizona).
651. D. olivacea (GIRAUD). Olive Warbler.
6*. No white spot at base of quills, or else no other white markings on outer
surface of wings ; wing less than half as long again as tail. (Subgenus
Dendroica GRAY.)
cl. Inner webs of outer tail-feathers with a large patch or broad edging of
yellow, but without white.
&. Tarsus not more than .75 (usually much less) ; adult male with
crown olive-yellow or yellowish olive-green, without distinct
orange-rufous suffusion. (Adult males : Above bright yellowish
olive-green, the wing-feathers broadly edged with yellow ; rest
of plumage pure gamboge-yellow, the chest and sides streaked
with chestnut-red. Adult females : Colors duller, the yellow
paler, and reddish streaks on lower parts very indistinct or
(usually) altogether wanting. Young : Somewhat like adult
female, but still duller, the lower pauts sometimes dull whitish^
the upper parts more grayish. Length about 4.50-5.25, wing
2.35-2.65, tail 1.80-2.10. Nest a compact cup-shaped structure
of grayish plant-fibres, spiders' webs, etc., lined with plant-
down and soft feathers, built in trees (often in orchards or
shade trees). Eggs 2-6, .66 X -48, greenish white or very pale
greenish, spotted, usually in wreath round larger end, with
umber-brown, blackish, and lilac-gray.)
e1. Deeper colored, the adult male with chestnut streaks on breast
and sides much broader and richer, the adult female de-
cidedly deeper yellow. Hob. Eastern and northern North
America, east of Eocky Mountains ; in winter, south
through eastern Mexico and Central America to northern
South America.
652. D. sestiva (GMEL.). Yellow Warbler.
e*. Paler, the adult male with chestnut streaks on breast and sides
averaging much narrower and paler, the adult female de-
cidedly paler yellowish. Hab. Western North America,
east to Eocky Mountains ; in winter, south through west-
ern and central Mexico and south at least to Panama.
— . D. aestiva morcomi COALE. Western
Yellow Warbler.1
arts browner than in summer. Female in
65
514 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
winter grayish brown above, brownish buffy
white beneath (usually tinged with yellow on
breast. Young : Above plain dull brownish ;
beneath pale dull grayish brown, or brownish
white ; wing-coverts edged with light brown-
ish. Length 4.95-5.60, wing 2.70-3.00, tail
2.10-2.45. Nest in trees in high woods, usu-
ally at considerable height. Eggs .69 X -53,
dull white, grayish white, or dull purplish
white, speckled or spotted with madder-
brown and lilac-gray, usually most heavily
round larger end. Hob. Eastern United
States, north to Ontario and New Bruns-
wick ; wintering in more southern States
and Bahamas ; Bermudas.
671. D. vigorsii (AUD.). Pine Warbler.
/*. Wing without any distinct white bands.
gl. Back conspicuously streaked with black.
Adult male: Upper parts, including sides of
head and neck, bluish gray or plumbeous,
the back more brownish gray, and broadly
streaked with black ; wings and tail black,
with brownish gray edgings ; lores and nar-
row frontal band black ; a white spot on each
eyelid ; lower parts plain yellow (varying in
tone from " primrose" to " King's" yellow),
fading into white on chin and under tail-
coverts, the sides streaked with black. Adult
female: Essentially like male, but gray of
head, neck, rump, etc., much duller, lores dull
grayish, and yellow of lower parts paler, the
chest sometimes (in younger specimens?)
sparsely speckled with dusky. Young in
first autumn: Similar to adult female, but
above everywhere decidedly browner gray,
lores light brown or grayish, lateral lower
parts tinged with brown, and the chest
always (?) speckled with dusky. Length
about 5.30-6.00, wing 2.60-2.90, tail 2.25-
2.50. Hab. Eastern United States (Ohio,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, etc.), during
migrations, Bahamas, in winter ; summer res-
idence unknown.
670. D. kirtlandi (BAIRD). Kirtland's
Warbler.
DENDROICA. 515
Back without black streaks.
hl. Above ash-gray, including sides of head, the
latter without distinct markings : under tail-
coverts and belly white.
Adult male: Forehead and crown olive-
green; rest of upper parts, including
sides of head and neck, plain ash-gray,
the wings with two dull grayish white
bands ; throat and chest pale yellow, this
bordered laterally by an interrupted se-
ries of black streaks, most distinct on
sides of breast ; rest of lower parts
white, shading into grayish on sides;
length (skin) about 4.50, wing 2.30, tail
2.20, tarsus .66. Hab. Cuba.
D. pityophila (GuNDL.).
Cuban Pine Warbler.1
A2. Above olive-green or brownish (always olive-
green on rump and upper tail-coverts, at
least), the sides of head with distinct yellow
or whitish markings; under tail-coverts or
belly (or both) yellow.
i.1 Above plain olive-green, the back spotted
chestnut in adult male; inner web of
outer tail-feather with more than termi-
nal third white, this with anterior out-
line very oblique.
Adult male : Superciliary stripe, spot
beneath eyes, and entire lower parts
rich gamboge-yellow; streak across
lores, a broader one across cheeks,
from corner of mouth, and broad
streaks along sides, deep black.
Adult female : Essentially like male,
but much duller, the chestnut on
back obsolete or indistinct, yellow
paler, and black markings less dis-
tinct (sometimes replaced by dull
grayish ones). Young in first au-
tumn : Similar to adult female, but
tinged with ashy about head, where
the yellow markings sometimes in-
1 Sylvicola pityophila GUNDL., Ann. N. Y. Lye. Oct. 1855, 160. Dendroica pityophila BAIUD, Review, i.
1865, 208.
516 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
clirie to whitish. Young : Above
dull brownish gray, the wing-cov-
erts tipped with light buffy ; chin and
throat whitish ; rest of lower parts
yellowish white, the chest and sides
streaked with color of back, this
nearly uniform on chest. Length
4.25-5.00, wing 2.10-2.30, tail 1.90-
2.10. Nest in bushes or small trees
(often in young cedars) in open
situations. Eggs .63 X .47, white or
buify white, speckled, chiefly on o*
round larger end (often wreathed),
with burnt-umber or vandyke-brown
and lilac-gray. Hob. Eastern United
States, north to Michigan and south-
ern New England; in winter, southern
Florida, Bahamas, and most of West
Indies... 673. D. discolor (VIEILL.).
Prairie Warbler.
Above olive-brown, passing into olive-green
on rump and upper tail-coverts, the back
narrowly streaked with darker; top of
head chestnut in adults ; tips of wing-
coverts paler than general color, but not
forming obvious bands ; a continuous
superciliary stripe of yellow or dull
whitish ; inner web of outer tail-feather
with less than terminal third white, this
with anterior outline only moderately
oblique (often nearly transverse). (Win-
ter adults with chestnut of crown ob-
scured or even sometimes concealed by
brownish tips to feathers ; immature
birds with chestnut wanting, the crown
dull grayish brown or olive-brown,
streaked with dusky.)
j1. Smaller and much duller colored, with
bright or- continuous yellow of lower
parts confined to throat, chest, and
under tail-coverts in adult, to the
latter alone in immature birds ; mid-
dle portion of lower parts (belly,
etc.) mixed yellow and dull whitish,
the latter usually prevailing ; imma-
DENDROICA. 517
ture birds with superciliary stripe
and lower parts (except under tail-
coverts) dull whitish (sometimes
slightly tinged with yellow), the
chest and sides streaked with gray-
ish brown. Length 4.50-5.50, wing
2.35-2.65 (2.52), tail 2.05-2.45 (2.24),
tarsus .71-.80 (.76). Hab. Interior
of North America, north to Great
Slave Lake in summer (southern
breeding limit unknown) ; migrating
south through Mississippi Yalley to
Gulf States, Florida, Bahamas, and
Greater Antilles; . occasional (or
casual) during migrations, east of
Alleghanies 672. D. palmarum
(GMEL.). Palm Warbler.
f. Larger, and much more brightly colored,
with entire lower parts bright yellow
in all stages (except nestling plu-
mage); upper parts richer or less
grayish olive than in true palmarum.
Young: Above dull grayish brown
and olive, broadly streaked with
blackish ; wing - coverts narrowly
tipped with light brown; lower
parts dull whitish, broadly streaked
with dusky, the under tail-coverts
gamboge-yellow. Length 4.90-5.75,
wing 2.50-2.80 (2.69), tail 2.25-2.55
(2.43), tarsus .75-.80 (.79). Nest on
ground, in open situations. Eggs
.67 X -52, buffy white, speckled on
larger end with brown and lilac*
. gray. Hab. Atlantic coast of North
America, breeding from New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia to Hudson's
Bay; in winter, southward east of
Alleghanies to Florida, and thence
westward to Louisiana. (Not yet
found in Bahamas or other portions
of West Indies.1) 672a. D. pal-
marum hypochrysea EIDGW.
Yellow Palm Warbler.
518 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS SEIURUS SWAINSON. (Page 482, pi. CXVIL, fig. 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain dusky, brownish, or olive, the top of the
head, in one species, striped with blackish and orange-rufous ; lower parts white,
streaked with brown or dusky. Nest on ground or in hollow stumps or logs near
ground, well hidden, very bulky, loosely put together, the exterior composed of
dead leaves, etc., the lining of fine rootlets, grasses, etc. Eggs 3-6, pure white or
creamy white, spotted with reddish brown and lilac-gray.
a1. Top of head with two lateral stripes of blackish, enclosing a median one of orange-
rufous ; no white superciliary stripe, but with a distinct whitish orbital ring.
Adult: Above greenish olive, beneath pure white, the breast and sides
streaked with dusky or black. Young : Above fulvous brown, the
wing-coverts tipped with lighter fulvous, or buffy; lower parts pale
fulvous, or buffy, very narrowly streaked on breast, etc., with dusky ;
stripes on top of head very indistinct, or obsolete. Length about 5.40-
6.50, wing 2.75-3.00, tail 2.00-2.25. Nest in dry woods, embedded in
ground, well concealed, the top usually roofed over or covered, the en-
trance more or less to one side. Eggs .80 X .61. Hab. Eastern North
America, north to Hudson's Bay and Alaska, breeding from 38°, or
lower, northward ; west to eastern base of Rocky Mountains ; south, in
winter, to southern Florida, West Indies (including Bahamas), Mexico
(both sides), and Central America, nearly to Panama.
674. S. aurocapillus (LiNN.). Oven-bird.
a*. Top of head plain brown, or dusky, like back (sometimes with indication of a
paler median streak anteriorly) ; a distinct whitish or pale fulvous super-
ciliary stripe ; with a dusky or brownish stripe beneath it, through eye ;
no whitish orbital ring.
61. Superciliary stripe more or less fulvous ; streaks on lower parts darker than
upper surface ; throat always (?) distinctly speckled ; longer under tail-
coverts with nearly whole of concealed portion (both webs) brownish or
dusky ; lower parts never tinged with buffy laterally or posteriorly, but
often uniformly tinged with sulphur-yellow ; wing exceeding tail by a
little less than length of tarsus. Young : Similar to adult, but feathers
1 The very distinct winter range of the two races of Palm Warbler shows the necessity of recognizing such
geographical forms. The National Museum possesses specimens of true Z>. palmarum from Cuba, Haiti, and
Jamaica, and has received in one collection from the Bahamas more than fifty specimens, representing most of
the Wands in the group ; yet every one in this large series, and also among those from Key West, is absolutely
typical. D. hypockrynea has not yet been traced farther south than Hibernia, northern Florida, its winter
range being apparently restricted to the southern Atlantic and Gulf States. It would thus appear that the
respective migrations of the two forms intersect, though it may be that both occur together, to some extent,
during winter. The only examples of D. hypnchn/nca I have seen from any locality west of the Atlantic coast
(an adult and a young of the year from "Mississippi River, Louisiana," February 5 and 21, 1870, in Mr. Hen-
gbaw's collection) are in every respect typical of that form.
SEIURUS. 519
of upper parts tipped with light fulvous, producing a spotted appear-
ance, and streaks on lower parts much less distinct than in adult.
c1. Smaller, browner above, superciliary stripe usually more distinctly
fulvous, and lower parts usually distinctly yellowish ; length 5.00-
6.00, wing 2.80-3.10 (2.94), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.14), exposed culmen
.43-.50 (.47), tarsus .80-.88 (.83). Nest on or near ground in wet
woods or on border of swamps, open above. Eggs .75 X -57. Hab.
Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States
northward ; west to Mississippi Yalley (but chiefly east of Allegha-
nies ?), south, in winter, to Gulf States, West Indies, and northern
South America.. 675. S. noveboracensis (&MEL.). Water-Thrush.
c2. Larger, darker and sootier above, superciliary stripe less distinctly
fulvous, and lower parts much less often distinctly yellowish ;
length 5.50-6.50, wing 2.90-3.25 (3.14), tail 2.10-2.50 (2.35), ex-
posed culmen .44-.S5 (.51), tarsus .82-.90 (.87). Hab. Western
North' America (chiefly in the interior), north to Alaska, east to
Mississippi Valley (as far as western Indiana, Illinois, etc.) ; south,
in winter, to Lower California, Mexico, and Central America.
675a. S. noveboracensis notabilis (GRINN.).
GrinneU's Water-Thrush.
Superciliary stripe white ; streaks on lower parts not darker than upper
surface ; throat usually immaculate ; longer under tail-coverts entirely
white or pale buff, or else with only the basal portion of one web brown-
ish ; lower parts always more or less tinged with bun0 laterally and pos-
teriorly, but never with sulphur-yellow ; wing exceeding tail by more
than length of tarsus.
Above grayish brown, rather lighter and more olivaceous (or less
brownish) than in S. ncevius ; superciliary stripe and lower parts
white, the latter changing to buffy posteriorly and laterally ; breast,
sides, and flanks broadly streaked with the color of the back. Young :
Similar to adult, but upper parts browner, wing-coverts tipped with
dull rusty, and streaks on lower parts much less distinct (nearly
obsolete) on sides and flanks. Length 5.75-6.40, wing 3.00-3.25
(3.15). tail 2.10-2.30 (2.15), exposed culmen .50-.56 (.53), tarsus .87-
.91 (.89). Nest a bulky structure of dried leaves, fine rootlets,
grasses, etc., carefully hidden in crevices among roots of upturned
trees, old logs, stumps, or mossy banks — always in. moist or swampy
woods. Eggs .73 X -59. Hab. Eastern United States, north to the
Great Lakes and southern New England, west to Great Plains ; in
winter, from Gulf States to West Indies, eastern Mexico, and Central
America .... 676. S. motacilla (YIEILL.). Louisiana Water-Thrush.
520 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
GENUS GEOTHLYPIS CABANIS. (Page 482, pi. CXVIL, figs. 4-7.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain olive or olive-green, the head usually more
or less different in color ; beneath yellow, the anterior portions sometimes grayish
or blackish, and belly sometimes whitish ; adult males of some species with black
patch on sides of head. Nest on or near ground, among bushes or weeds. Eggs
white, speckled, more or less, with brownish.
a1. Bill slender, little if any deeper than broad, its greatest depth much less than
half its length from nostril, the culmen only slightly or moderately curved.
bl. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, with more than the basal half concealed
by the coverts ; first quill longer than fifth (sometimes longest) ; out-
stretched feet reaching nearly (sometimes quite) to end of tail. (Sub-
genus Oporornis BAIRD.)
c1. Entire lower parts pure gamboge-yellow; forehead and sides of head
black, with a bright yellow superciliary stripe, involving hinder as
well as upper border of eye ; feathers of crown tipped with slate-
gray. (Sexes alike in color.)
Adult : Above plain bright olive-green (except as described
above), beneath continuous pure gamboge-yellow; in winter,
similar, but gray tips to feathers on top of head more tinged
with brown, and black on side of head somewhat obscured by
grayish brown tips to the feathers. Young : Above olive-brown
(including top and sides of head), the back and scapulars more
decidedly brown ; wing-coverts tipped with light tawny brown ;
wings otherwise, and tail, as in adult ; beneath plain light dull
olive, paler and more yellowish posteriorly ; no black nor yel-
low on sides of head. Length 5.00-5.85, wing 2.55-2.80, tail
1.90-2.20, tarsus .80-.90. Nest a very bulky structure of dried
leaves, etc., lined with fine (usually black ?) rootlets, on ground,
in woods. Eggs .72 X -56, white, or creamy white, speckled or
spotted with brown, reddish brown, and lilac-gray. Hob. East-
ern United States (chiefly west of Alleghanies), north to Great
Lakes and southern New England ; in winter, south to Cuba,
and through eastern Mexico and Central America to Panama.
677. G. Formosa (WiLs.). Kentucky Warbler.
c*. Only the breast, belly, and under tail-coverts pure yellow, the chin,
throat, and chest grayish (sometimes mixed with black) in adult
males, light grayish, dull light smoky buff, or dingy yellowish in
adult females and immature birds ; no yellow on sides of head, nor
black on top or sides of head, except sometimes on lores. (Sexes
decidedly different in color.)
GEOTHLYPIS. 521
d1. Wing 2.65, or more, and exceeding length of tail by at least two-
thirds the length of the tarsus.
Adult male : Head, neck, and chest ash-gray, darkest on chest
and top of head; a continuous white orbital ring; rest of
lower parts pale yellow. Adult female : Top of head gray-
ish olive, sides of head more grayish ; chin and throat
brownish white or dull light buffy, deepening into grayish
brown or brownish gray on chest ; orbital ring brownish
white ; otherwise like male. Young in first autumn : Simi-
lar to adult female, but more tinged with brownish.
Length 5.20-6.00, wing 2.65-3.00, tail 1.90-2.20, tarsus .75-
.90. Nest on ground, in swampy woods, very compact.
Eggs .76 X -54, colored much like those of Cr. formosa and
Gr. Philadelphia. Hob. Eastern North America, breeding
chiefly (entirely?) north of United States; winter resi-
dence unknown.
678. G. agilis (WiLs.). Connecticut Warbler.
d1. Wing not more than 2.55, and exceeding length of tail by less than
half the length of the tarsus.
e1. No white on eyelids (except sometimes a slight indication in
females or immature birds). Adult male : Head, neck, and
chest deep ash-gray, the throat and chest more or less
mixed with black, this often forming a distinct patch pos-
teriorly ; lores dusky or dusky grayish ; rest of lower parts
pure gambogeTyellow. Adult female : Similar to male, but
chin and throat dull whitish or brownish white (some-
times tinged with yellow), the chest dull ash-gray or
grayish brown (sometimes inclining to dull yellowish) ;
rest of head and neck dull gray, brownish gray, or olive.
Young in first autumn : Similar to adult female, but more
tinged with brownish, the throat and chest more suffused
with yellowish. Length 4.90-5.75, wing (male) 2.30-2.55
(2.42), tail 2.00-2.25 (2.13), tarsus .79-.S4 (.81); female
somewhat smaller (wing 2.15-2.50, tail 1.80-2.05). Nest
on or near ground, in woods. Eggs .71 X -54, colored like
those of G. formosa and Cr. agilis. Hab. Eastern North
America, breeding from higher Alleghanies, New York,
New England, Michigan, etc., northward ; in winter, south
to Costa Eica and Colombia (but not Mexico or West
Indies) ; accidental in Greenland.
679. G. Philadelphia (WiLs.). Mourning Warbler.
e*. A distinct white spot on each eyelid, in both sexes. Adult
male : Similar to same sex of G. Philadelphia, but lores deep
black, in conspicuous contrast with the gray, feathers of
throat and chest margined with paler gray, and chest
66
522 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
without black patch. Adult female and immature birds
similar to corresponding stages of G. Philadelphia, but eye-
lids with a distinct whitish mark. Length 5.00-5.75,
wing (male) 2.30-2.50 (2.38), tail 2.10-2.55 (2.28), tarsus
.80-.87 (.85); female somewhat smaller (wing 2.25-2.30,
tail 2.10-2.30). Nest near ground, in clumps of weeds,
often in open places, in mountains. Eggs .71 X -53, white,
or buffy white, speckled on larger end with dark brown
and lilac-gray, often mixed with a few fine black "pen-
lines," and sometimes touched with rusty stains. (Much
like eggs of G. trichas.} Hab. "Western North America
(chiefly in mountains) north to British Columbia ; in win-
ter, south through whole of Mexico and Central America to
Panama.
680. G. macgillivrayi (AuD.). Macgillivray's Warbler.
b1. Tail not decidedly shorter than wing (often longer), with less than basal
half concealed by the coverts ; first quill shorter than fifth (often shorter
than sixth) ; outstretched feet falling far short of tip of tail. (Subgenus
Geothlypis.)
cl. Bill only moderately slender and acute (sometimes decidedly stout) ;
black mask of adult male not extending over crown, and always
bordered posteriorly by ashy, whitish, or yellow; legs and feet
light brown or pale horn-color.
d*. Exposed culmen less than .52 ; bill slender, scarcely, if at all, deeper
than broad at base, the culmen nearly straight or only slightly
curved.
el. Tarsus not more than .85 ; exposed culmen less than .48 ; adult
male with black mask bordered behind by ashy or white.
(Adult females without any black, ashy, or white about head,
the whole top and sides of head being grayish brown or
olive, often tinged with reddish brown on crown ; yellow
of lower parts paler and usually more restricted than in
male, nearly the whole lower surface sometimes dull yel-
lowish white. Adult male in winter same as in summer, but
more or less washed with brown above, especially on top
of head, the black of mask somewhat obscured by slight
brownish or light-colored tips to feathers, and light gra}T-
ish or whitish border more or less concealed by brown tips.
Young male in first winter similar to adult, but mask much
less distinct, often merely indicated. Young : Plain olive
above, pale olive-yellowish beneath.)
/*. Lower parts not entirely yellow, the anal region, at least,
buffy whitish, and flanks either dull buffy whitish or
brownish, distinctly different from color of belly ; wing
less than 2.40.
GEOTHLYPIS. 523
gl. Smaller, and duller in color ; the whole belly and
sides bufly whitish, the bright yellow being con-
fined to chin, throat, chest, breast, and under tail-
coverts; black mask bordered posteriorly by a
band (usually narrow) of light ash-gray ; length
4.40-5.65, wing 1.90-2.20 (2.04), tail 1.85-2.20
(2.04), exposed culmen .3S-.42 (.40), tarsus .71-
.80 (.77). Nest on or near ground, supported be-
tween weed- or coarse sedge-stalks, deeply cup-
shaped, usually with a deep foundation of dried
leaves. Eggs .70 X -52, white, finely speckled on
larger end with dark brown and black, sometimes
with a few larger spots, or " pen-lines," or both.
Hab. Eastern United States (chiefly east of Alle-
ghanies ?), north to Canada and Nova Scotia ; in
winter, southern Atlantic (and Gulf?) States, Ba-
hamas, Greater Antilles, eastern Mexico, and Cen-
tral America, as far as Panama.... C81. G. trichas
(LINN.). Maryland Yellow-throat.
2. Larger, and brighter-colored, the lower parts entirely
bright yellow except anal region and flanks ; black
mask bordered posteriorly by a band (usually
broad) of white or grayish white ; yellow of
throat, etc., richer, and olive-green of posterior
upper parts more yellowish ; length 4.75-5.85,
wing 2.10-2.40 (2.24), tail 2.15-2.40 (2.24), ex-
posed culmen .40-45 (.42), tarsus .75-.S3 (.80).
Nest and eggs as in G. trichas, the latter averaging
about .67 X -53. Hab. Western United States,
east to Mississippi Yalley (and Georgia ?) ; in
winter, more southern United States (chiefly west
of the Mississippi) and south through western and
central Mexico.... 681a. G. trichas occidentalis
BREWST. Western Yellow-throat.1
1 While there is no difficulty in distinguishing at a glance specimens from the region west of the Great
Plains from those obtained along the Atlantic coast, it is a very difficult matter to refer satisfactorily specimens
from the intermediate region. This arises from the fact that the latter are, as a rule, intermediate in character,
occasional examples being more like one extreme than the other, as the case may be. The majority of speci-
mens from the Mississippi Valley are more like occidentalis in the greater extent and richness of the yellow of
the lower parts, but more like trichas in the decided ashy tint bordering the black mask ; some, however, are not
distinguishable in the latter respect from typical occidentalis from Arizona and other far western localities. It
is very difficult in many cases to determine satisfactorily winter specimens, which necessarily include a large
proportion of young birds, and on this account the winter range of the two forms as given above will probably
require some modification. The measurements given above are in the case of trichas taken from 19 adults
from the Atlantic coast of the United States, and for occidentalis from 18 specimens all representing localities
west of the Great Plains. Measurements of 20 adults from the Mississippi Valley give the following results :
524 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
/'. Lower parts entirely bright yellow, the flanks not very
different in color from belly; wing not less than
2.40 (?).
Adult male otherwise similar to that of G. trichas
occidentalis, but olive-green of upper parts de-
cidedly richer, and white bordering the black
mask broader and becoming yellow on sides of
neck ; wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.40-2.55, exposed cul-
men .46, tarsus .82-.90. Hab. Eastern and south-
ern Mexico (Xalapa, etc.).
G. melanops BAIRD. Xalapa Yellow-throat.1
e1. Tarsus .90, or more ; exposed culmen .48, or more ; adult male
with black mask bordered posteriorly with bright prim-
rose-yellow.
Adult male : Otherwise similar in color to G. melanops,
but still richer olive-green above and more intense
yellow beneath. Adult female : Above rich olive-
green, slightly tinged with reddish brown on crown ;
beneath rich gamboge-yellow (somewhat tinged with
saffron anteriorly), the belly more whitish and flanks
inclining to grayish brown ; length (skins) about 5.50-
6.00, wing 2.30-2.55 (2.43), tail 2.40-2.75 (2.59), ex-
posed culmen .48-51 (.49), tarsus .90-.95 (.91). Hab.
Southern portion of Lower California.
682. G. beldingi EIDQW. Belding's Yellow-throat.
d1. Exposed culmen .60, or more; bill stout, compressed, with the
culmen decidedly curved.
e1. Black mask of adult males bordered behind by light ash-gray
(sometimes tinged with yellowish from eye downwards) ;
upper parts dull olive-green ; lower parts rather light gam-
boge-yellow, sometimes inclining to bufly whitish on anal
region and flanks. Adult females with forehead dull brown-
ish or grayish like crown, and posterior lower parts (except
under tail-coverts) dull whitish.
/l. Bill more slender and tarsus longer. Adult male with
hinder border to black mask light ash throughout, the
occiput darker ashy ; wing 2.30-2.50 (2.41), tail 2.30-
2.50 (2.41), exposed culmen .60-.65 (.62), tarsus .90-
.92 (.90). Hab. Island of New Providence, Bahamas.
G. rostrata BRYANT. Nassau Yellow-throat.1
Wing 1.95-2.35 (2.15), tail 1.85-2.35 (2.07), exposed culmen .38-.50 (.42), tarsus .73-.80 (.78). These measure-
ments show that, while there is a very great amount of individual variation, the average is intermediate
between that of the extreme eastern and western series, respectively.
1 Geolhlypi* melanopt BAIRD, Review, i. April, 1865, 222.
* Oeothlypit rottrata BRYANT, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H. xi. 1867, 67.
GEOTHLYPIS. 525
/2. Bill stouter and tarsus shorter. Adult male with hinder
border to black mask usually more or less tinged with
pale yellow laterally, and occiput dull olive-green like
back; wing 2.30-2.55 (2.42), tail 2.25-2.55 (2.42), ex-
posed culmen .60-.63 (.62), tarsus .81-.85 (.84). Hab.
Island of Abaco, Bahamas.
