LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFQRNIA.

BIOLOGY

LIBRARY

G

Andre &• Sleigh, Ltd., Bushey.

KITES.

From a Sketch by J. WOLF.

A MANUAL OF

PAL^ARCTIC BIRDS

BY

H. E. DRESSER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

AUTHOR OF "THE BIRDS OF EUROPE," ETC., ETC.

PART II
LONDON

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR AT 3 HANOVER SQUARE, W.

A<\

RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,

BRKAD STREET HILL, B.C., AND

BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO PART II

PAGE

GYPsfulvus(0m«Z.) .... 499

,, himalayensis, Hume . . 499

Vultur monachus, Linn. . . . 500

Neophron percnopterus (Linn.), 501

Grypaettis barbatus (Linn.) . . 502

Circus aerugiiiosus (Linn.) . . 503

,,' Spilonotus, Kaup . . . 504

,, eineraceus (Montag.) . . 505

,,' swainsoni, Smith . . . 506

cyaneus (Linn.) . . . 507

melanoleucus (Forster) . 508

Buteo vulgaris, Leach .... 509

zimmermannse, Ehmcke . 510
desertorum (Daud) . .511

leucocephalus (Hodgs.) . 511

ferox (S. G. Gmel.) . . 512

Butastur indicus ( Gmel. ) . . . 513

Archibutio lagopus (Gmel.) . . 514

,, hemiptilopus, Blyth. 515

Hieraetus pennatus (Gould) . . 515

„ fasciatus (Vieill.) . . 516

Aquila hiaculata (Gmel.) . . . 517

„ pomarina, Brehm . . 518

,, nipalensis, Hodgs. . . 519

,, rapax ( Temm. ) ... 520

,, heliaca, Savigny . . . 521-

,, adalberti, L. Brehm . . 522,

,, chrysaetus (Linn.) . . 522

Haliaetus leucoryph us (Pall.) . 523

„ albicilla (Linn.) . . 524

,, leucocephalus (Linn.) 525

pelagicus (Pall. ) . . 526

,, branickii, Tacz. . . 526

Circaetus gallicus (Gmel.) . . 527

Spizaetus nipalensis (Hodgs. ) . 528

Astur palumbarius (Linn. ) . . 529

,, badius (Gmel.) .... 530

,, ' brevipes (Severtz.) . . . 531

Accipiter nisus (Linn. ) . . . 531

„ ' virgatus(Tem??i.) . . 532

Melierax polyzonus (Rilpp.) . . 533

Milvus ictinus, Savigny ... 534

,,' Inigrans (Bodd.) . . . 535

Milvus melanotis, Temm. and

Schlegel 536

» eegyptius (Gmel.) . . . 537

Elanus cserule'us (Desf.) . . . 537

Pernis apivorus (Linn.) . . . 538

Falco gyrfalco, Linn. . . .- . 539

candicans, Gmel. . . . 540

islandus, Gmel 541

lorenzi Menzbier .... 542

altaicus (Menzbier) . . . 542

cherrug, J. E. Gray . . 543

milvipes, Hodgs. . . . 544

peregrinus, Tunstall . . 544

punicus, Levaill. junr. . 545

barbarus, Linn 546

feldeggi, Schlegel ... 546

sesalon, Tunstall . . . 547

subbuteo, Linn. . . . 548

eleonoras, Gen6 .... 549

vespertinus, Linn. . . . 550

amurensis, Radde . . . 551

tinnunculus, Linn. . . . 552

cenchris, Naum. . . . 553

Pandion haliaetus (Linn. ) . . 554

Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.) . 555
, , filamentosus ( Temm.

and Schlegel) . . 556

bicristatus Pall. . 557

perspicillatus, Pall. 557

pelagicus, Pall. . . 558

graculus (Linn.) . 558

africanus (Gmel.) . 559

pygmseus (Pall.) . 560

Sula bassana (Linn. ) . . . . 561

Pelecanus onocrotalus, Linn. . 562

,, roseus, Gmel. . . . 563

,, crispus, Bruch. . . 563

Ardea cinerea, Linn 564

,, purpurea, Linn. . . . 565
,, nielanocephala, Vig. and

Childr 566

,, alba, Linn 566

,, intermedia, Wagl. . . 567

195344

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO PART II

PAGE

Ardea timoriensis, Cuv. . . . 568

garzetta, Linn. . . . 568

ibis, Linn ...... 569

coromanda (Bodd.) . . 570

ralloides, Scop ..... 571

grayi, Sykes ..... 572

bacchus, Bp ..... 572

Nycticorax griseus (Linn. ) . . 573

Gorsachius goisagi (Temm. ) . . 574

Ardetta javanica (Horsf.) . . 575

,, minuta (Linn.) . . . 575

,, sinensis (Gmel.) . . . 576

,, cinnamomea (Gmel.) . 577

,, eurythma, Swinh. . . 578

Botaurus stellaris (Linn. ) . . 578

„ lentiginosus (Alontag.}. 579

Ciconia alba, Bechst ..... 580

,, boyciana, Swinh. . . 581

,, nigra, (Linn.) .... 581

Platalea leucorodia, Linn. . . 582

,, minor, Temm.&Schlegel. 583

Ibis aethiopica(Za#z..) . . . . 584

„ melanocephala (Loth.) . . 584

„ nippon, Temm ..... 585

,, eremita (Linn. ) .... 586

Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.) . . 586

Phcenicopterus roseus, Pall. . 587

Anser ferus, Schaeff. . . . . 588

fabalis (Lath. )
middendorffi, Severtz.
brachyrhynchus, Baill.
albifrons(£co^.). . .
gambeli, Hartl. ..
erythropus (Linn. ) .
indicus (Lath. ) . . .
cygnoides (Linn.) . .
Branta bernicla (Linn.) . .
nigricans (Laivr.) .
hutchinsi (Richardson)
leucopsis (Bechst. ) .
ruficollis(PaZZ.) . .
Chenhyperboreus(PaZZ.) .
„ canagica (Sevastanoff) .
Cygnus olor (Gmel.) ...
,, musicus, Bechst. . .
„ bewicki, Yarrell ..
Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmel. )
„ casarca (Linn. ) . .

589
590
590
591
592
592
593
593
594
595
595
596
596
597
598
598
599
600
601
602
603
Anas boscas, Linn ..... 604

„ zonorhyncha, Swinh. . . 605
Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn. ). 605
Spatula clypeata (Linn.) . . . 606
Marmaronetta angustirostris

(Mtnttr.) ....... 607

Eunetta falcata (Gcorgi) ... 608

Querquedula circia (Linn. ) . . 609

,, discors (Linn.) . 610.

Nettion crecca (Linn. ) . . .

,, carolinense (Gmel. ) . .

,, formosum (Georgi) . .

Dafila acuta (Linn.) ....

Mareca penelope (Linn. ) . .

,, americana (Gmel.) . .

^thyiarufma (Pall.) . . . .

,, ferina (Linn.) . . .

,, ma,rila,(Linn.) . . .

,, fuligula (Linn.) . . .

„ nyroca (Giild.) . . .

,, bseri (Radde) ....

Clangula glaucion (Linn. ) . .

,, islandica (Gmel.) . .

,, albeola (Linn. ) . . .

Cosmonetta histrionica (Linn. ) .

Harelda glacialis (Linn. ) . . .

(Edemia f usca (Linn. ) . . . .

,, carbo(Pa«.) . . . .

„ nigra (Linn.). . . .

,, americana, Swains, and

Richardson ....

,, perspicillata (Linn. ) .

Somateria stelleri (Pall. ) . . .

,, mollissima (Linn. )

„ v-nigrum, G. JR. Gray

, , spectabilis (Linn. )

,, fischeri (Brandt) . .

Erismatura leucocephala (Scop. )

Mergus merganser, Linn.

,, serrator, Linn. . . .

,, cucullatus, Linn. . .

,, albellus, Linn. . . .

Sphenocercus sieboldi (Temm.) .

Columba livia, Bonn

,, intermedia, Strickl. .
,, rupestris, Bp. . . .
,, leuconota, Vig. . .
,, oenas, Linn. . . .
,, eversmanni, Bp. . .
,, laurivora, Webb and
Berthelot. . . .
,, bollii, Godman . . .
,, trocaz, Heineken . .
,, palumbus, Linn. . .
,, casiotis (Bp. ) . . .
, , ianthina ( Temm. ) . .
Turtur communis, Sclby . . .
,, isabellinus, Bp. . . .
„ ferrago (Eversm.) . . .
orientalis (Lath. ) . . .
decaocta (Frivaldsky)
senegalensis (Linn.) . .
cambayensis (Gmel. ) . .
suratensis (Gmel.) . .
tranquebaricus (fferm. ) .
Pterocles arenarius (Pall.) , .
,, coronatus, Licht. , .

PAGE

611
612
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
627

629
630
631
632
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
639
640
641
641
642
642

643
644
644
645
646
646
646
647
648
648
649
650
650
651
651
652
653

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO PART II

PAGE

Pterocles alchata (Linn. ) . . 654

,, senegallus (Linn.) . 655

,, exustus (Temm.) . . 656.

Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall. ) . 657

„ tibetanus, Gould . 658

Phaeianus colchicus, Linn. . . 658

,, talischensis, Lorenz. . 660

,, principalis, Sclater . 660

,, shawi, Elliot ... 660

,, persicus, Severtz. . . 661

,, zarafschanicus, Tar-

novski 661

,, tarimensis, Prjev. . 662

,, chrysomelas, Severtz. 662

,, etrauchi, Prjev. . . 663

,, berezowskyi, Rothschild 663

„ vlangali, Prjev. . . 664

„ versicolor, Vieill. . . 664

,, mongolicus, Brandt . 665

,, semitorquatus, Severtz. 665

„ torquatus, Gmel. . . 665

„ hagenbecki, Rothschild 666

,, satchuensis, Prjev. . 667

,, scemmerringi, Temm. 667

,, scintillans, Gould. . 667

,, ijimae, Dresser . . . 668

Chrysolophus pictus (Linn.) . 668

„ a,mhersti&(Leadb. ) 669

Pucrasia xanthospila, Gray . . 670

,, castanea, Gould. . . 670

,, meyeri, Madarasz . . 671

Crossoptilum tibetanum, Hodgs. 671

,, leucurum, Seebohm 671

,, mantchuricum,

Swinh. ... 672

,, auritum (Pall.) . 672

,, harmani, Elwes . 673

Lophophoms refulgens, Temm. 673

1'huysi, Verr. . . 674

Ithagenes crneutns (Hardw.) . 675

,, sinensis, David . . 675

„ geoffroyi, Verr. . . 676

Caccabis saxatilis ( WolfJs Meyer) 677

,, chucar (Gray) . . . 678

„ magna, Prjev. ... 678

,, rufa(Zwrc.) . . . 679

,, petrosa (Gmel.) . . . 679

Ammoperdix bor.hami (Fraser) . 680

Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. . . 681

,, bicalcaratus, Linn. 682

Perdix cinerea, Lath 682

„ daurica(PaZZ.). ... 683

, , hodgsonise, Hodge. . . 684

,, sifanica, Prjev. . . . 684

Coturnix commums,Bonnaterre 685

,, japonica, Temm. and

Schlegel 686

Tetraophasis obscurus (Verr.) . 686

PAGE

Tetraophasis szechenii, Madarasz 687

Tetraogallus caucasicu8 (Pall.) . 688

„ caspius (S. 0. Gmel. ) 689

,, hirnalayensis, Gray 690

„ tibetanus, Gould. . 690

,, altaicus (Gebler) . 691

Lagopus albus (Gmel.) . . . 692

„ scoticus (Lath.) . . . 693

,, mutus (Moutin.) . . 693

„ rupestris (Gmel.) . . 694

„ hyperbore\ia,Sundewall 695

Tetrao urogallus, Linn. . . . 695

,, uralensis, Severtz. and

Menzbier 696

parvirostris, Bp. . . . 697

kamtschaticus, Kiftlitz . 697

tetrix, Linn 698

mlokosiewiczi, Tacz. . 699

falcipennis, Hartl. . . 700

Tetrastesbonasia(£iw*.) . . 700

Tetrastes griseiventris, Menzbier 701

,, severtzovi, Prjev. . . 702

Turnix sylvatica (Desfont. ) . . 703

,, blanfordi, Blyth ... 704

Rallus aquaticus, Linn. . . . 704

„ indicus, Blyth .... 705

Porzana maruetta (Leach) . . 706

bailloni(F^«.). . . 707

pusilla (Pall.) ... 708

parva (Scop. ) . . . . 708

exquisita, Swinh. . . 709

fusca (Linn.) .... 710

paykulli (Ljungh.) . . 710

Crex pratensis, Bechst. . . . 711

Porphyrio ceeruleus ( Vandelli) . 712
, , madagascariensis

(Lath.) . . -713

,, poliocephalus (Lath.) 713
,, alleni, T. R. ff.

Thompson . . . 714

Gallinula chloropus (Linn. ) . . 715

Fulica atra, Linn 716

„ cristata, Gmel. . . . 717

Grus communis, Bechst. . . . 717

nigrieollis, Prjev. . . . 718

japonensis (P.L.S.Muller) 719

monachus, Temm. . . . 720

canadensis (Linn. ) . . . 720

collaris, Bodd 721

virgo (Linn.) 721

vipio, Pall 722

leucogeranus, Pall. . . . 723

Otis tarda, Linn 723

,, dybowskii, Tacz. . . . 724

Tetrax eampestris, Leach . . . 725

Houbara undulata (Jacq. ) . . 726
,, macqueenii (Gray 'and

Hardw.) . . . . 727

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO PART II

(Edicnemus scolopax^. G-, Gmd. )

Glareola pratincola (Linn.) . .

,,- orientalis, Leach . .

,, melanoptera, Nordm. .

Cursorius gallicus (Gmel.) . .

Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. . .
,, • •dominicus, P. L. S.

• Miiller '. . . .

Squatarola helvetica (Linn. ) .

JEgialitis mongola (Pall. ) . .

geoffroyi (JVagl.) . .
• pyrrhothorax, Gould.

asiatica (rail.). . .

vereda (Gould) . . .

oantiana (Lath. ) . .

hiaticula (Linn. ) . .

placida (Gray). . .

semipalmata (Bp. ) .

curonica (Gmel. ) . . •

vocifera (Linn.) . .

peeuaria ( Temm. ) . .

Eudromias morinellus (Linn.) .

Pluvianus segyptius (Linn.) . .

Hoplopterus spinosus (Linn.) .

Chettusia gregaria (Pall.) . .

,, leuoura (Licht. ) . .

Lobivanellus indicus (Bodd.) .

,, cinereus (Blyth) .

Vanellus vulgaris, Bechst. . .

Strepsilas interpres (Linn. ) .. .

Hsematopus ostralegus Linn. .

,, moquini, Bp. . .

Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn. .

Himantopus candidus, Bonnat .
Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.)

„ * fulicarius (Linn.) .

Scoldpax rusticula (Linn.) . .

Rostratula capensis (Linn. ) . .

Gallinago major (Gmel) . . .

caelestis (Frenzel) . .

stenura (Kuhl.) . .

megala, Swinh. . .

australis (Lath.) . .

, gallinula (Linn.) .
Limicola platyrhyncha (Tcmm.)
,, sibirica, Dresser . .
Tringa maculate, Vieill. . . .

acuminate (Horsf.) . .

bairdi {Coues) ....

fusoicollis, Vieill. . .

alpina, Linn

americana (0. L. Brehm)

minuta, Leisl

ruficollis, Pall. . . .

subminuta, Middendorff .

minutilla, Vieill. . .

temmincki, Leisl. . .

PA-OE

727
728
729
730
730
731

732
733
734
735
735
736
736
737
738
739

• 740

• 740
741
742
743
744
745
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
761
762
762
763
763
764
765
766
767
767
768
769
770
770
771
772
772
773

Tringa subarquata (Giild.) . .
camitus, Linn. . . .
crassirostris, Temm. and

Schlegel

striata, Linn

couesi (Ridgway) . . .
occidentalis (Lawr.) . .
Calidris arenaria (£m?i.) . . .
Eurynorhynchus pygmseus

(Linn.)

Machetes pugnax (Linn. ) . .
Tringitee rufescens ( Vieill. ) .
Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.).
Totanus calidris (Linn.) . . .
fuscus (Linn.) . . .
glottis (Linn.) ...
guttifer, Nordm. . .
slagnatilis, Bechst. . .
flavipes (Gmel.) ...
ochropus, (Linn.) . .
solitarius ( IVilson) . .
glareola (Gmel.) ...
hypoleucus (Linn.) . .
macularius (Linn.) .
brevipes Vieill. . . .
incanus (Gmel.) ...
Terekia cinerea (Giild.) . . .
Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.)
,, semipalmatus,

Jerdon . . .

Limosa lapponica (Linn.) . .
,, baueri, Naum. . . .
,, belgica (Gmel.) ...
Numenius borealis (Forster) . .
minutus, Gould . .
phseopus (Linn.) . .
variegatus (Scopoli) .
tenuirostris, Vieill. .
arquatus (Linn.) . .
cyanopus, Vieill. .
Ibidorhynchus struthersi, Vigors
Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.) .
,, leucoptera^e/zms. )

Sterna macrura, Naum.
fluviatilis, Naum.
longipennis, Nordm.
dougalli, Montag. .
media, Horsf. . .
cantiaca, Gmel.
oaspia, Pall.
maxima, Bodd. «
anglica, Montag. .
minuta, Linn. .
sinensis, Ghnel.
aleutica, Baird
fuliginosa, Gmel. .
ansestheta, Scop. .

PAGE

774
775

776
776

777
778
779

780
780
782
782
783
784
786
787
787
788
789
790
790
791
792
793
794
794
795

796
797
798
798
800
800
801
802
802
803
804
805
805
806
807
808
809
810
810
811
812
813
814
814
815
816
817
818
818

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO PART II

PAGE

Anoue stolidus (Linn.} . . . 819

Xema sabinii (J. Sabinc) . . . 820

Rhodostethia rosea (Macgill. ) . 821

Pagophila ebitrnea (Phipps) . . 821

Rissa tridactyla (JWnw.) ... 822

., brevirostris (Bruch.) . . 823

Larus ridibundus, Linn. . . . 824

bmnneicephalus, Jcrdon 825

melanocephalus, Natlerer 825

Philadelphia (Ord) . . 826

ichthyaetus, Pall. ... 827

saundersi (Swinh.) . . 827

minutus, Pall 828

carms, Linn 829

gelastes, Thienem . . . 830.

audouini, Payraudeau . 831

crassirostris, Vieill. . . 8.32

argentatus. GmeL . . . 832

cachinnans, Pall. . . . 833

vegse, Stejn 834

fuscus, Linn 834

affinis, Rcinhardt . . . 835

schistisagus, Stejn. . . 836

marinus, Linn 836

glaucus, Fabricius . . 837

leucopterus, Faber . . 838

glaucescens, Naum. . . 838

Stercorarius catarrhactes(Zt/m.) 839

,, pomatorhinus( Temm. ) 840*

,, crepidatus, Banks . 841

., parasiticus (Linn.) . 842

Procellaria pelagica, Linn. . . 843

Oceanodroma leucorrhoa( Vieill. ) 844

,, castro (Harcourt) . 845

, , f uliginosa ( Gmel. ) . 846

,, triBtnmi, Stejn. . 846

,, mo\iorhis(Swinh. ). 847

„ furcata, (Gmel.) . 847

Oceanites oceamcus (Kuhl.) . . 848

Pelagodroma marina (Lath. ) . 849

Pnffinus anglorum (Temm.} . . 849

yelkonanus (Acerbi) . 850

gravis (O'Reilly) . . 851

tawevLB (Gmel.) . . . 851

kuhli (Boie) .... 852

leucomelas, Temm. . . 852

carneipes, Gould . . 853

tenuirostris (Temm.) . 853

obscurns (Gmel.) . . 854

PAGE

Puffinus assimilis. Gould . . 854

CEstrelata haesitata (Kuhl.) . . 855

„ mollis (Gould). . . 855

„ brevipes (Peale) . . 856

,, longirostris, Stejn. . 856

Bulweria columbina ( Webb and

Bertholet) ...... 857

Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.) . . 858

,, glupischa, Stejn. . . 858

Diomedea albatrus, Pall. . . 859

,, nigripes, Aud. . . 859

,, melanophrys, Boie . 860

Alca torda, Linn ...... 861

,, impennis, Linn ..... 862

,, troile (Linn.) ..... 862

,, \omvia, (Pall.) .... 863

Mergulns alle (Linn. ) . . . . 864

Uria grylle, Linn ...... 864

'

mandti, Licht
columba (Pall.)

,, snowi (Stejn.) .....
Brachyrhamphus perdix (Pall. ).
} , brevirostris

( Vigors) . .
Synthliborhamphus antiquus

(Gmel.) .

, , wumizusume

(Temm.).

Simor hy nchus cristatellus( Pall. )
» pvgmseus (Gmel.)

„ psittaculus( Pall. )

Cerorhyncha monocerata (Pall. )
Lunda cirrhata (Pall. ) . . .
Fratercula arctica (Linn. ) . .
,, corniculata (Naum. )
Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn.
arcticus, Linn. . .
glacialis, Linn. . .
adainsi, G. JR. Gray .
Podic pes cristatus (Linn. ) . .
griseigena (Bodd. ) . .
auritus (Linn.) . .
nigricollis,.Z£. L.Brehm.
fluviatilis ( Tunstall) .
Myiophoneus temmincki, Vigors
Troglodytes fumigatus, Temm. .

865
866
866

867
867

868
868

869
869

870
870
871
871
872
873
873
874
875
876
877
877
878
879
880
881
883
884

4"

GYPS, Savigny, 1870.

710. GRIFFON VULTURE.

GYPS FULVUS.

Gyps fulvus (Gmel.), Syst. Xat, i. p. 249 (1788) ; (Xaura.), i. p. 162,
Taf. 2, xiii. Taf. 338 ; (Gould), B. of E. i. pi. 1 ; Newton, i. p. 1 ;
Dresser, v. p. 373, pis. 319, 320 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 5 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 320 ; Saunders, p. 311 ; Lilford,
i. p. 77, pi. 39 ; G. hispaniolensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 6
(1874) ; G. fulvescem Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356.

Vautour Griffon, French ; Griffo, Portug. ; Buitre, Span. ;
Grifone, Ital. ; Gclnsegeier, German ; Bjelogolovoi Griff ] Russ. ;
Nissr, Arab, ; Enisser, Moor.

£ ad. (S. Europe). Head and neck sparingly covered with white hairs ;
ruff composed of white down, which is more profuse on the hind-neck ;
upper parts stone-buff, the middle of the larger wing-coverts darker ; wings
and tail darker, the former washed with grey ; under parts stone-buff, the
crop patch darker, with lighter stripes ; bill slate ; iris hazel ; legs light
brown. Culmen 3'4, wing 30'0, tail 14'9, tarsus 4'0 inch. Sexes alike.
The young birds have the feathers on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
pointed, the ruff feathers elongate, and fawn-coloured.

Hctb. Southern Europe ; of rare occurrence in Central and
Northern Europe ; has once been obtained in Ireland ; Africa
south to Nubia; Asia east to Nepal and Sikhim, south to
Khandish and the Deccan.

Is essentially a carrion eater, and will feed on any refuse. It
hunts by sight alone, and does not discover a carcass if covered
with grass or boughs. On the ground it is heavy and inert,
and where carrion is plentiful will gorge to excess. On the
wing however it is active and even graceful. It breeds in
communities in the rocks, constructing a carelessly built nest.
of sticks lined with grass which is placed on the bare rock, and
from February to April it deposits a single egg, or sometimes
two, which are white, rather rough in shell, but occasionally,
though rarely, the egg is slightly spotted with red. In size
they average 3'63 by 2'72.

711. HIMALAYAN GRIFFON.
GYPS HIMALAYENSIS.

Gyps himalayensis, Hume, Eough Notes, p. 12 (1869) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. i. p. 8 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 321 ; G.
nivicola, Severtzoff, Turk. Jevot. p. 111. pi. vii. (1873).

L L

500 GYPS—VULTUR

Zaigan Tasso, Mongol. ; Gutincar, Tangut.

£ ad. (Nepal). Differs chiefly from G. fulvus in having the shaft-
stripes on the lower plumage very broad and the fourth, and not the third
primary longest ; upper parts pale isabelline white tinged with brown,
and with obsolete pale shaft-stripes, the lower back whitish, the rump and
upper tail-coverts buff; quills and tail blackish brown, the inner
secondaries fulvous at the tips ; crop-patch brownish with, paler stripes ;
rest of under parts light brownish buff with broad whitish shaft stripes ;
under tail-coverts pale buff ; bill pale horny green ; cere pale brown ;
legs dingy greenish grey ; iris brownish yellow. Culmen 3 '7, wing 30,
tail 15-5, tarsus 4*6 inch. Sexes alike. The young are dark brown
strongly striped with whitish, and the wing and tail-feathers are nearlv
black.

Hob. The Himalayas from Cabul to Bhutan, Turkestan,
Kan-su, Koko-nor, and Northern Tibet.

Is essentially a mountain bird, only descending to lower
altitudes when compelled to do so in search of food, and in
its general habits it agrees closely with G. fulvus. It breeds at
high altitudes from late in December to early in March, con-
structing a platform of sticks in the most inaccessible parts of
the rocks, usually on the face of a cliff, and occasionally it will
take possession of a deserted Eagle's nest. Only a single egg is
deposited, which is greyish white usually blotched and stained
with reddish brown, and measures about 376 by 2*75.

VULTUE, Linn., 1766.

712. BLACK VULTURE.

VULTUR MONACHUS.

Valtur monachus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 122 (1766) ; Dresser, v. p. 383>
pi. 321 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 3 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii. p. 317 ; V. cinereus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 247 (1788) ;
Naum. i. p. 155, Taf. i. ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 2.

Vautour arrian, French ; Pica osso, Portug. ; Buitre negro,
Span. ; Avvoltoio nero, Ital. ; Kuttengeicr, German ; Graff rib,
Dan. ; Ghernoburui Griff,. Russ. ; Kdla-gidh, Hindu.

£ ad. (S. E. Europe). Head and neck covered with hair-like feathers,
ruff brownish ; general colour of the plumage brownish, the quills and
tail-feathers blackish brown ; bill dark horn ; cere pale mauve, naked
skin of the neck livid flesh colour ; legs and feet pearly white ; iris brown.
Culmen 3 -3, wing 30 '0, tail 17 '0, tarsus 4-0 inch. The young bird is-
much darker, blackish brown in colour, wings and tail nearly black.

VUL TUR— NEOPHRON 501

Hal. Southern Europe ; a rare straggler to the northern
parts of Continental Europe ; Xorth Africa, rarer in the western
portions, in East Africa south to Nubia ; Asia Minor and Central
Asia to India and China.

In habits it resembles the Griffon, and like that bird is a
carrion eater. It breeds about the same time as the Griffon,
but unlike that species almost always places its nest in a tree,
"more seldom on a cliff. The riest is a bulky structure of boughs
and sticks, lined with small twigs and wool, and one egg is
deposited, very rarely two, which is white, richly marked with
dark red, and the average size is 3'51 by 276. Eggs from
Eastern Europe are as a rule less richly marked than those from
Spain.

NEOPHRON, Savigny, 1810.

713. EGYPTIAN VULTURE.

NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS.

Neophron percnopterus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 123 (1766); (Naiim.) i.
p. 170, Taf. 3 ; (Hewitson), i. p. 5. pi. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 3 ;
Newton, i. p. 6 ; Dresser, v. p. 391, pi. 322 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 17 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Incl. Birds, iii. p. 327 ; Saunders,
p. 313 ; Lilford, i. p. 83, pi. 40.

Vautour d'Egypte, French ; Abutre, Portug. ; Alimoclio, Span. ;
Capovacca/o, Ital. ; Schmutziger Aasvogel, German ; Stervatnik,
Buss. ; Edkhma, Arab. ; Bekhama, Moor. ; Ak-laba, Turk. ;
Kusgun, Tartar.

<£ ad. (Spain). General colour white, tinged with creamy buff ; fore-
part of the head and throat bare ; feathers on the occiput and back of the
neck elongated, lanceolate, tinged with creamy buff ; primaries blackish
margined with greyish buff on the outer web ; secondaries varied, dark
brown and buff ; tail white ; bare part of the head yellow ; beak yellow
at the base, otherwise dusky blackish ; legs and feet dark flesh-colour,
claws black ; iris deep red. Culmen 2'8, wing 19'2, tail 10*0, tarsus 3'4
inch. Sexes alike. The young bird is blackish brown, the feathers tipped
with fulvous, the bare part of the head with scattered blackish brown
tufts ; bare portions of the head livid ; bill dusky yellowish at the base ;
legs livid greyish ; iris brown.

Hob. Southern Europe, of rare occurrence north of the
Alps; has twice occurred in England; Madeira, the Canaries,
and Cape Verde Islands ; Africa south to the Cape of Good
Hope ; Asia east to Western India. There it meets with.

L L 2

502 NEOPHRON— G YPAETUS

N. ginginianus, which replaces it further east, and which is
distinguishable by having the bill entirely yellow, and being
smaller in size.

Like its allies it is a carrion feeder, and as nothing is too
offensive for its palate it is, in southern climes, a most useful
scavenger. Except when collected round a carcase it is usually
to be seen singly or in pairs, never in flocks, and it likewise
breeds in scattered pairs. Its nest, which is generally placed
on a cliff, seldom on a tree, is a clumsy structure of sticks and
grass, lined with grass, rags, or any other available soft material,
and its eggs, 2 in number, occasionally however only 1, are
deposited in April or May, and are richly blotched with rusty
red or dark red on a white or yellowish white ground, and in
-size average 2 '5 7 by 2*01.

GYPAETUS, Storr, 1874.

714. BEARDED VULTURE.

GYPAETUS BARBATUS.

•Gijpaetus larlatus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 123 (1766) ; Naum. i. p. 180,
Taf. 4, 5 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 4 ; Dresser, v. p. 401, pis. 323, 324,
325 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 228 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iii. p. 328.

Gypaete des Alpes, French ; Quebranta-huesos, Span. ; Avvoltojo
barbuto, Ital. ; Lcimmergeier, German ; Jagnjatnik, Russ. ;.
Tochligoturan, Tartar ; Bou-lachiah, Arab. ; Argul, Hindu.

$ ad. (Spain). Crown and neck creamy white washed with rust-
colour ; bristles on the chin, lores, and a broad line passing over and
round the eye deep black ; upper parts blackish grey with a metallic
gloss, the upper back and wing-coverts with a yellowish central line on
the feathers ; quills blackish grey washed with slate-grey ; tail slate-grey
margined with blackish brown, and wedge-shaped ; under parts rich light
rusty yellow, the throat and neck washed with rusty red ; bill bluish horn,
blackish at the tip ; feet plumbeous ; iris pale orange, the sclerotic
membrane blood-red. Culmen 3*8, wing 31'0, tail 20'0, tarsus 4-1 inch.
Sexes alike. The young bird of the year has the head, neck, and upper
parts blackish brown, and the under parts dull rufous buff or brownish
grey.

Hob. The mountains of Southern Europe and North Africa ;
is still found in the French and Spanish Pyrenees, but is
nearly if not quite extinct in the Alps and Tyrol ; Bosnia,
^Greece, Turkey, the Caucasus, and Asia Minor ; the Himalaya

G YPAETUS— CIRCUS 503

as far east as Sikhim ; North China, Tibet, Mongolia, and
Dauria.

Inhabits the higher mountain ranges, and is solitary in its
habits. It feeds on carrion, refuse, etc., like the Vultures, and
though it is said to attack lambs and kids and even goats and
chamois, it is doubtful if this is the case, except when the
animal is weakly or in a dying state ; it is a cowardly bird, and
will allow itself to be bullied by a Falcon not. a fourth of its
size. Its note is a feeble, querulous cry. It breeds in the high
mountains in a cave or on a shelf of the cliff, its nest being a
bulky structure of sticks, etc., lined with wool, hair, or any soft
material, and from the end of December to May, according to
locality, it deposits 2 eggs, dull yellowish or rusty orange in
colour, measuring about 318 by 2*47.

CIRCUS, Lacep., 1851.

715. MARSH-HARRIER.

CIRCUS ^RUGINOSUS.

Circus ceruginosus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (1766) : Gould, B. of Gt,
Brit. i. pis. 24, 25 ; Hewitson, i. p. 44, pi. xvi. fig. 1 ; Newton, i.
p. 127 ; Dresser, v. p. 415, pis. 326, 327 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
i. p. 69 ; Radde. Orn. Caucas. p. 106, Taf. iii. ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii. p. 387 ; Saunders, p. 315 ; Lilford, i. p. 67, pis. 34, 35 ;
C. rufus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 266 (1788) ; (Natim.), i., p. 378,
Taf. 37, 38, fig. 1 /Gould, B. of. E. pi. 32.

Busard des marais, French ; Aguilucho, Span. ; Milhano,
Portug. ; Falco di padule, Ital. ; Rohrweihe, German : Rielwouw,
Dutch ; Rodbrun Kjcerlwg, Dan. ; Rostbrun Karrhok, Swed. ;
Kamyschevoi Lun, Russ. ; Kamysch-Kara^axtw, Hedia, Moor.;
Bouschrada, Arab. ; Kular, Kulesir, Hindu.

£ ad. (Spain). Crown and nape yellowish white striped with
chocolate and blackish brown ; back and scapulars blackish chocolate
slightly marked with dark fulvous ; tail ashy grey tipped with yellowish
buff ; primaries blackish brown, the inner ones marked with ashy grey,
secondaries and larger wing-coverts dark silvery grey ; smaller coverts
blackish chocolate marked with whitish ; chin dirty white ; breast
yellowish white marked with reddish brown ; rest of under part&
rusty brown striped or marked with darker brown ; bill horn ; legs and
cere yellow ; iris lemon yellow. Culmen 1'32, wing 14'8, tail 8'9, tarsus
3'3 inch. The old female is rather larger than the male, has the crown,
nape, and chin creamy white, the two former striated with blackish ; back
white marked with umber, the rump ochreous ; wings and tail dark brown

504 CIRCUS

white with a creamy white margin along the edge of the wing ; throat warm
ash-brown ; rest of the under parts dark brown with a white band marked
with brown across the breast. The young birds are dark chocolate-brown,
the crown, nape, chin, and upper throat warm orange-buff, but they vary a
good deal as regards the amount of buff on the head, and as in other
Harriers dark blackish varieties occur, one figured by Dr. Kadde (I.e.} being
all dark brown, the upper parts with rufous margins to the feathers, and
the tail grey washed with pale brown.

Hob. Europe ; in Sweden seldom found above 60° N. Lat.,
and of very rare occurrence in Norway and Finland; Great
Britain ; Africa as far south as the Transvaal ; Asia east as far
as China and Japan and throughout India and Ceylon ; in
winter south to the Philippines.

Is essentially a marsh-haunting bird, and is generally to be
met with in damp swampy places, especially where water-birds
breed in numbers. In the northern portions of its range it is
a migrant but a resident in the south. As a rule it is a silent
bird, but in the breeding season the male may be heard uttering
a clear, loud call keew, that of the female being a clear prolonged
shrill pee-ep. It feeds on frogs, small snakes, small mammals,
young birds, and eggs, and is very destructive to the breeding
colonies of water-birds. Being however cowardly and not
possessing much power of night it will not attack any but the
smaller or weakly birds, and it is doubtful if it dare even attack
a rat. Its nest, which is a carelessly constructed bulky structure
of sticks, reeds, and flags, is placed on the ground or on the
masses of half floating marsh herbage, and its eggs, 4 to 5,
.seldom 6 in number, are usually laid in April or May, and are
unspotted, greenish or blue-greenish-white in colour, rather
roundish in shape, and measure about 1*95 by 1*51.

716. EASTERN MARSH-HARRIER.
CIRCUS SPILONOTUS.

Circus spilonotus, Kaup. in Jardine's Contrib. Orn. 1850, p. 59 ; Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1863, pi. v. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 58 ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 29 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 388 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 112.

Khoulda, in Darasun.

£ ad. (Siberia). Differs from the very old male of C. a'ruginosus chiefly
in lacking nil the rufous tinge on the upper tail-coverts and all the under
parts ; crown, nape, forepart of the back, scapulars, and edge of the wing
white tinged with buff and streaked with blackish brown : back and
inner secondaries blackish brown sparingly spotted or blotched with dull
white ; outer primaries blackish ; the rest of the wing silvery grey ; upper

CIRCUS 505

tail-coverts white faintly barred with grey ; tail grey with a brownish tinge,
the outer feathers whiter ; under parts white, the chin, throat, and breast
.streaked with blackish brown ; soft parts as in C. ccrufjinoms. Culmen
1*6, wing 15*5, tail 9'25, tarsus 3*5 inch. The female is larger and differs
from that of C. (cruginosus in having the crown blackish brown marked
with rufous buff, and the tail with dark bands which are nearly obsolete in
very old birds. The young bird closely resembles that of C. (cruginosus.

Hal. Of doubtful occurrence in India; South-east Siberia,
Mongolia, China, Burma, and Japan, south to the Philippines
and the Malay peninsula.

In habits it closely resembles C. ccruginosus, but is said to be
more kite-like in appearance. Its food is similar to that of the
Marsh-Harrier, and like that species it feeds largely on the
eggs of ground-nesting birds. Its nest, which is placed in
damp marshy places, often on masses of floating herbage, is
a clumsy structure of dry herbage, and the eggs, which are
usually deposited in June, are white tinged with greenish blue
and measure about 1'90 by 1*50.

717. MONTAGU'S HARRIER.
CIRCUS CINERACEUS.

Circus cineraceus (Montag.), Orn. Diet. i. sheet K. 3. (1802) ; (Naum.)
i. p. 402, Taf. 40 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 35 ; Hewitson, i. p. 49,
pi. xvi. fig. 3 ; Newton, i. p. 38 ; Dresser, v. p. 423, pi. 328 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 383 ; Saunders, p. 319 ;
Lilford, i. p. 73, pis. 37, 38 ; C. cinerarius. Leach, Syst. Cat.
Mam. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 9. (1816) ; C. cmerascens, Steph. Gen.
Zool. xiii. p. 41 (1825) ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. xxvii ;
C. pygargus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 64 ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 28 (nee. Linn.) ; C. montagui. Vieill. Nouv.
Diet. xxxi. p. 411 (1819).

Busard cendre, French ; Aguicn cagadeira, Portug. ; Cenizo,
Span. ; Albanclla minor e, Ital. ; Wiesenweihe, German ; Graauwe
Kuikendief, Dutch ; Greta Kjaerhog, Dan. ; Mindre Ktirrliok,
Swed. ; Lugovoi Lun, Russ. ; Bouschrada, Arab. ; Dastmal,
Hindu. ; Pandouvi, Beng.

<J ad. (Spain). Head, neck, breast, and upper parts ashy blue-grey
darker on the upper parts ; secondaries with two hidden and one con-
spicuous blackish bar ; primaries black ; tail ashy blue-grey ; the outer
feathers paler and barred with reddish ; under parts greyish white striped
with chestnut-red ; bill blackish horn ; cere, iris, and legs yellow.
Culmen T05, wing 14'8, tail lO'O, tarsus 2'5 inch. The female is some-

506 CIRCUS

what larger and has the upper parts brown varied with rusty rufous,
the quills and middle tail-feathers tinged with grey and barred
with blackish brown ; the outer tail-feathers greyish white tinged
with rufous and barred with brown ; under parts warm ochreous striped
with rusty brown. Young birds have the under parts tinged with rufous
and unstriped. This species is subject to melanism and uniform blackish
brown varieties are occasionally met with.

Hob. A summer visitor to the British Islands and Continental
Europe generally, more numerous in the south. Of occasional
occurrence in Sweden, and has once been obtained in Finland ;
Africa south to Cape Colony : Asia east to China, wintering in
India and Ceylon.

Like its allies it affects open plains and marshes, and never
perches or roosts in a tree, but passes the night on the ground
amongst the^ grass or aquatic plants. It flies low and quarters
the ground carefully. It feeds on insects, mice, small reptiles,
small birds, and the eggs of ground-nesting species, and in
Spain wherever there were colonies of Terns, Stilts, etc., I found
nests of this Harrier. The nest is placed on the ground or on
floating masses of reeds, and is constructed of grass and flags of
less coarse materials and better made than that of the Hen-
Harrier, and the eggs, 4 to 6 in number, are usually deposited
in May and resemble those of C. ceruginosus but are smaller,
measuring about 1*49 by 1'25.

718. PALLID HAERIER.
CIRCUS SWAINSONI.

Circus swainsoni, Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. i. p. 384 (1830) ; Dresser,
v. p. 441, pi. 330 ; ? C. macrourus (S. G. Gmel.) N. Com. Petr. xv.
p. 439 (1771) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 67 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii.p. 381 ; C. pallidus, Sykes, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 80 ; Gould, B. of
E. i. pi. 34 ; Naum. xiii. p. 154, Taf. 348.

Busard pdle, French ; Albanella chiara, Ital. ; Steppenweihe,
German ; Steppehog, Dan. ; EleJc Kdrrhok, Swed. ; Stepnoi Lun,
Russ. ; Ach-Asalagan, Tartar. ; Dastmal, Hindu.

£ ad. (India). Upper parts blue- grey, the head paler ; upper tail-
coverts white barred with dark blue-grey; middle tail-featheis blue-
grey, the rest white barred with dark blue-grey ; primaries pale at the
base becoming blackish towards the tip, the first dark ashy blue ; under
parts white, the flanks indistinctly striped ; bill blackish ; cere, iris, and
legs yellow. Culmen 1-15, wing 13'8, tail 9'2, tarsus 2'9 inch. The
female resembles that of C. cineraceus but is paler and less rufous, and the
ruff is more distinctly defined.

CIRCUS 507

Hob. Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe, of rare occur-
rence in Scandinavia, and only twice recorded from Finland;
Africa in winter, south to the Cape ; Asia, throughout India,.
Ceylon and Burma east to the Yangtse river in China.

In habits it resembles the Hen-Harrier but is less of a
marsh -bird and frequents the steppes, fields, etc. ; its flight is
slow, a few beats of the wings alternating with a sailing motion,
and it usually perches on the ground, on a mound or stone.
Its food consists of insects, reptiles, small rodents, and birds,
especially when the last are weakly or wounded. Its nest is a
depression in the ground lined with grass-bents and leaves, and
its eggs, 4 to 5 in number, are deposited in May and are bluish
white, roundish in shape, and sometimes marked or spotted
with rich deep red. In size they average 1*68 by T34.

The chief distinctions between the European Harriers are as
follows : —

C. ccruginosus. — The ruff is interrupted in front* and the
folded wings do not reach to the end of the tail.

C. cineraceus. — Ruff interrupted in front ; first four primaries-
only emarginate on the outer web, the emargination on the
second fully an inch beyond the wing-coverts; flanks striped
with rufous in the adult male.

C. swainsoni. — Ruff complete ; emargination on the second
primary close to and almost hidden by the wing-coverts ; the
four first primaries only emarginate on the outer web ; upper
tail-coverts in the adult male white barred with grey.

C. cyaneus. — First five primaries emarginate on the outer
web ; ruff complete and not interrupted ; upper tail-coverts in
the adult male white.

719. HEN-HARRIER.
CIRCUS CYANEUS.

Circus cyaneus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i.^ p. 126 (1766) ; Gould, B. of E. L
pi. 33 ; He\vitson, i. p. 47, pi. xvi. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. i.
pi. 26 ; Newton, i. p. 132 ; Dresser, v. p. 431, pi. 329 ; Sharpe,
Cat, B. Br. Mus. i. p. 52 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 27 ?
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, in. p. 384 ; Saunders, p. 317 ; Lilford, i.
p. 69, pi. 36 ; C. pyyargus, Naum. i. p. 391, Taf. 38, fig. 2, Taf. 39.

Busard St. Martin, French ; Pilharatos, Portug. ; Am de San
Martin, Span. ; Albanella reale, Ital. ; Kornweike, German ;
Blaauwe Kuikcndief, Dutch ; Blaa Kjcerhog, Dan. and Norweg. ;
Bld-Karrlwk, Swed. ; SinihaitJ&a, Finn. ; Polevoi Lun, Russ. ;.
Bou-hasin, Moor.

508 CIRCUS

£ ad. (Scotland). Upper parts and middle tail-feathers ashy blue-
grey, rather darker on the back ; primaries blackish ; upper tail-coverts
white ; lateral tail-feathers greyish white, narrowly barred with brownish ;
breast paler than the head, the rest of the under parts gradually fading to
white ; bill blackish horn ; cere, iris, and legs yellow. Culmen I'l, wing
13*4, tail 8 '9, tarsus 2 '62 inch. The female has the forehead and a faint
superciliary stripe buff ; upper parts dark brown, the head and neck
striped, the back well marked with warm buff ; upper tail-coverts white,
sparsely dotted with rufous ; tail dark brown with a light tip, barred with
greyish brown and rufous buff ; under parts buff striped with dull brown
and reddish brown ; iris brown ; legs and cere yellow.

Hal. Europe generally, from Lapland to the Mediterranean ;
British Islands ; Africa south to Abyssinia ; Asia east through
India to China, Tibet, Mongolia, Japan, and Siberia, and
southward to the central provinces of India.

Frequents open places, heaths, plains, and marshes, and is
not found in the woodlands. Its flight is graceful, not high
.above the ground, and it will hover every now and again
when quartering. It feeds on small mammals and birds,
insects, reptiles, etc , and like its allies it feeds largely on the
•eggs of ground-nesting birds. Its nest is a depression in the
ground, frequently in a damp locality, and consists merely of a
few sticks and heather-bents with a little dry grass. The eggs,
4 to 5 in number, are generally deposited late in May, and are
bluish white, usually unmarked, and measure about 1*81 by
1-39. I have, however, seen eggs slightly, and others somewhat
boldly, marked with dark red.

720. PIED HARRIER.
CIRCUS MELANOLEUCUS.

Circus melanoleucus (Forster), Ind. Zool. p. 12, pi. ii. (1781) : David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 29 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 61 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 120 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 385.

Pahatai, Hindu. ; Tliane-Kya, Burm.

£ ad. (India). Head, neck, breast;, back, the middle wing-coverts, and
a band to the end of the wing glossy black ; scapulars black marked with
grey ; outer primaries black but not so glossy ; rump and upper tail-
coverts white ; the latter faintly barred with grey ; tail grey tipped with
white ; edge of wing and least wing-coverts white, the rest of the wing
grey ; lower breast and under parts with the under wing-coverts pure
white ; bill bluish at the base, otherwise blackish ; cere dusky yellow ;
legs orange-yellow ; iris bright yellow. Culmen TO, wing 13'7, tail 8'5,
tarsus 3-2 inch. The female is larger, has the black in the plumage replaced

CIRCUS— BUTEO 509

by dark brown, the crown and nape feathers with rufous margins, the ruff
of dull white feathers with brown shaft-stripes well defined, the tail grey
with blackish brown cross-bars, and the under parts white, the throat and
breast broadly, the abdomen narrowly striped with dark brown. The
young bird has the under parts rufous brown darker streaked, the nuchal
patch whitish, streaked with brown, the outer tail-feathers rufous in
ground colour and no grey on the wings.

Hal. The eastern part of India; Burma; Mongolia; south-
eastern Siberia ; northern China ; Cochin China ; Siam ;
Malacca, and the Philippines.

Affects the plains, especially damp swampy localities, and
rice-fields. Its food, like that of its allies, consists of reptiles,
frogs, insects, small rodents, and birds. Its nest, a somewhat
slight structure resembling that of C. cineraccus, is placed
on the ground, usually in a damp or swampy locality, and the
eggs, 4 to 5 in number, which are usually deposited in June
resemble those of C. cineraceus, and measure about 1*69
by 1-37.

BUTEO, Cuvier (1800).

721. THE BUZZARD.

BUTEO VULGARIS.

Buteo vulfjar'iSj Leach) Syst. Cat. Marnm. &c. p. 10 (1816) ; Gould,
B. of E. i. pi. 14 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. pi. 6 ; Hewitson, i. p. 38,
pi. xiv. figs. 1, 2 ; Newton, i. p. 109 ; Dresser, v. p. 449, pi.
331 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 186 ; Saunders, p. 321 ;
Lilford, i. p. 16. pi. 9; Falco buteo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 127;
(1766); Nauni. i. p. 3i6, Taf. 32, 33; B. plumipes, Hodgs. P.Z.S.
1845, p. 37 ; Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 180 ; B. japonicus (Temm. and
Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves,p. 16, pis. vi. vi.b. (1850) ; B.desertorum,
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 393 (partim, nee. Daud.).

Busc commune, French ; Minhoto, Portug. ; Pellet, Arpclla,
Span. ; Pojana, Ital. ; Mciusebussard, German ; Buizerd, Dutch ;
Musvaag, Dan. and Norweg. ; Ormvrdk, Swed. ; Kaarmehaukka,
Finn. ; OWcnovennui Saritcha, Russ.

<£ ad. (Germany). Upper parts dark earth-brown with a faint metallic
gloss and slightly varied with dull reddish brown, the forehead and nape
marked with dull white ; quills blackish brown on the outer web, the
basal half of the inner web white barred and marbled with brown ; tail
dark brown tipped with light brown, and barred with greyish brown ;
under parts dark brown marked and barred with yellowish white and dull
white, the throat and sides of head whiter ; beak blackish horn lighter at

510 BUTEO

the base ; cere and legs yellow, the tarsus bare or sometimes partly
feathered in front ; iris brown. Culmen 1'3, wing 14*8, tail 8'8, tarsus
3'1 inch. Female similar but somewhat larger. This species is subject to
extreme variety, from nearly white to almost uniform blackish brown, and
the feathering on the tarsus is also extremely variable, but is oftener seen
on eastern specimens.

Hob. Europe generally, north as far as Trondhjem and
Kajana ; British Islands ; Madeira, Canary, and Cape Verde
Islands ; rare in N. Africa ; Asia as far east as Japan, India
and Ceylon in winter.

Is a migrant in the northern portion of its range, but as
a rule a resident in the southern part. It is somewhat
heavy and lazy, seldom attacking any but jxmng, weakly, or
small birds, or mammals, its food consisting chiefly of small
rodents, reptiles, large insects, larvae, and even carrion. It
may often be seen at a considerable altitude, circling on the
wing with ease, and uttering its clear, loud, mewing cry. It
frequents both the woodland and the open heaths and rocky
localities. It is a somewhat early breeder and nests either in
the rocks or on non-evergreen trees, sometimes high up and at
others at no great altitude. The nest is constructed of boughs
and twigs, lined with grass, wool, moss, and even a few feathers,
or sometimes a deserted crow's nest is repaired and utilized.
The eggs, 2 to 4 in number, are deposited from late in March
to May and are bluish white, sometimes almost unmarked but
generally tolerably well marked and blotched with violet-grey,,
or rarely pale brown shell-markings and reddish brown surface-
spots, roundish in shape, and measure about 2*21 by 1*81.

722. SUBSP. BUTEO ZIMMERMANN^E.

Buteo zimmermannce, Ehmcke, Ber. Febr. Sitz. Allg. Deutsche Orn.
Gesellsch. No. 2 (1893) ; Kleinschmidt, Orn. Monatsschr. 1898r
p. 214, Taf. x.

$ ad. (Type). Differs from the adult of B. vnlgar'is in being smaller,,
and very rufous in tone of colour, and from that of B. desertorum
in having the abdomen and under tail-coverts white, distinctly barred with
rufous, the tail also being distinctly barred. (Bill damaged), wing 14*32,
tail 8'25, tarsus 2*90 inch. The young birds of B. vulgaris, B, desertorumr
and of the present subspecies are much alike.

Hob. Eastern Germany and North Russia as far north as.
Archangel.

In habits it does not appear to differ from B. mdgaris.

BUTEO 511

723. SUBSP. BUTEO DESERTORUM.

Butco desertorum (Baud.), Traite d' Orn. ii. p. 162, (1800) ; Layard,
B. of S. Afr. p. 9 ; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 201 ; Dresser, v. p. 457,
pi. 832 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 179 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii. p. 393 (partim) ; B. cirtensis, Levaill jr. Expl. Sc. de
1'Alg. pi. 3. (1850) ; J5. menetriesi, Bogd. Ptitsui. Kavkaza, p. 45
(1879).

Baffa, Arab.

£ ad. (N. Africa). Differs from B. vulgaris in being as a rule smaller,
in having the feathers on the upper parts margined with rusty red, the tail
with a blackish brown subterminal band, the middle feathers rusty red
with obsolete bars, and the under parts pale rufous, most of the feathers
with dark centres. Culmen 1*4, wing 14'5, tail 8'2, tarsus 2'7 inch. The
female is similar but rather larger. The young bird resembles B. vulgaris
but is smaller, has the upper parts marked with rufous and the thigh-
feathers slightly marked with rufous.

Hob. South-eastern Europe ; of accidental occurrence in
south-western Europe, but in eastern Europe as far north as
Archangel ; Africa south to the Cape Colony ; Asia as far east
as India where it is a winter visitant.

In habits it resembles Buteo vulgaris, of which species it is
a rufous, desert form, and in fact Mr. Blanford (I.e.) unites the
two specifically, a course which I do not feel justified in
following. The African Buzzard is said to be a more graceful
and active bird than B. vulgaris and more of an insect feeder,
on the shores of the Bosphorus feeding chiefly on grasshoppers,
when in the autumn these latter abound.

Its nest is placed in a tree at no great altitude, or else in a
convenient cleft in a rock and is constructed of sticks and
twigs, lined with grass and wool. The eggs, 2 to 3 in number,
are usually deposited in April, and resemble those of B.
vulgaris, but are, as a rule, less marked with reddish-brown
than those, and measure about 2 '08 by 1'65.

724. UPLAND BUZZARD.
BUTEO LEUCOCEPHALUS.

Buteo leucoccphalus (Hodgson), P.Z.S. 1845, p. 37 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii. p. 392 ; B. aquilinus, Blyth, J.A.S. Beng. xiv. p. 176
(1845) ; B. hemllasius, Temm. and Schlegel. Faun. Jap. Aves,
p. 18, pi. vii. (1850) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 182 ; David
and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 19, pi. 9 ; (Tacz.) F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 60 ;
B. ferox, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 178.pl. viii. (1874 partim, nee. Gmel.)

512 BUTEO

£ ad. (Dauria). Head and neck white broadly but sparingly streaked
with pale brown ; upper parts pale dull earth-brown some of the feathers
with pale margins ; quills dark brown the basal portion of the inner webs
white ; tail greyish barred with dark brown ; under parts white streaked
with brown ; tarsus feathered in front from one- to two-thirds of its
length ; bill bluish horn ; cere greenish yellow ; legs and feet wax-
yellow ; iris light buff. Culmen 1'9, wing 19*15, tail 10'75, tarsus 37
inch. Male similar but somewhat smaller.

Hob. Kashmir, Sikhim, Tibet, China, Eastern Siberia;.
Japan as an accidental visitant.

Is nearly related to B. ferox and bears much the same
relation to that species as B. mdgaris does to B. desertorum.

In habits also it resembles that species, and is generally to
be met with in the open country. It breeds commonly in south-
eastern Siberia, in Dauria on the steppes near the Onon river,
and in the vicinity of Argoun, the nest being placed on a rock.
The eggs 2 to 4 in number are usually deposited in May and
vary, from white very sparingly marked, to bluish white or white
with a faint reddish tinge richly spotted and blotched with
reddish brown, and in size average 2'44 by T92.

725. LONG-LEGGED BUZZARD.
BUTEO FEROXo

Buteo ferox (S. Gr. Gmel.), N. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 442, tab. x. (1769) ;
Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 201, pi. ix ; Dresser, v. p. 463, pi. 333 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 390 ; B. rufinus (Cretzschm), in
Hupp. Atlas, p. 40, Taf. 27 (1826) ; B. leuciirus, Naum. in Nauman-
nia, 1853, p. 256, pi. 5 ; B. nigricans, Severtz. Turk. Jevot. pp. 63
and 112 (1873).

Weissschwanzigcr Adlerlussard, German; Slepnoi Sarytsch,
Russ. ; Zardj Tartar ; Chuhumar, Hindu.

$ ad. (S. Kussia). Crown and nape creamy rufous and brown the
white bases of the feathers showing through ; upper parts dark brown
margined with tawny rufous, the dull grey bases of the wing-coverts
showing here and there ; quills dark brown, the outer web washed with
silvery grey, the basal part of the inner web of the primaries white ; tail
creamy white at the base, darkening to creamy rufous towards the tip ;
sides of head, chin, throat, and upper breast creamy white washed
with rufous, the two first with dark shaft-stripes ; lower breast and under
parts tawny rufous mixed with brown, the flanks and sides chestnut ;
under tail-coverts creamy rufous ; bill horn-blue, darker towards the tip ;
cere yellowish green ; legs dull lemon-yello.w ; iris tawny yellowish.

BUTEO— BUTASTUR 5 1 3

Culmen 1*8, wing 16'7, tail 9'5, tarsus 3'7 inch ; tarsus feathered to about 2
inches from the base of the toes. Female similar but rather larger.
Young birds are darker and browner, have the under parts dull rufous
striped with blackish brown, and the tail grey barred with blackish brown
and slightly marked and tipped with rufous. This species is also subject
to melanism, and very dark varieties are sometimes met with.

Hob. South-eastern Europe, south through Asia Minor and
Palestine ; East Africa, south to Nubia and 'Abyssinia ; Central
Asia, Persia ; the Himalayas east to Sikhim and N. W. India
in winter.

In general habits it resembles B. vulgaris but is a heavier
and more sluggish bird, frequenting open plains and steppes,
and feeds on small mammals, lizards, and snakes, or, where
there is water, on frogs. Its nest is constructed of grass or
flags, lined with hair, wool, or rags, and is generally placed
on the ground or on a rock, though occasionally on a tree.
The eggs, 3 or 4, occasionally 5 in number, are usually deposited
in April are white faintly clouded with reddish, and more
or less spotted and blotched with rich brownish red, in size
averaging 2'32 by T82.

BUTASTUR, Hodgson, 1843.

726. GREY-FACED BUZZARD-EAGLE.
BUTASTUR INDICUS.

Butastur mdicus (Ginel.), Syst. Nat, i. p. 264 (1788) ; Shavpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. i. p. 297 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 365 ; Seebohm,,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 196 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 69.

Sashiba, Hachikuma, Japan.

£ ad. (Japan). Head and neck greyish ; sides of forehead and lores
white with black bristles ; upper parts brown, the feathers with dark
shafts, the nape marked with white ; wing-coverts and secondaries externally
more or less marked with rufous ; quills brown, the inner webs reddish
brown, tipped with blackish and barred with brown ; tail brown above
with blackish cross-bars, and whity brown below ; throat Vhite with one
median and two lateral dark stripes ; under parts ashy brown tinged with
rufous, the upper breast with a few white spots ; lower breast and abdomen
sparsely barred with brown ; under tail-coverts white ; base, of bill and
cere orange yellow, the end of the bill black ; legs feet and iris bright yellow.
Culmen "1-3, wing 13'0, tail 77, tarsus 2 '2 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. South-eastern Siberia, where it is of rare occurrence in
the Ussuri country ; Japan ; China ; Tenasserim ; Malacca ; the
Malayan islands south to New Guinea.

BUT ASTUR— ARCHIBUTEO

I do not find anything on record respecting the habits of
this species, except that the Abbe David states that it breeds
regularly in the mountains near Pekin, that its flight is swift
-and easy, unlike that of the true Buzzards, and that its cry
consists of two notes and is also quite characteristic.

Mr. Alan Owston of Yokohama says that it breeds at Fuji,
the Sagami Hills, Oiso, Fukushima, and Iwaki in Japan,
nesting on " Momi," " Momiso," and pine trees, at 20 to 150
feet from the ground, and that he received its eggs, 4 in
number, taken from the 16th to the 20th May.

ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm, 1828.
727. ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD.
ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS.

Archibuteo lagopus (GmeL), Syst. Nat. i. p. 260 (1788) ; Naum. i. p. 359
Taf. 34 ; (Hewitson), i. p. 39, pi. xiv. fig. 3 ; (Gould), B. of E. i.
pi. 15 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. viii. ; (Newton), i. p. 115 ; Dresser,
v. p. 471, pis. 334, 335 ; Sharpe, CaJ. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 196 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 56 ; (Saunders), p. 323 ; Kidgway, p. 240 ; Lilford,
i. p. 19, pi. 10; Newton, Ootheca Wolleyana, i. p. 121, pis. v, vi.

Btise pattue, French; Poiana calzata, Ital. ; Rauhfuss-Bussard,
German ; Ruigpoot Buizerd, Dutch ; Laaderibenet Musevaagc,
Dan. ; Fjeldvaage, Norw. ; Fjellvrdk, Swed. ; Poaimas, Biekkan,
Lapp. ; Piekana, Finn. ; Kaniuk machnogii, Russ.

£ ad. (Sweden). Crown and nape creamy white, boldly striped and
blotched with dark brown ; upper parts dark brown, marked with creamy
white and pale rufous, the lower back and rump almost uniform dark
brown ; quills dark brown, the basal half of the inner web white ; tail
white, becoming greyish towards the end, cross barred with blackish brown ;
throat and upper breast brown, varied with pale rufous and creamy white ;
lower breast creamy white, sparingly barred with dark brown ; rest of the
under parts with the legs white, tinged with rufous, and boldly barred with
•blackish brown ; tarsus feathered in front and on the sides to the base of
.the toes ; bill blackish horn, bluish at the base ; feet yellow ; iris brown.
Oulmen 1-4, wing 17'0, tail 9*5, tarsus 2'8 inch. Female similar, but rather
larger. The young bird is darker, and has the throat, breast, and belly
striped, not barred, the lower parts almost uniform dark brown.

Hob. Northern Europe and Asia, breeding from 56° N. lat.
up to the extreme north in Europe, and Kamchatka in Asia ;
in winter and on passage visiting Great Britain, Central, and
even Southern Europe, Southern Siberia and Japan ; has
occurred in Alaska.

A RCHIB UTEO—HIERA ETUS 5 1 5

Differs in habits from B. vulgaris, in that it is more a bird
of the open, rocky country, and does not frequent woodlands.
Its cry is the same but deeper and more melancholy in tone. It
feeds on lemmings, and other small mammals, frogs, lizards, even
insects, and also on young birds. Its nest is either in a tree
standing in the open, placed on the ground, or on a cliff or
rock, and is constructed of sticks lined with grass, and 3 to 4,
sometimes 5 eggs are deposited, usually in May or June, but
in a year when lemming were very numerous, fresh eggs were
taken in Norway as late as the 9th September. These re-
semble the eggs of B. vulgaris, but are often more richly
coloured, and measure about 2*25 by 175.

728. HIMALAYAN ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD.
ARCHIBUTEO HEMIPTILOPUS.

Archiluteo hcmiptllopus, Blyth, J.A.S.B. xv. p. 1 (1846) ; Blanf. F. Brit.

Incl. Birds, iii. p. 395 ; A. strophiatus ; Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc.

p. 81 (1844 descr. nulla) ; Gray Cat. M. &c. Coll. Hodgs. p. 39

(1846, descr. nulla) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 199 pi. vii.

fig. 2 ; Berezovski and Bianchi, Ptitz. Gan-su, p. 32.
$ ad. (Nepal). Upper parts brown, the feathers on the nape and upper
liiu-.k margined with rufous, the base of the nuchal feathers white ; upper
tail-coverts with rufous or buff bars and tips ; tail above brown, tinged
with rufous, below whitish, with dark bars ; under parts white, marked
with brown on the throat and breast ; flanks and thigh feathers brown ;
bill dusky horn, the base of the mandible laterally yellowish ; toes and
nuked part of tarsus livid waxy. Culnien 1'9, wing 19'75, tail ll'O, tarsus
3-45 inch.

Hob. Sikhim, Nepal, and Kulu ; Shanghai in China ; Ordos ;
south-west and south-east Kan-su,and the Amdos plateau; Tibet.

I find nothing on record respecting the habits or nidification
of the present species. Like some of the Buzzards it appears
to be subject to partial melanism.

HIERAETUS, Kaup, 1844.

729. BOOTED EAGLE.
HIERAETUS PENNATUS.

Hieraetus pennatus (Gould), Syst, Nat. i. p. 272 (1788) ; (Naum.), xiii.
p. 58, Taf. 343 ; (Gould), B. of E. i. pi. 9 ; (Dresser), v. p. 481,
pis. 336, 337, 351, fig. 2 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 253 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 344 ; (Tacz.) F. O. Sib. 0. p. 25,
//. minutus (Brehm), Vog. Deutschl. p. 29, Taf. 2, fig. 2 (1831).

M M

516 HIERAETUS

Aigle botte, French ; Aguia pequena, Portug. ; AguilucJw,.
Aguila calzada, Span. ; Aquila minorc, Ital. ; Zwergadler,
German.

<$ ad. (Spain). Forehead and lores \vliite ; head and neck warm sandy
isabelline, streaked with brown ; upper parts dark earth-brown, the
scapulars and wing-coverts varied with sandy grey ; quills dark brown,
secondaries tipped with whitish brown ; tail dark brown, tipped with pale
isabelline, the outer feathers with obsolete darker bars ; under parts white,,
the breast streaked with reddish brown, flanks also faintly striped ; legs
feathered to the toes ; bill bluish at the base, black at the tip ; cere and
feet wax yellow ; iris light hazel. Culmen 1*5, wing 14'0, tail 8*5, tarsus
2'6 inch. Female similar but larger. This Eagle is subject to considerable
variation in both sexes, some being darker and more rufous, others again
blackish brown, and others again have a white shoulder patch more or less
developed. Young birds are generally more rufous than the adult.

Hob. Southern Europe, rarer in Central Europe, commoner
in the south-east and south-west ; Africa south to the Cape ;
Asia Minor, Central Asia, India, Ceylon, and Burma ; of
accidental occurrence in Dauria.

Frequents the woodlands and in its general habits somewhat
resembles the Buzzards but is more active and predacious. It
feeds on small mammals and birds, and is graceful and elegant
on the wing, and not a shy bird. Its cry is a clear ke, ke, ke.
It selects a high deciduous tree for its nest, constructing it of
sticks with fresh green leaves or fresh pine-twigs for a lining.
The eggs, usually two in number, are deposited late in
April or in May, and are white tinged with greenish, rarely
faintly marked with rufous, and are rather more coarse in grain
of shell than those of the Goshawk ; in size they average about
2-21 by 1-79.

730. BONELLI'S EAGLE.
HIERAETUS FASCIATUS.

Ilieraetus fasciatus (Vieill.), Mem. Linn. Soc. Paris, p. 152 (1822) ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 250; (Dresser), v. p. 575, pis. 351,.
tig. 1, 352, 353 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 342 ; H. lonellii
(Temm.) PI. Col. i. pi. 288 (1824) ; Naum. xiii. p. 33, Taf. 341 ;
Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 7.

Aigle a queue barrtfe, French ; Aguila perdicera, Span. ; Aguila
del Bonelli, Ital. ; HabicJits-Adkr, German ; Morangi, tTindu. :
Agab, Arab. ; Tcir-Thum, Moor.

£ ad. (Morocco). Upper parts dark brown, the feathers on the head
and back white on the basal portion ; dorsal feathers to some extent,.

HIERA ETUS—A Q UILA 5 1 7

scapulars, and wing-coverts narrowly, and those on the head and nape
more broadly margined with light brown ; quills deep brown, mottled
with white on the basal part of the inner web ; middle tail feathers
brownish grey, the rest grey on the inner web, all with six or seven cross
bars, and a broad subterminal band of blackish ; under parts white, striped
with blackish brown, the abdomen, thighs, and legs washed with warm
buff ; legs feathered to the toes ; bill dull bluish at the base, otherwise
black ; cere and feet yellow ; iris orange-brown. Culmen 2*1, wing 18'6,
tail 1T6, tarsus 3-8 inch. Female similar but larger. The young bird
has the upper parts umber brown, and the under parts dull reddish, striped
with blackish.

Hal. Southern Europe ; Africa south to Damaraland,
commoner in the west than in the east ; Arabia ; Asia Minor,
and Asia east to India.

Resembles the Goshawk more than the true Eagles, stronger
and swifter on the wing, its flight somewhat resembling that of
the Goshawk. It is essentially a clean feeder, disdaining
carrion, and preying on water-fowl, rabbits, and birds of various
kinds as large as the Little Bustard. Its nest is usually
placed on the shelf or in a fissure of a cliff, and is constructed
of sticks and boughs with a lining of fresh green twigs and
leaves, and in February or March two eggs are deposited which
are white with a faint blue greenish tinge sparingly marked
with rusty red, somewhat smooth in texture of shell and in size
averaging 2'65 by 2'02.

AQUILA, Briss., 1760.

731. GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE.

AQUILA MACULATA.

Aquila maculata (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 258 (1788) ; Blanf. F. Brit
Ind. Birds, iii. p. 340 ; Saunders, p. 325 ; A. ncevia, Gmel. 1 (Naum.),
i. p. 217, Taf. 10, 11 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 8 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. i.
pi. 3 ; Hewitson, i. p. 18. pi. 5 ; Newton, i. p. 20 ; Lilford, i. p. 3,
pis. 3, 4, 5 ; A. clanga, Pall. Zoogr. K.A. i. p. 351 (1811) ; Naum.
xiii. pis. 342, 346 ; Dresser, v. p. 499, pi. 339 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 248 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 22.

Aigle eriard, French ; Schreiadler, German ; Storre-Skrikorn.
Swed. ; Podorlik bolschoi, Russ. ; Kaljanga, Hindu.

t$ ad. (India). Entire plumage blackish brown, the mantle with a
metallic purplish gloss ; quills blackish ; tail unbarred, the middle feathers
tinged with grey ; upper and under tail-coverts marked with white ; bill

M M 2

518 AQUILA

dark horn ; cere and feet yellow ; iris brown. Culmen 2'35, wing 20'2,
tail 1 1 *0, tarsus 4*45 inch. Female similar, but larger. The young bird differs
in being profusely spotted with greyish or brownish buff, the scapulars
and larger coverts having large ovate spots, the lesser coverts smaller drop-
shaped spots ; secondaries broadly tipped with greyish ; feathers on the
rump and upper tail-coverts with the terminal portion brownish buff ;
under parts deep brown, striped with tawny brown ; tarsal feathers dark
brown, marked with creamy white ; under tail-coverts creamy buff.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, straying occasionally to
Northern Europe and Great Britain ; Africa, south to Kordofan
and Abyssinia; Asia, east throughout India and Northern
Burma ; South Eastern Siberia as a rare straggler.

In habits this is a heavy somewhat sluggish bird frequent-
ing open places as well as wooded tracts and damp marshy
localities. It feeds on frogs, reptiles, large insects, fish, &c.,
and does not disdain carrion. Its note is a yelping cry jeb, jeb,
jeb. Its nest which is constructed of sticks and dry branches
intermixed with grass and leaves, is usually placed on a tree,
sometimes however on a high bush, and in April or May two
eggs are deposited which are white, somewhat sparingly marked
with violet grey shell-markings and dark red surface-spots, and
in size average about 2 '65 by 2*33.

Aquila fulvescens Gray (Aq. boecki von Homeyer) is a pale
variety of the present species (cf. Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club. x.
p. 51.) and not a distinct species.

732. LESSER SPOTTED EAGLE.
AQUILA POMARINA.

Aqulla po marina Brehm, Vog. Deutsclil. p. 27 (1831) ; Dresser, v. p. 491,
pi. 338 ; A. maculata, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 246 (1874, nee.
Gmel.) ; A. rufonuchalis ; Brooks, Stray Feathers, iv. p. 269 (1875).

Kleiner Schreiadlcr, German ; Mindre Skrikorn, Swed ; Podorlik
Malaya, Russ.

$ ad. (Pomefania). Differs from A, maculata in being smaller, the
plumage earth-brown, with the tips of the feathers somewhat paler, the
crown and nape warm creamy brown, the tail darker brown, the outer
leathers tipped with dark grey and with obsolete light bars ; tarsal feathers
dull brown and light brown intermixed. Culmen 1-8, wing 177, tail 9'5,
tarsus 3*8 inch. The young bird is brown, with a chocolate tinge and much
less spotted than A. maculata; crown and hind-neck dotted with small
ochreous rufescent spots, the nape with a large ochreous rufous patch ;
;back and lesser wing-coverts dotted with small spots ; secondaries tipped

AQUILA 519

with, greyish, the inner ones with large terminal irregularly ovate greyish
spots ; tail blackish brown, washed with grey and tipped with ashy grey ;
under parts striped with rufescent ochreous ; tarsi sparsely spotted with
creamy white ; under tail-coverts creamy ochreous.

Hub. Eastern Europe, of rare occurrence in Scandinavia and
in west-central Europe ; Asia Minor and Syria on passage,
ranging south in East Africa to Nubia in winter.

In habits it much resembles the Buzzards and like them is
somewhat heavy and sluggish. It feeds to a large extent on
frogs, and hence is often found near water, also on reptiles of
various kinds, small mammals, and like its larger ally does not
hesitate to feed on carrion when obtainable. Its nest which
resembles that of the Common Buzzard is placed on a tree, but.
it occasionally makes use of the deserted nest of some other
bird of prey. The eggs, two in number, are white, usually
marked with pale violet grey shell-spots or blotches, and
generally boldly blotched with dark red surface-markings and
in size average about 2'49 by 1*97.

733. STEPPE EAGLE.
AQUILA NIPALENSIS.

Aquila nipalensis Hodgs. As. Ees. xviii. part 2, p. 13, pi. i. (1832) ;
Dresser, v. p. 507, pi. 340 ; A. bifasciata, J. E. Gray, 111. Ind. Zool.
i. pi. 17 (1830-34 nee. Brehm) ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii.
p. 336; A. orientalis. Cab. J. f. O. 1854, p. 369; A. amurensis,
Swinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 338 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 201 ; A. mogil-
nik, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 240 (1874 nee. Gmel.).

Steppen Adler, German ; Podorlik, Russ. ; Karagush, Bashkir.

£ ad. (S. Russia). Upper parts dull earth-brown, darker on the
scapulars and inner secondaries paler on the nape ; quills and larger scapu-
lars blackish brown ; tail blackish brown, narrowly tipped with light brown,
and with obsoletely marbled ashy grey bars ; under parts dull earth-brown,
tinged with rufous on the lower abdomen ; bill bluish horn ; cere, gape,
and feet pale yellow ; iris brown. Culrnen 2'4, wing 20'5, tail 10*7, tarsus
3'7 inch. Female similar but larger. The young bird is dark earth -brown,
with a faint purplish tinge above and below, has two conspicuous rufous
ochreous wing-bars, the upper tail-coverts bright ochreous fawn, and the
tail is broadly tipped with dull rufescent ochreous. From the Spotted
Eagles this species is readily distinguishable in having a vertical and not
a round nostril.

520 AQUILA

Hob. Eastern and South-eastern Europe ; North-east Africa ;
Asia east to South Eastern Siberia ; Mongolia and China ; in
winter visiting Northern India, Assam, and Burma.

In habits this is a heavy bird, frequenting the Steppes
and open country and feeding on small mammals, reptiles, and
carrion, sometimes capturing small birds. Its nest, which is
invariably placed on the ground, frequently on a low mound, is
constructed of twigs and boughs lined with grass, plant-stems,
or wool, and the eggs 2, rarely 3 in number, are usually
deposited in May, and are white with violet grey shell-markings
and deep red surface-spots and blotches, and are as a rule not
richly marked though sometimes they are as well and boldly
marked as those of A. pomarina. In size they average 2*66
by 2-35.

734. TAWNY EAGLE.
AQUILA RAP AX.

Aquila rapax (Temm.), PL Col. i. livr. 76, pi. 445 (1828) ; Blanf. Geol.
and Zool. Abyss, p. 295 ; Dresser, v. p. 513, pi. 341 ; Sharpe. Cat.
B. Br. Mus. p. 242 ; A. ncevioides (Cuv.), Kegne Anim. i. p. 326
(1829) ; A. albicans, Riipp. Neue Wirbelth., p. 34, pi. 13 (1835) ;
von Erlanger J. f. 0. 1898 Taf. vii.

Sagr cl arneb, Arabic ; Chok. Coo Vogel, in S. Africa.

<j? ad. (Africa). Head, neck, back, and rump creamy ochreous, sparingly
marked with deep brown ; scapulars and wing-coverts- deep brown, with a
purplish gloss and blotched with pale ochreous brown ; quills blackish
brown, secondaries with obsolete greyish bars on the inner web ; tail deep
brown, tinged with grey, the middle feathers obsoletely barred ; under
parts warm creamy ochreous, the throat, flanks, and abdomen broadly
striped with warm brown ; bill horn-blue ; cere and feet yellow ; iris
brown. Culmen 2'5, wing 20'0, tail lO'O, tarsus 3'6 inch. The male is similar
but smaller. The adult bird varies from the above to warm rufous brown
above and below, the tail and wings blackish brown, and the young bird is
pale brownish isabelline, but slightly striated, the quills and tail deep
blackish brown, the latter tipped with fulvous.

Hob. Africa generally, south to the Cape Colony ; Turkey and
Palestine ; of doubtful occurrence in south-western Europe.

In habits it differs but little from its allies and is a some-
what heavy bird, preferring carrion, frogs, fish, and even
worms, to hunting after larger birds and mammals, but it
will capture hares and rabbits, and often robs the sportsman

AQUILA 521

of wounded game. Its call-note is (fide von Erlanger) ichtiok,
ichtioh. Its nest is a large heavy structure of boughs, twigs, and
dry grass, and is placed on a tree. The eggs, which are
deposited in April or May, in Abyssinia in June or August, and
on the Blue Nile in January, are white, more or less richly
spotted and blotched with pale purplish red and deep rufous
and measure about 2*81 by 2'22.

There are two forms of this eagle, one tawny, and the other
allicans) pale clay ochreous, but intermediate specimens
occur.

735. IMPERIAL EAGLE.
AQUILA HELIACA.

Aqnila Jieltaca, Savigiiy. Obs. Ois. de 1'JBgypte, p. 82, pi. xii. (1809) ;
Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 5 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 238 ; Tacx.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 17 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 334 ; A. ifti-
perialis (Bechst.) Orn. Taschenb. p. 553 (1812) ; (Naum.) i. p. 201,
Ttif. 6, 7 ; A. crassipes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844),-;
A. moyilmk (Gmel.) Nov. Com. Petrop. xv. p. 445 (1771) ? ; Dresser,
v. p. 521, pis. 343, 344.

Aiglc Imperial, French; Kaiseradler, German; Aquila
imperiale, Ital. ; Mogilnik, Kamgousch, Russ. ; Akctb, Urga,
Persian ; lumiz, Hindu. ; Frus, Bengal.

£ ad, (Bulgaria). Head and neck above dull yellowish isabelline, the
forehead marked with dark brown, the nape tinged with rufous ; rest of the
plumage blackish brown, some of the scapulars pure white ; tail dark
grey, with a broad terminal blackish brown band, and finally tipped with
light brown ; under tail-coverts light brown ; bill bluish, darker at the
tip; cere and feet pale yellow; iris brownish yellow. Culmen 2'85,
wing 23*5, tail 11 '6, tarsus, 3*9 inch. Female similar but larger. The
young bird is brownish yellow, striped with dark earth-brown ; wings
and tail dark brown, the latter tipped with light brown ; secon daries
tipped with yellowish white; chin and throat unstriped. Between this
plumage and the adult all stages are to fee met with.

Hob. South-eastern Europe ; Asia Minor and Palestine ;
east Africa south to Nubia and Abyssinia ; Asia east to south-
eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and China; in India no further
east than Bengal (Furreedpore).

In habits this Eagle is a heavy and sluggish bird, and
resembles a Buzzard more than any nearer allied species.

It frequents the plains and steppes, where it feeds on small
mammals and birds, frogs, lizards, and carrion. Its nest, which
is placed in a tree is a heavy structure of boughs and sticks,

522 AQU1LA

lined with twigs, grass, wool, or other soft material, or with
green leaves, and in April or May 2 eggs are deposited, wrhich
are dull white somewhat sparingly clouded with pale purplish
red, and blotched with pale rufous, and average in size 2'95
by 2'28.

I still believe that Gmelin's Falco mogilnik is referable to
this species, but as ornithologists hold such different views on
this subject I have deemed it advisable to use Savigny's name
heliaca about which there can be no doubt.

736. WHITE-SHOULDERED EAGLE.
AQUILA ADALBERTI.

Aquila adalberti L. Brehm, Ber. Yer. Deutsch. Orn. Gesellscli. xiii.
Beitr. vii. p. 55 (1860) ; Dresser, v. p. 517, pis. 342, 343 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 239 ; A. leucolena, Dresser, P.Z.S. 1872, p. 864.

Aguila real, Aguila imperial, Span. ; Aguia, Portug.

$ ad. (Spain). Differs from A. heliaca in having the forehead and
crown umber-brown, the rest of the crown and nape light sandy brown,
the whole edge of the wings with a broad band of white, the scapulars
dark brown, and the sides of the face and of the neck light sandy brown,
washed with rufous. Culmen 3*1, wing 24*4, tail 13'8, tarsus 4'15 inch.
Male similar but smaller. The young bird differs from that of A. heliaca
in being pale sandy isabelline, tinged with rufous and unstriped.

Hob. The Iberian peninsula, and north-west Africa.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from A. heliaca
and its eggs are also similar to those of that species.

737. GOLDEN EAGLE.
AQUILA CHRYSAETUS.

Aquila chrysaetus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 125 (1766) ; Naum. xiii.
Taf. 339 ; Hewitson, i. p. 8, pi. iii. pi. iv. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. i.
pi. 6 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. 2 ; Newton, i. p. 11 ; id. Ootheca
Wolleyana, pp. 8-43, pis. ii.-iv. ; Dresser, v. p. 533, pi. 345 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 235 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 10 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iii. p. 333 ; Saunders, p. 327 ; Lilford, i. p. 3, pi. 3 ;
Kidgway, Man. N. Am. B. p. 242 ; A. fulva (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i.
p. 125 (1766) ; (Naum.) i. p. 208, Taf. 8, 9 ; A. melanaetos (Grael.),
Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1788) ; A. canadensls (Gmel.), torn. cit. p. 256 ;
A. larthelemyi, Jaub. Bev. and Mag. Zool. 1852 p. 545.

Aigle royal, French ; Aguia real, Portug. ; Aguila real,
Spain. Aquila reale, Ital. ; Steinadler, Goldadhr, German;

A Q UILA—HA LI A ETUS 5 2 3

Steen Arend, Dutch ; Kongcorn, Stenorn, Dan. and Norweg. :
Kungsorn, Swed. ; Maa-kotka, Kokko, Finn.: Koaskim, Lapp.;
Bjerkut, Cholsan, Russ. ; Agdob-kakala, Arab. ; Ogab, Moor. \
Muriari, Hindu. ; Inu-ivashi, Jap.

£ ad. (N. Russia). Forehead and cheeks deep brown ; crown, nape,,
and hind -neck rufous buff; upper parts deep brown, with a faint purplish
gloss, many of the feathers with lighter tips ; quills blackish brown ; tail
blackish brown, on the basal portion irregularly barred with dark grey ;.
under parts blackish brown ; the feathers on the tarsus rufous creamy
buff ; bill dark horn ; cere and feet yellow ; iris rich hazel brown. Cul-
men 2*8, wing 23'6, tail 13'5, tarsus 4'2 inch. The female is similar but larger.
The young bird has the upper parts more uniformly dark ; crown and
nape dark brown, the feathers with greyish buff tips ; lower back and
rump varied with white ; the basal two-thirds of the tail white, sparingly
marbled with pale brown ; tarsal feathers dull white, sparingly streaked
and marbled with brown.

Hcib. The mountainous portions of Europe generally, north
into Lapland ; British Islands ; North Africa ; Asia east ta
China, north to Dauria, south to the Himalayas ; North
America from the Arctic regions south to the Hudson river
and New Mexico.

Frequents the mountains in preference to the plains, and is
a more powerful bird than A. lieliaca, and though it will feed
on carrion when an opportunity occurs, yet its usual prey
consists of hares, rabbits, lambs, fawns, and birds, also rats
and other small mammals. On the wing it is graceful and
powerful and soars in circles with ease in search of its prey.
Its cry is a loud yelp uttered several times in succession. It
nests on rocks or trees making a bulky nest of boughs and sticks
lined with fern, moss, grass, wool, or any suitable soft material, and
in March or April deposits 2, sometimes 3, and but rarely 4 white
eggs, sometimes unmarked but usually more or less richly
spotted and blotched with violet-grey shell-markings, and rich
dark surface-spots and blotches, and in size average 2'89 by
2*41. All the eggs I have received from near Archangel are
pure white.

HALIAETUS, Savigny, 1810.

738. PALLAS'S SEA-EAGLE.

HALIAETUS LEUCORYPHUS.

Hallaetua leucoryphus (Pall.) Keis. Kuss. Reichs i. p. 454 (1771) ;;
Dresser, v. p. 545, pi. 346 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 308 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 366 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 43 j //.
macei (Temm.), PL Col. i. pis. 8, 223 (1824).

524 HALIAETUS

Bieloklovoi-orlan, Russ. ; Machurang, Hindu.

(J ad. (S. Russia). Forehead, sides of head and neck, chin, and throat
pale yellowish white ; crown, nape, and hind-neck warm rufous isabelline,
or rufescent ochreous ; rest of upper parts umber-brown ; tail dark brown,
with a broad white cross band. ; under parts dark reddish brown ; bill
dark plumbeous ; cere light plumbeous ; tarsus nearly bare, dull white ;
feet dull white ; iris greyish yellow. Culmen 2'7, wing 22'0, tail 11 '7,
tarsus 3'85 inch. Female similar but larger. The young bird has the
upper parts nearly uniform brown, the head and neck dark fulvous brown,
streaked with sandy brown ; tail dark brown, with an ashy tinge ; under
parts lighter fulvousibrown, some of the breast-feathers with pale margins.

Hob. European Russia, not ranging far north ; Turkey, Asia
Minor, and Central Asia, east to southern Siberia. Mongolia, and
northern China ; northern India and Burma.

Is essentially a frequenter of rivers, marshes, tidal 'creeks,
and lakes, and feeds on fish, which it captures near the surface
of the water, water-fowl, and snakes, frogs, etc , but its chief
food consists of fish. Its cry is a shrill half croak, half scream,
somewhat harsh in tone. It places its nest on a lofty tree,
constructing it of sticks and boughs, lining it with twigs and
green leaves, rushes and straw, and from December to January
^in India) 2 or 3, seldom 4 eggs are deposited, which are white
and in size measure about 2'81 by 2*16.

739. SEA-EAGLE.
HALIAETUS ALB 1C ILL A.

Haliaetus albicilla (Linn.), Syst, Nat. i. p. 123 (1766); (Naum.), i.
p. 224, Taf. 12, 13, 14 ; Hewitson, i. p. 15, pi. iv. fig. 2 ; Gould, B.
of ^E. i. pi. 10 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit, i. pi. 4 ; Newton, i. p. 25 ;
id. Ootheca Wolleyana, pp. 45-58 ; Dresser, v. p. 551, pis. 347, 348 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 302 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 29 ; Blanf.
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 369 ; Ridgway, p. 243 ; Saunders,
p. 327 ; Lilford, i. p. 8, pi. 6.

Pygargue a queue blanche, French ; Aguila pigargo, Span. ;
Aquila di Mare, Ital. ; Seeadler, German ; Zee- ar end, Dutch ;
Cm, Icel. ; ffavom, Dan. and Norweg. ; Hafsorn, Swed. ;
Mcri-kotka, Finn. ; Biclochvost, Russ. ; 0-jirv-washi, Jap.

£ ad. (S. Russia). Head, upper neck, and throat creamy white, the
base and shafts of the feathers dark brown ; rest of the body and wings
dark brown, marked here and there with brownish white ; the quills
blackish ; tail nearly wedge-shape, dark brown at the extreme bases, other-
wise white ; bill and cere pale yellow, the former bluish at the tip ; legs

HALIAETUS 525

-chiefly unfeathered, light yellow ; iris straw yellow. Culmen 3*6, wing 26'5,
tail 12'5, tarsus 4'2 inch. Female larger, and darker on the head and neck.
The young bird has the entire plumage blackish brown, varied with fulvous,
the tail dark brown ; bill blackish ; cere yellowish brown ; legs and feet
dull yellowish ; iris brown.

Hob. Europe generally, north to south Greenland and
Novaya Zemlya ; North Africa ; Asia Minor and Asia east to
Japan, north to Kamchatka, south to N.W. India, Sind, and the
Punjab ; China, Manchuria, and Corea.

As its name implies it is chiefly an inhabitant of the sea
coast, large lakes, and rivers, but in some parts is often found
far inland. Though large and powerful it seldom attacks any
animal larger than a grouse, hare, or a lamb, but feeds prin-
cipally on fish, carrion, rabbits, and wild fowl. Its cry is a
clear shrill yelp, shriller than that of the Golden Eagle. The
nest is a huge structure of sticks lined with moss and grass,
and is placed on a cliff, a tree, or, when in a marsh, on the
ground, and the eggs are laid in April or May in Europe,
or earlier in the south-eastern portions, and in December and
January in Egypt. These are two in number and uniform
unspotted white, rather rough in texture of shell and measure
about 2*82 by 2'30.

740. BALD EAGLE.
HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS.

Hallaetus leucocf-pTialus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 124 (1766) ; Wils. Am.
Orn. iv. p. 89, pi. 36 ; Naum. xiii. Taf. 334, 335 ; Gould, B. of E.
i. pi. 11 ; Aud. B. N. Am. i. p. 59, pi. 14 ; Ridgway, p. 243 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 34 ; Bendire Life Hist. N. Am. B. i. p. 274, pi. ix.
fig. 7 (egg); H.]nxisJimgtonii (Aud.) Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 115
(1829).

<J ail. (New Brunswick). Differs from H. albicilla in having the head,
neck, tail-coverts, and tail pure white, the rest of the plumage blackish
brown, many of the feathers with paler margins ; bill, cere, legs, feet, and
iris yellow. Culmen 2'20, wing 25'0, tail 13'2, tarsus 3'35 inch. Female
similar but larger. The young bird is nearly uniform blackish brown, the
feathers on the under parts with white bases, which show through here and
there.

Hal}. N. America, south to Florida and Mexico ; the
Commander Islands and Kamchatka.

In habits it resembles H. albicilla and like, that bird feeds on
small mammals, carrion, fish, and birds, and often robs the

26 HALIAETUS

Osprey of its finny prey. Its nest also resembles that of
H. albicilla and is usually placed on a tree but sometimes also
on a cliff or on the ground. Its eggs are also pure white, 2 in
number, and are deposited from December to April according to
latitude. They measure about 2'89 by 2'26, but eggs from
southern latitudes are smaller than those from the high north.

741. KAMCHATKAN SEA-EAGLE.
HALIAETUS PELAGICUS.

Haliaetus pelagicus (Pall.), Zoogr. E. As. i. p. 343 and pi. (1811) ; Temm,
and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 11, pi. 4 ; Cassin. B. Calif,
pp. 31, 110, pi. 6 ; David and Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 13 ; Tacz. F. O.
Sib. 0. p. 37 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 306 ; (Ridgway), p. 243.

0-washi, Jap.

$ ad. General colour dark brown, with a slight greyish tinge, tlie fore-
head, lesser and median wing-coverts, rump, tail, tail-coverts, and thighs
white ; nape and hind-neck greyish brown, with paler edges ; bill, cere,
and feet rich yellow ; tarsus chiefly bare ; iris pale yellow. Culmen 2'49,
wing 24'0, tail 14'0, tarsus 4'5 inch. Female similar but larger. The young
bird is dull brown, on the head and under parts with paler streaks, the
lower back, rump, and tail-coverts marked with white, and the tail white,
mottled with brown ; thighs and vent feathers slightly mottled with
white.

Hal). Kamchatka, eastern and south-eastern Siberia ; rare in
the Commander Islands ; Mongolia ; North China ; Japan ; of
accidental occurrence in the Aleutian Islands ?

In habits it is said to resemble H. albicilla and like that bird
it feeds on fish and carrion. It places its nest, which is a heavy
structure of boughs and sticks, lined with grass, on a tree, but
also occasionally on a rock and in March, April, or May deposits
2 eggs, which resemble those of H. albicilla but are as a rule
slightly larger.

742. COREAN SEA-EAGLE.
HALIAETUS BRANICKII.

Haliaetus Iranickii, Tacz. P.Z.S. 1888, p. 451 ; id. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 42.

<£ ad. Differs from H. pelagicus in having only the tail and upper
and under tail-coverts pure white, the rest of the plumage blackish brown,
the feathers on the crown and neck with a fine central greyish line ;
beak, cere, bare portion of tarsus and feet rich orange-yellow ; iris white
with a yellowish tinge. Culmen 3'15, wing 21*62, tail 13*39, tarsus 3'42
inch.

HA LI A ETUS—CIRCAETUS 527

Hal. Corea.

As yet but very little is known about this bird, and it has
only been obtained in Corea. Nothing is on record respecting
its habits or nidification. Dr. Puschkin described (Bull. B. O.
Club, xi. p. 4, 1900) under the name T/ialassaetus macrurus,
from Yakutsk, a Sea-Eagle closely allied to If. branickii, of which
I have not seen a specimen a'nd cannot therefore judge as to
whether it is a good species.

CIRCAETUS, Vieill., 1816.

743. SHORT-TOED EAGLE.

CIRCAETUS GALLICUS.

Circaetus gallicus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 295 (1788) ; Gould, B. of E.
i. pi. 13 ; Dresser, v. p. 563, pis. 349, 350 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 280 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Incl. Birds, iii. p. 355 ; C. brachy-
dactylm (Wolf), Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 21 (1810) ; Naum.
i. p. 236, Taf. 15.

Aigle Jean le blanc, French ; Guincho da tairiha, Portug. ;
Aguila par da, Aguila del huevo solo, Span. ; Biancone, Ital. ;
Natternadler, Schlangenadler, German ; A garb abiad, Arab. ;
Sampmar, Hindu. ; Sapmaril, Beng,

<$ ad. (Italy). Upper parts dark earth-brown with a faint purplish
gloss, some of the feathers with darker centres ; quills dark brown on
outer web and tips, white on inner web, barred on the secondaries ; tail
brown, with darker bars and tipped with white ; lores, forehead, chin, and
sides of head covered with long black bristles ; under parts white, the
throat and breast striped, the flanks sparingly barred with brown ; under
tail-coverts white ; tarsi bare, covered with almost hexagonal scales, those
on the feet smaller and rounder ; beak blackish horn ; cere yellowish flesh-
colour ; legs dirty flesh-colour ; iris yellow. Culmen 2'05, wing 20'4, tail
11*4, tarsus 4'1 inch. Female similar but larger. The young bird has the
wing-coverts with paler margins, the throat more marked with brown, the
lower throat and breast almost uniform dark earth-brown, and the breast
broadly barred with brown.

Hob. Southern Europe, rare in central Europe and only a
straggler further north ; Africa south to Kordofan and Senaar ;
Palestine and central Asia east to North China, and occurring
throughout India.

In habits it has much in common with the Buzzards, and on
the wing it is very Buzzard-like, but is readily distinguishable by

528 CIRC AETUS— SPIZAETUS

its white under parts. It feeds on snakes, lizards, crabs, frogs,
large insects, small mammals and weakly birds, and to some
extent on fish. Its note is a plaintive, rather wild cry. It is a
tree-breeder, but its nest has been found on the ground. The
nest is constructed of sticks and twigs lined with coarse grass,
and it lays, in April or May, a single egg which is roundish
in shape, white with a faint greenish tinge, the shell rather
rough and granulated, and measures about 2P65 by 2*19.

SPIZAETUS, Vieill., 1816.

744. NEPALESE HAWK EAGLE.

SPIZAETUS NEPALENSIS.

Spizaetus nepalensis (Hodgson), J.A.S.B. v. p. 229, pi. 7 (1836) ; Sharpe,.
Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 267 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 352 ;
S. orientalis, Temm. and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, pi. 3 (1850).

Kanda-panthiong, Lepcha. ; Kuma-taka, Jap.

<J ad. (India). Crown and sides of head blackish ; crest 3 to 4 inches
long narrowly tipped with white ; upper parts dark brown ; quills with
somewhat indistinct bars ; rump and upper tail-coverts barred brown and
white ; tail greyish brown with blackish bands ; throat white with a
central blackish stripe ; breast buffy white broadly striped with blackish
brown ; rest of under parts brown barred with white ; bill black ; cere hoary
black ; feet dull yellowish white ; iris yellow ; legs feathered to the
base of the middle toe. Culmen T9, wing 17*0, tail 12'5, tarsus 4'2 inch.
Female similar but rather larger. The young kbird has the crown and
sides of head warm isabelline, spotted and striped with blackish brown -
rest of the upper parts earthy brown, some of the feathers with pale
margins ; tail earth-brown, whitish at the extreme base and with broad
dark bars ; entire under parts warm rufous buff with a few blackish
brown short stripes on the breast.

Hal). The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, visiting the
plains of Northern India in the cold season ; China ; Mongolia ;
Japan.

This is a forest-haunting species, and preys on small mammals,
pheasants, and other game birds. It breeds in the Himalayas,
and in Japan, placing its nest, which is a bulky structure of
sticks, on a tree, and from January to May the eggs, 2 in
number, are deposited. These are greenish white, sparingly
marked with pale purple and reddish brown and measure about
2-7 by 2-2.

ASTUK 529

ASTUR, Laccpede, 1801.

745. GOSHAWK.
ASTUR PALUMBARIUS.

Astur palumlarius (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (1766) ; (Naum.) i.
p. 249, Taf. 17, 18 ; Hewitson, i. p. 34, pi. xi ; Gould, B. of E. i.
pi. 17 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. 10 ; Newton, i. p. 83 ; id. Ootheca
Wolleyana, i. p. 73 ; Dresser, v. p. 587, pi. 354 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 95 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 397 ; Tacz. F. O.
Sib. O.p. 98 ; Saunders, p. 331 ; Lilford, i. p. 59, pis. 28, 29.

Autour, French ; Agor, Portug. ; Azor, Span. ; Astore, Ital. ;
Huhnerhalicht , German ; Havik, Dutch ; Duelwg, Dan. and
Norweg. ; Dufhok, Swed. ; Koppelohaukka, Kyyhkyhankka, Finn. ;
Ydstrebutnyatnik, Russ. ; L'AUi, Arab. ; d-Boz, Moor. ; Tartan,
Pers. ; Jarra $ , Baz $ , Hindu. ; Q-taka, Jap.

£ ad. (N. Russia). Upper parts dark ashy slate, blacker on the headv
the nape marked with white ; quills dark brown tinged with ashy,
obsoletely barred on the outer web, mottled with greyish white on the
inner web ; tail ashy brown tipped with white, and with four dark browiF
bands ; a line above and a long patch behind the eye white ; under parts
white, the throat indistinctly barred with grey and finely streaked with
blackish ; rest of under parts except the under tail-coverts barred with slate-
grey ; bill bluish horn ; cere greenish yellow ; leg yellow ; iris orange-
yellow. Culmen 1'4, wing 13'0, tail lO'O, tarsus 3'1 inch. Female similar
but larger, somewhat browner above, and more broadly barred below. The
young bird is warm brown above, the head and nape with broad light
reddish brown, the back and wings with narrow yellowish white margins ;
quills and tail distinctly barred ; under parts buffy white striped with
dark brown.

Hal. Europe generally, north as far as the forest extends ;..
of rare occurrence now in Great Britain ; North Africa in
winter; Asia generally, east to Japan, north to Kamchatka,
south to the Himalayas, and northern China.

Is a bird of the forest and woodlands, and of the lowlands
not occurring in the mountains. On the wing it is swift and
active, and threads through the forest trees with ease, being
able to overtake and capture pigeons as well as game birds.
To p$ultry and game it is a veritable scourge. Its nest is
placed on a tree, generally at a considerable altitude, and is-
constructed of sticks and twigs, lined with finer twigs, and
sometimes garnished with fresh foliage. The eggs 3 to 4 in
number are white with a faint blue-green tinge, occasionally

530 ASTUR

faintly marked with colour, are laid in April or May, and
measure about 2*43 by 1*80. Specimens from Asia, and espe-
cially from Kamchatka (^4. candidissimus, Dyb.), are very pale
and may almost be considered as a subspecies. In North
America the Goshawk is replaced by Astur atricapillus (Wils.)
which differs in having the under parts closely freckled, not
barred or narrowly vermiculated with ashy brown. This species
is said to have been once obtained in Scotland, and once in
Ireland.

746. SHIKRA.
ASTUR BADIUS.

Astur badius (Ginel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 280 (1788) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 109 ; (Dresser), ix. p. 273, pi. 693 ; Blaiif. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii. p. 398 ; A. dussumieri, Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 308, 336
(1824) ; A. cenchroides, Severtz. Turk. Jevot. p. 113 (1873).

Kyrgui, Tekke ; Shikra $ Chipka J , Hindu. ; Kurula-goya,
Cing. ; Thane, Burm.

£ ad. (India). Upper parts ashy grey ; quills blackish towards the
tip ; outer tail-feathers with blackish bars ; sides of head tinged with,
rufous ; chin whitish ; under parts rusty red narrowly barred with white ;
bill dusky black ; cere, legs, and iris yellow. Gape 07, wing 7'5, tail 6'3,
tarsus 2'0 inch. Female similar but larger. The young bird is brown
above, the feathers at first with rufous edges ; conspicuous white bars on
the head and nape ; all the tail-feathers barred ; under parts white with
large elongate brown spots; usually a median brown stripe on the
throat.

Hob. Transcaspia ; Persia ; Turkestan ; the whole of India
and Ceylon ; Burma ; Siam ; Cambodia, and southern China.

Extremely active and courageous in its habits this Hawk will
attack birds larger than itself. It inhabits the plains, as well
as the hills up to an altitude of about 5000 feet, and is not to
be found in the thick forests or in the desert. Its flight is
steady and direct, but it sometimes soars and circles at a con-
siderable altitude. Its note is a shrill two-note whistle or
scream. It feeds on mice, insects, small reptiles, and birds, and
will also take toll from the poultry yards. Its nest is a some-
what loose structure of small sticks, lined with fine roots, and is
placed at a considerable altitude in a tree, and its eggs, usually
4, but occasionally 5 in number, are bluish white, very seldom
faintly marked with colour, and in size average about T55
bv 1-22.

ASTUR—A CCIPITER 53 1

747. LEVANT SPARROW-HAWK.
ASTUR BREVIPES.

Astur brevipes, Severtz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. xxxiii. p. 234, tab. i,
ii. iii. (1850) ; (Dresser), v. p. 633, pis. 359, 360 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. i. p. Ill ; (Seidensacher), Ver. Zool. Bot. Gesell. 1864,
taf. i. (egg) ; A. gurneyi (Bree.), B. of Ear. iv. p. 185 (1863).

Basha, Pers.

$ ad. (Macedonia). Differs from A. Radius in being larger, in having
the under parts much more broadly and boldly barred, and as a rule with
darker brown and not rufous bars. Culmen 0'85, wing 8'9, tail 7'0, tarsus
2-15 inch. The female is not much larger than the male, whereas in A.
badius the difference in size between the sexes is considerable.

Hob. South-eastern Europe ; Greece ; Southern Russia ;
Palestine ; Asia Minor ; Transcaspia ; Persia.

This, the western representative of A. badius, differs but
little from that bird in its habits and nidification. It frequents
groves, gardens, and woods, and feeds on small mammals, birds,
and large insects. Its nest resembles that of the Sparrow
Hawk and is placed in a tree often tolerably high above the
ground, and in May it lays 4, sometimes only 3, eggs which
are greenish white when fresh, but soon fade. In size they
average 1'57 by 1*25.

ACCIPITER, Briss., 1760.

748. SPARROW-HAWK.

ACCIPITER NISUS.

Accipiter nisus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (1766) ; (Naum.), u
p. 258, taf. 19, 20 ; Hewitson, i. p. 35, pi. xii ; Gould, B. of Gt.
Brit. i. pi. 11 ; Newton, i. p. 88 ; Dresser, v. p. 599, pis. 355
356, 357, 358 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 132 ; Blanf. F
Brit. Ind. (Birds, iii. p. 402 ; Saunders, p. [333 ; Lilford, i,
p. 66, pis. 30, 31, 32, 33 ; A. fringillarius (Savigny), Desc. de
l'%ypt. Ois. p. 270 (1808); Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 18 ; A.
pallens, Stejn. Proc. U. S. Mus. xvi. p. 625 (1893) ; A, granti,
Sharpe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 483 (1890).

L. Epervier, French ; Gravido, Portug. ; Gavilan, Span. ;
Sparviere, Ital. ; Sperler, German ; Sperwer, Dutch ; Spurvehceg,
Dan. and Norweg. ; Sparfhok, Swed. ; Varpuishaukka, Nuoli-

N N

532 ACCIPITER

haukka, Finn. ; Jastreb-perepdatnik, Russ. ; ThoUa, Arab. ; Basha,
Pers. ; Basha $ , Bashin J, Hindu. ; Haitaka, Konori, Jap.

(J c«7. (England). Upper parts dark slate-grey, the nape marked with
white and a narrow superciliary stripe white ; quills and tail greyish
brown with dark transverse bands ; under parts rufous white, sometimes
rich rufous, barred with rufous brown ; bill dark horn-blue ; cere, legs,
and feet yellow ; iris orange. Culmen 0'65, wing 7'9, tail 6'5, tarsus 2'15
inch. The female is considerably larger than the male, viz. culmen 0*8,
wing 9'2, tail 7*2, tarsus 2'4 inch, and the old bird has the under parts
white, but little tinged with rufous except on the flanks, and barred with
brown. The young bird is dark brown above with rusty margins to the
feathers, the quills and tail with dark bars ; below dull white streaked
and to some extent irregularly barred with dark brown. This species is
however subject to considerable variation in colour and markings.

Hal. Europe generally, north to the Arctic Circle; North
Africa in winter, south to Kordofan and Sennaar ; Asia Minor,
Palestine, and Asia generally, north to Kamchatka, east to
Japan, and south to India, Corea, and China.

Extremely bold, swift, active on the wing and fierce, the
Sparrow Hawk is not only a terror to small birds, but a sore
pest to the game preserver and poultry breeder. It frequents
not only woodlands and plains, but may also be met with in the
mountains. It feeds chiefly on birds, and will attack a bird as
large as itself, but its chief food consists of small and young
birds, Wood Pigeons, young Rabbits, Leverets, etc. Its alarm
note is a tolerably shrill kirk, kirk, kirk, and in the breeding
season it utters a soft gu, gu, gu. It usually builds its own
nest, a somewhat flat structure of sticks lined with finer twigs,
placed on a tree often at a considerable altitude ; it will,
however, occasionally make use of a deserted crow's nest. The
eggs, 4 to 5, sometimes 6 or 7, in number, are deposited in May,
and are white tinged with pale green or blue, more or less
blotched and marked with chestnut-red, reddish brown, or dark
brown, and in size average T55 by 1'27.

749. BESRA SPARROW-HAWK.
ACCIPITER VIRGATUS.

Accipiter virgatus (Temm.),. PL Col. i. pi. 109 (1823) ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. i. p. 150 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 404 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 110 ; A. gularis (Temm. and Schlegel), Faun. Jap.
Aves, p. 5, pi. 2 (1850) ; A. stevensoni, Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 447,
pi. xi.

A CCIP1TER—MELIERAX 533

Besra $ , Dhoti $ , Hindu. ; Ukissa, Cing. ; Tsume, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Upper parts dark slaty brown, the sides of the head
pale greyish brown washed with rufous ; tail and quills dark banded j
nape-feathers and scapulars white at the base ; throat white ; under parts
pale rusty red slightly barred with white, vent and under tail-coverts
white ; bill lead-grey, blackish at the tip ; cere pale lemon-yellow ; legs
and feet yellow ; iris bright yellow or orange. Culmen O72, wing 6*3, tail
5-3, tarsus 2'1 inch. Female larger (wing 7*8, tail 6'4) ; upper parts dark
brown tinged with grey, the head blackish brown ; tail pale ashy brown
with broad blackish bands ; under parts white broadly barred with rufous
brown ; throat white with a broad dark median stripe.

Hob. The Himalayas and the forests of India and Ceylon,
north to the southern Baikal district and Dauria, east to China
and Japan, south to the Indo-Malayan islands.

Inhabits the forests, and is a bold courageous bird, being
therefore held in high esteem by Indian falconers. It feeds on
small birds, and also to some extent on lizards and insects. Its
nest is placed in a tree and is constructed of sticks without any
lining, and the eggs, 4 in number, are laid in May, and are white
spotted and blotched with dark umber-brown and measure about
1-54 by 119.

MELIERAX, Gray, 1840.

750. MANY-BANDED HAWK.

MELIERAX POLYZONUS.

Melierax polyzonus (Rlipp.), Neue Wirbelth. p. 36, taf. 15 (1835) ;
Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 153 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 88.

Saqr Schikl, Arab. ; Hatkaadak, Somali.

£ ad. (N. Africa). Upper parts slate-grey, the sides of the head darker ;
larger wing-coverts and outer secondaries freckled with white ; primaries
blackish, washed with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts white barred with
slate-grey ; tail blackish, but white at the extreme base and tip, the outer-
most feathers banded with white ; throat and breast ash-grey, the rest of the
under parts white narrowly barred with ash-grey; bill horn-black, the
base, cere, and legs vermilion ; iris pale umber-brown. Culmen T4, wing
12'5, tail 9'0, tarsus 3*5 inch. Female similar but rather larger. The
young bird is dull brown above, the feathers with fulvous or rusty
margins ; the throat whitish finely streaked with brown ; rest of the
under parts, upper and under tail-coverts white barred with rusty brown,
the tail greyish brown banded with dark smoky brown j bill blackish
horn, at the base bluish ; cere olive-green ; legs yellowish red, iris dull
brown.

N N 2

534 MELIERAX—MIL VUS

Hcib. Northern and north central Africa, north to Arabia
and Morocco ; an accidental straggler south to Damaraland.

Frequents woods, groves in the plains, gardens, and is not
unfrequently seen near villages. Throughout its range it is a
resident, is generally seen in pairs, and is by no means a shy
bird. It feeds chiefly on grasshoppers, lizards, frogs, and small
snakes, less frequently on mice or birds. Its call-note is a
peculiar melodious whistle, which is generally to be heard in
the pairing season.

Its nest is built of dry sticks and is placed high up in a treer
and its eggs, which are laid from August to October, are said
to be bluish white.

Melierax gabar is said to have occurred in southern Europe,,
but I can find no authentic instance of its appearance there.

MILVUS, Cuv., 1800.

751. THE KITE.
MILVUS ICTINUS.

Milvus ictinus, Savigny, Syst. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 28 (1810) ; Newton,
i. p. 92 ; Dresser, v. p. 643, pi. 361 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
i. p: 319 ; Saunders, p. 335 ; Falco milvus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 126 (1766); Naurn. i. p. 333, taf. 31; M. regalis, Vieill.
Faun. Frang. Oiseaux, p. 14, pi. 7, fig. 1 (1821) ; Gould, B. of
Gt. Brit. i. pi. 22 ; Lilford, p. 25, pi. 13 ; M. vulgaris, Flem.
Brit. Anim. p. 51 (1828) ; Hewitson, i. p. 36, pi. xiii. ; Gould, B.
of E. i. pi. 28.

Milan Eoyal, French; Milhafre, Milano, Portug. ; Milano
real, Span. ; Nibbio, Ital. ; Eoter Milan, German ; Wouw, Dutch ;
Glente, Dan. and Norweg. ; Glada, Swed. ; Kokkolintu, Finn. ;
Korschun canya, Russ. ; Siwdna, Moor. ; Hadayia hamara, Arab.

(£ ad. (N. Germany). Head and neck greyish white with ashy brown
shaft-streaks ; upper parts dark brown broadly margined with rufous ;
larger quills blackish, some of the inner secondaries with white margins on
the inner web ; upper tail- coverts rufous ; tail deeply forked, reddish
brown, with dark bars on the inner webs ; under parts reddish brown
striped with dark brown, the under tail-coverts reddish white ; beak
blackish horn, bluish at the base ; cere and legs yellow ; iris yellowish
white. Culmen 1-9, wing 19'0, tail 14-4, tarsus 2*3 inch. Female similar
but rather paler and larger. The young bird has 'the crown blackish
brown marked with white, the upper parts more rufous, the tail browner
and with obsolete dark bars, the under parts pale rusty red with yellowish
blotches, and the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white.

MILVUS 535

Hob. Europe generally, rarer in the east, north to southern
Norway and Sweden ; rare in Finland and in Great Britain ;
Canaries, Madeira, and north-west Africa ; southern Russia and
Palestine.

Heavy and somewhat sluggish in its habits, it is strong
though not swift on the wing, and is often seen circling high up
in the air. During the breeding season it frequents woods and
groves, but at other times affects the open country. It feeds on
young birds, small mammals, young hares and rabbits, lizards,
snakes, frogs and large insects. As a rule it is a silent bird,
but its cry is a clear heah, he, he, heah. Its nest is placed high
up in a tree and is large, rather flat, constructed of sticks and
lined with wool, straw, moss, rags, or an}' soft material. The
eggs, 3, seldom 4, in number, are deposited in April or May, and
-are white, with a few violet grey shell-markings and reddish-
brown surface spots and blotches, and measure about 2*42
by 1-77.

752. BLACK KITE.
MILVUS MIGRANS.

Milmis migrans (Bodd), Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 28 (1783); Gould, B. of
Gt. Brit. i. pi. 23 ; Newton, i. p. 97 ; Dresser, v. p. 651,
pi. 362 ; Saunders, p. 337 ; Lilford, i. p. 27, pi. 14 ; Blanf. F.
Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 378 ; 3f. ater (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i.
p. 262 (1788); Naum. i. p. 340, taf. 31, fig. 2; J/. niger, Bp.
Comp. List, p. 4 (1838) ; M. korschun, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i.
p. 322 (nee. Gmel.)

Milan noir, French ; Milano negro, Span. ; Niblio nero, Ital. ;
Schwarzer Milan, German ; Sort Glente, Dan. ; JSrun Glada,
Swed. ; Korschun, Russ. ; Haddya, Arab.

$ ad. (Spain). Crown, throat, sides of head, and nape white, the
forehead narrowly, and the other parts more broadly striped with blackish
brown ; upper parts dark hair-brown, the thind-neck with dark stripes,
and pale margins to some of the wing-coverts ; outer quills blackish, the
inner ones like the back ; tail dark greyish hair-brown, obsoletely barred
and slightly forked ; breast clove-brown with blackish stripes ; rest of
under parts deep ferruginous, each feather with a dark shaft line ; bill
blackish horn, yellowish at the base of the lower mandible ; cere and legs
pale yellow ; iris yellowish grey, surrounded by a black line. Culmen 1*6,
wing 17'0, tail 1T2, tarsus 2'25 inch. Female rather larger, darker and in
general more rufous in tinge. The young bird is dull brown above and
below, only rufous on the abdomen, and everywhere the feathers have

536 MILVUS

dull yellowish white or honey-yello\v tips giving the bird a spotted
appearance, these tips being also larger on the crown and nape ; iris dark.

Hob. Central and southern Europe, of rare occurrence in
northern Europe ; has once been obtained in England ; Africa
south to the Cape ; Cape Verde Islands ; Madagascar ; Asia as-
far east as Afghanistan.

As a rule it is a shyer bird than the Kite, and more .buoyant
and graceful on the wing. It frequents woodlands, especially
near water, and preys on frogs, fish, small mammals, and will
also feed on offal and carrion. Its cry is a shrill whistling
call, easily distinguishable to a practised ear from that of M.
ictinus. Its nest resembles that of the Buzzard, and is placed
in a tree, and the eggs, from 2 to 4 in number, are deposited
in April or May, and resemble those of the Kite and Buzzard,
but are as a rule smaller, averaging in size about 2*0 by 1'64.

753. BLACK-EARED KITE.
MILVUS MELANOTIS.

Milvus melanotis, Temm. and Sclilegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 14, pis. v.
vb. (1850) ; Dresser, ix. p. 277 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 324 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 46 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Incl. Birds, iii. p. 377 ; ;
M. major, Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 326 (1870).

Korschun-tscliernouchey , Russ. ; AchaJc-Koyruk-sa, Mizan-sa,.
Turki ; Tonibi, Jap.

<£ ad. (Siberia). Differs from M. migrans in having the feathers on
the head margined with rufous brown and not white ; ear-coverts blackish ; ;
under parts paler and less rufous in colour, and the inner webs of the
quills white at the base, forming a conspicuous white patch on the under
wing-surface ; bill bluish ; cere yellowish white ; iris hazel-brown ; legs
dull china-white. Culmen 1*7, wing 19'3, tail 13*0, tarsus 2*3 inch.

Hal). From the Perm Government in Russia across Asia to •
Japan ; in Siberia north to 64° N. Lat., south to Mongolia,
Manchuria, Corea, China, the Himalayas, Burma, and in India
south to Bombay in the cold season.

Frequents jungles, groves, and marshes, and in general habits
resembles M. migrans. and like that species feeds on frogs, fish,,
small mammals, etc. It breeds from January to May, its
nest and eggs being similar to those of M. migrans, the latter
measuring about 2 '31 by 1/8.

MIL VUS— ELANUS 537

754. YELLOW-BILLED KITE.
MILVUS .JEGYPTIUS.

Milvus cegyptius (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 261 (1788) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 320 ; Dresser, v. p. 657 ; M. forskdhU (Gmel.), torn. cit.
p. 263 ; M. parasiticits (Daud.), Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 150 (1800).

£ ad. (Egypt). Besembles M. migrans, but the crown is less grey and
more rufous in tinge, the tail is more deeply forked, and the whole bill as
well as the cere wax-yellow. Culmen 1'5, wing 16'8, tail 11 '5, tarsus
2-25 inch.

Hal). Africa from the Mediterranean south to the Cape
Colony where, however, it is rare ; Palestine ; of rare occurrence
north of the Mediterranean in Greece and the Cyclades ; Asia
Minor.

In habits it resembles M. migrans, but is bolder and more
fearless, and frequents the vicinity of towns, villages, camps, &c.
where it feeds on carrion and offal and also on chickens, rats,
large insects, and reptiles. It nests on trees, ruins, cliffs, &c.,
making a somewhat loosely constructed nest of sticks lined
with rags, or any available soft material. The eggs, 2 to 3 in
number, resemble those of M. migrans, but are a trifle smaller
and more sparingly marked.

ELANUS, Savigny, 1810.

755. BLACK-WINGED KITE.
ELANUS OflERULEUS.

Elanus cceruleus (Desf.), Mem. Acad. R. des Sciences, 1787, p. 503, pi. 15 j
Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 198 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 336 ;
Dresser, r. p. 663, pL 363 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 379 ;
E. melanopterus (Daud.), Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 152 (1800) ; (Naum.),
xiii. Taf. 347 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 31.

Aisha-hemika, Moor. ; Saqer el Baz, Kuhieli, Arab. ; Kapassi,
Hind. ; UTcussa, Cing.

<J ad. (Egypt). Forehead, lores, a line over the eye, and sides of the
head white ; feathers round the eye and eyelashes black ; upper parts light
ashy grey, the tail paler, the outer tail-feathers white ; quills white at
extreme "base, darker towards the tip ; lesser and median wing-coverts and
a patch on the outer edge of the wing black ; under parts white ; bill
bluish horn ; cere and legs yellow ; iris carmine ; tarsus feathered in front
about half its length. Culmen I/O, wing 11 '6, tail 5'5, tarsus 1-45 inch.
Female similar. The young bird has the upper parts brown marked with

F

THE

UNIVERSITY

OF

538 ELANUS— PERNIS

rufous and tipped with white, the tail dull ashy grey tipped with white ;
under parts white, the breast washed with rufous, and slightly streaked
with fulvous ; iris dull yellowish.

Hob. The whole of Africa; of rare occurrence in Southern
Europe (Greece, Spain, Portugal, and France) ; has occurred in
Germany, Belgium, and has been said to have once been
obtained in Ireland ; Palestine ; South-western Asia, India,
Ceylon, and Burma.

In habits it is said to somewhat resemble the Harriers ; it
inhabits well wooded cultivated districts, the borders of the
forest, groves, &c., and is to some extent crepuscular. It feeds
chiefly on insects, but also on small mammals. Its flight is
peculiar and varied, and reminds one somewhat of a Gull. In
North Africa it breeds in March or April and in India at
almost all seasons, and probably breeds twice in the year.
The nest is a loose structure of twigs, unlined, or sometimes
lined with grass, and is placed at some height in a tree. The
eggs, 3 to 4 in number, are white or yellowish white, richly
blotched with dark fox-red, and measure about T55 by 1*22.

PERNIS, Cuvier, 1817.

756. HONEY BUZZARD.

PERNIS APIVORUS.

Pernis apivorus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 130 (1766) ; (Naum.), i. p. 367,
Taf. 35, 36 ; Hewitson, i. p. 40, pi. xv. ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 16 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. 9 ; Newton, i. p. 121 ; Dresser, vi. p. 3, pis. 364,
365, 366 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 344 ; Saunders, p. 339 ;
Lilforcl, i. p. 21, pis. 11, 12; P. a. orientalis, Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 50.

BUM "boudrte, French ; Aguila de Moros, Span. ; Falco pecchia-
juolo, Ital, ; Wespenbussard, German ; Wespendief, Dutch ;
Hvepsevaage, Dan. ; Hvepsehog, Norweg. ; Itivrdk, Swed. ;
Mehilaishaukka, Finn. ; Osojed, Mishelovka-pchelojadnaya, Russ. ;
KhabciB el gram, Moor.

$ ad. (Germany). Crown and sides of head pale ashy blue, nape
brownish ; upper parts dark earth-brown, the back tinged with grey ;
quills tipped with blackish brown ; tail greyish brown with dark brown
bands ; under parts white, the sides of the breast blotched with brown ;
bill blackish horn ; cere yellowish at base, otherwise blackish ; edge of
gape, legs, and iris yellow. Culmen T35, wing 15'8, tail ll'O, tarsus 2*0 inch.
The old female has the head and nape brown, the throat buffy white

PERNIS— FALCO 539

striped with dark brown, and the rest of the under parts white, broadly
and closely barred with deep brown. The young bird has the head and
neck white, slightly marked with dark brown ; upper parts dark brown
varied with white ; under parts white, the breast with dark shaft stripes ;
another specimen is almost uniform dark chocolate-brown.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Lapland, but rarely ; southern
and central Scandinavia ; Great Britain ; North Africa in winter.

In general habits it differs from the true Buzzard, is a
slighter bird, and has a comparatively longer tail. It feeds
almost exclusively on insects, chiefly on the larvae of wasps and
bees, but is said by Naumann to feed on buds and vegetable
matter in the spring and to plunder other birds' nests. Its call-
note is a shrill kee, kee, kee, but as a rule it is a silent bird.
Its nest is placed in a tree and is constructed of sticks, lined
with fresh green foliage. The eggs, 2 to 3, rarely 4, in number,
-are deposited late in May or in June, and are white so richly
blotched with rich reddish brown that the ground-colour is
obscured ; or else marbled with reddish brown on a rich fox-
red ground, and, measure about 2*3 by 1*64.

FALCO, Linn., 1766.

757. GYRFALCON.
FALCO GYRFALCO.

Falco gyrfalco, Linn. Syst. Nat, i. p. 130 (1766) ; Naum. xiii. taf. 391 ;
Gould, B. of Gt. B. i. pi. 16 ; Newton, Ooth. Wolley. p. 87, pi. vfii.
tab. C. ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 416 ; Dresser, vi. p. 15, pi.
367 ; Saunders, p. 345 ; Lilford, i. p. 29, pi. 15 ; F. rusticolus gyrfalco,
Kidgway, p. 246.

Jagdfalke, German ; Jagtfalk, Dan., Norweg., and Swed. ;
Eiefsakfalle, Lapp. ; Tunturivalli, Finn. ; Kr edict, Russ.

$ ad. (Norway). Upper parts dark slate-grey barred with light blue
.grey, in some places nearly white ; head blackish grey with whitish
markings on the nape and sides of the neck ; rump and upper tail-coverts
clear blue-grey barred with slate-blue ; quills dark brown externally
mottled with grey, the inner webs white with dark bars ; tail slaty brown
barred with blue-grey and tipped with white ; a broad moustachial stripe
slaty brown ; under parts white, the breast and abdomen with dark drop-
shaped stripes, the flanks and under tail- coverts barred with slaty brown ;
bill blue, becoming black towards the tip ; cere, edge of eyelid, and feet
yellow ; iris nearly black. Culmen T35, wing 13'6, tail 8'5, tarsus 2'4 inch.
Female similar but larger. The young bird has the head and neck buffy

540 FALCO

white striped with dark brown, the upper parts dark brown with buffy
white margins, the under parts white, on the throat narrowly and other-
wise broadly and closely striped with dark brown, sometimes so closely
that scarcely any white is visible.

Hob. Northern Scandinavia and Lapland, rarely straying
down to continental Europe ; has once or twice been obtained
in England ; of doubtful occurrence in North Asia ; Arctic
North America.

Inhabits rocky localities and is a bold powerful bird, swift
on the wing, and when caught and trained highly esteemed
for falconry purposes being docile and courageous. It feeds
on small mammals, such as squirrels, lemmings, &c., and
birds, especially Willow Grouse and Ptarmigan. Its nest,
which is constructed of sticks sparingly lined with grass, is
placed on a rock or a tree, sometimes even on the ground, and
in April or May 3 to 4 eggs are deposited, which are somewhat
finer in texture of shell than those of F. islandus, and are sa
closely spotted or freckled with fox-red or reddish orange on a
dull white ground that the ground-colour is often entirely
obscured. In size they measure about 2*29 by 1/81.

758. GREENLAND FALCON.
FALCO CANDICANS.

Falco candicans, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 275 (1788) ; Naum. i. p. 269, Taf..
21 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. i. pis. xiii., xiv., xv. ; Newton, i. p. 36 ;,
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 411 ; Dresser, vi. p. 21, pis. 368,.
369 ; Saunders, p. 341 ; Lilford, i. p. 36, pi. 18 ; Falco islandicus,.
Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 32 (1790) ; Audubon, B. Am. pi. 366 ; Gould,,
B. of E. i. pi. 19 ; F. islandus, Ridg. p. 244 (nee. Gmel.) ; F. holboelli*
Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 415 ; (id.), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 415,,
pi. xiii.

Kirksoviarsuk-kakortuin ak, Green 1 .

£ ad. (Greenland). General colour white, the feathers on the upper
parts marked with a wide V-shaped black spot towards the tip, quills
marked with black towards the tip ; tail pure white, under parts slightly
striated with black on the lower flanks ; bill yellowish, becoming horn-
blue towards the tip ; legs yellowish ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'3,
wing 14'0, tail 8*2, tarsus 2 '7 5 inch. Female similar but larger. The.
young birds are more or less striped, with broad almost drop-shaped
blackish brown markings above, and the head and under parts with narrow
stripes, and the tail is more or less marked with blackish brown ; bill pale
horn-blue ; legs greyish blue.

FALCO 541

Hob. Greenland, straying south to North-west Europe and
Northern North America, and also found, though rarely, in
Northern Asia.

In habits it does not differ from F. gyrfalco, and though like
that bird strong and swift on the wing it is not held in such
esteem by falconers as the Gyrfalcon, though in the times when
falconry was a royal sport, trained birds were of great value
chiefly for their beauty. It nests on cliffs, its nest and eggs
resembling those of F. gyrfalco, but the latter are as a rule
somewhat rougher in texture of shell.

759. ICELAND FALCON.

FALCO ISLANDUS.

Falco islandns, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 271 (1788) ; Naum. i. Taf. 22,
figs. 1, 2, Taf. 390, fig. 2 ; Hewitson, i. p. 22, pi. vii. ; Gould, B. of
Gt. Brit. i. pis. 11, 12 ; Newton, i. p. 46 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus.
i. p. 414, pi. 13, left figure ; Dresser, vi. p. 25, pis. 370, 371 ;
Saunders, p. 343 ; Lilford, i. p. 31, pis. 16, 17 ; F. rusticolus, Riclg.
p. 245.

Falkiy Veidifalki, Valur, Icel. ; Fdlkur, Fseroe ; Islandsk-Falky
Dan.

(J ad. (Iceland). Head and nape dull white striped with slaty black,,
tipper parts dark brownish slate, barred with buffy white ; the rump and
upper tail-coverts dull slate-blue, barred with blue-grey ; quills slate-black
on the outer web marked, and on the inner web barred with buffy white ;
tail ash-grey barred with brownish slate and tipped with white ; chin and
upper throat white ; rest of under parts white, the lower throat streaked
with blackish brown, the breast and abdomen with blackish streaks
terminating with a drop-shaped spot, the upper flanks with heart-shaped
marks, the lower flanks and under tail-coverts with bars ; bill horn-blue,
darker at the tip ; cere and legs yellow ; iris dark brown. Culmen T35,
wing 14*5, tail 8*9, tarsus 2*3 inch. Female similar but larger. The young
bird differs from that of F. gyrfalco in having the head lighter, in lacking
the blackish moustachial streak, and in having the back and tail less marked
with lighter colour.

Hob. Iceland and southern Greenland, straying occasionally
to continental Europe, Great Britain, and the East coast of
North America.

In habits it does not differ from F. gyrfalco. Its eggs, 3
to 4 in number, are laid in May and are yellowish clay-
coloured, very closely marked with reddish orange, but some

542 FALCO

are white somewhat sparingly blotched with reddish orange,
whilst others are more profusely blotched with dull, almost
chestnut-red. In size they measure about 2 '28 by 1'81.

Of Hierofalco uralensis, Severtz and Menzbier (Orn. Geogr.
Europ. Ross. i. p. 288, 1882) (H. grebnitzkii, Severtz) which
appears to be very similar to, if not identical with, the present
species or F. gyrfalco, I have not been able to examine a
specimen.

760. LORENZ'S GYRFALCON.
FALCO LORENZI.

Falco lorenzi, Menzbier, Bull. B. 0. Club, xi. p. 3 (1900).

ad. Eesembles the northern Gyrfalcons in its plumage, the general colour
of the upper parts being bluish, and it is barred like them, but it has the
tarsus bare on more than half its length as in F. milvipesy to which it is
said to be nearly allied, but differs conspicuously in colour.

Hob. Tomsk and Yeneseisk in Siberia.

Nothing is known respecting this bird except that three
specimens were obtained in winter in the above named
localities.

761. ALTAI GYRFALCON.
FALCO ALTAICUS.

Falco altaicus (Menzbier), Orn. Turkest. p. 272 (1891).

£ ad. Differs from F. gyrfalco in having the upper parts reddish brown
washed with ash, the under parts ochraceous with tear-shaped dark brown
stripes ; tail brown, tipped with pale ochreous, the two middle feathers un-
barred, the rest with indistinct oval transverse reddish brown spots ;
tarsus bare for more than half its length; bill bluish horn, yellowish at
the base ; cere and legs yellow. The young female differs from F. gyrfalco
in having the crown, head, and upper parts dark brown with a few obsolete
d,ull buff spots and bars, the tail barred with greyish buff, the under parts
brown, the flanks and thighs barred, the rest of the under parts spotted
and striped with buffy white. Culmen 2'0, wing 14*6, tail 9' 10,
tarsus 2-2 inch.

Hob. The mountain ranges bordering the plateau of Central
Asia on the north and west.

I find nothing on record about the habits and nidification of
this bird, but an egg, obtained in the Altai mountains with the
parent bird, and now in my collection, resembles dark eggs of
F. candicans, but is smaller, measuring 2*16 by 1'67.

FALCO 543

762. SAKER.
FALCO CHERRUG.

Fulco cJierrug, J. E. Gray in Harchv. 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 25 (1833-34) ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 420 ; F. sacer, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 273 (1788 nee. Forst.) ; Gould, B. of Asia, i. pi. 5 ; Dresser, vi.
p. 59, pi. 376 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 417 ; F. lanarius,
Pall. Zoogr. Eoss. As. i. p. 330 (1811 nee. Gmel.) ; Naum. i. p. 279,
Taf. 23 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 20 ; F. cyanopus, Thienem. Rhea, i.
p. 62, Taf. 1, 2 (1846).

Faucon sacre, French; II sacro, Ital. ; Wiirgfalke, German;
Slagfalk, Swed. ; Balcibann, Russ. ; Dughdn, Turk. ; Uetdlgi,
Tartar ; Bas, Chark, Pers. ; Saqer-el-hor, Arab. ; Charg $ ,
Chargela $ , Hindu.

$ ad. (S. Russia). Crown and nape white tinged with rufous brown,
and striped with blackish brown ; upper parts generally dark earth-brown
with pale fulvous margins ; quills dark brown barred with white on the
inner web ; tail brown marked with buffy white oval spots, the middle
feathers sometimes uniform brown ; sides of head, chin, throat, and breast
white, the first sparingly striped, the others with a few spots of blackish
brown, moustachial stripe ill defined ; rest of under parts white, more or
less striped with elongated spots of blackish brown, sometimes almost un-
marked ; bill bluish horn, paler at the base ; cere and legs yellow ; iris dark
brown. Culmen 1*0, wing 14'0, tail 8'0, tarsus 2*35 inch. Female similar
but larger. The young bird has the head and nape buffy white closely
streaked with blackish brown ; upper parts darker than the adult ; upper
tail-coverts with broad dull rufous and buffy white margins ; moustachial
stripe well defined ; chin white ; under parts buffy white closely and
broadly striped with blackish brown ; cere and legs pale blue-grey ; iris
dark brown.

Hob. Eastern and south-eastern Europe, rarely straying west ;
not visiting Great Britain ; has once occurred in Scandinavia ;
North-east Africa; Asia minor and Palestine (rare); Central
Asia and Persia to N.W. India and China.

Is a frequenter of the plains and desert, and preys on
lizards, small mammals, and birds. For falconry purposes it is
highly esteemed and used to hawk gazelles, hares, bustards, &c.
It nests in trees, rarely in rocks, and builds a tolerably well
constructed, but not a large, nest of sticks, lined with finer
twigs, grass, wool, &c., and in April lays 2 to 4 eggs, some-
what elongated oval in shape, richly marked and blotched with
dull or dark red on a white or yellowish white ground, in size
averaging 210 by T62.

544 FALCO

763. SHANGHAR FALCON.
FALCO MILVIPES.

Falco milvipes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) ; Jerdon, Ibis.
1871, p. 240; Dresser, ix. p. 281, pi. 377; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii. p. 421 ; F. hendersoni, Hume, Ibis. 1871, p. 240 ; id. Lah.
to Yark., p. 171. pi. 1.

Aitalgu, Turki ; Chark, Pers.

ad. (Asia Minor). Differs from F. sacer in having the upper parts
rufous conspicuously barred with dark brown, the tail also similarly
barred, and not marked with spots. The young bird has the bars irregular
and ill denned, those on the tail more or less imperfect.

Nab. Transcaspia ; Central Asia ; Afghanistan and the
Punjab (rare) ; Mongolia ; the Pamir ; Tibet ; Yarkand ; has
occurred as far west as Tarsus, Tin1 is, and Athens.

In habits it does not appear to differ from F. cherrug, and
frequents also plains and the desert. Unlike the Saker it is not
considered good for falconry purposes. It was found breeding
in Transcaspia on the Afghan frontier by Messrs. Radde and
Walter, who say that the nest was scantily formed, and was
placed on the point of a precipice, and contained young birds.

764. PEREGRINE FALCON.
FALCO PEREGRINUS.

Falco peregrinus, Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. 1 (1771) ; Naum. i. p. 285, Taf.
24, 25 ; Hewitson, i. p. 24, pi. viii. ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi, 21 ; id.
B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. 17 ; Newton, i. p. 53 ; Dresser, vi. p..31,pl. 372 ;
Kidg. p. 247 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 413; Saunders,
p. 347 ; Lilford, i. p. 40, pis. 19, 20 ; F. communis, Gmel. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 270 (1788) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 376 ; Tacz. F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 77 ; F. anatum, Bp. Comp. List, p. 4 (1838).

Faucon p&lerin, French; Falcao, Portug. ; Alcon, Span.;
Falcone, Ital. ; Tauten Falke, Wander Falke, German ; Valk,
Dutch ; Vandrefalk, Dan. ; Pilegrimsfalk, Norweg. ; Pilgrimsfalk,
Swed. ; Rievsakfalle, Lapp. ; Muuttohaukka, Pieni- Valli, Finn. ;
Sapsan, SoJcol, Russ. ; Teir-el-hor, Moor. ; Tschakyr, Arab. ;
Bhyri $ , Bhyri-lacha, Hindu. ; Hayabusa, Jap.