G. tanneri EIDGW. Abaco Yellow-throat.1
e7. Black mask of adult male bordered behind by yellow (much
as in 6r. beldingi) ; upper parts very vivid olive-green ; lower
parts very rich gamboge-yellow, including anal region and
flanks, the latter, however, tinged with olive-green. Adult
female with forehead and superciliary region olive-yellow-
ish, or yellowish olive-green, and lower parts wholly bright
yellow. Wing 2.40-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.45, exposed culmen
.61-.62, tarsus .81-.88 (.85). Hab. Eleuthera Island, Ba-
hamas. G. coryi KIDGW. Cory's Yellow-throat.2
c2. Bill extremely slender and acute ; black mask of adult male extending
over crown, and without any lighter posterior border ; legs and feet
dark brown or blackish.
Adult male : Above deep olive, or olive-brown, with whole top and
sides of head, including malar region, black ; lower parts oil-
yellow or saffron, inclining to gamboge on throat, and much
tinged with brown on sides and flanks. Immature male (or
adult male in winter ? ) similar, but with top of head dull olive,
the lores, ear-coverts, and malar region dull black. Adult fe-
male : Similar to male, but without any black on head. Length
(skin) about 4.80-5.00, wing 2.25-2.35, tail 2.20-2.25, tarsus .80-
.85. Hab. Southeastern Mexico (Orizaba, etc.).
G. speciosa SCL. Orizaba Yellow-throat.3
Bill very stout, decidedly deeper than broad, its greatest depth much more than
half its length from nostril, the culmen strongly curved. (Subgenus Chamce-
thlypis EIDGW.*)
Adult males plain olive-green above, becoming gray on top of head (some-
times on nape also) ; lores (sometimes also space surrounding eye)
black ; lower parts gamboge-yellow, sometimes becoming buffy whitish
on lower belly and flanks. Adult females similar to males, but lacking
gray and black of head, and yellow of lower parts paler.
ft1. Eyelids white.
c1. Bill smaller ; belly and anal region buffy whitish, the sides and flanks
pale grayish buff; adult male with top of head bluish gray; wing
2.10-2.25, tail 2.40-2.50 (feathers much worn at tips), exposed cul-
1 Geothlypis tanneri RID'GW., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 335.
2 Geothlypis coryi RIDGW., Auk, iii. July, 1886, 334.
8 Geothlypis speciosa Set., P. Z. S. 1853, 447.
* New subgenus. Type, Geothlypis poliocephala B AIRD.
526 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
men .40, depth of bill at base .15-18, tarsus .85. Hab. Western
Mexico (Mazatlan, etc.).
G. poliocephala BAIRD. Mazatlan Yellow-throat.1
c*. Bill larger and stouter ; belly and anal region yellow, the sides and
flanks light olive-grayish ; adult male with top of head dull brown-
ish gray ; wing 2.25-2.35, tail 2.50 (or more, the feathers in both
specimens being very much worn at tips), exposed culmen .45-.4S,
depth of bill at base .20-.22, tarsus .88. Hab. Eastern Mexico
(Mirador, etc.) and Yucatan (Merida).
G. palpebralis RIDGTV. Mirador Yellow-throat.1
b\ Eyelids entirely black in adult male (brownish or olive in female and
young).
Otherwise like G. palpebralis, but gray of head much deeper and purer,
and extending over nape, and black of head more extensive (cross-
ing anterior portion of forehead and entirely surrounding eye);
bill rather less stout ; wing 2.30-2.35, tail 2.50-2.60 (or more, the
feathers being much worn at ends), exposed culmen .45-.4T, depth
of bill at base .20, tarsus .90-.92. Hab. Guatemala and British Hon-
duras to Costa Eica.
G. caninucha RIDQW. Gray-naped Yellow-throat.5
GENUS ICTERIA YIEILLOT. (Page 482, pi. CXY., fig. 6.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males : Above plain olive-green or olive-grayish ;
throat, chest, and breast rich gamboge-yellow ; belly, anal region, and under tail-
coverts white ; eyelids, supraloral streak, and malar stripe white ; lores deep black.
Adult female: Similar to the male, but colors duller, with black and white markings
less strongly contrasted. Young : Above plain dull olive or olive-grayish, the head
with the white and black or dusky markings of the adult but indistinctly indi-
cated ; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast grayish white (more tinged
with grayish on chest), the yellow soon appearing in patches. Nest in briery
thickets, composed exteriorly of dry leaves, thin strips of grape-vine bark, coarse
grasses, etc., lined with finer grasses. Eggs 3-5, pure white, or pinkish white,
spotted, speckled, or sprinkled with reddish brown, or rich madder-brown, and
lilac-gray.
a1. Above olive-green ; white malar stripe shorter ; wings and tail shorter ; length
1 Oeothlypit poliocephala BAIRD, Review, i. April, 1865, 225.
« New species. Type, No. 44743, U. S. Nat. Mus., Troglodytet ru/ociliatu* SHABPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. 1881, 262. (Described as a subspecies of T. brun-
neieollii.)
CISTOTHORUS. 555
brighter (a burnt-umber tint) on rump and upper tail-coverts, the wings
and tail (often rump and back also) narrowly barred with dusky; outer
webs of quills spotted with dusky and pale brownish or brownish white;
superciliary stripe and lower parts pale Isabella brownish, varying to
dull light tawny, the belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts distinctly
barred with blackish and whitish.
c1. Paler, with rather shorter bill ; chin, throat, chest, and breast pale dull
isabella-color, sometimes inclining to dull brownish white anteri-
orly ; upper parts more rusty brown ; length 3.50-4.12, wing 1.75-
2.00 (1.86), tail 1.15-1.40 (1.25), exposed culmen .3S-.45 (.41), bill
from nostril .30-.32 (.30), tarsus .6S-.75 (.68). Eggs .69 X -50.
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern border of
United States northward, and wintering from about its southern
breeding limit southward.
722. T. hiemalis VIEILL. Winter Wren.
c*. Darker, with rather longer bill ; chin, throat, etc., deep isabella-color or
dull tawny; upper parts darker, and less rusty, brown (almost a
clear bistre shade anteriorly); length 3.60-4.25, wing 1.80-1.90
(1.84), tail 1.20-1.35 (1.24), exposed culmen .40-.45 (.42), bill from
nostril .29-.S5 (.31), tarsus .65-.70 (.69). Eggs .60 X -48. Hab.
Pacific coast, breeding from southern coast ranges of California to
Sitka ; south, in winter, to western Mexico, east to eastern Oregon,
Nevada, etc.
722a. T. hiemalis pacificus BAIRD. Western Winter Wren.
b*. Exposed culmen .55, or more ; in plumage very similar to T. hiemalis pacifi-
cus, but rather paler, especially on upper parts ; length about 4.25-4.50,
wing 2.05-2.15 (2.07), tail 1.30-1.50 (1.40), exposed culmen .S5-.62 (.59),
bill from nostril .40-.48 (.45), tarsus .70-.80 (.75). Hab. Aleutian and
Prybilof Islands, Alaska.... 723. T. alascensis BAIRD. Alaskan Wren.
GENUS CISTOTHORUS CABANIS. (Page 540, pi. CXXL, figs. 6, 9.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above brown, the back streaked with black and white,
the wings and tail more or less barred with blackish ; lower parts whitish or
buffy. Nest globular, with entrance in one side, attached to upright reeds, etc.,
in marshes.
a1. Bill much shorter than head, the culmen much shorter than middle toe, with-
out claw ; hind claw not longer than its toe ; lower parts buffy, or ochra-
ceous, more whitish on throat and belly; eggs pure white, unspotted.
(Subgenus Cistot horns.")
b1. Upper tail-coverts dull brown, distinctly barred with dusky ; rump similar,
but more irregularly barred ; hind-neck plain brownish, or (rarely) with
very indistinct streaks ; flanks and under tail-coverts dull buffy ochra-
556 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
ceous, the latter (often the former also) immaculate ; chest more or less
tinged with ochraceous; length 3.75-4.50, wing 1.72-1.90 (1.78), tail
1.58-1.70 (1.61), culmen .40, bill from nostril .24-.2S (.25), tarsus .60-.62
(.61). Eggs .63 X -48. Hob. Eastern United States and more southern
British Provinces, west to Great Plains (to Utah Lake, Utah ?) ; win-
tering in Gulf States.
724. C. stellaris (LIGHT.). Short-billed Marsh Wren.
b\ Upper tail-coverts and rump rusty brown, sometimes barred with dusky,
but usually quite plain ; hind-neck usually distinctly streaked with
dusky; chest scarcely, if at all, tinged with buff; otherwise like C. stel-
laris; wing 1.64-1.75 (1.72), tail 1.50-1.80 (1.63), culmen .41-.47 (.43),
tarsus .65-.70 (.68). Hab, Eastern tropical America, from eastern
Mexico (Vera Cruz) to Brazil, Bolivia, etc.
C. polyglottus (VIEILL.). Southern Marsh Wren.1
a1. Bill as long as head, the culmen equal to or longer than middle toe, without
claw ; hind claw longer than the toe ; lower parts pure white medially ; eggs
pale chocolate-brown or deeper chocolate, sometimes nearly uniform, but usu-
ally finely sprinkled with a deeper shade of the ground-color (the latter
sometimes light isabella-color). (Subgenus Telmatodytes CABANIS.)
I1. Culmen usually decidedly longer than middle toe, without claw ; bars on
middle tail-feathers usually indistinct or incomplete ; tail-coverts (above
and below) usually without distinct bars, sometimes with none at all ;
length 4.25-5.50, wing 1.80-2.12 (1.95), tail 1.60-1.90 (1.80), culmen .50-
.61 (.54), bill from nostril .34-.41 (.38), tarsus .70-.80 (.76). Eggs .66 X
.46. Hab. Eastern United States and British Provinces, wintering in
Gulf States 725. C. palustris (WiLs.). Long-billed Marsh Wren.
£>*. Culmen not decidedly, if any, longer than middle toe, without claw (some-
times a little shorter) ; bars on middle tail-feathers usually very distinct
and continuous ; tail-coverts (upper and lower) usually distinctly barred
with blackish ; brown of upper parts appreciably less rusty ; length
about 4.50-5.75, wing 1.95-2.22 (2.06), tail 1.80-2.05 (1.92), culmen .48-
.55 (.51), bill from nostril .31-.37 (.34), tarsus .68-.7S (.72). Eggs .62 X
.49. Hab. Western United States, east to Eocky Mountains (to Great
Plains ?) ; south, in winter, over table-lands of Mexico, to Guatemala.
— . C, palustris paludicola BAIRD. Tule Wren.8
1 Thryothorus polyglottus VIEILL., Nouv. Diet. xxiv. 1819, 59. Cistothorus polyglottua PELZ., Orn. Bras.
1871, 48.
2 CietotJiorut pnlustrit var. palud icoln BAIRD, Review Am. B. i. Sept. 1864, 148.
NOTE. — The vernacular name is derived from the Spanish word tide, meaning a kind of rush (Scirput vali-
dut) which in the valleys of California and other portions of the western country forms extensive marshes.
These marshes are called titles, pronounced as if spelled too'layi.
This race was not recognized by the A. 0. U. Committee, but it rests on quite as good a basis as Trog-
lodytes aedon parkmanii and several other accepted forms.
CERTHIA. 557
FAMILY CERTHIID^.— THE CREEPERS. (Page 322.)
Genera.
(Characters same as those given for the Family) Certhia. (Page 557.)
GENUS CERTHIA LINNAEUS. (Page 557, pi. CXXIL, fig. 6.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS.— Above brownish, streaked with paler, the rump plain
rusty or fulvous ; tail-feathers light grayish brown, with a darker mesial stripe ; a
broad bar or band of pale rusty, buffy, or whitish across both webs of quills and
secondaries, the wing with various other light markings; a white superciliary
stripe ; lower parts plain whitish, the under tail-coverts usually more or less buffy ;
length about 4.80-5.50. Nest behind loosened bark or similar cavities about dead
tree-trunks or stumps, composed of felted materials, soft feathers, etc. Eggs 5-9,
about .60 X -48, white or creamy white, speckled or spotted, chiefly on or round
larger end, with reddish brown.
a1. Lower parts white, without grayish tinge (unless adventitiously .stained or
soiled) ; primary coverts distinctly tipped with whitish (except very rarely
in Pacific coast specimens) ; rump tawny, and colors paler throughout ;
length 5.00-5.75, wing 2.40-2.70, tail 2.30-2.90, culmen .60-.82, tarsus .5S-.65,
hind-claw .2S-.35. Hab. Whole of North America, in wooded districts, down
to southern border of United States, but breeding only from northern border
of United States northward, except in higher mountains.
726. C. familiaris americana (BONAP.). Brown Creeper.1
1 With nearly one hundred and fifty specimens now before me, I have no difficulty in recognizing very de-
cided constant differences in colors and proportions according to region, my separation of the North American
bird into three geographical races, besides that peculiar to Mexico and Guatemala (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v.
1882, pp. 111-116), being thus fully justified by the evidence of abundant additional material. One of these
races (C. familiaris occidentalis) differs quite as much from the typical (eastern) bird as does the Mexican
form, to which it cannot be referred ; while the other, although less distinct in plumage, is sufficiently different
in its proportions for recognition as a geographical race. The characters of the three races may be expressed
as follows :
a1. Lighter and more grayish in general cast of plumage, the lateral lower parts scarcely, if at all, tinged with
brown, the streaks on upper parts clearer whitish or pale grayish, the rump more tawny, superciliary
stripe more decidedly whitish, and wing-markings whitish or pale buffy.
61. Browner above, with tawny of rump less distinctly contrasted with color of back ; bill shorter and
stouter, and wing and tail shorter; wing 2.40-2.70 (2.53), tail 2.50-2.90 (2.63), culmen .60-.70
(.66). bill from nostril .3S-.47 (.39), tarsus .55-.60 (.59), hind-toe .27-.32 (.29), hind-claw .2S-.35
(.31). Eggs .60 X -48. Sab. Eastern North America, breeding from northern border of United
States northward C. familiaris americana (BONAP.). Brown Creeper.
62. Grayer above, with tawny of rump more distinctly contrasted with color of back ; bill longer and
slenderer, and wings and tail longer ; wing 2.50-2.65 (2.56), tail 2.65-2.75 (2.71), culmen .70-.82
558 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
a*. Lower parts pale brownish gray, becoming white only on chin and throat ; pri-
mary coverts usually (always?) without whitish tips; rump deep rusty,
almost chestnut, and colors throughout very dark, the prevailing color of
upper parts dark sepia-brown ; length about 4.80-5.60, wing 2.55-2.60 (2.58),
tail 2.65, culmen .70-.73 (.71), bill from nostril .42-.4S (.44), tarsus .58-.60
(:59), hind-toe .30-.35 (.32), hind-claw .30-.35 (.32). Hob. Highlands of Gua-
temala and Mexico, north into southern Arizona.
726a. C. familiaris mexicana (GLOG.). Mexican Creeper.
FAMILY PARID-^E. — THE NUTHATCHES AND TITS. (Page 322.)
Genera.
a1. Bill slender, long as the head ; hind-toe longer than middle toe ; tail much
shorter than wing, varied with white and black. (Subfamily Sittince.')
Sitta. (Page 559.)
a*. Bill stouter, much shorter than the head ; hind-toe shorter than middle toe ;
tail equal to or longer than wing, plain-colored.
bl. Nostrils concealed by feathers ; tarsus with anterior covering scutellate on
outer side ; tail graduated for much less than half its length. (Sub-
family Parince.1}
cl. Bill with either the culmen or the gonys (sometimes both) decidedly
convex ; nostrils wholly concealed ; plumage very lax.
d1. Tail not conspicuously longer than wing, rounded.
Parus. (Page 560.)
d2. Tail conspicuously longer than wing, graduated.
Psaltriparus. (Page 564.)
c3. Bill with both culmen and gonys nearly straight, the tip acute ; nos-
trils partially exposed; plumage compact.. Auriparus. (Page 565.)
6*. Nostrils entirely exposed ; tarsus with anterior covering fused or booted
on outer side; tail graduated for about half its length. (Subfamily
Chamceince.') Chamaea. (Page 566.)
(.75), bill from nostril .40-.52 (.46), tarsus .58-.60 (.59), hind-toe .28-.30 (.29), hind-claw .30-.35
(.33). Eggs .59 X .46. Hab. Rocky Mountain district, north to Alaska, west to Nevada, etc.
C. familiaris montaiia RIDGW. Eocky Mountain Creeper.
(Certhia montana RIDGW., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. July 8, 1882, 114.)
a2. Darker and more rusty in general cast of plumage, the lateral lower parts more or less (often strongly)
tinged with brownish, streaks on upper parts more brownish (often decidedly tawny), the rump more
rusty, superciliary stripe more brownish (often bright tawny), and wing-markings decidedly buffy.
Wing 2.40-2.50 (2.47), tail 2.30-2.70 (2.45), culmen .68-.80 (.72), bill from nostril .42-.50 (.44), tarsus
.55-.65 (.59), hind-toe .28-.S2 (.30), hind-claw .30-.35 (.32). Eggs .61 X .48. H«b. Pacific coast
of North America, from southern California (in mountains) to Sitka.
C. familiaris occidentalis RIDGW. California!! Creeper.
(Certhia occidentalis RIDGW., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. July 8, 1882, 115.)
1 I have been obliged to assign different limits to the subfamilies Parinx and ChamieinK from those given
in the A. 0. U. Check List, on account of the impossibility of giving characters which would cover the ex-
tremely different genera there inadvertently placed under CftamtriiiK. The latter properly includes only Cham«a ;
and it is extremely doubtful whether this genus has any real affinity with the Parids, its relationship being
probably much nearer to the Troglodytidic.
SITTA. 559
GENUS SITTA LINN^JUS. (Page 558, pi. CXXIL, fig. 7.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain bluish gray, the top of the head different
(black, dusky grayish, olive-gray, or brownish) ; tail-feathers (except middle pair)
tipped with white, the subterminal portion black ; lower parts chiefly plain
whitish, rusty, or dull buffy. Nest in holes of trees or stumps, composed of soft
felted materials, feathers, etc. Eggs 5-8, white or creamy white, speckled with
reddish brown.
a1. Top of head glossy black in males, dark grayish in females.
b1. Wing more than 3.30 ; sides of head entirely white, to above the eye ; lower
parts white, the lower tail-coverts spotted with chestnut-rufous ; tertials
marked with black.
c1. Tertials light bluish gray, with large and sharply defined oblong
blotches of black, that on outer web of third feather with a rounded
terminal outline ; white on side of neck tinged with grayish ; length
.5.25-6.15, wing 3.50-3.75 (3.60), tail 1.95-2.20 (2.05), culmen (from
extreme base) .80-.90 (.84), bill from nostril .50-.60 (.53), greatest
depth of bill .12-.15 (.14), tarsus .72-.7S. Eggs .72 X -55. Hab.
Eastern United States and British Provinces.
727. S. carolinensis LATH. White-breasted Nuthatch.
c2. Tertials dark or dull bluish gray, the black markings narrower and
less sharply defined, that on outer web of third feather pointed
posteriorly ; back darker plumbeous ; white on side of neck very
pure, more sharply contrasted with black of nape j bill usually
longer and more slender, the culmen straighter; length 5.00-6.10,
wing 3.35-3.75 (3.54), tail 1.90-2.20 (2.05), culmen .80-.95 (.90), bill
from nostril .50-.62 (.58), greatest depth of bill .12-.15 (.13), tarsus
.70-.75 (.71). Eggs .71 X. -54. Hab. Western United States, east to,
and including, Eocky Mountains, south into mountainous districts
of Mexico.
727a. S. carolinensis aculeata (CASS.). Slender-billed Nuthatch.
i2. Wing less than 3.00 ; side of head with a broad black stripe, separated from
the black (male) or dark grayish (female) of crown and nape by a broad
white superciliary stripe ; lower parts (except throat) light rusty or
ochraceous ; tertials plain gray ; length 4.12-4.75, wing 2.60-2.85, culmen
about .60. Eggs .59 X -46. Hab. Whole of North America, breeding
chiefly north of the United States, except in western mountainous dis-
tricts ; eastern United States chiefly in winter.
728. S. canadensis LINN. Red-breasted Nuthatch.
a2. Top of head (down to eyes and ear-coverts) brown or olive-grayish, bordered
below by a darker loral and postocular streak ; nape with more or less
of a whitish spot ; no superciliary stripe ; sexes alike.
560 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
bl. Top of head brown, the nape with a conspicuous white spot ; middle tail-
feathers without distinct basal spot of white. Young with top of head
grayish, the wing-coverts and tertials edged with light fulvous. Length
3.85-4.40, wing about 2.60, culmen .50-.60. Eggs .61 X .50. Hob. South
Atlantic and Gulf States, north, regularly, to lower Maryland and Vir-
ginia (lower Potomac, shores of Chesapeake Bay, etc.), casually to Ohio,
Michigan, Missouri, etc.
729. S. pusilla LATH. Brown-headed Nuthatch.
6*. Top of head grayish drab, or olive-gray ; white on nape concealed, or obso-
lete ; basal half, or more, of middle tail-feathers white. Young not
obviously different from adults, but wing-coverts usually more or less
distinctly edged with pale buffy. Length 3.80-4.55, wing about 2.60,
culmen .60-.65. Eggs .60 X .46. Hab. Western United States, north
to northern border, east to. and including, Eocky Mountains, south to
mountainous districts of Mexico.
730. S. pygmaea Ym. Pygmy Nuthatch.
GENUS PARUS LINNAEUS. (Page 558, pi. CXXII., figs. 1, 3.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain grayish or brownish (back sometimes dark
rusty or chestnut), the top of head and hind-neck usually different in color from rest
of upper surface (usually black) ; sides of head usually whitish ; chin and throat
often black or brown ; rest of lower parts usually whitish medially, the sides and
flanks buffy, rusty, grayish, or even chestnut. Nest in holes of trees or stumps,
composed of soft felted materials, feathers, etc. Eggs 5-8, pure white, usually
speckled with reddish brown.
a1. Head conspicuously crested. (Subgenus LophopJianes KAUP.)
bl. Throat white, or pale grayish ; wing 2.75, or more.
c1. Forehead or crest black (except sometimes in young) ; flanks tinged
with rusty.
d1. Forehead sooty black (indistinctly so in young) ; crest gray, like
back ; beneath, including lores, dull white, the sides and flanks
strongly washed with rusty. In winter, the upper parts, es-
pecially back, tinged with olive, and white of lower parts
tinged with brownish, especially across breast. Young simi-
lar to adult, but gray of upper parts more brownish, black of
forehead indistinct, or replaced by dull sooty brownish, and
rusty of sides less distinct.
e1. Darker, with forehead black or dark sooty in adult; length
5.65-6.50, wing 3.05-3.45 (3.24), tail 2.80-3.15 (2.96), ex-
posed culmen .37-.45 (.41), tarsus .80-.85 (.83). Eggs .71
X .55. Hab. Eastern United States (chiefly south of 40°,
but occasionally to 42°), west to edge of Great Plains,
PARUS. 561
south to Gulf coast (including Florida and eastern and
central Texas).. 731. P. bicolor (LiNN.). Tufted Titmouse.
e2. Paler, with forehead chestnut, light rusty brown, or smoky
brown. Hab. Southeastern Texas (Bee County).
— . P. bicolor texensis SENNETT. Texan Tufted Titmouse.1
d2. Forehead white or brownish (except along middle line) ; crest
black, or dark brown (dull blackish or dusky brownish, tinged
with gray, in young) ; length about 5.00-6.00.
el. Smaller, with forehead white or pale smoky brown, crest and
entire crown deep black in adult ; gray of upper parts more
tinged with olive ; wing 2.70-3.05, tail 2.50-2.90. Eggs .74
X -53. Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to southern Texas
(Eio Grande Yalley).
732. P. atricristatus CASS. Black-crested Titmouse.
e2. Larger, with crest duller black, usually more or less mixed
with gray and passing into uniform gray anteriorly, the
forehead usually strongly tinged with rusty brown (some-
times almost chestnut) ; wing 2.95-3.12, tail 2.95-3.00.
Hab. Eastern Texas (Bee County)... — . P. atricristatus
castaneifrons SENNETT. Chestnut-fronted Titmouse.2
b2. Top of head entirely gray or grayish brown ; flanks grayish or olive-gray-
ish, without rusty tinge.
dl. Lower parts whitish (the belly quite white), in marked contrast
with color of upper parts.
el. Above brownish; bill horn-grayish or plumbeous; length
about 5.00-5.60, wing 2.68-2.90 (2.77), tail 2.20-2.60 (2.40),
culmen .38-.40 (.40), tarsus .80-88 (.83). Eggs .68 X -52,
plain white. Hab. Pacific coast of United States from
southern California to Oregon.
733. P. inornatus GAME. Plain Titmouse.
e2. Above ash-gray ; bill black ; length about 5.25-5.75, wing 2.80,
tail 2.40-2.55, culmen .38-.4S, tarsus .75-.80. Hab. South-
ern portion of Lower California.
7336. P. inornatus cineraceus EIDGW. Ashy Titmouse.
d?. Lower parts light grayish, not strongly contrasted with brown-
ish gray of upper parts ; length about 5.75-6.10, wing 2.80-
1 Paru» bicolor texensis SENNETT, Auk, iv. Jan. 1887, 29. (See foot-note under P. atricristatus castanei-
frons.)
2 Parus atricristatus castaneifrons SENNETT, Auk, iv. Jan. 1887, 28.
Having examined four specimens of this form, including the types, I am not satisfied as to its validity as
a permanent form or subspecies. There is lacking that definite geographical area so essential to the existence
of a geographical race in a non-migratory species ; and, its peculiarities being much the same as those charac-
terizing the P. bicolor texensis of the same district, the probability of hybridism between P. bicolor and
P. atricristatus is very strongly suggested. In fact, no two specimens of either form are alike, in the series
now before me, with which it is almost possible to make a series connecting the two species.
71
562 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
3.00 (2.92), tail 2.40-2.70 (2.58), culmen .40-.48 (.45), tarsus
.80-.90 (.83). Hab. Eocky Mountain district of United States,
west to eastern Oregon, western Nevada, and Arizona.
733a. P. inornatus griseus EIDGW. Gray Titmouse.
b*. Throat black in adult, dull grayish in young.
Adult : Top of head, including crest, black, the crown gray ; a streak
behind eye, connecting posteriorly with a vertical bar or crescent
behind ear-coverts, collar round hind-neck, and patch covering chin
and throat, black; rest of head grayish white; upper parts plain
grayish, lower parts white medially, grayish laterally. Young
with chin blackish, but throat dull grayish, and other markings of
head less sharply defined. Length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.60-2.80, tail
2.40-2.65. Eggs 5-7, about .66 X .52, plain white. Hab. High-
lands of Mexico, north to western Texas, southern New Mexico,
and southern Arizona.
734. P. wollweberi (BoxAP.). Bridled Titmouse,
a*. Head without crest. (Subgenus Parus.)
ft1. Top of head and throat black.
c1. A white superciliary stripe ; bill very slender.
Above gray, the wings without distinct lighter edgings ; beneath
grayish white medially, brownish gray laterally ; length 5.00-
5.75, wing 2.70-3.00, tail 2.40-2.60. Eggs .63 X -48, usually (?)
plain white, sometimes slightly spotted with reddish brown.
Hob. Mountains of western United States.
738. P. gambeli EIDGW. Mountain Chickadee.
c2. No white superciliary streak.
cP. Sides and flanks brownish gray, not very different in color from
back.
Sides of head and median lower parts white ; wings without
distinct whitish edgings ; length 4.70-5.20, wing 2.60-2.80
(2.64), tail 2.25-2.40 (2.32), tarsus .6S-.72 (.70). Hab. High-
lands of Mexico, north to southern Arizona.
737. P. meridionalis SCL. Mexican Chickadee,
d*. Sides and flanks whitish bufly, or light brownish, always very
different in color from back.
e1. Wing .20, or more, longer than tail ; tertials and greater wing-
coverts without distinct whitish edgings ; black of throat
with an abruptly defined posterior border.
Above uniform grayish ; beneath white medially, light
bufly brownish laterally (paler in summer) ; length
4.25-4.60, wing 2.40-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.10-2.50 (2.19),
tarsus .55-.6S (.61). Eggs .57 X -45. Hab. Eastern
United States, chiefly south of 40°, west to Missouri,
Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.
736. P. carolinensis Am. Carolina Chickadee.
PARUS. 563
e2. Wing less than .20 longer than tail — usually shorter than tail;
tertials and greater wing-coverts with distinct whitish
edgings ; black of throat more or less broken posteriorly
by whitish tips to the feathers.
f1. Wing and tail about equal in length (the latter sometimes
a little shorter) ; colors darker, without white termi-
nal margins to tail-feathers.
gl. Larger, and lighter colored ; back olive-grayish, some-
times tinged with pale buffy; sides light buffy
(nearly white in summer) ; length 4.70-5.75, wing
2.55-2.75 (2.63), tail 2.50-2.70 (2.63), tarsus .65-
.70 (.69). Eggs .60 X -47. Hab. Eastern North
America, chiefly north of 40°, west to edge of
Great Plains.
735. P. atricapillus LINN. Chickadee.
g*. Smaller and darker colored ; back dark grayish ; sides
and flanks deep fulvous, or light buffy brownish,
in marked contrast with white of breast and
belly ; length 4.50-5.25, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.45), tail
2.30-2.55 (2.44), tarsus .6S-.72 (.70). Hab. North-
western coast district of United States (northern
California, Oregon, and Washington Territory;
also British Columbia and southern Alaska ?).
7356. P. atricapillus occidentalis (BAIRD).
Oregon Chickadee.
f3. Tail decidedly longer than wing; colors paler, the tail-
feathers usually with distinct white terminal margins,
the tertials and greater wing-coverts very broadly
edged with white.
Above pure ash-gray; sides and flanks pale buffy,
sometimes nearly pure white ; length about 4.75-
6.00, wing 2.55-2.80 (2.72), tail 2^55-3.00 (2.83),
tarsus .6S-.75 (.70). Eggs .61 X -47. Hab. Eocky
Mountain district, from New Mexico to Alaska
(Yukon Valley, Kadiak, etc.), west to edge of
Great Basin, east nearly across Great Plains.
735#. P. atricapillus septentrionalis
(HARRIS). Long-tailed Chickadee.
b*. Top of head brownish ; chin and throat brownish or dusky.
c1. Back hair-brown or grayish brown.
d1. Whole side of neck, ear-coverts, etc., pure white ; tertials distinctly
edged with whitish ; sides and flanks light buffy.
Top of head light hair-brown or soft light grayish brown ;
chin and throat deep brownish slate ; length about 5.20-
5.60, wing 2.60-2.80 (2.72), tail 2.70-2.80 (2.76), tarsus .62-
564 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
.68 (.65). Eggs .65 X -50. Hab. Eastern Siberia and north-
ern Alaska (St. Michael's to Fort Anderson).
739. P. cinctus obtectus (CAB.). Siberian Chickadee.
cP. Sides of neck ash-gray ; ear-coverts paler grayish, fading to white
on cheeks ; tertials without distinct whitish edges ; sides dull
rusty.
Top of head hair-brown ; throat sooty blackish ; length
about 5.00-5.75, wing 2.35-2.70 (2.52), tail 2.30-2.80 (2.55),
tarsus .62-.70 (.68). Eggs .58 X -50. Hab. Northern Norlh
America east of Rocky Mountains, south to northern por-
tions of Michigan, New York, New England, etc., north to
Davis' Straits and Alaska.
740. P. hudsonicus FORST. Hudsonian Chickadee.1
c2. Back deep rusty chestnut. (Top of head deep sepia-brown; throat
darker, more sooty ; sides of head and neck pure wbite.)
d1. Sides and flanks bright rusty, or rusty chestnut, like back ; length
about 4.50-5.00, wing 2.35-2.60 (2.47), tail 2.00-2.30 (2.10), tar-
sus .60-.70 (.68). Hab. Coast district of Oregon, "Washington
Territory, British Columbia, and southern Alaska.
741. P. rufescens TOWNS. Chestnut-backed Chickadee.
(P. Sides and flanks light grayish, very slightly or not at all tinged
with rusty ; wing 2.30-2.60 (2.41), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.10), tarsus
.60-70 (.65). Eggs .59 X -46. Hab. Coast of California.
7412. "Wing more than five times as long as tarsus.
1 Polioptila lembeyi GTTNDL., Journ. fur Orn. 1861, 32.
3 Catharus BONAP., Consp. i. 1850, 278. Type, 0. immaculatus BP., = Turdus aurantiirostria HARTL.
(Represented by four species in Mexico and Guatemala, and others farther southward.)
572 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
cl. Gonys longer than two-fifths the commissure ; plumage plain above
(except in young), with prevailing color bright blue ; no white spots
on quills; wing less than 4.50 Sialia. (Page 580.)
c2. Gonys less than two-fifths the commissure; plumage much varied
above, the prevailing color bistre brown, more or less streaked with
dull whitish, the wings and tail mainly black ; quills with white
patch at base; wing 5.00, or more Ridgwayia.1
GENUS MYADESTES SWAINSON. (Page 571, pi. CXXIV., fig. 7.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS (of North American species). — Adults: Above uniform
brownish or grayish, beneath plain grayish ; a distinct whitish orbital ring ; quills
and secondaries with a lighter (pale grayish or buffy) band near base, conspicuous
on spread wing. Young : Conspicuously spotted, above and below, with buffy.
Nest built among rocks, banks of streams, on old logs or stumps, or similar places,
rather bulky, loosely constructed of sticks, etc., lined with finer materials. Eggs 3-6,
whitish, speckled with reddish brown.
a1. Second quill equal to sixth, the primaries exceeding secondaries by about the
same distance that the latter exceed the greater coverts.
Adult : Uniform brownish gray, paler beneath, especially on chin and
throat, anal region, and lower tail-coverts ; wings and tail dusky, the
bases of the quills and secondaries buffy or ochraceous (mostly con-
cealed in closed wing), the secondaries edged with pale grayish, the
greater coverts and tertials tipped with whitish (this obsolete in worn
summer dress) ; tail-feathers with outer web and terminal portion of
inner web grayish white. Young: Wings and tail as in adult; rest
of plumage, including wing-coverts, conspicuously spotted with buff.
Length 7.80-9.50, wing 4.35-4.85, tail 4.15-4.70. Eggs .91 X -69. Hab.
Western United States (in mountains), north to British Columbia, east
to and including Rocky Mountains (casually to Illinois).
754. M. townsendii (Auo.). Townsend's Solitaire.
a2. Second quill not longer than seventh, the longest primaries exceeding the sec-
ondaries by much less than distance between tips of latter and longer greater
coverts.
bl. Lower parts conspicuously different in color from the upper; a distinct
dusky streak on each side of throat. (Head, neck, and breast gray,
darker above; other upper parts rusty olive, the wings more rusty;
secondaries with a dusky bar across basal portion ; sides of forehead,
malar stripe, throat, and belly whitish.)
c1. Head and breast dark gray, the throat not conspicuously paler ; wing
1 JRidywayia STEJNEOER, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. Feb. 13, 1883, 460. Type, Turdus pinicola SCL. (Hab.
Mountains of eastern Mexico.)
TURDUS. 573
4.00-4.10, tail about 4.00, exposed culmen .45-.50, tarsus .80-.85.
Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and eastern Mexico.
M. obscurus LAFR. Mexican Solitaire.1
c2. Head and breast ash-gray, this color invading the back ; throat and
forehead distinctly whitish.
d1. Middle tail-feathers without trace of whitish tips; wing 4.15-
4.35, tail 4.30, exposed culmen .45-.4T, tarsus .80-.82. Hab.
Central and western Mexico, north to Mazatlan.
M. obscurus occidentalis STEJN. Mazatlan Solitaire.2
d2. Six middle tail-feathers minutely tipped with white ; wing 3.90-
4.05, tail 3.90-4.20, exposed culmen .45, tarsus .90. Hab. Tres
Marias Islands, western Mexico.
M. obscurus insularis STEJK. Tres Marias Solitaire.*
b*. Lower parts similar in color to the upper, though slightly paler ; no dusky
streak on side of throat.
Adult : Uniform slate-color, paler beneath, the lores and a broad bar
across basal portion of secondaries black ; eyelids white ; wing
about 3.90-4.00, tail 3.70-3.90, exposed culmen .40, tarsus .80-.85.
Hab. Highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico.
M. unicolor SCL. Slate-colored Solitaire.4
GENUS TURDUS LINNAEUS. (Page 571, pi. CXXIIL, figs. 1, 4.)
Species.
a1. Wing never longer than three and a half times the length of the tarsus. Adults
plain brown above, usually uniform, but sometimes more rufescent on tail
and upper tail-coverts; beneath whitish (sometimes buify anteriorly), the
chest, etc., spotted with brown or blackish. Young essentially like adults,
but with top of head, back, etc., more or less streaked with dull whitish,
pale buify, or pale rusty, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with
the same, and (except in T. mustelinus) spots of lower parts more transverse,
and extending backward over flanks, etc. (Subgenus HylocicJila BAIRD.)
&1. Sides distinctly spotted, as well as the breast; exposed culmen .62, or
more.
Adult : Above tawny olive, brighter or more cinnamon on top of head,
more olive on tail ; beneath, including sides, white, the breast and
sides marked with roundish or obcordate spots of black or dusky ;
length 7.50-8.25, wing 4.10-4.50, tail 3.00-3.30, exposed culmen .62-
.75, tarsus 1.20-1.30. Nest usually saddled upon horizontal branch
of a small tree, in damp woods, very compact, composed partly of
1 Myiadestes obscurus LAFR., Rev. Zool. 1839, 98.
1 Myadestes obscurus var. occidentalis STEJN., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. Apr. 6, 1882, 371, 372.
s Myadestes obscurus var. insularis STEJN., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ir. Apr. 6, 1882, 371, 373.
* Myiadestes unicolor SCL., P. Z. S. 1856, 299.
574 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
mud. Eggs 2-5, 1.04 X -72, plain greenish blue. Hab. Eastern
United States, in summer, north to southern Michigan, Ontario,
Massachusetts, etc. ; south, in winter, to Guatemala and Cuba.
755. T. mustelinus GMEL. Wood Thrush.
Js. Sides grayish or brownish, without distinct spots ; chest more or less tinged
with buff, and marked with triangular darker spots; exposed culmen
not more than .60.
c1. Second quill much longer than fifth, the second or third longest ; tail
and its upper coverts not noticeably different in color from other
upper parts (except sometimes in T. ustulatus).
dl. No distinct lighter orbital ring.
el. Above tawny brownish, the chest buffy or light ochraceous,
marked with small wedge-shaped spots or streaks of brown.
Nest on or near ground, without mud in its composition.
Eggs plain greenish blue (very rarely with a few small
specks of brown).
f1. Above light tawny brown ; chest creamy buff, with nar-
row markings of brown, scarcely darker than upper
parts; length 6.45-7.75, wing 3.75-4.15 (3.90), tail
2.70-3.30 (2.96), culmen .52-.60 (.55), tarsus 1.05-1.25
(1.15). Eggs .85 X -67. Hab. Eastern United States
and British Provinces, breeding from about 40° north
to Manitoba, Ontario, Anticosti, and Newfoundland.
756. T. fuscescens STEPH. Wilson's Thrush.
/*. Above russet-olive; chest very pale buff, with broader
markings of darker brown ; length about 6.90-7.90,
wing 3.80-4.25 (4.02), tail 2.95-3.40 (3.20), culmen .55-
.60 (.57), tarsus 1.15-1.28 (1.17). Eggs .85 X -66. Hab.
Rocky Mountains, east, casually (?), during migrations,
to Minnesota, Illinois, etc 756a. T. fuscescens
salicicolus (EIDGW.). Willow Thrush.
e*. Above olive-brown or grayish olive, the sides of the head
nearly uniform grayish ; chest pale buffy (sometimes
nearly white), marked with large triangular spots of
dusky. Nest in low bushes or on ground, composed of
mosses, etc., bulky and compact. Eggs greenish blue,
spotted with rusty bsown.
f\ Length about 7.00-7.75, wing 3.75-4.40 (4.07), tail 2.95-
3.40 (3.09), culmen .45-.5S (.55), tarsus 1.12-1.30 (1.18).
Eggs .92 X -67. Hab. Northern North America east
of Rocky Mountains, breeding from Labrador and
west side of Hudson's Bay north to Arctic coast and
coast of Bering's Sea; in winter, Middle America,
south to Costa Rica ; eastern Siberia.
757. T. aliciae BAIRD. Gray-cheeked Thrush.
TURDUS. 575
/». Length about 6.25-7.25, wing 3.40-3.80 (3.65), tail 2.60-
2.70 (2.75), culmen .50-.52 (.51), tarsus 1.10-1.25 (1.13).
Eggs .87 X -63. Hab. In summer, higher mountains of
northeastern United States (Catskills, "White Moun-
tains, etc.), and Nova Scotia; Illinois (autumn); win-
ter quarters unknown 757a. T. alicise bicknelli
EIDGW. BicknelTs Thrush.
«P. A very distinct orbital ring of buff or whitish. (Above uniform
olive, varying from a grayish to a russet tint, the wings,
sometimes tail also, slightly browner, or less olive, than back ;
sides of head with a strong buffy suffusion ; chest buffy,
marked with triangular spots of brown or dusky. Nest in
bushes, usually near water, bulky, and compact, and neatly
constructed of mosses, shreds of bark, etc. Eggs light green-
ish blue, averaging decidedly paler than in T. alicice, spotted
with rusty brown.)
el. Above russet-brown, the wings and tail often appreciably
browner or more rufescent ; chest pale buff, marked
with rather small and usually narrow cuneate spots
of dark brown;, length 6.90-7.60, wing 3.60-4.00 (3.87),
tail 2.80-3.30 (3.05), culmen .50^.60 (.54), tarsus 1.10-
1.20 (1.13). Eggs .93 X -67. Hab. Pacific coast, north
to Sitka ; south, in winter, through western Mexico to
Guatemala.
758. T. ustulatus NUTT. Russet-backed Thrush.
e2. Above decidedly olivaceous, sometimes even inclining to
grayish, the wings and tail concolor with, or at least not
very different from, the back ; chest yellower buff, marked
with large, broad, dusky (sometimes blackish) triangular
spots; length 6.35-7.55, wing 3.80-4.10 (3.96), tail 2.80-
3.10 (2.95), culmen .50-.55 (.52), tarsus 1.05-1.18 (1.10).
Eggs .90 X -65. Hab. Eastern North America, but west
to and including Eocky Mountains (as far as East Hum-
boldt Mountains and the upper Columbia), breeding chiefly
north of the United States, wintering from Gulf States
and Mississippi "V alley south to Cuba, Guatemala, Costa
Eica, Panama, and Peru.. 758a. T. ustulatus swainsonii
(CAB.). Olive-backed Thrush.
c2. Second quill shorter than fifth, the fourth longest ; tail and its upper
coverts rufous, in decided contrast with the color of the back.
(Chest, and a distinct orbital ring, buffy, sometimes nearly white,
the former marked with large triangular spots of dusky. Nest on
ground, in damp or swampy woods, composed of dead leaves, dry
grasses, etc. Eggs plain greenish blue, paler than in T. muste-
linus and T. fuscescens.)
576 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
dl. Grayish brown above (more olivaceous in winter); flanks and
thighs light grayish ; bill slenderer.
el. Smaller ; tail deep rufous, almost chestnut ; length 6.00-7.00,
wing 3.25-3.80 (3.57), tail 2.60-3.00 (2.76), culmen .4S-.52
(.50), tarsus 1.10-1.20 (1.12). Eggs .86 X -62. Hab. Pa-
cific coast, breeding from mountains of California north
to Kadiak ; south, in winter, to Lower California and
western Mexico, as far as Colima ; during migrations, east
to Nevada and Arizona.
759. T. aonalaschkae GMEL. Dwarf Thrush.
e2. Larger ; tail dull ochraceous-rufous, or fulvous ; colors in
general rather grayer; length 7.50-8.25, wing 3.65-4.35
(4.08), tail 2.95-3.45 (3.27), culmen .53-.60 (.57), tarsus
1.12-1.28 (1.18). Eggs .86 X -64. Hab. Eocky Mountains,
from northern border of United States south to highlands
of Mexico and Guatemala 759#. T. aonalaschkse
auduboni (BAIRD). Audubon's Hermit Thrush.
d*. Above dull brown, deeper, or more " smoky," in winter ; flanks
and thighs olive-brownish ; bill stouter.
Tail and its upper coverts decidedly rufescent (averaging
about intermediate in tint between that of T. aonalaschkce
and T. auduboni) ; length 6.50-7.65, wing 3.40-3.90 (3.64),
tail 2.55-3.15 (2.88), culmen .50-.60 (.59), tarsus 1.15-1.30
(1.19). Eggs .88 X -66. Hab. Eastern North America,
breeding from northern United States northward, and
wintering from about 40° to Gulf coast.
7596. T. aonalaschkse pallasii (CAB.). Hermit Thrush.
a?. Wing more than four and a half times as long as tarsus. (Subgenus Turdus
LINN.)
Adult : Above plain brownish ; a superciliary stripe and a malar stripe
(widening beneath and behind ear-coverts into somewhat of a patch),
white ; lower parts white medially, the under wing-coverts, sides, and
flanks plain rufous ; breast streaked with dusky. Young : Upper parts,
including wing-coverts, streaked and barred with bufly or whitish ;
lower parts more extensively spotted or streaked. Length about 8.00-
9.0Q, wing 4.45-4.85, tail 3.00-3.45, culmen .78-.S6, tarsus 1.15-1.25. Nest
usually in bushes or small trees, bulky, composed of mosses, dried
grasses, etc. Eggs 1.01 X -76, pale dull bluish, pale greenish blue, or
pale olive-greenish, freckled with reddish brown. Hab. Northern por-
tion of Europe and Asia ; accidental in Greenland.
760. T. iliacus LINN. Red-winged Thrush.
MERULA. 577
GENUS MERULA LEACH. (Page 571, pi. CXXIIL, fig. 5.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS (of North American species).— Adults (sexes essentially
alike, but female usually a little paler and duller in color than male) : Above plain
grayish, the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sometimes rusty or olive-brownish,
the head sometimes blackish ; throat white, streaked with black or grayish ; chest,
breast, sides, axillars, and under wing-coverts (sometimes belly also), plain rufous or
buffy; under tail-coverts, anal region, and hinder flanks (sometimes belly also) white,
the first with concealed spots of grayish. Young : Above streaked with light fulvous
or whitish ; beneath whitish, more or less tinged- with rusty or bufiy, and spotted
with blackish or grayish. Nest very compact and rather bulky, with more or less
of mud in its composition, usually saddled upon a horizontal branch, but often
variously situated. Eggs 3-5, plain bluish (very rarely speckled with brown).
a1. Upper parts in adults plain grayish, without rusty.
bl. Breast, etc., in adults rufous, or reddish ochraceous ; exposed culmen usually
less than .80, tarsus 1.30, or more. (Adults : Head and neck blackish,
or at least decidedly darker than back ; eyelids, a supraloral streak, and
streaks on chin and throat white ; wings and tail dusky (sometimes black),
the feathers edged with slaty ; back, scapulars, arid rump uniform slaty,
the feather of the first sometimes blackish centrally ; bill bright yellow,
the upper mandible tipped with black. In winter, similar, but with upper
parts tinged with brown, rufous feathers of breast, etc., margined with
white, and upper mandible chiefly dusky, the lower duller yellow. Young
in first winter: Head and neck brownish gray, like upper parts, the
white of upper eyelid prolonged backward into a more or less extensive
postocular streak, and rufous of breast, etc., paler, or more olivaceous.)
c1. Outer tail-feather with a distinct white spot at tip of inner web ; an-
terior portion of back usually more or less clouded with black (in
fully adult birds) ; length 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.40 (5.28), tail
4.10-4.50 (4.34), culmen .8S-.92 (.90), tarsus 1.30-1.40 (1.34). Eggs
1.15 X -78. Hob. Eastern and northern North America, north to
Alaska (Yukon district) and Hudson's Bay, west to Great Plains;
occasional in eastern Mexico.
761. M. migratoria (LINN.). American Robin.
c2. Outer tail-feather without distinct white tip (often with no white at
all) ; anterior portion of back slaty gray, abruptly defined against
black of hind-neck; length 10.00-11.00, wing 5.20-5.70 (5.41), tail
3.80-4.70 (4.24), culmen .8S-.95 (.90), tarsus 1.20-1.40 (1.31). Eggs
1.17 X -82. Hab. Western United States, north to British Columbia,
east to, and including, Eocky Mountains, south over table-lands of
Mexico.. 761a. M. migratoria propinqua EIDQW. Western Robin.
73
578 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
P. Breast, etc., pale buff; exposed culmen usually more than .80, tarsus less
than 1.30.
Adult : Above plain brownish gray, including head and neck ; a dis-
tinct superciliary stripe of white ; no white at tips of outer tail-
feathers ; wing 5.10-5.20, tail 3.90-4.15, culmen .95-1.05, tarsus
1.20-1.25. Hab. Lower California (near Cape St. Lucas).
762. M. confinis BAIRD. St. Lucas Robin.
a2. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts more or less brown or rust}7, in contrast with
grayer shade of hind-neck, rump, and quills. (Whole belly, anal region,
and lower tail-coverts white, the latter with the plumbeous spots entirely
concealed; no white about eye, and no white on outer tail-feathers.)
61. Sides, flanks, etc., ochraceous or ochraceous-rufous ; wing-coverts, scapulars,
and back bright rusty brown, the hind-neck ash-gray or plumbeous, in
marked contrast ; wing 4.60-5.20, tail 3.85-4.50, culmen .85-1.00, tarsus
1.25-1.32. Hab. Western and southern Mexico, north to Mazatlan.
M. flavirostris SWAINS. Mazatlan Robin.1
V. Sides, flanks, etc., dull grayish fulvous ; wing-coverts and scapulars light
raw-umber brown, the back more grayish brown ; hind-neck scarcely
different from back ; wing 4.80-4.85, tail 3.90-4.00, culmen 1.02-1.05,
tarsus 1.35. Hab. Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.
M. graysoni KIDGW. Tres Marias Robin.1
GENUS HESPEROCICHLA BAIRD. (Page 571, pi. CXXIIL, fig. 3.)
Species.
Adult male : Above dark plumbeous, varied by a broad supra-auricular stripe,
two bands across wing (tips of greater and middle coverts), patch at base of pri-
maries, etc., of orange-rufous or ochraceous ; chin, throat, breast, and sides orange-
rufous or ochraceous ; a broad band of dark plumbeous or slaty across chest ; pos-
terior lower parts white, tinged more or less with ochraceous, the feathers dark
grayish beneath surface. Adult female : Much paler and duller than the male, the
upper parts and collar across chest grayish brown (more brown in winter). Young :
Similar to adult female, but collar much less distinct and more or less broken by
ochraceous spotting; feathers of throat and breast indistinctly bordered with
dusky, and some of the feathers of upper parts with indistinct paler shaft-streaks.
Length 9.00-10.00, wing 4.90-5.20, tail about 3.60-3.80, culmen about 1.00, tarsus
1.30. Nest compact and bulky, in bushes or small trees. Eggs 1.11 X -82, pale
greenish blue, sparingly speckled with brown. Hab. Western North America,
chiefly near Pacific coast, from California (in winter) to Bering's Strait; breeding
chiefly north of United States ; east, casually, to New Jersey, Long Island, and
Massachusetts 763. H. nsevia (GMEL.). Varied Thrush.
1 Merula flavirostrig SWAINS., Philos. Mag. n. s. i. 1827, 369.
2 Merula flavirostris graysoni RIDGW., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. June 5, 1832, 12.
SAXICOLA. 579
GENUS CYANECULA BREHM. (Page 571, pi. CXXIV., fig. 2.)
Species.
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Above plain grayish brown, the tail dusky, with basal
half (except of middle feathers) abruptly clear rufous ; a superciliary stripe of dull
white ; lower parts, from breast back, dull white, the sides tinged with grayish brown.
Adult males : Chin, throat, and breast blue, usually enclosing a spot of rufous or white
on lower part of throat, the blue bordered posteriorly by a blackish crescentic band,
this succeeded by a broader one of rufous. Adult females without any blue, the
chin, throat, and chest being whitish, bordered laterally and posteriorly by a nearly
continuous series of blackish spots ; a whitish malar streak. Young : Dark sooty
above and across chest, with narrow streaks of pale yellowish ; lower parts with
feathers whitish centrally, but bordered with sooty blackish ; under tail-coverts
pale buff. Nest in cavities in banks of streams, etc., composed of mosses and dried
grasses, lined with finer grasses and hair. Eggs 3-5, .73 X -55, pale olive, olive-
greenish, or brownish, deeper on or round larger end (sometimes uniform).
a1. Adult male with throat-spot rufous; length about 6.00, wing 3.10-3.15, tail 2.35-
2.40, culmen .45-.4S, tarsus 1.10-1.15. Hob. Northern Europe and Asia;
casual (?) in western Alaska (St. Michael's).
764. C. suecica (LINN.). Red-spotted Bluethroat.
a2. Adult male with throat-spot (if present) white, but throat, etc., frequently en-
tirely blue; wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.10-2.30, culmen .45-.50, tarsus 1.00-1.10.
Hob. Central Europe, east to Eussia.
C. wolfii BKEHM. Bluethroat.1
GENUS SAXICOLA BECHSTEIN. (Page 571, pi. CXXIY., fig. 5.)
Species.
Adult male : Above plain ash-gray, the wings and terminal third of tail black,
the basal two-thirds of the latter (except on middle feathers) white; forehead,
superciliary stripe, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts also white ; a broad stripe
of black on side of head, including lores, orbits, and ear-coverts ; lower parts plain
light buffy anteriorly, white posteriorly. Adult female : Above duller gray, the
wings and terminal portion of tail dusky ; lores dusky, and auriculars dusky gray-
ish, neither in marked contrast ; lower parts dull grayish buff anteriorly, dull
white posteriorly. Winter plumage : Above plain brown, the lower rump, upper
tail-coverts, and basal portion of tail white, as in summer ; wing-feathers (blackish
in male, grayish dusky in female) conspicuously margined with light cinnamon or
1 Sylvia wolfii BREHM, Beitr.-Vogelk. ii. 1822, 173. Cyanecula wolfii BREHM, Isis, 1828, 1280.
580 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
brownish buff ; lower parts entirely dull rusty buff, deeper on breast and chest; no
distinct dusky stripe on side of head. Young : Similar to female, but with " obscure
transverse terminal dark bars and pale centres to most of the feathers of the upper
and under parts." Length about 5.50-6.50, wing 3.75-4.15, tail 2.00-2.55, culmen
.47-.S2, tarsus .95-1.20. Nest built among rocks, stone walls, etc., composed of
grasses, etc., lined with feathers. Eggs 3-6, .85 X -63, plain pale greenish blue.