<£ ad. (Germany). Crown, nape, space round the eye and a broad
mystacal stripe sooty black ; upper parts generally dark slate-blue, paler
and bluer on the rump and upper tail-coverts, with darker bars ; quills

FALCO 545

greyish black narrowly tipped with white, and with oblong greyish white
spots or bars on the inner web ; tail blackish with slate-blue bars, becoming
darker towards the end and narrowly tipped with brownish white ; under
parts warm buffy white, the throat and upper breast striped, the rest of the
under parts boldly barred with blackish ; bill bluish horn, bluer at the
base ; cere and legs yellow ; iris brown. Culmen I'l, wing ]2'2, tail 6'4.
tarsus 2*2 inch. Female similar but larger. In the young bird the black on
the head and neck is tinged with brown ; crown and nape marked with
dull white and rufous white; upper parts dark brown with paler
margins ; tail dark greyish brown, tipped with white and irregularly
barred with rufous buff ; under parts white, tinged with rufous buff and
broadly striped with blackish brown ; cere and feet bluish.

Hob. Europe generally, from Lapland to the Mediterranean,
Greenland, the Faroes ; Great Britain ; Canaries ; Africa
south to Natal ; Asia generally, from Kamchatka to China,
Manilla, India, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra, east to Japan ;
America from the high north to Argentina ; the West Indies.

This, one of our most active and powerful falcons, frequents
rocks, woods, and mountainous localities, and will occasionally
visit cities and villages in pursuit of pigeons. As a rule it
prefers the vicinity of water and is often to be met with on the
sea-coast. It preys on pigeons, game-birds, water-fowl of
various kinds, small mammals, &c. Its call is a loud clear
kaak, kaak, kaak, but is not often heard except in the breeding
season. It nests on the ledge of a rock, on a tree, or even on
the ground, making a scanty nest or utilizing that of some
other bird, and in March or April 4, sometimes only 3, eggs are
deposited. These are usually dull brick-red in ground-colour
closely spotted or dotted with reddish brown or dark red, but
some are blotched with rich rufous on a reddish or yellowish
or even on a nearly pure white ground. In size they average
about 2'03 by T61, but American eggs, as a rule, are rather
larger. The Peregrine exhibits great attachment to its nesting
place, and will occupy the same site for many years in
succession.

765. LESSER PEREGRINE.
FALCO PUNICUS.

Falco punicus, Levaill. junr. Expl. Alger. Atlas, Ois. pi. I (1850) ; Irby,
Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 191, pi. 9 ; F. minor, Dresser, vi. p. 43, pi. 373
(nee. Bp.) ; F. brookei, Sharpe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 20

(1873).

$ ad. (Morocco). Differs from F. peregrinus in being smaller, the
under parts more ruddy in colour, and in having the legs and feet much

546 FALCO

more slender. Culmen V05, wing ll'O, tail 5'4, tarsus 1-75 inch. Female
similar and scarcely larger. The young bird resembles that of F. peregrinus
but is smaller, has the upper parts paler, and the striations on the under
parts narrower and more profuse.

Hob. North Africa ; Rhodes ; Asia Minor rarely.

In habits and nidification this species does not appear to
differ from F. peregrinus.

766. BARBARY FALCON.
FALCO BARBARUS.

Falco barbarus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 p. 125 (1766) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
i. p. 386 ; Dresser, iii. p. 47, pi. 347 ; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 187 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 417 ; F. pelegrinoides, Temm. PI,
Col. 479 (1824) ; F. lalylonicus, Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 218, pi. vii.

Bourni, Arab. ; Shdhin, Safed ShaJiin, Hindu.

$ ad. (N. Africa). Upper parts paler and greyer than in F. peregrinus^
the head lighter ; nape rusty red, blotched with blackish slate ; under parts
creamy white, tinged with rufous ; throat and breast unmarked ; flanks
and lower abdomen faintly barred with blackish ; soft parts as in F. pere-
grinus. Culmen 0*9, wing ll'O, tail 5 '5, tarsus T7, middle toe with claw
2*0 inch. Male similar, but somewhat smaller. The young bird resembles
that of F.jpunicus.

Hob. Northern Africa, straying rarely to the northern shores
of the Mediterranean ; South-west and Central Asia ; North-
West India as far south as Nerbudda, and as far east as Oude
in winter.

In habits it resembles the Peregrine, and being bold, strong,
and docile is highly esteemed by falconers. It frequents open
dry country, and nests in cliffs and also in old buildings, its
eggs resembling those of the Peregrine, but are smaller. Birds
from Asia (F. labyloniciis) are as a rule rather larger in size.

767. LANNER.
FALCO FELDEGGI.

Falco feldeggi, Schlegel, Abh. Geb. Zool. p. 3, Taf. 10, 11 (1841) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 389 ; Dresser, vi. p. 51, pi. 375 ; F.
lanarius, Schlegel, Kev. Crit. p. 2 (1894 nee. Pall.) ; Gould, B. of
As. i. pi. 6 ; F. erlangeri, Kleinschmidt, Aquila, 1901, p. 33.

Feldeggsfalke, Germ, ; Lanario, Ital. ; Sager-schdhin Ttiir el
H6r, Arab.

FALCO 547

£ ad. (Egypt). Forehead dull white ; crown and nape pale creamy
rufous, finely striated with blackish, the lower nape blotched with brown ;
forepart of back and wing-coverts dull slaty brown, barred and tipped with
buffy ash-grey, becoming slaty ash, barred with ash-blue on the lower
back and upper tail-coverts ; quills ashy black, barred with white on the
inner web ; tail ashy brown, closely banded with ashy grey, and tipped
with buffy white ; space round the eye and an irregular stripe to the nape
deep brown ; moustache small and narrow ; chin and upper throat white ;
rest of under parts butfy white, with drop-shaped blackish brown spots and
stripes ; bill pale horn at base, dark horn at tip ; cere and legs yellow ;
iris brown. Culmen 1-2, wing 13'15, tail 7'3, tarsus 2*0 inch. Female
similar but larger. The young bird has the crown paler, striped with
blackish brown, the upper parts dull brown, with paler margins, the tail
greyish brown, the outer feathers irregularly barred, and tipped with white >
the under parts white, the breast and abdomen^ broadly striped with dark
brown ; legs dull plumbeous, tinged with yellow.

Hob. Southern Europe, rarely straying further north ; North
Africa ; Asia Minor (rare) ; Palestine.

Does not differ appreciably from its allies in general habits ;
it frequents plains, rocky localities, as also groves, lagoons, and
marshes when water-fowl are found in any numbers. With the
Arabs it is held in high esteem for falconry purposes, though
European falconers consider it as inferior to the Peregrine. As
a rule it nests in the rocks, and has, in Egypt, been found
breeding on the pyramids, and in Spain in trees, having taken
possession of a deserted nest of some other large bird. When
placed on a rock its nest is scanty, being merely a little material
collected together. Its 4 eggs, which are usually deposited in
April, closely resemble those of the Saker, but are as a rule
darker ; in size they average 213 by T59. Examples from
N.W. Africa (F. erlangeri) are as a rule paler, and less marked
with blackish, especially on the crown.

768. MERLIN.
FALCO ^BSALON.

Falco cesalon, Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. i. (1771) ; Naum. i. p. 303, Taf. 27 ;
Hewitson, i. p. 30, pi. x. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 24 ; id. B. of
Gt. Brit. i. pi. 19 ; Newton, i. p. 74 ; Dresser, vi. p. 83, pis. 380,
381 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 87 ; Saunders, p. 351 ; Lilford, i.
p. 50, pis. 24, 25 ; F. regulus, Pall. Eeise, ii . Anhang, p. 707
(1773) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 34 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 406 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 426 ; F. litho-
falco ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 278 (1788).

Faucon ]$m6rillon, French ; Ssmerefon, Span, ; Smeriglw,
Ital. ; Zwergfalke, Germ. ; Smelleken, Dutch ; Steenfalk, Dvcergfalk,

o o

548 FALGO

Dan. and Norweg. ; DvergfaXk, Swed. ; PikJcuhaukka, Pouta-
haukka, Finn. ; Cicasfalli, Lapp. ; Derbnic, Russ. ; Juju, Arab. ;
Dourai $ , Dourela $ , Hindu. ; Kocho-genbo, Jap.

£ ad. (Scotland). Crown and upper parts clear slate-blue, with blackish
shaft lines ; a collar and sides of neck pale rufous, with dark lines ; quills
blackish, with white bars on the inner web ; tail paler than the back, with
a broad subterminal black band, and with indistinct basal bars ; sides of
head dull white, with fine blackish stripes ; chin and upper throat white ;
rest of under parts white, washed with rufous and striped with blackish
brown, the thigh-feathers more rufous ; bill bluish horn, {darker at the
tip j legs and cere yellow ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'7, wing 7'9,
tail 5 '3, tarsus 1*45 inch. Female larger and differing in having the upper
parts dark brown, with a greyish tinge, with black shaft-stripes, edged and
spotted with reddish brown ; tail dark brown, with rufous buff bands and
tipped with buffy white ; chin and upper throat white ; rest of under
parts whitish, broadly striped with brown. The young resemble the
female, but males are a little greyer on the tail and rump.

Hob. Europe generally, from Iceland and Northern Scandi-
navia to Great Britain ; southern Europe and North Africa in
winter, south to Nubia ; Asia east to Corea, north to Northern
Siberia, south to Northern India, Mongolia, China and Japan
in winter.

Frequents moors, rocks, and more open places than the
Hobby, and is a bold and game bird, swift and active on the
wing, preying chiefly on small birds and mammals, but it also
feeds to some extent on insects. It generally nests on the
ground, but in some countries sometimes makes use of the
nest of some other bird in trees. When constructed by the
bird itself the nest is flat and not large, built of sticks and
heather. The eggs, from 4 to 6 in number, are dull brick-red
closely spotted and mottled with dark brownish red, sometimes
faintly tinted with purple, and in size average 1'55 by 1*21.

769. HOBBY.
FALCO SUBBUTEO.

Falco subbuteo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 127 (1766) ; Naum. i. p. 296, Taf.
26 ; Hewitson, i. p. 26, pi. ix. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of. E. i. pi. 22 ; id.
B. of Gt. Brit. pi. 18 ; Newton, i. p. 65 ; Dresser, vi. p. 69, pis. 378,
379 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 395 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 84 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 422 ; Saunders, p. 349 ; Lilford, i.
p. 44, pis. 20, 21.

Le Hobereau, French ; ' Alcotdn, Span. ; Falcao tagarote,
Portug. ; Lodolajo, Ital. ; Lerchenfalke, Germ. ; Boomvalk,

FALCO 549

Dutch ; Larkefalk, Dan ; Larkfalk, Swed. ; Leivohaukka, Finn. ;
Tscheglok, Sokol-Bielogorlik, Russ. ; Morassani, Oude ; Chigo-
haydbusai Jap.

$ ad. (Finland). Upper parts dark slate-grey, clearer on the rump
and upper tail-coverts, darker and often tinged with brown on the head ;
lores, supercilium, and an ill-defined nuchal collar, buffy white, the last
inclining to ferruginous ; quills black, on the inner web irregularly barred
with rufous ; tail slate-grey, all but the two middle feathers barred on the
inner web and tipped with ferruginous ; cheek and moustache black, the
chin and sides of the neck warm creamy white ; rest of the under parts
creamy white, the breast and flanks striped with black ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries buffy white, the former striped, the latter barred
with blackish brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts rich rust-red ; bill
light blue-black, yellowish at the base ; cere and legs yellow ; iris brown.
Culmen 0'7, wing lO'O, tail G'O, tarsus I'l 'inch. Female similar but
larger. The young bird has the upper parts blackish brown, with fulvous
margins, the under parts fulvous white, the breast and flanks blotched and
striped with blackish brown, the lower abdomen becoming rufescent
fulvous, also streaked and mottled.

Hob. A summer visitor to the British Islands and Northern
Europe up to about 65° N. ; the Canaries ; Africa south to
the Cape Colony ; Asia Minor and Asia east to China, Corea,
and Japan, north to Kamchatka, south to the Himalayas and
the plains of India. In South Africa it is replaced by
F. cuvieri, Smith, and in India and the Malay Archipelago by
F. severus, Horsf.

Frequents woodlands and groves and is to some extent
crepuscular in its habits. Its food consists largely of insects
of various kinds, but it is swift on the wing and bold, and
frequently preys on small birds. It is a late breeder and generally
makes use of the deserted nest of a crow or some other large
bird, and in June deposits 3 to 5 eggs, which on a yellowish
white ground are closely covered with yellowish red spots and
blotches, which but seldom become rufous like the eggs of the
Kestrel. In size they average 1'62 by 1*31.

770. ELEONORA'S FALCON.
FALCO ELEONORJE.

Falco eleonorce, Gene, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 105 ; (Gurney), Ibis, 1869,
p. 445, pi. xvi. ; Dresser, vi. p. 103, pi. 383 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 404 ; F. arcadicus, Linderm. Isis, 1843, p. 329, Taf. 1 ;
F. dichrous, Erhard, Naumannia, 1858, p. 25.

oo2

550 FALCO

Falco della Regina, Ital. ; Barbdki, Warwakwn, Greek.

$ ad. (Cyclades). General colour dark slate-grey, tinged with brown
on the upper parts, rather clearer on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
quills blackish brown, washed with slate ; tail slate-colour, the outer
feathers slightly barred with dull blackish ; under parts blackish grey,
tinged with rufous here and there, the thighs and under tail-coverts clear
dark slate-colour ; beak horn-blue, paler at the base ; cere pale greenish
yellow; legs pale lemon-yellow; iris brown. Culmen 0*75, wing 11'9,
tail 7 '5, tarsus 1-3 inch. Female dusky brown above, tinged with slate,
the nape tinged with rufous ; tail slate-grey, tipped with fulvous, and
thickly barred with rufous and dusky ; orbital region, lores, and mous-
tache black ; hind-cheeks and throat rich buff ; under parts buff, becoming
rufous on the abdomen, and striped with black ; thighs deep chestnut,
with black shaft-stripes ; legs and feet greenish yellow. Culmen 0'85,
wing 12'9, tail 7 '5, tarsus 1*4 inch. The young bird resembles the female,
but the feathers on the upper parts are margined with pale rufous ; cheeks,
under parts, and thighs pale rufous buff, the dark markings well defined.

Hal. The islands in the Mediterranean, rarer on the south
shores of Europe; North-west and West Africa, south to
Madagascar; Palestine, Syria.

Frequents rocky localities, and in general habits resembles
F. siibluteo. Its call-note is a not very loud keJc, JceJc, or wek,
wek, wek. On the wing it is swift and active, and is recognizable
by its long wings. It preys chiefly on small birds of various
kinds, but also on insects and reptiles. It makes no nest, but
deposits its eggs late in July or in August on the ledge of
a cliff or on the ground. These are 2 or 3 in number, and
resemble those of F. subbuteo, and measure about 1*68 by T32.

771. RED-LEGGED FALCON.
FALCO VESPERTINUS.

Falco vespertinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 129 (1766) ; Hewitson, i. p. 28,
pi. ix. figs. 2, 3 ; (Gould), B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. 20 ; Newton, i. p. 69,
Dresser, vi. p. 93, pi. 382 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 443 ;
(Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. O. p. 90 ; Saunders, p. 353 ; Lilford, i. p. 45,
pi. 23 ; F. rufipes, Beseke, Vog. Kurl. p. 20, Taf. 3, 4 (1792) ;
Naum. i. p. 311, Taf. 28 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 23.

Faucon Jcobez, French; Falco cuculo, Ital.; Rotfussfalke
Germ. ; Rodfodfalk, Dan. ; Rodbent Folk, Swed. ; Punajalka-
haukka, Finn. ; Kdbtschik, Russ. ; Kirght, Tartar.

$ ad. (Malta). Entire upper parts dark plumbeous, paler on the wing-
coverts ; quills silver-grey above, black below ; tail black ; under parts

FALCO 551

blue-grey ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts rich chestnut ; under wing-
coverts greyish black ; bill horn-colour, blackish at tip ; cere, bare space
round the eye, and legs bright brownish red ; iris bright brown. Cul-
men 0'75, wing 9*7, tail 5'8, tarsus I'O inch. The female has the head,
neck, and sides of neck rufous ; upper parts and tail ashy grey, barred
with darker grey ; quills ashy grey, barred with reddish white on the
inner web ; throat and cheeks white, tinged with rufous ; moustache and
rest of under parts, with the under wing-coverts rufous like the head ; soft
parts duller than in the male. The young bird resembles the female, but
is paler, the head and under parts considerably paler, the forehead hoary
white, and the crown dark striped.

Hob. Europe generally, up to Sweden and Archangel, rarer
in the west; a somewhat rare visitor to Great Britain, has
once occurred in Ireland, and has strayed to the Canaries;
Africa south to Damaraland in winter ;* Asia Minor, western
and central Asia, becoming rare further east, but has occurred
as far east as the Baikal district.

In habits it resembles the Kestrel more than the Hobby.
It affects groves and the open country rather than the forest,
and feeds chiefly on insects of various kinds, occasionally
however capturing small birds. Its note is a clear, shrill hi,
uttered several times in succession. It breeds in trees,
frequently taking possession of deserted nests of Crows and
Magpies, and in June deposits 3 to 4 eggs, which resemble
those of F. subbuteo, but are smaller and darker, more approach-
ing those of the Kestrel. In size they average T45 by 1*16.

772. EASTERN RED-LEGGED FALCON.
FALCO AMURENSIS.

Falco amurensts, Kadde, Keis. Ost. Sib. Vogel, p. 102, Taf. i. fig. a, b
(1863) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 445 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iii. p. 424 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 93 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868,
p. 41, pi. ii.

J ad. (Siberia). Eesembles F. vespertinus, but has the wing lining
and axillaries pure white. Culmen 0'75, wing 9'0, tail 5'0, tarsus I'l inch.
The female differs from that of F. vespertinus in having the head browner,
the under parts paler, the breast spotted, and the flanks barred with
blackish ; the wing-lining white with brown spots, and the axillaries barred
white and dark brown.

Hob. South-eastern Siberia ; Mongolia ; Northern China ;
wintering in India, Burma, and East Africa; has occurred in

552 FALCO

Asia as far west as Pegu, the Western Himalayas, the Deccan,
the Nilgiris, the Carnatic, and Ceylon.

In habits it does not differ from F. vespertinus, and like that
species feeds almost entirely on insects of various kinds and
small reptiles. Its nest and eggs also resemble those of that
species.

773. KESTREL.
FALCO TINNUNCULUS.

Falco tinnunculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 127 (1766) ; Naum. i. p. 323,
Taf. 30 ; Hewitson, i. p. 32, pi. x. figs. 2, 3 ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 26 ;
Newton, i. p. 78 ; Dresser, vi. p. 113, pi. 384 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 425 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 95 ; Seebohm, B. Jap.
Emp. p. 194 ; Saunders, p. 355 ; Lilford, i. p. 53, pi. 26 ; F. alau-
darius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 279 (1788) ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. i.
pi. 21 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 428 ; F. t. japonicus,
Temm. and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 2, pis. 1, IB ; F. t. canari-
ensis (Koenig), J. f. 0. 1890, p. 327, pt. i.

Cresserelle, French ; Peneireiro, Francelho, Portug. ; Cernicalo,
Span. ; Gheppio, Ital. ; Turmfalke, Germ. ; Taarnfalk, Norweg.
and Dan. ; Tornfalk, Swed, ; Torniliau'kka, Finn. ; Obiknovennaya-
Pustelga, Russ. ; Bouschrada, Arab. ; Karontia, Narzi, $ ,
Narzinak $ , Hindu. ; Maguso-daka, Jap.

£ ad. (England). Head, neck, lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail blue-grey ; the head narrowly striped, and the tail subterminally
broadly banded with black ; rest of upper parts chestnut-red, with black
triangular spots ; quills blackish, the inner web with whitish bars ; fore-
head and eyebrow whitish ; moustache blackish grey : under parts rufes-
cent fawn, the breast streaked, the sides spotted with black ; thigh-feathers
pale chestnut, unspotted ; bill yellow at base, then blue, tipped with black ;
cere, orbital region, and legs yel low ; iris brown. Culmen T75, wing 9*2,
tail 7'0, tarsus 1*6 inch. The female has the upper parts and tail rufous, the
former barred, the latter banded with black and tipped with fulvous ;
chin and abdomen pale dull fulvous ; breast dull rufous, striped with black ;
flanks indistinctly barred. The young bird resembles the female, but is
paler.

Hal. Europe generally, from Lapland to the Mediterranean,
but chiefly in summer in the northern parts; Madeira, the
Canaries and Azores; Africa south to Abyssinia; Asia Minor
and Asia north to northern Siberia, south to northern India ;
China ; Corea ; Japan.

Inhabits the woods, plains, and cultivated localities, where
it may be seen carefully quartering the ground, occasionally

FALCO 553

hovering in the air in search of its prey. It feeds on mice,
insects, and reptiles, but seldom on small birds. Its cry is
a shrill kee, kee, kee, uttered several times in succession. It
breeds in old ruins, church towers, cliffs, &c., and sometimes in
trees, taking possession of deserted nests of other birds, and
in April 4 to 5 eggs are laid, which in ground-colour vary
from white and reddish white to dull reddish, and are closely
marked and blotched with fox-red, dull chestnut, and purplish
chestnut. In shape they are roundish oval, and in size average
about 1-61 by T29.

In tone of plumage the Kestrel varies considerably, birds
from Madeira, the Canaries, East Africa, and Japan being very
dark in colouration, and have indeed been described as speci-
fically separable, but I cannot see that this vie^ is correct.

774 LESSER KESTREL.
FALCO CENCHRIS.

Falco cenchris, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 318, Taf. 29 (1822) ; Dresser,
vi. p. 125, pi. 385 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 430 ; Saunders,
p. 357 ; Lilford, i. p. 55 ; pi. 27 ; F. tinnunculoides, Temm. Man
d'Orn. i. p. 31 (1822) ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 27 ; F. peldnensis
(Swinhoe), P.Z.S. 1871, p. 341 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 437 ;
" F. naumanni, Fleisch" ; Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 435 (1874).

Faucon cresserellettc, French ; Primilla, Primita, Span. ;
Eotelfalke, Germ. ; G-rillajo, Ital. ; Krasnaya Pustclga, Russ.

£ ad. (Styria). Differs from F. tinnunculus in being smaller, in having
the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts rich cinnamon, or vinous brick-red,
unspotted, some of the inner secondaries slate-grey instead of rufous, and
the claws white, not blackish. Culmen 0*75, wing 9'0, tail 6'0, tarsus 1'2 inch.
The female resembles that of F. tinnunculus^ but is smaller and has white
claws.

Hal. Southern Europe ; a doubtful straggler to the British
Isles; Africa as far south as Damaraland, and occasionally
to the Cape Colony in winter ; Asia Minor and Southern Asia
east to China, and India in the winter.

In general habits it resembles F. tinnunculus, but is more
gregarious, and feeds more generally on insects. It nests also
frequently in large colonies, in old ruins, buildings such as
church towers, &c., hollow trees, and sometimes in cliffs, making
a very scanty nest, and in May deposits 4 to 5 or 6 eggs, which
vary considerably but resemble those of F. tinnunculus, though
they are more fox-red and lighter in colour, and smaller in size,
averaging 1/44 by I'll.

554 PANDION

PANDION, Savigny, 1810.

775. OSPREY.
PANDION HALIAETUS.

Pandion haliaetus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 129 (1766) ; (Naum.), i. p. 241,
Taf. 16 ; Hewitson, i. p. 19, pi. vi. ; Gould, B. of E. i. pi. 12 ; id.
B. of Gt. Brit. i. pi. 12 ; Newton, i. p. 30 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. i. p. 449 ; Dresser, vi. p. 139, pis. 386, 387 ; Kidgway, p. 255 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 52 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iii. p. 314 ;
Saunders, p. 359 ; Lilford, i. p. 11, pi. 8; P. carolinensis (Gmel.),
Syst. Nat. i. p. 263 (1788) ; P. leucocephalus, Gould, P.Z.S. 1837,
p. 138.

Balbusard, French ; Aguia pesqueira, Portug. ; Aguila
pescador, Span. ; Falco pescatore, Ital. ; Fischadler, German ;
Visch-arend, Dutch ; Fiskeorn, Dan. and Norweg. ; Fiskljuse,
Swed. ; Kuollifalli, Tschiftschx, Lapp. ; Kalasdaski, Finn. ;
Skopd, Russ. ; JBou-haut, Moor. ; El Mansur, Ketaf, Arab. ;
Machariya, Machamanga, Hindu. ; Misago, Jap.

$ ad. (Sweden). Head white, the crown striped with blackish brown,
which forms almost a patch before and above the eye ; nape feathers
elongated, lanceolate, tipped with blackish brown and washed with yel-
lowish ; ear-coverts and a stripe to hind-neck blackish brown ; upper
parts dark brown, the back faintly glossed ; quills blackish brown, marked
with white on the basal part of the inner webs ; tail dark brown, the outer
feathers dull white on the inner webs and dark banded ; under parts
white, the breast faintly marked with pale and dull ochreous brown ; outer
toe reversible ; under surface of toe rough, covered with small pointed
scales ; feathers wanting the accessory plumule ; bill blackish horn ; cere
blue-grey; legs pale plumbeous ; iris bright yellow. Culmen 1*9, wing 19'3,
tail 8'7, tarsus 2'2 inch. Female similar bat larger, and generally has the
breast more marked with brown. The young bird has the head and neck
more varied with blackish brown, the feathers on the upper parts and
wings margined or tipped with white, the tail more conspicuously barred,
and tipped with white, and the under parts washed with rufous isabelline.

Hob. Europe, north to Lapland, not breeding in Ireland ;
Asia, east to Japan ; Africa, south to Natal ; Australia ; New
Zealand ; America from the high north, south to Brazil.

Frequents the vicinity of inland lakes and rivers, or the sea-
coast, where it can obtain fish which swim near the surface of
the water, for it feeds exclusively on fish, which it obtains by
plunging down from a considerable altitude. Sometimes it
strikes too large a fish, and I have seen one which on so doing

PANDION— PHALACROCORAX 555

was carried out to sea and drowned. Its call-note is a some-
what clear kai, kai, kai, or a harsh krau. It usually nests on
trees, occasionally however on rocky islets or old buildings, and
in some countries it nests in communities. The nest is a
bulky structure of sticks, worked together with turf and roots,
and lined with moss, and the eggs, generally 3, sometimes 4, in
number, are deposited in April or May. These are richly
blotched with dark chestnut-red surface-markings and a few
purplish grey shell-spots or blurs, on a dull white, bluish white,
or buffy white ground, and vary a good deal in size, but
average 2'40 by 176. American eggs run a trifle larger,
and are recognizable by their strong musky smell.

PHALACROCORAX, Brisson, 1760.

776. CORMORANT.
PHALACROCORAX CARBO.

Phalacrocorax carlo (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 216 (1766); (Naum.), xi. p. 52,
Taf. 279 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 471, pi. cxxx. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 407 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 52 ; Dresser, vi. p. 151, pi. 388 ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 532 ; Audubon, B. Amer. vii. p. 123,
pi. 415 ; Eidgway, p. 78 ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 340 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1072 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 340 ; Saunders, p. 361 ; Lilford, vii. p. 1, pi. i. ; P. sinensis
(Shaw and Nodder), Nat. Misc. xiii. pi. 529 (1801) ; P. cormor-
anus (Meyer and Wolf), Taschenb. ii. p. 576 (1810) ; (Naum.),
xi. p. 52, Taf. 279 ; P. carboides, Gould, P.Z.S. 1837, p. 156 ;
id. B. of. Austral, vii. pi. 66.

Grand Cormoran, French ; Corvo marinho, Portug. ; Cuervo
marino, Span. ; Cormorano, Ital. ; Kormoran-Scharbe, German ;
Aalscholver, Dutch ; Skarv, Aalekraake, Dan. and Norweg. ;
Storskarf, Swed ; Skarffa, Lapp. ; Kalakorppa, Haikara, Finn. ;
Obiknovennui-Baklan, Russ. ; Agag, Arab. ; Gkarrad, Moor. ;
Ghogur, Pan-kowa, Hindu. ; U, Jap.

$ ad. (Scotland). Chin and sides of the head skirting the bare part at
the base of the bill white ; head, neck, and under parts glossy purplish
black ; nuchal feathers elongated ; a few hair-like feathers on the neck
white ; upper parts bronze-green margined with blackish ; the lower back
and rump purplish black ; quills and tail greyish black ; a pure white
patch on each thigh ; bill yellowish white at the base, otherwise dusky
brown ; gular sac yellow ; bare space round the eye greenish brown ;
iris grass-green ; legs and feet black. Culmen 3 '6, gape 4'1, wing 13 '5,
tail 7*0, tarsus 2'7 inch. Female similar but smaller, duller in colour with
a smaller crest. In the winter the colours are duller and greener and the
head and neck are covered with slender white filamentous plumelets. The

556 PHALACROCORAX

young birds are dark brown above, dull white marked with brown below ;
bill dark brown above, pale brown below ; iris brown.

Hal. Europe generally ; Greenland ; Iceland ; Africa south
to the Cape Colony ; Asia north to Kamchatka, east to Japan,
south to the Malay Peninsula ; Australia ; New Zealand and
Chatham Islands.

Frequents both inland waters and the sea-coasts, but with
us at least is most frequently to be met with on salt water.
Its flight is direct and swift, though it appears somewhat
clumsy in rising from the water, and strikes the water with
its feet for some distance before it is fairly on the wing. It
swims however with ease and dives even better, and trusts
chiefly to its dexterity and speed under water to obtaining its
food, for it feeds entirely on fish and is extremely voracious.
On land it walks heavily and clumsily. Though naturally shy
and wary it is easily tamed., and in China especially is trained
to capture fish for its master.

It breeds on cliffs, rocks, or trees, usually in colonies, and
when placed on a tree the nest is constructed of sticks lined
with grass or weeds, or if on a rock, of a few sticks and sea-
weed. The eggs, usually 4 in number, are laid late in April
or in May, and are elongate in shape, bluish white in colour
closely incrusted with a layer of chalky substance, and in size
average 2'30 by 1'51.

777. TEMMINCK'S CORMORANT.
PHALACROCORAX FILAMENTOSUS.

Phalacrocorax filamentosus (Temm. and Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves,
p. 129 (1850) ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 350 ; P. capillatus,
(Temm. and Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, pis. 83 and 83B (1850) ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1075 ; Seebolim, B. Jap. Emp. p. 209.
<£ ad. (Japan). Differs from P. carlo in having the upper parts
greenish bronze margined with dark green, the rest of the plumage oil-
green in tinge, the head and neck dark greenish blue ; the white patch
bordering the gular pouch mottled with dark greenish black, the head
and neck covered with long narrow white feathers. Culmen 2*7, wing
12-13, tail 5*8, tarsus 2'5 inch. After the breeding season the white
feathers on the head and neck are cast. The young resemble those of
P. carlo, but in all plumages this species may be distinguished by the
shape of the bare space on the throat.

Hal>. The coasts of eastern Siberia, Corea, Japan, and China.

In habits and nidification this species does not appear to
differ from P. carlo.

PHALACROCORAX 557

778. RED-FACED CORMORANT.
PHALACROCORAX BICRISTATUS.

Phalacrocorax bicristatus, Pall. Zoogr. Boss. As. ii. p. 301, pi. Ixxv.
fig. 2 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 211 ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvi. p. 358 ; P. urile (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, p. 575 (1788
partim) ; Ridgway, p. 80 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1078.

(£ ad. (Commander Island). Head dark greenish blue becoming steel-
blue on the neck ; the lower neck, lower back, rump, tipper tail-coverts
and under parts deep oily bronze-green ; scapulars and sides of upper back
rich greenish and violet-bronze with a purple tinge ;* a tuft or crest
on the crown and one on the nape bronze-green ; a white patch on each
flank. In the breeding season the neck and rump are covered
with scattered straw-yellow filamentous feathers ; feathers of forehead
separated from the base of the culmen by a strip of bare skin connecting
the. naked lores ; gular pouch blue bordered behind by purplish red
corrugations ; lores, orbits, and naked frontal skin bright orange. Culmen
2'25, wing 10'5, tail 6'3, tarsus 2*15 inch. Female similar but rather
smaller. The young bird is dusky brown witli a faint purplish tinge,
darker and more glossy on the upper parts.

Hob. The coasts of Kamchatka and eastern Siberia, the
Prybilof, Aleutian, and Kurile Islands, in winter south to
Japan.

In habits this Cormorant does not appear to differ from its
allies, and its eggs resemble those of P. carlo and vary in size
from 2-36 by 1-49 to 2'48 by 1-69.

779. PALLAS'S CORMORANT.
PHALACROCORAX FERSPICILLATUS.

Phalacrocorax perspicillaMis, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 305 (1811);
Gould, Zool. Voy. Sulph. p. 49, pi. xxxii. ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvi. p. 357 ; Ridgway, p. 81 ; Stejn., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1883, p. 65.

Ad. Resembles P. licristatus but is considerably larger, the crown and
nape are bronze-purple, the general colour of the body less blue ; eye
surrounded with a broad white ring of naked skin, the naked skin
round the base of the bill and gular sac mixed red, white, and blue.
Culmen 3'75, wing 13'5, tail 7'2, tarsus 2'8 inch.

Hob. Bering Island formerly, but is extinct since about
1852.

558 PHALACROCORAX

780. PELAGIC CORMORANT.
PHALACROCORAX PELAGICU3.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pall. Zoogr. Koss. As. ii. p. 303, pi. Ixxvi.
(1811) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 533 ; Seebohm, B. Jap.
Emp. p. 210 ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 360 ; (Tacz.), F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1080 ; P. resplendens, And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 148, pi. 412,
fig. 1 (1839).

Morskoi Uril, Russ. ; U-garasu, Jap.

$ ad. (N.W.America). Differs from P. bicristatus in having the feathers
on the forehead extended to the base of the culmen ; head and neck
glossy violet-black, purplish towards the head, the lower neck tinged with
steel-blue ; rump and under parts dark silky green ; scapulars and wing-
coverts bottle-green tinged with bronzy purple ; neck and rump ornamented
with narrow white filamentous feathers ; flanks with a white patch. After
the breeding season the white filamentous feathers and the crests on the
head and nape are cast ; gular sac and naked lores dull brownish red.
Culmen 1'85, wing 9 '5, tail 6 '3, tarsus 2'1 inch. Female similar but rather
smaller. The young bird differs from P. Ucristatus in having the back
and scapulars glossed with dull green and not with purple.

Hob. Coasts of Kamchatka, Eastern Siberia south to
Southern China ; Japan ; west coast of North America from
Alaska to Western Mexico.

In habits and nidification this bird does not differ from
P. carlo.

Mr. Ridgway divides this Cormorant into three subspecies,
viz. : P. pelagicus from the coast of Kamchatka and the Aleutian
Islands ; south in winter to the Kuriles and northern Japan ;
P. pelagicus robustus, Ridgw., from the coast of Alaska, from
Norton's Sound, south to Washington Territory ; and
P. pelagicus resplendens (Aud.) from the Pacific coast, from
Washington Territory to Western Mexico (Mazatlan and Cape
St. Lucas).

781. SHAG.
PHALACROCORAX GRACULUS.

Phalacrocorax graculus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 217 (1766); (Naum.),
xi. p. 88, Taf. 280 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 53 ; Dresser, vi.
p. 163, pi. 389 ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 364 ; Saunders,
p. 363 ; Lilford, vii. p. 5, pi. 2 ; P. cristatus (Miiller), Zool. Dan.
Prodr. p. 18, No. 150 (1776) ; Hewitson, ii. p. 473, pi. cxxx. fig. 2 ;
Gould, B. of E. v. pis. 410, 411 ; P. desmaresti (Payraudeau), Ann.
Sc. Nat. 1826, p. 460 ; Grant, op. cit. xxvi. p. 368.

PHALACROCORAX 559

Cormoran-largup, French ; Corvo marinho da crista, Portug. ;
Marangone col tiuffo, Ital. ; Krakenscharbe, German ; Gekuifde
Aalscholver, Dutch ; Top&karv, Dan. ; Krdkskarf, Norweg. ;
Toppskarf, Swed.

<$ ad. (Scotland). General colour silky blackish green, the head and
neck greener ; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts paler and margined with
velvety black ; on the back of the crown a broad recurved crest ; bill
black, the nail yellowish brown, the basal portion and the bare portion of
the chin yellowish marked with black ; angle of mouth orange ; bare space
round the eye and legs black ; a yellowish spot at the base^of the bill ; iris
rich green. Gape 3*6, wing 9'9, tail 5*7, tarsus 2'4 inch. Female similar
but smaller. After the breeding season the crest is cast. The young bird
is brown with a greenish tinge above, and has the chin, throat, and
middle of the abdomen white or whitish, the rest of the under parts
brownish ash ; bill dusky brown above, brownish flesh below ; bare skin
at the base of bill and round the eye dusky yellow ; legs dusky brown.
In this and all other members of the genus the nestling is blackish,
covered with blackish down.

Hal*. The coasts of Europe up into the Arctic Circle, but
not far up the Baltic, or on the coasts of Finland ; Iceland ;
the Fseroes ; Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas.

In habits it resembles the Cormorant but it frequents the
sea-coasts and is but seldom to be met with on fresh water. It
is gregarious in its habits and breeds in societies, placing
its nest, which is a large structure of seaweed, &c., on a rock
or a rocky ledge in a cave, and in June or July deposits
3 or 4, sometimes even more, bluish white eggs covered with
a chalky coating, elongated in shape and rather smaller than
those of P. carlo. By some authors the Mediterranean Shag
(P. dcsmaresti) has been subspecifically separated, the young
bird having the under parts whiter or nearly white, but I cannot
endorse this view.

782. AFRICAN CORMORANT.
PHALACROCORAX AFRICANUS.

Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 577 (1788) ; Dresser,
vi. p. 169. pi. 390 ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 407.

<J ad. (Egypt). General colour glossy black with bottle-green re-
flections ; forehead intermixed with white and furnished with a short
crest ; sides of back, scapulars, and wing-coverts grey and blackish grey
broadly tipped with black ; quills and tail black washed with grey ; bill
yellow, the ridge of the mandible brown ; bare skin of the face bluish ;
iris carmine-red ; legs black. Culmen 1 '3,? wing 7'5, tail 6'0, tarsus 1-5
inch. After the breeding season the head and neck are brown, the greyish

560 PHALACROCORAX

feathers on the upper parts are margined with brownish white ; chin and
throat, breast and abdomen white ; base of neck and chest brownish white.

Hal. Africa, from the Delta of the Nile to the Cape of Good
Hope; Madagascar.

In habits it resembles P. pygmceus. It frequents inland
waters — rivers, lakes, morasses, and even ponds, and is not to be
met with on the sea-coasts. Its flight is strong and rapid, and
it is an expert diver, feeding -almost exclusively on fish, but
frogs and even grasshoppers have been found in its stomach.
Its nest is a scanty structure of sticks, which is placed on a
bush, and it deposits 3 to 4 eggs which are bluish white
covered with a layer of chalky substance and which measure
about 1-80 by 1-22.

783. PYGMY CORMORANT.
PHALACROCORAX PYGM^US.

Phalacrocorax pygmceus (Pall.), Eeise, ii. p. 712, Anhang (1773) ;
(Naum.), xi. p. 112, Taf. 281 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 409 ; Dresser,
vi. p. 173, pi. 391 ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 405.

Cormoran pygmtfe, French ; Marangone minore, Ital. ; Zwerg-
schar'be, German.

£ ad. (Danube). Crown, nape, hind neck, and sides of same glossy reddish
brown, the forehead darker and tinged with greenish black ; middle of back,
scapulars, wing-coverts, and inner secondaries blackish grey, margined with
glossy black ; wings and tail black ; rest of plumage greenish black
with white spots composed of bare shafted feathers with a terminal white
tuft ; bill, naked skin round the eyes and on the throat, and legs black ;
iris sea-green. Culmen 1'35, wing 8'0, tail 6'5, tarsus 1'3 inch. Female
rather smaller and duller in colour. After the breeding season the throat
is white, the brown on the neck extends to the breast, and the white spots
are absent. The young bird has the chin white, the throat and breast
brown, the rest of the under parts dull white intermixed with brown, the
lower flanks and under tail-coverts black, the bill yellowish ; legs black
and iris brown.

Hob. Southern and south-eastern Europe, rare as far north
as Poland ; north Africa ; western and central Asia as far east
as Afghanistan.

In habits it resembles its congeners ; it frequents inland
lakes, rivers, and marshes in preference to the sea-coasts, is an
expert diver and feeds on fish which it captures under water.
It is gregarious and breeds in colonies, placing its scanty nest of
sticks on bushes in swamps, and late in May it lays 3 to 5,
seldom 6, eggs, which resemble those of P. graculus but are

PHALACROCORAX—SULA 561

smoother in surface of shell and smaller, measuring about 1*75
by 1-20.

In India and Burma, south to Java and Borneo this species is
replaced by P. javanicus (Horsf.), which differs in having the
chin and neck black and not brown.

SULA, Brisson, 1760.

784. GANNET.
SULA BASSANA.

Sula bassana (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 217 (1766) ; (Naum.), xi. p. 14,
Taf. 278 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 474, pi. cxxx. fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 412 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 54 ; Dresser, vi. p. 181, pi. 392 ;
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 425 ; Rid g way, p. 76 ; Saunders,
p. 365 ; Lilford, vii. p. 9, pi. 3.

Fvu, de Hassan, French ; Ganso-patola, Portug. ; Alcatrdz,
Span. ; Easstolpel, German ; Ian van Gent, Dutch ; Kuksuk,
Greenl. ; Hav-sule, Icel., Dan., and Norweg. ; Hafsula, Swed.

<£ ad. (Bass Rock). Entire plumage pure white, the head and neck
tinged with warm isabelline ; quills and tail black, the latter cuneate ;
bill pale livid blue ; space round the eye blackish ; iris yellow ; legs
greenish ; webs brown. Culmen 4'8, wing 18'8, tail 8'3, tarsus 27 inch.
The immature bird has the upper parts dark sooty brown closely spotted
with white, the under parts whitish .closely marked with sooty brown ;
wings and tail blackish brown ; bill dark horn-brown. The nestling is at
first naked and blackish, then covered with dark down.

Hob. Atlantic coasts of Greenland, Iceland, Great Britain, and
Scandinavia, in winter south to North-west Africa; on the
American coasts from the high north to the Gulf of Mexico.

Is wholly marine, not to say oceanic, in habits, only visiting
certain islands for the purpose of breeding. In British waters
there are Lundy in the British Channel, Grasholm on the south-
west coast of Wales, the Bell Rock and Skelligs on south-west
coast of Ireland, Ailsa in the Firth of Clyde, St. Kilda, North
Barra on Sulisgeir, and the Stack on the north coast of Scotland,
and the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. There is no station
on the coasts of Norway, Orkney, or Shetland, and in the Faeroes
only on Myggenoes, on the Iceland coast the Westman Islands,
Eldey and Grimsey. Formerly abundant in Newfoundland
waters it has now but three stations there, of which the Great
Bird Rock is chief. Notwithstanding its great power of flight,
it is occasionally driven inland by storms. It feeds wholly on
fish, which it takes by plunging with closed wings from a height,
and never by diving from the surface as do the Cormorants. At

562 SULA—PELECANUS

its breeding stations the nests are usually placed so thickly as
to cover all the available space. They are built of sea- weed, and
but a single egg is laid, which is elliptical in shape, the sur-
face dull and rough, and white in colour, usually marked with
yellowish brown dirt, and measures about 3'12 by 2*2. The cry
of the old bird is a hoarse ktirra, hurra, or grog, grog, rapidly
repeated, and that of the young bird a shrill squeak.

Sula piscator (Linn.) has, according to Dr. Finsch, been once
obtained in Decastries Bay in Eastern Siberia.

PELECANUS, Linn., 1766.

785. ROSEATE PELICAN.
PELECANUS ONOCROTALUS.

Pelecanus onocrotalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 215 (1766) ; Naum. xi. p. 150,
Taf. 282 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 405 ; Dresser, vi. p. 193, pi. 393 ;
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 462 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 334.

• Pelican blanc, French ; Pelicano, Portug. and Span. ; Pellicano
Ital. ; Pelikan, Kropfgans, German ; Abu-d/jeme^ Arab. ; Rosovaya
Baba, Russ. ; Murgi-scefit, Pers. ; Berkasan, Tartar.

$ ad. (S.E. Europe). General colour white tinged with rose ; occipital
feathers elongated and pointed, forming a crest, and an elongated
tuft on the lower neck, tinged with isabelline ; primaries black ; bill blue-
grey with a pink line marked with red down the side ; space round the
eye, forehead, and sides of the frontal lump yellowish ; feet and legs pink ;
iris rich red. Culmen 16 '0, wing 28'6, tail 8'2, tarsus 5'4 inch. The
male is similar but has little or no crest. The young bird has the upper
parts dull creamy buff varied with greyish brown ; rump dirty white ; tail
dull greyish ; wings brown with greyish margins ; under parts dirty
white.

Hob. Southern and south-eastern Europe, rarely straying
into central Europe ; of doubtful occurrence in Denmark, and
a rare straggler to Sweden and Finland; north Africa; Asia
Minor and Asia east to northern India.

Frequents inland waters and large marshes where it breeds.
It swims with ease, and its flight is easy. It feeds on fish which
it captures by dipping its head and taking the fish in its pouch,
and they often combine and drive the fish in a small bay. Its
note is a deep loud cry. This bird breeds in societies in large
marshes, constructing a nest of reeds, and in April or May,
2 or 3, rarely 4, eggs are laid, which are white, the surface
chalky and rough and generally marked with blood. In size
they measure about 3'5 by 2'32.

PELECANUS 563

786. SUBSP. PELECANUS ROSEUS.

Pelecanusroseus, Gmel. Syst, Nat. i. p. 570 (1788) ; Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvi. p. 466 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 333 ; P.
javanicus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 197 (1822) ; P. minor,
Riipp. Mus. Senck. ii. p. 185 (1837).

Malaya Bdba, Russ.

Ad. (India). Differs from P. onocrotalus in being smaller, rh having
a shorter bill, the forehead in being devoid of any swelling, and in having
the tail composed of 22 feathers instead of 24 as in P. onocrotalus. Culmen
12-0, wing 24-0, tail 7'0, tarsus 4 '5 inch.

Hob. Eastern Asia, and the Malay Archipelago, India ;
westward to south-eastern Europe and Africa.

This is a very doubtful subspecies, and in India, where both
P. roseus and P. onocrotalus occur, intermediate examples are,
according to Mr. Blanford, frequently to be met with.

787. DALMATIAN PELICAN.
PELECANUS CRISPUS.

Pelecanus crispus, Bruch. Isis, 1832, p. 1109 ; Naum. xi. p. 180, Taf.
283 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 405 ; Dresser, vi. p. 199, pi. 394 ;
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 468 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 335.

Pelican crtfpu, French; Krauskopfiger Pelikan, German;
Kttdravaya Bala, Russ. ; Lamb6rt Pers. ; Kut&n, Tartar.

Ad. (Cyprus). General colour silvery white with a greyish tinge ;
nuchal feathers elongated, soft, and curly ; most of the feathers on the
upper parts with black shafts ; quills blackish brown, the inner secondaries
margined with whitish ; tail greyish white ; feathers on lower throat
and breast elongated ; a patch on the lower throat yellowish ; bill blue-
grey marked laterally with red, pouch yellow ; bare space round the eye
flesh-coloured ; iris greyish ; legs lead-grey. Culmen 16'5, wing 28'0,
tail 9'1, tarsus 4'5 inch. The female is similar but rather smaller.
Young birds resemble those of P. onocrotalus in being brownish grey, but
differ in having the feathers at the base of the bill coming to an even
line across the forehead and not to a point ; head crestless ; pouch greyish.

Hob. Southern but chiefly south-eastern Europe; north
Africa, rare in the west ; Asia east to south-east, Mongolia, and
China, visiting north-west India in winter.1

In habits and nidification it does not differ from P. onocrotalus,
and its eggs are similar to those of that species.

1 Formerly inhabiting, and (as shown by remains of the young) breeding
in England. Bones have been found in the peat of the Fens of the Bedford
Level, and in considerable numbers at Glastonbury in Somerset.

P P

564 ARDEA

ARDEA, Linn., 1766.

788. GREY HERON.

ARDEA CINEREA.

Ardea cinerea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 236 (1766) ; Naum. ix. p. 24, Taf.
220 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 269, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 273 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit, iv. pi. 20 ; Dresser, vi. p. 207, pi. 395 ; Sharpe.
Cat B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 74 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 980 ; Blanford,
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 382 ; Saimders, p. 367 ; Lilford, vii.
p. 12, pi. 4.

Heron huppt, French ; Garga real, Portug. ; Garza, Span. ;
Air one cenerino, Ital. ; Grauer-Reiher, German ; Blaauwe-Reiger,
Dutch ; Fiske-Hejre, Dan. ; Hegre, Norweg. ; Grd Hager, Swed. ;
Rarmaa-liaikara, Finn. ; Tschepura, Seraja-Zapla, Russ. ; Kuuk-
Kaja, Tartar ; Bou-auk, Arab. ; Aishoush, Moor. ; Nari, Anjan,
Hindu. ; Awo-sagi, Jap.

(J ad. (England). Crown white ; sides of and hind-neck glossy black ;
nuchal feathers much elongated ; upper throat white ; neck ash-grey with
a faint vinous tinge and marked with two or three lines of blue-black
feathers ; on the lower neck a bunch of elongated, pointed white feathers
tinged with ash at the base ; upper parts and tail ashy blue, the scapulars
much elongated ; middle of breast and under tail-coverts white ;
sides of breast and a broad stripe on the sides of the abdomen black ;
flanks ashy grey ; primaries black ; bill, bare space round the eye, and
iris yellow ; legs dark greenish grey ; bare part of tibia and soles
yellowish. Culmen 4'8, wing 17*7, tail 7*5, tarsus 5 '5 inch. Female
smaller with the elongated feathers shorter. The young bird has the
elongated feathers much shorter or wanting, the bunch of long feathers on
the breast absent, and the under parts grey. The young in down is
covered with long, soft down, grey above and white below ; bill reddish
white ; iris white ; legs reddish grey.

Hob. Europe generally, north to central Scandinavia, British
Islands ; Africa and Madagascar ; Asia, east to Japan, south to
the Malay islands and Australia ; has strayed as far north as
Iceland and Greenland.

Frequents streams, lakes, and ponds, where it can obtain its
prey, which consists of fish, but it also captures water-rats, mice,
and aquatic insects. In its general habits it is shy and wary.
Its note is a deep harsh cry resembling the word Jcronk. It
breeds rather early in the season, nesting in societies or heronries,
occasionally on the ground, but more frequently on trees or
cliffs, constructing a somewhat bulky nest of sticks, lined with

ARDEA 565

twigs, grass, wool, hair, etc. The eggs are laid early in March,
are pale blue with a few small white chalky marks here and
there, and measure about 2 '50 by T68.

789. PURPLE HERON.
ARDEA PURPUREA.

Ardeapurpurea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 236 (1766) ; Naum. ix. p. 63, Taf.
221; Hewitson, ii. p. 271,. pi. Ixxiv. fig. 2; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 274 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 21 ; Dresser, vi. p. 217, pi. 396 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 60 ; Saunders, p. 369 ; Lilford,
vii. p. 13, pi. 5.

Hdronpourprd, French ; Gar$a, Portug. ; Garza moruna, Span. ;
Airone rosso, Ital. ; Purpur-Reiker, German ; Eoode-Reiger,
Dutch ; Purpurhejre, Dan. and Norw. ; Purpwrkagert Swed. ;
Tschepura, Russ. ; Kermesiwach, Tartar : Siad el mraj, Moor.

<J ad. (Spain). Differs from A. cinerea in having the crown black, the
neck rusty reddish instead of ashy grey, the elongated scapular plumes
intermixed with rusty red ; quills and tail deep ashy plumbeous ; elongated
plumes on the lower neck striped with black ; breast rich maroon red
marked with black in the middle ; flanks ashy grey ; under tail-coverts
black and white ; soft parts as in A. cinerea. The female is duller and
smaller. In winter the long plumes are absent. The young bird lacks the
long plumes, has the crown rusty reddish, the upper parts greyish brown
with broad yellowish rusty margins, and the under parts dull ochreous
white, the Hanks brownish ashy.

Hob. Europe, rarer in the north ; of occasional occurrence in
Southern Scandinavia and Great Britain ; Madeira, the Canaries,
and Cape de Verde Islands ; Africa and Madagascar ; Asia east
to the Persian Gulf, being replaced further east by A. manil-
lensis, Meyen, a closely allied form differing in lacking the black
streaks on the fore-neck.

In habits it resembles the Bittern more than A. cinerea, in
not frequenting open waters, but skulking among the dense
aquatic herbage. It feeds chiefly on fish, but also on frogs,
mice, and aquatic insects. Its call is not so loud or harsh as
that of A. cinerea. Like that species it nests in societies, not
on trees, but its nest, which is a mere platform of dry rushes or
sticks, is placed among the aquatic herbage or on a bush.
Its eggs, 3 or 4 in number, are deposited in April or early in
May, and resemble those of A. cinerea but are smaller, measuring
about 2-18 by 1'61.

P P 2

566 ARDEA

790. BLACK-NECKED HERON.
ARDEA MELANOCEPHALA.

Ardea melanocephala, Vig. and Childr. in Denh. and Clapp. Voy. ii. App.
p. 201 (1826) ; Dresser, vi. p. 225, pi. 397 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvi. p. 70 ; A. atricollis, Wagl. Syst. Av. Ardea, sp. 4
(1827).

Al)u el Anga, Arabic.

$ ad. (Africa). Differs from A. cinerea in having the head, pendant
nuchal plumes and back of neck greyish black, the upper parts blackish
plumbeous with a faint greenish lustre, the lower back, rump, and upper
tail- co verts slaty blue, the elongated scapular plumes hoary towards the
tips ; quills and tail blackish lead grey ; chin and throat white, neck
blackish grey slightly marked with white ; under parts clear grey ; upper
mandible black, the under mandible and bare skin round the eye greenish
yellow ; legs and feet black ; iris light yellow. Culmen 3'0, wing 15*8,
tail 6 '2, tarsus 4*4 inch. Female smaller with the elongated plumes shorter.
The young bird is duller and brownish grey ; head black ; hind-neck slaty
grey ; under parts yellowish white, the lower neck and breast greyish
washed with fawn ; throat striped with yellowish.

Hob. Africa south to the Cape 'Colony ; Madagascar ; a rare
visitant to Algeria, Spain, and the south of France.

In habits it is said to resemble A. cinerea, and like that
species it feeds on fish, but also on frogs, lizards, and locusts.
It nests both on trees and on reed-beds in company with other
Herons and those of the same species, and in June or July
deposits 3 to 4 eggs, which resemble those of A. cinerea in
colour, and measure about 2'32 by 1*72.

791. GREAT WHITE EGRET.
ARDEA ALBA.

Ardea alba, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 239 (1766) ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 276 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. xxii. ; Dresser, vi. p. 231,
pi. 398 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 90 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 385 ; Saunders, p. 371 ; Lilford, vii. p. 15, pi. 6 ;
A. egretta, Bechst. Gemeiim. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 41 (1793 nee.
Gmel.) ; Naum. ix. p. 85, Taf. 222.

ffe'ron aigrette, French ; Airone bianco maggiore. Ital. ; Silber-
Eeiher, German ; G-roote Ziherreiger, Dutch ; Hvit-Hager, Swed. ;

ARDEA 567

Belaya Tschepura, Russ. ; Akwach, Tartar ; Gheti, Wag el abiad,
Arab. ; Mallang-bagla, Hindu.

^ ad. (Volga). Entire plumage pure white ; feathers on the hind-
crown and lower neck elongated and pointed ; a large bunch of fitiform
hair-like plumes extends from the lower back beyond the tail ; bill black ;
bare space round the eye greenish yellow ; legs dark brown, the bare tibia
paler ; iris yellow. Culmen 5'6, wing 16*3, tail 6'6, tarsus 7*2 inch. Female
similar but rather smaller. After the breeding season the elongate dorsal
plumes are cast, and in the winter the bill is yellow. The young bird
resembles the adult in winter but has the plumage laxer, the legs paler
and tinged with yellow, and the bill much paler yellow.

Hob. Southern and south-eastern Europe, rarely straying as
far north as Great Britain and Sweden ; Africa as far south as
Natal ; Asia east to Burma, the Indian peninsula, and Ceylon.

In general habits this species resembles A. cinerea, and like
that bird frequents rivers, streams, lakes, and large morasses,
feeding on fish, frogs, aquatic insects, &c. It is companionable
not only to others of its own species, but to allied species. Its
call-note is a harsh deep rah, and that of the nestling kekkekkek
like that of A. cinerea. It nests in societies, usually placing its
nest on a tree, but sometimes amongst the dense reed- thickets.
The nest is constructed of dry twigs, reeds, and flags, lined
with finer leaves of aquatic plants, and the eggs, usually 4, but
occasionally 5, in number, are deposited late in March or early
in April, and are blue like those of A. cinerea, but smaller,
measuring about 2*44 by T65.

792. SMALLER WHITE EGRET.
ARDEA INTERMEDIA.

Ardea intermedia, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 659 ; Dresser, vi. p. 238 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 85 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iv. p. 386 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 217.

Patangkha, Patokha-bagla, Hindu. ; CMu-sagi, Jap.

ad. (Japan). Differs from H. alba in being smaller, in having the
dorsal summer plumes much longer ; bill bright orange, in summer tipped
with horn ; facial skin green ; legs and toes black ; iris yellow. Culmen
2'9, wing 12-1, tail 5-2, tarsus 4'5 inch.

Hal. The Indian peninsula and Ceylon ; Northern Burma ;
China, Japan, south to the Malay Peninsula and Islands, Java
and the Philippines.

568 ARDEA

Is very closely allied to H. alba, from which it does not differ
in general habits. In India it breeds in July and August, in
colonies, placing its nest on trees, not unfrequently in towns.
The eggs, 4 in number, resemble those of H. alba and measure
about 1-9 by T44.

793. JAPANESE EGRET.
ARDEA TIMORIENSIS.

" Ardea timoriensis, Cuv." Lesson, Traite, p. 575 (1831) ; (Sharpe), Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 98 ; H. syrmatophorus, Gould, B. of Austral,
vi. pi. 56 (1848) ; (Buller), B. N. Zeal. p. 226 ; H. modesta,
Blakiston and Pryer, B. of Jap. in Trans. As. Soc. Jap. xi. part 1,
p. 118 (nee. Gray) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 979 ; H. alba, David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 439 (nee. Linn.) ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp.
p. 216 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 977.

Pae-kao, Pa6-lou-sse, Chin. ; 0-sagi, Jap. ; Kotuku, New
Zeal.

ad. (Japan). Differs from H. alba in having the dorsal plumes
shorter, the bill orange-yellow both in summer and winter ; naked
space round the eye greenish yellow ; legs above the knee pale dull
yellow, this colour continued down the middle inner part of the tarsus ;
tarsi and feet otherwise black ; iris yellow. Culmen 5*0, wing 16*4,
tail 6 '5, tarsus 6'2 inch.

Hab. Japan and China, south through the Malay archipelago
to Australia and New Zealand.

In habits it does not differ from H. alba, and like that bird
nests in colonies, placing its nest on trees, usually at a consider-
able height, and deposits 3 to 4 eggs, which are similar to those
of H. alba in colour and measure about 2'2 by 1'6.

794. LITTLE EGRET.
ARDEA GARZETTA.

Ardea garzetta, Linn. i. p. 237, 1766 ; (Naum.), ix. p. 101, Taf. 223 ;
Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 277 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 23 ;
Dresser, vi. p. 239, pi. 399 ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 440 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. MUP. xxvi. p. 118 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iii. p. 387 ; Saunder?, p. 373 ; Lilford, vii. p. 19, pi. 7 ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 218.

Htron garzette, French ; Garza blanca, Span. ; Garzetta, Ital. ;
Kleiner Silberreiher, German ; Kleine Zilverreiger, Dutch ;
Tschepuranushda, Russ. ; jBeiadi, Arab. ; Bou-fala, Bou-bliga,

ARDEA 569

Moor. ; Kilchia, Karchia-bayla, Hindu. ; Siao-pad-hao, Chin. ;
Shira-sagiy Jap.

(£ ad. (Spain). Entire plumage pure white ; two long, narrow feathers
form a plume from the nape ; a large bunch of elongated recurved hair-like
plumes extend from the lower back beyond the tail, and a bunch of
elongated feathers slightly tinged with isabelline on the lower throat ; bill
black, but yellowish grey at the base of the lower mandible, bare space
about the eye lead-blue ; iris pale yellow ; legs and feet black, soles
yellow. Culmen 3'5, wing ll'O, tail 4'5, tarsus 4'4 inch. Female similar
but somewhat smaller. In the Arinter the occipital and dorsal plumes are
absent.

Hob. Southern Europe, straying rarely to northern con-
tinental Europe and Great Britain ; Azores, Canaries, and Cape
Verde Islands ; Africa south to the Cape ; Asia east to Japan,
north to northern China, south to Ceylon, the Malay peninsula
and the Philippines. H. nigripes from Java to Australia is
scarcely separable from the present species, differing only in
having no yellow on the feet.

In habits it does not differ from its allies and like them is
very gregarious, frequenting large marshes, and feeding on fish,
frogs, aquatic insects, worms, &c. It breeds in colonies, con-
structing its nest of dry twigs and reed-stems lined with finer
leaves of aquatic plants, grass, and roots, and placing it on low
trees, rush-beds, or on the ground, and late in May or early in
June, usually 4 but occasionally 5 or 6 eggs are deposited,
which are uniform pale greenish blue and measure about 1'76
by 1-26.

On the American continent the present species is replaced by
A. candidissima, Gm. Demiegretta sacra, which inhabits the
islands in the Bay of Bengal south to Australia and New
Zealand and most of the Islands in the Pacific, is said to have
strayed north to the islands in the Bay of Corea, but I cannot
include it as a Palasarctic species.

795. BUFF-BACKED HERON. .
ARDEA IBIS.

Ardea ibis, Linn., Hasselq. Iter. p. 248 (1757) ; id. in Hasselq. Voy.
etc. p. 198 (1766); A. lucidal (Rafin.) ; Caratteri, p. 5 (1810);
. (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 213 ; A. bubulcus, Audouin, Expl.
Somm. PL Ois. de ?%yptc, i. p. 298 (1825) ; Dresser, vi. p. 245,
pi. 400, fig. 1 ; Saunders, p. 375 ; Lilford, vii. p. 23, pi. 8 ;
A. russata (Wagler), Syst. Av. Ardea, p. 178, sp. 12 (1827, pt.) ;
Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 278 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 24.

570 ARDEA

Htron garde-losuf, French ; Garciote, Portug. ; Garrapatosa,
Purga-lueyes, Span. ; Airone guarda-buoi, Ital. ; Zapla, Russ. ;
Abu-Gerdan, Arab. ; Tair el bukkar, Moor.

$ ad. (Spain). Feathers on the head and nape elongated, hair-like, rich
vinous buff ; forepart of the back pale buffy yellow ; a large bunch of
hair-like rich vinous buff feathers extends from the back beyond the tail,
and a similar shorter bunch covers the lower throat ; rest of the plumage
pure white ; beak, legs, and iris yellow ; bare space in front of the eye
greenish yellow. Culmen 2'2, wing 9*7, tail 3'9, tarsus 3'2 inch. The
female is rather smaller and has the ornamental plumes less developed.
In winter these plumes are absent and the plumage is entirely white. The
young bird resembles the adult in winter, but has the crown dull rufescent
jchreous, and the back tinged with pale buff.

Hob. Southern Europe ; has strayed at least once to Great
Britain ; Madeira and the Canaries ; the whole of Africa and
Madagascar; Asia east to Central Asia, east of which it is
replaced by A. coromandas.

In habits it differs considerably from the true Egrets, as it
affects the company of domestic cattle and evinces no fear of
man. Nor does it feed on fish, but on various kinds of insects,
especially grasshoppers and the insect parasites of cattle. Its
call-note is said to resemble the bleat of a sheep, but is hollower
and deeper in tone. It breeds in colonies in trees, building a
somewhat large, flat nest of dry sticks and twigs, and in May
deposits 2 to 4 eggs, which are uniform pale greenish blue in
colour and measure about 1*80 by 1'30.

796. CATTLE-EGKET.
ARDEA COROMANDA.

Ardea coromanda (Bodd.), Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783); (Sharpe), Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 217 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 219; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 985 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 389.

Surkhw-bagla, Hindu. ; Ama-sagi, Jap.

ad. (India). Differs from A. ibis in breeding-dress, in having the head,
neck, throat, and pectoral plumes bright orange, the dorsal plumes vinous
sienna tinged with golden yellow, and shorter than in A. ibis, scarcely
extending beyond the tail. Culmen 2*2, wing 10*0, tail 3*75, tarsus 3'5 inch.

Hob. India, Ceylon, and Burma ; Cochin China and China ;
the Ussuri country ; Japan ; Corea ; south to the Philippines
and Moluccas ; is said to have occurred in Italy.

ARDEA 571

Differs but little from A. ibis, of which it is merely the eastern
form ; and in habits and nidification it does not differ from that
species. In India it breeds from June to August, nesting ^in
colonies in trees, and depositing 3 to 5 eggs, resembling those of
A. ibis and measuring about 171 by 1*32.

797. SQUACCO HERON.
ARDEA RALLOIDES.

Ardea ralloides, Scop., Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 88 (1769) ; Dresser, vi.
p. 251, pi. 400, fig. 2 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 202 ;
Saunders, p. 377 ; Lilford, vii. p. 25, pi. 9 ; A. comata, Pall.
Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. Anhang, p. 715 (1773) ; Naum., ix. p. 120,
Taf. 224; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 275; id., B. of Gt. Brit. iv.
pi. 25.

Hdron Crdbier, French ; Papa-ratos, Portug. ; Garza cangrejera,
Span. ; Sgarza-tiufeto, Ital. ; Rallenreiher, Schopfreiher, German ;
Rareiger, Dutch ; Kosmataya-zapla, Russ. ; Sabisa, Arab. ;
Aishiis, Moor.

£ ad. (Spain). Crown, nape, sides of the head and elongated nuchal
plumes creamy white margined with black : dorsal plumes elongated,
filamentous, coppery ochreous on the basal, and creamy buff on the terminal
portion ; wings, tail, chin, and upper throat white ; lower throat and breast
creamy yellow, the feathers elongated and filamentous ; rest of under parts
white ; bare space round the eye greenish ; bill pale lead at the base,
blackish towards the point ; iris rich yellow ; legs greenish yellow.
Culmen 2'62, wing 8 -6, tail 3'5, tarsus 2'5 inch. The female has the
nuchal plumes shorter, and is somewhat smaller. In the winter the
nuchal and dorsal plumes are much less developed. The young bird has
the nuchal feathers shorter and yellower, the dorsal feathers darker and
coppery brown, the wings marked with yellowish buff, the lower throat
striped with blackish, the bill greenish yellow, brown along the ridge ; iris
whitish yellow ; legs yellowish green.

Hob. Southern Europe, east to the Caspian, straying rarely to
central and northern continental Europe and Great Britain ;
Africa south to the Transvaal.

In its habits it somewhat reminds one of the Bitterns. It
affects damp swampy localities, but is said to be met with
in localities frequented by herds of domestic swine. Its
note is a harsh charr but not loud, and as a rule it is a
somewhat silent bird. It feeds on fish, frogs, aquatic insects,
worms, and small shell-fish. It breeds in marshy places, nest-
ing on the ground amongst the aquatic herbage or on bushes,

572 ARDEA

and in May or June deposits 4 or 5 eggs, in colour greenish
blue like those of A.purpwreat but measuring only about 1*55
by 1-19.

798. POND-HERON.
ARDEA GRAYI.

Ardea grayi, Sykes, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 158 ; Barnes, Stray Feathers, ix.
p. 460 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 207 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 393 ; A. leucoptera, Gray, List. Grail. Brit. Mus.

p. 82 (1844).

JBagla, Andha-bagla, Hindu. ; Kana-koka, Cingal.

ad. (India). Head and neck light yellowish brown, the crown
browner, the occipital crest white, the dorsal plumes deep maroon tipped
with blackish slate, the tips of the first primaries brownish, and the
pectoral plumes ashy brown streaked with white ; bill blue at the base,
yellowish in the middle and edges, black at the tip ; bare orbital skin
greenish yellow ; legs and feet dull green ; iris bright yellow. Culmen 2 '6,
wing 8 '5, tail 3*1, tarsus 2*2 inch.

Hal. India, Ceylon, and Burma, north to Afghanistan, west
to the Persian Gulf, south-east to the Malay Peninsula ; the
Andaman, Nicobar, and Laccadive Islands.

Frequents paddy fields, ditches, banks and similar damp
localities, and is a common and familiar bird in India. It feeds
on frogs, crabs, fish, insects, &c., and nests in colonies, construct-
ing a nest of sticks on a tree, and from May to September
deposits 4 to 6 greenish blue eggs, which measure about 1*48
by 1-17.

799. CHINESE POND-HERON.
ARDEA BACCHUS.

Ardea bacchus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 127 (1855) ; (Sharpe), Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 211 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 394 ;
A. prasinoscelis, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 64; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 443 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 225 ; A. leucoptera,
(pt.) Gray, Gen. of B. iii. p. 566 (1847) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 984.

<£ ad. (China). Crown, sides of head and neck, and long nuchal crest
bright chestnut, becoming maroon on the lower portions ; chin and upper
throat white ; back and elongated dorsal plumes rich deep slate ; feathers
on lower breast elongated ; rest of plumage, wings, and tail white ; bill

ARDE A— NYCTICORAX 573

bluish at base, yellow in the middle, black towards the tip ; bare orbital
skin greenish yellow ; legs pale yellowish green, soles and tibiae pale
yellow ; iris golden yellow. Culmen 2'7, wing 8'5, tail 3'0, tarsus 2'2 inch.
Female similar but rather smaller. In winter the head and neck are
brownish streaked with yellowish buff, the upper breast white streaked
with brown ; back and scapulars brownish ash, the latter with pale
yellowish shaft-stripes.

Hob. Mongolia, up to the Russian frontier ; Manchuria ;
China ; Burma ; the Malay Peninsula ; Borneo ; the Andaman
Islands ; has once been obtained in Japan.

In habits and nidification it is said not to differ from A. grayi.

NYCTICORAX, Rafin., 1851.

800. NIGHT-HERON.
NYCTICORAX GRISEUS.

Nycticorax griseus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 239 (1766) ; Dresser, vi.
p. 269, pi, 402 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 26 ; Blanf. F. Brit,
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 397 ; Saunders, p. 379 ; Lilford, vii. p. 32, pi. 11 ;•
N. nycticorax (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (1766) ; (Naum.), ix.
p. 139, Taf. 225 ; (Audubon), B. of Am. pi. 236 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xx vi. p. 146 ; Ridgvvay, p. 133 ; N. europceus, Steph. in Shaw's
Gen. Zool. xi. p. 609 (1819) ; Gould, B. of E. iv. p. 279.

Htron bihoreau, French ; Goraz, Portug. ; Garza gris, Garza
de noche, Span. ; Nitticom, Ital. ; Nachtreiher, German ; Kwak,
Dutch ; Kwakwa, Russ. ; Kwak, Tar-bagla, Hindu. ; Ond-dze,
Chinese ; Seguro-yoi, Jap.

£ ad. (Malta). Forehead, a streak over the eye, cheeks, chin, throat,
fore part of neck, breast, and abdomen white ; crown, nape, back, and
scapulars black glossed with bottle-green ; several very long, white nuchal
feathers ; sides of and hind neck, wings, rump, tail, and flanks ashy dove-
grey ; bill blackish ; lores and orbital space yellowish green ; legs dull
ochreous ; iris deep red. Culmen 3'0, wing 11*4, tail 4'7, tarsus 3'05 inch.
Female similar. In winter the long nuchal white feathers are wanting.
The young bird is brown above, the crown and nape striped, the back and
wing-coverts with triangular spots of buffy white ; under parts white
streaked with brown ; quills and tail ashy brown tipped with white.

Hob. Central and southern Europe ; straying to the British
Islands, Denmark, and south Sweden, but has occurredas farnorth
as the Faeroes ; Africa generally ; Asia as far east generally
as Japan, north to Manchuria, south to the Moluccas ; America
except in the high north ; the Sandwich Islands.

574 NYCTICORAX—GORSACHIUS

Is chiefly nocturnal in its habits, during the day remaining
hidden in some densely foliaged tree, and at the approach of
dusk starting off in search of its food, which consists of fish,
aquatic insects, worms, and crabs. Its flight is soft and noiseless
like that of an owl, and its note is a harsh croak, kwak, which is
seldom uttered except at night. It is as a rule a breeder on
trees, constructing a flat nest of twigs and small branches lined
with leaves of aquatic plants, rootlets, &c. Its eggs, 4 to 5 in
number, are usually deposited in April or May, and are uniform
pale greenish blue, glossless, and measure about 2*5 by 1'41.

GORSACHIUS, Bp.} 1855.

801. JAPANESE NIGHT-HERON.
GORSACHIUS GOISAGI.

Gorsachius goisagi (Temm.), PI. Col. pi. 582 (1836) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvi. p. 169 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 223.

Miso-goi, Jap.

(£ ad. (Japan). Upper parts deep foxy chestnut with a vinous coppery
tinge on the middle of the crown, nape, hind neck, and of the back ; most
of the upper parts veriniculated with blackish ; quills black tipped with
chestnut ; outer wing-coverts black tipped with white ; tail blackish
chestnut ; chin and upper throat whitish with central black stripes ; rest
of under parts rufescent ochreous, vermiculated with blackish, and
sparingly striped with black and white ; axillaries black and rufous ; bill
green ; culmen blackish ; legs and feet green ; iris yellow. Culmen 1'5,
wing 10*1, tail 3*7, tarsus 2'5 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird has the
back browner and more uniform, the wings boldly freckled with rufous
buff.

Hob. Japan ; Formosa and the Philippines in winter.

In habits it is chiefly nocturnal like the true Night-Herons,
and remains hidden in the trees by day, feeding at night on fish,
worms, crabs, &c. It frequents the forests, but nothing definite
appears to be as yet known respecting its nesting habits.
Gr. melanolophus, which inhabits the Malabar coast, Burma, the
Philippines, &c., is a closely allied form, differing in having the
tips of the quills edged with white and the axillaries black and
white; the crown and long nuchal feathers are also slaty
black.

ARDETTA 575

ARDETTA, Gray, 1842.
802. LITTLE GREEN HERON.
ARDETTA JAVANICA.

Ardetta javanica (Horsf.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 190 (1821) ; (Sharpe),
Cat B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 177 ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 142 ;
(Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 395 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 986 ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 224 ; B. var. amurensis, Schrenck, Keis.
Amurl. i. p. 441 (1860) ; Sharpe, op. cit. xxvi. p. 181 ; B. spodiogaster ;
Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. iii. p. xvii. (1894) ; id. op. cit. xxvi. p. 182,
pi. ii.

Kancha-lagla, Hindu.

£ ad. (India). Crown, nape, and elongated occipital plumes black
glossed with green or purplish ; a short black stripe from the base of the
bill below the eye ; rest of neck and elongated dorsal plumes ashy bluish
grey ; quills and tail slate-blue, the former with narrow white margins ;
wing-coverts glossy greenish margined with buffy white j chin, throat, and
a streak bordering the lower mandible, white ; under parts ashy grey,
whiter in the middle of abdomen ; bill above black, below greenish yellow ;
facial skin green ; iris yellow ; legs green, front of tarsus and toes dusky,
soles orange. Culmen 2 '8, wing 7 '4, tail 2 '8, tarsus 1'85 inch. Sexes
alike. The young has the crown blackish brown with a few whitish
stripes, the upper parts brown with buff spots, and the under parts white
streaked with brown. In a series from various localities there is a con-
siderable variation in measurements.

Hob. The greater part of the Indo-Malayan area, north to the
Amoor ; Manchuria ; North China and Japan.

In habits it is chiefly nocturnal, though less so than some of
its allies, and may sometimes be seen in the daytime in search
of food in shady places, but as a rule it remains concealed during
the day and seeks its food by night, feeding on fish, frogs, crabs,
&c. In India it breeds from May to August, placing a small
nest, constructed of sticks, on a tree, and deposits 3 to 5 pale
sea-green eggs, which measure about 1'62 by 1*21.

803. LITTLE BITTERN.
ARDETTA MINUTA.

Ardetta minuta (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 240 (1766) ; (Naum.), ix. p. 194,
Taf. 227 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 315, pi. Ixxxiii.fig. 1 ; (Gould), B. ofE.
iv. pi. 282 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 29 ; Dresser, vi. p. 259,
pi. 401 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 222 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 400 ; Saunders, p. 381 ; Lilford, vii. p. 33, pi. 12.

576 ARDETTA

Hdron blongios, French ; Garcenha, Portug. ; Garza pequena,
Span. ; Nonnotto, Guacco, Ital. ; Zweryrohrdommel, German ;
Woudaapje, Dutch ; Dvcergheira, Dan. ; Dverg-rordrum, Swed. ;
Zapla-woltschok, Russ.

<$ ad. (Malta). Upper parts, including the head and .tail, black glossed
with greenish ; sides of head and neck dull vinous grey ; quills purplish
black ; wing-coverts ochreous, the larger tinged with dove-blue, under
parts ochreous ; the lower neck-feathers elongated ; bill and legs greenish
yellow ; iris and bare part round the eye yellow. Culmen 21, wing 5 83.
tail 2*4, tarsus 1'72 inch. The female is rather smaller, has the head
brownish black, the sides of head and neck rufous ; back and scapulars
dark chestnut-brown margined with ochreous ; quills dark brown ; a patch
of chestnut-red on the shoulder ; chin white, with a central ochreous
stripe ; under parts streaked with white. Young birds resemble the
female but have the upper parts more varied with buff, and the under
parts streaked with deep brown.

Hob. Temperate Europe, straying to Scandinavia and the
British Islands, and has however been recorded from the
Fseroes and Iceland ; Madeira and the Azores ; northern and
central Africa in winter ; Asia Minor and temperate Asia as
far east as Northern India*.

In habits it is shy and secretive and much resembles the
Bittern. It frequents dense reed-beds and slips with ease
through the densest thickets. Its flight is easy and swift, and
the call-note of the male is a somewhat soft bum, bum, that of
the female being gett, gdt, gett. It feeds, chiefly by night, on
small fish, frogs, and aquatic insects. Its nest is a clumsy
structure of aquatic plants and twigs, lined with fine grass or
flags, and is placed in the rushes well above the water, or some-
times on a bush. The eggs, 4 to 7 or even 9 in number, are
usually deposited in May or June, and are dull white, with a
bluish tinge when fresh, and measure about T37 by 1*05.

804. CHINESE LITTLE BITTERN.
ARDETTA SINENSIS.

Ardetta sinensis (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 642 (1788) ; David and Oust.
- Ois. Chine, p. 448 ; Sharpe, Gat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 227 ; Blanf. F.
Brit. Ind. Birds, -iv. p. 401 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 27 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 988.

Jun-bagla, Hindu.; Kat-bogla, Beng. ; Yoshigoi,j8ip.

ARDETTA 577

£ ad. (Burma). Differs from A. minuta in having the crown and nape
intermixed with grey ; the hind-neck rufous ; the hack, scapulars, and
inner secondaries yellowish brown, with a rufous tinge ; quills and tail
slaty hlack ; bill dark brown above, pinkish brown below ; facial skin
green ; iris yellow ; tarsus dull flesh ; toes and tibio-tarsal joint pale
yellow. Culinen 2'75, wing 5'2, tail 1'9, tarsus 1'8 inch. The female
differs from A. minuta in having the upper parts pale brownish rufous,
the under parts with pale reddish stripes.

Hal. Japan ; China ; Burma ; India and Ceylon ; Malayana ;
New Guinea ; North Australia ; the Caroline, Marianne, Pelew,
and Seychelle Islands.

In habits it does not differ from A. minuta. In India it
breeds from May to August, and in Japan in June and July,
depositing 4 to 6 eggs resembling those of A. minuta, and
measuring about 1*3 by 0'95.

805. CHESTNUT BITTERN.
ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA.

Ardetta cinnamonifa (Gmel.), Syst. Xat. i. p. 643 (1788) ; Gjray and
Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 66, fig. 1 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iv. p. 402 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 447 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 236 ; (Schrenck), Reis. Amurl. Taf. xiv.

Lal-bayla, Hindu. ; Matti-korowaka, Cingal.

£ ad. (India). Upper parts generally pale chestnut-red, the wing-
coverts paler ; under parts tawny ochreous ; a white stripe on each side of
the throat ; pectoral plumes elongated, the feathers underneath blackish
brown with buff edges ; bill dark brown above, yellow below ; facial skin
reddish purple ; legs and feet yellowish green ; soles and iris yellow.
Culmen 2'1, wing 6'5, tail 1-8, tarsus 1-9 inch. The female has the crown and
hind-neck chestnut-brown with a blackish tinge ; upper parts chestnut-
brown, spotted with buff ; under parts ochreous, striped with chocolate
brown ; facial skin yellow.

Hal. India and Ceylon ; Burma ; the Amoor, Manchuria and
China ; south to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

In habits it does not differ from A. minuta. In India it
breeds in June, July, and August, placing its nest, which is a
mere pad of grass, on the ground in swampy places, but some-
times on a bush, and depositing 5 or 6 eggs which resemble
those of A. minuta, and measure about T28 by 0*99.

578 ARDETTA— BOTAURUS

806. SCHRENCK'S LITTLE BITTERN.
ARDETTA EURYTHMA.

Ardetta euryth/na, Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 74, pi. ii. ; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 447, pi. 119 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 227 ; (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 242 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 989 ; A.
cinnamomea (nee. Gmel.), (Schrenck), Keis. Amurl. Taf. xiii. fig. 3 ;
(Radde), Eeis. im. Siid. Ost. Sib. ii. p. 344.

Yoshi-goi, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Crown, hind-neck, back, scapulars, and inner second-
aries rich dark chestnut, the crown darker and slightly washed with grey ;
quills dull slaty grey ; wing-coverts buffy ochreous, the edge of the wing
and the tail deep chestnut ; chin and throat white, tinged with isabeiline,
and with a dark central line ; rest of under parts creamy buff ; pectoral
feathers elongated, and concealing feathers blackish, margined with ochre-
ous ; bill blackish brown above, yellowish brown below ; orbital skin
purplish flesh, tinged with green ; legs grass-green, yellow near the tarso-
tibial joint, and on the soles; iris straw colour. Culmen 2*0, wing 5'5,
tail TG5, tarsus 2*1 inch. The female differs in having the head, neck,
and upper parts rich chocolate-red, spotted with creamy white, and the
under parts isabeiline, striped with warm chocolate-red and blackish
brown.

Hob* Eastern Siberia (southern Dauria, the lower Amoor,
the mouth of the Ussuri river, and the island of Askold) Japan ;
China to Borneo and Celebes.

In general habits and nidification it does not differ from
A. cinnamomea, with which it was confused by the earlier
Siberian travellers. Its eggs from Dauria are described as
being white, almost elliptical in shape, and measure about
1:30 by 1-06.

Ardetta sturmi (Wagl) which inhabits the greater part of
Africa is said to have occurred in the Pyrenees, but I find no
authentic instance of its occurrence within our limits except
that of one individual at Laguna in the Canaries, and con-
sequently do not include it.

BOTAURUS, Briss., 1760.

807. BITTERN.
BOTAURUS STELLARIS.

Botaurus stellaris (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 239 ; (Naum.), ix. p. 159, Taf.
226 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 317, p. Ixxxiv. figs. 1, 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 280 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 27 ; Dresser, vi. p. 281, pi. 403 ;

BOTAURUS 579

David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 446 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi.

p. 253 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 991 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.

p. 405 ; Saunders, p. 383 ; Lilford, vii. p. 38, pi. 13 ; Seebohnf, B.

Jap. Emp. p. 226.

Grand Eutor, French; Gallinhola real, Portug. ; Avetoro,
Span. ; Tarabuso, Ital. ; Eolirdommel, German ; Eoerdomp,
Dutch ; Rordrum, Norweg. and Dan. ; Rordrom, Swed. ; Wyp,
Russ. ; Niv-goung, Baz, Hindu. ; Sankano-goi, Jap.

$ ad. (Holland). Crown and nape black, the latter with warm ochreous
tips ; upper parts generally warm ochreous buff, irregularly marked and
barred with blackish ; quills and tail chestnut-red, the former barred, the
latter blotched and marbled with black ; chin buffy white, with a dark
brown median and a lateral stripe on each side from the base of the bill ;
neck and breast-feathers elongated, the lateral ones yellowish buff, with
blackish bars, the middle ones ochreous, with broad central rufous streaks
marbled with blackish ; rest of under parts yellowish buff, streaked with
blackish brown ; bill and legs greenish yellow, the latter greener ; iris
yellow. Culmen 2*8, wing 11 '7, tail 4*45, .tarsus 3*5 inch. Female similar
but rather smaller.

Hob. Europe generally, but rare in the northern portions,
formerly breeding in many parts of England, but now only an
uncertain visitor ; Northern Africa in winter ; Asia as far east
as Japan, north to the Yenesei and Lena, south to Ceylon
and southern China.

Frequents large swamps, and reed-beds, and is shy and
secretive, and chiefly nocturnal in its habits. Its flight is soft
and noiseless but somewhat laboured and seldom prolonged.
Its usual call-note is a loud, clear croak, but in the breeding
season the male utters the loud booming sound, resembling the
deep bellowing of a bull, whence its name in so many lan-
guages is derived. It feeds on amphibians, water-insects,
worms, crustaceans, and small mammals. Its nest is a mere
bed of flags and reeds, placed on the ground or in the reed-
beds in some secluded rnarsh, and the eggs, 3 to 5 in number,
usually laid in May, are uniform brownish olive and measure
about 2-5 by T52.

808. AMERICAN BITTERN.
BOTAURUS LENTiaiNOSUS.

Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.), Orn. Diet. Suppl. and pi. (1813) ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. pi. 281 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 28 ; Dresser, vi.
p. 289, pi. 404 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 259 ; Ridgway,
p. 126 ; Saunders, p. 385 ; Lilford, vii. p. 39, pi. 14 ; B. minor
(Wils.), Amer. Orn. viii. p. 35, pi. Ixv. fig. 3 (1814) ; Audub. B
Am. pi. 337.

Q Q

580 EOT A URUS— CICONIA

$ ad. (New Brunswick). Differs from B. stellaris in being generally
smaller, in having a more slender bill, the crown and nape reddish brown
marked with blackish brown, the primaries uniform blackish brown, some
slightly tipped with chestnut, and the upper parts are more finely vermicu-
lated. Culmen 3'22, wing 11-5, tail 4'5, tarsus 3'85. Female duller and
smaller.

Hob. The whole of temperate and tropical North America,
south to Guatemala, Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermudas ; a not un-
common straggler to the British Islands, and has not been
obtained elsewhere in Europe.

In general habits and nidification it resembles B. stellaris,
but its note in the breeding season differs from the boom of
our bird and resembles the stroke of a mallet on a stake, and
its usual note is a rough guttural quark, but it is as a rule a
silent bird. Its eggs resemble those of B. stellaris, but are as a
rule smaller.

CICONIA, Briss., 1760.
809. WHITE STORK.
CICONIA ALBA.

Ciconia alba, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 48 (1793) ; Naum. ix.
p. 231, Taf. 228 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 317, pi. Ixxxiv. fig. 1 ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. p. 283 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 30 ; Dresser, vi. p. 297,
pi. 405 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 299 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 369 ; Saunders, p. 387 ; Lilford, vii. p. 41, pi. 15.

Cigogne, French ; Cegonha, Portug. ; Ciguena, Span. ; Cigogna,
Ital. ; Storch, German ; Stork, Dan. and Swed. ; Aist, Russ. ;
Leglek, Tartar ; Badjah, Arab. ; Lag-lag, Hindu.

<$ ad. (Albania). Plumage pure white, except tbe quills, scapulars,
and larger wing coverts which are glossy black ; secondaries washed
with grey on the outer web ; bare skin round the eye black ; chin naked
and reddish, but black at the base of bill ; beak and legs coral red ; iris
brown. Culmen 7'0, wing 22'5, tail 9*0, tarsus 8'9. Female similar but
rather smaller.

Hal. Temperate and southern Europe, occurring rarely in
southern Sweden, Finland, and Great Britain ; wintering in
Africa as far south as the Transvaal ; Central and temperate
Asia as far east as northern India.

In most parts where the Stork is found it is protected, being
supposed by the peasantry to bring luck to the farm in which it
builds. It feeds on frogs, insect-larvae, rats, mice, snakes, fish,

C 1C ON I A 581

&c. I have never heard Storks utter any cry, but during the
breeding season they make a great clattering with their bills.
They affect the vicinity of man greatly and usually build
on a barn or house, making a huge nest of sticks lined with
£rass or any soft material, but they frequently build on trees.
The eggs, 3 to 5 in number, are usually laid late in May, and
are pure white, measuring about 3'15 by 2'17.

810. JAPANESE STORK.
CICONIA BOYCIANA.

<AConia boyclana, Swinli. P.Z.S. 1873, p. 513 ; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 450 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 228 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mug. xxvi. p. 302 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 973.

Ko-dzuru, Jap.

<$ ad. (Japan). Differs from C. alba in being larger, in having the beak
black, not red, the eye-lids and bare skin round the eye vermilion red ;
the iris cream white, with a black exterior circle. Culmen 9'5, wing 26'0,
tail 9'7, tarsus 11-0.

Hal. Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, Corea, and Japan; of
doubtful occurrence in China.

In habits it does not appear to differ from C. alba, but is
not so tame, and does not so much affect the vicinity of man.
It nests in trees and lays white eggs, which resemble those
of that species (C. alba), but measure 3'0 by 2*28.

811. BLACK STORK.
CICONIA NIGRA.

Ciconia nigra (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (1766) ; Naum. ix. p. 279, Taf.
229 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 319, pi. Ixxxiv. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi.
284 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 31 ; Dresser, vi. p. 309, pi. 406 ; David
and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 450 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 303 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 975 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 369 ;
Saunders, p. 389 ; Lilford, vii. p. 45, pi. 16.

Cigogne noir, French ; Gegonlia preta, Portug. ; Ciguena negra,
Span. ; Cigogna nera, Ital ; Schwarzer Storck, German ; Sort
Stork, Dan. ; Svart Stork, Swed. ; Tscherno'i Aist, Russ. ;
Balazdn, Arab. ; Surmai, Hindu.

$ ad. (Brunswick). Head, neck, back, wings, and tail black with
metallic gloss ; lower breast and under parts white ; beak, naked skin round

Q Q 2

582 CICONIA—PLATALEA

the eye and legs orange red ; iris reddish brown. Culmen 7'4, wing 21*1,
tail 9*5, tarsus 7*5 inch. Female similar. The young have the upper
parts browner and duller, most of the feathers tipped with dull white.

Hob. Temperate and southern Europe, becoming rare in
the north up to southern Sweden ; of rare occurrence in Great
Britain; Africa, in winter as far south as the Cape Colony;
Asia north to the Lena, east to Mongolia and China.

In habits it is less sociable than C. alba and does not affect
the neighbourhood of man, but frequents marshes in or near
forests, generally far from human habitations. It is also far more
shy and is not seen in flocks, even during passage, but singly
or in pairs. It feeds on frogs, amphibians, reptiles, small
mammals, and to some extent on insects. It breeds in forests,
making a smaller nest than that of C. alba, of sticks lined with
grass and moss, or it occasionally utilizes the deserted nest of
some other large bird, and it sometimes nests in a cave or on
a cliff. The eggs, 3 to 5 in number, are usually deposited late
in May or early in June, and are white, resembling those of
C. alba except that when held up to the light the inside of the
blown egg is yellowish green ; in size they measure about 2*54
by 1-90.

PLATALEA, Linn., 1766.

812. SPOONBILL.
PLATALEA LEUCORODIA,

Platalea leucorodia, Linn/Syst. Nat. i. p. 231 (1766) ; Naum. ix. p. 312 ;
Taf. 230 ; Hewitson,ii. p. 320, pi. Ixxxv. ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 286 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 32 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 319, pi. 407 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 44 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 366 ;
Saunders, p. 393 ; Lilford, vii. p. 51, pi. 18 ; P. major, Temm. and
Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 119, pi. Ixxv. (1850) ; David and Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 451 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 970.

Spatule blanche, French ; Colhereira, Portug. ; Espatula,
Cuchareta, Span. ; Palettuni, Ital. ; Loffler, German ; Lepelaar,
Dutch ; Skeeheira, Dan. ; Skegaas, Norweg. ; Skedstork, Swed. ;
Kolpitza, Russ. : Abu-Malaqah, Lands, Arab. ; Eou-kar-kaba,
Moor. ; Chamach-buza, Hindu. ; Hiro-sagi, Jap.

$ ad. (Holland). Entire plumage pure white, except that the lower
neck is buffy yellow nuchal feathers much elongated, forming a crest ;

PLATALEA 583

bill black marked with dull yellowish, the plate yellow, marked on the
upper part with black ; loral space yellowish ; bare gular space reddish
yellow ; legs and feet dusky blackish ; iris red. Culrnen 7'2, wing 15*0,
tail 5'0, tarsus 5*0, bare part of tibia 3*5 inch. Female similar but with
smaller crest. In the winter the crest is absent or nearly so.

Hctb. Central and southern Europe, formerly breeding in
England, but now of rare occurrence in Britain and southern
Scandinavia ; has strayed to the Faeroes ; Madeira, Canaries,
and Azores ; Africa, on the east side south to Zanzibar, being
replaced in S. Africa by P. tenuirostris, Temm. ; Asia east to
China, north to southern Dauria ; a rare straggler to Japan,
where P. minor occurs in the extreme south.

The Spoonbill affects marshy localities, especially near the
sea-coast, and is shy and wary in its general habits. Its flight
somewhat resembles that of the Stork, and its note is said to
be deep and Heron-like, but like the Stork it makes a clatter-
ing sound with its bill. Its food consists of amphibians,
aquatic insects, &c. It breeds in communities, placing its
nest on a tree or on a low bush, or else amongst the reeds.
The nest is constructed of twigs, sticks, and flags, lined with
small flags or rushes, and the eggs, 3 to 4 in number, are white,
with the faintest blue tinge when fresh, sparsely spotted and
blotched with pale red, and measure about 2'75 by 1*81. In
Europe the breeding season is usually in May, but in India it
varies from April to November according to latitude.

813. BLACK-FACED SPOONBILL.
PLATALEA MINOR.

Platalea minor, Temm. and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 120, pi. 76 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 50 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 231.

<£ ad. Differs from P. leucorodia in being smaller, in having the bare
forehead and bare portion to behind the eye and the upper throat black ; a
yellow spot in front of the eye ; feathers on the upper throat extending in
a point towards the chin.

Hob. Corea ; Japan (near Nagasaki) ; China and Formosa.

In habits it does not appear to differ from P. leucorodia, but
I find nothing on record respecting its nidification.

584 IBIS

IBIS, Cuvier, 1817.

814. SACRED IBIS.
IBIS JETHIQFICA.

Ibis cethiopica (Lath.), Ind. Orn. ii. p. TOG (1790) ; Shelley, B. of Egypt,
p. 261 ; Dresser, ix. p. 285, pi. 694 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi.
p. 4 ; I. religiosa, Cuv. Kegne An. i. p. 483 (1817).

Naadje, Abu-Quadum, Arab. ; Abu-Hanncs, Egypt ; Schoorstein-
veger, Dutch in S. Africa.

$ ad. (Transvaal). General plumage white except the tips of the
primaries and outer secondaries, which are black, glossed with metallic
green ; inner secondaries elongated, lax, on the basal portion bluish grey, and
on the terminal portion black glossed with purple, forming a plume which
covers the tail ; head and neck bare, dull black ; beak and legs black ; iris
brown. Culmen 7*0, wing 15 '4, tail 6*3, tarsus 4*0 inch. Female rather
smaller, the plumes duller. The young bird has the head and neck covered
with short black and white feathers.

Hob. Africa south to the Cape ; Algeria and Egypt rarely
is said to have occurred in the Caucasus ; Southern Persia.

The Sacred Ibis is very cautious and wary and is generally
to be seen in small companies. Its food consists of insects of
various kinds, frogs, lizards, and snakes. Its call-note is said
to be harsh, resembling that of Ardea His. It nests on trees,
constructing a simple nest of coarse twigs lined with grass and
a few feathers, and lays 3 to 4, seldom 5, eggs, which are white
with a bluish tinge, sparingly marked with brown, and measure
about 2-5 by 1-6.

815. WHITE IBIS.
IBIS MELANOCEPHALA.

Ibis melanocephala (Lath.), Ind. Orn. ii. p. 709 (1790) ; David and Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 452 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 232 ; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 7 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 361 ; J.
propinqua, Swinh. P.2.S. 1870, p. 428 ; Blakist. and Pryer, B. Jap
p. 117.

Munda, Didhar, Hindu. ; Tatu-kcika, Cing. ; Kaynsoti, Burm. ;
Kuro-toki, Kama-sagi, Nabe-kdburi, Jap.

£ ad. Differs from /. cetliiopica in breeding-dress in having the pri-
maries white, sometimes edged or mottled with brown, and not tipped
with black, having elongate white feathers round the base of the neck and

IBIS 585

plumes on the upper breast, and the elongated inner secondaries are grey,
and not black ; head and neck bluish black ; bill black ; legs glossy black ;
iris reddish brown ; skin of wing blood-red. Calmen 6'4, wing M'4,
tail 50, tarsus 4*2 inch. Female similar. In winter the elongated pectoral
plumes and those on the upper parts are wanting. The young bird has
the head and neck feathered forward to the eyes, the head, except beneath,
blackish grey, passing into white on the hind-neck.

Hob. India, Ceylon, Burma, China, Manchuria, Japan,
(Yokohama, Tokio).

Like its allies it frequents marshy places, rivers, lakes,
and large ponds, usually in flocks, feeding on mollusca,
Crustacea, aquatic insects, worms, etc. In Northern India the
breeding season is from June to August, and in Ceylon from
November to February, and it breeds in trees, sometimes
singly and at others several pairs together, constructing a nest
of sticks and twigs lined with finer twigs, and depositing 2 to 4
eggs, white, occasionally delicately spotted with pale yellowish
brown, varying a good deal in size but averaging 2 '5 4 by 1'7.

816. JAPANESE IBIS.
IBIS NIPPON.

Ibis nippon, Temrn. PI. Col. v. pi. 551 (1835) ; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 453, pi. 116 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 232 ; (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 15 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 967 ; /. nippon,
var. sinensis, David and Ou^t. Ois. Chine, p. 454, pi. 117.

Told, Dau, Jap.

£ ad. (Japan). General colour of plumage white, the wings, tail, and
axillaries tinged with almond pink ; feathers on the nape and hind-neck
elongated, forming a crest ; lores, forehead, and chin orange- vermilion ;
eyelid golden yellow ; iris orange ; bill black, mottled with red at the tip ;
nail yellow j legs, feet, and naked part of tibia light red. Culmen 6'1,
wing 15*4, tail 6-2, tarsus 2'8 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird has the
plumage grey, not white.

Hal). South-eastern Siberia, Manchuria ; China, Formosa, and
Hainan ; Corea ; Japan.

In its general habits it is said to be shy and wary, frequenting
large marshes, damp localities, and the banks of streams and
rivers. Its note is harsh, not unlike that of the Hooded Crow,
but deeper and harsher. It nests in bushes and trees, but so
far as I can ascertain its eggs are as yet unknown.

586 IBIS— PLEGADIS

817. RED-CHEEKED IBIS.
IBIS EREMITA.

Ibis eremita (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 159 (1766) ; (Rothsch. and Hart,),
Novit. Zool. iv. p. 371, pis. viii. ix. x. (1897) ; Ibis comata, Ru'pp.
Neue Wirbelth. Vbgel. p. 49 (1835-40) ; Dresser, vi. p. 329, pi. 408 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 16 ; I.calvus, Levaill. jr. Expl.
Sclent. dePAlg. pi. 12 (1850, nee. Bodd.).

Kel-ainak, Turk.

$ ad. (Asia Minor). General plumage dark coppery green, the crown
black ; head and throat bare ; feathers on the neck elongated, pointed,
forming a ruff ; lesser wing-coverts rich coppery purple ; bill, naked throat,
and head with.the legs dull blood-red ; iris fiery red. Culmen 5'2, wing 16'7,
tail 8*5, tarsus 3'0 inch. The tips of the tail-feathers are abruptly acumi-
nate. Sexes alike. The young bird is duller in colour, lacks the elongated
feathers on the hind-neck, and the head and neck are covered with dirty
white feathers, tinged with rusty brown.

Hob. In the 16th century this Ibis was a native of Switzer-
land, as stated by Gesner, but it now only inhabits Asia Minor,
and North Africa south to Abyssinia.

Frequents rocky and desolate mountain ranges, where it
feeds on insects of various kinds, snails, and reptiles. It nests
in holes in the cliffs, generally in almost inaccessible places,
and deposits bluish white eggs which measure about 2'52 by
1-74.

PLEGADIS, Kaup, 1829.

818. GLOSSY IBIS.
PLEGADIS FALCINELLUS.

Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 241 (1766) ; (Naum.), viii.
p. 539, Taf. 219 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 321, pi. Ixxxvi. ; Gould. B. of
E. iv. pi. 301 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 47 ; Dresser, vi. p. 335,
pi. 409 ; Audub. B. of Am. pi. 387 ; Sharpe, Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxvi.
p. 29 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 364 ; Saunders, p. 391 ;
Lilford, vii. p. 47, pi. 17 ; P. autumnalis, Ridgw. p. 124.

Ibis falcinelle, French ; Magarico preto, Portug. ; Morito,
Span. ; Mignattaio, Ital. ; DunMfarlige Sichler, German ; Sort-
Ibis^ Dan. and Norweg. ; Svart-Ibis, Swed. ; Koravaika, Russ. ;
Madzet el Md, Arab ; Maiza, Moor. ; Kaw&ri, Choia-buza,
Hindu.

$ ad. (Spain). Forepart of head metallic greenish black, rest of head,
neck, upper back, edge of shoulder and under parts rich deep copper-
brown ; back glossed with purple ; rest of upper parts, wings and tail

PLEGADIS—PH(ENICOPTERUS 587

blackish, glossed with purple and green ; under tail-coverts purplish black ;
bill blackish slate, at the base slate-grey ; legs blackish grey ; iris brown,
Culmen 5 -2, wing 11 '5, tail 4'7, tarsus 4-0 inch. Female similar bflt a
trifle smaller. In the winter the head and neck are blackish brown, finely
streaked with white, and the young resemble the adult in winter dress, but
are duller in colour, the copper-brown replaced by dull dark brown.

Hob. Central and southern Europe, straying rarely to
southern Scandinavia and Great Britain, but has occurred in
Iceland and the Faeroes ; Africa south to Natal : Central Asia
and India east to Burma and probably China, south to Ceylon,
Borneo, Java, Celebes, New Guinea, and Australia ; eastern
United States south to Florida and Mexico.

Generally found in marshes or near water. It is as a rule a
silent bird, only uttering a harsh note when flushed. Its food
consists of aquatic insects, worms, Crustacea, small frogs, etc.
It breeds in large marshes in societies, making a flat nest of
sticks, flags, etc., which is placed on the ground, on the dense
aquatic plants, or on a tree, and deposits 3 or 4 rich greenish
blue eggs, which measure about T95 by 1*41. In Europe the
breeding season is in May. whereas in northern India it is in
June, and in Ceylon between November and February.

PH(ENICOPTERUS, Briss., 1760.
819. FLAMINGO.

PHCENICOPTERUS ROSEUS.

Phoenicopterus roseus, Pall. Zoogr. Koss. As. ii. p. 207 (1811) ; Gould, B.
of E. pi. 287 ; Dresser, vi. p. 343, pi. 410 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvii. p. 12 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 408 ; Saunders,
pp. 395, 756 ; Lilford, vii. p. 54, pi. 19 ; P. antiquorum, Temm.
Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 587 (1820) ; Naum. ix. p. 408, Taf. 233.

Flammant, French ; Flamingo, Portug. ; Flamenco, Span. ;
Fiammanti, Fenicottero, Ital. ; Eosenfarliger Flamingo, German ;
Krasnoi Gouss, Russ. ; Bog-hans, Rag-h&ns, Hindu. ; Kaj-i-surlth,
Persian.

$ ad. (Spain). Plumage rosy-white, the tail deeper rose "; upper and
lesser under wing-coverts and axillaries vermilion rose ; quills black ; legs>
base of bill, and bare space round the eye flesh-pink ; feet webbed ; ter-
minal portion of bill deep black ; iris pale yellow. Culmen 5 '65, wing 16'7>
tail 7'0, tarsus 12'4 inch. Female similar but slightly smaller. The young
have the plumage white, tinged with rusty buff, especially on the upper
neck ; wing-coverts chiefly brown ; quills brown ; axillaries rose-pink •
legs dull plumbeous.

588 PH(ENICOPTERUS—ANSER

Hob. Southern Europe, rarely straying to central Europe,
but has occurred at least four times in Great Britain ; Africa
south to the Cape ; Asia east to India, south to Ceylon ; is said
to have occurred once on the southern part of Lake Baikal.

The Flamingo frequents the sea-coasts and the borders of
large fresh-water lakes, or of lagoons where the country is
open and devoid of trees or bushes, and is usually seen in vast
flocks wading in the shallow water, and working about in the
soft bottom in search of its food, which consists of minute
crustaceans, and it is said, also of vegetable matter. In its cry,
formation of flight, and structure, it most nearly resembles the
Goose, and it swims also with ease. It breeds in colonies,
making a small hillock of mud in the shallow water, varying
from a few inches to a couple of feet in height, larger at the
base, and tapering to the top, which is hollowed out cup-
shaped, and late in May it deposits 2 eggs, which are white
with a chalky surface, in size and shape resembling those of
Anser ferus, but more elongated, measuring from 3*34 by 2'05
to 3'48 by 2'20. When sitting the bird doubles its long legs
under its body.

ANSER, Bris?., 1760.
820. GREYLAG-GOOSE.

ANSER FERUS.

Anser ferus, Schaeff. Mns. Orn. p. 67, No. 214 (1789) ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 347 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 1 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 382, pi. cvm\
fig. 2 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mas. xxvii. p. 89 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind,
Birds, iv. p. 416 ; A. cinereus, Meyer, Taschenb. ii. p. 552 (1810) ;.
Naum. xi. p. 229, Taf. 285 ; Dresser, vi. p. 355, pi. 411 ; Tacz. F. (X
Sib. 0. p. 1089 ; Saunders, p. 397 ; Lilford, vii. p. 55, pi. 20 ;
" A. rubrirostris, Hodgs." Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 144
(1846) ; Salvadori, torn. cit. p. 91.

Oie cendrte, French ; Ganso, Portug. and Span. ; Oca selvatica,
Ital. ; Graugans, German ; Graauwe Gans, Dutch ; Graagaas,
Dan. and Norweg. ; Grdgds, Swed. ; Iso-hanhi, Finn. ; Seryi-
Gus, Russ. ; Sona, Hindu.

£ ad. (Scotland). Head, neck, and upper parts ashy brown, a narrow line
of white on the forehead, the crown, back, and scapulars darker, the two
latter with light brown edgings ; primaries grey, with dark brown ends ;
secondaries dark brown ; central wing-coverts like the back, the rest ashy
bine-grey ; rump ashy grey, the sides and tail-coverts white ; tail ashy-
brown, tipped with white ; under parts dull white with a few black spots
on the belly ; the flanks ashy brown, tipped with ashy white ; bill and

ANSER 580

legs flesh-coloured ; nail and claws white ; iris brown. Culmen 2*55,
wing 18'0, tail 5 '9, tarsus 3*3 inch. Sexes alike. Young rather duller in
colour, with no black spots on the under parts.

Hcib. Europe generally, from the North Cape to the
Mediterranean ; Britain, breeding commonly in the north of
Scotland ; Iceland, and the Faeroes ; North-west Africa in
winter ; Asia east to China, north to Dauria, south to northern
India.

Is shy and cautious, and frequents open localities. On the
wing it is strong, and swims and even dives, and walks with
ease, and, when traversing long distances, flies in a wedge-
shaped formation. It feeds on vegetable substances, tender
shoots of grass, grain, etc., feeding chiefly at night. Its nest
is placed on the ground and consists of grass, dried flags, etc.,
being lined, after the eggs are deposited, with abundance of
down plucked by the female from off her breast. The eggs,
which are deposited from early in April to the end of May or
beginning of June, according to latitude, are glossless, but
smooth in surface, dull yellowish white, with, when fresh laid,
a very faint tinge of green, and measure about 3'52 by 2*28.
In number they vary from 6 to 12.

Count Salvadori and several other authors separate the
Asiatic bird (A. rubrirostris) from ours, but I agree with
Mr. Blanford in not following this course.

821. BEAN GOOSE.
ANSER FABALIS.

Anserf abatis (Lath.), Gen. Synop. Snppl. i. p. 297 (1787) ; Salvadori Cat
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 99 ; A. segetum, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 512 (1788)
fig. 2 j'Naum. xi. p. 300, Taf. 287 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 385, pi. cviii
fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 348 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 2
Dresser, vi. p. 363, pi. 412 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1095 ; Saunders
p. 401 ; Lilford, vii. p. 61, pi. 22.

Oiemdgaire, French ; Ganso, Portug. and Span. ; Ocagranaiola,
Ital. ; Saatgans, German ; Rietgans, Dutch ; Scedyaas, Dan. and
Norweg. ; Scidgds, Swed. ; Mctsa/ianhi, Finn. ; Guminnik.,
Nemock, Russ. ; ffishikui, Jap.

<£ ad. (England). Differs from A. ferns in being somewhat darker in
colour, in lacking the black markings on the under parts, and the ashy
blue on the wings, in being smaller in size, and in having the bill blackish,
crossed by a broad orange yellow-band ; the nail black ; the legs orange-

590 ANSER

yellow. Culmen 2 35, wing 16'9, tail 5'7, tarsus 2'8 inch. Female similar
but somewhat smaller. This species varies considerably in size in both
sexes.

Hcib. Europe generally, from Lapland and Novaya Zemlya
down to North Africa in winter, and has occurred in Madeira ;
Asia east to western Siberia ; does not occur in India.

In habits it does not differ from its allies, but it affects
inland localities more especially, even when frequenting the
coasts, flying far inland to feed. Its food consists of tender
grass-shoots, grain, and tender roots of various kinds of grass,
and it appears to feed chiefly at early dawn. It breeds like
A. ffrus, usually in damp localities, in the north of Sweden,
Finland, and Russia, but not in Great Britain, depositing early
in June 5 to 6 eggs, which resemble those of A. ferus but are
smaller and somewhat smoother in texture of shell.

822. SUBSP. ANSEK MIDDENDORFFI.

A. grandis, Midd. Sib. Keise, ii. p. 225, Tab. xx.3 fig. 1 (1851 nee.
Gmel.) ; A. middendorjfi, Severtzoff, Turk. Jevot. pp. 70, 149 (1873);
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1098 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 102.

Hishikui, Jap.

$ ad. (N. Siberia). Differs from A.fabalis in being larger, with con-
spicuously larger beak and feet, and in having the head and neck bumsh
brown. Culmen 3'15, wing 19'8, tail 5'67, tarsus 3'31.

Hcib. Eastern Siberia, wintering in China and Japan. Does
not differ from A. falalis in habits or nidification.

823. PINK-FOOTED GOOSE.
ANSER BRACHYRHYNCHUS.

Anser brachyrhynchus, Baill. Mem. Soc. K. d'Abbev. 1833, p. 74 ;
Hewitson, ii. p. 386, pi. cviii. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. v.
pi. 31 ; Dresser, vi. p. p. 369, pi. 413 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvii. p. 103 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 418 ; Saunders,
p. 403 ; Lilford, vii. p. 63, pi. 23.

Kleine Rietgans, Dutch ; Spetsbercjens Sadc/ds, Swed.

ad. (England). Differs from A. segetum in being smaller, having
a shorter bill, and the legs, feet, and central portion of the bill pink.
Culmen T75, wing 16'0, tail 5 '6, tarsus 2'25 inch.

Hcib. Spitsbergen, where it breeds, and is also said to breed
in North Iceland ; in the autumn and winter south to Britain,
France, Germany, and Scandinavia ; of very doubtful occurrence

ANSER 591

in India ; has also been recorded, in error it would seem, from
Japan.

In habits it differs but little from A. ferns, and is generally
met with on or near the sea coast. Its nest is placed in some
grass-covered place, near a river, or on a cliff, always where the
bird can have a good view of the surrounding country. It
deposits early in July 4 to 5 eggs, which resemble those of
A.ferus but measure only 3*33 by 2*26.

824. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.
ANSER ALBIFRONS.

Anser albifrons (Scop.), Ana. i. Hist. Nat. p. 69 (1769) ; Naum. xi.
p. 351, Taf. 289 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 387, pi. cix. fig. 3 ; Gouldr
B. of E. v. pi. 349 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 4 ; Dresser, vi.
p. 375, pi. 414 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 92 ; David
and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 492 ; Kidgway, p. 116 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 417 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 237 ; Saimders,
p. 399 ; Lilford, vii. p. 60, pi. 21.

Oie rieuse, French ; Oca lonibardella, Ital. ; Bldssengans, Lach-
gans, German ; Kolgans, Dutch ; Blisgaas, Dan. and Norweg. ;
Blcisgds, Swed. ; Kazarka, Russ. ; Kari-gane, Jap.

(J ad. (Scotland). Upper parts dark ashy brown, the wing-coverts
jishy brown tipped with dirty white ; a broad band covering the forehead
extending nearly to the eye, and a smaller spot at the base of the lower
mandible pure white ; under parts white, the flanks ashy brown, the
breast and abdomen boldly blotched with black ; bill and legs orange-
yellow, nail white ; iris dark brown. Culmen 2*25, wing 17*0, tail 6*0,
tarsus 2 '65 inch. Female rather smaller, with the white on the forehead
less developed. The young bird is duller, lacks the black on the under
parts and has the white on the forehead considerably less developed.

Hob. Europe, from the north of Norway to the Mediterranean •
rare in Finland, Greenland, and Iceland ; North Africa in the
winter ; Asia east to Japan, north to Siberia, south in winter
to Northern India ; North America south in winter to Texas,
Mexico, and Cuba,

Does not differ from its allies in its habits, but is said to
prefer low, damp localities to the uplands. It feeds on vege-
table matter, but is stated by some authors to eat, to some
extent at least, insects. It breeds in the high north near water,
not immediately on the coast, making a tolerably large nest
which is placed on the ground, and deposits 4 to 6 yellowish
white eggs, which measure about 3*06 by 2'2.

592 ANSER

825. SUBSP. ANSER GAMBELI.

Anser (jambeli, Hartl. Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1852, p. 7 ; Ridgway,
p. 116 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1091 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 237 ;
Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 95.

Karigane, Jap.

<$ ad. (N. America). Differs from A. allifrbns, but is somewhat larger
and has a larger bill ; bill flesh-colour with a square figure on the culmen,
the edges of nostrils, a small spot below them and the basal two-thirds of
the lower half of the under mandible yellow ; legs vivid, cadmium-yellow ;
iris dark brown ; naked eye-ring dark brownish grey. Culmen 2 '35, wing
17'50, tail 6-20, tarsus 3'0.

Hob. North America, breeding far north ; in winter south
to Mexico and Cuba ; the coasts of Eastern Siberia, Japan and
China on passage and in winter.

826. LESSER WHITE- FRONTED GOOSE.
ANSER ERYTHROPUS.

Anser erytliropus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 197 (1766) ; Newton, P.Z.S.
1860, p. 341 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 492 ; Dresser, vi.
p. 383 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 97 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib.
O. p. 1093 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 418 ; A. temminckii,
Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 882 ; A. minutus, Naum. si. p. 365, Taf. 290 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 238.

Ziverggans, German ; Dwerggans, Dutch ; Dvcerggaas, Dan.
and Norweg. ; Dverggas, Fjellgas, Swed. ; Kiljuhanhi, Finn. ;
Piskun, Russ. ; Ko-karigane, Jap.

(J ad. (Norway). Differs from A. albifrons in being darker and
smaller, the bill smaller and the white on the forehead extending nearly to
the centre of the crown ; bill fleshy white, nail pale horn ; legs and edge
of eyelid orange-yellow. Culmen 1'5, wing 15'5, tail 5*0, tarsus 2'5 inch.

Hob. Northern Scandinavia, rare in the west and not found
in Great Britain ; rare in winter in central and southern
Europe, and as far south as Egypt ; Northern Asia, east to
Japan, straying, though rarely, south to India in winter.

In habits it resembles A. albifrons. It breeds in certain
districts in Lapland, nesting on the ground under bushes near
water, and in June deposits 6 to 8 dirty yellowish white eggs,
which measure about 2'91 by 2'0.

ANSER 593

827. BAR-HEADED GOOSE.

ANSER INDICUS.

•

Anser indicus (Lath.), Ind. Orn. ii. p. 839 (1790) ; Salvador!, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 105 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 419 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1087 ; A. skorniaJcovi, Severtz. Turk. Jevot.
pp. 70, 149, pi. x. figs. 3, 4.

fCarcyi-Hdns, Hindu.

<£ ad. (India). Head and a long white band down each side of the
neck 'white ; two horseshoe-shaped black bars on the occiput and nape ;
rest of neck ashy brown ; upper parts ashy grey with pale tips to the
feathers, the mantle and scapulars tinged with brown ; Jower back and
rump pure ashy grey ; under parts whity brown, the sides of the breast
browner, the feathers with pale tips forming bars ; abdomen, flanks,
upper and under tail-coverts white j quills and tail grey margined and
tipped with white, the secondaries browner ; bill yellow ; legs orange ;
iris brown. Culmen 2'0, wing 18'0, tail 6'0, tarsus 3'0 inch. In the
young bird the black bars on the nape are absent, the crown and nape are
dark brown, the white neck-stripes are absent ; back grey and under parts
nearly white.

Hob. Turkestan; Mongolia; Tibet; north to Lake Baikal,
wintering in India.

In habits it does not appear to differ from its allies, and in
the autumn and winter is generally met with in small or large
flocks, and feeds chiefly on grain, the feeding time being usually
in the early morning and evening. It breeds in Mongolia and
Tibet in May and June, but I find nothing on record respecting
its nidification.

828. CHINESE GOOSE.
ANSER CYGNOIDES.

A user cygnoides (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 108 (1766) ; Pall. Zoogr. Ross.
As. ii. p. 218 and pi. ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 493 ;
(Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 107 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 235.

Suchonos, Russ. ; Sakatsura-hishikui, Jap.

<J ad. (Siberia). Crown and band along the hind-neck dark brown ; a
narrow line round the base of the bill dull white ; cheeks and neck
whitish, along the front of the neck tinged with brown ; upper parts
greyish brown with pale margins to the feathers ; quills grey ; tail
brownish grey with white margins ; under parts buffy white, fading to
white on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; breast-feathers with rusty
margins ; flanks brown with pale margins ; bill black ; legs orange ; iris

594 BRANTA

reddish brown. Culmen 3'5, wing 17'7, tail 7'1, tarsus 3'0 inch.
Domestic birds of this species, and occasionally wild birds, have a large
frontal knob on the bill, and the domestic bird has the bill red.

Hal. Eastern Siberia, from the Ob river to Kamchatka and
the Kurile Islands, wintering in China, resident in Japan;
Corea and Mongolia on passage ; Manchuria.

Though it does not differ from the other Geese in its general
habits it is said to affect the rivers in preference to the lakes,
and breeds on the grassy steppes, the nest being a mere
depression in the ground lined with a little dry herbage, and
deposits 4 to 6 eggs, which are creamy white, rather smooth in
texture of shell, and measure about 3'24 by 210.

BRANTA, Scop., 1769.

829. BRENT GOOSE.

BRANTA BERNICLA.

Branta bernicla (Linn.), Syst, Nat. i. p. 198 (1766) ; (Wils.), Am. Orn.
viii. pi. 72, fig. 1 ; (Audub.), B. Am. vi. p. 203, pi. 379 ; Salvad. Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 119 ; Ridgway. p. 118 ; B. torquata (Naurn.),
xi. p. 393, Taf. 292 (nee. Gmel.) ; B. Irenta (Tunst.), Orn. Brit. p. 4
(1771) ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 352 ; (id.) B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 7 ;
(Dresser), vi. p. 389, pi. 415, fig. 2 ; (Saimders), p. 411 ; (Lilford),
vii. p. 69, pi. 26.

Bernache cravant, French ; Oca colombactio, Ital. ; Ringel-Grans,
German; Eotgans, Dutch; Knortegaas, Dan.; Gaul, Ringgaas,
Norweg. ; Prutgds, Swed. ; KaulushanM, Sepelhanhi, Finn. ;
Koku-gan, Jap.

£ ad. (England). Head, neck, upper back and breast black ; sides of
the neck marked with white ; rest of back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
dark brown margined with lighter brown ; rump blackish brown, the sides
and upper tail-coverts white ; tail and quills blackish brown ; under
parts white, the upper parts indistinctly barred with pale ashy brown ;
flanks ashy brown with white margins ; bill and legs black ; iris dark
brown. Culmen 1-5, wing 12'6, tail 4'2, tarsus 21 inch. Female similar.
The young bird has the plumage duller than the adult.

Hob. The high north of Europe, Asia and Eastern North
America, in winter migrating south to the British Islands, con-
tinental Europe, and sparingly to the Mediterranean ; in Asia
south to Japan ; in America south to the Mississippi valley.

Is essentially a bird of the coast and is seldom found far from
the sea. It feeds chiefly on vegetable matter but is also said

BRANTA 595

to eat small shellfish and marine insects. It breeds in Spits-
bergen, Greenland, and the north of Siberia, &c. ; its nest,
which is a bulky structure of grass and moss lined with down,
is placed on the ground not far from the sea. The eggs usually
4 in number are creamy white, smooth in surface of shell and
measure about 2'88 by 1*85.

830. BLACK BRANT.
BRANTA NIGRICANS.

Bmnta nigricans (Lawr.), Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. p. 171, pi. xii. (1846) ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 240 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii.
p. 123 ; Bidgway, p. 118.

<£ ad. (N. America). Differs from B. lemicla in having 9 conspicuous
white collar meeting in front and interrupted only behind , the upper part
almost uniform sooty brown, and the abdomen aln1 ^st as black as the
breast. Culmen T30, wing 13'10, tail 3'7, tarsus 2'30 inch.

Hal. Western North America from the high north in summer
to Lower California in winter ; east coasts of Asia from Kam-
chatka, south in winter to Japan.

In general habits and nidification the present species does
not differ from Branta bernicla.

831. HUTCHINS' GOOSE.
BRANTA HUTCHINSI.

Branta hutckinsi (Eichardson), Faun. Bor, Am. ii. p. 470 (1831);
(Audub.) B. Am. vi. p. 198, pi. 377 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvii. p. 114 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 1109 ; Eidgway, p. 117 ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 239 ; B. leucopareia (Brandt) Bull. Sc.
Acad. St. Petersb. i. p. 37 (1836).

Shi-jiu-kara-gan, Jap.

Ad. Head and neck black ; chin, throat, and cheeks white ; upper parts
brown with paler margins, except on the back ; rump black ; under parts
brown, the lower neck whitish, the vent and under tail-coverts pure white ;
bill and legs blackish plumbeous ; iris dark brown. Culmen 2 '3, wing
16'0, tail 5-5, tarsus 3'25 inch.

Hob. Arctic and subarctic America, in winter south to Mexico ;
Eastern Siberia, the Kurile and Commander Islands ; Japan
in winter.

In habits it does not differ from B. lernicla, and its nest and
eggs also resemble those of that species, the latter measuring
about 3-18 by 218.

R R.

596 BRANTA

832. BERNACLE GOOSE.
BRANTA LEUCOPSIS.

Branta leucopsis (Bechst.), Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 424 (1803) ; (Naum.)
xi. p. 378, Taf. 291 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 350 ; (id.), B. of Gt.
Brit. v. pi. 7 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 397, pi. 415, fig. 1 ; Salvador!, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 117 ; (Saunders), p. 409 ; (Lilfcrd), vii. p. 69,
pi. 26; Ridgway, p. 117.

Oie-bemache, French ; Weisswangengans, German ; Brandgans,
Dutch ; Bramgaas, Dan. ; Hvidkindet Gaas, Norw. ; Hvitkindad
Gds, Swed.

Ad. (Holland). Hind-crown, lores, nape, hind-neck, breast, and upper
back deep black ; rest of the head and upper throat white ; back-feathers
with scapulars and wing-coverts bluish grey narrowly tipped with white
and subterminally barred with black ; rump black ; the sides and tail-
coverts white ; quills and tail black ; under parts white, the flanks in-
distinctly barred with greyish ; bill and legs black ; iris dark brown.
Culmen T65, wing 15'8, tail 5'9, tarsus 2'85 inch.

Hob. Arctic Europe, in winter migrating south to the shores
of the British Islands, Scandinavia, and northern continental
Europe, rarely to southern Europe ; as a straggler occurring
on the Atlantic coasts of North America from Hudson's Bay to
North Carolina.

In general habits it does not differ from the Brent Goose.
It is during the summer a more boreal species and scarcely
anything is known respecting its nidification, but it probably
breeds in Greenland. I possess two eggs from the most northern
of the Lofoten Islands, laid by a wounded bird, which in colour
resemble those of B. bernicla but are rougher in texture of
shell, and measure 2*64 by 1'82 and 2'62 by T76 respectively.

833. RED-BREASTED GOOSE
BRANTA RUFICOLLIS.

Branta ruftcollis (Pallas), Spicil. Zool. fasc. vi. p. 21, Taf. iv. (1769) ;
(Naum.) xi. p. 408, Taf. 293 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 351 ; (id.), B.
of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 6 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 403, pi. 416 ; Salvador!, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 124) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1110 ; (Saunders),
p. 407 ; Lilford, vii. p. 67, pi. 25.

Bernache d con roux, French ; Rothhalsgans, German ;
Eoodhalsgans, Dutch ; Eddhalsad G-ds, Swed. ; Chakvoi, Russ.

£ ad. (Russia). Crown, nape, throat, forepart of cheeks, and a band
encircling the eye black ; loral patch, a spot below the eye, a stripe con-
tinued back, and another down on the neck pure white ; auricular patch,
the whole of the forepart of the chest, and the sides of the neck extending

BRANTA—CHEN 597

back and forming an interrupted collar rich chestnut-red ; a narrow band
across the lower breast white ; back, rump, lower breast, and upper
abdomen black ; lower abdomen, flanks, upper and under tail-coverts
white ; quills and tail black ; bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.
Culmen TO, wing 14'5, tail 6'0, tarsus 2'1 inch. Sexes alike. In the
young bird the black is replaced by dark brown, the auricular patch is
tinged with brown and varied with white, and the neck and breast are dull
reddish buff.

Hob. Northern Siberia, migrating south in winter to
Turkestan, the Caspian, and even as far as Egypt ; an accidental
straggler to various parts of continental Europe and Great
Britain.

In general habits it does not differ from its allies, and like
them feeds on vegetable substances. Its eggs were first
described and figured by von Middendorff in 1851, and in 1895
Mr. Popham took four nests on the Yenesei River which con-
tained from 7 to 9 eggs, creamy white in colour, and measuring
2'79 by 1*93. The nests were placed at the foot of a cliff, and
well supplied with down.

CHEN, Boie, 1822.

834. SNOW GOOSE.

CHEN HYPERBOREUS.

Chen hyperboreus, (Pallas), Spic. Zool. vi. p. 20 (1767) ; (Naum.), xi.
p. 213, Taf. 381 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 346 ; Dresser, vi. p. 413,
pi. 417, fig. 1 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 84 ; Tacz. P.
O. Sib. 0. p. 1086 ; Saunders, p. 405 ; Lilford, vii. p. 66, pi. 24 ;
Kidgway, p. 115 ; C. albatus (Cassin), Proc. Ac. Philad, 1856, p. 41 ;
Dresser, vi. p. 409, pi. 417, fig. 2.

Bieloi Gus, Russ. ; Hyrika, Kamchatk. ; ffaku-gan, Jap.

Ad. (N. America). Entire plumage pure white, except that the primaries
are dark ash-grey at the base, otherwise black, and the spurious wing ash-
grey ; legs and beak red, tooth white ; iris brown. Culmen 2'50,' wing
17'0, tail 6'0, tarsus 3*0 inch. The young bird is brownish grey above,
with dark centres to the wing-coverts and dorsal feathers ; under parts
greyish white ; bill blackish with a reddish tinge ; legs plumbeous tinged
with yellowish red.

Hob. Arctic North America, in winter ranging south to the
Gulf of Mexico ; of somewhat rare occurrence in Kamchatka
and North-east Siberia, wintering in Japan ; a straggler to
Britain, Holland, Germany, Scandinavia, and North Russia.

Is said to be wary and shy ; its flight is strong and steady,
and on land it walks with ease. On the sea-shore it feeds on

R R 2

598 CHEN— CYGNUS

shell-fish, fry, and marine plants, but when inland chiefly on
vegetable matter. It breeds in the high north of America, most
numerously on the Arctic barren grounds, near lakes, the nest
being a hollow in the ground well lined with down. The eggs,
usually 5 in number, are white, and measure about 3'4 by 2'2.
Chen albescens is merely a small form of the present species,
and is now not generally looked on as even subspecifically
separable.

835. EMPEROR GOOSE.
CHEN CANAOICA.

Chen canagica (SevastanofF), Nov. Act. Ac. St. Petersb. xiii. p. 346, pi. x.

(1800) ; (Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 109 ; (Tacz.), F. O.

Sib. 0. p. 1112 ; Kidgway, p. 118 ; C. pictus (Pallas.), Zoogr. Boss.

As. ii. p. 233, Tab. 67 (1811).

£ ad. Head and hind-neck to the back white, the former often stained
with reddish orange ; throat and fore-neck dusky brownish ; upper and
under parts blue-grey, above boldly and below more obsoletely barred with
black and white ; basal half of the tail slate, the terminal half white,
lower mandible dark horn with a white spot on each side of the branching
rami ; membrane about nares livid blue ; rest of upper mandible pale
purplish, with a fleshy white wash ; edge of nail dark horn, rest of the
nail horn- white ; legs and feet bright orange-yellow ; iris hazel. Culmen
1-55, wing 15*1, tail 5*0, tarsus 275 inch. The young has the markings
less distinct and the head and neck dusky, the former speckled with
white.

Hob. Alaska coasts chiefly about the shores of Norton
Sound and valley of the Lower Yukon ; the Chukchi Peninsula
in North Siberia, Sitka, and Bering Island.

But little is on record respecting the habits of this Goose.
On the Vega expedition several nests were found containing
4 to 6 eggs, which are described as being dirty white and
measuring about 3 '23 by 2*05.

CYGNUS, Bechst., 1803.

836. MUTE SWAN.

CYGNUS OLOR.

Cygnus olor (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 502 (1788) ; Naum. xi. p. 442,
Taf. 295 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 8 ; Dresser, vi. p. 419,
pi. 418 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 35 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib.
0. p. 1114; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 413; Saimders,
p. 417 ; Lilford, vii. p. 74, pi. 28 ; C. mansuetus, Salerne, Orn. <fcc.
p. 404 (1767) ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 354 ; C. immutabilis, Yarr.
P. Z. S. 1838, p. 19 ; Dresser, vi. p. 429, pi. 419, figs. 1, 2.

UNIVERSITY

CYGNUS 599

Cygne, French ; Cysne, Portug. ; Cisne, Span. ; Gigno reale,
Ital. ; Hoker Schwan, German ; Zwaan, Dutch ; Knubsvane,
Dan. ; Knotsvan, Swed. ; Lebed-chipounn, Russ.

$ ac?. (Norfolk). Entire plumage pure white, the head and neck
frequently tinged with ferruginous ; a large tubercle at the base of the bill,
edges of the mandible and orifice of the nostrils black, the beak otherwise
orange-red ; legs and feet black ; iris brown. Gape 3'65, wing 27 '0, tail
lO'O, tarsus 4'5 inch. Female rather smaller, with a smaller tubercle. The
young bird is sooty brownish grey and the bill plumbeous.

Hob. Southern Sweden, Denmark, South-eastern Europe,
Southern and Central Asia east, to Mongolia ; in winter
occasionally as far south as Northern India ; a regular winter
visitant to North Africa ; in a semi-domesticated state it is
found throughout Europe.

Though tame and familiar when in a semi-domesticated
state the Swan, when wild, is extremely shy and wary. It
frequents lakes and rivers, and the coasts chiefly in winter.
It swims with ease and grace, but is heavy and clumsy on land.
Its food consists of soft portions of aquatic plants, aquatic
insects and their larvae, to a small extent of fish, but it does
not appear to eat fish-spawn, of which it has been accused.
In a wild state when calling its young it utters a cry not
unlike the barking of a small dog. Its nest is a large structure,
usually placed on an islet, and its eggs, 5 to 8 in number, are
generally deposited in May, and are greenish grey in colour,
rather rough in texture of shell and measure about 4'41 by
3*3. It would appear that G. immutabilis is merely a variety
of the present species.

837. WHOOPER SWAN.
CYGNUS MUSICUS.

Cygnus musicus, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. iii. p. 830
Taf. 35 (1809) ; Dresser, vi. p. 433, pi. 419, fig. 4 ; Salvadori, Cat. '
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 26 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 414 ;
Saunders, p. 413 ; Lilford, vii. p. 75, pi. 29 ; Cygnus ferns, Leach,
Syst. Cat. M. and B. Br. Mus. p. 37 (1816) ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 355 ; id. B. of Qt. Brit. v. pi. 9 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 393, pi. cxi.
fig. 2 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 493 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. O .
p. 1115 ; C. xanthorhinus, Naum. xi. p. 478, Taf. 296 (1842).

Cygne Sauvage, French ; Cisne, Span. ; Gigno selvatico, Ital. ;
Wildschwan, German ; Wilde Zwaan, Dutch ; Sangsvane, Dan.

600 CYGNUS

and Norweg. ; Sdngsvan, Swed. ; Njukca, Lapp. ; Joutsen, Finn. ;
Zebed-krikounn, Russ. ; 0-haku-cho, Jap.

<J ad. (Norfolk). Differs from C. olor in lacking the frontal tubercle,
in having the base of the bill beyond the opening of the nostrils and the
bare loral space yellow, the rest of the bill black ; legs blackish ; iris dark
brown. Gape 3'95, wing 23'2, tail 8*9, tarsus 4'3 inch. The young bird
resembles that of C. olor, but has the bill dull flesh colour, the tip and
lateral margins black, and the legs dull flesh colour.

Hob. Iceland, Lapland, and the northern regions of Europe
and Asia, migrating in winter south to the Mediterranean,
Central Asia, China, and Japan ; has once occurred in India.

In habits the Whooper does not differ much from the Mute
Swan. It is however by no means a silent bird, and its clear
trumpet-like note may frequently be heard when flocks are
passing. Its food is the same as that of C. olor, but it not un-
frequently feeds on land like the Geese. It breeds in single
pairs in the vast morasses in the north, building a large nest;
and in May deposits 4 to 6, seldom 7, pale yellowish white eggs
which measure about 4*6 by 2*87.

C. buccinator, Richardson, the American Whooper, which
differs from C. musicus in having the bill deep black is said to
have been once obtained in Suffolk.

838. BEWICK'S SWAN.
CYGNUS BEWICKI.

Cygnus bewicki, Yarrell, Tr. Lin. Soc. xvi. 2, p. 453 (1830) ; Hewitson,
ii. p. 396, pi. cxi. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 356 ; Dresser, vi.
p. 441, pi. 419, fig. 3 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 29 ;
Saunders, p. 415 ; Lilford, vii. p. 79, pi. 30 ; Seebohm, B. Jap.
Emp. p. 235 ; C. minor, Keyserl. and Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 82
(1840); Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 10; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 494 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 1118 ; C. melanorhinu$,Na.um.
p. 497, Taf. 297 (1842).

Kleiner Schwan, German ; Kleine Zwaan, Dutch ; Pibsvane,
Dan. ; Haku-cho, Jap.

(£ ad. (English coast). Differs from C. musicus in being smaller, in
having the base of the bill lemon-yellow, this colour not reaching to the
nostril, the rest of the bill being black ; legs black ; iris brown ; tail-
feathers usually 20. Gape 3'4, wing 187, tail 7'0, tarsus 3'85 inch.

Hob. North-east Europe and Asia, in winter migrating south
to Britain, Scandinavia, continental Europe, Mongolia, China,
and Japan. In Europe it is a more eastern species than C.
musicus, and does not breed further west than European Russia.

C YGNUS— TADORNA 6 0 1

In habits it does not differ from its allies. It breeds in
northern Russia and Siberia, its eggs being similar to those of
C. musicus, but smaller, measuring only 3'3 by 2*4.