Hob. Northern portion of northern hemisphere, breeding far northward; south, in
winter, casually, to Nova Scotia, Maine, Long Island, New York, Canada, and Colo-
rado 765. S. cenanthe (LINN.). Wheatear.
GENUS SIALIA SWAINSON. (Page 572, pi. CXXIY., fig. 6.)
Species,
COMMON CHARACTERS. — Adult males bright blue above, the back sometimes
partly or entirely chestnut ; beneath cinnamon anteriorly and white posteriorly,
blue with cinnamon-chestnut patch on breast, or blue fading into white posteriorly.
Adult females much duller, with bright blue confined to wings, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail, the other upper parts dull grayish or brownish ; beneath similar
to male, but much paler and duller (dull grayish brown anteriorly in S. arctica).
Young : Grayish, brownish, or dusky above (except wings and tail), the back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts marked with drop-shaped spots or streaks of pale
buffy or whitish (these sometimes nearly obsolete in S. arctica') ; beneath white,
the feathers of breast, etc., edged with grayish, brownish, or dusky. Nest in
holes, usually in trees or stumps, often about buildings, sometimes among rocks,
composed of dried grasses, etc. Eggs 4-7, plain pale greenish blue (very rarely
white).
a1. Breast and sides cinnamon or chestnut.
61. Throat cinnamon, like breast ; belly white.
c1. Breast, etc., deep cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous ; sides of neck and
malar region blue.
Adult male: Above rich cobalt-blue (rarely varying to ultra-
marine, more rarely still to cerulean) ; in winter, the blue
duller, the cinnamon of breast, etc., deeper and more purplish,
and feathers of back, etc., bordered with rusty; length 5.70-
7.00, wing 3.90-4.15 (3.99), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.71), culmen .62-.67
(.65), tarsus .75-.80 (.78). Adult female : Above dull grayish,
the wings dull blue, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
brighter blue ; a whitish orbital ring ; breast, etc., light dull
cinnamon, the throat paler, with a dusky streak along each
side ; an indistinct whitish malar stripe ; wing 3.80-3.90 (3.85),
tail 2.50-2.60 (2.53). Young : Above dark brownish or gray-
ish, with conspicuous tear-shaped streaks of whitish over whole
SIALIA. 581
back, scapulars, etc. ; wings (except coverts) and tail as in
adult ; beneath white, the feathers of breast, etc., very broadly
bordered with dark grayish or brownish; a whitish orbital
ring. Eggs .82 X -64. Hob. Eastern United States, north to
Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, etc., west to base of Rocky
Mountains ; Bermudas (resident).
766. S. sialis (LINN.). Bluebird.
c2. Breast, etc., light ochraceous-cinnamon, the sides of neck and (usually)
malar region similar.
dl. Above light greenish blue or cerulean-blue (much as in S. arctica),
the sexes differing as in S. sialis; anal region cinnamon-buff;
length 6.40-7.10, wing (male) 4.05-4.20 (4.10), tail 2.70-2.95
(2.79), culmen .47-.50 (.49), tarsus .80-.85 (.82). Female: Wing
3.90, tail 2.55. Hab. Highlands of Mexico, north to southern
Arizona 766«. S. sialis azurea (BAIRD). Azure Bluebird.1
d2. Above rich cobalt-blue, varying to ultramarine, like S. sialis;
otherwise resembling S. azurea. Male: Wing 4.15-4.35 (4.25),
tail 2.80-3.00 (2.93), culmen .50, tarsus .62-.65 (.63). Female :
Wing 4.05-4.10, tail 2.70-2.80. Hab. Highlands of Guatemala
and Honduras.
S. sialis guatemalae HIDUW. Guatemala Bluebird.2
b*. Throat and belly blue.
Adult male : Above rich smalt-blue (varying to ultramarine), the back
usually with more or less of chestnut (sometimes entirely chestnut,
rarely entirely blue s) ; lower parts lighter and duller blue, the breast
and sides deep cinnamon-chestnut. (Colors duller and more suf-
fused in winter.) Length 6.50-7.12, wing 3.95-4.45 (4.19), tail 2.62-
3.05 (2.84), culmen .45-.50 (.48), tarsus .80-.90 (.82). Adult female:
Head, neck, and upper parts dull gray, paler on throat, browner on
back ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail bright blue, the outer web
of lateral tail-feather whitish ; wings dull blue ; breast and sides
dull light cinnamon ; belly dull grayish ; wing about 4.00, tail 2.50.
Young : Not always distinguishable with certainty from correspond-
ing stage of S. sialis, except by slenderer bill ; usually darker, how-
ever, especially on lower parts, the throat dull grayish and sides
tinged with dull dark brown. Eggs .81 X -64. Hab. Western
United States, north to British Columbia, east to Eocky Moun-
tains, south over table-lands of Mexico.
767. S. mexicana SWAINS. Western Bluebird.
1 Swainson's Sialia azurea, usually quoted for this form, is a complete nomen nudum. The name was first
coupled with a description by Professor BAIRD (Review Am. B. i. July, 1864, 62), who is therefore to be quoted
as its authority.
2 S. sialis guatemalse RIDGW., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. June 5, 1882, 13.
3 This variation is purely individual, and not at all dependent on locality, as supposed by Mr. SEEBOHJC
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. 1881, pp. 331-333).
582 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
a1. Breast, etc., fine light greenish blue (in adult male) or brownish gray or
grayish brown (in female), the belly and under tail-coverts pure white.
Adult male : Above rich, glossy cerulean-blue, the wings and tail more
azure, or cobalt ; beneath lighter cerulean-blue, the belly and under tail-
coverts white. (In winter, the blue of head, neck, back, and breast ob-
scured by grayish brown tips to the feathers.) Length 6.50-7.90, wing
4.60-4.80, tail 3.00-3.15. Adult female : Above brownish gray, the pri-
maries dull light blue, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail brighter
greenish blue ; beneath light grayish brown, the belly and under tail-
coverts white; a whitish orbital ring. (Zn winter colors deeper, espe-
cially on lower parts.) Length 7.00-7.20, wing about 4.25, tail 2.75-2.90.
Young : Quills and tail-feathers as in adults ; above grayish brown, the
back usually streaked with white ; beneath grayish white, the breast
and sides mottled with grayish brown. Eggs .87 X -65. Hob. Rocky
Mountain district, north to Great Slave Lake, south into Mexico ; west
across Great Basin, to higher ranges along Pacific coast.
768. S. arctica SWAINS. Mountain Bluebird.
APPENDIX.
SINCE the preceding pages were printed, additional specimens of certain rare
or little known species have been examined, and various facts have become for the
first time known, rendering necessary the following memoranda.
GENUS ARDEA LINNAEUS, pages 128, 129.
The examination of eight additional specimens of Ardea wuerdemanni renders
necessary a revision of the diagnosis of this form and its allies, as follows : —
e*. Color nearly uniform bluish gray above, the lower parts usually striped with
black and white (sometimes entirely white).
f1. Adult with head entirely white, except (usually) black or dusky streaks on
forehead, or (very rarely) a blackish patch on sides of crown or occiput,
beneath edge of crest ; shoulder-knots broadly striped with white, and
(usually) tinged with rusty ; lowermost wing-coverts with more or less
of their outer webs white; outer web of exterior tail-feather with a
large white wedge-shaped patch on basal portion ; lower parts white
(the anal region entirely so), the breast and belly (medially) usually
striped or streaked with black, dusky, or brownish gray ; gray of upper
parts of an ashy tint; length 48.00-50.00, wing 18.75-21.00 (19.39), tail
6.25-8.00 (7.21), culmen 5.75-6.70 (6.14), depth of bill at base 1.20-1.30
(1.24), tarsus 7.30-8.75 (7.80), naked portion of tibia 4.50-5.50 (4.99), mid-
dle toe 4.20-5.20 (4.63). Hab. Southern extremity of Florida, chiefly (?)
in the vicinity of Cape Sable, and on Florida Keys ; Cape Florida (?) ;
Jamaica (?) ; accidental in southern Illinois (Mount Carmel, Sept. 11-22,
1876) — . A. wuerdemanni BAIBD. Wiirdemann's Heron.
/2. Adult with sides of forehead (to considerably in front of eyes), together with
whole crown and occiput (beneath crest), including longer crest-feathers,
uniform deep black ; forehead and centre of crown pure white, without
dusky streaks ; shoulder-knots entirely deep black, or (rarely) narrowly
streaked with white, and without admixture of rusty ; lowermost wing-
coverts without white on outer webs ; outer web of exterior tail-feather
without distinct wedge-shaped space of white ; breast, belly, and anal
region deep black (the last entirely so), the breast and belly broadly
striped with white ; gray of upper parts of a deep plumbeous tint.
583
584 APPENDIX.
gl. Larger, with legs and feet yellowish brown or olive-yellowish ; length
about 48.00-54.00, wing 19.50-21.00 (20.00), tail 7.15-8.00 (7.58), ex-
posed culmen 5.90-6.90 (6.25), depth of bill at base 1.10-1.30 (1.19),
tarsus 7.85-8.40 (8.19), middle toe 4.65-5.15 (4.83), bare portion of
tibia 4.45-5.60 (5.05). Hab. Florida, chiefly (?) on western side;
south to Oyster Bay, north to Gainesville.
193. A. wardi EIDGW. Ward's Heron.
g*. Smaller, with black or dusky legs and feet, the tibia, only, yellowish ;
length about 40.00-48.00, wing 18.00-19.50 (18.58), tail 7.00-7.50
(7.23), exposed culmen 5.45-5.95 (5.68), depth of bill at base 1.05-
1.17 (1.14), tarsus 6.75-7.85 (7.16), middle toe 3.90-4.50 (4.18), naked
portion of tibia 4.00-4.50 (4.20). Hab. Whole of temperate North
America (except middle and southern Florida) ; north to Hudson's
Bay and Sitka, south through Middle America to Colombia and
Venezuela (including Curac,oa) ; Bermuda ; Galapagos ?
194. A. herodias LINN. Great Blue Heron.
SUBGENTJS NYCTHERODIUS EEICHENBACH, page 133.
The name Nyctherodius, as applied by Eeichenbach (in 1852) to this subgenus
(or genus), being antedated by its use in an entirely different connection by Mac-
gillivray in 1842, Dr. Stejneger has proposed (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. 1887, in
press) as a substitute the name Nyctanassa, with Ardea violacea LINN, as type.
No. 198. Ardea rufa BODD., page 131. Reddish Egret.
This name being preoccupied (by Scopoli, in 1769) for another species, it
becomes necessary to substitute the next in order of date. The species will there-
fore have to be called Ardea rufescens GMEL. (S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, 628).
GENUS SYMPHEMIA KAFINESQTJE, page 167.
Mr. Brewster has recently separated the western birds of this species as a
geographical race, the main distinctive characters of which are as follows : —
a1. Smaller, with relatively shorter and thicker bill ; summer adults with ground-
color of upper parts darker, more olive-grayish, more heavily spotted or
barred with dusky, the anterior and lateral lower parts also more heavily
marked with dusky ; wing 7.06-7.75 (7.36), tail 2.71-3.30 (2.91), exposed cul-
men 2.02-2.31 (2.19), tarsus 2.08-2.42 (2.29). Hab. Atlantic coast of United
States 258. S. semipalmata (GMEL.). Willet.
a2. Larger, with relatively longer and slenderer bill ; summer adults with ground-
color of upper parts paler, more ashy, gray, less heavily marked with dusky,
the anterior and lateral lower parts also less heavily marked ; wing 7.88-
8.26 (8.11), tail 3.10-3.50 (3.29), exposed culmen 2.28-2.70 (2.46), tarsus 2.45-
2.95 (2.66). Hab. Western North America, east to Mississippi Valley (Illi-
APPENDIX. 585
nois, etc.) and Gulf States (sparingly to South Atlantic States in winter) ;
south through Mexico, etc., in winter.
— . S. semipalmata inornata BREWST. Western Willet.1
No. 290. Colinus graysoni (LAWR.). Grayson's Bob-white.
Explorations in Sonora considerably south of the Arizona boundary, by Lieut.
Harry C. Benson, U.S.A., failed to discover any trace of this species, although C.
ridgwayi BREWST. was met with in abundance. The likelihood of its occurrence
within our limits is thus materially diminished, and it may without much risk of
error be stricken from the list of our birds. It occurs abundantly at Mazatlan, but
how much farther north its range extends remains to be determined.
GENUS CALLIPEPLA WAGLER, pages 191-193.
On page 193, under " c2," insert the following : —
d1. Throat with white predominating ; rusty markings on upper parts brighter and
more extended, rump more olivaceous, tail less bluish gray, and white spots
on lower parts smaller; adult female with crest chiefly light brownish, throat
dull white very faintly or narrowly streaked with dusky (mere shaft-streaks),
and back distinctly barred with light tawny. Hab. Vicinity of Mazatlan.
C. elegans (LESS.). Elegant Partridge.
d?. Throat with black predominating ; rusty markings on upper parts duller and
less extended, rump less olivaceous, tail more bluish gray, and white spots on
lower parts smaller; adult female with crest uniform blackish, whole throat
thickly speckled or streaked with blackish, back nearly uniform gray, and
markings of lower parts larger and coarser. Hab. Sonora (vicinity of
Campos).
C. elegans bensoni KIDGW. Benson's Partridge.2
GENUS COLUMBIGALLINA BOIE, pages 214-215.
C. passerina varies a great deal with locality, and some of its variations seem
sufficiently marked and constant to merit formal recognition. The following forms
occurring north of the parallel of 18° N". appear fairly well defined : —
bl. Larger, with bill yellow or red for at least basal half (rarely obscured in dried
skins).
c1. Back and rump grayish olive, or light grayish brown.
d1 . Much deeper colored, with rather shorter wings and much larger bill,
the latter always (?) yellow basally ; wing 3.30-3.60 (3.41), exposed
culmen .43-.4S (.47), tarsus .G2-.65 (.64). Hab. South Atlantic and
Gulf States 320. C. passerina (LiNN.). Ground Dove.
mophila, 426.
Leistes, 371.
Hummingbird, Admirable, 310.
Allen's, 314.
Anna's, 312.
Beautiful, 316.
Berylline, 317.
Black-chinned, 312.
Blue- tailed, 318.
-throated, 310.
Broad-billed, 319.
-tailed, 313.
Buff-bellied, 317.
Cabot's, 317.
Calliope, 316.
Cinnamomeous, 318.
Costa's, 312.
D'Oca's, 317.
Doubleday's, 320.
Elliot's, 315.
Floresi's, 315.
Grayson's, 318.
Heloise's, 315.
Henri Delattre's, 310.
Lawrence's, 320.
Lucifer, 316.
Magic, 320.
Maria's, 317.
Pale-green-throated, 310.
Princess Helena's, 313.
Rieffer's, 317.
Rivoli, 309.
Ruby-throated, 311.
Rufous, 314.
White-eared, 319.
Xantus's, 318.
hutchinsii, Branta canadensis, 117.
Hutchins's Goose, 117.
huttoni stephensi, Vireo, 477.
Button's Vireo, 477.
Hydranassa, 131.
Hydrochelidon, 24, 46.
leucopareia, 47.
leucoptera, 47.
nigra, 46.
surinamensis, 47.
hyemalis carolinensis, Junco, 423.
Clangula, 106.
Junco, 422, 423, 424.
oregonus, Junco, 424.
Hylocharis magica, 320.
Hylocichla, 573.
Hylophilus, 469, 478.
decurtatus, 479.
ochraceiccps, 479.
Ochraceous-fronted, 479.
Short-winged, 479.
thoracicus, 478.
hyperborea, Chen, 115.
nivalis, Chen, 115.
hyperboreus, Plectrophenax, 403.
hypochrysea, Dendroica, 518.
Dendroica palmarum, 517.
hypochryseus, Vireo, 478.
hypogsea, Speotyto cunicularia, 265.
hypoleuca, Aphelocoma californica,
356.
hypoleucos, Actitis, 170.
Tringa, 170.
INDEX.
611
hypoleucus, Brachyramphus, 15.
Melanotis, 539.
Hypolia, 395.
hypopolius, Centurus, 292.
Melanerpes, 292.
Picus, 292.
hypopyrrha, Ampelis, 323.
I.
lache, 308, 319.
doubledayi, 320.
latirostris, 319, 320.
lawrencei, 320.
magica, 320.
Ibididte, 122, 123.
Ibis, Glossy, 124.
Peruvian Glossy, 124.
Scarlet, 123.
White, 123.
White-faced Glossy, 124.
Wood, 125.
ibis, Tantalus, 125.
Ice Petrel, 58.
Iceland Gull, 26.
Icteria, 482, 526.
virens, 527.
longicauda, 527.
Icteridae, 321, 365.
Icterinae, 365.
Icterus, 366, 372.
abeillei, 378.
abeillii, 378.
audubonii, 374.
bullocki, 378.
cucullatus, 374, 375, 376.
igneus, 376.
nelsoni, 376.
galbula, 377.
icterus, 373.
melanocephalus, 374.
parisorum, 373.
prosthemelas, 375.
spurius, 376.
wagleri, 374, 375.
icterus, Icterus, 373.
Ictinia, 222, 225.
mississippiensis, 225.
plumbea, 225.
igneus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 442.
Icterus cucullatus, 376.
iliaca megarhyncha, Passerella,
434.
Passerella, 434.
schistacea, Passerella, 434.
unalaschensis, Passerella, 434.
iliacus, Turdus, 576.
imber, Urinator, 7.
imberbe, Ornithion, 346.
ridgwayi, Ornithion, 346.
immaculatus, Catharus, 571.
impennis, Plautus, 19.
Imperial Woodpecker, 281.
irnperialis, Campephilus, 281.
Picus, 281.
Inca Dove, 216.
inca, Scardafella, 216.
incanus, Heteractitis, 168.
incerta, ^Istrelata, 64.
Procellaria, 64.
Indigo Bunting, 448.
indigotica, Passerina parellina, 447.
inornata, Compsothlypis, 492.
Compsothlypis pitiayumi, 492.
Parula, 492.
inornatus cineraceus, Parus, 561.
griseus, Parus, 562.
Parus, 561.
insolens, Myiodynastes audax, 332.
Insolent Flycatcher, 332.
insularis, Aphelocoma, 356.
Compsothlypis, 492.
Junco, 425.
Myadestes obscurus, 573.
Parula, 492.
Picus, 282.
Platypsaris, 325.
Troglodytes, 553.
intermedia, Euetheia olivacea, 451.
Zonotrichia, 416, 417.
Intermediate Sparrow, 416.
intermedius, Troglodytes, 554.
interpres, Arenaria, 180, 181.
involucris, Ardea, 127, 128.
Ardetta, 128.
Botaurus, 128.
lonornis, 136, 140.
martinica, 141.
Ipswich Sparrow, 407.
Iridoproene, 461.
irrorata, Diomedea, 52.
islandica, Glaucionetta, 105.
islandus, Falco, 244.
Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 281.
Cuban, 281.
Guatemalan, 281.
Ivory Gull, 24.
J.
Jabiru, 126.
Jacana, 183.
gymnostoma, 183.
Mexican, 183.
Jacanidsa, 143, 183.
Jaeger, Long-tailed, 23.
Parasitic, 22.
Pomarine, 22.
Jamaican Petrel, 66.
jamaicensis, jSlstrelata, 66.
(Estrelata, 66.
Porzana, 140.
Procellaria, 66.
Japanese Leucosticte, 395.
Waxwing, 465.
japonica, Ampelis, 465.
Bombicyvora, 465.
japonieus, Ampelis, 465.
Jardine's Woodpecker, 283.
jardinii, Dryobates villosus, 283.
Picus, 283.
Jay, Alaskan, 360.
Arizona, 357.
Black-headed, 354.
Blue-eared, 357.
-fronted, 354.
Brown, 352.
California, 356.
Canada, 359.
Coronated, 355.
Couch's, 357.
Liademed, 354.
Jay, Florida, 355.
Green, 358.
Labrador, 359.
Long-crested, 354.
Oregon, 360.
Pinon, 364.
Rocky Mountain, 360.
Santa Cruz, 356.
Sieber's, 358.
Steller's, 353.
Sumichrast's, 353.
Ultramarine, 357.
Unicolored, 358.
Woodhouse's, 355.
Xantus's, 356.
Yellow-bellied Green, 358.
jugger, Falco, 246.
Junco, 385, 422.
aikeni, 422.
alticola, 424.
annectens, 424.
Arizona, 424.
bairdi, 425.
Baird's, 425.
caniceps, 423.
Carolina, 423.
cinereus, 423.
dorsalis, 423.
palliatus, 424.
Gray-headed, 423.
Guadalupe, 425.
Guatemalan, 424.
hyemalis, 422-424.
carolinensis, 423.
oregonus, 424.
insularis, 425.
Mexican, 423.
Oregon, 424.
Pink-sided, 424.
Red-backed, 423.
Slate-colored, 422.
White-winged, 422.
K.
Kadiak Pine Grosbeak, 388.
kadiaka, Pinicola enucleator, 388.
Kamtschatkan Barn Swallow, 461.
Scoter, 112.
Sea Eagle, 243.
Skylark, 347.
Wagtail, 534.
Kaup's Redstart, 530.
kennicottii, Megascops asio, 262.
Kennicott's Screech Owl, 262.
Willow Warbler, 567.
Kentucky Warbler, 520.
Key West Quail-dove, 206.
Vireo, 475.
kidderi, (Estrelata, 67.
Killdeer, 174.
Kingbird, 328.
Arkansas, 330.
Cassin's, 330.
Couch's, 329.
Gray, 329.
Great-billed, 328.
Thick-billed, 329.
King Eider, 110.
Kingfisher, Belted, 279.
Great Rufous-bellied, 279.
612
INDEX.
Kingfisher, Texan, 279.
Kinglet, Cuvier's, 563.
Dusky, 568.
Golden-crowned, 567.
Ruby-crowned, 568.
Western Golden-crowned, 568.
King Rail, 138.
Mexican, 138.
King Vulture, 219.
kirtlandi, Dendroica, 514.
Kirtland's Warbler, 514.
Kite, Everglade, 226.
Mississippi, 225.
Plumbeous, 225.
Swallow-tailed, 224.
White-tailed, 225.
Kittiwake, 25.
Pacific, 25.
Red-legged, 25.
kittlitzii, Brachyramphus, 15.
Kittlitz's Murrelet, 15.
Knot, 153.
Kowak Chickadee, 591.
Krider's Hawk, 232.
kuhlii, Puffinus, 59.
kumlieni, Larus, 27.
Kumlien's Gull, 27.
L.
Labrador Duck, 107.
Jay, 359.
labradorius, Camptolaimus, 107.
lachrymosa, Euthlypis, 483.
Ladder-backed AVoodpecker, 284.
Cabot's, 284.
Lafresnaye's Chimney Swift, 303.
Lagopus, 185, 198.
lagopus, 199, 200.
alleni, 199.
leucurus, 202.
rupestris, 200, 201.
atkhensis, 201.
nelsoni, 201.
reinhardti, 200.
welchi, 201.
lagopus alleni, Lagopus, 199.
Archibuteo, 240.
Lagopus, 199, 200.
sanc*.i-johannis, Archibuteo,
2*1.
Lampornis, 304, 307.
mango, 274.
violicauda, 274.
Lamprolaima, 304.
rhami, 304.
Laniidae, 323, 465.
Laniocera, 323.
sanguinaria, 323.
Lanius, 465.
borealis, 466.
sibiricus, 466.
cayanus, 323.
excubitorides, 467, 468.
ludovicianus, 467, 468.
excubitorides, 467.
gambeli, 467.
yar. robustus, 468.
major, 466.
robustus, 468.
Lanivireo, 472.
Lanivireo crassirostris, 476.
Lapland Longspur, 404.
Lapp Owl, 260.
lapponica baueri, Limosa, 163.
Limosa, 163.
Scolopax, 163.
lapponicum, Scotiaptex cinereum,
260.
lapponicus, Calcarius, 404.
Lapwing, 172.
Large-billed Puffin, 11.
Sandpiper, 153.
Sparrow, 410.
Vireo, 476.
largipennis, Trochilus, 305.
Laridse, 20, 23.
Larinae, 23.
Lark Bunting, 453.
Sparrow, 414.
Western, 414.
Larus, 23, 25.
afiinis, 29.
argentatus, 30, 32.
smithsonianus, 31.
atricilla, 35.
barrovianus, 26.
brachyrhynchus, 34.
cachinnans, 30, 31.
californicus, 31, 32.
canus, 33.
delawarensis, 32.
franklinii, 36.
fuscus, 28.
glaucescens, 27.
glaucus, 26, 28.
heermanni, 34.
kumlieni, 27.
leucopterus, 26, 27.
marinus, 28.
minutus, 36.
nelsoni, 27.
occidentalis, 28, 29.
Philadelphia, 36.
schistisagus, 29.
latifasciata, Piranga leucoptera,
457.
latirostris, lache, 319, 320.
Pachyrhamphus, 324, 325.
Platypsaris, 325.
latissimus, Buteo, 236.
Laughing Gull, 35.
lawrencei, lache, 320.
Mimus, 542.
gilvus, y., 542.
Spinus, 399.
lawrenceii, Myiarchus, 335.
olivascens, Myiarchus, 335.
lawrencii, Helminthophila, 486.
Thryothorus, 552.
felix 0., 552.
Lawrence's Flycatcher, 335.
Gnatcatcher, 569.
Goldfinch, 399.
Hummingbird, 320.
Warbler, 486.
Lazuli Bunting, 447.
Leach's Petrel, 71.
Lead-colored Bush-Tit, 565.
Least Auklet, 13.
Bittern, 127.
Azara's, 128.
Cory's, 127.
Least Bittern, European, 127.
Flycatcher, 343.
Petrel, 69.
Sandpiper, 158.
Tern, 46.
Vireo, 478.
leclancheri, Passerina, 449.
Leclancher's Bunting, 449.
lecontei, Harporhynchus, 546.
leconteii, Ammodramus, 412.
" Coturniculus," 410.
Le Conte's Sparrow, 412.
Leconte's Thrasher, 546.
leei, Centurus, 293.
Melanerpes, 293.
Lee's Woodpecker, 293.
Leistes humeralis, 371.
lembeyi, Polioptila, 571.
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 126.
Leptopelicanus, 82.
Lesser Black-backed Gull, 28.
Fulmar, 57.
Man-o'-War Bird, 83.
Prairie Hen, 203.
Scaup Duck, 103.
Snow Goose, 115.
lessoni, JSstrelata, 63.
Procellaria, 63.
lessonii, Momotus, 278.
Lesson's Motmot, 278.
Petrel, 63.
Lestris antarcticus, 21.
antarcticus var. b. chilensis,
21.
leucobronchialis, Helminthophila,
486.
leucocapillus, Anous, 48.
leucocephala, Columba, 212.
leucocephalus, Haliieetus, 243.
leucogaster, Penelope, 208.
leucogastra, Ortalida, 208.
Ortalis, 208.
Polioptila, 569.
Sylvia, 569.
Troglodytes, 540.
leucolaema, Otocoris alpestris, 348.
leucomelas, Dryobates villosus, 282.
Procellaria, 62.
Puffinus, 62.
leucopareia, Hydrochelidon, 47.
Sterna, 47.
leucophrys, Zonotrichia, 415-417.
leucopodus, Haematopus, 182.
leucopsis, Branta, 116, 117.
leucoptera, JSstrelata, 65.
Hydrochelidon, 47.
latifasciata, Piranga, 457.
Loxia, 393.
Melopelia, 214.
Piranga, 457.
Procellaria, 65.
Pyranga, 457.
leucopterus, Larus, 26, 27.
leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 71.
Leucosticte, 383, 393.
Aleutian, 393.
arctoa, 395.
atrata, 394.
australis, 395.
Black, 394.
Brown-capped, 395.
brunneinucha, 395.
INDEX.
613
Leucosticte, Gray-crowned, 394.
griseonucha, 393.
Hepburn's, 394.
Japanese, 395.
littoralis, 394.
Silvery-winged, 395.
tephrocotis, 394, 395.
leucostictus, Cyphorhinus, 540.
leucostriatus, Bydytes flavus, 535.
leucotis, Basilinna, 319.
Trochilus, 319.
leucurus, Blanus, 225.
lagopus, 202.
levaillantii, Amazona, 587.
Chrysotis, 587.
Lewis's Woodpecker, 291.
Limicolae, 143.
Limosa, 149, 162, 167.
fedoa, 163.
hasmastica, 164.
lapponica, 163.
baueri, 163.
limosa, 164.
limosa, Limosa, 164.
Limpkin, 136.
linaria, Acanthis, 397.
holboellii, Acanthis, 397.
rostrata, Acanthis, 397.
lincolni, Melospiza, 433.
Lincoln's Sparrow, 433.
lineata, Thalassidroma, 56.
lineatus alleni, Buteo, 237.
Buteo, 237.
elegans, Buteo, 237.
lineola, Myiopsitta, 269.
Linnet, Brewster's, 398.
Lipangus, 323.
Lipaugus, 323.
Little Black Hawk, 235.
Blue Heron, 130.
Brown Crane, 135.
Flycatcher, 343.
Gull, 36.
Ring Plover, 177.
littoralis, Corvus, 361.
Corvus corax var., 361.
Leucosticte, 394.
tephrocotis, 394.
lobatus, Phalaropus, 145.
loculator, Tantalus, 125.
Loggerhead Shrike, 467.
lomvia, Uria, 18.
Long-billed Curlew, 170.
Dowitcher, 151.
Marsh Wren, 556.
Thrasher, 544.
-crested Jay, 354.
-eared Owl, 257.
-eared Owl, American, 257.
-tailed Chat, 527.
Chickadee, 563.
Jaeger, 23.
-toed Stint, 158.
longicauda, Bartramia, 169.
Icteria virens, 527.
longicaudus, Stercorarius, 23.
Longipennes, 1, 20.
longirostris crepitans, Rallus, 137.
Harporhynchus, 544.
Numenius, 170.
saturatus, Rallus, 137.
longirostris, Trochilus, 305.
Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 405.
Lapland, 404.
McCown's, 406.
Smith's, 405.
Loon, 7.
Black-throated, 7.
Pacific, 8.
Red-throated, 8.
Yellow-billed, 7.
Lophodytes, 84, 89.
cucullatus, 89.
Lophophanes, 560.
Lophortyx, 192.
Louisiana Clapper Rail, 137.
Heron, 131.
Tanager, 456.
Water-Thrush, 519.
Loxia, 382, 392.
canora, 451.
curvirostra bendirei, 392.
minor, 392.
Strickland!, 392.
enucleator, 388.
leucoptera, 393.
minor, 392.
lucasanus, Dryobates scalaris, 285.
lucaysiensis, Myiarchus, 334.
Tyrannula (Myiarchus) stolida
var., 334.
lucise, Helminthophila, 485, 490.
Lucifer Hummingbird, 316.
lucifer, Trochilus, 316.
Lucy's Warbler, 490.
ludoviciana, Habia, 444.
Piranga, 456.
ludovicianus excubitorides, Lanius,
467.
gambeli, Lanius, 467.
Lanius, 467, 468.
miamensis, Thryothorus, 550.
lugens, Motacilla, 532, 534.
lugubris, Corvus, 361.
lumme, Urinator, 8.
Lunda, 8, 10.
cirrhata, 10.
lunifrons, Petrochelidon, 460.
luteiventris, Myiodynastee, 332.
lutescens, Helminthophila celata,
489.
Lutescent Warbler, 489.
lutosus, Polyborus, 254.
luxuosa cyanocapilla, Xanthoura,
358.
Xanthoura, 358.
M.
Macao, Ara, 587.
Psittacus, 587.
Macaw, Military, 586.
Red Yellow and Blue, 587.
maccalli, Ortalis, 209.
Ortalis vetula, 209.
macgillivrayi, Bulweria, 69.
Geothlypis, 522.
Thalassidroma, 69.
Macgillivray's Petrel, 69.
Warbler, 522.
Macrochires, 297.
macrolopha, Cyanocitta stelleri,
354.
macromystax, Antrostomus, 298,
299.
Capriinulgus, 298.
macronyx, Pipilo, 438, 439.
Macrorhamphus, 149, 150, 151.
griseus, 151.
scolopaceus, 151.
semipalmatus, 151.
macroura, Ortyx, 184.
Zenaidura, 213.
macrourus, Quiscalus, 381.
macularia, Actitis, 170.
maculata, Tringa, 156, 160.
maculatus arcticus, Pipilo, 437.
megalonyx, Pipilo, 437.
oregonus, Pipilo, 437.
Pipilo, 436.
maculipectus canobrunneus, Thryo-
thorus, 552.
Thryothorus, 552.
umbrinus, Thryothorus, 552.
maculosa, Dendroica, 498.
Magenta Petrel, 64.
magentas, jEstrelata, 64.
Magic Hummingbird, 320.
magica, Hylocharis, 320.
lache, 320.
magister, Myiarchus mexicanus,
333.
Vireo, 470.
Vireosylvia, 470.
magna mexicana, Sturnella, 372.
neglecta, Sturnella, 372.
Sturnella, 372.
magnirostris, Tyrannus, 328.
Magnolia Warbler, 498.
Magpie, 351.
American, 352.
yellow-billed, 352.
maguari, Ardea, 125.
Majaqueus, 55.
major, Bathmidurus, 326.
Lanius, 466.
Pachyrhamphus, 326.
Puffmus, 59.
Quiscalus, 381.
Mallard, 91.
Mandarin Duck, 99.
mandtii, Cepphus, 16.
Mandt's Guillemot, 16.
mango, Lampornis, 274.
Trochilus, 307.
Mangrove Cuckoo, 274.
Warbler, 495.
Man-o'-War Bird, 83.
Lesser, 83.
Manx Shearwater, 60.
Marbled Godwit, 163.
Murrelet, 15.
Mareca, 95.
maria, Trochilus, 317.
mariae, Amazilia, 317.
Maria's Hummingbird, 317.
marila, Anas, 103.
Aythya, 103.
nearctica, Aythya, 103.
Fuligula, 103.
mariloides, Fuligula, 103.
marina, Pelagodroma, 72.
marinus, Larus, 28.
614
INDEX.
maritima, Tringa, 153, 154.
maritimus, Amuiodrainus, 413.
markhami, Cymochorea, 71.
Oceanodroma, 71.
Markham's Petrel, 71.
marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 15.
Marsh Hawk, 226.
Sparrow, Belding's, 409.
Bryant's, 409.
Wren, Long-billed, 556.
Short-billed, 556.
Southern, 556.
Martin. Cuban, 459.
Gray-breasted, 459.
Purple, 459.
martinica, Columba, 213.
Geotrygon, 216.
lonornis, 141.
inartinicana, Zenaida, 213.
Maryland Yellow-throat, 523.
Masked Bob White, 189.
Duck, 114.
Massena Partridge, 194.
maxima, Sterna, 40.
Maximilian's Gnatcatcher, 569.
maxwelliae, Megascops asio, 262.
maynardi, Coccyzns, 274.
Dryobates villosus, 282.
Vireo noveboracensis, 475.
Maynard's Cuckoo, 274.
Mazatlan Robin, 578.
Solitaire, 573.
Thrasher, 545.
Woodpecker, 285.
Yellow-throat, 526.
mccallii, Megascops asio, 261.
mccownii, Rhynchophanes, 406.
McCown's Longspur, 406.
McKay's Snowflake, 403.
Meado'wlark, 372.
Mexican, 372.
Western, 372.
Meadow Pipit, 536.
Megalestris, 20.
antareticus, 21.
chilensis, 21.
skua, 21.
megalonyx, Pipilo maculatus, 437.
Megaquiscalus, 380.
megarhyncha, Passerella iliaca, 434.
Megascops, 256, 260, 586.
asio, 261.
floridanus, 261.
kennicottii, 262.
maxwelliae, 262.
mccallii, 261.
trichopsis, 261.
brasilianus, 586.
flammeolus, 262, 586.
hastatus, 586.
Me'.anerpes, 280, 290.
aurifrons, 294.
blakei, 292.
carolinus, 293.
dubius, 293.
elegans, 292.
erythrocephalus, 290.
formicivorus, 291.
angu.stifrons, 291.
bairdi, 291.
hypopolius, 292.
leei, 293.
Melanerpes nyeanus, 292.
pucherani, 291.
pygmsoua, 293.
rubriventris, 293.
santa-cruzi, 294.
superciliaris, 292.
torquatus, 291.
uropygialis, 294.
melania, Oceanodroma, 70.
Melanitta, 111.
melanocephala, Arenaria, 181.
Habia, 445.
melanocephalus, Icterus, 374.
Psarocolius, 374.
Trogon, 277.
melanocorys, Calamospiza, 453.
melanogaster, Cymochorea, 72.
Cymodroma, 72.
Hirundo, 460.
Petrochelidon, 460.
Thalassidroma, 72.
melanogastra, Thalassidroma, 72.
nielanogenys, Anous, 48.
melanoleucus, Micropus, 303.
Totanus, 165.
melanope, Motacilla, 534.
melanophrys, Diomedea, 51, 52.
inelanops, Geothlypis, 524.
Melanoptila, 539.
glabrirostris, 539.
Melanotis, 539.
caerulescens, 539.
hypoleucus, 539.
Psaltriparus, 565.
melanurus, Rynchops, 49.
Meleagrinse, 205.
Meleagris, 205, 206.
cristata, 207.
gallopavo, 207.
mexicana, 207.
ocellata, 207.
melitophrys, Vireolanius, 469.
meloda, jEgialitis, 178.
circumcincta, ^Igialitis, 178.
melodia var. mexicana, Melospiza,
432.
Melodious Grassquit, 451.
Melopelia, 210, 214.
leucoptera, 214.
Melospiza, 386, 430.
cinerea, 432.
fasciata, 431.
fallax, 432.
guttata, 432.
heermanni, 431.
mexicana, 432.
montana, 431.
rufina, 432.
samuelis, 431.
georgiana, 433.
heermanni, 432.
lincolni, 433.
melodia var. mexicana, 432.
rufina, 432.
samuelis, 432.
Merganser, 84, 88.
American, 89.
americanus, 89.
Hooded, 89.
merganser, 88.
Red-breasted, 89.
serrator, 89.
merganser, Merganser, 88.
Mergus, 88.
Merginas, 84.
Mergus, 84, 90.
albellus, 90.
merganser, 88.
Merlin, 249.
Black, 250.
Richardson's, 251.
Merula, 571, 577.
confinis, 578.
flavirostris, 578.
graysoni, 578.
graysoni, 578.
migratoria, 357, 577.
propinqua, 577.
mesoleucus, Pipilo fuscus, 440.
Methriopterus, 543.
curvirostris occidentalis, 545.
Mew Gull, 33.
Mexican Black Hawk, 239.
Cardinal, 442.
Chickadee, 562.
Cliff Swallow, 460.
Cormorant, 79.
Creeper, 558.
Crested Flycatcher, 333.
Crossbill, 392.
Crow, 363.
Duck, 92.
Goldfinch, 399.
Goshawk, 240.
Grassquit, 451.
Ground Dove, 586.
Honey Creeper, 480.
Horned Lark, 349.
Jacana, 183.
Junco, 423.
King Rail, 138.
Meadowlark, 372.
Quail-dove, 217.
Raven, 361.
Road-runner, 273.
Screech Owl, 261.
Solitaire, 573.
Song Sparrow, 432.
Sparrow, 428.
Towhee, 436.
Trogon, 276.
Turkey, 207.
Urubitinga, 238.
Whippoorwill, 298.
mexicana, Certhia familiaris, 558.
Certhiola, 480.
Fringilla, 390, 391.
Grus, 135.
Meleagris gallopavo, 207.
Melospiza fasciata, 432.
melodia var., 432.
Peucasa, 428.
Sialia, 581.
Spinus psaltria, 399.
Strix, 263, 264.
Sturnella magna, 372.
moxicanoides, Colaptes, 296.
mexicanus, Bubo, 264.
Carpodacus, 391.
Catherpes, 548, 549.
Cinclus, 538.
conspersus, Catherpes, 549.
Corvus, 363.
Falco, 247.
INDEX.
615
mexicanus frontalis, Carpodacus,
391.
Iliinantopus, 147.
magister, Myiarchus, 333.
Momotus, 278.
Myiarchus, 333.
Phalacrocorax, 79.
Psilorhinus, 352, 361.
punctulatus, Catherpes, 549.
Pyrocephalus rubineus, 345.
ruberrimus, Carpodacus, 391.
Trogon, 276.
miamensis, Thryothorus ludovicia-
nus, 550.
Micrathene, 257, 266.
graysoni, 267.
whitneyi, 267.
microcephala, Sylvania, 527.
Micropalama, 149, 152.
himantopus, 152.
Micropodidse, 297, 302.
Micropodinse, 302.
Micropus, 302, 303.
melanoleucus, 303.
microsoma, Halocyptena, 69.
migratoria, Merula, 357, 577.
migratorius, Ectopistes, 212.
militaris, Ara, 586, 587.
Psittacus, 587.
Military Macaw, 586.
Milvulus, 326, 327.
forficatus, 328.
tyrannus, 327.
Miminas, 538.
Mimodes, 539, 542.
graysoni, 543.
Mimus, 539, 541.
gilvus, y. lawrencei, 542.
gracilis, 542.
gundlachii, 542.
lawrencei, 542.
polyglottos, 541.
miniata flamaiea, Setophaga, 530.
Setophaga, 530.
minima, Branta canadensis, 117.
minimus californicus, Psaltriparus,
565.
Empidonax, 343, 344.
grindae, Psaltriparus, 565.
Psaltriparus, 564.
minor, Coccyzus, 274.
Fregata, 83.
Fulmarus glacialis, 57.
Loxia, 392.
curvirostra, 392.
Pelecanus, 83.
Philohela, 150.
minuta, Ardea, 127.
Tringa, 158.
minutilla, Tringa, 158.
minutus, Botaurus, 127.
Corvus, 363.
Larus, 36.
Mirador Barred Owl, 258.
Yellow-throat, 526.
Mississippi Kite, 225.
mississippiensis, Ictinia, 225.
mitrata, Sylvania, 527, 528.
Mniotilta, 480, 483.
borealis, 484.
varia, 484, 528.
borealis, 484.
Mniotiltidae, 322, 480.
mocinno, Pharomachrus, 275.
Mockingbird, 541.
Gundlach's, 542.
Tehuantepec, 542.
Yucatan, 542.
mollis, .iEstrelata, 63.
Procellaria, 63.
mollissima borealis, Somateria, 109,
110.
Molothrus, 365, 367, 589.
ameus, 367, 589.
ater, 367.
obscurus, 367.
molybdophanes, Ptiliogonys cine-
reus, 464.
momota, Ramphastos, 277.
Moinotidaa, 277.
Momotus, 277.
cseruleiceps, 278.
lessoaii, 278.
mexicanus, 278.
mongola, ^Egialitis, 179.
Mongolian Plover, 179.
monoeerata, Cerorhinca, 12.
montana, ^Egialitis, 176.
Certhia, 558.
fainiliaris, 558.
Columba, 217.
Fringilla, 402.
Geotrygon, 217.
Melospiza fasciata, 431.
montanus, Oroscoptes, 541.
Passer, 402.
montezumae, Cyrtonyx, 194.
monticola ochracea, Spizella, 418.
Spizella, 417.
morcomi, Dendroica oestiva, 494.
inorelleti, Sporophila, 450.
Morellet's Seedeater, 450.
morio, Pica, 352.
Psilorhinus, 352.
moschata, Anas, 87, 100.
Cairina, 100.
Motacilla, 532.
• alba, 533.
calendula, 568.
flava, 535.
lugens, 532, 534.
melanope, 534.
ocularis, 533.
petechia, 495.
motacilla, Seiurus, 519.
Motacillidse, 322, 532.
Motmot, Blue-crowned, 278.
Lesson's, 278.
Rufous-crowned, 278.
inotzfeldi, Cepphus, 17.
Mountain Bluebird, 582.
Chickadee, 562.
Partridge, 191.
Plover, 176.
Solitary Vireo, 473.
Song Sparrow, 431.
Mourning Dove, 213.
Warbler, 521.
murinus, Psittacus, 269.
Murre, 18.
Brunnich's, 18.
California, 18.
Pallas's, 18.
Murrelet, Ancient, 14.
Murrelet, Craveri's, 15.
Kittlitz's, 15.
Marbled, 15.
Partridge, 15.
Short-billed, 15.
Temminck's, 14.
Xantus's, 15.
Muscicapa audax, 332.
sagrae, 334.
simplex, 323.
Muscipeta carbaaa, 339.
Muscovy Duck, 100.
mustelinus, Turdus, 573-575.
Myadestes, 571, 572.
obscurus, 573.
insularis, 573.
occidentalis, 573.
townsendii, 572.
unicolor, 573.
Myadestinaa, 571.
Mycteria, 125.
americana, 126.
Myiarchus, 327, 332.
brachyurus, 334.
cinerascens, 333.
crinitus, 333.
flammulatus, 332, 335.
lawrenceii, 335.
olivascens, 335.
lucaysiensis, 334.
mexicanus, 333.
magister, 333.
nuttingi, 334.
platyrhynchus, 335.
sagraa, 334.
yucatanensis, 334.
Myiodynastes, 326, 331.
audax, 332.
insolens, 332.
nobilis, 332.
luteiventris, 332
Myiopsitta, 269.
lineola, 269.
Myiozetetes, 327, 331.
texensis, 331.
Myrtle Warbler, 497.
mystacalis, Amphispiza, 426.
Zonotrichia, 426.
N.
nsevia, Hesperocichla, 578.
naavius, Nvcticorax nycticorax, 133.
Seiurus,* 519.
Narrow-billed Flycatcher, 344.
Narrow-fronted Woodpecker, 291.
Nashville Warbler, 489. .
nasicus, Corvus, 363.
Nassau Yellow-throat, 524.
naiivitatis, Puffinus, 62.
nebularius, Totanus, 165.
nebulosum alleni, Syrnium, 259.
sartorii, Syrnium, 258.
Syrnium, 259.
neglecta, .ZEstrelata, 67.
Procellaria, 67.
Sturnella, 372.
magna, 372.
* = Seiurus noveboracensis.
616
INDEX.
Neglected Petrel, 67.
neglectus, Parus rufescens, 564.
nelsoni, Ammodramus caudacutus,
413.
Icterus cucullatus, 376.
Lagopus rupestris, 201.
Larus, 27.
Nelson's Gull, 27.
Ptarmigan, 201.
Sparrow, 413.
Neochloe, 468.
brevipennis, 468.
Neocorys, 537.
Neofalco, 248.
neoxena, Ardetta, 127.
neoxenus, Botaurus, 127.
Trogon, 275.
nereis, Procellaria, 56.
Netta, 85, 100.
rufina, 100.
Nettion, 93.
nevadensis, Amphispiza belli, 427.
Nicaraguan Crested Flycatcher, 334.
niger, Cypseloides, 302.
Nighthawk, 301.
Cuban, 301.
Texan, 301.
Western, 301.
Night Heron, Black-crowned, 133.
Yellow-crowned, 133.
nigra, Anas, 111.
Hydrochelidon, 46.
Oidemia, 111.
Penelope, 208.
Sterna, 46.
surinamensis, Hydrochelidon,
47.
nigrescens, Ammodramus, 413.
Dendroica, 507.
nigricans, Branta, 118.
Snyornis, 336.
nigricapillus, Perisoreus canadensis,
359.
nigriceps, Polioptila, 570.
nigricollis californicus, Colymbus, 6.
Colymbus, 6.
Podiceps, 6.
nigrilora, Compsothlypis, 491, 492.
nigripes, Diomedea, 51. •
nigrogularis, Colinus, 190.
Ortyx, 190.
nilotica, Gelochelidon, 38.
nitens, Phainopepla, 465.
nitida, Asturina, 240.
nitidus, Falco, 240.
nivalis, Chen hyperborea, 115.
Plectrophenax, 402.
townsendi, Plectropheuax, 403.
nivea, Procellaria, 55.
nivosa, jEgialitis, 178.
nobilis, Myiodynastes audaz, 332.
Noble Flycatcher, 332.
Noddy, 48.
Black-cheeked, 48.
Slender-billed, 48.
White-crowned, 48.
Nomonyx, 87, 114.
dominions, 114.
Northern Hairy Woodpecker, 282.
Phalarope, 145.
Raven, 361.
Shrike, 466.
Northwest Crow, 363.
Northwestern Flicker, 296.
notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis,
519.
notatus, Spinus, 400.
notosticta, Peucaea, 430.
noveboraeensis notabilis, Seiurus,
519.
Porzana, 140.
Seiurus, 519.
Vireo, 475.
nuchalis, Sphyrapicus varius, 288.
Numeninae, 149.
Numenius, 149, 167, 170.
borealis, 171.
hudsonicus, 171.
longirostris, 170.
phseopus, 171.
tahitiensis, 171.
Nutcracker, Clark's, 364.
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 560.
Pygmy, 560.
Red-breasted, 559.
Slender-billed, 559.
White-breasted, 559.
nuttalli californicus, Phalaenopti-
lus, 588.
Dryobates, 285.
nitidus, Phalasnoptilus, 588.
Phalamoptilus, 299, 588.
Pica, 352.
Nuttall's Woodpecker, 285.
Nuttalornis, 337.
nuttingi, Myiarchus, 334.
Nutting's Flycatcher, 334.
Nyctala, 256, 260.
acadica, 260.
tcngmalmi, 260.
richardsonii, 260.
Nyctalops stygius, 257.
Nyctanassa, 584.
Nyctea, 256, 264.
nyctea, 264.
nyctea, Nyctea, 264.
Nyctherodius, 133, 584.
Nycticorax, 126, 132.
nycticorax naevius, 133.
violaceus, 133.
Nyctidromus, 297, 300.
albicollis, 300.
nyeanus, Centurus, 292.
Melanerpes, 292.
Nye's Woodpecker, 292.
O.
Oaxaca Sparrow, 430.
obscura, Anas, 91, 92.
Dendragapus, 195, 196.
Procellaria, 61.
obscurus, Dendragapus, 195.
Empidonax, 344.
fuliginosus, Dendragapus, 196.
insularis, Myadestes, 573.
Molothrus ater, 367.
Myadestes, 573.
occidentalis, Myadestes, 573.
Perisoreus, 360.
Puffinus, 61.
Regulus, 568.
richardsonii, Dendragapus,196.
obsoletus, Rallus, 137.
Salpinctes, 548.
obtectus, Parus cinctus, 564.
ocai, Amazilia, 317.
occidentale, Syrnium, 259.
occidentalis, ^Ichmophorus, 4.
Ardea, 128.
Branta canadensis, 117.
Certhia, 558.
familiaris, 557, 558.
Coccyzus americanus, 273.
Dendroica, 513.
Ereunetes, 162.
Geothlypis, 523.
trichas, 523, 524.
Harporhynchus curvirostris,
545.
Larus, 28, 29.
Methriopterus curvirostris, 545.
Myadestes obscurus, 573.
Parus atricapillus, 563.
oceanicus, Oceanites, 71.
Oceanites, 56, 71.
gracilis, 71.
oceanicus, 71.
Oceanitinae, 56.
Oceanodroma, 56, 70.
cryptoleucura, 71.
furcata, 70.
homochroa, 71.
hornbyi, 70.
leucorhoa, 71.
markhami, 71.
melania, 70.
ocellata, Meleagris, 207.
Ocellated Partridge, 194.
Thrasher, 544.
Turkey, 207.
ocellatus, Cyrtonyx, 194.
Harporhynchus, 544.
Ortyx, 194.
sumichrasti, Cyrtonyx, 194.
ochracea, Spizella monticola, 418.
ochraceiceps, Hylophilus, 479.
Ochraceous-fronted Hylophilus,479.
-rutnped Seedeater, 450.
Vireo, 476.
ochraceus, Yireo, 476.
ochropus, Totanus, 166.
Tringa, 166.
Ochthodromus, 175.
ocularis, Motacilla, 533.
Odontoglossae, 1, 121.
cenanthe, Saxicola, 580.
CEnops pernigra, 221.
CEstrelata brevirostris, 66.
externa, 68.
gularis, 67.
jamaicensis, 66.
kidderi, 67.
phaeopygia, 65.
sandwichensis, 65.
Oidemia, 86, 110.
americana, 111.
deglandi, 112.
deglandii, 112.
fusca, 112.
nigra, 111.
perspicillata, 113.
stejnegeri, 112.
Old-squaw, 106.
olivacea, Dendroica, 494.
INDEX.
617
olivacea, Emberiza, 451.
Euetheia, 451.
pusilla, Euetheia, 451.
Olivaceous Flycatcher, 335.
olivaceua, Regulus satrapa, 568.
Vireo, 469, 470.
olivascens, Myiarchus lawrenceii,
335.
Olive-backed Thrush, 575.
-sided Flycatcher, 337.
Warbler, 494.
Olor, 88, 120.
bewickii, 120.
buccinator, 120.
oolumbianus, 120.
cygnus, 120.
One-banded Hawk, 229.
onocrotalus, Pelecanus, 81.
Oporornis, 520.
formosa, 487.
Orange-crowned Warbler, 488.
oratrix, Amazona, 587.
Orchard Oriole, 376.
Oregon Chickadee, 563.
Jay, 360.
Junco, 424.
Ruffed Grouse, 198.
Towhee, 437.
oregonus, Junco hyemalis, 424.
Pipilo maculatus, 437.
Oreophasinae, 208.
Oreophasis, 208.
Oreortyx, 185, 190.
pictus, 191.
plumiferus, 191.
Oreothlypis, 481.
superciliosa, 481.
Oriolo, Abeille's, 378.
Arizona Hooded, 376.
Audubon's, 374.
Baltimore, 377.
Black-headed, 374.
Bullock's, 378.
Fiery, 376.
Hooded, 375.
Orchard, 376.
Scott's, 373.
Strickland's, 375.
Wagler's, 375.
Orizaba Yellow-throat, 525.
ornatus, Calcarius, 405, 406.
Ornismya abeillei, 304.
cinnamomea, 318.
eximia, 304.
henrica, 310.
pampa, 304.
rhami, 304.
Ornithion, 327, 345.
imberbe, 346.
ridgwayi, 346.
Oroscoptes, 538, 541.
montanus, 541.
Orpheus caerulescens, 539.
Ortalida cinereiceps, 209.
leucogastra, 208.
plumbeiceps, 209.
polioeephala, 209.
wagleri, 208.
Ortalis, 208.
cinereiceps, 209.
derbianus, 208.
leucogastra, 208.