The American representative of this species C. columbianus
(Ord) which has the bill deep black, with a patch of deep
orange, is said to have occurred in Scotland, but on very
doubtful evidence, and Dr. Stejneger obtained a young specimen
on Bering Island in Eastern Siberia in 1882. Cygnus davidi
Swinhoe (P. Z. S. 1870, p. 430) which is smaller than C. lewicki,
and has the beak and legs orange-red is said to have occurred
in Mongolia, but I have not been able to examine a specimen,
and have therefore not included it.

TADORNA, Fleming, 1822.

839. BURROW SHELDRAKE.
TADORNA CORNUTA.

Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmel.), Reis. Russl. ii. p. 185, Taf. 19 (1774) ;
Dresser, vi. p. 451, pi. 420 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 171 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 427 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 241 ;
Saunders, p. 419 ; Lilford, vii. p. 83, pi. 32 ; A. tadorna, Linn. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 195 ; Naum. xi. p. 534, Taf. 298 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 1124; T. vulpanser, Flem. Hist. Brit. Anim. p. 122 (1828);
Hewitson, ii. p. 397, pi. cxii. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 357 ; id.
B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 11.

Le Tadorne, French ; Pato-tarro, Span. ; Volpoca, Ital. ;
Bergente, Brandente, German ; Bergeend, Dutch ; Gravand, Dan.
and Norweg. ; Graf and, Swed. ; Ristisorsa, Kivisorsa, Finn. ;
Pegannka, Russ. ; Shdh-chakwa, Hindu. ; Tsukushi-gamo, Jap.

<$ ad. (Norway). Head and upper neck black glossed with bottle-
green, the feathers on hind-crown and nape elongated ; lower neck white ;
back and band across the breast fox-red ; lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and under parts white ; primaries and scapulars black ; secondaries
black on the inner and bottle-green on the outer webs, the elongated
inner secondaries chestnut and white with a black stripe ; a- broad stripe
of white all along the middle of the under parts ; under tail-coverts
orange-red ; bill blood-red with a large fleshy knob at the base above ;
legs rich flesh-red ; iris brown. Culmen 2'25, wing 13*0, tail 5 '2, tarsus
2'05 inch. Female rather smaller and duller in colour and lacks the knob.
In the young the black is replaced by dull dark brown, and the fox-red
by rufous brown.

Hob. Europe generally, from the Lofoten islands to the
Mediterranean, west to the British Islands ; north Africa ; Asia

602 TADORNA

east to Japan, north to Mongolia, Manchuria, and southern
Siberia, south to northern India and China in winter.

In general habits it resembles the Wild Duck a good deal,
but is chiefly a coast bird, and is usually shy and wary. The
call-note of the male is a deep korr, Tcorr, but the note of the
female is a quack. It feeds on vegetable matter, small crusta-
ceans, and worms. It breeds in May in holes in the ground,
usually rabbit-burrows, and deposits 7 to 12, sometimes as many
as 16 eggs, which are well bedded in down, and are yellowish
or ivory white, smooth in grain and measure about 27 by 1*8.

840. RUDDY SHELDRAKE.
TADORNA CASARCA.

Tadorna casarca (Linn.), Syst. Nat. iii. App. p. 224 (1768) ; Dresser, vi.
p. 461, pi. 421 ; Saunders, p. 421 ; Lilford, vii. p. 81, pi. 31 ;
T. rutila, Pall. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. p. 579, Taf. 22, fig. 1 ;
Naum. xi. p. 564, Taf. 299 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 358 ; (id.), B. of
Gt. Brit. v. pi. 12 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 241 ; (Blanf.),
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 428 ; (Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mns. xxvii.
p. 117 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1121.

Tadorne casarca, French ; Pato tarro, Span. ; Rostente,
German ; Turpan, Russ. ; Kermesi-Erdek, Turk. ; Bou-ha, Moor. ;
Wuz Abu-Far oa, Arab. ; ChaJcwa $ , Cha'kwi £ , Hindu. ;

<£ ad. (S. Russia). Head creamy yellow, becoming yellowish red on
the neck, which is encircled below by a black ring ; lower neck, back,
breast, and under parts rich fox-red, paler on the flanks and scapulars ;
quills, tail, and tail-coverts black ; rump yellowish red vermiculate.d with
black ; secondaries glossed with green and purple on the outer web ; inner
secondaries yellowish red tinged with ashy grey on the inner webs ; wing-
eoverts white ; bill and legs blackish ; iris brown. Culmen 1'75, wing 14*0,
tail 5*5, tarsus 2'5 inch. The female lacks the black collar and is whiter
on the head, and the young bird resembles the female but is duller, the
inner secondaries and scapulars are brown marked with yellowish red, and
the white on the wing coverts is soiled with grey.

Hal>. Southern and south-eastern Europe, rare in the west ;
of accidental occurrence in Britain, Sweden, Denmark, and
Germany, etc ; North Africa ; Asia east through central Asia,
Tibet, Mongolia, and Manchuria, to China, Corea, and Japan,
north to Lake Baikal, south in winter to India, Burma, and
Formosa.

In habits it is said to resemble the Geese more than the true
Ducks, walks with ease like these, and grazes in the cornfields

TADORNA—jEX 603

on tender shoots, feeding also on seeds, frogs, worms, and to
some extent, is is said, on fish. Unless where unmolested, it is
shy and wary. Its note is a peculiar clanging bisyllabic cry
frequently uttered. It breeds, often far from the sea, in holes
and clefts of the rocks, hollow trees and deserted nests of birds
of prey, depositing about the end of May, 12 to 16 eggs which
are well bedded in down and resemble those of T. cornuta, but
are as a rule a trifle smaller.

JEX, Boie, 1828.
841. MANDARIN DUCK.
GALERICULATA.

galericulata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 206 (1766) ; (Seebohm), B. Jap.
Emp. p. 248 ; Gould, B. of Asia, vii. pi. 69 ; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 501 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 76 ; Tacz. F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1127 ; Kidgway, p. 99.

Oshi-dori, Jap.

<£ ad. (China). Forehead green, merging into purple on the crown ;
occipital crest coppery red, becoming dark purple and green below ; some of
the lateral crest-feathers, region round and behind the eye on the neck,
white ; upper parts, wings, and rump glossy olivaceous ; primaries externally
greyish white ; short secondaries glossy metallic blue tipped with white,
the inner ones falcate on the outer web, glossy blue, the inner web broad
fan-shaped, chestnut, margined with velvety blue-black ; chin and throat
warm pale rufous, the latter with white stripes, the feathers much
elongated ; upper breast and its sides purplish blue, the latter tipped with
white ; rest of under parts white, the flanks warm rufous finely vermiculated
with black ; tarsus and toes reddish yellow, the membranes blackish ; bill
reddish brown, the nail bluish flesh-colour ; iris dark brown, the outer
ring yellowish white. Culmen 1*3, wing 9'5, tail 4*5, tarsus l'4inch. The
female has the upper parts brownish olive, the crown and hind-neck
greyish ; nuchal feathers elongate ; feathers round the eye, and a long
stripe behind the eye, white ; chin and throat white ; breast brownish,
spotted with white ; rest of under parts white. In the summe plumage
the male resembles the female but has the upper parts more glossed, and
the spots on the breast reddish instead of white.

Hal. Eastern Siberia, Japan, Corea on passage ; resident in
central and southern China, Formosa.

Frequents rivers and lakes ; nests in hollow trees like the
American JEx sponsa, and deposits pale yellowish eggs, which
measure about 2'08 by T57.

604 ANAS

ANAS, Linn., 1766.
842. WILD DUCK.
ANAS BOSCAS.

Anas boscas, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 205 (1766) ; Naum. xi. p. 575, Taf.
300 ; Audubon, B. Am. vi. p. 236, pi. 385 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 361 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 15 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 407, pi. cxiii.
fig. 3 ; Dresser, vi. p. 469, pi. 422 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvii. p. 189 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1129 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 435 ; Saunders, p. 423 ; Lilford, vii. p. 86, pi. 33 ;
Ridgway, p. 91.

Canard sauvage, French ; Pato real, Portug. and Span. ;
Germano real, Ital. ; Stockente, German ; Wilde Aant, Dutch ;
Stokand, Dan. and Norweg. ; Grdsand, Swed. ; Stuora-vuojas,
Selsina, Lapp. ; Sinisorsa, Finn. ; Krahu&hJca, Russ. ; Bat, Arab. ;
Zerok el ras, Moor. ; Nilsir, Nir-rugi, Hindu. ; Ma-gamo, Jap.

<J ad. (England). Head and neck deep glossy green, darker on the
fore-crown ; a white ring round the middle of the neck, interrupted behind ;
scapulars and fore-back grey, vermiculated with brown ; middle of back
dark brown with fulvous margins ; rump and four central recurved tail-
feathers purplish black ; rest of tail and quills brownish grey with whitish
margins, speculum on secondaries greenish purple margined above and
below with white ; forepart of breast deep chestnut-red ; rest of under
parts greyish white narrowly barred with brown ; under tail- coverts
purplish black ; bill dull yellowish olive ; legs and feet reddish orange ;
iris brown. Culmen 2-6, wing 10'5, tail 4'0, tarsus 1*85 inch. In the
summer season a plumage resembling that of the female but darker is
donned for about 10 to 12 weeks. The female is brown above, marked
with buff, the sides of the head paler, the chin and throat plain brownish
buff, the tail-feathers brown, straight, and the under parts buff marked
with brown, the upper breast browner.

Hob. Europe, north to Lapland where it is rare, south to the
Mediterranean ; the Canaries, Madeira, and Azores ; north Africa ;
Asia east to Japan, north to Kamchatka, south to central India ;
North America, south to Mexico.

Is a shy and wary bird, flies swiftly and with ease, and walks
well. It feeds by night on seeds, roots, worms, mollusca, in-
sects, and though more frequently to be found on freshwaters,
it is occasionally to be met with on the sea-coast. It breeds
from early in March to late in May, its nest, which is a some-
what scanty structure of twigs and grass, well lined with down,
is usually placed on the ground near water, though sometimes

ANAS— CHA ULELASMUS 605

in a hollow tree, or the deserted nest of some large bird. The
eggs from 7 to 12 or even 15 are dull greenish grey, and
measure about 2*29 by 1'61.

843. RING-BILLED DUCK.
ANAS ZONORHYNCHA.

Anas zonorhyncha, Swinlioe, Ibis, 1866, p. 394; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 496 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 243 ; Salvador!, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 211 ; Tacz. F. t). Sib. 0. p. 1133 ; A.pacilorhyncha,
Temm. and Schleg. Faun. Jap. Aves. p. 126, pi. 82 (nee. Forst).

Kari-gamo, Jap.

£ ad. (Japan). Not unlike the female A. boscas, but has a superciliary
stripe ; sides of the head and throat whitish, the rump and upper tail-
feathers uniform dark brown ; lower neck and upper breast dull whitish
buff with dusky centres to the feathers ; lower breast and abdomen brown,
the under tail-coverts blackish brown ; speculum glossy blue with a
greenish tinge ; bill black with the apical portion, except the tip of the
nail, yellow ; legs and feet light bright red ; iris yellowish brown.
Culmen 2 -2, wing 11 '6, tail 4'8, tarsus 1'75 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. Mongolia, Dauria, China, Corea, Japan, and the Kurile
Islands.

In its habits it is said to resemble A. boscas. It breeds in
South-east Mongolia, northern China and Japan in May or
early in June, nesting on the ground, and depositing 5 to 6
eggs, which are ivory-white and measure about 2*13 by 1*55.

CHAULELASMUS, Gray apud Bp., 1838.

844. GAD WALL.
CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS.

Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 200 (1766) ; (Naum.), xi.
p. 659. Taf. 302 ; figs. 1, 3 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 402, pi. cxiii. fig. 1 ;
(Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 366 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 19 ; Dresser,
vi. p. 487, pi. 424 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 499 ; (Audubon),
B. Am. vi. p. 254, pi. 388 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 221 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1154 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 440 ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 242 ; Saunders, p. 425 ; (Lilford), vii.
p. 87, pi. 34 ; (Kidgway), p. 95.

Chipeau bruyant, French; Frisada, Portug. ; Trigali, Pato
castellano, Span. ; Canapiglia. Ital. ; Schnatterente, German ;
Kraakeend, Dutch ; Snadderand, Dan. ; Snatterand, Swed. ;

606 CHAULELASMUS— SPATULA

Serucha, Russ. ; Samari, Arab. ; Mila, Bhuar, Hindu. ; Okayoshi*
Jap.

$ ad. (Holland). Crown and nape dark reddish brown ; head and neck
dull brownish white all narrowly barred ; back dark slaty with undulating
white cross-bars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black ; tail and
quills ashy brown ; alar patch white ; larger wing-coverts black, median
chestnut-red, the lesser grey marbled with sandy brown ; elongated inner
secondaries and scapulars dull light brown ; breast and flanks blackish
with transverse white lines ; under tail-coverts jet black ; bill blackish
along the ridge of the upper mandible, otherwise dirty yellow ; legs
dirty yellow, webs blackish ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'9, wing 10'4,
tail 4*0, tarsus 1*55 inch. The female has the crown and nape blackish
brown finely striated with pale rufous ; back, scapulars, rump, and upper
tail-coverts blackish brown margined and marked with rufous ; wing-
coverts grey tipped with dull white, the larger marked with rufous ;
speculum white ; chin and upper throat white ; neck, breast, and flanks
dark brown, the former margined with rufous, the last with rufous grey ;
middle of abdomen dull white ; under tail-coverts whitish spotted with
brown. In the summer the male assumes a dress much like that of the
female, bnt the wings and tail are as above described.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Iceland and central Scandi-
navia ; comparatively rare in Great Britain ; northern Africa
in winter and is said to have occurred as far south as the
Orange River ; Asia north to Kamchatka, east to Japan, and
south in winter to India and China ; North America, south to
the West Indies and Mexico in winter.

In habits it resembles Anas boscas and is essentially a fresh-
water duck, feeding chiefly on vegetable matter, but it is also
known to eat aquatic insects, small shell-fish, frogs, etc. It
breeds in temperate latitudes making a nest like that of
A. 'boscas, placed near the water and usually in May, deposits
8 to 13 eggs, pale creamy yellow in colour, and in size
averaging about 2'10 by 1'50.

SPATULA, Boie, 1822.

845. SHOVELLER.
SPATULA CLYPEATA.

Spatula clypeata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 200(1766) ; (Naum.), xi. p. 747,
Taf. 306 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 400, pi. cxii. fig. 2 ; (Gould), B. of E.
v. pi. 360 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 14 ; Dresser, vi. p. 497, pi. 425 ;
(Audubon), B. Am. vi. p. 293, pi. 394 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvii. p. 306; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1151 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 452 ; Ridgway, p. 97 ; Saunders, p. 427 ; (Lilford), vii.
p. 90, pi. 35.

SPATULA— MARMARONETTA 607

Souchet, French ; Pato trombeteiro, Portug. ; Pato cuchareta,
Span. ; Cuccliiarone, Ital. ; Loffelente, German ; Slobeend, Dutch ;
Sktond, Dan. ; Skovland, Norweg. ; Skedand, Swed. ; Lapasorsa,
Finn. ; Sehirokonoska, Ootka so/csoon, "Russ. ; Tidari, Punana,
Hindu. ; HasTiibiro-gamo, Jap.

$ ad. (England). Head and upper neck black glossed with bottle-
green and purple ; hind-neck and back blackish brown with dull white
margins, the rump and upper tail-coverts imperceptibly edged with dull
fulvous ; lower neck and scapulars white ; middle tail-feathers brownish
grey edged with whitish, the rest dull white with dark centres ; wing-
coverts sky-blue, the last row tipped with white ; speculum bright metallic
green narrowly tipped with white ; under parts rich rufous ; under tail-
coverts creamy yellow marbled with brown ; a white patch on each side of
the base of the tail ; bill black, very broad towards the end ; legs and feet
bright orange ; iris yellow. Culmen 2'9, wing 9'0, tail 3'1, tarsus 1*3 inch.
The female has the head, neck, and upper parts dark brown with clay-
yellow or clay-brown margins ; under parts dull clay with dark spots on
the breast and flanks ; wings as in the male but much duller, the wing-
coverts only washed with bluish. In the summer the male assumes a dress
like the female but darker, and the blue on the wings and green speculum
are retained.

Hob. Europe generally, north to the Arctic circle; North
Africa, in winter south to Somaliland and Casamance ; Asia
east to Japan, north to Kamchatka, south to Southern China,
India and Ceylon in winter; North America from Alaska to
Mexico, in winter ranging as far south as Panama.

Is a fresh-water duck, though not unfrequently to be seen
on the sea-coast ; it feeds principally on the seeds of various
aquatic plants and vegetable matter, aquatic insects, grain, etc.
Usually it is not so shy as Anas boscas, and is as a rule a silent
bird, but in the breeding season its note took, took, may be
heard. It breeds in May, June, and July, its nest being a
depression in the soil near water, lined with grass and down.
Its eggs, 8 to 14 in number, are pale greenish grey, sometimes
greyish cream, and measure about 2-0 by T37.

MARMARONETTA, Reichenb., 1852,

846. MARBLED DUCK.
MARMARONETTA ANGUSTIROSTRIS.

Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetr.), Cat. Eais.* p. 58 (1832) ; (Gould),
B. of E. v. p. 373 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 479, pi. 423 ; Salvador!, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 321 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 454.

608 MARMARONETTA— EUNETTA

EuJiilla, Roseta, Span. ; Cfarganella marmorata, Ital. ;
Oozonosbi-tcTiirok, Russ. ; Chihil, Moor.

<$ ad. (Spain). Head greyish brown barred with dark brown, the
region round the eye dark brown ; upper parts dull brown tinged with
grey, mottled and marbled with light greyish brown ; quills ashy grey ;
secondaries pale creamy brown ; wing-coverts brownish grey ; tail ashy
brown tipped with creamy buff ; under parts greyish white, the sides of
head, throat, and neck finely striped with brown, the breast barred, and
flanks barred and marbled with greyish brown ; under tail-coverts pale
buff indistinctly barred ; bill bluish grey, black on culmen and tip ; legs
dusky olive ; iris brown. Culmen T8, wing 7 '9, tail 3'2, tarsus 1P2 inch.
Female similar but duller.

Hob. Southern Europe, North Africa, Canaries, South-west
Asia, east to Northern India.

In habits this Duck resembles the Teal, and like that
bird feeds on vegetable matter, Crustacea, insects, and worms ;
its note is a low croaking whistle. Its nest is constructed
of twigs and bents, lined with down, and is placed on the ground
near water, usually under a bush, and its eggs 8 to 14 in number
are usually laid in May, and are cream-coloured like those of
Q. crecca and measure about T86 by 1*34.

EUNETTA, Bonap., 1856.

847. FALCATED TEAL.
EUNETTA FALCATA,

Eunetta falcata (Georgi), Reis. Russ. Reich, i. p. 167 (1775) ; (Naum.),
xiii. Taf. 389, fig. 1 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 525, pi. 429 ; David and Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 504 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 218 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 438 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1135 ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 245.

Kossatii-Sselesen, Kossatka, Russ. ; Yoshi-gamo, Jap.

£ ad. (Siberia). Crown chestnut-red ; a band round the nape and the
long nuchal crest metallic green ; throat white, below which is a green
collar followed by another of white ; upper parts vermiculated with
greyish brown and white ; lower back dark brown, indistinctly vermiculated
with grey ; upper tail-coverts very long and black ; tail greyish brown ;
wing-coverts clear grey, the larger white at the tip ; speculum metallic
green ; inner secondaries very long, sickle-shaped, black, glossed with
green, the shafts and external margins whitish ; under parts white
vermiculated and barred with grey ; under tail-coverts long, black ; on

EUNETTA—QUERQUEDULA 609

each side of the tail a cream-coloured patch ; bill blackish ; legs dull blue-
grey ; iris brown. Cnlmen 1-8, wing 10*0, tail 3'0, tarsus T35 inch. The
female is smaller, has the head and neck purplish brown striped with
whitish ; upper parts rufous or fulvous varied with brown ; wings as in
the male, but the inner secondaries not elongated ; upper breast rufous
with purplish brown cross-markings ; rest qf under parts fulvous in-
distinctly mottled with brown. After the breeding season the male
assumes a dress not unlike that of the female.

Hob. Northern Asia, north to Kamchatka, in winter
migrating south to China and India ; Japan ; of accidental
and rare occurrence in Europe.

The present species is a frequenter of fresh- water and in
general habits resembles Q. crecca. It feeds chiefly on vegetable
matter and consorts with the Baikal Teal, the Wild Duck, and
Pintail. Its nest is placed on the ground usually near water,
and its eggs, 7 to 10 in number, are usually deposited in May
and resemble those of Q. crecca being pale creamy, smooth in
texture, and measure about 2'19 by 1*54.

QUERQUEDULA, Stephens, 1824.

848. GARGANEY.
QUERQUEDULA CIRCIA.

Querquedula clrcia (Linn.), Syst. Nat, i. p. 204 (1766) ; Gould, B. of E.
pi. 364 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 17 ; Dresser, vi. p. 513, pi. 427 ;
David and Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 532 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
p. 293 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 449 ; Saunders, p. 435 ;
(Lilford), vii. p. 98, pi. 39 ; A. querquedula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 203 (1766) ; Naum. xi. p. 677, Taf. 303 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 409,
pi. cxiv. fig. 1 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1145.

Sarcelle d'ttf, French : Marreco, Marreqidnho, Portug. ; Patito,
Cerceta, Span. ; Marzajola, Ital. ; Knakente, German ; Zomertaling,
Dutch ; Atlingand, Dan. ; l&weand, Norweg. ; Arta, Swed. \
ffeinatavi, Finn. ; Tchirok-tres-kuntechik, Russ. ; Arasch, Arab. ;
Chaitwa, Khira, Hindu. ; Shima-haji, Jap.

$ ad. (Denmark). Forehead dull chestnut marked with white, the
crown and nape dark brown ; a white stripe from the eye to the nape ;
sides of face and neck dark chestnut streaked with white ; back brown
washed with ashy blue, the lower back bluer and irregularly barred with
white ; tail dark brown with narrow white margins ; wing-coverts clear
blue-grey ; alar speculum green, on each side bordered with white ;
elongated inner secondaries lavender-grey with black and white stripes

610 QUERQUEDULA

along the feathers ; breast sandy brown with crescentic blackish bars ;
lower breast and belly whitish, the flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts
vermiculated and spotted with dark brown ; on each side of the vent a
greyish patch ; bill blackish, at the base below flesh-coloured ; legs
brownish plumbeous ; iris brown. Culmen 1-5, wing 7*7, tail 3*1,
tarsus I'l inch. Female, general colour brown darker on the head, the
feathers on upper parts margined with sandy brown and fulvous white ;
wing-coverts dull ashy grey, and the green speculum absent ; streak from
the eye, malar region, and throat buffy white ; sides of head and lower
neck streaked with brown ; breast rusty brown marked with white ; rest
of under parts buffy white, the flanks mottled with brown. After the
breeding season the male assumes a dress like that of the female, but
retains the green speculum and lavender-blue wing-coverts.

Hob. Europe generally, from below the Arctic circle to the
Mediterranean ; North Africa in winter south to Somaliland ;
Asia east to Japan, north to Kamchatka, south in winter to
India, Ceylon, Borneo, Java, Celebes, and Ceram.

Frequents fresh-water, but seldom being found on the sea-
coast, and feeds on vegetable substances, worms, insects, and
larvae, occasionally on small frogs and fish ; its note is a harsh
knack. It breeds in April or May, its nest being a mere
depression in the ground in a morass, meadow, or in a reed-bed,
and composed of rushes and dried grass mixed with down. Its
eggs, 8 to 12 or 13 in number, are rather deeper creamy yellow
than those of the Teal and measure about T87 by T35.

849. BLUE-WINGED TEAL.
QUERQUEDULA DISCORS.

Querquedula discors (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 205 (1766) ; (Wilson), Am.
Orn. viii. p. 74, pi. 68, fig. 4 ; (Audub.), B. Am. vi. p. 287, pi. 393 ;
Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 299 ; Eidgway, p. 93 ; Saunders,
p. 434 ; (Lilford), vii. p. 100, pi. 40.

<$ ad. (N. America). May always be distinguished by having the head
and neck dull plumbeous, the crown dusky, the sides of the occiput glossed
with metallic lavender-purple ; a crescent-shaped patch of white in front
of the eye ; wing-coverts rich blue ; speculum green with a white bar
above ; under parts pale chestnut spotted with black ; bill black ; legs and
feet yellowish ; iris brown. Culmen 1*75, wing 7'2, tail 3'25, tarsus T25
inch. The female has the upper parts dusky varied with buffy white,
the under parts dull buff, the chin and upper throat uristreaked, the rest
of the head and neck streaked with dusky, the speculum dull greyish
brown. In the summer the male like all its allies assumes a dress like
that of the female, but retains the brighter colours on the wings.

QUERQUEDULA— NETTION 611

Hob. North America generally, chiefly east of the Rocky
Mountains, ranging south in winter through the whole of

the West Indies and Central America to Ecuador.

r

In its general habits it does not appear to differ from the
Garganey, and its nest and eggs resemble those of that species.
It is only a very rare straggler to Europe, and has occurred
once in Denmark, and at least once in Scotland.

NETTION, Kaup, 1829.

850. THE TEAL.
NETTION CRECCA.

Nettion crecca (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 204 (1766) ; (Naum.) xi. p. 701,
Taf. 304 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 410, pi. cxiv. fig. 2 ; (Gould), B. of E.
v. pi. 362 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 16 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 507,
pi. 426 ; (David and Oust.) Ois. Chine, p. 502 ; Salvadori, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 243 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1141 ; (Blanf.), F.
Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 443; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 244;
Saunders, p. 431 ; (Lilford). vii. p. 94, pi. 37.

Sarcelle d' hiver, French ; Marreco, Portug. ; Cerceta, Span. ;
Alsavola, Ital. ; Kruckente, German ; Wintertaling, Dutch ;
Krihand, Dan. and Norweg. ; Krickan, Swed. ; Giksa, Lapp. ;
Tavi, Finn. ; Tschirisk, Russ. ; J£erkedjt Arab. ; Chota-MurgliaU,
Kerra, Hindu. ; Ko-gamo, Jap.

$ ad. (England). Crown, nape, sides of neck and throat deep chestnut ;
sides of head glossy green, above and below margined with whitish ; chin
blackish ; back grey vermiculated with black and white ; upper tail-
coverts black narrowly margined with fulvous ; elongated scapulars black
and white ; speculum metallic green ; under parts whitish vermiculated
with black on the lower breast and flanks, and indistinctly on the
abdomen ; upper breast spotted with black ; under tail-coverts black ;
whitish along the edge, with a cream-coloured patch on each side ; bill
blackish; legs and feet brownish grey; iris brown. Culmen T55, wing
7'0, tail 27, tarsus 0'8 inch. Female blackish brown mottled with reddish
brown above ; under parts whitish mottled with brown and rufous on the
upper breast and flanks ; a loral spot and throat clear buff ; wings duller
than in the male. The male assumes a plumage like that of the female in
the summer.

Hah, The whole of Europe, north to Northern Lapland and
Iceland, rare in Greenland ; Canaries ; Azores ; North Africa
in winter, south to Abyssinia ; Asia east to Japan, north to

s s

612 NETTION

Kamchatka, south in winter to China, India, and Ceylon ; of
occasional occurrence in eastern North America.

Is essentially a fresh-water Duck, only found on salt-water in
exceptional cases. It feeds ab night on vegetable substances,
grain, seeds, worms, and slugs, &c. Its nest is placed on the
ground, amongst grass, frequently under a bush, and is composed
of bents and down. The eggs from 8 to 10, occasionally as
many as 15, are deposited in May and are yellowish white like
old ivory and measure about 178 by T31.

851. AMERICAN TEAL.
NETTION CAROLINE NSE.

Nettlon carolinense (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 533 (1778) ; (Audub.), B. Am.
vi. p. 281, pi. 392 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 250 ;
Ridgway, p. 94 ; Saunders, p. 433 ; (Lilford), vii. p. 96, pi. 38.

c£ ad. (N. America). Differs from AT. crecca in wanting the striped
scapulars and in having a broad whitish orescentic band on each side of
the breast, and the vermiculations in the plumage are much finer; The
female closely resembles that of N. crecca.

Hob. North America, breeding usually north of the United
States, migrating in winter south to the West Indies, Mexico,
and Honduras ; Greenland ; of rare occurrence in Europe but has
been obtained at least twice in Great Britain.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from N. crecca, and
its eggs resemble those of that species, and in size average 1'76
by 1-30.

852. BAIKAL TEAL.
NETTION FORMOSUM.

Nettion fonnosum (Georgi), Reis. Russ. Reich, p. 168 (1775); (Temin.
and Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 127, Tabb. 82s and c ;
(Dresser), vi. p. 521, pi. 428; (David and Oust.) Ois. Chine,
p. 503; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 240; (Tacz.) F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1138; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 442; A.
glocitans, Pall. Acta. Holm. xl. p. 33, Tab. i. (1779) ; (Gould),
B. of E. pi. 363.

KlokuscTika, Moklok, MoJcloschka, Russ. ; Aji, Jap.

$ ad. (Siberia). Crown, hind-neck, throat, and a band across the
face black ; face and sides of neck buff margined with white ; crown behind
the eye bordered with white ; a crescentic green band from behind the eye
round the nape ; back blue-grey finely vermiculated with black and white ;

NETTION— DAFILA 6 1 3

quills and tail dark brown ; elongated scapulars, black down the middle,
white on the inner, and rufous on the outer web ; wing-coverts brown, the
larger edged with rufous ; speculum greenish bronze near the coverts, then
black with white tips ; breast brownish vinous spotted with black ;
abdomen buffy whitish ; flanks like the back ; vent and under tail-coverts
black, the latter bay on the sides, the longer ones tipped with white ; bill
dark bluish brown ; legs and fest greyish blue, the webs darker ; iris
reddish brown. Culmen 1'5, wirg 8'5, tail 3*6, tarsus TO inch. The
female is not unlike that of N. crecca. but is larger, has the speculum as
in the male, but duller, and a buff spot on each side of the head in front of
the lores and one under each eye.

Hal. Northern Asia, chiefly eastern Siberia, west to the
Yenesei, north to Kamchatka, migrating south to Mongolia,
Corea, Japan, China, and rarely to India ; of accidental occur-
rence in Europe, having been twice obtained in France, and once
in Italy.

In habits it is said to resemble N. crecca, but is much more
noisy, and when on passage its deep duckling call-note Ho, Ho,
Ho, may be heard at a considerable distance. It breeds in
North-eastern Siberia, the nest being placed on the ground,
on the river-banks under willow-bushes. The eggs 7 to 8 in
number are deposited late in June or early in July, resemble
those of N. crecca, but have a faint olivaceous tinge, and measure
About 1'85 by T33.

DAFILA, Leach, 1824.

853. PINTAIL.
DAFILA ACUTA.

Dajila acuta (Linn.), Syst. Nat i. p. 202 (1766) ; (Naum.), xi. p. 638,
Taf. 301 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 403, pi. cxiii. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of
Gt. Brit. v. pi. 18 ; David and Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 498 ;
Dresser, vi. p. 531, pis. 430, 431 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvii. p. 270; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 447; Tacz. F.
0. Sib. 0. p. 1147 ; Saunders, p. 429 ; (Lilford), vii. p. 92,
pi. 36 ; Ridgway. p. 98 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 246 ;
D. caudacuta (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 280 (1811) ; Gould,
B. of E. v. pi. 365.

Pild, French : Ralijunco, Portug. ; Pato-careto, Span. ;,Codone,
Ital. ; Spiessentc, German ; Pijlstaart, Dutch ; Spidsand, Dan.
and Norweg. ; Stjertand, Swed. ; Vicojas, Lapp. ; Jouhisuorsa,
Finn. ; SMlochvost, Russ. ; Bulbul, Arab. ; Sank, Sink-par.
Hindu. ; 0-naga-gamo, Jap.

s s 2

614 DAFILA—MARECA

$ ad. (England). Crown and nape dark umber-brown with paler
margins ; sides of head, chin, and fore-neck reddish brown Avith faint
purplish reflections ; hind-neck blackish brown glossed with green ; lower
hind-neck and upper parts white vermiculated with black, the rump and
upper tail-coverts barred and marbled with brown ; middle tail-feathers
blackish brown, elongated, and pointed, the outer one and quills dark
grey, the former tipped with white ; alar speculum metallic green with a
ferruginous bar above and a white one below ; elongated alar feathers
black margined with white ; a long line on each side of the neck and
breast white ; under parts white ; flanks like the back ; lower abdomen
indistinctly barred with greyish brown ; crissum and under tail-covert&
black ; beak blackish, the sides dull plumbeous ; legs and feet greyish
black ; iris orange-brown. Culmen 2 '2, wing 11 '2, tail 7 '5, tarsus 1'6
inch. The female has the head and nape reddish brown the rest of the
head and neck yellowish white all lineated with dark brown ; the upper
parts dark brown edged and marked with dirty white, the under parts
yellowish white marked with brown ; no speculum but with two white
bars across the wings. In the summer the male assumes a dress much
like that of the female but retains the speculum.

Hob. Europe generally, breeding in the north as far as
northern Lapland, migrating south in winter to North Africa ;
Asia, east to Japan, north to about 71° N. Lat., south in winter
to Mongolia, China, India, and Ceylon ; North America from
Alaska, south to Cuba and Panama.

In general habits it much resembles A. boscas, and is a fresh-
water duck, feeding on aquatic plants, seeds, tender shoots,
roots, insects, and their larvae, but may also be met with off the
sea-coasts. Its note is soft and is not so high-pitched as that
of its allies, nor is it a noisy bird. It breeds rather later than
A. boscas, its nest being a depression in the ground, not far from
water and usually under a bush, lined with small flags, grass-
bents, and down. The eggs 7 to 9 in number are dull greenish
grey, rather elongated in shape, and measure about 2*9 by 1.45.

MARECA, Stephens, 1824.

854. WIGEON.
MARECA PENELOPE.

Marecapenelope(L\Tm.}, Syst. Nat. i. p. 202 (1766) ; (Naum.) xi. p. 724,
Taf. 305 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 412, pi. cxiv. fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 359 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 13 ; Dresser, vi. p. 541, pis. 432,
433 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 499 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvii. p. 227 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 445 ; Tacz,
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1156 ; Ridgway, p. 96 ; Saunders, p. 437 ; Lilford,
vii. p. 101.pl. 41.

MARECA 615

Canard siffleur, French ; Asscibiadeira, Portflg. ; Pato-
florcntino, Span. ; Fischione, Ital. ; Pfeifente, Blassente, German ;
Smient, Dutch ; Pibeand, Blisand, Dan. ; Brunnaltke, Norweg. ;
Blasand, Swed. ; Snartal, Lapp. ; Haapana, Finn. ; Sivijas,
Swestun, Russ. ; Peasan, Patari, Hindu. ; Hidori, Jap.

<£ ad. (England). Forehead and fore-crown warm oclireous ; rest of
head and neck rich rusty red ; region round and behind the eye, front of
throat, lower neck, and nape marked with green ; upper parts and flanks
white verraiculated with black ; wing-coverts greyish brown and white ;
speculum green ; elongated alar feathers blackish grey on the inner and
black margined with white on the outer web ; upper breast pinky vinous ;
under parts white ; under tail-coverts black ; beak blue-grey, the tip black ;
legs plumbeous ; iris reddish brown. Culmen T55, wing 10'2, tail 4'8,
tarsus T55 inch. The female has the head and neck greyish ochreous
striped with black ; upper parts dull brown with whitish margins ;
speculum absent ; under parts white, the breast marked with reddish
brown, the under tail-coverts with greyish brown. In the late summer
the male resembles the female but the head and neck are dull chestnut
spotted with black ; no buff patch ; wings as above but the wings-coverts
are ashy grey ; upper breast and flanks rusty brown.

Hab. Europe generally, breeding in the high north, migrating
in winter to Africa, as far south as Abyssinia, and Madeira ;
Asia north to Kamchatka, east to Japan, and south in winter to
China, India, and Borneo ; of occasional occurrence in Eastern
North America and more frequent in Alaska.

Resembles the Teal in its choice of habitat, and though also
found on the sea-coast usually frequents quiet bays, inlets, and
mud-banks. It feeds on vegetable substances, aquatic insects,
crustaceans, &c. and does not dive in search of food. Its
whistling note is very frequently to be heard, especially at
night. It breeds both near water and at some distance from it,
its nest being a depression in the ground lined with down and
a few grass-bents and moss. The eggs which are deposited in
May or early in June are creamy white and measure about 2*27
by 1-55.

855. AMERICAN WIGEON.
MARECA AMERICANA.

Mareca aitiericana (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 526 (1788) ; (Audub.), B.
Am. vi. p. 259, pi. 389 ; Dresser, ix. p. 289, pi. 707 ; Salvador!,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 233; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1160;
Ridgway, p. 96 ; Saunders, p. 439 ; LilforJ, vii. p. 104, pi. 42.

$ ad. (N. America). Differs from M. penelope in having the crown and
forehead white, unspotted, the head and neck dull white finely speckled

6 1 6 MARECA—^ETHYIA

with black ; a broad space of metallic green extending from the eye to the
occiput. Culmen 1-6, wing 10'55, tail 5'0, tarsus T45 inch. The female
differs from that of M. penelope in having the pale parts of the head and
neck whitish,.

Hob. North America in general, breeding chiefly north of the
United States ; in winter south to Guatemala and Cuba ;
N. Iceland, where it breeds ; has occurred two or three times in
Britain.

In habits it does not differ from M. penelope, but is said to
breed always some distance from water, under trees or bushes.
The eggs resemble those of M. penelope and measure about
2-06 by 148.

JETHYIA, Boie, 1822.

856. RED-CRESTED POCHARD.
-ffiTHYIA RUFINA.

Mtliyia rufina (Pall.), Reise ii. App. p. 713, No. 28 (1773) ;:
(Naum.), xii. p. 7, Taf. 307 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 369 ; (id.),,
B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 22 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 559, pi. 435 ; (Salvadori),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 328 ; (Blanford), F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iv. p. 456 ; (Saunders), p. 441 ; (Lilford), vii. p. 106, pi. 43.

Canard siffleur huppe, French ; Sivert, Span. ; Germano turco,
Ital. ; Kolbenente, German ; Nyrok krasnonosyi, Russ. ; Ldl-
chonch, Ldl-sir, Hindu.

gad. (S. Russia). Head crested ; head and upper neck rusty red with
a pink tinge, the crown paler ; hind and lower neck and upper breast
hlack ; middle of back brown, the scapulars paler and reddish ; rump and
tipper tail-coverts blackish brown ; tail and quills dark ashy grey ;.
secondaries white with a subterminal greyish brown bar ; elongated inner
secondaries ashy grey ; wing-coverts ashy brown ; under parts blackish
brown, the sides of the abdomen white ; bill vermilion-red, the tip white ;
legs orange-red ; iris reddish brown. Culmen 2'3, wing 10'8, tail 3'5,
tarsus 1*6 inch. The female is greyish brown above, the scapulars paler ;
secondaries greyish . white barred with brown towards the tip ; throat^
sides of head below the eye, neck, and under parts whitish ; bill blackish
with a pink tip ; legs and feet pinkish, the webs blackish.

Hob. Southern Europe, rarely straying north as far as Great
Britain and Denmark ; North Africa ; Southern Russia east to
Turkestan, migrating in winter south to Northern and Central
India.

JSTHYIA 617

Frequents fresh-water lakes and marshes, and is extremely
shy and wary ; its call-note is harsh, not unlike the croak of a
Crow, and its food consists of water-plants, aquatic insects,
small shellfish, and fish or frog spawn. It breeds near fresh-
water, placing its nest on the flags or ground, constructing it of
dead stems of rushes or leaves lined with down, and in May
deposits 7 to 9, occasionally 10 eggs which are greenish gray in
colour and measure about 2*28 by T60.

857. POCHARD.
-flETHYIA FERINA.

jEthyia ferina (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 203 (1766) ; (Naum.), xiii.
p. 21, Taf. 308 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 433, pi. cxvii. fig. 2 ; Gould,
B. of R. v. pi. 367 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 20 ; (Dresser), vi.
p. 551, pi. 434 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 506 ; (Salvadori),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 335 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1162 ;
(Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 458 ; (Saimders), p. 443 ;
(Lilford), vii. p. 107, pi. 44 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. E. p. 254.

Milouin, French ; Tarrantana, Portug. ; Cabezon, Span. ;
Moriglione, Ital. ; Tafelente, German ; Tafeleend, Dutch ; Taffel-
and, Dan. and Norweg. : Brunand, Swed. ; PunasotJca, Finn. ;
Rijegolovka, Krasnogolowi-Nyrok, Russ. ; Aurdr~nar, Hindu ;
Hoshihajiro, Jap.

£ ad. (England). Head and upper neck coppery red; lower neck,
upper back, upper breast, rump, upper and under tail-coverts black ;
upper parts otherwise white yermiculated with black ; quills brown tipped
with blackish ; tail blackish brown tinged with grey ; speculum greyish ;
under parts white indistinctly vermiculated with blackish ; bill black with
a broad band of dull light blue ; legs plumbeous ; iris bright yellow.
Culmen 2*2, wing 8 '4, tail 2 '8, tarsus 1*45 inch. The female has the head
and neck dull reddish brown, the base of the bill, chin, and upper throat
dirty white ; sides of head marked with dirty white ; back dark brown
with a few greyish white feather-tips and vermiculated with blackish ;
breast dark reddish brown with a few whitish margins ; abdomen white,
the lower part and under tail-coverts brownish grey. In the late summer
the male resembles the female, but the head and neck are redder, the back
more marked with white and more clearly vermiculated.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Central Sweden; rare in
Iceland ; the British Islands, South Europe, and North Africa in
winter ; Canaries ; Asia east to Japan, north to Southern Siberia,
south to Northern India in winter ; in America it is replaced
by a very closely allied form JE. americana, Bp.

618 ^ETHYIA

Is an expert diver and obtains its food to some extent
inland, but chiefly under the surface of the water, feeding
chiefly on vegetable substance, but also, it is said, on aquatic
insects. As a rule it is a somewhat silent bird, and its call-note
is a low rerrr-rerrr-a. Its nest is a mere hollow in the ground
near water lined with grass-bents and down, and the eggs 7 to
10, sometimes 12 in number, are usually deposited early in June,
are greenish grey, sometimes with a faint buff tinge, and
measure about 2'38 by 1'65.

858. SCAUP DUCK.
JETHYIA MARILA

jEthyia marila (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 196 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii. p. 88,
Taf. 311 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 426, pi. cxvii. fig. 3 ; (Gould), B. of E.
v. pi. 371 ; (id.) B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 24 ; (Dreseer), vi. p. 565, pi. 436 ;
(David and Oust.) Ois. Chine, p. 507 ; (Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus.
p. 355 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1164 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iv. p. 462 ; (Saunders), p. 449 ; (Lilford), vii. p. 112, pi. 46 ; (Ridg-
• way), p. 103.

Canard milouinan, French ; Morctta-grigia , Ital. ; JBergente,
German ; Toppereend, Dutch ; Bjergand, Dan. and Norweg. ;
Bergand, Swed. ; Stuora-fietag, Lapp. ; Iso-sorrti Tunturi-sotka,
Finn. ; Sorovoi-Nyrok, Belogldska, Russ. ; Nakihashiro-gamo, Jap.

$ ad. (N. Russia). Head, neck, forepart of back, breast, rump, upper
and under tail-coverts, and tail black ; head and upper neck glossed with
bottle-green ; upper parts white vermiculated and barred with black ;
speculum white tipped with black ; under parts white, the lower
abdomen faintly vermiculated with black ; bill and legs light plumbeous ;
webs blackish ; iris yellow. Cnlmen 1*85, wing 8*5, tail 2'8, tarsus 1'4
inch. The female has the forepart of the head and chin white ; rest of the
head, neck, and breast dark reddish brown ; upper parts dark brown, the
back slightly vermiculated with white ; abdomen dull white, the flanks
vermiculated with brown ; crissum and under tail-coverts dark brown
slightly vermiculated with white ; bill and legs darker than in the male.
The male in late summer resembles the female but the head and neck are
blacker, the back more barred with dirty white, and the soft parts as
above.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Lapland and Iceland ; rare
in Greenland ; Southern Europe and North Africa in winter ;
Asia east to Japan, north to Kamchatka, south in winter to
Northern India and China. The American form, jE. nearctica
(Stejn.) is said to differ in having the six inner quills without
distinct white spaces on the inner webs.

J2THYIA 619

Is an expert diver, obtaining its food, which consists chiefly
•of small shellfish and minute Crustacea and marine plants,
chiefly by diving. It swims with ease and flies tolerably swiftly,
usually not high above the surface of the water. It breeds in
June or early in July, nesting on the ground under a bush,
sometimes under a stone or in a hole, its nest generally consist-
ing only of grass. Its eggs, 8 to 9, sometimes 11 in number,
are greyish stone-buff and measure about 2'48 by 1*75. East
Asiatic birds (F. mariloides, Vig.) are said to have sometimes a
purple gloss on the head.

859. TUFTED DUCK.
.ffiSTHYIA FULIGULA.

.EtJnjia f ul'tgula (Linn.), Syst, Nat. i. p. 207 (1766) ; (Naum.) xii. p. 64,
Taf. 310 ; (Salvador!), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 363 ; (Blanf.), F.
Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 463 ; (Ridgway), p. 103. M. cristata (Leach),
Syst. Cat. M. and B. Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1816) ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 430,
pi. cxviii. fig. 3 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 370 ; (id.) B. of Gt. Brit,
v. pi. 23 ; (Dresser), vi. p. 573, pi. 437 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp.
p. 355 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. L 167 ; (Saunders), p. 447 ; (Lil-
ford), vii. p. 113, pi. 47.

Morillon, French ; Negrella, Portug. ; Coquinero, Span. ;
Moretta, Ital. ; Haubenente, tickopfentc, German ; Kuifeend,
Dutch ; Topand, Dan. and Norweg. ; Vigg, Swed. ; Urib-fietag,
Lapp. ; Pieni-sorrti Jouhisotka, Finn. ; Tsckemett, Russ. ; Dubzru,
Ablak, Hindu. ; Kinkurohajiro-gamo, Jap.

£ ad. (England). Head, neck, upper parts and wings, breast and under
tail-coverts black ; head with a long crest arid glossed with purple ;
speculum white tipped with black ; a few indistinct vermiculatioris on the
back; under parts white, the lower abdomen washed with grey; bill
plumbeous tipped with black ; legs dull olive-plumbeous the webs blackish ;
iris yellow. Culmen 1*8, wing 8 '2, tail 2'8, tarsus 1'5 inch. The female
has the head, neck, breast, and upper parts blackish brown with a faint
purplish gloss ; under parts brownish grey ; forehead tinged with brownish
white ; crest very short. In the late summer the plumage of the male is
browner on the head and neck, the back and lower neck indistinctly
powdered with greyish white ; crest shorter than in the spring.

Hob. Europe generally, north as far as Lapland ; Southern
Europe and North Africa in winter, ranging south to Abyssinia ;
Asia east to Japan, north to Kamchatka, south in winter to
China and India, and of accidental occurrence in the Malay
Archipelago and Polynesian Islands.

620

In general habits it most nearly resembles the Scaup Duck-
In the summer it frequents fresh-water and then feeds chiefly
on vegetable matter, aquatic insects, frogs, &c., and in the winter
it is found chiefly on the sea-coast, and then feeds on small
shellfish, &c., obtaining its food chiefly by diving. Its nest,
which is placed on the ground, close to, or not far from water, is
composed of grass-bents and a few leaves, matted together
with sooty brownish black down with greyish white centres,
and its eggs, usually 8 in number are deposited early in June,
and are uniform pale olive-green or greenish buff, smooth in
texture of shell and measure about 2'31 by T65.

860. WHITE-EYED DUCK.
-flBTHYIA NYROCA.

. jEthyia nyroca (Giild.), Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. p. 403 (1769) ;
(Naum.), xii. p. 41, Taf. 309; (Saunders), p. 445; (Lilford), vii.
p. 109, pi. 45 ; Mtlnjia ferruginea (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 528
(1788) ; Dresser, vi. p. 581, pi. 438 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iv. p. 460 ; M. africana, (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 522 (1788) ;.
(Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 345 ; M. leucophthalma
(Bechst.), Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 450 (1802) ; (Gould), B. of E. v.
pi. 368 ; (id.) B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 21.

Fuligule nyroca, French; Zarro, Portug. ; Pardote, RocJiet,
Span. ; Moretta-tabaccata, Ital. ; Moorente, German ; Beloglasyi-
Nyrok, Russ. ; Ziriguil, Moor. ; Karchiya, Burar-mada, Hindu.

£ ad. (Volga). Head, neck, and breast chestnut-red ; a small spot at
the base of the under mandible white ; a blackish brown band round the
lower neck ; upper parts blackish brown ; speculum white tipped with
black ; under parts white ; flanks reddish brown ; lower abdomen fulvous ;.
beak and legs plumbeous ; iris white. Culmen 1'6, wing 6'8, tail 2'3,
tarsus 0'9 inch. The female is duller in colour, the feathers on the back
and breast with pale tips ; abdomen marked with brown.

Hal. Central and Southern Europe ; of somewhat rare
occurrence in Great Britain ; Canaries ; North Africa, south
to Abyssinia ; Western Asia, north to the Ob valley, east to
Kashmir, south to Central India.

Frequents chiefly fresh water, but is also occasionally to be
met with on the sea-coast in winter. Its food in summer
consists chiefly of vegetable substances, but in winter of insects-
and their larvse, Crustacea, and mollusca. Its call-note resembles-
that of JE. ferina but is not so loud. Its nest is placed on the

jETHYIA—CLANGULA 62 11

ground, or on a tussock, sometimes in a bush 2 to 3 feet above
the ground, always well concealed. Its eggs 7 to 12 in
number are usually deposited in May and are yellowish or
greyish buff and measure about 2'1 by 1'46.

861. BEER'S DUCK.
^ETHYIA

jEthyia bceri (Radde), Reis. S. 0. Sib. ii. p. 376, pi. 15 (1863) ; (David
and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 509. pi. 124 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap, Emp.
p. 254 ; (Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 344 ; (Tacz.), F. 0.
Sib. O. p. 1169 ; (Blanf.) F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 461.

Akahajiro, Jap.

(£ ad. Differs from N. ferruginea in having the head and neck black,
glossed with bottle-green ; bill bluish plumbeous, the base and nail black ;
feet lead-grey ; iris white or pale yellow. Culmen 2'0, wing 8'0, tail 2*8,
tarsus 1*25 inch. The female differs from that of N. ferruginea in having
the head and neck brownish black, with a very faint gloss ; lores rufous
brown.

Hal). Kamchatka ; Eastern Siberia ; in winter migrating
to Japan, China, and India; has once occurred in England
(cf. Bull. B. O. Club xii. p. 25).

In its general habits and nidification it resembles-
j*E. nyroca ; its eggs also resemble those of that species, being
yellowish buff, and measure about 21 by 1'54.

CLANGULA, Leach, 1819.

862. GOLDEN-EYE.
CLANGULA GLAUCION.

Clanyula f/laucion (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 201 (1766) ; Gould, B. of Gt.
Brit. v. pi. 31 ; Dresser, vi. p. 595, pi. 440 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvii. p. 376 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 464 ; Saunders,,
p. 451 ; A. clangula, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 201 (1766) ; Natmi. xii.
p. 161, Taf. 316 ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 505 ; (Tacz.), F.
O. Sib. 0. p. 1171 ; Ridgway p. 105 ; (Lilford), vii. p. 115, pi. 48 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 253 ; C. vulgaris Fleming, Brit. An.
p. 120 (1828) ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 379 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 435,.
pi. cxix. fig. 1 ; C. americana Bp. Comp. List. p. 58 (1838) ; Ridg-
way, p. 105.

CLANGULA

Garrot, French ; Ector $ , Perdigana d'aigua $ , Span. ;

Quatr'occhi, Ital. ; Schellente, German : Brilecnd, Dutch ;

Hvinand, Dan. and Norweg. ; Knipa, Swed. ; Sotka, Telkha,
Finn.; Gogol, Russ. ; Shinori-yamo, Jap.

£ «tf. (Norway). Head and upper neck black glossed with bottle-
green ; feathers on crown and nape elongated ; lower neck and under
parts white ; back, rump, lesser wing-coverts, primaries, and tail black,
the last tinged with grey ; speculum white ; scapulars white externally,
margined with black ; a large white spot on each cheek close to the gape ;
lower flanks and crissum marked with black ; bill blackish ; legs orange-
yellow ; iris yellow. Culmen 1'4, wing 8'8, tail 3'8, tarsus 1 '55 inch. The
female has the head and upper neck deep rich brown, the lower neck and
sides of fore-back slate-grey with pale tips ; upper parts greyish black ;
under parts whiter, the flanks greyish brown. The male in late summer
resembles the female, but may always be distinguished by its pure white
wing-coverts.

Hob. Europe in the high north, migrating in winter to
south Europe and the northern coasts of Africa : Northern
Asia as far north as Kamchatka, migrating in winter to Japan,
Corea, China, arid India ; North America, in summer from
Maine and Canada northward, migrating in winter south to
Cuba and Mexico.

In the summer it is found inland and being usually
unmolested during the breeding season it is b}^ no means shy,
but in the winter season, when it frequents the sea-coast it is
very shy and wary. It is a very expert diver, obtaining its
food under water and feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic
insects, and aquatic vegetable substance. It flies swiftly with
a whistling sound. Jt breeds in the high north in hollow
trees, in nesting-boxes set up for that purpose, and lines the
nest-hole plentifully with down. The eggs 10 to 12, sometimes
as many as 19 in number, are usually deposited in June, and
are greyish green, smooth in texture of shell and measure
about 2-40 by T55.

863. BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE.
CLANGULA ISLANDICA.

Clangula islandlca (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 541 (1788) ; Naum. xii
p. 186, Taf. 317 ; Dresser, vi. p. 603, pi. 441 ; Salvadori, Cat. B.Br.
Mus. xxvii. p. 383 ; (Ridgway), p. 105 ; C. barrovii, Swains. Faun.
Bor. Am. ii. p. 456, pi. 70 (1831) ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi 380.

Niarkortok, Greenl. ; Husond, Icel.

CLANGULA 62$

(£ ad. (Iceland). Differs from 0. ylaucion in being larger, tlie head
more crested and glossed with purple, and between the eye and the bill is
an irregular cresceiitic white patch ; the white on the wing consists of two
smaller patches, divided by a broad black band. Culmen 1*5, wing 9'2,
tail 4'0, tarsus T6 inch. The female and young may be distinguished from
those of C. fjlaucion by their larger size, the larger and higher bill, and by
having less white on the wing.

Hal}. Iceland and Greenland, occasionally straying to the
northern coasts of Europe, and has occurred as far south a&
Valencia in Spain ; Northern North America, breeding from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence northward ; in winter migrating south to
New York, Illinois, Utah, &c.

In its habits it resembles C. glaucion, but it breeds amongst
stones and in holes in the rocks, and even in holes in houses.
Its eggs 9 to 12 in number are deposited in June, and
resemble those of C. glaucion, but measure about 2*75 by 175.

864. BUFFLE-HEADED DUCK,
CLANGULA ALBEOLA.

Clangula albeola (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 199 (1766) ; (Audub.) B. Am.
vi. p. 369, pi. 408 ; Dresser, vi. p. 589, pi. 439 ; Salvadori, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 385; Tacx. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1174; (Kidgway),
p. 106 ; Saunders, p. 453 ; Lilford, vii. p. 117, pi. 49.

<$ ad. (New Brunswick). Head and upper neck black, glossed with
metallic green and purple ; a large white patch from behind the eye extending
across the occiput ; lower neck, central and larger wing-coverts, outer scapu-
lars, and speculum white ; upper parts otherwise black ; tail grey ; under
parts white ; bill blackish plumbeous ; legs and feet yellowish pink ; iris
deep brown. Culmen 1'45, wing 6'7, tail 2'9, tarsus 1*5 inch. The female
has the head, neck, and upper parts blackish brown ; a white patch on the
ear-coverts, and a band across the wing white ; under parts white, the-
flanks tinged with ashy grey.

Hob. The Northern United States and British North America,,
migrating south in winter to Mexico and the West Indies ; a<
very rare straggler to Great Britain, and has once been obtained
on Bering Island, North-east Asia.

In general habits it resembles C. glaucion, but is if anything
a more expert diver, and will dive at the flash of a gun, hence
its local name on the North American coasts of Spirit Duck
and Dipper. In the summer it feeds on vegetable matter,

•624 CLAXGULA— COSMONETTA

snails, worms, &c., and in the winter when off the sea-coast on
.small shell-fish, shrimps, &c. Like the Golden-eye it is a tree-
breeder, nesting in hollow trees and deposits 8 to 10 eggs
which are buffy or yellowish white and measure about T98
% 1-46.

COSMONETTA, Kaup, 1829.

865. HARLEQUIN DUCK.

COSMONETTA HISTRIONICA.

•Cosmonetta histrionica (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 204 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii.
p. 199, Taf. 318 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 433, pi. cxviii. fig. 2 ; (Gould),
B. of E. v. pi. 381 ; Dresser, vi. p. 609, pi. 442 ; (Andub.), B. Am.
vi. p. 374, pi. 409 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 395 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1176 ; (Ridgway), p. 107 ; Saunders, p. 457 ; Lil-
ford, vii. p. 121, pi. 51 ; Clangula torquata, Brehm, Vogelfang,
p. 385 (1855) ; (Gould), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 32.

Canard histrion, French ; Kragenente, German ; Tomauiarsuk,
Oreenl. ; Straumond, Icel. ; Stromand. Dan. and Swed. ;
Tschernaya~polossataya-0otkat Russ. ; Shinori-gamo, Jap.

$ ad. (Greenland). A large patch in front of the eye, and a spot
on the ear-coverts white ; a broad stripe through the middle of the crown
to the nape black, bordered with white ; from above each eye to the nape
a broad rusty-red stripe ; rest of head and neck blackish blue, marked with
a long white stripe on each side of the neck ; breast, back, and lesser wing-
coverts deep dull blue ; wings, tail, and rump black, the inner secondaries
and scapulars marked with white ; speculum glossy purple ; on the lower
neck an interrupted white collar, and another in front of the wing ; under
parts brown, tinged with blue-grey ; flanks chestnut- red ; under tail-coverts
black, with a white spot on each side ; bill deep lead-blue, the nail lighter ;
legs brown ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'3, wing 8*0, tail 4*25, tarsus
1-4 inch. The female is greyish brown, paler below ; forehead and at the
base of the bill brownish white ; a white patch in front of the eye, and
one on the ear-coverts ; breast and abdomen closely marked with white.
In the late summer the male has the plumage much duller, the speculum
dusky brownish grey, with a slight metallic gloss ; under parts greyish
white, spotted with greyish brown, the flanks and under tail-coverts nearly
uniform greyish brown.

Hob. Greenland, Iceland ; of rare occurrence in Great Britain
and continental Europe ; Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka,
visiting Japan in winter ; Northern North America, migrating
in winter south to the Middle United States, the Ohio valley,
and the coasts of California.

COSMONETTA—HA RELDA 625

Like its allies it is an expert diver and can remain a con-
siderable time below the surface. It flies swiftly, usually not
high above the surface of the water, and if alarmed will dive at
once from the air into the water. In winter it feeds on small
mollusca which it obtains by diving, but in summer chiefly
on aquatic insects and their larvae. Its nest is placed on the
ground close to some swift-flowing stream, and is most carefully
concealed. The eggs 8 to 10 in number, are usually deposited
in June or early in July, and are rich cream-coloured, smooth
in texture of shell, and measure about 2*32 by 1'45.

HARELDA, Steph., 1824.

866. LONG-TAILED DUCK.
HARELDA GLACIALIS.

Harelda glacialis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 203 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii.
p. 210, Taf. 319 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 431, pi. cxviii. fig. 1 ; Gould, B.
of E. v. pi. 382 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit, v. pi. 33 ; Dresser, vi. p. 617,
pis. 443, 444 ; (Audub.), B. Am. vi. p. 379, pi. 410 ; Salvadori, Cat,
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 389 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 1179 ; Saunders,
p. 455 ; Lilford, vii. p. 119, pi. 50 ; A. hyemalis, Linn. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 202 (1766) ; (Ridgway) ; p. 106. .

Harelde ylaciale, French ; Moretta codona, Ital. ; Eisente,
Crerman ; Ijseend, Dutch ; Havlit, Dan. ; Isand, Norweg. ; Alfogel,
.Swed. ; Aglek, Greenl. ; Havelli, Icel. ; Alii, Finn. ; Vostroh-vostka,
Polyarnoi-nyrolt, Russ.

$ ad. (New Brunswick). Forehead and sides of head ashy grey, browner
round the eye ; a long brown patch on the sides of the neck, becoming
chestnut-red below ; rest of head, neck, upper breast, back, and scapulars
white ; sides of and lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and elongated
middle tail-feathers black ; rest of tail white ; wing-coverts, primaries, and
lower breast brownish black, secondaries washed with chestnut ; abdomen
white ; bill blackish plumbeous, with a band of pinkish orange ; legs
plumbeous ; iris reddish brown. Culmen 1*2, wing 9'0, tail 8'0, the middle-
feathers 5-0 longer than the rest, tarsus 1*4 inch. The female has the crown
and nape blackish brown, becoming greyish on the hind-neck ; upper parts
blackish, the scapulars ashy brown with darker centres ; middle tail-feathers
not elongated ; sides of head dull white ; chin and a patch down the sides
of the neck brown; throat washed with dull brown; a broad blackish
brown band across the upper breast ; under parts otherwise white. In the
summer the male has the forepart of the head sooty grey, the rest of the
head, neck, and breast black ; upper parts black margined with rusty-red ;
under parts white.

626 HARELDA—CEDEMIA

Hob. The high northern portions of Europe, Asia, and
America, visiting the coasts of continental Europe, and the
British Islands in winter, and has been obtained in Italy :
Asia, in winter, south to Japan, and in North America to South
Carolina.

In the winter season it frequents the sea-coasts and is very
hardy, only seeking sheltered places during very severe weather.
It dives extremely well, and seeks its food chiefly under water,
feeding on small shell-fish. It is a very noisy bird, its peculiar
gabbling cry being uttered incessantly. It breeds in the high
north, chiefly within the Arctic Circle, its nest being placed on
the ground, usually under a bush near the margin of a laker
and the eggs 6 to 8 in number are usually deposited late in
June or early in July, and are greyish buff with a faint greenish
tinge, and measure about 2'17 by 1*51.

(EDEMIA, Fleming, 1822.
867. VELVET SCOTER.
CEDEMIA FUSCA.

(Edemiafusca (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 196 (1766); (Naum.) xii. p. 123
Taf. 313 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 419, pi. cxvi. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E.
v. pi. 377 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 29 ; Dresser, vi. p. 657, pi. 448 .
Salvador!, Cat. B. Br, Mas. xxvii. p. 406; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. (X
p. 1183; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 250; Saunders, p. 467;
Lilford, vii. p. 133, pi. 56.

Grande Macreuse, French ; Orclw-marino, Ital. ; Sammetente,
German ; Groote Zeeeend, Dutch ; Floielsand, Dan. ; Sjo-orrc,
Norweg. ; Svdrta, Swed. ; Skoarra, Lapp. ; Pilkasiipi, Finn. ;
Kuro-tori, Jap.

£ ad. (Sweden). Entire plumage deep glossy black, the under parts
rather duller ; a small patch below the eye and the speculum white ; bill
broad, swollen over the nostrils, this portion and the margin of the bill
black, the rest orange-yellow ; legs pinkish red ; iris brown. Gape 2'6r
wing 10'7, tail 3'5, tarsus T8 inch. The female has the head, neck, and
upper parts blackish brown, the latter with pale margins ; under parta
brighter brown marked with dull white ; a large dull white patch in
front of and a smaller one behind the eye ; bill blackish plumbeous, less
swollen than in the male.

Hob. Northern Europe north to Lapland; not found in
Iceland, and only once in Greenland ; in winter migrating south
to the Mediterranean and Caspian ; North Asia east to the
Yenesei, and also recorded from eastern Siberia and Japan ;

(EDEMIA 627

but these references may possibly apply to 0. deglandi, a very
closely allied, scarcely differing form, which inhabits North
America, or to 0. carlo.

Frequents the sea-coasts in winter, only resorting to fresh-
water lakes and ponds during the nesting season. It swims
with ease and is an excellent diver, but on land it is clumsy
and heavy. Its food consists of bivalve mollusca in winter,
and of aquatic insects, worms, &c., in the summer. Its nest
may be either near to, or at some distance from water, and is
a depression in the soil under a bush, lined with down inter-
matted with grass and a few leaves. The eggs, 8 to 10 in
number, are usually deposited late in June or early in July,
and are uniform ivory-white with a creamy buff tinge, and
measure about 2 '7 5 by 1*95.

868. KAMCHATKAN SCOTER.
GEDEMIA CARBO.

(Edemia carlo (Pall.), Zoog. Koss. As. ii. p. 244 (1811) ; Salvador!, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 411 ; 0. stejnegeri, Ridgway, p. 112 (1887) ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1185 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 250.

Differs from 0. fusca, in having the white mark more behind and not
below the eye ; the knob on the culmen is more elevated and with
anterior outline concave, the top forming a more or less conspicuous
projection ; sides of bill bright red.

Hob. Kamchatka and North-eastern Siberia ; Japan, Mon-
golia, and China in winter.

In habits it is said not to differ from 0. fusca, but so far as-
I can ascertain nothing is known respecting its modification.

869. BLACK SCOTER.
CEDEMIA NIORA.

(Edemia nigra (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 196 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii. p. 108,.
Taf. 312 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 378 ; id. B. of Gt Brit, v. pi. 28 ;
Hewitson, ii. p. 421, pi. cxvi. fig. 1 ; Dresser, vi. p. 663, pi. 449 ^
Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 401 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 1189 ; Saunders, p. 465 ; Lilford, vii. p. 129, pi. 55.

Macreuse, French ; Orchetto marino, Ital. ; Pato negro, Span. ;
Negrolla, Portug. ; Trauer-Ente, German ; Zwarte-Zeeeend,
Dutch ; Hrafnsond, Icel. ; Sort-and, Dan. ; Svart-and, Norweg. ;
Sjoorre, Swed. ; Njurkku, Lapp. ; Merilintu, Finn. ; Chernaya-
ootka, Kuss.

T T

628 (ED EMI A

(J ad. (Spain). Entire plumage deep black, the head and neck glossed
with purplish, the upper parts with greenish steel-blue ; under parts
duller and tinged with brown ; bill with a large bulb at the base of the
upper mandible, a line through which, and a large patch in front are
orange-yellow ; rest of bill bluish black ; legs dark olivaceous ; iris dark
brown. Gape 2'4, wing 9'5, tail 4*1, tarsus 1'8 inch. The female is dull
dark brown, the upper parts with paler margins ; sides of the head greyish
black ; chin and upper throat white ; middle of abdomen white marked
with brown ; bill only slightly swollen at the base of the upper mandible
and dull bluish black throughout ; legs dull olivaceous.

Hob. Northern Europe, north to Lapland and Iceland ; in
winter ranging south to the Mediterranean and North Africa ;
Asia, east to the Taimyr Peninsula.

In the summer it frequents inland waters, but in winter it
is essentially a marine species. It flies low but swiftly, and is
an excellent diver, like its allies, obtaining its food chiefly by
diving. Its call-note in winter is harsh, but in the nesting
season the male utters a series of loud flute-like notes, til, til,
til, til, which is answered by the female with a harsh re, re, re,
re, re. Its nest is a mere hollow in the ground, usually under
a bush, well lined with grass, moss, and down, and the eggs,
8 to 9 in number, are usually deposited about the middle of
June, and are creamy white, smooth in texture of shell, and
measure about 2'35 by T80.

870. AMERICAN SCOTER.
CEDEMIA AMERICANA.

<Edemla americana, Swains, and Kichardson's Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 451
(1831); (Audub.), B. Am. vi. p. 343, pi. 403; Salvadori, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 404 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 248 ; Tacz. F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1191 ; Kicigway, p. 111.

Kuro-gamo, Jap.

£ ad. (New Brunswick). Differs from 0. nigra in having the bill
decidedly hooked, and the entire upper mandible, including the knob,
yellow, on the sides shaded with scarlet- vermilion ; under mandible
blackish ; legs and feet blackish brown ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*70,
wing 9*2. tail 4'0, tarsus 1*8 inch.

Hob. Northern America, breeding in the high north and
migrating in winter south to New Jersey, the Great Lakes,

(ED EMI A 629

and California ; Kamchatka and North-eastern Asia ; migrating
in winter south to Corea and Japan.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from 0. nigra,
Its eggs are said to be pale brownish buff, and to measure
about 2*55 by 1-80.

871. SURF SCOTER.

CEDEMIA PERSPICILLATA.

fEdemia perspldllata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p.201 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii.
p. 140, Taf. 314 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 376 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v.
pi. 30 ; Dresser, vi. p. 669, pi. 450 ; (Audub.), B. Am. vi. p. 337,
pi. 402 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 412 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib.
0. p. 1188; Kidgway, p. 113; Saunders, p. 469; Lilford, vii.
p. 135, pi. 57.

(£ ad. (New Brunswick). Entire plumage velvety black ; a large
patch on the crown, and a large triangular one on the nape pure white ;
tipper mandible bulged into a large lump on each side of the base, and
raised centrally nearly to the tooth ; space round the nostrils rich red,
becoming orange-yellow on the sides ; space before and behind this band
pure white ; tooth pale yellow ; a large black patch on each side of the bill,
the space between this patch and the feathers orange-yellow and vermilion-
red ; legs dull pinkish red ; iris white. Gape 2'5, wing 9'6, tail 3'6,
tarsus 1*8 inch. The female has the crown blackish brown, the sides of
head and neck dull brown ; on the nape a triangular whitish patch
marked with blackish brown ; a brownish white patch in front of the eye,
and another behind the chin ; plumage otherwise dark brown, the upper
parts darker and with narrow paler margins ; bill less swollen than in the
male and blackish plumbeous ; legs warm olivaceous ; iris greyish.

Hob. Northern America, breeding in the Arctic regions and
in winter migrating south to Jamaica, the Carolina^, Ohio
River, and Lower California ; of accidental occurrence in
Britain, Scandinavia, the northern coasts of continental Europe
.and those of North-eastern Asia.

In general habits it resembles the Velvet Scoter, and like
that species obtains its food chiefly by diving. It breeds in
Arctic America, its nest being a hollow in the ground, lined
with weeds and the dark down of the bird, and the eggs, 6
to 8 in number, resemble those of 0. fusca, but measure 2*45
by 175.

T T 2

630 SOMATERIA

SOMATERIA, Leach, 1819.
872. STELLER'S DUCK.

SOMATERIA STELLERI.

Somateria stelleri (Pall.), Spic. Zool. fasc. vi. p. 35, Tab. v. (1769) ;
(Gould), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 25 ; (Middend.), Sib. Reise, p. 234,
Taf. 23, figs. 3, 5 (eggs) ; Newton, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 400, pi. xxxix.
fig. 4 (egg) ; Dresser, vi. p. 649, pi. 447 ; (Salvador!), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvii. p. 419 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1200 ; Sannders,
p. 463 ; Lilford, vii. p. 127, pi. 54 ; (Ridgway), p. 108 ; Anas dispar,
Sparrm. Mus. Carls, tabb. 7 and 8 (1786) ; Naum. xii. p. 240, Taf.
320 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 372 ; (Audub.), B. Am. vi. p. 368,
pi. 407.

Scheck-ente, German ; Alforrddare, Swed.

£ ad. (Norway). Top and sides of head and a collar encircling the
back of the neck silky white ; a narrow line across the forehead, a loral
spot, and an occipital patch dull olive-green ; feathers of the throat, and a
line dividing the white collar and joining another broad band which
encircles the neck, glossy blue-black tinged with purple, as are also the
feathers round the eye, and a spot on each side of the nape ; back
purplish blue-black ; scapulars elongated, blue-black, margined with white ;
wing-coverts white ; speculum bluish purple tipped with white ; inner-
most secondaries sickle-shaped and tipped with white ; quills and tail
blackish brown ; under parts deep ferruginous inclining to buff on the
upper breast and flanks ; middle of breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts black ; sides of upper breast marked with two distinct purplish
blue spots ; bill plumbeous, the nail lighter ; legs and feet greyish brown,
the webs darker ; iris brown. Culmen 1'45, wing 8*4, tail 3*5, tarsus
1-2 inch. The female has the head olive-brown tinged with rufous and
marked with black ; upper parts dark brown mottled with rufous ; breast
rusty brown spotted and barred with dusky ; abdomen sooty brown ;
speculum duller than in the male ; falcate inner secondaries dusky.

Hob. Northern Siberia ; Kamchatka, south to the Kurile
Islands in winter ; Alaska ; the Arctic coasts of North America to
Davis Strait, but not common ; Western Greenland, rare ; of
rare occurrence in Great Britain, the north coast of France, and
Denmark, and in the Baltic, but commoner off the north-east
coasts of Norway, and a regular winter visitant to the Varanger
Fjord.

In general habits it resembles the Eiders. It breeds in-
Northern Siberia late in June, its nest being a deep depression
in the moss of the tundra, well lined with down. The eggs, 7
to 9 in number, are similar in tone of colour to those of
S. spedabilis but smaller, measuring 2*51 by T64.

SOMATERIA 631

873. EIDER.
SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA.

Somateria moltissima (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 198 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii.
p. 252, Taf. 321 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 414, pi. cxv. fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of
E. v. pi. 374 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 26 ; Dresser, vi. p. 629,
pi. 445 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 425 ; Saunders, p. 459 ;
Lilford, vii. p. 123, pi. 52.

Morillon, Eider, French ; Eider gans, German ; Eider eend,
Dutch ; Edderand, Dan. ; Ejdergds, Estegg, Norweg. ; Ejder,
Swed. ; JEdur, Icel. ; $ Bliki, Handa, Lapp. ; Haahka, Finn. ;
Gagka Nor mot a, Russ.

£ ad. (Norway). Crown, forehead, and a wedge half-way to the
nostrils black ; a white line on the sides of the crown, nape and hind
portion of the auricular region pale sea-green ; cheeks, sides of neck, back,
lesser and median tail-coverts white ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts,
-and greater wing-coverts black ; quills blackish brown, the inner
secondaries sickle-shaped and white ; tail greyish brown ; throat white
tinged with yellow on the lower part ; upper breast pale stone-colour ;
rest of under parts black with a white patch on each [side of the rump ;
bill dull yellowish olivaceous ; legs light olive-green ; iris brown.
•C ul men 2'3, wing 11'6, tail 4*0, tarsus 1'75 inch. The female is dark
brown barred and marked with sandy rufous, the sides of face and throat
sandy, speckled with black ; two white alar bars ; -middle of abdomen
greyish brown with traces of black cross-bars. In the summer the male
is chiefly dark brown or blackish, retaining the white only on the wing-
coverts.

Hob. Europe, in the northern portions up to the northern
end of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Arctic Ocean ; Iceland ; the
Faeroes ; Spitsbergen ; occurs in winter on the coasts of
continental Europe and has been obtained as far south as the
Mediterranean ; Northern Asia east to the Yenesei. The form
inhabiting Greenland and eastern' Arctic America (S. borealis,
Brehm) is doubtfully distinct. On the Atlantic coasts of N.
America it is replaced by S. dresseri, Sharpe, differing but little
in having the angle on the side of the forehead broad and
rounded, and the black of the head bordered beneath by pale
green for nearly its entire length.

Inhabits the sea-coasts, being but seldom found inland, and
feeds on crustaceans, mussels, marine insects, &c., which ifc
obtains chiefly by diving. The call-note of the male is a toler-
ably loud ali-oTi, and that of the female a loud crock-crock. It
breeds chiefly on islands off the sea-coast, and being in many

632 SOMATERIA

places protected during the breeding season, is then very tame
and confiding. The nest is a mere depression on the soil under
a jumper bush or a stone, lined with twigs, bits of seaweed, and
down, arid it readily nests in places especially prepared for it,
and its eggs and down are valuable commodities in Iceland
and Norway. The eggs, 5 to 7, sometimes 8, in number, are
greenish grey, and measure about 3*0 by 2'0.

874. PACIFIC EIDER.
SOMATERIA V. NIGRUM.

Somateria v. nigrum, G. R. Gray, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 212, pl.'cvii. ; Elliot,
Illnstr. Am. B. pi. 48 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1192 ; Salvador!, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 430 ; Ridgway, p. 110.

(J ad. (N.W. America). Differs from S. uiollissima in having a
V-shaped black mark on the throat like S. spectalilis and the bill bright
orange or orange-red with the tip paler. Cu linen 2'0, wing 12'20, tail 5'5,
tarsus 2'15 inch. The female closely resembles that of S. mollissima but
is as a rule larger.

Nab. North-west America, east to the Great Slave Lake ;
North-east Asia ; the coasts of the Arctic Ocean ; Kamchatka
and the Commander Islands.

In habits it is said not to differ from S. mollissima, and its
eggs also resemble those of that species, being according
to Mr. Nelson light olive-drab, oval in form, and measure from
2-87 by 2-03 to 312 by 2-04. Unlike our European Eider, how-
ever, the Pacific Eider does not breed in colonies, but in single
pairs, nesting in salt marshes close to a pond or a tide-creek,
and not often in close proximity to the sea-shore, and the eggs
are deposited in June.

875. KING EIDER.
SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS.

Somateria spectabilis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 195 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii.
p. 285, Taf. 322, 323 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 417, pi. cxv. figs. 1, 2 ;
Gould, B. of E, v. pi. 375 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 27 ; (Audub.)r
B. Am. vi. p. 347, pi. 404 ; Dresser, vi. p. 643, pi. 446 ; Salvadori,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 432 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1195 ;
Saunders, p. 461 ; Lilford, vii. p. 125, pi. 53 ; Ridgway, p. 110.

Canard d ttte grise, French. ; Prachtente, German ; Pragt-
edder, Dan. ; Erkonge, Norweg. ; Prcikt-ejder, Swed. ; Pukska-
haaJika, Finn. ; Pistrak, Russ.

SO MATE HI A 633

(£ ad. (Greenland). Crown and nape pale ashy blue, sides of head
pale green ; a large protuberance on the upper mandible over the middle
of which a black line is continued to the gape ; a spot under each eye and
a large V-shaped mark from the chin to the sides of the upper throat
black ; upper back, central lesser wing-coverts, and a large patch on
each side of the rump while ; rest of upper parts,, wings, tail, and
under parts below the breast black ; inner secondaries elongated
and curved ; upper throat white ; lower throat and upper breast warm
cream-coloured ; bill red, the nail yellowish ; naked protuberance bright
orange ; legs dull orange-reddish, the webs blackish ; iris brown. Gape
2'35, wing 10'3, tail 3*5, tarsus 17 inch. The female differs from that of
S. mollissima in being smaller, darker, and in having the central line of
feathers on the upper mandible extending quite down to the nostrils.

Hob. The Arctic portions of Europe, Asia, and America,
straying south in winter, when it occurs rarely in Great Britain,
Scandinavia, North Russia, North Germany; rare in Spitsbergen;
has once been obtained near Boulogne and once as far south as
Venice ; in America it ranges in winter south to New Jersey
and the Great Lakes.

In habits and nidification it resembles S. mollissima. It
breeds in Greenland, Novaya Zemlya, the Arctic shores of Siberia
and Arctic America, and its eggs, usually 6 in number, are
similar to those of S. mollissima in shape and colour, but are
smaller, measuring about 2 '52 by T77.

876. SPECTACLED EIDER.

SOMATERIA FISCHERI.

Somateria fachwi (Brandt ), Mem. As. St. Petersb. v. pp. 6, 10, 14, pi. 1,
figs. 1, 4 (1847) ; (Elliot), 111. B. N. Am. pi. 47 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib.
0. p. 1198 ; (Nelson), Eep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 76, pi. v. fig. 1 ;
(Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 422 ; (Eidgway), p. 198.

(J ad. (N.W. America). Space round the eye dull satiny white,
bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by a vertical black line ; fore-head
and lores covered with stiffened feathers, white anteriorly shading into
olive-buff and then into greenish buff ; crown and occiput covered
with a hood of stiff pendant light olive-green feathers ; quills, tail, and
larger wing-coverts brown ; throat, neck, and upper parts with a patch
on each side of the rump yellowish white ; rump and under parts dark smoky
grey ; bill orange ; legs dull olive-brown, but dull yellowish on the front
of the tarsus ; iris milky white. Culmen TO, wing lO'O, tail 3*0, tarsus
1-7 inch. The female is barred with light fulvous and black, the abdomen
plain greyish brown ; head and neck light greyish buff finely streaked

634 SO MA TERIA—ERISMA TUB A

with dusky except on the throat ; wings greyish brown, the greater
coverts and secondaries indistinctly tipped with whitish ; bill dull blue ;
legs and feet dull yellowish brown.

Hob. North Pacific ; the coast of Alaska from Norton Sound
to Port Barrow on the American side of Bering Sea, and the
Chukchi peninsula in 67° N. lat. on the Asiatic side.

In general habits it does not appear to differ from its allies.
In the summer its food consists of small Crustacea, grass seeds,
and such other food as the brackish pools afford. Its nest is
a slight hollow in some dry grassy spot close to a pond on the
marsh, well lined with grass ; and the eggs, 6 to 8 or 9 in number,
are deposited about the middle of June, and are described by
Mr. E. W. Nelson as being light olive-drab in colour, and small
for the size of the bird, extremes measuring 2*82 by T81 and
2-60 by 1-87.

In August the male assumes a plumage much like that of the
female, as do all the males of the Eiders.

ERISMATURA, Bonap., 1832.

S77. WHITE-HEADED DUCK.

ERISMATURA LEUCOCEPHALA.

ISi-ismatura leucocephala (Scop.), Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 65 (1769) ;
(Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 383 ; Dresser, vi. p. 677, pi. 451 ; Salvadori,
Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 442 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 466; E. mersa, Bp. Comp. List. p. 59 (1838); (Naum.), xii.
p. 149, Taf. 315.

Canard couronnt, French ; Pato-tarro, Span. ; Gdbbo rugginoso,
Ital. ; Ruderente, German ; Savka, Russ.

<£ ad. (Transylvania). Crown black ; forehead, sides of head to above
the eye, chin, and nape pure white ; neck black dotted with buffy brown ;
lower neck to upper breast, and upper back chestnut-red, the two former
delicately barred with black ; back, scapulars, and rump warm ochreous
buff, the last darker, and all vermiculated with blackish grey ; secondaries
and larger wing-coverts similar but more greyish buff ; lesser coverts dull
ashy and slightly vermiculated ; tail blackish, long and stiff; under parts
below the breast buffy white, obscurely marked with reddish brown ;
flanks dull chestnut-brown tinged with buff, vermiculated with dark
brown ; bill pale ultramarine, and much swollen at the base ; legs
blackish plumbeous ; iris dark brown. Culmen I'D, gape 1-82, wing 6%3,
tail 4'3, tarsus T35 inch. The female is more rufous in colour; chin,
lower cheeks, and a stripe running under the eye towards the nape-white ;
rest of head blackish tinged with rufous ; upper parts and breast lacking
the blackish bars ; beak dull plumbeous ; otherwise like the male.

ERISMATURA— MERGUS 635

Hob. Southern Europe, accidental in Germany and Northern
France ; Northern Africa ; Central Asia east to Turkestan,
south in winter to India.

Appears to affect fresh water and brackish lagoons in prefer-
ence to the sea, and usually when alarmed seeks safety by
diving in preference to taking wing. It breeds amongst the
reeds and aquatic plants, depositing in June 7 to 9 eggs, dull
white in colour, very coarse in texture of shell, and measuring
about 275 by 1*95.

MERGUS, Linn., 1766.

878. GOOSANDER.
MERGUS MERGANSER.

Mergus merganser, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 208 (1766) ; Naum. xii. p. 358,
Taf. 326 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 439, pi. cxviii. fig. 3.; Gould, v. pi. 384 ;
Dresser, vi. p. 685, pi. 452 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 510 ;
Saunders, p. 471 ; Lilford, vii. p. 137, pi. 58 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O.
p. 1203 ; M. castor, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 209 (1766) ; Gould, B. of
Gt. Brit. v. pi. 34 ; (Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 472 ;
(Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 469 ; M. comatus (Salv.), torn,
cit. p. 475 (1895).

Grand Harle, French ; Smergo maggiore, Ital. ; Grosser Sager,
Oerman ; Groote Zaagbek,~D\itch ; Stor Skallesluger,T)&n..;Kdrfdgcl,
Norweg. ; Storskrake, Swed. ; Kussa-koalsi, Lapp. ; Iso-koskelo,
Un-koskelo, Finn. ; Bolshoy-Krahal, Kuss. ; Ghtlond, Icel. ; Kawa-
•aisa, Jap.

£ ad. (Archangel). Head and upper neck glossed with green, the
occipital feathers elongated ; lower neck and upper back white, the latter
marked with black, becoming with the outer webs of scapulars glossy
"black ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail dark ashy, the last
darkest ; primaries ashy black ; secondaries white margined with black,
the innermost black ; primary coverts, edge and base of wing blackish
grey ; rest of wing-coverts anc^ under parts white, the breast and abdomen
tinged with warm reddish buff ; bill deep vermilion, the ridge of upper
mandible and tooth blackish ; legs vermilion ; iris deep reddish brown.
•Culmen 2*4, wing ll'O, tail 5'0, tarsus 1'9 inch. The female has the crown,
nape, and upper neck rusty red, the lores and round the eye dark brown ;
upper parts brown, greyish on the back ; chin, lower neck, and under
parts white, the flanks marked with pale slate-grey ; wings as in the
male.

63G MERGUS

Hob. High north of Europe and Asia in the breeding
season, in winter visiting Britain, Central and Southern Europe
to the Mediterranean ; Central Asia east to Japan and
Mongolia; China and India in winter. The American form,
M. americanus, Cass, differs very slightly in having a black bar
across the wings at the base of the greater coverts.

Frequents fresh water during the breeding season, being
found on the sea-coast only in the winter. Its cry is loud and
harsh, chiefly uttered when the bird is on the wing. It feeds
principally on fish, but also eats water-insects and larvae. It
usually nests in a hollow tree, and readily takes to a nest-box,
but sometimes on the ground under a stone, the nest being
well lined with down, and late in April or early in May deposits
8 to 12 eggs, which are warm yellowish white, smooth in texture,
and measure about 2*65 by 1*81.

879. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
MERGUS SERRATOR.

Mergus serrator, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 208 (1766) ; Naum. xii. p. 333 ;
Taf. 325 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 437, pi. cxix. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 385 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 35 ; Dresser, vi. p. 693, pi. 453,
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 511 ; (Salvadori), Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvii. p. 479 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1206 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. LwL
Birds, iv. p. 470 ; (Ridgway), p. 89 ; Saunders, p. 473 ; Lilford, vii.
p. 139, pi. 59 ; Seebohm, B. Jap..Emp. p. 258.

Harle huppd, French ; Merganso, Portug. ; Pato de sierra,.
Span. ; Smergo minore, Ital. ; Mittlere Sdger, German ; ZaagbeJc,
Dutch ; Toppet-skallesluger, Dan. ; Siland, Norweg. ; Smdskrake,
Pracka, Swed. ; Toppond, Icel. ; Vuokta-koahi, Lapp. ; Koskelo,.
Finn. ; Krahal, Russ. ; Umi-aisa, Jap.

£ ad. (Finland). Head and upper neck black glossed with purple and
green ; coronal and nuchal feathers much elongated ; central neck white
with a narrow black line behind ; back, scapulars, and long inner secondaries
black with a purple gloss ; rump and upper tail-coverts white vermicu-
lated with black ; wing-coverts and secondaries white, the latter bordered
with black on the outer web ; two black bars across the wing ; primaries
and tail dark greyish brown ; lower neck and upper breast reddish brown
streaked with blackish ; feathers in front of shoulder white broadly
margined with black ; under parts very pale warm buff, the flanks white
vermiculated with black ; bill vermilion, the edge of the mandible and
nail dusky ; legs vermilion ; iris red. Culmen 2'4, wing 9'5, tail 3'1,
tarsus 2P0 inch. In the summer the male resembles the female, but is-
larger, and the abdomen and scapulars are differently coloured. The

MERGUS 637

female has the head and upper neck dull reddish brown ; chin and front
of neck dull white ; upper parts dark ash with paler margins ; under parts
white, the lower fore neck tinged with grey ; flanks sooty grey ; in size less
than the male.

Hob. Northern Europe generally, up to the North Cape and
Iceland ; breeds in Scotland and Ireland ; in winter to the
Mediterranean and North Africa ; Northern Asia, in winter to
Japan, China, and Northern India ; North America, breeding in
the far north, and in winter ranging south to Bermuda.

In general habits it resembles the Goosander, and like that
bird it is an expert diver and feeds chiefly on fish. It usually
nests on the ground, but seldom in a hollow tree, its nest being
composed of moss, grass, etc., intermixed with down, and in June
it deposits 8 to 12 eggs, which are dull stone-buff or creamy
greenish grey, and measure about 2*60 by T76.

880. HOODED MERGANSER.
MERGUS CUCULLATUS.

Mergus cucullatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 207 (1766) ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 386 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 36 : Wils.-Am. Orn. viii. p. 79,
pi. 69, fig. 1 ; Dresser, ix. p. 296, pi. 696 ; (Salvadori), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvii. p. 468 ; Audub. B. Am. vi. p. 402, pi. 413 ; Saunders,.
p. 477 ; Lilford, vii.' p. 144, pi. 61 ; Eidgway, p. 89.

£ ad. (New Brunswick). Forehead dark brown ; head with a semi-
circular compressed crest, white in the middle, broadly margined with
black, except behind where the margin is narrow ; upper parts brownish
black, the scapulars deep black ; speculum white crossed by two black
bands ; primary quills and tail brown ; upper neck black ; lower neck
and under parts white ; on each side of the neck two black crescentic
bands ; flanks reddish brown vermiculated with blackish, under
tail-coverts greyish white freckled and vermiculated with warm brown ;
bill black ; feet and legs yellowish brown ; iris yellow. Culmenl'7, wing
7 '4, tail 3'8, tarsus T25 inch. The female has the crest reddish brown ;
rest of head, neck, and breast greyish brown, darker above ; chin, upper
throat, and under parts below the breast white ; flanks brown with pale
margins.

Hob. North America, north to Alaska, ranging south in
winter to Mexico and Cuba; of accidental and very rare
occurrence in Greenland, a rare winter straggler to the British
Islands.

In habits it resembles its congeners, but is very shy and wary,
flies rapidly, and is an expert diver, subsisting chiefly on fish.

338 MERGUS

It affects fresh water arid only visits the sea-coasts in winter
when ^driven by stress of weather from its usual haunts. It
nests m hollow trees usually at a considerable height above the
ground, and lines the cavity with dry grass, leaves, and plenty of
•down. The eggs, 5 to 8 in number, are usually deposited in
May, and are very round, the shell being remarkably thick and
smooth, in colour creamy white, and in size measuring about
2-1 by 176.

881. SMEW.
MERGUS ALBELLUS.

Mergus albellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 209 (1766) ; Wils. Am. Orn. viii.
p. 126, pi. 71 ; Naum. xii. p. 314, Taf. 324 ; Audubon, B. Am. vi.
p. 408, pi. 414 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 387 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v.
pi. 37 ; Dresser, vi. p. 699, pis. 454, 455 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br.
Hue. xxvii. p. 464 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1208 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 467 ; Seebolim, B. Jap. Emp. p. 259 ; Saunders, p. 475 ;
Lilford, vii. p. 141 ; pi. 60 ; Kidgway, p. 90.

Petit Harle huppd, French ; Pesciajola, Ital. ; Kleiner Sdger,
German ; Nonnetje, Dutch ; Hvid-skallesluger, Nonne, Dan. ;
Hvid-JFisJcand, Norw. ; Salskrcike, Swed. ; Uinelo, Ungilo^ Herna
Finn. ; Lutok, Pagarika, Russ. ; Nihcnna, Hindu. ; Miko-aisa
Jap.

(£ ad. (Holland). General plumage white except as follows : lores and
a large patch round the eye, a nuchal patch, middle of the back, a narrow
line on the upper breast and a mark close to the base of the wing on the
sides deep black ; primaries blackish ; secondaries, except the inner ones
and»primary coverts black, tipped with white; scapulars tipped with
black ; rump blackish ; upper tail-coverts greyish brown, tipped with dull
white ; flanks vermiculated with black ; bill and legs pale plumbeous, the
nail paler ; iris silvery white. Ctilmen T25, wing7'6, tail 3'8, tarsus 1-3
inch. The female has the crown, nape, and hind neck reddish brown ;
lores and space round the eye dark brown ; upper parts brown, greyish on
the upper back ; lower parts white, the upper breast washed with slate-
grey ; wings duller than in the male ; flanks washed with greyish brown.
In the summer the male resembles the female but has the upper parts
darker ; the facial patch, and the semilunar mark on the sides of the breast
black.

Hal. North Europe and Asia, north into Finnish Lapland
and Kamchatka, in winter ranging south to Britain and the
coasts of Europe to the Mediterranean, and in Asia to Japan,
Corea, China, and India ; of rare and occasional occurrence in
North-east America.

MERGUS—SPHENOCERC US— COL UMEA 6 3 9

In habits it resembles M. serrator, but appears to frequent
fresh water more than that species. It is also an expert diverr
and feeds on small fish, aquatic insects, small frogs, etc. It
breeds in hollow trees, lining the nest hollow with down, and in
June deposits 6 to 8 eggs, which resemble those of the Wigeon,
but are much more polished in surface of shell, and measure
about 2-05 by 1-48.

SPHENOCERCITS, G. R. Gray, 1840.

882. SIEBOLD'S GREEN PIGEON.
SPHENOCERCUS SIEBOLDI.

Sphenocercus sieboldi (Temm.), PI. col. pi. 549 (1835) ; (Ternm. and
Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 102, pi. 60D ; (Seebohm), B. Jap.
Emp. p. 163 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 12.

Awo-lato, Jap.

£ ad. (Japan). Head, neck, and entire breast bright apple -yellow, the
crown, nape, and hind neck washed with green ; upper parts generally
dark parrot-green, the fore part of the back slaty bluish ; wing-coverts
maroon-red ; larger coverts and quills, which are dark slate, margined
with yellowish white ; outer tail-feathers dark slate, the middle ones like
the back ; under parts white with a yellowish tinge ; flanks dove-blue and
green ; under tail-coverts yellowish, with green along the middle. Culmen
0'82, wing 7'3, tail 4'75, tarsus I'O inch. The female has the yellow
portions of the plumage greener, and lacks the maroon-red on the wings.

Hob. Japan only, a summer visitant in the north, resident in
the south.

In habits it is said to be exceedingly shy, and frequents the
moderately high bluffs near the sea-shore, on the sands of which
latter it frequently alights. Its note is a long and varied coo.
Respecting its nidification I find nothing on record. This
species is an insular form of S. sphenurus (Gray) which inhabits
the Himalayas.

COLUMBA, Linn., 1766.

883. ROCK-DOVE.
COLUMBA LIVIA.

Columba livia, Bonn. Encycl. Method, i. p. 227 (1790) ; Naum. vi.
p. 186, Taf. 150 ; Hewitson, i. p. 274, pi. Ixvii. fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of
E. iv. pi. 245; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 3; Dresser, vii. pAll,
pi. 457 j Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 252 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 30 ; Saunders, p. 483 ; Lilford, iv. p. 89, pi. 41.

640 COLUMBA

Colombe biset, French ; Pomba, Portug. ; Paloma silvestre,
Span. ; Piccione selvatico, Ital. ; Fclsentaube, German ; Klippedue,
Dan. and Norweg. ; Klippdufva, Swed. ; Kesykyyhkynen, Finn. ;
Golub, Russ. ; Hamam el Berri, Moor. ; Hamam, Arab.

<J ad. (England). Head, neck, and upper parts slaty blue, the Lack
and wings paler, the head and neck darker and glossed with green ; lower
neck on sides and in front glossed with coppery purple ; two bands
across the wings, and terminal portion of tail black ; rump white ;
under parts dove-blue tinged with slate ; bill reddish brown ; legs reddish ;
iris orange. Culm en 0'8, wing 8'5, tail 4*6, tarsus 1'2 inch. Female
rather smaller and duller.

Hob. The western Palsearctic area, north to the Faeroes, but
not found in Scandinavia or in many parts of Eastern Europe ;
North Africa ; Asia east to Afghanistan and Northern India.

This, the original stock from which our tame Pigeons have
sprung, inhabits rocky localities on the sea-coast, and is numerous
in several parts of the rocky coasts of Britain. Its flight
is very swift, and performed with a whistling sound. Its note
is a coo-roo-coo quickly repeated, the last syllable prolonged ;
and its food consists of grain of various kinds, seeds of wild
plants, roots of grass, snails, etc. The nest is composed of
plant-stems and grass, and is placed on the shelf of a rock in a
cave, and two broods are usually reared in the year, one in
about April and the second in September. The eggs, like
those of all the Pigeons, are 2 in number, pure white, and
measure about 1*59 by 1*07.

In Africa there are two forms which have been recognized
by Count Salvadori as species, C. gymnocyclus, Gray, from
Senegal, and C. schimperi, Bp., from Egypt, Nubia, and Pales-
tine, which are barely separable from C. lima.

884. SUBSP. COLUMBA INTERMEDIA.

Columla intermedia, Strickl. Ann. and Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 39 (1844) ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 384 ; Gould, B. of A. vi. pi. 56 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. E. p. 160 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 29 ;
Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 259.

Kabutar, Hindu. ; Kawara-lato, Jap.

ad. Differs from C. livia in having the rump slaty grey, not
white.

Hob. Southern Persia, India, Ceylon, China, and Japan.

Frequents rocks arid cliffs, old buildings, walls, &c., and is
found both inland as well as on the coasts. In general habits

COLUMBA 641

it does not differ from C. lima. It breeds in Northern India
from December to May, later in the South, and nests in holes
in cliffs, walls, temples, tombs, or wells, depositing 2 white
eggs, like those of C. livia, which measure about T45 by T12.

885. HILL ROCK-DOVE.
COLUMBA RUPESTRIS.

Columba rupestris, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 48 (1857) ; Pall. Zoogr.
Ross. As. i. p. 560, Tab. 35 ; Gould, B. of A. vi. pi. 54 ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 385 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mas. xxi. p. 250 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 30 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 729.

<£ ad. (Central Asia). Differs from C. livia in having a broad, white
band across the middle of the tail, in being slightly paler both above and
below, and the breast tinged with lilac ; bill black ; feet lobster-red ; iris
golden red. Culmen 0*64, wing 9'0, tail 5*1, tarsus T05 inch.

Hob. Central Asia, the Himalaya, Tibet, South-eastern
Siberia, Corea, Northern and Eastern China.

Inhabits the rocky portions of the mountains in the interior
of the country, but in general habits does not differ from C. livia.
It usually nests in the cliffs, but when no suitable place is near
it nests in buildings, and in March deposits 2 white eggs,
which measure about T42 by T02.

886. WHITE-BACKED DOVE.
COLUMBA LEUCONOTA.

Columla leuconota, Vig. P.Z.S. 1831, p. 23 ; Gould, Cent. Himal. B.
pi. 59 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 249 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 32.

$ ad. (India). Head dark slate-grey or plumbeous ; neck, lower back, and
under parts white ; upper back, scapulars, inner secondaries ashy brown ;
rest of wings above dove-blue, the wings crossed by three blackish brown
bars ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail blackish, the last crossed by a
broad, white band which is in the middle of the central, but close to the
end of the outermost feathers ; lower abdomen tinged with dove-blue, the
under tail-coverts pale dove-blue ; bill and claws horny black ; feet bright
light red; iris yellow. Culraen 1-0, wing 9'6, tail 5'3, tarsus 1'2 inch.
Female similar but somewhat duller in colour.

Hal. Himalayas from Gilgit to Bhutan ; Tibet ; Kan-su.

Is an inhabitant of the higher mountain ranges at from
10,000 to 14,000 feet altitude, where it inhabits the most

642 COLUMBA

unapproachable and desolate rocks, avoiding woods and never
perching on a tree, only visiting the alpine meadows and Tangut
villages in search of food. Nothing is known respecting its
nidification except that it nests amongst inaccessible crags in
Kashmir in August, and in Mongolia in May.

887. STOCK-DOVE.
COLUMBA GUNAS.

Colamla cenas. Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 75 (1761) ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i,
p. 769 (1788) ; Naum. vi. p. 215, Taf. 151 ; Hewitson, i. p. 273,
pi. Ixvii. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 244 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv.
pi. 2 ; Dresser, vii. p. 23, pi. 458 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi.
p. 261 ; Saunders, p. 481 ; Lilford, iv. p. 85, pi. 40.

Colombo, French ; Paloma zura, Span. ; Golonibella, Ital. j
Hohltaube, German ; Kleine-Boschduif, Dutch ; Skovdue, Dan.
and Norweg. ; Skogsdufw, Swed. ; Sinikyylika, Finn. ; Klintuch,
Kuss.

# ad. (England). Head, neck, and upper parts generally blue-grey with
a slate tinge, the rump, upper tail-coverts and wing-coverts paler and bluer ;
sides of and hind-neck glossed with metallic green ; a patch of blackish
grey on some of the inner secondaries and wing-coverts ; tail at base bluish
grey, then light grey, the terminal portion dark plumbeous ; under parta
blue-grey, the breast vinous red ; bill red at the base, becoming yellow
towards the tip, the soft portion at the base of the upper mandible greyish ;
iris red ; legs pinkish red. Culmen 0'85, wing 8*45, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*1 inch.
The female is somewhat smaller, and duller in colour.

Hob. Europe generally, up to about 61° N. lat. ; North-west
Africa ; Asia Minor, and Asia east to Turkestan.

In habits it differs from the Rock-Dove in that it affects
woods and groves inland. It feeds on grain and seeds of various
kinds, beech -nuts, acorns, and blueberries. Its note is a loud
guttural, rumbling note. Sometimes two broods are reared
in the year, the first eggs being deposited late in March or
early in April, and it nests in hollow trees, holes in the ground,,
old ivy, and even in old buildings. The eggs, 2 in number,
are pure white, and measure about 1*51 by T6.

888. INDIAN STOCK-DOVE.
COLUMBA EVERSMANNI.

Columbaeversmanni,lBp. Compt. Eend. xliii. p. 838 (1856) ; Dresser, vii.
p. 26, pi. 698 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 264 ; Blanf. F,
Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 31 ; C. fusca, Severtz. Turk. Jevot. p. 68-
(1873 nee. Miill.) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 732.

COLUMBA 643

Koek-Koeptcri, Tekke ; Kiigan, Turki ; Kamar-Kular, Hindu.

$ ad. (India). Differs from C. cenas in being smaller and paler ; head
tinged with vinaceous ; rump whitish grey, nearly white ; tail with the
grey band nearly obsolete ; the metallic feathers on the neck glossed with
coppery chestnut ; legs and feet yellowish fleshy ; bill pale yellowish green,
base of lower mandible and gape slaty; iris dark yellow. Culmen 0*75,
wing 7 '75, tail 4 "5, tarsus 1*0 inch. Female similar but a little smaller.

Hob. Transcaspia ; Afghanistan ; Turkestan ; South-western
Siberia ; North-west India in winter.

In general habits this species does not differ from C. cenas.
It nests in hollow trees and holes in the ground ; in Transcaspia
frequently in colonies in holes and cracks in the steep river-
banks, and late in April deposits 2 eggs, which resemble
those of C. cenas, but are rather smaller.

889. CANARIAN DOVE.
COLUMBA LAURIVORA.

Columba laurivora, Webb and Berthelot, Orn. Canar. p. 26, pi. 3, lower
fig. (1841) ; Dresser, vii. p. 31, pi. 460 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mns.
xxi. p. 297.

Rabiblanco, in the Canaries.

£ ad. (Canaries). Head, neck, and back dull slate-blue, the crown and
nape glossed with green, the sides of the neck with purplish red and
green ; upper surface of wings brownish slate ; quills dark brown ; tail
pale brownish ash-grey, becoming paler towards the middle, and greyish
white at the tip ; throat-feathers reddish tipped with green ; rest of under
parts coppery red, the under tail-coverts slate-blue ; bill white, but pink
at the base ; legs dark red ; iris yellowish. Culmen 1'2, wing 8*6, tail 6'2r
tarsus 1'5 inch. Female similar.

Hob. The islands of Gomera and Palma, Canaries.

Is peculiar to the Canaries, and is essentially a forest bird,
frequenting the wilder and less accessible parts of the islands of
Gomera and Palma, where it feeds on laurel berries and tender
buds, grain, &c. It breeds in the forests, and in May deposits
a- single egg, which is pure white, and measures about T68
by 1-12.

u u

644 COLUMBA

890. BOLLE'S PIGEON.
COLUMBA BOLLII.

Columba lollii, Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 217 ; Dresser, vii. p. 29, pi. 459 ;
Kcenig, J. f. 0. 1890, p. 441, Taf. viii. fig. 12 (egg) ; Salvadori, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 297.

Paloma turquesa, Torcaza, in the Canaries.

<$ ad. (Teneriffe). Differs from C. laurivora in being darker and bluer
above, the throat down to the breast slaty blue, slightly glossed with
green, the breast and under parts deep vinous red, the flanks, lower
abdomen, and under tail-coverts deep bluish slate ; tail blackish, broadly
subterminated with dark dove-blue, and finally tipped with dusky slate ;
bill red, the tip white ; legs, iris, and edge round the eye coral -red.
Culmen I'O, wing 8 '2, tail 6 '2, tarsus 1:2 inch.

Hob. The islands of Teneriffe, Palma, and Gomera (Canaries).

Like the preceding species, it inhabits the forests and woods,
and is shy and retiring in its habits. It feeds on berries of
various kinds, chiefly those of the laurel, and on grain. The
nest, which is placed in a laurel or tree heath, is constructed
of twigs, lined with finer ones, and the single egg, which is laid
in February, March, or April, is pure white, and measures
about 1-69 by 118.

891. MADEIRAN DOVE.
COLUMBA TROCAZ.

Columba trocaz, Heineken in Brewst. Journ. Sc. 1829, p. 228 ; Jardine
and Selby, 111. Orn. ii. pi. 98 ; Dresser, vii. p. 33, pi. 461 ; Salvadori,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 289.

Portibo trocaz, in Madeira.

<-£ ad. (Madeira). Dove-blue, somewhat paler on the head, fore-neck,
lower back, rump, and under parts ; feathers on the sides and back of neck
tipped with silvery grey ; hind- neck and fore-back glossed with green and
purple ; primary coverts and quills slaty black, the latter with narrow
grey margins ; tail dark plumbeous slate with a broad subterminal slate-
blue band ; breast vinous red ; bill and bare space round the eye coral-red,
the former tipped with blackish ; legs coral-red ; iris straw-yellow.
Culmen I'O, wing 9*2, tail 7*4, tarsus 1*38 inch. Female similar.

Hob. Madeira.

COLUMBA 645

In habits it does not differ from its allies, and like them
lays a single white egg in a nest made of twigs, which is placed
in a tree, usually a laurel, at a considerable height above the
ground. The egg is rather large, measuring T98 by T20, and
fresh eggs may be found at almost all seasons.

892. RING-DOVE OR WOOD-PIGEON.
COLUMBA PALUMBUS.

Columba palumbus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 282 (1766) ; Nauru, vi. p. 168,
Taf. 149 ; Gould, B. of E. pi. 243 ; Dresser, vii. p. 3, pi. 454 ;
Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 299 ; Saunders, p. 479 ; Lilford,
iv. p. 87, pi. 39 ; G. torquata, Leuch, Syst. Cat. M. and B. Brit.
Mus. p. 26 (1816) ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 1.

Golonibe ramier, French; Pombo torquaz, Portug. ; Paloma
torcaz, Span. ; Colombaccio, Ital. ; Ringeltaube, German ; Eingduif,
Dutch ; Ringdue, Dan. and Norweg. ; Ring-dufva, Swed. ;
Kaulu&kyyJiky, Finn. ; Wjachir, Lesnoi-Golub, Russ.

<$ ad. (England). Head and neck dark dove-blue ; mantle brownish
grey ; wing-coverts dark bluish ; quills blackish, the primaries edged with
white, and a long white patch on the outer part of the wing ; rump, upper
tail-coverts, and base of tail dove-blue, the last darker ; terminal half of
tail black ; sides of neck glossed with violet and purple, on each side a
large white patch ; lower throat, breast, and abdomen rich vinous, merging
into pale dove-blue below ; bill bright red, becoming yellow towards the
tip ; legs coral-red ; iris straw-yellow. Culmen 1*05, wing 9*4, tail 6*5,
tarsus 12 inch. Female rather smaller and duller.

Hob. Europe generally, north to about 65s N. lat. ; Azores ;
Madeira ; North Africa ; Asia east to about Bagdad.

In some of its habits it much resembles C. cenas, but never
breeds in holes of trees or in the ground ; wary and shy, where
not molested it becomes remarkably tame, as is the case in the
London parks. Its note is a deep coo-roo-coo-coo and is generally
uttered when the bird is sitting on an elevated perch. Its food
consists of grain of various kinds, beech-nuts, acorns, tender
shoots of plants, &c. Strictly monogamous, it rears at least
two broods in a season, the first eggs being laid in April, and
the second pair in June, and eggs have been found as late as
September. The nest is a very scanty structure of dry twigs,
or else a deserted nest of some other bird is made use of,
and the two eggs are pure white, and measuring about 1'56
by 118.

646 COLUMBA— TURTUR

893. EASTERN RING-DOVE.
COLUMBA CASIOTIS.

Coluniba casiotis (Bp.), Consp. Gen. Av. ii. p. 42 (1857) ; Dresser, ix.
p. 299, pi. 697 ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 302 ; (Blanf.),
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 34.

Dhanua, Hindu.

<$ ad. (Afghanistan). Kesembles C. palumbus, but differs in having
the patches on the sides of the neck ochreous instead of white ; bill orange
at the tip, whitish at the base ; feet red ; iris yellowish white.

Sab. Southern Persia, Afghanistan, Central Asia and North-
west India.

In habits it does not differ from C. palumbus. It breeds in
North-west India in May and June, its nest and eggs being
similar to those of C. palumbus, the latter measuring about 1'6
by 1-1.

894. JAPANESE DOVE.
COLUMBA IANTHINA.

Coluniba ianthina (Temm.), PI. Col. 503 (1830) ; (Seebohm), B. Jap.
Einp. p. 165 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 310.

Karaw-bato, Jap.

(£ ad. (Japan). General colour slaty black, the crown, back, rump,
and wing-coverts glossed with metallic purple, the neck, fore part of back
and breast with metallic green ; under parts paler and more slaty blue
than the upper parts ; bill dark bluish ; legs reddish ; iris brown.
Culmen 1*0, wing 9*4, tail 7*0, tarsus 1*2 inch. Female similar but duller.

Hob. Japan and Loo-Choo Islands.

I do not find anything on record respecting the habits of the
present species. It is said to nest in trees about five feet from
the ground, and in May deposits 2 white eggs.

TURTUR, Selby, 1835.

895. TURTLE-DOVE.
TURTUR COMMUNIS.

Turtur communis, Selby, Nat. Libr. Pigeons, pp. 153, 171 (1835) ; Blanf,
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 42 ; Saunders, p. 485 ; Lilford, iv. p. 93,
pi. 42 ; Columba turtur, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 284 (1766) ; Naum.

TUETUR 647

vi. p. 233, Taf. 152 ; Hewitson, i. p. 275, pi. Ixvii. fig. 4 ; Gould,
B/J of E. iv. pi. 246 ; (Salvador!), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 396 ;
T. vulgaris, Eyton, Cat. B. B. p. 32 (1836) ; Dresser, vii. p. 39,
pi. 462 ; T. auritus, G. E. Gray, List of G. of B. p. 38 (1840) ;
Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 4.

. ; Bola, Portug. ; Tortola, Span. ; Tortom,
Ital. ; ' Turteltaube, Germ.; Tortelduif, Dutch ; Turteldue, Dan.
and Norweg. ; Turturdufoa, Swed. ; TurturUeyyKkat Finn. ;
Grorlitza, Russ.

<£ ad. (England). Head, neck, breast, and flanks bluish ash, the neck
and breast washed with rosy vinous ; back brownish ash marked with
reddish brown ; shoulders and most of wing-coverts blackish brown
margined with bright rufous ; larger and external smallest coverts pale
dove-blue ; rump dove-blue marked with brown ; upper tail-coverts and
middle tail feathers clove-brown, the rest blackish brown tinged with blue
and broadly tipped with white ; on each side of the neck four rows of
black feathers tipped with white ; rest of under parts white ; beak brown ;
legs coral-red ; iris reddish brown ; bare skin round the eye red.
Culmen 0'8, wing 7'0, tail 4*8, tarsus 0'85 inch. Female similar, but rather
smaller and duller. The young bird is browner and duller, and lacks the
black and white bars on the sides of the neck.

Hob. Europe generally, north as a straggler to Northern
Scandinavia; Madeira and the Canaries; Northern Africa in
winter, south to Shoa ; Asia east to Yarkand and Kashgar. Is
a migrant, arriving in England in May, leaving for the south
early in the autumn, and in general habits is a timid bird,
and frequents woods and groves.

Its note is a rough tuw-turr, turr-twr, chiefly uttered in
the warm weather, and its food consists of grain and seeds of
various kinds. Its nest is a very slight platform of twigs, and
is placed on a bush or a tree, and its eggs, 2 in number, are
usually laid towards the end of May, and are pure white,
measuring about T20 by 0'91.

896. ISABELLINE TURTLE-DOVE.
TURTUR ISABELLINUS.

Turtur isabellinus, Bp. Compt. rend, xliii. p. 942 ; Dresser, vii. p. 49,
pi. 464, fig. 1 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 400 ; T. sharpii,
Shelley, Ibis, 1870, p. 447 ; id. B. of Egypt, p. 215, pi. 10, fig. 2.

cJ ad. (Egypt). Differs from T. communis in being smaller, in having
the head, hind neck, and upper parts generally tawny reddish brown, the
head paler and ochreous in tinge ; wing-coverts broadly margined with

64S TURTUR

warm rufescent ochreous brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts dark brown
broadly margined with tawny brown ; tail without any blue tinge ; chin
and upper throat pale brownish ochreous, gradually fading into deep
coppery pink, and on the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts into white.
Culmen 0*7, wing 6'0, tail 4'3, tarsus O8 inch.

Hob. North-east Africa, north to Cairo; of doubtful occurrence
in Asia Minor.

In habits and nidification this species does not differ from
T. communis, of which it is a desert form.

897. EVERSMANN'S TURTLE-DOVE.
TURTUR FERRAGO

Turtur ferrago (Eversm.), Add. Pall. Zoogr. Ross. As. fasc. iii. p. 17
(1842) ; Salvadori, Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 401 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 41.

£ ad. (Turkestan). Differs from T. communis in being larger, with
the edges of the scapulars and upper wing-coverts more rufous, the black
feathers on the sides of the neck tipped with dove-grey and not with white,
und the tips of the tail-feathers are sometimes very pale grey, though
generally pure white. Culmen 0'75, wing 7'6, tail 5 '25, tarsus I'O inch.

Nab. Himalaya from Sikhim to Afghanistan ; Central Asia ;
Turkestan and S.W. Siberia ; Northern India in winter.

In general habits it does not differ from T. communis. It
breeds in the Himalaya at from 4,000 to 8,000 feet elevation,
from May to August, and lays 2 pure white eggs, which measure
about 1-22 by 0'93.

898. CHINESE TURTLE-DOVE.
TURTUR ORIENTALIS.

Turtur orientalis (Lath.), Ind. Orn. ii. p. 606 (1790) ; Dresser, vii. p. 45,
pi. 463 ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 403 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 40 ; T. rupicola (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. i, p. 566
(1811) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 385 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 733 ; Saunders, p. 487 ; C. cjelastes, Temm. PI. Col. 550 (1835) ;
id. Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 100, pi. 60 B ; C. meena, Sykes,
P.Z.S. 1832, p. 149.

Kala-fukhta, Basko-fukhta, Hindu. ; Kiji-bato, Jap.

£ ad. (Japan). Differs from T. communis in being larger and much
darker, the forehead dark ashy blue, the rest of head, neck, and upper
parts ashy brown, the tips of the black feathers on the sides of the neck,

TURTUR 649

and of the tail-feathers ashy bine and not white ; under parts brownish
vinous, becoming rosy vinous on the middle of the abdomen ; bill brown
tinged with vinous on the basal half ; legs vinous red ; iris orange ;
eyelids pale blue ; edges of eyelids red. Culmen 0'8, wing 7*5, tail 5'7,
tarsus 1*1 inch.

Hob. South-eastern Siberia ; Mongolia ; Manchuria ; Corea ;
Japan ; the eastern Himalayas and India, north of 15° N. lat.
A rare straggler to Europe, having occurred at least twice in
Sweden, and once in England.

In habits it does not differ from T. communis, but is a
resident throughout most of its range. In India the breeding
season is from December to April, and in Dauria late in May
or early in June, and the 2 white eggs measure about 1'31
by 0-98.

899. COLLARED TURTLE-DOVE.
TURTUR DECAOCTO.

Turtur decaocto (Frivaldsky), Balkanyi Termes. Utaz. p. 30, pi. viii.
(1838) ; ? T. risorius (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 285 .(1766 partim) ;
Pall. Zoogr. Koss. As. i. p. 565 ; Dresser, vii. p. 51, pi. 464, fig. 2 ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 387 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 46 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 162 ; T. douraca, Hodg. in Gray's
Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844 descr. nullti) ; Salvador!, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxi. p. 430 ; T. torquata (Bogd.), Tr. Sib. Obtsch. Jestestv. xii. p. 9
(1881) ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 736.

Dhor-fakhta, Perki, Panduk, Gugi, Hindu. ; Shirako-bate, Jap.

<J ad. (Palestine). Head, neck, and breast pale greyish vinous, the
crown tinged with blue-grey ; upper parts dusty brown, the sides of the
rump dove-blue ; quills ashy blue at the base, otherwise blackish brown ;
secondaries and outer coverts dove-blue ; middle tail-feathers dusky brown,
the rest dove-blue, fading to white towards the tips ; a black collar
margined with white from the back half round the neck ; under parts pale
vinous, becoming dove-blue on the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts ;
flanks washed with blue-grey ; bill black ; le^s and feet pinkish red ; iris
crimson, orbital skin whitish. Culmen 0'8, wing 7'15, tail 5*7, tarsus 0'95
inch. Sexes alike.

Hal. Turkey, Asia Minor, Asia east to India, Ceylon, China,
Mongolia, Manchuria, Corea, Japan, and as far north as the
southern Amoor.

Frequents hedges and trees in cultivated localities, and bush
and reed jungle, and its note is a deep kookoo-koo. Its nest

650 TURTUR

is a slight platform of twigs, and is placed on the ground, and
its 2 eggs are pure white, and measure about 1'18 by 0*87.
It is said to breed in every month from December to August
in India.

900. SENEGAL TURTLE-DOVE.

TURTUR SENEGALENSIS.

Turtur senegalensis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 283 (1766) ; Salvador!, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 448 ; Dresser, vii. p. 55, pi. 465 ; T. cegyptiacus,
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 607 (1790).

<J ad. (Egypt). Head and neck purplish pink ; back and scapulars
warm brown, becoming clay rufous on the inner wing-coverts ; lower back,
rump, upper wing-coverts and secondaries greyish plumbeous ; primaries
blackish ; upper tail-coverts and middle tail-feathers greyish brown, the
rest bluish grey, becoming blackish, and then slate-grey at the end, the
outer ones having the terminal half white ; a broad collar round the front
and sides of the neck black tipped with yellowish coppery ; chest pinky
vinous, gradually fading into white towards the vent ; bill dusky, with a
reddish shade towards the base ; legs and feet pinkish red ; iris orange-
red ; eyelids lilac-red. Culmeii 0'75, wing 5*8, tail 4*7, tarsus 0'85 inch.
Female similar, but paler in colour. The young bird is much duller, and
lacks the collar.

Hob. Africa from Egypt to the Cape, Socotra, the Canary
Islands ; Palestine, Greece, and Turkey.

In its general habits it is very sociable and tame, especially
in Mohametan countries, where it is never molested, and is
found in trees, groves, and gardens. Its nest is a mere platform
of sticks or twigs, and is placed in a tree or bush, or even on
the ground, and the 2 eggs are pure white, measuring about
1'19 by 0'92, and are generally deposited in March.

901. INDIAN BROWN TURTLE-DOVE.
TURTUR CAMBAYENSIS.

Turtur cambayensis (GmeL), Syst. Nat. ii. p. 779 (1788) ; Dresser, ix.
p. 305 ; Key, J. f. 0. 1875, p. 291 (egg) ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxi. p. 451 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 45.

Tortru-fachla, Chota fakhta, Hindu.

£ ad. (India). Differs from T. senegalensis in having the upper parts,
including the rump, pale dull earth-brown, without any reddish tinge ;
bill blackish ; legs lake-red ; iris dark brown with a whitish inner circle.
Culmen 0'75, wing 5'7, tail 5'0, tarsus 0'82 inch.

Hob. Turkey, Asia Minor, Transcaspia, Central Asia, and
almost the whole peninsula of India.

TURTUR 651

In habits it does not differ from T. senegalensis, and like that
species makes a very slight nest. Its coo, is said to be a low
subdued, musical, dissyllabic sound, repeated four or five times
successively. Its eggs, which, like those of its congeners, are
pure white, are deposited late in February or early in March,
and vary in size from O95 by 0'75 to T02 by 0'77.

902. SURAT TURTLE-DOVE.

TURTUR SURATENSIS.

Turtur sumtensis (Gmel.), S.yst. Nat. i. p. 778 (1788) ; Salvador!, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxi. p. 444 ; Blanf. F. Brit.lnd. Birds, iv. p. 43.

Chitroka fakhta, Hindu.

£ ad. (India). Head and nape vinous, forehead bluish ; lower hind
neck black closely spotted with white ; upper parts brownish spotted with
warm buff, the spots fading on the lower back and rump, which latter is
tinged with blue ; outer edge of wing dove-blue, with long blackish
terminal spots ; quills and middle tail feathers brown, the other tail
feathers blackish slate on the basal and bluish on the terminal half, the
two outer feathers on each side white on the terminal half ; chin whitish ;
neck, breast, and upper abdomen rosy vinous, fading to whitish on lower
abdomen ; under tail-coverts white ; bill dull blackish plumbeous ; legs
dark purplish red ; iris dark hazel surrounded by a reddish sclerotic ;
orbital skin red. Culmen 0'8, wing 5*4, tail 5-3, tarsus 0'85 inch. Female
rather smaller. Young duller and lacking the black and white on the
hind neck.

Hob. Afghanistan, the Himalaya up to 7,000 feet ; India
and Ceylon.

Frequents well-wooded districts and gardens, and has a
plaintive trisyllabic note. It breeds throughout the year, in
Northern India from October to May, placing its slight nest of
sticks on a bush or low tree, and lays 2 pure white eggs, which
measure about T06 by 0'82.

903. RED TURTLE-DOVE.
TURTUR TRANQUEBARICUS.

Turtur tranquebaricus (Herm.), Obs. Zool. p. 200 (1804) ; Salvadori, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxi. p. 437 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 47 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 163 ; T. humilis (Temm.), PI. Col. pi. 259
(1824) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 388 ; Salvadori, torn. cit.
p. 434; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 738; Berez. and Bianchi, Ptitz.
Gan-su, p. 29.

652 TURTUR— PTEROCLES

Seroti fakhta, Biki, Hindu.

<$ ad. (Burma). Head and nape dove-blue, a black collar round the
hind neck ; upper parts warm dark vinous red ; lower back, rump, upper
tail-coverts, and middle tail-feathers slaty blue, the last brownish towards
the tip ; remaining tail-feathers blackish slate on the basaJ, and greyish or
white on the terminal half ; quills brown ; chin pinkish white ; rest of
under parts warm rosy vinous, the under tail-coverts white ; bill black ;
legs vinous brown ; iris dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous. Culmen 0-68,
wing 5-4, tail 4'8, tarsus 0'8 inch. The female is brown above, greyish on
the head, rump, flanks, and edge of wing; breast brown tinged with
vinous. The young bird is brown and lacks the black collar.

Hob. South-eastern Siberia and Japan (rare); Ala-shan:
Kan-su ; India, Burma and the Andamans ; China, Cochin
China, and the Philippines.

Is said to be more shy than its congeners, and though it
frequents cultivated localities, it does not approach habitations.
It is not unfrequently found in small flocks, and its note is
short and deep. Like its congeners it builds a very slight nest
of sticks, which is placed on a tree or bush. In India it breeds
from January to July and in November, and its 2 eggs are
creamy white, and measure about 1'02 by 0'8.

PTEROCLES, Temm., 1815.

904. BLACK-BELLIED SAND-GROUSE.
PTEROCLES ARENARIUS

Pterocles arenarius (Pall.), Nov. Com. Petrop. xix. p. 418, pi. viii. (1774) ;
Naum. vi. p. 258, Taf. 153 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 257 ; Dresser,
vii. p. 61, pi. 4615; Ogilvie Grant, Cat B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 18 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 54.

Cortiqol, Portug. ; Ortega, Corteza, Span. ; Koudhre, Arab. ; el
Koudri, Moor. ; Bhat-titar, Bakht, Hindu.

cJ ad. (Spain). Crown, nape, and hind neck ashy pearl-grey ; back,
scapulars, lesser wing-coverts variegated greyish black and orange-clay
colour, the rump rather darker ; larger wing-coverts orange-yellow ;
secondaries marked with orange-yellow on the outer web ; primaries slate-
grey externally ; tail brownish ash tipped with white, the terminal
portion indistinctly barred with dark brown ; chin and upper throat
rusty red, becoming rusty orange on the sides of the neck, below this a
large black mark ; lower neck and breast isabelline pearl-grey, the latter
crossed by a distinct black stripe ; abdomen black ; bill dull horn-blue j

PTEROCLEX 653

tarsus feathered, the feet dull lead-grey ; iris brown. Culmeii 0*65,
wing 9'2, tail 4*1, tarsus 1-3 inch. Female pale sandy ochreous, the head,
neck, and upper breast spotted, the upper parts and middle tail-feathers
cross-banded with black ; sides of head and upper throat clay-yellow,
lower throat and breast more rufous ; a blackish stripe across the throat
and a black band across the lower breast ; abdomen black ; lower tibia
and tarsus ochreous ; under tail-coverts dirty white.

Hal}. South-western Europe ; a rare straggler in other parts
of Southern Europe ; North Africa ; Canaries ; South-western
Asia to Turkestan, and N.W. India in winter.

Inhabits the plains, especially in sandy desert localities ; in
Spain it is found in the dry marismas. It is very shy and
wary, and extremely swift on the wing, and has a peculiar loud
croaking cry. It feeds on seeds of various kinds, and frequents
regular drinking places in the mornings and evenings. Its
nest is a mere depression scratched in the soil, and its 3 eggs are
usually deposited in June, and are elongated oval in shape, light
stone- buff marbled with indistinct purplish grey shell-markings,
and light brown surface blotches, and measure about 1'85 by
1-30 to 2-00 by 1'35.

905. CORONETED SAND-GROUSE.
PTEROCLES CORONATUS.

Pterocles coronatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 65 (1823) ; Gould, B. of A.
vi. pi. 63 ; Dresser, ix. p. 313, pi. 700 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxii. p. 23 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 57.

Quata, Arab.

£ ad. (India). Middle of forehead and a small space over the eye
creamy white ; crown cinnamon, surrounded by a blue-grey band ; a
black patch on each side of the forehead, chin, and middle of the throat ;
upper parts sandy isabelline, the scapulars and wing-coverts marked with
brown, and with a terminal spot of creamy buff ; tail sandy isabelline, all
but the middle feathers tipped with white, and with a subterminal black
bar ; primaries blackish brown ; throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, and upper neck
yellow ; rest of under parts sandy isabelline, the lower throat and fore
breast washed with grey ; under tail-coverts white ; beak and feet
plumbeous black ; iris brown. Culmen 07, wing 7'8, tail 4'0, tarsus I'l
inch. The female is paler than the male, lacks the black on the head and
throat, has the upper parts barred and slightly spotted, and the lower
throat and breast narrowly barred with blackish brown.

Hob. Algeria, Tunis ; Egypt; Arabia; Syria; Persia; Afghani-
stan, Baluchistan, and S

654 PTEROCLES

Like its congeners it frequents sandy, desert localities, and is
extremely swift on the wing. In its general habits it resembles
P. senegallus, but its flight and cry, which latter is very loud,
are said to differ from those of all allied species. Its eggs, 2
or 3 in number, are deposited in June or July, and are ashy
white with a few pale brown markings, and measure about 1'5
by 1-06.

906. PIN-TAILED SAND-GROUSE.
PTEROCLES ALCHATA.

Pterocles alcliata (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 276 (1766) ; Dresser, vii.
p. 67, pi. 467 ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 7 ; (Blanf.)
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 58 ; P. pyrenaicus (Briss.), Orn. i. p. 195 ;
pi. xix. (1760) ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 9 ; P.
setarius (Temm.) Pig. and Gall. iii. p. 256 (1815) ; Gould, B. of E.
iv. pi. 258.

Ganga cata, French. ; Co-rti$ol, Portug. ; Ganga, Span, and
Ital. ; el Guett'-ha, Arab.

£ ad. (Spain). Crown, nape, and hind neck dark brownish ash-grey
washed with yellowish ; back and scapulars brownish ash,, broadly tipped
with golden yellow ; primaries bluish ash externally ; secondaries dull
white on inner and ashy brown margined with white on outer web, the
elongated innermost dark brown ; smaller outer larger, and median
coverts bluish ash at base, then pale dove- blue, then chocolate-red
bordered with pale sulphur, and with a narrow black apical border ;
inner large coverts dark ash, then golden yellow margined with black';
rump and upper tail-coverts, and tail light yellowish narrowly barred with
black, the elongated middle tail-feathers black on the terminal portion, the
rest broadly tipped with white ; sides of head warm orange, passing on the
neck into olivaceous buff ; chin, upper throat, and a broad line behind the
eye jet black ; a broad chestnut-red band bordered with black passes
across the upper breast ; rest of under parts white ; under tail-coverts
blackish grey barred with yellowish and broadly tipped with white ; beak
dull horn-brown, feet greyish brown ; iris dark brown ; bare orbital space
dull lead-grey. Culmen 0'65, wing 7'3, tail 5'3, tarsus T15 inch. The
female has the chin and centre of throat white, not black, the Clipper parts
yellowish barred with black and ashy grey, and there are three black
bands across the lower throat and breast.

Hob. Southern Europe ; North Africa ; Asia Minor,. east to
Central Asia ; North-west India in the winter.

In habits this Sand -Grouse does not appreciably differ from
P. arenarius, and like that bird is wild and shy, flies very swiftly,

PTEROCLES 655

and feeds on seeds, and to some extent also on insects. Except
during the breeding season it is found in flocks, and its call-note,
Jcaat, kaat, ka, may be heard at a great distance and is generally
uttered when the bird is on the wing. The nest is a mere
depression in the ground, and the eggs, 2 to 3 in number, are
usually deposited in May, and are elongated oval in shape, clay
coloured tinged with warm rufous isabelline, with purplish grey
underlying shell markings and dark reddish brown surface spots
and blotches, and measure about 1'83 by T22.

The eastern form has been subspecifically separated from the
western form ( P. pyrenaicus) as being somewhat less brightly
coloured and having the submarginal bars on the chestnut wing-
coverts white and not yellowish or buff, but I do not find these
characters permanent in a series and consequently do not
separate the forms.

907. SENEGAL SAND-GROUSE.
PTEROCLES SENEGALLUS.

Pterocles senegallus (Linn.), Mantissa, p. 526 (1771); Gould, B. of A.
pi. 62 ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii, p. 14 ; Dresser, ix.
p. 309, pi. 699 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 61 ; P. guttatus
(Licht.), Verz. Doubl. p. 64 (1823).

Fuku, Somdi. ; Kittamah, Berber. ; Quata, Arab. ; Nandu-
Katingo, Gutu, Sind.

(£ ad. (Sind). Crown, back, rump, lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-
coverts dark isabelline, the last tinged with yellow ; sides of crown to
below the eye, nape, and hind neck blue-grey ; primaries greyish or
brownish isabelline ; secondaries brown margined with isabelline ;
larger coverts greyish at base, then warm brown tipped with isabelline ;
elongated middle tail-feathers yellowish isabelline on basal, dark brown
on terminal half, the rest brown at base, then blackish tipped with white
sides of head and throat ochreous, the lower throat bluish grey ; rest of
under parts isabelline, the middle of the abdomen black ; under tail- coverta
creamy white, but black at the base ; bill bluish grey ; feet bluish white ;
iris brown, orbits yellowish. Culmen 0'65, wing 8'0, tail 5'75, tarsus 1*1
inch. The female has the crown, nape, and upper parts, lower throat, and
breast isabelline spotted with black, the sides of the head below the eye,.
chin and upper throat ochreous.

Hob. Algeria, Tunis, Egypt ; Arabia, Palestine, east to Persia
and Afghanistan ; India W. of 73° E. long, and north as far as
33° N. lat.

656 PTEROCLES

Frequents sandy, dry localities, and except during the breed-
ing season keeps together in flocks of from 5 to 50, running
about picking up seeds and insects on the dry soil. In the
early morning and evening these fly to the drinking places often
far distant, and like their congeners are very shy and wary.
Their call-note is a peculiar gurgling sound like Quiddle, quiddle,
quiddle. They nest on the ground in March or April, the 2 to 3
eggs being in ground-colour similar to those of P. alchata but
much smaller, and the brown surface spots are very faint.

908. SINGED SAND-GROUSE.
PTEROCLES EXUSTUS.

Pterocle* exmtw (Teinm.), PI. Col. Nos. 354, 360 (1825) ; Gould, B.
of Asia, vi. pi. 64 ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 12 ;
(Blanf.), F. Brit. Iml. Birds, iv. p. 60 ; P. ellioti, Bogd. Mel. Biol.
xi. p. 54 (1881).

HJtat-titar, Kwnartit, Hindu.

£ ad. (Egypt). Head, throat, and upper parts sandy buff or isabelline,
the face and neck tinged with yellow, and the back with brown ; scapulars
arid some of the median coverts tipped with reddish brown, some of the
larger coverts with a subterminal white spot ; quills, primary coverts, and
middle tail-feathers blackish brown, the rest of the tail-feathers dark
brown tipped with white or buify white ; breast warm buff crossed by a
black gorget edged with buffy white ; abdomen and flanks dark brown,
the middle of abdomen black'sh ; tarsi, vent, and under tail-coverts pale
buff ; bill and feet slaty grey ; iris dark brown ; orbital skin yellowish.
Culmen 0*52, wing 7'?, tail 5'3, tarsus 0'85 inch ; middle tail-feathers
about 2-0 longer than the lateral ones. The female is suridy buff mottled
and barred with black on the upper parts ; sides of head, throat, and upper
breast sandy buff mottled with black on the lower throat ; a narrow
double black band across the breast ; abdomen barred dark brown and
rufous, the middle darker.

Hab. North Africa, in the west south to Senegal, in the
•east to the Pagani River ; Palestine, Central Asia, and the chief
part of the Peninsula of India.

Like its allies it frequents the open country, where it feeds on
seeds and insects, and visits the drinking places in the morning
and evening. Its call is a double clucking note, uttered when
on the wing, and which may be heard at a considerable distance.
It breeds in April in N. Africa, but in India at all seasons, the
nest being a small depression in the sand, usually without any
lining, but sometimes lined with a little dry grass ; the eggs, 3

PTKKOCLES—SYRKIIA /'/7> 657

in number, are pale butV tinned with salmon pink, with under-
lying purplish grey and overlying brown surface spot*, and
measure about 1 '4-"> In 1 •,">.

SYRRHAPTES, Illig,, 1811.

SYRRHAPTES PARADOXUS

. Fxeise l\uss. Reiehs. ii. App. p. 71:2, T;il>.

F. (ITT.r : (nuild, r,. of Asia, vi. pl. 60 ; id. B. of Gt Brit. iv. pi. 11 ;
Newton. P.Z.S. 1861, p. :W7, pi. xxxix. tig. 1 (egg),; Dresser, vii. p. 75,
pl. 4liS : David and Oust. Ois. rhine, p. 389; Newton, Ibis, 1890,
p. '207, pl. vii. (pull.) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 2 ;
Tae . F. O. Sib. ( >. p. 740 ; Saunders, p. 488 ; Lilford, iv. p. 97, pl. 43.

HsthuJin, German; Sirrattc, Ital. ; Steppehone, Dan.;
m. Swed. ; Hieta-kana, Finn.; Stepnaya-Kuritza, Russ. ;

S/nt-chcc, Chinese.

£ ad. (E. Siberia). Crown and sides of head dull gold colour ; nape
greyish ImtV: across tlu> hind neck a patch of golden orange extending
upwards on each side ; back, scapulars and rump warm sandy ochreous,
tho two former boldly, the last narrowly barred with black ; primaries
bluish jjrey, the tirst long and attenuated, the inner ones oclireous tipped ;
secondaries ochreous on the inner and blftckifiH on the outer webs ; wiiii^-
coverts sandy ochreous, the larger tipped with foxy red ; outer edge of
wing spotted with black; tail-covrerts and elongated middle tail-feathers
ochreous washed with blue-grey, the latter tipped with black ; rest of tail-
feathers slate-grey tipped with white ; under parts delicate dove-buff,
tinged with grey fading to dull white on the lower abdomen, legs and feet ;
upper In-east crossed by an irregular black bar and the middle of the
abdomen by a broad black band ; bill pale horn ; iris dark brown.
Oulmen 0\>. wing 9'0, the first quill I'l longer than the second, tail 7'6,
the middle feathers 3'6 longer than the rest, tarsus 1*1 inch. The female is
duller and greyer, has the crown and nape striped with black, lacks the
yellow and orange on the head and neck and the pectoral band, and has the
first quill and middle tail- feathers shorter.

Hal). The steppes of Southern Russia, and Asia east to North
China, north to Lake Baikal ; large flocks have visited Europe
at uncertain intervals, and it has been obtained in almost every
country, while it has bred in Great Britain and Denmark.

In habits it resembles the other Sand-Grouse, and like them
tlies \vry swiftly. It feeds on seeds, and its call-note, which is
uttered when the bird is on the wing, is a loud frtM&Htontcfe,
truok-turuck. Its nest is a mere depression in the soil., sometimes
lined with a few grass-bents, and the eggs, 3 in number, are

658 SYRRHAPTES—PHASIANUS

deposited late in Ma}7 or early in June, and are stone-buff, often
with a greenish tint, marked with purplish brown shell-blotches
and dark brown surface-spots, and measure about T69 by 1*16.
The young bird was taken in Scotland on the 8th of August.

910. TIBETAN SAND-GROUSE.
SYRRHAPTES TIBETANUS.

Syrrhaptcs iibetanus, Gould, P.Z.S. 1850, p. 92 ; id. B. of Asia, vi. pi. 61 ;
Prjev. Mongol i Strana Tangut. ii. p. 14 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxii. p. 5 : Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 63.

fttcpnaya-kurutza-Tibetskaya, Russ. ; Kuk, Kaling, Ladak.

(£ ad. (Tibet). Forehead, lores, cheeks, and chin whitish slightly
speckled with black ; crown white irregularly barred with black ; sides of
head, throat, and a band round the neck deep ochreous yellow ; lower neck
and breast whitish, narrowly barred with black ; upper parts pale fawn,
finely vermiculated with black ; scapulars spotted with black ; quills and
larger wing-coverts black ; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts with
ground colour whitish ; middle tail-feathers tinged with rufous, the long
tips black, the rest chestnut tipped with white, and obsoletely barred ;
lower breast pale greyish brown fading to white on the abdomen ; under
tail-coverts chestnut, barred with black, and tipped with white ; bill
bluish ; iris brown. Culmen 0*5, wing 10'15, tail 8'0, tarsus I'l inch. In
the female the markings on the upper parts are much coarser, the whole
breast is barred and the middle tail-feathers are shorter.

Hob. Tibet and the Pamir, where it is resident and found in
summer at elevations above 12,000 feet, north of Sikhim ; Koko-
nor in Mongolia, Ladak and the upper Sutlej valley.

Frequents barren, sandy localities, and in habits resembles
S. paradoxiis ; frequents sandy plains, where it feeds on seeds of
various kinds, and is not shy. Its call-note, which is uttered
on the wing, is a loud caga, caga, caga. So far as I can ascertain
its eggs are unknown.

PHASIANUS, Linn., 1766.
911. PHEASANT.

PHASIANUS COLCHICUS.

Phasianus colcJiicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 271 (1766) ; Naum. vi. p. 433,
Taf. 162; Hewitson, i. p. 276, pi. Ixviii. ; Gould, B. of E. iii,
pi. 247 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 12 ; Dresser, vii. p. 85, pi. 469 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 320 ; Saunders, p. 499 ;
Lilford, iv. p. 114, pi. 51 ; P. c. septentrionalis, Lorenz, J. f. 0. 1888,
p. 572.

PHASIANUS 659

Faisan. French ; Fagiano, Ital. ; Edelfasan, German ; Fasan,
Swed. ; Madsharski-Petuck, Russ.

£ ad. (Asia Minor). Head and upper neck black, on the crown and
nape glossed with bottle-green, and on the sides of the head, chin, and
upper neck with violet-purple ; lower neck, breast, and upper back
feathers black at the base, then rufescent golden margined with black,
some with an apical black spot ; scapulars and rest of back coppery purple,
most of the feathers with a central buff horseshoe mark ; quills dark brown
slightly barred with ochreous buff ; wing-coverts golden olivaceous varied
with ochreous and coppery purple ; rump and upper tail-coverts fiery
reddish glossed with purple ; tail golden olivaceous barred with black ;
flanks like the breast but more golden orange in tinge ; middle of abdomen
bluish black ; wattles on the sides of the head rich blood-red ; legs dull
brown ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*2, wing 9'3, tail 18'2, middle feathers-
13'5 longer than the outside ones, tarsus 2*7 inch. The female has the
upper parts blackish, broadly margined with clay-buff, the neck washed
with vinaceous ; under parts clay-buff vermiculated with blackish, the
black bases showing here and there especially on the flanks and neck ;
quills and wing-coverts dark brown variegated with clay-buff ; tail dull
ochreous vermiculated with blackish, the middle feathers blacker and
tinged with rufous ; wattles absent.

Hob. South-eastern Europe (Greece and Turkey), Asia Minor,
north to the Volga, south to the Caucasus, east to Transcaucasia ;
introduced and naturalised in most parts of temperate Europe.

First introduced into England by the Romans, it is believed,
the Pheasant has spread throughout the United Kingdom, and
is one of our most esteemed game birds ; it inhabits the wood-
lands and groves, especially where the undergrowth is thick,
and damp places, and feeds on grain of various kinds, acorns,
beech-mast, and other seeds, berries, and insects, &c. The usual
call is a loud cock, cock, cock, but the pairing note of the male is
a feeble crow, and is followed by a clapping of the wings. The
Pheasant is polygamous, and in the spring the males fight for
the possession of the females. The nest is a depression in
the soil lined with dry grass, roots, and leaves, and the eggs,
usually 10 to 12 in number, are uniform pale olivaceous brown
in colour, sometimes with a bluish tinge, and measure about
1-79 by 140.

It has been known to use a deserted owl's or squirrel's nest for
the purpose of nidification, but this is uncommon, it being as a
rule, a ground breeder. I have carefully compared specimens of
Mr. Lorenz's P. septentrionalis, and cannot find any difference
between it and true P. colchicus.

x x

660 PHASIANUS

912. SUBSP. PHASIANUS TALISCHENSIS.

Phasianus talischensis, Lorenz, J. f. 0. 1888, p. 571 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 324.

<£ ad. Differs from P. colchicus in having the under parts a trifle
duller and redder, the blackish margins to the feathers narrower and
fewer ; wing-coverts as in P. colchicus.

Hob. Lenkoran, and the Alazan river, Transcaucasia.

In habits and nidification this species does not differ from
P. colchicus.

913. MURGHAB PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS PRINCIPALIS.

Phasianus principalis, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1885, p. 322, pi. xxii. ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 325 ; Dresser, ix. p. 321, pi. 702 ;
"P. komarovi, Bogd.," Zarudny, Ois. Transcasp. p. 63 (1885).

Kargooule, Tekke.

$ ad. (Merv). Differs from P. colchicus in having the wing-coverts
•white, the ground colour of the upper parts golden orange, tinged with
brick-red on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; tail redder,
the bars narrower and further apart ; under parts, more especially the
breast, richly tinted with peach-carmine. Culmen 1'3, wing 9'4, tail 22'0,
tarsus 2'7 inch. The female is much paler than that of P. colchicus, the
general colour being pale clay-buff, and the dark markings are fewer.

Hob. Transcaspia and Afghanistan, the rivers Murghab,
Tedgend, and Dushak, the district of Kaakuk, and along the
rivers running from the mountains of Deregez and Keliat to the
N. and N.E ; North-eastern Persia.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from P. colchicus,
and like that species it affects damp wooded localities, and makes
its nest on the ground, depositing late in May, 8 to 12, and even,
it is said, as many as 18 eggs, which closely resemble those
of P. colchicus. A specimen in' the Tring Museum, labelled
P. kancarowii, does not differ from typical P. principalis.

914. SHAW'S PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS SHAWI.

Phasianus shawi, Elliot, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 403 ; id. Monogr. Phas. ii. pi. 1 ;
Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 35 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii.
p. 326 ; P. insignia, Elliot, P.Z.S., 1870, p. 404 ; id. Monogr. Phas.
ii. pi. iii.

PHASIANUS 661

£ ad. (Yarkand). Differs from P. princlpolis in having the white of
the wing-coverts slightly tinged with greyish, the upper parts rather
redder and less marked with black, the rump slightly tinged with green,
the tips of the flank feathers blacker and less purple in tinge, and the
carmine-peach tinge on the breast is wanting. Culmen 1*25, wing 9*5,
tail 16'5, tarsus 2*55 inch. Sometimes the males of this species have a
trace of a white collar. The female resembles that of P. principaUs.

Hcib. The valleys of the Yarkand, Kashgar, Aksu, and
Khotan rivers.

In habits this bird does not differ from P. colchicus, and eggs
in my collection are not distinguishable from those of that
species.

915. PERSIAN PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS PERSICUS.

Phasianns persicus, Severtzoff, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pi. 3, p. 208 (1870) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 324 ; Dresser, ix. p. 317,
pi. 701.

Kargowal Gargaul, Persian.

$ ad. (Transcaspia). Differs from P. colchicus in having the feathers
on the breast and fore part of the back less rufous and more golden orange
in colour, the rump and upper tail-coverts coppery red, the breast and
sides of abdomen washed with purplish carmine, the feathers 011 the flanks
with broader purplish black margin, those on the breast with narrower
margins, the black bars on the tail much narrower, and the lesser and
median wing-coverts nearly white. Culmen 1*2, wing 9'5, tail 19'8,
tarsus 2*9 inch. The female is undistinguishable from that of P. colchicus.

Hob. The south-east Caspian, the valleys of the Soumbar,
Tschandyr and Atrek rivers, Achour-Ade and the peninsula of
Potemkine, north to the main portions of the Kopet-dag,
Kuerendag, and Zar-i-kouh mountains.

In habits it does not differ from P. colchicus, and like that
species is a ground breeder, depositing in May 8 to 10 eggs,
olivaceous grey-green with a leather-yellow tinge, which measure
about 1-67 by T43.

916. SUBSP. PHASIANUS ZARAFSCHANICUS.

Phasianus zarafscJianicus, Tarnovski, Field, Ixxvii. p. 409 (1891) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 326 ; P. tarnovskii, Seebohm,
P.Z.S. 1892, p. 271.

$ ad. Is nearest allied to P. persicus but has the upper parts rather
paler, the ground-colour of the whole including the rump and upper tail-

x x 2

662 PHASIANUS

coverts pale golden orange ; under parts rather more boldly barred than
in P. persicus ; a somewhat faintly defined collar on the sides and b*ck of
the neck.

Hal. Zarafschan Valley.

This Pheasant frequents the damp reedy parts along the
Zarafschan river and frequents the fields and gardens in search
of food. Nothing appears to be known respecting its nidifica-
tion, which doubtless does not differ from that of P. persicus.

917. SUBSP. PHASIANUS TARIMENSIS.

Pkaslanus tarimensis, Prjev. Dritte Reise in Centr. As. &c. p. 95 (1883) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 327.

$ ad. Wing covers as in P. colchicus but rather paler and with a faint
greenish grey tinge ; back with the ground-colour golden orange, the
rump and upper tail-coverts tinged with greenish ; tail paler than in
P. colchicus, under parts with the feathers but faintly margined or tipped
with black. Culmen 1'5, wing 9'2, tail 16'5, tarsus 2~55 inch. The
female resembles that of P. sJiawi.

Hob. Karaschar in the lower valley of the Tarim river,
and the valley of the Tschertsche-Darya to the shores of the
Lob-nor.

In habits and nidification this sub-species does not differ
from P. colchicus.

918. SEVERTZOFF'S PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS CHRYSOMELAS.

Phaslanus cJirysomelas, Severtzoff, Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. 3, p. 207
(1875) ; Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 36 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxii. p. 327 ; P. dorrandti and P. oxianus, Severtz. J. f. 0.
1875, p. 225.

£ ad. (Amu-Darya). Differs from P. sTtawi in having the ground
colour of the upper parts orange-red, more orange on the upper back, and
redder on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the mantle-feathers
broadly margined with greenish black ; bars on the tail very narrow ;
under parts more boldly marked with glossy greenish black ; ground-
colour of flanks golden orange. Culmen 1-5, wing 9'3, tail 21 '4, tarsus 2-75
inch. The female resembles that of P. shawi, but the breast is more
boldly spotted with black. Like P. shawi the males of this species some-
times have an indication of a white collar.

Hob. The valley of the Amu-Darya.

Does not differ in habits or nidification from P. colchicus.

PHASIANUS 663

919. STRAUCH'S PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS STRAUCHI.

Phasianus strauchi, Prjev. Mongol, i Strana Tangut. ii. p. 119, pi. xvii.
(1876) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 330.

c£ ad. (Kan-su). Upper parts much as in P. colchicus, but the
lower neck more orange in tinge, the lower back washed with green,
the sides of the rump, upper tail-coverts, and margins of the tail-feathers
bluish, with a faint greenish tinge ; tail more boldly barred than in
P. colchicus ; wing-coverts blue ; under parts darker and more bluish
purple in tinge. Culmen 1*2, wing 9*7, tail 23'0, tarsus 2'55. The female
resembles that of P. colchicus, but is rather darker.

Hob. The wooded portions of the Kan-su Mountains to an
altitude of 10,000 feet, being most numerous in the Tetunga and
Buguk-gol valleys ; the mountains of Szechuen.

In habits it does not differ from its allies. It is resident and
breeds in Kan-su, the breeding season being from early in April
to the middle of July.

A specimen in the Rothschild collection obtained by
Berezovski in Kan-su, has the upper parts rather paler and more
boldly marked, the tail more purplish grey in tinge, the bars
broader; breast and flanks golden orange with narrow black
margins to the feathers.

Phasianus decollatus, Swinhoe (P.Z.S. 1870, p. 135), may

Frobably be found within the limits of the Palsearctic area, but
do not find any proof that such is the case. It differs from
P. strauchi in having the sides and flanks buff instead of orange-
red, and from P. torguatus in having the wing-coverts blue, the
rump bluer, and the white collar very indistinct or wanting.

920. SUBSP. PHASIANUS BEREZOWSKYI.

Phasianus lerezowstyi, Eothschild, Bull. B. 0. Club, xii. p. 20 (1901).

(J ad. (Kan-su). Resembles P. strauchi in having the upper wing-
coverts blue, but the breast is as in P. colchicus, though the dark margins
to the golden feathers are narrower ; upper parts paler and more yellow
in tinge than in P. colchicus, the rump and upper tail-coverts blue
slightly marked with black, the latter slightly varied with rufous ; tail
grey and golden grey at the base, washed with rufous on the outer webs,
but not so rufous as in P. strauchi, and broadly barred with black.
Culmen 1*1, wing 7'9, tail 16'9, tarsus 23 inch.

664 PHASIANUS

Hcib. Kan-su.

In habits and nidification this Pheasant probably does not
differ from P. strauchi.

921. VLANGAL'S PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS VLANGALI.

Phasianus vlangali, Pijev. Mongol, i Strana Tangut. &c., ii. p. 116, pi.
xvi ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 330.

(£ ad. (Tsaidam). Differs from P. strauchi in having the upper back,
scapulars, and least wing-coverts golden orange, the rump and upper tail-
coverts bluer, the under parts rather paler, the tail paler, more narrowly
barred, and not margined with greenish blue. Culmen 1'45, wing 9'5T
tail 19'6, tarsus 2'6 inch. The female resembles that of P. colchkus but
is paler, and the chin and throat are pure white.

Hob. Tsaidam, west to the Tsaidam marshes, north to the
Koko-nor mountains.

Frequents the cane brakes and bush-covered localities, and
in winter feeds on berries. It commences nidification very
early, sometimes as early as the middle of February.

922. JAPANESE PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS VERSICOLOR.

Phasianus versicolor, Yieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 23, pi. 205 (1825) ; Gould,
B. of As. vii. pi. 40 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. ii. pi. ix. ; Seebohm, B.
Jap. Emp. p. 370 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mas. xxii. p. 334.

Kiji, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Wing-coverts blue ; crown, nape, lower neck, and
entire breast deep glossy green ; upper neck rich purple ; scapulars
orange-red, these and the dorsal feathers with black centres and margined
with buff ; rump greenish blue ; tail greenish grey margined with
purplish red, and barred with black ; abdomen glossy blue ; flanks dark
green. Culmen 1'25, wing 9'0, tail 13'0, tarsus 2'5 inch. Female
resembles that of P. colchicus but is much darker.

Hob. The Japanese Islands except Yezo.

Does not differ from its allies in habits. It nests on the
ground, depositing, from the latter part of April to the end of
July, 5 to 6 eggs, which resemble those of P. colchicus in colour,
and measure T54 by T38. Has been introduced into Europe,
and breeds freely with P. colchicus.

PHASIANUS 665

923. MONGOLIAN PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS MONGOLICUS.

Phasianus mongolicug, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 51 (1844) ;
Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 41 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. ii. pi. iv. ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 328 ; P. brandti, Eothsch.
Bull. B. 0. Club, xii. p. 20 (1901).

£ ad. (Turkestan). Upper parts richly glossed with purplish carmine
without any trace of golden orange ; wing-coverts white with a faint
greyish tinge ; tail rather darker than in P. chrysomelas ; under parts
more rufous ; flanks fiery red barred with greenish black, a conspicuous
white collar continued round the back of the neck, but interrupted in
front. Culmen 1-5, wing 9*2, tail 22'2, tarsus 2-5 inch. The female
resembles that of P. chrysometas, but on the dorsal feathers there is a
subterminal black spot and a central bar.

Hob. The valley of the Syr-Darya east to Lake Zaisan, and
the valley of the Black Irtisch, south to the valley of the Hi
and Issik-Kul.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from its allies.
Eggs from Issik-Kul resemble those of P. colchicus, but are
rather paler and measure about 1/91 by 1*44.

924. SUBSP. PHASIANUS SEMITORQUATUS.

Phasianus semitorquatus, Severtz. Ibis, 1875, p. 491 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat,
B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 329.

<$ ad. Differs from P. mongolicus only in having the upper parts and
breast more glossed with green, and the white collar is smaller and more
widely interrupted in the fore neck.

Hal. Dzungaria, north-east of Kuldj a and Ebi-nor; Province
of Gutchen and Urumtsi.

I do not find anything on record respecting the habits or
nidification of this Pheasant.

925. RING-NECKED PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS TORQUATUS.

PJiasianus torquatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 742 (1788) ; Gould, B. of As.
vii. pi. 39 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. ii. pi. v. ; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 409 ; Prjev. Mongol, i Strana Tangut. p. 114 ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 369 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 331 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 785 ; Lilford, iv. p. 116, pi. 57.

666 P II AS I ANUS

£ ad. (China). Crown and nape olive-buff, the former margined with
creamy white ; forehead, sides of head, and upper throat black glossed
with steel-blue, a white collar encircling the neck broad in front, narrow
behind ; upper parts pale golden orange varied with black and buff ;
scapulars and least wing-coverts pale chestnut-red ; rump chiefly blue ;
upper tail-coverta orange, somewhat varied with red ; tail paler than in
P. colchicus ; breast and flanks golden orange, the former washed with
purple on the sides and slightly marked with glossy blackish, the latter
broadly marked with black ; wing-coverts chiefly pale bluish white.
Culmen 1'5, wing 9*5, tail 19'8, tarsus 2'5 inch. The female is rather
smaller, and closely resembles that of P. colchicus.

Hob. The lower Amur and the Ussuri country ; Mongolia ;
Manchuria ; Corea ; Tsusima island in the Strait of Corea ;
Eastern China south to Canton ; has been introduced into
Great Britain.

In general habits it does not differ from P. colchicus ; it
frequents bush-covered places and does not perch in the trees
except when calling in the spring. It nests on the ground like
its allies, and deposits in May, June, and even as late as the
beginning of July, from 8 to 12, and even as many as 20 eggs,
which closely resemble those of P. colchicus. Introduced into
England early in the 18th century, and breeds freely with
P. colchicus.

Mr. Rothschild (Bull. B. O. Club, xii. p. 21) separates the
form from N.E. Mongolia, Amur, and Corea, under the name
Phasianus torquatus mongolicus (Pall.). This form has the
inner wing-coverts and scapulars much paler chestnut-red, the
rump pale greenish olivaceous, and not blue, and the crown and
occiput are browner in tone of colour.

926. SUBSP. PHASIANUS HAGENBECKI.

Phasianus hagenbeclci, Kothschild, Bull. B. 0. Club, xii. p. 20 (1901).

<$ ad. (Kobdo Valley, N.W. Mongolia). Is nearest allied to the
Mongolian form of Ph. torquatus, but the crown and occiput are browner,
the upper parts paler and less rufous, the rump rather bluer and boldly
barred with black, the ground-colour of the tail paler ; flanks paler, and
with fewer and smaller purplish black markings. Culmen T3, wing 9'1,
tail 17'2, tarsus 2'2 inch.

Hob. Mongolia.

I find no record of the habits and nidification of this Pheasant,
which probably do not differ from those of P. torquatus.

P HAS I ANUS 667

927. SUBSP. PHASIANUS SATCHUENSIS.

Phasianus satchuensis, Prjev. Iz Zaisan cherez, Khami v. Tibet, etc.,
p. 95 (1883) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 333.

£ ad. Differs from P. torquatus in having the wing-coverts bluer, the
upper parts paler, the ground-colour being dull orange-buff ; rump and
upper tail-coverts bluer ; bars on the tail narrower ; the white collar
narrower and interrupted in front. Culmen 1'45, wing 9'5, tail 2T5,
tarsus 2*5 inch. Female paler than that of P. torquatus.

Hal. Satchen, north of the Nan-Shan Mountains.
Does not differ in habits from P. torquatus.

928. SCEMMERRING'S PHEASANT.
PHASIANUS SCEMMERRINGI.

Phasianus scemmerruigi, Teram. PI. Col. v. pis. 8, 9 ; Gould, B. of As.
vii.pl. 37; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. ii. pi. xii. ; Seebohm, B. Jap.
Em p. p. 370 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 336.

Yamadori, Jap.

c£ ad. (Japan). General colour chestnut with a brownish tinge, the
feathers on the upper parts glossed with purplish carmine shot with gold,
the basal portions of the feathers black ; quills blackish brown mottled
with rufous buff ; tail very long, rich chestnut, the middle feathers with
narrow black bars which are above dark margined, the outer feathers
broadly tipped with black ; under parts vinous chestnut, paler towards the
margins of the feathers. Culmen I'lO, wing 8 '6, tail 36*0, tarsus 2'55 inch.
The female has the crown blackish brown, the feathers margined with
rufous buff, the upper parts rufous buff and cinnamon buff, marked with
black ; middle tail-feathers rufous mottled with black, the outer ones sub-
terminally barred with black and tipped with white ; throat and neck
pale buff, the feathers tipped with black ; breast and under parts paler
and black at base of feathers, tail shorter, only 7'6 inch.

Hdb. The islands of Hondo and Kiu-siu, Japan.

Soemmerring's frequents both the plains and higher portions
of the mountains. I do not find any special record of its
habits, and, indeed, have very meagre information respecting
the range of this, and the next two subspecies in the Japanese
Islands.

929. SUBSP. PHASIANUS SCINTILLANS.

Phasianus scintillans, Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3) xvii. p. 150 (1866)
id. B. of As. vii. pi. 38 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. ii. pi. xiii. ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 337.

668 PHASIANUS— CHRYSOLOPHUS

$ ad. (Japan). Differs from P. scemmerr'myi in being paler and not so
red, the feathers on the back margined with golden yellow, those on the
lower back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and rump narrowly margined with
white edged with black ; tail with bars of black margined with buff and
buffy white ; under parts vinous, varied with black and dull white.
Culmen 1-15, wing 9'2, tail 34'0, tarsus 27 inch.

Hob. Hondo (Yokohama and Nagasaki).

In habits it does not differ from P. scemmerringi ; eggs from
Kozugo are uniform creamy white, and measure about 1'81
by 1-36.

930. SUBSP. PHASIANUS IJIIVLE.

Phasianus ijimce, Dresser, Ibis, 1902, p. 656.

£ ad. (Kiu-siu). Differs from P. scemmerringi in having the lower-
back and rump white, only the concealed bases of the feathers being dark,
the rest pure white ; the dark feathers on the upper parts lack the golden
yellow margins, and have narrow, purplish black edges ; the under parts
are as in P. scemmerringi) but more rufous in tint and less marked with
black. Culmen 1-4, wing 8'7, tail 29'0, tarsus 2'4 inch. The female
resembles that of P. seintillans, but has the upper parts darker, and the
middle tail-feathers uniformly coloured without transverse markings.

Hob. The island of Kiu-siu, Japan.

I have no information respecting the habits or nidification of
this Pheasant.

CHRYSOLOPHUS, Gray, 1833-4.

931. GOLDEN PHEASANT.
CHRYSOLOPHUS PICTUS.

Chrysolophus pictus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 272 (1766) ; Gould, B. of As.
vii. pi. 19 ; (Elliot), Monogr. Phas. pi. xv. ; (David and Oust.), Ois,
Chine, p. 414 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 339 ; (Berezov.
and Bianchi), Ptitz. Gan-su, p. 17.

Kin-ky, Chinese.

<$ ad. (China). Crown, long crest, lower back, and tail- coverts rich
yellow ; nuchal cape golden yellow margined with glossy bluish black ;
fore back glossy dark green margined with bluish black ; outer seconr
claries purplish blue ; scapulars rich crimson ; wing-coverts chestnut
mottled with . black ; some of the lateral tail-coverts scarlet ; middle
tail-feathers and elongated tail-coverts black,, ocellated with warm
brown, the latter with the terminal half crimson, the former tipped
with pale bun1', the outer tail-feathers rufous buff, barred with black \

CHRYSOLOPHUS 669

chin, upper tliroat, and middle of lower abdomen warm buff ; rest of
under parts rich scarlet ; bill greenish yellow ; legs greenish horn ;
iris brown. Culnien 1*0, wing 7'7, tail 27 '0, tarsus 2' 7 inch. The female
has the head and upper back brown, barred with buff and black, the lower
back, rump and upper tail-coverts paler brown vermiculated with black ;
under parts buff, the chin and throat paler, the former all but the middle
of the abdomen barred with blackish ; middle tail feathers brown, irregu-
larly barred with black, the rest more rufoue, marked with buff, and barred
and mottled with blackish ; tail 14*0.

Hob. The mountains of Western and Southern China; Koko-
nor ; south-east and south-west Kan-su.

Inhabits the woods and the mountains at a moderate altitude,
and is a resident throughout its range. I have never seen any
eggs but those laid in confinement, which are uniform cream-
colour or pale buff, and measure about 1'26 by 1/6.

932. LADY AMHERST'S PHEASANT.
CHRYSOLOPHUS AMHERSTLfE.

Chrysoloplius amkerstice (Leadb.),. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 129, pi. 15
(1828) ; (Gould), B. of As. vii. pi. 20 ; (Elliot), Monogr. Phas. ii.
pi. xiv. ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 415, pi. 103 ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 342.

S£ng-ky, Chinese.

£ ad. (China). Crown, sides of head, and throat blackish bronze-green ;
elongated occipital crest blood-red ; nuchal cape white, margined and
barred with black ; mantle, scapulars, fore neck, and breast deep green
margined with black ; lower back and rump black, tipped with dull
yellowish, and with a subterminal band glossed with green ; upper tail-
coverts white, barred with blackish and tipped with red ; middle tail-
feathers mottled and broadly barred with greenish black, the rest pale
buff, barred with black ; beak brownish horn, darker at the base ; legs
bluish grey ; iris pale yellow, the bare skin round the eye pale greenish.
Culmen 1 '2, wing 8'5, tail 35 '0, tarsus 3 '09 inch. The female resembles that
of C. pictus, but the naked skin round the eye is as in the male.

Hob. The high mountains of Eastern Tibet, Szechuen, and
Yunnan, where it is a resident.

The present species inhabits the wooded portions of the
mountains to an altitude of 7,000 to 9,000 feet, and especially
the wild bamboo thickets, on the buds of which it feeds. Its
eggs (laid in confinement) are rich cream-colour, in size about
the same as those of C. pictus.

670 PUCRASIA

PUCBASIA, G. R. Gray, 1841.

933. MONGOLIAN PUCRAS.
PUCRASIA XANTHOSPILA.

Pucrasia xanthospila^ Gray, P.Z.S. 1864, p. 259, pi. xx. ; Gould, B. of
As. vii. pi. 24 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. i. pi. 30 ; David and Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 407, pi. 104 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii.
p. 315 ; Berez. and Bianchi, Ptitz. Gan-su, p. 19.

(£ ad. (Kan-su). Median occipital crest olivaceous buff, the long pos-
terior lateral tufts with the sides of head, nape, and throat glossy black ; a
large white patch on each side of the neck ; hind neck to back white,
margined with golden buff ; lower back and rump grey, striped with black ;
wings varied with black, buff, and rufous ; elongated tail-coverts and
middle tail-feathers, margined with chestnut, edged with black, the rest
grey subterminally barred with black, and tipped with white ; middle of
throat, neck, breast and abdomen chestnut-red, the rest of the under parts
greyish white, striped with black ; under tail-coverts chestnut, tipped with
white ; bill blackish ; legs dark grey ; iris brown. Culmen l-5, wing 8'9,
tail 8'0, tarsus 2*5 inch. The female is buff or brown, varied with
black and rufous ; the crest is short, and the outer tail-feathers are as in the
male, otherwise it resembles the female Hima'ayan P. macrolopha.

Hob. N. W. China ; Manchuria ; Eastern Tibet ; Kan-su.

Inhabits the wooded portions of the mountains, where it is
found singly or in pairs, and feeds on seeds of various kinds,
especially those of conifers. Its habits are similar to those of its
congeners, but I find no account of its nidification.

934. CHESTNUT-BELLIED PUCRAS.
PUCRASIA CASTANEA.

Pucrasia castanea, Gould, P.Z.S. 1854, p. 99 ; id. B. of Asia, vii. pi. 27 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 314.

$ ad. (Kafiristan). Differs from P. xanthospila in having the lower
neck, upper mantle and under parts rich chestnut-red, the rest of the upper
parts paler and greyer, the elongated upper tail -co verts and middle tail-
feathers brownish grey, with median black stripes, the latter also marbled
with blackish ; rest of tail-feathers blackish brown, narrowly tipped with
buff ; primaries dark brown, externally margined with buff. Culmen 1'2,
\\ing 9'2, tail 9'5, tarsus 2*7 inch.

Hob. Northern Afghanistan and Kafirisban.

Nothing is on record respecting the habits or nidification of
this species, and so far as I can ascertain only three specimens
are known, the two types in the British Museum, and one in the
Stuttgart Museum.

PUCRASIA—CROSSOPTILUV 671

935. MEYER'S PUCRAS.

PUCRASIA MEYERI.

Pucrasid meyeri, Madirasz, Ibis, 1886, p. 145; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B.
Br. Mil.?, xii. p. 315.

& ad. Differs from P. zanthospila, in having the breast and abdomen
richer chestnut, the upper tail-coverts fawn colour, striped and freckled
with black, the middle and tail-feathers rufous, becoming lighter at the
tips, with two irregular black lines on each side, margined with fawn
colour ; outer tail-feathers rich rufous on the outer webs and brownish on
the inner margins, banded with black, each feather tipped with pure white.
Culmen 1 '10, wing 9'84, tail 9'45, tarsus 2'56. The female differs from
that of P. xanthospila in having the middle tail-feathers rufous, irregularly
patched with black, and the rest rich rufous, thinly margined on the inner
sides with dusky brown, each feather banded with black and tipped with
white.

Hob. Yer-ka-lo, Upper Mekong to Central Tibet.

I have not been able to examine a specimen of this Pheasant,

CROSSOPTILUM, Hodgs., 1838.

936. TIBETAN SNOW-PHEASANT.
CROSSOPTILUM TIBETANUM.

Crossoptilum tibetanum, Hodgs. J. A. Soc. Beng. vii. p. 864, pi. 46 (1838) ;
Elliot, Monogr. Phas. i. pi. 14 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 407,
pi. 107 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 293 ; C. drouynii,
Verreaux, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. iv. p. 85, pi. iii. (1868) ; Elliot,
Monogr. Phas. i. pi. 15.

(£ ad. (Tibet). General plumage pure white ; crown glossy black, the
feathers short, soft, and curled ; outer primaries white on the outer, brown
on the inner web ; rest of quills brownish grey ; tail greyish at extreme
base, then rich bronze and purple, naked portion of sides of head scarlet ;.
bill reddish horn ; legs red ; iris orange yellow. Culmen 2*0, wing 13'4r
tail 18'0, tarsus 3'75 inch. Female similar, excspt that she lacks the
spurs.

Hob. The mountains of Western China and Eastern Tibet.
In habits this species is said not to differ from its congeners.

937. WHITE-TAILED SNOW-PHEASANT.
CROSSOPTILUM LEUCURUM.

Crossoptilitm leucurum, Scebohm, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iv. p. xvii. (1892) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 294.

672 CROSSOPTILUM

$ ad. Differs from G. tibetanum in having the quills pure white, the tail
white from the base nearly to the end ; the shafts black and tipped with
rich purple. Culmen '1'75, wing 13*4, tail 18'0, tarsus 3'2. The female is
similar, but has the tail-feathers tipped and margined with dark grey, the
middle and outer pairs with the inner webs grey.

Hob. Eastern Tibet, between the Sok Pass, Chiamdo, and
Lhassa.

I have no data respecting the habits of this species.

938. MANCHURIAN SNOW-PHEASANT.
CROSSOPTILUM MANTCHURICUM.

Crossoptilum mantchuricum, Svvinhoe, P.Z.S. 1862, p. 286 ; Gould,
B. of As. vii. pi. 22 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. i. pi. 16 ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 405, pi. 106 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxii. p. 294.

Holey, Chinese.

$ ad. (China). Crown and neck glossy black, gradually fading into
the brown of the upper and under parts ; rump and upper tail-coverts
white ; quills brown, the secondaries slightly glossed with purple ; the
middle tail-feathers brownish grey tipped with purple, the rest rather
darker brownish, similarly tipped ; chin, upper throat, and elongate,
recurved ear-tufts pure white ; naked portion of face scarlet, bill light rose
colour ; legs coral-red ; iris orange-yellow. Culmen 1*75, wing 12'9,
tail 23'0, tarsus 4'0 inch. Female similar but without spurs.

Hob. The mountains of Manchuria, and Pechi-li, China.
Does not differ from its congeners in habits.

939. PALLAS'S SNOW-PHEASANT.
CROSSOPTILUM AURITUM.

Crossoptilum auritum (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 86 (1811) ; Elliot,
Monogr. Phas. i. pi. 17 ; Prjev. Mongol, i Strana Tangut. ii. p. 121,
pi. xx. fig. 1 (egg) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 406, pi. 108 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 295 : Berezovsky and
Bianchi, Ptitz. Gan-su, p. 24.

Maky-Shandgi, Chinese ; Hara-Talda, Mongul ; Shariama,
Tangut.

£ ad. (Kan-su). Crown and upper nape velvety black ; chin, upper
throat, and ear-tufts pure white ; rest of plumage slate-grey ; quills
brownish ; middle tail-feathers slate-grey, tipped with deep purple, the six

GROSSOPTIL UM—L OP HOP HO R US 673

pairs of outer ones white, tipped with purplish black ; soft parts as in
C. mantchuricum. Culrnen 1'65, wing 12'2, tail 20P5, tarsus 3'5 inch.
Female similar but spurless.

Hob. Mountains of North-eastern Szechuen, Eastern Koko-
nor, South-western Kan-su, and Ala-shan.

Inhabits the wooded districts on the mountains up to 10,000
feet, and is a resident. In the autumn and winter they are
generally in small flocks or family parties, but in the spring in
pairs. Its call-note or crow is long and disagreeable, not
unlike the cry of the Peacock. Nidification takes place in
May, when the female deposits from 5 to 7 eggs, which in shape
resemble those of the domestic fowl, but are very smooth in
texture, uniform pale olive-grey in colour, and measure 2*16
by 1-62.

940. HARMAN'S SNOW-PHEASANT.
CROSSOPTILUM HARMANI.

Crossoptilum harmani, Elvves, Ibis, 1881, p. 399, pi. xiii. ; Ogilvie Grant,
Cat. B. Br/Mus. xxii. p. 296.

$ ad. Differs from C. auritum in having a white band across the back
of the head, and no white on the lateral tail-feathers.

Halt. Tibet, 150 miles east of Lhassa.

Nothing is known respecting the habits of this species and
the only specimen known is the type, now in the British
Museum, which is in an advanced state of decay.

LOPHOPHORUS, Temm., 1813.

941. MONAL.
LOPHOPHORUS REFULGENS.

LopJtophorus refulgens, Temm. Pig. and Gall. ii. p. 355 (1813) ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 278 ; Blaiiford, F. Brit. Ind. Birds
iv. p. 96 ; L. impeyanus, Gould, Cent. Himal. B. pis. 60, 61 (1832
nee. Lath.) ; id. B. of As. vii. pi. 53 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. i.
pi. 18.

Lont $ , Ham $ , Kashmir.

£ ad. (Himalaya). Head, crest of spatulate feathers, bend of wing and
upper tail-coverts rich metallic green ; back and sides of neck copper-
bronze, becoming bronze-green on the upper back ; interscapulary region,
scapulars, wing-coverts, and ramp rich metallic purple, in parts glossed
with blue-green ; lower back white ; quills brownish black ; tail pale

674 LOPHOPHORUS

rufous, becoming darker towards the end ; under parts black ; the throat
and under tail-coverts glossed with golden green ; bill dark horn ; legs
dull ashy green ; naked orbits blue ; iris brown. Culmen 2'0, wing 12*5,
tail 9'5, tarsus 3'1 inch. The female is brown, the head and neck above
and on the sides, upper back, and wing-coverts black, streaked and mottled
with buff ; lower back and rump buff, barred with black, the upper tail-
coverts partially tipped with white ; tail broadly barred with rufous buff ;
chin and throat white ; rest of under parts blackish brown, speckled and
streaked with buffy white.

Hob. The Himalaya from Afghanistan to Bhutan from
8,000 to 15,000 feet in summer and in winter as low as 4,500
feet.

Inhabits the upper portions of the hill forests, and is
generally seen singly or in twos or threes, the females collecting
together more than the males. It feeds on insects, seeds,
berries, leaves, etc., and its call is a loud plaintive whistle.
Its nest is a mere depression in the ground under a bush, rock,
or stone, a tuft of grass, or a tree trunk, and in May or early in
June it deposits 4 to 6 eggs, which resemble those of the Turkey,
being buffy white, thickly and coarsely freckled with reddish
brown, and measure about 2*55 by 1'78.

942. CHINESE MONAL.
LOPHOPHORUS LHUYSI.

Lophophorus Ihuysi, Verr. Bull. Soc. d'Accl. 2nd ser. iv. p. 706 (1867) ;
Sclater, P.Z.S. 1868, p. 1, pi. 1 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. i. pi. 19 ;
Gould, B. of Asia, vii. pi. 54 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 403,
pi. 110 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 281 ; Berez. and
Bianchi, Ptitz. Gan-su, p. 22.

Pae-mou-Jcy, Ho-than-ky , Chinese.

£ ad. (Moupin). Differs from L. refulgens in having the upper mantle
dark red-golden, the lower mantle bronze-purple, glossed with blue-green,
the crest composed of ordinary feathers and purple-br >nze, the tail black
spotted with buff, the margins of the feathers broadly glossed with bottle-
green, the rump white ; soft parts as in L. refulgens. Culmen 2*1, wing 13*0,
tail 12*5, tarsus 3'0 inch. The female differs from that of L. refulgens in
having the lower back white.

Hob. The more elevated portions of the mountains of
Moupin, Szechuen, Eastern Koko-nor, South-west Kan-su ;
probably also Yunnan and E. Tibet.

In habits it resembles L. refulgens, and also lives at high
altitudes. It feeds on vegetable matter, especially on succulent

LOPHOPHORUS—ITHAGENES 675

roots. It is very shy and wild, and its cry, which is uttered in
the early morning and during rain, consists of three or four
shrill detached notes. At night it roosts in a tree.

ITHAGENES, Wagl., 1832.

943. BLOOD-PHEASANT.
ITHAGENES CRUENTUS.

Ithagencs cruentus (Hardw.), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 237 (1822) ; Gould,
B. of As. vii. pi. 43 ; Elliot, Monogr. Phas. ii. pi. 30 ; Ogilvie Grant,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 268 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 103 ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 558.

Chilimb, Nepal. ; Semo, Bhot. ; Sumong, Lepch.

$ ad. (Sikhim). Forehead and space round the eye to ear-coverts
black ; crest white and grey, tinged with warm buff on the crown ; upper
parts slate-grey, the mantle with buffy white shaft-stripes ; rest of the
upper parts similar, but the stripes edged with black and the scapulars and
wing-coverts washed with green ; quills brown ; tail brown at base, fringed
with crimson, and whitish at tip ; chin and upper throat crimson ; rest of
fore neck greenish white, margined with black ; under parts to lower
abdomen pale green, margined with darker green ; lower abdomen like the
back ; under tail-coverts scarlet, tipped with white ; bill black ; cere, gape,
orbital skin, and legs red ; iris brown. Culmen 0'9, wing 8'5, tail 7'0 ;
tarsus 2 -9 inch. The female is brown, finely vermiculated with black,
"the head, neck, and upper throat paler and yellower, the under parts paler
and more rufescent.

Hob. The higher ranges of the Himalayas in Nepal, Sikhim,
and Bhutan, east to China ; Tibet.

Inhabits the pine-forests at from 10,000 to 14,000 feet
elevation, and is said to feed on the tender shoots of the pine
and juniper, and on the berries of the latter, leaves, seeds, small
fruits, &c. It has a peculiar long call, resembling the squeal of
a Kite, and a shorter monosyllabic call-note. It is by no means
shy, but very averse to take wing. In the autumn it is found
in small flocks or family parties. Nothing appears to be known
respecting its nidification.

944. CHINESE BLOOD-PHEASANT.
ITHAGENES SINENSIS.

Ithageiies s'mensis, David, Ann. Sc. Nat. 5th ser. xviii. art. 5, p. 1 (1874) ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 402, pi. 114; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxii. p. 270 ; Berez. and Bianchi, Ptitz. Gan-sn, p. 15 ;
/. ffeoffroyi, Prjev. Mongol, i Strana Tangut. ii. p. 122 (1876, nee.
Verr.).

Y Y

676 ITIIAGENES

Jfoa-ky, Soiiy-JLoa-ly, Chinese : Serwiun, Mongol.

g ad. (Kan-su). . Differs from /. gco/royi in having the crest, throat,
and neck much paler and greyer, the sides of the crest brownish black, the
inner secondaries and wing-coverts washed with golden buff, not green,
and the tail rather darker and greyer. Culmen 0'9, wing 8'5, tail 6*0,
tarsus 2 '5 inch. The female resembles that of /. cruentvs, but has the
upper parts paler, the -chin and throat whitish grey, and the under parts
pale brownish buff, but slightly vermiculated on the breast,

Hal). South-west Kan-su ; the Nan-shan Mountains and the
Sinling Mountains between Shansi and Honan.

In habits this Pheasant does not differ from its allies, and
also inhabits the woods and bamboo-thickets at considerable
elevations in the mountains.

945. GREY-NECKED BLOOD-PHEASANT.
ITHAGENES GEOFFROYI.

Ithayenes yeo/royi, Verr. Bull. Soc, d'Acclim. (2nd ser.), iv. p. 706;
(1867) ; Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 42 : Elliot, Monogr. Phas. iL
pi. 31 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 401, pi. 113 ; Ogilvie Grant,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 269.

Tsong-ky, Chinese.

£ ad. (Moupin). Differs from /. crventus in having the crown, crest, and
throat slate-grey, much more green on the wings, the sides and flanks greenr
the breast and middle of abdomen slate-grey, and the tail much paler.
Culmen 0'9, wing 9*2, tail T'O, tarsus 1*5 inch. The female is greyer above
than that of /. cruentus^ has the head, chin, and throat brownish, the tail
more mottled and slightly margined with crimson.

Hob. Eastern Tibet, Eastern Szechuen, and the Mantzes^
country.

Inhabits the more elevated mountain forests, and is said to-
perch on the trees, and to feed on seeds, buds, and moss. Its
note is a prolonged, clear, but not loud, whistle. Nothing appears
to be on record respecting its nidification, but eggs in the British
Museum said to belong to this species are elongate oval in
shape, smooth in texture of shell, blotched with dark reddish
brown on a pale reddish buff ground, and measure from T85
to 2'05 in length, and from T25 to 1*3 in breadth.

C AC CAB IS 677

CACCABIS, Kaup, 1829.

CACCABIS SAXATILIS,

946. GREEK PARTRIDGE.

Cacculis xc'.'-atttiit (Wolf and Meyer), Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 87, pi. 48
(1805) ; (Xauin.), vi. p. 546, Taf. 164 ; (Gould), B. of E. iv. pi. 261,
fig. 2 ; Dresser, vii. p. 93, pi. 470, fig. 1 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
MILS. xxii. p. Ill ; C. f/rccca (Steph.), in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 346

(1819).

Bartai'dlc, French ; Cortornice, Ital.; Steinhuhn, German.

(£ ad. (Switzerland). Forehead, feathers round the base of the bill,
lures, and a stripe passing through the eye down the sides of the neck,
where it broadens and joins in front, black ; crown and upper parts
including the scapulars and inner secondaries dove-blue, the nape tinged
with vinous buff, the back washed with warm vinous, and the scapulars
and inner secondaries with buffy brown ; quills dark brown, externally
ochreous ; middle tail-feathers dove-blue, the rest dove-blue at the base,
otherwise fox-red ; chin and throat white ; breast-feathers dove-blue
edged with pale buff; abdomen and under tail-coverts warm ochreous;
flank-feathers dove-blue crossed by a black, then a white, and then a black,
band, and slightly tipped with chestnut-red ; bill, legs, and edge'of eyelid
coral-red ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'85, wing 6*4, tail 3*9, tarsus 17
inch. Sexes aliko.

Hal. The mountains of Southern Europe, the Eastern
Pyrenees, the Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, and Balkans;
Sicily.

Inhabits stony, mountainous regions, only descending when
driven clown by stress of weather. As a rule it is tame and
unsuspicious, but very quarrelsome during the breeding season.
Its note resembles the syllables JcaJcabi, kakdbet uttered several
times in succession, and also coJc, cok, cokroo also several times
uttered. It feeds on grain, seeds, tender shoots, and insects.
It nests on the ground amongst the rocks, the nest being
merely a depression lined with a few leaves and grass-bents.
The eggs, which are deposited late in May or in June, vary in
number from 8 to 18 or even sometimes more, and are very
finely marked with reddish yellow on a pale yellowish ground ;
in size they measure about T59 by 119.

Y Y 2

678 CACCABIS

947. CHUKAR PARTRIDGE.
CACCABIS CHUCAR.

Caccalis chucar (Gray), 111. Ind. Zool. i. p. 54 (1830-32) ; (Gould), Cent.
B. Himal. pi. 71 (1832) ; Dresser, vii. p. 97, pi. 470, fig. 2 ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 395 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii.
p. 113 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 131 ; C. pallescen*,
arenarius and pallidus, Hume, Lah. to Yark. pp. 283, 284 (1873).

Kurotschka, Russ. ; Kalik, Persian ; Chukar, Hindu.

$ ad. (Rhodes). Differs from C. saxatilis in having the upper
parts paler, more rufous and less grey in tinge, the auriculars marked
with rufous, the chin and throat yellowish buff and not white, and the
lores buffy white and not black. Culmen I'O, wing 6 '4, tail 3*8, tarsus T85
inch.

Hob. South-eastern Europe ; the Ionian Islands ; Palestine ;
Asia Minor and Central Asia, east to Turkestan, Mongolia,
Tibet, and China, south to the Punjab in India.

Frequents similar localities to G. saxatilis, which it closely
resembles in habits, but in India it is found on open hillsides,
amongst bushes and grass, and in cultivated fields. It breeds
from April to August, its eggs being somewhat similar to those
of C.- saxatilis, but the spots are more rufous and as a rule
somewhat larger. In size they vary from 1*50 by 1*17 to 1'62
by 1-22.

948. MONGOLIAN PARTRIDGE.
CACCABIS MAGNA.

Caccalis magna, Prjevalsky, Mongol, i Strana Tan gut. etc. ii p. 127
(1876) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 120.

<£ ad. Differs from C. saxatilis in being considerably paler, the general
colour being pale sandy isabelline, the black collar rather narrow with an
outside margin of rusty red. Culmen I'O, wing 7 '4, tail 4'8, tarsus T65
inch.

Hob. The Southern Koko-nor mountains, the Tsaidam plains,
.and Northern Tibet.

In habits it does not differ from C. chucar, but is said to
be more silent. When taking wing it utters a peculiar hollow
note, something like cuta-cuta, different from the call of C. chucar.
Nothing appears to be on record respecting its nidification.

C AC CAB IS 679

949. RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE.
CACCABIS RUFA.

Caccalls rufu (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 276 (1766) ; (Hewitson), i. p. 282,
pi. Ixxi. fig. 2 ; Dresser, vii. p. 103, pi. 471, fig. I ; Ogilvie Grant,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 118 ; Saunders, p. 503 ; Lilford, iv. p. 120,
pi. 53 ; C. rubra (Temm.), Pig. and Gall. iii. p. 361 (1815) ;
(Naum.), vi. p. 563, Taf. 165, figs. 1, 2; (Gould), B. of E. iv.
pi. 260 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 14.

Perdrix rouge, French ; Perdiz, Portug. and Span. ; Pernice,
Ital. ; Rothfeldhulm, German.

£ ad. (England). Differs from C. saxatilis in having only the fore-
head and fore crown ash-grey, the hind crown, nape, hind neck, and upper
parts being reddish brown, the wing-coverts, lower back and scapulars
tinged with grey ; below the black band, which encloses the white throat,
the lower neck is greyish white, spotted and splashed with black ; the
four middle tail-feathers like the back, the rest deep fox-red. Culmen 0'75,
wing 640, tail 3'65, tarsus 1/7 inch. Sexes alike.

Hal. Western and Southern Europe ; Britain (introduced) ;
Madeira, Azores, and Canaries ; Elba, Corsica, and the Balearic
Islands.

Much more shy and restless than the common Partridge, it
frequents heavy soil and wild heaths, and as it runs before the
dogs was by no means a favourite with old-fashioned sportsmen.
It also sometimes perches on trees, and its cry is chuck, chuck,
chuck, her, kerr. Its nest is placed on the ground, and its eggs,
which are usually deposited in May, are yellowish buff or stone
buff, faintly spotted with rufous, or pale purplish pink, and
measure about 1*63 by T22.

950. BARBARY PARTRIDGE.
CACCABIS PETROSA.

Caccalls petrosa (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 758 (1788) ; (Gould), iv. pi. 261,
fig. 1 ; Dresser, vii. p. 11 1, pi. 471, fig. 2 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxii. p. 120.

Pernice di Sardegna, Ital. ; El Hedjel, Moor.

$ ad. (Sardinia). Differs from C. rufa in having the crown, nape, and
hind neck rich chestnut-red, the sides of the head above and below the eye
and the throat bluish ash ; the collar, which is broad on the sides and

680 CACCABIS— AMMOPERDIX

narrow in the middle, rich chestnut-red spotted with white ; throat below
the collar bluish ash ; outer scapulars and some of the wing-coverts deep
bluish ash broadly margined with chestnut ; soft parts as in C. rufa.
Culmen 0'9, wing 6'1, tail 3'75, tarsus 1*85 inch.

In habits it does not differ from C. rufa, and its eggs, 10 to
15 in number, are deposited in April and resemble those of
C. rufa, but are as a rule more richly marked with rufous.

AMMOPERDIX, Gould, 1851.

951. SEESEE PARTRIDGE.
AMMOPERDIX BONHAMI.

Ammoperdix bonhami (Fraser), P.Z.S. 1843, p. 70 ; Gould, B. of A. vii.
pi. 1 ; Dresser, vii. p. 117, pi. 472 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxii. p. 123 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 133 ; A. grlseogularU
(Brandt), Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 1843, p. 278.

Sisi, Hindu.

$ ad. Crown ashy blue-grey, tinged with vinous behind ; forehead
and a line passing over and behind the eye black ; lores and ear-coverts
silky white, the latter rufous posteriorly ; upper parts pale isabelline grey,
indistinctly barred and freckled with darker grey and creamy brown ;
primaries dark brown, the outer web barred with buffy white ; middle
tail-feathers like the back, the rest chestnut-red, becoming greyish towards
the tip ; chin, sides of head, and throat blue-grey ; sides of neck ashy grey
spotted with white ; breast pale vinous ; flank-feathers vinous grey
margined with black and rich rufous, forming stripes ; abdomen greyish
white tinged with pale rufous ; under tail-coverts pale rufous ; bill
orange ; legs wax-yellow ; iris orange-brown. Culmen 0 62, wing 5'15,
tail 2'5, tarsus T25 inch. The female lacks the blue-grey, white and black
on the head, is generally browner and more variegated with rufous bufT ;
breast and flanks rufous buff narrowly barred with dark grey ; abdomen
and under tail-coverts buffy white.

Hal. The Euphrates valley, south to Aden ; Transcaspia,
Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, Baluchistan, and all the ranges
of the Punjab and Sind, west of the Indus ; is said by Gould to
occur in Tibet.

Affects bare stony and rocky localities in the hills, and is
never found in the woods or amongst bushes. Generally it is
found in pairs and only occasionally in winter in small coveys.
Its flight resembles that of the Quail, and when it rises it utters
a whistling note, but the ordinary note is a double one repeated

A MMOPERDIX—FRA NCO LINUS 6 8 1

>«'veml times. It breeds from April to June, making a slight
nest on the ground often under a bush or between stones. The
s, 8 to 12, are creamy white, and measure about 1'40 by 1*0

FRANCOLINUS, Stcph., 1819.
952. FRAXCOLIX.

FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS.

Fnincoltnus vulnaris, Sleph. in ShaAv's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 319 (1819) ;
Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 259 ; Dresser, vii. p. 123, pi. 473 ; Blanf. F.
Brit. Intl. Birds, iv. p. 135 ; Tctrcto francolinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 27.3 (1766) ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 132.

Fi'ancolino, Ital. ; Tii-ntti, Turkish ; Durmj, Persian ; Kula-
titar, Hindu.

g ad. (Asia Minor). Crown and nape-feathers brown with blackish
centres ; sides of hind crown and lower nape marked with white ; sides of
head black with a long white patch below and behind the eye ; a broad
•chestnut-red collar round the neck ; chin, throat, neck, and breast other-
wise deep black, spotted with white on the hind neck ; upper parts blackish
brown varied with bright ochreous and whitish ochreous ; rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail black barred with white ; quills blackish brown
barred with reddish ochre ; flanks black spotted with white ; abdomen
rufous varied with white ; under tail-coverts chestnut tipped with white ;
bill black; legs reddish orange; iris brown. Culmen I'O, wing 6'9»
tail 4*1, tarsus 2'2 inch. The female is much paler and duller, the
•chestnut collar is restricted to a patch on the hind neck, the rump and
upper tail-coverts brown barred with brownish buff ; sides of head buffy
white ; chin and upper throat white ; rest of under parts buffy white
barred and blotched with blackish brown ; under tail-coverts chestnut
marked with pale brown and black.

ffab. Cyprus, Palestine, Asia Minor, Armenia, Persia, India
east and south to Manipur ; now extinct in Sicily.

Frequents grassy places and scrub near cultivation, and also
cultivated ground, and feeds on grain, seeds, and insects. The
note of the male is five syllabled, harsh, and not unlike the crow
of a Pheasant. It breeds, in India, from May to August,
usually in June, and deposits 6 to 10 eggs, making a loosely
constructed nest of straw, grass, roots, or leaves, placed on the
ground. The eggs are of a uniform warm drab, buffy brown, or
stone-colour, and measure 1*56 by 1'28.

682 FRA NCOLINUS— PERDIX

953. SENEGAL FRANCOLIN.
FRANCOLINUS BICALCARATUS.

\ Francolinus bicalcaratus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 277 (1766) ; Ogilvie Grant,
Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 160 ; Dresser, ix. p. 325, pi. 703 ; Perdix
senegalensis, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. and Metli. i. p. 212, pi. 93, fig. 2
(1791).

Hadjel el Sahdra ; Eardgli, Arab.

$ ad. (Morocco). Fore crown and a stripe on each side black ; rest
of crown reddish brown ; superciliary stripe, space in front of the eye
and sides of the head white, the last striped with blackish ; hind neck and
fore back varied black and rufous and margined with creamy white ; upper
parts brown, vermiculated with black, the scapulars and wing-coverts with
a submarginal creamy white stripe ; quills and tail dark brown, the former
barred, the latter clouded and irregularly barred with warm and rufous
buff ; chin and upper throat white ; breast and under parts buff, with a
drop-shaped black median spot, barred with buff, and basally bordered
with chestnut, the last wanting on the lower flanks and under tail-coverts ;
bill greenish at the base, otherwise yellow ; legs dull greenish yellow ;.
iris brown. Culmen ri5, wing 7'3, tail 3'25, tarsus 2'6 ; the male has two
pairs of spurs on the legs. Sexes otherwise alike.

Hob. West Africa from the Niger to the Mogador coast ;.
Casa Blanca and as far north in Morocco as Rabat.

But little is on record respecting the habits of this Francolin,
which is said to frequent grass lands, and, except during the
breeding season, goes in coveys of 5 to 12 individuals. I find,
no record of its nidification, but possess two eggs laid in an
aviary, which are dull in texture, uniform creamy buff in
colour, and measure 1*86 by T40 and T92 by 1*43.

PERDIX, Briss., 1760.

954. THE PARTRIDGE.

PERDIX CINEREA.

Perdix cinerea, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 645 (1790) ; Naum. vi. p. 478, Taf..
163 ; Hewitson, i. p. 281, pi. Ixxi. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E.
iv. pi. 262 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 13 ; Dresser, vii. p. 131,
pis. 474, 475 ; Saunders, p. 501 ; Lilford, iv. p. 118, pi. 52 ;
P. damascena, Briss. Orn. i. p. 223 (1760) ; Ogilvie Grant, op. cit.
p. 192 ; Tetrao perdi^ Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 276 (1766) ; (Ogilvie
Grant), op. cit. p. 185.

PERDIX 683

Perdrix grise, French; Starna, Ital.; Rcbhuhn, German; Patrys,.
Dutch : Agerhona, Dan. ; Eaphona, Norweg. ; Bapphwa
Swed. ; Twrkwipyy, Peltopyy, Finn. ; Kouropatka, Russ.

£ ad. (England). Crown, nape, and ear-coverts warm brown ; fore-
head, a broad stripe over the eye, sides of the head, chin, and upper throat
orange chestnut ; hind neck and upper parts brownish grey, vermiculated
with reddish brown and dark brown, the wing-coverts marked with chest-
nut, and with a central ochreous shaft stripe ; rump and upper tail-coverts
banded with chestnut ; tail chestnut-red, the middle feathers buffy and
vermiculated with brown towards the tip ; lower throat and breast pale
blue-grey, vermiculated with dark grey ; on the lower breast a dark chest-
nut horseshoe patch ; flanks barred with chestnut ; lower abdomen and
thighs greyish white ; under tail-coverts yellowish buff, vermiculated with
dark greyish ; legs and feet bluish grey, with a brown tinge ; bill bluish
white ; iris hazel-brown. Culmen 0'75, wing 6*1, tail 3*95, tarsus l!75inch.
The female is rather smaller, has the upper parts darker and browner, the
light chestnut on the throat covers a smaller area, the horseshoe pectoral
band is either wanting or much smaller, and the wing-coverts have buff
•cross-bars.

Hal}. Temperate Europe generally, north to central
Scandinavia and Great Britain, south to the Mediterranean;
Asia east to the Altai and Northern Persia.

Frequents open, cultivated ground or heaths and commons,
not woodlands, and except during the breeding season is found
in coveys. Its flight is strong, with a loud whirring sound,
and it is essentially a ground bird, never perching on a tree,
and its call-note is Jcertchup, Jcertchup. It nests also on the
ground, lining a depression in the ground with a few dry straws
or grass-bents,^and in May deposits 12 to 16 sometimes even
more eggs, which are uniform pale olivaceous brown, and
measure about 1'43 by 1*07.

955. DAURIAN PARTRIDGE.
PERDIX DAURICA.

Perdu: daurica (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 78 (1811) ; David, N. Arch.
Mu3. Bull. iii. p. 38 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 192 ;.
P. larlata, Verr. and Desm. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 62, pi. ix. ; Gould, B,
of As. vi. pi. 73 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 776.

Kourcpatka-bwadataya, Kamenoi-ItiabtscJiik^viss.

$ ad. (Dauria). Differs from P. cinerea in having the chin, throat,
sides of the head and the breast warm golden ochreous, the feathers on the
side of the throat elongated, and the pectoral horseshoe-shape 1 patch deep
black. Culmen 1-0, wing 6-0, tail 3'4, tarsus T45 inch.

-684 PERDIX

Hal. Central and Eastern Asia ; north and east to Dauria
.and the southern Baikal, west to the Altai; Yenesei and Russian
Dzungaria ; Eastern Turkestan ; Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet,
-and Northern China.

In habits it does not differ from P. cincrea, and its nest and
-eggs are similar, but the latter, which are usually deposited
•early in June, are somewhat smaller, measuring about
1-35 by 1-03.

95G. TIBETAN PARTRIDGE.
PERDIX HODGSONI2E.

PerJlx liodgsoiua\ Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xxv. p. luo. and pi. (1807) ;
Gould, B. of As. vi. pi. 74 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. U. Br. MILS. xxii.
p. 193 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 1 42.

Sakpl ICL, Tibetan.

$ ad. (Ladak). Forehead butty white, edged with black before and
lieliind ; crown deep chestnut, washed with white ; lores, supercilium, and-
-cheeks buffy white ; sides of and lower hind neck foxy red with grey mar-
gins to the feathers, forming a collar ; upper parts, wings and tail as in
P. cincrea ; chin and tipper throat white, with a buff tinge ; sides of head
•below the eye, and nearly meeting the front, black, below which is a white
kind ; under parts whitish, barred down to the lower abdomen with black,
and a black patch on the middle of the body ; flanks washed with rufous ;
bill and legs horn-green ; orbital skin reddish. Culmen 0'9, wing 6'4,
tail 3'4, tarsus 1'G inch. Sexes alike.

Hal). Tibet north of Sikhiin and Nepal and as far west as
Hanle, at 14,000 to 18,000 feet elevation ; Kashmir.

In habits it is said to resemble P. cincrea, and the eggs are
pale drab, with a faint reddish brown tinge over the large end,
.and at the point of the smaller end, and measure T77 by 1*2.

957. KANSU PARTRIDGE.
PERDIX SIFANICA.

Perd'ix slfanica, Prjevalsky, Mongol, i Strana Tangut. &c., ii. p. 124
(1876) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 195 ; Berez. and
Bianchi, Ptitz. Gan-su, &c. p. 13.

$ ad. (Kan-su). Differs from P. hodgsonice in lacking the black patch
on the under surface of the body, and those on the sides of the head are
reduced to a smallish patch below the eye. Culmen 0'9, wing 5'55,
.tail 3'0, tarsus 1-6 inch.

PERDIX— CO TURN IX 6 8 5

ffab. The alpine regions of south-west Kan-su, the Amdos
plateau, the Nan-shan and Si-ning Mountains and Northern
Tibet.

In habits it is said to resemble P. danrica, but its call-note
is harsher, and when taking wing it utters a more squeaking
and louder note than that bird. It is not found lower than
about 10,000 feet above the sea level. It breeds in May, the
number of eggs being about 15, these being similar to those
of P. hodgsonice.

COTURNIX, Bonn., 1790.

958. THE QUAIL.
COTURNIX COMMUNIS.

Cotimiix comniunis, Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 217 (1790) ;
Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 15 ; Dresser, vii. p. 143, pi. 476 ; Blanf.
F. Brit. Intl. Birds, iv. p. 114; Saunders, p. 505; Lilford, iv.
p. 121, pi. 54 ; Tetrao cotumic, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.p. 278 ; (Naum.),
vi. p. 576, Taf. 166 ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. IJr. Mus. xxii. p. 231 ;
C. i-tf/i/a.m, Bout. Orn. Dauph. p. 72, pi. 43, %. i. (1843) ; Hewitson,
i. p. 284, pi. Ixxii.

Caille, French ; Codorniz, Portug. and Span. ; Quaglia, Ital. ;
Waclitel, German; Xwartel, Dutch; Vagtel, Dan. and Norweg;
Vciktel, S\ved. ; PcU<yyy, Finn. ; Percpelka, lluss. : Jjildcrtschin,
Persian ; Better, Hindu.

£ ad. (England). Crown and nape blackish, brown, variegated with
rufous buff, and with a central and two lateral buff lines ; upper parts
warm light brown, broadly marked with dark brown and black, and with
long dashes of light buff ; wings and tail brown, barred with buff ; sides
•of head pale brown ; throat and sides of neck buffy white ; a black patch
on the chin, a black band at the base of the throat, and a rufous band
below ; sides of neck washed with rufous ; breast pale rufous dashed with
white ; rest of under parts buffy white, the flanks rufous with buff central
stripes ; bill brownish horn ; legs fleshy brown ; iris brown. Culmen 0'5,
•wing 4'15, tail 1'6, tarsus 1-1 inch. The female has the chin and throat
buffy white, unmarked with black, and the breast reddish buff, spotted
-with blackish brown.

Hal). Europe generally, breeding north to Scandinavia and
Britain, and south to North Africa, migrating into South
Africa in winter ; Asia Minor and Asia, north to Siberia and
south to India in winter: not occurring in South-eastern Asia ;
in South Africa and the islands off the African coast it is re-
placed by a closely allied form, U. capensis, Licht., which, in the

686 COWRNIX—TETEAOPHASIS

male, has the throat bright rufous chestnut with a black anchor-
shaped mark down the middle.

Is chiefly migratory throughout its range, and is a less gre-
garious bird than the Partridge, but when migrating they
collect in vast flocks. Its flight is swift, whirring and direct,
and its food consists of seeds, grain, and insects. Its note is a
short harsh and deep prelude rowow, followed by a loud pickemic
or wet-my-lips, or wet-my-feet, and both sexes call each other with
a note resembling the syllables beebewe. It is monogamous, and
breeds late, the eggs being deposited late in June or early in
July, in a depression in the ground scantily lined with a few
grass bents or plant stems. The eggs, 8 to 14 in number, are
brownish yellow, richly blotched with blackish brown, and
measure about 118 by 0'92.

959. SUBSP. COTURNIX JAPONICA.

Coturnix japonica, Temm. and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 103, pi. 61
(1842) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 239 ; C. ussuriensis,
Bogcl. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. i. p. 45 (1884) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 780.

Udzursi, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Differs from C. communis in having the lores, sides of
the head, chin, and throat uniform dull brick red, without any black mark
in the middle, and the flank feathers with rufous margins, and less spotted
with black. Culmen 0'5, wdng 3'8, tail T15, tarsus TO inch. The female
differs from that of C. communis in having the chin and throat feathers
elongate and lanceolate, those on the sides of the throat margined with
rufous on the outer web.

Hob. Japan, Corea, China, Manchuria, Mongolia, Ordos,
Kan-su, and Koko-nor, north to the Ussuri country and Dauria

In habits it does not differ from C. communis, and its eggs are
similar to those of that species.

TETRAOPHASIS, Elliot, 1871.

960. MOUPIN PHEASANT.
TETRAOPHASIS OBSCURUS.

Tetraophasis olscurus (Verr.), N. Arch. Mus. Bull. v. p. 33, pi. vi. (1869) ;
Elliot, Mon. Phas. pi. xxi. ; Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 44 ; Prjev.
Mongol, i Strana Tangut. &c, ii. p. 429, pi. xx. fig. 2 (egg) ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 102.

TETRAOPHASIS 687

Cundeck, Tangut.

$ ad. (Kan-su). Crown and sides of head dark grey, the former with
dark shaft-stripes ; neck and upper parts wood-brown with a few dark
spots, the wing-coverts and secondaries with broad grey-white terminal
margins ; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts greyish brown, the last with
pale tips ; quills brown ; middle tail-feathers greyish brown, vermiculated
with dark brown, the rest blackish brown broadly tipped with white ;
chin and fiont of throat rich chestnut ; breast pale slate-grey with blackish
spots ; rest of under parts brownish grey broadly tipped with pale is-
abelline ; under tail -coverts warm chestnut, tipped with white ; tarsi
spurred. Culmen 1'45, wing 8'5, tail 6'3, tarsus 2'1 inch. Female similar
but without spurs.

Nab. Eastern Tibet, Koko-nor, Kan-su, east to Szechuen.

Inhabits the central mountain ranges where these are wooded,
and bush-covered rocks and ravines. Its note resembles that
of Crossoptilum auritum but is more varied and prolonged. In
the pairing season and also when surprised, it erects the tail
spreading it out fan-like, and droops the wings. The pairing
season commences in March, and the nest is said to be placed
on the ground under thick bushes, and constructed of grass,
and the eggs, which are deposited late in April, are yellowish
grey or dirty grey spotted with brown, the spots being most
numerous at the smaller end, and measure about 1*9 by T48
to 2-3 by 1-53.

961. TIBETAN PHEASANT.
TETRAOPHASIS SZECHENII.

Tetraophasis szecJienyii, Madarasz, Zeitech. Ges. Orn. ii. p. 50 pi. ii.
(1885) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 103 ; T. dcsgodinsi,
Oustal. Le Nat. 1886, p. 276.

<£ ad. (Tibet). Differs from T. obscurus in having the chin, throat, and
fore neck pale fawn instead of chestnut, the upper parts much greyer, and
the middle of the breast and abdomen marked with rufous buff and chest-
nut like the flanks. Culmen 1'42, wing 87, tail 67, tarsus T9 inch.

Hob. The mountains of Central Tibet, north to the Sok Pass,
south to Yer-ka-lo, Mekong River, and east to Fa-tsien-lou.

Respecting the habits and nidification of this species I find
nothing on record.

688 TETRAOGALLUS

TETRAOGALLUS, Gray, 1833.

962. CAUCASIAN SNOW-PARTRIDGE.
TETRAOGALLUS CAUCASICUS.

Tetraoyallas caucasicus (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 76, and pi. (1811) ;
Dresser, vii. p. 237, pis. 491, 492 ; (Eadde), Orn. Caucas. p. 335,
pi. xxi. figs. 1, 2 (eggs); Ogilvie Grant, 'Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii,
p. 109.

Gornaya-Indcika- Chourtka, Russ.

£ ad. (Caucasus). Crown, nape, and hind neck ashy grey ; a broad
ashy grey patch, covering a large portion of each side of the head, passes
down the side of the neck ; throat, and rest of the neck white ; upper
parts greyish black, finely vermiculated with buff, the lower neck and
fore back unspotted, the rest of the upper parts with buff and fox-red
spots ; primaries white, broadly terminated with blackish ; secondaries
white at the base, then like the back ; middle tail-feathers black, vermi-
culated with buffy white, the rest black tipped with chestnut, vermiculated
at the base with buff, and at the tip with blackish ; lower throat and
breast-feathers buffy white margined with black ; rest of under parts
blackish ash-grey closely vermiculated with buffy white ; flank-feathers
tinged with slate, margined on each side with fox-red, and externally
edged with black ; under tail-coverts white ; bill dull yellowish, becoming
horn-brown towards the tip ; legs orange-yellow ; iris brown ; bare skin
round the eye yellow. Culmen 1*2, wing 10'5, tail 7'0, tarsus 2'25 inch.
The female is duller and paler, the crown and hind neck are tinged with
reddish brown, the stripe down the neck is reddish brown, and the barring.-*
on the lower throat and breast are narrower and ill-defined.

Hal. The mountains of the Caucasus.

According to Dr. Radde this bird inhabits only the Great-
Caucasus, where it is found close to the snow line in rocky,
almost inaccessible places, on the sides of the mountains where
the sun has melted the snow, above the tree growth. In its
habits it is said to be a true Partridge, and it feeds on tender
buds and shoots of various Alpine plants, and lays up a store
in some sheltered place for the winter. Its nest is a mere de-
pression, or is a scanty bed of plant-stems, on the shelf of a
rock in some sheltered position, and the eggs, 12 to 15 in num-
ber, are deposited late in April, and are dull light clay-buff in
colour with an oil-green tinge, somewhat sparingly spotted with
dull rufous, and measure about 2*65 by T78.

TETRAOGALLUS 680*

963. CASPIAN SNOW-PARTRIDGE.

TETRAOGALLUS CASPIUS.

Tetmoyalluj caspius (S. G. Gmel.), Reise Russl. i\r. p. 67, pi. x. (1784) -r
Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 29 ; Raddo, Orn. Oauc. p. 343, pi. xxii. ;
Ogilvie Grant, ("'at. I>. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 108 ; Dresser, vii. p. 241 -r
pi. 493.

(Tt'-Kdd'd-, in the Taurus: Kaljk-i-dareh , Persian.

3 «(£. (Taurus). Differs from T. caucasicus in having the head, neckr
and upper parts paler and tinged with buff, the larger wing-coverts bluer
and less vermiculatcd on the basal portion ; sides of head and neck creamy
white, the space below the eye pale blue-grey with a darker blue-grey stripe
down the side of the neck ; feathers of lower throat and upper breast
tipped with ashy buff, becoming ashy buff on the sides, and on the fore-
part boldly spotted with black ; rest of breast ashy buff, vermiculated
with blackish grey ; middle of abdomen sooty slate ; crissum dull buff ;
under tail-coverts creamy white ; bill yellowish horn, paler at the base \
legs rich orange-red ; iris dark brown ; bare space round and below the
eye brilliant Indian yellow ; nostrils orange-red. Culmen 1'7, wing 11 '8r
tail 8'0, tarsus 2'6 inch. The female is rather smaller and duller,- has the
crown slightly marked with light buff and dark grey, the stripes on the sides-
of the neck and the band on the lower throat buffer in tinge, the latter ver-
miculated with giey, and both mottled with black, soft parts duller tlmn
irTthe male, and the spur"on the hind tarsus wanting.

Hal). The Taurus Mountains, west to the Gok or Geyee
Mountains, east to Transcaspia, Armenia, Kurdistan, and
Northern Persia, north to the Caucasus.

Like T. caucasicus the present species inhabits the more ele-
vated portions of the mountains, and is extremely shy and wary.
It feeds on bulbous roots, young grass blades, moss and scale-fern,
and the young are probably fed on insects. The call-note is a
full clear prolonged whistle ending with an abrupt jerk, and the
male utters a loud cackle which is continued during flight. It
breeds late in April, the nest being a deep round hollow scraped
in the stony soil, slightly lined with dry grass and a few feathers,
and the eggs, 6 to 9 in number, resemble those of T. caucasicus
both in size and colour, but are, if anything, a trifle darker in
ground colour.

'690 TETRAOGALLUS

964. HIMALAYAN SNOW-PARTRIDGE.
TETRAOGALLUS HIMALAYENSIS.

Tefraogallushimalayensis, Gray, P.Z.S. 1842, p. 105 ; Gould, B. of As. vii.
pi. 30 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 106 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 143 ; T. nigeUii, Jard. and Selby, 111. Orn. pi. Ill
(nee. pi. 76) ; Hume and Marsh, Game B. iii. pi. 3 (egg).

Kulla Lupu Boer a, t in W. Nepal ; Kablt-i-dara, in Afghanistan.

£ ad. (Himalayas). Differs from T. caucasicus in having the head,
hind neck and fore back pale blue-grey, the sides of the neck marked with
chestnut ; upper parts paler and greyer, the spots redder ; chin and upper
throat white, below which is a narrow, indistinct chestnut band ; breast
white, tinged with grey, sparingly marked with dark chestnut ; rest of
under parts slaty blue slightly vermiculated with brown and striped with
rich chestnut and black ; under tail-coverts white ; bill pale horn, legs
yellowish red ; iris dark brown ; naked skin behind the eye yellow.
Culmen 1'6, wing 12*0, tail 8'4, tarsus 2'5 inch. The female resembles
the male, but lacks the spurs.

Hob. Himalayas, west of Kumaun at about 11,000 to 18,000
feet in summer, lower in winter, Afghanistan and the various
ranges north to the Altai.

Is chiefly to be met with near the snow-line, on rocks and
barren ground, usually in flocks or coveys, and feeds on grass,
tender shoots, bulbs, and seeds. Its note is a soft whistle. The
nest is a mere depression scratched in the ground under shelter
of a rock, stone, or bush, and the eggs, 5 to 6 in number, are
usually deposited late in April, and are paler or darker olive-
brown spotted or blotched with brownish red, pale chestnut, or
purplish brown, and measure about 2*72 by T85.

965. TIBETAN SNOW-PARTRIDGE.
TETRAOGALLUS TIBETANUS.

Tetraogallus tlbetanm, Gould, P.Z.S. 1853, p. 47 ; id. B. of As. vii. pi. 32 ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 391 ; Prjev. Mongol, i Strana
Tan gut. ii. p. 127 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 104 ;
Berezoff. and Bianchi, Ptitz. Gan-su, etc. p. 14.

Hrcik-pcit Bhot. ; Hailik, Mongol. ; Cunmo, Tangut.

£ ad. (Tibet). Differs from T. altaicus in being smaller, the head,
neck, and upper breast darker slate-grey, gradually merging into the colour

TETRAOGALLUS 691

of the back ; upper parts more marked with white, the outer webs of
secondaries white ; upper breast crossed by an irregular white band ;
under parts white with black stripes, which are bolder on the flanks ;
under tail-coverts black with broad terminal central white stripes ; middle
tail-feathers like the back, the rest brownish black tipped with rufous
buff; bill orange-red; legs coral-red; iris brown. Culmen T52,
wing 10'5, tail 67, tarsus 2*0 inch. Female similar but without the
spur.

Hal. The mountains of Kan-su, Koko-nor, Eastern Turkestan
and Northern Tibet east to the Sanju Pass at from 10,000 to
16,000 feet altitude.

In general habits it resembles T. attaints and is very wary
and shy. When at rest it utters a note like that of the domes-
tic hen, occasionally interrupted by a peculiar whistle ; when
alighting it utters click, click, click several times in succession ;
when settling down it makes a sound like goooo, goooo, and when
collecting its young its call-note is a whistle. Its eggs resemble
those of T. himalayensis, and measure about 2*4 by 17.

966. ALTAI SNOW-PARTRIDGE.
TETRAOGALLUS ALTAICUS.

Tetraogallus altaicus (Gebler), Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Petersb. i. p. 31
(1837) ; Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 31 ; (Tacz.), F. O. Sib. O. p. 775 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 110.

$ ad. (Altai Mountains). Differs from T. himalayensis in having the
head, fore back, and upper breast pale blue-grey unmarked with chestnut ;
a patch in front of the eye, a narrow supercilium, chin, and middle of
upper throat white ; breast sparingly marked with white and black ; a
black line across the upper back ; rest of upper parts as in T. himalayensis,
but greyer and only marked with white ; primaries brown, not white on
basal portion ; under parts white, the thigh-feathers and lower flanks dark
slaty blackish ; bill blackish horn ; legs orange ; iris brown. Culmen 1'5,
wing 11-0, tail 7'0, tarsus 2*35 inch.

Hob. The Altai Mountains.

In habits and nidification this bird is said to resemble
T. himalayensis, and its eggs, which are deposited in May, re-
semble those of that species but are paler. One in my collection
measures 2 '64 by 2*0.

z z

692 L AGO PUS

LAGOPUS, Briss., 1760.
967. WILLOW GROUSE.
LAGOPUS ALBUS.

Lagopus albus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. p. 750 (1788) ; (Nauin.), yi- P- 381>
Taf. 159 ; Dresser, vii. p. 183, pis. 483, 484 fig. 1, 485 (feet only) ;
Elliot, Monogr. Tetr. pis. xvii. xviii. ; Tetrao. lagopus, Linn. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 274 (1766) ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 40 ;
Kidgway, p. 199 ; L. subalpina (Nilss.), Orn. Suec. p. 307 (1817) ;
L. brachydactylus, Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 256.

Lirype Dalrype, Norweg. and Dan. ; Dalripa, Swed. ; Rievsak,
Lapp. ; .Riekko, Finn. ; Kprttpatka, Russ.

$ ad. in spring (Finland). Head, neck, breast, upper flanks, and
upper parts rich dark red, the crown marked, and the neck, breast, and
back more or less vermiculated with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts
partly white ; wings, middle tail-feathers, nostrils, region round and
behind the eye, a small space at the base of the lower mandible, and
under parts white j rest of tail -feathers blackish partially tipped with
white j comb above the eye red ; bill blackish horn ; iris brown.
Culmen 0'88, wing 8'1, tail 5'1, tarsus T7 inch. Later on in the summer
the white is restricted to the wings and middle of the abdomen. The
female is somewhat smaller and duller in colour. In the winter both
sexes have the whole plumage pure white except the tail, which is black
tipped with white.

Hcib. Europe from Central Scandinavia to the extreme north ;
not found in Britain or Iceland ; Asia, north to Kamchatka,
south to the Amoor ; Arctic America beyond the United States ;
Newfoundland.

During the spring and summer it is found in pairs, usually
in the tracts covered with low bushes, but in the winter large
flocks are often seen. It feeds on seeds of various kinds, berries,
and the tender shoots of the birch and willow. Its call-note is
similar to that of the Red Grouse, and when in the spring it struts
before the female the male utters a clear note, kavao kavao, which
the female answers with a subdued mewing note, neiau nceau.
When startled and taking wing the male utters a cackling note
like that of L. scoticus. The Willow Grouse is monogamous, and
the female deposits late in May, in a depression scratched under a
bush and scantily lined with a few grass stems or twigs, her 8 to
14, sometimes even more, eggs, which closely resemble those of
L. scoticus in size, colour, and markings. The Newfoundland
bird has been subspecifically separated by Dr. Stejneger under
the name Lagopus lagopus alleni.

LAGOPUS 693

968. RED GROUSE.
LAGOPUS SCOTICUS.

Lagopus scoticus (Lath.), Ind. Orn. ii. p. 641 (1790) ; Hewitson, i.
p. 279, pi. Ixx. figs. 1, 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 252 ; id. B. of Gt.
Brit. iv. pi. 7 ; Elliot, Monogr. Tetr. pi. xix. ; Dresser, vii. p. 165,
pi. 479 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. %5 ; Saunders,
p. 495 ; Lilford, iv. p. 107, pi. 46.

<£ ad. (Scotland). General plumage blackish brown vermiculated with,
rusty red, the head, neck, breast, rump, and upper tail-coverts more rusty
red in colour ; wings and tail blackish brown, the middle tail-feathers
vermiculated with reddish brown ; feathers over and under the eye, and
an irregular line from the base of the lower mandible, white ; some of the
abdominal feathers tipped with white ; leg feathering greyish brown
above, merging into dirty white towards the feet ; beak dark horn ; comb
red ; iris hazel. Culmen 0*85, wing 8'2, tail 4'2, tarsus T8 inch. The
female is somewhat smaller and paler, the general colour being warm
yellowish brown barred and vermiculated with black. Unlike the Willow
Grouse, the Red Grouse has 110 special winter plumage. Specimens from
England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland vary considerably in tone of colour.

Hob. The British Islands only, except where introduced.

Inhabits the moors and open places in various parts of the
United Kingdom, chiefly in the north, and is highly esteemed as
a game bird. It feeds on berries, tender shoots of the heather
and ling, also grain when obtainable, &c. It is strong on the
wing, and when taking flight, or when danger threatens, the male
utters a note of warning, kok, kok, kok. During the breeding
season the grouse are in pairs, but in the autumn in coveys
and sometimes in flocks or packs. The nest is a mere hollow
scratched in the ground, scantily lined with grass, moss, or
heather twigs, and in April or May, 8 to 12 eggs are deposited,
which are pale olive or olive-buff, strongly spotted and blotched
with dark reddish brown or blackish brown, and vary consider-
ably. In size they measure about 1 75 by 1'33.

969. ALPINE PTARMIGAN.
LAGOPUS MUTUS.

Lagopus mutus (Montin.), Physiogr. Sallsk. Handl. Lund. i. p. 155
(1776-86) ; Hewitson, i. p. 280, pi. Ixx. fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of E.
pi. 253, 254 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pis. 8, 9, 10 ; Dresser, vii. p. 157,
pis. 478, 484, fig. 2 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 44 ;
Saunders, p. 497 ; Lilford, iv. p. 112, pis. 47, 48, 49 ; Tetr. lagopus,
Scop. Ann. i. p. 118 (1769 nee. Linn.) ; Nanm. vi. p. 401, Taf. 160,
161 ; T. alpinus, Nilss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 311 (1817).

z z 2

694 LAGOPUS

Perdrix blanche, French ; Perdiz blanca, Span. ; Roncaso, Ital. ;
Schneehuhn, German ; Fjeldrype, Dan. and Norweg. ; Fjallripa,
Swed. ; Kirun, Lapp. ; Kiiruna, Finn.

<§ ad. in summer (Norway). Head, neck, breast, tipper back, and upper
flanks black, on the neck slightly intermixed with white, the chin nearly
pure white ; lower back, inner wing-coverts, scapulars, rump, and upper
tail-coverts black vermiculated with brown, here and there narrowly
marked with white ; tail blackish, the middle feathers narrowly tipped
with white ; wings, lower breast, and under parts white ; bill blackish
horn ; iris brown. Culmen 1'05, wing 7 '7, tail 4'8, tarsus T35 inch. The
female has the head, neck, upper parts, breast, and flanks blackish, marked,
barred, and vermiculated with rusty yellow, and here and there marked
with white. In the autumn the male has the head, neck, upper parts,
upper breast, and flanks ashy grey, narrowly vermiculated with black, the
head and neck tinged with reddish brown. In the -winter both sexes are
pure white, the tail only black tipped with white, but the male has the
lores black.

Hob. The mountains of Scandinavia, Scotland, the Ural,
Pyrenees, Alps, Tyrol, Styria, and Carinthia ; how far its range
extends in Asia it is impossible to state with certainty.

Is essentially a mountain bird, inhabiting elevated, barren,
rocky and stony localities, only descending to lower alti-
tudes when driven by stress of weather. Its food consists of
tender shoots, seeds, and berries ; in its flight it resembles
L. scoticus, but its call- or alarm-note is a harsh frog-like croak. It
breeds high up in the mountains, its nest being a mere depression
scratched in the ground, under a bush or stone, scantily lined with
grass-bents or twigs, and the eggs, which are deposited late in May
or early in June, 7 to 10 or 12, seldom more, in number, resemble
those of L. scoticus, but the ground-colour is paler, and they are
smaller, measuring about 1*67 by T14.

970. ROCK-PTAKMIGAN.
LAGOPUS RUPESTRIS.

Lagopus rupestris (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 751 (1788) ; Audub. B. Am.
pi. 301 ; Dresser, vii. p. 175, pis. 480, 481 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxii. p. 48 ; Ridgway, p. 200 ; Elliot, Monogr. Tetr.
pi. 23 ; L. islandorum, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 6 (1822).

Riupa, $ Kieri, Icel.

(3 ad. (Iceland). Differs in summer plumage from L. mutus in having
the head, neck, upper parts, and breast blackish brown barred and vermi-
culated with reddish brown; supraocular comb light vermilion; bill

LAGOPUS— TETRAO 695

brownish horn ; iris dark hazel. Culmen I'O, wing 7*82, tail 4*95,
tarsus 1-2 inch. In the autumn dress it is browner than L. mutus. The
female is yellower and more ochreous in tone than the female of L. mutus.
In the winter both sexes are white like L. mutus.

Hob. Iceland ; Greenland ; Northern Asia ; Kamchatka ;
Bering Island ; Aleutian Islands ; Arctic North America and
Newfoundland.

In habits and nidification this bird does not differ from
L. mutus, and its eggs are undistinguishable from those of that
species.

971. SUBSP. LAGOPUS HYPERBOREUS.

Lagopus hyperloreus, Sundevall, in Gaim. Voy. Scand. Atl. Livr. xxxviii.
and pi. (1838) ; Elliot, Monogr. Tetr. pi. 24 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 51 ; L. hemileucurus, Gould, P.Z.S. 1858,
p. 354 ; Dresser, vii. p. 179, pi. 482.

(£ ad. (Spitsbergen). Differs from L. rupestris in having the tail white
at the base and tip, black only in the middle, the two middle feathers
white with an irregular o\7al black mark in the middle, and the outside
feathers broadly edged with white. Culmen 0'7, wing 7*6, tail 5*8,
tarsus 11 inch.

Hob. Spitsbergen.

In habits and nidification this bird does not differ from
L. mutus and L. rupestris.

TETRAO, Linn., 1766.
972. CAPERCAILLY.
TETRAO UROaALLUS.

Tetrao urogallus. Linn. Syst, Nat. i. p. 273 (1766) ; Naum. vi. p. 277,
Taf. 154, 155 ; Hewitson, i. p. 277, pi. Ixix. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E.
iv. pi. 248 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 5 ; Dresser, vii. p. 223, pis. 489
fig. 2, 490 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 60 ; Saunders,
p. 491 ; Lilford, iv. p. 101, pi. 44.

Coq de bruydre, French; Gran Gctllo de'bosque. Span.; Gallo
cedrone, Ital. ; Auerhalin $ and -huhn $ , German ; Tjur, Dan. ;
Tiur $ , Ebj £ , Norweg. ; Tjdder, Swed. ; Gukca $ , Koappil $ ,
Lapp. ; Metso $ , Koppdo $ , Finn. ; Glouhar $ , Kopoluha $ , Russ.

$ ad. (Sweden). Head and neck slate-grey narrowly barred with
black ; chin-feathers much elongated, black glossed with purple ; back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts dark reddish brown vermiculated with black ;
rump and upper tail-coverts black vermiculated with greyish white, the
latter tipped with white ; tail rounded, black, some of the feathers marbled
with white, which forms an irregular band ; quills brown externally

696 TETRAO

marbled with, pale sandy brown ; breast and under parts black, the former
glossed with green ; abdomen blotched with white ; under tail-coverts
marked and tipped with white ; tarsi feathered to the feet ; feet dull
brown ; bill whitish horn ; iris brown. Culmen 2 -5, wing 14'8, tail 11*0,
tarsus 3*0 inch. The female is rather smaller, has the head, neck, and
upper parts and tail pale rusty red barred with black, many of the
feathers tipped with white ; tail tipped with white ; chin, sides of head,
neck, and breast pale rufous, the lower neck spotted with black ; rest of
under parts pale rufous sparingly barred with black, and broadly tipped
with white ; vent and tarsi whitish ; bill dull horn, paler at the base
below.

Hal. The pine forests of Scandinavia, North Russia, extinct
but introduced into Scotland, the Pyrenees, Alps, and Car-
pathians ; North Asia, east to Lake Baikal, south to the Altai
and north-eastern Turkestan.

Inhabits pine woods and feeds on tender conifer shoots,
berries, &c. The pairing game, or play (lek in Swedish), com-
mences early in spring, when the male, with drooping wings,
expanded and erected tail, and ruffled feathers, seated either on
a tree or strutting on the ground, utters his call, pcllep, pellep,
pellep, — Jdickop — hede, hcdc, hede, which is answered by a croak-
ing note, gock, gock, gock, by the female, and during this season
the males fight furiously for the possession of the females, who
after the pairing season retire to their breeding places. The
nest is a mere depression scraped in the ground under a
tree or bush, and the eggs, 6 to 12 or 15 in number, are de-
posited early in May, and are dirty yellowish spotted and blotched
with light brown and measure about 27 by T65.

Hybrids between Tetrao tctrix and T. urogallus are not
uncommon, but those between Phasianus colchicus and
T. urogallus, and Lagopus albus and T. urogallus are much
rarer.

973. SUBSP. TETRAO URALENSIS.

" Tetrao uralemis, Severtz. and Menzb." Nazaroff, Bull. Mosc. Ixii.
part 2, p. 365 (1886, desc. null.) ; Menzbier, Ibis, 1887, p. 303 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 65 ; Dresser, ix. p. 331,
pi. 705.

£ ad. (Ural). Differs from T. urogallus in being paler and greyer,
the tail conspicuously marked with white, and the abdomen white, but
slightly marked on the sides and upper parts with blackish. Culmen 2'4,
wing 15 -5, tail 12/25, tarsus 3'2 inch. The female is paler than that of
T. urogallus, the feathers on the upper parts have broad, white margins^
and the abdomen is white with but few black and pale rufous markings,
the lower abdomen nearly pure white.

TETRAO 697

Hal. The southern branches of the Ural range.

In habits it is said to resemble Tetrao tetrix more than
T. urogallus, and its note is also said to differ from that of the
latter species.

974. SIBERIAN CAPERCAILLY.
TETRAO PARVIROSTRIS.

Tetrao parvirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 880 (1856) ; Ogilvie Grant,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 66 ; T. urogalloides, Micld. Sib. Reis. ii.
pi. 2, p. 195, Taf. xviii. figs. 1-3 (1851 nee. Nilss.) ; Elliot,
Monogr. Tetr. pi. vi. ; David and , Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 390 ;
T. urofjalloides var. sachalinensis, Bogdanoff, Consp. Av. Ross. fasc. i-
p. 122 (1884).

$ ad. (Saglialien), General colour of plumage black ; head and neck
glossed with purplish blue, the breast with bottle-green ; upper parts dull
black, the scapulars, secondaries, and larger wing-coverts with terminal
white spot ; upper tail-coverts irregularly tipped with white ; under parts
brownish black slightly spotted with white, and indistinctly vermiculated
on the flanks ; tail uniform black, much graduated and long ; bill black ;
iris brown ; bare skin round the eye scarlet ; bill much smaller than in
T. uroyallus, 0'9 from the end of feathering to tip ; wing 15'3, tail 14'9,
the outer feather 4*2 shorter than the middle ones, tarsus 3'0 inch. The
female is distinguishable from that of T. urogallus not only by the white
on the scapulars, secondaries, and wing-coverts, and on the upper tail-
coverts, but by the long, greatly graduated tail.

Hah The Transbaikal country to the southern portion of the
sea of Ochotsk ; the lower Amoor and the island of Saghalien ; of
rare occurrence in the mountains of the north of China.

This Capercailly is said to differ considerably from T. urogallus
both in its play or " lek " and in its note, but it frequents the pine
forests like that species. Its "lek" is, however, almost always
performed, like that of T. tetrix, on the ground, and seldom on
a tree. The nest is a mere depression scratched in the ground,
and the eggs, which are deposited late in May, resemble those
of T. urogallus, but are more oblong in shape, and measure
about 2-38 by T60.

975. SUBSP. TETRAO KAMTSCHATICUS.

Tetrao Jcamtschaticus, Kittlitz, Denkw. einerReis. Russ. Am. etc. i. p. 314
(1858) , Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 67 ; Tacz. F. 0.
Sib. O. p. 763,

698 TETRAO

$ ad. In general colouration intermediate between T. urogallus and
T. parvirostris and approaches nearer the former in colouration, but has the
head and neck but slightly vermiculated, the upper parts less rufous
brown, the scapulars and tail coverts broadly marked with white, forming
continuous bands ; bill small as in T. parvirostris ; bill from end of feathering
to tip 0'8, wing 147, tail 11-0, tarsus 3*3 ; outer tail feathers 3'2 inch
shorter than the middle ones.

Hob. The peninsula of Kamchatka.

In habits it does not differ from T. parvirostris, but I do not
find any record of its nidification.

976. BLACK GROUSE.
TETRAO TETRIX.

Tetrao tetrix, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 274 (1766) : Nauni. vi. p. 324, Taf.
157 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 250 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 6 ;
Hewitson, i. p. 278, pi. Ixix. fig. 1 ; Dresser, vii. p. 205, pi. 487 ;
(Elliot), Monogr. Tetr. pi. xii. ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxii. p. 53 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 766 ; Saunclers, p. 493 ; Lilford,
iv. p. 106, pi. 45.

Coq de bruy&re, French ; Pequeno-, Gallo de bosque, Span. ;
Fagiano di monte, Ital. ; JBirkhahn $ , Birkliuhn $ , German ;
Berkhoen, Dutch ; Urfugl, Dan. ; Aarfugl, Norweg. ; Orre,
Swed. ; Teiri, Tetri, Finn. ; Tetereff$ , Kosach $ , Russ.

(£ ad. (Sweden). General colour black, glossed with blue on the head,
neck, and upper parts ; secondaries and larger wing-coverts white on the
basal portion, forming a conspicuous alar patch ; outer tail-feathers elongated
and curved outwards ; lower abdomen and thighs varied with greyish
white ; under wing- and tail-coverts white ; over the eye a large red warty
comb ; bill black ; feet and iris dark brown. Culmen I'l, wing 10*4,
tail in the middle 4*2, outer feathers S'5, tarsus 1*8 inch. Female : upper
parts rich rufous tinged with grey, the feathers banded or marked with
black, the secondaries at the base and tip white, forming two indistinct
alar bars ; tail forked ; breast more rufous and less marked with black
than the other parts ; middle of abdomen and legs greyish white, the
latter indistinctly marked with dull brown ; Under tail- and wing-coverts
white barred with brown and black.

Hob. Europe, from about lat. 67° in Scandinavia south to
North Italy and Styria ; west to Great Britain ; Asia, east to
Eastern Siberia, north to 67° N. lat. on the Yenesei, south to
Turkestan, Manchuria, and, it is said, to North China.

Like the Capercailly the Black Grouse is an inhabitant of
the forest and woodland, bat in Scotland it is found on the moors,

TETRAO 699

and is as a rule shy and and wary. It feeds on tender twigs,
berries, seeds, &c., and is more of a ground bird than T. urogallus.
In the spring it frequents a " lek " or drumming place, where the
males fight for the possession of the females, and it is almost
always held on the ground, in an open place in the forest, or a
tree-surrounded morass, for this species is also polygamous. The
call-note is loud and clear, and can be heard at a long distance.
The " lek " lasts about 8 to 14 days, after which the females
retire to their breeding places. The nest is a depression in
the ground, sometimes scantily lined with grass or leaves, and
the eggs, 6 to 10 or 12 in number, which are usually deposited
in May, are yellowish white spotted and blotched with yellowish
red and rusty red, and measure about 2'0 by 1 42.

The Black Grouse not unfrequently interbreeds with other
species, and wild hybrids have been obtained between it and
Tetrao urogallus, Lagopus albus, L. scoticus, Tetrastes bonasia,
and Phasianus colchicus.

977. GEORGIAN BLACK GROUSE.
TETRAO MLOKOSIEWICZI.

Tetrao mlokosiewiczi, Tacz. P.Z.S. 1875, p. 266 ; Dresser, vii. p. 219,
pi. 488 ; (Olgilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mns. xxii. p. 58 ; T.
acatoptriciis, Eadde, Orn. Cauc. p. 358, pi. xxiii.

Tetereff tschernyscli, Russ. ; Jdban-tank, Persian ; PaitmoreJc,
Arm en. ; Kara-touch, Tartar.

£ ad. (Georgia). Differs from T. tefrix in lacking the white on the
upper surface of the wing, in having the under tail-coverts black, and the
tail with the tip bent downwards and slightly outwards ; the glossy parts
of the plumage with bottle-green reflections. Culmen 1'05, wing 7*9, tail
9*0, tarsus 2'25 inch. The female is greyish closely vermiculated with
blackish brown and rusty brown, the upper parts more rufescent Ithan
the under parts ; throat white ; secondaries and under tail-coverts tipped
with white ; tail long, nearly square, blackish brown closely variegated with
rufous and sandy yellow ; middle of abdomen marked with black.

Hob. The whole of the Caucasus Mountains.

Is a mountain bird, inhabiting high altitudes on the borders
of tree growth and the rhododendron zone at from 6,000 to
8,000 and even 11,000 feet altitude, and never descends into the
valleys. In habits it resembles T. tetrix, and like that bird is
polygamous, and in the pairing season frequents certain spots
where the males " drum " and fight for the possession of the
females. The nest is a hollow scratched in the soil, usually

700 TETRA 0—TETRASTES

under shelter of a rock, and the eggs, 8 to 10 in number, are
usually deposited in May or early in June, and resemble those
of T. tctrix both in ground-colour and markings, but are con-
siderably paler. In size they vary from 178 by 1*26 to 2*7 by
1-37.

978. SIBERIAN SPRUCE GROUSE.
TETRAO FALCIPENNIS.

Tetrao falcipennis, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 39 ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 72 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 770 ; Tetrao
canadensis vnr. franklini, Middend. Sib. Keise, ii. part 2, p. 202,
Taf. xvii. fig. 4 (1851) ; Falcipennis Tiartlaubi, Elliot, Monogr. Tetr.
pi. xi.

Dikuskka, Russ. ; Kardka, Tungus.

$ ad. (E. Siberia). Head and neck black, the feathers tipped with
pale dull brown ; sides of head, chin, upper throat, and lower neck almost
uniform black ; upper parts blackish vermiculated with brown, the
scapulars and wings sparingly marked with white ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts with thick white stripes ; tail black, the middle feathers
terminally vermiculated with brownish, the rest broadly terminated with
white \ lower throat marked with buffy white ; under parts black with a
subterminal white band on the feathers ; middle of abdomen black ;
vent nearly white ; thigh and leg-feathers smoky brownish ; under tail-
coverts black, broadly tipped with white ; feet and bill dark horn,
the lower mandible paler ; iris yellowish brown ; outer quills tapered,
narrow, and sickle-shaped. Wing 7 '2, tail 4'7, tarsus 1*4 inch. The
female has the head, neck, and upper parts rufous, barred and vermiculated
with black, and the under parts rufous varied with black and white.

Hob. Kamchatka, North-eastern Siberia, the lower Amoor,
and the island of Saghalien.

In habits it resembles Tetrao canadensis, to which species it is
nearly allied, and like it frequents conifer woods and is extremely
tame, so much so that it is often killed by the natives with a
stick. I find nothing on record respecting its nidification.

TETRASTES, Keys, and Bias., 1840.

979. HAZEL HEN.
TETRASTES BONASIA.

Tetmstes lonasia (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 275 (1766) ; (Naum.), vi. p. 358,
Taf. 158 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 390 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap.
Emp. p. 373 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 90 ; Tacz.
F. O. Sib. 0. p. 772 ; Bonasia europcea, Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 251 ;
B. letulina (Scop.), Ann. i. p. 119 (1769) ; Dresser, vii. p. 193, pi. 486.

TETRASTES 701

G-elinotte, French ; Grebul, Fabot, Span. ; Francolino di monte,
Ital. ; Hasclhulin, German ; Hjerpe, Hassclhonc, Dan. ; Jerpe ,
Norweg. ; Hjerpe, Swed. ; Bakkus, Puogga, Lapp.; Pyy, Finn.;
Riabchik, Russ. ; Yezo-Rai-clw, Yamadori, Jap.

<$ ad. (Sweden). Upper parts grey, in parts tinged with rufous, barred
with blackish and brown ; head crested ; lores, a spot under, and a line
behind the eye white ; cheeks and a band down the sides of the neck
white, slightly marked with black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts clearer grey and less marked with blackish ; tail ashy grey freckled
with blackish and all but the middle feathers tipped with white, and with
a sub-apical black band ; moustachial region and throat deep black ;
under parts white slightly mottled with brown, the breast tinged, and the
flanks distinctly marked with rusty red ; bill blackish horn ; lower half
of the tarsus bare, and with the feet reddish brown tinged with grey ; iris
nut-brown ; eyelid rich red. Culmen 0'8, wing 6'3, tail 4'7, tarsus 1'25
inch. The female has the throat fulvous white sparingly marked with
black, and the white band on the neck is more indistinct.

Hob. Scandinavia to about lat. 67° in Lapland, North Russia,
Germany, the western Pyrenees, Jura and Alps, North Italy,
the Carpathians, and Styrian Alps; Northern Asia, east to
Japan, north to Kamchatka, south to the Altai range, Manchuria
and North China.

Is a resident frequenting mixed conifer and deciduous woods,
and especially aspen and birch groves. It feeds on buds and
tender shoots, seeds, berries, and insects, and seeks its food to a
large extent on the ground. When flushed it will perch, and sit
motionless squatted close to the branch like its American allies.
The call-note of the male is a somewhat low, prolonged whistle,
and that of the female a single sustained tih. It is strictly
monogamous, and nidification commences early in May. The
nest is carefully concealed, and is a depression scratched in the
ground, but scantily lined with a little grass, and the eggs, 10
to 14 in number, are rather elongate in shape, tapering some-
what towards the smaller end, pale yellowish or orange
yellowish in ground-colour, sparingly spotted with rufous, and
measure about 1*65 by 1*16.

Specimens from different localities vary somewhat, those
from the high north being greyer, and those from Central and
Southern Europe more rufous.

•

980. MENZBIER'S HAZEL GROUSE.
TETRASTES GRISEIVENTRIS.

Tetrastes griseivcnlris, Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. iv. pt. i. p. 105, pi. iv.
(1880) ; (Dresser), ix. p. 329, pi. 704 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat, B. Br.
Mus. xxii. p. 93.

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

OF

702 TETBASTES

£ ad. (Russia). Differs from T. bonasia in being much darker and
duskier ; upper parts dark grey, the head and back barred with blackish,
the former darker ; rump and upper tail-coverts dark grey with indistinct
darker bars ; tail like that of T. bonasia, but the subterminal band scarcely
indicated, and the white tip wanting ; chin and a streak from above the
eye white ; throat black slightly marked with dark rufous ; neck and
breast grey barred with black and marked with rufous ; rest of under
parts grey indistinctly barred with black ; flanks tinged with rufous ; bill
blackish horn ; feet greyish brown ; iris brown. Culmen 0'9, wing 6 '6,
tail 4'8, tarsus 1*35. The female is browner and less grey in colour, and
the black feathers on the throat are broadly tipped with buff.

Hob. The Perm and Olonetz Governments west of Ural,
Russia.

I do not find anything on record respecting the habits and
nidification of this species, which ; probably do not differ from
those of T. bonasia.

981. MONGOLIAN HAZEL GROUSE.
TETRASTES SEVERTZOVI.

Tetrastes severtzovi, Prjevalsky, Mongol i Strana Tangut, &c. ii.
p. 130, Taf. xviii. (1876) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxii.
p. 93.

£ ad. (Kan-su). Differs from T. bonasia in having the crown, nape,
neck, and upper parts generally warm reddish brown instead of grey in
ground-colour, and the whole of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts clearly barred with black ; under parts darker than in T. bonasia,
being black with a bar across the middle and the tips white ; breast washed
with warm reddish brown. Culmen 07, wing 7'0, tail 5*60, tarsus 1'3
inch. The female is a trifle smaller and has the chin and throat pale
yellow marked with black.

Hob. The mountains of Kan-su,' Koko-nor, and the Hoang-ho
river.

In general habits and note it is said to resemble T. bonasia.
It inhabits the mountains up to about the elevation of 11,000
feet, frequents the larch and fir forests, and particularly affects
small ravines through which brooks run, and which have the
sides thickly covered with bushes. So far as I can ascertain,
its nest and eggs are not known.

TURN IX 703

TURNIX, Bonnat., 1790.

982. ANDALUCIAN HEMIPODE.
TURNIX SYLVATICA.

Turnix sylvatica (Desfont), Mem. cle TAcad. Koy. des Sc. Paris,
1787, p. 500, pi. xiii. ; Dresser, vii. p. 249, pi. 494 ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Hus. xxii. p. 537 ; Saunders, p. 506 ; T. anda-
lusica (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 766 (1788) ; T. africana, Bonn.
Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 6 (1790) ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv.
pi. 16 ; Hewitson, Ibis, 1859, pi. ii. figs. 4, 5 (eggs) ; Hemipodius
tachydromus, Temm. Pig. and Gall. iii. p. 626 (1815) ; Gould, B. of
E. iv. p. 264.

Toirdo do mato, Portug. ; Torillo, Span. ; Quaglia tridattila,
Ital. ; Semmana, Arab. ; Zerqutt, Moor.

<£ ad. (Spain). Head blackish brown marked with reddish brown, and
with a central brownish buff streak ; cheeks, sides of head, and upper
throat buffy white, barred with black, upper parts blackish brown trans-
versely marked with chestnut and black ; wing-coverts ochreous chestnut,
blotched and spotted with black, and broadly marked with buffy white ;
quills blackish brown externally edged with buffy white ; sides of
throat, neck, and flanks buffy white, each feather with a large blackish
brown crescentic mark ; middle of throat warm pale ferruginous, fading
to buffy white towards the abdomen ; under tail- coverts warm ochreous ;
bill dull fleshy becoming blackish at the tip ; legs light brown, the hind
toe wanting ; iris light '*brown. Culmen 0'5, wing 3'3, tail T7, tarsus
1*0 inch. The female is larger, has the nape nearly uniform dull light red,
and the under parts are richer coloured.

Hal. Portugal, Spain, has once occurred in Italy, but is fairly
common in Sicily, and is said to be very rare in Southern
France ; North Africa. Of very doubtful occurrence in Britain.

Frequents dense bush- covered localities, where it hides and is
very difficult to flush, being as a rule very shy and wary. Its
ordinary note is crroou, crroou, crroou, but in the early morning
and late in the evening both sexes utter a deep mournful note
like the distant bellowing of a bull. Throughout its range
it appears to be resident. It feeds on seeds of various kinds,
and insects. It is monogamous, and makes its nest, which is a
scantily lined depression in the ground, under shelter of a bush
in some dense thicket. Its eggs, which are deposited late in
June or early in July, 4 to 6 in number, are greyish or buffy
white rather closely marked with pale purplish grey shell spots
and dark brown or purplish brown surface blotches, and measure
about I'O by 078.

704 TURNIX—RALLUS

983. BURMESE HEMIPODE.
TURNIX BLANFORDI.

Turnix Uanfordi, Blyth, J. A. Soc. B. xxxii. p. 80 (1863) ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxii. p. 542 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 155 ; T. maculatus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xxxv. p. 47 (1819, nee.
Temm.), David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 398 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 783 ; T. variabilis, Prjev. Voy. Oussouri. Suppl. No. 139.

Ngon, Burm.

g ad. (Burma). Crown black varied with chestnut ; mesial line warm
buff ; sides of head to above the eye pale yellowish buff, finely variegated
with black ; upper parts greyish varied with chestnut and buff ; wing-
coverts spotted with black on warm creamy buff ; chin and upper throat
buffy white, the lower neck pale rusty ; rest of under parts whitish,
becoming warm creamy buff on the flanks and under tail-coverts ; sides of
breast and flanks spotted with black ; bill brown, the base of the lower
mandible, legs, and feet yellow ; iris yellowish white. Culmen 0'65, wing
3 !6, tail 1'3, tarsus 0'95 inch. The female is larger, has the mesial line
less distinct or absent, is altogether brighter in colour and has a broad
ferruginous collar round the lower neck.

Hctb. India (Assam, the Khasi Hills, Tipperah and Chittagong)
Burma ; China ; Manchuria ; South-east Mongolia, Ordos,
Kan-su and Koko-nor,

Inhabits grassy localities, gardens, and in Mongolia marshy
places such as are frequented by Snipe, and is a silent shy bird.
Nothing appears to be known respecting its nidification.

RALLTJS, Linn., 1766.

984. WATER-RAIL.
RALLUS AQUATICUS.

Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 262 (1766) ; Naum. ix. p. 472,
Taf. 235 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 322, pi. xc. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 339 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. Ixxxvi. ; Dresser, vii. p. 257,
pi. 495 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 20 ; Blanford, F. Brit.
Ind. iv. p. 160 ; Saunders, p. 515 ; Lilford, iv. p. 139, pi. 60.

Edle d'eau, French ; Frango d'agua, Portug. ; Eascdn, Span. ;
Porciglione, Ital. ; Wasserrallc, German ; Watterval, Dutch ;
Keldusvin, I eel. ; Vandrixe, Dan. and Norweg. ; Vattenralle,
Swed. ; Rantakana, Finn. ; Vodjanoi-Pastuscho'k, Russ.

RALLUS 705

c£ ad. (England). Crown, nape, and hind neck blackish, marked with
fulvous brown ; upper parts warm olive-brown blotched with blackish ;
quills olivaceous brown ; tail darker, the feathers margined with olivaceous
brown ; lores sooty blackish ; sides of head, throat, neck, breast, and upper
abdomen deep slaty blue ; lower abdomen and flanks black barred with
white ; middle of lower abdomen brownish buff ; a white patch on the
under tail-coverts ; bill dark brown, the base of the lower edge of
upper mandible red ; legs fleshy brown ; iris red. Culmen 1-62, wing 4'6,
tail 2-12, tarsus 1'72 inch. Female similar but rather duller.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Trondhjem Fjord ; Britain ;
resident in Iceland ; North Africa in winter ; Asia Minor and
Asia east to Yarkand and Cabul ; N.W. India in winter, but
rare.

Frequents low swampy localities in or near woods, overgrown
ditches, &c., and is shy and secretive in its habits. It seldom
flies far when flushed, but is able to take extended flights, and
swims and even dives with ease. It feeds on worms and
aquatic insects, rarely on vegetable substances. Its call-note
is a clear creek, usually uttered when on the wing, and its cry is
loud and peculiar. It breeds in damp, swampy localities, and
conceals its nest with care ; this is a rather large, loose structure
of dry leaves of aquatic plants, and is placed on the ground.
The eggs, 8 to 10 in number, are usually deposited in April,
and are pale whitish stone-buff, marked with pale purplish
shell-spots and dark red surface-blotches and spots, and measure
about 1-39 by 1/4.

985. SUBSP. RALLUS INDICUS.

Rallus indicus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 820 (1849) ; David and
Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 489 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 359 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 24 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 158 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 993 ; R. japonicus, Jerd. B. of Ind.
ii. p. 727, note (1863) ; Dresser, vii. p. 261.

Kana-koli, Tarn. ; Yay-gyet, Burm. ; Kuina, Jap.

ad. (Japan). Differs from R. aquaticits in being rather darker, the lores
and a broad streak continued behind the eye blackish, and the barring
on the under parts extends to the end of the tail-coverts.

Hob. Dauria, Mongolia, Japan, North China ; wintering in
South China, Burma, India, and Ceylon.

In habits it does not differ from R. aquaticus. It breeds in
south-eastern Siberia and Japan, its nest and eggs being also
similar to those of R. aquaticus.

706 PORZANA

PORZANA, Vieill., 1816.

986. SPOTTED CRAKE.

PORZANA MARUETTA.

Porzana maruetta (Leacli), Syst. Cat. etc. p. 34 (1816) ; Gould, B. of Gt.
Brit. iv. pi. 88 ; Dresser, vii. p. 267, pi. 496 ; Saunders, p. 509 ;
Lilford, iv. p. 130, pi. 56 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 166 ;
Rallns porzana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 262 (1766) ; (Naum.), ix.
p. 523, Taf. 237 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 318, pi. Ixxxix. figs. 2, 3 ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. pi. 343 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 93.

Poule d'eau maroiidte, French ; Frango d'agua, Portug. ;
Polluella, Span. ; Voltolino. Ital. ; Punktirtes RoJirhuTin, German ;
Porcehin lioentje, Dutch ; Plettet Sumplione Rorvagtel, Dan. ;
Smaaplettet Sumplione, Norweg. ; Smdflackig Sumpliona, Swed. ;
Kaisla-radkka, Finn. ; Kamyschnik, Russ. ; Gurguri-Jchairi,
Bengal.

<$ ad. (Holland). Entire head and upper throat blackish slate-grey ?
the throat and head in front of the eye unspotted, the crown closely
marked with black and dark reddish brown ; lores blackish ; hind neck
and upper parts warm olivaceous brown, the neck closely spotted with
white, the rest of upper parts striped and spotted with white and blotched
with black ; quills and tail olive-brown, the first quill externally margined
with white ; under parts deep slate-grey, the breast and flanks spotted, and
the latter barred with white ; middle of abdomen nearly white ; under tail-
coverts ochreous buff ; bill orange-yellow, red at the base ; legs yellowish
green; iris reddish brown. Culinen 0*85, wing 4*8, tail 2'2, tarsus 1 '45,
middle toe with claw 1'7 inch. Female similar but smaller and duller,
the head, neck, and flanks tinged with brown, and more white on the
abdomen.

Hah Europe generally, north to Trondhjem Fjord in Nor-
way, to Hudiksvall in Sweden, and Archangel in Russia,
south to the Mediterranean in winter ; Britain ; Canaries, rare ;
North Africa, south to Abyssinia ; Asia Minor and Asia, east
to Central Asia, and Northern India in winter.

Frequents swampy places where the herbage is thick, and is
very secretive and shy. Its call-note is a clear Icweet, usually
heard in the evening or at night, and its food consists of aquatic
insects, larvae, small worms, snails, tender shoots and seeds.
Its nest, which is usually well concealed, is a loose structure of
flags, reeds, and leaves of aquatic plants, lined with finer
materials, and the eggs, 8 to 14 in number, are deposited late
in May or early in June, and are rather glossy, ochreous in

PORZANA 707

ground-colour, with violet-grey shell-markings and reddish
brown surface spots and blotches, and measure about T34
by 0-97.

987. BAILLON'S CRAKE.
PORZANA BAILLONI.

Porzana bailloni (Vieill.), Nouv. Diet, xxviii. p. 548 (1819) ; (Hewitson),
ii. p. 377, pi. cvi. fig. 1 ; (Gould) , B. of E. iv. pi. 344 ; Dresser, vii.
p. 275, pi. 497 ; Saunders, p. 513 ; Lilford, iv. p. 135, pL 59 ;
P. pygmcea (Brehm), Lehrb. ii. p. 641 (1824) ; (Naum.), ix. p. 567,
Taf. 239 ; (Gould), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 89 ; ? Rallus intermedius,
Hermann, Obs. Zool. i. p. 198 (1804) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiii. p. 103.

Poule d'eau Baillon, French ; Polluela chica, Picardd, Span. ;
Schiribilla-grigiata, Ital. ; Zwerg Sumpfhuhn, German ; Kleinste
Waterhoen, Dutch.

$ ad. (S. Spain). Crown, nape, and upper parts reddish brown tinged
with olivaceous and marked with black ; the mantle and rump clearly
spotted with white ; wings and tail dark brown, the outer web of the first
quill white ; sides of head, neck, and under parts deep slate-blue ; the
lower abdomen and flanks, under wing- and tail-coverts black, barred with
white ; bill sea-green at the base, becoming blackish green towards the tip ;
legs dull greyish flesh ; iris carmine-red. Culmen 0'75, wing 3'5, tail 2 '05,
tarsus ri inch. Female similar but duller in colour. The young bird
lacks the blue colour, having the sides of the head warm ochreous brown,
the chin and upper throat white, the lower throat and breast dull brownish
ochreous, the middle of the abdomen white.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe up to about 54° N. ; an
irregular visitor to Britain; the whole of Africa and Mada-
gascar ; Asia Minor and Asia east to Persia.

Inhabits marshy and damp localities where the herbage is
dense, as, like its allies, it is extremely secretive in its habits.
It swims with ease and grace, and is well able to dive. It
walks also with readiness and celerity on the floating herbage,
but when flushed its flight is short. Its note is a low piping
cry, resembling that of the Little Crake, and its food consists
of insects, larvae, and small molluscs. It breeds in May, its
nest being carefully hidden in the herbage in some swampy
locality, and is cup-shaped, well lined with dry grass and the
leaves of aquatic plants. The eggs, usually 7 to 8 in number,
are olivaceous ochreous very closely dotted and marbled with
olivaceous brown, and measure about 1*7 by 0*81.

3 A

708 PORZANA

988. SUBSP. PORZANA PUSILLA.

Porzana pusilla (Pall.), Reis. Ross. Reichs. iii. Anh. p. 700 (1776) ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 356 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii.
p. 106 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 165 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 997 ; P. pygmcva, David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 487 (nee.
Brehm).

Hailli, Nepal. ; Hime-kuina} Jap.

Ad. (India). Differs from P. baillom in being somewhat paler grey,
and in having an ochreous brown streak from the lores through the eye
and ear-coverts to the side of the neck, whereas in the European bird the
sides of the head are grey without any such stripe. Gape 0*7, wing 3*5,
tail 1'75, tarsus I'l inch.

Hob. South-east Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Corea, Japan,
China, Burma, India, and Ceylon: west to Afghanistan and
Baluchistan, south to the Philippines in winter.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from the Euro-
pean bird. It breeds in South-east Siberia, Japan, and the
Lower Himalaya — in the last locality in June and July, and in
Japan and South-east Siberia in June.

989. LITTLE CRAKE.
PORZANA PARVA.

Porzana parva (Scop.), Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 108 (1769) ; Dresser, vii.
p. 283, pi. 498 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 89 ; Blanf. F.
Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 164 ; Saunders, p. 511 ; P. minuta (Mont.),
Orn. Diet. Suppl. fol. 9 (1813 nec: Pall.) ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit,
iv. pi. 90 ; P. pusilla (Bechst.), Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 340 (1803 nee.
Pall.) ; (Naum.), ix. p. 547, Taf. 238 ; (Gould), B. of. E. iv. pi. 345 ;
(Lilford), iv. p. 134, pis. 57, 58.

Poule d 'eau poussin, French ; Schiribilla, Ital. ; Kleine
Sumpfhuhn, German ; Dverg Sumphone, Dan. ; Lilla Sumphona,
Swed.

<£ ad. (Hungary). Differs from P. lailloni in being larger, the upper
parts more olivaceous and less spotted, the wing-coverts unspotted, the
black markings more blurred ; first primary dark brown on both webs ;
under parts deep .slate-blue, but the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
less distinctly barred ; bill bright red at base, otherwise yellowish green ;
iris blood-red ; legs green. Culmen 0'75, wing 4'15, tail 2'3, tarsus 1'3
middle toe with claw 1*75 inch. The female differs from the male in

PORZANA 709

having the chin, lower cheeks, and throat white, the sides of the head
only greyish slate-blue ; lower throat, breast, and abdomen pinkish buff,
the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts as in the male but paler.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, but of irregular oc-
currence as far north as Great Britain and Southern Scan-
dinavia ; winters in North Africa ; South-west and Central
Asia east to North-west India.

In its habits it is shy and secretive like its ally Baillon's
Crake, frequenting similar localities. Its call-note is a tolerably
loud kik, kik, kik. Its nesting habits are similar to those of
Baillon's Crake, but the nest is larger and of coarser materials ;
the eggs, which are deposited late in May or in June, are
rather larger and paler, the ground-colour more ochreous and
the surface spots more scattered. In size they measure about
118 by 0-87.

990. BUTTON CRAKE.
FORZANA EXQUISITA.

Porzana exquisite, Swinhoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 376
(1873) ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 135, pi. iii. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiii. p. 128 ; P. undulata, Tacz. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 333 ; id. F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 999 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 358.

Shima-kuina, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Upper parts, wings, and tail rufescent olivaceous,
blotched with black and marked with white, the first quill white on the
outer web, the secondaries white on the apical two-thirds ; throat, breast,
and abdomen white, the lower neck, fore throat, sides of neck and flanks
reddish brown with an olivaceous tinge, barred with blackish and margined
with white ; bill deep brown, but greenish yellow at base of lower mandible
and on rectus ; legs and feet light flesh-brown, dark on joints and claws ;
iris brown. Culmen 0'55, wing 3'0, tail 1*05, tarsus 0'8, middle toe and
claw 0'95. The male is smaller, has less white on the wings, and the
under parts are less mottled.

Hob. Darasun in Dauria, the Ussuri country, Japan, and
North-eastern China.

Is most nearly allied to P. noveboracensis (Gm.) of North
America, but is smaller and darker. Like its allies it is shy
and secretive, hard to flush, and flies awkwardly. It frequents
damp, swampy localities, and nests on the ground, making a
nest of leaves of aquatic plants. The eggs are yellowish

3 A 2

710 PORZANA

white, marked with a few greyish shell-spots, and with reddish
brown surface-markings, which are more numerous on the
basal portion ; in size they measure about 1*04 by 0*79.

991. RUDDY CRAKE.
PORZANA FUSCA.

Porzana fusca (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 262 (1766) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiii. p. 146 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 170 j (See-
bohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 357 ; P. erythrothorax\(Temm. and Schleg.),
Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 121, pi. 78 (1850) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 486.

Hi-Jcuina, Jap.

<J ad. (Japan). Upper parts dark brownish olive, browner on the
rump, upper tail-coverts, and inner secondaries ; quills and tail dark
brown ; forehead, sides of head, neck, and under parts vinous chestnut ;
flanks and abdomen olivaceous brown, the abdomen and lower flanks
streaked with white ; under tail-coverts blackish margined with white ;
bill greenish brown ; legs red ; iris crimson ; eyelids plumbeous, the edges
red. Culmen 0'9, wing 4'0, tail 2'0, tarsus 1'3 inch. Sexes alike, but the
young bird is dusky olivaceous, the chin, throat, and middle of abdomen
whitish.

Hob. India, Ceylon, Burma, China, and Japan, south in
winter to the Malay Peninsula, Java, and the Philippines.

Frequents damp, rush-covered places and ponds, and feeds
on insects and seeds. It swims like a Moorhen and has a soft
call. It breeds in India from July to September, and in Japan
from early in June to the middle of August, and places its
nest, which is constructed of rushes and weeds, amongst the
rushes, grass, or wild rice, very little above the surface of the
water. The eggs, from 4 to 6 in number, are pinky or creamy
white, streaked, spotted, and blotched with reddish brown
surface markings and inky purple shell blotches which are
more dense at the larger end. In size they measure about
1-2 by 0-84

992. SIBERIAN RUDDY CRAKE.

PORZANA PAYKULLI.

Porzana payJculli (Ljungh), Kungl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1813, p. 259,
tab. v. ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 149 ; P. mandarwa,
Swinhoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th Series, v. p. 173 (1870) ;
(David and Oust), Ois. Chine, p. 488, pi. 123 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 995 ; P. erythrothorax (nee. T. and S.) ; (Radde), Sib. Keise, ii.
p. 309 (1863).

PORZANA—CREX 711

£ ad. (China). Differs from P. fusca in having the flanks and thighs
white barred with dusky blackish, the under tail-coverts black barred and
tipped with white, and the axillaries and under wing-coverts white barred
with blackish ; bill bluish grey, blackish on the culmen and about the tip,
pea-green about the base ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; iris crimson ;
eyelid red ; legs and toes salmon-colour, brownish on the under surface of
the tarsi, on the toes, and on the soles. Culmen I'l, wing 4'7, tail 2'15,
tarsus 1*5 inch.

Hob. Eastern Siberia, the Amoor, the Bay of Abrek on the
coast of the Sea of Japan, and Sidemi ; Corea, China, the
Malay Peninsula, Java, and Borneo.

I find but little on record respecting the habits of this
species, which do not appear to differ from those of its con-
geners. M. Kalinosowski found it breeding at Sidemi on a
damp plain, and describes its eggs as closely resembling those
of Crex pratensis in colour and markings, and in size measuring
about 35'3 by 26'2 mm. (T39 by T02 inch).

CREX, Bechstein, 1803.

993. CORN-CRAKE OR LAND-RAIL.

CREX PRATENSIS.

Crex pratensis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. part 2, p. 337 (1803) ; Naum. ix.
p. 496, Taf. 236 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 372, pi. cv. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 87 ; Dresser, vii. p. 291, pi. 499 ; Saunders, p. 507 ;
Lilford, iv. p. 126, pi. 55 ; Rallus crex, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 261
(1766) ; (Gould), B. of. E. iv. pi. 341 ; (Ridgway;, p. 140 ; (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 82 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 163.

Rale des prds, French ; Codornizao, Portug. ; Polla de agua, Rey
de las codornices, Span. ; Re di quaglie, Ital. ; Wiesenralle,
German; Kyartelkoning, Dutch; Vagtelkonge, Dan.; Agerrixe,
Norweg. ; Angsknarr, Swed. ; Ruisraakka, Finn. ; Korostell,
Russ.

£ ad. (England). Crown, hind neck, and upper parts blackish brown
marked with greyish and reddish ochreous ; quills rufous brown ; wing-
coverts rusty red ; chin white ; sides of head blue-grey with a pale brown
band passing through the eye to the neck ; sides of neck greyish ochreous
marked with reddish brown ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the
latter marked with reddish brown ; flanks rufous barred with white ; bill
dark brown ; legs greyish flesh ; iris clear brown. Culmea 0'8, wing 5*5,
tail 2'15, tarsus 1*5 inch. Female similar but duller. In the autumn the
spots on the upper parts are smaller, the under parts paler, and the flanks
less rufous.

712 OREX— PORPHYRIO

Hob. Europe generally, including even the outlying Hebrides,
nearly up to the Arctic Circle ; Africa, south to the Cape Colony
in winter ; Asia, east to the Yenesei and possibly to the Lena,
south through Persia to Muscat ; of doubtful occurrence in
Northern India ; has strayed to Greenland, Bermuda, and the
east coast of North America.

Frequents fields, meadows, and lowlands, and though seldom
seen, its harsh grating note is often heard. It runs with ease
and celerity, but is averse to take wing. It feeds chiefly on
insects of various kinds. Its nest is a mere depression in the
soil, usually in a cornfield or meadow, and is very scantily lined
with grass-bents, and its eggs, 8 to 12 in number, are usually
deposited in June, and are like those of R. aquaticus, but paler
in ground-colour and more profusely marked, and measure
about 1'48 by 1/04.

PORPHYRIO, Briss., 1760.

994. PURPLE GALLINULE.

PORPHYRIO OffiRULEUS.

Porphyrio cceruleus (Yandelli), Flor. and Faun. Lusit. etc. i. p. 37 (1797) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mtis. xxiii. p. 194 ; P. hyacinthinus, Temm.
Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 698 (1820) ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 340 ;
P. veterum, Dresser, vii. p. 299, pi. 500 (nee. Gmel.) ; Lilford, iv.
p. 146, pi. 62.

Camao, Portug. ; Gallo azul, Calamon, Span. ; Polio sultano,
Ital. ; Kazir, Moor.

$ ad. (Spain). Upper parts rich deep blue ; quills on the inner webs
and tail-feathers bluish black ; sides of head, chin, throat, and upper
breast rich turquoise-blue ; rest of under parts blackish blue, except the
under tail-coverts, which are white ; frontal plate and bill bright sealing-
wax red ; legs flesh-red ; iris lake-red. Gape 1'7, wing 9'5, tail 4'1,
tarsus 3 '5, middle toe with claw 4'8 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird
has the upper parts bluish slate-grey, the rump slaty blackish, the sides of
head dull ashy grey with a bluish tinge ; chin and upper throat ashy
white ; rest of under parts dull bluish slate tipped with ashy grey, the
middle of abdomen whiter, the under tail-coverts white.

Hob. South Portugal and Spain, rare in Southern France
and Italy ; Sardinia and Sicily ; rarer further east, though
found as far as Mesopotamia ; North-west Africa.

In habits it somewhat resembles the Coot, and frequents
similar localities, marshy places and the shores of lakes where

PORPHYIUO 713

the vegetation is dense, and is shy and secretive. It breeds late
in March or in April, placing its nest, which resembles that of
the Coot, amongst dense aquatic vegetation, and deposits 3 to 5
eggs, which are warm stone-ochreous in ground-colour, marked
with violet-grey shell blotches, and deep brownish red surface
spots, and measure about 2 '8 by 1*43.

995. GREEN-BACKED GALLINULE.
PORPHYRIO MADAGASCARIENSIS.

Porpliyrio madagascarier-sis (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixviii. (1801) ;
P. chloronotus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxviii. p. 24 (1819) ; Brehm.
J. f. 0. 1853, Extra- heft, p. 103 ; Fulica porphyrio, Linn. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 258 (1766) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mtis. xxiii. p. 195 ; P. smarag-
notus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 700 (1820) ; Dresser, vii. p. 303,
pi. 501.

Dikm, Digmeh, Arabic.

d ad. (Egypt). Differs from P. cceruleus in having the back rich dark
bluish green instead of dark blue. Gape T7, wing 10'4, tail 4*35,
tarsus 3'85, middle toe with claw 4'9 inch.

Hal. Egypt, and Africa south to the Cape, Madagascar; a
very rare straggler to Southern France and Italy.

In habits it does not differ from P. cceruleus. It breeds in
Africa, and is said to deposit 6 to 10 eggs, which are ruddy
brown spotted with dark purple brown, and measure 2*2 by 1*6.

996. INDIAN GALLINULE.
PORPHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS.

Porphyrio poliocephalus (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixviii. (1801) ;
Dresser, ix. p. 333, pi. 706 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 197 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 178 ; P. veterum, S. G. Gmel. Reise
Russ. iii. pi. xxi. p. 79, footnote, pi. 12 (1774) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc.
p. 380, pi. xxiv. xxi. figs. 3, 4 (eggs).

Sultanka, Russ. ; Bojachana, Tartar ; Keim, Kaima, Hindu.

£ ad. (India). Upper parts deep blue, the wings slightly washed with
greenish ; tail black, externally washed with blue ; crown ashy blue ;
sides of head ashy ; neck tinged with ashy grey ; under parts deep blue,
the breast tinged with greenish ; flanks bright blue ; under tail-coverts
white ; bill and frontal shield dark red ; legs and feet red, the joints of the
knees and toes blackish brown ; iris red. Culmen with frontal shield 2-85,
wing 11*0, tail 4%25, tarsus 4*05 inch.

714 PORPHYRIO

Hob. The shores of the Caspian, east to India, Ceylon,
Burma, and Tenasserim.

In habits it does not differ from P. cceruleus, and its nest is
also similar. In India it breeds from July to September,
depositing 6 to 8, and sometimes as many as 10 eggs, which
resemble those of P. cceruleus, but are rather smaller, paler,
have fewer andrsmaller markings, and average T93 by T39.

997. ALLEN'S GALLINULE.
PORPHYRIO ALLENI.

Porphyrio alleni, T. R. H. Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. x.
p. 204 (1842) ; Dresser, vii. p. 307, pi. 502 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiii. p. 187.

Canbonja-anganga, in West Africa.

£ ad. (Africa). Crown, nape, and sides of head black tinged with
ihdigo-bliie ; hind neck and upper parts deep olivaceous glossed with
parrot-green ; quills and tail bluish black ; wing-coverts cobalt-blue tinged
with green ; under parts deep blue, becoming blackish on the lower
abdomen and thighs ; under tail-coverts, except the lowest layer, white ;
bill dark red ; frontal shield dusky ; tarsi and feet crimson ; iris reddish
brown. Culmen, with frontal shield, 1'85, wing 6'1, tail 2'6, tarsus 2'1
inch.

Female similar. The young bird has the head and hind neck rufescent
sandy brown, the sides of the head paler ; upper parts umber-brown
margined with clay-ochreous, the rump tinged with greenish blue ; chin,
upper throat, and middle of breast and abdomen white ; lower throat,
sides of neck, breast, and flanks warm ochreous clay, the under tail-coverts
more rufous ; thighs chiefly bluish black ; bill and frontal plate reddish
horn ; legs pale reddish brown ; iris light brown.

Hob. Africa generally ; Madagascar, and a straggler to the
island of Rodriguez ; of rare and accidental occurrence in Italy
and Spain ; and also, it is said, in Madeira and the Canaries.

In habits it is said to resemble Gallinula chloropus. It
inhabits dense reed and papyrus thickets, and is shy and
secretive. Its call-note is described as harsh, and is generally
heard in the morning and evening. It feeds on aquatic plants,
seeds, worms, and insects. So far as I can ascertain, nothing is
on record as to its nidification, but an egg in the British
Museum, extracted from the body of a bird shot on the Ruo
river, British Central Africa, is pinkish cream-colour, marked,

PORPHYRIO—GALLINULA 7 1 5

more thickly at the larger end, with underlying pale purple
and reddish brown overlying surface specks, spots, and small
blotches, and measures 1*4 by 1*05.

GALLINULA, Briss., 1766.