Ortalis maccalli, 209.
plumbeiceps, 209.
polioeephala, 209.
vetula, 209.
pallidiventris, 209.
plumbeiceps, 209.
wagleri, 208.
Orthorhynchus helenae, 313.
Ortyx castaneus, 187.
coyolcos, 189.
cubanensis, 188.
elegans, 193.
fasciatus, 193.
macroura, 184.
nigrogularis, 190.
ocellatus, 194.
pectoralis, 189.
oryzivorus albinucha, Dolichonyx,
366.
Dolichonyx, 366.
Oscines, 321.
Osprey, American, 255.
Ossifraga, 53, 57.
gigantea, 57.
ossifragus, Corvus, 363.
ostralegus, Hsematopus, 181.
Otocoris, 346, 347.
alpestris, 348.
arenicola, 349.
chrysolaema, 349.
giraudi, 349.
leucolaema, 348.
praticola, 348.
rubea, 349.
strigata, 349.
otus, Asio, 257.
Strix, 257.
Oven-bird, 518.
Owl, American Barn, 255.
Hawk, 265.
Arctic Horned, 263.
Barred, 259.
Burrowing, 265.
California Screech, 262.
Dusky Horned, 263.
Elf, 267.
Ferruginous Pygmy, 266.
Flammulated Screech, 262.
Florida barred, 259.
Burrowing, 265.
Screech, 261.
Great Gray, 259.
Horned, 263.
Hawk, 265.
Kennicott's Screech, 262
Lapp, 260.
Long-eared, 257.
Mexican Screech, 261.
Mirado Barred, 258.
Pygmy, 266.
Richardson's, 260.
Rocky Mountain Screech, 262.
Saw-whet, 260.
Screech, 261.
Short-eared, 258.
Snowy, 264.
Socorro Elf, 267.
Spotted, 259.
Striped Horned, 264.
Stygian, 257.
Tengmalm's, 260.
Texan Screech, 261.
78
Owl, Western Horned, 263.
Oxyechus, 174.
Oyster-catcher, 181.
American, 182.
Black, 183.
Galapagos, 182.
White-footed, 182.
P.
Pachyrhamphus, 323, 325.
cinnamomeus, 326.
latirostris, 324, 325.
major, 326.
pachyrhyncha, Rhynehopsitta, 269.
Pachyrhynchus aglaiae, 324.
cuvieri, 325.
Pacific Eider, 110.
Fulmar, 57.
. Godwit, 163.
Golden Plover, 174.
Kittiwake, 25.
Loon, 8.
pacificus, Troglodytes hiema-
lis, 555.
Urinator, 8.
pacifica, Tringa alpina, 160.
Pagodroma, 55.
Painted Bunting, 449.
Redstart, 529.
Pale Vireo, 478.
Pale-green -throated Hummingbird,
310.
pallasii, Turdus aonalaschkae, 576.
Pallas's Cormorant, 81.
Gull, 30.
Murre, 18.
pallens, Vireo, 478.
pallescens, Chamaepelia passerina,
var., 586.
Columbigallina passerina, 585.
palliatus, Haematopus, 182.
Junco cinereus, 424.
Pallid Horned Lark, 348.
Wren-Tit, 566.
pallida, Spizella, 421.
pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus, 203.
pallidiventris, Ortalis vetula, 209.
Palm Warbler, 517.
Warbler, Yellow, 517.
palmarum, Dendroica, 482, 517, 518.
hypochrysea, Dendroica, 517.
palmeri, Harporhynchus, 543.
Harporhynchus curvirostris,
545.
Palmer's Thrasher, 545.
palpebralis, Geothlypis, 526.
paludicola, Cistothorus palustris,
556.
Paludicolae, 134.
palustris, Cistothorus, 556.
paludicola, Cistothorus, 556.
Quiscalus, 381.
var. paludicola, Cistothorus,
556.
pampa, Ornismya, 304.
Pandion, 218, 224, 254.
haliaetus carolinensis, 255.
papa, Gypagus, 219.
Vulture, 219.
Parabuteo, 223, 228.
618
INDEX.
Parabuteo unicinctus, 229.
unicinctus harrisi, 229.
paradisaea, Sterna, 43, 44, 45.
Parakeet, Aztec, 270.
Green, 270.
Petz's, 270.
Socorro, 270.
Parasitic Jaeger, 22.
parasiticus, Stercorarius, 22.
Parauque, 300.
parellina, Cyanoloxia, 446.
indigotica, Passerina, 447.
Passerina, 446.
Paridse, 322, 558.
Parinse, 558.
parisorum, Icterus, 373.
parkmanii, Troglodytes aedon, 554,
556.
Parkman's Wren, 554.
Paroquet Auklet, 12.
Paroquet, Carolina, 270.
Parrot, Autumnal, 587.
Blue-crowned, 587.
Double Yellow-head, 587.
Finsch's, 587.
Thick-billed, 269.
White-fronted, 588.
Yellow-lored, 588.
Partridge, Banded, 193.
Black-faced, 193.
California, 192.
Elegant, 193.
Gambel's, 193.
Massena, 194.
Mountain, 191.
Murrelet, 15.
Ocellated, 194.
Plumed, 191.
Salle's, 194.
Scaled, 191.
Valley, 192.
Parula, Central American, 492.
inornata, 492.
insularis, 492.
Trea Marias, 492.
Warbler, 491.
Parus, 558, 560, 562.
atricapillus, 563.
occidentalis, 563.
septentrionalis, 563.
atricristatus, 561.
castaneifrons, 561.
bicolor, 561.
texensis, 561.
carolinensis, 562.
cinctus obtectus, 564.
gambcli, 562.
hudsonicus, 564.
inornatus, 561.
cineraceus, 561.
griseus, 562.
meridionalis, 562.
rufescens, 564.
neglectus, 564.
stoneyi, 591.
wollweberi, 562.
parva, Spermophila, 450.
parvirostris, j35strelata, 65.
Procellaria, 65.
parvus, Dryobates scalaris, 284.
Picus, 284.
Passenger Pigeon, 212.
Passer, 382, 401.
arctous, 395.
domesticus, 401, 402.
montanus, 402.
Passerculus, 407.
Passerella, 384, 433.
iliaca, 434.
megarhyncha, 434.
schistacea, 434.
unalaschcensis, 434.
schistacea, 434.
unalaschcensis, 434.
Passeres, 321.
Passerina, 385, 446, 447.
amoena, 447, 448.
ciris, 449.
cyanea, 448.
leclancheri, 449.
parellina, 446. .
indigotica, 447.
rositae, 449.
sumichrasti, 447.
versicolor, 448.
pulchra, 448.
passerina bahainensis, Columbigal-
lina, 586.
Columbigallina, 215, 585.
pallescens, Columbigallina, 586.
socorroensis, Columbigallina,
586.
var. pallescens, Chamaepelia,
586.
passerinus, Ammodramus savanna-
rum, 411.
Psittacus, 269.
Pavoncella, 148, 168.
pugnax, 168.
Pealea, 56.
pealei, Ardea, 131.
Falco peregrinus, 248.
Peale's Egret, 131.
Falcon, 248.
Petrel, 67.
Pectoral Sandpiper, 156.
pectoralis, Colinus, 189.
Ortyx, 189.
Pediocastes, 185, 203.
phasianellus, 204.
campestris, 204.
columbianus, 204.
Pelagic Cormorant, 80.
pelagica, Aquila, 243.
Chaetura, 303.
Procellaria, 70.
pelagicus, Phalacrocorax, 80.
resplendens, Phalacrocorax, 80.
robustus, Phalacrocorax, 80.
Thalassoaetus, 243.
Pelagodroma, 56, 72.
marina, 72.
Pelecanidjc, 73, 81.
Pelecanus, 81.
californicus, 82.
erythrorhynohos, 82.
fuscus, 82.
minor, 83.
onocrotalus, 81.
Pelican, American White, 82.
Brown, 82.
California Brown, 82.
Pelidna, 159.
Pelionetta, 112.
pelzelni, Granatellus, 482.
Pelzeln's Shearwater, 60.
Penelope, 207.
leucogaster, 208.
nigra, 208.
poliocephala, 209.
vetula, 209.
penelope, Anas, 96.
Penelopes, 184.
Penelopina, 208.
penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 79.
pennsylvanica, Dendroica, 450.
pensilvanicus, Anthus, 535, 536.
Perdicince, 184.
Perdix, 184.
perdix, 184.
perdix, Brachyramphus, 15.
Cepphus, 15.
Perdix, 184.
Tetrao, 184.
pcregrina, Helminthophila, 488.
Peregrine Falcon, 247.
peregrinus anatum, Falco, 247.
Falco, 247.
pealei, Falco, 248.
Perisoreus, 351, 358.
canadensis, 359.
capitalis, 360.
fumifrons, 360.
nigricapillus, 359.
obscurus, 360.
Perissoglossa, 492.
pernigra, Cathartes, 221.
(Enops, 221.
perpallidus, Ammodramus savan-
narum, 411.
personata, Callipepla, 193.
personatus, Philortyx, 193.
perspicillata, Oidemia, 113.
perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 79, 81.
pertinax, Contopus, 337.
Peruvian Booby, 75.
Glossy Ibis, 124.
Petarchy, Bahaman, 331.
Petasophora, 306.
Petchora Pipit, 537.
petechia, Dendroica, 495.
Motacilla, 495.
Petrel, Arminjon's, 65.
Ashy, 71.
Atlantic, 66.
Black, 67, 70.
-bellied Storm, 72.
-capped, 66.
Bulwer's, 69.
Dark-rumped, 65.
De Filippi's, 68.
Downy, 63.
Fisher's, 68.
Fork-tailed, 70.
Galapagos Storm, 70.
Graceful, 71.
Hornby's, 70.
Ice, 58.
Jamaican, 66.
Leach's, 71.
Least, 69.
Lesson's, 63.
Macgillivray's, 69.
Magenta, 64.
Markham's, 71.
Neglected, 67.
INDEX.
619
Petrel, Peale's, 67.
Pintado, 69.
Salvin's, 68.
Sandwich Island, 71.
Scaled, 68.
Schlegel's, 64.
Short-billed, 66.
Small-billed, 65.
Storm, 70.
Thick-billed, 64.
Trinidad, 66.
Tropical, 72.
White-bellied, 72.
-faced, 72.
-winged, 65.
Wilson's, 71.
Petrochelidon, 457, 459.
albilinea, 462.
fulva, 460.
poeciloma, 460.
lunifrons, 460.
melanogaster, 460.
petzii, Conurus, 270.
Sittace, 270.
Petz's Parakeet, 270.
Peucaea, 386, 427.
aestivalis, 427.
bachmani, 428.
arizonae, 428, 594.
botterii, 428.
boucardi, 429.
carpalis, 430.
cassini, 428.
mexicana, 428.
notosticta, 430.
ruficeps, 429.
boucardi, 429.
eremoeca, 429.
Peucedramus, 493.
Phaethon, 73, 74.
sethereus, 74.
flavirostris, 74.
rubricaudus, 74.
Phaethontidae, 73.
Phaeoptila, 309.
phaeopus, Numenius, 171.
phseopygia, jEstrelata, 65.
(Estrelata, 65.
Phaethornis, 304.
Phaeton rubricauda, 74.
Phainopepla, 463, 465.
nitens, 465.
Phalacrocoracidae, 73, 77.
Phalacrocorax, 77.
carbo, 78.
'dilophus, 78.
albociliatus, 78.
cincinatus, 78.
floridanus, 78.
mexicanus, 79.
pelagicus, 80.
resplendens, 80.
robustus, 80.
penicillatus, 79.
perspicillatus, 79, 81.
urile, 80.
phalaenoides, Glaucidium, 266.
Phalsenoptilus, 297, 299, 588.
nuttalli, 299, 588.
californicus, 588.
nitidus, 588.
Phalarope, Northern, 145.
Phalarope, Red, 144.
Wilson's, 145.
Phalaropodidae, 143.
Phalaropus, 143, 144.
lobatus, 145.
tricolor, 145.
Phalerinae, 7.
Phaleris, 13.
Pharomachrus, 275.
mocinno, 275.
phasianellus campestris, Pediocae-
tes, 204.
columbianus, Pediocaetes, 204.
Pediocaetes, 204.
Phasianidae, 184, 205.
Phasianinae, 205.
Phasianus, 205.
colchicus, 205, 206.
soemmerringii, 206.
torquatus, 206.
versicolor, 206.
Pheasant, 206.
Copper, 206.
Green, 206.
Ring-necked, 206.
Philacte, 88, 118.
canagica, 118.
Philadelphia, Geothlypis, 521, 522.
Larus, 36.
Philadelphia Vireo, 471.
philadelphicus, Vireo, 471.
Philohela, 147, 150.
minor, 150.
Philortyx, 193.
personatus, 193
Phoebastria, 51.
Phoebe, 336.
Black, 336.
Say's, 336.
phoebe, Sayornis, 336.
Phcebetria, 50, 53.
fuliginosa, 53.
phoeniceus, Agelaius, 369, 370.
bryanti; Agelaius, 370.
Cardinalis, 441, 443.
sonoriensis, Agelaius 370.
Phcenicopteridae, 121.
Phoenicopterus, 121.
ruber, 121.
Phyllobasileus, 568.
Phyllopseustes, 566.
borealis, 567.
Pica, 350, 351.
beecheii, 350.
formosa, 350.
morio, 352.
nuttalli, 352.
pica, 351.
hudsonica, 352
sanblasiana, 350.
sieberii, 358.
pica, Corvus, 351.
hudsonica, "ica, 352.
Pica, 351.
Pici, 280.
Picicorvus, 351, 364.
columbianus, 364.
Picidae, 280.
Picoides, 280, 286.
americanus, 187.
alascensis, 287.
dorsalis, 287.
Picoides arcticus, 287.
picta guatemalae, Setophaga, 530.
Setophaga, 529.
pictus, Calcarius, 404, 405.
Oreortyx, 191.
plumiferus, Oreortyx, 191.
Picus arizonae, 286.
bairdi, 285.
dubius, 293.
elegans, 292.
formicivorus, 291.
guatemalensis, 281.
hypopolius, 292.
imperialis, 281.
insularis, 282.
jardinii, 283.
parvus, 284.
scalaris, 284.
var. graysoni, 285.
scapularis, 290.
stricklandi, 286.
superciliaris, 292.
Pied-billed Grebe, 6.
Pigeon, Band-tailed, 211.
Passenger, 212.
Red-billed, 211.
White-crowned, 212.
Pigeon Guillemot, 17.
Hawk, 250.
Pileated AVoodpecker, 289.
pileatus, Ceophlceus, 289.
pileolata, Sylvania pusilla, 528.
Pileolated Warbler, 528.
Pine Grosbeak, 388.
American, 388.
Kadiak, 388.
Siskin, 400.
Warbler, 514.
Cuban, 515.
pinetorum, Spizella, 419.
Pine-woods Sparrow, 427.
Pinicola, 382, 387.
canadensis, 388.
enucleator, 388.
canadensis, 388.
kadiaka, 388.
flammula, 388.
pinicola, Turdus, 572.
Pink-footed Shearwater, 59.
-headed Warbler, 531.
-sided Junco, 424.
pinnata, Ardea, 127.
pinnatus, Botaurus, 127.
Pinon Jay, 364.
Pintado Petrel, 69.
Pintail, 98.
Bahama, 98.
pinus, Helminthophila, 486, 487.
Spinus, 400.
Pipilo, 384, 435.
aberti, 441.
albicollis, 439.
albigula, 441.
arcticus, 437.
carmani, 438.
chlorosoma, 438.
chlorurus, 439.
complexus, 439.
consobrinus, 437.
erythrophthalmus, 436, 438,
439.
alleni, 436.
620
INDEX.
Pipilo fuscus, 440.
albigula, 440.
crissalis, 441.
mesoleucus, 440.
macronyx, 438, 439.
maculatus, 436.
arcticus, 437.
megalonyx, 437.
oregonus, 437.
rutilus, 439.
submaculatus, 438.
Piping Plover, 178.
Plover, Belted, 178.
Pipit, American, 536.
Meadow, 536.
Petchora, 537.
Red-throated, 537.
Sprague's, 537.
Piranga, 453, 589.
bidentata, 456.
erythrocephala, 456.
erythromelas, 454.
figlina, 455.
flammea, 457.
hepatica, 455.
leucoptera, 457.
latifasciata, 457
ludovieiana, 456.
roseigularis, 455.
rubra, 454.
cooperi, 454.
rubriceps, 589.
testacea, 455.
piscator, Sula, 76.
Pitangus, 326, 330.
bahamensis, 331.
derbianus, 331.
pityophila, Dendroica, 515.
Sylvicola, 515.
plagiata, Asturina, 240.
Plain Titmouse, 561.
Plataleidae, 122.
platycercus, Selasphorus, 304.
Trochilus, 313.
Platypsaris, 323, 324.
aglaiae, 324.
albiventris, 325.
insularis, 325.
latirostris, 325.
Platypus borealis, 109.
platyrhynchus, Myiarchus, 335.
Plautus, 10, 19.
impennis, 19.
Plectrophenax, 382, 402.
hyperboreus, 403.
nivalis, 402.
townsendi, 403.
Plegadis, 123.
autumnal is, 124.
guarauna, 124.
ridgwayi, 124.
Plover, American Golden, 174.
Black-bellied, 173.
Golden, 173.
Mongolian, 179.
Mountain, 176.
Ring, 177.
Rufous-naped, 175.
Semipalmated, 176.
Snowy, 178.
Wilson's, 175.
plumbea, Ictinia, 225.
plumbca, Polioptila, 570.
plumbeiceps, Ortalida, 209.
Ortalis, 209.
vetula, 209.
Plumbeous Gnatcatcher, 570.
Kite, 225.
Vireo, 474.
plumbeus, Falco, 225.
Psaltriparus, 564, 565.
Vireo solitarius, 474.
Plumed Partridge, 191.
plumiferus, Oreortyx pictus, 191.
Pochard, 101.
Podasocys, 175.
Podiceps, 6.
nigricollis, 6.
podiceps, Podilymbus, 6.
Podicipidas, 1, 4.
Podilymbus, 4, 6.
podiceps, 6.
poeciloma, Petrochelidon fulva, 460.
Poecilonetta, 98.
Point Barrow Gull, 26.
poliocephala, Geothlypis, 482, 525,
526.
Ortalida, 209.
Ortalis, 209.
Penelope, 209.
Polioptila, 566, 568.
albiloris, 569.
albiventris, 569.
bilineata, 570.
caerulea, 569.
caesiogaster, 569
californica, 570.
lembeyi, 571.
leucogastra, 569.
nigriceps, 570.
plumbea, 570.
Polioptilinae, 322, 566.
Polyborus, 224, 253.
cheriway, 254.
lutosus, 254.
tharus, 254.
polyglottos, Mimus, 541.
polyglottus, Cistothorus, 556.
Thryothorus, 556.
Polynesian Tatler, 168.
Pomarine Jaeger, 22.
pomarinus, Stercorarius, 22.
Poocaetes, 384, 406.
gramineus, 406.
confinis, 407.
Poor-will, 299, 588.
Frosted, 588.
Porzana, 136, 139.
Carolina, 139.
jamaicensis, 140.
coturniculus, 140.
noveboracensis, 140.
porzana, 139.
porzana, Porzana, 139.
Prairie Falcon, 247.
Hen, 203.
Lesser, 203.
Horned Lark, 348.
Sharp-tailed Grouse, 204.
Warbler, 516.
pratensis, Anthus, 536.
praticola, Otocoris alpestris, 348.
pratincola, Strix, 255.
princeps, Amoiodramus, 407.
Princess Helena's Hummingbird,
313.
principalis bairdi, Campephilus,
281.
Campephilus, 281.
Corvus corax, 361.
Priocella, 58.
Priofinus, 58.
Prion, 55.
turtur, 55.
Procellaria, 36, 69.
aequinoctialis, 55.
antarctica, 58.
aterrima, 67.
atlantica, 66.
brevirostris, 66.
caerulea, 55.
cookii, 55, 65.
gelida, 58.
grisea, 67.
gularis, 67, 68.
incerta, 64.
jamaicensis, 66.
lessoni, 63.
leucomelas, 62.
leucoptera, 63, 65.
mollis, 63.
neglecta, 67.
nereis, 56.
nivea, 55.
obscura, 61.
parvirostris, 65.
pelagica, 70.
rostrata, 64.
tethys, 70.
vittata, 55.
Procellariidae, 50, 53.
Procellariinae, 53.
Progne, 457, 458.
chalybea, 459.
cryptoleuca, 459.
dominicensis, 459.
subis, 459.
propinqua, Merula migratoria, 577.
Vireosylvia, 472.
propinquus, Vireo, 472.
prosthemelas, Icterus, 375.
Xanthornus, 375.
Prothonotary Warbler, 484.
Protonotaria, 481, 484.
citrea, 484.
Prybilof Sandpiper, 154.
Snowflake, 403.
psaltria arizonse, Spinus, 399.
columbiana, Spinus, 398.
mexicana, Spinus, 399.
Spinus, 399.
Psaltriparus, 558, 664.
melanotis, 565.
minimus, 564.
californicus, 565.
grindae, 565.
plumbeus, 564, 565.
Psarocolius seneus, 589.
melanocephalus, 374.
Pseudogryphus, 219, 220.
californianus, 220.
Pseudoprion, 55.
Pseudoscolopax, 151.
semipalmatus, 151.
Pseudotan talus, 125.
Psilorhinus, 350, 352.
INDEX.
621
Psilorhinus cyanogenys, 352.
mexicanus, 352, 361.
morio, 352.
Psittaci, 268.
Psittacidaa, 268.
Psittacula, 269.
brasiliensis, 269.
cyanopyga, 269.
psittaculus, Cyclorrhynchus, 12.
Psittacus albifrons, 588.
autumnal is, 587.
macao, 587.
militaris, 587.
murinus, 269.
passerinus, 269.
pulverulentus, 269.
pyrrhopterus, 268.
Ptarmigan, Allen's, 199.
Greenland, 200.
Nelson's, 201.
Rock, 200.
Turner's, 201.
Welch's, 201.
White-tailed, 202.
Willow, 199.
pterocles, Falco, 237.
Ptiliogonys, 464.
caudatus, 464.
cinereus, 464.
molybdophanes, 464.
ptilocnemis, Tringa, 154.
Ptilogonatinae, 463.
Ptychoramphus, 9, 12.
aleuticus, 12.
pubescens, Dryobates, 283, 286.
gairdnerii, Dryobates, 283.
pucherani, Melanerpes, 291.
Troehilus, 306.
Zebrapicus, 291.
Pucheran's Woodpecker, 291.
puella, Trogon, 276, 277.
Puffin, 11.
Horned, 11.
Large-billed, 11.
Tufted, 10.
Puffinus, 55, 58, 59.
assimilis, 61.
auduboni, 60.
borealis, 59.
carneipes, 62.
chlororhynchus, 62.
cinereus, 58.
creatopus, 59.
elegans, 61.
gavia, 60.
gelidus, 58.
griseus, 61.
kuhlii, 59.
leucomelas, 62.
major, 59.
nativitatis, 62.
obscurus, 61.
puffinus, 60.
sphenurus, 62.
Strickland!, 61.
tenebrosus, 60.
tenuirostris, 62.
puffinus, Puffinus, 60.
pugnax, Pavoncella, 168.
pulchra, Calothorax, 316.
Passerina versicolor, 448.
Troehilus, 316.
pulverulentus, Psittacus, 269.
Purple Finch, 389.
California, 390.
Cassin's, 390.
Gallinule, 141.
Grackle, 379.
Martin, 459.
Sandpiper, 153.
purpureus californicus, Carpodacus,
390.
Carpodacus, 389, 390.
pusilla arenacea, Spizella, 420.
Euetheia, 451.
olivacea, 451.
Eileolata, Sylvania, 528.
itta, 560.
Spizella, 419, 420, 422.
Sylvania, 628.
Tiaris, 451.
pusillus, Empidonax, 343.
Ereunetes, 161.
Simorhynchus, 13.
Vireo, 478.
Vireo bellii, 478.
pygmaea, Sitta, 560.
pygmaeus, Empidonax fulvifrons,
345.
Eurynorhynchus, 160.
Melanerpes, 293.
Simorhynchus, 13.
Pygmy Nuthatch, 560.
Owl, 266.
Ferruginous, 266.
Woodpecker, 293.
Pygopodes, 1, 4.
Pyranga bidentata, 456.
erythrocephala, 456.
figlina, 455.
leucoptera, 457.
roseigularis, 455.
rubriceps, 589.
testacea, 455.
Pyrocephalus, 327, 345.
rubineus mexicanus, 345.
pyrrhopterus, Psittacus, 268.
Pyrrhula, 382, 338.
cassini, 389;
Pyrrhuloxia, 382, 443.
sinuata, 444.
Q.
Quail, European, 186.
Quail-dove, Blue-headed, 217.
Key West, 216.
Mexican, 217.
Ruddy, 217.
Querquedula, 92.
querula, Zonotrichia, 414, 415.
Quetzal, 275.
quinquestriata, Amphispiza, 426.
Zonotrichia, 426.
Quiscalinae, 366.
Quiscalus, 366, 379.
graysoni, 381.
macrourus, 381.
major, 381.
palustris, 381.
quiscula, 379, 380.
aeneus, 380.
aglasus, 380.
Qui-scalus tenuirostris, 381.
quiscula aeneus, Quiscalus, 380.
aglaeus, Quiscalus, 380.
Quiscalus, 379, 380.
R.
Rail, Belding's, 138.
Black, 140.
Clapper, 137.
Farralone, 140.
King, 138.
Virginia, 138.
Yellow, 140.
Rallidas, 134, 136.
Rallinae, 136.
Rallus, 136.
beldingi, 138.
elegans, 138.
var. tenuirostris, 138.
longirostris crepitans, 137.
saturatus, 137.
obsoletus, 137.
tenuirostris, 138.
virginianus, 138.
Ramphastos momota, 277.
Rap tores, 218.
Raven, 361.
Bering's, 362.
Mexican, 361.
Northern, 361.
White-necked, 362.
Razor-billed Auk, 18.
Recurvirostra, 146.
americana, 146, 147.
andina, 146.
Recurvirostridaa, 143, 146.
Reddish Egret, 131, 584.
Red Warbler, 531.
Red yellow and blue Macaw, 587.
Red-backed Junco, 423.
Sandpiper, 160.
-bellied Redstart, 530.
Woodpecker, 293.
-billed Pigeon, 211.
Tropic Bird, 74.
-breasted Hawk, 237.
Merganser, 89.
Nuthatch, 559.
Sapsucker, 289.
-cockaded Woodpecker, 283.
-eyed Cowbird, 589.
Vireo, 470.
-faced Cormorant, 80.
Warbler, 531.
-footed Booby, 76.
-headed Tanager, 456.
Woodpecker, 290.
-legged Kittiwake, 25.
-naped Sapsucker, 288.
-necked Grebe, 5.
Phalarope, 144.
-shafted Flicker, 296.
-shouldered Hawk, 237.
Hawk, Florida, 237.
-spotted Bluethroat, 579.
-tail, St. Lucas, 233.
Western, 233.
-tailed Hawk, 232.
Tropic Bird, 74.
-throated Loon, 8.
622
INDEX.
Red-throated Pipit, 537.
-wing, Bahaman, 370.
Cuban, 371.
Sonoran, 370.
Vigors's, 371.
winged Blackbird, 369.
Thrush, 576.
Redhead, 101.
redivivus, Harporhynchus, 546.