998. MOORHEN.
GALLINULA CHLOROPUS.

Gallinula chloropus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 258 (1766) ; Naum. ix.
p. 587, Taf. 240 j Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 342 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv.
pi. 85 ; Dresser, vii. p. 313, pi. 503 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 378, pi. cvii.
fig. 1 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 169 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 1000 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 175 ; Saunders, p. 517 ;
Lilford, iv. p. 141, pi. 61.

Poule d'eau, French ; Gallinha de agua, Portug. ; Polla de
agua, Span. ; Gallinella d'acqua, Ital. ; Wasserhuhn, German ;
Waterhoentje, Dutch ; Grmibenet-Rorhdna, Dan. ; Grbnbenet-
Vandhone, Norweg. ; RorJwna, Swed. ; Liejukana, Finn. ; Balot-
naja-Kuritza, Russ. ; Jal-Murghi, Hindu. ; Ban, Jap.

$ ad. (England). Head, neck, and fore back deep greyish slate-blue ;
under parts paler and greyer ; upper parts deep olivaceous brown ; quills
and tail dark brown ; edge of wing and margin of first quill white ; flanks
marked with long white stripes ; lower abdomen greyish white ; under
tail-coverts white with a median black tuft ; base of bill and frontal plate
bright red, the front of bill yellow ; legs dull green with a red garter ; iris
red. Culmen T34, wing 6'5, tail 2 '85, tarsus T85 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Central Scandinavia, and
has been obtained as far north as the North Cape ; the whole
of Africa ; Asia, east to Japan, south throughout India and
Ceylon, north to Lake Baikal.

Frequents ponds, river-banks, and marshes where the aquatic
vegetation is dense, and where it can find good shelter. It
swims and dives with ease, and on land runs swiftly. Its call
note is a loud kirrik crek rek rek, most often to be heard in the
evening. Its food consists of aquatic insects, worms, tender
shoots, and seeds of aquatic plants, &c. The nest is placed
amongst aquatic herbage, sometimes, though rarely, on a tree,
and is a bulky structure of dried weeds and aquatic plants, lined
with finer materials. The eggs, 6 to 9 or 10 in number, are
rusty clay-yellow with violet-grey shell-markings and reddish
brown surface spots and blotches, and measure about 1'63'by

7 1 6 GALLINULA— FULICA

1'21. Two or sometimes three broods are reared in the same
season. In America our Moorhen is replaced by a closely allied
form, G. galeata (Licht.).

FULICA, Linn., 1766.

999. THE COOT.
FULICA ATRA.

Fulica atra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1766) ; Naum. ix. p. 635, Taf.
241 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 380, pi. cvii. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 338 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 84 ; Dresser, vii. p. 327, pi. 504,
fig. 2 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 489 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiii. p. 210 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1001 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 180 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 360 ; Saunders, p. 519 ;
Lilford, iv. p. 147, pi. 63.

Foulque'n&vre, French; Galeirao, Portug. ; Mancon, Focha>
Span. ; Folaga, Ital. ; BldsshuJin, German ; MeerJcoet, Dutch ;
Blishone, Norweg. and Dan. ; Sothona, Swed. ; NoJciJeana, Finn. ;
Lisa, Lisucha, Russ. ; KaschJcalda, Tartar ; Ghorra, Arab. ; El
Ghor, Moor. ; Dasari, Hindu. ; 0-ban, Jap.

<J ad. (England). Head, neck, crissum, and under tail-coverts black,
the two first slightly washed with slate ; upper parts dark slaty blackish,
the edge of the wing and tips of short secondaries white ; under parts slaty
blue-grey ; bill and frontal plate bluish white ; legs bluish grey, the bare
part of the tibia orange ; iris deep red. Culmen, with frontal plate, 2'05,
gape 1'45, wing 8*2, tail 2 '2, tarsus 2 '25, middle toe with claw, 3'55 inch.
Sexes similar.

Hob. Europe generally, becoming rarer in Northern Scandi-
navia ; Azores, Madeira, Canaries ; Egypt and North Africa ;
Asia Minor, and Asia east to Japan; north to Tarei-nor in
Siberia; N.E. Kan-su, Mongolia, Manchuria; in winter south
to the Philippines.

In the extreme northern portion of its range it is migratory,
but chiefly resident in Britain and "the south. It frequents
marshes, ponds, and lakes where the aquatic herbage is dense
and affords ample shelter. On land it runs with ease, on the
water swims excellently, and dives well. It is very gregarious,
but shy and wary. It takes wing heavily, but flies well when
once aloft. Its food consists of seeds, buds, and tender shoots
of aquatic plants, insects, small shell-fish, &c., and it feeds both
in the day and at night. Its call-note is a clear, loud, almost
trumpet-like cry uttered abruptly. Its nest is a large, close

FUL1CA—GRUS 717

structure of reeds, flags, &c., lined with finer materials, and is
generally placed amongst reeds or willows, and often in shallow
water. The eggs, 7 to 8, sometimes as many as 12, in number,
are usually deposited in May, and are yellowish grey or stone-
ochreous, dotted and marked with brownish black, and measure
about 2*08 by T48.

In America our Coot is replaced by F. americana, which has
the lateral under tail-coverts white.

1000. CRESTED COOT.
FULICA CRISTATA.

Fulica cristata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 704 (1788) ; Layard, B. of S. Afr.
p. 343 ; Dresser, vii. p. 323, pi. 504, fig. 1 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiii. p. 215 ; F. mitrata, Licht. Yerz. Vog. Kaffernland, p. 19

(1842).

Galeirdo, Portug. ; Mancon, Focha de cuernets, Span. ; Folaga
africana, Ital.

<$ ad. (Spain). Differs from F. atra in lacking all white on the
secondaries, and in having two conspicuous red knobs at the base of the
frontal shield ; bill and frontal shield bluish white ; legs and feet greenish
brown ; iris blackish. Gape 1*4, wing 8'4, tail 2 '5, tarsus 2*65 inch.
Female similar but somewhat smaller, with the frontal knobs less
developed.

Hob. The whole of Africa to Cape Colony ; Southern Portugal
and Spain, and the Balearic Isles, where it breeds ; of rare
occurrence in the south of France and Italy, but tolerably
common in Sardinia.

Is said to resemble G-. cliloropus more than F. atra, both in its
general habits and choice of locality. It is shy and wary, and
trusts more to hiding and diving than to its wings for safety.
Its nest and eggs resemble those of F. atra, but the latter are
often darker than those of that species. In Southern Europe
it breeds in May, but in South Africa in December.

GRTJS, Pall., 1767.
1001. COMMON CRANE.

GRUS COMMUNIS.

Grus communis, Bechst. Nnturg. Deutschl. iii. p. 60 (1793) ; Dresser, vii.
p. 337, pi. 505 ; Tegetmeier and Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 59 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 186 ; Blaauw, Monogr. Cranes, p. 1,
part i. and xvii. fig. 1 (egg) ; Saunders, p. 521 ; Lilford, iv. p. 151,
pi. 64 ; G. cinerea, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 103, tab. xix.

718 GRUS

(1809) ; Naum. ix. p. 345, Taf. 231 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 270 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 19 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 308, pi. Ixxxi. ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 796 ; Ardea grus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 234 (1766) ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 250 ; G. lilfordi, Sharpe, torn,
cit. p. 252.

La Grue, French ; Grou, Portug. ; Grulla, Span. ; Kranich,
German ; Kraan, Dutch ; Trane, Dan. and Norweg. ; Trana,
Swed. ; Kuorga, Lapp. ; Kivrki, Finn. ; Jouravl-sieryi, Russ. ;
Rhernong, Arab. ; Ktirtinch, Hindu.

£ ad. (N. Russia). Crown and lores nearly naked, the skin blackish
with a broad band of red across the occiput and more or less covered with
black hair ; upper nape greyish black, below which the hind neck is white
extending up to the eye, and a narrow white streak from the base of each
mandible ; throat and upper neck slaty blackish ; lower neck, upper and
under parts ashy grey; primaries black; secondaries elongated, lax,
conspicuously tipped or with the outer web black ; tail grey with the
terminal portion blackish ; bill greenish brown, paler at the base, dull
flesh-coloured at the base below ; legs blackish grey ; iris reddish.
Culmen 4*7, wing 24'0, tail 8'1, tarsus 9'6 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. Europe, breeding as far north as Lapland and as far
south as Spain ; formerly an inhabitant of England, but now
of rare and accidental occurrence ; Asia, east to Japan, north
to Northern Siberia, and south in winter to India and China.

Frequents marshes and bogs covered here and there with
bushes, and is shy and wary in its general habits. Its note
is a loud clear trumpet-like sound. It feeds on various
vegetable substances, such as shoots, roots, grain, where ob-
tainable, berries, &c., and insects, small reptiles, and even
small mammals. Its nest is usually rather a scanty, simple
structure, and is placed on the ground, and the eggs, 2 in
number, are usually deposited from the middle of May to the
middle of June, and vary from light olive-grey to olive-brown
more or less streaked and blotched with pale brown shell spots
and reddish brown surface markings, and measure about 3'61
by 2-46.

1002. BLACK-NECKED CRANE.
GRUS NIGRICOLLIS.

Grus nigricollis, Prjev. Mongol, i Strana Tangut. ii. p. 135, tab. xix.
(1876) ; Tegetm. and Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 70, pi. 1 (1881) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 258; Blaauw, Monogr. Cranes,
p. 8, pi. ii.

GRUS 719

$ ad. General colour pale ashy grey, nearly white ; crown naked,
rough, red in colour, sparsely covered with a few small hairs ; head and
upper neck smoky black ; a small white spot behind each eye ; primaries
and secondaries, spurious wing, and tail black ; inner secondaries falcated,
elongated, slightly decomposed and erectable ; bill greenish horn ; legs
black ; iris yellow. Culmen 4*8, wing 25*3, tail 9'3, tarsus 10'2 inch.

Hob. Koko-nor and Tibet.

I find nothing on record respecting the habits or nidification
of this species, except that its cry is said to resemble that of
A. leucogeranus, and that it is supposed to breed in the Koko-
nor district.

1003. MANCHURIAN CRANE.
GRUS JAPONENSIS.

Grus japonensis (P. L. S. Miiller), Natursystem, Suppl. p. 110 (1776) ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 351 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii.
p. 258 ; Blaauw, Monogr. Cranes, p. 11, pi. 3 and pi. xvii. fig. 2
(egg) ; G. viridirostris, Vieill. Encycl. Me"th. iii. p. 1141 (1823) ;
Tegetm. and Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 53 ; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 435 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 806 ; G. montignesia, Bp.
Compt. Eend. xxxvii. p. 661 (1854) ; Sclater, in Wolfs Zool.
Sketches, ii. pi. 46.

TancJio, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). General colour pure white ; crown bare, papillose
crimson ; cheeks, throat, and hind neck slate-grey ; region over and below
the eye and a band from the occiput down the hind neck pure white ;
secondaries black ; legs greyish black ; bill greenish horn ; iris dark
brown. Culmen 6*3, wing 25'0, tail 9'0, tarsus 10'2 inch.

Hob. South-eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Japan, Corea,*and
Northern China, but of rare occurrence south of the Great
Wall.

Is said to frequent the large open plains, and is a migrant in
S.E. Siberia, arriving in the Ussuri country early in April and
leaving in November. It breeds in the large marshy plains
which are interspersed with small lakes, making a simple nest
on the ground, and deposits 2 eggs, which are isabelline yellow
in colour, marked with pale reddish grey shell blotches and
light olivaceous brown surface markings, and measure about
4-05 by 2-53.

720 GRUS

1004 HOODED CRANE.
GRUS MONACHUS.

Grus monachus, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 555 (1835) ; id.'and Schleg. Faun.
Jap. p. 119, pi. 75 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 434 ; Tegetm.
and Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 71 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii.
p. 257 ; Blaauw, Monogr. Cranes, p. 15, pi. iv.

Nabe-dzuru, Jap.

Ad. (Japan). Upper and under parts slaty grey, the former with
brownish, and the latter with greyish margins to the feathers ; primaries,
primary coverts, secondaries, tail, and tail -coverts slaty black ; head and
most of the neck pure white ; forehead covered with black hair-like
bristles ; fore crown bare, papillose, red ; bill and upper ^eyelids yellowish
horn; legs blackish horn; iris orange-brown. Culmen 4'5, wing 2TO,
tail 7'0, tarsus 8-5 inch.

Hob. Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, wintering in
China, Corea, and occasionally in Japan.

In general habits it does not differ from its allies. It breeds
probably north of Dauria, but its nest and eggs are as yet
unknown.

1005. CANADIAN CRANE.
GRITS CANADENSIS.

Grus canadensis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 234 (1766) ; Ridgway, p. 135 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 256 ; Blaauw, Monogr. Cranes,
p. 20, pi. vi. ; G. fraterculus, Cass. in Baird Cass. and Lawr. B. N.
Am. p. 656 (1858) ; Tegetm. and Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 78 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 800 ; G. mexicana (P. L. S. Miiller), Natur-
syst. Suppl. p. 110 (1776) ; Ridgway, p. 135 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiii. p. 254.

£ ad. (N. America). Crown and lores bare, reddish, more or less
covered with blackish hairs ; general colour slate-grey or plumbeous grey,
sometimes tinged with rusty brownish ; primaries darker ; cheeks and
throat whitish ; bill blackish, paler at tip ; legs and feet blackish ; iris
crimson. Culmen 4'4, wing 18'5, tail 7'7, tarsus 8'0. Sexes alike.

Hob. North America, from Alaska and Hudson's Bay, south
to Mexico, Florida, and Georgia in winter.

Obtained twice in North-eastern Siberia on the promontory
of Chukotskoi Noss, one of the specimens being in the Warsaw
Museum. Grus auslralasiana, Gould, which inhabits Eastern
Australia has also, according to Taczanowski (F. O. Sib. 0. 801),
been once obtained near Yakutsk.

GRUS 721

1006. SARUS CRANE.
GRUS COLLARIS.

Grus collaris, Bodd. Tabl. PL enl. p. 52 (1783) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiii. p. 262 ; Blaauw, Monogr. Cranes, p. 25, pis. vii. vii.a ;
G. antic/one (nee. Linn.), Tegetm. and Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes,
p. 47 ; Kadde, Orn. Cauc. p. 391 ; Dresser, ix. p. 337, pi. 707.

$ ad. (India). General colour bluish grey ; head and upper neck bare,
papillose, red ; the throat, sides, and hind neck covered with black hairs, a
patch of ash-grey feathers covering the ears ; a ring round the neck below
the bare portion, and the ends of the elongated inner secondaries, white ;
quills blackish brown ; bill pale greenish horn, darker at the tip ; legs
reddish flesh; iris orange. Culmen 7*1, wing 26*5, tail 9'6, tarsus 11'4
inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. India, straggling west to Astrachan, Gurieff, and the
Caspian.

In habits this crane does not differ from its congeners, but
not being molested is less shy. It frequents similar localities,
and makes a large nest of reeds, rushes, &c., and breeds in India
from July to November, depositing 2 eggs, which are dull
white or creamy buff, more or less marked with purplish grey
shell-markings and brown surface spots and blotches, and
measure about 3'96 by 2'56.

1007. DEMOISELLE CRANE.
GRUS VIRGO.

Grus virgo (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 234 (1766; ; Naum. ix. p. 386, Taf.
232 ; Dresser, vii. p. 353, pi. 506 ; Tegetmeier and Blyth, Nat.
Hist. Cranes, p. 26 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 436 ; (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 269 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 190 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 810 ; Lilford, iv. p. 153, pi. 65 ;
(Blaauw), Monogr. Cranes, p. 35, pis. x. x.a, and xviii. fig. 1 (egg).

Demoiselle de Numidie, French ; Grulla moruna, Span. ;
Damigella di Numidia, Ital. ; Jungfernkranich, German ;
Maloi-Juravl, Stepnoi-Juravl, Russ. ; Karkarra, Hindu.

<£ ad. (S.E. Europe). Crown, nape, a line down the hind neck, upper
parts, lower breast, and under parts ashy blue-grey ; forehead, sides of
head, throat, and neck deep black ; feathers on the upper breast black,
elongated, pointed ; from behind the eye on each side a full white tuft of
feathers 4 to 5 inches long ; quills black, the inner short secondaries
tinged with grey, the innermost ones blue-grey, long, pointed, tipped
with blackish ; legs black ; bill olivaceous brown, reddish towards the

722 GRUS

point ; iris deep red. Culmen 2*8, wing 19'2, tail 7*0, tarsus 7*5 inch.
Female similar but rather duller, the white tufts on the sides of the head
smaller.

Hob. Southern Europe, chiefly in the east, has strayed once
to Orkney and Heligoland, and twice to Sweden; Africa in
winter as far south as Natal ; Asia Minor, Central Asia,
Mongolia, Dauria, and Northern China, wintering in India.

Frequents large open plains, generally not far from water,
which it can visit during the heat of the day. In habits it
resembles G. communis, but is remarkable from its peculiar
saltatory exercises in which it indulges in the spring. It feeds
on grain, insects, worms, and even reptiles, and its note is a
loud trumpet- like call. In the autumn and winter it often
collects in large flocks. It breeds in May or June, not making
any regular nest, but scratches a hole in the soil, round which
it often collects small stones, and deposits 2 eggs, which
resemble those of G. communis, but are as a rule darker and
more clearly marked, and also smaller, measuring about 3 '31
by 211.

1008. WHITE-NECKED CRANE.
GRUS VIPIO.

Grus vipio, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. ii. p. Ill ; David and Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 435 ; G. leucauchen, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 449 (1838) ;
Tegetm. and Blyth, Nat, Hist. Cranes, p. 35 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 804 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 352 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiii. p. 266 ; (Blaauw), Monogr. Cranes, p. 49, pi. xiii. and
pi. xviii. fig. 4 (egg) ?

Tan-cho, Jap.

ad. (Japan). Upper and under parts slaty grey, the latter darker ; wing-
coverts paler, the greater ones white at the ends ; secondaries white at the
base, otherwise black, the inner ones white, falcated and elongated ; tail
dark grey ; forehead, orbital and aural regions bare, red, and covered with
black hairs ; entire hind neck, sides of the upper neck and throat pure
white ; bill greenish ; legs bluish pink ; iris brownish yellow. Culmen
6'50, wing 24, tail 8'0, tarsus ll'O inch. Sexes alike.

Hab. Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Corea, Japan,
North-eastern China in winter.

In its general habits it is said to resemble G. virgo, and like
that species indulges in peculiar saltatory exercises in the
spring. It frequents open places, both dry and marshy, and is
as a rule very shy and wary. Its nest is situated on a dry

GRUS—OTIS 723

patch in the marshes, and its 2 eggs bear a considerable resem-
blance to those of Cr. communis, but are larger, measuring about
3-95 by 2-62.

1009. SIBERIAN CRANE.

GRUS LEUCOGERANUS.

Or us leucogeranus, Pall. Eeis. Kuss. Keichs. ii. Anhang, p. 714, tab.
F. (1773) ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 271 ; Temm. and Schlegel,
Faun. Jap. p. 118, pi. 73 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 436 ;
Dresser, vii. p. 359, pi. 507 ; Tegetm. and Blyth, Nat. Hist.
Cranes, p. 38 ; Kadde, Orn. Cauc. p. 391 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 349 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 261 ; (Blaauw),
Monogr. Cranes, p. 52, pi. xiv. and pi. xviii. fig. 5 (egg) ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 809 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 187.

Beloi-Jouravl, Sterkh, Russ. ; Kilgolok, Tartar. ; Kdre-£7iar,
Hindu. ; Shirat-dzuru, Sodeguro, Jap.

<$ ad. (N.W. India). Entire plumage pure white except the primaries
which are black ; inner secondaries and scapulars elongated ; fore part of
head to behind the eye bare, with a few scattered hairs ; bill umber-brown ;
the nasal membrane and basal part, and the bare part of the head red ;
legs pale dull reddish pink ; iris bright pale yellow. Culmen 7 '4, wing 23'4,
tail 8*0, tarsus 10'9 inch. Female similar but rather smaller. Young birds
have the head feathered, dingy brown, and the plumage tinged with buff.

Hob. Eastern Europe (rare), Mongolia, Manchuria, Eastern
Siberia, Dauria, the Amoor and Ussuri country, Japan, Northern
China ; a winter visitant to N.W. India.

Frequents large open places and marshes, or localities where
the water is shallow, and feeds on rush seeds, bulbs, corms, and
even leaves of aquatic plants, being exclusively a vegetable
eater. When not alarmed its note is a mere chirrup, and its
alarm cry is very feeble as compared with that of other cranes,
being a mere repetition of the syllables Karekhur. I do not
find any particulars on record respecting its nidification, but it
is said to breed in Mongolia, and Mr. Blaauw figures its egg.

OTIS, Linn., 1766.

1010. THE BUSTARD.

OTIS TARDA.

Otis tarda, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 264 (1766) ; Naum. vii. p. 13,Taf. 167,
168 ; Hewitson, i. p. 285, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 267 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 17 ; Dresser, vii. p. 369, pi. 508 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 284 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 193 ;
Saunders, p. 523 ; Lilford, v. p. 1, pi. i.

3 B

724 OTIS

Outarde barbue, French ; Batarda, Portug. ; Abutarda, Span. ;
Otarda, Ital. ; Grosstrappe, German ; Stor- Trappe, Dan. ; Stor-
Trappe, Swed. : Dropha, Russ. ; Dudak, Tartar ; ffoubara, Arab.

£ ad. (Spain). Head pale ashy grey ; hind neck and upper parts
yellowish red, the latter barred with black ; tail at base and tip greyish
white otherwise reddish, with a broad subterminal black band, the
middle feathers with a central black band ; quills greyish black, the
secondaries chiefly white ; larger median coverts and spurious wing greyish
white ; at the base of the mandible on each side a bunch of long bristles ;
throat and fore neck greyish white ; lower neck and breast reddish chestnut,
marked with black, below which is a pale ashy grey band ; under parts
white ; bill dull plumbeous grey, blackish towards the tip ; legs dirty
earth-grey ; iris dark brown. Culmen 2'5, wing 26'0, tail ll'O, tarsus 6*2
inch. The female is smaller, has the chin white, the head, neck, and
upper breast pale French-grey, and the rufous pectoral band and whiskers
are wanting.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, now rare in Southern
Sweden, formerly an inhabitant of England but now an occa-
sional straggler ; rare in North Africa, Asia Minor, and Central
Asia, and has once occurred in North-west India.

Inhabits plains, in preference grass land and cultivated
localities where the country is open. It is eminently wary and
shy, flies with ease, and usually when alarmed seeks safety
in flight. It feeds on vegetable matter of various kinds, and to
some extent also on insects. The nest is a mere depression in
the soil, and the eggs, which are usually deposited in May,
2 to 3 in number, are dull olive-brown or olive-green clouded
with dark brown, sometimes almost uniform dull bluish, and
measure about 3'22 by 212.

1011. SIBERIAN BUSTARD.
OTIS DYBOWSKII.

Otis dybowsJcii, Tacz. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 331 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 355 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 286 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. O.
p. 790.

Toodok, Buriat ; No-gan, Jap. ; Ti-pou, Chinese.

<J ad. Differs from 0. tarda in being smaller, the black dorsal bands
are sparser, the wing-coverts white, the bristles at the base of the bill more
numerous and pure white, the front of the neck covered with a full mane
of long, narrow, curled white feathers. Culmen 3'0, wing 25'19, tail
9*63, tarsus 5*52 inch. The young bird has fewer moustachial bristles and
lacks the mane on the front of the neck.

OT1S—TETRAX 725

Hob. Dauria, the Ussuri country ; wintering in the north
and middle of China, Manchuria, Corea, and Japan.

In habits it is said to resemble our European bird, and like
that it frequents open plains. Its eggs, which also closely
resemble those of 0. tarda, are usually deposited in May or in
June, in a depression scratched in the ground lined with dry
grass, 4 being the usual number.

TETRAX, Leach, 1816.

1012. LITTLE BUSTARD.

TETRAX CAMPESTRIS.

Tetrax campestris, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. &c. Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1816) ;
Otis tetrax, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 264 (1766) ; Naum. vii. p. 52,
Taf. 169 ; Hewitson, i. p. 287, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 269 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 18 ; Dresser, vii. p. 383, pi. 509 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 287 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 193 ; Saunders, p. 525 ; Lilford, v. p. 5, pi. 2.

Canepdti&re, French ; Cizdo, Portug. ; Si-son, Span. ; Gallina-
pratajola, Ital. ; Zwergtrappe, German ; Dvergtrappe, Dan. ;
Strepet, Russ. ; Maesgaek, Tartar; Chota-tilur, Punjab.

<£ ad. (Spain). Crown sandy brown marked with black ; sides of head;
and throat plumbeous, marked with black, this colour extending in a V-
shape down the neck ; below this a white collar, then glossy black all
round lower neck and on fore breast, and then another white collar ; upper
parts sandy brown barred and blotched with black ; primaries black, but
white at base, the inner ones tipped with white ; secondaries white, the inner
ones like the back ; larger wing-coverts white marked with black, the
lesser like the back; middle tail-feathers like the back, the outermost
white barred with black ; under parts white ; bill horn becoming black at
tip, base of lower mandible yellowish ; legs ochreous ; iris reddish brown..
Culmen 0'70, wing 9'50, tail 4'50, tarsus 2'20 inch. In the winter the
sides of the head, neck and fore neck are streaked and mixed black and
buff, the breast thin and throat white. The female in spring has the
upper parts paler, the sides of the head and neck sandy brown striped
with black, the chin and under parts white, the breast tinged with ochre
and marked with black.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, but as a straggler as far
north as Sweden and Great Britain ; North Africa ; Asia Minor,
and Central Asia, east to Afghanistan and N.W. India.

Like its larger ally this Bustard inhabits open plains, more
especially where the soil is under cultivation, and is extremely

3 B 2

726 TETRAX— HOUBARA

wary and difficult of approach, but it is said to squat down
to escape observation. It feeds on vegetable substances and
insects. During the pairing season the male utters a harsh cry,
tree, tree, which may be heard at a considerable distance. Its
nest is a mere depression in the soil, and the number of eggs,
so far as my experience goes, is 3 to 4, but Mr. Aksakoff states
that as many as 8 to 12 are deposited. These are usually laid in
May, and vary from light greenish olive with indistinct brown
blotches, to rich dark uniform olive brown, and are glossy in
texture of shell ; in size they average about T95 by 1'45.

Eupodotis arabs (Linn.), which inhabits Northern Africa, is
said to occasionally occur just within the limits of the Palsearctic
area but cannot well be included as a true Palsearctic species.

HOUBARA, Bp., 1831.

1013. HOUBARA BUSTARD.

HOUBARA UNDULATA.

Honiara undulata (Jacq.), Beitr. Gesch. Vb'g. p. 24, pi. 9 (1784) ;
(Dresser), vii. p. 391, pi. 510 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 320 ;
Otis houbara, Desf. Mem. Acad. Koy. Sc. p. 496, pi. x. (1787) ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. p. 268.

Houbara, Raad, Arabic ; Begunez, Russ.

$ ad. (N.Africa). Crown reddish ochreous marked with black ; a full
crest of long white feathers ; chin white ; sides of head and neck, fore neck
and hind neck white vermiculated with blackish and tinged with pale
ochreous brown ; elongated ruff black on the sides, white in front of neck ;
upper parts rufescent ochreous boldly barred with black ; the wing-coverts
paler ; primaries white at the base, otherwise black ; tail rufescent
ochreous with five bars of dove-blue, the terminal bars marked with black
and tipped with white ; under parts white ; bill greyish brown, darker at
the point, yellowish towards the base ; legs greenish yellowish grey ; iris
greenish yellow. Culmen 1-8, wing 14'3, tail 8'5, tarsus 3'6 inch. The
female is similar but with the crest and ruff less developed.

Hob. North Africa ; Canaries ; a rare straggler to Spain,
Southern France, Italy, and Greece ; Palestine ; Armenia.

Inhabits open flat country, both the true desert and culti-
vated localities, and like its allies is extremely shy and wary.
It feeds on vegetable matter, insects, caterpillars, &c., and even
small reptiles. In North Africa it is highly esteemed as a
quarry by falconers. Its nest is a mere depression in the soil,
and the eggs, 4 to 5 in number, are deposited in May, and are
olivaceous brown blurred with dashes of dark brown and here

HOUBARA—(EDICNEMUS 727

and there spotted with clear dark brown. In size they measure
about 2*38 by 1*77, and are generally slightly pointed towards
each end.

The Fuerteventuran bird has been separated as a subspecific
form under the name Otisundulatafuertaventurce, but I do not
consider with sufficient reason.

1014. MACQUEEN'S BUSTARD.

HOUBARA MACQUEENI.

Houbara macqueeni (Gray and Hardw.), 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 47 (1834) ;
(Naum.), xiii. p. 216, (Taf. 170 ; (Gould), B. of As. vii. pi. 58 ;
Newton, P.Z.S. 1861, pi. xxxix. fig. 5 (egg) ; (Dresser), vii. p. 395,
pi. 511; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiii. p. 318; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 196 ; Saunders, p. 527 ; Lilford, v. p. 10, pi. 3.

Tiltir, Punjabi ; Taltir, Sindhi ; Holdra, Persian.

g ad. (N.W. India). Differs from H. undulata in having the crest-
feathers black on the terminal portion, the back finely vermiculated and
blotched with black on a mfescent ochreous ground, the elongated pectoral
feathers blue-grey, and not white, and the tail with only three bars ; bill
blackish above, paler below ; legs and feet dull yellow ; iris yellow.
Culmen 1*7, wing 15'4, tail 8'6, tarsus 3*9 inch.

Hob. N.W. India; Afghanistan, Persia, Central Asia; a rare
straggler to Europe, and has been met with in Germany, Poland,
Finland, Oland, Belgium, Holland, and four times in Great
Britain.

In habits and nidification this species does not differ from
H. undulata, and its eggs closely resemble those of that species.

(EDICNEMUS, Temm., 1815.
1015. STONE CURLEW.

CEDICNEMUS SCOLOPAX.

(Edicnemus scolopax (S. G. Grael.), Eeise Bussl. iii. p. 87, pi. 16 (1774) ;
Dresser, vii. p. 401, pi. 512 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 204 ;
Saunders, p. 529 ; Lilford, v. p. 11, pi. 4 ; Poynting, i. p. 6, pi. 1 ;
C. cedicnemus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 255 (1766) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 4 ; (E. crepitans, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 332
(1815) ; Naum. vii. p. 92, Taf. 172 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 288 ; id.
B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 35 ; Hewitson, i. p. 288, pi. Ixxiv.

CEdicnbme criard, French; Alcaravao, Portug. ; Alcaravdn,
Span. ; Occhione, Ital. ; Triel, Dickfuss, German ; Griel, Dutch ;

728 (EDICNEMUS—GLAREOLA

Triel, Dan. ; Tjockfot, Swed. ; Avdotka, Ldshin, Kuss. ; El
Karuana, Moor. ; Keruan, Arab. ; Karwanak, Barsiri, Hindu.

$ ad. (England). Upper parts pale brown streaked with dark brown,
the sides of the head paler ; a light streak over the eye and a dark one
from the base of the mandible to the ear-coverts ; wings, when extended,
with two distinct white bars ; base of tail and middle feathers mottled
pale and dark brown, tail then whitish tipped with black ; under parts
white, the breast, lower throat, and flanks washed with buff and streaked
with blackish brown ; under tail-coverts rufous buff ; bill greenish yellow
at base, blackish at point ; legs pale yellow ; iris golden yellow. Culmen
T60, wing 9*5, tail 5'0, tarsus 3*0 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird
resembles the adult, but the markings are less clearly denned.

Hob. Temperate and Southern Europe, a migrant in the
northern portions of its range, but otherwise chiefly resident ;
Great Britain ; rare in Ireland ; accidental in Scandinavia ;
North Africa south to Abyssinia ; Asia Minor and Asia east to
India, Burma, and Ceylon, north into Central Asia.

Inhabits open, flat country, chiefly desert sandy places, and
not, as a rule, cultivated ground ; it is to some extent cre-
puscular, and feeds late into the night. In its general habits
it reminds one much of the Bustards. Its cry is a loud and
shrill Curlew, chiefly uttered at night. It feeds on worms,
insects, larvae, snails, &c. Its nest is hardly a depression on
the soil in some dry place, and its eggs, 2 to 3 in number, are
usually laid from early in April to the end of June, and are
stone buff, sometimes with a greenish tinge, profusely spotted
and blotched with blackish brown surface markings, and
purplish grey or greyish brown shell blotches, and measure
about 2*10 by 1*47. Sometimes two broods are reared in the
season.

GLAREOLA, Briss., 1760.

1016. PRATINCOLE.
GLAREOLA PRATIISTCOLA.

Glareola pratincola (Lino.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 345 (1766); Gould, B. of
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 46 ; Dresser, vii. p. 411, pi. 513, fig. 1 ; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 53 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 216 ;
Saunders, p. 531 ; Lilford, v. p. 15, pi. 5 ; Poynting, p. 7, pi. 2 ;
G. torquata, Meyer, Taschenb. Deutsch. Vogelk. ii. p. 404 (1816) ;
Naum. ix. p. 437, Taf. 234 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 290, pi. Ixxv. ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. pi. 265.

GLAREOLA 729

Perdrix de mer, French ; Perdiz do mar, Portug. ; Canaster a,
Span. ; Pernice di mare, Ital. ; Halsband-Giarol, German ;
Tirkuschka-lugovaya, Russ.

£ ad. (Spain;. Upper parts dull earth-brown ; nape, sides of head, and
ear-coverts washed with rusty yellow ; primaries blackish with a faint
greenish gloss j secondaries broadly tipped with white ; outer tail-feathers
white on the outer web and on the base of inner web, otherwise blackish,
the rest white on the basal, blackish on the terminal half; upper tail-
coverts white ; lores and a streak passing under the eye, round the throat,
forming a shield, black, the innermost part yellowish buff ; breast and
flanks pale greyish brown ; rest of under parts white ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries rich fox-red ; bill black, the base of lower, and basal edge of
upper mandible red ; legs brownish black ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'7,
wing 7*5, tail, deeply forked, 4'8, the middle feathers 2*3 shorter than the
outer ones, tarsus 1*25 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird has the
feathers on the upper parts with paler and white margins, the throat dirty
yellowish and the breast striped and marked with blackish.

Hob. Southern Europe, occasionally straying as far north
as Shetland ; North Africa, moving in winter as far south as
Natal ; Asia Minor and Central Asia as far east as North-west
India.

Inhabits open flat ground and desert places in the vicinity
of pools or swamps, and is very Plover-like in its general habits.
It feeds on insects of various kinds, chiefly coleoptera, which it
both picks up from the ground, and captures on the wing. Its
note is a shrill whistle, kia, kiat usually uttered on the wing.
It makes no nest, but deposits in May its 2 to 4 eggs in a slight
depression on the ground. These are oval, varying from
ochreous yellow to pale slate, richly spotted and blotched with
greyish brown underlying-, and blackish brown surface-
markings, and measure about 1'22 by 0'96.

1017. SUBSP. GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS.

Glareola orientalis, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 132, pi. xiii. (1820) ;
Gould, B. of Austral, vi. pi. 23 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 431 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 58 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 214 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 813.

£ ad. (India). Differs from G. pratincola in having the tail less
forked, the secondaries not white at the ends, the lores black, the chin and
throat pale rufous, and the breast more rufous. Culmen 0'65, wing 7^25,
tail 3-15, the middle feathers about an inch only shorter than the outer
ones, tarsus 1*3 inch.

730 GLAREOLA—CURSORIUS

Hob. India, Ceylon, Burma, the Andamans and Nicobars ;
South-eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and China, south to the
Malay Archipelago and North Australia.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from G.pratincola,
and its eggs are undistinguishable from those of that species.

1018. NORDMANN'S PRATINCOLE.
GLAREOLA MELANOPTERA.

Glareola melanoptera, Nordin. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. ii. p. 314
(1842); Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 63; Dresser, vii. p. 419, pi. 513,
fig. 2 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 57 ; G. nordmanni, Fischer,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. ii. p. 314, pi. 2 (1842).

Tirkuschka stepnaya, Russ.

<£ ad. (Ked Sea). Differs from G. pratincola in having the upper parts,
breast, and flanks rather darker, the secondaries not tipped with white,
and the under wing-coverts and axillaries jet black. Culmen 0*75,
wing 7*3, tail 4*3, tarsus 1'4 inch.

Hob. South-east Europe, in Russia north to about
N. lat. ; Africa south to Natal; Asia Minor and Asia east to
the Altai Mountains.

In general habits and nidification it does not differ from

G. pratincola, and its eggs resemble those of that species, but

appear, as a rule, to have the ground-colour more ochreous in
tinge and the markings are bolder.

CURSOBIUS, Lath., 1790.

1019. CREAM-COLOURED COURSER.
CURSORIUS GALLICUS.

Cursorius gallicus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788) ; Hewitson, Ibis,
1859, p. 79, pi. ii. fig. 3 (egg) ; Gould, B. of E. pi. 266 ; id. B. of
Gt. Brit, iv. pi. 44 ; Dresser, vii. p. 425, pi. 514 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 34 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 211 ;
Saunders, p. 533 ; Lilford, v. p. 19, pi. 6 ; Poynting, p. 11, pi, 3 ;
C. europceus, Lath. Ind. 0m. ii. p. 751 (1790)) ; Naum. vii. p. 77,
Taf. 171 ; C. isalellmus, Meyer, Taschenb. Deutsch. Vogelk. ii.
p. 328 (1810) ; C. isabellinus var. bogolubovi, Zarudn. Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Mosc. (7), Ixi. p. 327 (1885).

CURSORIUS—CHARADRIUS 731

Courvite isabelle, French ; Corrione Hondo, Ital. ; Europdische-
Eennwgel, German ; Keruan djebeli, Arab. ; Ungano-muchacho,
in the Canaries.

£ ad. (N. Africa). Forehead rufous isabelline, becoming grey towards
the hind crown, which, with the nape is ashy blue-grey ; a broad white
stripe above each eye, joining on the nape, and bordered below the eye
underneath, and on the nape above with black ; upper parts rufescent
isabelline ; primaries and primary coverts blackish ; middle tail-feathers
like the back, the rest isabelline becoming whitish at the top, and with a
subterminal blackish patch ; under parts isabelline, the lower abdomen
nearly white, the breast tinged with grey, and the lower flanks tinged with
blackish ; axillaries and under wing-surface black j beak dark horn but
greyish at the base below ; legs greyish white ; iris dark brown. Culmen
1-2, wing 6*05, tail 2'62, tarsus 2*15 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird
is duller, has the plumage marked with crescentic dark lines and lacks the
black, white, and blue on the head.

Hob. North Africa, occasionally straying into continental
Europe, and not seldom as far north as Great Britain ; occurred
once in Denmark and once in Finland ; Canaries and Cape Verde
Islands ; Asia, east to North-west India, and south to Arabia.

Is essentially a desert bird, frequenting dry, arid, sandy
plains. It is as a rule shy, and usually runs away, which it
does with great swiftness, on the approach of an intruder, or
squats on the sand, when it is difficult to distinguish it from
the surroundings. Its alarm-note resembles that of a Plover,
and in the pairing season it utters a note like rererer. It feeds
on insects of various kinds. It makes no nest, but in March
deposits its eggs, 2, occasionally 3, in number, in a depression
in the sandy soil. These are stone-buff or stone-ochre, closely
spotted and marbled with purplish grey underlying-, and
reddish brown or dull brown surface-markings; occasionally
there is a ring of darker spots round one end. In size they
measure about 1'48 by T8.

CHARADBIUS, Linn., 1766.

1020. GOLDEN PLOVER.
CHARADRIUS PLUVIALIS.

Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766); Hewitson, ii.
p. 291, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 294 ; Dresser, vii.
p. 435, pis. 515 fig. 1, 518 figs. ], 2, 519 fig. 2 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 191 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 235 ;
Saunders, p. 547 ; Lilford, v. p. 39, pi. 14 ; Poynting, p. 39, pi. 10 ;
C. africarius, Linn, tit supra ; C. auratus, Suckow, Naturg. Th. ii.
p. 1592 (1801) ; Naum. vii. p. 138, Taf. 173.

732 CHARADRIUS

Pluvier dord, French ; Tarambola, Portug. ; Chorlito, Span. ;
Piviere, Ital. ; Gold-Regenpfeifer, German ; Goud Plevier, Dutch ;
Brokfiigl, Norweg. and Dan. ; Ljung-pipare, Swed. ; Hutti,
Lapp. ; Tunturikurmitsa, Finn. ; Rsharika, Sivkay Kuss.

o ad. (Sweden). Crown, nape, and upper parts generally black or
brownisli black, spotted and marked with golden yellow, and to a small
extent with white ; forehead and super ciliary stripe whitish ; tail blackish,
transversely marked with whitish and a little golden yellow ; sides of face,
neck, breast, and under parts black ; flanks mottled with dusky ; sides of
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; bill black ;
legs bluish grey ; iris dark brown. Culmen TO, wing 7'1, tail 3'4,
tarsus 1*6 inch. Sexes alike, except that the female has the breast some-
what tinged with brown. In the winter the black on the throat, neck,
and under parts is wanting, these parts being white ; chest and flanks
mottled with greyish brown and washed with golden yellow.

Hob. Europe generally, to the North Cape, breeding in
Iceland, straying to Greenland, and breeding as far south as
North Central Europe ; Africa in winter, south to Cape
Colony ; Madeira ; Asia, east to the Yenesei river, south,
occasionally, to India.

Frequents open ground, moors, swampy localities, cultivated
ground, and the sea-shore, and is as a rule shy and wary. It
feeds on worms, insects, larvae, and to some extent on berries
and seeds, and feeds chiefly at night, being semi-nocturnal.
Its call-note resembles the syllable thdy and its nuptial call
is a long shrill note, taludl-taludl-taludl-tahidl. Its nest is
a mere depression in the ground, very scantily lined with
a few grass-bents, and the eggs, usually 4 in number, are
deposited late in April or early in May, and are pale clay-
brown or yellowish grey in ground-colour, and sometimes
reddish buff, spotted and blotched with purplish brown under-
lying-, and rich dark brown overlying surface-markings, and
in size measure about 2*0 by 1*28.

1021. EASTERN GOLDEN PLOVER.
CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS.

Charadrius dominicus, P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 116 (1776) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 195 ; Kidgway, p. 174 ; Saunders,
p. 549 ; Poynting, p. 49, pi. 12 ; C. fulous, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 6"87 (1788) ; Dresser, vii. p. 443, pis. 516, 517, figs. 2, 3 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 815 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 234 ;
Poynting, p. 45, pi. 11 ; C. virguncus, Licht. Verz. Doubt p. 70
(1823).

CHARADRIUS—SQUATAROLA 733

Chata-battan, Hindu. ; Muneguro-shigi, Jap.

ad. (E. Asia). Differs from C. plumalis in being smaller, with the
tarsus longer and more slender, and in having the axillaries smoky brown,
and the under wing-coverts smoky brown with a dash of white here and
there. Culmen 0-95, wing 6'25, tail 2'5, tarsus T55 inch.

Hal. Asia east of the Yenesei, north to Kamchatka, east
to Japan, south in winter through China, India, and the
Philippines to Australia ; East Africa ; Greenland ; North and
South America from the extreme north to Patagonia ; has
occurred as a straggler in Great Britain, Heligoland, Poland,
Spain, and Italy.

In general habits it does not differ from C. pluvialis, but its
note is said to differ, and to more resemble that of the Grey
Plover. Its nest and eggs are also similar except that the
latter are as a rule paler in ground-colour. In size they
measure about 1*95 by T32.

I agree with Dr. Sharpe in uniting the Asiatic and American
species, though the Asiatic form is generally smaller, but it
does not otherwise differ.

SdUATAROLA, Leach, 1816.

1022. GREY PLOVER.
SQUATAROLA HELVETICA.

Squatarola helvetica (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766) ; Audub. B. Am.
pi. 334 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pis. 36, 37 ; Dresser, vii. p. 455,
pis. 515 fig. 2, 517 fig. 1, 518 fig. 3, 519 fig. 1 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiv. p. 182 ; Newton, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 398, pi. 39, fig. 2 (egg) ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 835 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 236 ;
Saunders, p. 551 ; Lilford, v. p. 41, pi. 15 ; Poynting, p. 55, pis. 13,
14 ; Ch. squatarola (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 252 (1766) ; Naum.
vii. p. 249, Taf. 178 ; Bidgway, p. 173.

Vanneau-Pluvier, French ; Tarambola, Portug. ; Avefria,
Span,; Pivieressa, Ital. ; Kibitz-Regenpfeiffer, German; Goud-
kievit, Dutch ; Strand-brokfugl, Dan. ; Kust-brcikfugl, Norweg. :
Kust-pipare, Swed. ; Rantakurmitsa, Finn. ; Rshanka-tules,
Russ. ; Barra-batan, Hindu.

$ ad. (Spain). Forehead, sides of crown and of neck, flanks, abdomen,
thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; crown, hind neck, and upper part
black spotted and banded with white ; tail white barred with black ;
sides of face, throat, and breast black ; under wing-coverts white or

734 SQUAT AROLA—^EGIALITIS

whitish ; axillaries black ; bill black ; legs greyish black ; iris dark
brown. Culmen 1*2, wing 7'5, tail 2'8, tarsus 1'65, hind toe 0'15 inch.
Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are greyish brown marked with
darker brown and white, the under parts white, the throat striped with
ashy brown, the breast and flanks indistinctly mottled with greyish brown.
In all plumages this species is recognizable by its black axillaries and
small hind toe.

Hob. The extreme northern parts of Europe, Asia, and
America ; in winter migrating south throughout Europe, Africa,
Asia, Australia, North and South America.

In general habits it resembles C. plumcdis, but it is more
of a shore bird than that species. Its call-note is a sharp
whistle readily distinguishable from that of C. plumalis. Its
food consists of insects, worms, small shell-fish, &c. It breeds
in the high north of Eastern Europe, Asia, and America, and
like the Golden Plover it makes its nest, which is a mere
depression scantily lined with grass-bents, moss, or leaves, on
the ground, and deposits in June, or early in July, 4 eggs,
which are intermediate in coloration and marking between
those of the Lapwing and Golden Plover, but are subject
to considerable variation ; in size they average 2*0 by 1*35.

JEGIALITIS, Boie, 1822.

1023. GREATER SAND PLOVER.
JEGIALITIS MONGOLA.

jEgialitis mongola (Pal!.), Eeis. Euss. Keichs. iii. App. p. 700 (1776) ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 308 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 427 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 223 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 238 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 822 ; Eidgway,
p. 179 ; ^E. inornata (Gould), B. of Austr. vi. pi. 19.

(£ ad. (China). Differs from sE. geoffroyi in being smaller, with a
smaller bill and shorter tarsus, the patch on the side of the face (in
breeding plumage) broader, and the rufous chest band separated from the
white throat by a narrow black line. Culmen 0'75, wing 5*25, tail 2'2,
tarsus 1 -2 inch.

Hob. Eastern Asia, north to Kamchatka ; Dauria, Japan,
Mongolia, Corea, China ; wintering in the Philippines, Moluccas,
and Australia ; has occurred in Alaska.

In habits it does not differ from JE. geoffroyi, with which
it is very closely allied. It breeds on the sea-shore, the* nest

^EGIALITIS 735

being a depression in the ground sparingly lined with bents
and leaves, and the eggs, 4 in number, are deposited in June,
and are said to resemble those of dE. semipalmata, but are
larger and have a somewhat deeper ground-colour, in some
more olive, in others more buff.

1024. SUBSP. ^EGIALITIS GEOFFROYI.

^Egialitis geoffroyi (Wagl.), Syst. Av. Charadrius, No. 19 (1827) ; David
and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 426 ; Dresser, vii. p. 475, pis. 520 fig. 2,
521 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 217 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 237 ; Charadrius leschenaulti, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii.
p. 322 (1828) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 299.

£ ad. (Syria). Forehead white ; crown and nape pale reddish brown,
the fore crown crossed by a black band ; upper parts dull sandy brown ;
quills blackish, some of the inner secondaries white on the outer web ;
from the base of the bill through the eye with the ear-coverts a black
streak ; a broad rusty red band across the breast ; rest of under parts,
axillaries, and under wing-coverts white ; upper flanks tinged with rusty
red ; bill blackish ; legs plumbeous grey ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*0,
wing 5'7, tail 2'4, tarsus 1/5 inch. The female has the fore crown and
stripe through the eye brownish grey. In the winter both sexes have the
sides of the head pale ashy brown, the forehead, lores, chin, throat, and
under parts white, the breast tinged with pale rusty buff.

Hal. South-eastern Europe ; Central Asia ; Japan and
China; wintering in Africa as far south as the Cape Colony
and Madagascar ; India, the Philippines, and Malay Archipelago
to Australia.

Frequents the sea-coasts and the mouths of rivers, sand-
banks, coral reefs, &c., and is a shy and wary bird. It feeds
on worms, spawn, small insects, &c., and its note is a clear,
flute-like whistle. With regard to its breeding habits I find
nothing on record. An egg in the British Museum, said to
belong to this species, is figured (Cat. Birds' Eggs, Brit. Mus. ii.
pi. i. fig. 9), but I have great doubts as to its authenticity.

1025. SUBSP. ^EGIALITIS PYRRHOTHORAX.

^Egialitis pyrrhothorax, Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 299 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 226 ; ^E. mongolica, Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
p. 238 (nee. Pall.).

£ ad. (Yarkand). Differs from dS. mongola in having the upper parts
paler, the forehead entirely black with only a whitish spot in front of the
eye, and the pectoral band paler. Culmen 07, wing 4'95, tail 1-9,
tarsus 1-2 inch.

736 ^GIALITIS

Hob. Kirghis Steppes, Central Asia east to Tibet ; wintering
in East Africa, India, and the Malay Peninsula and Islands.

In habits it does not differ from ^E. geoffroyi.

1026. CASPIAN PLOVER.
^GIALITIS ASIATICA.

jEgialitis asiatica (Pall.), Reis. Russ. Reichs. ii. p. 715 (1773) ; Naum.
xiii. p. 225, Taf. 386, figs. 1, 2 ; Dresser, vii. p. 479, pis. 520 fig. 1,
522 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 230 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 239 ; Saunders, p. 537 ; Lilford, v. p. 27, pi. 9 ;
Poynting, p. 23, pi. 5 ; ^E. caspia (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii.
p. 136, tab. Iviii. (1811).

£ ad. (Kirghis Steppes). Forehead, a broad line over the eye, sides of
head, chin, and throat white ; upper parts hair-brown, the scapulars
margined with ochreous ; quills blackish brown ; tail dark hair-brown,
most of the feathers tipped with white ; a broad pectoral band rich rust-
red bordered above and below with black ; rest of under parts and
axillaries pure white ; bill blackish ; legs ochreous yellow ; iris hazel.
Culmen 1*0, wing 5*62, tail 2*1, tarsus 1*6. The female is rather paler
and duller in colour, and the pectoral band is greyish brown tinged with
rufous. In winter both sexes are like the female in summer, but have the
pectoral band paler, greyer, and less distinct. Young birds have the
feathers on the upper parts margined with ochreous buff or bufFy white,
and almost lack the pectoral band.

Hob. Transcaspia and Central Asia ; Africa as far south as
the Cape Colony in winter ; has once been obtained in India ;
a straggler to Europe west of the Volga, having been twice
obtained in Heligoland, once in England, and once in Italy.

Frequents sandy localities, chiefly inland, and the desert
steppes, and in general habits does not appreciably differ from
its allies. It breeds in the Kirghis steppes, on the eastern
shores of the Caspian and in Turkestan, and deposits in May,
in a mere depression on the ground, 3 eggs, which are ochreous
in ground-colour, boldly blotched with blackish brown, and
measure about 1'45 by 1*02.

1027. EASTERN DOTTEREL.
JEGIALITIS VEREDA.

jEgialitis vereda (Gould), P.Z.S. 1848, p. 38 ; id. B. of Austr. vi. pi. 14 ;
(David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 425, pi. 120 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiv. p. 232 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 240.

sEGIALITIS 737

£ ad. (Saigon). Differs from jE. asiatica in being larger, with the
supercilium less distinct, the hind neck paler than the crown or back, and
in having the under wing-lining and axillaries smoky brown and not
white ; bill deep olive-brown, blacker on the terminal portion ; feet light
brownish flesh-colour, the toes washed with grey, the joints blackish ;
eyelids greyish black. Culmen I'l, wing 6'5, tail 2'5, tarsus T8 inch. In
all plumages this species is distinguishable by its smoke-brown axillaries
and under wing-coverts.

Hob. Mongolia and Northern China ; the Malay Peninsula
and Australia ; has been once obtained on the Andamans.

In general habits it resembles its allies, and is said to be
very shy and wary. Like d3. asiatica it frequents sandy
plains, and is said to breed on the salt plains in S.E. Mongolia,
sometimes at great distances from water, but I do not find any
description of its eggs.

1028. KENTISH PLOVER.
JEGIALITIS CANTIANA.

jEgialitls cantiana (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 66 (1801); (Naum.), viL
p. 210, Taf. 176 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 298, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 3 ; (Gould),
B. of E. iv. pi. 298 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 40 ; Dresser, vii.
p. 483, pi. 523 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 430 ; (Seebohm), B.
Jap. Emp. p. 309 ; Saunders, p. 543 ; Lilford, v. p. 35, pi. 12 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 833 ; Poynting, p. 33, pi. 8 ; ? ^E. alexandrina
(Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mas. xxiv.
p. 275 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 240.

Pluvier a collier interrompu, French ; Lavandeira, Portug. ;
Charran, Pillara, Span. ; Fratino, Ital. ; See-Begenpfeifer,
German ; Strandplevier, Dutch ; Hvidbrystet Strandpiber, Dan. ;
Sortbenet-Sandi*yle, Norweg. ; Svartbenta Strandpipare, Swed. ;
Monkoi-suek, Russ.

£ ad. (Kent). Forehead, a broad streak over the eye, sides of head
and neck, under parts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts pure white ; above
the white on the forehead a black patch ; crown and occiput reddish
brown ; upper parts light brown ; primaries blackish brown, the shafts
chiefly white ; middle tail-feathers blackish brown, the rest white ; lores,
a streak through the eye, ear-coverts, and a patch on each side of the
breast black ; bill and legs black ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'8, wing
3*95, tail 1*7, tarsus 1'05. The female has the black markings narrower,
and the crown and occiput like the back, but paler. In the winter the
feathers on the crown and occiput have brown margins and the black
feathers on the head are blurred by white margins.

738 ^GIALITIS

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, north to the south coast
of England and Southern Scandinavia ; Africa in winter, as far
south as the Cape Colony ; Asia Minor and Asia east to Japan,
north to Dauria, south in winter through India and China to
Australia.

Frequents the sea coasts, chiefly in sandy and shingly
localities, and in general habits resembles ^. hiaticola. It breeds
both on the coast and near inland waters, the nest being a
mere depression in the soil, sand, or shingle, and the eggs, 3 in
number, are usually deposited in May, and are deep ochreous
in ground-colour, irregularly marked and blotched with greyish
black underlying, and black surface spots and lines; in size
they measure about 1*26 by 0'87.

1029. RINGED PLOVER.
JEGIALITIS HIATICOLA.

zEgialitis hiaticula (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766) ; (Naum.), vii.
p. 191, Taf. 175 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 296, pi. Ixxvii. figs. 1, 2 ;
(Gould), B. of E. iv. p. 296 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 41 ; Dresser,
vii. p. 497, pi. 525 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 429 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 256 j Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 243 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 827 ; Saunders, p. 539 ; Lilford, v. p. 29,
pi. 10 ; Kidgway, p. 177 ; Poynting, p. 25, pi. 6.

Pluvier d collier, French ; Lavadeira, Borrelho, Portug. ;
Frailecillo, Andarios, Span. ; Corriere grosso, Ital. ; Sand-Lda,
Icel. ; Halsband-Regenpfeifer, German ; Bontbekkige Plevier,
Dutch ; Star Strandpiber, Dan. ; Storre Strandryle, Norweg. ;
Storre-Strandpipare, Swed. ; TylliM, Finn. ; Puvidak, Lapp. ;
Suek-Galstutschik, Russ.

£ ad. (Sussex). Fore crown, a narrow line at the base of upper
mandible, lores, a patch through the eye, and ear-coverts, a broad band
crossing the lower throat, narrower behind, deep black ; forehead, a broad
band passing above and behind the eye, throat, a collar passing round the
neck above the black one, under parts of body, and wings and axillaries
pure white ; hind crown, nape, and upper parts dull hair-brown ; quills
blackish brown, some of the inner primaries with a white mark on the
outer web, the secondaries largely white ; larger wing-coverts tipped with
white ; middle tail-feathers brown, becoming black towards the tip ; the
rest broadly tipped with white, the outermost white ; beak orange-yellow
at base, black at the point ; legs orange ; iris brown. Culmen 0'65, wing
5'0, tail 2'45, tarsus 0'92 inch. The female is somewhat duller in colour
than the male, and in the winter both sexes have the black colour slightly
sullied with dull grey. Young birds lack the black frontal and pectoral
bands, and some of the feathers on the upper parts have pale margins.

sEGIALITIS 739

Hob. Europe generally, north to Spitsbergen; Africa in
winter south to Cape Colony ; Asia east to Dauria, north to
about 74° N. lat., and has occurred once or twice in India;
Greenland, and eastern North America.

Frequents the sea coast, except that some resort to inland
warrens or heaths during the nesting season, and may generally
be seen on places left bare by the receding tide, or following
the receding waves in search of food, which consists of small
crustaceans, marine worms, aquatic insects, &c. Its cry, which
is often uttered as the bird runs along, is clear, loud, and
plaintive. Its flight is swift and even, and in winter it collects
in small flocks and often consorts with other waders. It breeds
in April, and again in June, two broods being reared in the
season, and deposits 4 eggs on the ground amongst pebbles, or
on sand, sometimes far from the sea, in which case the nest is
lined with pebbles or small stones, sometimes constructing, and
at others not making, a regular nest. The eggs are clay-yellow
or ochreous buff, boldly marked with blackish grey and lilac
underlying, and black surface spots and blotches, and measure
about 1-27 by TO.

1030. LONG-BILLED ' RINGED PLOVER.
^EGIALITIS PLACIDA.

jEgialitis placida (Gray), Cat. Mamm. &c. Coll. Hodgs. 2nd ed. p. 70
(1863) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 428 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap.
Emp. p. 307 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 262 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 244 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 825 ; ^Eg. hartingi,
Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 136, pi. xii.

Ikaru-chidori, Ojun, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Differs from jE. hiaticola in being larger, in having
the bill black and larger, no black at the base of the upper mandible, only
a dusky line from the base of the bill to the eye, no white inner
secondaries, and less white on the outer tail-feathers, the outermost on
each side with a broad subterminal black band ; bill blackish brown, the
base of the lower mandible orange-yellow ; legs and feet pale ochreous,
claws black ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'85, wing 5'7, tail 3'0, tarsus 1'35
inch.

Hob. South-eastern Siberia, Japan, Corea, Manchuria, and
China ; west to North-eastern India, where it occurs in winter.

In habits it does not differ from M. hiaticola, of which it is
the eastern representative. It breeds in Japan late in May,
nesting in stony places near rivers, and, according to Pere David,

3 c

740 ^EGIALITIS

also near the Tche-kiang and Kiang-si rivers in China. Its 4
eggs are pale stone-buff, finely dotted with blackish brown, and
measure about 1*38 by 1 03.

1031. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.
43GIALITIS SEMIPALMATA.

jEgialitis semipalmata (Bp.), Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 219 ; (Audub.), B.
Am. pi. 330 ; Nelson, Hep. Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 126 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 250 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 829 ; Eidgway, p. 176.

(£ ad. (Massachusetts). Differs from JE. hiaticola in having a distinct
web between the inner and middle toes, and in having the black collar
much narrower ; bill black, the basal half orange ; legs pale flesh-colour,
the claws black ; iris deep hazel. Culmen 0*6, wing 4*68, tail 2'5, tarsus
1-0 inch.

Hob. North America generally, wintering in the West
Indies, Central America, and South America to Brazil, Peru,
and the Galapagos ; Plover Bay and Koliuchin Bay on the
coast of Eastern Asia.

In general habits it resembles ^. hiaticola, and, like that
species, nests on the ground, usually near the sea. Its eggs are
pale dull buff or olive-buff, speckled or irregularly spotted,
chiefly on or round the larger end, with dark brown or black,
and measure T26 by 0*94.

1032. LITTLE RINGED PLOVER.
^GIALITIS CURONICA.

jEgialitis curonica (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788) ; Dresser, vii.

p. 491, pi. 524 ; Saunders, p. 541 ; Lilford, v. p. 33, pi. 11 ;

Poynting, p. 31, pi. 7 ; 1 JE. dulia (Scop.), Del. Faun, et Flor.

Insubr. ii. p. 93 (1786) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 429 ;

Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 263 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds,

iv. p. 241 ; Bidgway, p. 177 ; ^E. minor (Wolf and Meyer), Vog.

Deutschl. i. Heft 15, Taf. 5 (1805) ; (Naum.), vii. p. 225, Taf. 177 ;

(Hewitson), ii. p. 299, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 4 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp.

p. 306 ; (Gould), B. of E. iv. pi. 297 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 42 ;

Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 830.

Petit Pluvier a collier, French ; Lavandeira, Portug. ; Andarios
pequeno, Corriolet, Span. ; Corriere piccolo, Ital. ; Fluss-Regen-
pfeifer, German ; Kleine Plemer, Dutch ; Lille Strandpiber,
Dan. ; Mindre Strandryle, Norweg. ; Mindre Strandpipare, Swed. ;
Pieni-rantaraukuja, Finn. ; Retschnoi-suek, Russ. ; Zirrea, Hindu.

.EG I A LIT IS 741

$ ad. (Southern Europe). Differs from &. hiaticola in being much
smaller, and in having the shaft of the first primary alone white, those of
the rest of the quills brown ; bill black with a small yellow patch at the
base of the lower mandible ; legs deep fleshy yellow ; iris brown, the edge
of the eyelid yellow. Culmen 0'62, wing 4'33, tail 2'3, tarsus 0'95 inch.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Southern Scandinavia; of
very accidental occurrence in the south of England ; Northern
Africa in winter ; Asia east to Japan ; north to Dauria, south
in summer in Mongolia, Manchuria, China, and Northern India,
wintering in Southern India, the Moluccas, and as far south as
New Guinea ; of doubtful occurrence in N.W. America.

In general habits this bird resembles .&. hiaticola, but
affects the vicinity of inland water, such as the banks of rivers
and the shores of inland lakes and ponds, especially where the
ground is sandy or pebbly. Its note is slightly different and
more shrill than that of its larger ally. It nests on sandy or
pebbly ground, or, as I noticed in Spain, it frequently makes
use of a dry patch of cow-dung ; and it makes no nest. Its
eggs, 4 in number, are usually deposited in May, and are
stone-buff or stone-ochreous, rather finely spotted with purplish
grey underlying shell-, and blackish brown surface-markings,
measuring about 1*21 by 0'85.

1033. KILLDEER PLOVER.
7EGIALITIS VOCIFERA.

^Efjlalitis vocifera (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 253 (1766) ; (Audubon), B. of
Am. pi. 215 ; Dresser, ix. p. 345, pi. 708 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiv. p. 242 ; Ridgway, p. 174 ; Saunders, p. 545 ; Lilford, v.
p. 37, pi. 13 ; Poynting, p. 37, pi. 9.

Tildeo, Mexican ; Pijije, in Costa Rica.

£ ad. (New Jersey). Forehead, stripe above and behind the eye, chin,
throat, collar round the hind neck, and under parts generally, white ; fore
crown, stripe from the lores through the eye, collar round the lower neck,
and a band across the breast black ; upper parts warm brown ; larger
wing-coverts tipped with white ; middle tail-feathers brown, the next
orange at the base, then black tipped with white, the outer ones white
tinged with rufous, and barred with black ; upper tail-coverts rufous ; bill
black ; legs dull greenish ; iris brown ; eyelids orange-red. Culmen 0'92,
wing 6'35, tail 3*8, tarsus 1'45 inch. Sexes alike. The young have the
feathers on the upper parts margined with pale rufous.

Hob. The whole of temperate North America, wintering in
the West Indies, Central America, and the northern portions of

3 c 2

742 .EGIALITIS

South America; has occurred once in Hants and once on
Tresco, one of the Scilly Islands.

Frequents not only the coast, but is also found far inland,
and is a noisy, restless bird, though not particularly shy. It
runs with great swiftness, and is equally active on the wing.
Its food consists of insects, worms, and Crustacea. It breeds
from April to June, the nest being a mere depression in the
ground, sparingly lined with a few grass-bents, and it is usually
found nesting inland. The eggs, 4 in number, are pale clay buff
or ochreous, blotched and spotted with black, with a few paler
shell-markings, and occasionally with a few black streaks and
lines ; in size they average T55 by 112.

1034. KITTLITZ'S PLOVER.
^BGIALITIS PECUARIA.

itis pecuaria (Temm.), PI. Col. v. pi. 183 (1823) ; Halting, P.Z.S.
1874, p. 457, pi. Ix. fig. 4 (egg) ; Dresser, ix. p. 341, pi. 709 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 297 ; Charadrius Jcittlitzi, Reichenb.
Syn. Av. ii. Tab. cv. fig. 1063 (1851) ; Layard, B. S. Af. p. 297 ;
jE. varia, Harting, Ibis, 1873, p. 262, pi. viii. (nee. Linn.).

Kanliiapraia, in Benguela ; Vikiviky, Kiboranto, Malagasy.

(J ad. (Nile). Forehead, a broad line passing through the eye to the
nape, chin, and throat white ; a narrow line on the fore crown, lores, and
a band below the eye down the sides of the neck black ; upper parts
dusky brown ; secondaries margined with white at the tips ; middle tail-
feathers dusky brown, the outermost pure white, the rest greyish white ;
lower throat and breast ochraceous rufous ; rest of under parts, under
wing-coverts, and axillaries white ; bill and legs blackish ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 0'74, wing4'0, tail 1'85, tarsus 1'2, bare part of tibia 0'65 inch.
Female similar. Young birds lack the black on the forehead, and have the
white on the head tinged with rusty red.

Hob. North-east Africa from the Nile Delta, and the whole
of Africa, except the extreme north-western portions, down to
the Cape and Madagascar.

In general habits it most nearly resembles the Little Ringed
Plover. It breeds inland, though at no great distance from
water, in South Africa in September, depositing its 4 eggs on
the ground without making any regular nest. The eggs are
olive-brown, irregularly and profusely marked with fine lines
and spots of black, and measure about 1*21 by 0'82.

EUDROMIAS 743

EUDROMIAS, Brehm, 1831.

1035. DOTTEREL.
EUDROMIAS MORINELLUS.

Eudromias morinellus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 254-(1766) ; (Naum.), vii.
p. 163, Taf. 174 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 293, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 1 ; (Gould),
B. of E. iv. pi. 295 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 43 ; Dresser, vii.
p. 507, pi. 526 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 234 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 819 ; Saunders, p. 535 ; Lilford, v. p. 26, pi. 8 ;
Poynting, p. 15, pi. 4.

Pluvier guignard, French ; Medio chorlito, Span. ; Piviere
tortolino, Ital. ; Morncll-Regenpfcifer, German ; Morinel-Plevier,
Dutch ; Pomerantsfugl, Dan. and Norweg. ; Fjdllpipare, Swed. ;
Kerjaralintu, Finn. ; Lahula, Lapp. ; Glupoi-suek, Russ.

$ ad. (Sweden). Crown black, the forehead margined with white ;
lores and a broad streak over the eye meeting round the occiput white ;
upper parts greyish brown, feathers on the lower back and scapulars
margined with fulvous yellow, the latter and inner secondaries faintly
glossed with green ; short secondaries margined with white ; outer tail-
feathers tipped with white ; chin and upper throat white ; ear-coverts and
lower neck pale greyish brown ; on the lower neck a white band, narrowly
edged above with black ; fore breast and flanks yellowish red ; lower
breast and upper abdomen black; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
yellowish white ; under wing-coverts dull greyish ; bill blackish ; legs
brownish green, the toes blackish grey ; the heel orange ; iris brown.
Culmen 0*85, wing 6'0, tail 2*8, tarsus T5 inch. Female similar, but
generally rather brighter coloured. In the winter both sexes have the
crown and nape yellowish white, streaked with blackish, the white streak is
narrower, the under parts dull isabelline, the breast streaked with brown,
and the white band ill-defined. The young resemble the adult in winter
dress, but have the upper parts margined with whitish.

Hob. Northern Europe to within the Arctic Circle and
Novaya Zemlya ; Great Britain ; Central and Southern Europe
and North Africa on migration and in winter ; Northern Asia
as far as the shores of the Arctic Ocean ; south in winter to
Turkestan and Persia.

Is essentially an inhabitant of the moorland and fell, and
unless subjected to persecution is fearless and confiding. Its
food consists of insects of various kinds and larvae. It breeds
in the northern portions of its range, and at considerable

7 4 4 EUDROM1AS—PL U VIA NUS

altitudes in the central portion, making no nest, but depositing
late in May or early in June its 3 eggs, in a depression in the
moss or herbage on the ground. The eggs are light stone-buff
or dull buff sometimes with a green tinge, boldly blotched with
black, some having a few dark purplish underlying shell-
markings; in size they measure about 1*55 by 1*8.

PLUVIANUS, Vieill., 1816.

1036. BLACK-HEADED PLOVER.

PLUVIANUS ^IGYPTIUS.

Pluvianus cegyptius (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 254 (1766) ; Gould, B. of As.
vii. pi. 62 ; Dresser, vii. p. 521, pi. 527 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiv. p. 32 ; PL melanocephalus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 692

(1788).

Ter-el-temsack, Arab.

£ ad. (Egypt). Crown, sides of head, hind neck, back, and a band
passing round and meeting on the breast purplish black ; a band all round
the crown, rump, and under parts white ; lesser and median wing-coverts,
scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and tail dark blue-grey, the tail tipped with
white ; all but the middle feathers with a subterminal black band ; abdo-
men, throat, and under tail-coverts washed with creamy rufescent ; bill
blackish ; legs blue-grey ; iris dark brown. Cnlmen 0'9, wing 5'5,
tail 2'65, tarsus T38. Sexes alike.

Hob. Africa north to the Mediterranean, south to Angola
on the west coast, and Nubia, the Blue and White Nile on the
east side ; Algeria ; of rare or doubtful occurrence north of the
Mediterranean, except in Palestine, where it has been obtained
in the Jordan valley ; is said to have once occurred in Sweden.

The present species, which is said to be the Trochilos of
Herodotus, frequents sand-banks and the banks of rivers, and is
extremely tame and confiding. During the breeding season it
is noisy, its cry resembling the syllables ting-ting-ting-ting and
tschi-tschi-tschi-tscki. Its food consists of worms, insects, and
larvae. It does not make any regular nest, but deposits its 2
eggs in a depression in the sand. These are not unlike those
of the Cream-coloured Courser, are without gloss, somewhat
coarse in grain, brownish ochreous in ground-colour, closely
marked with ashy grey, yellowish brown, and reddish brown
blotches and dots, and measure about 1'25 by 0*95.

HOPLOPTERUS—CHETTUSIA 745

HOPLOPTERTJS, Bp., 1831.

1037. SPUR-WINGED PLOVER.

HOPLOPTERUS SPINOSUS.

Hoplopterus spinosus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 256 (1766) ; (Gould), B. of

E. iv. pi. 293 ; Dresser, vii. p. 539, pi. 530 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiv. p. 157.

Zic-zac, Arab. ; Pavoncella armata, Ital.

£ ad. (Egypt). Crown, nape, chin, middle of throat and neck, and
breast to lower abdomen glossy black : sides of head, neck, and of throat,
hind neck, sides of rump, upper tail-coverts, base of tail, under surface of
wings, crissum, and under tail-coverts white ; back, scapulars and inner
secondaries pale buffy brown ; quills and tail, except at base, black, the
latter narrowly tipped with white ; and outer part of wing-coverts white ;
a sharp spur on the carpus ; bill and legs black ; iris lake-red. Culmen 1/2,
wing 8*15, tail 4'2, tarsus 2*85 inch. Sexes alike.

Hah. Africa south to Kordofan and the Niger district ;
Palestine, Asia Minor, Southern Russia, Turkey, and has also
occurred in Greece, Malta, and Italy ; in Asia it is said to have
occurred as far east as Persia, but this is doubtful.

In general habits it has much in common with Vanellus
vulgaris, and like that bird is wary, restless, and noisy, and
whenever an intruder is noticed it flies overhead uttering its
warning cry, zac, zac, zac. It breeds in Egypt in March and
April, its nest being a mere depression in the sand, and deposits
3 or 4 eggs, which are greyish olive or warm dark ochreous,
closely spotted and blotched with olive-brown and blackish, the
markings being usually more numerous at the larger end ; in
size they measure about 1*64 by 1'23.

CHETTTJSIA, Bp., 1839.

1038. SOCIABLE PLOVER.

CHETTU8IA GREG ARIA.

Chettusia yregaria (Pall.), Reise Russ. Eeichs. i. p. 456 (1771) ; Dresser,
vii. p. 527, pi. 528 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 174 ; Blanf.

F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 231 ; (Saunders), p. 553 ; Lilford, v.
p. 24, pi. 7 ; Poynting, p. 59, pi. 15 ; C. keptuschka (Lepechin),
Tageb. Reise Russ. Reichs. i. p. 229, footnote b (1774) j (Gould), B.
of E. iv. pi. 292.

Pavoncella gregaria, Ital. ; Keptuschka, Russ.

746 CHETTUSIA

£ ad. (S. Russia). Forehead, a broad streak above the eye passing
round the nape, chin, upper throat, lower flanks, under wing surface,
upper and under tail-coverts, thighs, secondaries, larger wing-coverts, sides
of rump, and outer rectrices white ; crown, lores, a narrow streak behind
the eye, primaries, and outer primary coverts jet black ; upper parts
brownish ashy grey, the hind neck paler ; tail white with a broad sub-
terminal" black band ; neck and breast ashy grey, the latter darker ;
abdomen black but posteriorly rich chestnut-red ; legs and beak black ;
iris brown. Culmen 1'5, wing 8'1, tail 3'6, tarsus 2*4, bare part of tibia
1 •! inch. Sexes alike, and the winter dress similar. Young birds have
the crown brown marked with black, the white on the head tinged with
buff, the upper parts darker and with pale margins, and the black and
chestnut on the abdomen wanting.

Hal. South-eastern Europe; of rare occurrence in South
Spain, Italy, once at Nice, once in Hungary, and once as far
north as Lancashire ; Africa in winter as far south as Kordofan
and Senaar ; Asia Minor and Central Asia, north and east to the
Yenesei, south in winter to North-western India, Ceylon, and
Arabia,

In habits it much resembles the Lapwing, and frequents the
uplands, the steppes, grassy and sandy plains, and cultivated
ground, is somewhat shy, and not noisy, only occasionally
uttering its peculiar cry, kretsch, kretsch, kretsch. Its food con-
sists of insects of various kinds, especially coleoptera and grass-
hoppers. It nests on hilly steppes, the nest being a hollow
scratched in the ground, and lined with dry grass. The eggs,
4 in number, are deposited late in May, and resemble those of
V. vulgaris, but as a rule the ground-colour is paler and the
markings less bold.

1039. WHITE-TAILED PLOVER.
CHETTUSIA LEUCURA.

Chettusia leucura (Licht.), in Eversm. Reise nach Buchara, p. 137,
(1823) ; Dresser, vii. p. 531, pi. 529 ; id. Ibis, 1902, p. 177, pi. vi.
figs. 1, 2 (eggs) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 171 ; Blanf.
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 233 ; C. villotcei, Audouin, Expl. somm.
Descr. de 1'Egypte, p. 388, pi. vi. fig. 2 (1825) ; Shelley, B. of
Egypt, p. 233 ; V.flavipes, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 542 (1831).

Chizi, in Cabul ; Chiric, in Afghanistan.

<$• ad. (Turkestan). Upper parts brown with a lilac tinge on the back
and wings ; upper tail-coverts, tail, most of the secondaries, flanks, under
wing-coverts and upper throat white ; primaries black ; forehead and sides

CHETTUSIA—LOBIVANELLUS 747

of head pale brown ; fore neck brown ; breast ashy grey ; abdomen rosy
buff or salmon-colour ; bill black ; legs yellow ; iris reddish brown, the
edge of the eyelids red. Culmen T25, wing 6'7, tail 2'75, tarsus 2'55 inch.
Sexes alike. The young birds lack the pink tinge on the upper parts
and the feathers have pale margins.

Hob. Southern Russia, Transcaspia: a rare straggler to
Southern Europe, but has occurred in Southern France and
Malta ; North Africa in winter ; in Asia it is found in Turke-
stan, Persia, Afghanistan, and Northern India in winter.

Is essentially a marsh bird, and is rarely found away from
damp, marshy places. It is shy and wary, and is said never to
consort with other waders in winter, but in the breeding season
other species seek its society more especially on account of its
wariness, for it immediately announces the advent of an intruder
by its loud cry. It breeds in May, its nesfc being a heap of dry
herbage, with a depression in the middle, and is placed in a
damp locality, usually on the edge of a swamp, and the eggs, 2
to 4 in number, are small editions of those of C. gregaria, being
clay-yellow in ground-colour, marked all over, but generally
more profusely at the larger end, with black, the shell-markings
being duller and paler, and the surface spots and blotches
deeper black. In size they measure about 1'55 by l'I3.

LOBIVANELLUS, Strickl., 1841.

1040. RED- WATTLED LAPWING.

LOBIVANELLUS INDICUS.

LoUvanellus indicus (Bodd.), Tabl. Pi. Enl. p. 50 (1783) ; Dresser, ix.
p. 353, pi. 723 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 149 ;
(Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 224 ; L. goensls (Gmel.), Syst.
Nat. i. p. 706 (1788) ; Strickl. P.Z.S. 1841, p. 33.

Titai, Titi, Hindu. ; Kiralla, Kibulla, Cing.

<J ad. (Transcaspia). Head, neck, and breast deep black ; a broad
streak from behind the eye down the neck, under parts below* the breast,
and upper tail-coverts white ; fore back greyish white ; rest of upper
parts brownish grey glossed with green, the median wing-coverts with
reddish purple ; quills white at base, otherwise black, the inner secondaries
nearly all white ; larger wing-coverts tipped with white ; tail black
across the middle, otherwise white ; terminal half of bill black, the basal
half, wattles in front of the eye, and eyelids lake-red ; legs and feet yellow ;
iris crimson. Culmen 1*45, wing 8'22, tail 4'78, tarsus 3'2 inch. Sexes
alike. The young bird has the crown brownish, the throat and sides of
face white, and the feathers on the upper parts with sandy buff margins.

748 LOBIVANELLUS

Hcib. Transcaspia, rare in Persia, Eastern Asia to Assam ;
Arabia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, India, and Ceylon.

Frequents the steppes near water, the borders of marshes,
meadow-land, and river-banks, and though not shy is wary,
especially when molested. It feeds on insects of various kinds,
seldom on anything else. Its flight is Lapwing-like, but strong
and tolerably rapid, and it is a noisy bird, and utters its loud
cry both when on the wing and when on the ground. It breeds
from March to August, usually in April, and deposits in a
depression on the ground its 4 eggs, which are in character like
those of a Lapwing, and vary in ground-colour from pale olive-
green to ochreous and reddish buff, and are profusely marked
with blackish brown or black ; in size they average about 1*64
by T2.

1041. GREY-HEADED LAPWING.
LOBIVANELLUS CINEREUS.

Lobivanellus cinereus (Blyth), J. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 587 (1842) ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 311 ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine,
p. 422 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 133 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 228 ; Berez. and Bianchi, Ptitz. Gansu, p. 3 ;
L. inornatus, Temm. and Schleg. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 106, pi. 63.

Kire, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Head, neck, and breast ashy grey, the hind neck and
crown tinged with brown ; upper parts brown with a bronzy tinge ;
primaries black ; short secondaries and the larger secondary coverts,
sides of rump, and upper tail-coverts white ; tail white with a broad black
subterminal band, bordered with brown ; the outermost feathers white ;
upper breast crossed by a narrow black band ; rest of under parts and
under wing-coverts white ; terminal half of bill black, the basal half,
lappets, and edge of eyelids, legs and feet yellow ; claws black ; iris red.
Calmen 1'5, wing 9*3, tail 4'3, tarsus 2 '92 inch. Sexes alike. In the
winter the pectoral band is obscured, and the head and neck are tinged
with brown. The young birds have the head and neck brown, the chin
white, and lack the pectoral band.

Hab. Japan, Corea, North China and Mongolia, wintering in
Burma and Eastern India, and has occurred as far south as the
Andamans.

In habits it resembles the Lapwing, and like that bird is shy
and wary, and when disturbed flies high above the intruder,
uttering loud cries. It frequents damp, marshy localities, and
feeds on insects. It breeds in April, depositing its 4 eggs in
the grass, on the ridges which intersect the paddy fields. The
eggs resemble those of V. vulgaris, but are not so pointed.

VANELLUS 749

VANELLUS, Briss., 1760.

1042. THE LAPWING.
VANELLUS VULGARIS.

Vanellus vulgaris, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 313 (1803) ; Dresser, vii.
p. 545, pi. 531 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 230 ; Saunders,
p. 555 ; Lilford, v. p. 43, pi. 16 ; Pointing, p. 63, pi. 16 ; 1 V.
capella, Schaeff. Mus. Orn. p. 49 (1789) ; Tringa vanellus, Linn.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766) ; (Naum.), vii. p. 269, Taf. 179 ; (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 166 ; (Ridgway), p. 172 ; V. cristatus,
Wolf and Meyer, Hist. Nat. Ois. de 1'Allem. p. 110 (1805) ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. p. 291 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 33 ; Hewitson, ii.
p. 301, pi. Ixviii. ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 312 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib.
0. p. 838.

Vanneau dixhuit, French ; Abibe, Abecuinha, Portug. ; Ave
fria, Span. ; Pavoncella comune, Ital. ; Kiebitz, German ; Kiemty
Dutch ; Vibe, Dan. and Norweg. .; Tofsvipa, Swed. ; Hyyppci,
Finn. ; Pigolitza, Chilis, Russ. ; Tagere, Jap.

cJ ad. (England). Forehead, crown, fore throat and upper breast
velvety black ; nape, sides of neck and face and under parts white ; on
the hind crown a long curved crest ; upper parts metallic green tinged
with purple ; quills -purplish black ; wing-coverts violet- purple ; upper
and under tail-coverts rust-red ; tail white on the basal, and black on the
terminal half, the outer feathers nearly all white ; bill black ; legs
brownish red ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1 '15, wing 8'8, tail 1*45, tarsus
1-8 inch. Female duller with a shorter crest. In winter both sexes have
the throat white, the breast-feathers tipped with white and those on the
upper parts slightly buff-tipped. The young bird resembles the above
winter dress, but has the sides of head and nape washed with buff, the
pectoral band small, and the feathers on the upper parts edged with buff.

Hob. The whole of Europe, north to the Arctic Circle;
wintering in Southern Europe and North Africa ; Canaries ;
Madeira, rare in the Azores; Asia Minor and Asia east to
Japan, north to Dauria ; South China and N.W. India in
winter.

Inhabits the lowlands, plains, and moors except when breed-
ing, in preference damp localities, and is shy and wary ; when
disturbed, especially when breeding, it flies overhead, swooping
and casting itself about uttering its wailing cry, pee-wit, pee-wit.
It feeds on worms and insects of various kinds. It begins to
breed late in March or early in April, its nest being a mere
depression in the soil, scantily lined with grass. The eggs, 4 in

750 VANELLUS— STREPSILAS

number, are brownish olive with a few purplish brown shell-
blotches, and with many blackish brown surface spots and
blotches, and measure about 1*73 by T35.

STREPSILAS, Illiger, 1811.

1043. TURNSTONE.
STREPSILAS INTERPRES.

Strepsilas interpres (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766) ; Naum. vii.
pi. 303, Taf. 180 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 303, pi. Ixxix. ; Dresser, vii.
p. 555, pi. 532 ; Gould, B. of Austral, vii. pi. 39 ; id. B. of Gt.
Brit, iv. pi. 60 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 92 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 845 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 223 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Em p. p. 331 ; Saunders, p. 557 ; Lilford, v. p. 46,
pi. 17 ; Poynting, p. 69, pi. 17 ; (Bidgway), p. 180 ; S. collaris.
(Meyer and Wolf), Taschenb. ii. p. 383, footnote (1810) ; Gould, B.
of E. iv. pi. 318.

Tournepierre, French ; Ma^arico, Portug. ; Revuelve-piedras,
Span. ; Voltapietre, Ital. ; Steinwaltzer, German ; Steenlooper,
Dutch ; Tildra, Icel. ; Stenvender, Dan. ; Stenvcelter, Norweg. :
HosJcarl, Swed. ; Groategollds, Lapp. ; Luotolainen, Finn. ; Kam-
nescharka, Russ. ; Kio-jo-shigi, Jap.

$ ad. (Norway). Head, throat, rump, tail-coverts, and under parts
below the breast white ; crown and nape with black stripes ; a narrow
band over the forehead, a stripe from the mandible to the breast, breast,
and upper flanks black ; upper parts varied black, chestnut, and white ;
tail white with a subterminal black band ; bill blackish ; legs orange-red ;
iris dark brown. Culmen 1*0, wing 6'0, tail 2'5, tarsus I'O inch. Female
rather duller, the head and nape darker. In winter both sexes have less
chestnut in the plumage and the black feathers have white tips. The
young bird has the head and nape dull brown marked with black ; upper
parts blackish brown marked with buff and brown, the breast dull dark
brown.

Hob. Europe, north to Greenland, Iceland, and Novaya
Zemlya ; Africa to the Cape, Madagascar, and the Mascarene
Isles ; the Canaries, Madeira, and Azores ; Asia, north to the
Arctic Ocean and Kamchatka, east to Japan, south through
China, India, and the Philippines to Australia and New
Zealand ; North and South America, the West Indies, and the
Pacific Islands; is perhaps the most cosmopolitan species of
bird.

Frequents the sea shore, especially in rocky localities, and is
comparatively seldom met with on the mud-flats. It feeds on
marine worms, insects and their larvae, small crustaceans, &c.

STREPSlLAS—HsEMA TO PUS 7 5 1

It runs with ease, and its flight is strong and swift. Its note
is a clear, loud whistle, kee, kee, kee, uttered first slow, then
quicker. It breeds early in June on or near the sea coast, the
nest being usually under a large stone or a bush, sparingly lined
with grass-bents. The eggs, 4 in number, are dull greenish grey,
with dull purplish underlying shell-markings and dark brown
surface blotches and spots, and measure about 1 '62 by 1/21.

HJEMATOPUS, Linn., 1766.

1044. OYSTER-CATCHER.
ELffiMATOPUS OSTRALEGOJS.

Hcematopus ostralegus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1766) ; Naiim. vii.
p. 325. Taf. 181 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 305, pi. Ixxx ; Gould, B. of E.
iv. pi. 300 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit pi. 45 ; Dresser, vii. p. 567, pi. 533 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 107 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iv. p. 245 ; Saunders, p. 559 ; Lilford, v. p. 47, pi. 18 ; Poynting,
p. 75, pi. 18; H. osculans, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 405 ; Sharpe,
op. cit. p. Ill ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 843.

Huitrier pie, French ; Ostraceiro, Portug. ; Ostrero, Span. ;
Beccaccia di mare, Ital. ; Austernfischer, German ; ScTwlekster,
Dutch ; Tjaldr, Icel. ; Strandskade, Dan. ; Kjeldi Norweg. ;
Strandskata, Swed. ; Cagan, Lapp. ; Rantaharakka, Piiski, Finn. ;
Morskaya-soroka, Sorotschai, Russ. ; Darya-gajpaon, Hindu.

$ ad. (Sweden). Head, neck, and back deep black ; a small spot
under the eye, rump, upper tail-coverts, base of tail, under parts, and
under surface of wings white ; quills black, the inner webs margined with
white ; larger wing-coverts and some of the inner secondaries white ; tail
black on the terminal portion ; bill orange-red, becoming yellow at the
tip ; legs purplish flesh-red ; iris reddish ; edge of eyelid orange-red.
Culmen 2 '85, wing 9*6, tail 4*4, tarsus 1'9 inch. Sexes alike. In winter
the white spot under the eye is larger, and a white patch is on the throat.

Hob. The whole of Europe, north to the Arctic Circle;
Iceland ; Greenland ; Africa, in winter south to Mozambique and
Senegambia ; Asia, east to Japan, north to Kamchatka, south in
winter to South China, India, and Ceylon.

Frequents the sea shores, especially rocky parts, and is
comparatively seldom seen inland. Extremely shy and wary, it
starts off at the slightest sign of danger, uttering its clear, loud
whistle. It feeds on worms, limpets and other shell-fish, young
crabs, &c., and notwithstanding its name I know of no evidence
of its ever taking oysters. It breeds from the middle of April
to the latter part of May, and deposits its 3, occasionally 4, eggs

752 HCEMATOPUS— RECUR VIROSTRA

amongst the gravel, or stones, slightly above high-water mark.
These are stone-buff with purplish grey underlying, and blackish
of blackish brown surface spots and blotches, and measure about
2-24 by 1-52.

Dr. Sharpe grants specific rank to the East Asiatic bird
(IT. osculans), but I cannot consider it even worthy of subspecific
rank, as it only has, as a rule, less white on the outer primaries,
and a somewhat longer bill, but even these slight differences do
not appear to be constant.

1045. AFRICAN BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER.
H^MATOPUS MOQUINI.

Hcematopus moquini, Bp. Comp. rend, xliii. p. 1020 (1856) ; Dresser, ix.
p. 359, pi. 711 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 119 ; H. capensis
(Licht.), Verz. Doubl. p. 73 (1823 nom. mid.) ; Meade Waldo, Ibis,
1889, p. 13.

Corveno, in Graciosa ; Grajo do Mar, on Lanzarote ; Cuervo
marino, on Fuerteventura.

<J ad. (Fuerteventura). Entire plumage dark sooty black ; bill and
bare part round the eye coral-red ; legs deep crimson ; iris bright red.
Culmen 3'45, wing 9'8, tail 4*3, tarsus 2'0 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. South Africa, north to the Red Sea and Gaboon :
Canaries; Madeira.

In habits it does not appear to differ from H. ostralegus. It
breeds in the Canaries and in South Africa, depositing its eggs,
usually 2, but sometimes 4, in number, on the sand or shingle
just above high-water mark. The eggs are greyish cream-
coloured, somewhat sparsely covered with coarse, irregular wavy,
black and dark brown broken lines, and measure about 2*6
by 1-9.

According to Pallas (Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 131), the West
American Oyster-catcher, Hcematopus niger, occurs on the Kuril e
Islands, but so far as I can ascertain no specimen has been
obtained there.

BECURVIROSTRA, Linn., 1766.

1046. AVOCET.
RECURVIROSTRA AVOCETTA.

Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 256 (1766) ; Naum. viii.
p. 213, Taf. 204 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 339, pi. xcii. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of
E. iv. pi. 308 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 53 ; Dresser, vii. p. 577,

RECUR VIROSTRA— HIMANTOPUS 753

pi. 534; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 461 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiv. p. 326 : Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 248 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 853 ; Saunders, p. 561 ; Lilford, v. p. 49, pi. 19 ;
Poynting, p. 79, pi. 19.

Avocette a nuque noire, French ; Alfayate, Frade, Portug. ;
Boceta, Span. ; Avocetta, Ital. ; Avosett-sdbler, German ; Kluit,
Dutch ; Klyde, Dan. and Norweg. ; Skarftdcka, Swed. ; Schilok-
liovlca, Russ. ; Bou-mehet, Moor. ; Halebi, Arab. ; Kusya-chaha,
Hindu.

<J ad. (Spain). Crown, sides of head to below the eye, nape, hind
neck, primaries, and wing-coverts, except those at the base of the wing,
black ; rest of plumage white ; beak slender, curved upwards, black ; legs
light blue ; iris reddish brown. Culmen 4'0, wing 8*5, tail 3'45, tarsus
3'65 inch. Sexes alike. In the winter the black on the upper parts is
sullied with grey, and the middle tail-feathers are tinged with brownish
grey.

Hob. Europe, north to Southern Sweden; formerly an in-
habitant of, but now only an accidental visitant to Britain;
Africa in winter as far south as the Cape Colony ; Asia, east to
Mongolia and China, north to Dauria, south to India and Ceylon.

Frequents damp marshy localities, and is exceedingly shy and
wary. Its note is a clear, loud kluit, uttered several times in
succession, and its food consists of small aquatic insects which
it obtains from the surface by swaying sideways with the bill,
the action reminding one forcibly of a mower cutting grass. It
wades far in the water, and will when necessary swim, which it
does with ease. It breeds in May, the nest being a depression
in the soil, or the dry mud near the water, scantily lined with a
few grass-bents, and the eggs, 3 to 4 in number, are clay-buff
or stone-ochre with a faint greyish tinge, with blackish grey
underlying shell-markings and bold black surface spots and
blotches, and measure about 2'1 by 1*5.

HIMANTOPUS, Briss., 1760.

1047. BLACK-WINGED STILT.

HIMANTOPUS CANDIDUS.

Himantopus candidus, Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 24 (1791) ;
Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 34 ; Dresser, vii. p. 587, pis. 535, 536 ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 462 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 247 ; Saunders, p. 563 ; Poynting, p. 85, pi. 20 ; Charadrius himan-
topus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 255 ; (Naum.), viii. p. 191, Taf. 203 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 310 ; H. melanopterus, Meyer,
Ann. Wetter. Gesellsch. iii. p. 177 (1814) ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 289 ;
Hewitson, ii. p. 342, pi. xcii. fig. 1 ; Lilford, v. p. 51, pi. 20.

754 HIMANTOPUS— PHALAROPUS

EcJiasse blanche, French ; Fuzellos, Portug. ; Ciguenuela, Span. ;
Cavalier cV Italia, Ital. ; Grauschivanziger Stelzenlaufer, German ;
Steltkluit, Dutch ; Eodbenet-Styltelober, Dan. ; Chodulotschnik,
Soldatka, Russ. ; Bou-k&aiha, Moor. ; Bidji, Sugdah, Arab. ; Gaj-
paun, Tinghur, Hindu.

<$ ad. (Sarepta). Hind crown, nape, and hind neck black intermixed
with white ; upper portion of back and wings deep black glossed with
bottle-green or purplish green ; outer tail-feathers white, the rest grey ;
rest of plumage pure white ; bill blackish ; legs rose-pink ; iris deep
carmine-red. Culmen 2'75, wing 9'5, tail 3'2, tarsus 4'6 inch. The
female has the hind crown and nape with the hind neck dull blackish
grey, and the back, scapulars, and inner secondaries dull blackish brown ;
otherwise like the male. The male sometimes has the whole head and
neck white. Young birds have the hind neck grey and the feathers on
the upper parts with brownish white margins.

Hob. Southern Europe, visiting Britain, Holland, Denmark,
France, Switzerland, and Hungary ; the whole of Africa ; Central
and Southern Asia, east to China, south to India and Ceylon.

In habits it is as a rule tame and confiding. It steps daintily
about or wades in the shallow water in search of food, which
consists of gnats, aquatic insects of various kinds picked off
the surface, and Iarva3. Its note is a clear, loud whistle,
but it is not a noisy bird. It breeds in May, often in large
communities, placing its nest on the dense floating herbage, in
which case it is strongly built of rushes and reed-bents, or else
on the dry mud, in which case the nest is a very slight
structure. The eggs, 4 in number, are paler or darker warm
stone-buff, boldly spotted and blotched with black or blackish
brown, and measure about 171 by 1*23.

PHALAROPUS, Briss., 1760.

1048. RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.

PHALAROPUS HYPERBOREUS.

Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766) ; Hewitson,
ii. p. 370, pi. civ. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. p. 336 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit,
iv. pi. 83 ; Dresser, vii. p. 597, pis. 537, 539, fig. 2 ; (David and
Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 482 ; (Audubon), B. Am. v. p. 295, pi. 340 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 698 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 318 ; Bianf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 281 ; Saunders, p. 567 ;
Lilford, v. p. 56, pi. 22 ; Poynting, p. 95, pi. 22 ; P. lobatus(Lum.),
Syst. Nat. i. p. 149 (1766) ; Ridgway,p. 145; P. angustirostris, Naum.
viii p. 240, Taf. 205 ; P. cinereus, Meyer, Taschenb. ii: p. 417,
(1810) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 848.

PHALAROPUS 755

Phalarope cendrtf, French ; Sekmalscknabliger- Wassertreter, Ger-
man ; Sundhani, Odinshani, Icel. ; Odinshcme, Dan. ; Smalnwbet-
Svomsneppe, Norweg. ; Smalnablad-Simsnappa, Swed. ; Kaitan-
okka- Vesipddskynen, Finn. ; Pavgui, Lapp. ; Plavuntschik, Russ.

(£ ad. (Lapland). Crown, nape, and upper parts sooty blackish, the
back and scapulars margined with ochreous ; wings blackish, the coverts
tipped with white ; tail blackish brown ; sides of face, a band across the
breast, and flanks blackish, the first slightly marked with ochreous ; a
bright fox-red patch on each side of the neck ; rest of under parts white ;
bill blackish, the base of the lower mandible yellowish ; legs greyish
plumbeous ; toes lobed, the webs paler ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'05,
wing 4'0, tail 1'95, tarsus 0'8 inch. The female is larger and brighter
coloured. In winter the fore crown, lores, sides of head, and under parts
are white ; hind crown, nape, and hind neck dusky brown ; mantle blackish
brown with bufty white margins.

Hal. Northern Europe, up to the North Cape ; Iceland ;
Southern Europe and North Africa (rarely) in winter; Asia,
north to Kamchatka, east to Japan, south in winter to China,
India, and the Malay Archipelago; North America from the
Arctic regions, south in winter to Guatemala.

Frequents the sea coasts in winter and inland pools and lochs
during the breeding season, and is extremely tame and confiding.
It swims with ease, and even dives half under the surface of
the water in search of its food, which consists of worms, small
shrimps, Crustacea, and marine insects. Its flight closely re-
sembles that of a Sandpiper, and its note is a clear tirrr. It
breeds from early in June to July, its cup-shaped nest of grass
and aquatic plants being placed on the wrack on the margins of,
or more often in small islets in, lakes. The eggs, 4 in number,
are clay-yellow, ochreous, or brown, spotted or blotched with
dark umber-brown or blackish, and measure about 1/17 by 0'85.

1049. GREY PHALAROPE.
PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS.

Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766) ; Aud. B. of
Am. pi. 255; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pis. 81, 82; Newton,
P.Z.S. 1867, pi. xv. fig. 1 (egg) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 481 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 318 ; Dresser, vii. p. 605, pis. 538, 539,
fig. 1 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 693 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 851 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 282 ; (Kidgway), p. 144 ;
Saunders, p. 565 ; Lilford, v. p. 53, pi. 21 ; Poynting, p. 91, pi. 21 ;
P. platyrhynchus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 459 (1815) ; Naum. viii.
p. 255, Taf. 206 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 337; P. lobatus (nee. Linn.) ;
Hewitson, ii. p. 368, pi. civ. fig. 2.

3 D

756 PHALAROPUS— SCOLOPAX

Phalarope gris, French ; Falaropo rosso, ItaL. ; Plattsclmabliger
Wassertreter, German ; Eosse Frangepoot. Dutch ; Thorsham,
Icel. ; Bredncebet- Vandtrceder, Dan. ; Bredncebet-Svomsneppe,
Norweg. ; Brednabbad-Simsnappa, Swed. ; Leveanokka- Vesipaas-
kynen, Finn. ; Plosconosey-plavuntchik, Russ.

9 ad. (Labrador). Crown, nape, chin, and base of bill black ; upper
parts black margined with rusty yellow ; short secondaries margined, and
wing-coverts tipped, with white ; upper tail-coverts rusty red marked with
blackish brown ; middle tail-feathers blackish, the rest slate-grey ; a white
patch on the sides of the head ; neck and under parts rich dark rusty
red ; bill flat, yellowish, tipped with black ; legs dull olivaceous ; iris
dark brown. Culmen 1*1, wing 5'35, tail 2*8, tarsus 0*85 inch. The
male is smaller, duller in colour, and the white patch on the face is almost
obsolete. In winter the upper parts are dark French-grey, the head, neck,
and under parts white, with a broad blackish streak through and behind
the eye. The young bird has the crown, hind neck, back, and scapulars
blackish with ochreous margins ; wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-
coverts plumbeous bordered with buff and ochreous ; rest of head, neck,
and under parts white, the throat and breast tinged with brownish buff.

Hal. Breeds in Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, not in
Norway, and the extreme northern portions of the Old and
New Worlds, ranging south in winter to the Mediterranean
in Europe, to China, has once occurred in India, and is recorded
from New Zealand ; on the American continent it occurs as far
south as Chili in winter.

In habits and nidification it closely resembles P. hyperloreus,
but its note is said to be more Finch-like, and it usually nests
on the small islands off the coast, and not on the main land.
Its eggs, 4 in number, also resemble those of P. hyperboreus, but
are as a rule somewhat stouter and larger, and some have a
paler ground-colour.

SCOLOPAX, Linn., 1766.

1050. WOODCOCK.
SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA.

Scolopax rusticida (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 243 (1766) ; Naum, viii.
p. 361, Taf, 211 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 348, pi. xcvi. ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 3L9 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 77 ; Dresser, vii. p. 615, pi, 540 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 347 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine,
:., p. 475 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 671 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0.
p. 949 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 283 ; Eidgway, p. 149 ;
Saunders, p. 569 ; Lilford, v. p. 58, pis. 23, 24 ; Poynting, p. 103,
pi. 23.

SCOLOPAX—ROSTRATULA 757

Btcasse ordinaire, French ; Gallinkola, Portug. ; Becada,
Chocha, Span. ; Beccaccia, Ital. ; Waldschnepfe, German ;
Woudsnep, Dutch ; Skovsneppe, Dan. ; Eugde, Norweg. ; Morkulla,
Swed. ; Lehtokurppa, Finn. ; Waldschnep, Shabashka, Russ. ;
Simtitar, Hindu. ; Himar el hedjel, Moor. ; Hodo-shigi, Jap.

£ ad. (Smyrna). Forehead dull light grey marked with dark brown ;
hind head black crossed by three irregular yellowish buff and rusty brown
bands ; upper parts reddish brown, barred and marked with black and
warm ochreous ; tail black and marked with rusty red and tipped with
buffy grey ; chin white ; sides of head greyish, marked with brown and
rufous ; under parts dull rufous white with narrow undulating transverse
dusky brown bars ; bill dull flesh-colour becoming dark brown at the end ;
legs greyish flesh-brown ; iris blackish brown. Culmen 3*2, wing 7*7,
tail 3 '35, tarsus 1*4 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird has the outer
webs of the primaries with distinct fulvous notches, the upper parts rather
darker, and the under parts paler.

Hob. Northern Europe and Asia, north to about 66-67"°,
breeding however as far south as the Azores, Canaries, Madeira,
and the Himalayas ; wintering in South Europe, rarely in North
Africa, in Japan, China, and India ; accidental in Eastern North
America.

Is chiefly nocturnal in its habits, remaining during the day-
time till evening in dense covers, especially where the soil is
damp, and feeding at night, its food consisting of worms and
insects of various kinds. In the breeding season the male flies
along certain regular routes, uttering its peculiar call orrt, orrt,
pisp. Its nest is a hollow in the ground thickly lined with dry
leaves, usually in the borders of a grove or a sparse thicket, and
the eggs, 4 in number, are deposited late in April or early in
May. These are creamy buff or dark stone-buff with pale dull
purplish shell-markings and dark brown surface spots, these last
being more numerous at the larger end. In size they measure
about 175 by 1*32. The young are conveyed from the nest to their
feeding grounds by being carried between the parents' thighs.

KOSTRATULA, VieilL, 1816.

1051. PAINTED SNIPE.
ROSTRATULA CAPENSIS.

Rostratula capensis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 246 (1766) ; (Layard), B. of
S. Afr. p. 334 ; (David and Oust), Ois. Chine, p. 480 ; (Milne-Edw.
and Grandid.), Hist. Nat. Madag. pi. 261 and pi. 306, fig. 9 (eggs) ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 340 ; Sharpe, Cat B. Br. Mus. xxiv.
p. 683 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. pp. 293 ; R. bengalensit,
(Linn.), torn. cit. i. p. 263.

3 D 2

758 ROSTRA TULA—GALLINA GO

Ohari, Nepal. ; Tibud, Panlawa, Mahr. ; Tama-shigi, Jap.

£ ad. (India). Crown and nape olivaceous brown ; a broad median
stripe, a narrow ring round, and a stripe behind the eye buff ; hind neck
and fore back ashy brown narrowly dark barred ; upper parts black varied
with rufous grey and yellow and washed with olivaceous ; a broad
buff stripe on each side of the back ; wing- coverts and quills with ovate
yellowish and rusty spots ; upper tail-coverts and tail blue-grey with
yellowish ovate spots and bars ; chin nearly white ; throat and upper
breast ashy brown with dull white stripes, bordered below with blackish ;
sides of breast olive-brown and black ; rest of under parts white ; bill, legs,
and iris olive-brown. Culmen 2*1, wing 5'0, tail 1*7, tarsus 1*7 inch.
Female larger, much richer coloured ; sides of head rufous becoming
chestnut-red on the throat down to the black band across the breast ;
mantle dark lead-grey with narrow black bars ; a tuft of white lanceolate
feathers under the scapulars in all ages. Young birds resemble the male
adult.

Hob. Africa south of the Sahara, but ranging in the east to
the Nile Delta ; Madagascar ; Asia Minor (?) ; Afghanistan,
Kashmir, and the Indian Peninsulas, east to Japan and China,
south in winter to Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines.

Frequents moist or grassy localities often where there are
bushes, is Rail-like in its general habits and flight, and hard
to flush, affording poor sport. It feeds on insects and mollusca,
and also to some extent on grain and grass seeds. The note
of the female is a guttural croak, that of the male shriller.
It is said to breed twice in the year, and in India its nest has
been found at all seasons. The nest is a mere hollow in the
ground, often with a pad of grass or rushes, and the eggs, 4
in number, which are very small for the size of the bird, only
measuring about 1'40 by 0*99, are clear yellowish buff, boldly
blotched with rich brownish black, here and there becoming
rich raw sienna-brown.

GALLINAGO, Leach, 1816.

1052. DOUBLE SNIPE.
GALLINAGO MAJOR.

Gallinago major (GmeL), Syst. Nat. i. p. 661 (1788) ; (Naum.), viii.
p. 291, Taf. 208 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 351, pi. xcvii. ; (Gould), B. of E
iv. pi. 320 ; id. B. of Gt Brit. iv. pi. 78 ; Dresser, vii. p. 631
pi. 541 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 626 ; Saunders, p. 571
Lilford, v. p. 59, pi. 25 ; Poynting, p. 109, pi. 24.

Grande Bdcassine, French ; Narseja grande, Portug. ; Aga-
chadiza-real, Span. ; Croccolone, Ital. ; Grosse Sumpfschnepfe,

GALLINAGO 759

Dop2Jelschnepfe, German ; Poelsnip, Dutch ; Tredcekker, Dan. ;
Dobbelt-Bekhasin, Norweg. ; Dubbel Beclcasin, Swed. ; Heind-
kurppa, Finn. ; Dupel, Leshenok, Russ.

£ ad. (Denmark). Forehead and sides of head buffy white dotted
with blackish brown ; centre of crown and nape black with a central pale
buff streak ; upper parts blackish brown variegated with creamy buff
and rufous ; a broad stripe on each side of the back creamy buff ;
quills blackish brown ; wing-coverts tipped with dirty white ; middle
tail-feathers blackish at base, then rufous variegated with black, the rest
broadly tipped with white, the three outermost half white ; chin, neck,
and throat buff, the two last marked with blackish brown ; under parts
white closely barred with blackish brown, the breast and flanks tinged
with buff ; bill dull flesh-coloured at the base darkening to black towards
the end ; legs dull flesh-colour, the joints plumbeous ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 2'4, wing 5'5, tail 2'5, tarsus T4 inch. Sexes alike. The young
have the upper parts more rufous, the wings less marked with white, and
the under parts more obscurely marked.

Hal}. Northern Europe up j;o about 69° N. lat. in Norway,
65° in Sweden and Russia, but not above 62° in Finland ;
wintering in Southern Europe, and Africa as far south as the
Cape Colony; Asia east to the Yenesei valley and Persia; a
frequent visitor to Great Britain.

Like the Woodcock the present species is chiefly nocturnal
in its habits, and frequents swampy damp localities. It is
always seen singly, never in wisps like the Common Snipe,
and its flight is heavier and more direct. It may always be
distinguished from that species by its shorter bill and legs,
and by the large amount of white on the tail. In the spring
they frequent regular " drumming " places, like some of the
Grouse, and fight for the possession of the females. Its note
bipbip, bipbiperere, biperere, may then be heard at some distance
if the night is still. Its food consists of worms, small slugs,
insects, and larvae, and it feeds chiefly at night. Its nest is a
mere depression in the ground, sparingly lined with a few
grass straws, and the eggs are usually deposited in June.
These are pale olive-grey or olivaceous stone-buff with purplish
grey underlying shell- markings, and bold blackish brown
surface spots and blotches, and measure about 1*75 by T24.

1053. SINGLE SNIPE.
GALLINAGO CJELESTIS.

Gallinago calestls (Frenzel), Beschr. Vog. und Eier Wittenb. p. 58,
(1801) ; Dresser, vii. p. 641, pis. 542, 543 ; Saunders, p. 673 ;

760 GALLINAGO

Poynting, p. 115, -pi. 25; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 286 ;
Scolopax gallinago, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 244 ; Naum. viii. p. 310,
Taf. 209 j Hewitson, ii. p. 353, pi. xcviii. ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 321, fig. 2 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 346 ; (Sharpe), Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 633 ; Lilford, v. p. 63, pi. 26 ; (Ridgway),
p. 150 ; G. scolopacina, Bp. Comp. List. p. 52 (1838) ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 960 ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 79 ; David
and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 478 ; G. sabinii (Vigors), Trans. Linn.
Soc. xiv. p. 557 (1825) ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 321, fig. 1 ;
Lilford, v. p. 64, pi. 27 ; Poynting, p. 115, pi. 25.

Ch&vre volante, French ; Narseja ordinaria, Portug. ; Aga-
chadiza, Span. ; Beccacino reale, Ital. ; Moorschnepfe, German ;
Watermip, Dutch ; Myrispita, Icel. ; Dobbelt Bekkasin, Dan. ;
Enkelt Bekkasin, Norweg. ; Enkelbeckasin, Swed. ; Makastak,
Lapp. ; Taivan-vuohi, Taivan-jaari, Finn. ; Bekass, BaracMk,
Russ. ; Choseh, Arab. ; Boumonkar, Moor. ; Chaha, Bharak,
Hindu. ; Ji-shigi, Jap.

<J ad. (England). Crown blackish brown with a central and two
lateral buff stripes ; upper parts black ^zaried with rufous and
warm buff, the last forming long lines on each side of the back ; quills
blackish, the first margined and the wing-coverts tipped and slightly
barred with dull white ; middle tail-feathers black tipped with rufous
marbled and barred with black, the rest rufous buff barred with blackish ;
lores blackish ; neck, throat, and upper breast buffy white varied with
blackish ; flanks and axillaries white barred with blackish ; bill pale
reddish brown at the base, otherwise dark brown ; legs pale greenish ; iris
dark brown. Culmen 2*8, wing 5*1, tail 2*4, tarsus 1*35. Female similar
but a trifle larger. The young bird is duller in colour, and is more rufous,
especially on the breast and neck.

Sabine's Snipe (G. sabinii) is merely a melanite form.

Hob. Europe generally, north to about 69° N. lat. ; Iceland,
Greenland ; Madeira, Canaries, and Azores ; North Africa and
Southern Europe in winter; Asia north to Kamchatka, east
to Japan, south in winter to India, China, and as far south as
Batchian ; of accidental occurrence in Bermuda.

Inhabits marshes and damp localities, and is as a rule shy
and wary. Though not strictly nocturnal it is crepuscular,
feeding in the early morning and late evening, its food con-
sisting chiefly of worms, in search of which it probes with its
bill, the terminal portion of which is soft and sensitive. Its
note is a double cluck, tjick-tjuck, tjick-tjuck, and in the spring
it produces, when on the wing, a peculiar drumming or bleating
sound, caused by the stiff tail feathers as the bird drops
swiftly through the air with extended tail. The nest is a

GALLINAGO 761

mere depression in the ground, scantily lined with a few grass-
bents, and the eggs, 4 in number, which are usually deposited
in the latter part of April, vary in ground-colour from stone-
greenish to greenish buff, with pale purplish grey underlying
shell-markings, and umber-brown surface spots and blotches,
and measure about 1'61 by 1*7. As a rule they are more
heavily blotched at the larger end.

In North America, the present species is replaced by a
closely allied form, Gallinago delicata (Ord), differing in having
16 tail-feathers instead of 14 as in G. ccelestis, the under wing-
coverts and axillaries much more broadly barred with dull slate,
the bill shorter, usually below 2*75, and the tarsus shorter.
This form is said, on somewhat doubtful evidence, to have
occurred in Britain.

1054. PIN-TAILED SNIPE.
GALLINAGO STENURA.

Gallinago stenura (Kuhl), Me Bp. Ann. Stor. Nat. Bologna, iv. fasc.
xiv. p. 335 (1830) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 478 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 619 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 345 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 959 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 289 ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1802, p. 179, pi. vi. figs. 3, 6

£ ad. (N. Siberia). Differs from G. ccelestis in having normally
26 tail-feathers, the 10 middle ones broad, and the rest shorter, very
narrow and stiff, the wing lining and axillaries more broadly barred, the
bill not so broad at the point, and the white margins to the secondaries
narrower or obsolete. Culmen 2 '35, wing 4'8, tail T8, tarsus 1'25 inch.
Sexes alike.

Hob. Siberia, west to the Yenesei valley, and has been
recorded from Japan ; in winter is found in China, Corea,
India, Ceylon, and the Malay archipelago.

In habits it much resembles G. ccdestis, but owing to its
beak being less sensitive it probes less and feeds more on
insects, grubs, Crustacea, &c., than worms, is more often found
on dry grass and stubbles, and its cry is somewhat dissimilar,
and sharper. Its flight is heavier and more like that of
G. major, and its drumming sounds like bubbling water, and is
continued longer than that of G. ccelestis. It breeds on the
Yenesei in about 65° 40' N. lat., its nest being similar to that
of G. ccelestis, but its 4 eggs are larger, more profusely marked,
especially at the larger end, and have the ground-colour as
in those of G. major. In size they average T65 by 1*18.

762 GALLINAGO

1055. SWINHOE'S SNIPE.
GALLINAGO MEGALA.

Gallinago megala, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 343 ; David and Oust. Ois-
Chine, p. 479 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 343 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxiv. p. 624 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 956.

Rharaldzin, Buriat. ; Toutagaldzin, Tungus.

<$ ad. (Lake Baikal). Differs from G. sienura in having 20 tail-
feathers, the 5 lateral ones on each side attenuated, the under wing surface,
axillaries, and flanks bolder and closely barred with black. Culmen 2*25,
wing 5 '5, tail 2 '15, tarsus 1'33 inch.

Hob. Eastern Siberia (the Southern Baikal, Dauria, the
Amoor, and the Ussuri rivers) ; Japan ; Corea ; S.E. Mongolia ;
China ; in winter south to the Philippines, Borneo, and the
Moluccas.

In habits it does not appear to differ from G. stenura, but
its eggs seem to differ greatly from those of that species,
being, according to Taczanowski, in form like those of Scolopax
rust'icula, in colour pale cream or ochreous, the shell-markings
reddish grey and the surface spots and markings reddish
brown or brown, and measure about 1*63 by T22.

1056. NEW HOLLAND SNIPE.
GALLINAGO AUSTRALIS.

Gallinago australis (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixv. (1801) ; (Gould),
B. of Austr. vi. pi. 40 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 342 ; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 652.

Yama-sliigi, Jap.

<£ ad. (Japan). Larger and stouter than G. cwlestis, the light markings
on the upper parts paler, more buffy isabelline ; throat, neck, breast, and
under tail-coverts washed with warm ochreous buff; the two outer tail-
feathers somewhat attenuated ; bill yellowish olive at the base, otherwise
brown ; legs olive yellowish ; iris dark brown. Culrnen 3*0, wing 6*4,
tail 2 '2 5, tarsus 1 '35 inch.

Hob. Japan, migrating south for the winter to Australia
and Tasmania.

In general habits it does not differ from G..ccelestis, but it
flies heavier and sits closer, but on being flushed its note is
similar, and it also frequents similar damp localities. It

GAL LIN AGO 763

breeds in Japan on Fuji-yama at 2,000 to 3,000 feet altitude
in May and June, its nest being a hollow in the ground
amongst grass, and its 4 eggs are stone-buff, blotched chiefly
at the larger end with deep umber-brown, and measure about
1-75 by 119.

1057. SOLITARY SNIPE.
GALLINAGO SOLITARIA.

Gallinago solitaria, Hodgson, Glean, in Science, iii. p. 238 (1831) ;
David and Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 476, pi. 122 ; (Temm. and Schlegel),
Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 112, tab. Ixviii. ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp.
p. 342 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mas. xxiv. p. 654 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 290 ; G. hy emails (Eversm.), Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1845,
p. 257 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 953.

(J ad. (Japan). Upper parts generally dark brown irregularly marked
with rufous and white, not buff ; crown with an irregular median white
stripe ; a line from the base of the bill to behind the eye and chin white ;
quills brown very narrowly margined externally with whitish, the first
mottled ; tail-feathers black at base, white towards the end, irregularly
dark barred ; throat and breast brown, slightly marked with white ; rest
of under parts white, all but middle of abdomen barred with blackish ;
bill plumbeous, black at tip ; base of lower mandible yellowish brown ;
feet dull olive green ; iris dark brown. Culmen 2 '9, wing 6 '4, tail 2 '85,
tarsus 1*3 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. The Himalayas west to Afghanistan and the Altai ;
Eastern Central Asia and Siberia ; north to Kamchatka ; Tibet ;
Mongolia ; Japan ; in winter south to Northern India and
China.

Inhabits marshes as well as the vicinity of forests, and feeds
chiefly on insects and grubs. In general habits and flight
resembles G. stenura. Its nest and eggs are unknown.

1058. JACK SNIPE.
GALLINAGO GALLINULA.

Gallinago yalUnula (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 244 (1766) ; (Naum.), viii.
p. 344, Taf. 210; (Hewitson), p. 355, pi. xcix. ; (Gould), B. of E.
iv. pi. 322 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 80 ; Dresser, vii, p. 653,
pi. 544 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 479 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap.
Enip. p. 344; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 665 ; (Tacz.),
F. 0. ~Sib. 0. p. 964; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 292;
, Saunders, p. 575; Lilford, v p. 67, pi. 28; Poynting, p. 119,
pi. 26.

764 GALLINAGO—LIMICOLA

Bdcassine sourde, French ; Narseja peqtiena, Portug. ; Aga-
chadiza pequena, Span. ; Frullino, Ital. ; Ifalbschnepfe, German ;
Bolcje, Dutch ; JErikelt-Beklcasin, Dan. ; Smaabekkasin, Norweg. ;
Hcdfenkel-Beckasin, Swed. ; fJcca-mdkastak, Lapp. ; Pieni Taivan-
jaara, Finn. ; Bekass-stooshik, Garschnep, Russ.

<3 ad. (Lapland). A broad central and two superciliary stripes on the
crown black, the crown marked with deep rufous ; rest of head yellowish
buff; hind neck and fore back brown variegated with dark brown and
white ; back and scapulars black glossed with green and purple and
marked with chestnut ; a lateral ochreous stripe on each side ; wing-coverts
margined with dull grey ; rump black glossed with purple ; tail black
margined and mottled with rufous, the middle feathers elongated ; chin
and upper throat white ; lower throat, breast, and flanks greyish buff
clouded with reddish brown, and marked with dark brown ; rest of under
parts white, the under tail-coverts striped with brown ; bill yellowish
fleshy at base, otherwise blackish ; legs greyish, tinged with green at the
joints ; iris dark brown. Culmen T7, wing 4'25, tail I'D, tarsus 0'95 inch.
Female rather duller. In winter the upper parts are less glossed with
green and purple.

Hal. Northern Europe and Asia, north to above the Arctic
Circle, breeding in the high north ; in winter south to Britain,
the Mediterranean, North Africa, India, Ceylon, and China;
rare in Japan in winter.

Is less shy and lies closer than G. ccelestis, which it otherwise
much resembles, and like that bird remains hidden during the
day, and feeds in the evening and early morning, obtaining its
food chiefly by probing in the soft soil of the damp places it
frequents. It produces also a loud sound in the breeding season.
Its nest is a hollow in the ground scantily lined with a few
grass straws. The eggs, 4 in number, are very large for the
size of the bird, and are usually deposited in June ; they
resemble those of G-. ccelestis, but are more varied, often richer
in colour, and measure about 1/55 by 1-05.

LIMICOLA, Koch, 1816.

1059. BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.

LIMICOLA PLATYRHYNCHA.

Limicola platyrhyncha (Temm.), Man. d'Orn. p. 398 (1815) ; (Hewitson),
ii. p. 359, pi. c. ; (Gould), B. of E. iv. p. 331 ; Dresser, viii.
p. 3, pi. 545 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 612 ; Blanf. F.
Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 279 ; Saunders, p. 577 ; Lilford, v. p. 74,
pi. 30 ; Poynting, p. 127j pi. 28 ; L. pygmcea, Koch (nee. Lath.)>
Baier. Zool. p. 316 (1816) ; Naum. viii. p. 271, Taf. 207 ; Gould,
B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 75.

LI MIC OLA 765

Gamlecchio frullino, Ital. ; Kleiner-SumpJtiiufer, German;
Bredncebet-Strandlober, Dan. ; Brcdncebet Strandvibe, Norweg. ;
Myrsndppa, Swed. ; Ucca-jaggiloddi, Lapp. ; Jankasirriainen,
Finn.

(£ «c?. (Finland). Upper parts generally black with, narrow greyish
yellow or rufous yellowish margins to the feathers, the crown and nape
darker ; a whitish line over the eye to the nape ; rump, upper tail-coverts3
and middle elongated tail-feathers nearly all .black, the lateral tail-feathers
grey edged with white ; secondaries and wing-coverts narrowly edged with
dull white ; under parts white, the neck, throat, and flanks spotted with
blackish brown ; bill blackish and green ; legs yellowish grey, the toes
and joints plumbeous grey ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'3, beak very
broad, wing 4'1, tail T6, tarsus 0'88. Sexes alike. The adult in winter
has the upper parts brownish ashy, the centre of the feathers darker ;
rump feathers black with paler margins; wings and tail paler than in
summer ; under parts white, the throat marked with small blackish grey
striations.

Hcib. Northern Europe, chiefly in the eastern portions,
breeding within the Arctic Circle, and migrating south in
winter to Southern Europe and even North Africa; a rare
straggler to Britain; Asia east to Western Siberia.

Differs from the Sandpipers chiefly in affecting at all seasons
of the year fresh water and marshes and not the sea coast, and
on passage it is not met with in large flocks. On the wing it
behaves much like a Snipe, but when on the ground it skulks,
unlike the Sandpipers. It is a rather silent bird, and I have
never heard its note, which is described as too-who, rapidly
repeated. Its food consists of insects of various kinds and
larvaB. It breeds in June in the large marshes of Dovrefjeld and
in Lapland, but not west of the Luled Valley nor in Finmark,
in open soft places, the nest being a neatly rounded hollow,
lined with a few grass- bents. The eggs, 4 in number, vary
considerably; the ground-colour is lighter or darker stone-
buff, the shell-markings sparse and faint purplish grey, and
the surface-markings dark umber-brown or umber-red, some
eggs having these so profuse as to appear uniform coffee-red
or dark coffee-brown; in size they vary from T22 by 0*85 to
1-25 by 0-93.

1060. SUBSP. LlMICOLA SIB1RICA.

Limicola sibirica, Dresser, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 674 ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp.
Boss. p. 101 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 924 ; L. platyrhyncJia (nee.
Temm.), David and Oust. Oie. Chine, p. 470; Seebohm, B. Jap.
Emp. p. 337 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 612, partim.

7 6C LIMICOLA—TRINGA

$ ad. (E. Siberia). Differs from L. platyrliyncha in having the upper
parts more rufous, not so black, the feathers with tolerably broad pale
margins. In winter dress similar to L. platyrhyncha.

Hal. The Southern Baikal, the shores of the Sea of Ochotsk ;
Japan and China in winter.

This is merely an eastern race of our common Broad-billed
Sandpiper, and does not differ from it in habits. Its nest and
eggs are as yet unknown.

TBINGA, Linn., 1766.

1061. PECTORAL SANDPIPER.

TRINGA MACULATA.

Tringa maculata, Yieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 465 (1819) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 11, pi. 546 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 562 ; Kidgway,
p. 156 ; Saunders, p. 579 ; Lilford, v. pp. 76, 78, pis. 31, 32 ;
Poynting, p. 135, pi. 29 ; T. pectoralis (Say), in Longs. Exp. i.
p. 171 (1823) ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 327 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit, iv-
pi. 67 ; Audub. B. Am. 8vo ed., v. p. 259, pi. 329.

£ ad. (N. America). Crown and upper parts blackish brown with
greyish and ochreous buff margins, the rump blackish ; middle tail-
feathers blackish, narrowly margined with ochreous brown, the rest dusky
cinereous tipped with white ; primaries blackish, the shaft of the first one
white ; wing-coverts blackish grey with pale grey margins ; chin white ;
sides of head, neck, upper breast, and flanks greyish, clearly striped with
blackish brown, the last washed with pale buff ; bill greenish black, light
olive-green at base ; legs clay-yellow ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*2,
wing 5'0, tail 2'3, tarsus 1*1 inch. Sexes alike. In autumn the feathers
on the upper parts are more uniform, the lighter markings less buffy, and
the black less distinct, the throat and breast whiter and less distinctly
striped.

Hob. Arctic and subarctic North America in summer, migrat-
ing south to the West Indies and South America for the winter ;
Greenland ; of accidental occurrence in Great Britain.

Frequents damp localities, meadow-land and marshes, and on
migration is not found in flocks but singly or in pairs, and when
flushed rises like a Snipe, uttering a sharp cry. Like its allies
it feeds on coleoptera larvae, small aquatic insects, and also on
some species of seaweed. In the spring the male inflates its
throat to more than double the natural size, and utters a deep,
hollow, resonant, but musical note, too-ii, too-d, many times
repeated, this note or song being uttered both when on the

T RING A 767

wing and on the ground. It breeds in Arctic America on the
ground, usually in a tuft of grass, and in June deposits 4 eggs,
which are drab, sometimes with a greenish tinge, spotted
and blotched with umber-brown, and measure about T49 by
1-07.

1062. SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.

TRINGA ACUMINATA.

Tringa acuminata (Horst), Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821) ; David
and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 470 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 339 ;
Dresser, ix. p. 363, pi. 712 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mns. xxiv. p. 566 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 908 ; Saunders, p. 580 ; Ridgway, p. 155 ;
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 106, pi. vii. ; T. australis (nee. Gmel.),
Gould, B. of Austral, vi. pi. 30.

£ ad. (China). Crown rusty red striped with black ; upper parts
more rufous than T. maculata ; shafts of quills all white for a portion of
their length ; tail-feathers blackish margined with white, the middle ones
elongated and rufous margined, all the feathers pointed ; a streak over the
eye white spotted with black ; under parts white, the throat and breast
spotted with black ; the breast and flanks washed with rufous ; the
rest of the under parts with squamate black markings ; bill olivaceous
at the base, otherwise blackish brown ; legs yellowish olive ; iris hazel -
brown. Culmen 1*25, wing 5*3, tail 2-15, tarsus T2 inch. Sexes alike. In
winter the crown is rusty, the rest of upper parts greyish brown streaked
with dusky ; superciliary stripe and under parts white ; breast greyish
buff with indistinct dusky streaks. The young bird resembles the adult in
winter but is darker above.

Hob. Kamchatka and Alaska; Eastern Siberia; Japan in
winter and south to the Pelew, Sunda, and Molucca Islands,
New Guinea, New Ireland, the Friendly Islands, Australia and
New Zealand ; has occurred twice in England.

In habits it resembles T. maculata, with which species it
often associates. Its note, when taking wing, is said to be a
soft metallic pleep, pleep. It doubtless breeds in North-eastern
Siberia, but its nest and eggs are unknown.

1063. BAIRD'S SANDPIPER.
TRINGA BAIRDI.

Tringa bairdi (Coues), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861, p. 194 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 570 ; Kidgway, p. 157 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 922.

<£ ad. (N. America). Upper parts generally blackish margined with
sandy and rufous buff ; the crown greyish buff streaked with brownish

768 T RING A

black ; the rump and upper tail-coverts black, marked with warm sandy
buff, the lateral coverts white, banded with dusky brown ; tail greyish
brown, the middle feathers rather darker and longer ; under parts white,
the throat, breast, and flanks washed with buff and finely striped with
brown ; bill black ; legs and feet slaty black ; iris brown. Culmen I'O,
wing 4'7, tail 2 '2, tarsus 0'95 inch. In winter the upper parts are greyish
brown with dusky mesial streaks. The young bird has the dorsal feathers
narrowly margined with dull white, and the streaks on the throat are less
clearly defined.

Hob. America generally, breeding in the high north and
migrating for the winter down to Chili and Argentina; the
Chukche Peninsula, N. Siberia ; has occurred in Damaraland,
and once in England.

In general habits it does not differ from its allies, but is said
to be generally seen solitary or in pairs. It breeds late in June,
the nest being a depression in the ground, scantily lined, and
well hidden in the grass. The 4 eggs are light creamy buff,
sometimes tinged with rusty, thickly speckled and spotted with
deep reddish brown or chestnut, and measure about 1*30 by
0-93.

1064. BONAPARTE'S SANDPIPER.

TRINGA FUSCICOLLIS.

Tringa fuscicollis, Vieill. Now. Diet, xxxiv. p. 461 (1819) ; Dresser,
viii. p. 15, pi. 547 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 574 ; Ridgway,
p. 157 ; Saunders, p. 581 ; Poynting, p. 141, pi. 30; Lilford, v.
p. 80, pi. 33 ; T. bonapartii, Schlegel, Rev. Grit. p. Ixxxix. (1844) ;
Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 71.

£ ad. (Wisconsin). Differs from its near allies in having the upper
tail-coverts white ; upper parts brownish grey marked with ochraceous
and rusty reddish, and striped with black ; under parts white ; lower
throat, breast, and flanks clearly spotted with blackish brown ; bill
blackish, at base dull green ; legs dusky greenish ; iris blackish brown.
Culmen I'l, wing 4'7, tail 1 '8, tarsus I'O inch. Sexes alike. In winter
the upper parts are dull greyish brown, with darker streaks, and the
markings on the breast are less distinct. The young bird has the upper
parts with whitish margins, and the neck and breast washed with greyish
buff, the markings ill-defined.

Hob. Eastern North America, breeding far north, and in
winter passing through the West Indies and Eastern South
America to the Falkland Islands ; of accidental occurrence in
Britain.

In habits it does not differ from its allies, and is generally to
be found in marshy places near the coast. It breeds in Arctic

T RING A 761>

America near Franklin Bay, its nest being a shallow cavity in
the ground lined with a few decayed leaves, and late in June
or early in July it deposits 4 eggs, which are rufous drab,
boldly marked with dark sepia-brown or blackish brown, those
at the larger end being almost confluent ; in size they measure
1-35 by 0-95.

1065. DUNLIN.
TRINGA ALPINA.

Tringa alpina, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766) ; Naum. vii. p. 426,
Taf. 186 ; Dresser, viii. p. 21, pi. 548 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiv. p. 602 ; Saunders, p. 583 ; Lilford, v. p. 81, pi. 34; Blanf.
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 279 ; T. variabilis, Meyer, Ann. Wetteran.
Gesellsch. i. p. 275 (1809) ; Hewitson, ii. p. 364, pi. cii. ; T. cinclus,
Linn. torn. cit. p. 251 ; T. schinzii (Brehm), Vog. Deutschl. p. 663
(1831) ; Naum. vii. p. 453, Taf. 187.

Btcasseau variable, French ; Churrilla, Span. ; Piovanella
panda nera, Ital. ; Alpen-Strandlaufer, German; Strandbockje
Dutch ; Louthrcell, Icel. ; Almindelig-Ryle, Dan. ; Foranderlig-
Strandvibe, Norweg. ; Karrsnappa, Swed. ; Suo-sirriciinen, Finn. -r
Pestrosdboy-pessotchnik, Russ.

$ ad. (England). Crown and upper parts generally black, varied with
rusty red or yellowish red ; nape, sides and back of neck white, streaked
with blackish grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts black with greyish
margins ; middle tail-feathers blackish grey, elongated, the rest dull ashy
grey ; a whitish stripe over the eye ; chin white ; throat and upper breast
white, broadly striped with black; a broad black patch on the lower
breast ; rest of under parts white ; bill and legs black ; iris dark brown.
Culmen T3, wing 4'4, tail 2'0, tarsus 1*0 inch. Female similar, but as a
rule larger. In winter the head and upper parts are dull ashy grey, the
feathers with darker centres ; rump and upper tail-coverts black, margined
with grey ; under parts white, the lower throat and sides of neck striated
with brownish.

Hal}. Europe north to Novaya Zemlya and the Arctic coasts,
but not Spitsbergen, breeding as far south as Britain and Den-
mark ; in winter migrating to Southern Europe, and Africa as
far south as Zanzibar ; the Canaries ; Asia east to India ; acci-
dental in W. North America.

Frequents the coasts, estuaries, and flats left bare by the tide,
and less often the shores of inland lakes and morasses ; in winter
and when on passage in flocks consorting with other waders,
and feeding on marine worms, crustaceans, and insects of various
kinds. Its flight is swift and strong, and its call-note is a clear
whistle. It breeds from the latter part of April to the middle

770 TRINGA

of June, the 4 eggs being deposited in a depression in the
ground sparingly lined with grass-bents, usually near the sea
in some grass-covered swampy place. The eggs vary in ground-
colour from pale greenish grey to pale stone-colour or dark
stone-buff, and are usually marked with purplish grey shell
blotches and dark brown surface spots and blotches; in size
they measure about l'29.by O94.

1066. SUBSP. TRINGA AMERICANA.

Tringa amerlcana (C. L. Brehm), Vogelfang, p. 317 (1855) ; Cassin, B. N.
Am. p. 719 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 608 ; T. alpma
(nee. Linn.), Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 334 ; T. pacifica (Coues),
P. Acad. N. S. Phil. 1861, p. 89 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 897 ; Ridgway,
p. 160.

£ ad. Differs from T. alpina in being larger and more brightly
coloured, the chin and upper throat pure white, contrasting conspicuously
with the black on the lower breast. Culmen T7, wing 4'75, tail 2'25,
tarsus 1*1 inch.

Hob. North America generally; the West Indies in winter;
Eastern Siberia north to Kamchatka, south to Japan, Corea, and
China, west to the Boganida.

Is merely a climatic form of .'our European Dunlin, and does
not differ from it in habits, food, or nidification.

1067. LITTLE STINT.
TRINGA MINUTA.

Tringa minuta, Leisl. Nachtrag zu Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. i. p. 74(1811) ;
Naum. vii. p. 391, Taf. 184 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. p. 332 ; (id.), B. of
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 72 ; Dresser, viii. p. 29, pis. 549, 550 fig. 1, 552
fig. 1 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 538 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 918 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 273 ; Saunders, p. 585 ;
Lilford, v. p. 86, pi. 35 ; Poynting, p. 149, pis. 32, 33.

Be"casseau minute, French ; Chiwrilla minuta, Span. ; Cram-
lectio, Ital. ; Kleiner Strandldufer, German ; Kleine Strand-
looper, Dutch ; Dvcergryle, Dan. ; Liden Strandvile, Norweg. ;
Smdsnappa, Swed. ; Pikkii-sirridinen, Finn. ; Chota-pau-lopa,
Hindu.

$ ad. (Spain). Forehead and cheeks white ; feathers in front of the
eye, ear-coverts, and sides of neck rufous mottled with black, and slightly
with grey ; upper parts generally black, broadly margined with rufous,
and to some extent with whitish ; quills dark greyish brown, primary

T RING A 771

shafts chiefly white ; wing-coverts tipped with white ; upper tail-coverts and
middle tail-feathera black, the former slightly marked, the latter margined
with rufous, rest of tail pale ashy with narrow white margins ; under parts
white, the fore neck and breast tinged with rufous, and with specks of dark
brown; bill and feet black ; iris brown. Culmen 0*7, wing 3'7, tail 1'7,
tarsus 0'75, middle toe 0'75. Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are
greyish brown with blackish centres to the feathers, the rufous tinge lacking
in the plumage ; under parts white ; the sides of the upper breast brownish.
The young bird has the upper parts blackish, with rufous and whitish
margins, the under parts white, the breast tinged with buff and unspotted.