Redpoll, 397.
Greater, 397.
Greenland, 396.
Hoary, 396.
Holboell's, 397.
Redstart, American, 529.
Kaup's, 530.
Painted, 529.
Red-bellied, 530.
Sharpe's, 530.
RegulintB, 566.
Regulus, 566, 567.
calendula, 568.
cuvieri, 568.
obscurus, 568.
satrapa, 567, 568.
aztecus, 591.
olivaceus, 568.
regulus, Falco, 249.
reinhardti, Lagopus rupestris, 200.
resplendens, Phalacrocorax pelagi-
cus, 80.
rhami, Lamprolaima, 304.
Ornismya, 304.
Rhinoceros Auklet, 12.
Rhinoptynx, 263.
Rhodinocichla, 539.
rosea, 539.
schistacea, 539.
rhodocolpus, Carpodacus, 391.
Carpodacus frontalis, 391, 594.
Rhodostethia, 23, 37.
rosea, 37.
Rhyacophilus, 166.
Rhynchodon, 247.
Rhynchofalco, 251.
Rhynchophanes, 383, 406.
mccownii, 406.
Rhynchopsitta, 268, 269.
pachyrhyncha, 269.
riccordi, Trochilus, 306.
richardsoni, Nyctala tengmalmi,
260.
richardsonii, Contopus, 338.
Dendragapus obscurus, 196.
Falco, 251.
Richardson's Grouse, 196.
Merlin, 251.
Owl, 260.
ridgwayi, Colinus, 189, 585.
Falcinellus, 124.
Ornithion imberbe, 346.
Plegadis, 124.
Urubitinga, 238.
Ridgwayia, 572.
Ridgway's Flycatcher, 346.
Riefter's Hummingbird, 317.
Ring Plover, 177.
Azara's, 179.
Little, 177.
Ring-billed Gull, 32.
-necked Duck, 104.
Pheasant, 206.
ringvia, Uria, 17.
riparia, Clivicola, 463.
Rissa, 23, 24.
brevirostris, 25.
tridactyla, 24, 25.
pollicarid, 25.
Rivoli Hummingbird, 309.
Road-runner, 272.
Mexican, 273.
Robin, American, 577.
Mazatlan, 578.
St. Lucas, 578.
Tres Marias, 578.
Western, 577.
robustus, Callothrus, 589.
Lanius, 468.
ludovicianus, 468.
Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 80.
Rock Ptarmigan, 200.
Sparrow, 429.
Wren, 548.
Guadalupe, 548.
Rocky Mountain Creeper, 558.
Jay, 360.
Screech Owl, 262.
rodgersii, Fulmarus glacialis, 58.
Rodgers's Fulmar, 58.
rosea, Rhodinocichla, 539.
Rhodostethia, 37.
Roseate Spoonbill, 123.
Tern, 44.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 444.
-throated Becard, 324.
Tanager, 455.
roseigularis, Piranga, 455.
roseus, Furnarius, 539.
rositae, Cyanospiza, 449.
Passerina, 449.
Rosita's Bunting, 449.
rossii, Chen, 115.
Ross's Gull, 37.
Snow Goose, 115.
rostrata, Acanthis linaria, 397.
.flJstrelata, 64.
Geothlypis, 524.
Procellaria, 64.
rostratus, Ammodramus, 410.
guttatus, Ammodramus, 410.
Rostrhamus, 222, 225.
sociabilis, 226.
Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 241.
Rough-legged Hawk, 240.
Hawk, American, 241.
-winged Swallow, 463.
Royal Tern, 40.
rubea, Otocoris alpestris, 349.
ruber, Ergaticus, 531.
Phoenicopterus, 121.
Sphyrapicus, 289.
ruberrimus, Carpodacus mexicanus,
391.
rubicundus, Empidonax fulvifrons,
345.
rubida, Erismatura, 113.
rubineus mexicanus, Pyrocephalus,
345.
rubra cooperi, Piranga, 454.
Crax, 207.
Guara, 123.
Piranga, 454.
rubricauda. Phaeton, 74.
rubricaudus, Phaethon, 74.
rubriceps, Piranga, 590.
Pyranga, 590.
rubrifrons, Cardellina, 531.
rubriventris, Centurus, 293.
Melanerpes, 293.
pygmaeus, Centurus, 293.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 568.
-throated Hummingbird, 311.
Ruddy Duck, 113.
Flycatcher, 345.
Horned Lark, 349.
Quail-dove, 217.
rufa, Ardea, 131, 584.
rufalbus, Thryothorus, 540.
rufescens, Ardea, 584.
neglectus, Parus, 564.
Parus, 564. "
Ruff, 168.
Ruffed Grouse, 197.
Canadian, 198.
Gray, 198.
Oregon, 198.
ruficapilla gutturalis, Helmintho-
phila, 489.
Helminthophila, 489.
ruficeps boucardi, Peucsea, 429. •
eremoeca, Peucaea, 429.
Peucaea, 429.
ruficollis, Ardea tricolor, 131.
Tringa, 158.
rufifrons, Basileuterus, 532.
Setophaga, 532.
rufina, Melospiza, 432.
Melospiza fasciata, 432.
Netta, 100.
rufinucha, jEgialitis wilsonia, 175.
rufinuchus, yEgiaiitis wilsonia var.,
175.
rufipennis, Columbigallina, 215.
Talpacotia, 215.
rufipileus, Colaptes, 296.
rufivirgata crassirostris, Emberna-
gra, 435.
Embernagra, 435.
verticalis, Embernagra, 435.
rufociliatus, Troglodytes, 554.
Rufous Becard, 326.
Ground Dove, 215.
Hummingbird, 314.
Rufous-browed Wren, 554.
-crested Duck, 100.
-crowned Motmot, 278.
Sparrow, 429.
Warbler, 532.
-naped Plover, 175.
-winged Sparrow, 430.
rufus, Harporhynchus, 543.
Trochilus, 314, 315.
rupestris atkhensis, Lagopus, 201.
Lagopus, 200, 201.
nelsoni, Lagopus, 201.
reinhardti, Lagopus, 200.
Russet-backed Thrush, 575.
rusticola, Scolopax, 149.
rusticolus, Falco, 245.
gyrfalco, Falco, 246.
obsoletus, Falco, 246.
Rusty Blackbird, 379.
Song Sparrow, 432.
ruticilla, Setophaga, 483, 529.
rutilus, Pipilo, 439.
Rynchopidse, 20, 48.
INDEX.
623
Ryncbops, 48, 49.
melanura, 49.
melanurus, 49.
8.
Sabine's Gull, 38.
sabini, Bonasa umbellus, 198.
sabinii, Xema, 37, 38.
Sage Grouse, 205.
Sparrow, 427.
Thrasher, 541.
sagra3, Muscicapa, 334.
Myiarchus, 334.
salicieolus, Turdus fuscescens, 574.
sallaei, Cyrtonyx, 194.
Granatellus, 482.
Salle's Partridge, 194.
Salpinctes, 540, 547.
guadeloupensis, 548.
obsoletus, 548.
salvini, Empidonax, 341.
Salvin's Flycatcher, 341.
Goldfinch, 400.
Petrel, 68.
samuelis, Melospiza, 432.
Melospiza fasciata, 431.
Samuels's Song Sparrow, 431.
sanblasiana, Pica, 350.
Sanderling, 162.
Sandhill Crane, 135.
Sandpiper, Aleutian, 154.
Baird's, 157.
Bartramian, 169.
Bonaparte's, 157.
Buff-breasted, 169.
Common, 170.
Cooper's, 157.
Curlew, 160.
Green, 166.
Large-billed, 153.
Least, 158.
Pectoral, 156.
Purple, 153.
Prybilof, 154.
Red-backed, 160.
Semipalmated, 161.
Sharp-tailed, 155.
Solitary, 166.
Spoon-bill, 160.
Spotted, 170.
Stilt, 152.
Western, 162.
Wood, 166.
sandvicensis acuflavida, Sterna, 40.
Sandwich Island Petrel, 71.
Sandwich Sparrow, 408.
sandwichensis alaudinus, Ammo-
dramus, 409.
Ammodramus, 408, 409.
bryanti, Ammodramus, 409.
CEstrelata, 65.
savanna, Ammodramus, 408.
sanguinaria, Laniocera, 323.
Santa Cruz Jay, 356.
santa-cruzi, Centurus, 294.
Melanerpes, 294.
Santa Cruz's Woodpecker, 294.
Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 289.
Red-naped, 288.
Sapsucker, Williamson's, 289.
Yellow-bellied, 288.
Sarcoramphi, 218.
Sarcorhauphus, 218.
sartorii, Syrniuin nebulosum, 258.
Syrnium nebulosum, var., 258.
satrapa, Regulus, 567, 568.
aztecus, Regulus, 591.
olivaceus, Regulus, 568.
saturata, Hirundo, 461.
saturatus, Bubo virginianus, 263.
Cardinalis, 443.
cardinalis, 443.
Rallus longirostris, 137.
savanna, Ammodramus, 409.
Ammodramus sandwichensis,
408.
Savanna Sparrow, 408.
Western, 409.
savannarum, " Coturniculus," 410.
passerinus, Ammodramus, 411.
perpallidus, Ammodramus, 44.
Saw-whet Owl, 260.
Saxicola, 571, 579.
oananthe, 580.
saya, Sayornis, 336.
Sayornis, 327, 335.
nigricans, 336.
phoebe, 336.
saya, 336.
Say's Phoebe, 336.
scalaris bairdi, Dryobates, 285.
Dryobates, 284.
graysoni, Dryobates, 285.
lucasanus, Dryobates, 285.
parvus, Dryobates, 284.
Picus, 284.
sinaloensis, Dryobates, 285.
Scaled Dove, 215.
Partridge, 191.
Chestnut-bellied, 192.
Petrel, 68.
scapularis, Ceophlceus, 290.
Pieus, 290.
Scardafella, 211, 215.
inca, 216.
squamosa, 215. ,
Scarlet Ibis, 123.
Tanager, 454.
Scaup Duck, 103.
American, 103.
Chinese, 103.
Crested, 103.
Lesser, 103.
schistacea, Passerella, 434.
Passerella iliaca, 434.
Rhodinocichla, 539.
schistisagus, Larus, 29.
Schlegel's Petrel, 64.
schottii, Contopus, 339.
Schott's Wood Pewee, 339.
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, 328.
Sclater's Towhee, 439.
Scolecophagus, 366, 378.
carolinus, 379.
cyanocephalus, 379.
scolopacea, Ardea, 136.
scolopaceus, Aramus, 136.
Macrorhamphu?, 151.
Scolopacidae, 143, 147.
Scolopax, 147, 149.
lapponica, 163.
Scolopax, rusticola, 149.
Scops asio bendirei, 262.
Scoter, American, 111.
European, 111.
Kamtschatkan, 112.
Surf, 113.
Velvet, 112.
White-winged, 112.
Scotiaptex,,256, 259.
cinereum, 259.
lapponicum, 260.
Scott's Oriole, 373.
Screech Owl, 261.
California, 262.
Flammulated, 262.
Florida, 261.
Kennicott's, 262.
Mexican, 261.
Rocky Mountain, 262.
Texan, 261.
Sea Eagle, Gray, 243.
Kamtschatkan, 243.
Seaside Sparrow, 413.
Dusky, 413.
Seedeater, Black, 450.
Morellet's, 450.
Ochraceous-rumped, 450.
segetum, Anas, 116.
Seiurus, 482, 518.
aurocapillus, 518.
motacilla, 519.
naevius,* 519.
noveboracensis, 519.
notabilis, 519.
Selasphorus, 313.
floresii, 315.
platycercus, 304.
semipalmata, ^Igialitis, 176, 177.
Symphemia, 167, 584.
Semipalmated Plover, 176.
Sandpiper, 161.
Snipe, 151.
semipalmatus, Macrorhamphus,151.
Pseudoscolopax, 151.
seniculus, Coceyzus, 274.
Sennett's Warbler, 491.
septentrionalis, Parus atricapillus,
563.
serrator, Merganser, 89.
serripennis, Stelgidopteryx, 463.
serrirostris, Trochilus, 306.
Setophaga, 483, 529.
flammea, 530.
guatemalae, 530.
miniata, 530.
flammea, 530.
picta, 529.
guatemalae, 530.
rufifrons, 532.
ruticilla, 483, 529.
Sharpe's Redstart, 530.
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 227.
Sharp-tailed Grouse, 204.
Columbian, 204.
Prairie, 204.
Sandpiper, 155.
Sparrow, 413.
Shearwater, Allied, 61.
Audubon's, 60.
Black-tailed, 58.
* — 8. noveboracensis.
624
INDEX.
Shearwater, Black-vented, 60.
Christmas Island, 62.
Cinereous, 59.
Cory's, 59.
Dark-bodied, 61.
Dusky, 61.
Elegant, 61.
Flesh-footed, 62.
Greater, 59.
Green-billed, 62.
Manx, 60.
Pelzeln's, 60.
Pink-footed, 59.
Slender-billed, 62.
Sooty, 61.
Streaked, 62.
Wedge-tailed, 62.
Short-billed Gull, 34.
Marsh Wren, 556.
Murrelet, 15.
Petrel, 66.
-eared Owl, 258.
-tailed Albatross, 51.
Hawk, 236.
-winged Hylophilus, 479.
Shoveller, 97.
Shrike, Baird's, 468.
California, 467.
Loggerhead, 467.
Northern, 466.
Siberian, 466.
White-rumped, 467.
Sialia, 572, 580.
arctica, 580, 582.
azurea, 581.
mexicana, 581.
sialis, 581.
azurea, 581.
guatemalae, 581.
sialis, Sialia, 581.
Siberian Chickadee, 564.
Gull, 29.
Shrike, 466.
Yellow Wagtail, 535.
sibiricus, Lanius borealis, 466.
sieberi, Aphelocoma, 358.
sieberii, Aphelocoma, 358.
arizonae, Aphelocoma, 357.
Pica, 358.
Sieber's Jay, 358.
Silvery-winged Leucosticte, 395.
Simorhynchus, 9, 12.
cristatellus, 13.
pusillus, 13.
pygmreus, 13.
simplex, Muscicapa, 323.
sinaloensis, Dryobates scalaris, 285.
sinuata, Pyrrhuloxin, 444.
sinuatus, Corvus corax, 361.
Siskin, Pine, 400.
Sitta, 558, 559.
canadensis, 559.
carolinensis, 559.
aculeata, 559.
pusilla, 560.
pygmaoa, 560.
Sittace petzii, 270.
Sittinse, 558.
Skimmer, Black, 49.
Skimmer, Black-tailed, a.
TanagridfB, 321, «*•
tanneri, Geothlypis, 525.
Tantalus, 125.
ibis, 125.
loculator, 125.
Tatler, Polynesian, lt>».
Wandering, 168.
Tawny-throated Wren, 554.
Teal, Blue-winged, VA.
Cinnamon, 93.
European, 94.
Green-winged, 94.
Tehuantepec Mockingbird, 542.
Telmatodytes, 556.
Temax Wren, 552.
temminckii, Tringa, 158.
Temminck's Falcon, 248.
Murrelet, 14.
tenebrosus, Puffing JJj,
tengmalmi, Nyctala, 260
richardsoni, Nyctala, 260.
Strix, 260.
Tengmalm's Owl, 26°;
Tennessee Warbler, 488.
tenuirostris, Anous, 48.
Puffinus, 62.
Quiscalus, 381.
Rallus,138.
elegans var., loo.
Sterna, 48.
tephrocotis, Leucosticte 394 3S
P Httoralis, Leucosticte, 394.
Teretistris, 482.
Tern, Aleutian, 45.
American Black, 47.
Arctic, 43.
Black, 46.
Bridled, 46.
Cabot's, 40.
Caspian, 39.
Common, 43.
Elegant, 40.
Tern, Forster's, 42.
Gull-billed, 38.
Least, 46.
Roseate, 44.
Royal, 40.
Sooty, 45.
Trudeau's, 41.
Whiskered, 47.
White- winged Black, 4f .
testacea, Piranga, 455.
Pyranga, 455.
tethys, Procellaria, 70.
Tetrao coturnix, 186.
coyolcos, 189.
cristatus, 185.
perdix, 184.
Tetraonidse, 184.
Tetraoninse, 185.
Texan Bob White, 188.
Cardinal, 444.
Horned Lark, 349.
Kingfisher, 279.
Nighthawk, 301.
Screech Owl, 261.
Tufted Titmouse, 5bl.
Woodpecker, 285.
texanus, Colinus virgmianus, 188,
189.
Texas Sparrow, 435.
texensis,Chordeiles 300,301.
Myiozetetes, 331.
Parus bicolor, 561.
Thalassarche, 51.
Thalasseus, 24, 39.
Thalassidroma bulweri, ov.
gracilis, 71.
lineata, 56.
macgillivrayi, 69.
melanogastra, 72.
tropica, 72.
thalassina, Tachycineta, 462.
Thalassoaetus, 223, 24a.
pelagicus, 243.
Thalassogeron, 50, 52.
cautus, 53.
cblororhynchus, oi.
culminatus, 52.
Thalassoica, 58.
antarctica, 58.
tharus, Falco, 254.
Polyborus, 254.
Theillus, 62.
Thick-billed Becard, 3-iO.
Kingbird, 329.
Parrot, 269.
Petrel, 64.
Sparrow, 434.
thoracicus, Hylophilus, 478.
Thrasaetus, 223, 242.
harpyia, 242.
Thrasher, Bendire's, 545.
Brown, 543.
Californian, 546.
Cozumel, 544.
Crissal, 546.
Curve-billed, 545.
Leconte's, 546.
Long-billed, 544.
Mazatlan, 545.
Ocellated, 544.
Palmer's, 545.
Sage, 641.
INDEX.
627
Thrasher, Socorro, 543.
St. Lucas, 544.
Three-toed Woodpecker, Alaskan,
287.
Alpine, 287.
American, 287.
Arctic, 287.
Thrush, Audubon's Hermit, 576.
BicknelPs, 575.
Dwarf, 576.
Gray-cheeked, 574.
Hermit, 576.
Olive-backed, 575.
Red-winged, 576.
Russet-backed, 575.
Varied, 578.
Willow, 574.
Wilson's, 574.
Wood, 574.
Thryomanes, 350, 551.
Thryophilus, 540.
Thryothorus, 540, 549, 551.
albinucha, 550.
berlandieri, 550.
bewickii, 551.
bairdi, 551.
spilurus, 551.
brevicaudus, 551.
felix, 552.
/3. lawrencii, 552.
lawrencii, 552.
ludovicianus, 550.
miamensis, 550.
maculipectus, 552.
canobrunneus, 552.
umbrinus, 552.
polyglottus, 556.
rufalbus, 540.
thyroides, Sphyrapicus, 289.
Tiaris pusilla, 451.
tigrina, Dendroica, 493.
Tinnunculus, 252.
Tit, Wren-, 566.
Titmouse, Ashy, 561.
Black-crested, 561.
Bridled, 562.
Chestnut-fronted, 561.
Gray, 562.
Plain, 561.
Texan Tufted, 561.
Tufted, 561.
Tityra, 323.
viridis, 325.
togata, Bonasa umbellus, 198.
torda, Alca, 18.
torquata, Alcedo, 279.
Ceryle, 279.
torquatus, Phasianus, 206.
Melanerpes, 291.
torqueola, Spermophila, 450.
Sporophila, 450.
Totanus, 149, 164.
brevipes, 168.
damacensis, 158.
flavipes, 166.
glareola, 166.
melanoleucus, 165.
nebularius, 165.
ochropus, 166.
solitarius, 166.
tovi, Brotogeris, 268.
Towhee, 436.
Towhee, Abert's, 441.
Arctic, 437.
Brown, 440.
Californian, 441.
Canon, 440.
Complex, 439.
Green-backed, 438.
-tailed, 439.
Guadalupe, 437.
Mexican, 436.
Oregon, 437.
Sclater's, 439.
Socorro, 438.
Spurred, 437.
St. Lucas, 440.
Submaeulated, 438.
Swainson's, 438.
White-eyed, 436.
townsendi, Dendroica, 512.
Plectrophenax nivalis, 403.
townsendii, Myadestes, 572.
Spiza, 452.
Townsend's Bunting, 452.
Solitaire, 572.
Sparrow, 434.
Warbler, 512.
traillii, Empidonax pusillus, 343.
Traill's Flycatcher, 343.
Tree-duck, 119.
Black-bellied, 119.
Brazilian, 119.
Colombian, 119.
Fulvous, 119.
Tree-sparrow, 417.
European, 402.
Western, 418.
Tres Marias Parula, 492.
Robin, 578.
Solitaire, 573.
Tanager, 457.
Wren, 552.
trichas, Geothlypis, 522, 523.
occidentalis, Geothlypis, 523.
trichopsis, Megascops asio, 261.
tricolor, Agelaius, 371.
Phalaropus, 145.
ruficollis, Ardea, 131.
Tricolored Blackbird, 371.
tridactyla pollicaris, Hissa, 25.
Rissa, 24, 25.
Tringa, 148, 152.
acuminata, 155.
alpina, 159.
pacifica, 160.
bairdii, 157.
canutus, 153.
cooperi, 157.
couesi, 154.
crassirostris, 153.
damacensis, 158.
ferruginea, 160.
fucicollis, 157.
glareola, 166.
hypoleucos, 170.
maculata, 156, 160.
maritima, 153, 154.
minuta, 158.
minutilla, 158.
ochropus, 166.
ptilocnemis, 154.'
ruficollis, 158.
temminckii, 158.
Trinidad Petrel, 66.
trinitatis, JSstrelata, 66.
tristis, Spinus, 398, 399.
Trochili, 297.
Trochilidae, 297, 303.
Trochilus, 308, 310, 311.
alexandri, 312.
all en i, 314.
anna, 312, 315.
beryllinus, 317.
brevirostris, 306.
calliope, 316.
colubris, 311.
costae, 312.
doubledayi, 320.
ellioti, 315.
enicurus, 305.
floresii, 313, 315.
franciee, 306.
helenae, 313.
heloisa, 315.
largipennis, 305.
leucotis, 319.
longirostris, 305.
lucifer, 316.
mango, 307.
maria, 317.
platycercus, 313.
pucherani, 306.
pulchra, 316.
riccordi, 306.
rufus, 314, 315.
serrirostris, 306.
superciliosus, 304.
viridipallens, 310.
yucatanensis, 317.
Troglodytes, 540, 552, 553.
ae'don, 553, 554.
parkmanii, 554, 556.
alascensis, 555.
albinucha, 550.
beani, 553.
brunneicollis, 554.
hiemalis, 555.
pacificus, 555.
insularis, 553.
intermedius, 554.
leucogastra, 540.
rufociliatus, 554.
Troglodytidae, 322, 538, 539, 558.
Trogon, 275.
ambiguus, 276.
Black-headed, 277.
Citreoline, 277.
citreolus, 277.
Coppery-tailed, 276.
elegans, 276.
Elegant, 276.
melanocephalus, 277.
Mexican, 276.
mexicanus, 276.
neoxenus, 275.
puella, 276, 277.
Xalapa, 277.
Trogones, 271.
Trogonidae, 271, 275.
troile, Uria, 18.
californica, Uria, 18.
Tropic Bird, Red-billed, 74.
Red-tailed, 74.
Yellow-billed, 74.
tropica, Cymodroma, 72.
628
INDEX.
tropica, Thalassidroma, 72.
Tropical Petrel, 72.
Troupial, 373.
trudeaui, Sterna, 41.
Trudeau's Tern, 41.
Trumpeter Swan, 120.
Tryngites, 148, 169.
subruficollis, 169.
tschegrava, Sterna, 39.
Tubinares, 1, 50.
Tufted Puffin, 10.
Titmouse, 561.
Texan, 561.
Tule Wren, 556.
Turdidro, 323, 571.
Turdinse, 571.
Turdus, 571, 573, 576.
alicise, 574, 575.
bicknelli, 575.
aonalaschkoe, 576.
auduboni, 576.
pallasii, 576.
auduboni, 576.
aurantiirostris, 571.
fuscescens, 574, 575.
salicicolus, 574.
iliacus, 576.
mustelinus, 573, 574, 575.
pinicola, 572.
ustulatus, 574, 575.
swainsonii, 575.
Turkey, Mexican, 207.
Ocellated, 207.
Wild, 207.
Turkey-Vulture, 221.]
Amazonian, 221.
Burroughs's, 221.
Turner's Ptarmigan, 201.
Turnstone, 180.
Black, 181.
Turquoise-fronted Bunting, 447.
turtur, Prion, 55.
Tympanuchus, 185, 202.
americanus, 203.
cupido, 203.
pallidicinctus, 203.
Tyrannidse, 321, 326.
Tyrannula stolida var. lucaysicnsis,
334.
Tyrannus, 326, 328.
crassirostris, 329.
dominicensis, 329.
magnirostris, 328.
melancholicus couchi, 329.
tyrannus, 328, 330.
verticalis, 330.
vociferans, 330.
tyrannus, Milvulus, 327.
Tyrannus, 328, 330.
tytleri, Chelidon, 461.
Hirundo, 461.
U.
ultramarina, Aphelocoma, 357.
Ultramarine Jay, 357.
ultramarinus, Corvus, 357.
•Ulula, 259.
ulula caparoch, Surnia, 265.
Surnia, 265.
uinbelloides, Bonasa umbellus, 198.
umbellus, Bonasa, 197.
sabini, Bonasa, 198.
togata, Bonasa, 198.
umbeljoides, Bonasa, 198.
Umber Wren, 552.
umbrinus, Thryothorus maculipec-
tus, 552.
unalaschcensis, Passerella, 434.
Passerella iliaca, 434.
unicinctus, Falco, 229.
harrisi, Parabuteo, 229.
Parnbuteo, 229.
unicolor, Aphelocoma, 358.
Cyanocorax, 358.
Myadestes, 573.
Unicolored Jay, 358.
uralensis, Strix, 259.
Uranomitra, 306.
Uria, 10, 17.
brevirostris, 15.
lomvia, 18.
arra, 18.
ringvia, 17.
troile, 18.
californica, 18.
Urile, 79.
urile, Phalacrocorax, 80.
Urinator, 6, 7.
adamsii, 7.
arcticus, 7.
imber, 7.
lumme, 8.
pacificus, 8.
Urinatoridae, 4, 6.
urophasianus, Centrocercus, 205.
Uropsila, 540.
uropygialis, Melanerpes, 294.
Urubitinga, 223, 238.
anthracina, 239.
Brazilian, 238.
Mexican, 238.
ridgwayi, 238.
urubitinga, 238.
zonura, 238.
urubitinga, Falco, 238.
Urubitinga, 238.
ustulatus, Turdus, 574, 575.
Uxmal Woodpecker, 293.
V.
Valley Partridge, 192.
vallisneria, Anas, 102.
Aythya, 102.
Vanellus, 172.
vanellus, 172.
vanellus, Vanellus, 172.
varia, Mniotilta, 484, 528.
Varied Bunting, 448.
Thrush, 578.
variegata, Sula, 75.
variegatus, Dysporus, 75.
varius nuchalis, Sphyrapicus, 288.
Sphyrapicus, 288.
vauxii, Chsetura, 303.
Vaux's Swift, 303.
velox, Accipiter, 227.
Velvet Scoter, 112.
Venezuelan Cardinal, 443.
venustus, Oranatellus, 482.
Vera Paz Vireo, 472.
Verdin, 565.
Vermilion Flycatcher, 345.
vermivorus, Helmitherus, 485, 528.
versicolor, Cardellina, 631.