Hob. Northern Europe, breeding in the eastern and high
northern portion, migrating for the winter as far as South
Africa; Northern Asia, east to Lake Baikal, south in winter
to India and Ceylon.

Frequents on passage and in winter the sea coasts, river
banks, marshes and mud-flats, and is then usually seen in small
flocks and consorting with other waders. Its flight is swift but
irregular, and its note, drrr, drrrt, drrrt, is often uttered when
on the wing. Its food consists of aquatic insects, worms, small
Crustacea, and occasionally seeds of shore-plants. It breeds from
Northern Russia to the Taimyr Peninsula, the nest being a
mere depression or cup in the ground near the tide-mark,
scantily lined with dried leaves or grass, and the 4 eggs, which
are deposited in June or July, are miniatures of Dunlins' eggs,
and measure about 1*12 by 0*80.

1068. EASTERN LITTLE STINT.
TRINGA RUFIGOLLIS.

Tringa ruficollis, Pallas, Reis. Russ. Reichs. iii. p. 700 (1776) ; David

and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 472 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv.

p. 545 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 274 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.

p. 920 ; T. damacensis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 192 (1821) ; T.

albescens, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 41 (1823) ; Gould, B. of Austr. vi.

pi. 31.

£ ad. (E. Siberia). Differs from T. minuta in being somewhat larger,
and in having the sides of the face and neck, the throat and chest bright
rufous, the chin alone whitish ; bill and legs black ; iris nearly black.
Culmen 0'7, wing 4'0, tail 1'85, tarsus 0'7, middle toe 07 inch. Female
similar but with less rufous in the plumage. In winter plumage this
species is undistinguishable from T. minuta.

Hdb. North-eastern Siberia from the Taimyr to Kamchatka,
migrating south for the winter through Dauria and Mongolia,
to Japan, China, Burma, India, the Malay Archipelago, and
Australia.

3 £

772 TRINGA

In general habits it does not differ from T. minuta. It
doubtless breeds on the shores of the Arctic Ocean in North-
east Siberia, but its nest and eggs are as yet unknown.

1069. LONG-TOED STINT.
TRINGA SUBMINUTA.

Tringa subminuta, Middendorf, Sib. Eeise, ii. pt. 2, p. 222, Tab. xix.
fig. 6 (1851) ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 338 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. O.
p. 914 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 275 ; T. damacensis (nee.
Horsf.), (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 553 ; Kidgway, p. 158.

£ ad. (E. Siberia). Resembles T. minuta in plumage, but differs in
having a much longer middle toe, in only the first primary having a white
shaft, and in the colour of the soft parts ; beak olive-brown, becoming
black towards the end ; legs olivaceous yellow, darker on the joints ; iris
dark brown. Culmen 0'75, wing 3*7, tail 1'55, tarsus 0'82, middle
toe 0'9 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. Eastern and North-eastern Siberia, west to the Altai ;
Kamchatka ; accidental in Alaska ; on migration and in winter
in Japan, the Kurile Islands, Corea, China, and the Indo-
Malayan Islands to Australia.

In habits it does not differ from its allies. It is said to
breed on Bering Island and Saghalien, but its eggs are as yet
unknown.

1070. AMERICAN STINT.
TRINGA MINUTILLA.

Tringa minutiUa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 466 (1819) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 51, pi. 552, figs. 2, 3 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 548 ;
Ridgw.'iy, p. 158 ; Saunders, p. 587 ; Lilford, v. p. 90, pi. 37 ;
Poynting, p. 155, pi. 34.

$ ad. (N. America). Differs from T. minuta in being smaller, in
having the upper parts blacker, less marked with rufous, the hind neck
more ashy ; rump and upper tail-coverts brownish black, the outermost
feathers of the latter partly while ; the first quill only with the shaft
white ; greater wing-coverts margined with whitish ; throat white ; fore
neck aud chest ashy, streaked with brown ; rest of under parts white ;
bill blackish brown ; legs yellowish brown ; iris dark brown. Cul-
men 0'75, wing 3'35, tail 1'5, tarsus 0'72, middle toe and claw 0'75 inch.
Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are dull ashy grey, streaked with
brownish, the breast greyish, with indistinct darker streaks, the rest of the
under parts white.

T RING A 773

Hob. Arctic and subarctic America in summer, migrating
south for the winter to South America ; of accidental occurrence
in the south-west of England, where it has been thrice obtained.

In habits and food it does not differ from its European con-
geners, and frequents also similar localities. It breeds in
Arctic America and as far south as Labrador, the nest being
a mere depression in the ground, lined with a few dried leaves
and grass-bents, and the 4 eggs, which are laid late in June
or early in July, vary in ground-colour from light drab to
pale brownish, and the markings are sepia-brown or chestnut-
brown, and are, as a rule, more numerous at the larger end.
In size they measure about I'lO by 0*81.

1071. TEMMINCK'S STINT.
TRINGA TEMMINCKI.

Tringa temmincki, Leisl. Naclitrag zu Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. i. p. 64
(1811) ; Naum. vii. p. 483, Taf. 189 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 362, pi. ci. ;
Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 333 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 73 ; Dresser,
viii. p. 45, pis. 550 fig. 2, 551 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv.
p. 555 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 473 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 275 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 916 ; Saunders, p. 589 ;
Lilford, v. p. 87, pi. 36 ; Poynting, p. 159, pi. 35.

Btcasscau Temminck, French ; Terretita, Span. ; G-ambecchio
nano, Ital. ; Temmincks Strandlaufer, German ; Kleinste Strand-
looper, Dutch ; Temmincks Ryle, Dan. ; Temmincks Strandvibe
Norweg. ; Mosndppa, Swed. ; Girhi, Lapp. ; Kanyas-sirriainen,
Pieni-Sippi, Finn.

<£ ad. (Finland). Upper parts greyish brown, the feathers with blackish
centres and edged with greyish rufous or greyish brown ; quills blackish
brown, only the first with the shaft white ; large wing-coverts tipped with
white ; middle tail-feathers dark brown, slightly elongated, the rest chiefly
white, the outermost entirely so ; sides of head greyish ; a whitish stripe
over the eye ; fore breast ashy grey, with a warm ochreous tinge, slightly
dark mottled ; rest of under parts white ; bill blackish ; legs light brown ;
iris dark brown. Culmen 07, wing 3 '75, tail T9, tarsus 0'65 inch. Sexes
alike. In winter the upper parts are greyish brown with narrow darker
shaft stripes, the under parts white, the breast pale brownish grey.

Hob. Northern Europe; passing south for the winter to
North Africa ; Northern Asia in summer, passing through
Mongolia to China and India for the winter.

Frequents the sea coast and marshes near the sea, but
during the breeding season it is often found on inland marshes

3 E 2

774 TRINGA

and the shores of inland lakes. In general habits it resembles
T. minuta, and its food consists of small worms, insects, &c.
Its call-note is a shrill Tirrii, and in the breeding season it
indulges in a peculiar butterfly-like flight, at the same time
uttering a peculiar churring sound, which may also be heard
when the bird is sitting on some elevated perch. The nest,
which is frequently placed near water, is a deep cup-shaped
depression in the soil, usually amongst grass, scantily lined
with grass-bents. The eggs, 4 in number, are usually deposited
in June, and are pale stone-colour or greenish grey, with
purplish brown shell-markings, and dark reddish brown surface
spots and blotches, which are often collected round the larger
end ; in size they average 1*10 by 0*79.

1072. PIGMY CURLEW.
TRINGA SUBARQUATA.

Tringa subarquata (Gtild), Nov. Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 471, Tab. xviii.
(1775) ; Naum. vii. p. 408, Taf. 185 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 328 ;
(id.), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 68 ; Audub. B. Am. pi. 263 ; Dresser,
viii. p. 59, pi. 558 ; David and Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 472 : (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 587 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 925 ; Blanf,
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 278 ; Saunders, p. 591 ; Lilford, v. p. 91,
pi. 38 ; Newton, P.Z.S. 1897, p. 890, pi. li. (eggs) ; « Tr. ferruginea,
Brunn." Kidgway, p. 160.

Bdcasseau cocorli, French ; Churra, Siseta-rocha, Span. ; Pio-
vanello, Ital. ; Bogenschnabliger-Strandlaufer, German ; Krombek-
Strandlooper, Dutch ; Krumncebet-Eyle, Dan. ; Rrumncebet
Strandvibe, Norweg. ; Spofsnappa, Swed. ; Pitkanokka-sirriainen,
Finn.

<$ ad. (Spain). General colour of plumage rich rusty or fox-red, the
feathers on the upper parts marked with black, and some margined with
greyish white ; quills brownish black ; wing-coverts dull ashy with pale
margins ; rump dark grey ; upper and under tail-coverts white, slightly
barred with blackish ; tail grey with paler margins ; bill and legs greenish
black ; iris dark brown. Culmen T5, wing 4'88, tail 2'35, tarsus T5 inch.
Sexes alike. In winter the rust-red is absent, the upper parts being dull
grey with indistinct darker stripes, the under parts white, the sides of the
head and throat pencilled with dark grey.

Hob. The extreme northern parts of Asia in summer, at
other seasons most parts of Europe, the whole of Africa and
Madagascar, Asia south through India and China to Australia ;
of occasional occurrence in Western N. America and Alaska.

TRINGA 775

Frequents the sea shore, sandy places, mud-flats, &c.,
together with other Sandpipers, often in large flocks, and in
general habits is very similar to the Dunlin, but its call-note
differs. It is only recently that its nest and eggs have been
known, Mr. H. L. Popham having found it breeding at the
mouth of the Yenesei River in Northern Siberia. The nest
was a rather deep hollow in the reindeer moss on a low ridge
of ground, somewhat drier than the surrounding swampy
tundra, and contained 4 eggs, which resemble those of Gallinago
ccelestis except in size, as they measure only T47 to 1*40 by
1-02 to 1.

'1073. KNOT.
TRINGA CANUTUS.

Tringa canutus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 251 (1766) ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 324 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 65 ; Dresser, viii. p. 77, pis. 555,
556 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 469 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 333 j Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 593 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O.
p. 894 ; Ridgway, p. 153 ; Saunders, p. 595 ; Lilford, v. p. 95,
pis. 40, 41 ; T. islandica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. pt. ii. add. (1767) ;
Naum. vii. p. 372, Taf. 183.

Jjdcasseau maub&che, French ; Churra, Span. ; Piovanello mag-
giore, Ital. ; Rostrother Strandlaufer, German ; Kanoet-Strand-
looper, Dutch ; Randbrystingr, Icel. ; Islandsk-Ryle, Dan. ; Stor-
Strandmbe, Norweg.; l£ustsnappa,Swed.'j Ranta-sirridinen.Yum.

$ ad. (Spain). Crown, nape, and hind neck light rust-red and white
striped with black ; upper parts black, strongly marked with rufous and
with white edges ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with black
and tinged with rufous ; primaries blackish, secondaries and wing-coverts
dark grey, most tipped with white ; tail grey, narrowly margined with
white ; throat, neck, and under parts rust-red, middle of abdomen and
tail-coverts white, the latter with narrow black stripes ; bill and legs
blackish ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*5, wing 6 '7, tail 2 '6, tarsus 1*25 inch.
Sexes alike. In winter there is no red in the plumage, the upper parts
being greyish ash, with faint dark stripes ; under parts white, the throat,
sides of neck, breast, and flanks slightly striped and marked with dull
ashy grey.

Hal. The extreme north of the Old World in summer, passing
through Europe to South Africa, Asia to Australia, and North
America to Brazil for the winter; Japan, but not found in
India in winter.

Is usually met with in small flocks on our coasts, where it
frequents the sea shore, mud-flats, and sand-banks, feeding

776 T RING A

on small crustaceans, mollusca, worms, aquatic insects, &c. It
is known to breed in Grinnell Land, the Melville Peninsula,
and the Parry Islands, and the young in down have been ob-
tained, but the only authentic egg known is said to.be a
specimen in the Smithsonian Museum at Washington.

1074. EASTERN KNOT.
T RING A CRASSIROSTRIS.

Tringa crassirostris, Temm. and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 107,
pi. 64 (1847) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 468 ; Seebohm, B.
Jap. Emp. p. 332 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 600 ; Tacz,
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 894; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 277;
Schceniclus magnus, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 33.

<$ ad. (Kurile Isl.) Head and neck white closely striped with black ;
back black very narrowly margined here and there with grey ; scapulars
black with broad subterminal chestnut bands ; rump greyish,; tail-coverts
white, the upper closely, the under tail-coverts sparingly spotted with
black; tail brownish grey ; quills blackish, the inner secondaries and
wing-coverts dull ashy with white margins ; breast almost black ; rest of
under parts white, the lower breast and upper flanks spotted with black ;
bill brown ; legs grey ; iris dark brown. Culmen T9, wing 7'0, tail 2'6,
tarsus 1*35 inch. In winter the upper parts are pale brownish grey with
whitish margins ; no red in the plumage, tail-coverts sparingly spotted
with black; under parts white, the neck striped, the breast and flanks
faintly spotted with greyish brown.

Hob. Eastern Siberia, migrating south through Mongolia,
Japan, and China to Burma, India, the Malay Archipelago, and
Australia for the winter.

In general habits this species does not appear to differ from
the Knot. Its nest and eggs are unknown.

1075. PURPLE SANDPIPER.

TRINGA STRIATA.

Tringa striata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 248 (1766), id. Add. ; Dresser,
viii. p. 69, pi. 554 ; Saunders, p. 593 ; Lilford, v. p. 93, pi. 39 ;
Poynting, p. 167, pi. 36; T. maritima, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 678
(1788) ; Naum. vii. p. 467, Taf. Ifr 8 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 334 ;
(id.), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 74 ; Hewitf on, ii. p. 366, pi. ciii ; (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 278 ; Kidgvay, p. 153 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 902.

THING A 777

Btccisseau violet, French ; C/iurrilla, Siseta, Span. ; Piovanello
violetto, Ital. ; See-Strandlciufer, German ; Paarse-Strandlooper,
Dutch ; Selningr, Icel. ; Fjcercpist, Norweg. ; Vintersneppe, Dan. ;
Skarsnappat Swed. ; Gadde-lirus, Lapp. ; Meri-sirriaimn, Finn. ;
Pesosclmik-morskoi, Russ.

$ ad. (Greenland). Crown and nape b'ack striped with white and
ochreous ; sides of head dull white striped with blackish ; upper parts
black glossed with purple ; the mantle-feathers margined with white and
reddish ochreous ; the rump and middle tail-feathers uniform purplish
black, rest of the tail-feathers blackish grey ; quills blackish, the shafts
white, the outer secondaries tipped with, and the inner ones chiefly,
white ; throat white striped with blackish grey ; under parts white, the
flanks marked, and under tail-coverts striped with blackish grey; bill
ochreous at base, otherwise dark brown ; legs ochreous, iris brown.
Culmen 1'15, wing 4'7, tail 2'4, tarsus 0'9 inch. Sexes alike. In winter
the head and neck are sooty blackish faintly tinged with purple, the upper
parts purplish black, the mantle-feathers with narrow greyish margins ;
chin and under parts below the breast white, the flanks spotted with
blackish grey.

Hal. Northern Europe, north to the North Cape, Iceland,
Greenland, and Spitsbergen, migrating south to the Mediter-
ranean in winter ; North America, breeding far north, and in
winter found south to the Middle United States ; has been met
with in North Asia as far east as the shores of the Taimyr
Peninsula.

Is essentially a maritime bird, frequenting rocky places on
the sea coast, and is seldom met away from the sea except
during the breeding season, and even then it nests not far
away. Its food consists of marine insects, mollusca, and some-
times seeds of shore-plants. It swims with ease, and I have
known a bird to dive when wounded and pursued. The nest is
a mere depression in the ground, and the 4 eggs, which are
deposited from the middle of May to the early part of June, vary
in ground-colour from sea-green and greenish grey to stone-buff,
and are marked with purplish grey underlying, and dark reddish
brown surface spots and blotches, which are usually more
numerous at the larger end. In size they measure about T40
by 1-0.

1076. SUBSP. TRINGA COUESI.

Tr'mga couesi (Ridgway), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 160 (1880) ;
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 103, pi. vi. ; Ridgway, p. 154 ;
(Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 583 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 905.

778 TRINGA

$ ad. Differs from T. maritima in having the bill shorter, the upper
parts more richly marked with rusty red, the breast more marked with
blackish, with more or less of a black patch on each side. Culmen 1*0,
wing 5'1, tail 1*9, tarsus 0'91 inch. In winter the plumage is like that
of T. maritima.

Hob. N.E. Siberia, the Chukchi Peninsula, the Kuriles and
Aleutian Isles ; Kamchatka ; Alaska.

Is an eastern representative of T. maritima, and does not
differ from that species in its general habits. Its eggs are
described as being pale olive-buff, varying to light brownish
buff, spotted longitudinally and somewhat spirally with vandyke-
brown or deep umber, and measure about 1*46 by TOO,

1077. WESTERN SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.
TRINGA OCCIDENTALIS.

Tringa occidentalis (Lawr.), Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1864, p. 107 ;
(Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 890 ; (Turner), Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 148 ;
(Nelson), Kep. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 113 ; (Ridgway), p. 162 ;
Ereunetes pusillus, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 514, parti m ;
E. petrificatus, Illiger, Prodr. p. 262 (1811 partim) ; T. semipalmata,
Wilson, Am. Orn. viii. p. 131 (1813 partim).

£ ad. (Alaska). Crown and upper parts black varied with rusty red
and cinnamon-buff; the rump and upper tail-coverts nearly uniform
blackish except on the sides, which are white ; quills blackish, the first
with a white shaft ; wing-coverts tipped with white ; under parts white,
the sides of head and throat, and the breast and flanks tolerably boldly
streaked and spotted with blackish ; bill greenish olive at the base,
otherwise black ; legs and feet greenish olive ; iris dark brown. Culmen
TO, wing 3'9, tail T8, tarsus 0*95 inch. In winter the upper parts are
brownish grey, the crown paler, streaked narrowly with black ; under
parts white, the breast, sides of neck, and flanks narrowly streaked with
dusky grey.

Hob. Western North America, breeding north to the shores
of Norton Sound, Alaska, where it is very common ; the Aleutian
Islands. On the Asiatic coasts it has been met with on the
Chukchi Peninsula in N.E. Siberia ; on passage and in winter
it is common on the Pacific coasts to South America, and is said
also to occur on the Atlantic coasts.

This, the western representative of the semipal mated Sand-
piper (T. pusilla, Linn.), does not differ from that species in
habits. Its call-note is described as being a peeping trill. It

TRINGA— CALIDRIS 779

arrives at its breeding place in May, and nests in June, the nest
being a mere depression in the moss or grass, scantily lined with
a few feathers. Its eggs, usually 4, but sometimes 5, in number,
are described as being deep cinnamon-buff, sprinkled, speckled,
or thickly spotted with bright rusty brown or chestnut, and
measure about 1'24 by 0'87.

CALIDRIS, Cuvier, 1800.

1078. SANDERLING.
CALIDRIS ARENARIA.

Calidris arenaria (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 251 (1766) ; Audubon, B. of
Am. p. 230 ; Naum. vii. p. 353, Taf. 182 ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 335 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 66 ; Newton, P.Z.S. 1871, pi. iv.
fig. 2 (egg) ; Dresser, viii. p. 101, pis. 559, 560 ; Layard, B. of S. Afr.
p. 362 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 467 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap,
Emp. 336 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 526 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0.
p. 841 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 270; Kidgway, p. 162;
Satmders, p. 597 ; Lilford, v. p. 97, pi. 42 ; Poynting, p. 175, pi. 37.

Sanderling variable, French ; Churrilla de tres dedos, Pitillos,
Span. ; Piovancllo tredatillo, Ital. ; Ufcr- Sander ling. German ;
Drieteenige-Strandlooper, Dutch ; Sandlobcr, Norweg. and Dan. ;
Sandlopare, Swed. ; Hieta-sirriaincn, Finn.; Morskoi-SujoJs,
Russ. ; Medrouan, Moor.

(J ad. (England). Crown, nape, and upper parts richly varied black
and rusty red ; rump dull ashy grey marked with blackish grey ; quills
blackish ; wing-coverts dark ashy grey margined with dull white, and
slightly marked with rufous ; middle tail-feathers blackish grey, the
rest grey, the outermost nearly white ; sides of head, throat, and upper
breast light rufous marked with black ; rest of under parts white ; bill
and legs blackish ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*15, wing 4*85, tail 2*05,
tarsus 1 '0 inch ; hind-toe wanting. Female similar but less rufous. In
winter both sexes have the upper parts light grey with darker stripes and
the under parts white, with no rufous in the plumage.

Hob. The high northern portions of the Old and New Worlds ;
in winter migrating south to South Africa, Burma, India, Ceylon,
the Laccadives, China, Japan, Australia, and Chile.

Frequents the sea coast, associating with other Sandpipers, and
is by no means shy. It feeds on small marine insects, worms,
and crustaceans, and in the summer to some extent on the buds
of Arctic plants. Its note is a shrill but not unpleasant iviek.

780 CALIDRIS— EURYNORHYNCHUS— MACHETES

It breeds in Iceland (sometimes), Greenland, and (perhaps)
Northern Siberia, the nest being a mere depression on the
ground, and in June deposits 4 eggs, which resemble miniature
eggs of the Curlew, and measure about 1'44 by 0*95.

ETJRYNORHYNCHUS, ' Nilss., 1821.

1079. SPOON-BILLED SANDPIPER.

EURYNORHYNCHUS PYGJVLffiUS.

Eurynorlrynclms pygmczns (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 231 (1766) ; Harting,
Ibis, 1869, p. 427, pi. xii. ; Gould, B. of As. vii. pi. 66 ; David and
Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 474 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 928 ; (Seebohm),
B. Jap. Emp. p. 338 ; Blanf. F. Brir. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 271 ;
Kidgway, p. 160 ; E. griseui-; Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. 29 (1821),

<$ ad. (E. Siberia). Crown and back black margined with rufous and
ochreous; wing-coverts and neck paler and greyer; middle of rump and
upper tail-coverts, and middle tail-feathers blackish ; sides of rump
white ; tail otherwise grey ; quills blackish brown, the shafts white ; sides
of head, throat, and breast rusty red; rest of under parts and under
surface of wings white, the lower breast spotted with black ; bill and legs
black ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'95, wing 3'9, tail 1'45, tarsus 0*85
inch ; bill spatulate. Sexes alike. In winter the plumage is entirely
without red ; upper parts dusty grey, with white or paler margins ; wing-
coverts tipped with while ; forehead, sides of head, neck, and tinder parts
pure white.

Hob. North-eastern Siberia, migrating south to Japan, the
coasts of China, Burma, and rarely those of India ; accidental in
Alaska.

But little is on record respecting this Sandpiper, which is
easily recognizable by its broadly spatulate bill, and it is said to
frequent mud-flats in company with other waders. It breeds in
Northern Siberia, but its nest and eggs are as yet unknown.

MACHETES, Cuv., 1817.

1080. RUFF.
MACHETES PUGNAX.

AfacJietes pugnax (Linn.), Syst. Nat. 1. p. 247 (1766) ; Naum. vii. p. 502,
Taf. 190, 191, 192, 193 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 345, pi. xcv. ; Gould, B. of
E. iv. pi. 325 j id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 61 ; Dresser, viii. p. 87,
pis. 557, 558 ; Layard, B. of S. Afr. p. 329 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp.
p. 327 ; (Sharpe). Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 500 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.

MACHETES 781

p. 885 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 268 ; (Eiclgway), p. 168 ;
Sannders, p. 601 ; Liiford, v. p. 122, pis. 53, 54 ; Poynting, p. 179,
pi. 38.

Combattant, Paon de Mar, French; Combatiente, Span.;
Crambetta, Ital. ; Kampfhahn, German; Kamphaan, Dutch;
Brushane, Dan., Norweg., and Swed. ; Suokukko, SuoJmlainen,
Finn.; Twoukhtann, Dratschounn, Russ.; Habib-el-tchibib,'"M.ooT.;
G-eh-wala, Hindu.

<$ ad. (N. Russia). Upper parts generally brown, varied with, black,
warm buff and chestnut ochreous ; sides of rump nearly v/hite ; tail ashy
brown varied with black and chestnut-red ; quills blackish brown ; wing-
coverts ashy brown ; feathers on the sides of neck and round the breast
elongated, forming a conspicuous ruff or cape, white tinged with cream-
buff ; breast below the ruff and upper flanks glossy blackish marked with
white ; rest of under parts white, the under tail-coverts slightly marked
with black ; face covered with warty yellowish tubercles ; bill blackish
brown, fleshy at the base ; legs yellowish brown ; iris blackish brown.
Culmen T68, wing 7'1, tail 27, tarsus 2'05 inch. The ruff varies ex-
tremely in colour and markings, scarcely any two birds, except those that
have it uniform black or white, are alike. The female has the crown, nape,
and upper parts sandy brown marked with blackish brown ; wings and
tail as in the male ; chin whitish ; throat, breast, and upper flanks ashy
brownish marked with darker brown ; rest of under parts white ; no sign
of a ruff. In winter the male also lacks the ruff and tubercles on the
face, and has the throat and neck as in the female.

. Hob. Europe generally, breeding from the North Cape down
to Denmark, and rarely in Eastern England ; in winter it passes
as far south as the Cape of Good Hope ; in Asia it is found as far .
north as Kamchatka, south to India, Ceylon, and Borneo ; rarer
in the east, but found as far as Japan ; of occasional occurrence
in Eastern North America.

Frequents damp marshy localities. The Ruff is a silent bird,
but in the spring and during migration the note, a low kaek,
kaek, kick, kack, may be heard. The Ruff is polygamous, and in
the spring the males assemble, or as it is termed " hill," and
fight, or rather spar, for the possession of the females or Reeves,
which alone undertake the cares of incubation. The nest
is on the ground, well hidden, and the eggs, usually 4, but
sometimes only 3, in number, are generally laid in May,
and are pale olivaceous or stone-buff in ground-colour, richly
blotched and marked, chiefly at the larger end, with umber-
brown, and a few purplish grey shell spots, and measure about
1-69 by 1-22.

782 TRINGITES— BARTRAMIA

TRINGITES, Cab., 1856.
1081. BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.
TRINGITES RUFESCENS.

Tringites rufescens (Vieill.), Nouv. Diet. xxiv. p. 470 (1819) ; (Gould),
B. of E. iv. pi. 326 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 64 ; Newton, P.Z.S.
1867, pi. xv. fig. 4 (egg) ; Dresser, viii. p. 109, pi. 561 ; Saunders,
p. 601 ; Lilford, v. p. 99, pi. 43 ; Poynting, p. 183, pi. 39 ; T. sub-
ruficollis (Vieill.), torn. cit. p. 465 (1819) ; Kidgway, p. 169 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 521.

(£ ad. (Mexico). Upper parts clay -buff marked with black, the^ dorsal
feathers tipped with dirty white ; quills blackish brown, the elongated
inner secondaries metallic blackish brown margined with ochreous ; tail
brown tinged with metallic grey, with a subterminal blackish band and
tipped with bufFy white, the outer feathers marbled with blackish ; under
parts clay-yellow, paler on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, the sides of
the breast blotched with black ; the under surface of the wing marbled
with black ; bill greenish black ; legs clay-yellow ; iris hazel-brown.
Culmen 0'9, wing 5 '15, tail 2 -25, tarsus 1*25 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. America, breeding in the high north, and migrating
south for the winter as far down in South America as Peru and
Paraguay; of accidental occurrence in Europe, but has been
obtained about a dozen times in England, three times in Ireland,
once in Switzerland, and once in Heligoland.

Is chiefly met with inland and not on the coast, and frequents
grassy plains and also sandy arid localities. It is tame and un-
suspicious, and runs with ease and swiftness ; on the wing it most
nearly resembles a Ringed Plover. Its call-note is a low, weak
tweet, and its food consists of insects of various kinds. It breeds
in Arctic and subarctic America late in June or early in July,
the nest being a mere depression in the ground scantily lined
with a few withered leaves and dried grasses, and the eggs, 4 in
number, are clay-yellow with an olivaceous or drab tint, or of a
peculiar grey in ground-colour, boldly and sharply marked, chiefly
at the larger end, with rich umber-brown and with purplish grey
underlying shell blotches ; in size they measure about 1*46 by T05.

BARTRAMIA, Less., 1831.

1082. BARTRAM'S SANDPIPER.
BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA.

Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.), Kurze Uebers. Latham, p. 453, pi. 184
(1811) ; (Dresser), viii. p. 119, pi. 562 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiv. p. 509 ; Ridgway, p. 169 ; Saunders, p. 603 ; Lilford, v.

BARTRAMIA— TOT ANUS 783

p. 101, pi. 44 ; Pointing, p. 187, pi. 40 ; Tringa bartramia, Wils.
Am. Orn. vii. p. 63, pi. 50, fig. 2 ; (Gould), B. of E. iv. pi. 313 ;
(id.), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 63 ; (Naum.), viii. p. 43, Taf. 196.

£ ad. (Wisconsin). Forehead buffy white marked with blackish brown ;
crown blackish brown and rufous buff with an irregular central buff stripe ;
hind neck brownish buff and black ; back and rump blackish brown, the
former with rufous buff margins ; upper surface of wings greyish buff
barred with blackish brown ; tail long, graduated, the middle feathers buffy
brown, the rest pale rufous, all barred with black, the latter tipped with
white and with a large subterminal black bar ; chin and fore face white ;
neck and breast buffy white, the former striped, the latter margined
with black ; rest of under parts white, the flanks and under wing-
surface barred with black ; bill yellowish at base, otherwise blackish ;
legs clay-yellow ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1-4, wing 6*65, tail 3'6,
tarsus 1'95. Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are paler, and the
under parts less boldly marked.

Hob. Eastern and Central America, north to the Yukon
valley and Nova Scotia, south in winter to Brazil and Peru ;
of rare and accidental occurrence in Britain, Germany, Holland,
Malta, Italy, and has been once recorded from Australia.

Frequents the grass prairies, where it is not seen in flocks,
but singly or in pairs. Its call, when it takes wing, is a
melodious whistle of three notes. As a rule it is not shy, and
will often squat, reminding one of a Stone Curlew. Its food
consists chiefly of insects, especially grasshoppers, and it is
also known to eat berries. Its flesh is extremely well flavoured,
and in the autumn it is very fat. Its nest is a mere hollow
in the ground, and the eggs, 4 in number, are usually laid in
June, and are pale clay ochreous or creamy drab with numerous
purplish grey shell-markings and umber-brown surface spots,
and measure about T75 by 1*28.

TOTANUS, Bechst., 1803.

1083. REDSHANK.
TOTANUS CALIDRXS.

Totanus calidris (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 245 (1766) ; Naum. viii. p. 95,

Taf. 199 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 329, pi. Ixxxix. ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
. pi. 310 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 54 ; Dresser, viii. p. 157, pis. 567
" fig. 1, 568 fig. 1, 569 fig. 2 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 464 ;

Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 320 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv.

p. 414 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 866 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.

p. 264 ; Saunders, p. 615 ; Lilford, v. p. 113, pi. 49 ; Poynting,

p. 217, pi. 46.

784 TOTANUS

Chevalier-Gambetta, French ; Chalretta, Portug. ; Archibebe,
Ti/ort, Span. ; Pettcgola, Ital. ; Gambett- Wasserlaufer, German ;
Turduur, Dutch ; Stelkur, Icel. ; Eddben-Klire, Dan. ; Rodbenet-
sneppe, Norweg. ; Rodbent-snappa, Swed. ; Punajalka-wkla, Finn. ;
Krasnonoshka, Nastojascliy-ulit, Russ. ; Gkota-batan, Hindu.

£ ad. (Finland). Upper parts brown striped with blackish, the
elongated secondaries, scapulars, and wing-coverts barred and marked with
blackish ; quills dark brown, the short secondaries white slightly marked
with brown ; larger wing-coverts white-tipped ; lower back, rump, upper
tail-coverts, and outer tail-feathers white, the two last barred with blackish ;
middle tail-feathers similar but ashy brown instead of white ; under parts
white, the throat, neck, and breast boldly striped with blackish, the flanks
barred and striped, and under tail-coverts slightly barred with blackish ;
bill dark red at base, otherwise blackish ; legs orange-red ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 2'0, wing 6'4, tail 2'8, tarsus 1'92 inch. Sexes alike. In winter
the upper parts are ashy grey, and the under parts are much less striped
and marked with blackish than in the summer.

Hob. Europe generally, breeding from Lapland down to the
Mediterranean; Africa south to the Cape Colony in winter;
the Canaries ; Asia, east to Japan, north to nearly 70° N. lat.,
south on passage and in winter to Mongolia, Corea, China,
India, and Ceylon, to the Malay Archipelago.

Frequents the sea shore except during the breeding season,
when it is found both on the coast and in damp marshy places
more inland. It is shy and wary, and when disturbed flies
round uttering its shrill cry. Its flight is swift, but wavering,
and it is able to swim with ease, and even dive when wounded.
The nest is a cup-shaped depression in the ground, usually in a
grass tuft, sometimes in an open situation, and the eggs, which
are deposited from early in April to the latter part of May, ac-
cording to latitude, are 4 in number, clay-buff in ground-colour,
marked with purplish brown underlying shell blotches and
dark brown surface spots and blotches, some being much bolder
marked than others; in size they measure about 1*68 by 117.

1084. SPOTTED REDSHANK.
TOTANUS FUSCUS.

Totanus fuscus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 243 (1766) ; Naum. viii. p. 123,
Taf. 200 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 326, pi. Ixxxviii. ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 309 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 55 ; Dresser, viii. p. 165, pis. 567
fig. 2, 568 figs. 2, 3, 569 fig. 1 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 463 ;
Seebohm. B. Jap. Emp. p. 319 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 409 ;

TOTANUS 785

Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 869 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 265 ;
Saunders, p. 617 ; Lilford, v. p. 118, pi. 51 ; Poynting, p. 223,

pi. 47.

Chevalier Irun, French ; Clmit, Andario, Span. ; Gambetta
fosca, Ital. ; Dunk-elf arbiger- Wasscrlciufcr, German ; Zwarte-
Ruiter, Dutch ; Sortsncppe, Dan. and Norweg. ; Svartenappa,
Swed. ; Rivikl, Cipcastak, Lapp. ; Mustavikla, Musta-Tjuti,
Rivatu, Finn. ; Polevoipetoioshock, SchtscJiegol, Russ. ; Batan,
Gatni, Hindu.

$ ad. (N. Kussia). Head, neck, and entire under parts sooty black,
some of the chin and hind-neck feathers narrowly tipped with white ;
upper parts sooty black with a slight metallic gloss, and marked with white,
giving a spotted appearance ; lump white, the upper tail-coverts blackish
Tbarredwith white ; tail black, the middle feathers indistinctly barred with
grey, the rest marked and tipped with white ; flanks and under tail-
coverts barred with white ; under wing-surface white slightly marked with
grey ; bill black, but red at base of lower mandible ; legs dark Ted ;
iris dark brown. Culmen 2'5, wing 6'7, tail 2'82, tarsus 2*3 inch. Sexes
alike. In winter the crown, sides of head, hind neck and upper parts are
brownish ashy, unspotted ; a white streak over, and the space round the
eye white ; wings and tail greyer than in the summer ; under parts white,
the sides of the neck streaked, and flanks marked with pale ashy or sooty
grey ; legs dull reddish orange.

Hob. Northern Europe, ranging into the Arctic Circle to
about 69° N. lat. ; Asia north to Kamchatka ; during passage
and in winter ranging to Southern Europe, Africa as far south
as the Cape Colony, Japan, China, Corea, Mongolia, and India ;
only occurs in Great Britain on passage.

In its habits it somewhat resembles "the Common Redshank,
but is readily distinguishable by its larger size and by not
having the short secondaries white. Nor does it frequent the
sea coast so much, and breeds inland, usually in dry forest
districts. It frequently wades in search of food, and can swim
with ease. Its call-note is a clear, loud tjuti. As a rule it is
shy and wary, but will approach quite close when its young are
threatened. Its food consists of worms, insects, small crusta-
ceans, &c. Its nest is a cup-shaped hollow in the ground,
scantily lined, and the eggs, 4 in number, are deposited in May
or early in June, and in ground-colour vary from dark stone-
buff to pale greenish buff and bright beryl-green, and are
marked with pale purplish shell-blotches and dark umber-brown
surface spots and blotches, these latter being often collected at
the larger end; in size they measure about 1*87 by T25.

786 TOTANUS

1085. GREENSHANK.
TOTANUS GLOTTIS.

Totanus glottis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 245 (1766) ; Naum. viii. p. 145,
Taf. 201 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 336, pi. xci. ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 312 ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 462 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 321 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 860 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 266 ;
T. nebularius, Gunner. Leem. Lapp. Beschreib. p. 251 (1767) ;
(Kidgway), p. 165 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 481 ; Tot.
canescens (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 668 (1788) ; Dresser, viii. p. 173,
pi. 570 ; Saunders, p. 619 ; (Gould), B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 53.

Chevalier gris, French ; Andario, Picarot, Span. ; Pantana,
Ital. ; Grunfiimger- Wasserlaufer, German ; Groenpootige Ruiter,
Dutch ; Gronbenet-Klire, Dan. ; G-lutsneppe, Norweg. ; Grlutt-
snappa,Swed.] Stuore-tav6u,~La,pp.] Valkea ViJda, Finn.; Bolchoi-
Ulit, Russ. ; Tantanna, Hindu. ; Awo-aski-chidori, Jap.

(J ad. (Scotland). Head, neck, and upper parts generally ashy grey,
broadly striped with black ; quills blackish, the first primary only with
the shaft white ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the last
irregularly barred with grey ; middle tail-feathers bluish grey, the rest
white, more or less barred ; under parts white, the throat and breast, not
the chin, distinctly spotted with black, flanks barred ; bill recurved ;
blackish ; legs and feet green ; iris brown. Culmen 2 '3, wing 7 '7, tail 3'8,
tarsus 2*3 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are paler grey
with narrower stripes, the dorsal feathers with white margins, the throat and
breast less distinctly marked with blackish, and the legs paler, more
yellowish green.

Hob. Europe, north almost to the North Cape, breeding in
the northern portion of its range, and south to the Scottish High-
lands ; migrating in autumn and winter to Southern Europe and
Africa, as far south as the Cape Colony ; Asia north to Kam-
chatka, east to Japan ; on migration and in winter occurring in
Manchuria, Corea, China, Burma, India, and Ceylon, south to
Australia; of rare and accidental occurrence in Eastern America.

In habits it differs but little from the Redshank, but is more
often seen by inland waters, and breeds often far inland, at
some distance from water, and its cry is clearer and louder
than that of the Redshank. Its nest is a mere depression in
the ground, scantily lined with a few grass-bents, and the 4
eggs, which are usually deposited in May or June, are pale bufify
white or stone-buff, with purplish brown shell-markings and
bright dark brown surface blotches and spots, chiefly at the
larger end, and measure about 1*91 by T33.

>

TOTANUS 787

1086. NORDM ANN'S GREENSHANK.
TOTANUS GUTTIPER.

Totanus guttifer, Nordm., in Erman's Reise, p. 17 (1835) ; (Sharpe),
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 479 ; (Tacz.), F. O. Sib. 0. p. 858 ; Blanf.
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 267 ; T. haughtoni, Armstrong, Str. Feath.
1876, p. 344 ; Harting, Ibis, 1883, p. 133, pi. iv.

$ ad. (Amoor River). Very like T. glottis but smaller, has the
middle tail-feathers white marbled with brownish grey, the rest white with
a subterminal dusky line, the breast only sparsely spotted, and the lower
back, rump, under wing-coverts, and axillaries pure white ; basal half of
bill horny yellow, the rest blackish ; feet ochreous yellow ; iris dark
brown. Culmen 2'3, wing 6*6, tail 2'7, tarsus 1*65 inch.

Hob. Kamchatka, and Eastern Siberia, wintering in South
China, Burma, and India.

Is as yet but little known, and nothing is on record respecting
its nidification. Owing to its resemblance to T. glottis it may
have been overlooked, but it can be distinguished from that
species, as well by its smaller size as by the palmation of the
toes, which is more as in Terekia.

1087. MARSH-SANDPIPER.
TOTANUS STAGNATILIS.

Totanus stagnatilis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 292 ; Naum. viii.
p. 171, Taf. 202 ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 314 ; Dresser, viii. p. 151,
pi. 566 ; David and Oust. p. 463 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 322 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 422 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 864 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, v. p. 263.

Chevalier stagnatile, French; Chorlito, Span. ; Albastrello, Ital. ;
Teich- Wasserlaufer, German ; Prudovoi- Ulit, Russ. ; Choto-gotra,
Hindu.

$ ad. (Hungary). Upper parts greyish brown tinged with buff,
mottled and streaked, except on the wing-coverts, with black ; lower ack,
rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the last spotted and barred with black ;
middle tail-feathers greyish brown with darker bars, the rest chiefly white ;
quills brown, the secondaries externally margined with white ; under
parts white ; the cheeks, ear-coverts, and upper breast minutely dark
spotted ; and the flanks irregularly barred ; bill dark brown, but greenish
at the base below ; legs olivaceous ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'7, wing 5*3*
tail 2-5, tarsus 2'0 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are
brownish grey, somewhat marked with white, the wing-coverts darker ;,
under parts and axillaries pure white.

3 F

788 TOTANUS

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, chiefly in the eastern
portions ; a rare straggler to the north central parts of Europe,
but has occurred in Heligoland ; Africa in winter, as far south
as the Orange River ; Asia, east to Japan, north to Dauria ; in
winter ranging to Manchuria, Burma, India, Ceylon, the Malay
Archipelago, and Australia.

In general appearance and habits it is a miniature Green-
shank. It frequents inland ponds, rivers, and marshes, and is
as a rule not a shy bird, but sprightly and elegant in its
movements. It usually breeds near, but occasionally at some
distance from water, in grassy places, its nest resembling that
of its congeners, and its eggs, 4 in number, are usually laid in
June or July, and are ochreous buff, sometimes with a faint
olivaceous tinge, with pale purplish brown shell-markings and
rich dark brown surface spots and blotches, and measure about
1-49 by 111.

1088. YELLOWSHANK.
TOTANUS FLAVIPES.

Totanus flavipes (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 659 (1788) ; Dresser, ix. p. 377,
pi. 715 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 431 ; Ridgway, p. 166 ;
Saunders, p. 613 ; Lilford, v. p. 116, pi. 50; Poynting, p. 215,
pi. 45.

$ ad. (Wisconsin). Crown, nape, and hind-neck blackish brown,
streaked with white ; upper parts blackish brown, clearly marked and
spotted with white and buffy grey ; upper tail-coverts white, barred with
blackish ; quills blackish brown, the shaft of the first white, of the rest
brown ; middle tail-feathers dark ashy grey, the rest white, all barred with
blackish ; under parts white, the sides of head, neck, and breast streaked
with blackish, those on the lower neck and breast broader ; flanks barred
with blackish ; the axillaries with ashy brown ; bill greenish black ; legs
yellow ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1/6, wing 6*2, tail 2-6, tarsus 2'0 inch.
Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are darker and the markings
reduced to a few whitish spots ; upper tail-coverts, chin, and upper throat
nearly white ; flanks less marked with greyish brown.

Hob. North America, from the Hudson's Bay Territory, and
Alaska, where it breeds, to Patagonia in winter ; has occurred
in South Greenland, and is a rare straggler to England, where
two authentic examples have been obtained.

In habits it does not differ from its allies. It breeds in the
high north of America, the nest being a mere depression in the

TOTANUS 789

ground scantily lined with grass-bents or dead leaves, or else
quite unlined. The eggs, 4 in number, are usually deposited
late in May or early in June, and vary a good deal, having the
ground-colour from light drab to dark clay-ochre, the shell-
markings pale purplish grey, and the surface spots and blotches
black or blackish brown. In size they measure about Ifl78
by 113.

1089. GREEN SANDPIPER.
TOTANUS OCHROPUS.

Totanus ochropus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766) ; Naum. viii. p. 51),
Taf. 197 ; Gould, iv. pi. 315, fig. 1 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 56 ;
Dresser, viii. p. 135, pi. 564 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 465 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 325 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv.
p. 437 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 872 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 262 ; Saunders, p. 609 ; Lilford, v. p. 105, pi. 46 ; Kidgway,
p. 166 ; Poynting, p. 209, pi. 44.

Chevalier cul-blanc, French ; Lavandera grande, Cherlovita,
Span. ; Culbianco, Ital. ; Puriktirter- Wasserlciufer, German ;
Witgatje, Dutch ; Graabenet Klire, Dan. ; Grraabenet-Sneppe,
Norweg. ; Skagswappa, Swed. ; Mustasiipi-vikla, Finn. ; Tscher-
nysch, Russ.

$ ad. (Spain). Crown, sides of head, and neck blackish brown, striped
with white ; upper parts blackish brown, tinged with metallic olivaceous
and spotted with white ; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, base of tail, and
outermost tail-feathers white, rest of tail blackish brown, with three bars
and the tips white ; under parts white ; the neck and flanks closely marked
with blackish brown ; axillaries brownish black with narrow white angular
bars ; bill blackish, tinged with grey at the base ; legs lead-grey, washed
with green on the joints ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'4, wing 5*4, tail 2*55,
tarsus 1*33 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are uniform
greyish brown unspotted, and the crown and hind neck are ashy brown
with a white streak above the eye.

Hal. Europe generally, north to the Arctic Circle but not in
Lapland, breeding down to the north central portions, passing
down to South Europe and Africa as far as the Cape Colony in
winter ; Asia, north to Kamchatka, east to Japan ; south in
winter to the Malay Archipelago ; Corea ; China ; Burma,
India, and Ceylon; of accidental occurrence in Nova Scotia.

Is generally to be found near inland ponds and streams,
seldom on the coast, often at ponds in the woodlands. Its note
is a clear loud dlee-dlee-dlee, uttered quickly, and its flight is
swift and graceful. Like its allies it feeds on insects, larvae, and

3 F 2

790 TOTANUS

worms. Its mode of breeding is absolutely peculiar, as it
places its 4 eggs, in the latter half of May, in deserted nests of
Thrushes, Blackbirds, Jays, and other birds, and even those of
the Squirrel, almost always in the vicinity of a pond. The eggs
vary in ground-colour from delicate greyish sea-green to
greenish grey, and are marked with purplish grey shell blotches
and dark brown surface spots, which are usually larger and
more numerous at the larger end ; in size they measure about
1-55 by 1-12.

1090. SOLITARY SANDPIPER,
TOTANUS SOLITARIUS.

Totanus solitarius (Wilson), Amer. Orn. vii. p. 53, pi. 58, fig. 3 (1813) ;
Dresser, ix. p. 373, pi. 714 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv.
p. 444; Ridgway, p. 166; Saunders, p. 611; Lilford, v. p. Ill,
pi. 48 ; Tot. chloropygius, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. vi. p. 401 (1816).

£ ad. (New Brunswick). Differs from T. glareola in having the rump
and central tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark greenish brown, the rest of
tail-feathers and lateral coverts white, barred with blackish ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, narrowly barred with greenish brown ; bill
dull greenish at base, otherwise blackish ; legs dark greenish "grey ; iris
brown. Culmen 1 '35, wing 5*25, tail 2*3, tarsus 1 '28 inch. Sexes alike.
In winter the upper parts are greyer, the white spots less distinct, and the
fore neck less distinctly streaked.

Hal. America, north to about 65° N. lat. in summer, and south
to Argentina in winter; an accidental straggler to Britain,
where three authenticated examples have been obtained.

In habits this bird resembles T. glareola, and in America
frequents damp localities in the forest, and especially alder
swamps. Its nest and eggs arenas yet unknown.

1091. WOOD-SANDPIPER.
TOTANUS GLAREOLA.

Totanus glareola (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 677 (1788) ; Naum. viii.
p. 78, Taf. 198 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 330, pi. xc. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E.
iv. pi. 315, fig. 2 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 57 ; Dresser, viii.
p. 143, pi. 565 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 464 ; Seebohm, B.
Jap. Emp. p. 324 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 491 ; Tacz.
F. O. Sib. O. p. 874 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 261 ;
Kidgway, p. 166 ; Sauuders, p. 607 ; Lilford, v. p. 109, pi. 47 ;
Poynting, p. 203, pi. 43.

Chevalier sylvain, French; Carregadet, Span.; Piro-piro-
loscareccio, Ital. ; Brucli- Wasserlaufer, German ; Boschruiter,

TOT ANUS 791

Dutch ; Kjcersneppe, Dan. ; Gronbenet-Snqppe, Norweg. ; Grdribena,
Swed. ; Ucca-€av6u, Lapp. ; Lire, Suovikla, Finn. ; Travnik,
Bolotney-Kulik, Russ. ; CJwpka, Tutwari, Hindu.

$ ad. (Finland). Crown, nape, and hind neck blackish brown finely
striped with white ; a white streak over the eye- and ear-coverts, and a
blackish brown one from the base of the bill to the eye ; upper parts
blackish brown with a greenish tinge, spotted with white and greyish buff ;
upper tail-coverts white ; middle tail-feathers like the back, but barred
with buffy grey and white, the rest white barred with blackish brown ;
shaft of first quill only white ; chin white ; sides of head, neck, and breast
washed with buffy grey, and striped, the breast and flanks more boldly,
with blackish brown angular bars ; rest of under parts white, the axillaries
marked with brown ; bill black ; the base of lower mandible olive-
greenish ; legs greenish ochreous ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'25, wing 4'9,
tail 2'15, tarsus 1*45 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the pale margins are
broader on the upper parts, which are paler than in summer, and the
throat, neck, and flanks are less marked with brown, but the two former
are more washed with buffy grey.

Hab. Europe generally, north far into Lapland ; and in winter

migrating down to South Africa ; Asia, north to Kamchatka,

east to Japan, south to Corea and China, passing down to

Burma, India, Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia in

winter.

Is more particularly an inland marsh-frequenting species,
and is also often seen in damp wooded localities. Its call-note
is a very clear, loud whistle, and in the pairing season it utters
a succession of notes, hero, leero, leero, teeleedl, teeleedl, teeleedl,
uttered several times in succession. It breeds in open, marshy,
grass- covered localities, the nest being a depression in an ele-
vated patch scantily lined, and the 4 eggs, which are usually laid
in May, or early in June, vary in ground-colour from stone-grey
to stone-ochre, with purplish grey shell-markings, and reddish
brown or dark brown surface spots and blotches, and in size
measure about 1'41 by 1*06.

1092. SUMMER-SNIPE.
TOTANUS HYPOLEUCUS.

Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 250 (1766) ; Naum. viii. p. 7,
Taf. 194 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 333, pi. xc. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. iv.
pi. 316 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 58 ; Dresser, viii. p. 127, pi. 563 ;
(David and Oust.) Ois. Chine, p. 467 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 326 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 456 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib.
O. p. 882 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.p. 260 ; (Eidgway),p. 170 ;
Saunders, p. 605 ; Lilford, v. p. 103, pi. 45, Poynting, p. 193, pi. 41.

792 TOTANUS

Chevalier guignette, French ; Magarico das rochas, Portug. ;
Lavandera cJiica, Siseta, Span. ; Piro-piro-piccolo, Ital. ; Fluss
Uferlaufer, German ; Oeverloopcr, Steenvirik, Dutch; Muddersneppe,
Dan. ; Strandsnipe, Norweg. ; Drillsnappa, Swed. ; Libik, Lapp. ;
Ranta-siippi, Koska-siippi, Finn. ; Beregovnik, Russ.

$ ad. (N. Kussia). Upper parts bronzy olivaceous brown, the crown,
hind neck, and back, wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts barred
and narrowly striped with blackish ; primaries blackish, the secondaries
with a broad basal band and tips white ; middle tail-feathers like the back,
the rest white, barred with blackish ; chin and a streak over the eye white ;
sides of neck and breast pale ashy grey, striped with blackish ; rest of
under parts white ; base of bill dull fleshy, the rest dark brown ; legs
grey, tinged with green ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1-1, wing 4'5, tail 2'55,
tarsus 1 *0 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the upper parts are more uniform
and less marked with black ; the throat and breast greyer, and striped
less distinctly. The young have the feathers on the upper parts tipped
with brownish ochreous and narrowly barred with black.

Hob. The whole of Europe from the Arctic Ocean to the
Mediterranean, breeding almost everywhere ; Africa, in winter
south to the Cape Colony ; Asia generally, north to Kamchatka ;
Japan, Corea, Mongolia, Manchuria, China, Burma, India; in
winter migrating south to Australia.

Frequents inland streams, ponds, and lakes, and is not often
seen on the sea coast, nor does it collect in flocks, but is seen
singly or in pairs, and affects places where the shores of the
lakes or banks are wooded or covered more or less with bushes,
and is as a rule shy and wary. Its note is a shrill di, di, di, its
flight is rapid but wavering, and it frequently nods its head,
and jerks its tail when tripping along. It breeds in un-
frequented places near water, often on a river bank or some-
times in willow thickets, its nest being a mere depression
scantily lined with a few grass blades, and its 4 eggs, which are
usually deposited in May, vary from creamy white to warm
stone-buff in ground-colour, the surface markings from dull red
to brownish red, and the shell spots are purplish grey. In size
they measure about 1*42 by 1*04.

1093. SPOTTED SANDPIPER.
TOTANUS MACULARIUS.

Totanus macularius (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 249 (1766) ; Wilson, Am.
Orn. vii. p. 60, pi. 59, fig. 1 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 335, pi. xc. fig. 3 ;
Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 317 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 59 ; (Nauru.),
viii. p. 34, Taf. 195 ; Dresser, ix. p. 367, pi. 713 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B,
Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 468 ; Saunders, p. 605* ; Ridgway, p. 170 ;
Poynting, p. 199, pi. 42.

TO TAN US 793

(£ ad. (Washington). Differs from T. hypoleucus in having the upper
parts more boldly marked with blackish brown, the breast thickly, and
the rest of the under parts more sparsely spotted with brownish black ;
base of bill fleshy pink, the rest dusky brown ; legs pale pink ; iris brown,
Culmen I1 10, wing 4 '4, tail 2'1, tarsus T05 inch. Sexes alike. In winter
the upper parts are olivaceous brown, without the bold dark markings ;.
wing-coverts barred with blackish ; under parts white ; the sides of lower
neck washed with pale ashy brown. The young bird has all the secondaries
barred with ashy brown, whereas in that of T. hypoleucus the 8th and 9th
are nearly white.

Hal. North America generally, migrating in winter south to-
Brazil ; of rare and doubtful occurrence in Britain, but of still
more doubtful occurrence elsewhere in Europe.

In habits and nidification it closely resembles T. hypoleucus,
but its eggs are different, being creamy drab or creamy ochreous
in ground-colour, the underlying shell-markings of an indistinct
neutral tint, and the surface spots and blotches rich dark
brown. In size they measure about T22 by 0'93.

1094. GREY-HUMPED SANDPIPER.
TOTANUS BREVIPES.

Totanus brevipes, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. vi. p. 410 (1816) ; (Sharpe), Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 449 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 877 ; Eidgway,
p. 168 ; T. pulverulentus, Mull. Naturk. Verh. Land en Volkenk.
p. 152 (1829-44) ; Temm. and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 109,
pi. 65 ; T. griseopygius, Gould, P.Z.S. 1848, p. 39 ; id. B. of
Austral, vi. pi. 38 ; T. incanus (nee. Gmel.), David and Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 466 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 323.

$ ad. (Japan). Upper parts almost uniform ashy grey, the rump, upper
tail-coverts, and middle tail-feathers bluer, the remaining tail-feathers
pale ashy grey ; a narrow line over the forehead to behind the eye white,
slightly marked with slaty black ; chin white ; neck striped ; the breast
and upper flanks narrowly barred with slaty blackish ; rest of under parts
white ; bill brown ; legs ochreous yellow ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*6,
wing 6 -55, tail 3*0, tarsus 1*4 inch. Sexes alike. In winter many of the
feathers on the upper parts are narrowly margined with dull white ; the
sides of the head, neck, face, breast, and upper flanks ashy grey unbarred.

Hob. Kamchatka, Eastern Siberia, and Japan, migrating
south for the winter to China, the Malay Archipelago, the
Papuan Islands, and Australia.

Nothing appears to be on record respecting the habits or
nidification of this species.

794 TOTANUS— TEREKIA

1095. WANDERING SANDPIPER.
TOTANUS INCANUS.

Totanus incanus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 658 (1788) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiv. p. 453 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 880 j (Ridgway), p. 168.

$ ad. (Bering Is.). Differs from T. brevipes in having the neck darker
and more boldly striped, and the under parts generally, including the
under tail-coverts, but not the middle of the abdomen, boldly and broadly
barred with blackish slate ; bill and feet dull greenish ; iris brown. Cul-
men 1*7, wing 6*7, tail 3'0, tarsus 1*3 inch. In winter the sides of the
neck and of the breast and flanks are dull slate grey, the middle of the breast,
sides of abdomen, and under tail-coverts narrowly barred with slaty
blackish ; middle of abdomen white.

Hal. The Pacific coasts of North America from the Galapagos
and Lower California to the Aleutian Islands, Norton Sound and
Alaska; the Commander Islands, Kamchatka, the Chukchi
Peninsula; in winter migrating to the Sandwich Islands and
throughout Oceania to the New Hebrides.

Is said to be numerous on the rocky shores of all the islands
of Bering Sea, and when disturbed on their feeding-grounds show
but little alarm. Their note is a loud ringing whistle, which
they utter when they take flight. This species may be dis-
tinguished from T. Irempes in all plumages by having the
nasal groove extending to within the terminal third of the
upper mandible, whereas in T. Irempes it scarcely extends
beyond the half, and the tarsus is usually reticulated behind
and not plated. Nothing appears to be known respecting the
nidification of this species.

TEREKIA, Bonap., 1838.

1096. TEREK SANDPIPER.
TEREKIA CINEREA.

TereJcia cinerea (Giild.), Nov. Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 473, tab. 19 (1774),
(Naum.), xiii. p. 248, Taf. 386, fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of Austral, vi.
pi. 34 ; Dresser, viii. p. 195, pi. 572 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 460 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 474 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0.
p. 856 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 258 ; Scolopax terek, Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 724 (1790) ; (Gould), B. of E. iv. pi. 307 ; (See-
bohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 326.

Morodunka, Russ.

TEREKIA—MA CRORHA MPHUS 795

$ ad. (Archangel). Upper parts grey lined with blackish, and a dis-
tinct black line along each side of the middle of the back ; least wing-coverts
and quills black, the latter washed with grey, the secondaries and inner
primaries tipped with white ; tail grey with a faint coppery gloss ; under
parts white ; the sides of the head, neck, and breast striped with greyish
brown, the last tinged with grey ; bill curved upwards, blackish, with the base
of lower mandible greenish yellow ; legs pale yellowish green ; iris blackish
grey. Culmen T8, wing 5 '3, tail 2 '4, tarsus 1-05 inch. Sexes alike. In
winter the upper parts lack the black, it being only faintly indicated, and
the under parts are white, the sides of neck and breast washed with grey,
and the sides of the head streaked with grey.

Hob. Northern Russia, having only once been recorded from
so far west as Finland ; of rare occurrence in Germany and Italy ;
migrating south through Eastern Europe to South Africa ;
Northern Siberia, migrating south through Japan, China, and
India to Australia in winter.

By many authors the present species has been united to the
Godwits, but it is essentially a Sandpiper, in habits most nearly
resembling T. hypoleucus, and its call-note is a clear, loud,
musical whistle. It frequents river banks and the shores of
small lakes and ponds, and feeds on worms, insects, &c., like the
Sandpipers. Its nest, which is a mere depression in the ground,
is usually situated in open places near bushes, and its 4 eggs,
which are usually deposited in June, are dull buff with purplish
grey shell-, and purplish brown surface- spots and blotches, and
measure about 1/53 by 1*7.

MACRORHAMPHUS, Leach, 1816.

1097. RED-BREASTED SNIPE.
MACRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS.

Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 658 (1788) ; Gould, B.
of E. iv. p. 323 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 76 ; Dresser, viii. p. 187,
pi. 571 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 394 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 951 ; Ridgway, p. 151 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 330; Saun-
ders, p. 621 ; Lilford, v. p. 71, pi. 29 ; Poynting, p. 123, pi. 27 ; N.
noveboracensis (Gmel.), ut supra ; Wilson, Am. Orn. vii. p. 45,
pi. 58, fig. 1 ; M. scolopaceus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. New York, v. p. 4,
pi. 1 (1852) ; Kidgway,p. 151.

£ ad. (N. America). Crown, nape, and upper parts varied black and
rusty rufous ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, tinged with rufous and
barred with black ; quills blackish, the short secondaries and larger wing-
coverts dark grey, margined and tipped with white ; tail broadly barred

796 MACRORHAMPHUS

with black, the middle feathers rusty ochreous, the rest white ; sides of
head, throat, and under parts rusty red, paler on the lower abdomen ; sides
of neck and upper flanks spotted, lower flanks and under tail-coverts barred
with black ; iinder wing-coverts and axillaries white, barred with blackish
grey ; bill blackish brown ; legs pale olivaceous ; iris brown. Culmen 2 '35,
wing 57, tail 2'45, tarsus T4 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the crown,
nape, and upper parts are dull ashy grey, the back slightly marked with
blackish ; lower back nearly white ; no trace of rufous in the plumage ;
under parts white, the neck and breast clouded, and the flanks and under
tail-coverts barred with ashy grey.

Hob. North America, breeding in the high north, wintering
in Central and South America ; of rare occurrence in S. Green-
land ; Britain, frequently in France, and twice in Denmark ; the
Chukchi Peninsula in N.E. Siberia, and has been twice obtained
in Japan.

In habits it resembles the Sandpipers and Godwits, and has
nothing in common with the Snipes except its bill. In winter
and on passage it collects in flocks, and frequents marshy
localities and mud-flats, feeding on worms and insects of
various kinds. It breeds in Arctic America in June, the nest
being a depression in the ground, usually in a grassy hummock
in marshy places, the lining being merely a few dry leaves.
The 4 eggs vary in ground-colour from clay-olive to greyish
ochreous, and the markings, which are collected chiefly at the
larger end, are dark umber-brown. In size they measure about
175 by 1-22.

1098. SEMIPALMATED SNIPE.

MACRORHAMPHUS SEMIPALMATUS.

Macrorliamphus semipalmatus, Jerdon : Blyth, J. A. Soc. Beng. xvii.
p. 252 (1848) ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 474, pi. 121 ;
(Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 936 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 257 ; Eidgway, p. 151 ; M. taczanowskii (Verreaux), Kev. and
Mag. 1860, p. 206, pi. 14 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 400.

$ ad. (Dauria). Differs from M. griseus in being larger, in having the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts closely marked and barred with
blackish brown ; the under parts more uniform rufous, unspotted on the
throat and breast, and the under wing-coverts white, unbarred ; beak and
legs black ; iris dark brown. Culmen 3'03, wing 6'68, tail 3'0, tarsus
T97 inch. In winter dress it may be distinguished by the barred rump, &c.,
the unbarred axillaries and under wing-coverts, and the flanks and under
tail-coverts less barred. In general appearance and size it resembles L.
lapponica, being very Godwit-like, but is readily distinguishable by its
barred rump and snipe-like bill.

MACRORHAMPHUti— LIMOSA 797

Hub. Eastern Siberia (Irkutsk and Dauria); Mongolia and
China in winter; has also been obtained in Burma and near
Calcutta in winter.

Is said to frequent the marshy shores of large rivers in Dauria,
but I find nothing on record respecting its habits, which are
probably similar to those of M. griseus. Its nest and eggs are
unknown.

LIMOSA, Briss., 1760.
1099. BAR-TAILED GODWIT.
LIMOSA LAPPONICA.

Limosa lapponica (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 246 (1766) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 203, pis. 573 figs. 1, 2, 574 fig. 2 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mns. xxiv.
p. 373 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 932 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 256 ; Ridgway, p. 163 ; Saunders, p. 623 ; Lilford, v. p. 129,
pi. 56 ; Poynting, p. 231, pi. 49 ; L. cegocephala, Linn. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 246 (1766) ; L. meyeri, Leisl. Nachtrag. Bechst. Naturg. ii.
p. 172 (1811-15); Naum. viii. p. 428, Taf. 214; L. rufa, Temm.
Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 668 (1820) ; Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 306 ; id. B. of
Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 51 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 343, pi. xciv.

Barge rousse, French ; Parda, Portug. ; Tetol, Span. ; Pittima
minore, Ital. ; Rostrothe-Uferschnepfe, German; Rosse-G-rutto,
Dutch ; Rodlrun-Koblersneppe, Dan. ; Rodspove, Norweg. ;
Myrspofv, Rostrod-Ldngndbba, Swed. ; Kydi, Lapp. ; Puna-Kuovi,
Finn. ; Krasnoi-sookalen, Russ. ; Kojaku-chidori, Jap.

$ ad. (Pagham). Crown, nape, and upper parts blackish brown, mar-
gined with rust-red ; rump white with narrow brown lines ; upper tail-
coverts white, washed with rufous and marked with dark brown ; tail
similar but broadly barred with dark brown and tipped with white ;
primary quills blackish brown ; secondaries dark grey margined with
white, the inner ones darker and marked with rufous ; sides of head, neck,
and under parts rich ferruginous ; the lores, auriculum, and sides of neck
lined with black ; lower abdomen washed, and under tail-coverts marked
with white, the latter spotted with brown ; under wing-coverts white with
dark central lines and submargins ; axillaries white banded with blackish ;
bill reddish yellow at base, otherwise blackish ; legs black, iris brown.
Culmen 3'5, wing 8'4, tail 2'7, tarsus 2'2 inch. Female larger and less
rufous. In winter the upper parts are ashy brown with dark shafts and
paler margins to the feathers ; lower back and rump white with a few
dark markings ; lower parts white marked with brown on the fore neck
and upper breast.

Hob. Northern Europe into Lapland, and Asia, east to the
Yenesei valley ; in autumn migrating south to South Europe,

798 LIMOSA

and Africa south to Senegambia ; Canaries ; Asia, south to Sind
in winter ; Great Britain in spring, autumn, and winter.

Frequents estuaries, mud-flats, and the sea shore, and is
usually seen in company with other waders. Its flight is light
and buoyant, and its note a loud shrill whistle. Its food consists
of worms, aquatic insects, and crustaceans, in search of which it
may be seen probing the mud and sands. It breeds in the in-
terior of Lapland, not further west than the Tornea valley, and
as far east as the Yenesei, its nest being a mere depression in
the ground, or on a tussock, and the eggs, 4 in number, are
usually deposited in May, and are light olive-green, marked,
chiefly at the larger end, with dark brown, and measure about
2-0 by 1-49.

1100. SUBSP. LIMOSA BAUERI.

Limosa baueri, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. viii. p. 429 (1836) ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 459 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 933 ; Ridgway,
p. 163 ; L. novce-zealandim, Gray, Gen. of B. iii. p. 570 (1847) ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 377 ; L. uropygialis, Gould,
P.Z.S. 1848, p. 38 ; id. B. of Austr. vi. pi. 29 ; Seebohm, B. Jap.
Emp. p. 329.

Veretennic, Russ.

$ ad. (Japan). Differs from L. lapponica in summer in having the
red portion of the plumage paler, the lower back and rump blackish
with white margins, and the axillaries distinctly barred with brown.
Culmen 3*15, wing 8*74, tail 2*95, tarsus, 2*16 inch. In winter it can
always be recognised by the dark rump and barred axillaries.

Hob. Alaska ; Eastern Siberia ; the Commander Islands ;
Mongolia ; Japan ; Corea ; migrating to S. China, the Malay
Archipelago, Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand in winter.

In general habits it does not differ from L. lapponica. It
breeds in the Lake Hanka district in Mongolia, and in Alaska,
its nest being a rounded depression in a tussock, lined with
dry grass, and its 2 eggs, which are described as being light
olivaceous, spotted with dark brown, but sometimes nearly
uniform, in size measure about 2'20 by 1*42.

1101. BLACK-TAILED GOD WIT.
LIMOSA BELGICA.

Limosa lelgica (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 663 (1788) ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 254 ; Saunders, p. 625 ; Poynting, p. 235, pi. 50 ; L.
limosa (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 245 (1766) ; Sharpe, Cat. B, Br.

LIMOSA 799

Mus. xxiv. p. 381 ; Ridgway, p. 164 ; L. melanwra, Leisl. Nachtr.
Bechst. Naturg. ii. p. 153 (1813) ; Naum. viii. p. 406, Taf. 212, 213 ;
Gould, B. of E. iv. pi. 305 ; id. B. of Gt, Brit. iv. pi. 50 ; Hewitson,
ii. p. 342, pi. xciii. ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 329 ; L. melanu-
roides, Gould, P.Z.S. 1846, p. 84; id. B. of Austral, vi. pi. 28;
L. brevipes (nee. Gray), Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Scolopaces, p. 21
(1864) ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 460 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 929 ; L. cegocephala (nee. Linn.), Dresser, viii. p. 211, pi. 574;
Lilford, v. p. 125, pi. 55.

Barge a queue noire, French ; Abujeia, Sarseruelo, Span. ;
Magarico gallego, Parda, Portug. ; Pittima, Ital. ; Schwarz-
schwanziger- Uferschnepfe, German ; Grutto, Schries, Dutch ;
Jardreka, Icel. ; Sorthalet-Rodspove, Norweg. ; Sorthalet-Kobber-
sneppe, Dan. ; Rodspof, Swed. ; JtlvdoshJca, Veretennik, Russ. ;
Grudera, Hindu. ; Sorihashi-cMdori, Jap.

$ ad. (England). Head, neck, and breast rusty red, the crown and
nape striped with black ; upper parts barred black and rusty red ; lower
back and rump blackish ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail black, the middle
feathers tipped with grey, the outermost white on the basal half ; quills
blackish, the inner primaries and secondaries white at base ; wing-coverts
earthy grey, the larger with broad white tips ; breast indistinctly barred
with black ; under parts white, irregularly barred with black and rufous,
the flanks washed with rufous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ;
beak blackish brown, orange at the base ; legs blackish ; iris brown. Cul-
men 3'9, wing 8'0, tail 3'6, tarsus 2'8 inch. Female larger and duller
coloured. In winter the plumage lacks all red, the upper parts are earthy
grey, the throat, neck, and upper breast pale earthy grey, the rest of the
under parts white.

Hob. Europe generally, a regular visitor to Iceland, where it
breeds ; accidental in Greenland ; wintering in South Europe
and Africa, south to Abyssinia ; Asia, east to Japan, north to
Kamchatka ; Mongolia, Corea, Manchuria ; China, Burma, India,
the Malay Archipelago, and Australia in winter; formerly
breeding in England and abundantly in the Netherlands.

Frequents marshy and damp localities, and in winter the sea
coasts, and feeds on worms, insects, snails, larvae, &c. Its note
is a clear tu-ee-tooo, oft repeated, and when alarmed it utters a
clamorous wail, grutto, grutto. The nest is a mere depression
in the moss, and the 4 eggs, which are usually deposited in
May, are dull greenish indistinctly marked with dark brownish
olive, and in size measure about 213 by 1'46.

Birds from East Asia are as a rule rather smaller than
European ones.

800 NUMENIUS

NUMENIUS, Briss., 1760.

1102. ESKIMO CURLEW.
NUMENIUS BOREALIS.

Numenius borealis (Forster), Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 411 (1772) ; Audub.

B. Am. pi. 208 ; Newton, P.Z.S. 1871, pi. iv. fig. 1 (egg) ; Dresser,

viii. p. 221, pi. 575 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 368 ;

Kidgway, p. 171 ; Saunders, p. 631 ; Lilford, v. p. 137, pi. 59 ;

Poynting, p. 253, pi. 54.

£ ad. (N. America). Crown, nape, and upper parts umber-brown,
marked with dull isabelline, and in parts washed with pale rufous ; quills
dark earth-brown, the shafts white ; upper wing-coverts margined with
greyish brown ; tail dull rufous brown, barred with umber-brown ; sides
of face white striped with brown ; a dark line through and behind the
eye ; throat white ; rest of under parts pale rufous buff, the middle of the
abdomen nearly white ; breast with V-shaped brown markings ; flanks
rufous, similarly marked ; under wing-coverts and axillaries rich rufous
barred with blackish brown ; under tail coverts rufous buff, similarly
barred ; beak brownish black ; base of lower mandible yellowish flesh ;
legs greenish brown ; iris blackish brown. Culmen 2*4, wing 8*0, tail 3'4,
tarsus 1'8 inch. Female similar.

Hob. North America, north to within the Arctic Circle,
migrating south in the winter through Central America to the
southern parts of South America ; of rare and accidental occur-
rence in Greenland and Britain.

Frequents not only the sea coasts but is frequently to be met
with inland, and on migration and in winter is found in large
flocks. It feeds on insects and molluscs, and is also said to
be partial to crowberries. It breeds in the barren grounds in
Arctic North America, the nest being a mere hollow in the
ground lined with a few decayed leaves, and the eggs, which
are laid late in June or early in July, vary in ground-colour
from pale ashy green to ochreous drab, and deep olivaceous
drab, and the markings and blotches are of various shades of
sepia, usually more numerous at the larger end. In size they
measure about 2*0 by 1*45.

1103. LITTLE WHIMBREL.
NUMENIUS MINUTUS.

Numenius minutus, Gould, P.Z.S. 1840, p. 176 ; id. B. of Austral, vi.
pi. 44 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 458 ; Seebohm, B. Jap.
Emp. p. 317 ;• (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 371 ; Tacz. F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 947 ; N. minor (nee. Leach), Dresser, viii. p. 245.

NUMENIUS 801

<$ ad. ((Jhina). Differs from N. borealis in having the upper parts
conspicuously mottled with warm sandy buff; the sides of the head,
mesial line, and under parts rufous isabelline or sandy buff ; lower throat
and neck streaked, and flanks barred with dusky brownish ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries rufous isabelline, barred with dusky brown ; bill
blackish brown, the base of lower mandible flesh-coloured ; legs grey ; iris
dark brown. Culmen 2'0, wing 7*3, tail 3'0, tarsus T8 inch.

Hob. Eastern Siberia and Mongolia ; Japan and China ; the
Moluccas and Australia on passage and in winter.

Nothing seems to be on record respecting the habits of this
bird, which evidently breeds in Eastern Siberia, not far north of
Dauria, but its nest and eggs are as yet unknown.

1104. WHIMBREL.
NUMENIUS PKLffiOPUS.

Numenius phczopus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 243 (1766) ; Naum. viii.
p. 506, Taf. 217 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 324, pi. Ixxxvii. fig. 1 ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. pi. 303 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 49 ; Dresser, viii.
p. 227, pi. 576 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 356 ; Blanf.
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 253 ; Ridgway, p. 171 ; Saunders, p. 629 ;
Lilford, v. p. 135, pi. 58 ; Poynting, p. 249, pi. 53.

Courtis, French ; Maqarico gallego, Portug. ; Zaraptto, Serranct,
Span. ; Chiwrletto, Ital. ; fiegen-brachvogel, German ; Regenwulf,
Dutch ; Spdi, Icel. ; Lille-Eegnspove, Dan. ; Smaaspov, Norweg. ;
Smdspofv, Swed. ; Ktiskastak, Lapp. ; Pieni-Kuovi, Finn. ; Malyi-
Kronsclinep, Kulik, Russ. ; Chota-G-oungh, Hindu.

$ ad. (Sussex). Crown and nape dark brown with a mesial and two
superciliary lines to the nape dull white ; upper parts dark brown with
indistinct greyish brown margins ; hind neck dull white streaked with
brown ; rump and upper tail- coverts white, the latter spotted and barred
with dusky ; tail brownish grey, barred with dark brown and tipped with
white ; quills blackish brown, the shafts white ; wing-coverts dusky
brown spotted with dull white ; under parts white ; the sides of head,
neck, breast, and flanks streaked with brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white, barred with brown ; bill black, the base of lower mandible
pale brown ; legs light greyish blue ; iris brown. Culmen 3'0, wing 9'3,
tail 4-0, tarsus 2'3 inch. Female similar but larger.

Hob. Europe generally, north to Iceland, Greenland, and
Lapland, migrating through Southern Europe to South Africa
and Madagascar, Azores, Canaries, and Madeira for the winter ;
Asia, east to India and Burma, south to the Malay Archipelago.

802 NUMENIUS

In habits it resembles the Curlew. In the autumn and spring
it is usually seen on our coasts or on pasture lands near the sea
in small bands or flocks, and feeds on small shell-fish, insects, and
crustaceans. Its note is a trilling tetty, tetty, tetty, tet quickly
repeated. It breeds in the Faeroes, Northern Scandinavia,
and Iceland, its nest being a depression on some slightly
elevated and dry spot in the marshes, scantily lined with a few
dead leaves or grass-bents, and its 4 eggs, which are usually
deposited late in May or early in June, vary in colour from olive-
brown to dark greenish brown, and are clouded and blotched,
chiefly at the larger end, with dark umber-brown, but occasionally
they are unmarked. In size they average 2*29 by 1*60.

1105. SUBSP. NUMENIUS VARIEGATUS.

Numenius variegatus (Scopoli), Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92
(1786) ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 317 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiv. p. 361 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 943 ; N. uropygialis, Gould,
P.Z.S. 1840, p. 175 ; id. B. of Austral, vi. pi. 43.

Ko-shaku-shigi, Jap.

£ ad. (Japan). Differs from N. phceopus in having the lower back and
rump boldly marked with brown, and the axillaries more broadly and
closely barred. Culnien 3'2, wing 8'9, tail 3*78, tarsus 2'2 inch.

Hob. Eastern Siberia, north to Kamchatka; Japan, Corea,
and China ; migrating south through the Malay Archipelago to
Australia for the winter.

In habits it does not appear to differ from N. phceopus, but its
nest and eggs seem to be unknown.

1106. SLENDER-BILLED CURLEW.
NUMENIUS TENUIROSTRIS.

Numenius tenuirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. viii. p. 302 (1817) ; Naum.
viii. p. 527, Taf. 218 ; Dresser, viii. p. 237, pi. 577 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 348.

Gourlis a bee grSle, French ; Zarapito, Span. ; Ghiurlotello
Ital. ; Diinnschnabliger Brachvogel, German.

$ ad. (Malta). Differs from N. arquatus in being much smaller, the
hind neck greyish white streaked with rufous brown ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts pure white, the latter marked with fine brown lines ;

NUMENIUS 803

lores, eye-streak, cheeks, and ear-coverts white marked with fine lines and
specks of black ; throat pure white ; under parts white, the lower throat
and breast with central brown streaks, the sides of the breast with large
pear-shaped spots ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white ; bill
brown, the base of lower mandible flesh-coloured ; legs plumbeous grey ;
iris brown. Culmen 275, wing 9'3, tail 3'8, tarsus 21 inch. Sexes
alike.

Hal. Southern Europe, of rare occurrence in Central Europe
but has been obtained in Holland, Belgium, and France ;
North Africa, ranging south to Khartoum ; to the east it is
found in Transcaspia, where it probably breeds.

In habits this Curlew is said to differ from N. arquatus in
frequenting marshy localities and often wading up to the
belly in water. Respecting its nidification nothing definite
appears to be known.

1107. COMMON CURLEW.
NUMENIUS ARQUATUS.

Numenlus arquatus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 242 (1766) ; Naum. viii.
p. 478, Taf. 216 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 322, pi. Ixxxvii. fig. 2 ; Gould,
B. of E. iv. pi. 302 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 48 ; Dresser, viii. p. 243,
pi. 578 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 314 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxiv. p. 341 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 938 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds,
iv. p. 252 ; Saunders, p. 629 ; Lilford, v. p. 131, pi. 57 ; Poynting,
p. 243, pis. 51, 52 ; N. lineatus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 521 (1829) ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 457.

Courtis, French ; Magarico real, Portug. ; Zarapito redl, Span. ;
Chiurlo, Ital. ; Grosser Brachvogel, German ; Wulp, Dutch ;
Stor-Rvgnspove, Dan. ; Stor-Spove, Norweg. ; Storspof, Swed. ;
Iso-kiwvi, Finn. ; Kulik-kotrous, Bolschoi-Kronschnep, Russ. ;
Goar-Goungh, Hindu.

(J ad. (Sweden). Upper parts, head, and neck blackish brown with
dirty white and pale fulvous margins to the feathers, some tinged with
rufous ; lower back and rump white with a few scattered drop-shaped
spots ; upper tail-coverts white slightly barred with brown and marked
with rufous ; tail white barred with blackish brown, the middle feathers
tinged with ashy grey ; quills blackish brown ; shafts of outer ones white ;
chin, upper throat, and region round the eye white ; rest of under parts
white, the neck, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts narrowly, the
flanks boldly striped with blackish brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries mottled or more or less barred with brown ; bill dull fleshy
at base, otherwise dark brown ; legs plumbeous grey ; iris brown.
Culmen 5'0, wing 11*6, tail 4'9, tarsus 3'0 inch. Female similar.

3 G

804 NUMENIUS

Hob. Europe generally, north nearly to the Arctic Circle in
summer ; on migration and in winter south to the Cape Colony
in South Africa; Madagascar; Asia, east to Dauria, and has
occurred in Japan ; Mongolia ; China ; Burma, India, Ceylon,
the Andamans, Nicobars, and Laccadives in winter.

Frequents moors and open plains during the summer and
open flats on the coasts in winter, and is one of the most
cautious and wary birds. It feeds on worms, snails, insects of
various kinds, and berries, and in winter on marine animals
and crustaceans. Its note is a loud, weird, uncanny cry, which
it utters directly it takes flight on the approach of an intruder.
It breeds on the moors or in marshy places, the nest being a
mere depression on a tussock, scantily lined, and the eggs, 4
in number, are usually deposited from early in April to late in
May, and vary from light greenish fco dark olivaceous in ground-
colour, and are marked with purplish brown shell-markings
and dark umber-brown surface spots and blotches ; in size they
measure about 2<I72 by 1*84.

1108. AUSTRALIAN CURLEW.
NUMENIUS CYANOPUS.

Numenius cyanopus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. viii. p. 306 (1817) ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Erap. p. 315 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 350 ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 940 ; N. australis^ Gould, P.Z.S. 1837, p. 155 ;
id. B. of Austr. vi. pi. 42 ; N. major (nee. Steph.), Temm. and
Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, pi. 66 ; N. tahitiensis (nee. Gmel.)r
Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 410 ; Eidgway, p. 171 ; Darid and Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 458.

£ ad. (China). Differs from N. arquatus in having the rump and
upper tail- coverts conspicuously marked with brown, and the upper and
under parts washed with warm vinous buff or rufous buff ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries broadly barred with blackish brown. Culmen 7*8,.
wing 13'0, tail 5'4, tarsus 3'3 inch.

Hob. Eastern Siberia, north to Kamchatka ; Japan, Corea,
and China ; passing the winter as far south as Australia ; of
rare occurrence in Alaska.

It is said not to differ from our European Curlew in its
general habits. Nothing, however, appears to be known
respecting its nidification.

IBIDORHYNCHUS— HYDROCHELIDON 805

IBIDORHYNCHUS, Vigors, 1831.

1109. IBIS-BILL.
IBIDORHYNCHUS STRUTHERSI.

HAdorhynchus struthersi, Vigors, P.Z.S. 1831, p. 174; Gould, Cent. B.

Himal. Mts. pi. 79 ; id. B. of As. vii. pi. 61 ; David and Oust. Oie.

Chine, p. 456, pi. 118; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxiv. p. 335;

Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 249 ; Falcirostra kaufmanni and

longipes, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. pp. 69, 146/147, pi. x. (1873).
<$ ad. (Kan-su). Crown, nape, face to the hind part of the eye,
fore neck, and a broad band across the breast black ; rest of the head
and neck blue-grey becoming white where it meets the black ; upper parts
generally buffy French-grey, becoming bluish on the outer primaries, outer
wing-coverts, and rump ; upper tail-coverts blackish terminated with blue-
grey ; tail ashy blue-grey narrowly barred with blackish, and tipped with
black, the outer web of the outermost feathers white broadly barred with
black ; primaries with a white spot near the end of the inner web, largely
increasing on the inner quills ; under parts, with under wing-coverts and
axillaries, pure white ; bill curved, deep crimson ; legs blood-red ; iris
crimson. Culmen 3'0, wing 9'3, tail 4'7, tarsus 1*8 inch. Female similar,
but with the black portions of the plumage slightly tinged with brown.
Young birds lack the blackish on the head and breast.

Hob. Central Asia, from Western Turkestan east to Tibet,,
Mongolia, and China ; the Afridi country, Afghanistan, and:
the Himalayas from Kashmir to Upper Assam.

Is chiefly to be met with singly or in pairs or small parties
on the mountain streams, as high as 12,000 feet, and winters in
the mountains in spite of the cold. It is said to be rather
shy, and when taking wing utters a loud note, and flies very
low, close to the water, following the curves of the stream.
It certainly breeds in the Himalayas, but its nesting habits
and eggs are as yet unknown.

HYDROCHELIDON, Boie, 1822.

1110. BLACK TERN.
HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA.

Hydrochelid-on nigra (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766); (Naum.), x.
p. 189, Taf. 256 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 488, pi. cxxxv. ; (Gould), B. of
E. v. pi. 422 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 75 ; Dresser, viii. p. 327,
pi. 592 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.p. 17 ; id. Manual, p. 633 ;
Ridgway, p. 46 ; Lilford, vi. p. i. pi. i. ; S. Jissipes, Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 810 (1790 nee. Linn.)

3 G 2

806 HYDROCHELIDON

Guifette noire, French ; Gaivina, Ferreirinho, Portug. ;
Fumarell, Span. ; Mignattino, Ital. ; Schwarze-Seeschwalbe,
German ; Zwarte-Zeezwaluw, Dutch ; Sort-Terne, Dan. and
Norweg. ; Svart-Tarna, Swed. ; Tschernaya-martyschka, Russ.

# ad-. (Spain). Crown, nape, and hind neck glossy black ; upper
parts and tail plumbeous blue-grey; quills darker plumbeous grey;
sides of head, throat, and under parts plumbeous black ; under wing- and
tail-coverts white, the former tinged with grey ; bill purplish black ; legs
blackish brown with a purplish tinge; iris dark brown. Culmen 1*3,
wing 8-0, tail 3'25, only moderately forked, tarsus 0'65 inch. Sexes alike.
The young bird has the forehead and hind neck white, the upper parts
brownish ashy marked with light brown, the fore back blackish and the
under parts white, marked with blackish on the sides of the breast, and
the adult in winter is similar, but the upper parts are clearer grey and
the markings on the sides of the breast are absent.

Hob. Europe generally, north to about 603 N. lat., now only
a rare visitant to Britain ; Africa in winter to Abyssinia on
the east, and Loango on the west side ; Asia Minor and Asia
east to Western Turkestan. In the New World it is replaced
by a nearly allied species, H. surinamensis (Gmel.).

As a rule the Black Tern is extremely tame and fearless. On
the wing it is extremely graceful and may often be seen hover-
ing over the water for a moment and then pouncing down like
a stone on its prey. It feeds chiefly on aquatic insects of
various kinds, worms, grubs, &c. It breeds in swamps, making
a tolerably well constructed nest of grass and marsh plants, and
late in May deposits 3 eggs, which are ochreous clay in ground-
colour, sometimes with an olivaceous tinge, marked with
purplish grey shell spots, and blackish surface spots and blotches,
and measure about T49 by TO.

1111. WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN.
HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOFTERA.

Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz.), in Meisn. and Schinz. Vog. der
Schweiz. p. 264 (1815) ; (Naum.), x. p. 215, Taf. 257 ; (Gould), B.
of E. v. pi. 423 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 76 ; Dresser, viii. p. 321,
pis. 590, 591 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 524 ; Saunders, Cat,
B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 6 ; id. Manual, p. 635 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 308 ; Kidgway, p. 47 ; Lilford, vi. p. 3, pi. 2 ; H.
fasipes, Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1015.

Hirondelle de mer leucopt&re, French ; Fumarell, Span. ;
Mignattino ali-branchi, Ital. ; Weissfliiglige Seeschwalhe,
German.

•A

HYDROCHELIDON 807

3 ad. (Algeria). Differs from H. nigra in having the upper and
under parts deep black ; the upper tail-coverts, tail, edge of the wing, and
lesser wing-coverts white, the larger coverts French-grey ; under tail-
coverts white ; bill reddish black ; legs coral-red ; iris dark brown.
Culmen I'l, wing 8 -2, tail 3'0, tarsus 0'8, middle toe with claw 0'9 inch.
In winter and in immature dress it may be distinguished from H. nigra
by having the rump and upper tail-coverts almost white, the bill stouter,
and the tarsus and foot longer.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe ; an irregular visitor to
Britain ; Africa as far south at least as the Transvaal ; Asia
Minor and Asia east to China, north to Dauria; Mongolia;
Manchuria ; Burma ; Eastern India and Ceylon ; south to
Australia and New Zealand ; has been obtained in Wisconsin
(North America) and Barbadoes.

In habits this Tern resembles H. nigra. but its note is louder
and harsher, and it is somewhat swifter and more agile on the
wing. It breeds in societies in marshy localities, and its nest and
eggs resemble those of the Black Tern.

1112. WHISKERED TERN.
HYDROCHELIDON HYBRIDA.

Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 338 (1811) ;
Dresser, viii. p. 315, pis. 588, 589 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 524 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 10 ; id. Manual, p. 537 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 307 ; Lilford, vi. p. 5, pi. 3 ; H.
leucopareia (Natterer), in Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 746 (1820) ;
(Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 424 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 77 ; (Naum.),
x. p. 168, Taf. 255; Hewitson, ii. p. 483, pi. cxxxiv. fig. 2 ;
Ridgway, p. 47 ; H.fluviatilis, Gould, P.Z.S. 1842, p. 140 ; id. B. of
Austral, viii. pi. 31.

Hirondelle de mer moustac, French ; Paino mayor, Span. ;
Mignattino ligio, Ital. ; Weissbartige Seeschwalbe, German ;
Mer&hik, Moor.

$ ad. (S. Spain). Crown and nape glossy black ; upper parts and
tail slate-grey, rather darker on the primaries ; outermost tail-feathers
with the outer web white ; a white streak from the gape to the nape ;
chin white, throat grey, darker on the breast, and becoming black on the
abdomen and flanks ; under wing- and tail-coverts white ; bill and legs
blood-red; iris dark brown. Culmen 1 '45, wing 9*2, tail 3'4. outer tail-
feathers 0*7 longer than the middle ones, tarsus 0*9 inch. Sexes alike.
In winter the forehead and fore crown are white, the rest of the crown,
nape, and hind neck black marked with white, the upper parts paler than
in summer, and the under parts white. The young bird is similar, but has
the upper parts blotched with blackish.

808 HYDROCHELIDON— STERNA

Hob. Southern, South-western, and Central Europe ; a rare
straggler to North Germany and Britain ; Africa south to
the Cape in winter; temperate Asia east to China; Burma,
India, and Ceylon, passing south in winter through the Malay
Archipelago to Australia; has once been recorded from
Barbadoes.

Frequents marshes and inland waters in preference to the
sea coasts, and in general habits resembles its allies. It feeds
on small fish, caterpillars, aquatic insects of various kinds,
leeches, and dragon-flies. It breeds in marshes, in tolerably
large colonies, building a somewhat large but clumsy nest of
aquatic plants, which is placed on the herbage on the surface of
the water, and lays 2 or 3 eggs, which vary in ground-colour
from greyish buff or stone-buff to pale greenish or greenish
grey, and are marked with purplish grey shell blotches, and
blackish brown surface spots and blotches ; in size they measure
About 1-52 by 112.

STERNA, Linn., 1766.

1113. ARCTIC TERN.

STERNA MACRURA.

Sterna macrura, Naum. Ms, 1819, p. 1847 ; id. x. p. 114, Taf. 253 ;
Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 72 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 62 ;
id. Manual, p. 649 ; Lilford, vi. p. 20, pi. 9 ; S. paradisea, Briinn.
Orn. Bor. p. 46 (1764) ; Eidgway, p. 43 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1008 ;
£ hirundo, Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 170 (1774) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 255, pi. 579 ; S. arctica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 742 (1820) ;
Audub. B. Am. pi. 250 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 419 ; Hewitson, ii.
p. 481, pi. cxxxiii. figs. 1, 2.

Sterne pamdis, French ; Gaiwna, Portug. ; Gavina, Span. ;
Rondine di mare artica, Ital. ; Kilsten-Meerschwalbe, German ;
Kyst-Term, Dan.; Modncebbet-Terne, Norweg. ; Bodndbbad-Tarna,
Swed. ; Cerrik, Lapp. ; Lapintirra, Finn. ; Kraslika morsJcaya,
Russ.

£ ad. (Scotland). Crown black ; upper parts delicate silver-grey ;
quills dark grey, the outer web ;of the first blackish ; secondaries tipped
with white ; tail white, the outer webs of the two longest feathers dark
grey ; chin, sides of face, under wing- and tail-coverts white ; rest of
under parts eil ver-grey;. ; bill and legs coral-red ; iris blackish brown.
Culmen T3, wing 10'4, tail 8'0, tarsus 0'55 inch. Sexes alike. In winter
the forehead and crown are mottled with white, and the under parts are
paler.

STERNA 809

Hal). The high northern portions of the Old and New
Worlds, nesting north to 82° N. lat. or even higher ; in winter
passing south to South Africa, South Asia, and South America
as far as 66° S. lat. in the Southern Ocean.

Frequents the sea coasts and islands off the coast, and is
noisy but not shy. Its flight is extremely buoyant, easy,
and graceful, and it will sometimes alight on the water and
swim, and will even dive. It feeds on small fish, shrimps, and
crustaceans of various kinds, and its note is recognizable from
that of the Common Tern by a practised ear, being a somewhat
plaintive keer, keer, or Jcee, kee, kee, or gip, gip, gip, gip, often
modulated. It usually breeds close to the sea, but in some
parts on the borders of inland lakes, making no nest, but
depositing its 2 or 3 eggs on the sand, shingle, or on dry
seaweed or grass ; these, which are usually deposited in June or
July, according to latitude, vary in ground-colour from white to
stone-grey, pale blue-green and rich greenish, and are spotted
and blotched with umber-brown or blackish brown surface-
markings and pale purplish shell-blotches ; in size they measure
about 1-45 by 111.

1114. COMMON TERN.
STERNA FLUVIATILIS.

Sterna fluviatilis, Naum, Isis, 1819, pp. 1847-1848 ; Dresser, viii. p. 263,
pi. 580 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 525 ; Saunders, p. 647 ;
id. Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 54 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1010 ; Blanf.
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 318 ; S. hirundo (partim), Linn. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) ; Audub. B. N. Am. pi. 309 ; Naum. x. p. 89,
Taf. 252 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 480, pi. cxxxiii. fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of E.
v. pi. 417 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 70 ; Kidgway, p. 43 ; Lilford,
vi. p. 17, pi. 8.

Pierre Garin, French ; G-aivina, AndorJiina do mar, Portug. ;
Gavina, Span. ; Rondina di mare, Ital. ; Fluss Meerschwalbe,
German ; Vischdiefje, Dutch ; Almindelig-Terne, Dan. ; Makrel-
Terne, Norweg. ; Fisktdrna, Swed. ; Kalatirra, Finn. ; Kraslika-
rashnaya, Russ.

$ ad. (England). Differs from S. macrura in having the under parts
vinaceous grey, paler, the chin and cheeks white, the dark bands on the
inner webs of the primaries wider and darker, and the outermost tail-
feathers shorter ; bill coral-red, blackish at the tip ; legs coral-red ; iris
dark brown. Culmen 1-5, wing 10'5, tail 5'6, tarsus 0'7 inch.

Hal. Europe generally, but not ranging so far north as
S. macrura ; migrating south down to South Africa in winter ;

810 STERNA

temperate Asia, passing south on passage and in winter to
China, India, and the Malay Peninsula ; North America from
Labrador to Texas, ranging south to Bahia, Brazil, in winter ;
rare on Pacific coasts.

In habits the Common Tern does not differ from the Arctic
Tern, but it is less marine in the choice of habitat and is often
found on rivers, lakes, and inland ponds. Its food and nest are
also similar, but its note is somewhat harsher. Its eggs
resemble those of S. macrura, and are also subject to con-
siderable variation, but are as a rule a trifle larger, averaging
about 1-59 by 119.

1115. NORDMANN'S TERN.
STERNA LONGIPENNIS.

Sterna longipennis, Nordmann, in Ermans Reise, p. ]7 (1835) ; Middend.
Sib. Reise, p. 246, Tab. 25, fig. 4 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 526 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 296 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxv. p. 67 ; Blanford, F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 319 ; S.
camtschatika, Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, i. p. 322, and ii. p. 200 (1858) ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1011.

$ ad. (Amoor). Intermediate between S. fluviatilis and S. macrui-a,
having like the former the under parts vinaceous grey ; the upper parts
slightly darker than the latter species ; stripe on the inner web of outer
primaries as broad as in S. fluviatilis ; bill black ; legs blackish ; iris
dark brown. Culmen 1'6, wing 10*6, tail 7'1, tarsus 0*75 inch.

Hob. Eastern Siberia, north to Kamchatka ; Japan ; China ;
Ceylon ; in winter migrating as far south as New Guinea.

In habits, food, and nidification, this Tern does not differ
from S. macrura. Its eggs, from Kamchatka, are described as
being rather less marked than those of that species, and measure
about 1-55 by 112.

1116. ROSEATE TERN.
STERNA DOUGALLI.

Sterna dougall'i^ Montag. Orn. Diet. Suppl. (1813) ; Naum. x. p. 78,
Taf. 251 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 479, pi. cxxxii. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 418 ; Dresser, viii. p. 273, pi. 581 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxv. p. 70 ; id. Manual, p. 645 ; Lilford, vi. p. 15, pi. 7 ; Blanford,
F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 319 ; Kidgway, p. 44 ; S. paradisea,
Keys, and Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 247 (1840, nee. Briinn.) ; Gould, B.
of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 71 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1008; S. gracilis,
Gould, P.Z.S. 1845, p. 76 ; id. B. of Austral, vii. pi. 27.

STERNA 811

Sterne de Dougall, French ; Paradies-Meerschwalbe, German ;
Don ff alls- Terne, Dan.

<£ ad. (Massachusetts). Crown and nape glossy black ; upper parts
light French-grey ; the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail white washed
with grey ; rest of plumage white ; under parts tinged with delicate rose-
colour ; first primary with the outer web blackish ; bill orange-red at the
base, otherwise black; legs orange-red; iris dark brown. Culmen T7,.
wing 9'0, tail 9'0, the lateral feathers extending nearly 6 inches beyond
the middle ones, tarsus 0'8 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the forehead
is white, the crown and nape brownish black marked with white, the bill
nearly black, and the under parts lack the rose tinge.

Hdb. Europe, north to Britain, and rarely to Denmark ;
somewhat rare in South Europe, but has been recorded from
South Africa and the Azores ; the coasts of Asia north to the
Loo-choo Islands; China, Ceylon, the Andamans; Malaysia, south
to Australia and New Caledonia ; Eastern America from Massa-
chusetts to Venezuela ; West- Indies, and the Antilles.

In general habits it resembles the Common and Arctic
Terns, but its cry is easily distinguishable from either of those.
It is essentially an oceanic species, and its breeding range is
very wide. Its eggs, 2 to 3 in number, are deposited on the
ground on the coast, in sandy localities, and on small islands,
and resemble those of the Common and Arctic Terns, but are
as a rule more elongate in shape, and measure about 1'67
by 1-18.

1117. ALLIED TERN.
STERNA MEDIA.

Sterna media, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 198 (1820) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 285, pi. 583 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 86 ; Blanf. F.
Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 313 ; S. affinis, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas,
p. 23, Tab. 14 (1826) ; S. bengalensis, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 621
(1831) ; S. torresii, Gould, P.Z.S. 1842, p. 140 ; id. B. of Austral,
vii. pi. 25.

£ ad. (Egypt). Crown and nape deep black, the nuchal feathers
elongated ; neck, fore back, chin, throat, and under parts white ; mantle
ashy grey ; rump and tail pearly ash-grey, the outermost tail-feathers
white ; quills hoary grey on the outer web, the inner web blackish near
the shaft and tip, otherwise white ; bill yellow with a greenish tinge ; legs
and toes black, the soles pale yellowish ; iris brown. Culmen 2 '5, wing
11-6, tail 6'3, outer leathers 3 inches longer than the middle ones, tarsus
1*05 inch. In winter the forehead is dull hoary grey, the crown white
closely spotted with black, the nape black.

812 STERNA

Hob. Mediterranean, from the Straits of Gibraltar, where it
is somewhat rare, to Egypt ; the Red Sea down to Madagascar ;
coasts of Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, India, Ceylon, and Burma
(rarely), ranging south to Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, and
North Australia.

In general habits it appears to resemble the Sandwich Tern.
It frequents the sea coasts and small islands, and is very
gregarious, being usually seen in large flocks, and like its allies
feeds on small fish. It breeds in colonies, the [nest being a
mere depression near the shore, usually in sand, and the eggs,
2 in number, are in general character like those of the Sand-
wich Tern, are dull white, glossless, with purplish grey shell-
markings, and dark brown surface spots, and measure about
2-18 by 1-56.

1118. SANDWICH TERN.
STERNA CANTIACA.

Sterna cantiaca, Grael. Syst Nat. i. p. 606 (1788) ; Naum. x. p. 50,
Taf. 250 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 478, pi. cxxxii. figs. 2, 3 ; Gould, B. of
E. v. pi. 415 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 69 ; Audub. B. of Am.
pi. 279 ; Dresser, viii. p. 301, pi. 586 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxv. p. 75 ; id. Manual, p. 643 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv.
p. 312 ; Lilford, vi. p. 13, pi. 6 ; S. acuflavida, Cabot, Proc. Bost.
Soc. ii.-p. 257 (1847) ; Eidgway, p. 40.

Hirondelle de mer caugek, French ; G-arajau, Portug. ; G-olon-
drina de mar, Span. ; Beccapesci, Ital. ; Brand-Meerschwalbe,
German ; Gfroote-zeezwaluw, Dutch ; Kentisk-Terne, Dan.

(£ ad. (Turkey). Head to below the eye and nape glossy black, the
nuchal feathers elongated ; a white line from the nostril along the edge of
the upper mandible ; mantle plain French-grey ; primaries with white
margins to the inner webs ; tail white ; under parts white with a very faint
pink tinge ; bill black, the tip yellow ; legs black ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 2 -35, wing 12*1, tail 6'8, the outer feathers 3'4 longer than the
middle ones, tarsus I'l inch. In winter the forehead is white, the
crown and nape white closely spotted with black ; a blackish spot before
the eye.

Hob. Europe, but not extending north above Britain or
Denmark, and a very rare straggler to Southern Sweden ; on
passage, and in winter ranging as far south as the Canaries
and the Cape of Good Hope ; Asia, east to Sind ; the Atlantic
coasts of North America, Cuba, Jamaica, both sides of Central
America, and as far south as Bahia in Brazil.

STERNA 813

Is essentially a marine bird, frequenting the coast, but has
been recorded as nesting near salt water on a moorland loch,
yet this is very exceptional. It feeds, like its allies, on small
fish, its flight is strong and rapid, and its note is a loud harsh
Jcirrhitt, kirhitt. It nests in communities, usually in sandy places
near the sea, its 2 or 3 eggs being deposited in a depression in
the ground, usually in May or June. These are subject to con-
siderable variation, the ground-colour varying from white to
stone-buff, the shell-markings being purplish or pale brownish
grey, and the surface spots and blotches, which are in some
more pronounced than in others, are blackish brown ; some
have peculiar hieroglyphic streaks, as if drawn with a pen. In
size they measure about 2'05 by T42.

1119. CASPIAN TERN.
STERNA CASPIA.

Sterna caspia, Pal]. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. p. 582, tab. xxii. fig. 2,
(1770) ; Naum. x. p. 18, Taf. 248 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 477, pi. cxxxi.
figs. 2, 3 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 414 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 68 ;
Dresser, viii. p. 289, pi. 584 ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 522 ;
(Saunders), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 32 ; id. Manual, p. 641 ;
Lilford, vi. p. 11, pi. 5 ; (Blanf.), F. Brit, Ind. Birds, iv. p. 309 ;
(Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1006 ; 8. tschegrava, Lepechin, Nov. Comm.
Petrop. xiv. p. 500 (1770) ; Bidgway, p. 39 ; S. strenuus (Gould),
P.Z.S. 1846, p. 21 j (id.), B. of Austral, vii.pl. 22.

Sterne tschegrava, French ; Garnica, Span. ; Beccapesci mag-
giore, Ital. ; Raub-Meerschwalbe, German ; Reus-Zeezwaluw,
Dutch ; Rov-Terne, Dan.; Skrantarna, Swed. ; Raukutirra, Finn. ;
Kraslikti-tschegravdy Russ. ; Abou-Belaha, Arab. ; Rekra, in Sind.

<£ ad. (Dobrudscha). Crown to just below the eye and nape glossy
black ; nuchal feathers elongated ; mantle French -grey; rest of upper
parts, tail, and under parts white ; quills hoary grey, the margins of the
inner webs slate-grey ; bill bright coral-red ; blackish at the tip ; legs black ;
iris dark brown. Culmeri 2'9, wing 15 '5, tail 6'0, outer feathers 1'3 longer
than the middle ones, tarsus 1*8 inch. In winter the crown is white
striped with black ; a blackish patch in front of the eye ; bill orange-red,
tipped with horn-colour.

Ha~b. Europe, north to the head^of the Gulf of Bothnia ; an
irregular visitor to England; Africa south to the Cape and
Madagascar; Asia, north to Southern Dauria, east to China,
south to India, Ceylon, and Burma; the Malay Archipelago,
Australia, and New Zealand ; North America generally, rarer

814 STERNA

on the Pacific coast, ranging south in winter to Florida on the
east and Mexico on the west side.

Frequents the sea coasts, seldom inland waters. It feeds
chiefly on fish, but is said also to sometimes devour young
birds of the smaller Terns. Its note is a loud, deep, harsh
craaJc, craa. It breeds either in pairs or in communities, placing
its eggs on the ground ; these, 2 to 3 in number, are usually
deposited late in May or early in June, and vary in ground-
colour from stone-grey to stone-buff with a greenish tinge, and
are marked with purplish grey shell blotches, and blackish-
brown surface spots, blotches, and blotchy lines. In size they
measure about 245 by T75.

1120. ROYAL TERN.
STERNA MAXIMA.

Sterna maxima, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 58, No. 988 (1783) ; Dresser, ix,
p. 383, pi. 716 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 80 ; Kidgway,
p. 40; 8. cayennensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 604 (1788) ; Audub.
B. Amer. pi. 273 ; S. regia, Gambel. Pr. Phil. Acad. iv. p. 228
(1848).

(£ ad. (S. Carolina). Crown and nape black, the nuchal feathers
elongated and pointed ; neck, edge of wing from carpus, tail, and under
parts white ; mantle pearl-grey, the rump paler grey ; outer webs of
primaries dark grey, a broad line near the shaft, and ends of inner webs
blackish grey ; bill orange-red ; legs black ; iris brown. Calmen 2 '8, wing
14*3, tail 6'2, outer feathers extending 2*0 beyond the middle ones, tarsus T35
inch. In winter the forehead and fore crown are white mottled with black,
and a small space at the base of the bill dull grey ; bill paler orange.

Hob. America, on the east side from Long Island to Southern
Brazil, possibly to Parana, on the west side from California to
Peru ; West Coast of Africa from the Straits of Gibraltar to
Angola.

In general habits it resembles S. caspia, but is said to swim
very rarely. It breeds near the sea, usually in sandy places,
laying 2 eggs, which are buffy white or pale yellowish, some-
what sparsely spotted with purplish grey and dark umber, and
measure about 2'59 by 1*71.

1121. GULL-BILLED TERN.
STERNA ANGLICA.

Sterna anglica, Montag. Orn. Diet. Suppl. fig. (1813); Naum. x,
p. 38, Taf. 249 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 476, pi. cxxxi. fig. 1 ; Gould,
B. of E. v. pi. 416 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 74 ; Dresser,

STERNA 815

viii. p. 295, pi. 585 ; (Saunders), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 25 ;
id. Manual, p. 639 ; Lilford, vi. p. 9, pi. 4 ; S. aranea, Wils.
Am. Orn. viii. p. 143, pi. 72, fig. 6 (1814) ; ? S. nilotica, Gmel.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 606 (1788) ; (Ridgway), p. 38 ; S. macrotarsa,
Gould, P.Z.S. 1837, p. 26 ; (id.), B. of Austral. Suppl. pi. 81 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1004.

Sterne hansel, French; G-olondrina de mar, Cagard, Span.;
Beccapesci-inglese, Ital. ; Lach-meerschwalbe, German ; Lach-
Zeezwalmv, Dutch ; Engelsk-Terne, Dan. ; Tschernonosaya-
Martyschka, Russ.

£ ad. (Turkey). Crown and nape glossy black leaving a white line
along the edge of the gape ; chin, throat, sides of neck and under parts
white ; upper parts with the tail pale bluish pearl-grey ; quills towards
the tip and the inner web blackish grey, lighter in the centre ; bill and
legs black ; iris brown. Culmen 1'6, wing 11-65, tail 5'0, lateral tail-
feathers 1*6 inch longer than the middle ones, tarsus 1'2. In winter the
forehead is white, the nape greyish white striped with black ; space before
the eye marked with black ; behind the eye a blackish stripe.

Hob. Europe, to about 55° N. lat. in summer; a rare straggler
to Great Britain, but nests on the island of Sylt; Northern
Africa down to below Kordofan ; temperate and Southern Asia,
north to Mongolia ; Manchuria ; in winter somewhat irregularly
distributed in Burma, India, and Ceylon, and ranging as far
south as Australia, where it breeds.

In habits it somewhat resembles S. cantiaca, but is more
Gull-like, and its note, ef ef, or af af, is much more like that of
a Gull. It feeds also largely on insects, orthoptera, coleoptera,
and lepidoptera, locusts and grasshoppers. It breeds in com-
munities, the nest being a mere depression in the sand or soil,
sometimes with a scanty lining of straws, and in May or early in
June deposits 2 to 3, rarely 4 eggs. These vary in ground-colour
from stone-ochre and greyish white to pale greenish brown
marked with pale greyish brown shell spots, and greenish or
reddish brown surface spots and blotches, and measure about
1-85 by 1-36.

1122. LITTLE TERN.
STERNA MINUTA.

.Sterna minuta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766) ; Naum. x. p. 145, Taf.
254 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 484, pi. cxxxiv. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 420 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 73 ; Dresser, viii. p. 279, pi.
582 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 116 ; id. Manual, p. 651 ;
Blanford, F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 321 ; Lilford, vi. p. 21, pi. 10.

816 STERNA

Sterne naine, French ; Catalinita, Moncheta, Span. ; Fraticello,
Ital. ; Zwerg-Meerschwalbe, German ; Dwerg-zcezwaluw, Dutch \
Dvcerg-Ternc, Dan. ; Smdtarna, Swed. ; Malay a- Marty schka,
Malaya-Kraschka, Russ.

£ ad, (England). Forehead white ; a stripe from the base of the bill
through, the eye, crown, and nape deep black ; mantle and upper rump
dark pearl-grey ; lower rump, tail-coverts, tail, and entire under parts pure
white ; first three primaries with blackish shafts, and blackish in colour,
broadly margined on the inner web with white ; bill yellow tipped with
black ; legs light orange ; iris brown. Culmen 1*4, wing 6 '75, tail 3'8,
the lateral feathers 1'95 longer than the middle ones, tarsus 0'6 inch.
In winter the upper parts are rather darker, and more white on the
forehead.

Hal. Europe generally, from Southern Sweden to the Mediter-
ranean, but rarer in the north; Britain in summer; North
Africa and the West Coast down to the Cape in winter ; Asia
east to India and Burma, and south in winter as far as Java. In
America it is replaced by a nearly allied species, S. antillarum.

In general habits it differs but little from the Common Tern,
and is equally graceful on the wing. It usually frequents the
sea coasts, though it is not unfrequently seen on inland waters,
Its food consists of small fishes, aquatic insects, and larvae, and
its note is a shrill, somewhat harsh kreeJc, or Jcree. Its 2 to 3 eggs
are deposited on the sand or shingle, usually late in May or
early in June, and are greyish yellow or stone-ochre in ground-
colour, somewhat sparingly covered with violet-grey shell-
markings and blackish brown surface spots, and measure about
T28 by 0-92.

The young of this and all the preceding Terns resemble the
adult in winter dress, but have the upper parts marked or
mottled with buff, dusky brown, or blackish.

1123. ASIATIC LITTLE TERN.
STERNA SINENSIS.

Sterna sinensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 608 (1788) ; (David and Oust.),
Ois. Chine, p. 527 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 298 ; Saunders,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 113 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1014 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 320 ; Sternula placens, Gould,.
Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 192 (1871) ; id. B. N. Guin. v. pi. 72.

STERNA 817

£ ad. (China). Differs from S. minuta in being larger, in having the
shafts of the primaries white, the outer web of the first, and inner web
near the shaft dark grey, the upper tail-coverts and tail pure white, and
the outer tail-feathers longer. Culnien 1 '5, wing 7'4, tail 5'6, the outer
feathers 3 '3 longer than the middle ones, tarsus 0'65 inch.

Hob. Ceylon, Burma, and China, east to Japan ; Malaysia
down to New Guinea, Australia, and New South Wales.

In habits it does not appear to differ from Sterna minula,
frequenting similar localities and feeding also on small fish
and small crustaceans, &c. It breeds on sand-banks in rivers
and on the coast, in March and April in Pegu, and from June
to August in Ceylon, depositing its 2 to 3 eggs on the
ground. The eggs vary in ground-colour from stone-grey to
yellowish or pale brownish buff and olivaceous grey, the shell-
markings being bluish inky and purplish grey and the surface
blotches of dark sepia and brown of various shades ; in size they
measure about 1*24 by 0'94.

1124. ALEUTIAN TEEN.
STERNA ALEUTICA.

Sterna aleutica, Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. 1869, p. 321, pi. 31, fig. 1 ;
Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 98 ; Ridgway, p. 45 ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 299 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1013.

$ ad. (Alaska). Crown, nape, and loral streak black ; middle of forehead
back to the eye white ; mantle slate-grey ; rump, tail, chin, lower cheeks,
under wing- and tail-coverts white ; primaries dark grey, the outer web of
the first blackish, a dark line on the inner web next the white shaft ; white
wedges to the four outer primaries ; secondaries edged with white ;
abdomen and breast pale slate-grey ; bill and legs black ; iris dark brown.
Culnien 1'5, wing 10'65, tail 6'5, lateral tail-feathers 3'6 longer than the
middle ones, tarsus 075 inch. In winter there is more white on the
forehead.

Hob. Alaska; both sides of the Bering Sea; the Aleutian
Islands ; Saghalien and South-eastern Japan.

In habits it is said to resemble the Arctic Tern, but its note
is weaker and more squeaky. It deposits its 1 to 2 eggs on the
ground, and these resemble those of the Arctic Tern, but are
darker in ground-colour and more boldly marked ; in size they
measure about 1*6 by 1*15.

818 STERNA

1125. SOOTY TERN.
STERNA FULIGINOSA.

Sterna fuliginosa, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 605 (1788) ; Naum. xiii. p. 267,
Ta'f. 387 ; Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 145, pi. 72, fig. 1 : Gould, B. of
Austral, vii. pi. 32 ; Temm. and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 133,
pi. 89 ; (David and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 528 ; Dresser, viii.
p. 307, pi. 587 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 106 ; id. Manual,
p. 653 ; Kidgway, p. 45 ; Lilford, vi. p. 26, pi. 11 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 324.

<$ ad. (Florida Keys). Forehead, sides of head to the eye, chin,
throat, and entire under parts white ; crown, a stripe from the base of the
bill through the eye, nape, hind neck, and upper parts, with the tail black,
the mantle tinged with brown ; the outermost feather on each side of the
tail greyish black towards the end of the inner web, otherwise white ; bill
and legs black ; iris reddish brown. Culmen 1*9, wing 11 '2, tail 7'0,
tarsus 0*92 inch. In winter the lores and crown are marked with white.

Hob. Atlantic, chiefly on the 'southern islands, the southern
coasts of North America, and as far south as Chili ; several parts
of the African coasts ; rarer on the coasts of Asia, but is found
as far south as Australia ; very rare on the Pacific coasts of
America, but has been recorded from the Aleutian Islands and
Western Mexico. Has been obtained three times in England,
and thrice on the continent of Europe.

Is essentially a marine bird, and nests in large communities
on many of the tropical and subtropical islands, depositing as a
rale a single egg on the ground. The eggs are white or cream-
buff in ground-colour, the shell-markings purplish grey, and the
surface spots and blotches deep red ; some are but slightly
marked, but others are very boldly blotched. In size they
measure about 2*0 by T39.

1126. PANAYAN TERN.
STERNA AIOGSTHETA.

Sterna ancestheta, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. In. i. p. 92, No. 72 (1786) ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 301 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.
p. 101 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 323 ; ti. panaya, Lath.
Ind. Orn. p. 808 (1790) ; (Gould), B. of Austral, vii. pi. 33.

£ ad. (Paternoster Island). Differs from S. fuliginosa in being
smaller, in having the hind neck and fore back greyish white, the upper
parts paler, blackish slate, and the webbing of the feet different, not con-
tinued to the claws, but only to the last joint of the toes. Culmen 1-7,
wing 10'3, tail 8'3, tarsus 0'8 inch.

STERNA— ANOUti 819

Hob. Tropical seas generally ; both coasts of Africa, south to
Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands ; the Indian Ocean and
China Seas, north to Japan, and south to New Guinea, North
Australia, the Fiji, Tonga, Ellice, and Phoenix Groups ; of
accidental occurrence on the coasts of Florida, and is said to have
once occurred at the mouth of the Thames.

In general habits it resembles S. fuliginosa, but does not breed
in such large colonies, its single egg being laid on the sand
or ground, or in holes in the coral or sandstone, in May. The
eggs resemble those of S. fuliginosa, but are rather smaller
and less boldly marked.

ANOTTS, Steph., 1826.

1127. NODDY.
ANGUS STOLIDUS.

Anous stolidus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) ; (Audub. ), B. Am.
pi. 275 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 421 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 486,
pi. cxxxiv. fig. 3 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 300 ; Gould, B.
of Austral, vii. pi. 34 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 529 ;
Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 136 ; id. Manual, p. 655 ;
Ridgway, p. 48 ; Lilford, vi. p. 29, pi. 13 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind.
Birds, iv. p. 325.

(J ad. (Brit. Honduras). Forehead nearly white ; crown pale grey
passing into greyish brown on the nape ; lores and orbital region black ;
cheeks and throat plumbeous ; rest of plumage above and below chocolate-
brown ; wings and tail blackish ; bill black, orange at the angle of the
gape ; legs dusky vinous purple ; iris deep brown. Culmen 2'1, wing
10'15, tail 6'2, tarsus I'O inch.

Hob. Tropical and subtropical seas ; the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts of America down to Tristan da Cunha in the Atlantic ;
the coasts of tropical and subtropical Africa, and of Asia north
to Japan ; Australia down to about 35° S. lat. ; islands of the
Pacific up to Laysan, &c., and down to the Galapagos, but not
Peru or Chile ; is said to have been obtained off the south-
east coast of Ireland.

Is essentially an oceanic species. It feeds on small fish,
mollusca, medusae, &c. Unlike the other Terns, it constructs a
somewhat bulky nest of twigs, grass, or seaweed, which is placed
on a bush or tree, and deposits 1 egg only, which is laid from
January to May and September, according to latitude. The
eggs are dull and glossless in texture, white, muddy white, or

3 H

S20 ANOUS— XEMA

buffy white in ground-colour, sparingly marked with pale pur-
plish grey shell spots and reddish brown or dark brown surface
spots, and measure about 2'06 by 1'38.

XEMA, Leach, 1819.

1128. SABINE'S GULL.

XEMA SABINII.

Xema sabinii (J. Sabine), Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 520, pi. 29 (1818) ;
(Middendorff), Sib. Reise, p. 244, Tab. xxiv. fig. 5, pull. ; Tab. xxv.
fig. 1, egg (1853) ; (Naum.), xiii. p. 272, Taf. 272, figs. 3, 4 ; (Gould),
B. of E. v. pi. 429 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 67 ; Newton, P.Z.S.
1871, p. 57, pi. iv. fig. 5 (egg) ; Dresser, viii. p. 337, pi. 593 ;
Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mas. xxv. p. 162 ; id. Manual, p. 657 ;
Ridgway, p. 38 ; Lilford, vi. p. 32, pi. 14 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 1046.

<£ ad. (Arctic America). Head and upper neck rich dark plumbeous
bordered below with, black ; mantle pale blue-grey ; edge of the wing
and first five quills. black, the latter margined on the inner web, and tipped
with white ; secondaries and their coverts blue-grey tipped with white ;
rest of plumage and the tail white ; the latter slightly forked ; bill
blackish, tipped with orange on the upper, and yellow on the lower
mandible ; edge of eyelids and gape vermilion ; legs blackish ; iris light
brown. Culmen 1'3, wing ll'O, tail 4'6, tarsus 1'4 inch. Sexes alike.
In winter the head and neck are white, the ear-coverts and back of head
and neck dusky plumbeous. The young have the mantle brownish grey
marked with pale brown and dirty white, the crown brownish ashy, and
the tail crossed by a subterminal black band.

Hob. The most northern parts Arctic regions of the Old and
New Worlds, visiting the British Isles, where it has been
obtained on many occasions, the coasts of the North Sea to
Norway, Denmark, Holland, N. Germany, and France, and has
been recorded from as far south as Switzerland, Austria, and
Hungary ; in America it has been obtained on the Atlantic side
as far south as the Bermudas and Texas, and on the Pacific it
visits the coasts of Peru to Callao Bay in numbers. So far as is
known, it breeds only from the Taimyr to the Yukon, not in
Spitsbergen or Greenland.

In general habits and especially in its flight this Gull is very
Tern-like, and in the breeding season associates with the Arctic
Tern. It feeds chiefly on insects of various kinds in the breed-
ing season, and small fish and crustaceans in the winter. It
breeds in the high north, its nest being a depression in the
moss, and its 2 eggs, which are laid late in June or early in

XEMA—RHOD OSTETHIA—PA GOPHILA 8 2 1

July, are dull brownish olivaceous, indistinctly blotched, chiefly
at the larger end, with dull brown, and measure about 172 by
1-30.

RHODOSTETHIA, Macgill., 1842.

1129. CUNEATE-TAILED GULL.
RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA.

Rhodostethiarosea (Macgill.), Mem. Wern. Soc, v. No. xiii. p. 249(1824) ;
Dresser, viii. p. 343, pi. 594 ; Murdoch, Exp. Pt. Barrow, p. 123,
pis. i. ii. ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 167 ; id. Manual,
p. 659 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1048 ; Ridgway, p. 37 ; Lilford,
vi. p. 33, pis. 15, 16 ; L. rossii, Richardson, App. Parry's Second Voy.
p. 359 (1825) ; Xauin. xiii. p. 270, Taf. 388, figs. 3, 4 ; (Gould), B. of
Gt. Brit. v. pi. 63.

£ ad. (Disco). Mantle pearl-grey ; primaries rather darker, the first
•with the outer web black nearly to the tip ; secondaries tipped with white ;
rest of the plumage, and tail, which is cuneate, white, the under parts
tinged with rose-pink ; middle of neck encircled by a black band, broadest
behind ; bill blackish ; legs coral-red ; iris dark brown. Culinen 0'95,
wing 10 '1, tail 4'4, the middle feathers 0'8 longer than the outermost,
tarsus I'l inch. Sexes alike. In winter the black collar is absent, and
the under parts are quite white. The young bird has the crown and hind
neck clouded with dusky, the upper parts marked with sooty blackish and
buff, and the tail terminated with blackish brown.

Hob. Franz Josef 's Land and the Polar seas : straying south
in autumn and winter, and has been then recorded once from
Yorkshire, several times from Greenland, once from the Faeroes,
once from Heligoland, once from St. Michael's, Alaska, and
numbers have been obtained at Point Barrow ; in Asia it
inhabits the Arctic Ocean.

But little is known respecting the habits of this Gull, and its
nest and eggs have not been discovered.

PAGOPHILA, Kaup, 1829.

1130. IVORY GULL.
PAGOPHILA EBURNEA.

Pagophila elmrnea (Phipps), Voy. N. Pole, App. p. 187 (1774) ; (Naum.),
x. p. 341, Taf. 263; Carte, Journ. R. Dubl. Soc. i. pp. 57, 60,
pis. 1, 2 (eggs) ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 437 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit,
v. pi. 62 ; (Audubon), B. Am. vii. pi. 445 ; Dresser, viii. p. 349,
pi. 595 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 301 ; id. Manual,
p. 685 ; Coliett, Ibis, 1888, p. 440, pi. xiii. (nestling and eggs) ;
Lilford, vi. p. 68, pi. 30 ; ? L. albus, Gunnerus, in Leems. Beskrif.
Lappl. p. 285 (1767) ; (Tacz.), F. O. Sib. 0. p. 1055 ; Kidgway,p. 24.

3 H 2

822 PA GO PHIL A —RISSA

Mouette Uanclie, French ; Schnee-Meive, Elferibein-Meive,
German ; lismaage, Dan. and Norvveg. ; Hvitmase, Swed. ;
ValkealoJcki, Finn.

<£ ad. (Spitsbergen). Entire plumage white ; bill French-grey at the
base and on the culmen, pea-yellow at the tip ; legs and feet black ; iris
dark hair-brown, eyelids brick-red. Culmen 1*5, wing 12'2, tail 5'9,
tarsus 1*5 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird is marked with blackish
grey.

Hob. The most northern parts of the Polar world, straying
south in winter to Britain, Scandinavia, the coasts of Germany
and Holland ; has once been obtained at the mouth of the Somme
in France, and once near Lausanne in Switzerland. In North
Asia it occurs in Kamchatka, and throughout Arctic America
as far south as New Brunswick and Newfoundland as a rare
visitant.

Is generally to be met with in the vicinity of ice-masses, and
feeds chiefly on the leavings of walrus and seal hunters, and
is very tame and confiding. McClintock found it breeding on
Prince Patrick's Island in 1852-53, Malmgren in N.E. Spits-
bergen in 1865, and Capt. Johannesen found a breeding colony
on a small island off Spitsbergen in August, 1887, and obtained
19 eggs. The nests were composed of green moss, a few stalks
and leaves of algae, a few small wood splinters, feathers, and one
or two particles of lichen. The eggs, 1 or 2 in number, are
light greyish brown with a faint admixture of yellowish green
in ground-colour, and are spotted and blotched with dark brown,
and most nearly resemble those of Larus canus. In size they
measure about 2*36 by 1*32.

KISSA, Stephens, 1826.

1131. KlTTIWAKE.
RISSA TRIDACTYLA.

Rissa tridactyla (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766) ; (Naum.), x. p. 322,
Taf. 262 ; (Hewitson), ii, p. 493, pi. cxxxvii. ; (Gould), B. of Gt.
Brit. v. pi. 61 ; Dresser, viii. p. 447, pis. 607, 608 ; Seebohm, B.
Jap. Emp. p. 294 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 305 ; id.
Manual, p. 683 ; Kidgway, p. 25 ; Lilford, vi. p. 63, pi. 29 ; 7?. t.
pollicaris, Stejn., in Baird, B., and Ridgway, Water B. N. Am. ii.
p. 402 (1884) ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 1052 ; Ridgway, p. 25 ; L. rissar
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766) ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 435.

Mouette tridadyle, French ; Gamcta, Gabina, Span. ; Gaivota,
Portug. ; GabUano-terragnola, Ital. ; Dreizelun-Mewz, German;

HISS A 823

Drieteenige-Meeuw, Dutch ; Tretaaet Maagc, Dan. ; Krykje,
Norweg. ; Ringtjaen, TrrMig-Mdsc,S\ved.

<$ ad. (Greenland). Head, neck, upper tail-coverts, tail, and entire
under parts pure white ; mantle dark French-grey or slate-grey ; quills
black at the end, the inner primaries with an apical white tip, the first
with the outer web black ; secondaries and scapulars edged with, white ;
hind toe absent or rudimentary ; beak yellow, red at the gape ; legs and feet
blackish brown ; iris brown ; edges of eyelids red. Culmen 1!5, wing
11-2, tail 5"2, tarsus 1*25 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the nape «and
sides and back of neck are streaked with grey. The young bird has the
upper parts variegated with black, a mark before the eye and a large patch
on the ear-coverts blackish grey ; a semi-collar on the hind neck, the first
4 quills and a broad tip to the tail black.

Hob. The Arctic and subarctic regions of the Old and New
Worlds as far south as North-west France, the Kurile Islands in
Asia, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence in N. America in summer ;
ranging in winter south to the Caspian, the Mediterranean, and
Canaries, and on the American side to the middle United States
and Bermuda.

Essentially a bird of the sea cliffs, it is only seen inland when
driven by stress of weather, and feeds on small fish, crustaceans,
and other maritime animals, which it usually fishes up from the
surface of the water. Its flight is soft and easy, and it both
swims well and can also dive. It breeds on the ledges of cliffs
skirting the sea, often in companies of thousands, and constructs
a rather bulky nest of seaweeds and grasses. The eggs, usually
3 in number, are deposited in May or June, and in ground-
colour are ochreous grey, sometimes tinged with greenish, or
pale greenish olivaceous, clouded and spotted with pale purplish
grey and dark brown. In size they measure about 2 '9 by T53.

1132. RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.
RISSA BREVIROSTRIS.

Rissa Ireviroslris (Bruch), J. f. O. 1853, p. 103 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br.
Mu?. xxv. p. 312 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 1053 ; Eidgway, p, 25 ;
L. Irachyrhynchus (nee. Richardson), Gould, P.Z.S. 1843, p. 106 ;
Rissa nivea (nee. Pallas), Gray, List. B. B. Mus. Anseres, p. 174
(1844) ; D. G. Elliot, New and Unfig. B. N. Am. ii. pi. 54.

£ ad. Differs from R. tridactyla in having the mantle darker, the outer
webs and margins of inner webs of the primaries up to the 4th darker,
the under wing-coverts greyish slate, but paler than the mantle ; bill
lemon-yellow with a tinge of green ; legs and feet bright red ; iris brown.

824 RISSA— LARUS

Culmen T25, wing 12'5, tail 5 '6, tarsus 1'25, middle toe with claw 1'95
inch ; hind toe very small, sometimes with and sometimes without a
claw. The young bird differs from that of R. tridactyla in lacking the
black band on the wing and on the tail.

Hob. The Bering Sea from the Kamchatkan coasts to the
Aleutian and Prybiloff Islands.

In habits it resembles the Kittiwake, and like it breeds on the
ledges of almost inaccessible cliffs by the sea, its eggs being
also similar in appearance, and measuring about 2*36 by 1/64.

LARUS, Linn., 1766.

1133. BLACK-HEADED GULL.
LARUS RIDIBUNDUS.

Larus ridibundus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) ; Naum. x. p. 264,.
Taf. 260 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 491, pi. cxxxvi. figs. 2, 3 ; (Gould), B. of
E. v. pi. 425 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 64 ; Dresser, viii. p. 357,
pis. 596, 597, fig. 1 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 520 ; Seebohm.
B. Jap. Emp. p. 295 ; Saunder?, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. 207 ; id.
Manual, p. 665 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 300 ; (Tacz.), F.
0. Sib. 0. p. 1040 ; Lilford, vi. p. 39, pi. 19 ; L. capisfratus, Temm.
Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 785 (1820).

Gotland rieur, French ; Gaivota, Chapalhtta, Portug. ; Gavina,.
Gaviota, Span. ; Galliano comune, Ital. ; Lachmewe, Mohrenkopf,
German ; Kokmeeuw, Dutch ; Hcettemaage, Dan. and Norweg. ;•
Skrattmdse, Swed. ; Naumdokki, Finn. ; TschaiJca, Russ. ; Yuri-
kamome, Jap.

<£ ad. (S. Russia). Hood brownish black or coffee-brown ; mantle pale
French-grey ; a narrow space round the eye, tail-coverts, tail, and entire
under parts white, the last faintly tinged rose-colour ; primaries white,
with the tips and margins of the inner webs black ; secondaries French-
grey, the outer ones tipped with blackish ; bill, edges of eyelids, legs, and
feet lake-red ; iris deep brown. Culmen 1'8, wing 12'0, tail, 5*0, tarsus 1*8.
In winter the hood is absent, there being a little grey before the eye and
on the occiput, and a blackish grey patch behind the eye.

Hal. Europe, north to the Faeroes, the Baltic Islands and
Archangel, south to the Mediterranean ; wintering in Africa,
south to Nubia ; Asia east to Japan, north to Kamchatka ;
wintering in India, China, and the Philippines.

In habits it differs from many of its allies in selecting inland
marshes for the purpose of nidification. Its flight is easy and

LARUS 825-

graceful, and it swims with ease, sitting very lightly on the
water. Its note resembles the syllables kree, kree, or keck, kech,.
and when uttered by many, resembles harsh laughter. Its food
consists of small fish, insects, larvae, and worms. It breeds on
inland marshes, and islands in lakes, usually in large societies,
constructing its nest of reeds and dried grass, and in May, or
sometimes late in April, deposits 3 eggs, which in ground-colour
vary from pale bluish white to dark olivaceous brown, more or
less spotted and blotched with deep umber and blackish brown,
and measure about 2'2 by 1*47.

1134. BROWN-HEADED GULL.
LARUS BRUNNEICEPHALUS.

Larus brunneicephalus, Jardon, Maclr. Journ. xii. p. 25 (1840) ; (David
and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 521 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.
p. 215 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 301.

DTiomra, Hindu.

(£ ad. (N.W. India). Differs from L. rldibundus in being larger, the
hood browner, especially paler on the forehead, and the pattern of the
quills (which are blacker) different ; the two outer quills black with elong-
ated white subterminal spots, and a little white at the base, the 3rd with
more white at base, with the white increasing on the inner ones ; bill red,
brownish at the tip ; legs and feet red ; iris white or pale yellow ; sides
red. Cnlmen 1'9, wing 13*5, tail 5 '2, tarsus 2'0 inch. In winter and
immature dress it differs from L. ridibundus in the different pattern of the
quills.

Hob. Central Asia from Turkestan to Tibet and Mongolia ;
wintering on the coasts and marshes of Burma, India, and Ceylon,
and as for west as Aden.

In general habits this Gull resembles L. ridilundus. It breeds
on the high tablelands of Tibet in Central Asia, but its nest
and eggs appear to be undescribed.

1135. ADRIATIC GULL.
LARUS MELANOCEPHALUS.

Larus melanocephalm, Natterer, Isis, 1818, p. 816 ; Naum. x. p. 254,
Taf. 259 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 427 ; Dresser, viii. p. 365, pi. 597,
fig. 2 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 180 ; id. Manual, p. 667 ;
Lilford, vi. p. 43, pi. 20.

Gotland me'lanoce'pJiah ', French ; Galliano corallino, Ital.

826 LAKUS

£ ad. (Bosphorus). Differs from L. ridibundus in having the hood jet
black ; a small crescentic white patch above and one below the eye ; the
bill rather stouter and larger ; quills white, the first only externally mar-
gined with black ; bill and legs red ; iris brown. Culmen T6, wing 12'0,
tail 5'0, tarsus 1*9 inch. In winter it differs from L. ridibundus in the
coloration of the primaries, and the nape and hind neck are much more
striated, not clouded, with grey.

Hob. The coasts of the Black Sea and Mediterranean, Spain,
Portugal, and South France, straying north as far as England,
where it has been obtained once or twice, and the mouth of the
Somme, in Northern France. Winters as far south as Nubia.

In habits it resembles L. ridibundus, but its cry, though very
similar, may be distinguished by a practised ear. It breeds
in the eastern portion of its range, on sand-banks and in
lagoons, its nest being constructed of seaweed and grass, and in
May, or early in June, 2 to 3 eggs are laid, which vary in
ground-colour from white to pale stone-ochreous, with pale
inky shell-markings and blackish brown surface spots, blotches,
and scratches. In size they measure about 2 '28 by 1'55.

1136. BONAPARTE'S GULL.
LARUS PHILADELPHIA.

Larus philadelpJiia (Ord), in Guthrie's Geogr. 2nd Amer. ed. ii. p. 319
(1815) ; (Gould), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 65 ; (Newton), P.Z.S. 1871,
p. 57, pi. iv. fig. 6 (egg) ; Dresser, ix. p. 387, pi. 717 ; Saimders,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 185 ; id. Manual, p. 661 ; Ridgway, p. 36 ;
Lilford, vi. p. 35, pi. 17 ; L. bonapartii, Swains, and Richards. Faun.
Bor. Am. Birds, p. 425, pi. 72 (1831).

£ ad. (Canada). Head and neck dark plumbeous black ; a narrow,
interrupted white line round the eye ; mantle dark French-grey ; lower
neck, upper tail-coverts, tail, and entire under parts white ; 1st primary
white, but black on the outer web and across the tip, 2nd black across the
tip and a little way np the edge of the inner web, the 3rd and 4th with
broad subterminal black bands and white tips, pearl-grey on the inner
webs, the rest up to the 7th grey with black subterminal bars, the 7th and
8th grey with a small dark margin at the end of the inner web ; bill deep
black ; legs and feet orange-red ; iris dark brown. Culmen T6, wing 10'3,
tail 4'0, tarsus 1*38 inch. In winter the head and neck are white, slightly
marked with grey, a grey spot on the ear-coverts, the legs flesh-coloured.

Hcib. North America, breeding in the Fur countries and
found in winter as far south as Bermuda ; a rare straggler to
Europe, having been obtained about six times in Britain, and
once in Heligoland.

LARUS 827

In habits it resembles L. ridibundus, but its flight is more
Tern-like, it is very graceful on the wing, and frequently
perches on posts and trees. It breeds in colonies, placing its
nest, which is constructed of sticks, sometimes intermixed with
moss and lichens, on trees and bushes, and in June, or early in
July, deposits 3, rarely 4, eggs, which are pale olivaceous green
or olivaceous brown with purplish grey shell -markings and
blackish brown surface spots and blotches, and which measure
about 1-95 by 1'35.

1137. GREAT BLACK-HEADED GULL.

LARUS ICHTHYAETUS.

Lams ichthyaetits, Pall. Reise Russ. Reich?, ii. p. 713 (1773) ; Dresser,
viii. p. 369, pi. 598 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 176 ; id.
Manual, p. 669 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 299 ; Lilford, vi.
p. 48, pi. 21.

Rybak, Russ. ; CharabaMa, Tartar.

<J ad. (Volga). Head and upper neck jet black ; above and below the
•eye a white spot ; mantle French-grey ; lower neck, upper back, tail, and
under parts white ; primaries white, the first with the outer web, and a bar
near the tip black, the rest with subterminal black bars ; secondaries French -
.grey broadly tipped with white ; beak yellow, crossed by a broad red
patch, and near the tip a black bar ; legs yellow, webs orange ; iris dark
brown. Ctilmen 3*4, wing 18*8, tail 7'5, tarsus 2'8 inch. In winter the
head is white, more or less streaked with brownish black.

Hal. South-eastern Europe, but has been obtained in Greece,
Hungary, Sardinia, Switzerland (?\ and once in the south-west
of England ; North-east Africa in winter, south to Nubia ;
Palestine and Asia Minor ; Asia, east to Eastern Turkestan,
Mongolia, and Tibet; south to India,Burma, and Ceylon in winter.

Frequents the sea coasts, large rivers, lakes, &c., and like its
.allies feeds on small fish, insects, &c. I do not find any definite
information respecting its breeding habits, but eggs from
Sarepta, on the lower Volga, are*dull stone-drab in ground-
colour, streaked and blotched with light and dark umber-brown,
and measure 2'95 by 2'8.

1138. SAUNDERS'S GULL.

LARUS SAUNDERSI.

Larus saundersi (Swinhoe), P.Z.S. 1871, pp. 273, 421, pi. xxii. ; (David
and Oust.), Ois. Chine, p. 522 ; (Tacz.), F. O. Sib. 0. p. 1045 : Saun-
ders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 183 ; Gavia kittlitzii, Swinhoe, Ibis,
1860, p. 68 (nee. Bruch) ; L. schimperi, Schlegel (nee. Bruch), Mus.
Pays-Bas, Lari, p. 40 (1863).

828 LARUS

$ act. (China). Differs from L. ridilundas in being smaller, in having
the hood bluish black, the mantle rather darker, the inner secondaries
chiefly grey, the rest white ; 1st primary white, with a mere hair line of
black on the basal half of the outer web, and a marginal black band on the
inner web ; the 2nd white exteriorly, black on the inner web to the sub-
apex ; 3rd similar but with more black, which extends subapically over the
outer web ; 4th grey basally, barred and margined with black, and broadly
tipped with white ; 5th the black restricted to the inner web ; 6th and
upwards grey, with paler tips and inner borders ; bill short and stout,
black ; inside of mouth vermilion ; legs tile-red, claws black ; iris black ;
edge of eyelids black. Culmen 1-4, wing 11-0, tail 4'4, tarsus 1'6 inch.
In winter the head is white with little dark grey on the occiput.

Hob. Eastern Siberia (Sidemi) ; Mongolia, China, Corea, and
Japan in winter.

Resembles L. ridibundus in its general habits and food, and
frequents inland waters and rivers as much if not more than
the sea coasts. Nothing is as yet known respecting its
nidification.

1139. LITTLE GULL.
LARUS MINUTUS.

Lam* minutus, Pall. Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 702 (1771); Naum. x.
p. 242, Taf. 258 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 490, pi. cxxxiv. fig. 1 ; (Gould),
B. of E. v. pi. 428 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 66 ; Dresser, viii-
p. 373, pis. 599, 599A ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 173 ; id.
Manual, p. 663 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1043 ; Lilford, vi. p. 37,
pi. 18 ; Ridgway, p. 36.

Mouette pygmfo, French ; Gaviota, Span. ; Galibianello, Ital. ;
Zwergmowe, German ; D-werg-meeuw, Dutch ; Dvcergmaage, Dan. ;,
Dvargmds, Swed. ; Pikku-lokki, Finn. ; Tschaika-malaya, Russ.

£ ad. (Ladoga). Hood deep black ; lower neck, rump, upper tail-coverts,,
tail, and under parts white, the last tinged with rose-pink ; mantle delicate
French-grey ; quills grey broadly edged with white, the margins of the
inner webs smoke-grey ; under wing-coverts dark smoke-grey ; bill blackish
lake-red ; legs and feet vermilion-red ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0*9,,
wing 8-8, tail 3'6, tarsus 0'95 inch. In winter the head is white, the crown
and nape tinged with grey, the legs and feet yellowish red.

Hah North-eastern Europe; rare in Norway and Sweden; Fin-
land to Uleaborg ; Russia to Archangel ; has once been obtained
in the Fseroes ; of irregular occurrence in Britain ; in winter
it ranges south to the Mediterranean and North Africa ; North
Asia, east to the Sea of Ochotsk, but rare in South-east Siberia,,

LARUS

and has not been recorded from Mongolia or China ; has once
been obtained in India ; an accidental straggler to Bermuda
and the eastern United States (Long Island).

Frequents inland waters and marshes, feeding on small fish
and insects. Its flight is graceful and easy, and its note is a
laughing kerr, arrr, arrr arr, which it utters when disturbed.
It breeds in large companies, in marshy localities inland, con-
structing a rather loosely formed nest of flag-leaves, grass,
straws, &c., which is placed on almost floating islands, and
late in May or early in June lays 3 to 4 eggs, which are not
unlike some varieties of the Arctic Tern, greenish olive in
ground-colour with blackish grey shell-markings and dark
brown surface spots and blotches, in size measuring about 1*66-
by 119.

I have not described the young of these Black-headed Gulls,,
as they all resemble the adult bird in winter dress, but have
the upper parts brown or marked with brown. The sexes are
alike.

1140. COMMON GULL.
LARUS CANUS.

Larus canus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766) ; Naum. x. p. 301, Taf.
261 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 495, pi. cxxxviii. ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 437 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 60 ; Dresser, viii. p. 381, pi. 600 ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 517 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 293 ; Saunders,.
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 277 ; id. Manual, p. 671 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib.
0. p. 1033 ; Ridgway, p. 33 ; Lilford, vi. p. 49, pi. 22 ; L. niveusr
Pall. (nee. Bodd.), Zoog. Ross. As. ii. p. 320, Tab. 64 (1811) ; Tacz..
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1034.

Gotland cendre, French ; Gavinote, Span. ; Gavina, Ital.; Sturm -
mowe, German ; Kleine Zeemeeuw, Dutch ; Stormaage, Dan. ;
Fiskemaage, Norweg. ; Fiskmdse, Swed. ; Kalalokki, Finn. -r
Sisaja-Tschaika, Klusha, Russ.

£ ad. (Sweden). Head, neck, tail-coverts, tail, "and entire under parts
pure white ; mantle delicate light French-grey ; 1st primary black, with
a broad white bar close to the tip, the 2nd with a smaller bar, the 3rd with
merely a white spot near the tip ; inner primaries French-grey with black
bars and white tips ; secondaries with broad white tips ; bill greenish
yellow ; legs greenish grey ; iris golden brown, in very old birds greyish
white ; orbital ring vermilion. Cnlmen 1'8, wing 14'0, tail 5*5, tarsus
T85 inch. In winter the head and nape are streaked with dull brown.

830 LARUS

Hob. Europe generally, north to about 53° N. lat. and of rare
occurrence in Iceland ; wintering in the Mediterranean and the
Nile valley ; Eastern Asia, north to Kamchatka ; Japan, Corea,
and China; wintering in the Persian Gulf; has once occurred
in Labrador,

In general habits it resembles its allies, and is not found
only on the sea but tolerably far inland, where it feeds on the
worms turned up by the plough, its food consisting of small
fish, sand-eels, mollusca, and small Crustacea, worms, and insects.
Its flight is light and buoyant, and its cry is shrill and somewhat
harsh. It breeds both on the coast and on inland lakes, making
a, nest of seaweed, grass, &c., and in May deposits 2 or 3, usually
3, eggs, which are brownish olive, marked with dull purplish
brown shell blotches and dark brown surface spots and blotches,
in size measuring about 2'29 by 1'63.

In North America the present species is replaced by a slightly
smaller species, L. Irackyrhynchus, Richardson, which has once
been obtained in the Kurile Islands.

1141. SLENDER-BILLED GULL.
LARUS GELASTES.

Larus gelastes, Thienem. Fortpflanz. Vog. Eur. pt. v. p. 22, No. 351
(1838) ; Dresser, viii. p. 389, pi. 601, fig. 2 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxv. p. 230 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 303 ; L. tenui-
rosiris, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 478 (1840) ; L. columbinus, Golo-
watschow, Bull. Soc. Mosc. xxvii. p. 435, Tab. iv. (1854)s,

Galliano roseo, Ital.

$ ad. (Spain). Head, neck, tail, and entire under parts white, the
under parts suffused with delicate rose-pink ; 1st primary with the outer
web black except near the tip, and tipped with black ; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
with the outer web white, the inner brownish French-grey, becoming dark
brown on the edge, all the quills broadly black at the tip ; mantle pearl-
grey ; wing-coverts rather darker ; secondaries without white margins ;
bill red ; legs, feet, and edges of eyelids coral- red ; iris pale straw-yellow,
nearly white. Culmen 2'1, wing 12*0, tail 4'5, tarsus 2'1 inch. Sexes
alike, and in winter scarcely differing, but the bill is orange-yellow and the
legs lemon-yellow.

Hal. The coasts of the Mediterranean ; East Africa to Keneh
in Upper Egypt and Jeddah on the Red Sea ; West Africa south
to Senegal ; Asia Minor, the Black Sea and the Caspian, east to

LARUS 831

Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf, and Makran coasts of Baluchi-
stan and Sind.

Is essentially a sea bird, being seldom found inland except
some short way up the larger rivers. It feeds on small fish and
insects of various kinds. For breeding purposes it selects a
sand-bank or the dry portions of a marsh or an island in a
lagoon, where it nests in colonies. I found it nesting in May
in the marismas of the Guadalquivir, on the dried mud of an
island in the lagoon, constructing a somewhat loosely built nest
of sticks and a few Flamingoes' feathers, the number of eggs
being 3, sometimes only 2. These were white in ground-colour,
with a faint rosy blush when fresh, with pale inky grey shell-
markings and black or blackish brown surface spots and
blotches, some being only sparingly marked, whereas others are
very boldly and profusely blotched, chiefly at the larger end.
In size they measure about 2*95 by T53.

1142. AUDOUIN'S GULL.
LARUS AUDOUINI.

Larus audouini, Payraudean, Ann. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 462 (1826) ; Gould,
B. of E. v. pi. 438 ; Dresser, viii. p. 395, pi. 601, fig. 1 ; Saimders,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 271.

Galliano corso, Ital.

# ad. (Toro). Head, tail, and entire under parts white ; mantle and
rump pearl-grey, the lower hind neck rather paler ; first two primaries
black, with a large white spot near the tip of the inner web, the rest
pearl-grey, black towards the tip, and tipped with white ; under parts
with a faint rose tinge in the freshly killed bird ; bill coral-red with a
black band in front of the angle, the tip yellow ; legs olive-green ; iris
hazel ; edge of the eyelids coral-red. Culmen 2'35, wing 15'7, tail 6*5,
tarsus 2 '4 inch. Sexes alike.

Hal. The western Mediterranean islands, rarer on the coasts
of the mainland, occurring as far west as the Straits of Gibraltar,
and sometimes as far east as the Greek Archipelago.

In habits it appears to resemble the Herring-Gull, and is
essentially a sea bird, breeding on the rocks of the small islands
in colonies apart from its congeners, and depositing 1 or 2
eggs, which are stone-buff with a slight olivaceous tinge, with
inky grey shell-markings and blackish surface spots and blotches,
and measure about 2 '5 by T73.

LARUS

1143. BLACK-TAILED GULL.
LARUS CRASSIROSTRIS.

Larus craszirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xxi. p. 508 (1818) ; David ami
Oust Ois. Chine, p. 519 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 293 ; Tacz.
F. O. Sib. O. p. 1037 ; Saunders, Cat B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 227 ;
L. melanurus, Temm. PI. Col. livr. 77, pi. 459 (1828) ; id. and
Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 132, Tab. 88.

Umineko, Jap.

<J ad. (Japan). Head, neck, under parts and upper tail-coverts white ;
-mantle slate-grey ; tail white, the base pale grey, all except the outermost
feather on each side crossed by a broad subterminal black band ; the five
outer primaries blackish with white tips, increasing in size inwards ;
scapulars and secondaries edged with white ; under wing-coverts white ;
bill greenish yellow, becoming orange at the tip, and crossed by a black
band ; legs and feet fleshy brownish ; iris pale straw-yellow, the edge of
the eyelids vermilion. Culmen 2*5, wing 15*5, tail 6'0, tarsus 2'3 inch.
In winter similar, but with a little greyish brown on the head and nape, a

Hob. The Ussuri country, Eastern Siberia, the coasts of the
Sea of Japan, and -Japan, the Island of Saghalien, and China
south to about 22° N. lat.

Is easily recognizable from L. canus (which it somewhat
resembles) by the broad black band on the tail ; it frequents
the sea coast, large rivers and lakes, and is one of the commonest
species in Japan and North China. I find but little on record
respecting its nidification, excepting that it nests on rocks,
-depositing from the middle of May to the early part of June
3 eggs, which vary in ground-colour from ochreous grey to pale
olivaceous, and are spotted, blotched, and scratched with blackish
brown or yellowish brown, in size measuring about 2'50 by 1*75.

1144. HERRIXG-GULL.
LARUS ARGENTATUS.

Larus argentatus, Ginel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 600 (1788) ; Naum. x. p. 379,
Taf. 266 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 499, pi. cxL; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 434 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 59 ; Dresser, viii. p. 399, pi. 602,
fig. 1 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 260 ; id. Manual, p. 673 ;
Ridgway, p. 30 ; Lilford, vi. p. 51, pi. 23 ; L. smithsonianus, Coues
Proc. Philad. Ac. 1862, p. 296 ; Ridgway, p. 31.

Gotland argentt, French ; Gaivota, Alcatraz, Portug. ; Gaviota,
•Gavinot, Span. ; Silbermowe, German ; Zilvernufuw, Dutch :

-.

LARUS 833

i-Havmaayc, Dan. ; Sding, Stor-Graamaage, Norweg. ;
<''i-ttirut, Swed.; Hamnaa-lokki, Finn.; Tschaika-screbristarya,
Russ.

$ ad. (Orkneys). Head, neck, rump, tail, and entire under parts
white ; mantle delicate light French-grey, the larger wing-coverts,
secondaries, and scapulars broadly tipped with white ; first primary
blackish, towards the tip white with a subapical black band, the next two
grey at the base, then black with a large white spot at the tip, the rest
grey, subapically black, and tipped with white ; beak pale yellow with a
large red spot at the angle of the lower mandible ; legs and feet flesh-
colour ; iris yellowish grey, the edge of the eyelids yellow. Culmen 2 '65,
wing 167, tail 6'75, tarsus 2'5. In winter similar, but the head and neck
are striated with pale brown.

Hal. Northern Europe to the North Cape, east to the White
Sea ; rare in Greenland ; in winter south to the Mediterranean
basin, Black and Caspian Seas ; America, from the high north
to Maine, passing south in winter to the Bermudas, Cuba,
Mexico, and Southern California.

In the winter season it frequents the coasts, inlets, and
estuaries, where it finds small fish, especially herring fry,
plentiful, for its food consists of small fish, fish fry, mollusca,
crustaceans, clams, mussels, &c. ; the last it takes up in the air
to some height and drops on the stones to break the shell, and
it also visits ploughed land in search of worms and insects.
It is also a great egg robber. It nests on cliffs, small islands,
.and in America even on trees, sometimes building a bulky nest
of grass straws and dry herbage, at others the nest is a mere
depression in the ground with scarcely any lining. In May, 3
eggs are deposited, which in ground-colour vary from brownish

frey to dull olive-brown with violet-grey shell blotches and dark
rown surface spots and blotches, in size measuring about 2*8
by 1-9.

1145. SUBSP. LARUS CACHLNNANS.

Larus cachinnans, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 318 ; Saunders, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxv. p. 266 ; id. Manual, p. 674 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O.
p. 1030 ; L. UucophccuS) Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854) ; Dresser,
viii. p. 411, pi. 602, fig. 2 ; L. michahettesii, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1855,
p. 282.

Galliano reale, Ital. ; Chochotunja, Russ.

£ ad. (Algiers). Differs from L. argentatus in having the mantle
darker, the ring round the eye and gape orange-red, the bill brighter
coloured, and the legs and feet gamboge-yellow. Culmen 3-1, wing 18'5,
tail 7*7, tarsus 2'85 inch.

834 LARUS

Hob. Southern Europe, in the west north to the Gulf of
Gascony, in the east to the Dvina ; the entire Mediterranean
basin ; Africa, in the west south to Angola, in the east to
Khartoum ; Madeira, the Canaries, and Azores : the Black Sea,
Caspian, arid Aral, eastward to Dauria ; wintering in Northern
India and on the coasts of Baluchistan and Sind ; has once
occurred in England.

In habits this Gull does not differ from L. argentatus, and its
note is a similar ha-hti-ka. Nor does it differ in nidification,
and its eggs are similar.

1146. SUBSP. LARUS VEG^E.

Larus vegce, Stejn. Auk, 1888, p. 310 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.
p. 269 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1028 ; Kidgway, p. 30 ; L. occidental™
(nee. And.), Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 326 ; David o.nd Oust. Ois,
Chine, p. 520 ; L. cacJnnnans (nee. Pall.), David and Oust. op. cit.
p. 519 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 291.

<J ad. (E. Siberia). Differs from L. cachinnans in having the mantle
darker and bluer, while the legs and feet are pale flesh-colour. Culmen 2'9r
wing 17*9, tail 7'55, tarsus 2'69 inch.

Hob. The Arctic coasts of Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula
to Bering Straits and Kamchatka ; Japan and the coasts of
China south to the Bonin Islands and Formosa in winter, as also
the North-western American coasts down to California.

In habits this Gull does not differ from L. argentatus, and
its eggs are described as being similar and measuring about
2-91 by 1-85.

1147. LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL.
LARUS FUSCUS.

Larus fuscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) ; Nauru, x. p. 419, Taf,
267 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 431 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 56 ;
Dresser, viii. p. 421, pi. 603 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.
p. 250 ; id. Manual, p. 675 ; Kidgway, p. 28 ; Lilford, vi. p. 55r
pi. 24.

Gotland a pieds jaunes, French; Alcatmz, Portug. ; Zafferano,
Ital. ; fferingsmowe, German ; Kleine Mantelmeeuw, Dutch ; Silde-
maage, Dan. and Norweg. ; Sillmdse, Svved. ; Selkalokki, Finn. ;
Syeldielof, Russ.

<$ ad. (Sweden). Head, neck, tail, and under parts white ; back and
wings black, the former faintly washed with slate ; first primary with a

LARUS 835

white bar near the tip, the rest narrowly, the secondaries broadly tipped
with white ; bill light yellow, the lower mandible with a bright red patcli
towards the tip ; iris straw-yellow ; edge of eyelids vermilion ; legs and
feet yellow. Culmen 2'4, wing 157, tail 6'0, tarsus 2*1 inch.

Hob. Northern Europe, as far north in Sweden as Haparanda,
and in Norway as the Russian frontier, east to the Dvina, west
to the Faeroes and Great Britain, south to the Mediterranean ;
wintering in the Canaries, Madeira, Africa south to Senegambia
and Nubia ; rare in the North Caspian ; the Persian Gulf in
winter.

In habits it does not differ from its allies. It is chiefly found
on the sea coasts, and feeds on small fish, Crustacea, land and
marine mollusca, worms, &c. Its cry is loud, mellow, and plain-
tive, and it also utters a cackling or laughing cry. It breeds on
cliffs, in some parts ' on islands in lakes, and in marshes, con-
structing a rather bulky nest of grass, moss, &c., and early in
May deposits 2 to 3, usually 3, eggs, which in ground-colour vary
from light greenish blue to pale olivaceous brown, and are
spotted and blotched with violet-grey underlying shell-markings
and dark brown surface blotches. In size they measure about
275 by 1-96.

1148. SIBERIAN GULL.
LARUS AFFINIS.

Larus affinis, Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, p. 78; Dresser, viii.
p. 417 ; Bidgway, p. 29 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 254 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1026 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 304.

$ ad. (Petchora). Differs from L. fuscus in being larger, with a
proportionately shorter wing, the mantle paler, being dark dull slate-
blue ; quills black, with a distinct dark slate pattern on the inner web,
the first with a white spot near the tip, several others slightly tipped with
white, the inner secondaries broadly white tipped ; bill and legs as in
L. fuscus; orbital ring deep orange. Culmen 2*75, wing 17*4, tail 7*0,
tarsus 2 '8 inch.

Hob. Northern Europe and Asia from the Dvina to the
Yenesei ; wintering on the coasts of Baluchistan, Western
India, Malabar, Southern Arabia, Somaliland, Aden, and Socotra;
has once been obtained in Heligoland, and the type in South
Greenland.

In habits it resembles L. fusciis, and its eggs are like those
of that species.

836 LARUS

1149. SLATY-BACKED GULL.
LARUS SCHISTISAGUS.

Larus schistisagus, Stejneger, Auk, 1884, p. 231 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0.
p. 1024 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 258 ; Ridgway, p. 29 ;
L. marmus (nee. Linn.), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 165 ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 291. ;

O-seguro-kamome, Jap.

<£ ad. (Kuriles). Head, neck, tail, and under parts white ; wings and
mantle dark slate ; scapulars and secondaries tipped with white ; quills
black, the inner webs of the outer ones grey ; third quill with a distinct
white spot between the grey and the black on the inner web ; bill rich
yellow with a red subterniinal spot on the lower mandible ; legs and feet
dull purplish flesh-colour. Culmen 2*28, wing 18'0, tail 7'6, tarsus 2-7
inch.

Hctb. Coasts of Eastern Siberia, the Bering and Okhotsk Seas ;
the Kurile Islands, and Northern Japan in winter.

In habits it does not differ from its allies. It breeds in the
Kurile Islands, but its eggs appear to be undescribed.

1150. GREATER BLACK-BACKED GULL.
LARUS MARINUS.

Larus mar'mus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) ; Naurn. x. p. 438, Taf.
268, 269 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 501, pi. cxli. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 430 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 55 ; Audub. B. Am. pi. 241 ;
Dresser, viii. p. 427, pi. 604 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.
p. 241 ; id. Manual, p. 677 ; Ridgway, p. 28 ; Lilford, vi. p. 57,
pi. 25.

Gotland a manteau noir, French ; Gfaivota, Alcatraz, Portug. ;
Gavinbt, Span. ; Mugnaiaccio, Ital. ; Mantel-mowe, German ;
Mantelmeeuw, Dutch ; Veidi-bjalla, Svart-baJeur, Icel. ; Svartbag-
maage, Dan. ; Hafmaage, Norweg. ; Haf strut, Swed. ; Merilokki,
Finn.

£ ad. (Sweden). Head, neck, tail, and entire under parts white ; mantle
black with a slaty tinge ; primaries black washed with slate on the inner
web, the first and second with a broad white tip, the second with a black
band across the white, the third with a narrow white tip, the inner ones
with the terminal portion slate-grey, with a black subterniinal band and
white tip ; secondaries and scapulars tipped with white ; bill light yellow
with a red patch towards the end of lower mandible ; legs and feet
greyish white with a fleshy tinge ; iris hazel ; edge of eyelids vermilion.
Culmen 3'5, wing 20'0, tail 9'0, tarsus 3'0 inch.

LARUS 837

Hob. Northern Europe, east to the Petchora river, north in
Norway to the Russian frontier, and in Sweden to about
Sundsvall ; the Faeroes and Iceland ; rarer in Greenland ; fairly
common in the northern part of Britain ; in winter migrating
south to the Canaries and Mediterranean, where it is rare, east
to Egypt, and the Volga ; the Atlantic coasts of North America,
south to Virginia and Florida.

It feeds on fish and offal, and being extremely predatory in
its habits it destroys large numbers of the eggs and young of
water birds, and will kill and devour wounded birds. Its note
is a loud clear cry, yo w, yow, yow, and it often utters a hoarse
cackle when on the wing. It nests not only on the sea coast
but also about inland waters, making a large nest of dry grass,
heather, wool, moss, and sometimes feathers, which it places on
a rock or on the ground, and in May deposits 2 to 3 eggs, which
are lighter or darker olive-brown, with dark or brown blotches,
and in size measure about 3'0 by 2*13.

1151. GLAUCOUS GULL.
LARUS GLAUCUS.

Larus glaucus, Fabricius, Faun. Groenl. p. 100 (1780) ; Naum. x. p. 350,
Taf. 264 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 504, pi. cxli. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E.
v. pi. 432 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 57 ; Dresser, viii. p. 433,
pi. 605 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 290 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxv. p. 289 ; id. Manual, p. 679; Kidgway, p. 26 ; Lilford,
vi. p. 59, pi. 26 ; L. barrovianus, Ridgway, Auk, 1886, p. 330 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1019.

Eismowe, German ; Burgemeestei\ Dutch ; Hvitm&fr, Icel. ;
Graamaage, Dan. ; Stor Hvidmnget-maage, Norweg. ; Hvittrut,
Swed. ; Iso-lokki, Pormestari, Finn. ; Morskaia-Tschaika, Russ.

£ ad. (Greenland). Mantle verj' pale blue-grey, rest of plumage pure
white ; bill yellow with a red patch towards the tip of the lower mandible ;
legs light flesh-colour ; iris light yellow, the edge of the eyelid vermilion.
Culmen 3'1, wing 18*6, tail 8'5, tarsus 2'8 inch.

Hal. The Arctic regions of the Old and New Worlds; in
winter passing south to the coasts of Europe as far south as
the Mediterranean (rarely), the Black Sea, and North Caspian ;
in Asia to Japan ; in America to Long Island and the Great
Lakes.

In habits it resembles L. marinus, and like that bird builds
a bulky nest of dry grass, seaweeds, &c., or utilizes a depression

3 I 2

838 LARUS

in the ground, lining it scantily with grass. Its 3 eggs
resemble those of L. marinus, but are subject to rather more
variation both in ground-colour and markings.

1152. ICELAND GULL.
LARUS LEUCOPTERUS.

Larus leucopterus, Faber, Proclrom. Isl. Orn. p. 91 (1822) ; Nauin. x.
p. 367, Taf. 265 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 498, pi. cxxxix. figs. 1, 2 ; Dresser,
viii. p. 439, pi. 606 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 295 ; id.
Manual, p. 681 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1023 ; Ridgway, p. 26 j
Lilford, vi. p. 62, pi. 28 ; L. islandicus, Edmonst. Mem. Wern. Soc.
iv. p. 506 (1823) ; Gould, B. of E. v, pi. 433 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v.
pi. 58.

Goeland leucoptere, French ; Polarmowe, German ; Kleine
JBurgemeester, Dutch ; Hvitmdfr, Icel. ; Hvidvinget-Maage, Dan.
and Norweg. ; Hvitvingad Trut, Swed.

^ ad. (Greenland). Differs from L. glaucus in being smaller, with a
proportionately longer wing. Culmen 2 '5, height of bill at base 0'65,
wing 16-8, tail 7 '6, tarsus 2 '5 inch.

Hob. Jan Mayen Island and Greenland in summer ; in winter
to Iceland, the Faroes, Great Britain, Scandinavia (rarely), once
in Finland, and as far south as the Gulf of Gascony in severe
winters ; Atlantic coasts of North America, south, in winter, to
Massachusetts and the Great Lakes.

In habits it does not differ from L. glaucus. It breeds in
Greenland, its nest being a mere depression in the ground,
slightly lined with a few grass-bents, and it deposits 2 to 3
eggs, which resemble those of L. glaucus, but are smaller,
measuring about 2'78 by 1'87.

1153. GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.
LARUS GLAUCESCENS.

Larus glaucescens, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 351 (1840) ; Seebohm^
B. Jap. Emp. p. 290 ; Saunders, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 284 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1019 ; Ridgway, p. 27.

£ ad. (Alaska). Differs from L. glaucus in wing pattern, and in
Having the mantle blue-grey ; scapulars, secondaries, and primaries broadly
tipped with white, the colour of the quills being two shades of ashy grey ;
1st quill broadly terminated with white, the 2nd with a white sub-
terminal spot on each web, the 3rd whitish at the apex of the wedge of the
grey inner web, the 4th pale grey on the greater part of both webs, the
darker colour being as a distinct bar, the 5th with a smaller dark bar
surmounted by white, the 6th similar, but the bar reduced to a spot on

LARUS— STERCORARIUS 839

the outer web, the rest grey at the base and tipped with white ; bill yellow,
red at the angle of the lower mandible ; legs and feet light flesh-colour ;
iris clear grey. Culmen 2'7, wing 17*0, tail 7'9, tarsus 2'6 inch.

Hob. The coasts of the North Pacific and Bering's Sea ;
Kamchatka ; the Aleutian and Commander Islands ; in winter
south to Japan and California.

In habits it resembles L. glaucus. It breeds abundantly on
Bering and Copper Islands, frequently on isolated rocks and
small islands, or on the ledges of rugged cliffs overhanging the
sea, the nest being a depression, lined with dry grass, and early
in July, 2 to 3 eggs are deposited, which resemble those of
L. glaucus, but are somewhat smaller, greener, and more boldly
spotted.

STERCORARIUS. Briss., 1760.

1154. GREAT SKUA.
STERCORARIUS CATARRHACTES.

Stercorarius catarrhactes (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 226 (1766) ; (NaumJ,
x. p. 470, Taf. 270 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 505, pi. xlii. ; (Gould), B.
of E. v. pi. 439 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 78 ; Dresser, viii.
p. 457, pi. 609 : (Saunders), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 315 ; (id.),
Manual, p. 687 ; (Lilford), vi. p. 69, pi. 31 ; Cataracta sleua, Ketz.
Faun. Suec. p. 161 (1800) ; Kidgway, p. 21.

Labbe cataracte, French ; Gt^osse JRaubmowe, German ; Groote
Jager, Dutch ; Havskumur, Hakallaslmmur, Icel. ; Stor-Kjove,
Dan. ; Skua, Storjo, Norweg. ; Storlabl, Swed.

£ ad. (Fseroes). General coloration dark brown marked with yellowish
red ; crown, rump, and upper tail- coverts almost uniform dark brown, the
feathers on the rest of the upper parts with rufous or rusty yellowish tips ;
basal half of primaries white forming an alar patch ; tail blackish brown,
marked with white at the extreme base ; throat feathers with yellowish
shaft markings ; abdomen tinged, and flanks slightly marked with rufous ;
bill black, paler at the base ; legs and feet blackish ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 2-4, wing 15'6, tail 7'0, tarsus 2'7 inch. Sexes alike. The young
bird is more distinctly marked with yellowish, and has more white on the
wings and tail.

Hob. Iceland, the Faroes, and Shetlands in summer ; rarer in
South Greenland; scarce in Scandinavia; in winter south to
the Straits of Gibraltar ; a rare straggler to Germany, Switzer-
land, N. Italy, and the Mediterranean.

Essentially predatory in its habits the Skua seldom takes
the trouble to fish for itself, but despoils the Gulls of their

840 STERCORARIUS

prey, and also takes numbers of young sea birds and eggs ; it
also feeds on carrion when obtainable. Its cry is a somewhat
harsh skui, skid, and when disturbed and flying over its
nesting place it utters a cry not unlike the cackling of a Goose.
Its nest is a depression in the mossy ground on islands and
high moorlands, scantily lined with dry grass and moss, and
though not actually breeding in societies, several pairs are fre-
quently found near together. Two eggs are deposited late in
May, which are dull greenish olive-brown, some greener and
others browner in tinge, marked with dark brown, and measure
about 2-87 by 1'86.

1155. POMATORHINE SKUA.
STERCORARIUS FOMATORHINUS.

Stercorariuspomatorhinus (Temm.), Man. d'Orn. p. 514 (1815) ; (Naum.).
x. p. 487, Taf. 271 ; (Middend.), Sib. Eeise, Zool. p. 240, Taf. 24,
fig. 1 (egg) ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 440 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v.
pi. 79 ; Newton, P.Z.S. 1861, pi. xxxix. fig. 3 (egg) ; Dresser, viii.
• p. 463, pi. 610 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 330 ; Saunders,

Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 322 ; id. Manual, p. 689 ; Tacz. F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1061 ; Kidgway, p. 22 ; Lilford, vi. p. 74, pis. 32, 33 ;
Boyce Hill, Ibis, 1900, p. 526, pi. xi. (eggs).

Ldbbe Pomarin, French; Mandriao, Portug. ; Galliano nero,
Ital.; Mittlere-Raubmowe, German; Middelste-Jzger, Dutch; Mid-
delltjove> Dan. ; Bredhalet-Jo, Norweg.; Bredstjertad Labb, Swed.;
Leveapyrstoinen-rdiska, Finn. ; Pomornik-srednie, Fdmka, Russ.

£ ad. (Faeroes). Crown, nape, sides of head, back, wings, and tail
deep brown or blackish brown ; fore back slightly marked with white ;
primaries with basal portion and shafts white ; middle tail-feathers
elongated but blunt ; neck all round, chin, and under parts white, the first
tinged with golden yellow ; a band across the breast and flanks marked
and barred with dark brown ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, lower
abdomen, crissum, and under tail-coverts dark brown, the three last
slightly marked with white ; bill dark horn, bluish at the base ; legs and
feet blackish ; iris brown. Culmen 1'8, wing 13*8, tail 8'75, the middle
feathers 2*7 longer than the lateral ones, tarsus 2'0 inch. In adult birds
the middle rectrices are much elongated and almost spatulate, having a
curious twist in the shaft which brings the lower surface of the vanes
towards the tip to meet in a vertical direction.

Hob. The high northern portions of the Old and New Worlds,
in autumn and winter ranging to the British Islands,
Scandinavia, and continental Europe south to the Mediter-
ranean, where it is comparatively rare, and on the West African
coast south to 23° S. ; Northern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the

STERCORAEIUS 841

Commander Islands, south in winter to Japan, Moulmein (once),
and Cape York in Australia; Northern North America, in
winter south to New Jersey, the Great Lakes, and Callao Bay.

In habits this Skua does not appreciably differ from its allies,
and feeds on fish, lemmings, and carrion, and also to a large
extent plunders the smaller Gulls and Terns of their prey. Its
cry is a short harsh crah. It was first found breeding on the
Taimyr by von Middendorf in 1843, later in Greenland, and in
1897 on the Yenesei by Mr. Popham. The nest is a hollow
in a drier spot in marshy ground, and the 2 eggs vary in
ground-colour from stone-grey with a greenish tinge to brownish
olivaceous, and are spotted and blotched, chiefly at the larger
end, with pale greyish brown and blackish brown, measuring
about 2-62 by T86.

1156. ARCTIC SKUA.
STERCORARIUS CREPIDATUS.

Stercorarius crepidatus (Banks), in Cook's Voy. Hawks worth's ed. ii.
p. 15 (1773) ; Dresser, viii. p. 471, pis. 611, 612, fig. 2 ; Saunders,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 327 ; id. Manual, p. 691 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 329 ; S. para.nticus (Bodd, nee. Linn.), Tabl.
PI. Enl. p. 58, No. 991 (1783) ; (Gould), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 80 ;
(Xamn.), x. p. 506, Taf. 272, 273 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1056 ;
Kidgway, p. 22 ; S. richardsoni (Swains.), Faun. Bor. Am. Birds,
p. 433, pi. 73 (1831) ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 609, pi. cxliii. fig. 2 ;
(Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 441 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 288 ;
(Lilford), vi. p. 75, pi. 34.

Labbe parasite, French ; Cagado, Portug. ; Cdgalo, Span. ;
Labbo, Ital. ; Struntjager, Schmarotzer-fiaubmowe, German ;
KLcine Jager, Dutch ; Spidshalet-Kjove, Dan. ; Leverjo, Norweg. ;
Vanliga Labb, Swed. ; Kalapasko-raiska, Finn. ; Pomornik-
tschujeadnui, Russ.

$ ad. (Greenland). Crown and sides of head to below the eye, back,
wings, and tail dark brown, the head rather paler, the back almost blackish
brown ; shafts of outer quills white ; chin, neck all round, and under
parts white ; sides and back of neck washed with yellow ; breast and
lower throat washed with ashy brown ; crissum and under tail-coverts
dark brown; middle tail-feathers elongated, tapered; bill lead-bine at
base, otherwise blackish; legs blackish; iris brown. Culmen T5,
wing 13 '3, tail 8*9, the middle feathers 3*1 longer than the lateral ones,
tarsus 1-8 inch. Varieties of this species are not uncommon, which are
almost uniform sooty blackish.

Hob. The northern portions of the Old and New Worlds ;
Greenland, Iceland, the Faeroes, N. Norway and Sweden,

842 STEECORARIUS

N. Russia, Britain ; in winter south to the Mediterranean and
the West Coast of Africa to the Cape ; Northern Siberia, Kam-
chatka, the Commander and Kurile Islands; in winter south
to the Makran and Sind coasts, Australia and New Zealand ;
the Arctic regions of North America, south in winter to New
York, Illinois, Colorado, and the coast of Brazil.

Like its allies it is a bold, rapacious bird, subsisting chiefly
by plunder. It is swift and active on the wing, swirns with
ease, but does not either dive or plunge. Its cry is plaintive,
not unlike the prolonged mew of a cat, and when alarmed it
utters a sound between a hiss and a croak. At its breeding
places it is exceedingly bold and daring. The nest is a mere
hollow in the moss or grass, in which 2 eggs are laid late in
May or early in June ; these are greenish grey, greenish stone-
colour, or olive-brown in ground-colour, more or less spotted
and blotched with purplish grey and deep umber-brown, measur-
ing about 217 by 1*57. It riests on moors, peat-bogs, or the
grassy tops of sea cliffs, usually several pairs near together.

1157. BUFFON'S SKUA.
STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS.

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 226 (1766) ; (Gould), B.
of E. v. pi. 442 ; Dresser, viii. p. 481, pi. 612, fig. 1 ; Saunders, Cat.
B. Br. Mas. xxv. p. 334 ; id. Manual, p. 693 ; (Lilford), vi. p. 77,
pi. 35 ; S. longicaudus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xxii. p. 157 (1819) ;
Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 81 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1059 ;
Eidgway, p. 23 ; L. crepidata (nee. Gmel.), Naum. x. p. 534,
pi. 274 ; S. bu/oni, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 508,
pi. cxliii. fig. 1 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 289.

Ldble a longue giieue, French ; Lablo coda-lunga, Ital. ; Kleiner
Raubmowe, German ; Kleinsfe Jager, Dutch ; Lille Kjove, Dan. ;
Fjeldjo, Norweg. ; Fjcillabl, Swed. ; Skaiti, Haskil, Lapp. ;
funturi-miska, Finn.

$ ad. (Lapland). Differs from S. crepidatus in being smaller, the
crown, nape, and sides of head glossy blackish brown, the yellow on the
cheeks much brighter, the upper parts ashy grey, the middle tail-feathers
much longer, and the two first primaries only with white shafts ; bill plum-
beous at the base, otherwise black ; legs plumbeous, with large black
patches on the feet ; iris dark brown. Culmen lvL5, wing 11 -5, tail 13'0,
the middle feathers 8*1 longer than the lateral ones, tarsus 1*5 inch.

Hob. The Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and America,
migrating south in the autumn and winter as far as the Straits
of Gibraltar ; of rare occurrence in the Mediterranean ; the

STERCORARIUS—PROCELLARIA 843

Siberian coasts of the Arctic Ocean; Kamchatka and the
Commander and Kurile Islands, migrating south in winter, and
has once occurred as far south as between the Sandwich and
Philippine Islands. In America it occurs in winter south to
Florida and California.

In habits it does not differ from the preceding species, and
like it is bold and fearless. During the breeding season at
least, it feeds on lemmings, mice, insects, and to a large extent
on crowberries. Its cry is described as being a loud dismal
shriek, i-i-i-ah, je-ah, je-oh, je-oh. It breeds in colonies in the
large marshes and moors in the high north, not far from
water, the nest being a mere depression in the ground, some-
times lined with a few dry grass-bents, and the eggs, 2 in
number, are usually laid in June, and are similar in appearance
to those of the Arctic Skua, but as a rule greener in tone
and subject to considerable variation. In size they measure
about 2-10 by T43.

The sexes of the birds included in the present genus do not
differ ; the young birds are brownish with the upper tail-coverts
and under parts barred and the back varied with rufous and
brown ; those of S. pomatorhinus and S. parasiticiis are darker
than those of S. crepidatus, but S. parasiticus is always dis-
tinguishable by having the shafts of the two first primaries
only white. The young in down of all three species are brown,
those of S. pomatorhinus pale sooty brown with a rufous tinge,
those of S. crepidatus sooty brown above, paler below, and
those of S. parasiticus are much paler, being grayish brown
above and below.

PROCELLARIA, Linn., 1766.

1158. STORM-PETREL.
PROCELLARIA FELAGICA.

Procellaria pelagica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 212 (1766) ; Naum. x. p. 557,
pi. 275, fig. 1 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 517, pi. cxlv. fig. 1 ; (Audub.), B.
Am. pi. 340 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 448 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v.
pi. 86 ; (Dresser), viii. p. 491, pi. 613, fig. 1 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxv. p. 343; Sannclers, p. 727 ; Lilford, vi. p. 123, pi. 53 ;
Bidgway, p. 70.

Thalassidrome temptte, French ; Alma de mestre, Portug. ;
Uccello delle tempeste, Ital. ; Schwalben-Stuvmvogel, German ;
Stormvogeltje, Dutch ; Lille-Stormsvale, Dan. ; Liden-Stormsvale,
Sorron-Pedder, Norweg. ; Stormsvala, Swed.

844 PMOCELLARIA— OCEANODROMA

$ ad. (Orkneys). General colour sooty black, the under parts paler
and browner ; median wing-coverts with pale tips ; base of upper tail-
coverts and of tail, sides of crissum, and under tail-coverts white ; tail
almost square ; bill and legs black ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'58,
wing 4'6, tail 2*15, tarsus 0'9 inch. Sexes alike.

Hctb. North Atlantic Ocean, breeding on the Faeroes, Orkney,
and Shetland Islands ; of rare occurrence in Scandinavia as
far north as the Lofoten Islands ; the Mediterranean and the
African coasts south to the Cape on the west, and occurs
between the Zambesi and Zanzibar on the east side ; on the
American coasts south to the Banks of Newfoundland ; is
replaced by P. tethys, Bp., off the Galapagos, this species being
larger, with the upper tail-coverts white and the tail emarginate.

Essentially an oceanic bird the Storm-Petrel only frequents
land for the purpose of nidification. It is tolerably swift on
the wing, and skims the waves, following their undulations. It
feeds on any fatty substance on the surface of the water, small
molluscs, &c. During the breeding season it frequents islands,
usually remaining in the holes during the day and wandering
out to sea in the night. Late in June a single egg is deposited
in a hole, or amongst the stones, the nest being scantily lined
with plant-stems. The egg is rather elongated-oval in shape,
the surface of the shell rather chalky, white in colour, gene-
rally with a zone of pale reddish dots round one end, and
measures about 1*12 by O85.

OCEANODROMA, Reich., 1852.

1159. LEACH'S PETREL.
OCEANODROMA LEUCORRHOA.

Oceanodroma leucorrhoa (VieilL), Nouv. Diet, xxv, p. 422 (1817) ;
(Dresser), viii. p. 497, pi. 613, fig. 2 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.
p. 348 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 1067 ; Kidgway, p. 71 ; Saunders,
p. 729; (Lilford), vi. p. 127, pi. 54; Thai leachi, Temm. Man.
d'Orn. ii. p. 812 (1820) ; (Naum.), x. p. 575, Taf. 275, fig. 2 ;
(Hewitson), ii. p. 520, pi. cxlv. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 447 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 85.

Thalassidrome cul-Uanc, French ; Procellaria a coda forcuta
Ital. ; Gabelschwdnziger-Schwalbensturmvogel, German ; Stor-
Stormsvale, Dan. ; Klofthalet-Stormsvale, Norweg. ; Klyckstjertad-
Stormsvala, Swed. ; Umi-tsubame, Jap.

OCEANODROMA 845

£ ad. (Bay of Fundy). General colour sooty blackish brown, the head,
breast, and back tinged with grey ; inner secondaries and wing-coverts
brownish grey, paler at the tips ; upper tail-coverts white, some with
narrow dark edges ; tail forked ; lateral under tail-coverts white, the
central ones sooty brown ; bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 075, wing 6'0, tail 3'5, tarsus TO, bare portion of tibia 0*3
inch.

Hctb. Seas of Northern Europe, Asia, and America, wander-
ing south in winter to the coasts of continental Europe and
the Mediterranean ; of rare occurrence in Scandinavia ; Eastern
Siberia, the Commander Islands, and Japan ; the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of N. America ; south to Virginia and California.

In habits it resembles P. pelagica, and is, like that bird,
essentially oceanic. It breeds on many of the Hebrides, and
on the islands off the east coasts of North America, selecting in
preference grassy places where it can burrow under the sods,
but it also burrows under rocks. Early in June a single egg
is laid, which is like that of P. pelagica but larger, measuring
about 1'33 by 0'95. The nest is a small pad of dry grasses
placed at the end of the nest-hole.

1160. HARCOURT'S PETREL.
OCEANODROMA CASTRO.

Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt), A Sketch of Madeira, p. 123 (1851) ;
Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1898, p. 314 ; Saunders, p. 731 ; 0. crypto-
leucura, Eidgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 337 (1882); id.
Manual, p. 71 ; Dresser, ix. p. 395, pi. 718 ; Scott Wilson, Aves
Haiwaiiensis, p. 209 and pi. ; (Lilford), vi. p. 130, pi. 55.

£ ad. (Porto Santo). Differs from 0. leticorrlwa in being rather
browner in tone of colour, the tail less deeply forked, all the feathers but
the middle ones white on the basal quarter ; upper tail-coverts white
tipped with black. Culmen 0'85, wing 6'0, tail 2*8, the middle feathers
0'2 shorter than the lateral ones, tarsus 0'85 inch.

Hob. Sandwich and Galapagos Islands, and the South Atlantic
Ocean, breeding as far north as the islets between Cape Verde
Islands and Madeira ; has once strayed to England and twice
to Denmark.

In habits it does not differ from its allies, and, like those,
breeds in holes, depositing in June a single egg, which is white,
sometimes with a wreath of red spots round the larger end,
and in size measures about 1*26 by 0*98.

846 OCEANODROMA

1161. SOOTY PETREL.
OCEANODROMA FULIGINOSA.

Oceanodroma fuliginosa (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 562 (1788) ; Stejn. Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 620 (1893) ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv.
p. 352.

Ad. Crown, occiput, hind neck, back, scapulars, and upper rump
uniform dark sooty slate, darker and more sooty on posterior scapulars,
the longest feathers of which are distinctly paler at ends, with a narrow
terminal margin of brownish white ; lesser and uppermost, median and
greater wing-coverts sooty black ; rest of wing- coverts and tertials light
greyish brown (between " broccoli " and " hair-brown ") ; alula, primary
coverts, and remiges uniform sooty black ; lower rump light greyish
brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail sooty black ; anterior portion of head
all round silky deep sooty grey or greyish brown, deepening gradually
into the darker colour of the occiput, &c. ; under parts uniform sooty
greyish brown (much like the colour of the greater wing-coverts), the
under wing-coverts rather lighter and more tinged with brown ; bill and
feet black. Total length (skin) about lO'OO inches, wing 7'50, tail 4*45,
forked for T60, culmen 0*70, depth of bill just before nasal tubes 0'25,
tarsus 1*10, middle toe with claw riO.

Hob. Japanese seas.

I have not had an opportunity of examining a specimen of
this Petrel, and have therefore reproduced Mr. Ridgway's
description, furnished to Mr. Salvin (Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 353).
Nothing appears to be known respecting the habits and nidifica-
tion of this species.

1162. JAPANESE BLACK PETREL.
OCEANODROMA TRISTRAMI.

Oceanodroma tristrami, Stejn. M.S. Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 354 ;
0. melania (Seeb., nee. Bp.), B. Jap. Emp. p. 270 (1890).

£ ad. (Japan). Anterior portion of head all round sooty greyish
brown (decidedly darker than in 0. homochroa}, changing gradually to
sooty blackish slate on hinder crown, occiput, and hind neck, and to deep
greyish sooty brown on fore neck and chest ; rest of under parts light
greyish sooty brown, each feather indistinctly tipped with darker (colour
of chest), producing a very faint transversally mottled appearance, the
under tail coverts, however, uniform, though the colour gradually becomes
darker towards ends of longer feathers ; under wing-coverts uniform light
greyish sooty brown, those along edge of wing much darker, with pale
margins ; back, scapulars, and upper rump sooty slate-colour, each feather

OCEANODROMA 847

with one or two very indistinct darker bars, and tipped with a more
decided slaty hue ; lesser wing-coverts and tertials darker greyish sooty
brown, the longer of the latter narrowly margined with paler ; middle and
greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries light greyish brown, the
margins of the secondaries and approximate coverts sooty -blackish ; lower
rump light greyish brown (like large wing-coverts) ; upper tail-coverts and
tail dark greyish brown (much paler than remiges), each feather showing
a subterminal broad transverse spot of a darker shade of the same colour ;
bill and feet black. Total length (skin) about 9 inches, wing 6 -20, tail 378,
forked for 1'6, culmen 0'70, depth of bill through middle 0'20, tarsus I'lO,
middle toe with claw 1*12.

Hob. Japan.

Not having been able to examine a specimen of this Petrel, I
have, as before, been obliged to copy the description in the Brit.
Mus. Catalogue. Nothing appears to be on record respecting the
habits or nidification of this species.

1163. SWINHOE'S PETREL.
OCEANODROMA MONORHIS.

Oceanodroma monorhls (Svvinhoe), Ibis, 1867, p. 386 ; (David and Oust),
Ois. Chine, p. 515 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x\v. p. 356, pi. ii.

Ad. (China). Differs from 0. tristrami in being somewhat smaller ;
it lacks the lighter rump patch, and has the light-coloured wing area
more restricted, the tail less deeply forked and the primaries much less
short and pointed. Culmen 0'8, wing 6'0, tail 2 '9, the central feathers 0'7
shorter than the lateral ones, tarsus 0'9, middle toe 0*9, inner toe 0'7 inch.

Hob. Coasts of China and Japan.

Respecting the habits and nidification of this species I find
nothing on record, except that it is said to breed on the desert
islands north-east of Formosa.

1164. FORK-TAILED PETREL.
OCEANODROMA PURCATA.

Oceanodroma /wrcafo(Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 561 (1788) ; (Gould), Zool.
Voy. " Sulphur," p. 50, pi. 33 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 271 ;
Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1068 ; Eidgway, p. 70 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxv. p. 357.

g ad. (Kurile Islands). General colour bluish grey, the scapulars,
wings externally, and space below the eye black ; the outer tail-feathers
on each side with the outer web white nearly to the tip ; wing- coverts

848 OCEANODROMA— OCEANITES

edged with greyish white ; chin, throat, and under tail-coverts nearly
white ; bill and feet black. Culmen 0'83, wing 6'25, tail 3'6, the middle
feathers 0'74 shorter than the lateral ones, tarsus 1*03.

Hab. North Pacific Ocean, south to Oregon, and the Kurile
Islands.

In habits this Petrel is said not to differ from its allies. It
breeds on small islands off Unalaska, on Copper Island and the
Kuriles, in holes 3 feet or more deep in the steep basaltic rocks,
depositing in July a single glossless white egg, sometimes marked
at the larger end with purplish black or lilac dots or spots, and
measuring about T31 by TOO.

OCEANITES, Keyserl. and Bias., 1840.

1165. WILSON'S PETREL.
OCEANITES OCEANICUS.

Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl.), Beitr. p. 136, Tab. x. fig. 1 (1820) ; Dresser,
viii. p. 505, pi. 614, fig. 1 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 358 ;
Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 354 ; Saunders, p. 733 ; Kidgway,
p. 71 ; Lilford, vi. p. 131, pi. 56 ; 0. wilsoni (Bp.), Journ. Acad.
Philad. iii. p. 231, pi. 9, fig. 2 (1823) ; (Audubon), B. N. Am.
pi. 270 ; Gould, B. of Austral, vii. pi. 65.

Casquilho, Portug. ; Pastor cito, Span.

£ ad. (off Fayal). Sooty black with a greyish tinge, especially on the
head and neck ; wing-coverts brownish, some of the middle ones marked
with greyish white ; sides of rump and of under tail-coverts, and lower
flanks white ; tail nearly even ; bill and legs black, the basal half of the
webs yellow ; iris dark brown. Culinen 0'65, wing 5 '75, tail 3'0,
tarsus 1'3, bare part of tibia 0'65 inch.

Hob. Atlantic Ocean, north to the coasts of Labrador and of
the British Isles, south to the Ice-barrier in the Antarctic
Ocean ; the Indian Ocean north to the Mekran coast ; the
Australian seas and New Zealand.

In habits it resembles P. pelagica, and like it is essentially an
ocean bird. It was found breeding on Kerguelen Island in
January and February, by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, and since then
plentifully on South Victoria Land, Antarctic regions. The
single egg is laid in dry chinks and crevices under rocks, and
is like that of P.pelagica, but speckled and dotted chiefly round
one end with pink, and measures about 1*30 by 0'92.

The young in down of all the preceding species of Petrels are
covered with sooty brownish or greyish down from which they
moult into the adult dress.

PELAGODROMA—PUFFINUS 849

PELAGODROMA, Reichenb., 1852.

1166, FRIGATE PETREL.
PELAGODROMA MARINA.

Pelagodroma marina (Lath.), Ind. Orn. ii. p. 826 (1790) ; (Gould), B. of
Austral, vii. pi. 61 ; Dresser, ix. p. 399, pi. 719 ; Salvin, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxv. p. 362 ; Rirlg\vay, p. 72 ; Saunders, p. 735 ; Lilford,
vi. p. 134, pi. 57.

Ad. (Teneriffe). Upper parts slaty brown, darker on the crown and
lower back, paler and greyer on the dorsal region, the feathers with slightly
paler margins ; lower rump and upper tail -coverts pale slate-grey, the
latter with narrow white margins ; wings and tail blackish brown ; secon-
daries and wing-coverts margined and tipped with whitish ; a patch below
the eye beyond the ear-coverts dark slaty brown ; forehead, superciliary
stripe, and under parts white ; bill and legs black, the webs yellow with a
dark edge. Culmen 0'9, wing 6'0, tail 3'35, the middle feathers 0'42
shorter than the lateral ones, tarsus 1*7 inch. Sexes alike.

Hal. Seas of the Southern Hemisphere, north to the Canary
Islands and the Salvages ; has occurred on the coast of
Massachusetts once, and twice off those of Great Britain.

In habits this bird does not appear to differ from Leach's and
the Storm Petrel. It has been found breeding on the Salvage
Isles, on the Chatham and Houtmann's Abrolhos Islands, and
on Nightingale Island, one of the Tristan da Cunha group. It
nests in holes in the ground, depositing in April in the Salvages,
in December in the Australian seas, a single white egg, finely
spotted and often zoned at one end with fine reddish or
purplish dots, and measuring about 1*47 by T07.

PUFFINUS, Briss., 1760.

1167. MANX SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS ANGLORUM.

Puffinus anglorum (Temm.), Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 807 (1820) ; (Hewitson), ii.
p. 514, pi. cxliv. fig. 1 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 443 ; id. B. of Gt.
Brit. v. pi. 84 ; Dresser, viii. p. 517, pi. 615, fig. 1 ; Salvin, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxv. p. 377 ; Saunders, p. 741 ; Lilford, vi. p. 140, pi. 60 ;
P. pujfinuS) Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 213 (1766) ; Ridgway, p. 60 ; P.
arcticus, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 156 (1822) ; Naum. x. p. 618,
Taf. 277.

850 PUFFINUS

Pttrel Manks, French ; Furabuxo, ChirSta, Portug. ; Animas,
Diablos, Span. ; Berta-minore, Ital. ; Nordischer Tauchersturmvogel,
German ; Noordsche-Pijlstormvogel, Dutch ; Skropa, Icel. ; Al-
minddig Skraape, Dan. ; Lire, Norweg. ; Mindre Lira, Swed.

£ ad. (Orkney). Crown, sides of head, and upper parts generally black,
the sides of head slightly marked with white ; the hind neck tinged with
grey ; entire under parts, flanks, and under wing-coverts white ; upper
mandible blackish brown ; lower mandible bluish horn ; iris dark brown ;
legs bluish flesh-colour. Culmen 1/6, wing 9'3, tail 3'2, tarsus 1/9 inch.

Hob. North Atlantic Ocean ; Iceland, the Faeroes ; the British
Islands ; of occasional occurrence on the coasts of Norway,
Sweden, Denmark, Holland, and Germany, more common in
Western Europe, Morocco, Canaries, and Madeira ; the Atlantic
coast of America, south to Brazil.

Essentially an ocean bird it only visits land during the breed-
ing season, and may be seen far out at sea gliding with a Swift-
like flight, close to the surface of the water. During the nest-
ing season it is partly crepuscular, remaining in its hole during
the day, and coming out in the evening. It breeds in burrows
in the soil on cliffs, placing its single egg either on the bare
ground or on a scanty pad of dry herbage at the end of its }iole.
The eggs, which are laid in May or early in June, are white,
smooth in texture, and measure about 2'37 by 1'65.

1168. SUBSP. PUFFINUS YELKOUANUS.

Puffinus yelkouanus (Acerbi), Bibl. Ital. cxl. p. 294 (1827) ; Salvin, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 379 ; P. baroli, Bonelli, fide Bp. Compt. Rend,
xlii. p. 769 (1856).

$ ad. (Bosphorus). Closely resembles P. anglorum, but has the upper
parts rather paler and browner ; the under tail-coverts as a rule dusky
brown, and the axillaries brown towards the tips. Culmen 1*9, wing 9'0>
tail 2'75, the middle feathers about 0'15 longer than the lateral ones,
tarsus 1*8, middle and outer toes 1*95, inner toe 1/55.

Hob. The Mediterranean; has occurred off the coasts of
Northumberland, Yorkshire, Devonshire, and Cornwall.

This is a very doubtful southern form or race of our Manx
Shearwater, which does not differ in habits or nidification from
that species. It breeds in the Mediterranean, chiefly on the
islands in the eastern portion.

PUFFINUS 851

1169. GREAT SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS GRAVIS.

Puffinm grams (O'Reilly), Voy. to Greenland, &c., p. 140, pi. 12, fig. 1
(1818) ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 373 ; Saunders, p. 737 ; P.
major (Faber), Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 56 (1822) ; Gould, B. of Gt. Brit,
v. pi. 83 ; Dresser, viii. p. 527, pi. 616, fig. 2 ; Ridgway, p. 59 ;
Lilford, vi. p. 136, pi. 58 ; P. cinereus, Nutt. Man. Water Birds,
p. 334 (1834).

Stora skrofa, Icel.

$ ad. (S. England). Crown, sides of head, nape, and upper parts deep
brown, the feathers of the upper parts with paler margins ; wings and
tail darker ; lower hind neck white tinged with brown ; lower part of
upper tail-coverts white marked with brown ; under parts and under wing-
coverts white ; under tail -coverts greyish brown tipped with white ; bill
blackish horn ; outside of tarsus and exterior toe brownish, rest of feet and
webs yellowish flesh ; iris dark brown. Culmen 2'35, wing 12'6, tail 4'7,
tarsus 2-38, middle toe 2'65 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. The Atlantic Ocean from Greenland, Iceland, and the
Fseroe Isles south to the Cape of Good Hope and Falkland
Islands, appears occasionally in vast flocks off the Hebrides.

In general habits it does not differ from P. anglorum. Nothing
definite is known of its nidification, and authentic eggs are still
wanting.

1170. SOOTY SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS GRISEUS.

Puffinus griseus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 564 (1788) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 523, pi. 616, fig. 1 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 266 ; Salvin, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 386 ; Saunders, p. 739 ; Lilford, vi. p. 138,
pi. 59 ; Kidgway, p. 61 ; P. fuliginosus, Strickl. P.Z.S. 1832,
p. 129 ; P. stricldandi, Ridgw. Manual, p. 61 (1896).

$ ad. (S. England). Upper parts sooty blackish brown with a choco-
late tinge, the head, lower back, wings, and tail darker, the dorsal feathers
with faintly paler edges ; under parts greyer ; the chin and upper throat
dark ashy grey ; under wing-coverts greyish white with dark shafts and
marbled with brown ; bill brownish black, paler on the edge of the lower
mandible ; outer portion of tarsus and outer toe blackish brown ; rest of
legs and feet dull brownish ochreous ; iris dark brown. Gape 2*25,
wing 11*85, tail 3*7, tarsus 2'22, middle toe 2*8 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. Generally distributed throughout the seas of both
hemispheres from the Faeroes and Banks of Newfoundland to the

3 K

852 PUFFINUS

Cape of Good Hope and Straits of Magellan, and in the Pacific
from California and the Kurile Islands to Australia, New Zealand,
and the Auckland Islands. Breeds in the southern hemisphere.

In habits this species does not differ from its allies. It nests
in holes in the ground, depositing a single egg, white stained with
reddish brown, which measures about 3'25 by 2*0.

1171. MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS KUHLI.

Puffinus kuhli (Boie), Isis, 1835, p. 257 ; Dresser, viii. p. 513, pi. 615,
fig. 2 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 375 ; Kidgway, p. 59 ; P.
cinereus, Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 445 ; P. borealis, Cory, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club. vi. p. 84 (1881) ; Ridgway, p. 59 ; P. major (nee.
Temm.), Hewitson, ii. p. 516, pi. cxliv. fig. 3.

Puffin cendrd, French ; Pardella de bico branco, Portug. ; Berta-
maggiore, Ital. ; Ciefa, Maltese.

Ad. (Algerian coast). Upper parts cinereous brown, the sides of the
head and neck paler and greyer ; back and wing-coverts with paler
margins ; wings and tail blackish brown ; under parts pure white ; under
tail-coverts mottled at the edge ; bill livid yellowish, brownish horn
towards the point ; legs and feet livid yellowish ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 2'8, wing 13'6; tail 5*6, tarsus 2*1 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. The Mediterranean, and the Atlantic Ocean from the
Massachusetts coast to Madeira and the Canaries ; Kerguelen
Island.

In habits it does not differ from P. anglorum. It nests on
the islands of the Mediterranean and in the Canaries, depositing,
in holes in the ground or crannies in the cliffs, a single white
egg, measuring about 2 '61 by 1*73.

1172. JAPANESE SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS LEUCOMELAS.

Puffinus leucomelas, Temm. PI. Col. 587 (1836) ; id. and Schleg. Faun.
Jap. Aves, pi. 85 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 264 ; Salvin, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxv. p. 370 ; Ridgway, p. 62.

Ad. (Japan). Crown, nape, sides of head and of neck white closely
striped and marked with blackish brown ; hind neck, upper parts, wings
and tail deep brown, the dorsal feathers with narrow greyish white or
greyish brown margins ; some of the upper tail-coverts tipped with white ;
under parts and axillaries white ', under wing- coverts near the edge of the
wing with dark discs ; bill horn-colour ; legs and feet flesh-coloured, the
outer toe darker. Culmen 2'35, from the base of the feathers 2'0, wing

PUFFINUS 853

12 -6, tail 5 '4, lateral feathers 1'6 shorter than the middle ones, tarsus T85
middle toe with claw 2 -5 inch.

Hal. The seas of Japan and Corea, southwards to the
Philippines, N. Borneo, Moluccas, and the northern coast of
Australia.

I find nothing on record respecting the habits or nidification
of this species.

1173. FLESH-COLOURED SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS CARNEIPES.

Puffinus carneipes, Gould, P.Z.S. 1844, p. 57 ; id. B. of Austral, vii.
pi. 57 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 265 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxv. p. 385 ; Ridgway, p. 62.

£ ad. (Japan). Entire plumage dark sooty chocolate-brown, the
throat and under parts rather paler and greyer ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries sooty brown ; bill fleshy white, the culmen and tips of
mandibles brown ; legs, feet, and interdigital membranes yellowish
flesh-colour. Culmen 2 -3, wing 12 -8, tail 5'0, tarsus 2*2, middle toe with
claw 2-65 inch.

Hob. The Australian and New Zealand seas, north to the
Japanese seas.

Respecting the habits of this bird I find practically nothing
on record, but it doubtless does not differ from its allies. It
breeds on the small islands off Cape Leeuwin on the coast of
Australia, nesting in holes in the ground, and deposits a single
white egg, which measures about 2'93 by T98.

1174. SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS.

Puffmus tenuirostris (Temm.), PI. Col. 587 (1835) ; (id.) and Schleg.

Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 131, pi. 86 (1842) ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.

p. 267 (1890) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1066 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus.

xxv. p. 338 ; Ridgway, p. 62 ; P. brevicaudus, Brandt, Icon. Russ.

Av. Tab. vi. fig. 171 (1836) ; Gould, B. of Austral, vii. pi. 56.

£ ad. (Japan). Differs from P. carneipes in having the upper parts

paler with paler margins to the feathers ; under parts paler and more

ashy in tinge ; the throat with a bluish tinge ; the breast and abdomen

feathers with slightly paler margins ; under wing-coverts paler grey ;

bill fleshy horn-colour ; tarsi and toes yellowish, outwardly darker.

Culmen 2'3, from base of feathers 1*9, wing 12'5, tail 5'3, tarsus 2'5 inch.

Hob. Pacific Ocean north to Kamchatka and Alaska ; the
Kurile Islands, Japan, and the coasts of Corea ; south to the
Australian and New Zealand seas.

3 K 2

854 PUFFINUS

Is said to spend the day out at sea and the night in its nest
hole. Its flight is direct and very swift, and its food consists of
small shrimps, crustaceans, and molluscs. Immense numbers
breed on the islands in Bass's Straits, nesting in holes burrowed
in the ground, depositing late in November each a single white
egg, which measures about 2'75 by T88.

1175. CAHOW.
PUFFINUS OBSCURUS.

PuffinuB obscurus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 559 (1788) ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 444 ; Audub. B. N. Am. pi. 299 ; Dresser, ix. p. 403, pi. 720 ;
Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 382 ; Lilford, vi. p. 141, pi. 61 ;
P. auduboni, Finsch, P.Z.S. 1872, p. Ill ; Kidgway, p. 60 ; P. tene-
brosus, Natt. fide Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 47 ; Ridgway, p. 60.

Oahow, in Bermuda.

Ad. (Bermudas). Upper parts slaty black ; under parts white extend-
ing to the eye ; feathers on the sides of the head and neck mottled ; under
wing-coverts white ; axillaries white slightly marked with slaty black at
the tip ; bill blackish plumbeous paler on the lower mandible ; outside of
tarsus and the outer toe blackish plumbeous, the rest fleshy yellow ; iris
blackish brown. Culmen 1B45, wing 7'0, tail 3*2, tarsus 1'5 inch. Sexes
alike.

Hob. The tropical and subtropical seas of the whole world ;
the eastern coasts of North America from New Jersey to Florida
and formerly in abundance in Bermuda ; of accidental occur-
rence on the coasts of the British Islands.

In habits this Shearwater resembles P. anglorum, and like
that species nests in holes in the ground or in rocks, or under
projecting rocks, depositing in March a single white egg like
that of P. anglorum, but smaller, measuring about 2*05 by T40.

1176. EASTERN DUSKY SHEARWATER.
PUFFINUS ASSIMILIS.

Puffinus assimiUs, Gould, P.Z.S. 1837, p. 156 ; id. B. of Austral, vii.
pi. 59 ; Dresser, ix. p. 407 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 384 ;
Eidgway, p. 61 ; Saunders, p. 743 ; P. nugax, Solander, M.S. Bp.
Consp. ii. p. 205 (1856) ; P. bailloni, Bp. Compt. Kend. xlii. p. 769
(1856).

Ad. (Porto Santo). Differs from P. olscurus in having the upper parts
rather bluer in tinge, the white extending rather more round the eye and
on the lores ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and under tail-coverts pure
white ; outer portion of inner web of primaries white except at the tip ;

PUFFINUS— (ESTRELATA 855

bill dark horn-colour ; tarsi and toes greenish yellow ; webs yellowish
orange; iris dark brown. Culmen T2, wing 7*1, tail 2*85, tarsus T42
inch.

Hob. The Australian and New Zealand seas ; the Atlantic
north to the Canaries and Madeira ; has occurred on the coasts of
Great Britain at least twice.

In habits it "resembles P. obscurus. Mr. Grant says that it is
a very silent bird, but Mr. Boyd Alexander states that when on
the wing it continually utters a weird cry, karki-karrou, karki-
karroit,, karki-karroii. It breeds in holes, under boulders, and
in clefts of rocks, depositing a single white egg, which measures
about 170 by T32.

I have carefully compared specimens from the North Atlantic
with those from Australia, and fail to find any difference, therein
agreeing with Mr. Salvin.

(ESTRELATA, Bp., 1855.

1177. CAPPED PETREL.

OSSTRELATA H-ffiSITATA.

(Estrelata hasitata (Kuhl.), Beitr. p. 142 (1820) ; Dresser, viii. p. 545,
pi. 618 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 402 ; Saunders, p. 745 ;
Eiclgway, p. 66 ; Lilford, vi. p. 148, pi. 64.

Diablotin of French Creoles.

Ad. (Hayti). Crown and nape blackish brown, the feathers white at
the base ; in front of and below the eye a few greyish black feathers ex-
tending to the ear-coverts ; upper parts sooty brown ; back of neck, upper
tail-coverts, anterior lores, and the whole of the under parts white ; tail
white on the basal two-thirds, black on the terminal third ; bill black ;
legs and feet yellow, the terminal portion of the toes and webs black.
Culmen 1'7, wing 11/4, tail 6'1, tarsus l-52 inch.

Hob. The Lesser Antilles ; Dominica and Guadaloupe ; has
occurred once in France and once in Great Britain; once in
Hungary.

In habits it is said to be nocturnal, and lays up in holes during
the day, roaming about in search of food at night. It breeds in
holes, but, so far as I can ascertain, no collection is in possession
of an egg of this species.

1178. SOFT-PLUMAGED PETREL.
GESTRELATA MOLLIS.

(Estrelata mollis (Gould), Ann. and Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 363 (1844) ; (id.),
B. of Austral, vii. pi. 50 ; Ridgway, p. 63 ; Dresser, ix. p. 411,
pi. 721 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 406.

856 (E STEEL AT A

£ ad. (Funchal). Upper parts slate-grey, the head rather darker;
feathers on the forehead margined with white ; a blackish grey patch in
front of and below the eye ; wings blackish brown ; tail grey, the lateral
feathers freckled with white ; lores, throat, and under parts white, the sides
of the breast grey, the flanks freckled with grey ; bill blackish ; tarsus
and basal portion of feet yellowish flesh, the rest black ; iris dark brown.
Culmen 1'3, wing 10'4, middle tail-feathers 4'65, the lateral ones 3*25,
tarsus 1-4 inch.

Hob. The Southern Seas, in the Atlantic north to Madeira.

Respecting the habits of this bird I find but little on record.
Its flight is described as peculiarly rapid and graceful, and it is
generally seen in small companies. It nests in New Caledonia
about the summit of Mount Mou in burrows, depositing a single
white egg, which measures about 2'1 by 1'6.

1179. COLLARED PETREL.
CESTRELATA BREVIFES.

(Estrelata Irevipes (Peale), U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. p. 294, pi. 80 (1848) ;
Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 617 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxv. p. 408 ; Ridgway, p. 65 ; Saimders, p. 747 ; Lilford, vi. p. 146,
pi. 63 ; P. torquata, Macgillivray, Zool. xviii. p. 7133 ; (Est.
leucoptera, Salvin, Ibis, 1876, p. 393.

Ad. (New Hebrides). Forehead, cheeks, throat, and under parts white ;
upper parts slaty greyish black, the crown paler, the dorsal region, larger
wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts grey ; tail greyish black, the lateral
feathers pale grey ; sides of breast slate-grey ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white ; bill black ; tarsus and proximal half of the two inner
toes yellowish, the rest black. Culmen T3, wing 8*55, tail 3'92, the outer
feathers 1*15 shorter than the middle ones, tarsus 1*0 inch.

Hob. Western Pacific Ocean, New Hebrides, Fiji Islands ;
south to about 68° S. ; has been once obtained near Aberystwith
on the Welsh Coast.

According to John Macgillivray, this Petrel breeds in burrows
on the wooded mountain-tops of the interior of Aniteum, New
Hebrides, but its eggs were not obtained.

1180. JAPANESE PETREL.
CESTRELATA LONGIROSTRIS.

(Estrelata longirostris, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 618 (1893) ;
Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 418.

Ad. (Japan). Differs from (Est. brevipes in having the greater wing-
coverts lighter slate-grey, distinctly though narrowly margined with

(ESTRELATA—BUL WERIA 857

•white ; the feathers on the back with paler (white) and more distinct
terminal margins, the dusky border to under side of wings narrower and
interrupted along the outer margin, the inner webs of primaries with a
conspicuous lengthened wedge of pure white. Culmen 0'95, depth of bill
through middle 0'25, wing (primaries moulting), tail 3 '80, its gradation
075, tarsus T25, middle toe with claw T40 inch.

Hob. Japanese coasts.

I have not been able to examine a specimen of this bird, and
have therefore copied Mr. Ridgway's description. Only two
specimens, in the Science College Museum, Tokyo, Japan, are
known.

It is possible that (Estrelala fisheri, Ridgway, which has
occurred near Alaska, may possibly occur also on the Asiatic
side.

BULWERIA, Bp., 1842.

1181. BULWER'S PETREL.
BULWERIA COLUMBINA.

Bulweria columlina (Webb and Berth.), Orn. Canar. p. 44, pi. 4, fig. 2
(1841) ; Dresser, viii. p. 551, pi. 614, fig. 2 ; (Lilford), vi. p. 144,
pi. 62 ; B. bulweri (Jard. and Selby), 111. Orn. ii. pi. 65 (1825-43) ;
(Hewitson), ii. p. 522, pi. cxlv. fig. 3 ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 449 ;
Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 420 ; Ridgway, p. 69 ; Saunders,
p. 749.

g ad. (Dezertas). Entire plumage sooty brownish black, the upper
parts darker, the under parts paler and browner ; wings blackish brown,
the larger coverts dull light brown at the tips ; tail black, cuneate ; bill
black ; legs brown ; iris deep brown. Culmen TO, wing 7'7, tail 4*5, the
lateral feathers about 1*5 shorter than the middle ones, tarsus 11 inch.

Hob. The temperate North Atlantic Ocean, chiefly near the
Canaries and Madeira ; temperate North Pacific Ocean ; has
once strayed to the British Isles, and is said to be of acci-
dental occurrence at the Bermudas, and near the coast of
Greenland.

In habits it resembles 0. leucorrhoa &ndP.pelagica,smd is said
to be to a large extent nocturnal. It breeds in holes or under
rocks, depositing in June a single white egg, which measures
about 1-74 by 1-24.

858 FVLMARUS

FULMARUS, Steph., 1826.

1182. FULMAR.
FULMARUS GLACIALIS.

Fulmarua glacialis (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 213 (1766) ; (Naum.), x.
p. 589, Taf. 276 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 512, pi. cxliv. fig. 2 ; (Gould),
B. of E. v. pi. 446 ; (id.), B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 52 ; Dresser, viii.
p. 535, pi. 617 ; Salvin, Cat. B.' Br. Mus. xxv. p. 425 ; Eidgway,
p. 57 ; Lilford, iv. p. 150, pi. 65 ; F. minor (Kjserb.), J. f. 0. 1854,
p. lix. ; Ridgway, p. 57.

Pdtrel Fulmar, French ; Eis-Sturmvogel, German ; Noordsche-
Stormwgel, Dutch ; Mltingr, Fill, Icel. ; Is-Stormfugl, Dan. ;
Stormfugl, Havhest, Norweg. ; Stormfdgel, Swed.

£ ad. (St. Kilda). Head, neck, and under parts white, the throat
slightly tinged with yellow ; a dark spot in front of the eye ; upper parts
blue-grey, darker on the wings and fading to greyish white on the tail ;
culm en to nares sea-green ; nasal tube blackish olivaceous, rest of the
bill greenish yellow (the whole bill sometimes dark) ; legs delicate
French-grey ; iris dark hazel-brown. Culmen 1*8, wing 13*0, tail 5'2,
tarsus 2'05 inch. This species has a dark phase of plumage in which the
general colour is dull ashy grey, the under parts paler, as well as a much
lighter form in which the mantle is nearly as light as the belly.

Hob. North Atlantic Ocean.

Essentially an oceanic bird the Fulmar is rarely seen near
land except during the breeding season, or when driven in by
stress of weather. It frequently attends fishermen when the
lines are being hauled in, to share in the spoil, and is seldom
molested by them. It breeds on high cliffs skirting the ocean,
the nest being a hollow in the ground scantily lined with grass,
and in May a single egg is deposited, which is white, rather
rough in texture of shell, with a strong musky smell, and
measures about 2'89 by 2*0.

1183. SUBSP. FULMARUS GLUPISCHA.

Fulmarus glupischa, Stejn., Auk, i. p. 234 (1884) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 1064 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 427 ; Kidgway, p. 57 ;
F. pacificus (nee. Gmel.), (And.) Orn. Biogr. v. p. 331 (1839) ;
Blakist. and Pryor, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 106.

Ad. (Kuriles). In the light phase of plumage differs only from F.
glacialis in having the nasal tube, and the whole bill yellow ; in the dark
phase much darker, being uniform dark sooty plumbeous.

FULMARUS— DIOMEDEA 859

Hob. North Pacific Ocean ; Kamchatka, the Commander,
Aleutian, and Kurile Islands ; on the American side south to
Western Mexico.

In habits and nidification this bird does not differ from F.
glacialis, and its eggs are undistinguishable from those of that
bird.

DIOMEDEA, Linn., 1766.

1184. SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.

DIOMEDEA ALBATRUS.

Diomedea albatrus, Pall. Spic. Zool. v. p. 28 (1780) ; David and Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 516 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 261 ; Tacz. F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1068 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 444 ; Ridgway,
p. 51 ; D. brachyitra, Ternm. PI. Col. livr. 79 (1829) ; id. and
Schleg. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 132, pi. 87 ; Gould, B. of Austral, vii.
pi. 39 ; D. derogata, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 786.

Ahodori, Jap.

£ ad. (Japan). White, the head and neck tinged with buffy yellow ;
wings and tail slaty brown ; quills with shafts yellowish white ; bill
yellowish horn ; legs and feet bluish white. Culmen 5'55, wing 22'0, tail
€'25, tarsus 3'9 inch. Sexes alike. Young bird sooty brownish.

Hob. North Pacific Ocean, on the Asiatic side from the
Arctic Ocean down to Japan and China, and occurs, it is said, as
far south as Australia ; on the American side from California to
Alaska.

Like its allies this is strictly an oceanic bird, coming to land
only during the nesting season. It nests on the Bonin Islands,
Japan, in November, and eggs from there in the British
Museum are dull white spotted and blotched at the larger end
with red, and in length vary from 4'4 to 4*9, and in breadth
from 2-75 to 3'05.

1185. BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.
DIOMEDEA NIGtRIPES.

Diomedea nigripes, Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 327 (1839) ; id. B. of Am.
8vo ed. vii. p. 198 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 517 ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 263 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 445 ;
Kidgway, p. 51.

Ad. (Japan). General colour sooty brown, the fore crown, neck, and
under parts greyer ; feathers at the base of the bill and a triangular spot

860 DIOMEDEA

behind and below the eye dull white ; tail white at the base ; bill dusky
purplish brown, legs and feet black. Gape 4*6, wing 18'0, tail 5'5, tarsus
4'5 inch. The young bird has the crown and sides of the head whiter,
the rump and upper tail-coverts white, or sooty brown and white inter-
mixed.

Hob. North Pacific Ocean ; the coasts of Japan and China ;
on the American side from the coast of California, where it is
abundant, to Alaska.

The present species has been much confounded with D.
albatrus, owing to the similarity of the young of that to the
adult of the present species. I do not find any details respect-
ing its nidification, but a single egg in the British Museum,
obtained on Sulphur Island, Bonin group, Japan, on the 8th
of June, is dull brownish white, without markings, and measures
4-2 by 2-5.

1186. BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS.
DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS.

Dwmedea melanophiys, Boie, in Temm. PI. Col. 456 (1828) ; Gould, B.
of Austral, vii. pi. 43 ; Salvin, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxv. p. 447 ;
Saunders, p. 753 ; Ridgway, p. 52.

Ad. Head, neck, entire under parts, rump, and upper tail-CD verts white ;
a short slaty greyish black band before and behind the eye ; back and
scapulars slaty greyish brown, the wings dusky brown ; tail slate-grey,
the shafts white ; bill yellowish horn, darker at the tip ; legs and feet
yellow. Gape 5-2, wing 20'0, tail 8'0, tarsus 3'05 inch.

Hctb. Southern Ocean, straying occasionally to the North
Atlantic; one was obtained in 80° IT N. lat. and 4° E. long,
in June, 1878; one near Linton in Cambridgeshire in July, 1897;
and in 1893 one was shot near Myggenaes in the Faeroes,
which for the past thirty to forty years had consorted with the
Gannets on that island.

Like its allies it is essentially an oceanic bird, and only
frequents the land during the breeding season. It breeds on
many islands in the Southern Ocean, in colonies, the nest
being a pile of earth and moss about four inches high, and
a single egg is usually deposited, though occasionally 2 are
found in the same nest. These are dull white, with a well-
marked cap of rufous specks and blotches at the larger end,
and measure about 41 by 2-57.

Diomedea exulans, Linn., is said to have been obtained on
the coast of Norway, near Dieppe, Antwerp, and Chaumont ;
Thalassogeron culminatus (Gould) is said to have been procured

DIG MEDEA —A LCA 861

in Norway ; Tachypetes aquilus is stated to have been obtained
on the Weser in 1792; Phccton cethereus, Linn., is said to have
been obtained at Cradle}7, Lancashire, and to have been seen
off Heligoland ; a specimen of Prion arid, Gould, in the Gould
collection, is stated to have 'been obtained off Madeira ; and
Daption capensis (Linn.) has been procured off the Irish, English,
and French coasts ; but as all these records are more or less
doubtful, and these species are strictly non-Holarctic, I have
not deemed it necessary to include them.

ALCA, Linn., 1766.
1187. RAZORBILL.
ALCA TORDA.

Alca torda, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 210 (1766) ; Naum. xii. p. 606, Taf.

336 ; Audubon, B. Am. vii. p. 247, pi. 466 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 468,

pi cxxviii ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 401 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 47 ;

Dresser, viii. p. 557, pi. 619 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi.

p. 565 ; Kidgway, p. 18 ; Saimders, p. 695 ; Lilford, vi. p. 79,

pi. 36.

Pingouin macropUre, French ; Gfazza-marina, Ital. ; Tordalk,
German ; Alka, Klumba, Icel. ; AUc, Dutch ; Almindelig Alk,
Dan. ; Bredncebbet Alke, Norweg. ; Tordmule, Swed. ; Ruokki,
Finn.

£ ad. (Greenland). Upper parts, wings, and tail glossy black ; sides
of head and throat brownish black ; a white line from the ridge of the
upper mandible on each side to the eye ; short secondaries tipped with
white ; under parts white ; bill black with a curved vertical white line on
each side ; legs and iris black. Gape 2'0, wing 8'1, tail 3'4, tarsus T35
inch. Sexes alike. In winter the throat and sides of the head and neck
are white, and the upper parts duller and browner. The young bird
resembles the adult in winter, but has the bill shorter, weaker, and less
elevated.

Hal. The North Atlantic, not further than about 73° N.,
south to the Mediterranean ; the Azores and the Canaries ; on
the American coasts to southern New England.

The Razorbill is essentially a sea-bird, and on the water
swims and dives with the greatest ease, and its flight is direct
and rapid. Its food consists of small fish, which it obtains by
diving. It breeds on the ledges of cliffs close to the sea, almost
always in societies, frequently in countless numbers, generally
in company with one or other of the species of Guillemot, de-
positing in May, on the bare ground, a single egg, which is
pyriform in shape, rather elongated, in ground-colour buffy

862 ALGA

stone or buffy white, sometimes with a faint greenish tinge,
marked with purplish grey shell-markings and brownish black
or black surface spots and blotches, which are more numerous
at the larger end, and in size measures about 3'28 by 2*0.
When held against the light the inner membrane of the empty
egg is green.

1188. GREAT AUK.
ALGA IMPENNIS.

Alca impennis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 210 (1766) ; Namn. xii. p. 630,
Taf. 337 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 469, pi. cxxix. ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 400 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 46 ; Dresser, viii. p. 563, pi. 620 ;
(Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 563 ; (Kidgway), p. 19 ;
Saunders, p. 697 j Lilford, vi. p. 81, pi. 37.

Geir-fugl, Icel.

Being undoubtedly an extinct species, the Great Auk is
scarcely entitled to a place in the present work. It used
formerly to inhabit the North Atlantic Ocean, south of the
Arctic Circle.

1189. THE GUILLEMOT.
ALCA TROILE.

Aka troile (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 220 (1766) ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 455,
pi. cxxiv. ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 396 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 48 ;
Dresser, viii. p. 567, pi. 621 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Enip. p. 273 ;
(Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 573 j (Saunders), p. 699 ;
(Lilford), vi. p. 83, pi. 38 ; Uria lomvia, Keys, and Bias. Wirbelth.
p. 238 (1840, nee. Pall.) ; Naum. xii. p. 508, Taf. 331 ; U. ringvia,
Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 28 (1764) ; U. calif ornica (Bryant), P. Bost.
Soc. viii. p. 142, figs. 3, 5 (1861) ; Eidgway, p. 18 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib.
0. p. 1219.

Guillemot troile, French ; Lumme, German ; Zcekoet, Dutch ;
L&ngnefia, Langvia, Icel.; Langncebet Teiste, Dan.; Spidsalke,
Norweg. ; Sillgrissla, Swed.

Ad. (Yorkshire). Head, neck, upper parts, wings, and tail dark brown,
the back tinged with slate ; secondaries tipped with white ; under parts
below the neck white, the flanks streaked with dusky brown ; bill black ;
legs and feet blackish olivaceous, the webs less black ; iris brown. Gape
2*9, wing 7'7, tail 2'05, tarsus 1-05 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the
upper parts are darker, the throat and sides of the head white, in places
slightly mottled with brown, with a dark streak behind the eye through
the white on the side of the head. The ringed variety, U. ringvia, differs
only in having a narrow ring round the eye, and a streak passing from the
eye along the side of the head, white.

ALGA 863

Hob. The North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, and southern
Baltic ; in winter south on the American side to New England,
and on the European side down to about 30°; the North
Pacific Ocean south to Japan and Southern California.

Like the Razorbill it is a marine species, keeping in vast
companies, obtaining its food chiefly by diving, and like it
breeds socially on the ledges of sea cliffs, generally those over-
hanging the sea, the egg, for only 1 is deposited, being placed
on the ground, no nest being made. The eggs vary greatly,
the ground-colour from white to deep blue or greenish blue,
and the markings, which are sometimes mere spots, and at
others contorted and fantastic lines, from reddish brown to
dark brown and blackish, and in size they vary from 3*5 by
1-88 to 3-5 by 2-5.

1190. BRUNNICH'S GUILLEMOT.
ALGA LOMVIA.

Alca lomvia (Pall.), Zoogr. Eoss. As. ii. p. 345 (1811) ; Eidgway, p. 18 ;
(Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 577 ; A. bruennichi
(Sabine), Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 538 (1817) ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 460,
pi. cxxv. ; (Gould), B. of E. v. pi. 398 ; Dresser, viii. p. 575, pi. 622 ;
(Saunders), p. 701 ; (Lilford), vi. p. 87, pis. 39, 40 ; A. arra (Pall.),
Zoogr. Eoss. As. ii. p. 347 (1811) ; (Naum.) xii. p. 535, Taf. 333 ;
(Tacz.) F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1217.

Dickschnabel-Lumme, German ; Groote Zeekoet, Dutch ; Stut-
nefia, Icel. ; Brunnichs Teiste, Dan. ; Lomvi, Norweg. ; Brunnichs-
Grrisla, Swed.

£ ad. (Greenland). Crown, nape, and upper parts glossy black, the
head and neck with a faint greenish gloss ; wings and tail black, the
secondaries tipped with white ; chin, throat, and sides of head brownish
black ; under parts white ; bill black, stout, the ridge of the upper
mandible yellowish white ; legs and feet plumbeous black, the upper parts
of the toes and tarsus tinged with deep yellowish olive ; iris dark brown.
Gape 2*25, wing 8*5, tail 2'2, tarsus 1-5 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the
upper parts are duller and the chin and throat white.

Hob. Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic, occasionally visiting
the coasts of Norway, and of rare and accidental occurrence
on the coasts of the British Islands, Denmark, Germany, and
Holland ; North Pacific as far south as Japan.

In habits and nidification this species does not differ from
77. troile, and its eggs are similar, but as a rule somewhat blunter
at the small end, and rather more brightly coloured.

864 MERGULUS— URIA

MERGULUS, Vieillot, 1816.

1191. LITTLE AUK.
MERGULUS ALLE.

Mergulus alle (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 211 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii. p. 552,
Taf. 334 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 465, pi. cxxvii. fig. 1 ; (Gould), B. of
E. v. pi. 402 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 50 ; Dresser, viii. p. 591,
pi. 624 ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 569 ;
(Bidgway), p. 19 j Saunders, p. 705 ; Lilford, vi. p. 94, pi. 42.

Guillemot nain, French; Krdblent anther, German; Kleine
Alk, Dutch ; Haftirdill, Halkion, Icel. ; Lille KrabbedyWcer, Dan.;
Alkekonge, Norweg. ; Alkekung, Swed. ; Jaakyyhkynen, Finn.

Ad. (Greenland). Head and neck sooty black with a brownish tinge ;
upper parts of body and wing-coverts black glossed with purplish blue,
the scapulars margined with white; wings and tail black, the short
secondaries tipped with white ; under parts white, the flanks striped with
black ; bill plumbeous black ; legs dark livid flesh-colour ; iris dark
brown. Gape 0*9, wing 4'8, tail 1'4, tarsus 0*82 inch. Sexes alike. In
winter the entire throat and sides of the neck are white, and the nape
slightly marked with white.

Hal. The Arctic Ocean north to Franz Josefs Land, east to
Novaya Zemlya, west to Baffin's Bay, ranging south after the
nesting season to the coasts of Great Britain, Scandinavia, the
Baltic up to the Gulf of Bothnia, and the North Sea, and
Atlantic south to the Canaries and Azores.

In habits it is essentially a sea-bird. It feeds, usually in large
flocks, on small Crustacea and probably also on small fish. At
its breeding places, which areu often near the top of lofty cliffs,
it is said to be very noisy, continually uttering its note, trrr,
trrr, tet, tet, tet, trrr. It breeds in rocky places, depositing a
single egg between the stones, or in clefts of the rocks. The
eggs are pale greenish blue, sometimes almost white, occasion-
ally dotted and spotted, chiefly at the larger end, with pale red,
and measure about T88 by T31.

UEIA, Brisson, 1760.

1192. BLACK GUILLEMOT.

URIA GRYLLE.

Uria grylle, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 220 (1766); (Naum.), xii. p. 461,
Taf. 330 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 462, pi. cxxvi. ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 399 ;
id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 49 ; Dresser, viii. p. 581, pi. 623 ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 580 ; (Ridgway), p. 16 ; Saunders,
p. 703 ; Lilford, vi. p. 91, pi. 41.

URIA 865

Guillemot grylle , French : Gryll-Teiste, German; Theista, Icel. ;
Almindelig Teiste, Dan.; Teiste, Per-drikker, Norweg. ; Tobis-
yrisla, Swed. ; Rislcila, Finn.

$ ad. (Greenland). General plumage deep black, the upper parts
with a greenish gloss, the under parts tinged with brownish ; central and
larger wing-coverts white, but black on the concealed bases of the feathers,
forming a large white alar patch ; bill black ; legs and feet rich vermilion
or coral-red ; iris dark brown. Culmen 1'4, wing 6'4, tail 2 '2, tarsus T15
inch. Sexes alike. In winter the crown is white marked with black ;
back and rump black, the feathers margined with white, the latter nearly
all white ; wings and tail as in summer ; rest of plumage white.

Hob. North Atlantic east to the White Sea ; the Baltic and
coasts of Scandinavia, Germany, and Northern France ; breeds
on the coasts of Britain; on the American coasts, from S.
Greenland and Labrador, south to New Jersey in winter.

Like A. troile it is essentially a sea bird, usually found far
out at sea, except during the breeding season, but it lives in
pairs and does not breed in societies. It swims with ease, dives
like a flash, and its flight is swift and direct. Its food consists
of Crustacea and small fish, which it obtains chiefly by diving.
Unlike A. troile it does not deposit its eggs on the bare ledges
of cliffs, but in a cleft in the rock, or under a boulder, sometimes
near the water's edge, and at others at a considerable altitude,
and makes no nest. Its eggs, 2 to 3 in number, are usually
deposited late in May or in June, and are white or greenish
white with purplish grey shell-markings, and blackish brown
surface spots and blotches, some being but scantily, others very
richly marked. In size they measure about 2*41 by 1*62.

1193. MANDT'S GUILLEMOT.
URIA MANDTI.

Uria mandti, Licht. in Mandt. Observ. &c. Diss. Inaug. p. 30 (1822) ;
Dresser, viii. p. 587 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1221 ; Ogilvie Grant,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi.p. 584 ; (Ridgway), p. 16.

<J ad. (Spitsbergen). Differs from U. grylle in having the bill slightly
smaller, and the feathers constituting the white alar patch white to the
base. Culmen 1-5, wing 6'4, tail 2-0, tarsus ri inch. In winter the upper
parts are whiter than in U. grylle.

Hob. Coasts of the circumpolar seas, to Franz Josef's Land,
Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, North Greenland, and Arctic
America, south to Labrador and Hudson's Bay ; in the North

866 URIA

Pacific, Kamchatka, the Commander Islands, and Saghalien,
and the northern coasts of E. Siberia.

In habits and nidification this species does not differ from
U. grylle, and its eggs resemble those of that species.

1194. PIGEON-GUILLEMOT.
URIA COLUMBA.

Una columba (Pall.), Zoogr. Eoss. As. ii. p. 348 (1811) ; (Tacz.), F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1222 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 275 (part) ; Eidgway,
p. 17 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 586.

<£ ad. (Bering Island). Differs from U. grylle in having the bill stouter
and more obtuse at the tip, the plumage tinged with grey, the under wing-
coverts smoky brown, the white alar patch divided on the outer half by
a black V-shaped bar, and the basal part of the quills greyish on the inner
web, tail composed of 14, not 12 feathers. Culmen 1*2, wing 7'2, tail 2'0,
tarsus 1 '3 inch.

Hcib. North Pacific, on the Asiatic side on the coasts of
Kamchatka, the Commander Islands, the seas of Ochotsk and
Japan, and the coasts of Japan and Corea ; on the American
side from the Aleutian Islands to Southern California.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from U. grylle,
but its eggs are as a rule rather larger and more boldly
marked.

1195. SOOTY GUILLEMOT.
URIA CARBO.

Uria carlo (Pall.), Zoogr. Eoss. As. ii. p. 350, pi. Ixxix. (1811) ; Gould.
B. of As. vii. pi. 71 ; Schrenck, Eeis. Amurl. i. p. 496, pi. xvi.
fig. 1 (egg) ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 274 ; (Tacz.), F. 0.
Sib. 0. p. 1224 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 589 ;
(Eidgway), p. 17.

<$ ad. (Japan). Differs from U. columla in having a more robust and
longer bill ; general colour slaty black, paler below, tinged with brown on
the shoulders, under wing-coverts, and axillaries ; orbital region white,
white alar patch large ; feathers on the chin and throat and above the
nasal opening whitish ; tail composed of 14 feathers. Culmen 2*0,
wing 7-7, tail 2 -05, tarsus T5 inch.

Hob. North Pacific from the Commander Islands, the Sea of
Ochotsk, Kamchatka, the Kurile Islands, and coasts of Japan
and Corea.

URIA —BRA CH YRHA MPHUS 867

In habits and nidification it does not differ from U. grylle,
but its eggs are a trifle larger and more boldly marked.

1196. SUBSP. URIA SNOWI.

Una snowi (Stejn.), Auk, xiv. p. 201 (1897) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvi. p. 588 ; (Gates), Cat. Birds' Eggs, B. Mus, i. p. 171,
pi. xii. fig. 6.

<$ ad. (Kuriles). Differs from U. columba in having on]y two or three
narrow white bars on the wing composed of white tips to the wing-coverts ;
soft parts as in U. columba. Culmen 1'6, wing 7'4, tail T95, tarsus 1'3
inch.

Hob. North Pacific from Southern Kamchatka to the Kurile
Islands and Japan.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from U. grylle,
and its eggs resemble those of that species.

BRACHYRHAMPHUS, Brandt, 1837.

1197. PARTRIDGE AUK.
BRACHYRHAMPHUS PERDIX.

• BracJiyrJiamphus perdix (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 351, pi. Ixxx.
(1811); Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1211; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvi. p. 592 ; Ridgway, p. Ifi ; Alca marmorata (nee. Gmel.),
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 278.

$ ad. (Kamchatka). Head, neck, and upper parts brown mottled with
dull tawny buff and buffy white ; wings and tail blackish, the latter
slightly tipped with greyish buff; chin and upper throat white very
sparingly dotted with blackish ; rest of under parts white mottled with
blackish brown ; bill plumbeous black ; legs and feet pale yellow, the
webs blackish ; iris dark brown. Bill from feathers on forehead to tip
0'75, wing 5'8, tail 1*5, tarsus 0'7 inch. Sexes alike.

In winter the crown, neck, and sides of lower neck are deep slate, the
wings darker, the middle tail-feathers blackish, the rest white; chin,
throat, a collar across the nape, and under parts white.

Hob. Asiatic coast of North Pacific from Kamchatka to the
Sea of Ochotsk, Kuriles and Japan.

Occurs off the islands and coasts of the North Pacific, usually
in small flocks, and is essentially a sea-bird, swimming and
diving with ease like the Little Auk. In holes in the ground
it lays eggs pale yellowish white, with faint slaty and reddish
brown dots, chiefly collected round the larger end, and measure
about 2-46 by 1'66.

3 L

868 BRACHYRHAMPHU8—SYNTHLIBORHAMPHUS

1198. SHORT-BILLED AUK.
BRACHYRHAMPHUS BREVIROSTRIS.

Brachyrhamphus brevirostris (Vigors), Zool. Jour. iv. p. 357 (1828) ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 279 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xvi. p. 593; B. kittlitzi, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. ii.
p. 346 (.1837) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1213 ; Kidgway, p. 15 ; Turner,
Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 120, pi. ii.

<£ ad. (Kuriles). Differs from B. perdix in being much smaller, with a
much smaller bill ; upper parts darker and more distinctly mottled with
buff ; chin and throat white closely mottled with black ; rest of under
parts white less closely spotted and mottled with black ; bill black ; legs
and feet pale blue, darker posteriorly ; claws and iris black. Bill from
feathers to tip 0'45, wing 5 '5, tail 1*1, tarsus 0*7 inch. Sexes alike.

Hal. North Pacific from Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands,
and the Sea of Ochotsk, to Japan ; Unalaska, south to the
coast of Mexico.

In general habits it does not differ from B. perdix. Its eggs
do not appear to be known, but doubtless resemble those of
B. perdix except in being smaller.

SYNTHLIBORHAMPHTJS, Brandt, 1837.

1199. ANCIENT AUK.
SYNTHLIBORHAMPHUS ANTIQUUS.

Synthliborhamphus antiquus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 554 (1788) ; Tacz.
F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1215 ; Kidgway, p. 14 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xxvi. p. 596 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 276.

Umi-suzumi, Jap.

(J ad. (Alaska). Crown, nape, hind neck, sides of head, chin, throat,
sides of lower neck, and flanks black, the nape, sides of lower hind neck
and fore back more or less strongly marked with white ; upper parts dark
slate-grey ; wings and tail black washed with slate-grey ; under parts,
including the sides of the neck, white ; bill whitish grey, brownish black
along the culmen and towards the base ; legs and feet bluish white, the
joints brownish black ; basal part of webs sooty black ; iris dark brown.
Culmen from base of feathers 0'55, wing 5'3, tail T9, tarsus 1-05. Sexes
alike. In winter the fore neck and throat are white, the chin dark grey.
and the stripes on the sides of the head absent.

Hob. North Pacific from Kamchatka to the Commanders,
Aleutians, Kuriles, and Japan.

S YNTHLIBORHA MPHUS—SIMORHYNCHUS 869

In habits not differing from BracJiyrJiamphus. It breeds' in
holes in the ground, depositing in June 2 eggs, which are pale
yellowish white faintly dotted with pale slate and reddish
brown, and measure about 2*41 by T47.

1200. JAPANESE AUK.
SYNTHLIBORHAMPHUS WUMIZUSUME.

Synthliborkamphus wumizusume (Temm.), PI. Col. v. pi. 121 (1835) ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 277 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xxvi. p. 598 ; Ridgway, p. 14 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1215 ;
B. temmincM, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. iii. p. 644 ; Elliot, B. N. Am
ii. pi. Ixxi.

Umi-suzumi, Jap.

g ad. (Japan). Middle of crown and nape, lower hind neck, and a
large frontal tuft, wings, and tail black ; chin, upper throat, and sides of
head blackish slate-grey ; upper parts slate-grey ; sides of crown and of
nape, and under parts white ; bill yellowish horn, blackish along the ridge
of the culmen and towards the base ; legs and feet as in S. antiquus ; iris
dark brown. Gape 1-25, wing 4'75, tail 1'4, tarsus 0'9.

Hob. Coasts of Japan.

In habits this species does not differ from its allies ; its eggs
are as yet unknown.

SIMORHYNCHUS, Merrem, 1819.

1201. CRESTED AUK.
SIMORHYNCHUS CRIST ATELLUS.

Simorhynchus cristatellus (Pall.), Spic. Zool. fasc. 5, p. 20, pis. 3 and 5,
figs. 7-9 (1769) ; (Schrenck), Reis. Amur. L. i. p. 500, pi. xvi.
figs. 4, 5 (1859) ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mils. xxvi. p. 602 ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 285 ; Ridgway, p. 13 ; S. tetraculus
(Pall.), op. cit. p. 23, pis. iv. v. figs. 10-12 (1769).

Eturop-umi-suzumi, Jap.

$ ad. (Bering Island). Upper parts blackish tinged with slaty
brown ; under parts dull slate-grey ; wings and tail blackish ; on the fore-
head a large black recurved crest, and a white streak through and behind
the eye where these feathers are much elongated ; basal portion of both
mandibles bright orange, extremity light bluish horn ; inside of mouth
flesh-colour ; legs and feet bluish slate, the webs darker ; iris nearly white.
Culmen from feathers 0'5, wing 5'6, tail T65, tarsus 1*1 inch.

3 L 2

870 SIMORHYNCHUS

Hob. North Pacific from Kamchatka to the Commander and
Kurile Islands, and Japan ; Alaska.

In habits not differing from its allies. It breeds in deep
crevices in and under the rocks, depositing in June chalky white
eggs, which vary in size from 2 '06 by T50 to 2*31 by 1*61.

1202. WHISKERED AUK.
SIMORHYNCHUS PYGlVLflBUS.

Simorhy nchus pygtnceus (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 555 (1788); (Seebohm),
B. Jap. Emp. p. 286 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 603 ;
Kidgway, p. 13 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1235.

£ ad. (Kuriles). Upper parts, wings, and tail black ; rump and upper
tail-coverts dark slate ; lower abdomen white, the rest of the under parts
sooty greyish black, becoming black on the upper throat and chin ; a
patch in front of the eye, and long stripes of elongated feathers from the
base of the gape and from behind the eye white ; a long recurved white
crest above the eye, and a long black one on the forehead ; beak vermilion,
the tip bluish ; legs and feet light bluish grey, the joints brownish violet ;
iris white. Culmen from feathers 1/4, wing 4'6, tail 1'3, tarsus 1*0 inch
Sexes alike. In winter the plumage scarcely differs.

Hob. North Pacific from Kamchatka the Commander and
Kurile Islands to Northern Japan ; Alaska.

In general habits it does not differ from its allies, and I do
not find any description of its nidification, but its egg is pure
white, rather dull in grain, and measures 1*78 by 1/26.

1203. LEAST AUK.
SIMORHYNCHUS PUSILLUS.

Simorhynchus pusillus (Pall.), Zoogr. Ross. As. ii. p. 373, pi. xc. (1811) ;
(Elliot), B. N. Am. ii. pi. Ixviii. ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1229 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 605 ; Eidgway, p. 13 ;
(Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 287 ; Phaleris microceros, Brandt, Bull.
Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 347 (1837).

<£ ad. (St. Paul's, Alaska). Upper parts, wings, tail, chin, and a
narrow band crossing the neck black ; rest of under parts white, the flanks
marked with blackish ; forehead finely striped with pointed white feathers,
and two or three white lines behind the eye ; bill dark reddish on the
terminal half, basal half and tubercle dusky ; legs and feet light whitish
cobalt-blue, the joints darker ; webs blackish ; iris white. Culmen 0'55,
wing 3*9, tail T9, tarsus 0'8 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the tubercle at
the base of the bill is absent, and the chin and upper throat are dark
smoke-grey.

SIMORHYNCHUS—CERORHYNCHA 871

Hob. North Pacific and the Arctic Ocean south to Japan ;
Kamchatka, the Commander and Kurile Islands ; Alaska.

In habits it does not appreciably differ from its allies. It
breeds in crevices of rocks or under huge boulders, in June,
laying a single dull white egg, very faintly marked with pale
reddish brown at the larger end, which measures 1*62 by 1'07.

1204. PARROQUET AUK.
SIMORHYNCHUS PSITTACULUS.

Simorhynchus psittaculus (PalJ.), Spicel. Zool. fasc. v. pis. ii. and v.
figs. 4-6 ; (Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1227 ; (Elliot), B. N. Am. ii.
pi. Ixx. ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 284 ; (Ogilvie Grant), Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 607 ; (Ridgway), p. 12.

(£ ad. (Kuriles). Head, neck to upper breast, tipper parts, wings, tail,
and flanks deep smoky black, rather browner on the neck ; rest of under
parts white ; a band of narrow elongate white feathers from behind the
eye across the ear-coverts ; bill salmon-red ; nasal shield darker, greyish
brown ; soft part along the base of the upper tomia fleshy white ; feet
bluish white tinged with yellow, on the joints a well-defined dusky spot ;
webs blackish, along the toes bluish white ; sides of tarsus and toes black ;
iris white. Gape TO, wing 6'1, tail 1*85, tarsus T25 inch.

Hob. North Pacific from the Chukchi Peninsula to the
Kuriles, but not on the coasts of Eastern Siberia, though it
occurs on those of Kamchatka ; Commander Isles and Alaska.

In habits it is said to resemble its allies. Its note is a clear
whistle like that of Uria grylle and U. columba. It lays in
June, in the crannies of almost inaccessible cliffs, its single
egg, which is dull chalky white without any markings. A
single egg in my collection measures 1*62 by 1*17.

CERORHYNCHA, Bp., 1826.

1205. HORNBILLED PUFFIN.
CERORHYNCHA MONOCERATA.

Cerorhyncha monocerata (Pall.), Zoogr. Koss. As. ii. p. 362 (1811);
(Tacz.), F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1241 ; (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 283 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 609 ; Ridgway, p. 12.

<J ad. (Japan). Upper parts generally, wings, and tail black ; sides of
head, chin, neck, and upper breast, flanks, and under wing-coverts brownish
smoke-grey ; rest of under parts white from the gape, and also from behind

872 CERORHYNCHA—LUNDA

the eye a line of long narrow white feathers ; bill orange-yellow, the
cutting edges of the mandibles dusky ; ridge of culmen and anterior and
posterior edges of horn black, corner of mouth white ; legs and feet whitish
yellow, dusky at the joints, the back of metatarsi and soles blackish.
Gape 1-76, wing 7*4, tail 2*0, tarsus 1'25 inch. Sexes alike.

Hob. North Pacific from Kamchatka to Japan; the Com-
mander Isles, the coasts of Russian Manchuria to Sidemi ;
Alaska to Southern California.

In habits it is said to resemble the Puffins. I do not find any
description of its nidification, but 2 eggs in my collection are
dull chalky white, and measure 2'72 by T77 and 2'56 by T92
respectively.

LUNDA, Pall., 1811.

1206. TUFTED PUFFIN.

LUNDA CIRRHATA.

Lunda cirrhata (Pall.), Spic. Zool. fasc. v. p. 7, pis. 1 and 5, figs. 1-3
(1769) ; id. Zoogr. Ross. As, ii. p. 363, pi. Ixxxii. ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib.
0. p. 1243 j (Seebohm), B. Jap. Emp. p. 281 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 612 ; Eidgway, p. 10.

Toporak, Russ.

$ ad. (Bering Island). General colour deep black, the under parts
below the breast duller and rather paler ; base of bill and anterior half of
face white ; above the eye a long bunch of silky straw-coloured feathers ;
terminal portion of bill deep orange-red, the basal part light olive-green,
almost apple-green along the ridge of the culmen ; angle of mouth and a
narrow strip of skin between the bill and feathering of the face, and ring
round the eye vermilion ; legs and feet bright red ; iris white. Gape 1*85,
wing 7; 8, tail 2-4, tarsus T25 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the sides of
the head are dusky, and the straw-yellow tufts above the eyes are absent.

Hob. North Pacific, from Kamchatka ; the Commander and
Kurile Isles ; the Sea of Ochotsk to Japan ; on the American
side from Alaska to Southern California ; of accidental occur-
rence in Maine, U.S., and off Greenland.

In habits it closely resembles our Puffin, and its note is an
angry crrrr. It nests in crannies in the rocks, and its egg is
dull chalky white, sometimes finely dotted with reddish brown,
and measures about 2*86 by 1*92.

FRATERCULA 873

FRATERCULA, Briss., 1760.

1207. PUFFIN.
FRATERCULA ARCTICA.

Fratercula arctica (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 211 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii.
p. 577, Ta*f. 335 ; (Hewitson), ii. p. 466, pi. cxxvii. fig. 2 ; Gould,
B. of Gt. Brit. v. p. 51 ; Dresser, viii. p. 599, pi. 625 ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 616 ; Saunders, p. 707 ; Ridgway,
p. 11 ; Lilford, vi. p. 96, pi. 43 ; Mormon fratercula, Temm. Man.
d'Orn. p. 614 (1815); Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 403; F. glacialis,
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. part 1, p. 40, pi. iv. fig. 2
(1826).

Macareux, French ; Papagaio do mar, Portug. ; Frailecillo,
Span. ; Polcinella di mare, Ital. ; Arktischer Lund, German ;
Se&papagei, Dutch ; Lundi, Icel. ; So-papagdie, Dan. ; Z/undefugl,
Norweg. ; Lunnefogel, Swed.

$ ad. (Greenland). Crown brownish black ; sides of head to above the
eye,'chin, and upper throat ashy grey ; neck collar narrowing to a thin band
in front, back and upper parts, wings and tail deep black, the upper parts
glossed with purple ; under parts white ; bill in spring and summer livid
blue, the upper ridge and those crossing the bill orange-red, the fleshy part
round the gape orange, the ridge at the base tinged with green ; legs bright
orange ; iris grey ; a fleshy patch above and below the eye lead-blue.
Gape 1'55, height of bill at base 1'5, wing 6'7, tail 2'0, tarsus T15 inch.

Hob. Both sides of the North Atlantic, north to Greenland,
east to Novaya Zemlya, breeding as far south as the north of
France ; in winter ranging south to the Canaries.

Essentially an ocean bird the Puffin is only seen near the land
during the breeding season. It swims well and buoyantly, and
flies swiftly. It dives with ease, feeding on small fish and
mollusca, which it obtains by diving. It breeds in May, deposit-
ing in holes in the ground or crevices in the rocks, a single egg,
which is dull white with a rough surface, sometimes marked with
pale brown, and measures about 2'50 by 1*61.

1208. HORNED PUFFIN.
FRATERCULA CORNICULATA.

Fratercula corniculata (Naum.), Isis, 1821, p. 782, Taf. vii. figs. 3, 4 ;
Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 280 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1248 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 620 ; Kidgway, p. 11.

Etopirika, Jap.

874 FRATERCULA—COLYMBUS

£ ad. (Kuriles). Differs from F. arctica in having the sides of the
head white, a narrow grey stripe behind the eye, the forehead and crown
blackish grey, the black collar on the neck extended up to the chin ; a
blackish elongated horn on the upper eyelid ; tip of bill to between the
2nd and 3rd groove red, basal part pale chrome-yellow ; swollen angle of
gape and inside of mouth orange ; legs orange-red ; iris brownish grey ;
naked ring round the eye deep orange. Gape 1'5, heignt of bill at base
1'8, wing 7 '3, tail 2'6, tarsus 1'2. Sexes alike. In winter the sides of the
head are ashy grey, and the superciliary horns and basal shields on the bill
fall off.

Nab. North Pacific, north to 71° in the Arctic Ocean; Kam-
chatka, the Commander and Kurile Islands, the Sea of Ochotsk,
Alaska, and British Columbia.

In habits and nidification it does not differ from F. arctica, and
its eggs are ^indistinguishable from those of that species. In both
Lunda and Fratercula the young birds resemble the adult in
winter dress, but have a smaller bill, and the young in down are
dark sooty brown with white or whitish bellies.

COLYMBUS, Linn., 1766.

1209. RED-THROATED DIVER.

COLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.

Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 220 (1766) ; Naum. xii.
p. 434, Taf. 329 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 453, pi. cxxiii. fig. 1 ; Gould, B.
of E. v. pi. 395 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 45 ; Dresser, viii. p. 621,
pi. 628 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 512 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat.
B. Br. Hue. xxvi. p. 487 ; Saunders, p. 715 ; Lilford, vi. p. 105,.
pi. 47 ; C. lumme, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 39 (1764) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib.
0. p. 1264 ; Ridgway, p. 8.

Plongeon cat-mar in, French ; Mergulhao, Portug. ; Cardellot
Span. ; Strolaga minore, Ital. ; Nordsee-taucher, German ; Rood-
halzige Zeeduiker, Dutch ; L6mr, Icel. ; Nordisk Lorn, Dan. ;
Smaalom, Norweg. ; Smdlom, Swed. ; Gakkur, Lapp. ; Kaakkuri,
Finn. ; Abi, Jap.

$ ad. (Greenland). Fore-crown, deep blue-grey streaked with black j
hind crown, neck, and fore back black with white margins ; upper parts
brownish black, finely spotted with white ; wings and tail blackish brown
the latter tipped with dirty white ; sides of head, neck, and throat clear
blue-grey ; on the throat a large triangular patch of rusty red ; flanks
blackish brown ; rest of under parts white ; bill black ; legs blackish

COLYMBUS 875

brown, tinged with green on the outside, the middle of the webs dull
fleshy yellow ; iris dark brown. Culmen 2'5, wing 1TO, tail 2'1, tarsus
2'75 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the throat and sides of face are white.

Hob. Northern portions of the Old and New Worlds; in
Europe north to Iceland and Greenland, south in winter to the
Mediterranean, Black Sea, and to Lower Egypt ; in Asia north
to Kamchatka, south in winter to Japan and China ; in America,
in winter, nearly across the United States.

This species flies swiftly, but is less frequently seen on the
wing than on the water ; there its movements are graceful and
easy, and it dives with ease, remaining for some time below the
surface. Its note is a loud weird shriek, like that of a drowning
person. It nests on the borders of fresh- water lakes, the nest
being merely a small collection of rushes or grass close to-
the water, and its eggs, 2 in number, are usually deposited
early in June, and are olivaceous brown or olivaceous, spotted
and blotched with black, but sometimes plain unspotted
olivaceous brown ; they measure about 2*85 by 1*79.

1210. BLACK-THROATED DIVER.
COLYMBUS ARCTICUS.

Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 221 (1766) ; (Naum.), xii. p. 418.
Taf. 328 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 451, pi. cxxiii. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 394 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 44 ; Temminck and Schlegel,
Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 123 ; Dresser, viii. p. 615, pi. 627 ; Ogilvie
Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 492 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1262 ;
Saunders, p. 713 ; Kidgway, p. 7 ; Lilford, vi. p. 104, pi. 46.

Plongeon a gorge noire, French ; Strolaga mezzana, Ital. ; Polar -
taucher, German ; Parelduiker, Dutch ; Polar-lorn, Danish ; Stor-
lom, Norweg. ; Stor-lom, Swed. ; Kuikka, Finn. ; Gagara polosa-
taya, Russ. ; 0-hamu, Jap.

£ ad. (Archangel.) Crown, nape, and hind neck ashy grey, darker on
the forehead and brownish on the sides of the head ; upper parts glossy
black marked with white cross bars ; wings and tail black, the former-
spotted with white ; chin and throat black, tinged with purple, the sides
of the throat striped with white, and a patch of white stripes on the upper
throat ; under parts white, the flanks black ; bill bluish black, paler at
the base ; outer tarsus, hind and outer toes, and two marks across the webs
blackish brown tinged with green, the rest of the legs and the webs
reddish white. Culmen 2'6, wing 11'7, tail 2'5, tarsus 2'9 inch. Sexes

876 COLYMBUS

alike. In winter the upper parts are dull blackish marked with brownish
white ; the chin, throat, and under parts white ; the sides of the lower
throat and breast striped with black.

Hob. The northern portions of Europe, Asia, and America,
but not in Iceland, migrating south in winter, in Europe to the
Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Caspian, in Asia to Japan, and in
America to the Northern United States east of the Rockies.

In habits the present species closely resembles its allies, and
like those its cry is loud and weird. It nests on the margins of
lakes or on small islands, its nest being a scanty collection of
herbage, and in May deposits 2 eggs., which resemble those of
C. septentrionalis, but are darker and larger, measuring 3'22 by
210.

1211. GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.
COLYMBUS GLACIALIS.

Colymbus glacialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 221 (1766) ; (Naum.) xii.
397, Taf. p. 327 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 449, pi. cxxii. ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 393 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit, v. pi. 43 ; Dresser, viii. p. 609, pi. 626 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat, B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 496 ; Saunders, p. 711 ;
Lilford, vi. p. 97, pi. 44 ; Colymbus immer, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 222 (1766) ; Kidgway, p. 7 ; C. torquatus, Keyserl. and Bias.
Wirbelth. p. 916 (1840).

Plongeon imbrim, French ; Mergulhao, Portug. ; Patoula,
Ahulla, Span.; Strolaga maggiore, Ital.; Eisseetaucher, Imber-
gans, German ; Ijsduiker, Dutch ; Himbrimi, Icel. ; Islom, Dan.,
Norweg., and Swed. ; Morskaya-Gagdra, Russ.

(£ ad. (Maine, U.S.) Differs from C. arcticus in being larger, in
having the whole head and neck glossed with steel-blue and purple ;
the upper parts black, glossed with steel-blue and purple and spotted
with black ; on the upper and lower throat a transverse band of white
stripes ; under parts white ; the sides of the lower throat and upper
breast striped with purplish black ; flanks purplish black spotted with
white, and a dark band across the crissum ; bill blackish horn, the tip and
edge of mandibles plumbeous ; legs blackish, lighter on the inner side ;
iris rich reddish. Culmen 4'4, wing 15 '8, tail 3'2, tarsus 3'6 inch. Sexes
alike. In winter the upper parts are dark brown, the feathers margined
with ashy grey, and the chin, throat, and under parts white, the longer
under tail-coverts and a band across the vent brown.

Hob. Northern North America, Greenland, Iceland, and the
Faeroes, east to Novaya Zemlya ; in winter ranging south to
the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Mexico, and California ; of
regular occurrence in Scandinavia and Britain.

COL YMBUS— PODICIPES 877

In habits it does not differ from its allies, but is as a ruk-
rather more shy and wary. Its cry is very loud, wild, and
weird, resembling that of a child being tortured. Its food
consists chiefly of fish, which it captures by diving, and it is
also said to devour small crabs. Its nest is a mass of herbage
close to the water, usually on an island or the borders of an
inland lake, and its eggs are dull brownish olivaceous, spotted
and - blotched with blackish brown, and measure about 2'49
by 2-26.

1212. WHITE-BILLED DIVER.
COLYMBUS ADAMSI.

ColymbuB adamsi, G. R. Gray, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 167 ; Collett, Ibis, 1894,
p. 269, pi. viii. ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 362 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib.
0. p. 1259 ; Dresser, ix. p. 413, pi. 722 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br.
Mils, xx vi. p. 500 ; Saunders, p. 711 ; Ridgway, p. 7 ; Lilford, vi.
p. 102, pi. 45.

Bolchoi-Gagdra, Russ. ; OvanJcets joulcu> Chukch.

cJ ad. (Russian America.) Differs from C. glacialis in having the white
spots on the back and wings larger, the upper throat collar with fewer and
larger stripes, and the bill long, straight, and whitish yellow. Culmen 4'3,
gape 4'7, wing 15'25, tail 2 '6, tarsus 3'5 inch.

Hob. North-western North America and Northern Asia,
ranging west to Norway ; in winter occurring south to Japan
and as a rare straggler in Britain.

In general habits this species does not differ from C. glacialis,
and its eggs resemble those of that species.

PODICIPES, Lath, 1787.

1213. GREAT CRESTED GREBE.
PODICIPES CRISTATUS.

Podicipes cristatus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 222 (1766) ; (Naum.), ix.
p. 686, Taf. 242 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 441, pi. cxx. fig. 2 ; Gould, B.
of E. v. pi. 388 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 38 ; Dresser, viii. p. 629,
pi. 629 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 514 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 544 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1251 ; Blanf. F. Brit.
Ind. Birds, iv. p. 473 ; Saunders, p. 717 ; Eidgway, p. 5 ; Lil-
ford, vi. p. 109, pi. 48 ; P. australis, Gould, P.Z.S. 1844, p. 135 ;
id. B. of Austral, vii. pi. 80.

878 PODICIPES

Grdbe huppd, French ; Mergulhao de crista, Portug. ; Somor-
mujo, Span. ; Svasso maggiore, Ital. ; Gfehaubter-Steissfuss, German ;
Fuut, Dutch ; Toppet-Lappedykker, Dan. ; Toplom, Norweg. ;
Skcigg-Dopping, Swed. ; Silkkikuikka, Finn. ; Gfagara-khokhlataia,
Russ.

$ ad. (Volga). Crown and occipital tufts greyish -greenish black ; from
the base of the upper mandible a reddish line passes over the eye to the
white on the cheeks ; chin and fore part of the face white ; ruff light
brownish red anteriorly ; greyish black posteriorly ; hind neck greyish black,
the fore part white on the sides, tinged with buffy brown ; upper parts
greyish black with some brownish grey margins ; anterior edge of wing,
the short secondaries, and a few scapulars white ; under parts silvery
white, the flanks buffy brown ; bill blackish brown, yellowish at the base
and along the lower mandible ; a bare space from the eye to the mouth
dusky green ; legs dusky green externally, greenish yellow internally ;
iris carmine-red. Culmen 2*1, wing 7 '4, tarsus 2'5 inch. Female smaller
and with the ruff and occipital tufts less developed.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, north to Britain and
Scandinavia ; Africa, south to the Cape of Good Hope ; Asia,
north to Mongolia, east to Japan, and south to India ; Austral iar
Tasmania, and New Zealand.

Essentially a water bird this Grebe is an expert swimmer
and diver, but clumsy on land. When alarmed it seeks safety
by diving, but on the wing it is tolerably swift. Its food
consists of small fish, frogs, insects, and larvae, which it captures
chiefly under water. Its note is a loud, deep keck, keck, keck, and
its pairing cry a loud kreworr, kreworr. Its nest is a heap of
floating aquatic herbage, and its 3 or 4 eggs, which are usually
deposited in May, are dull chalky white with a yellowish green
tinge, and measure about 2'20 by 1'44.

1214. RED-NECKED GREBE.
PODICIPES GRISEIGENA.

Podicipes griseigena (Bodd.), Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 55 (1783) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 639, pi. 630 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 539 ;
Saunders, p. 719 ; Kidgway, p. 5 ; Lilford, vi. p. 114, pi. 49 ; P.
rubricollis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 592 (1788) ; Gould, B. of E. v.
pi. 389 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 39 ; Naum. ix. p. 720, Taf. 243 ;
Hewitson, ii. p. 443, pi. cxx. fig. 1 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 364 ; P. JwlbaUli, Keinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, p. 76 ;
Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p.. 542; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 1253 ; Ridgway, p. 5.

POD WIPES 879

Gr&be jou-gris, French ; Zambullidor, Span. ; Svasso collo-
rosso, Ital. ; Rothhalsigcr-Lappcntauclier, German ; Roodhalsfuut,
Dutch ; liodhalset-Lappedykker, Dan. ; Graastrubet-Lappedykker,
Norweg. ; Grdstrupig-Dopping, Swed. ; Harmaakulkku-itiku,
Finn. ; Pogannka-krasnochew, Russ.

$ ad. (N. Russia). Crown, nape, and hind neck black ; chin, upper
throat, and cheeks ashy grey, slightly bordered with white ; ruff but
slightly developed ; fore part and sides of neck rich brownish red ; upper
parts and wings blackish, the former with paler margins ; outer secon-
daries white ; under parts silvery white, the flanks streaked with greyish ;
bill black, the base of the gape yellow ; legs externally greyish black, inter-
nally yellow ; iris carmine-red. Culmen T9, wing 7 '2, tarsus 2 '2 inch.
Female similar but a trifle smaller. In winter the crown, nape, and
upper parts are greyer, the upper throat white and the neck brownish
grey.

Hal. Europe, north to Greenland, south in winter to North
Africa ; Asia, north to Kamchatka and the Commander Islands,
south to Japan ; America from the fur countries south in
winter to Pennsylvania ; a winter visitant to the British Islands.

In general habits it resembles P. cristatus, and like that
species frequents inland lakes in summer, and rivers and the
sea coast on passage and in winter, but it is a lighter and
quicker bird, and takes wing more readily. Its nest and eggs
also resemble those of P. cristatus, but the eggs, 3 to 4 in
number, and laid in May, are smaller, measuring about 2*0
by 1-35.

Examples from North America and Eastern Asia are, as a
rule, larger, and have a longer bill, and have therefore by
several authors been separated under the name of P. holbcelli
(first described from Greenland), but I do not see any valid
reason for separating them even subspecifically.

1215. SCLAVONIAN GREBE.
PODICIPES AURITUS.

Podicipes auritus (Linn.), Syst. Nat. p. 222 (1766) ; Gould, B. of Gt,
Brit. v. pi. 40 ; Dresser, viii. p. 645, pi. 631 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 1256 ; Ogilvie Grant. Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 527 ; Ridgway, p. 5 ;
Saunders. p. 721 ; Lilford, vi. p. 115, pi. 50 ; P. cornutus, Gmel.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 591|(1788) ; Naum. ix. p. 739, pi. 244 ; Hewitson,
ii. p. 444, pi. cxxi. fig. 3 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 390 ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 513 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Enip. p. 367.

880 PODIC1PES

Grebe cornu, French ; Somorerujo, Span. ; Svasso forestiero,
Ital. ; Gekornter Lappentaucher, German ; Kuif duiker, Dutch ;
Sefond, Flor-godi, Icel. ; Hornet- Lappedykker, Dan. ; Sortkravet-
Toplom, Norweg. ; Svarthake-Dopping, Swed. ; Mustakulkku-
uikku, Finn.

£ ad. (Greenland). Crown and forehead black ; lores and a broad
band of feathers passing through the eye, forming an elongated tuft on
each side of the head ochreous chestnut ; chin and ruff brownish black ;
upper parts brownish black tinged with grey ; short secondaries chiefly
white ; neck in front rich chestnut-red ; flanks dull chestnut ; rest of
under parts silvery white ; bill dark horn ; the base and tip pink ; legs
dull greyish black ; a narrow ring encircling the pupil of the eye white,
the outer ring crimson. Culmen I'l, wing 5*7, tarsus 1*8 inch. Female
similar but duller, with the ruff less developed. In winter the crown,
hind neck, and upper parts are deep sooty brown, some of the dorsal
feathers edged with slaty-grey ; chin, sides of head, throat, and under
parts silvery grey, the flanks tinged with brownish grey.

Hob. Europe, north to Southern Greenland and Iceland,
south in winter to the Mediterranean and Caspian ; in Asia,
north to Dauria and the Commander Islands, south and east to
Japan and China (rarely) ; North America from the fur countries
to the United States.

In habits it resembles its larger allies, but is more active,
and not so clumsy on land, as it can walk, and even run, with
tolerable ease. Its nest is a mere collection of herbage, usually
floating on the water, and its 2 to 4 eggs, which are usually
deposited in May, are yellowish white with a faint bluish tinge,
dull and chalky in texture of shell, and measure about 1*75
by 1-23.

1216. EARED GREBE.
PODICIPES NIGRICOLLIS.

Podicipes mgricollis, E. L. Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 963 (1831);
Gould, B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 41 ; Dresser, viii. p. 651, pi. 632 ;
David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 513 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp.
p. 366 ; Blaiif. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, p. 474 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 532 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1258 ; Saunders,
p. 723 ; Lilford, vi. p. 117, pi. 51 ; P. auritus, Lath. (nee. Linn.),
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 781 (1790) ; ii. (Naum.), ix. p. 768, Taf. 246 ;
Hewitson, ii. p. 445, pi. cxxi. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 391.

Grebe oreillard, French ; Mergulhdo, Portug. ; Svasso piccolo,
Ital. ; Geohrter Steissfuss, German ; Geoorde-Fuut, Dutch ; Oret-
Lappedykker, Dan. ; Sorthalset-Toplom, Norweg.; Svarthalsad-
JJapping, Swed.; Ouchastaya-Gagara, Russ.

POD WIPES 881

$ ad. (Sarepta). Differs from P. auritus in having the head, neck, and
upper parts black ; a broad stripe from the eye covering the auriculars
warm golden yellow, the flanks fox-red, and the lower abdomen greyish
black ; bill upcurved, black, reddish at the base ; legs dull greenish black ;•
iris bright red. Culmen 0*92, wing 4'9, tarsus T6 inch. Sexes alike. In
winter the golden stripe is absent, and the chin and throat are white.

Hob. Central and Southern Europe, rare in Sweden, Finland ,
and Britain, but has bred in Denmark ; Africa in winter ; Asia
north to Dauria, east to Japan, south to China and India.

In habits and nidification this Grebe resembles P. auritus.
Its call-note is a soft," clear bib, bib, and its pairing cry a clear
bide wide wide wide wide. Its 4 to 5 eggs, which are laid in
May, resemble those of P. auritus, and measure about T6(>
by 1-17.

1217. LITTLE GREBE.
PODICIPES FLUVIATILIS.

Podicipes fluviatilis (Tunstall), Orn. Brit. p. 3 (1771) ; Dresser, viii.
p. 659, pi. 633 ; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 507 ;
Saunders, p. 725 ; P. minor (Gmel.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 591 1788 j
(Naum.), ix. p. 785, Taf. 247 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 446, pi. cxxi. fig. 1 ;
Gould, B. of E. v. pi. 392 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 42 ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 367 ; Lilford, vi. 119, pi. 52.

Le Castagneux, French ; Mergulhao al$a-cu, Portug. ; Zam-
bullidor, Span. ; Tuffetto, Ital. ; Kleiner- Steissfuss, German \
Dodaers, Dutch; Lille- Lappedykker, Dan.; Liden-Toplom,
Norweg. ; Smd-Dopping, Swed. ; Pikku-uikku, Finn. ; El-ghotis,
Moor. ; Kaitsumuri, Jap.

£ ad. (Alexandria). Crown, nape, hind neck, chin, and lores blackish
brown ; sides of head, neck, and entire throat rich chestnut-red ; upper
parts blackish tinged with grey ; short secondaries white, externally mar-
gined with dark grey ; breast and flanks blackish grey ; rest of under
parts dark silvery grey ; bill blackish, the base of the gape lemon-yellow ;
legs and feet dull horny greenish ; iris bright brown. Culmen 0'97,
wing 3'9, tarsus 1'4 inch. Sexes alike. In winter the rufous is lacking,
the chin and upper throat being white, the sides of head and lower throat
rufous buff.

Hob. Europe generally, from Scandinavia and Britain to
North Africa ; Asia Minor, and Central Asia east to Japan,
but not ranging north to Siberia. In India and S. Africa it is
replaced by a nearly allied subspecies, P. capensis, Lichtenstein,
(P. albipennis, Sharpe).

882 PODICIPES

In general habits the Little Grebe does not differ from its
allies, but does not take wing so readily as the two preceding
species, preferring to seek safety by diving. It frequents
inland lakes and ponds, especially where there is abundant
cover, and is shy and wary. It feeds on insects, larvae, small
fish, and frogs, and occasionally on vegetable matter. Its call-
note is a soft and not unpleasant bib-bibib, uttered several times
in succession. Its nest is a large mass of aquatic herbage
placed either near, or floating on, the water ; its eggs, 3 to 6
in number, which are usually laid late in April or early in May,
resemble those of P. nigricollis, but are much smaller, measuring
about 1*55 by T04. After a very short period of incubation
the eggs of all the Grebes become very discoloured, and are
sometimes dark brown. The young of all our Grebes resemble
the adult in winter dress but are duller, and the young in
down are blackish or brownish above, striped with rufous or
whitish brown, the under parts white.

APPENDIX

Since this work was commenced many sub-species have
been described, only some of which have been included or
referred to, and it appears that two species have been in-
advertently omitted. These two are the following, viz. :

MYIOPHONEUS, Temminck, 1823.

1218. HIMALAYAN WHISTLING THRUSH.

MYIOPHONEUS TEMMINCKI.

Myiophoneus temmincL'i, Vigors, P.Z.S. 1831, p. 171 ; Gould. Cent.
Himal. B. pi. 21 ; Severtz. Turk. Jevot. p. 65 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 8 ; Gates, F. Brit. Ind. Birds, i. p. 178 ; M. cceruleus,
Horsf. and Moore, Cat. i. p. 199 (nee. Scop.).

Kastura, in the N.W. Himalayas.

<J ad. (Himalayas). Plumage generally blackish blue, the feathers
tipped with silvery blue ; lores and base of forehead black, the forehead
above [cobalt-blue ; wings and tail cobalt-blue on the outer webs ; lesser
wing-coverts broadly margined with cobalt-blue ; median wing-coverts
with whitish tips ; bill yellow, the culmen and base of upper mandible
blackish ; legs black ; iris brown. Culmen T45, wing 7fO, tail 5'7, tarsus
2'0 inch. Sexes alike. The young bird lacks the silvery blue tips to the
feathers, and has the underparts dull black.

Hob. The Himalayas from the Hazara country and Gilgit to
Assam ; Arrakan and probably the whole country west of the
Irrawady river ; Karennee and the Karen hills ; Turkestan and
Afghanistan.