Ergaticus, 531.
Passerina, 448.
Phasianus, 206.
pulchra, Passerina, 448.
verticalis, Embernagra rufivirgata,
435.
Tyrannus, 330.
Vesper Sparrow, 406.
Western, 407.
vespertinus, Coceothraustes, 387.
vetula maccalli, Ortalis, 209.
Ortalis, 209.
pallidiventris, Ortalis, 209.
Penelope, 209.
plumbeiceps, Ortalis, 209.
vicinior, Vireo, 478.
viduata, Anas, 119.
Dendrocygna, 119.
vigorsii, Dendroica, 498, 514.
Vigors's Red-wing, 371.
Wren, 551.
villosus auduboni, Dryobates, 282.
Dryobates, 282, 286.
harrisi, Dryobates, 283.
jardinii, Dryobates, 283.
leucomelas, Dryobates, 282.
maynardi, Dryobates, 282.
violacea, Ardea, 587.
violaceus, Nycticorax, 133.
Violet-green Cormorant, 80.
Swallow, 462.
violicauda, Lampornis, 274.
virens, Contopus, 338.
Dendroica, 510.
Icteria, 527.
longicauda, Icteria, 527.
Vireo, 468, 469, 474, 590.
altiloquus barbatulus, 470.
atricapillus, 474.
bairdi, 477.
Belize, 470.
bellii, 476.
pusillus, 478.
Bell's, 476.
Black-capped, 474.
-whiskered, 470.
Blue-headed, 473.
Cassin's, 473.
cinereus, 470.
Cozumel, 470.
crassirostris, 476.
flavescens, 476.
Cuban, 478.
flavifrons, 472.
flavoviridis, 470, 590.
forreri, 590.
gilvus, 471.
swainsoni, 472.
Gray, 478.
gundlachi, 478.
huttoni, 477.
stephensi, 477.
Button's, 477.
hypochryseus, 478.
Key West, 475.
Large-billed, 476.
Least, 478.
magister, 470.
INDEX.
629
Vireo, Mountain, Solitary, 473.
noveboracensis, 475.
maynardi, 475.
Ochraceous, 476.
ochraceus, 476.
olivaceus, 469, 470.
Pale, 478.
pallens, 478.
Philadelphia, 471.
philadelphicus, 471.
Plumbeous, 474.
propinquus, 472.
pusillus, 478.
Red-eyed, 470.
solitarius, 472, 473.
alticola, 473.
cassinii, 473.
plumbeus, 474.
Stephens's, 477.
swainsoni, 472.
Vera Paz, 472.
vicinior, 478.
Warbling, 471.
White-eyed, 475.
Yellow, 476, 478.
Yellow-green, 470.
-throated, 472.
Vireolanius, 469.
melitophrys, 469.
Vireonidse, 323, 468.
Vireosylva, 469.
Vireosylvia cinerea, 470.
magister, 470.
propinqua, 472.
virescens, Ardea, 132.
virgata, Aphriza, 180.
Virginia Rail, 138.
Virginias, Helminthophila, 488, 490.
virginianus arcticus, Bubo, 263.
Bubo, 263.
Cardinalis, 442.
Chordeiles, 300, 301.
Colinus, 188.
cubanensis, Colinus, 188.
floridanus, Colinus, 188.
henryi, Chordeiles, 301.
minor, Chordeiles, 301.
Rallus, 138.
saturatus, Bubo, 263.
subarcticus, Bubo, 263.
texanus, Colinus, 188.
Virginia's Warbler, 490.
viridipallens, Coeligena, 310.
Trochilus, 310.
viridis, Tityra, 325.
vittata, Procellaria, 55.
v-nigra, Somateria, 110.
vocifera, JSgialitis, 174.
vociferans, Tyrannus, 330.
vociferus, Antrostomus, 299.
arizonae, Antrostomus, 299.
Corvus, 361.
vulgaris, S turn us, 365.
Vultur gryphua, 218.
papa, 219.
Vulture, Amazonian Turkey-, 221.
Black, 222.
Burroughs's Turkey-, 221.
California, 220.
King, 219.
Turkey-, 221.
W.
wagleri, Icterus, 374, 375.
Ortalida, 208.
Ortalis, 208.
Wagler's Chachalaca, 208.
Oriole, 375.
Wagtail, Gray, 534.
Kamtschatka, 534.
Siberian Yellow, 535.
Swinhoe's, 533.
White, 533.
Yellow, 535.
Wandering Albatross, 51.
Tatler, 168.
Warbler, Antillean Yellow, 495.
Audubon's, 497.
Bachman's, 487.
Bay-breasted, 501.
Bell's, 532.
Black and White, 484.
Black-poll, 503.
Black-throated Blue, 496.
Gray, 507.
Green, 510.
Blackburnian, 505.
Blue-winged, 486.
Brasher's, 531.
Brewster's, 486.
Bryant's Yellow, 495.
Calaveras, 489.
Canadian, 528.
Cape May, 493.
Carbonated, 493.
Cerulean, 499.
Chestnut-sided, 450.
Cincinnati, 487.
Connecticut, 521.
Cuban Pine, 515.
Decorated, 506.
Delattre's, 532.
DugeVs Yellow, 495.
Golden-cheeked, 509, 590.
-winged, 486.
Grace's, 506.
Hermit, 513.
Hooded, 527.
Kennicott's Willow, 567.
Kentucky, 520.
Kirtland's, 514.
Lawrence's, 486.
Lucy's, 490.
Lutescent, 489.
Macgillivray's, 522.
Magnolia, 498.
Mangrove, 495.
Mourning, 521.
Myrtle, 497.
Nashville, 489.
Olive, 494.
Orange-crowned, 488.
Palm, 517.
Parula, 491.
Pileolated, 528.
Pine, 514.
Pink-headed, 531.
Prairie, 516.
Prothonotary, 484.
Red, 531.
Red-faced, 531.
Rufous-crowned, 532.
Bennett's, 491.
Warbler, Small-headed, 527.
Socorro, 492.
Swainson's, 485.
Sycamore, 504.
Tennessee, 488.
Townsend's, 512.
Virginia's, 490.
Western Yellow, 494.
Wilson's, 528.
Worm-eating, 485.
Yellow, 494.
Palm, 517.
Yellow-throated, 504.
Warbling Vireo, 471.
Western, 472.
wardi, Ardea, 129, 583.
Ward's Heron, 129, 584.
Water-Thrush, 519.
Grinnell's, 519.
Louisiana, 619.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 464.
Cedar, 465.
Japanese, 465.
Wedge-tailed Shearwater, 62.
welchi, Lagopus, 201.
Welch's Ptarmigan, 201.
Western Bluebird, 581.
Blue Grosbeak, 446.
Bobolink, 366. .
Chipping Sparrow, 419.
Field Sparrow, 420.
Flycatcher, 340.
Golden -crowned Kinglet, 568.
Goshawk, 228.
Grasshopper Sparrow, 411.
Grebe, 4.
Gull, 28.
Horned Owl, 263.
Lark Sparrow, 414.
Meadowlark, 372.
Nighthawk, 301.
Red-tail, 233.
Robin, 577.
Sandpiper, 162.
Savanna Sparrow, 409.
Tree Sparrow, 418.
Vesper Sparrow, 407.
Warbling Vireo, 472.
Willet, 585.
Winter Wren, 555.
Wood Pewee, 338.
Yellow-throat, 523.
Yellow Warbler, 494.
Wheatear, 580.
Whimbrel, 171.
Whippoorwill, 299.
Cuban, 298.
Mexican, 298.
Stephens's, 299.
Whiskered Auklet, 13.
Tern, 47.
Whistling Swan, 120.
White Gyrfalcon, 244.
Heron, Great, 128.
Ibis, 123.
Pelican, American, 82.
Wagtail, 533.
White-bellied Chachalaca, 208.
Petrel, 72.
Swallow, 461.
-breasted Nuthatch, 559.
-browed Gnatcatcher, 570.
G30
INDEX.
White-checked Goose, 117.
-crested Cormorant, 78.
-crowned Noddy, 48.
Pigeon, 212.
Sparrow, 415.
-eared Hummingbird, 319.
-eyed Towhee, 436.
Vireo, 475.
-faced Glossy Ibis, 124.
Petrel, 72.
-footed Oyster-catcher, 182.
-fronted Dove, 214.
Goose, 116.
American, 116.
Parrot, 588.
-headed Woodpecker, 286.
-lored Gnatcutcher, 569.
-necked Raven, 362.
-rumped Shrike, 467.
Swallow, 462.
-tailed Brown Jay, 352.
Hawk, 238.
Kite, 225.
Ptarmigan, 202.
-throated Falcon, 248.
Flycatcher, 340.
Sparrow, 417.
Swift, 303.
Wood Pewee, 338.
Wren, 549.
-winged Black Tern, 47.
Crossbill, 393.
Dove, 214.
Junco, 422.
Petrel, 65.
Scoter, 112.
Tanager, 457.
whitneyi, Micratnene, 267.
Whooping Crane, 135.
Swan, 120.
Widgeon, 96.
Wild Turkey, 207.
Willet, 167, 584.
Western, 585.
Williamson's Sapsucker, 289.
Willow Ptarmigan, 199.
Thrush, 574.
Warbler, Kennicott's, 567.
wilsonia, ^Igialitis, 175.
rufinucha, Jigialitis, 175.
wilsonianus, Asio, 257.
wilsonius var. rufinuchus, JEgiatt-
tis, 175.
Wilson's Petrel, 71.
Phalarope, 145.
Plover, 175.
Snipe, 150.
Thrush, 574.
Warbler, 528.
Winter Wren, 555.
Western, 555.
wolfii, Cyanecula, 579.
Sylvia, 579.
wollweberi, Parus, 562.
Wood Duck, 99.
Ibis, 125.
Pewee, 338.
Bahaman, 339.
Cuban, 339.
Schott's, 339.
Western, 338.
White-throated, 338.
Wood Sandpiper, 166.
Thrush, 574.
Woodcock, American, 150.
European, 149.
woodhousei, Aphelocoma, 355.
Woodhouse's Jay, 355.
Woodpecker, Alaskan Three-toed,
287.
Alpine Three-toed, 287.
American Three-toed, 287.
Arctic Three-toed, 287.
Arizona, 286.
Bahaman Hairy, 282.
Blake's, 292.
Cabot's Ladder-backed, 284.
Californian, 291.
Colima, 286.
Cuban Ivory-billed, 281.
Delattre's, 290.
Downy/283.
Elegant, 292.
Gairdner's, 283.
Gila, 294.
Golden-fronted, 294.
Gray-breasted, 292.
Grayson's, 285.
Guatemalan Ivory-billed, 281.
Hairy, 282.
Harris's, 283.
Imperial, 281.
Ivory-billed, 281.
Jardine's, 283.
Ladder-backed, 284.
Lee's, 293.
Lewis's, 291.
Mazatlan, 285.
Narrow-fronted, 291.
Northern Hairy, 282.
Nuttall's, 285.
Nye's, 292.
Pileated, 289.
Pucheran's, 291.
Pygmy, 293.
Red-bellied, 293.
-eockaded, 283.
-headed, 290.
Santa Cruz's, 294.
Southern Hairy, 282.
St. Lucas, 285.
Strickland's, 286.
Striped-breasted, 291.
Superciliary, 292.
Swainson's, 293.
Texan, 285.
Uxmal, 293.
White-headed, 286.
Worm-eating Warbler, 485.
wortheni, Spizella, 419.
Worthen's Sparrow, 419.
Wren, Alaskan, 555.
Baird's, 551.
Bewick's, 551.
Cabot's, 550.
Cactus, 547.
Canon, 549.
Carolina, 550.
Central American House, 554.
Cozumel, 553.
Florida, 550.
Guadalupe, 551.
Rock, 548.
Happy, 552.
Wren, House, 553.
Long-billed Marsh, 556.
Park man's, 554.
Rock, 548.
Rufous-browed, 554.
Short-billed Marsh, 556.
Socorro, 553.
Southern Marsh, 556.
Spotted-breasted, 552.
St. Lucas Cactus, 547.
Sumichrast's, 549.
Tawny-throated, 554.
Temax, 552.
Tres Marias, 552.
Tule, 556.
Umber, 552.
Vigors's, 551.
Western Winter, 555.
White-throated, 549.
Winter, 555.
Wren-Tit, 566.
Pallid, 566.
Wright's Flycatcher, 344.
wuerdemanni, Ardea, 128, 129, 583.
wumizusume, Synthliboramphus,
14.
Wiirdemann's Heron, 128, 583.
X.
Xalapa, Trogon, 277.
Yellow-throat, 524.
Xanthocephalus, 365, 368.
xanthocephalus, 368.
xantholora, Amazona, 588.
Chrysotis, 588.
Xanthornus abeillei, 378.
prosthemelas, 375.
Xanthoura, 351, 358.
luxuosa, 358.
cyanocapilla, 358.
Xanthura cyanocapilla, 358,
xantusi, Basilinna, 318.
Xantus's Becard, 325.
Hummingbird, 318.
Jay, 356.
Murrelet, 15.
Xema, 23, 37.
furcata, 38.
sabinii, 37, 38.
Xenopicus, 280, 286.
albolarvat.us, 286.
Y.
Yellow Palm Warbler, 517.
Rail, 140.
Vireo, 476, 478.
Wagtail, 535.
Siberian, 535.
Warbler, 494.
Antillean, 495.
Bryant's, 495.
DugeVs, 495.
Western, 494.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 341.
Green Jay, 358.
Sapsucker, 288.
-billed Cuckoo, 273.
INDEX.
631
Yellow-billed Loon, 7.
Magpie, 352.
Tropic Bird, 74.
-breasted Chat, 527.
-crowned Night Heron, 133.
-faced Grassquit, 451.
-green Vireo, 470.
-headed Blackbird, 368.
-legs, 166.
Greater, 165.
-lored Parrot, 588.
-nosed Albatross, 52.
-throated Vireo, 472.
Warbler, 504.
Yellow-throat, Abaco, 525.
Beld ing's, 524.
Cory's, 525.
Gray-naped, 526.
Maryland, 523.
Mazatlan, 526.
Mirador, 526.
Nassau, 524.
Orizaba, 525.
Yellow-throat, Western, 523.
Xalapa, 524.
Yphantes, 376.
Yucatan Bob White, 190.
Cardinal, 443.
Chachalaca, 209.
Crested Flycatcher, 334.
Dove, 213.
Mockingbird, 542.
yucatanensis, Arnazilia, 317.
Myiarchus, 334.
Trochilus, 317.
Zenaidura, 213.
yucatanicus, Cardinalis cardinalis,
443.
Z.
Zebrapicus pucherani, 291.
Zenaida, 210, 213.
amabilis, 213.
castanea, 213.
Zenaida Dove, 213.
martinicana, 213.
zenaida, 213.
zenaida, Zenaida, 213.
ZenaidiniB, 210.
Zenaidura, 210, 212.
graysoni, 213.J
macroura, 213.
yucatanensis, 213.
zonaris, Hirundo, 302.
Zone-tailed Hawk, 234.
Zonotrichia, 385, 414.
albicollis, 417.
botterii, 428.
coronata, 416.
gambeli, 416.
intermedia, 416, 417.
leucophrys, 415, 416, 417.
mystacalis, 426.
querula, 414, 415.
quinquestriata, 426.
zonura, Urubitinga, 238.
zonurus, Falco, 238.
THE END.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate I.
3. Colymbus holboellii.
4. Colymbus (Podiceps) dominicus.
Plate II.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Urinator arcticus.
2. Lomvia troile.
3. Cepphus columba.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate III.
i. Lunda cirrhata.
2. Fratercula arctica.
Plate IV.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate V.
I. Plautus impennis.
2. Alca torda.
Plate VI.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Brachyramphus imrmoratus.
I. Synthliboramphus antiquus.
3. Ptychoramphus aleuticus.
4. Alle alle.
5 Ryn chops nigra.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate VII.
Plate VIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate IX.
2. Xema (Creagrus) furcata
3. Larus (Blasipus) heermanni.
4. Gelochelidon nilotica.
Plate X.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Sterna (Thalasseus) tschegrava
2. Sterna (Actochelidon) maxima
3. Sterna (Sternula) antillnrum.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XI.
i. Sterna hirundo.
2. Sterna (Haliplana) fuliginosa.
Plate XII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Anous stolidus.
2. Hydrochelidon surinamensis.
3. Daption capensis.
4. Halocyptena microsoma.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XIII.
2. Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophrys.
Plate XIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Thalassogeron culminatus.
2. Phcebetria fuliginosa.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XV.
i. Ossifraga gigantea.
2. Pelagodroma marina.
3. Cymodroma grallaria.
Plate XVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XVII.
Plate XVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Phaethon flavirostris.
2. Fregata aquila.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XIX.
I. Sula (Dysporus) bassana.
2. Sula sula.
3. Anhinga anhinga.
Plate XX.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Phalacrocorax (Compsohalieus) penicillatus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXI.
I. Pelecanus (Cyrtopelicanus) erythrorhynchos.
2. Pelecanus (Leptopelicanus) fuscus.
3. Lophodytes cucullatus.
4. Merganser americanus.
Plate XXII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Phalacrocorax (Unle) pelagicus.
2. Anas (Chaulelasmus) strepera.
4. Anas (Querquedula) discors.
5. Anas (Nettion'i carolinensis.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXIII.
Plate XXIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Aythya (Fuligula) marila.
3. Aythya (Aristonetta) vallisneria.
t^< >\
O
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXV.
i. Dendrocygna fulva.
2. Camptolaimus labradorius.
3. Histrionicus histrionicus.
4. Clangula hyemalis.
5. Eniconetta stelleri.
6. Somateria (Erionetta) spectabilis.
Plate XXVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Arctonetta fischeri.
2. Nomonyx dominicus.
' ' - - — •'
3. Somateria mollissima.
4. Erismatura rubida.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXVII.
I. Oidemia (Pelionetta) perspicillata.
2. Oidemia americana.
3. Oidemia (Melanitta) deglandi.
Plate XXVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Chen (" Exanthemops") rossii
5 Branta minima.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXIX.
I. Olor columbianus.
2. Phoenicopterus ruber.
Plate XXX.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Plegadis guarauna.
2. Guara rubra.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXXI.
2. Tantalus loculator.
Plate XXXII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Mycteria americana.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXXIII.
i. Botaurus lentiginosus.
2. Botaurus (Ardetta) exilis.
Plate XXXIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXXV.
I. Ardea (Garzetta) candidissima.
2. Ardea (Butorides) virescens.
Plate XXXVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Ardea (Dichromanassa) rufa.
2. Ardea (Hydranassa) ruficollis.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXXVII.
I. Nycticorax naevius.
2. Nycticorax (Nyctherodius) violaceus.
Plate XXXVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Nycticorax (Nyctherodius) violaceus.
2. Aramus giganteus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XXXIX.
2. Grus americana.
Plate XL.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Rallus virginianus.
2. Fulica americana.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XLI.
Plate XLII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. lonornis marlinica.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XLIII.
I. Phalaropus (Steganopus) tricolor.
2. Phalaropus lobatus.
3. Crymophilus fulicarius.
4. Micropalama himantopus.
Plate XLIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Recurvirostra americana.
2. Himantopus mexicanus.
3. Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus.
4. Calidris arenaria.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XLV.
I. Scolopax rusticola
\
2. Philohela minor.
3. Heteractitis incanus.
Plate XLVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Gallinago delicata.
2. Macrorhamphus griseus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XLVII.
I. Tringa canutus.
2. Tringa (Arquatella) maritima.
3. Tringa (Actodromas) maculata.
Plate XLVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Tringa (Pelidna) pacifica.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XLIX.
I. Limosa fedoa.
2. Numenius borealis.
3. Pavoncella pugnax.
Plate L.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Totanus (Helodromas) solitarius.
2. Totanus nebularius.
3. Symphemia semipalmata.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LI.
I. Bartramia longicauda.
2. Hsematopus palliatus.
Plate LII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Actitis macularia.
2. Tryngites subruficollis.
3. /Egialitis hiaticula.
4. /Egialitis semipalmata.
5. /Egialitis mongola.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LIII.
I. ^Egialitis (Oxyechus) vocifera
Plate LIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Charadrius (Squatarola) squatarola.
2. Charadrius dominions.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LV.
i. Vanellus vanellus.
3. Arenaria interpres.
Plate LVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
6. Jacana gymnostoma.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LVII.
I. Dendragapus obscurus.
2. Dendragapus (Canachites) canaclensis.
Plate LVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Bonasa umbellus.
2. Lagopus lagopus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LIX.
I. Tympanuchus americanus.
2. Pediocaetes phasianellus.
Plate LX.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Centrocercus urophasianus.
2. Cathartes aura. (See pi. Ixiii., fig. 8.)
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXI.
i. Meleagris gallopavo.
2. Ortalis maccalli.
Plate LXII.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Columba (" Patagicenas ) leucocephala.
3. Engyptila albifrons.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXIII.
3. Zenaida amabilis.
Plate LXIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Starncenas cyanocephala.
4. Pseudogryphus californianus
3. Melopelia leucoptera.
6. Cathartes burrovianus
5. Gypagus papa.
7. Cathansta atrata.
8. Cathartes aura. (See Plate lx., Fig. 2.)
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXV.
Plate LXVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Accipiter fuscus
2. Accipiter cooperi, £ .
3. Accipiter (Astur) atricapillus.
4. Parabuteo harrisi.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXVII.
\
i. Circus hudsonius.
2. Polyborus cheriway.
Plate LXVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Asturina plagiata.
2. Buteo borealis.
4. Buteo borealis.
3. Buteo (Buteola)
fuliginosus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXIX.
i. Archibuteo sanctijohannis.
2. Aquila chrysaetos.
Plate LXX.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Thrasaetus harpyia
3. Pandion cnrolinensis.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXI.
i. Haliseetus leucocephalus.
2. Thalassoaetus pelagicus.
Plate LXXII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Falco (Hierofalco) gyrfalco
2. Falco (Gennaia) mexicanus.
3. Falco (Rhynchodon) 4. Falco (Neofalco)
anatum. albigularis.
6. Archibuteo ferru- 7. Archibuteo sancti- 5. Falco (Neofalco) deiroleucus.
gineus. johannis.
S. Buteo swainsoni.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXIII.
I. Falco (^salon) richardsonii.
2. Falco (Rhynchofalco) fusco-cserulescens
3. Falco (Tinnunculus) sparverius.
4. Surnia caparoch.
Plate LXXIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Asio (Brachyotus) accipitrinus
3. Asio wilsonianus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXV.
Plate LXXVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Nyctea nyctea.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXVII.
I. Speotyto hypogsea.
2. Syrnium nebulosum.
3. Scotiaptex cinereum.
Plate LXXVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Conurus carolinensis.
2. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXIX.
I. Crotophaga ani.
2. Geococcyx californianus.
Plate LXXX.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Coccyzus americanus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXXI.
i. Trogon ambiguus.
2. Momotus caeruleiceps.
Plate LXXXII.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Campephilus principalis.
2. Picoides arcticus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXXIII.
I. Dryobates villosus.
2. Dryobates (" Phrenopicus") borealis.
3. Sphyropicus varius.
Plate LXXXIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Xenopicus albolarvatus.
2. Ceophlceus pileatus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXXV.
I. Melanerpes erythrocephalus.
2. Melanerpes (Centurus) carolinus.
3. Melanerpes (Asyndesmus) torquatus.
Plate LXXXVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Dryobates (" Dyctiopicus") scalaris.
2. Colaptes auratus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXXVII.
I. Antrostomus carolinensis.
2. Chordeiles virginianus.
Plate LXXXVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate LXXXIX.
I. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli.
2. Cypseloides niger.
4. Micropus melanoleucus.
Plate XC.
Man. N. Am. B.
8. Trochilus (Calothorax)
lucifer, .
6. Trochilus (Calypte) costae.
5. Trochilus (Selasphorus)
platycercus, ^.
7. Trochilus (Calypte) annse.
Milvulus forficatus.
Plate XCII.
Man. N. Am. B.
3. Pitangus derbianus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XCIII.
I. Myiodynastes luteiventris.
2. Myiarchus crinitus.
Plate XCIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XCV.
i. Myiozetetes texensis.
2. Pachyrhamphus major.
4. Ornithion imberbe.
Plate XCVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Alauda arvensis.
2. Otocoris alpestris.
3. Perisoreus canadensis.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XCVII.
I. Corvus ("Corone") ossifragus.
2. Psilorhinus morio.
Plate XCVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate XCIX.
I. Picicorvus columbianus.
2. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus.
3 Xanthoura luxuosa.
Plate C.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Cyanociita cristata.
2. Aphelocoma californica.
X
3. Sturnus vulgaris.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CI.
Plate CII.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Icterus icterus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CIII.
i. Quiscalus quiscula.
2. Quiscalus (Megaquiscalus) major.
Plate CIV.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Sturnella magna.
2. Scolecophagus carolinus.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CV.
10770
18597
I. Coccothraustes (Hesperiphona) vespertinus (No. 16770).
(No. 18597 = Coccothraustes coccothraustes.)
2. Pinicola canadensis.
3. Pyrrhula cassini.
4. Carduelis carduelis.
Plate CVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CVII.
I. Acanthis linaria.
3. Spinus (" Astragalinus'') tristis.
4. Spinus pinus.
2. Passer domesticus.
6. Calcarius lapponicus.
Plate CVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
i. Rhynchophanes mccownii.
2. Poocaetes gramineus.
3. Ammodramus (Passerculus) savanna.
4. Ammodramus (Centronyx) bairdii. 5. Ammodramus (Coturniculus) passerinus.
A
6. A. (Coturniculus) henslowi.
7. A. (Coturniculus) lecontei.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CIX.
i. Ammodramus caudacutus
7. Amphispiza belli.
6. Amphispiza bilineata.
Plate CX.
Man. N. Am. B.
3. Passerella iliaca.
4. Melospiza (" Helospiza") palustris.
5. Passerella megarhyncha.
6. Embernagra rufivirgata.
7. Sporophila moreleti.
8. Euetheia hicolor.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CXI.
Plate CXII.
Man. N. Am. B.
WfrV;
0
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CXIII.
I. Piranga erythromelas.
2. Phainopepla nitens.
3. Lanius excubitorides.
Man. N. Am. B.
3. Petrochelidon lunifrons.
4. Clivicola riparia.
5. Stelgidopteryx serripennis.
6. Tachycineta thalassina.
7. Certhiola flaveola.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CXV.
3. Vireo (Lanivireo) solitarius
7. Mniotilta varia.
8. Protonotaria citrea.
Plate CXVI.
Man. N. Am. B.
2. Helmitherus vermivorus.
V \
3. Compsothlypis americana.
4. Dendroica (Peucedramus) olivacea.
5. Helminthophila ruficapilla.
6. Dendroica coronata.
7. Dendroica (Perissoglossa) tigrina.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CXVII.
i. Dendroica dominica.
2. Dendroica palmarum.
4. Geothlypis (Oporornis) Formosa.
5. Geothlypis (Oporornis) Philadelphia.
6. Geothlypis (Oporornis) agilis.
7. Geothlypis trichas.
8. Sylvania mitrata.
Plate CXVIII.
Man. N. Am. B.
I. Setophaga ruticilla.
2. Setophaga (Myioborus) miniata.
3. Cardellina rubrifrons.
4. Ergaticus ruber.
5. Basileuterus culicivorus.
6. Basileuterus (Idiotes) belli.
Man. N. Am. B.
Plate CXIX.