Frequents hill-streams and torrents, in summer up to 11,000
feet, and perches on rocks and crags ; its food consists largely
of snails, and its note is a loud and pleasing whistle. It
breeds from April to June, and places its massive cup-shaped

3 M

884 APPENDIX

nest, which is constructed of roots and moss, in a crevice
of a rock, or in the root of some upturned tree in the river-
bed near or under a waterfall, and lays 3 to 5 eggs, which are
pale greenish grey or greyish white minutely speckled with
pink, pale purplish-pink, or pinkish-brown dots. Examples in
my collection are almost uniform greyish white, the dots being
scarcely visible, and in size vary from T57 to 1*87 in length
and from 0'95 to 1*0 in breadth.

1219. JAPANESE WREN.
TROGLODYTES FUMIGATUS.

Troglodytes fumigatus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 161 (1835) ; David and
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 225 ; (Sharpe), Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 276,
pi. xvi. fig. 2 ; Seebohm, B. Jap. Emp. p. 89 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0.
p. 206 ; T. dauricus, Dyb. and Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1884,
p. 155.

Misosazai, Jap.

$ ad. (Japan). Differs from T. parvulus in being more rufous and
much darker and, as a rule more distinctly barred both on the upper and
under parts ; bill brown, the lower mandible yellowish ; feet rufous, the
claws yellowish ; iris brown. Culmen 0'5, wing 2*1, tail T2, tarsus 07
inch. Examples, even from the same locality, vary considerably in colour
some being paler than others.

Hob. Eastern Siberia, Northern China, Corea, and Japan.

In its general habits this species is said to resemble T.
parvulus, but is wilder ; it is found high up in the mountains
of Japan in the summer, and in winter frequents bushes near
streams in the lowlands. Its song is described by Mr. Jouy as
low, delicious, and warbling, similar to that of the American
Winter Wren.

Taczanowski separates the form from Dauria, the Ussuri
country, and Corea, subspecifically under the name T. dauricus,
but I doubt if the slight differences in colour justify this. Dr.
Stejneger also considers the form from Bering Island as
separable, and described it (Zeit. Gesammt. Orn. 1884, p. 11)
under the name T. pallescens, and he likewise separates
under the name T. fumigatus kurilensis (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1888, p. 548) the Wren from the Kurile Islands.

The nest of this Wren resembles that of T. parmdus and its
eggs 6 to 7 in number, are laid late in April or in May, and
also resemble those of that species, being white faintly dotted
with red, and average 0'7 by 0'52.

APPENDIX 885

Of the sub-species not included I may name the following,
viz. :

Turdus coburni, Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xii. p. 28 (1901), of
which I have examined the type, appears to me to be merely a
pale variety of T. iliacus. Cinclus olympicus, von Madarasz, Orn.
Monatsb. xi. p. 6 (1903), from Cyprus, appears to be an insular
form of C. cashmiriensis, and Cinclus bilkevitchi, Zarudny, Orn.
Jahrb. viii. p. p. 57 (1902), seems also to be very close to that
sub-species.

Saxicola albicollis has been separated into two forms, the
eastern and western. Of these the eastern form Saxicola
amphileuca, Ehr. (Symb. Phys. fol. b. b. (1829) ), inhabits Asia
Minor, Transcaspia, Palestine, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, ranging
as far west as Albania, Dalmatia, and Greece, and as far east
probably as Persia, whereas the western form Saxicola albicollis
(Vieill.), Nouv. Diet. xxi. p. 424 (1818), is found west of Greece
to Spain, Morocco, and Algeria. The difference between these
two consists in the eastern form having a black line across the
forehead, in being as a rule rather smaller in size, and in having
generally the white in the plumage less tinged with pale rufous,
whereas the western form has the forehead white without any
black line, and the white portions of the plumage are more
tinged with rufous. It has also the under-surface of the quills
as a rule paler, but this character I find on examining a series
so variable that it can scarcely be taken into consideration.

Of Saxicola lugens also an eastern and western form have been
recognised, the former as S. lugens, and the latter as S. halopkila,
Tristram, but I have not yet been able to examine a sufficiently
large series to be quite sure if this view is correct.

Saxicola semenovi, Bianchi and Zarudny, Ann. Mus. Zool.
Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, v. No. 1, pp. 187, 189 (1900), from
Eastern Persia, appears to be very close to, if not identical with
S. chrysopygia. Cyanecula discessa, von Madarasz, Term. Fuzetek,
xxv. p. 489 (1902), and Sylvia clara, Kleinsch. Orn. Monatsb.
ix. p. 167 (1901), I have not seen, but the latter appears to
be very close to Sylvia hortensis. Parus corsus, Kleinsch., from
Corsica, seems to be scarcely separable from Parus major.
Parus atlas, Meade Waldo, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. xii. p. 27
(1901), from the Atlas Mountains, and Parus moltchanovi,
Menzbier, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 49 (1903), from the Crimea, are
both local forms of Parus phceonotus. Motacilla sicbpcr sonata,
Meade Waldo, Bull. B.O.C. xii. p. 27 (1901), is 'a form of M.
personata from Morocco. Cotile mauritanica, Meade Waldo,
Bull. B.O.C. xii. p. 2T (1901), from Morocco, is described as

3 M 2

886 APPENDIX

.being nearest to C. minor, but much paler. Loxia guillemardi,
von Madarasz, Orn. Monatsb. xi. p. 5 (1903), is a form or race
of Loxia curvirostra from Cyprus. Garrulus glaszneri, von
Madarasz, Orn. Monatsb. x. p. 163 (1902), from Cyprus, of
which I have examined a skin in the Tring Museum, differs
slightly from G-. glandarins in being darker, with no white on
the forehead, the chin and extreme upper throat white, but the
rest of the under parts uniform dark to the vent. Culmen
0*94, wing 5*8, tail 5*2, tarsus T22 inch. Asio canariensis, von
Madarasz, Orn. Monatsb. ix. p. 54 (1901), is the short-eared owl
from the Canaries which I do not consider as separable from
A. accipitrinm. Scops semenovi, Zarudny and Harms, Orn.
Monatsb. x. p. 49 (1902), from Baluchistan, is described as being
closely allied to Scops brucii. Strix ernesti, Kleinschm. Orn.
Monatsb. ix. p. 168 (1901), is the dark race of Aluco flammeus
from Sardinia, and Accipiter wolterstorffi, Kleinschm. Orn.
Monatsb. ix. p. 168 (1901), is described as being a .small dark
form of Accipiter nisus from Sardinia.

Sub-species described under trinomial titles I have not
considered it necessary to include.

ENGLISH INDEX

ACCENTOR, Alpine . . .
Accentor, Black-throated
Accentor, Brown . . .
Accentor, Himalayan .
Accentor, Japanese . .
Accentor, Koslov's . . .
Accentor, Mountain .
Accentor, Red-breasted .
Accentor, Rufous-breasted
Albatross, Black-browed .
Albatross, Black-footed .
Albatross, Short-tailed .
Auk, Ancient ....
Auk, Crested ....

Auk, Great

Auk, Japanese ....

Auk, Least

Auk, Little

Auk, Parroquet ....
Auk, Partridge ....
Auk, Short-billed . . .
Auk, Whiskered . . .
Avocet .

BABBLER, Chinese ....
Babbler, David's ....
Babbler, White-browed .

Bee-eater

Bee-eater, Blue-cheeked .
Bee-eater, Green ....

Bittern

Bittern, American ....
Bittern, Chestnut ....
Bittern, Chinese, Little . .

Bittern, Little

Bittern, Schrenck's, Little .

Blackbird

Blackcap

Blood-Pheasant .. . . . .

Blood -Pheasant, Chinese
Blood-Pheasant, Grey-necked
Blue-Chat, Hodgson's . . .

PAGE

148 Blue-Chat, Siberian . . .

152 Bluetail, Redflanked . . .

153 Blue-throat, Red-spotted .

150 Blue-throat, White-spotted

155 Brambling

155 Brant, Black

153 Broadbill, Indian ....

151 Bulbul, Brown-eared . . .

151 Bulbul, Dusky

860 Bulbul, Palestine ....

859 Bulbul, Red- vented . . .

859 Bulbul, White-cheeked . .

868 Bulbul, White-eared . . .

869 Bullfinch

862 Bullfinch, Azorean ....

869 Bullfinch, Beavan's . . .

870 Bullfinch, Cassin's ....
864 Bullfinch, Crimson-winged .

871 Bullfinch, Desert ....

867 Bullfinch, Mongolian Desert

868 Bullfinch, Oriental ....
870 Bullfinch, Persian Desert .
752 Bunting, Black -faced . . .

Bunting, Black- headed . .
Bunting, Chestnut ....

145 Bunting, Chinese Meadow .
147 Bunting, Cinereous . . .

146 Bunting, Cirl

465 Bunting, Corn

466 Bunting, Cretzschmar's . .

467 Bunting, Godlevski's Meadow

578 Bunting, Grey-headed . .

579 Bunting, Grey-necked . .

577 Bunting, House- ....
576 Bunting, Janko\7ski's . . .
575 Bunting, Japanese ....

578 Bunting, Japanese Grey . .
17 Bunting, Japanese Meadow -
84 Bunting, Japanese Reed-

675 Bunting, Japanese Yellow .

675 Bunting, Lapland ....

676 Bunting, Little

61 Bunting, Meadow- ....

PAGE

70
69
62
61
311
595
464
226
222
223
225
224
224
333
337
337
336
328
329
331
335
330
350
346
348
366
352
354
343
358
369
360
357
345
365
350
361
365
370
351
373
363
368

888

ENGLISH INDEX

Bunting, Pine

Bunting, Red-headed . . . .

Bunting, Reed-

Bunting, Rose

Bunting, Rustic

Bunting, Siberian Meadow . .

Bunting, Snow

Bunting, Striped

Bunting, White-capped . . .
Bunting, Yellow-breasted .
Bunting, Yellow-browed . . .
Bunting, Yellow-throated . .
Bush-Babbler, Algerian . . .
Bush-Babbler, Indian . . . .
Bush-Babbler, Palestine . . .
Bush-Chat, Hodgson's . . .
Bush-Warbler, Chinese . . .
Bush -Warbler, Japanese . . .
Bush-Warbler, Large-billed
Bush- Warbler, Short-tailed
Bush- Warbler, Spotted . . .

Bustard

Bustard, Houbara

Bustard, Little

Bustard, Macqueen's . . . .

Bustard, Siberian

Buzzard

Buzzard, Himalayan Rough-
legged

Buzzard, Hone}'

Buzzard, Long-legged . . .
Buzzard, Rough-legged .

Buzzard, Upland

Buzzard-Eagle, Grey-faced . .

CAHOW

Canary Bird

Capercailly

Capercailly, Siberian ...
Chaffinch . . .' . . . .
Chaffinch, Algerian . . . .
Chaffinch, Canariaii . . . ,
Chaffinch, Teydean ...

Chat, Canarian

Chat, Hodgson's Blue .

Chat, Hodgson's Bush- . . .

Chat, White-throated . .

Chiffchaff

Chiffchaff, Siberian ...

Chough ,

Chough, Alpine

Chough, Brown Ground- . . ,
Chough, Henderson's Ground- .
Chough, Pander's Ground- . .
Chough, Persian Ground- .
Chough, White-tailed Ground-
Citril-Finch .

PAGE

359
347
370
372
362
364
374
344
367
349
356
355
144
145
144
45
138
139
129
140
128
723
726
725
727
724
509

515
538
512
514
511
513

854

281

695

697

306

309

307

310

44

61

45

68

97

98

405

406

409

408

406

407

408

278

Coot

Coot, Crested ....
Cormorant .... .
Cormorant, African . .
Cormorant, Pallas's
Cormorant, Pelagic . .
Cormorant, Pygmy . .
Comorant, Red-faced . .
Comorant, Temminck's .

Corn Crake

Courser, Cream-coloured .
Crake, Baillon's ....
Crake, Button ....

Crake, Corn-

Crake, Little ....
Crake, Ruddy ....
Crake, Siberian Ruddy .
Crake, Spotted ....
Crane, Black-necked . .
Crane, Canadian . . .
Crane, Common . . .
Crane, Demoiselle . . .
Crane, Hooded ....
Crane, Manchurian . .

Crane, Sarus

Crane, Siberian ....
Crane, White-necked . .
Creeper, Himalayan Tree-
Creeper, Tree- ....
Creeper, Wall- ....
Crossbill, Common . .
Crossbill, Two-barred .
Crossbill, White-winged .

Crow, Black

Crow, Grey

Crow, Jungle ....

Cuckoo

Cuckoo, Black-billed . .
Cuckoo, Great Spotted .
Cuckoo, Greyheaded . .
Cuckoo, Hawk- ....
Cuckoo, Himalayan . .
Cuckoo, Hodgson's Hawk
Cuckoo, Indian ....
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed
Curlew, Australian
Curlew, Common . .
Curlew, Eskimo . . ' •*?.
Curlew, Pigmy . . .
Curlew, Slender-billed
Curlew, Stone ....

DIPPER, Black-bellied
Dipper, Brown . . , .
Dipper, European . .
Dipper, Pallas' . .
Dipper, Sombre . .

PAGE

. 716

. 717

555, 557

. 559

. 557

. 558

. 560

. 557

. 556

. 711

. 730

. 707

. 709

. 711

. . 708

. 710

. 710

. 706

. 718

. 720

. 717

. 721

. . 720

. 719

. 721

. 723

, . 722

. . 194

. . 192

194

343
342
421
421
422
468
475
472
471
473
490
474
471
474
804
803
800
774
802
727

24

27
25
28

28

ENGLISH INDEX

889

Diver, Black-throated
Diver, Great Northern .
Diver, Red-throated .
Diver, White-billed . .

Dotterel

Dotterel, Eastern . . .
Dove, Canarian ....
Dove, Chinese Turtle . .
Dove, Collared Turtle .
Dove, Eastern Ring . .
Dove, Eversmami's Turtle
Dove, Hill, Rock . . .
Dove, Indian Brown Turtle
Dove, Indian Stock . .
Dove, Isabelline Turtle .
Dove, Japanese ....
Dove, Madeiran . . .
Dove, Red Turtle . . .

Dove, Ring

Dove, Rock

Dove, Senegal Turtle . .

Dove, Stock

Dove, Surat Turtle . .
Dove, Turtle ....
Dove, White-backed . .

Duck, Bar's

Duck, Buffle-headed . .
Duck, Dipper ....
Duck, Harlequin . . .
Duck, Long-tailed .
Duck, Mandarin . .
Duck, Marbled ....
Duck, Ring- billed . . .

Duck, Scaup

Duck, Spirit

Duck, Steller's

Duck, Tufted ....
Duck, White-eyed . . .
Duck, White-headed . .

Duck, Wild

Dunlin .

EAGLE, Bald

Eagle, Bonelli's . . . .
Eagle, Booted ....
Eagle, Corean Sea- . . .
Eagle, Golden ....
Eagle, Greater Spotted .
Eagle, Imperial ....
Eagle, Kamchatkan Sea- .
Eagle, Lesser Spotted
Eagle, Nepalese Hawk .

Eagle, Sea-

Eagle, Short-toed . . .
Eagle, Steppe ....
Eagle, Tawny ....
Eagle, White-shouldered

PAGE

875
876
874
877
743
736
643
648
649
646
648
641
650
642
647
646
644
651
645
639
650
642
651
646
641
621
623
623
624
625
603
6t»7
605
618
623
630
619
620
634
604
769

525
516
515
526
522
517
521
526
518
528
524
527
519
520
522

Egret, Cattle . . ,
Egret, Great White ,
Egret, Japanese . . ,
Egret, Little ...
Egret, Smaller White

Eider ,

Eider, King . . ,
Eider, Pacific . . .
Eider, Spectacled . .
Eider, Steller's . . .

FALCON, Barbary ....
Falcon, Eastern Red-legged
Falcon, Eleonora's ....
Falcon, Greenland ....

Falcon, Iceland

Falcon, Peregrine ....
Falcon, Red-legged . . .
Falcon, Shanghar ....

Fieldfare

Fieldfare, Redtailed . . .
Finch, Altai Ground- . . .

Finch, Citril

Finch, Hodgson's Ground- .
Finch, Nepal Rose ....
Finch, Red-fronted . . .

Finch, Scarlet

Finch, Serin

Fire-crested Wren ....

Flamingo

Flycatcher, Brown ....
Flycatcher, Chinese Paradise
Flycatcher, Corean . . .
Flycatcher, Indian Paradise
Flycatcher, Japanese Blue .
Flycatcher, Japanese Paradise
Flycatcher, Mugimaki . .
Flycatcher, Narcissus
Flycatcher, Pied ....
Flycatcher, Red-breasted
Flycatcher, Siberian . . .
Flycatcher, Spotted . . .
Flycatcher, White-collared .

Francolin

Francolin, Senegal ....
Fulmar

PAQii

570
566
568
568
567
631
632
632
633
630

546
551
549
540
541
544
550
544
8
9

302
278
302
276
282
321
280
93
587
252
262
260
260
258
261
257
259
254
256
251
253
255
681
682
858

GADWALL

Gallinule, Allen's . . .
Gallinule, Green-backed .
Gallinule, Indian . . .
Gallinule, Purple . .

Gannet

Garganey

Godwit, Bar-tailed . .
Godwit, Black-tailed . .

605
714
713
713
712
561
609
797
798

890

ENGLISH INDEX

Gold-crest, Canarian .... 92

Gold-crest, Madeiran .... 94

Golden-crested Wren .... 91

Golden-eye 621

Golden-eye, Barrow's .... 622

Goldfinch 274

Goldfinch, Asiatic 275

Goosander 635

Goose, Bar-headed 593

Goose, Bean 589

Goose, Bernacle 596

Goose, Brent 594

Goose, Chinese 593

Goose, Emperor 598

Goose, Grey-Lag 588

Goose, Hutchins's 595

Goose, Lesser White-fronted . 592

Goose, Pink-footed .... 590

Goose, Red-breasted .... 596

Goose, Snow 597

Goose, White-fronted .... 591

Goshawk 529

Grebe, Eared 880

Grebe, Great Crested .... 877

Grebe, Little 881

Grebe, Red-necked .... 878

Grebe, Sclavonian 879

Greenfinch 283

Greenfinch, Chinese .... 284

Greenshank 786

Greenshank, Nordmann's . . 787

Griffon, Himalayan .... 499

Grosbeak, Allied 288

Grosbeak, Chinese 286

Grosbeak, Japanese .... 285

Grosbeak, Pine 338

Grosbeak, White-winged . , 288

Ground-Finch, Altai .... 302

Ground-Finch, Hodgson's . . 302

Grouse, Black 698

Grouse, Georgian Black . . . 699

Grouse, Menzbier's Hazel . . 701

Grouse, Mongolian Hazel . . 701

Grouse, Red 693

Grouse, Siberian Spruce . . . 700

Grouse, Willow 692

Guillemot 862

Guillemot, Black 864

Guillemot, Briinnich's . . . 863

Guillemot, Mandts .... 865

Guillemot, Pigeon ..... 866

Guillemot, Sooty ..... 866

Gull, Adriatic 825

Gull, Audouin's 831

Gull, Black-headed .... 824

Gull, Black-tailed 832

Gull, Bonaparte's 826

Gull, Brown -headed . 825

n 11 r* FMfm

Gull, Common 829

Gull, Cuneate-tailecl .... 821

Gull, Glaucous 837

Gull, Glaucous-winged . . . 838

Gull, Greater Black-backed . . 836

Gull, Great Black-headed . . 827

Gull, Herring 832

Gull, Iceland 838

Gull, Ivory 821

Gull, Lesser Black-backed . . 834

Gull, Little 828

Gull, Sabine's 820

Gull, Saunders's 827

Gull, Siberian 835

Gull, Slaty-backed 836

Gull, Slender-billed .... 830

Gyrfalcon 539

Gyrfalcon, Altai 542

Gyrfalcon, Lorenz's . - 542

HARRIER, Eastern Marsh . . 504

Harrier-Hen 507

Harrier, Marsh 503

Harrier, Montagu's .... 505

Harrier, Pallid 506

Harrier, Pied 508

Hawfinch 287

Hawk, Levant Sparrow . . . 531

Hawk, Many-banded .... 533

Hazel-Hen 700

Hedge-Sparrow 154

Hemipode, Andalucian . . . 703

Hemipode, Burmese .... 704

Heron, Black-necked .... 566

Heron, Buff-backed .... 569

Heron, Chinese Pond .... 572

Heron, Grey 564

Heron, Japanese Night . . . 574

Heron, Little Green .... 575

Heron, Night 573

Heron, Pond 572

Heron, Purple .565

Heron, Squacco 571

Hobby 548

Hoopoe 467

Hypocolius, Grey 250

IBIS, Glossy 586

Ibis, Japanese 585

Ibis, Red-cheeked 586

Ibis, Sacred 584

Ibis, White 584

Ibis-bill 805

ENGLISH INDEX

891

JACKDAW 419

Jackdaw, Daurian 419

Jay 411

Jay, African 412

Jay, Algerian Black-headed . 414

Jay, Brandt's 413

Jay, Japanese . 415

Jay, Lidth's 415

Jay, Persian 412

Jay, Siberian 410

Jay, Syrian 413

Jay, Turkish Black-headed . . 414

KESTREL 552

Kestrel, Lesser 553

Kingfisher 458

Kingfisher, Black-capped . . 462

Kingfisher, Himalayan Pied . 460

Kingfisher, Pied 459

Kingfisher, Ruddy 460

Kingfisher, Smyrna . .... 461

Kite 534

Kite, Black 535

Kite, Black-eared 536

Kite, Black-winged .... 537

Kite, Yellow-billed .... 537

Kittiwake 822

Kittiwake, Red-legged ... 823

Knot 775

Knot, Eastern . 776

PAGE

Lark, Thick -billed 377

Lark, White-winged .... 385

Laughing Thrush, Elliott's . . 147

Linnet 312

Linnet, Aleutian Ground- . . 305

Linnet, Brandt's Ground- . . 303

Linnet, Giglioli's Ground- . . 304

Linnet, Japanese Ground- . . 305

Linnet, Siberian Ground- . . 303

Linnet, Tibetan Ground- . . 306

MAGPIE

Magpie, Azure-winged
Magpie, Chinese Blue .
Magpie, Eastern Blue
Magpie, Moorish

417

. 416

. 417

. 416
418

Marsh-Warbler ...... 118

Martin, Black-chinned . . . 271

Martin, Crag- ...... 273

Martin, House- ...... 269

Martin, Pale Crag- ..... 273

Martin, Sand- ...... 271

Merganser, Hooded .... 637

Merganser, Red-breasted ... 636

Merlin ......... 547

Minivet, Ashy ...... 263

Minivet, Short-billed .... 263

Monal ......... 673

Monal, Chinese ...... 674

Moorhen ........ 715

LAMDRAIL

Lanner

Lapwing

Lapwing, Grey-headed . .
Lapwing, Red- Wattled . .
Lark, Algerian Shore- . .
Lark, Andalucian Short- toed
Lark, Atlas Mountain Shore-
Lark, Bifasciated ....

Lark, Black

Lark, Calandra

Lark, Crested

Lark, Desert

Lark, Dupont's

Lark, Eastern Calandra . .
Lark, Eastern Shore- . . .
Lark, Elwes's Shore- . . .
Lark, Gould's Desert- . .
Lark, Lesser Short-toed . .
Lark, Long-billed Calandra .
Lark, Mongolian ....
Lark, Pale Short-toed . .
Lark, Pallas's Short-toed .

Lark, Shore-

Lark, Short-toed ....

711 NIGHTINGALE 71, 84

546 Nightingale, Persian .... 72

749 Nightingale, Thrush .... 72

748 Nightjar, Egyptian .... 435

747 Nightjar, European .... 432

380 Nightjar, Indian 434

395 Nightjar, Russet-necked . . . 433

381 Nightjar, Sykes's 436

375 Noddy 819

386 Nutcracker 409

382 Nuthatch 188

390 Nuthatch, Chinese ... 190

397 Nuthatch, Corsican . . 190

376 Nuthatch, Krueper's . . 189

384 Nuthatch, Mongolian . . 191
381 Nuthatch, Northern . . 186

379 Nuthatch, Rock 191

398

394 ORIOLE, Black-naped .... 228

383 Oriole, Golden 226

385 Oriole, Indian 227

396 Ortolan 356

395 Osprey 554

378 Ousel, Water 60

393 Owl, African Eared .... 485

892

ENGLISH INDEX

Owl, Barn

Owl, Collared

Owl, Eagle

Owl, Eastern Little . . .
Owl, Egyptian Eagle- . . .

Owl, Hairy

Owl, Hawk-

Owl, Japanese, Eagle- . .

Owl, Lapp

Owl, Little

Owl, Long-eared ....

Owl, Pigmy

Owl, Rock Eagle- ....
Owl, Rough -footed Scops

Owl, Scops-

Owl, Short-eared ....

Owl, Snowy

Owl, Tawny

Owl, Tengmalm's . . . .

Owl, Ural

Oyster-catcher

Oyster-catcher, African Black

PARTRIDGE

Partridge, Barbary . .
Partridge, Chukar . . .
Partridge, Daurian . .
Partridge, Greek . . .
Partridge, Kansu . . .
Partridge, Mongolian . .
Partridge, Red-legged
Partridge, Seesee . . .
Partridge, Tibetan . . .
Pelican, Dalmatian . .
Pelican, Roseate
Peregrine, Lesser . . .
Petrel, Bulwer's . . .
Petrel, Capped ....
Petrel, Collared . . .
Petrel, Fork -tailed . .
Petrel, Frigate ....
Petrel, Harcourt's . .
Petrel, Japanese . . .
Petrel, Japanese, Black .
Petrel, Leach's ....
Petrel, Soft-plumaged
Petrel, Sooty ....
Petrel, Storm ...
Petrel, Swiiihoe's . . .
Petrel, Wilson's . . .
Phalarope, Grey . .
Phalarope, Red-necked .

Pheasant

Pheasant, Blood . . .
Pheasant, Chinese Blood .
Pheasant, Golden . . .

PAGE

497 Pheasant, Grey-necked Blood

494 Pheasant, Japanese . . .
489 Pheasant, Lady Amherst's .
497 Pheasant, Mongolian . . ,*

492 Pheasant, Moupin ....

495 Pheasant, Murghab . .

481 Pheasant, Persian ....

491 Pheasant, Ring-necked . \ .'j*

479 Pheasant, SevertzofFs . .

496 Pheasant, Shaw's . . . - ..'-•

483 Pheasant, Scemmerring's .

493 Pheasant, Strauch's .

492 Pheasant, Tibetan ....
489 Pheasant, Vlangal's . . .
486 Pigeon, Bolle's

484 Pigeon, Siebold's Green .

480 Pigeon, Wood . . . . ?«

476 Pintail

482 Pipit, Blyth's

477 Pipit, Brown Rock . . . .

751 Pipit, Canarian

752 Pipit, Hodgson's . .

Pipit, Petchora

Pipit, Red-throated . .
Pipit, Richard's . . , -i; -,

682 Pipit, Rock

679 Pipit, Tawny

678 Pipit, Tree-

683 Pipit, Water

677 Plover, Black -headed . . .

684 Plover, Caspian

678 Plover, Eastern Golden . .

679 Plover, Golden

680 Plover, Greater Sand . . .

684 Plover, Grey

563 Plover, Kentish

562 Plover, Killdeer . .

545 Plover, Kittlitz's ....

857 Plover, Little Ringed . . .

855 Plover, Long-billed Ringed .

856 Plover, Ringed

847 Plover, Semipalmated . v '•?£:

849 Plover, Sociable

845 Plover, Spur-winged . .
856 Plover, White-tailed . . .

846 Pochard

844 Pochard, Red-crested . .->.y

855 Pratincole •;*

846 Pratincole, Nordmann's . .
843 Ptarmigan, Alpine . . . ••••.•&

847 Ptarmigan, Rock ....

848 Pucras, Chesnut-bellied . .

755 Pucras, Meyer's

754 Pucras, Mongolian ....

658 Puffin Vd

675 Puffin, Hornbilled . . »..<*]

675 Puffin, Horned

668 Puffin, Tufted

PAGE

676
664
669
665
686
660
661
665
662
660
667
66:i
687
664
644
639
645
613
220
220
211
215
217
213
219
216
218
211
214
744
736
732
731
734
733
737
741
742
740
739
738
740
745
745
746
617
616
728
730
693
694
670
671
670
873
871
873
872

ENGLISH INDEX

893

QUAIL 685

RAIL, Water 704

Raven 423

Raven, Brown-necked . . . 424

Raven, Fantail 425

Raven, Irby's 425

Razorbill 861

Redbreast 63

Redbreast, Japanese .... 65

Redbreast, Persian .... 64

Redbreast, Temminck's ... 64

Redpoll, Greenland . . . . 317

Redpoll, Lesser 316

Redpoll, Mealy 315

Redshank 783

Redshank, Spotted .... 784

Redstart 48, 50

Redstart, Black 54

Redstart, Blue-fronted
Redstart, Blue-headed .
Redstart, Daurian . . .
Redstart, Ehrenberg's .
Redstart, Eversmann's .
Redstart, Gould's . . .
Redstart, Giildenstadt's .
Redstart, Hodgson's . .
Redstart, Indian . . .
Redstart, Plumbeous . .
Redstart, Prjevalsky's
Redstart, White-capped .
Redstart, White-throated
Redwing

58
57
52
50
53
55
53
51
50
58
54
60
56
6

Reedling, Bearded 156

Reed- Warbler 117

Reed- Warbler, Blyth's ... 116
Reed- Warbler, Clamorous . . 120
Reed-Warbler, Eastern Great . 120
Reed- Warbler, Great .... 119
Reed-Warbler, Schrenk's . . 121

Reeve 781

Ring-Dove 645

Ring-Dove, Eastern .... 646

Ring Ousel 19

Robin, Swamp 5

Rock-Dove 639

Rock-Dove, Hill 641

Rock Thrush 28

Rock Thrush, White-throated . 22

Roller 462

Roller, Indian 463

Rook 426

Rook, Eastern .427

Rose-finch 324

Rose-finch, Brandt's .... 323
Rose-finch, Caucasian .... 319
Rose-finch, Edwards' .... 326

Rose-finch, Hodgson's. .
Rose- finch, Long-tailed .
Rose-finch, Nepal . . .
Rose-finch, Redbreasted .
Rose-finch, Sinaitic . .
Rose-finch, Stoliczka's
Rose-finch, Three-banded
Rose-finch, Vinous . .
Rose-finch, White-browed
Ruby -Throat, Himalayan
Ruby-Throat, Siberian .
Ruby-Throat, Tibetan .
Ruff

SAKER

Sanderling

Sand-Grouse, Black-bellied .
Sand-Grouse, Coronetted
Sand-Grouse, Pallas's . .
Sand-Grouse, Pintailed . .
Sand-Grouse, Senegal . . .
Sand-Grouse, Singed . . .
Sand -Grouse, Tibetan . . .
Sandpiper, Baird's . .
Sandpiper, Bartrauvs . . .
Sandpiper, Bonaparte's . .
Sandpiper, Broad-billed . .
Sandpiper, Buff-breasted
Sandpiper, Green, ....
Sandpiper, Grey-rumped
Sandpiper, Marsh ....
Sandpiper, Pectoral . . .
Sandpiper, Purple ....
Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed .
Sandpiper, Solitary ...
Sandpiper, Spoon-billed . .
Sandpiper, Spotted . . .
Sandpiper, Terek ....
Sandpiper, Wandering . .
Sandpiper, Western Semipal-

mated

Sandpiper, Wood ....
Scoter, American ....

Scoter, Black

Scoter, Kamchatkan . . .

Scoter, Surf

Scoter, Velvet

Scrub-Warbler, Algerian
Scrub- Warbler, Streaked .

Sea-Eagle

Sea-Eagle, Pallas's ....

Serin Finch

Serin, Tristram's ....

Shag

Shearwater, Eastern Dusky .
Shearwater, Flesh-coloured .
Shearwater, Great ....

PAG a

325

332

276

31 »

322

320

323

325

327

67

6#

66

780

543
779
652
653
657
654
655
656
658
767
782
768
764
782
789
793
787
766
776
767
790
780
792
794
794

77S
790
628
627
627
629
626
143
142
524
523
280
281
558
854
853
851

894

ENGLISH INDEX

Shearwater, Japanese. . . .

Shearwater, Manx

Shearwater, Mediterranean . .
Shearwater, Slender-billed . .

Shearwater, Sooty

Sheldrake, Burrow

Sheldrake, Ruddy

Shikra

Shortwing, Hodgson's. . . .

Shoveller

Shrike, Algerian Grey . . .
Shrike, American Grey . . .
Shrike, Bay-backed ....
Shrike, Brown Red-tailed . .
Shrike, Bull-headed ....
Shrike, Finsch's Grey ....
Shrike, Great Grey ....
Shrike, Grey-backed ....
Shrike, Grimm's Grey . . .

Shrike, Hooded

Shrike, Indian Grey ....
Shrike, Isabelline . . .
Shrike, Japanese Red-tailed .
Shrike, Lesser Grey ....
Shrike, Long-tailed Grey . .

Shrike, Masked

Shrike, Mongolian Grey . . .

Shrike, Pallid

Shrike, Philippine Red-tailed .
Shrike, Radde's Grey ....
Shrike, Red-backed . . .
Shrike, Rufous-backed . . .
Shrike, Severtzoff's Rufous. .
Shrike, Southern Grey . . .
Shrike, Thick-billed ....
Shrike, White-winged . . .

Shrike, Woodchat

Siskin

Siskin, Himalayan

Siskin, Tibetan

Skua, Arctic

Skua, Buffon's .

Skua, Great .

Skua, Pomatorhine

Skylark

Skylark, Indian

Smew

Snipe, Double

Snipe, Jack

Snipe, New Holland ....

Snipe, Painted

Snipe, Pin-tailed

Snipe, Red-breasted ....
Snipe, Semipalmated ....

Snipe, Single

Snipe, Solitary ......

Snipe, Summer

Snipe, Swinhoe's

PACK

852
849
852
853
851
601
602
530
59
606
235
231
237
240
242
234
228
245
233
248
233
238
241
236
230
247
231
232
242
244
237
245
240
234
243
230
246
276
277
278
841
842
839
840
387
389
638
758
763
762
757
761
795
796
759
763
791
762

Snow -Finch
Snow-Finch,
Snow-Finch.

Adams's . . .

Blanford's .
Snow-Finch, David's . . .
Snow-Finch, Mandelli's . .
Snow-Finch, Red-necked
Snow-Partridge, Altai . .
Snow-Partridge, Caspian
Snow-Partridge, Caucasian .
Snow-Partridge, Himalayan
Snow-Partridge, Tibetan
Snow -Pheasant, Harman's .
Snow-Pheasant, Manchnrian
Snow-Pheasant, Pallas's . .
Snow-Pheasant, Tibetan .
Snow-Pheasant, White-tailed
Sparrow, Afghan ....
Sparrow, Desert ....
Sparrow, Desert Rock . .
Sparrow, House ....
Sparrow, Italian ....

Sparrow, Rock

Sparrow, Russett ....
Sparrow, Saxaul ....
Sparrow, Spanish ....

Sparrow, Tree

Sparrow, Yellow-throated .

Sparrow- Hawk

Sparrow-Hawk, Besra. . .
Sparrow-Hawk, Levant . .

Spoonbill

Spoonbill, Black-faced . .

Starling

Starling, Daurian ....

Starling, Grey

Starling, Purple- winged . .
Starling, Red-cheeked . .
Starling, Rose-coloured .
Starling, Sardinian . . .
Stilt, Black-winged . . .
Stint, American ....
Stint, Eastern Little . . .

Stint, Little

Stint, Long->toed ....
Stint, Temminck's ....

Stock -Dove

Stock-Dove, Indian . . .

Stonechat

Stonechat, Indian ....
Stonechat, Moussier's . . .

.Stonechat, Pied

Stonechat, White-tailed . .

Stork, Black

Stork, Japanese

Stork, White

Suthora, Chinese ....
Suthora, Grey-crowned .
Suthora, Spectacled . . .

TAOE

297
299
301
301
299
300
691
689
688
690
690
673
672
672
671
671
291
294
296
289
290
295
293
292
291
293
297
531
532
531
582
583
399
403
402
400
404
401
401
753
772
771
770
772
773
642
642
45
46
48
47
47
581
581
580
185
186
185

ENGLISH INDEX

895

Swallow

Swallow, Red-rumped

Swamp Robin

Swan, Bewick's

Swan, Mute

Swan, Whooper

Swift

Swift, Alpine

Swift, Madeiran ....
Swift, Needle-tailed . . .

Swift, Pallid

Swift, Siberian

Swift, White-romped . .

TEAL

Teal, American

Teal, Baikal

Teal, Blue-winged ....

Teal, Falcated

Tern, Aleutian

Tern, Allied

Tern, Arctic

Tern, Asiatic Little . . .

Tern, Black

Tern, Caspian

Tern, Common

Tern, Gull-billed ....

Tern, Little

Tern, Nordmann's ....

Tern, Panayan

Tern, Roseate

Tern, Royal

Tern, Sandwich

Tern, Sooty

Tern, Whiskered ....
Tern, White -winged Black .
Thrush, Black-throated . .

Thrush, Blue

Thrush, Dusky

Thrush, Elliot's Laughing .
Thrush, Gould's ....
Thrush, Grey-cheeked . .
Thrush, Grey Japanese . .

Thrush, Hermit

Thrush, Himalayan Whistling
Thrush, Japanese Brown
Thrush, Kessler's ....

Thrush, Mistle

Thrush, Mistletoe ....
Thrush, Mongolian Song .

Thrush, Pale

Thrush, Red-throated . .

Thrush, Rock

Thrush, Siberian ....
Thrush, Solitary ....

Thrush, Song

Thrush, Swainson's . . .
Thrush, Swinhoe's . . ". . ,

PAGE

264

267

5

600
598
599
427
430
429
431
428
430
429

611
612
612
610
608
817
811
808
816
805
813
809
814
815
810
818
810
814
812
818
807
806
14
22
7

147

10

5

18

4

883

12

11

15

1

3

15

14

21

19

23

2

4

12

Thrush, White's

Titlark

Titmouse, Algerian Blue . . .
Titmouse, Algerian Coal . .

Titmouse, Azure

Titmouse, Black-crested . . .

Titmouse, Blue

Titmouse, Coal ......

Titmouse, Crested

Titmouse, Great

Titmouse, Himalayan Crested .
Titmouse, Indian Grey . .
Titmouse, Japanese . . . .
Titmouse, Long-tailed

Titmouse, Marsh

Titmouse, Mongolian Crested .
Titmouse, Mongolian Long-
tailed

Titmouse, Mongolian Marsh
Titmouse, Northern Marsh . .
Titmouse, Penduline . . . .
Titmouse, Persian Coal . . .
Titmouse, Red-bellied . . .
Titmouse, Siberian . . . .

Titmouse, Sombre

Titmouse, Songaran Marsh .
Titmouse, Turkish Long-tailed.

Titmouse, Varied

Titmouse, White-browed
Titmouse, Yellow-breasted . .

Tree -Creeper

Tree-Creeper, Himalayan . .

Turnstone

Turtle-Dove

Turtle-Dove, Chinese . . . .
Turtle-Dove, Collared . . .
Turtle-Dove, Eversmann's .
Turtle-Dove, Indian Brown .
Turtle-Dove, Isabelline . . .

Turtle-Dove, Red

Turtle-Dove, Senegal . . . .
Turtle-Dove, Surat . . . .
Twite . .

VULTURE, Bearded
Vulture, Black . .
Vulture, Egyptian ,
Vulture, Griffon

WAGTAIL, Black-headed . . .
Wagtail, Blue-headed . . .
Wagtail, Eastern Yellow . .

Wagtail, Forest

Wagtail, Grey

Wagtail, Grey-headed . . .
Wagtail, Hodgson's ....
Wagtail, Hodgson's Yellow-
headed .

PAGE

16
210
178
166
175
182
177
164
180
161
181
163
162
157
167
182

161
170
168
183
166
174
172
171
170
160
174
173
176
192
194
750
646
648
649
648
650
647
651
650
651
313

502
500
501
499

207
205
208
209
202
206
199

204

896

ENGLISH INDEX

I'AGE

Wagtail, Japanese Pied . . . 198

Wagtail, Large Pied .... 199

Wagtail, Masked ..... 201

Wagtail, Pied 197

Wagtail, Streak-eyed .... 202

Wagtail, White 200

Wagtail, White faced ... 198

Wagtail, White-headed . . . 209

Wagtail, Yellow 208

Wagtail, Yellow-headed . . . 203

Wall-Creeper 194

Warbler, Aquatic 122

Warbler, Armand's .... 126

Warbler, Barred 73

Warbler, Bonelli's 95

Warbler, Booted 113

Warbler, Bowman's 82

Warbler, Cetti's 137

Warbler, Dartford . . . 81, 87

Warbler, Desert ..... 79

Warbler, Dusky 125

Warbler, Dybowski's .... 126

Warbler, Eastern Grasshopper . 132

Warbler, Eversmann's ... 99

Warbler, Fantail 140

Warbler, Garden ... 74, 78, 85

Warbler, Grasshopper . . . 131

Warbler, Gray's Grasshopper . 135

Warbler, Grey -backed . . . 115

Warbler, Icterine 107

Warbler, Indian Hill .... 125

Warbler, Lanceolated . . . 132

W'arbler, Large-billed, Bush . 129

Warbler, Marmora's .... 89

Warbler, Marsh- 118

Warbler, Melodious .... 108
Warbler, Menetries' .... 80
Warbler, Middendorff' s Grass-
hopper 134

Warbler, Moustached ... 128

Warbler, Olivaceous .... 110

Warbler, Olive-tree .... 109
Warbler, Orphean .... 85, 86

Warbler, Paddy-field .... 115

Warbler, Palestine .... 87

Warbler, Pallas's Grasshopper . 133

Warbler, Prjevalsky's Crested . 91

Warbler, Radde's 127

Warbler, Reed . . . .79, 85, 117

Warbler, River 135

Warbler, Rufous 114

Warbler, Ruppell's .... 86

Warbler, Sardinian .... 83

Warbler, Savi's 136

Warbler, Sedge 123

Warbler, SevertzofFs .... 90

Warbler, Spectacled .... 80

Warbler, Spotted-Bush . . . 128

PAGE

Warbler, Subalpine .... 81

Warbler, Sykes's 112

Warbler, Taezanowski's . . . 130

Warbler, Thick-billed . ; . 124

Warbler, Tristram's .... 88

Warbler, Upcher's Ill

Warbler, Western Olivaceous . 110

Warbler, Yellow -browed . . 104

Water-Rail 704

Waxwing 249

Waxwing, Japanese .... 250

Wheatear 29

Wheatear, Arabian .... 38

Wheatear, Black 35

Wheatear, Black and White . 33

Wheatear, Black-eared ... 37

Wheatear, Black-throated . . 37

Wheatear, Desert 39

Wheatear, Eastern Pied ... 32

Wheatear, Ehrenberg's ... 30

Wheatear, Hooded .... 32

Wheatear, Indian Pied ... 33

Wheatear, Isabelline .... 41

Wheatear, Mourning .... 42

Wheatear, Pied 31

Wheatear, Retl-rumped ... 40

Wheatear, Red-tailed ... 43

Wheatear, Russet 36

Wheatear, Seebohm's .... 30

Wheatear, Strickland's ... 36

Wheatear, White-headed . 34

Wheatear, White-rumped . . 34

Whimbrel 801

Whimbrel, Little 800

Whinchat 43

White-eye, Chinese .... 221

White-eye, Japanese .... 221
Whitethroat .... 74, 79, 80, 82

Whitethroat, Himalayan . . 75

Whitethroat, Least .... 77

Whitethroat, Lesser .... 76

Whitethroat, Siberian ... 77

Wigeon 614

Wigeon, American 615

Willow- Warbler, Blyth's . . 103

Willow. Warbler, Bright Green. 101

Willow-Warbler, Brooks's . . 107

Willow-Warbler, Greenish . . 101

Willow -Warbler, Large -crowned 106

Willow- Warbler, Large-billed . 103

Willow-Warbler, Middendorffs 102

Willow- Warbler, Pale-legged . 102

Willow- Warbler, Pallas's . . 105

Willow- Warbler, Plain ... 98

Willow- Warbler, Swinhoe's. . 100

Willow- Warbler, Temminck's . 105

Willow- Warbler, Tickell's . . 99

Willow-Wren . 94

ENGLISH INDEX

897

PAGE

Woodcock 756

Woodlark 389

Wood- Wren 95

Wood-Owl, Biddulph's ... 478

Wood-Owl, Himalayan ... 478

Wood-Pigeon 645

Woodpecker, Algerian Green . 454
Woodpecker, Algerian Pied . 440
Woodpecker, Barred .... 444
Woodpecker, Brown-fronted . 446
Woodpecker, Caucasian Pied . 439
Woodpecker, Chinese Pied . . 442
Woodpecker, Darjeeling Pied . 442
Woodpecker, Great Black . . 437
Woodpecker, Greek Pied . . 448
Woodpecker, Green .... 453
Woodpecker, Grey-headed Green 456
Woodpecker, Himalayan Pied . 441
Woodpecker, Japanese Green . 454
Woodpecker, Japanese Pied . 440
Woodpecker, Japanese Pigmy . 451
Woodpecker, Japanese White-
backed 448

Woodpecker, Middle -spotted . 449

PAGE

Woodpecker, Moorish Pied . . 441

Woodpecker, Perny's Pied . . 443

Woodpecker, Pied 438

Woodpecker, Richard's . . . 437

Woodpecker, Sharpe's Green . 454

Woodpecker, Sind Pied . . . 443

Woodpecker, Swinhoe's Pigmy . 450

Woodpecker, Syrian Pied . . 444

Woodpecker, Three-toed . . 452

Woodpecker, White-backed . 447

Woodpecker, White-winged . 439
Woodpecker, Yellow-billed Green 455

Wren 195

Wren, Fire-crested .... 93

Wren, Golden-crested .... 91

Wren, Japanese . . . . . 884

Wren, Northern 197

Wren- Warbler, Streaked . . 141

Wren, Wood- 95

Wryneck 457

YELLOWHAMMER 353

Yellowshank 788

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

i, Cyanecula .... 62

abyssinica, Galerita .... 392

abyssinicus, Cypselus .... 429

Acanthyllis 431

acatoptricus, Tetrao .... 699

accedens, Parus 169

Accentor 148

Accipiter 531

accipitrinus, Asio 484

Acredula 157

Acrocephalus 115

acuflavida, Sterna 812

.acuminata, Tringa 767

acuta, Dafila 613

acutirostris, Calandrella . . . 393

.adalberti, Aquila . ... . . 522

adamsi, Alaudula 396

adamsi, Colymbus 877

adamsi, Montifringilla . . . 299

Adelura 57

Aedon 114

.aedon, Lusciniola 124

^Egialitis 734

^Egithalus 183

segocephala, Limosa . . . 797, 799

segyptiacus, Turtur .... 650

^egyptius, Caprimulgus . . . 435

segyptius, Merops 466

segyptius, Milvus 537

segyptius, Pluvianus .... 744
seruginosus, Circus .... 503, 507

sesalon, Falco 547

^thereus, Phaeton 861

sethiopica, Ibis 584

^Ethyia 616

Aex 603

affinis, Corvus 425

affinis, Cypselus 429

affinis, Larus 835

affinis, Ninox 495

.affinis, Parus 170

affinis, Phylloscopus .... 99

affinis, Poecile 91

.affinis, Pycnorhamphus . . . 288

affinis, Salicaria 128

affinis, Sterna 811

affinis, Sylvia ...... 77

africana, ^Ethyia 620

africana, Fringilla 309

africana, Strix ...... 498

africana, Turnix 703

africanus, Charadrius .... 731

africanus, Cypselus .... 431

africanus, Phalacrocorax . . . 559

agilis, Anthus 212

agricola, Acrocephalus . . . 115

akahige, Erithacus .... 65

alaschanica, Ruticilla .... 54

Alauda 387

alaudarius, Falco 552

alaudipes, Certhilauda . . . 375

alba, Ardea 566, 568

alba, Ciconia 580

alba, Motacilla 200

albatrus, Diomedea .... 859

albatus, Chen - 597

albellus, Mergus 638

albescens, Certhia 194

albescens, Chen 598

albescens, Tringa 771

albicans, Aquila 520

albicilla, Haliaetus .... 524

albicilla, Muscicapa .... 257

albicollis, Cinclus 26

albicollis, Muscicapa .... 255

albicollis, Saxicola .... 37, 885

albidior, Picoides 452

albifrons, Anser 591

albifrons, Sitta 187

albigula, Otocorys .... 380, 381

albigularis, Saxicola .... 68

albinigra, Saxicola 33

albipennis, Podicipes .... 881

albisuperciliaris, Rhopophilus . 146

albiventris, Loxia 340

alboides, Motacilla .... 199

albus, Lagopus . . . 692, 696, 699

albus, Larus 821

3 N

900

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

PAGE

Alca

. . 861

anatum, Falco

544

Alcedo

. . 458

andalusica, Turnix

703

alchata, Pterocles . .

. . 654

anglica, Sterna

814

aldrovandi, Scops . . .

. . 486

anglorum, Puffinus

849

aleutica, Sterna ....

. . 817

angustirostris, Marmaronetta .

607

alexandrina, ^Egialitis .

. . 737

angustirostris, Phalaropus . .

754

algeriensis, Ammomanes .

. . 397

Anous

819

algeriensis, Lanius . . .

. . 235

Anser , . .

588

algirus, Gecinus . .

. . 454

Anthus . .

210

alicise, Turdus ....

. . 5, 6

antigone, Grus f '

721

alle, Mergulus ....
alleni, Lagopus ....

864
. . 692

antiquorum, Phuenicopterus
antiquus, Synthliborhamphus .

587
868

alleni, Porphyrio . . .

. . 714

aphrodite, Parus . . . . .

162

alpestris, Hirundo . .

. . 268

apiaster, Merops

465

alpestris, Otocorys . . .

. . 378

apivorus, Pernis

538

alpestris, Parus ....

. . 168

apus, Cypselus

427

alpestris, Turdus . . .

. . 20

aquaticus, Acrocephalus . . .

122

alpicola, Montifringilla .

. . 298

aquaticus, Anthus .... 214,

216

alpina, Tringa ....

769, 770

aquaticus, Cinclus

25

alpinus, Accentor . . .

. . 148

aquaticus, Rallus

704

alpinus, Cypselus . . .

. . 430

Aquila

517

alpinus, Pyrrhocorax . .

. . 406

aquilinus, Buteo

511

alpinus, Tetrao ....

. . 693

aquilus, Tachypetes ....

861

Alseonax

. . 252

arabs, Eupodotis

726

altaica, Fringalauda , .

. . 302

aralensis, Sylvia

79

altaicus, Accentor . . .

. . 150

aranea, Sterna

815

altaicus, Falco ....

. . 542

arborea, Alauda

389

altaicus, Tetraogallus . .

. . 691

arboreus, Anthus . . . . .-!''

211

althaea, Sylvia ....

. . 75

arcadica, Strix ^'

493

alticola, Certhia . . .

. . 194

arcadicus, Falco . . . .'..-'

549

Aluco

. . 497

Archibuteo

514

aluco, Strix

. . 476

arctica, Fratercula

873

amaurotis, Hypsipetes
ambiguus, Carpodacus

. . 226

. . 328

arctica, Sterna
arctica, Strix

808
480

americana, ^Ethyia . .

. . 617

arcticus, Colymbus ....

875

americana, Certhia

. . 193

arcticus, Puffinus

849

americana, Clangula . .

. . 621

arctoa, Leucosticte

303

americana, Fulica . . .

. . 717

arcuata, Emberiza

361

americana, Mareca . . .

. . 614

Ardea

564

americana, (Edemia . .

. . 628

575

americana, Tringa . .

. . 770

779

americanus, Coccyzus . .

. . 474

arenarius, Caccabis ....

678

americanus, Lanius

. . 231

arenarius, Caprimulgus . . .

436

americanus, Otus . . .

. . 484

arenarius, Lanius

238

amherstise, Chrysolophus

. . 669

arenarius, Pterocles ....

652

ammodendri, Passer . .

. . 292

arenicola, Galerita

391

Ammomanes

. . 397

arenicolor, Ammomanes , . .

398

Ammoperdix

. . 680

arenicolor, Caprimulgus . . .

435

ampelinus, Hypocolius .

. . 250

832

Ampelis

. . 249

Argya

144

amphileuca, Saxicola . .

. . 885

ariel, Prion

861

amurensis, Aquila . . .

. . 519

armandi, Lusciniola ....

126

amurensis, Ardetta

. . 575

arquatus, Numenius . . . .

803

amurensis, Falco . . .

. . 551

arra, Alca

863

amurensis, Motacilla .

. . 198

arundinaceus, Acrocephalus 117,

119

amurensis, Sitta . . .

. . 187

arvensis, Alauda

387

ansestheta, Sterna . . .

. . 818

ascalaphus, Bubo

492

Anas

. . 604

asiatica, ^gialitis

736

GENERAL INDEX

901

PAGE

asiatica, Sitta 187

asiaticus, Cinclus 27

Asio 483

assimilis, Lanius 232

assimilis, Parus 169

assimilis, Puffinus 854

Astur 529

ater, Milvua 535

ater, Parus 164

Athene 496

atlas, Otocorys 381

atlas, Parus 885

atra, Fulica 716

atricapilla, Halcyon .... 462

atricapilla, Muscicapa . . . 254

atricapilla, Sylvia 84

atricapillus, y£githalus . . . 184

atricapillus, Astur 530

atricapillus, Garrulus .... 413

atriceps, Parus 163

atricollis, Ardea 566

atrigularis, Accentor , . . . 152

atrigularis, Turdus .... 14

atrogularis, Saxicola .... 39

audouini, Larus 831

auduboni, Puffinus 854

auduboni, Turdus 5

aurantiaca, Pyrrhula .... 338

aurantiiventris, Ligurinus . . 284

auratus, Charadrius .... 731

aurea, Oreocincla 16

aureola, Emberiza 349

auricapillus, Regulus .... 91

auricapillus, Siurus .... 222

auriceps, Dendrocopus . . . 446

auriculatus, Lanius .... 246

aurifrons, Serinus 281

aurita, Saxicola 37

auritum, Crossoptilum . . . 672

auritus, Podicipes .... 879, 880

auritus, Turdus 3

auritus, Turtur 647

aurorea, Ruticilla 52

australasiana, Grus .... 720

australis, Alauda 389

australis, Cypselus .... 430

australis, Gallinago .... 762

australis, Nunienius .... 804

australis, Podicipes .... 877

australis, Tringa 767

autumnalis, Plegadis .... 586

avicula, Locustella 131

avocetta, Recurvirostra . . . 752

awokera, Gecinus 454

azoricus, Regulus 92

BABYLOXICUS, Falco .... 546

bacchus, Ardea 572

bactriana, Athene 497

bactriana, Pica 417

badius, Astur - 530

baeri, ^Ethyia 621

b«tica, Calandrella .... 395

baicalensis, Cinclus .... 26

baicalensis, Motacilla 201

baicalensis, Parus 169

baicalensis, Sitta 187

bailloni, Calliope ..... 67

bailloni, Porzana 707

bairdi, Tringa 767

bakkamoena, Scops 488

balearica, Loxia 340

barbarus, Falco 546

barbata, Strix 479

barbatus, Bubo 492

barbatus, Gypaetus .... 502

barbatus, Pycnonotus .... 222

barnesi, Saxicola 39

baroli, Puffinus ...... 850

barrovianus, Larus 837

barrovii, Clangula 622

barthelemyi, Aquila .... 522

bartletti, Cuculus 471

Bartramia 782

bartramia, Tringa 783

bassana, Sula 561

baueri, Limosa 798

beavani, Lophophanes . . . 181
bechsteini, Turdus .... 14, 19

beema, Motacilla 206

behringianus, Corvus .... 424

belgica, Limosa 798

bella, Linota 313

bendirei, Loxia 340

bengalensis, Alcedo .... 458

bengalensis, Bubo 492

bengatensis, Coracias .... 463

bengalensis, Rostratula . - . 757

bengalensis, Sterna . . . . 811

berezovskii, Parus 176

berezowskyi, Phasianus . . . 663

bergensis, Troglodytes . . . 196

bernicla, Branta . . . . . 594

bertheloti, Anthus 211

betulina, Bonasia 700

bewicki, Cygnus 600

biarmicus, Panurus .... 156

bicalcaratus, Francolinus . . 682

bicknelli, Turdus 6

bicornis, Otocorys 382

bicristatus, Phalacrocorax . . 557

biddulphi, Podoces 408

biddulphi, Strix 478

bifasciata, Aquila . .... . 519

bifasciata, Certhilauda . . . 375

bifasciata, Loxia ... 341, 343

3 N 2

902

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

bilkevitchi, Cinclus .... 885

bilopha, Otocorys 380

bimaculata, Melanocorypha . . 384

bispecularis, Garrulus . . . 415

bistrigiceps, Acrocephalus . . 121

blakistoni, Alauda 387

blakistoni, Anthus 215

blakistoni, Arundinax . . . 134

blakistoni, Bubo 491

blakistoni, Chelidon .... 271

blakistoni, Motacilla .... 198

blanfordi, Montifringilla . . . 301

blanfordi, Turnix 704

blythi, Propasser 327

boarula, Motacilla 202

boecki, Aquila 518

bogdanovi, Lanius 244

bogolubovi, Cursorius .... 730

bokharensis, Parus .... 163

"bollii, Columba 644

bonapartii, Larus ..... 826

bonapartii, Tringa 768

bonasia, Tetrastes . . . 699, 700

bonellii, Hieraetus 516

bonellii, Phylloscopus ... 96

bonhami, Ammoperdix . . . 680

borealis, Lanius 231

borealis, Motacilla 206

borealis, Numenius .... 800
borealis, Parus .... 168, 169

borealis, Phylloscopus ... 99

borealis, Puffinus 852

borealis, Somateria .... 631

borealis, Troglodytes . . . . 197

boscas, Anas 604

Botaurus 578

bottanensis, Pica 417

bowmani, Sylvia 82

boyciana, Ciconia 581

brachydactyla, Calandrella . . 393

brachydactyla, Certhia . . . 193

brachydactyla, Petronia . . . 296

brachydactylus, Circaetus . . 527

brachydactylus, Lagopus . . 692

brachyotus, Asio 484

Brachyrhamphus 867

brachyrhynchus, Anser . . . 591
brachyrhynchus, Larus . 823, 830

brachyura, Diomedea .... 859

brachyurus, Lanius 242

brandti, Garrulus 413

brandti, Leucosticte .... 303

brandti, Otocorys 380

brandti, Phasianus 665

branickii, Haliaetus .... 526

Branta 594

brehmi, Phylloscopus .... 98

brenta, Branta 594

PAGE

brevicaudus, Puffinus .... 853

brevipes, Astur 531

brevipes, Limosa 799

brevipes, (Estrelata .... 856

brevipes, Totanus 793

brevirostris, Brachyrhamphus . 868

brevirostris, Linota . . . . 314

brevirostris, Parus . . . . 168

brevirostris, Pericrocotus . . 263

bievirostris, Petronia .... 295

brevirostris, Rissa 823

britannica, Certhia .... 193

britannicus, Parus 165

brodiei, Glaucidium .... 494

brookei, Falco 545

brucii, Scops 488

bruennichi, Alca 863

bruniceps, Emberiza . . 347

brunnea, Larvivora . . 70

brunneicephalus, Larus . 825

brunneiceps, Cisticola . 140

brunneinucha, Leucosticte 305

brunnescens, Acrocephalus 120

brunnifrons, Dendrocopus 446

Bubo 489

bubo, Strix 489

bubulcus, Ardea 569

Bucanetes 330

buccinator, Cygnus .... 600

bucephalus, Lanius 242

buchanani, Emberiza .... 357

buffoni, Stercorarius .... 842

bulweri, Bulweria 857

Bulweria 857

burmanica, Ninox : 495

Butastur ' 513

Buteo 509

buteo, Falco 509

CABANISI, Dendrocopus . . . 442

Caccabis 677

cachinnans, Larus . . . 833, 834

cachinnans, Saxicola .... 35

caelebs, Fringilla 306

cselestis, Gallinago 759

caelicolor, Grandala .... 61

caelivox, Alauda 389

cserulecula, Cyanecula ... 62

caerulescens, Fringilla .... 309

caeruleus, Elanus ..... 537

caeruleus, Myiophoneus . . . 883

caeruleus, Parus 177

caeruleus, Porphyri 712

caerulocephala, Ruticilla ... 57

caesia, Emberiza 353

caasia, Sitta 188

caffer, Cypselus 429

cahirica, Hirundo 266

-.V-

GENERAL INDEX

903

cairii, Ruticilla 54, 55

calandra, Melanocorypha . . 382

Calandrella 393

calcaratus, Budytes .... 204

calcaratus, Calcarius .... 373

Calcarius 372

Calidris 779

calidris, Totanus 783

californica, Uria 862

caligata, Hypolais 113

Calliope 65

calliope, Erithacus 65

calonyx, Eurystomus .... 464

calva, Acredula 161

calvus, Ibis 586

cambayensis, Turtur .... 650

campbelli, Turdus 12

campestris, Anthus .... 218

campestris, Motacilla .... 208

campestris, Tetrax 725

camtschatica, Motacilla . . . 198

camtschatica, Pica 418

camtschatika, Sterna .... 810
camtschatkensis, Calliope . 65, 66
camtschatkensis, Parus . 169, 170

canadensis, Aquila 522

canadensis, Grus 720

canadensis, Pinicola .... 339

canadensis, Sitta 191

canadensis, Tetrao 700

canagica, Chen 598

canariensis, Asio 886

canariensis, Calandrella . . . 395

canariensis, Falco 552

canariensis, Fringilla .... 307

canarius, Serinus 281

candicans, Falco 540

candidissima, Ardea .... 569

candidissimus, Astur .... 630

candidus, Himantopus . . . 753

canescens, Linota 315

canescens, Totanus .... 786

caniceps, Carduelis .... 275

caniceps, Emberiza .... 367

caniceps, Lanius 245

cannabina, Linota 312

canonicus, Serinus 281

canorus Cuculus 468

cantans, Cettia ...... 139

cantarella, Alauda 387

cantiaca, Sterna 812

cantiana, ^Egialitis .... 737

cantillans, Cettia 139

canturians, Cettia 138

canus, Gecinus 456

canus, Larus 829

canutus, Tringa 775

caparoch, Surnia 482

capella, Vanellus 749

capellanus, Corvue 422

capensis, Asio 485

capensis, Coturnix 685

capensis, Daption 861

capensis, Podicipes . . . . 881

capensis, Pycnonotus .... 223

capensis, Rostratula .... 757

capillatus, Phalacrocorax . . 556

capistrata, Saxicola .... 34

capistratus, Larus 824

caprata, Pratincola . . .47

Caprimulgus 432

carbo, (Edemia 627

carbo, Phalacrocorax .... 555

carbo, Uria 866

carboides, Phalacrocorax . . 555

cardis, Turdus 12, IS

Carduelis . 274

carduelis, Fringilla .... 274

cariceti, Acrocephalus . . . 122

carneipes, Puffinus 853

carneipes, Pycnorhamphus . . 288

carnivorus, Corvus 423

carolinse, Galerita 391

carolinense, Nettion .... 612

carolinensis, Pandion .... 554

Carpodacus 319

caryocatactes, Nucifraga . . 409

casarca, Tadorna 602

cashmiriensis, Chelidon . . . 270

cashmiriensis, Cinclus .... 26

casiotis, Columba 646

caspia, ^Egialitis 736

caspia, Sterna 813

caspius, ^Egithalus .... 184

caspius, Tetraogallus .... 689

cassini, Pyrrhula 336

cassinii, Asio 484

castanea, Pucrasia 670

castaneiceps, Emberiza . . . 365

castaneus, ^Egithalus .... 184

castor, Mergus 635

castro, Oceanodroma .... 845

catarinse, Saxicola 38

catarrhactes, Stercorarius, Linn 839

caucasica, Acredula .... 159

caucasicus, Coccothraustes . . 319

caucasicus, Sturnus .... 400

caucasicus, Tetraogallue . . . 688

caudacuta, Acanthyllis . . . 431

caudacuta, Dafila 613

caudata, Acredula . . . . 157, 158

caudata, Argya 145

caudata, Pica 417

caudatus, Uragus 332

cayeimensis, Sterna .... 814

cenchris, Falco 553

904

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

cenchroides, Astur 530

Cerorhyncha 871

cerrutii, Emberiza 357

Certhia 192

Certhilauda 375

certhiola, Locustella . . . . 133

cervicalis, Garrulus .... 414

cervinus, Anthus 213

Ceryle 459

Cettia 137

cettii, Cettia 137

chalybeus, Crateropus . . . 144

Charadrius 731

Chaulelasmus 605

cheleensis, Calandrella . . . 395

Chelidon 269

Chen 597

cherrug, Falco 543

Chettusia 745

Chimarrhornis 60

chinensis, Hirundo 272

chloris, Ligurinus 283

chloronotus, Phylloscopus . . 105

chloronotus, Porphyrio . . . 713

chloronotus, Zosterops . . . 221

chloropus, Gallinula . . . . 715

chloropygius, Totanus . . . 790

chlorotica, Chloris 283

chrysaetus, Aquila 522

chrysolaus, Turdus .... 12

Chrysolophus . . ^ _ . . . 668

chrysomelas, Phasianus . . . 662

Chrysomitris 276

chrysophrys, Emberiza . . . 356

chrysophthalmus, Sylvia ... 79

chrysopleurus, Turdus ... 12
chrysopygia, Saxicola . . . 43, 885

chucar, Caccabis 678

cia, Emberiza 368

Ciconia 580

Cinclus 24

cinclus, Tringa 769

cinctura, Ammomanes . . . 398

cinctus, Parus 172

cineracea, Pyrrhula .... 336
cineraceus, Circus .... 505, 507

cineraceus, Spodiopsar . . . 402

cinerarius, Circus 505

cinerascens, Circus 505

cinerascens, Hypolais .... 110

cinerea, Ardea 564

cinerea, Emberiza 352

cinerea, Grus 717

cinerea, Perdix 682

cinerea, Strix 479

cinerea, Sylvia ....... 74

cinerea, Terekia 794

cinereo-alba, Muscicapa . . . 252

cinereocapilla, Motacilla . . . 206

cinereus, Anser 588

cinereus, Lobivanellus . . . 748

cinereus, Parus 163

cinereus, Pericrocotus .... 263

cinereus, Phalaropus .... 754

cinereus, Puffinus .... 851, 852

cinereus, Vultur 500

einnamomea, Ardetta . . . 577, 578

cioides, Emberiza .... 364, 365

ciopsis, Emberiza 365

Circaetus 527

circia, Querquedula .... 609

Circus . 503

cirlus, Emberiza 354

cirrhata, Lunda . . . . _ . . 872

cirri s, Dendrocopus .... 447

cirtenis, Buteo 511

cisalpina, Passer 290

cissa, Dendrocopus 438

Cisticola 140

cisticola, Cisticola 140

cisticola, Salicaria 140

citreola, Motacilla 203

citreoloides, Motacilla ... 204

citrinella, Chrysomitris. . 278, 279

citrinella, Emberiza .... 353

clanga, Aquila 517

Clangula ........ 621

clangula, Anas 621

clara, Sitta 188

clara, Sylvia 885

clotbey, Pvhamphocorys . . . 377.

clypeata, Spatula 606

coburni, Turdus 885

Coccothraustes 287

coccothraustes, Loxia .... 287

Coccystes 472

Coccyzus 474

colcliicus, Phasianus . 658, 696, 699

collaris, Accentor 148

collaris, Corvus 419

collaris, Grus 721

collaris, Muscicapa .... 255

collaris, Strepsilas 750

colletti, Parus 169

collurio, Lanius 237

collybita, Phylloscopus ... 97

Columba 639

columba, Uria 866

columbianus, Cygnus .... 601

columbina, Bulweria .... 857

columbinus, Larus 830

Colymbus 874

comata, Ardea 571

comata, Ibis 586

comatus, Mergus 635

communis, Coturnix .... 685

GENERAL INDEX

905

communis, Falco . .

communis, Grus . . .
communis, Parus . . . .
communis, Turtur . . . .
consobrinus, ^Egithalus . .
conspicillata, Suthora . .
conspicillata, Sylvia . . .
cooki, Cyanopica . . . .

Coracias

corax, Corvus

cormoranus, Phalaerocorax .
corniculata, Fratercula . .

cornix, Corvus

cornuta, Tadorna . . . .
cornutus, Podicipes . . .
coromanda, Ardea . . . .
coromandus, Halcyon . .
coronata, Dendroeea . . .
coronatus, ^Egithalus . .
coronatus, Phylloscopus . .
coronatus, Pterocles . . .

corone, Corvus

corsicana, Chrysomitris . .

corsus, Parus

Corvus

Corydus

Cosmonetta

Cossypha

Cotile

Coturnix

coturnix, Tetrao . . . .

couesi, Tringa

crassipes, Aquila ....
crassirostris, Larus . . .
crassirostris, Parus . . .
crassirostris, Tringa . . .

crecca, Nettion

crepidatus, Stercorarius . .
crepitans, CEdicnemus . .

Crex

crex, Rallus

crispus, Pelecanus ....
crissoleucus, Picoides . . .
cristata, ^Ethyia ....

cristata, Fulica

cristata, Galerita ....
cristatellus, Simorhynchus .
cristatus, Corydus ....
cristatus, Lanius ....
cristatus, Lophophanes . .
cristatus, Phalacrocorax . .
cristatus, Podicipes . . .
cristatus, Regulus ....
cristatus, Vanellus . . .

Crossoptilum

cruentatus, Dendrocopus
cruentus, Ithagenes . . ,
cryptoleucura, Oceanodroma

841,

PAGE

544
717
168
646
183
185

80
416
462
423
555
873
421
601
879
570
460
222
184
105
653
421
279
885
419
390
624

68
271
685
685
777
521
832
168
776
611
842
727
711
711
563
452
619
717
391
869
390
240
180
558
877

91
749
671
444
675
845

PAGE

cucullata, yEgithalus . . . . 184

cucullatus, Mergus 637

cucullatus, Telephonus . . . 248

Cuculus 468

culminatus, Corvus .... 422

culminatus, Thalassogeron . . 860

cummingi, Saxicola .... 41

curonica, ^gialitis .... 740

curruca, Sylvia 76, 77

cursitans, Cisticola .... 140

Cursorius 730

curvirostra, Loxia 339

cuvieri, Falco . . _. . . . 549

cyana, Cyanopica 416

cyane, Larvivora 70

Cyanecula 61

cyanecula, Sylvia . . . . 61, 62

cyaneus, Circus 507

cyanomelaena, C}7anoptila . . 258

Cyanopica 416

Cyanoptila 258

cyanopus, Falco 543

cyanopus, Numenius .... 804

cyanura, Nemura 69

cyanus, Monticola 22

cyanus, Parus 175

cygnoides, Anser 593

Cygnus 598

cypria, Scops 487

Cypriotes, Parus* . . . . . 165

cyprius, Scops 487

Cypselus 427

DACOTI.E, Pratincola .... 44

Dafila 613

dahuricus, Accentor .... 153

damascena, Perdix .... 682

damacensis, Tringa . . .771, 772

danfordi, Dendrocopus . . . 446

darjilensis, Dendrocopus . . . 442
dartfordiensis, Sylvia . . . .87

dasypus, Chelidon 271

dasypus, Nyctala 482

Daulias 71

daulias, Turdus 15

daurica, Hirundo 268

daurica, Perdix 683

daurica, Sturnia 403

dauricus, Troglodytes . . . 884

dauuricus, Corvus 419

davidi, Cygnus 601

davidi, Parus 174

davidi, Pterorhinus . . . . 147

davidiana, Montifringilla . . 301

davidianus, Carpodacus . . . 325

davidii, Lusciniola 126

dealbatus, Lanius 232

906

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

decaocto, Turtur 649

decollatus, Phasianus .... 663

deichleri, Galerita 391

delicata, Gallinago 761

delicatula, Strix 498

delicatula, Sylvia 79

Dendrocopus 438

derogata, Diomedea .... 859

deserti, Ammomanes .... 397

deserti, Rhopophilus .... 146

deserti, Saxicola 39

deserti, Sylvia 79

deserticola, Melizophilus ... 88

desertorum, Bubo 492

desertorum, Buteo . . . 509, 511

desertorum, Caprimulgus. . . 434

desertorum, Certhilauda . . . 375

desgodinsi, Tetraophasis . . . 687

desmaresti, Phalacrocorax . . 558

desmursi, Dendrocopus . . . 442

dichroides, Lophophanes . . . 182

dichrourus, Lanius 244

dichrous, Falco 549

dichrous, Lophophanes . . . 182

diffusus, Oriolus 228

diluta, Otocorys 382

Diomedea 859

discessa, Cyanecula 885

discors, Querquedula . . . . 610

dispar, Anas 630

doerriesi, lyngipicus ... .451

domesticus, Passer 289

dominicana, Sturnia .... 404

dominicus, Charadrius . . . 732

doriae, Sylvia 79

dorrandti, Phasianus .... 662

dorriesi, Bubo 491

dorsalis, Acredula 159

dougalli, Sterna . . . . . 810

douraca, Turtur 649

dresseri, Parus .... 167, 168

dresseri, Somateria . . . . 631

drouynii, Crossoptilum . . . 671

dubia, ^Egialitis 740

dubius, Carpodacus .... 327

dubius, Turdus 7

dukhunensis, Calandrella . . 393

dukhunensis, Motacilla . . . 200

dumetorum, Acrocephalus . . 116

duponti, Certhilauda .... 376

dussumieri, Astur 530

dybowskii, Acrocephalus . . 134

dybowskii, Otis . . . . . . 724

EBUENEA, Pagophila .... 821

eclipes, Argya 145

edwardsi, Carpodacus .... 326

egretta, Ardea 566

ekloni, Sitta 191

elaica, Hypolais 110-

Elanus 537

eleagni, Lanius 244

elegans, Ammomanes .... 398

elegans, Carduelis 274

elegans, Emberiza 355

elegans, Lanius 232

elegans, Lophobasileus ... 91

eleonorae, Falco 549

ellioti, Galerita 391

ellioti, Pterocles 656

ellioti, Trochalopterum . . . 147

elwesi, Otocorys 379

Emberiza 343

enucleator, Pinicola .... 338

Eophona 285

epops, Upupa 467

eremita, Ibis 586

eremita, Pyrrhocorax .... 405

Erismatura 634

Erithacus 63

erithacus, Pyrrhula .... 337

erlangeri, Falco 547

ernesti, Strix 886

erythrsea, Saxicola. . . . 31, 38

erythrinus, Carpodacus . . . 321

erythrocephala, Pyrrhula . . 338

erythrogastra, Hirundo . . . 266

erythrogastra, Ruticilla ... 53
erythronota, Ruticilla . . 53, 54

erythronotus, Lanius .... 245

erythrophthalmus, Coccyzus . 475

erythropleura, Zosterops . . . 221

erythroprocta, Ruticilla ... 55

erythropterus, Lanius . . . 248

erythropus, Anser 592

erythropygia, Saxicola ... 40

erythropygius, Accentor . . . 149

Erythrospiza 328

erythrothorax, Porzana . . . 710

Eudromias 743

Eunetta 608

europsea, Bonasia 700

europsea, Pyrrhula 333

europsea, Sitta .... 186, 188

europseus, Caprimulgus . . . 432

europseus, Cursorius .... 730

europajus, Lanius 231

europeeus, Nycticorax .... 573

europseus, Troglodytes . . . 195

eurymelsena, Saxicola .... 37

Eurynorhynchus 780

Eurystomus 464

eurythma, Ardetta .... 578

eversmanni, Columba .... 642

excubitor, Lanius 228

exilipes, Linota 317

GENERAL INDEX

907

exquisita, Porzana 709

exulans, Diomedea 860

exustus, Pterocles 656

FABALIS, Anser 589

faeroensis, Sturnus 399

falcata, Eunetta 608

falcinellus, Plegadis .... 586

falcipennis, Tetrao 700

Falco 539

fallax, Lanius 234

familiaris, Aedon 115

familiaris, Certhia . . . 192, 193

fasciatus, Hieraetus .... 516

fasciolata, Locustella . . . . 135

feldeggi, Falco 546

feldeggi, Motacilla 207

feliciae, Dendrocopus .... 444

ferina, ^Ethyia 617

ferox, Buteo 511, 512

ferrago, Turtur 648

ferruginea, ^Ethyia .... 620

ferruginea, Tringa 774

ferus, Anser 588

ferus, Cygnus 599

fervidus, Accentor 155

filamentosus, Phalacrocorax . 556

filoti, Irania 68

fihschi, Saxicola 38

fischeri, (Estrelata 857

fischeri, Somateria 633

fissipes, Hydrochelidon . . . 806

fissipes, Sterna 805

flammeus, Aluco . . . 497, 886

flava, Motacilla 205

flavicapillus, Regulus .... 91

flavicollis, Petronia .... 297

flavipectus, Parus 176

flavipes, Totanus 788

flavipes, Vanellus 746

flavirostris, Gecinus .... 455

flavirostris, Linota 313

fluviatilis, Hydrochelidon . . 807

fluviatilis, Locastella . . . . 135

fluviatilis, Podicipes .... 881

fluviatilis, Sterna 809

formosum, Nettion .... 612

forskahli, Milvus 537

Francolinus 681

francolinus, Tetrao . . . . 681

franklini, Tetrao 700

Fratercula 873

fratercula, Mormon .... 873

fraterculus, Ammomanes . . 397

fraterculus, Grus 720

Fringalauda 302

Fringilla 306

fringillarius, Accipiter . . . 531

PAGE

fringillirostris, Linota . . . 313

frontalis, Ruticilla .... 58

frugilegus, Corvus 426-

fucata, Emberi/a 360

fugax, Hierococcyx .... 474

Fulica 716

fulicarius, Phalaropu8 . . . 755

fuliginosa, Hemichelidon . . 251

fuliginosa, Oceanodroma . . . 846

fuliginosa, Sterna 818

fuliginosus, Puffinus .... 851

fuliginosus, Rhyacornis ... 5&

fuligula, ^Ethyia 619

Fulmarus 858

fulva, Aquila 522

fulva, Argya 144

fulvescens, Accentor .... 153

fulvescens, Aquila 518

fulvescens, Gyps 499

fulvicapillus, Regulus . . • . . 91

fulvus, Charadrius 732

fulvus, Gyps 499

fumigatus, Troglodytes . . . 884

funerea, Surnia .... 481, 482

funereus, Lanius 232

furcata, Oceanodroma . . . 847

furcata, Strix. . . . . . . 498

fusca, Columba 642

fusca, Halcyon 461

fusca, (Edemia 626

fusca, Porzana 710

fuscata, Lusciniola 125

fuscatus, Turdus 7

fuscescens, Strix 477

fuscicollis, Tringa 768

fuscipilea, Sylvia .... 74, 75

fuscus, Larus 834

fuscus, Totanus 784

GABOR, Melierax 534

galactodes, Aedon .... 68, 114

galapagoensis, Asio .... 484

galbula, Oriolus 226

galeata, Gallinula 716

galericulata, Aex 60S

galilejensis, Cypselns .... 429

gallicus, Circaetus 527

gallicus, Cursorius 730

Gallinago 75&

gallinago, Scolopax .... 760

Gallinula 715

gallinula, Gallinago .... 76S

gambelli, Anser 592

garrula, Sylvia 7ft

Garrulus 411

garrulus, Ampelis 249

garrulus, Coracias 462

garzetta, Ardea ,568

GENERAL INDEX

gebleri, Fringilla 303

Gecinus 453

gelastes, Larus 830

gelastes, Turtur .... * 648

geoffroyi, yEgialitis .... 735

geoffroyi, Ithagenes . . 675, 676

gigliolii, Leucosticte .... 304

ginginianus, Acridotheres . . 404

ginginianus, Neophron . . . 502

githaginea, Erythrospiza . . 329

giu, Scops 486

glacialis, Colymbus .... 876

glacialis, Fratercula .... 873

glacialis, Fulmarus .... 858

glacialis, Harelda 625

glandarius, Coccystes .... 472

glandarius, Garrulus ... 411

Glareola 728

glareola, Totanus 790

glaszneri, Garrulus .... 886

glaucescens, Larus 838

Glaucidium 493

glaucion, Clangula 621

glaucogularis. Acredula ... 161

glaucus, Larus 837

glaux, Athene 496

glocitans, Anas 612

glottis, Totanus 786

glupischa, Fulmarus . . . 858

godlewskii, Anthus . . . 221

godlewskii, Emberiza . . . 369

goensis, Lobivanellus . . . 747

goisagi, Gorsachius . . . 574

golzii, Lusciola 72

gorii, Gecinus 455

Gorsachius 574

gouldii, Dendrocopus .... 440

gouldi, Turdus 10

gracilis, Prinia 141

gracilis, Saxicola 32

gracilis, Sterna 810

graculus, Phalacrocorax . . . 555

graculus, Pyrrhocorax . . . 405

graeca, Caccabis 677

Grandala 61

grandis, Anser 590

grandis, Carpodacus .... 324

grandis, Ruticilla 53

granti, Accipiter 531

gravis, Puffinus 851

grayi, Ardea 572

grebnitskii, Carpodacus . . . 321

grebnitzkii, Hierofalco . . . 542

gregaria, Chettusia .... 745

grimmi, Lanius ...... 233

griseigena, Podicipes .... 878

griseiventris, Pyrrhula . . . 335

griseiventris, Tetrastes ... 701

PAGE

griseogularis, Ammoperdix . . 680

griseonucha, Leucosticte . . . 304

griseopygius, Totanus . . . 793

griseorufescens, Anthus . . . 220

grisescens, Parus 173

griseus, Macrorhamphus . . . 795

griseus, Nycticorax .... 573

griseus, Puffinus 851

grisola, Muscicapa 253

Grus 717

grus, Ardea 718

grylle, Uria 864

guillemardi, Loxia 886

gularis, Accipiter 532

gularis, Monticola 22

gulgula, Alauda 389

gurneyi, Astur 531

gustavi, Anthus 217

guttata, Alauda 387

guttata, Ceryle 460

guttatus, Pterocles .... 655

guttifer, Totanus 787

gutturalis, Cossypha .... 68

gutturalis, Hirundo .... 265

gymnocyclus, Columba . . . 640

gymnopodus, Scops .... 487

Gypaetus 502

Gyps 499

gyrfalco, Falco 539

H^EMATOPUS 751

hjematopygia, Fringilla . . . 303

hnesitata, (Estrelata .... 855

hafizi, Daulias 72

hagenbecki, Phasianua . . . 666

Halcyon 460

Haliaetus 523

haliaetus, Pandion 554

halophila, Saxicola .... 885

hardwickii, Lanius .... 237

Harelda 625

harmani, Crossoptilum . . . 673

harterti, Galerita

hartingi, ^gialitis .... 739

hartlaubi, Falcipennis ... 700

haughtoni, Totanus .... 787

heinei, Calandrella 395

heinekeni, Sylvia 85

heliaca, Aquila 521

helvetica, Squatarola .... 733

Hemichelidon 251

hemilasius, Buteo 511

hemileucurus, Lanius .... 232

hemiptilopus, Archibuteo . . 515

hemispila, Nvicifraga .... 410

hemprichi, Pratincola ... 47

hendersoni, Falco 544

GENERAL INDEX

909

PAGE

hendersoni, Locustella . . . 132

hendersoni, Podoces .... 408

hendersoni, Saxicola .... 32

hensoni, Parus 168

hepaticus, Cuculus .... 468

hermonensis, Calandrella . . 393

hiaticola, ^Egialitis .... 738

hiemalis, Junco 315

Hieraetus 515

Hierococcyx 473

himalayana, Certhia .... 194

himalayana, Loxia 340

himalayanus, Accentor . . . 150

himalayanus, Cuculus . . . 470

himalayanus, Fregilus . . . 405

himalayensis, Dendrocopus . . 441

himalayensis, Gyps .... 499

himalayensis, Regulus ... 92

himalayensis, Tetraogallus . . 690

Himantopus 753

himantopus, Charadrius . . . 753

hirtensis, Troglodytes . . . 196

Hirundo 264

hirundo, Sterna .... 808, 809

hispaniolensis, Gyps .... 499

hispaniolensis, Passer .... 291

histrionica, Cosmonetta . . . 624

hodgsoni, Certhia 193

hodgsoni, Motacilla . . . . 199

hodgsoni, Ruticilla 51

hodgsoni, Turdus 2

hodgsonia;, Perdix 684

Hodgsonius 59

holboelli, Falco 540

holboelli, Linota 316

holboelli, Podicipes .... 878

homeyeri, Lanius . . . . . 230

homeyeri, Lusciniola .... 126

homeyeri, Sitta 189

Hoplopterus 745

hornemanni, Linota .... 317

horreorum, Hirundo .... 266

hortensis, Sylvia 78

hortulana, Emberiza .... 356

hortulanus, Serinus .... 280

hortulorum, Turdus .... 12

Houbara 726

houbara, Otis 726

hudsonica, Pica 417

humei, Sturnus 399

humii, Coccothraustes . . . 287

humii, Pyrrhospiza .... 318

humilis, Podoces 409

humilis, Turtur 651

hutchinsi, Branta 595

huttoni, Accentor 152

huttoni, Argya 145

huttoni, Emberiza 357

PAGE

hyacinthinus, Porphyrio . . . 712

hybrida, Hydrochelidon . . . 807

Hydrochelidon 805

hyemalis, Anas 625

hyemalis, Gallinago .... 763

hyperboreus, Chen 597

hyperboreus, Lagopus . . . 695

hyperboreus, Phalaropus . . . 754

hyperboreus, Plectrophanes . . 375

hyperinelsena, Parus .... 171

h}'perythrus, Hierococcyx . . 474

Hypocolius 250

Hypolais 107

hypolais, Sylvia 107

hypoleucus, Totanus . . . . 791

Hypsipetes 225

hyrcanus, Erithacus .... 64

hyrcanus, Garrulus .... 412

IANTHINA, Columba .... 646

Ibidorhynchus 805

Ibis 584

ibis, Ardea 569

ichthyaetus, Larus 827

icterica, Emberiza 347

icterina, Hypolais 107

icteroides, Pycnorhamphus . . 289

ictinus, Milvus 534

ignavus, Bubo 489

. . 93
106

ignicapillus, Regulus
ijimse, Acanthopneuste

ijimae, Phasianus 668

iliacus, Turdus 6

iliceti, Garrulus 413

immaculatus, Dendrocopus . . 445

immaculatus, Glaucidium . . 494

immer, Colymbus 876

immutabilis, Cygnus . . 598, 599

impennis, Alca 862

imperialis, Aquila 521

impeyanus, Lophophorus . . 673

incanus, Totanus . . . 793, 794

incarnatus, Bucanetes . . . 331

incii, Terpsiphone 262

indica, Lusciniola 125

indica, Pratincola 46

indica, Ruticilla 50

indica, Strix 498

indicus, Anser 593

indicus, Butastur 513

indicus, Coracias 463

indicus, Limonodromus . . . 209

indicus, Lobivanellus . . . . 747

indicus, Oriolus 228

indicus, Passer 290

indicus, Rallus 705

indicus, Sturnus 399

910

GENERAL INDEX

infaustus, Perisoerus . .
infuscatus, Lanius . . .
innominata, Ninox . .
inornata, ^Egialitis . .
inornatus, Lobivanellus .
inquieta, Scotocerca . .
insignis, Phasianus . .
insignia, Pratincola
insularis, Acrocephalus .
insularis, Dendrocopus
insularis, Strix ....
intermedia, Ardea . .
intermedia, Columba .
intermedia, Lusciniola
intermedia, Phylloscopus
intermedius, Cuculus . .
intermedius, Pycnonotus
intermedius, Rallus . .
interpres, Strepsilas .
irbii, Acredula ....
isabellina, Ceblepyris . .
isabellina, Galerita . .
isabellina, Otomela . .
isabellina, Saxicola . .
isabellinus, Caprimulgus .
isabellinus, Corydus .
isabellinus, Cursorius . .
isabellinus, Lanius . .
isabellinus, Turtur . .
islandica, Clangula . .

islandica, Tringa . . .

islandicus, Falco . . .
islandicus, Larus .
islandorum, Lagopus .
islandus, Falco ....
ispida, Alcedo ....
italiee, Passer . . . .

Ithagenes

lyngipicus

lynx

PAGE

. . 410

. . 244

. . 495

. . 734

. . 748

. . 142

. . 660

. . 45

. . 135

. . 448

. . 498

. . 567

. . 640

. . 130

. . 102

. . 470

. . 225

. . 707

. . 750

. . 159

. . 250

. . 391

. . 239

. . 41

. . 435

. . 392

. . 730
. 238, 240

. . 647

. . 622

. . 775

. . 540

. . 838

. . 694
. 540, 541

. . 458

. . 290

. . 675

. . 450
457

JANKOWSKII, Emberiza . . . 365

japonensis, Corvus 423

japonensis, Grus 719

japonica, Alauda 387

japonica, Ampelis 250

japonica, Certhia 193

japonica, Coturnix 686

japonica, Hirundo . . . . . 268

japonica, Loxia 340

japonica, Motacilla . . . . 198

japonica, Ninox 495

japonica, Pica 417

japonica, Scops 488

japonica, Zosterops .... 221

japonicus, Anthus 215

aponicus, Buteo 509

japonicus, Coccothraustes . . 287

japonicus, Dendrocopus . . . 440

japonicus, Falco 552

japonicus, Garrulus .... 415

japonicus, Nucifraga .... 410

japonicus, Rallus 705

japonicus, Regulus .... 92

javanica, Ardetta 575-

javanica, Strix 498

javanicus, Pelecanus .... 563

javanicus, Phalacrocorax . . 561

jerdoni, Accentor . . . . . 151

jerdoni, Anthus 220

jerdoni, Sylvia 86

jessoensis, Gecinus 456-

KALEENSIS, lyngipicus . . . 450~

kamchatkensis, Nucifraga . . 410

kamtschatica, Pyrrhula . . . 335

kamtschaticus, Corvus . . . 424

kamtschaticus, Tetrao . . . 697

kamtschatkensis, Dendrocopus . 445

kancarowii, Phasianus . . . 660

karelini, Gecinus 453

karelini, Otomela 240'

kaufmanni, Falcirostra . . . 805

kawarahiba, Ligurinus . . . 285

kennicotti, Phylloscopus ... 99

keptuschka, Chettusia . . . 745

kessleri, Turdus 11

khan, Dendrocopus .... 444

kingi, Saxicola 4&

kittlitzi, Brachyrhamphus . . 868

kittlitzi, Charadrius .... 742

kittlitzii, Gavia 827

kizuki, lyngipicus 451

kleinschmidti, Galerita . . . 391

kodiaka, Pinicola 339

koenigi, Micropus 430

kollyi, Calandrella 393

komadori, Erithacus .... 64

komarovi, Phasianus .... 660

korschun, Milvus 535

koslovi, Accentor 155

krueperi, Sitta 189

krynickii, Garrulus .... 414

kuhli, Puffinus 852

kundoo, Oriolus 227

kurilensis, Troglodytes ... 884

LAGOPUS, Chelidon 270

laetior, Eurystomus .... 464
lagopoda, Chelidon .... 270

Lagopus 692

lagopus, Archibuteo .... 514
lagopus, Tetrao 692, 693

GENERAL INDEX

911

lahtora, Lanius 232,

lanarius, Falco 543,

lanceolata, Locustella ....
languida, Hypolais ....

Lanius

lappouica, Limosa

lapponica, Strix

lapponicus, Calcarius ....

Larus

larvata, Otocorys

Larvivora

latirostris, Alseonax ....
laurivora, Columba ....
leachi, Thalassodroma . . .

ledoucii, Parus

leiopus, Alaucla

lentiginosus, Botaurua . . .

lepida, Prinia

lepidus, Uragus

leptonyx, Corvus

Leptopoecile

leptorhynchus, Dendrocopus

lesbia, Emberiza

leschenaulti, Charadrius . . .

leucauchen, Grus

leucocephala, Emberiza . . .
leucocephala, Erismatura . .
leucocephala, Motacilla . . .
leucocephalus, Buteo ....
leucocephalus, Chimarrhornis .
leucocephalus, Haliaetus . . .
leucocephalus, Pan d ion . . .
leucocyana, Cyanecula . . .
leucogaster, Cinclus ....
leucogenys, Dicrurua ....
leucogenys, Pycnonotus . . .
leucogeranus, Grus ....
leucolena, Aquila

leucomela, Saxicola . . .
leucomelas, Puffinus . . .
leuconota, Columba . . .
leuconotus, Dendrocopus
leucopareia, Branta . . .
leucopareia, Hydrochelidon .
leucophsea, Calandrella
leucophasus, Corvus . . .
leucophaeus, Larus ....
leucophthalma, ^Ethyia . .
leucophrys, Xanthopygia

leucopis, Sitta

leucopogon, Sylvia . . .
Icucopsis, Branta ....
leucopsis, Motacilla . . .
leucoptera, Ardea ....
leucoptera, Hydrochelidon .
leucoptera, Loxia ....
leucoptera, Melanocorypha .
leucoptera, CEstrelata . . .

31

I'AOE

233
546

132

111
228
797
479
373
824
381

70
252
643
844
166
387
579
142
333
425

90
439
360
735
722
359
634
209
511

60
525
554

61

27
228
224
723
522

34
852
641
447
595
807
396
423
833
620
260
191

81
596
198
572
806
342
385
856

leucoptera, Pica ..... 417

leucopterus, Dendrocopus . . 439

leucopterus, Lanius .... 230

leucopterus, Larus ..... 838

leucopyga, Saxicola .... 34

leucorodia, Platalea .... 582

leucorrhoa, Oceanodroma . . 844

leucoryphus, Haliaetus . . . 523

Leucosticte ....... 303

leucotis, Pycnonotus .... 224

leucura, Chettusia ..... 746

leucura, Muscicapa .... 257

leucura, Saxicola ..... 35

leucuroides, Saxicola .... 36

leucurum, Crossoptilum . . . 671

leucurus, Buteo ...... 512

levaillantii, Corvus .... 422

1'huysi, Lophophorus .... 674

lidthi, Garrulus ...... 415

Ligurinus ........ 283

lilacina, Halcyon ..... 460

lilfordi, Dendrocopua .... 448

lilfordi, Grus ...... 718

Limicola . . ...... 764

Limonodromus ...... 209

Limosa ........ 797

limosa, Limosa ...... 798

linaria, Linota ...... 316

lineatus, Numenius .... 803

Linota ......... 312

lithofalco, Falco ...... 547

liturata, Strix ...... 477

livia, Columba ...... 639

lobatus, Phalaropus . . . 754, 755

Lobivanellus ....... 747

Locustella ....... 131

locustella, Locustella . . . . 131

lomvia, Alca ....... 863

lomvia, Uria ....... 862

longicauda, Bartramia . 782

longicaudus, Stercorarius 842

longicaudus, Uragus . . 332

longipennis, Sterna . . 810

longipes, Falcirostra . . 805

longirostris, (Estrelata . 856

longirostris, Otocorys . . 379

longirostris, Parus ..... 168

longirostris, Pyrrhospiza . . 318

Lophobasileus ...... 91

Lophophanes ...... 180

Lophophorus ...... 673

lorenzi, Falco ...... 542

lorenzi, Phylloscopus .... 98

Loxia ......... 339

luciani, Picus ...... 442

lucida, Ardea ...... 569

lucionensis, Laniua .... 242

luctuosa, Muscicapa .... 254

912

GENERAL INDEX

lugens, Motacilla 198

lugens, Saxicola . . . .31, 885

lugubris, Acanthopncusto . . 100

lugubris, Ceryle 460

lugubris, Motacilla .... 197

lugubris, Ninox 495

lugubris, Parus 171

lugubris, Phylloscopus . . . 103

lumme, Colymbus 874

Lunda 872

luscinia, Daulias . . . 71, 72, 73

luscinia, Homochlamys . . . 138

luscinioides, Locustella . . . 136

Lusciniola 124

lusitanica, Certhilauda . . . 377

lusitanicus, Chersophilus . . . 377

luteiventris, Lusciniola . . . 130

luteola, Emberiza 347

luteola, Muscicapa 257

luzoniensis, Motacilla .... 198

MAAGKII, Acrocephalus . . . 121

macedonica, Acredula. . . . 160

macei, Haliaetus 523

Machetes 780

macqueeni, Houbara .... 727

macronyx, ^Egithalus .... 184

Macrorhamphus 795

macrorhyncha, Galerita . . . 391

macrorhyncha, Pratincola . . 44

macrorhynchus, Corvus . . . 422

macrorhynchus, Nucifraga . . 410

macrotarsa, Sterna . . . . 815

macrourue, Circus 506

macrura, Acredula 158

macrura, Sterna 808

macrurus, Parus 169

macrurus, Thalassaetus . . . 527

macularius, Totanus .... 792
maculata, Aquila . . . .517, 518

maculata, Tringa 766

maculatus, Anthus 212

maculatus, Turnix 704

madagascariensis, Porphyrio . 713

madaraspatensis, Motacilla . . 199

maderensis, Fringilla .... 308

maderensis, Regulus .... 94

magna, Caccabis 678

magna, Galerita 391

magnirostris, Acrocephalus . . 116

magnirostris, Lanius .... 243

magnirostris, Phylloscopus . . 103

mahrattensis, Caprimulgus . . 436

major, Carduelis 274

major, Dendrocopus .... 438

major, Gallinago 758

major, Lanius 229, 231

major, Lxisciniola 129

major, Milvus 536

major, Parus 161

major, Platalea 582

major, Puffinus 851, 852

major, P}rrrhula 334

major, Rhopophilus .... 146

ma j oroides, Dendrocopus. . . 442

malayanus, Scops 487

mandarina, Porzana . . . . 710

mandarinus, Picus 442

mandellii, Montifringilla . . . 299

mandti, Uria 865

manillensis, Monticola ... 23

mansuetus, Cygnus .... 598

mantchuricum, Crossoptiluin . . 672

Mareca 614

margaritce, Certhilauda . . . 376

•mania, ^Ethyia 618

mariloides, ^thyia .... 619

marina, Pelagodroma .... 849

marinus, Larus 836

maritima, Tringa 776

Marmaronetta ...... 607

marmorata, Alca 867

martins, Picus 437

maruetta, Porzana 706

maura, Pratincola 46

mauritanica, Cotile .... 885

mauritanica, Pica 418

mauritanus, Dendrocopus . . 441

maxima, Melanocorypha . . . 383

maxima, Merula 17

maxima, Sterna 814

maximus, Bubo 489

media, Sterna 811

medius, Dendrocopus .... 449

meena, Turtur 648

megala, Gallinago 762

melanaetos, Aquila .... 522

melanocephala, Ardea .... 566

melanocephala, Emberiza . . 346

melanocephala, Ibis .... 584

melanocephala, Motacilla . . 207
melanocephala, Sylvia . . 82, 83

melanocephalus, Garrulus . . 413

melanocephalus, Larus . . . 825

melanocephalus, Pluvianus . . 744

Melanocorypha 382

melanogaster, Cinclus ... 24

melanoleuca, Saxicola .... 37

melanoleucus, Circus .... 508

melanolophalus, Lophophanes . 182

melanolophus, Gorsachius . . 574

melanope, Motacilla .... 202

melanophrys, Diomedea . . . 860

melanopogon, Lusciniola . . . 128

melanoptera, Glareola . . . 730

melanopterus, Elanus .... 537

GENERAL INDEX

913

TAiiE

melanopterus, Himantopus . . 753

melanorhinus, Cygnus . . . 600

melanothorax, Sylvia .... 87

melanotis, Milvus 536

melanura, Eophona .... 286

melanura, Limosa 799

melanuroides, Limosa . . . . 799

melanurus, Larus 832

melba, Cypselus 430

Melierax 533

Melizophilu8 87

menetriesi, Buteo 511

menzbieri, Sturnus . . 399, 400

merganser, Mergus .... 635

Mergulus 864

Mergus 635

meridionslis, Athene .... 496

meridionalis, Lanius .... 234
meridionalis, Parus . . 167, 168

Merops 465

merula, Turdus 17

mesoleuca, Ruticilla .... 50

mexicana, Grus 720

meyeri, Limosa 797

meyeri, Pucrasia 671

michailowskii, Parus . . . . 166

michahellesii, Larus .... 833

microceros, Phaleris .... 870

micropterus, Cuculus .... 471

middendorffi, Anser .... 590

middendorffii, Phylloscopus . . 101

migrans, Milvus 535

miliaria, Emberiza 343

milvipes, Falco 544

Milvus 534

Milvus, Falco 534

minor, ./Egialitis 740

minor, Botaurus 579

minor, Calandrella 394

minor, Cinclus 25

minor, Cygnus 600

minor, Dendrocopus .... 444

minor, Falco 545

minor, Fulmarua 858

minor, Garrulus 412

minor, Lanius 236

minor, Loxia 340

minor, Numenius 800

minor, Parus 162

minor, Pelecanua 563

minor, Phylloscopus .... 97

minor, Platalea 583

minor, Podicipea . . . . . 881

minor, Sturnus 399

minuscula, Sylvia 77

minuta, Ardetta 575

minuta, Cettia 139

minuta, Porzana 708

minuta, Sterna 815

minuta, Tringa 770

minutilla, Athene 494

minutilla, Tringa 772

minutus, Anser 592

minutus, Hieraetua .... 515

minutus, Larus 828

minutus, Numenius .... 800

miramaraj, Galerita .... 391

mitchellii, lyngipicus .... 451

mitrata, Fulica 717

mlokosiewiczi, Tetrao. . . . 699

moabiticus, Passer 292

modesta, Ardea 568

modestus, Phylloscopus . 104, 105

modularis, Accentor .... 154
moesta, Saxicola .... 40, 42
mogilnik, Aquila . . . 519, 521

moquini, Hsemotopua .... 752
mollis, Lanius .... 231, 232

mollis, (Estrelata 855

mollissima, Somateria . . . 631

moltchanovi, Parus .... 885

momus, Sylvia 82

monacha, Saxicola 32

monachus, Grus 720

monachus, Vultur 500

monedula. Corvus 419

mongola, ^Egialitis 734

Mongol ica, /Egialitis .... 735

morigolica, Melanocorypha . . 385

mongolicus, Bucanetes . . . 331
mongolicus, Phasianus . 665, 666

monocerata, Cerorhyncha . . 871

monorhis, Oceanodroma . . . 847

montagui, Circus 505

montana, Certhia 193

montana, Saxicola 40

montanellus, Accentor . . . 153

montanus, Parus 169

montanus, Passer 293

montanus, Phylloscopus ... 96

Monticola 21

Montifringilla 297

montifringilla, Fringilla . . . 310

montignesia, Grus 719

montium, Fringilla .... 313

moreleti, Fringilla 308

morinellus, Eudromias . . . 743

morio, Saxicola 32

Motacilla 197

moussieri, Pratincola .... 48

mugimaki, Muscicapa. . . . 257

multimaculata, Nucifraga . . 410

multistriatus, Accentor . . . 151

muraria, Tichodroma .... 194

murarius, Cypselus .... 427

murina, Pyrrhula . . . . . 337

914

GENERAL INDEX

murinus, Cypselus ..... 428

murinus, Parus ...... 169

murrayi, Propasser .... 302

Muscicapa ....... 253

musicus, Cygnus ..... 599

musicus, Turdus ..... 2

mutus, Lagopus ...... 693

Myiophoneus ...... 883

mystacea, Sylvia .... 80, 82

, Aquila ...... 517

nsevia, Locustella ..... 131

nsevioides, Aquila ..... 520

namiyei, Dendrocopus . . . 448

naria, Sylvia ....... 79

nanus, Turdus ...... 5

narcissina, Xanthopygia . . . 259

nattereri, Sylvia ..... 96

naumanni, Falco ..... 553

naumanni, Turdus ..... 9

nearctica, ^Ethyia ..... 618

nebularius, Totanus .... 786

neglectus, Anthus ..... 215

neglectus, Corvus ..... 420

neglectus, Phylloscopus ... 98

nemoricola, Fringalauda . . . 302

Nemura ........ 69

Neophron ........ 501

nepalensis, Procarduelis . . . 276

nepalensis, Spizaetus .... 528

Nettion ........ 611

neumayeri, Sitta ..... 191

newtoni, Phylloscopus . . . 105

nigellii, Tetraogallus .... 690

niger, Hasmatopus ..... 752

niger, Milvus ....... 535

nigra, Ciconia ...... 581

nigra, Hydrochelidoii .... 805

nigra, OEdemia ...... 627

nigricans, Branta ..... 595

nigricans, Buteo ..... 512

nigricollis, Grus ..... 718

nigricollis, Podicipes .... 881

nigrifrons, Otocorys .... 379

nigripes, Ardea ...... 569

nigripes, Diomedea .... 859

nigrogularis, Ruticilla ... 56

nilotica, Sterna ...... 815

Ninox . . . '. ..... 495

nipalensis, Aquila ..... 519

nipalensis, Procarduelis . . . 276

nipalensis, Pyrrhula .... 338

nipalensis, Ruticilla .... 50

nippon, Ibis ....... 585

nisicolor, Hierococcyx . . . 474

nisoria, Surnia ...... 431

nisoria, Sylvia ...... 73

jiisus, Accipiter ...... 531

nitens, Sturnus 399

nitidus, Phylloscopus .... 101

nivalis, Montifringilla. . . . 297

nivalis, Plectrophanes . . . 374

nivea, Rissa 823

nivea, Strix 480

niveus, Larus 829

nivicola, Gyps 499

nivicola, Strix 478

nobilior, Sturnus 400

nordmanni, Glareola .... 730

novse-zealandise, Limosa . . . 798

noveboracensis, Macrorhamphus 795

noveboracensis, Porzana . . . 709

nubicus, Lanius 247

Nucifraga - . . 409

nudipes, Athene 496

Numenius ....... 800

numidicus, Dendrocopus . . . 440

numidicus, Malurus .... 144

nuttalli, Pica 418

Nyctala 482

Nyctea 480

nyctea, Strix 480

Nycticorax 573

nyroca, ^Ethyia 620

OBSCURA, Leptopoecile ... 91

obscurus, Anthus 216

obscurus, Puffinus 854

obscurus, Pycnonotus. . . . 222

obscurus, Tetraophasis . . - 686

obscurus, Turdus 13

obsoleta, Cotile 273

obsoleta, Hypolais ., ... 112

obsoletus, Bucanetes .... 330

obsoletus, Scops 488

obtectus, Parus 173

occidentalis, Certhia . . . . 194

occidentalis, Larus ' . . . . 834

occidentalis, Tringa .... 778

occipitalis, Phylloscopus. . . 106

oceanicus, Oceanites .... 848

Oceanites 848

Oceanodroma 844

ochotensis, Locustella . . . 134

ochropus, Totanus 789

ochrura, Ruticilla 55

ocularis, Accentor 153

ocularis, Motacilla 202

(Edemia 626

(Edicnemus 727

oedicnemus, Charadriua . . . 727

cenanthe, Saxicola 29

oenas, Columba 642

QEstrelata 855

olivetorum, Hypolais .... 109

olor, Cygnus 598

GENERAL INDEX

915

olympicus, Cinclus 885

ombriosus, Parus 179

onocrotalus, Pelecanus . . . 562

opaca, Hypolais 110

opistholeuca, Saxicola .... 36

orientalis, Accentor .... 154

Oi-ientalis, Acrocephalus . . . 120

orientalis, Alauda 387

orientalis, Aquila 519

orientalis, Carduelis .... 275

orientalis, Eurystomus . . . 464

orientalis, Glareola .... 729

orientalis, Lanius 239

orientalis, Pernis 538

orientalis, Pyrrhula . . 335, 336

orientalis, Spizaetus .... 528

orientalis, Turtur 648

Oriolus 226

orphea, Sylvia 85

osculans, Heematopus .... 751

ostralegus, Hsematopus . . . 751

Otis 723

Otocorys 378

otua, Asio 483

ouratensis, Passer 301

owstoni, Parus 175

oxianus, Phasianus .... 662

PACIFICA, Tringa 770

pacificus, Cypselus .... 430

pacificus, Fulmarus .... 858

pagodarum, Temenuchus . . 404

Pagophila 821

pallasi, Cinclus 28

pallasi, Turdus 4

pallens, Accipiter 531

pallens, Turdus 13

pallescens, Caccabis .... 678

pallescens, Troglodytes . . . 884

pallida, Hypolais 110

pallida, Pyrrhula 337

pallida, Saxicola 32

pallidus, Accentor 155

pallidus, Caccabis 678

pallidus, Circus 506

pallidus, Cypselus 428

pallidus, Troglodytes .... 196
pallidus, Turdus .... 13, 15

palmse, Fringilla 309

palmensis, Parus 179

palumbarius, Astur .... 529

palumbus, Columba .... 645

palustris, Acrocephalus . . . 118
palustris, Parus .... 167, 168

palustris, Pyrrhulorhyncha . . 371

panaya, Sterna 818

panderi, Podoces . . . . . 406

Pandion , 554

Panurus 156

paradisea, Sterna . . . 808, 810

paradisi, Terpsiphone .... 260

paradoxa, Motacilla .... 207

paradoxus, Syrrhaptes . . . 657

parasiticus, Milvus .... 537

parasiticus, Stercorarius . .841, 842

Parus 161

parva, Muscicapa 256

parva, Porzana 708

parvexi, Otocorys 380

parvirostris, Tetrao .... 697

parvulus, Troglodytes . . . 195

Passer 289

passerina, Emberiza .... 371

passerina, Sylvia 80

passerinum, Glaucidium . . . 493

pastinator, Corvus 427

Pastor 401

paykulli, Porzana 710

pectoralis, ^Egithalus .... 184
pectoralis, Calliope . . . 66, 67

pectoralis, Tringa 766

pecuaria, ^Egialitis .... 742

peguensis, Alauda 389

pekinensis, Cypselus .... 428

pekinensis, Falco 553

pekinensis, Parus 164

pekinensis, Rhopophilus . . . 145

pelagica, Procellaria .... 843

pelagicus, Haliaetus .... 526

pelagicus, Phalacrocorax . . . 558

Pelagodroma 849

Pelecanus 562

pelios, Turdus 12

pendulums, ^Egithalus . . . 183

penelope, Mareca 614

penicillata, Otocorys . . . 379, 381

pennatus, Hieraetus . . . . 515

pennatus, Scops 487

pennsylvanicus, Anthus . . . 215

percnopterus, Neophron . . . 501

Perdix 682

perdix, Brachyrhamphus . . . 867

perdix, Tetrao 682

peregrinoides, Falco .... 546

peregrinus, Falco 544

Pericrocotus 263

Perisoreus 410

perlata, Strix 498

Pernis 538

pernyi, Dendrocopus .... 443

perpallidus, Gecinus .... 457

persica, Athene 496

persica, Calandrella .... 395
persica, Motacilla . . . .201,202

persica, Saxicola 31

persicus, Merops 466

3 o

916

GENERAL INDEX

persicus, Farus 178

persicus, Phasianus . . . . 661

personata, Emberiza .... 350

personata, Eophona .... 285

personata, Motacilla . . .201, 885

personatus, Lanius 247

perspicillata, CEdemia ... 629

perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax . 557

petrificatus, Ereunetes . . . 778

Petronia 295

petronia, Fringilla 295

petrophila, Otocorys .... 380

petrosa, Caccabis 679

phseonotus, Parus . . . .166, 885

phseopus, Numenius .... 801

Phalacrocorax 555

Phalaropus 754

Phasianus 658

Philadelphia, Larus .... 826

philomela, Daulias 72

philothamna, Saxicola ... 42

phoenicoptera, Ampelis . . . 250

phcenicoptera, Erythrospiza . 328

Phoenicopterus 587

phoenicura, Ammomanes . . . 398

phoenicuroides, Ammomanes . 397

phoenicuroides, Hodgsonius . . 59

phoenicuroides, Lanius . . . 240

phoenicuroides, Otomela . . . 240

phoenicuroides, Ruticilla ... 50

phoc-nicurus, Lanius .... 240

phoenicurus, Ruticilla .... 48

phragmitis, Acrocephalus . . 123

Phylloscopus 94

Pica 417

pica, Corvus 417

picata, Saxicola 33

picese, Parus 166

Picoides 452

pictus, Chen 598

pictus, Chrysolophus .... 668

Pious 437

pilaris, Turdus 8

pileatus, Halcyon 462

pinctatissima, Strix .... 498

Pinicola 338

pipra, Dendrocopus .... 445

piscator, Sula 562

pispoletta, Calandrella . . . 395

pithyornis, Emberiza .... 359

pityopsittacus, Loxia .... 340

placens, Sternula 816

placida, ^Egialitis 739

Platalea 582

platyrhyncha, Limicola . 764, 765

platyrhynchus, Phalaropus . . 755

Plectrophanes 374

Plegadis 586

pleschanka, Saxicola .... 32

pleskii, Parus 177

pleskii, Podoces 407

plumbeitarsus, Phylloscopus . 102

plurnipes, Athene 497

plumipes, Buteo 509

plumipes, Caprimulgus . . . 432

plumipes, Scops 489

pluvialis, Charadrius .... 731

Pluvianus 744

Podicipes 877

Podoces 406

poecilorhyncha, Anas .... 605

poeltzami, Acredula . . . . 160

poelzami, Dendrocopus . . . 439

poensis, Strix 498

polaris, Emberiza 371

poliocephalus, Cuculus . . . 471

poliocephalus, Porphyrio. . . 713

poliogyna, Loxia 340

pollicaris, Rissa 822

poltaratzskyi, Sturnus . . . 400

polyglotta, Hypolais .... 108

polyzonus, Melierax .... 533

pomarina, Aquila 518

pomatorhinus, Stercorarius . . 840

pomeranus, Lanius .... 246

Porphyrio 712

porphyrio, Fulica 713

porphyronotus, Sturnus . . . 400

Porzana 706

porzana, Rallus 706

prasinoscelis, Ardea .... 572

pratensis, Anthus 210

pratensis, Crex 711

Pratincola 43

pratincola, Glareola .... 728

pratincola, Strix 498

princeps, Terpsiphone . . . . 261

principals, Muscipeta . . . 261

principalis, Phasianus. . . . 660

Prinia 141

prjevalskii, Pratincola ... 46

prjevalskii, Sitta 191

prjevalskii, Suthora .... 186

prjewalskii, Lanius .... 230

prjewalskii, Sitta 191

prjewalskii, Suthora . . . . 186

Procarduelis 276

Procellaria 843

propinqua, Ibis 584

proregulus, Phylloscopus . . 105

provincialis, Sylvia .... 87

psittaculus, Simorhynchus . . 871

Pterocles 652

Pterorhinus 147

Pucrasia 670

puella, Acanthopneuste . ". . 106

GENERAL INDEX

917

puffinus, Puffinus

pugnax, Machetes

pulcherrimus, Carpodacus . .
pulverulentus, Passer ....
pulverulentus, Totanus . . .
punicea, Pyrrhospiza ....

punicus, Falco

purpurascens, Sturnus . . .

purpurea, Ardea

purus, Dendrocopus ....
pusilla, Emberiza ...

pusilla, Porzana

pusilla, Tringa

pusillus, Ereunetes

pusillus, Serinus

pusillus, Siniorhynchus . .

Pycnonotus

Pycnorhamphus

pygargus, Circus

pygmtea, Limicola

pygmsea, Porzana . , . . 707
pygmseus, EurjTnorhynchus . .
pygmgeus, Phalacrocorax . . .
pygmseus, Simorhynchus . . .
pylzowi, Urocynchramus . . .
pyrenaicus, Cinclus ....
pyrenaicus, Pterocles ....

Pyrrhocorax

pyrrhocorax, Corvus ....
pyrrhogenys, Sturnia , . . .

Pyrrhospiza

pyrrhothorax, ^Egialitis . . .

Pyrrhula

pyrrhula, Loxia

pyrrhulina, Pyrrhulorhyncha .
pyrrhuloides, Emberiza . .371
pyrrhuloides, Pyrrhulorhyncha .
Pyrrhulorhyncha

PAGE

849
780
325
302
793
318
545
400
565
438
363
708
778
778
282
870
222
288
505
764

, 708
780
560
870
372
25
654
405
406
404
318
735
333
334
371

, 372
371
371

QUADRIFASCIATUS, Dendrocopus 444

Querquedula 609

querquedula, Anas 609

BADDII, Lanius 244

raii, Motacilla 208

ralloides, Ardea 571

Rallus 704

rama, Hypqlais 112

randonii, Galerita . . , . . 391

rapax, Aquila . . . . . . 520

reboudia, Calandrella .... 394

Recurvirostra 752

refulgens, Lophophorus . . . 673

regalis, Milvus 534

regia, Sterna 814

Regulus 91

regulus, Ammomanes f . . . 398

regulus, Falco 547

reichenowi, Galerita .... 391

religiosa, Ibis 584

resplendens, Phalacrocorax . . 558

Rhamphocorys 377

rhodochlamys, Carpodacus . . 323

rhodochrous, Carpodacus . . 326

rhodometopus, Propasser . . 323

rhodopeplus, Carpodacus . . 326

rhodoptera, Erythrospiza . . 328

Rhodostethia 821

Rhopophilus 145

Rhyacornis 58

richardi, Anthus 219

richardsi, Picus 437

richardsoni, Nyctala .... 482

richardsoni, Stercorarius . . . 841

ridibundus, Larus 824

ringvia, Uria 862

riocouri, Hirundo 266

riparia, Cotile 271

risorius, Turtur 649

Rissa 822

rissa, Larus 822

roborowskii, Leucosticte . . . 306
robusta, Pratincola . . . 46, 47

robustus, Phalacrocorax . . . 558

romanowi, Otomela .... 240
rosacea, Pyrrhula .... 335, 336

rosaceus, Anthus 215

rosea, Acredula 158

rosea, Rhodostethia .... 821

roseus, Carpodacus .... 324

roseus. Pastor ...... 401

roseus, Pelecanus 563

roseus, Phcenicopterus . . . 587

rossii, Larus 821

rostrata, linota 316

Rostratula 757

rothschildi, Melizophilus . . 83
rubecula, Erithacus ... 63, 64

rubeculoides, Accentor . . . 151

rubescens, Locustella . . . . 133

rubescens, Procarduelis . . . 276
rubescens, Sylvia .... 80, 82

rubetra, Pratincola .... 43

rubicilla, Carpodacus .... 319

rubicilloides, Carpodacus . . 320

rubicola, Pratincola .... 45

rubidus, Accentor 155

rubra, Caccabis 679

rubricollis, Podicipes .... 878

rubrifasciata, Loxia .... 341

rubrirostris, Anser 588

rudis, Ceryle 459

rueppelli, Sylvia ..... 86

rufa, Caccabis . . . . . . 679

rufa, Hirundo, ...... 266

918

GENERAL INDEX

rufa, Limosa 797

rufa, Saxicola 36

rufa, Sylvia 74

rufescens, Linota 316

rufescens, Saxicola 37

rufescens, Sitta 191

rufescens, Tringites .... 782

ruficollis, Branta 596

ruficollis, Caprimulgus . . . 433

ruficollis, Montifringilla . . . 300

ruficollis, Tringa 771

ruficollis, Turdus 14

ruficolor, Galerita 391

rufigularis, Ruticilla .... 53

rufilata, Nemura 69

rufilatus, Accentor 150

rufina, JSthyia 616

rufinuchalis, Lophophanes . . 181

rufinus, Buteo 512

rufipectus, Parus 166

rufipennis, Scops 487

rufipes, Falco 550

rufiventris, Cinclus .... 26

rufiventris, Ruticilla .... 50

rufogularis, Anthus .... 213

rufonuchalis, Aquila . . . . 518

rufula, Hirundo 267

rufus, Circus . 503

rufus, Lanius 246

rufus, Phylloscopus .... 97

rupestris, Anthus 216

rupestris, Columba .... 641

rupestris, Cotile 273

rupestris, Lagopus 694

rupestris, Petronia 295

rupicola, Sitta 191

rupicola, Turtur 648

riippelli, Galerita 391

russata, Ardea 569

russatus, Passer 293

rustica, Emberiza 362

rustica, Hirundo 264

rustica, Pica 417

rusticolus, Falco .... 539, 540

rusticula, Scolopax .... 756

Ruticilla , 48

ruticilla, Phcenicura .... 48

rutila, Emberiza 348

rutila, Tadorna 602

rutilans, JEgithalus .... 184

rutilans, Passer 293

rutilus, Lanius 246

SABINII, Gallinago 760

sabinii, Xema 820

sacer, Ealco 543

sachalinensis, Tetrao .... 697

PAGE

sacra, Demiegretta .... 569

saharse, Emberiza 345

saharse, Scotocerca 143

sala, Alauda 389

salicaria, Sylvia . . . . 78, 113

salicarius, Parus 168

salicicola, Passer 291

saltatrix, Saxicola 41

sancti-johannis, Dendrocopus . 449

sandwichensis, Asio . . . 484

sanguinea, Erythrospiza . . 328

sanguinolentus, Uragus . . 333

sardus, Melizophilus . . . 89

satchuensis, Phasianus . . 667

satelles, Regulus 92

saturatior, Halcyon .... 461

saturatus, Cinclus 27

saturatus, Cuculus . . . . . 470

saturatus, Propasser .... 326

saundersi, Gecinus 453

saundersi, Larus 827

savignii, Asio 492

savignii, Hirundo 266

savignyi, Merops 466

saxatilis, Caccabis 677

saxatilis, Monticola .... 21

Saxicola 29

scandiaca, Nyctea . . . . . 480

scandulacea, Certhia .... 193

schimperi, Columba .... 640

schimperi, Larus 827

schisticeps, Ruticilla .... 56

schistisagus, Larus 836

schoeniclus, Emberiza .... 370

schcenobaenus, Acrocephalus . 123

schwarzi, Lusciniola .... 127

scintillans, Phasianus .... 667

scintilliceps, lyngipicus . . . 450

scita, Sylvia 113

scolopaceus, Macrorhamphus . 795

scolopacina, Gallinago . . . 760

Scolopax 756

scolopax, (Edicnemus .... 727

Scops 486

scops, Scops 486

scoticus, Lagopus .... 693, 699

Scotocerca 142

scriba, Otocorys . . . . . 381

scullii, Hirundo ..... 267

scutulata, Ninox 495

seebohmi, Alaudula .... 396

seebohmi, Anthus 217

seebohmi, lyngipicus . . . . 451

seebohmi, Lanius . . . . . 231

seebohmi, Parus ..... 168

seebohmi, Saxicola ..... 30

segetum, Anser 589

semenovi, Scops . . . . . 886

GENERAL INDEX

919

PAGE

semenovi, Saxicola .... 885

semipalmata, JSgialitis . . . 740

semipalmata, Ereunetes . . . 778

semipalmatus, Macrorhamphus . 796

semirufa, Ruticilla 51

semitorquata, Muscicapa . . . 256

semitorquatus, Phasianus . . 665

semitorques, Scops 489

senegalensis, Galerida .... 391

senegalensis, Perdix .... 682

senegalensis, Turtur .... 650

senegallus, Pterocles .... 655

senex, Acredula 160

septentrionalis, Colymbus . . 874

septentrionalis, Phasianus . . 658

Serinus 280

serinus, Fringilla 280

serrator, Mergus 636

setarius, Pterocles 654

setipes, Glaucidium .... 493

severtzovi, Carpodacus . . . 319

severtzovi, Passer 292

severtzovi, Tetrastes . . . . 701

severus, Falco 549

sharpii, Corvus 422

sharpii, Gecinus 454

sharpii, Turtur 647

shawi, Phasianus 660

sibericus, Panurus 157

sibilatrix, Phylloscopus ... 95

sibirica, Heinichelidon . . . 251

sibirica, Limicola 765

sibirica, Melanocorypha . . . 385

sibirica, Otocorys 379

sibiricus, Bubo 490

sibiricus, Corvus 424

sibiricus, Lanius ..... 231

sibiricus, Parus 172

sibiricus, Perisoreus . . . . 411

sibiricus, Turdus 19

sibiricus, Uragus 332

sicula, Acredula 160

sieboldi, Sphenocercus . . . 639

sifanica, Perdix . . . . 11, 684

similis, Anthus 220

Simorhynchus 869

simplex, Passer 294

sinaiticus, Carpodacus . . . 322

sindianus, Dendrocopus . . . 443

sindianus, Phylloscopus ... 99

sinensis, Ardetta 576

sinensis, Corvus 423

sinensis, Cotile 272

sinensis, Garrulus 415

sinensis, Ibis 585

sinensis, Ithagenes 675

sinensis, Phalacrocorax . . . 555

sinensis, Sitta 188

sinensis, Sterna 816

sinensis, Urocissa . . . . 417

sinicus, Ligurinus 284

Sitta 186

skorniakovi, Anser .... 593

skua, Cataracta 839

smaragnotus, Porphyrio . . . 713

smithii, Caprimulgus .... 432

smithsonianus, Larus .... 832

smyrnensis, Halcyon .... 461

snowi, Uria 867

soemmerringi, Phasianus . . . 667

solitaria, Gallinago 763

solitaria, Merula 4

solitarius, Monticola .... 23

solitarius, Totanus 790

Somateria 630

songarus, Parus 170

sophia, Carpodacus .... 324

sophias, Leptopcecile .... 90

sordida, Fringalauda .... 302

sordid us, Anthus 220

sordidus, Cinclus . . . . 27, 28
sparveroides, Hierococcyx 473, 474

Spatula 606

spectabilis, Somateria .... 632

speculiger, Lanius 239

speculigerus, Coccothraustes . 288

speculigerus, Lanius .... 230

Sphenocercus 639

sphenocercus, Lanius .... 230

sphenurus, Sphenocercus . . 639

spilonotus, Circus 504

spinoides, Chrysomitris . . . 277

spinosus, Hoplopterus . . . 745

spinus, Chrysomitris .... 276

spipoletta, Anthus 214

Spizaetus • . 528

spodiogaster, Ardetta. . . . 575

spodiogenys, Fringilla . . . 309

Spodiopsar 402

spodocephala, Emberiza . . . 350

sponsa, Aex 603

squamatus, Gecinus .... 455

squamiceps, Argya 144

squamiceps, Urosphena . . . 140

Squatarola 733

squatarola, Charadrius . . .733

stagnatilis, Parus 168

stagnatilis, Totanus . . '. . 787
stapazina, Saxicola . . . 36, 37

stejnegeri, (Edemia .... 627

stellaris, Botaurus 578

stelleri, Somateria 630

stentoreus, Acrocephalus . . . 120

stenura, Gallinago 761

Stercorarius 839

Sterna . . .808

920

GENERAL INDEX

stevensoni, Accipiter .... 532

stewarti, Emberiza .... 367

stictonotus, Scops 488

stoliczka?, ^Egithalus .... 183

stoliczkae Carpodacus. . . . 320

stoliczkse, Passer 292

stolidus, Anous . 819

stracheyi, Emberiza .... 368

straminea, Locustella . . . . 132

strauchi, Phasianus .... 663

strauchi, Scops ...... 488

strenuus, Hierococcyx . . . 473

strenmis, Sterna 813

streperus, Acrocephalus . . . 117

streperus, Chaulelasmus . . . 605

Strepsilas ........ 750

striata, Tringa . . . . . . 776

straticeps, Drymoeca . . . . 143

striatus, Cuculus 471

striatus, Melizophilus .... 142

stricklandi, Loxia 340

stricklandi, Puffinus .... 851

stridens, Garrulus 413

stridula, Strix 476

striolata, Emberiza .... 344

striolata, Hirundo ..... 268

striolatus, Anthus 220

Strix 476

strophiatus, Accentor. . . . 151

strophiatus, Archibuteo . . . 515

struthersi, Ibidorhynchus . . 805

stulta, Petronia 295

sturmi, Ardetta 578

Sturnia 403

sturnina, Sturnia 403

Sturnus 399

subalpina, Lagopus .... 692

subalpina, Sylvia 81

subarquata, Tringa .... 774

subbuteo, Falco 548

subcerthiola,, Locustella . . . 134

subcirris, Dendroeopus . . . 447

subfurcatus, Cypselus .... 429

subminuta, Tringa 772

subpalustris, Parus 168

subpersonata, Motacilla . . . 885

subruficollis, Tringites . . . 782

subviridis, Phylloscopus . . . 107
suecica, Cyanecula . . . . 61,62

Sula . * . . 561

sulphurata, Emberiza . • . . . 351

sulphurea, Motacilla .... 202

sunia, Scops 487

superbus, Erithacus .... 64

superciliosus, Lanius . . . . 241

superciliosus, Parus .... 173

superciliosus, Phylloscopus . . 104

superflua, Galerita 391

suratensis, Turtur 651

surinamensis, Hydrochelidon . 806

Surnia . 481

Suthora 185

swainsoni, Circus . . . 506, 507

swainsoni, Turdus 4

sylvatica, Turnix 703

Sylvia . . - 73

sylvicultrix, Phylloscopus . . 99

Synthliborhamphus .... 868

syriaca, Sitta 191

syriacus, Dendrocopus . . . 444

syriacus, Serinus 281

syrmatophorus, Ardea . . . 568

Syrrhaptes 657

szechenii, Tetraophasis . . . 687

TACHYDROMUS, Hemipodius . . 703

taczanowskia, Lusciniola . . 130

taczanowskii, Macrorhamphus . 796

taczanowskii, Onychospiza . . 299

Tadorna 601

tadorna, Anas 601

tseniura, Certhia 194

tsenioptera, Loxia 343

tahitiensis, Numenius. . . . 804

taivana, Motacilla 208

talas, Saxicola 32

talischensis, Phasianus . . . 660

tarda, Otis 723

tarimensis, Phasianus. . . . 662

tarnovskii, Phasianus .... 661

tartarica, Melanocorypha . . 386

tchagra, Lanius 248

Telephonus 248

teleschowi, Otocorys .... 379

temmincki, Accentor . . . . 153

temminckii, Anser 592

temmincki, Brachyrhamphus . 869

temmincki, Myiophoneus . . 883

temmincki, Tringa 773

tenebrosus, Puffinus .... 854
tenellipes, Phylloscopus .' . .102
teneriffse, Parus . . . . 178,179

teneriffee, Regulus . .
tengmalmi, Nyctala .
tenuirostris, Larus . .
tenuirostris, Numenius
tenuirostris, Platalea .
tenuirostris, Puffinus .
tephronota, Acredula .
tephronota, Sitta . .
tephronotus, Lanius

92
482
830
802
583
853
160
191
10, 245

terek, Scolopax 794

Terekia 794

Terpsiphone 260

tetraculus, Simorhynchus . . 869
Tetrao 695, 725

GENERAL INDEX

921

PAGE

Tetraogallus 688

Tetraophasis 686

Tetrastes .............. 700

tetrax, Otis 725

tetrix, Tetrao .... 696, 698

teydea, Fringilla 310

theclse, Galerita 391

thecklaj, Galerita 391

thibetana, Chrysomitris . . . 278

thoracica, Lusciniola .... 128

thura, Carpodacus 327

tianschanicus, Parus .... 176

tibetana, Calandrella .... 393

tibetanum, Crossoptilum . . . 671

tibetanus, Corvus 423

tibetanus, Syrrhaptes .... 658

tibetanus, Tetraogallus . . . 690

Tichodroma 194

tigrinus, Lanius 243

timidus, Passer 292

timoriensis, Ardea .... 568

tingitanus, Corvus . . . . . 425

tinnunculoides, Falco .... 553

tinnunculus, Falco . . . . . . 552

tintillon, Fringilla 307

titys, Ruticilla .... 54, 55, 56

torda, Alca 861

torquata, Branta 594

torquata, Clangula 624

torquata, Columba 645

torquata, Glareola 728

torquata, Melauocorypha . . 384

torquata, Puffinus 856

torquata, Turtur 649

torquatus, Colymbus .... 876

torquatus, Phasianus .... 665

torquatns, Turdus 19

torquilla, lynx 457

torresii, Sterna 811

Totanus 783

townsendi, Plectrophanes . . 375

tranquebaricus, Turtur . . . 651

triborhyncha, Alauda .... 387

tricolor, Xanthopygia ... 260

tridactyla, Rissa 822

tridactylus, Picoides .... 452

trifasciatus, Carpodacus . . . 323

Tringa 766

Tringites 782

tristis, Acridotheres .... 404

tristis, Phylloscopus .... 98

tristrami, Emberiza .... 366

tristrami, Oceanodroma . . . 846

trivialis, Anthus 211

trivirgata, Acredula .... 158

trocaz, Columba 644

Trochalopterum 147

trochilus, Phylloscopus ... 94

PAGE

Troglodytes . 195

troglodytes, Anorthura . . . 195

troile, Alca 862

tschebaievi, Calliope .... 66

tschegrava, Sterna 813

turcomanus, Bubo 490

Turdus . 1

turdoides, Acrocephalus . . . 119

turdoides, Philomela .... 72

Turnix 703

Turtur 646

turtur, Columba 646

tytleri, Hirundo 266

ULTRAMARINUS, Parus . . . 178

ulula, Surnia 481

umbrinus, Corvus . . . . . 424

uncinatus, Lanius, . . . . . 234

undatus, Melizophilue ... 87

undulata, Houbara . . . . . 726

undulata, Porzana 709

unicolor, Cypselus 429

unicolor, Sturnus 401

unwini, Caprimulgus .... 432

upcheri, Hypolais Ill

Upupa 467

Uragus 332

uralensis, Hierofalco .... 542

uralensis, Sitta 187

uralensis, Strix 477

uralensis, Tetrao 696

urbica, Chelidon 269

Uria 864

urile, Phalacrocorax .... 557

Urocynchramus 372

urogalloides, Tetrao .... 697
urogallus, Tetrao ... 695, 699

uropygialis, Limosa .... 798

uropygialis, Numenius . . . 802

Urosphena 140

ussurianus, Cettia 140

ussurianus, Corvus 424

ussuriensis, Coturnix .... 686

ustulatus, Turdus 4

VAILLANTI, Gecinus .... 454

Vanellus 749

vanellus, Tringa 749

varia, ^Egialitis 742

variabilis, Emberiza . . . . 361

variabilis, Tringa 769

variabilis, Turnix 704

variegatus, Numenius .... 802

varius, Parus 174

varius, Turdus 16

vegse, Larus . 834

922

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

vereda, ^Egialitis 736

verreauxi, Carpodacus . . . 326

versicolor, Phasianus .... 664

vespertinus, Falco ..... 550

veterum, Porphyrio . . 712, 713

villosa, Sitta 190

villotsei, Chettusia 746

vinacia, Acredula 161

vinaceus, Carpodacus . .... 325

violacea, Sturnia 404

violaceus, Parus 179

vipio, Grus 722

virgatus, Accipiter .... 532

virginicus, Charadrius . . . 732

virgo, Grus 721

viridanus, Phylloscopus . . . 101

viridirostris, Grus 719

viridis, Gecinus 453

viridis, Merops 467

viridis, Motacilla 206

viridissimus, Merops .... 467

viscivorus, Turdus 1

vittata, Saxicola 30

vittatus, Cypselus 430

vittatus, Lanius . . . . . 237

vlangali, Phasianus .... 664

v-nigrum, Somateria .... 632

vocifera, ^gialitis 741

vulgaris, Buteo 509

vulgaris, Clangula 621

vulgaris, Coccothraustes . . . 287

vulgaris, Coturnix 685

vulgaris, Francolinus .... 681

vulgaris, Milvus 534

vulgaris, Otus 483

vulgaris, Pyrrhula 333

vulgaris, Sturnus 399

vulgaris, Turtur 647

vulgaris, Vanellus 749

vulpanser, Tadorna . . . . 601

Vultur. 500

WASHINGTONII, Haliaetus . . 525

wattersi, Alauda 389

webbiana, Suthora 185

whiteheadi, Sitta . . . . . 190

whitei, Turdus 16

willkouskii, Strix 477

wilsoni, Oceanites 848

wolfi, Cyanecula . . . . 61, 63

wolterstorffi, Accipiter . . . 886
wumizusume,Synthliborhamphus 869

XANTHODRYAS, PhylloSCOpUS . 100

xanthomelaena, Saxicola ... 37

xanthophrys, Motacilla . . . 207

xanthoprymna, Saxicola ... 40

Xanthopygia 259

xanthopygus, Pycnonotus . . 223

xanthorhinus, Cygnus . . . 599

xanthospila, Pucrasia .... 670

Xema 820

YARRELLI, Motacilla . . . . 197

yatii, Passer 291

yelkouanus, Puffinus .... 850

yeltoniensis, Melanocorypha .-> 386

yessoensis, Emberiza .... 370

ZARAFSCHANICUS, Phasianus . 661

zarudnoi, Gecinus 455

zarudnyi, Ammomanes . . , 398

zimmermannse, Buteo . . . . 510

zonorhyncha, Anas . . , . 605

zorca, Scops 486

zosterops ' 221

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